7 Digitized by tlie Internet Archive in 2015 https://arcliive.org/details/newbotanicgarden01edwa I THE NEW BOTANIC GARDEN, THE NEW BOTANIC GARDEN, ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVED BY SANSOM, FROM THE ORIGINAL PICTURES, AND COLOURED WITH THE GREATEST EXACTNESS DRAWINGS BY SYDENHAM EDWARDS. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON : PRINTED FOR JOHN STOCKDALE, PICCADILLY, BY T. BEMJJET, BOLT-COURT, FLEET-STREET. 1812. CONTENTS. Plate. f Jcanthus Mollis Smooth Bear's Breech. I Asclepias Tuberosa Orange Apocynum . . . . •Agrostemma Coronaria Rose Campion . . 2 . Jnchusa Officinalis Officinal Bugloss Aquilegia Canadensis Canadian Columbine .Actaa Racemosa American Herb Christopher g f ^g'a/)fln^Aj/s Umhellatus African Agapanthus 1 Asphodelus Luteus Yellow Asphodel ^ 5 Anemone Hortensis Star Anemone 1 Alhuca Miiior Lesser Albuca ^ f Arbutus Unedo Strawberry Tree I Alyssum Saxatila Yellow Alyssum g r Anthericum Liliastrum Savoy Anthericum 1 Amaryllis Formossima Jacobean Amaryllis Aster Amcllus Italian Aster . . . Amaranthus Hypochondriac us Prince's Feather, 10 g f Apocynum Androsamifolium Fly-Catching Dog's-Bane \ Antirrhinum Furpureum Purple Toad-Flax f Argemo7ie Mexicana Mexican Argemone \ Azalia Nudijtora Coccinea Scarlet Azalia ^ Bignonia Radicans Ash-Leaved Trumpet Flower I. Butomus Umhellatus Flowering Rush {Buplenrutn Frnticosum Shrubby Hare's-Ear Bulbocodium I'ernum Spring Bulbocodium Blitum Capitatum Berry-Headed Strawberry-Bli ^^cCalla Mthiopica Ethiopian Calla " I Corunilla Emeris Scorpion Senna Calycanthus Floridus Carolina Allspice 13 <^ Coiutea Arboiescens Common Bladder Senna Ceanotfius Americanus New Jersey Tea-l'rce { Campanula Rapunculoides Nettle-Leaved Campanula 14-^ Crepis Barbata Yellow Hawkweed ( Convolvulus Tricolor Small Blue Convovulus CONTENTS. riatc. r Ckelone Obligua , Red-flowered Chelone 15 < Colchkum Autumnale Autiunnal Crocus .... (. Catanaiiche Carulea Blue Catananche . . , . . (■ ConvaUaria Majalis Lily of the Valley ..... \ Cerinthe Major Great Honey- W ort ... ^„ f Chelidonium Glaucum Yellow-Horned Poppy \ Cist us Ladaniferus Gum Cistus 18 1 Coccinea Scarlet-floM'ered Crassula I Cytisus Laburnum Laburnum -^f Cyclamen Persicinn Persian Cyclamen I Crocus Vernus Spring Crocus '-Ad.. Dahlia Pinnata Purple Dahlia. hlia Crocala Yellow Dahlia Daphne Cneorum Trailing Daphne acocephalum Virginianum Virginian Dragon's Head 2 J S Delphinium Elatum Larkspur 1 Dianthns Burbatus Sweet William y Dodecatheon Meadia Mead's Oodecatheon X Dictumnns Albus White Fraxinella , p„ J Echinops Sphderocephalus Great Globe Thistle . . . I Eryngium Alpinum Alpine Eryngo f Erica Grandiflora Great-flowered Heath \ Epilobium Angustifolium Rose-Bay Willow-Herb Fritillaria Imperialis Crown Imperial Fumaria Cava Hollow-Rooted Fumitory ^^cGenliana Acaulis Large-flowered Gentian 1 Glycine Rubicunda Dingy-flowed Glycine f Helleborus Viridis Green Hellebore ..... ' \ Hypericum Tlircinum Fetid St. John's Wort 28 I Henterocallis Fulva Town Lily. . . Hibiscus Syriacus Althea Frutex ^_ C Ixia Chinensis Chinese Ixia , 1 Iberis Gibraltarica Gibraltar Candy Tuft SIris Germanica German Iris Iris Versicolor Various-coloured Iris Iris Variegata Variegated Iris , 2j y Kalmia Glaiica Glaucous Kalmia I Linum Arborcum Tree Flax 2^ f Helianthus Multijlorus Perennial Sun-flower " I Hedysarum Obscurmn Creeping-Rooted Hedysai f Lavatera Trimestris Annual Lavatera \ La thyrus Sativus Blue-flowered Lathyrus r Lychnis Chalcedonica Scarlet Lychnis , 34 / Leucojum Veruum Spi ing Snow-Flake , . . ( Lysimachia Nuinnmlaria Creeping Moneywort CONTENTS, plate. Page. ^ r Lobelia Cardinalis Scarlet Lobelia, or Cardinars flower , . .276 1 Lilium Candidum White Lily 279 rMirahilis Jalapa Marvel of Peru 288 36 J Mimosa Sensitiva Sensitive Plant 292 \Monarda Didyma Scarlet Monarda 303 I Nigel/a Damascena Love in a Mist. Devil in a Bush 306 „ S Oenothera Frutiiosa Shrubbery Oenothera 319 \ Organum Dictamnus Dittany of Crete ^ 323 Primula Veris Oxlip 327 Narcissus Jonquilla Jonquil 309 f Nelumbium Speciosum. . . , Chinese Water- Lily 317 \ Nolaiia Prostrata Trailing Nolana ib. { ^^\p2 lately recovered from seeds which were sent from the Cape to Eng- land and Holland. It usually blows in August and Seplcniber. In the fourth species the roots are numerous, round, and collected into a tuber crowned with bristles; the leaves from the root many, firm, a foot long, carinated and grassy: the scape erect, eighteen jnches high, firm: the spike loose, ten-flowered, and the peduncles simple: the flower two inches wide; petals in two ranks: the inner widest, petiolate and pure white: the outer have a green line run- ning along beneath. It is a native of Italy, &c. The fifth species has the root fascicled, with fleshy fibres. It has the corolla of the white Lily : the leaves grassy, soft, broader than two lines, the radical ones very long: the scape a foot or eighteen inches high : the spike thin-set with spreading flowers, on simple peduncles: the stipules coloured, ovate-lanceolate: the corolla above an inch in diameter, gradually widening; petals tender and white; ovate, thin, lanceolate, with a reflex point, which is thicker and has a green dot: they are marked with lines, and sweet-scented: the sta- mens almost as long as the petals, with weak filaments. In France it is called St. Bruno's Lily. There are two varieties of this, one with a flower-stalk more than a foot and half high, the other with the stems much the same: the flowers are much larger in the formej-, and there is a greater number upon each stalk than in the latter. It is a native of Switzerland and Savoy. The sixth species differs from the seventh by rising into a stem and branches, by having the leaves greener, longer, and narrower, with a firmer pulp, and a viscid juice flowing copiously from them when cut, of a greenish yellow colour: the root is fibrous, and not only the stem, but even the branches put out fibres, which hang down, and when they reach the ground strike root. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and was formerly known by the name of Onion-leaved Aloe. The seventh has broad, flat, pulpy leaves, resembling those of some sorts of Aloe, and was formerly on that account called Aloe 53 with flowers of Spiderwort. The leaves spread open, are broader and more iranslucid, soft and pulpy, than the above, pouring out a limpid juice: the root is tuberous: the flowers are produced on loose spikes, hke tiie former, but are shorter; they are yellow, and appear at different seasons. This species grows close to the ground, never rising with any stalk. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The eighth has the leaves scarcely striated, but rough at the edge; more gibbous at the back towards one side; they are long, narrow and pulpy, almost taper, but flatted on their upper side: the flowers are yellow, and grow on long loose spikes as the former; these appear at different seasons; those of the spring and summer are succeeded by seeds in great plenty, Avhich ripen. It is a native of the Cape. Culture. — These perennials are in general capable of being pro- pagated by the roots, offsets and suckers; but as some of the spe- cies do not supply them in sufficiency, they may be raised from the seeds. In the first method the best season for the purpose is in the latter end of summer and beginning of the autumn, in beds of light vege- table earth in warm open situations, free from the shade and drop- pings of trees. An eastern aspect, where the plants are properly shaded from the sun in the mid-day, is preferable for some of the sorts, as they keep longer in blow and beauty. This is likewise the proper period of transplanting, as when the business is performed in the spring the plants seldom flower the same year. This should not be done oftener than once in about three years, where increase is intended; and in the execution of the work the roots should not be too much divided, as when that is the case they do not flower wclK In the second method, or that by sowing the seeds, the best season is probably the spring, though they may be sown in the autumn. A bed of good light vegetable mould is the best for the purpose, and the situation should be sheltered and warm. The plants soon ap- pear, and when their leaves begin to deca}' in the autumn they should be taken up carefully, and transplanted out into anotiier bed 54 of llie same sort of earlb, at the distance of from nine inches to a foot from each other. When the winter season is severe they should be protected from the frost by a thin covering of tan or some other substance. In this situation they should continue for about twelve months, when they will in general be sufficiently strong for flower- ing. In the following autumn they must of course be taken up with- out injuring the fibres of the roots, and be planted out in the clumps, borders, or other places where they are to remain. As they are apt to be destroyed by frost in the winter season, care should be taken to protect them as much as possible. The Cape sorts are capable of being raised by seeds; but this is seldom necessary, as they multiply greatly by offsets and suckers ; which may be taken off at the period mentioned above, and planted out in pots of good bog earth, a very small portion of water being given, ai> much is apt to rot and destroy the roots. As these are tender plants they require the constant protection of a green-house stove or frames during the winter season. In these situations they should be managed with great attention and care. 2. AMARYLLIS FORMOSISSIMA. JACOBEAN AMARYLLIS. This genus comprehends several species of the Lily- Daffodil kind of plants; all of which are of the bulbous-rooted tribe, and mostly ornamental. It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Liliacece. The characters are: that the calyx is a spathe, oblong, obtuse, compressed, emarginate, gaping on the flat side, and withering: the corolla has six petals, lanceolate: the nectary has six very short 55 scales, without the base of the filaments: the stamina have six awl- shaped filaments, with oblong, incumbent, rising antherae: the pis- tillum has a roundish, furrowed, inferior germ, the style filiform, al- most of the length and in the situation of the stamina: the stigma trifid and slender: the pericarpium is a subovate, three-celled cap- sule, and the seeds are several. The inflection of the petals, sta- mina, and pistillum, is very various in the different species of this genus; and the corolla in most of the species is rather hexapetaloid than six-petalled. The species are very numerous, but those principally cultivated, are: 1. A. lutea. Yellow Amaryllis, or Autumnal Narcissus; 2. A, a^amflsco, Atamasco Lily ; 3. y!/./brmosissma, Jacobaea Lily ; 4. A. re- gince, Mexican Lily; 5. A. purpurea. Purple-flowered Amaryllis; 6. A. belladonna, Belladonna Lily; 7. A. vittata, Superb or Ribband Amaryllis; 8. A. longifolia, Long-leaved Amaryllis; 9. A. orientalise Broad-leaved African Amaryllis; 10. A. sarniensis, Guernsey Lily; 11. A. zeylanica, Ceylon Lily; 12. A. latifolia, Broad-leaved Ama- ryllis. In the first species, or Yellow Amaryllis, the flower-stems seldom rise above three or four inches in height: the flowers are shaped somewhat like those of the Large Yellow Crocus, one coming up from each sheath: the leaves are green, and come up at the same time, like the Saffron ; and after the flowers arc past, they increase all the winter. The roots are shaped like those of the Narcissus. It flowers in September, and is a native of the South of France. The second species, or Alamasco Lily, has the flowers at their first appearance of a fine carnation colour on the outside, but which fade till they arc almost while. They are nearly as large as those of the Small Orange Lily, but do not grow above six or eight inches in height. They appear about the end of May or beginning of June, and sometimes in August. It is a native of Virginia. In the third, or Jacobaea Lily, the flower-stems are produced from the sides of the bulbs, so that after the flower produced on one side is decayed, another slalk arises from the other side of the bulb; but there is usually no more than one flower produced on the same 66 stalk. The flowers are large, and of a very deep red ; the under pe- tals are very large, and the whole flower stands nodding on one side of the stalk, making a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of South America. The fourth, or Mexican Lily, has the bulb of a green colour; the scape round, and sub-compressed. The corolla scarlet, with a bot- tom of a whitish green: the three outer petals reversed at the tip, the three inner fringed at the base, the style red. The flower-stems seldom rise more than one foot in height; each stem supports two, three, or four flowers, rarely more; they are large, and of a bright copj)er-colour, inclining to red : the spathe, which covers the buds before they open, divides into two parts to the bottom, standing on each side the umbel of flowers, joined to the peduncles. It flowers constantly in the spring, when it is placed in a very warm stove; and is in beauty in February; those which are in a moderate temperature of air, flowering in March or April. Ill the fifth the corolla is large, and of a blood-red, or purple- colour, and there are three or four large bell-shaped, rather erect flowers coming from each sheath. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The sixth, or Belladonna Lily, diflers from the fourth species in having ihe edges of the petals waved, and not reversed at the tip. The scape is purple, sustaining from five to seven flowers, in shape like the Common Red Lily, and nearly as large, but of a soft purple colour, inclining to white on the inside toward the bottom, and hav- ing an agreeable scent. It usuall}' flowers about the end of Septem- ber, or the beginning of October, in this climate; and if the roots are strong, the stems will rise upwards of two feet high. If the season is favourable, or the flowers be screened from frosts, violent winds and heavy rains, they continue in beauty a month or longer; and are very ornamental plants at a season when there is a great scarcity of flowers. It is a native of the West Indies. In the seventh, the petals uniting at bottom form a fleshy tube, but the edges of the outer ones are free at the base. It has been named vittata, from its ribband-like appearance, being striped 67 with red on a white ground. The stem rises to the lieight of three feet or more, and produces from two to five beautiful flowers. It usually blossoms in April or May, but may be forwarded by artificial heat. In the eighth species, the flower-slem rarely rises more than three or four inches in height, but supports a great number of flowers, of a deep purple colour, appearing in December. The bulbs are large, and the leaves long and narrow. It flowers here in July, and is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. In the ninth, or Broad-leaved African Amaryllis, the bulbs are large and almost round; the leaves long, broad, and rounded at their extremities, spreading two ways on the surface of the ground, and do not come up till after the flower-stem appears, which is generally in November; and after the flowers are past, the leaves increase till spring, and in May they begin to decay, so that from the middle of June to October the plant is void of leaves. It grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. In the tenths pecies, or Guernsey Lily, the bulb is an oblong sphe- roid, flatted most at the lower end, six or seven inches round where thickest: the leaves are of a dark willow green colour, shining, from half an inch to three quarters of an inch in breadth, a little blunt at the end, from two to four in number, rarely five. The scape i.^ flattened, twelve or fourteen inches in height, and more. The spalhe splits, and falls back in two unequal pieces of a reddish colour and triangular figure. The pedicels are from an inch to almost two inches in length. The number of flowers commonly from eight to twelve, the circumference of each being about seven inches. The corolla, when in its prime, has the colour of a fine gold tissue wrought on a rose-coloured ground; and when it begins to fade, it is a pink: if beheld in a full-shine, it seems to be studded with diamonds, but by candle-light the specks or spangles look more like fine gold dust: when the petals begin to wither, they assume a deep crimson colour. The flowers begin to come out at the end of August, and the head is usually three weeks in gradually expanding itself. This beauti- T o8 I'ul plant is a native of Japan, and has been long naturalized in Guernsey. The eleventh species has the slature of the Crinum Americanum. The leaves are fleshy, scabrous with a toothleled edge. The spalhe bivalve, besides some interior scales or fragments. The germs are sessile. The tube of the corolhi of the same colour witii the scape, which is rufous. The border white, with lanceolate, recurved pe- tals, with a red keel underneath. The filaments and style are of a blood-red colour, and the pericarps viviparous. The twelfth has roots like the Crinum mentioned below: the leaves narrower at their base, and stained with purple on their un- der side; the scapes purple, and growing to the same height as those of the Crinum Asiaticum; the flowers of the same shape, but the tube purple, and the segments having a purple stripe running through l^hem: the stamina are also purple; it is however more beautiful than that plant. This is a native of the East Indies. Culture. — In all the dift'erent sorts, the propagation is performed by the small bulbs or offsets that are removed from the sides of the old roots every year at the time they are transplanted. Some of the sorts, as the first and second, are often capable of being raised on dry warm borders; but most of the others stand in need of artificial heat to raise them in the most j)erfect manner. They all delight in a loose, sandy, dry soil, that contains a good proportion of vegetable mould; and require but little water, except where the roots are in a high stale of growth, and sending forth their flower-stems; when they should have it frequently in small quantities. When applied under other circumstances, it is apt to rot and destroy the bulbs. All the more tender sorts should be put in pots, and placed in stoves, where they must be constantly kept; as much air as possible being; admitted to them durino; the hot summer months. Some of them are, however, capable of bearing the open air at this season: but in this method of management they neither grow so well, or flower so regularly, as in the stove mode of treatment. 59 The most suitable season for iransplanling the roots ol all the different species, is at the time when their leaves are wholly de- stroyed, as about the latter end of July, or the beginning of the fol- lowing month, before they begin to send forth new root-fibres, as after that has taken place they are liable to be greatly injured by being removed from their situations. The first kind, or Yellow Autumnal Amaryllis, is a hardy plant, and may be increased with great facility by offsels from the roots. The best season for transplanting the root-bulbs of this sort is any time from May to the end of July, when their leaves are de- cayed: but after that period it will be too late to remove them, as they mostly begin to push out fresh root-fibres about the middle ol' August or sooner, if the season be moist and warm, frequently low- ering the beginning of September; so that, if the business of trans- planting be performed so late as this, it will spoil their flowering. This plant is capable of growing in any soil or situation; but it thrives to the best advantage in those of the above kind, when suffi- ciently fresh and light, and in open situations, that are not under the dripping of trees, or too near walls, or other tall fences that produce much shade. Miller observes that it is commonly known to gardeners by the name of Yellow i\utumnal Narcissus; and usually sold by them with Calchicums for autumnal ornaments to gardens; for which purpose it is a pretly plant, as it will frequently keep flowering from the beginning of September to the middle of November, in case the frost is not so severe as to destroy the flowers; for though there is but one flower in each cover, a succession of flowers is produced from the same root, especially when they are suffered to remain three or four years without being removed. A dry warm border is the best exposure for this sort. The second species, or Atamasco Lily, is also so hardy as to thrive in the open air in this climate, when the root-bulbs are planted out in a warm situation and on a dry soil: it is likewise best propagated by offsets from the root-bulbs of the old plants. As very severe frost is liable to destroy the bulbs in some cases, a few should always be 60 planted in pots, in order that they may be protected in the winter season. Tlie third sort, or Jacobaea Lily, is of the more tender kind, but is now become common in the gardens of the curious in this coun- iiy. The root-bulbs send forth plenty of offsets, especially when they are kept in a moderate warmth in the winter season: for the roots of this kind will live in a good greenhouse, or they may be pre- served through the winter under a common hot-bed frame; but in this way they do not flower so often, or send out so many offsets, as when they are placed in a moderate stove in that season. This sort produces its flowers two or three times in the year: it is not however regular to any season; but the flowers are mostly produced from March to the beginning of September, when the roots are in a vigo- rous state of growth. It is best propagated by offsets from the old root-bulbs, which may be taken off every year: the most proper time to part and shift the roots in this kind is in August, as by this means they may take good root before the winter sets in. In doing this, care should be taken not to break off the fibres from their roots. They should be planted out separately in pots of a middling size, and be kept in a moderate degree of warmth in the stove, as by that means they produce their flowers in greater plenty, and the roots make a greater increase, than where they are managed in a more hardy manner. The fourth sort, or Mexican Lily, is not so hardy as either the above or the Belladonna Lily; it must of course be placed in a stove of much greater warmth; and if the pots are plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, the roots will thrive better, and the flowers be stronger. It is increased by offsets from the old root, in the same manner as the other sorts, and usually flowers in the beginning of the spring, when it produces a fine appearance in the stove with others of simi- lar growths. The fifth species, or Purple-flowered Amaryllis, is likewise of the tender kind, and is capable of being propagated in the same man- ner as the above. It also succeeds the best, and flowers to the 61 greatest advantage and effect, when constantly kept in tlie stove in a similar degree of temperature with that of the above species. The sixth kind, or Belladonna Lily, is more hardy. It has been cultivated, according to the editor of Miller's Dictionary, with great success in the following manner: — A border was prepared close to a wall which had a south-Avest aspect, about six feet in width, in this manner. All the earth to the depth of three feet was removed, and some very rotten dung put in the bottom six inches thick, upon which light garden mould was applied, about twenty inches in depth. After making this level, the roots were placed at six inches distance every way, being then covered over with light sandy earth, to the height of the border; by which means the upper parts of the roots are five or six inches buried. In the winter season the border was covered all over with rotten tanner's bark, to the depth of three inches, in order to prevent the frost from penetrating the ground. And when it proved very severe, some mats or straw were laid over the leaves to protect the plants from being destroyed. In this ma_ nagement the roots have greatly increased, and the plants have con- stantly flowered every year; some of them having put out two or three stems which grew near three feet in height, producing many flowers in each und^el, which made a fine appearance during llie month of October. It is added, that the green leaves come up soon after, and abide all the winter and spring untiljune, at which time they decay. Soon after this period the roots should therefore be transplanted; for, if they are suffered to stand till July, they will have sent forth new root-fibres, in which state it would greatly in- jure the roots if they were disturbed. If some of the roots be planted in a warm border close to a south wall, and in a dry soil, they mostly thrive well, especially if they be covered in severe weather; and these roots generally flower much stronger than those which are kept in pots, and multiply faster than under other circumstances. The seventh species is more tender than the above, as it raiely puts forth offsets from the roots. But as it produces ripe seeds in sufficient quantity, it may be propagated in that way without much diiiiculty. These should be sown in pots of good mould in the spring 62 season, and immediately afterwards plunged into a bark bed of mo- derate temperature, a little water being occasionally given till the plants appear, and become of sufficient growth to be transplanted out into separate pots, which should be perlbrmed in a careful man- ner, and a little water given immediately afterwards, the pots being directly placed in the stove, where they are to be constantly kept, as in the above kinds. The eighth sort is likewise tender. It requires to be treated in the same manner as the Jacoba^a Lily. It is found to increase pretty fast by offsets. When properly managed, it usually flowers in the winter season, especially if the j)ols be placed in a stove of mode- rate temperature; and as at this period there are but few flowers in the open air, it is more valuable on that account as an ornamental plant for the stove. The ninth species is still more lender: it must of course be placed, during the winter season, in a stove where there is a mode- rate share of warmth; but it should not have so much water as the Jacobaja Lily. It may be raised liom oft'sets. The tenth species, or Guernsey Lily, is supposed to have come v originally from Japan; but has been long cultivated in the gardens of Guernsey and Jersey; in both of which it seems to thrive and succeed as well as if it were in its native soil. From those islands its roots are annually sent to the curious in different parts of Europe, The root bulbs are generally sent to us in June and July; but the sooner the bulbs are taken out of the ground, after their leaves decay, the better they are; for though the roots, which are taken up when their flower-stems begin to appear, may flower, their flowers are not so large, or their roots so good alter wards, as those which are removed before they have sent out fresh root-fibres. On obtaining the rools, they should be planted in pots filled with fresh, li(>ht, sandy earth, well mixed with a little very rotten dung, to the depth of two or tince inches, and then })laced in a warm situa- tion; or what is better, in a iroderate-stove heat, the earth being- refreshed with water occasionally; but they should not have too muchj as it would rot their roots, especially before the stems rise. 63 About the middle of September, the more vigorous roots will begin to show the buds of their tiower-stems, which are commonly of a red colour; therefore these pots should be removed into a situation wiiere they may have the full benefit of the sun, and be sheltered from wet, and strong winds; but by no means too near a wall, or under glasses, which would draw ihem up weak, and render them less beautiful in their blow. At this season they should be gently refreshed with water occasionally, Avhen the weather is warm and dry. As soon as the flowers begin to open, the pots should be removed from the open air, to prevent the flowers from being injured by too much moisture; but they must not be kept too close, or be placed in situations too warm, as that would occasion their colour to be less lively, and hasten their decay. The flowers of this plant often continue in beauty, when managed in the above manner, a full month : and though they have no scent, from the richness of their colour, they are justly esteemed as flowery ornamental plants. When the flowers are decayed, the leaves begin to shoot forth in length, and, if sheltered from severe cold, continue growing all the winter season; but they must have as much free air as possible i^i mild weather, and be covered only in severe rains or frosts; for which purpose a common hot-bed frame is the best, as the glasses may be taken off" constantly every day in dry open weather, whicfi will encourage the leaves to grow strong and broad; whereas, when they are placed in a greenhouse, or not exposed to the open air, they are apt to grow long and slender, and have a pale weak aspect, by which the roots become weak, seldom producing good flowers. The roots should be transplanted every fourth or fifth year, about the latter end of June or beginning of July, into fresh earth; but not oftener removed, as that would retard their flowering. The offsets may also be taken off", and planted out into different- pots; Avhich, in three years time, mostly produce flowers. Conse- quently, after a person is once stocked with these roots, he may in- crease them, so as to have a constant supply of blowing roots, with- out being at the trouble or expense of sending to the above places annually for them; and the roots, thus preserved, will flower stronger 64 than those which are brought froin thence, as the inhabitants of those islands are not very curious in cukivating them ; — their usual method, according to Miller, being to plant them at a great distance in beds of common earth, where they let them remain for many years; in the course of which they produce such a number of offsets that one single cluster has frequently contained above a hundred roots; by which means those which grow on the inside are so much compressed by the outer roots, that they arc perfectly flattened : and from the number of roots growing in each cluster, they are all ren- dered weak, and unfit to produce such large steins of flowers as those which have grown singly and are of a spherical form. As when a per- son is possessed of a great number of these roots, it w-iil be troublesome to preserve them in pots, a bed should be prepared in the Ibllowing manner, in some well sheltered part of the garden. In doing this, a third part of fresh virgin earth, from a pasture ground, which is light, should be provided, Avith an equal portion of sea-sand, to which should be added rotten dung and sifted lime rubbish, of each an equal quantity. AVith this earth, when well mixed and incorpo- rated, a bed should be made about two feet thick, raising it about four or five inches above the surface of the ground, where the situa- tion is dry; but where the ground is wet, it should be raised eight or nine inches higher. In this bed, about the beginning of July, as before directed, plant the roots about six or eight inches asunder each way; and in the winter, when the frost begins, cover -the bed with a frame, or arch it over, and cover it with mats and straw, to prevent their leaves from being pinched by cold. In the spring, the covering should be entirely removed, and the bed kept constantly clean from weeds during the summer, stirring the surface of the earth now and then; and annually, when the leaves are decayed, yft a little fresh earth over them, to encourage the growth of the roots. The roots may remain in these beds until they are of sufficient strength to produce flowers, at which time they may be taken up and planted in pots, as before directed, or be suffered to remain in the same beds to flower. These plants do not flower again the suc- ceeding year, as in many other sorts of bulbous-rooted plants; but 65 where the bulbs contain two buds in their centres, as is often the case, they frequently flower twice in the course of about three years ; after which the same individual root-bulb does not flower again in several years; but this is performed by the offsets, which are taken from it at different times The eleventh species, or Ceylon Lily, is of a tender nature, and must be treated in the same manner as the Mexican Lily. It is not common in the gardens in this country, as it is a plant which in- creases but slowly by offsets from the roots. It usually flowers in June and July; and sometimes the same plant will produce flowers again in autumn if the pots be plunged into a bed of tanners' bark; but the flowers are seldom of long duration or great beauty. The twelfth species is also of the tender kind, but may be in-, creased by offsets from the roots, or by the bulbs which succeed the flowers. It should be treated in the same manner as is directed for the Crinums; the proper culture of which may be seen under that head. All these bulbous-rooted plants, as being both curious and orna- mental, deserve to be cultivated; those of the more tender kinds affording much variety in the stove or greenhouse; while the more hardy sorts produce a pleasing effect in the fronts of beds or borders in the garden or pleasure-grounds. K PLATE VII. 1. ASTER AMELLUS. ITALIAN ASTER. Tins genus comprehends different fibrous-rooted flowery plants of the annual and perennial herbaceous and shrubby kinds. The Starworts. It belongs to the class and order Syngenesia Poli/gamia Si/perflua, and ranks in the natural order of Compositi Radiati. The characters are: that the calyx is common imbricate; the inner scales prominent a little at the end, the lower ones spreading: the corolla compound radiate: corollules hermaphrodite numerous in the disk: the females ligulale, and more than ten in the ray. Pro- per, of the hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped, with a five-cleft spreading border; of the female ligulate, lanceolate, three-toothed, at length rolling back: the stamina hermaphrodite, five filaments, capillary, and very short: the anther cylindric and tubulous: the pistillum is her- maphrodite: one oblong germ : the style filiform, the length of the stamens: stigma bifid, spreading: females, germ and style the same: stigmas two, oblong, and revolute: no pericarpium : the calyx scarcely changed: the seeds solitary, oblong, and ovate: down capillary: the receptacle is naked and flattish. The species principally cultivated are, 1. A. Chinensis, China As- ter, or Chinese Starwort; 2. A. Tradescanti, Tradescant's or Virginia Starwort; 3. A. Amellus, Amellus, or Italian Starwort; 4. A. Alpinus, Alpine or Great Mountain Starwort; 5. A. Nova-AngUa, New-Eng- land Starwort; 6. A. grandijlonts, Great Blue Pyramidal Aster, or Catesby's Starwort; 7. A.piiniceus, Red-stalked American Starwort; S. A. tnululatus, Waved Starwort; ^. A, linifolhis, Elax-leaved Star- 67 wort; 10. A, fe?mi/bfc, Fine-leaved Starwort; 11. yi. Ericoides, Heath- leaved Starwort; 12. A. dumosiiSy Busby Slarwort; 13. A. concolor. Single-stalked Starwort; 14. A. divar'icatus, Divaricate Starwort; 15. A. Novi-Belgii^ New-Holland Starwort; 16. A. panicidatus, Pa- nicled Slarwort; 17- A. fruticosiis. Shrubby Starwort. In this nu- merous genus there are several other species equally deserving the attention of the cultivator. The first is an elegant annual plant, rising in height from eighteen inches to two feet; the stem is erect, stiff, furrowed, and as thick as the little finger, putting out long bending branches from top to bot- tom. The leaves next the ground and at the origin of the branches are large, and resemble those of common Chcnopodium : those on the branches are much smaller, and the upper ones narrow and very en- tire: the flowers are the largest and handsomest of any of the species in this genus: the disk yellow, at first flat, then convex ; the floscules of the ray are broad and long, scarcely notched at the end. There are varieties of this plant with single white flowers, single blue flowers, single purple flowers, single red flowers: with double white flowers, double blue flowers, double red flowers, and with va- riegated blue and white flowers. The second species has radical leaves three or four inches long, like those of the willow, from green inclining to brown, with small scattered serratures. Among these come out l ound, smooth, woody, brownish stems, clothed with similar leaves, only shorter; the}"" are elegantly divided into many slender, hard branches, two or three feet high, adorned with abundance of very small white flowers during the months of September and October. According to some, the disk is |)urple. The ray of the corolla is first white, and afterwards purplish. It is a native of Virginia. The third sort has the stems growing in large clusters from the root, each of them branching at the top into eight or ten peduncles, each terminated by a single large flower, having blue rays, with a yellow disk. It flowers in August or September, and in mild seasons will often continue till the middle of November. It grows naturally in Italy. 68 There are varieties with white flowers and with wrinkled leaves, Tlie fourth species seldom rise more than nine, commonly from four to six inches high, in its native situation, and when transplanted iuto gardens, from nine to ten, but rarely above sixteen. At the top of each stalk is one large blue flower, somewhat like that of the Italian Starwort. It flowers in June, and is a native of tlie Alps, Sec. Iliere are varieties with white rays and with blue rays. The fifth species lias many stems, five feet high, brown, termi^ nated by large purple violet flowers, growing in a loose panicle, and expanding in August. The peduncles are so short as scarcely lOr appeal' among the flowers. It is a native of New England. The sixlh has many stems, three and even four feet high, stiff, reddish, hairy, and branching pyramidically. The branches have small lanceolate leaves, growing alternate, hairy and rough to the touch, the size of those of common Hyssop, and each terminated by one large blue flower, coming out at the end of October. It is a native of Virsiinia. The seventh sort has several strong stents, upwards of two feefe high, of a purple colour; but the flowers are on single peduncles, forming a corymb at top, and of a pale blue colour: they appear about the end of September. It is a native of North, America; va- ries in height from eight to three feet, having the stems either dark purple or reddish green. There is a variety, in which the flowers are purple inclining to red, and surrounded by a few narrow leaves. This is from Phila- delphia, and flowers in November. The eighth species has the leaves broad and heart-shaped at bottom; the stems between two and three feet high, with small side branches, upon Which the flowers come out in loose spikes; they are of a pale blue colour, inclining to white. It flowers in August. It is a native of North America. The ninth has the leaves lanceolate, gradually narrowing to the end: peduncles with very small subulate scales: the stems strong^ from two to three feet high, putting out many side branches near half 69 their length, terminated by one blue flower, which appears in xlugust aad September. In the tenth species the slems are five feet high, slender, angular, smooth, but not branching much; the leaves allernate, not very rough ; the flowers terminal, solitar}^ small, and white; the peduncles have very small subulate leaflets scattered over them. The eleventh has the stems slender, three feet high, with slender side branches most of their length, so as to form a thick bush; they are terminated by single flowers. The twelfth species has the stems upright, two feet high, full of branches, which are filiform ; the stem-leaves being narrow-lance- olate; on the branches linear: the peduncles filiform, striated, one- flowered, with very narrow leaflets on them; the flowers small, with an erect, imbricate, loose cal^^x; the ray copious, and white; the disk yellow, with fewer flowers. The thirteenth species rises four feet high ; the flowers are pale blue, appearing about Michaelmas. The whole plant is tomentose, especially the leaves and cal3^xes. The raceme simple, Avith very short peduncles. It is a native of Virginia. 'J'he fifteenth species has the stem obscurely furrowed, of a pale red, not very erect, but irregularly flexuose, corymbosely branched, the branches divaricate and much divided; the leaves of the same form, sometimes having a single serrature, the edge scabrous, if the finger be drawn toward the base, the surface rough with invisible hairs; the flowers rather solitar}^ somewhat small, on long, scaly, yellow peduncles; scales of the calyx distant, in five rows; disk of the corolla yellow; ray pale blue, revolute; the height near four feet, having broad leaves at the bottom, which diminish gradually to the top. The flowers appear at the latter end of August. It is a native of Viro;inia. The sixteenth rises to the height of four feet, the stems putting out side branches towards the top, which grow erect, forming a loose spike of large blue flowers, expanding about the end of October. It is a native of North America, The sevenleenlh species has the stems three feet high, with side 70 Moody branches having clusters of narrow leaves like those of the Larch-tree; the flowers are produced from the side of the branches, upon long slender peduncles singly; they are of a pale blue colour, and appear the beginning of March. It is a native of the Cape. Culture. — ^The hardy kinds of these plants easily succeed in almost any soil or situation. The first sort, and varieties being an- nual plants, are propagated by sowing the seeds of the different kinds from the beginning of March to May, on a very moderate hot-bed, just to bring up the plants, the air being admitted as much as possi- ble when the weather is suitable, in order to promote the vigorous growth of the plants; when they are sufficiently strong they should be planted out either into beds of good earth at six inches distance each wa3% or into the places M'here they are to remain, in the borders or other parts: the latter is probably the better practice, as they grow more strongly. In the bed method they are usually transplanted after a few weeks, with large balls of earth to their roots, into the situations where they are to flower, the mould being made fine about them. A few of the fine double varieties may also be put in pots. Moist weather is the most suitable for this business, but in other cir- cumstances a little water should be given immediately after the earth Jias been closed round their roots, as well as in future when it may be necessary. But when the sowing is not made at an early period, the best practice is to let it be done in the situations where the plants are to grow, which should be rather warm and dry, the mould being made tine by a rake in the spots where they are to be put in, as in this way their growth is less checked than when transplanted. In either method of sowing, care should be taken that the seed be only covered in a very light manner, and that the mould be made very fine. The only further culture which they require, is that of keeping the plants perfectly free from weeds, and well supported in the time of flowering. The whole of the hardy American sorts as well as the Italian species may be readily increased by j)arting the roots. In the 71 former it is best performed in the autumn, the parted roots being immediately planted out in the places where they are designed to flower. The latter or Italian sort should have the roots parted and re- planted as soon as the flowers begin to decline, as, when the busi- ness is deferred till late in the autumn or the spring, the plants neither grow so strong nor flower so completely. The roots in this kind should not be taken up oftener than once in three or four years, wiiere a full display of flowers is the principal object. This sort has not been so much attended to since the introduc- tion of the American species; but from the plants creeping less by the roots, and requiring less support in the stems, they are equally deserving of regard for the purpose of cultivation. As this sort is not, however, capable of increasing fast by dividing the roots, it may be readily multiplied by planting cuttings from the young shoots in the later spring months, in situations where the mould is light and fine, being well shaded from the effects of the sun till they are perfectly established in the soil. The last or shrubby sort must be propagated by setting the cut- tings of the young shoots, in pots of light earth, in the spring or summer months, which should be plunged in a hot-bed to promote their striking root. They may then be placed out in the open air during the summer season, but in the autumn and winter they re- quire the protection of a green-house. The first sort, or China Asters, are elegant plants for the purpose of variety, in the clumps and common borders of gardens, or plea- sure grounds. In saving the seeds, they should be selected from the best coloured flowers of the most perfect plants, in October, when they are fully ripened, and be gathered when quite dry. The perennial sorts have likewise a showy appearance, in large clumps and borders, when judiciously distributed among other hardy shrubs and herbaceous plants; some of the species continuing to flower to a late period in the autumnal season. , The shrubby kind affords variety among other green-house plants, both in the summer and winter season. 72 2. AMARANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS. prince's feather. This genus comprises many plants of the Prince's Feather kind. They are universally herbaceous annuals, several of them being highly beautiful and curious. They are likewise sometimes distinguished by the titles of Flower Gentle, Love-lies-bleeding, &c. It belongs to the class and order Moncecia Pentandria, and ranks in the natural order of Miscellauece. The characters are : that those species which have male flowers on the same plants -with the females have a calyx, which is a five or three-leaved perianthium, upright, coloured, and permanent; the leaflets lanceolate, and acute: no corolla: the stamina have five or three capillary filaments, from upright patulous, of the length of the calyx, the anthera3 oblong and versatile. Of those Avhich have female flowers in the same raceme with the males, the calyx is a perianthium the same with the former: no corolla: the pistillum has an ovate germ; the styles three, short and subulate: stigmas simple and per- manent: the pericarpium is an ovate capsule, somewhat compressed, as is also the calyx on which it is placed, coloured, and of the same size; three-beaked, one-celled, cut open transversely: the seed is single, globular, compressed, and large. 'I'he species that demand attention for the purpose of cultivation are very numerous, but those most generally cultivated are: 1. A. 7ne!anc/toliciis, Two-coloured Amarantluis; 2. A. tricolor. Three-co- loured Amaranllius; 3. A. sanguineus. Spreading or Bloody Ama- ranthus; 4. A. caudatus, Pendulous Amaranlhus, or Love-lies-bleed- ijig; 5. ^. ;«(7,r/w?^5. Tree Amaranthus; 6. A. cruent us, Y'di'ious-leaved Amaianthus; 7- A. Iii/poc/ionclriacus, Prince's-fealher Amaranthus. 73 The first, or Two-coloured Amaranllms, has ihe stem upright, half a foot high, dark purple, smooth, streaked, and simple: the leaves are blunt, wrinkled, waved, en)arginale, mucronate, with a short while point; the lower ones rufous liver-coloured on ihc upper surface, bright purple on the lower, with elevated veins: the upper ones green, with red tips: the petioles channelled, bright purple, smooth, edged at top with the decreasing leaf: the lower ones nearly the length of the leaves: the glomerules subscssile, dark purple, on a very short undivided peduncle: the calyxes five-leaved: the leaf- lets oblong, purple, membranaceous, ending in a dark red point. Professor Martyn observes that this species varies in the colour of the leaves; as in the open air they are of a dirty purple on iheir upper surface, and in the younger ones green; while in the stove tlie whole plant is of a fine purple colour. It is, however, easily dis- tinguished in all slates b}^ its colour, its leaves, and the lateness of its flowering, which is after all the others are past. It is a native of Guiana and the East Indies. Mr. Miller remarks that it grows to the same height with the Tricolor, and in the manner of its growth greatly resembles it; but that the leaves have only two colours, an obscure purple and a bright crimson, so blended as to set ofi^ each other, making a fine appearance when the planls are vigorous. The second species, or Three-coloured Amaranthus, has the stem a foot and half or two feet in height, obscurely angular, smooth, and upright: the leaves blue with a red point, smooth, and waved: the younger ones red with yellow tips: those in a more mature state coral led at the base, violet in the middle, and green at the end: the old ones green with a violet base: the petioles very long, smooth, green, channelled, and bordered: the glomerules geminate, green, axillary: the calyxes three-leaved: the leaflets oblong, acuminate, membranaceous, with a green nerve. It varies in the colour of the leaves, which are less painted in the open air than in the stove. It has been long cultivated for the beauty of its variegated leaves, in which the colours are elegantly mixed. When the plant is in full vigour these are large, and closely set from the bottom to the top of the stalk: the branches also form a sort of pyramid; so that there is L 74 - scarcely a more handsome plant when it is in full lustre. It flowers from June to September. And it is a native ot" Guiana. The third, or Blood j-leaved Amaranlhus, has the stem upright, four feet high, firm, red, round, and streaked: the leaves somewhat convex, or rather so contracted as to have the form of a boat, and pointed; the older ones rather blunt: the upper surface is a mixture of red and green, the lower more or less purple: the petioles are tinged with purple, channelled, roughish; winged at top with the leat": the racemes very red: the branches smooth, the lower one spreading: the calyxes five-leaved: leaflets oblong, blunt, mem- branaceous, and red: the bractca? subdulato-setaceous, red, longer than the flowers, closely surrounding the glomerules. The fourth species, or Pendulous Amaranlhus, has the stem ge- nerally two feet high, green, obscurely angular, grooved and streaked, smooth, covered at top with thin, whitish, scattered hairs: the upper part nods on account of the great length of the racemes: the leaves are smooth, bright green, blunt, emarginate, with an incurved trans- parent point: the petioles much shorter than the leaf: the racemes terminating, elegantly purple, very long, cylindrical, composed of floweis very closely glomerate: the calyxes five-leaved: the leaflets oblong, red, acuminate, membranaceous: the bractea3 oblong, point- ed, and scattered. The fifth, or Tree Amaranthus, rises to the height of seven or eight feet, sending ofl" numerous horizontal branches at every ten or twelve inches: the leaves are rough, green, and luxuriant: the spikes are selilom half the !(Migth of those of the other sorts, but are much thicker. It is said to degenerate gradually into the smaller kind, 'i'he seeds, which at first are white, also become red. It flowers in August and September. And it is a native of Persia, &c. In the sixth species, the stem is a foot and a half or two feet in height, grooved, green with red streaks, smooth, and slightly pubes- cent among the flowers: the leaves are green, spotted with brown above, red beneath, blunlish with a reddish short point: the petioles red, channelleil, and smooth: the racemes red and green, with branchlets spreading and nodding a little: the calyx five-leaved: the 75 leaflets oblong, pointed, wbitc-niembranaceous, with a red nerve, and a point of the same colour. It varies of a shining red colour, — with a red slalk with pale leaves, — with a green stalk with variegated leaves, &c. As first cul- tivated in this climate, according to professor Martyn, the stem was wholly red and smooth; the petioles, ribs, and nerves of the leaves underneath purple; the spikes purple, much spreading, and a little nodding. They were of course very beautiful, and made a gay ap- pearance for the two first years: but afterwards the seeds degene- rated, and the plants had little beauty; which is the same with some other species of this genus. It is a native of the East Indies. In the seventh species, the stem is erect, a foot and a half or two feet in height, smooth, except under the leaves, where it is a little scabrous, reddish, roundish, streaked, and grooved: the leaves are red and green, acute, with elevated veins: the petioles are channel- led, and of a reddish colour: the racemes are naked, red, lateral, short, and placed about the stem without order: the calyxes are five- leaved: the leaflets oblong, acute, membranaceous, and red. It varies with leaves more or less red, — with very red and paler racemes, with a green and red, — with a rough and smooth stalk. It flowers from July to September. And it is a native of Virginia. Culture. — The propagation in most of these species is not effected without considerable trouble, as they require the aid of artificial heat, in order to bring them forward in the greatest perfection. There are a few, however, that may be raised in the open ground without the assistance of heat applied in the above manner. The two first, as being the most tender, demand much greater attention and more artificial heat in producing them, than those of the third, fourth, and fifth kinds. And the sixth and seventh species are capable of being raised with still less heat than those of the above sorts, though not in the fullest perfection without a slight degree of it. In all the different species the business is accomplished by sow- ing the seeds annually in the early spring months, as about the latter end of March or beginning of April, on beds of good earth, either 76 over heat or in tiie natural ground, according to the nature of the plants. The earlier the sowing can be performed, the belter growth the plants will attain in the summer season. In raisifig the two first sorts in the greatest lustre and perfection, the aid of two or three different hot-beds is necessary; which should be covered with frames and glasses, so as to slide with ease and con- venience. The first of these liot-beds should be small, and made in the ordinary way, for the purpose of receiving the seed, and which may hkewise serve for that of other annuals of the tender kind of similar growth. They should be earthed over the top within the frames, to the depth of five or six inches, with good light dry mould. In this the seed should be sown in small shallow drills, and covered over very lightly with fine sifted mould: the glasses are then to be placed over. In these situations the plants should be suffered to re- main till they have attained the height of two or three inches, air being admitted in fine days, and the glasses covered at nights with garden mats. When the plants are in this situation, a second hot- bed is to be prepared in the same manner, into which the young plants are to be pricked out to the distance of about four inches from each olher, moderate waterings being occasionally given, and the plants well shaded from the sun till they have taken fresh root. Air should now be admitted more freely when the weather is fine, by raising one end of the glasses, and the night coverings be carefully applied. After the plants have remained in these beds a month or six weeks, and are become tolerably strong in their growth, so as to require more space, the final hot-beds should be made ready. These ought to be of much larger dimensions. AVhen the frames are placed over them, earth to the depth of four or five inches should be laid over; and the plants, after being taken up with balls of earth about their roots, planted in pots of about the twenty-fourth size, water being immediately applied in a sparing manner, and the pots plunged in the earth of the beds, the frames being raised occasionally, as the plants advance in growth. The lights are to be constantly kept on, but air freely admitted b}'^ raising the ends daily, and water applied every day or two. Towards llie end of June the plants will have 17 risen to nearl}' their full size; when ihey may be placed out in the open air, where they are fully seen when the weather is fine and settled, each of them being supported by a handsome stick. In their after culture, they require to be kept constantly in the pots, and to have water freely applied almost every day when the season is hot. In order to procure the seed of these kinds in perfection, it is the best method to put a few of the best plants in a deep frame towards the latter end of the summer, that thc}^ may, by being more per- fectly sheltered by the glasses, be rendered moi'e fully ripe. In the culture of the third and fourth sorts, as they are more hardy, one or two moderate hot-beds at most will be fully sufficient for raising the plants. In these cases, the seeds should be sown upon a moderate hot-bed towards the end of March ; and when the plants come up they should have a considerable share of air admitted to them in mild weather, in order to prevent their drawing up in too weak a state: and when they are become large enough to be trans- planted out, another moderate hot-bed should be provided, into which they should be removed, placing them at six inches distance in every direction, care being taken to water them as well as to shade them from the sun in hot M^eather, until they have taken new root: after which the air should be freely admitted to them at all times when the season is favourable. Their waterings should likewise be frequent, but not given in too great quantity at a time. As the plants advance in growth, and the warmth of the season increases, they should have a greater proportion of air, that by degrees they may be hardened so as to bear the open exposure. In the beginning of June the plants may be taken up with large balls of earth about their roots, and planted some into pots, and others in the borders or other parts of the pleasure-grounds, shading them carefully until they have taken good root: after which they should be frequently watered in hot dry weather, especially those in the pots; as every evening or oftener. As the Tree Amaranthus does not thrive well in pots, it should l?e planted in a rich light soil, and be allowed plenty of room, and a 78 full supply of water, as often as may be neccessary. In these cir- cunislances it frequently attains a considerable size, especially in dry seasons. 'J'he two last species are capable of being raised upon warm dry borders with tolerable facility; but they neither attain the full growth, afford such large flower-spikes, or appear in such early perfection, as when managed in the manner of ihe above. In preserving the seed of I he last five sorls, some of the largest and finest spikes should be collected, as they ripen towards the latter end of September, and exposed to the full sun in some dry airy situ- ation until they become perfectly dry, when the seeds may be rub- bed out and put by in a dry warm place. Persons who are curious in raising these annual plants in great j)erfection, fmd it convenient to have a glass case erected, with up- right sloping glasses on every side, having a pit in the bottom for tan, in which the pots are plunged. If this be raised eight or nine feet to the ridge, and the upright glasses are five feet, there will be room and light enough to raise these as well as many other plants of a similar growth to great perfection: and, by such a contrivance, many of those tender annual plants, which rarely perfect seeds in this climate under other circumstances, may be brought forward so as to ripen their seeds in a perfect manner. All these plants are highly ornamental, the more tender sorts be- ing mostly distributed in mixture with others of the showy kinds in places immediately about the house; while those that are more hardy afford much ornament and variety in the borders, clumps, and other situations in gardens or pleasure-grounds. They should have rather open exposures, and be distributed towards the fronts, espe- cially those of the low growing kinds. n.s. PLATE VIII. 1. APOCYNUM ANDROS.EMIFOLIUM. FLY-CATCHING DOGS-BANE. This genus contains hardy, herbaceous, perennial and shrubby tender exotics, of the flowering kind. It belongs to the class and order Peiifamlria Digijnia^ and ranks in the natural order Contortoi. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, five-parted, acute, short, and permanent perianthiuni: the corolla is monopela- lous, bell-shaped, and seniiquinquefid : the divisions revolute: the nectary consists of five glandular oval caj)sules surrounding the germ: the stamina consist of very short filaments: the anthera3 ob- long, erect, acute, bifid at the base, converging: the pistillum con- sisting of two ovate germs: the styles short: the stigmas roundish, bifid at the top, nunicate, glued to the anthers: the pericarpium consists of two long, acuminate, one-valved, one-celled follicles: containing many very small seeds, crowned with long down; the receptacle subulate, very long, rough, and free. The species are: 1. A. ajidrosannifohujn, 'I'utsan-leaved Dog's- bane; 2. A. canabinum, Hemp Dogs-bane; 3. A. lu/pericifoHuni, St. Johns Wort-leaved Dogs-bane; 4. A. vcnetum, Venetian Spear- leaved Dogs-bane; 5. A. frutescens, Shrubby Dog-bane; 6. A. reti- culatiim, Net-leaved C!in)bing Dogs-bane. The first has the steins about three feet in height, and upright. The leaves are opposite ; and these and the stems abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they are broken. 'I'he corollas are white, with the nectaries of a purplish cast. lUit, according lo some, they are pale red with a tinge of purple, the llowers being PLATE VIIL 1. APOCYNUM ANDROSiEMIFOLlUM. FLY-CATCHING DOCi's-BANE. This genus contains hardy, herbaceous, perennial and shrubby tender exotics, of the flowering kiud. It belongs to tiie class and order Pentandria Digi/uia, and ranks in the natural order Cotitorta;. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, five-parted, acute, short, and permanent perianthium : the corolla is monopela- lous, bell-shaped, and seniiquinquefid : the divisions revolute: the nectary consists of five glandular oval capsules surrounding the germ: the stamina consist of very short filaments: the an iherae ob- long, erect, acute, bifid at the base, converging: the pislillum con- sisting of two ovate germs: the styles short: the stigmas roundish, bifid at the top, muricate, glued to the anthers: the pericarpium consists of two long, acuminate, one-valved, one-celled folhcles: containing many very small seeds, crowned with long down; the receptacle subulate, very long, rough, and free. The species are: 1. A. androsoemifoliiim ^ Tutsan-leaved Dog's- bane : 2. A. canabinum. Hemp Dogs-banc; 3. A. hijpericifoUum, St. John's Wort-leaved Dogs-bane; 4. A. venttiim, Venetian Spear- leaved Dogs-bane; 5. A. frutescens^ Shrubby Dog-bane; 6. A. reti- culatim, Net-leaved Climbing Dogs-bane. The first has the stems about three feet in height, and upright. The leaves are opposite ; and these and the stems abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they are broken. The corollas are white, with the nectaries of a purplish cast. J3ut, according to some, they are pale red with a tinge of purple, the i'owers beino- 80 pendulous. It is a native of \'irginia, and flowers from July to Sep- tember. It is perennial. The second species has the roots perennial, and creeping. The stems arc brown, and about two lect in height. The leaves are smooth, in pairs, abounding with a milky juice, like the former. Towards the upj)er part of the stem, the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, in small bunches, and are of an herbaceous white colour, and small. It is admitted for the sake of variety. It flowers as above; and is a native of the same place. The stems afford a hempy substance. In the third the root is likewise perennial, and creeping. The stems annual, upright, round, branched, a foot and half in height, and filled with a white pith. The leaves opposite, sharpish, (|uite entire, subsessile; the upper ones on the extreme twigs petioled, not revolute. The peduncles umbelled, and terminating. The flowers small, and inodorous. The leaflets of the calyx are oblong, con- cave, erect, and green. The corolla white, and longer than the ca- lyx. Between the filaments there is a roundish, green gland. The whole plant is smooth, and abounds with a milky juice. It is a na- tive of North America, and flowers in June and July. The fourth species has the root perennial, and creeping. The stems about two feet high. The leaves opposite and smooth. The flowers grow erect, at the top of the stems in small umbels, and are much larger than in the formei sorts. It is a native of the islands in the Adriatic sea, and flowers in July and August. There are varieties with purple, and with while flowers. In the fifth the stem is woody, five or six feet in height, dividing into several branches. Leaves opposite, petioled, smooth, quite entire. Tlie peduncles from the axils, opposite; being oppositely branched. The corolla salver-shaped. The flowers are in loose bunches, small, and of a purple colour; but never succeeded by pods in this coun- try. It is a native of the East Indies, &c. The sixth species has a twining stem, by which it rises to a con- siderable height. The leaves are dark green, very shining, with a 81 beautiful net of milky veins. It is a native of ihc East In- dies, &c. Culture. — The four first species are capable of being easily pro- pagated, by dividing their creeping roots either in the early spring months, before they protrude their stems, or in the autumn. The soil most proper for them is that of the light dry kind, as, where there is much moisture, they are apt to be destroyed in the winter season by their roots becoming rotten. In the second species the roots sometimes spread in a troublesome manner. The fourth species requires a very dry, Avarm exposure; as it is less hardy than the former. It is best to remove it when necessary in the early spring, when it is about to send forth its stems. The two last species are best propagated by layers or cuttings from their young shoots, which should be made during the summer season, being dried in the stove some days before they are planted out. They are likewise capable of being raised by seed, when it can be procured, as they seldom afford any in this climate. In either method, pots of light sandy earth should be employed. In the for- mer, the layers or cuttings, after being planted out in them, should be placed in a mild hot-bed; and in the latter, after the seeds are sdwn, the pots should be plunged into a tan-bed. When the plants are up they must be watered sparingly, and kept constantly in the tan, being changed into larger pots as they advance in growth, great care being taken not to over-pot them, as they thrive best where their roots are a little confined. Under good management, they mostly flower in the second year. The first kinds are sufficiently hardy to bear the exposure of the open air; but the latter sorts require the constant protection of the stove. The former are well adapted for producing variety in the clumps and borders of walks in pleasure-grounds; and the latter for ornament in the stove, where, from their beautiful ever-green leaves, they have a fine appearance. 82 2. ANTIRRHINUM PURPUREUM, PURPLE TOADFLAX. This genus includes various plants of the herbaceous flowery tribe, commonly known by the titles of Snap-Dnigo/i, Ca/f's-Snout, and Toad-Flai, or Frogs-Mouth. It belongs to the class and order Dklynamia Angiospcrmia, and ranks in the natural order of Persouata. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted permanent perianthium : the divisions oblong, the two lowermost gaping: the corolla is monopelalous and ringent: the tube oblong, swelling, and opening above with a mouth having two lips, the upper one two- parted and reflex on each side, the under one trifid and obtuse: the palate convex, usually closed by a prominency between the lips, produced from the under lip, the throat being concave beneath, hav- ing a prominent nectarium at the base of the corolla, produced downwards and [)rominent: the stamina consist of two short and two long fdaments, encl(;sed under the upper lip; the antherje converg- ing: the pislillum a roundish germ, style simple, of the length and in the situation of the stamens: the sligma obtuse: the pericarpium a roundish capsule, obtuse, two-celled, of different form and aper- tuie in the different species: the seeds numerous: the receptacles uniform, solitar}', and affixed to the partition. The species of most importance for cultivation are: 1. A. Ihioria, Common Yellow '^J'oad-Tlax ; 2. A. cjjmhalaria. Ivy-leaved Toad- Flax; 3. A. ir/p/iijilum, Thiee-lcavcd Toad-l lax; 4. A. pinpurcum, Purple Toad-Flax; 5. A. monspessuhawni, Montpcliier Toad-Flax ; 6. A. sparteum, Branching Toad-Flax ; ?. A. trisie. Dark-flowered Toad-Flax; 8. A. pclissci ianinn, Violet-coloured Toad-Flax; 9- A, 7?iuUicniile, Many-slalkcd 'J'oad-Flax; 10. yl. alpimim, Alpine Toad- Flax; 11. A. dalmaticu/n, Dalmatian Shrubby Toad-Flax; 12. A. gc- 83 jiistcbfoliumy Broom-leaved Toad-Flax ; 1.'3. A. majus, Great Toad- Flax, or Snap-Dragon; 14. A. beUidifoliiim, Daisy-leaved Toad-Flax, or Snap-Dragon. The first species has a hard woody creeping perennial root: the stems several, from one to two feet in height, full of leaves, round and smooth: the leaves pointed, smooth, and of a bliieisli colour, growing without order: the flowers yellow with the palate orange, villose, in a thick terminal spike: the nectary long and awl-shaped: the upper segment of the calyx a little longer than the rest : the two lower ones gaping, widest: the capsule cylindric, splitting at the top into several equal divisions. It grows by road-sides, and flowers from June to August. By culture the flowers become larger and finer. The second species has a fibrous perennial root, inserting itself so into the crevices of walls and rocks as scarcely to be eradicated: the stalks are numerous, growing in a tuft, creeping at bottom, branched, round, purplish and stringy: the leaves roundish, shining, somewhat fleshy, some opposite, others alternate, frequently purplish: lobes of the lower ones blunt, upper acute, the smallest only three-lobcd: the petioles long and grooved above: the peduncles from the axils, one-flowered, round, a little longer than the petioles: the tube of the corolla short: the upper lip purple, with two deeper veins; seg- ments of the lower whitish: the palate yellow : the mouth or entrance into the tube villous and safl"ron- coloured : the nectary purple and conical, the length of the calyx: the germ purple: the capsule wrinkled, opening at top into several segments: the seeds are b'ack, roundish and wrinkled like the nut of the walnut. The whole plant is smooth, but has a disagreeable smell. There is a variety with a white flower. The third is an annual plant, which rises with an upright branch- ing stalk near a foot and half high, with oval, smooth, gra}'^ leaves, placed often by threes, and sometimes by pairs, opposite at the joints; the flowers grow in short spikes at the toj) of the stalks; they are shaped like those of the common sort, but have not such 84 long tubes; they are yellow, with saffron-coloured chaps. It flowers in July and August, and the seeds ripen in autumn. It grows na- turally in Sicily. There are varieties of this with a purple standard and spur; and witli purple flowers. In the fourth species the root is perennial: the stem two feet high, round and smooth: the leaves smooth, and marked with three nerves underneath, spreading, alternate: the lower verticillate: the racemes are terminal, simple, erect, long, with pedicels longer than the flower: the calyx minute: the corolla all purple, paler without, with the palate pubescent at the edge; spur the length of the corolla, bending outwards: the capsule subglobular: the seeds three-sided- jingular, or a little compressed: the angles acute, margined, smooth, and vermicularly wrinkled between them ; the colour of smoke. It is a native of Italy. The fifth has a perennial root, from which arise many branching stalks near two feet high, with very narrow leaves growing in clus- ters, and of a grayish colour. The flowers are produced in loose spikes at the end of the branches; they are of a pale blue, and have a sweet smelh These appear in June; and there is often a succes- sion of flowers on the plants till winter: the bractes are lanceolate, one at the base of each peduncle: the corolla pale blue, with darker spots; spur nearly as long as the body of the corolla: the calyx very small, and the segments acute. In the sixth species the stem is a foot high, quite smooth, pani- cled, erect, but not very stiff, with wand-like branches. Primordial leaves, before the stalk shoots up, ternate, oblong; the rest alternate, awl-shapcd, channelled, smootli, fleshy, and straight; the flowers are racemose: the calyxes smooth, or rather somewhat villose: the co- rollas yellow: the palate smooth, with a tinge of red in the retuse elevation of it. The seventh has several smooth stems, eight or nine inches long, usually decumbent: the leaves rather fleshy, convex and glaucous: the calyx and bractes only pubescent: the corolla very dark purple, 85 with the spur streaked: it often varies of an ash, yellow, or lighter purple. By Curtis it is said to be of a fine rich brown inclining to purple: the capsule is shaped like the human skull. It is a na- tive of Spain, and flowers during most of the summer months. The eighth species has an annual root: the stem six or eight inches high, erect, round, very smooth, branching a little: the leaves very remote, rather fleshy and smooth: the radical or lower ones three or four together: the flowers in a head or corymb, and small: the calyx erect, not close, but with distant divisions: the corolla pur- ple, with a white palate marked with obscure veins, purple: the upper lip longest; spur straight, as long or longer than the corolla. It is a native of France, &c. The ninth is an annual plant, from whose root proceed many stalks, which are lax and rushy, very slender, and about a foot in Jieight; on the lower part they have five very narrow, linear, obtuse leaves at each joint; but upwards they are sometimes by pairs, and sometimes single: the stalks are divided into many small branches, with little yellow flowers coming out singly at a distance from each other, Avhich appear in July, and ripen their seeds in August. It is a native of Sicily. There are two varieties of this plant, one with a deep yellow- coloured flower, the other with a sulphur-coloured flower. In the tenth species the root is perennial : the stems slender, branching at ])ottom, growing thicker towards the top, from two to seven inches long, ascending, round and smooth : the leaves quite entire, without veins, and thick ; the lowest smaller, and in fours: the upper ones solitary, or two opposite, or sometimes three: the flowers in a close raceme at the ends of the stalks; they are very elegant, of a fine violet purple colour, with a rich gold colour in the middle, and are in blow most part of the summer. It is a native of the Alps. The eleventh species rises with a strong woody staik, three feet high, having smooth, spear-shaped leaves, placed alternately, and sitting close to the stalk. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches in short loose spikes; these are of a deep yellov/ co- 86 h)UT, much larger than those of the common sort, and slantl ujxm short fool-stalks. It flowers in July, but the seeds rarely ripen in this cliniale, which makes the plants scarce. It is a native o^' Crete, &c. The twelfth is a biennal or perennial plant, which rises with an upright, branching stalk from three to four feet high, having spear- shaped, alternate leaves, ending in acute points, and of a grayish colour. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches, in loose panicles ; they are of a bright yellow colour. It is a native of Siberia, Sec. In the thirteenth the root is biennial : the stem from a foot or eighteen inches to two and even three feet in height, upright, round, sohd, smooth at bottom, but pubescent higher up: the leaves are lanceolate or ovate, blunt, the lower mostly opposite, the upper inclined to be alternate: the flowers in a spike, pointing one way, large and handsome, on a very short, hairy peduncle, supported by a short, concave, acuminate bracte: the nectary obtuse, scarcely pro- minent: the capsule obliquely opening at top, unequal at the base; vulgarly compared in shape to a calf's head: the tops of the stalks and the calyxes arc usually viscid. It is a native of the south of Europe, and flowers in June and July. There are a great many varieties, as with red, yellow, purple and white flowers, red with white or yellow mouths, white and red, yel- low and red, yellow and white, purple and white, purple with yellow mouths, with scarlet dotted with gold colour, with double flowers, and varicoated leaves. The fourteenth species is a biennial, or at most a triennial plant, which frc(piently perishes soon after the seeds are ripened. The stem is erect, two feet high, branching, terminated with a long thin spike: the slem-leaves small and three-parted, sometimes five-parted, very different from the broad, serrate, radical ones: the bractes one- llowered, linear, long, sometimes Irifid: the flowers very small, on short peduncles, in a very long raceme, containing frequently an hundred flowers: the segments of the calyx almost capillary: the corolla blue, nodding, quinquefid, two of the divisions erect, three 87 nodding; throat open without any palate; spur sliort, bent back: the anthers reflex, dark blue. It is a native of Spain, &c. Cu/tiire.~ln most of the plants of the Toad-Flax kind the pro- pagation may be readily efft'cted by sowing the seeds either in the autumn or the spring, in situations where they arc to remain, and where ihe soil is light and not enriched by manure. The seeds of Uie third, sixth, and eleventh species are best put into the ground in the spring; and those of the fourth, fifth, eighth, and ninth in the au- tumn. The first sj)ecies may be increased by the trailing stalks V, hich put out roots from the joints. It will succeed in any soil or situation. The fourth and fifth species may likewise be propagated by parting the roots. The seventh and tenth may be raised by cut- tings, which should be planted out in a shady situation in the sum- mer season, and when they have taken good root they may be removed into pots of light earth of the poorer sort. The striped varieties must also be propagated by cuttings, in the same way as the above. The plants raised by cuttings should be sheltered during the win- ter months, fresh air being admitted freely in mild weather. When protected under a hot-bed frame they succeed better than in the green- house, as in the latter situation the plants are apt to be drawn up weak. The plants raised from seed should be removed into pots of light €andy earth, especially in the eleventh species, till they have taken fresh root, being then exposed in assemblage with other hardy exotic plants till October, when they should be placed in a hot-bed frame to be protected from frost. Some may likewise be planted out m Avarm situations on rubbish or poor sandy soils, where they will fre- quent !y stand in mild winters, as in such situations they resist cold the best. In the Snap dragon kind the propagation may be accomplished either by the seed or by cuttings. ^\''hcn the former method is prac- tised, the seeds in the thirteentli sjjecics should be sown in the spring, as in April or May, in the places where they are to remain, where ihey will produce flowers in ihe following spring. But in the 8a fourteenth species the seed should be sown in the autumn on borders or other places, where they are to remain. They must be thinned in the following spring, and they mostly flower in the second. If the former of these sorts be designed to grow on rocky barren situations, the seeds should be sown in March, where they are to remain. Where the latter mode is emplo\^ed, the cuttings should be made in the summer season, and planted out in a proper shade till they have stricken root. These are most of them plants adapted to the purpose of orna- ment, either in rocky barren situations, or in the borders, clumps or other parts of gardens and pleasure-grounds. The first species is particularly suited for covering rock work, and the thirteenth also grows well in such situations, and it, as well as most of the other species, is adapted for the purpose of affording variety in the larger borders or other compartments. They last the longest in dry poor rocky situations. PLATE IX. 1. ARGEMONE MEXICANA MEXICAN ARGEMONE. This genus comprehends a plant of the annual kind : The Prickly Poppy. It belongs to the class and order Pob/andria Monogynia^ and ranks in the natural order of KhaiadeoR. The characters of which are: that the calyx is a three-leaved, roundish perianth: the leaflets roundish with a point, concave and caducous: the corolla consists of six roundish petals, from erect spreading, larger than the calyx: the stamina consist of numerous filiform filaments, the length of the calyx: the anthers are oblong and erect: the pislilium is an ovate, five-angled germ: there is no style: the stigma thickish, obtuse, reflex, quinquefid and permanent: the pericarpium is an ovate, five-angled, one-celled, half-valved cap- sule: the seeds numerous and very small: the receptacles linear, fastened to the angles of the pericarpium, but not gaping: the half- valved capsule distinguishes this from the Fapaver. There is only one species cultivated in the garden: A. Mexicana. It is an annual plant, rising to the height of two or three feet, with stems armed with prickles: leaves sinuate or jagged, soft, shining, stem-clasping, the points of the jags ending in sharp yellow spines; on the upper side there are milky veins, as in Our Lady's Thistle; on the under, small prickles along the midrib and veins: the flowers are solitary at the ends of the stem and branches: the corolla is yellow, with from four to six petals: the calyx consists of two or three prickly leaves; the stigma is capitate, small, with five notches: the capsule 90 superior, having five or six ribs from tob to bottom, and between the ribs armed witli bristle-shaped spines; at the top is the flatted stig- ma: the seeds are very numerous, round, black, rough, with a com- pressed scar on one side: the valves of the capsule vary in number, as well as the petals, from four to six. It is a native of Mexico, and flowers in July and August. Culture. — As this is an annual plant, it may be easily raised by sowing the seeds thinly in spots of light earth in the places where the plants are to remain. As the plants shed their seeds, they mostly continue for several years after they have been once introduced. 2. AZALIA NUDIFLORA COCCINEA. SCARLET AZALIA. This genus contains plants of the hardy deciduous flowering shrubby kinds. 'J'he Upright American Honeysuckle. It belongs to the class and order Fentandiia Motiogijnia, and ranks in the natural order of Biconics. The characters of which are: that the calyx is a five-parted, acute, erect, small, coloured, permanent perianlhium: the corolla is monopetalous, bell-shaped, semiquincjuetid; the sidi s of the divi- sions bent in: the stamina consist of live filiform fjlamcnls, inserted into the receptacle and free: the anthers are simple: the pislillum is a roundish germ: the style filiform, the length of the con^lia, and permanent: the stigma is obtuse: the peiicarpium is a roundish cap- sule, five-celled and five-valved: the seeds many and roundish. The species chiefly cultivated are: 1. A. intdijiora. Naked-flowered Azaliu; 2. ^. mscosa. Viscid-flowered Azalia. The first in its native situation often rises to the height of fifteen feet, but here is never more than half that height. It sends out seve~ ral stems from the rooL The leaves are oblong, smooth, allernate 91 and petioled. The peduncles are axillary, long and naked, sup- porting a cluster of red flowers, which are tuhulous, swelling at their base like those of llie hyacinth, and contracted at their neck ; they are divided at the top into five equal segments, which spread open. The five stamens and style are much longer than the petals, and stand erect. Jt is a native of Virginia. There are varieties of this plant with scarlet flowers; with pale red flowers; with curly white flowers; with red and white flowers; and with variegated flowers. The second is a low shrub, rising with several slender stems near four feet high: the leaves come out in clusters at the ends of the shoots without order: they are spear-shaped, and narrow at their base; their edges are set with very short teeth, which are rough: the flow^ers come forth in clusters between the leaves at the extremities of the branches; they are white, with a mixture of dirty yellow on the outside: the tube is an inch long, and at the top tliey are pretty deeply cut into five segments; the two upper are reflex, the two side ones bent inward, and the lower one is turned downward: the sta- mens are a little longer than the petals, and support oblong saffron- coloured anthers. The style is much longer than the stamens, and is crowned by an obtuse stigma. These flowers have much the ap- pearance of those of Honey-suckle, and are as agreeably scented ; more so than the foregoing sort. They appear the middle of July, but are not succeeded by seeds in this climate. It is a native of North America. This plant has varieties, with while striped flowers; with narrow petalled flowers; and v/ith clustered flowers. Culture. — These plants may be raised without much difficulty, in rather moist soils where the situation is shady. As they never pro- duce seeds in this climate, they must be increased by layers from the young shoots, or by offsets from the roots. The best season for either of these methods is the early part of the autumn, when they should be set out where they are to grow, or be planted in rows in the nursery manner. It is useful to protect the roots during the Avin- 92 ter, by covering the ground about them with old tan, or other simi- lar substances. Where the seeds can be procured, plants may be raised by sow- ing them either in pots or on warm borders; in the former method, forcing their growth by plunging them in mild hot-beds. These shrubby plants are suited for affording variety in shrubbe. ries and other places, both on account of their fragrant smell and the beauty of their flowers. PlJO. PLATE X. 1. BIGNONIA RADICANS. ASH-LEAVED TRUMPET FLOWER. This genus comprehends several plants of the shrubby and tree exotic kinds. The Trumpet Flower, or Scarlet Jasmine. It belongs to the class and order Didynamia Angiospermiay and ranks in the natural order of Personate. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, erect, cup- form, five- cleft perianthium: the corolla monopetalous, campanu- late; tube very small, the length of the calyx: throat very long, ven- tricose beneath, oblong-campanulate: border five-parted, the two upper divisions reflex, lower patulous: the stamina consist of four subulate filaments, shorter than the corolla ; two longer than the other two: the anthers reflex, oblong, as it were double: the pistil- lum is an oblong germ, the style filiform, having the situation and form of the stamens: the stigma is capitate: the pericarpium is a two-celled, tvvo-valved silique: partition membranaceous, parallel and thickened at the sutures: the seeds are very many, imbricate, compressed, and membrane-winged on both sides. The species chiefly cultivated for ornamental purposes are: 1. B. eatalpa^ Catalpa and Tree Bignonia. 2. B. sempervirens, Evergreen Carolina Bignonia, or Yellow Jasmine. 3. B. wiguis. Cut-claw Big- nonia. 4. jB. radicans. Rooting Ash-leaved Scarlet Bignonia. The first is a deciduous tree, rising with an upright stem, covered with a smooth brown bark, to the height of thirty or forty feet in ilg native situation, but not nearly so high in this climate: it sends out many strong lateral branches, having very large, heart-shaped, or 94 ovate, leaves on them, placed opposite at every joint. The flowers are produced in large branching panicles towards the end of the branches; they are of a dirty white colour, with a few purple spots* and faint stripes of yellow on their inside: the tube of the corolla is much shorter, and the upper part more spreading than in the fourth sort: the segments also are deeper cut, and waved on their edges. The flowers are succeeded by longer taper pods in its native situa- tion; but these have not as yet been produced in this climate. It is a native of South Carolina, and flowers in August. The second species rises with slender stalks, which twist them- selves round the neighbouring plants, and mount to a considerable height : the leaves come out single and opposite to each other at every joint: they remain green through the year. The flowers come out from the wings of the leaves at every joint, sometimes but two, at other times four at each joint; these stand erect, are trumpet-shaped, yellow, and have a very sweet scent; and, in the countries wher6 they grow naturally, are succeeded by short taper pods filled with small winged seeds. It is a native of South Carolina. ' •■■ The third rises with slender stems which require support. The leaves are small, ovate, entire, and placed opposite ^t every joint ; at the same places come out the tendrils, by which the plants fasten themselves to whatever grows near them: the flowers are axillary, and shaped like those of the Foxglove- They are not succeeded by pods in this climate. It is a native of the West-Indies. The fourth species has rough stems, which send out many trailing branches, putting out roots at their joints, and thereby fastening themselves to the trees in -their natural places of growth, and climb- ing to a great height: when it is planted against walls, it strikes into the mortar of the joints so strongly as to support the branches, and will rise to the height of forty or fifty feet. The leaves are opposite at every joint, composed of four pairs of leaflets, terminated by an odd one; they are serrate, and end in a long sharp point. The flow- ers are produced at the ends of the shoots of the same year, in large bunches ; they have long swelling tubes, shaped somewhat like a 95 trumpet, whence the plant has the appellation of Trumpet FloAver. The corolla is of an orange colour, and opens at the beginning of August. It is a native of Carolina. There is a variety of this with small flowers. Several other species of this genus are equally deserving of cul- tivation. Culture. — These plants are capable of being raised either from seeds, layers, or cuttings of the stronger shoots, according to the species. In the first, the best methods are those of sowing the seeds, ob- tained from abroad, in pots of light fresh earth, in the early spring season, plunging them immediately in a moderate hot-bed of tan or dung: when the young plants appear, they should be placed in warm s«heltered exposures till the autumn, when they require the protection of frames and glasses, or of a good green-house, free air being ad- mitted when the weather will permit. After the plants have attained sufficient growth in these situations, they may be removed from the pots, planted out in warm situations where they are to remain, or in tlie nursery, protection being given them in the winter season v/hen it proves severe. Some however prefer raising plants of this sort by setting the cuttings of the young shoots in the early spring, in pots of the same earth, plunging them in moderate hot-beds till they have stricken full root, water and shade being occasionally given them, gradually as the summer advances enuring them to the full air, in order to harden them. On the approach of autumn, they should be taken under shelter of some sort when the weather is severe. In the spring following they may, if necessary, be planted out where they are to stand, or be put in the nursery ground. These plants succeed best in such soils as are rich, and rather inclined to moisture. All the other species may likewise be raised from seeds, by being managed in the same manner as the preceding one; but a more ready method is by layers, made from the young shoots in the autumn or. spring seasons; v/hich may be taken off and planted out, either 96 where ihey are to remain, or in the nursery-ground, after thej have had a twelvemonth's growth . 'i'hey are also capable of being in- creased by cuttings of the more strong shoots, planted out and ma- naged in the same way as in the first sort. In all the kinds, the plants raised from seeds are much longer be- fore they produce flowers, than when they are propagated by layers or cuttings of the flowering plants. The chief culture, afler the plants are fully established, is that of cutting out all the small weak shoots of the preceding year, in the winter season, and shortening the stronger ones to the length of about two feet, in order to induce flowering shoots to be sent out for the ensuing summer. These plants are all of long duration, when care- fully managed. The first species, though late in putting out its leaves and flowers, is a highly ornamental shrubby tree, that may be introduced with propriety and great effect in the back but more conspicuous parts of large borders, or the middle of large clumps and other planted parts of shrubberies and grounds. When in full foliage it has a fine appearance, affording an agreeable diversity in such situations. It is likewise well suited for planting out singly on the more spa- cious lawns or other open parts, where the situations are not too much exposed, as when permitted to take its natural growth it pro- duces a good effect. The second species is more tender, requiring the protection of mats or other coverings in winter, in the time of frosts, and the ap- plication of tan or litter about the roots. It succeeds best, and has the finest appearance, when planted against a warm wall, where it has room to climb and spread. The third and fourth species are much more hardy, though they should have some protection when frosts occur in the winter. They are very ornamental when planted against high walls or buildings, especially the latter, as it will fix on the crevices, and extend itself over a vast surface. If trained up against high trees, it also produces a fine appearance when in flower. 97 2. BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS. FLOWERING RUSH. This genus contains a plant of the flowery perennial aquatic kind. The Flowering Rush, or Water Gladiole. It belongs to the class and order Eimeandria Hexagyniay and ranks in the natural order of Tripetaloidea. The characters are: that the calyx is a simple, three-leaved, short involucre: the corolla consists of six petals, roundish, concave, wi- thering; three outer alternate, smaller, more acute: the stamina con- sist of nine subulate filaments: the anthers are bilamellate: the pistil- lum has six germs, oblong, acuminate, ending in styles: the stigmas are simple: the pericarpium consists of six capsules, oblong, gra- dually attenuated, erect, one-valved, gaping on the inside: the seeds are very many, oblong-cylindric, obtuse at both ends, fixed to the wall of the capsules. There is only one species: B. umbellatus, Umbellated Butomus, or Flowering; Rush. It has a thick, oblong, fibry, pereimial root: the leaves are ensi- form, long, triangular, smooth, quite entire, spongy, at bottom sheathing, at top flat and twisted : the scape upright, round, smooth, from one to three or five and six feet high: the flowers to thirty, each on a single round peduncle, from an inch to about a finger's length? forming an upright umbel, surrounded at bottom by an involucre of three withering membranous sheaths; besides a smaller stipule to each peduncle: corolla handsome, near an inch in breadth; commonly of a bright or pale flesh-colour, purple or rose-colour. It is a native of most parts of Europe, and Flowers in June and July. There are varieties with white flowers; with red flowers; with deep purple flowers. o 98 Culture. — The propagation in this plant is effected either by seed or the roots. In the first mode the seed may be sown thick, in any watery or boggy place, in the autumn, and left to nature. In the second method the roots should be removed any lime after flowering, and such as admit of it, divided, planting them at once in the places allotted them, where they flower annually for a great length of time. These plants are very ornamental on the sides of waters, or in soft boggy situations, in pleasure grounds. p/ II PLATE XL 1. BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM, SHRUBBY HARe's-EAB. This genus comprises plants of the evergreen shrubby kind. Hare's Ear, or iElbiopian Hartwort. It belongs lo the class and order Pentandria Digi/nia, and ranks in the natural order of Umbellata. The characters are: that the calyx is an universal umbel, with fewer than ten rays; partial with scarcely ten rays, erect-expanding: involucre universal many-leaved; partial five-leaved, larger: leaflets expanding, ovate, acute: the perianthium proper obscure: the co- rolla is universal uniform: floscules all fertile: proper, of five, in- voluted, entire, very short petals: the stamina consist of five simple filaments: the anthers roundish : the pistillum is an inferior germ: the styles two, reflected, and small: the stigmas very small : there is no pericar])ium : fruit roundish, compressed, striated, splitting in two: the seeds two, ovate-oblong, convex and striated on one side, flat on the other.. The species for the purpose of ornamental culture are: 1. B. fru- ticosi(?n, Shrubby Hare's Ear, orVEthiopian Hartwort; 2. jB. c/ijforme, Various-leaved Hare's Ear; 3. B. frntesccns, Grass-leaved Shrubby Hare's Ear. The first is an evergreen shrub rising to the height of five or six feet, and dividins; into many branches so as to form a laroe recrular bush. The stem is covered with a j)urj)lisli bark; the branches are well furnished with oblong, smooth, shining, stiff leaves, of a sea- green colour, placed allernalely, four inches long, and one broad in the middle; at (he ends of (hesc (he flowers arc produced in umbels: 100 they are yellow at first, but fade away to a brown: they come oul in July and August, but seldom perfect seeds in this climate. It is a native of the South of France. The second species rises with a shrubby stalk to the height of five or six feet, sending out some side branches, which in the spring have on their lower parts leaves composed of many small flat leaflets, finely cut like those of coriander, and of a sea-green colour; these leaves soon fall off", and the upper part of the branches is closely covered with long rush-like leaves having four angles, coming out in clusters from each joint. The flowers grow in spreading umbels at the extremities of the branches; are small, of an herbaceous colour, and succeeded b}- oblong channelled seeds. It is a native of the Cape, and flowers from June to August. The third has a shrubby branching stem of moderate growth: the leaves are sharp and rather fleshy ; and the flowers in small umbels at the end of the branches. It is a native of Spain, and flowers in August and September. Culture. — These sorts of plants may be propagated either by seeds or cuttings. In the first method the seeds should be sown in autumn, soon afler the}' are ripe, in pots of light mould, and placed in a frame, to have shelter from frost during winter, and in spring plunged in a hot-bed, especially the two green-house kinds, which soon brings up the plants. These should be inured to the full air, and, when of proper growth, transplanted into separate small pots, shade and occasional waterings being given in the summer: in autumn the plants should be placed in a green-house or frame, and in spring following those of the first sort planted out in the nursery-ground. In the second method the cuttings should be planted out in spring, in pots of light earth, plunging them in a moderate hot-bed, where they readily take root. The common shrubby kind may also be raised by cuttings in the common ground, by planting them in the later summer months, and sheltering tliem occasionally from the frost during the winter; or by planting them in pots at the same time, and placing them in a garden-frame for occasional shelter from frost. In either method 101 the cuttings emit roots in the spring; water being freely given in summer, and shelter again in winter. In the spring following they should be planted out in a sheltered place in the nursery, to attain proper growth for the shrubbery quarters. The first affords an ornamental eftect in the fronts of clumps and other parts of shrubberies, and the others In assemblage with other potted plants of similar growth. 2. BULBOCODIUM VERNUM. SPRING BULBOCODIUM. This genus contains a plant of the bulbous-rooted flowering pe- rennial kind. Mountain Saffron. It belongs to the class and order Hemndria Monogi/nia, and ranks in the natural order of Spathacece. The characters are: that there is no calyx: the corolla hexapeta- lous, funnel-fbrm: claws very long, linear: throat connecting the petals: border erect: petals lanceolate, concave: the stamina con- sist of six subulate filaments, inserted into the claws of the petals: the anthers are incumbent: the pistillum is an ovate subulate germ, obtusely three-cornered, and superior: the style is filiform, the length of the stamens: the stigmas three, oblong, erect and channelled: the pericarpiuiii is a triangular, acuminate capsule, angles obscure, and three-celled: the seeds are numerous. There is only one species cultivated for ornament, B. vernum^ Spring-flowering Bulbocodium. In this the bulb or root resembles that of common colchicum in shape, but is much smaller; it is covered with a dark-brown iikin. In January, or before the middle of the following month, the flower springs up inclosed within three brownish-green leavt s, which open- ing themselves as soon almost as they arc out of the ground, show their buds for flowers within them very white oftenlimes, before ihey 102. open far, and sometimes also purplish at first appearing. There is frequently only one flower, but never more than two flowers on -a root; they never rise above the leaves, or the leaves much higher than them, whilst they last; they are smaller than those of colchicum; at first are of a pale red or deep blush colour, but afterwards change to a blight purple, and continue long in beauty, if the Avealher be not severe. After the flowers are past, the leaves grow to the length of four or five inches, and in the middle of them the seed-vessel rises up. Il has the habit of colchicum, but diftbrs in having only one style: from the crocus, which it much resembles, it is also distinguished by the number of its stamens. It is a native of Spain, &:c. Culfurc.—'Yhh may be increased by oft-sets removed at the time when the flower and leaf decay, every second or third y(^ar; also by sowing the seed in pots fdled with loamy earth, in autumn, shelter- ing them in a frame from frost during the winter: the ])lanls appear in spring, which, on the decay of the leaves, should be taken up for planting in the borders in the following autumn, where they flower the year following. When the roots are not frequently taken up, they flower much stronger, and produce a greater increase than when treated in the .contrary manner. The plants should have a warm situation, and fresh soil that has not been improved by manure. They aflbrd an agreeable variety in beds, borders, and clumps, of pleasure and other grounds. 3. B L I T U M C A P I TAT U M. ( ... BERRY-HEAl)i:D STR AWBERR Y-BLITE. This genus comjirises dilfercnt ])lants of the annual herbaceous -Grnam.enlal kind. Tiie J31iie, or Strawberry Spinach. it belongs to the class and order Momuuhia Vigi/uia, and ranks in tlic natural order of Holoracea. 103 The characters are: ihaL ihc calyx is a ihree-parlec], spreading, permanent jjerianthium, ihc divisions ovale, equal, two more gaping than the other: there is no coroHa: tlie stamina a setaceous fihiment, longer than the calyx, within the iiiiddle division, and erect: the an- ther is twin: the pistillum is an ovale, acuminate germ: the style's arc two, erect, and gaping, the length of the stamen: the stigmas arc simple: the pericarpium is a very thin capsule, (ralher the crust of the seed) ovale, a litlle compressed, contained within the calyx now become a berry: the seed single, globular and compressed, the size of the capsule. The species mostly cultivated for ornament are: 1. B. capitatutn. Berry-headed Strawberry Ijlite; 2. B.virgatum, Slender- branched Strawberry Blile; 3; B. Tartaricnm, Tartarian Strawberry Blite. The first is an annual plant, with leaves somewhat like those of Spinach. The stalk rises about two feet and a half high, when cul- tivated in gardens. The leaves on the lower part of it are of the same shape w ith the root-leaves, only smaller. The upper part of it has flowers coming out in small heads at every joint, and is termi- nated by a small cluster of the same. After the flowers arc past, these httle heads swell to tlie size of wood strawberries, and whcti ripe have the same appeararvce; being very succulent, and full of a purple juice, which staiiis the hands, and was formeily used for culi- nary purposes as a c< louring ingredierit. 'J here aie varieties, with white and red leaves. The second species seldom grows more than one foot high, with smaller leaves than the first, but of the same shape. The flowers are produced from the axils, almost the whole length of the stalk: they are small, and collected into little heads, shaped like those of the first, but smaller, and not so deeply coloured. It is a native of the South of France. There are varieties, with striped leaves, and with white flowers. The third rises near three feet high: the leaves are triangular, ending in very acute points, as also the indentures on the edges of the leaves. The flowers are axillary in small heads. 'J'he fruit is of the same shape and colour as those of the first, but smaller. This 104 , differs from that in the shape and indentures of the leaves; and in having leaves placed between the fruits the whole length of the stalk, which is not terminated by heads as in the first, but has leaves above the heads. Martyn supposes this is probably no more than a variety of the second sort. Culture. — These plants are raised by sowing the seeds annually, in the early spring months, in patches of three or four together, in the borders or clumps where they are to remain, the mould in the places being broken down and rendered rather fine before they are put in. They ma}'^ also be sown on beds of light earth, and when they rise to a sufliicient growth be transplanted to the places where they are to grow, which should be done before the flowering stems rise. The first is the best method. A few may also be raised in pots for particular purposes, which must be kept occasionally watered in dry seasons, and supported by sticks. When planted out in the natural ground, they must be kept clear from weeds, and properly thinned, and have support when necessary, to prevent their being pressed down by the weight of the fruit. They often rise freely from self-sown seeds. They are chiefly cultivated for the ornament which the fruit affords in the latter end of summer, which is as large as that of the common strawberry, and of a red colour. They have a good effect ■when set out in assemblage with other potted plants in conspicuous situations about the house. PLATE XII. 1. CALLA iETHIOPICA. ^ETHIOPIAN CALLA. Tins genus contains a plant of the herbaceous flowery perennial green-house kind. j3i,tliiopian Arum. It belongs to the class and order Gynandria Foli/andria^ and ranks in the natural order of Fiperita. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed spathe, ovate- cordate acuminate, coloured at top, very large spreading, permanent: the spadix finger-shaped, quite single, erect, covered with fructifica- tions: there is no corolla: the stamina consist of some filaments intermixed with the germs the length of the pistils, permanent, com- pressed, truncate: the anthers are simple, truncate, and sessile: the pistillum to each is a roundish obtuse germ: the style simple, very short: the stigma acute: the pericarpium contains as many berries as there are pistils, four-cornered, globular, pulpy, and one-celled (several-celled): the seeds numerous (six to twelve,) solitary, oblong, cylindric, and obtuse at both ends. The species cultivated for ornament is C. JEthiopica, ^Ethiopian Arum, or Sweet Calla. It has thick, fleshy, tuberous roots, which are covered with a thin brown skin, and strike down many strong fleshy fibres into the ground. ^J'he leaves arise in clusters, having foot-stalks more than a foot long, which are green and succulent: the leaves are eight or nine inches in length, and of a shining green, ending in a sharp point, which turns backward: between the leaves comes out the scape, which is thick, smooth, of the same colour as the leaves, rising above then], and terminated by a single flower shaped like those of the p 106 arum: the hood orspathe is twisted at the bottom, but spreads open at the top, and is of a pure white colour. In the centre of lliis is situated the spadix or club, which is of an herbaceous yellow colour, upon which the small herbaceous flowers are closely placed; it is only about half the length of the spathe; it is succeeded b}' roundish red berries. It is a native of the Cape. Culture. — This plant is readily increased by offsets from the root, which should be separated in the autumn, and planted out singly in pots of light earth, where they become full plants the follov/ing year. The plants may be kept in the full air during the summer, but dur- ing the winter should have the protection of the green-house or a garden-frame. These plants, from the singularity of their growth, and their being constantly furnished with leaves, have an agreeable effect, and pro- duce much variety among other potted plants. 2. CORONILLA EMERIS. SCORPION SENNA. This genus comprises plants of the evergreen and deciduous shrubby kinds. It belongs to the class and order Diadelphia Decandria, and ranks in the natural order of Fapilionacea. The characters are: that the calyx is a simple umbellule: pe- rianth one-leafed, very short, compressed, bifid, erect; the three inferior teeth smaller; the two superior conjoined ; permanent: the corolla papilionaceous : standard heart-shaped, reflected on all sides, scarce longer than the wings: wings ovate, converging at top, gaping at bottom, obtuse : keel compressed, acuminate, ascending, usually shorter than the wings: the stamina consist of diadelphous filaments (single and nine-cleft), ascending at almost a right angle, the tips widish; anthers simple, small: the pistillum is a columnar, oblong 107 germ: st3^1e bristled, ascending: stigma small, obtuse: the peri- carpium is a legume, very long, columnar, straight, contracted with an isthmus between each seed ; two-valved, one-celled, parting bj joints: the seeds many. The species are: 1. C.juncea, Linear-leaved Coronilla; C. Valen- tina, Small Shrubby Coronilla; 3. C. ai'gentea^ Silvery-leaved Coro- nilla; 4>. C. glauca, Great Shrubby Coronilla; 5. C. Emerus, Scorpion Senna. The first rises from two to four feet high, with many slender woody branches, as in broom: the leaves are linear, spear-shaped, small, and somcAvhat tieshy: the flowers stand upon prelly long axillary peduncles, in small bunches, are of a bright yelkjw co- lour, and appear for six or seven months together, but have not produced seeds in this climate. It is a native of the South of France. The second species vises three or four feet high: the leaflets nine or eleven, oblong-cordalc or wedge-form retuse, with a small point or none, glaucous, somewhat fleshy, having the colour of rue in the early spring: the flowers are on long axillary peduncles in close bunches, small and deep yellow. It has a strong odour, and is a native of Spain. The third is a very humble shrub, rarely growing more than two feet high, when planted in a good soil; but in a dry barren place, not much above one foot: the stem is hard and woody, from which the branches are produced on every side near the ground, so as to form a low bushy shrub. At the joints where the leaves are produced are two ear-shaped stipules. The flowers are on long slender axil- lary peduncles, yellow, and have a strong sweet scent: it pro- duces plenty of flowers in May, making a fine appearance; the seeds ripening in August. Its silvery colour is said to be occa- sioned by its growing on a poor dry soil. It is a native of the island of Crete. The fourth species seldom grows more than three or four feet high, with a woody branching stem: the leaflets five or seven, 108 glaucous, wedge-form, seldom obcordate, with a small letlex poiut: the flowers bright yellow, in a roundish bunch: they are remark- ably fragrant during the day. It is a native of the South of France. The fifth rises from two to six feet in height (eight or nine in gar- dens): the stem not very straight, branched and brachiate (so weak as sometimes to want support): ihe leaflets three or four pairs, gra- dually larger, almost cordale, glaucous and smooth: the peduncles umbelled, with from three to five yellow flowers. Miller kept this species under its old name of Emerus, dividing it into greater and less; the former being common in gaixlens, but the latter in very few- It is a native of France, flowering in April. Culture. — As the first four sorts, and especially the second, are rather tender, though they will succeed in the open air in mild win- ters, they should in common be potlcd, to be moved to the shelter of a grcen-hous(% or glass Irame, or some place in a sheltered situa- tion in the lull ground. The last sorts are hardy and elegant flower, ing-shrubs, for the clumps and other parts of extensive pleasure* orounds. The four first kinds may be increased by seeds sown in the spring, cither on a warm border, or in a slender hot-bed; but the latter is the best mode, as it produces them more forw^ard, in pots of rich earth half an inch in depth, plunging them in a hot-bed when ne- cessary. When the plants are two or three inches in height, they should be pricked out in separate small pots, giving shade, water, and air, hardening them gradually to the full air, about the middle of summer, in which they may remain till autumn, then removing iheni to the shelter of a frame during winter, covering them only in time of frost, or very severe weather. The last sort, or Scorpion Senna, may be raised plentifully both by seeds, layers, and cuttings; the seeds being sown in March, in a bed of light eartli, and covered half an inch deep, giving occasional waterings in dry weather. When the plants have had one or two years' growth, they should be removed into nursery rows, and in two 109 or three more they will be large enough for planting in the shrub- bery, or other places. The layers of the young shoots may be laid down in autumn or winter, giving them a gentle twist. When they are perfectly rooted, they should be taken off, and planted out as above. The cuttings of the young shoots should be planted in the spring, or autumn, in shady borders, giving water the following spring and summer. When well rooted they should he removed, as in the above methods. PLATE XIII. 1, CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. This genus comprises a plant of the aromatic shrubby deciduous kind. It belongs to the class and order Icosandria Folygynia, and ranks in the natural order of the Rosacem. The characters of which are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, pitcher-shaped, squarrose perianthium: leaflets coloured, lanceolate; the superior ones gradually larger, resembling petals: there is no corolla, except the calycine folioles, representing petals: the stamina consist of numerous subulate filaments, inserted into the neck of the calyx : the anthers oblong, furrowed, growing to the top of the fila- ments: the pislillum consists of a great many germs, ending in subu- late compressed styles of the length of the stamens: the stigmas are glandulous: there is no pericarpium, the calyx being thickened, obo- vate, and berried : the seeds are very many and tailed. The only species cultivated is C. JioridtiSf Carolina All-spice. It rises to the height of eight or ten feet where it grows naturally, but seldom more than four feet high in this country, dividing into many slender branches near the ground; covered with a brown aro- matic bark, with two entire leaves placed opposite at every joint on short foot-stalks: the flowers grow single on short peduncles at the extremit}'^ of the branches; they have two series of narrow thick pe- tals, which spread open, and turn inward at the top, like those of the starry anemone colour; these are of a dusky purple colour, and have a disagreeable scent. They appear in May. The strong aromatic scent has obtained it the title of All-spice. Ill There are varielies with long leaves and with round leaves. Culture. — This is increased by laying down the young branches, or one-year's shoots, which may be taken off in a twelvemonth, and set where they are to remain, as they do not bear transplanting well afterwards. The effects of drying winds should be guarded against in the summer, and frosts in winter; the former hy very moderate M^aterings, and the latter by coverings of bark. The best season for laying down is the autumn, and for planting out, the spring. This shrub is capable of bearing the open air, but requires a dry soil and warm exposure. It" is very ornamental in the fore parts of clumps or borders in shrubbery and other ornamented grounds. 2. COLUTEA ARBORESCENS. COMMON BLADDER SENNA. This genus contains plants of the hardy deciduous flowering shrubby kind. Bladder Senna. It belongs to the class and order Diadclphia Decandria, and ranks in the natural order of Papi/ionacece. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed perianthium, bell-shaped, five-cleft, erect, nearly equal, permanent: the corolla is papilionaceous; standard, Avings, and keel dilier in figure and va- rious proportion; wings pressed close together, lanceolate: the sta- mina have diadelphous filaments, (single and nine-cleft) ascending: anthers simple: the pistillum is an oblong germ, compressed, atte- nuated at each end : style ascending : stigma is a bearded line ex- tended from the middle of the style to its tip, from the upper part: the pericarpium is a legume very large, very broad, inflated, transpa- rent and membranaceous, the upper suture erect, the lower gibbous, one-celled, gaping on the upper sulure at the base: seeds several, kidney-shaped. 112 The species cullivaled arc: 1. C. arborescens, Common Bladder Senna; 2. C. cruenta, Oriental Bladder Senna; 3. C. Pocockii, Po- cock's Bladder Senna; 4. C. /rw^esce;2S, Scarlet Bladder Senna. The first has several woody stems, which grow to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, sending out many woody branches, with winged leaves, composed of four or five pairs of oval lobes, placed opposite, terminated by an odd one; these are indented at the top in form of a heart, and are of a grayish colour. The flowers come out from the m iugs of the leaves upon slender peduncles about two inches long, each sustaining two or three yellow flowers, whose stand- ard is rcflexed and large, with a dark-coloured mark on it. Native of the South of France, &c. The second species has a woody stem, which sends out many branches on every side, which do not rise above seven or eight feet high; these are not so strong as those of the first sort, and the leaves are composed of five or six pairs of small heart-shaped leaflets, ter- minated by an odd one. The flowers proceed from the side of the branches, standing upon peduncles, each sustaining two or three flowers, shaped like those of the first sort, but smaller; they are of a dark red colour, marked with yellow, appearing in June, the seeds ripening in autumn. It was found in the Levant. The third is a shrub which seldom grows more than six or seven feet high in this country. The branches are very slender, and much more pliant than those of the common sort, and therefore it grows less erect. 'J'he leaves are composed of nine pairs of leaflets, and arc much smaller. The flowers are of a brighter yellow, appear a month earlier than in the common sort, and there is a succession of them till late in the autumn, which renders it much more valuable; and the branches not shooting so luxuiiantly nor so upright, it is in less danger of being broken by strong winds in summer. It is a na- tive of the Levant. The fourth species is a hoary shrub, with tomentose leaflets, smooth on the upper surface. It rises from two to four feet in height in favourable seasons, and in a warm situation; plants of three years standing v.ill sometimes be six feet high. The stem is weak, the 113 side branches grow erect, and the leaves have ten or twelve pairs of leaflets. The flowers are sustained on axillary peduncles, three or four together, and are of a fine scarlet colour, coming out in June- It is a native of the Cape. Culture. — All these plants are capable of being increased by sowing the seed in the early spring months, as in February for the three first sorts, and the two following months for the fourth, upon beds of common earth, covering them in to the depth of about half an inch. When the plants have attained suflicient growth, as in the following spring for the former sorts, and when they are three or four inches high in the latter, they should be removed, and the first sorts planted out in rows in the nursery, and the last in warm sheltered situations or in pots, to be protected during the winter. This sort may likewise be rendered much forwarder, so as to flower the same year, by having recourse to a hot-bed. The three first species are also capable of being raised by layers from the young shoots, made either in the autumn or spring seasons; but as the fourth sort does not continue long, and is more tender than the others, new plants should be raised from every seed two or three years. They are all beautiful ornamental plants, especially the fourth, and may be introduced into the clumps, borders, and other parts of shrubberies and pleasure-grounds, where they produce a fine effect by their foliage and flowers. The last sort should, however, have a dry warm soil and sheltered sunny situation. 3. CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS. NEW JERSEY TEA-TREE. This genus comprises plants of the tree and shrubby exotic kinds. It belongs to the class and ordev PentaJidria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Dumosce. Q 114 The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, turbinate pe- rianthium; border five-parted, acute, close-converging, and perma- nent: the corolla has five equal petals, roundish, of an arched sac- cular shape, compressed, very obtuse, spreading, smaller than the calyx, seated on claws the length of the petal, growing from the in- terstices of the calyx: the stamina consist of five subulate, erect fila- ments, opposite to the petals, the length of the corolla : the anthers are roundish: the pistillum is a superior, triangular germ: the style cylindric, semitrifid, the length of the stamens: the stigma obtuse the pericarpium is a berry (capsule), dry, three-grained, three-celled, obtuse, retuse, and set with tubercles : the seeds solitary and ovate. The species commonly cultivated are: 1. C. jimericamis, Ameri- can Ceanothus, or New Jersey Tea; 2. C. Asiaticus, Asiatic Ceono- thus; 3. C. Africanus, African Evergreen Ceanothus. The first in this climate is a shrub, which seldom rises more than three or four feet high, sending out branches on every side from the ground upwards : the branches are very slender, and, as it is pretty late in the spring before they begin to shoot, keep growing very late; consequently, unless the autumn proves dry and mild, the tender shoots are often killed down very low by the early frosts; but in favourable seasons, the extreme parts of the shoots only are injured by the cold: these branches are garnished with oval-pointed leaves, placed opposite, deciduous, and of a light green colour : the flowers are produced at the extremity of each shoot in close thick spikes, and composed of five small petals, of a clear white colour, making a fine appearance, as the whole shrub is covered over with flowers. These appear in July, and in mild seasons again in October. It is a native of North America, where the leaves are sometimes used as tea. The second species rises with a shrubby branching stem, four feet high. The branches are alternate, flexuose, striated and smooth : the leaves are alternate, resembling those of the pear, acuminate, smooth, at the ends of the small branches, scarcely an inch in length, on petioles half the length of the leaves : the racemes from each axilla usually two, small, the length of the petioles, consisting of 115 many florets, on very short pedicels, caducous, one often ramaining which bears fruit : hence the raceme is toothletted from the falhng of the flowers, which are of a greenish colour : the berries are large. It is a native of Ceylon, &c. The third species rises to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a woody stem, covered with a rough dark-coloured bark, and sends out many weak branches, which hang downwards: these while young are green, but afterward change to a purplish colour: they are gar- nished with oblong pointed leaves, of a lucid green, smooth, and slightly serrate on their edges : the flowers are small, of an herba- ceous colour, coming out from the side of the branches; sometimes appearing in July, but not succeeded by seeds in this climate, nor do the plants often produce flowers; being chiefly preserved for the beauty of their shining evergreen leaves. It is a native of the Cape, and sometimes known by the title of Alaternoides. Culture. — This, in the first sort, may be effected either by seeds or layers. In the first mode the seeds should be sown, as soon as procured, in pots of light earth, lightly covered in, placing them in a frame, to have occasional shelter in bad weather ; and in spring plunge them in a hot-bed to bring up the plants, hardening them gradually to the full air in summer, but in autumn removing them to have shelter until the following spring, when they should be planted out in separate small pots, or in a nursery-bed in the full ground, being covered occasionally again in the following winter, as they require protection from severe frost the two or three first years of their growth. In the latter method, some of the youngest branches should be laid down in autumn, in the usual way, which become rooted in twelve months, and in the spring after should be planted out. Some of the first young shoots may also be laid down during the summer, in order to have the greater chance of success. In the second species the propagation may be effected by seeds, which should be sown in pots of light earth, plunging them in the bark-bed, and hkewise by laying the 3'oung shoots down in the au- 116 tumn, plunging the pots as above: the plants afterwards should be managed as other Avoody exotics of the stove. The third sort is raised expeditiously by laying down the young shoots, either in their own pots, or others placed for the purpose, in the autumn. They are also capable of being increased by young cuttings, planted in the spring in pots, plunging them in the bark, or other hot-bed about two months. They afterwards require only the ordinary culture of greenhouse plants. The first is an elegant little, flowftring shrub, for the more conspi- cuous compartment of the shrubbery, being planted in a moderately dry soil and sheltered situation, in the fronts of the clumps or borders. The second affords variety in the stove ; and the third is worthy of a place in the greenhouse collection, for the beauty of its shining green leaves. PLATE XIV. 1. CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES. NETTLE-LEAVED CAMPANULA. This genus comprises various plants of the annual, biennial, and perennial herbaceous flowery kind. The Rell-flower. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogyiiiaf and ranks in the natural order of Campanace^. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted perianthium, acute, erect-expanding, superior: the corolla is monopetalous, bell- form, impervious at the base, half-five-cleft, marcescent : divisions broad, acute, spreading : the nectary in the bottom of the corolla, composed of five valves, acute, converging, covering the receptacle: the stamina consist of five capillary filaments, very short, inserted on the tips of the valves of the nectary: the anthers are longer than the filaments,, and compressed: the pistillum is an angular inferior germ: the style filiform, longer than the stamens: the stigma three-parted, oblong, thickish: divisions revolute: the pericarpium is a roundish angular capsule, three or five-celled, emitting the seeds at so many lateral openings: the seeds are numerous and small : the receptacle is columnar and adnate. The species mostly cultivated for the purposes of ornament and use are: ]. C. persicifolia, Peach-leaved Bell-flower; 2. C. iJyramidG" lis. Pyramidal or Steeple Bell-flower; 3. C. carpatica, Carpathian or Heart-leaved Bell-flower; 4. C. latifolia, Broad-leaved Campanula, or Giant Throat-wort ; 5. C. tracheltum. Great Throat-wort, op Nettle- leaved Campanula; 6. C. grmidiflora, Great-flowered Bell-flower; 7. C. medium. Small Pyramidal Campanula, or Canterbury Bells;. 8. C. speculum, Venus's Looking-glass; 9^ C. Americana, American 118 Bell-flower; 10. C. fruticosa, Shrubby Cape Bell-flower; 11. C. ra- punculus, Esculent Rampion. There are other species in this extensive genus deserving of at- tention. The first has the root like that of Navew, and eatable: the stem is very straight, eighteen inches high and more, (in gardens two feet and a half,) unbranched, angular, smooth, as is the whole plant: the flowers are in a thin spike, one or two together, on very long pedun- cles, which have two stipules at the base : the corolla is large, broad bell-form, deep blue; the segments short, and moderately acumi- nate. It is a perennial plant, native of most parts of the continent of Europe, flowering in June and July. There are varieties with single blue and white flowers, and with double blue and white flowers. The second species, as it appears in the garden, has thick tube- rous roots, which are milky; these send out three or four strong, smooth, upright stalks, which rise near four feet high, and are gar- nished with smooth oblong leaves, whose edges are a little indented: the lower leaves are much broader than those on the stalks: the flowers are produced from the side of the stalks, and are regularly set on for more than half their length, forming a sort of pyramid ; these are large, open, and shaped like a bell, and mostly of a light- blue colour. There arc varieties with white flowers and with double flowers. The third affords a milky juice when wounded: the root is whit- ish and perennial ; the stems herbaceous, annual, weak, hardly branching, bearing one or very few flowers. In gardens it becomes branching and many-flowered. The root-leaves are kidney-form, roundish; the peduncle elongated and smooth; the corolla blue. It flowers the whole summer, and is a native of the Carpathian Alps. According to Mr. Curtis, it is still scarce in gardens, but deserves to be more known and cultivated : its flowers are in proportion to the plant, being large and showy. The fourth species has the stem three feet high and more, angu- 119 lar and smooth, but not branching : the leaves are sharply serrate, on short petioles, and hirsute: the flowers are axillary, one or two together, on peduncles shorter than the leaf: calyx smooth, with broad triangular segments: corolla very large, blue; the segments triangular, divided by a line: the fruit obliges the peduncle to bend down with its weight. It is a native of the northern parts of the island, flowering in July. There are varieties with single and double purple, and with single and double white flov/ers; with single and double pale-red flowers; and with striped flowers. The fifth species has a perennial root: the stems are from two to three feet in height, upright, stifl", hairy, angular, the angles membra- naceous, putting out a few short side-branches: the leaves resem- bling those of the great nettle, but rather shorter and broader, alter- nate, ovate, cordate, pointed, hairy, deeply toothed, sometimes having two or three lobes ; petioled, except the upper ones, which are sessile : the peduncles are alternate, axillary, trifid, and three- flowered. The number of flowers, however, varies from one or two to three, four, and even five; they are large and nodding. It is a native of most parts of Europe, &c. flowering in July and August. There are varieties, with single and double blue flowers, with single and double white flowers, and with single and double pale purple flowers. The sixth species has the whole plant very smooth; the root pe- rennial, white, fusiform, the thickness of a finger, and branched: the stems are few, erect or ascending, simple, round, a foot high, leafy all over, annual, terminated with one handsome flower, but without scent, nodding a little, with sometimes one or two flowers more from the upper axillas: the leaves are irregularly scattered, sessile or on very short petioles, ovate or sublanceolate, short and sharply serrate: sometimes a few of the leaves, and at others all of them, are in threes: the corolla is two inches in diameter or more, very deep blue, with numerous blue veins; elegantly pear-shaped before ex- panding, and at first green. It flowers in June and beginning of July, and is a native of Siberia. 120 The seventh has a biennial root: the leaves are oblong, rough, iiairj, serrate, coming out without order from the root, narrowing into a petiole. From the centre of these, the second season, arises a stiff, hairy, furrowed stalk about two feet high, sending out several lateral branches, with long, narrow, hairy, serrate, sessile leaves, placed alternately: from the setting on of these leaves come out the peduncles, those on the lower part of the stem and branches four or five inches long, diminishing gradually in length upwards, and thus forming a sort of pyramids The flowers are very large, and make a fine appearance; they are smooth, and the segments turn back at the end; they come out the beginning of June, and, if the season be not very hot, continue a month in beauty. It grows naturally in Germany, &c. There are varieties, with blue, purple, white, striped, and double flowers. The eighth species is an annual plant, which rises with slender stalks a foot hight the flowers are of a beautiful purple, inclining to a violet colour, (sometimes pale purple or white,) and in the evening fold up into a pentagon figure, whence it is sometimes called Viola pentagonia : the calyx is composed of five narrow leaves, which spread open, turn back, and are muchTonger than the petals; these remain on the top of the prismatic seed-vessel, which is filled with small angular seeds : the stem is tender, quadrangular, naturally procumbent, branched from the bottom at very great angles: the leaves sessile, obovate, and waved about the edge: the flowers axil- lary, erect, on very long peduncles: the corolla wheel-shaped, and so deeply five-cleft that the segments, which are ovate, scarcely cohere. It is a native of the southern countries of Europe, flowering from May to September. There are varieties, with bright blue flowers, with white flowers, and with pale purple flowers. The ninth species has an annual root; the stem and germs smooth; the leaves acuminate; the flowers three or more from each 121 axil or bracte ; the corollas small ; the style longer than the corolla. It is a native of Pennsylvania, {lowering in July. There are v^arieties, with single white^ with single blue, and with double blue flowers. The tenth is a shrubby ornamental plant, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, flowering here in August. In the eleventh species the whole plant is full of a milky juice: the root is biennial, spindle-shaped, sometimes branching: the stem upright, angular, two feet high, hairy towards the base, smooth above: branches alternate, short, upright: the leaves towards l!ic base of the stem hairy above or on both sides, blunt; the upper ones smooth, and becoming gradually more pointed; obscurely notched: teeth glandular, whitish, not projecting beyond the edge of the leaf: there is an awl-shapcd bracte at the base of each peduncle: the seg- ments of the calyx are awl-shaped, or setaceous, twice as lop.g as the germ, with a small tooth on each side of the base: the flowers are upright: the corolla blueish purple, sometimes very pale purple or whitish; each segment marked with three lines: the nectary fringed. It grows wild in France, &:c,, flowering in June, July, and August. The fleshy roots are eatable, and are much cultivated in France for salads. Culture. — The plants in this extensive genus are mostly hardy, and increased with little difficulty. The six first sorts, and their varieties, are all capable of being raised by dividing the roots in the autumn or early spring, and planting them out on the beds, borders, or other parts. The former is, however, the belter season for the purpose, as the roots become better established before they begin to shoot up into stem. They thrive in almost any soil or situation. As the plants of the steeple bell-flower, trained for adorning halls and chimneys, are seldom proper for the purpose the following season after being planted out, a supply of young plants should be annuallj^ raised. And though this is mostly done by offsets, as being the quickest mode, the plants raised from seed are always stronger; the 11 122 stalks rise higher, and produce a great number of flowers, especially where good seeds can be procured. In the fifth sort, especially with the double v;iriety, the parting their roots should be annually performed in the autumn, otherwise the plants arc apt to degenerate to single, and the soil should not be too light or rich in which they are planted, as in either of these cases they degenerate. In a strong fresh loam their flowers are in the greatest perfection. The broad-leaved sort is also easily propagated by seeds, which it furnishes in great plenty. In all these sorts, when not sown in the places where they are to remain, the plants should be transplanted into such situations, in the beginning of the autumn, as by that means they flower much better. The seventh and eighth kinds are increased by seeds, which should be sown in the spring, on beds of common earth, keeping them clean from weeds till the following autumn; when they may be transplanted into the borders or other parts. And as the plants in the first of these soi ls perish the second j'car, young ones should be annually raised. 'J'he latter of these kinds are mostly sown in patches in the bor- ders or clumps, among other hardy annuals, at the above period ; but if sown in aulunni tlie plants grow much taller, and flower much earlier. The ninth sort is propagated by planting the offsets from the roots in the beginning of the autumn, in beds, or other places, where they :ire to remain. And the tenth species may be increased by planting the cuttings of the shoots in pots of light earth, and plunging them in the hotbed of the stove. The eleventh kind is raised from seed, which should be sown in April in a moist shady situation, the plants being thinned out to five or six inches distance. The roots are ready for use about the be- ginning of autumn. It requires to be sown annually. All the hardy flowering sorts are highly ornamental in the borders of pleasure-grounds and other parts, as they continue long in flower. And the tender kinds afford variety in the greenhouse. 123 YELLOW HAWKWEED. This genus comprises plants of the herbaceous ornamental an- nual kind. Bastard Flaw k- weed. It belongs to the class and order Sijngenesia Tolygamia Mqualis, and ranks in the natural order of Compositcc Soniflosculosce. The characters are: that the calyx is common double: exterior, very short, spreadinsj, deciduous: interior ovate, simple, furrowed, permanent: scales linear, converging: the corolla is compound im- bricate, uniform: corollets hermaphrodite, very many, equal: proper one-petalled ; ligulale, linear, truncate, five-toothed : the stamina consist of five capillary filaments, very short: anther cylindric, tubu- lar: the pistillum a somewhat ovate germ: style filiform, length of the stamens: stigmas two, reflex: there is no pericarpium: calyx roundish: the seed solitary, oblong, fusiform, sometimes columnar: down hairy, generally slipilate: the receptacle naked, with cells or pits. The species cultivated are: 1. C. barbata, Spanish bearded Cre- pis, or Purple-eyed Succory Hawk-weed; 2. C. rubra, Purple Crepis. The first is an annual plant, putting out leaves next the root, nine inches in length, and almost two broad in the middle, of a light green colour: the stenis are a foot and half high, dividing into many branches, having leaves of the same form wath the others, but smaller and sessile: the flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, and of a j'ellow colour, with a purplish base. It flowers in June; and is a native of the South of Europe. There are varieties, with deep yellow flowers, and with sulphur- coloured flowers inclining to white, each having a dark purple base. 124 The second species has also an annual root ; llie rool-leaves many, lanceolate, and deeply jagged. From these the stalks arise, which are a foot and half high, dividing into many slender branches, each terminated bv one larne Hower of a red colour. It is a native of Italy. Culture. — These, like other annuals of the hard}' kind, must be raised by sowing the seeds in cither the aulumn or spring ; or at both periods, where they are recpiired to flower for a great length of time, in patches, in the clumps, borders, or other parts, where they are to remain, six or seven in each, covering them in lightly. When the plants have attained six or seven inches in growth, they should be thinned out to three or four in each patch, and be kept free from weeds. They succeed in most soils and situations, having a pleasing effect in their flowers, in the fronts and other parts of the borders and clumps of ornamented grounds. 3. CONVOLVULUS TRICOLOR. SMALL BLUE CONVOLVULUS. This genus contains several ])lants of the herbaceous trailing annual and perennial kinds. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Campariacece. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted perianthium, converging, ovate, obtuse, very small, permanent: the corolla is one-petalled, bell-shaped, spreading, large, plaited, obscurely five- lobed : the stamina have five subulate filaments, shorter by half than the corolla: anthers ovate, compressed : the pistillum is a roundish superior germ : style filiform, length of the stamens: stigmas two, oblong, broadish: the pericarpium is a capsule enwrapped by the 125 calyx, roundish, two-celled, one, two, or ihree-valved (comjiionly three-celled, seldom two or four-celled: paitilion alternate witii the valves): the seeds in pairs, roundish (one or two seeds in each eel!, sometimes abortive, few with a twisted embryo). The species mostly cultivated arc: 1. C. purpurea, Purple Convol- vulus, or Convolvukis Major; 2. C. tricolor, Three-coloured Trailing Convolvulus, or Convolvulus Minor; 3. C. nil. Anil, Blue or Azure Convolvulus; 4. C. canariensis, Canary Evergreen Convolvulus; 5. C. cenorum. Silver-leaved Convolvulus; 6. C. batatas Tuberous- rooted Convolvulus, or Spanish Potatoes. The first is an annual plant, that rises on support to the height of ten or twelve feet. In its native situation it sends out long branches, which twist about the trees, and rise to a great height, 'i'he leaves are smooth, heart-shaped, ending in long points; the ears at the base are large and rounded, and the petioles long and slender. 'J'he peduncles are long, each sustaining three purple-coloured flowers. It flowers from the end of June till destroyed by the frost. It is a native of America. It is usually known in garden-culture by the name of Convolvulus Major. There are varieties, with deep purple flowers, with white flowers, with red flowers, and with whitish blue flowers. The second species is an annual plant, with several thick herbt., ceous stalks, about two feet long, not twining, but bending towards the ground, upon which many of the lower branches lie prostrate. The leaves are likewise sessile. The peduncles come out just above the leaves at the same joint, and on the same side ; they are about two inches long, each sustaining one large open bell-shaped flower* of a fine blue colour, with a white bottom, varying to pure white, and sometimes beautifully variegated with both colours. The white flowers are succeeded by white seeds; but in the blue ones they are dark-coloured. It is a native of Barbary, &c. commonly knoAvn in garden-culture under the title of Convolvulus Minor. Tiic third is also an annual plant, rising with a twining stalk eight or ten feet high. The leaves are woolly, ending in sharp points and 126 on long petioles. Each peduncle sustains two flowers of a very deep blue colour, whence its name of Anil or Nil. It is a beautiful plant; and it flowers all the latter part of the summer. It is a native of America. Tlie fourth species lias strong fibrous roots. The stems are woody, l)ranched, growing twenty feet high, and more when supported. The flovrors are axillary, several on one peduncle, for the most part of a pale blue colour, but sometimes while. It flowers in June, July, and August, and sometimes ripens seeds here. It is a native of the Canary Islands. Tiie fifth has upright, shrubby stems, about three feet high. The leaves are lanceolate, blunt, silky, placed closely on every side the stem; they are near two inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad. The flowers are produced in clusters at the top of the stem, sitting veiy close; they are of a pale rose-colour, and come out in June and July, but do not perfect seeds in this climate. The sixth species has a round perennial stem, hispid, prostrate, creeping, putling forth scattered, oblong, acuminate tubers, purple or pale-coloured on the outside. The leaves are angular, on long petioles. The flowers arc purple, lateral, large, three or thereabouts together, on upright peduncles. It is a native of both Indies, &c. Culture. — All the annual kinds are easily raised, by sowing the seed in the early spring, months in patches, in the places where ihey are to flower, four or five seeds in each, half an inch deep. When the plants are an inch or two high, they should be thinned out, so as to leav e but two or three of the best in each patch, managing them afterwards as other plants of similar growth. The perennial species, which are tender, are mostly increased by layers from the young shoots in the spring, which lake root freely in three or four months: cuttings of the young shoots also grow freely in a shady border when lanted during thcsummer months. Suck- ers taken from the root also make good plants when planted in the same way. 1 hey should be kept in pots of rich earth, and ma- naged in the same way as geraniums, myrtles, and other similar plants. The Tricolor or Minor Convolvulus may either be suffered lo trail upon the ground, according to its natural growth, or lied up to sticks: but the other annua! species and varieties, being of the twin- ing or running kind, should have tall sticks to climb upon, on whicli they will rise several feet in height, flowering all the way, and ap- pearing highly ornamental. The perennial sorts are elegant plants for the greenhouse collec- tion, and deserve the attention of those who can preserve them dur- ing the winter season. The last species may be raised by planting the roots, either whole or divided, in a warm border, in the early spring months, where they will send up stalks, and flower in the autumn; but to have them in greater perfection, they should be planted in a slender hot-bed, co- vered with a frame and glasses during bad weather, by which means they flower earlier, and often form many tubers at the joints. They are chiefly planted for the sake of variel3^ PLATE XV. LCHELONE O B L I Q U A. RED-FLOWERED CHELONE. This genus comprehends plants of the flowery herbaceous pe- rennial kind. It belongs to the class and order Didynamia Angiospermia, and ranks in the natural order of FersonatcB. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed, five-parted, very short, permanent perianthium: divisions erect and ovate: the corolla monopetalous and ringcnt: tube cylindric, very short: throat inflated, oblong, convex above, flat beneath: border closed, small: upper lip obtuse, emarginate; lower almost equal to the upper, very slightly trifid: the stamina consist of four filaments, hid beneath the back of the corolla; the two side ones a little longer: the anthers in- cumbent: the rudiment of a fifth filament, like the point of a dagger, between the upper pair of stamens: the pistillum is an ovate germ; style filiform, situation and length of the stamens: the stigma is ob- tuse: the pcricarpium is an ovale capsule, tvvo celled, longer than the calyx: the seeds very many, roundish, surrounded with a mem- branous rim. The species cultivated for ornament are: 1. C. glabra, White Smooth Chelone; 2. C. oOliqiia, Red Obliciue-leaved Chelone; 3. C. hirsufa. Hairy Chelone; 4<. C. pcnstemoii. Forking Chelone. The first has a pretty thick Jointed root, which creeps under ground to a considerable distance, sending up smooth channelled stalks, which rise about two i'ecl high, with tvvo leaves at each joint, standing opposite without foot-stalks; these are three inches and a half long, and about three c|uartcrs of an inch broad at their base, 129 where they are broadest, diminishing gradually to a sharp point; they have small serratures on their edges, which scarcely appear. The flowers grow in a close spike at the end of the stalks; are white, and almost like those of the Foxglove. It is a native of North America. According to some, it varies with white flowers, with rose-coloured flowers, with red flowers, and with purple flowers. In the second species, the roots do not creep so far as those of the first : the stalks are stronger, the leaves much broader, and oblique; they are deeply sawed on their edges, and stand upon short foot-stalks; the corolla is of a bright purple colour, and consequently makes a finer appearance than the above sort. It is a native of Vir- ginia. The third species resembles the first; but the stalks and leaves are very hairy, and the flower is of a purer white. It is a native of New England. Some assert this to vary with white flowers, with blue flowers, with red flowers, and with purple flowers. The fourth has a cylindric, pubescent, upright stem, a foot and half high, putting out several side branches : the leaves are oblong- lanceolate, ending in a point: the flowers in short loose spikes from the divisions of the stalks, and of a purple colour. It is a native of North America. They all flower in the autumn, from September to November. Culture. — The mode of propagation in the three first species is by the roots, which multiply easily, being parted in autumn, or early in spring, and planted where they are to remain: but the fourth sort must be raised annually from seed, by sowing it in autumn as soon as perfectly ripened. The plants rise the following spring, and may be planted out in the borders during the summer months. They are hardy plants, and succeed in most soils and situations. All these plants have a very ornamental effect for some time in autumn, after the principal bloom of most others is over; and, from being of different colours, produce much variety when planted in the borders of pleasure-grounds. s 130 2. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE. AUTUMNAL CROCUS. This genus comprehends plants of the perennial flowering bul- bous-rooted kind. It belongs to the class and order Hexandria Trigynia, and ranks in the natural order of Spathace^e. The characters are: that there is no calyx (except scattered spathes): the corolla six-parted: tube angulated, rooted; divisions of the border lance-ovate, concave, erect: the stamina consist of six subulate filaments, shorter than the corolla: anthers oblong, four- valved, incumbent: the pistillum is a buried germ within the root: styles three, thread-form, length of the stamens: stigmas reflex, chan- nelled: the pericarpium is a three-lobed capsule connected inter- nally by a suture, obtuse, three-celled, sutures gaping inwardly: the seeds many, nearly globular, and wrinkled. The species cultivated are: 1. C. autumnale. Common Meadow Saffron; 2. C. montanum., Mountain Meadow Safiron; 3. C. variega- tiim, Variegated Meadow Safiron. The first has a bulbous root, about the size and shape of the tulip, but not so sharp-pointed at the top; the skin or cover is also of a darker colour: these bulbs are renewed every year; for those which produce the flowers decay, and new roots are formed above: the flowers come out in autumn; these arise with long slender tubes from the root, about four inches high, shaped like those of the safiron, but larger: the number of flowers is generally in proportion to the size of the roots, from two to seven or eight: in March the green leaves appear, these are commonly four to a full-grown root; they are folded over each other below% but spread open above ground, standing cross-ways: they are of a deep green, and when fully grown are five 131 or six inches long, and one and a half broad. The seed-vessel comes out from between the leaves in April, and the seeds ripen in May, after which the leaves soon decay. It is a native of most parts of Europe. There are varieties, with white flowers ; with striped flowers ; with broad leaves; with striped leaves; with many flowers; with double purplish flowers; with double white flowers; with many white flowers. The double sorts are chiefly cultivated in the garden. The second species has a smaller root, with a darker coat: the leaves come up soon after the flowers decay, and continue green all winter; long, narrow, and spread on the ground, decaying m June: the flowers are of a reddish purple colour, and appear from August to September. It is a native of Spain, Sec. In the third the leaves are smaller than those of the common sort, for the most part three in number, and of a paler and fresher green colour, lying close upon the ground, broad at the bottom, a little pointed at the end, waved about the edges : the root is not so large as that of the common sort: the flowers are smaller, but very beau- tiful, whitish, with deep blue or purple spots. It is rather tender, and blows about October or November. It is a native of the Greek islands. Culture. — These plants are increased by dividing the bunches of their roots at the time their leaves deca}^ in the latter part of the sum- mer; as from the latter end of June till the middle of the following month, planting the separated bulbs or oft-scts to the depth of about three inches. They are sometimes planted in beds, in rows at eight or ten inches asunder; but they may be dispersed in the fronts of borders and clumps with success. It is of advantage to lake up and divide the bunches of root- bulbs every two or three years. Nev/ varieties may be raised from seed sown in boxes, or large pots, in autumn, covering it a quarter of an inch deep, and placing them in a warm situation till spring, when the plants will appear, which should have only the morning sun during summer, giving wa- 132 ter in dry weather; and in the second summer, when their leaves decay, planting them out to flower, either in beds, or other me- thods. They are of a hardy nature, and produce a fine effect, by their curious growth, as well as flowers, in the autumn and winter seasons. 3. CATANANCHE C.ERULEA. BLUE CATANANCHE. This genus contains a plant of the herbaceous perennial flowery kind. Candia LionVfoot. It belongs to the class and order Si/ngenesia Tolygania Mqualis, and ranks in the natural order of Composita. The characters are : that the calyx is common imbricate, turbi- nate ; leaflets very many, loosely incumbent, acute, scariose; the squamule ovate-acuminate, concave, lax, glossy and permanent: the corolla is compound, generally imbricate, uniform; corollets her- maphrodite, very many; the exterior ones longer. Proper monopetalous, ligulate, linear, truncate, five-toothed : the stamina consist of five capillary filaments, very short: the anthers ai'e cylindric, and tubular: the pistillum is an oblong germ: the style filiform, length of the stamens: the stigma bifid and reflex: there is no pericarpium: the calyx unchanged: the seeds solitary, turbinate- ovate: down from a five-awned calycle: the receptacle is chaffy. The species chiefly cultivated is C. ccerulea. It is perennial, sending out many long, narrow, hairy leaves, which are jagged on their edges. Between the leaves the flower- stalks come out, which are in number proportioned to the size of the plant; as from an old thriving root there are frequently eight or ten, and young plants seldom send out more than two or three. These stalks rise near two feet high, dividing into many small branches upward, 133 with leaves like those below, but smaller, and have few or no jags on their edges; each of the peduncles is terminated with single heads of flowers, of a blue colour, having a dry, silvery, scaly calyx. It is a native of the south of Europe, flowering from July to October. There is a variety with double flowers. Culture. — It is increased by sowing the seeds in the early spring> on the borders where the earth is light : the plants when sufficiently strong may, some of them, be removed into pots ; but they flower best when left where sown. The double sort is best increased by slipping the roots and planting them out either in the early autumn or spring seasons; but in this way the roots should not be divided into too small parts, as that prevents their sending up a sufficient number of stalks for flowering. These are very ornamental plants for the borders or clumps, where sufficiently dry, warm, and protected, as they continue several years. Some plants may likewise be preserved in pots, to set out in assemblage with other potted plants. PLATE XVI. 1. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS. LILY OF THE VALLEY. This genus contains plants of the hardy herbaceous perennial flowery kind. Lily of the Valley, and Solomon's Seal. It belongs to the class and order Heiandxia Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Sarmentace(B. The characters are: that there is no calyx: the corolla is mono- petalous, bell-shaped, smooth : border six-cleft, obtuse, open re- flected: the stamina consist of six subulate filaments, inserted into the petal, shorter than the corolla : anthers oblong erect: the pistil- lum is a globose germ : style filiform, longer than the stamens: stig- ma obtuse, three-cornered: the pericarpium is a globose berry, three- celled, before maturity spotted: the seeds are solitary or in pairs, and roundish. The species cultivated are: 1. C, maialis, Sweet-scented Lily of the Valley ; 2. C. polygonatum. Single-flowered Solomon's Seal ; 3. C. multiflora. Many- flowered Solomon's Seal ; 4. C. verticillata, Nar- row-leaved Solomon's Seal ; 5. C. racemosa, Cluster-flowered Solo- mon's Seal. The first has a perennial root, with numerous round fibres trans- versely wrinkled, creeping horizontally just below the surface to a considerable distance. The whole plant is smooth. Four or five alternate, oblong, blunt, slightly nerved, purplish scales surround and bind together the base of the leaves and stalk. There are two leaves, petioled, elliptic or lanceolate, pointed aL each end, from four to five inches long, and near an inch and half broad in the middle, quite entire, upright, smooth, nerved, one usually larger, of a I 135 bright green colour; petioles clasping, round, the outer dotted with red, and tubular, to receive the inner, which is solid.. Scape late- ral, the length of the leaves, upright, smooth, semi-cylindrical. The flowers from six to eight, in a raceme, nodding, white, and fragrant- It is a native of Europe; flowering in May. Hence it is termed Maj, and sometimes Conval Lily. There are varieties with narrower leaves, with broader leaves, with double variegated flowers; with double reddish or red flowers; with double white flowers. The second species has a twisted root, full of knot: on a transverse section of it characters appear that give it the resemblance of a seal, whence the name of Solomon's Seal. The stem is from a span to near a foot in height, of a harder texture than the third species : the leaves are simple, inclined, angular, twisted, sometimes three-edged^ four inches long and one broad, oval-lanceolate, half embracing the stem, glaucous underneath, frequently bending down on one side. The flowers sweet-scented, generally solitary, but sometimes two, on long axillary peduncles, much larger than in the third sort. The berries are black. It is a native of the North of Europe. It varies with double flowers, &c. The third has a round stem, from eighteen inches to two or three feet high, erect and unbranched: leaves usually bent upwards, and to one side, underneath glacous, five inches long and two broad; the lower ones oval, the upper oval-lanceolate, half embracing the stem. The flowers are several together (from two or three to seven or eight), axillary, on branched compressed peduncles. The berries round, of a blackish blue colour, purple and red. This is a larger plant than the second sort. It is a native of the North of Europe. There are varieties with doable flowers. The fourth sort has a perennial root, toothed : the stem is simple, angular, striated, erect, eighteen inches high. The leaves narrower than the other sorts, lanceolate, entire, smooth, three or four in a whorl, three or four inches long, and from half an inch to an inch in breadth, bright green, and glaucous beneath. The peduncles are 136 axillary, solitary, branched, pendulous, and from two to six-flow- ered. The flowers of a greenish white colour. The berries violet or deep red. It flowers in June; and is a native of the North of Eu- rope, Slc. The fifth species has the stems two feet high, unbranched, with many oblong leaves embracing them at the base, resembling the leaves of Plantain. The flowers are small and white, and are pro- duced in single spikes at the top, and are succeeded by small red berries, about the same size as in the first sort. It flowers the begin- ning of June, and is a native of Virginia, &c. Culture. — In all these sorts of plants their culture may be efi'ected by parting their roots, either in the autumn or spring months, but the former is the better season, planting them out where they are to remain. ^I hey afterwards only require to be kept free from weeds, and removed every three or four years, according as their roots may be increased. As they succeed best in rather shady situations, they are well suited for affording variety and ornament in shady places, such as the borders or the sides of walks in woods and wilderness parts of pleasure-grounds, producing considerable variety by the singularity of their growth and the beauty of their foliage and flowers. They also grow well in many other situations that are more open. 2. CERINTHE MAJOR. GREAT HONEY-WORT. This genus furnishes plants of the hardy, ornamental, flower- ing, annual kind. The Honey wort. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Monogynia, and ranks in the natural order of Asperifolia. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-parted perianthium ; divisions oblong, equal, permanent: the corolla is monopetalous and 137 bell-form: tube short, thick: border tube^jcllicd, rather thicker than the tube: mouth five-cleft; throat naked, pervious: ihc stamina consist of five, subulate filaments, very short: anthers acute, erect: the pistilkmi is a four-parted germ: style filiform, length of the sta- mens: stigma obtuse: there is no pericarpium: calyx unchanged the seeds two, bony, glossy, sub-ovate, outwardly gibbous, and bilo- cular. The sj^ecies cultivated is C. major. Great Honey wort. It rises with stems eighteen inches high and more, round, smooth, branching, and leafy: the leaves are glaucous, becoming blue by age, smooth, without prickles, but ciliated about the edge, and dotted with white: the branches are leafy and nodding; with flowers among the leaves, hanging on long peduncles: the tube of the corolla is yel- low, but the border purple. It is a native of Italy, flowering in June and the two following months. There are varieties with smooth leaves and purple flowers, and Avith prickly leaves and yellow flowers. Culture. — The plants are raised by sowing the seeds annually in the autumn or^arly spring months in patches in the borders, clumps, or other parts. The autumn sowings should be made as early as possible. They also rise from the self-sown seeds. They should be managed as other hardy annuals. These are plants proper for be- ing planted out about the apiary, or in the small beds or borders. T PLATE XVII. 1. CHELIDONIUM GLAUCUM. YELLOW-HORNED POPPY. This genus furnishes a plant of the hardy herbaceous flowery kind. It belongs to the class and order Polyandria Monogynia^ and ranks in the natural order of Rhoeadea'. The characters are: that the calyx is a two-leaved roundish pe- rianthium: Icaflels subovate, concave, obtuse, caducous: the corolla has four roundish flat petals, spreading, large, narrower at the base: the stamina consist of very many filaments (thirty), flat, broader at top, shorter than the corolla: the anthers are oblong, compressed, obtuse, erect, and twin: the pistillum is a cyhndric germ, the length of the stamens: there is no style: the stigma headed and bifid: the pericarpium is a cylindric silique, sub-bivalve: the seeds very many, ovate, increased, and shining: the receptacle linear, between the valves of a kind of circumambient suture, not gaping. The species worthy of cultivation as an ornamental plant is C. glaucum. Sea Celandine, or Yellow-horned Poppy. It has a strong stem: the root-leaves are pinnatifid, waved, va- riously lobed, and indented ; pinnas gradually larger upwards^; hairy on both sides: stem-leaves embracing, deeply indented, rough above, smooth beneath: the branches are dichotomous: the flowers are of a scarlet colour, and succeeded by long horn-shaped pods. The root, according to some, is annual, but others assert it to be pe- rennial. Culture. — These plants are raised from seed, which should be sown either in the autumn or spring where the plants are to remain; V39 or ihey may be raised in a seed-bed, and be afterwards planted on where they are to flower. Some seed should be sown annually, as the plants seldom continue longer than two years. It is hardy, and succeeds in almost any soil or situation. The plants afford ornament and variety in the borders both from their flowery nature and the peculiarity of their long-horned pods. 2. CISTUS LADANIFERUS. GUM CISTUS. This genus affords plants of the shrubby evergreen kind. Rock Rose. It belongs to the class and o\'(\gy Fohjandria Monogyniaj and ranks in the natural order of Rotacece. The characters are: that the calyx is a five-leaved permanent perianthium : leaflets roundish, concave; of which two alternate ones are lower and smaller: the corolla has five petals, roundish, flatj spreading, very large : the stamina consist of numerous capillary fila- ments, shorter than the corolla: anthers roundish, small: the pistil- ]um is a roundish germ: style simple, the length of the stamens: stigma flat, orbiculate: the pericarpium is a roundish capsule, co- vered with the calyx: the seeds numerous, roundish, and small. The species are: 1. C, popuUfolius, Poplar-leaved Cistus, or Rock Rose; 2. C, laurifoUus, Bay-leaved Gum Cistus; 3. C. ladaniferus, Spanish Gum Cistus; 4. C. incanus, Hoary Rock Rose, or Rose Cis- tus; 5. C. halimifoUus, Sea Purslain-leaved Cistus; 6. C. Monspe- Uensis, Montpelier Gum Cistus; 7. C. crettciis^ Cretan Ladaniferous Cistus; 8. C. albidus, White-leaved Cistus; 9- C. crlspus, Curled leaved Cistus; 10. C. saIvifoIius,Sage-lea,ved Cistus. In this numerous genus there are other species that may equally jdeserve cultivation. 140 The first has a slitf, slender, woody stem, six or seven feet high, sending out many branches the whole length: these and the leaves are luiiry; the calyxes also vevy hairy: but the branches and leaves, when further advanced, become naked: the leaves are large, of a , light green colour, sessile, with many nerves: the flowers are pro- duced at the ends of the branches, on naked peduncles: the corolla is white, and soon drops off; and the petals, according to Linnaeus, are tinged with purple on their edges; the stamens yellow; and the calyxes, before they unfold, three-cornered in their appearance. It is a native of Portugal, flowering in June and July. The second species rises with a strong woody stem, to the height of five or six feet, sending out many erect hairy branches : the leaves are lanceolate, acute, thick, dark green above, and white beneath, very glutinous in warm weather; but, according to Linnycus, wrink- led, green on both sides, and scarce visibly hairy; the petioles be- coming purple at the base: the flowers are produced at the ends of -the branches upon long naked peduncles, branching on their sides into smaller ones, each sustaining one large white flower with a hairy calyx. It flowers in June and July, and is a native of Spain. The third grows to the height of five or six feet, with a strong woody stem, sending out many hairy branches: the leaves are smooth on their upper side, but veined on their under, on short foot-stalks Avhich join at their base, where they form a sort of sheath to the branch: the corolla is white, the size of the ofiicinal Poppy: the germ has ten swellings: stigma sessile, without any style. It is a native of Spain, &c. It flowers from June till August. Mr. Curtis objects to the propriety of the name ladanifei-us, as it Js not the plant from which ladanum is produced, though in a warmer climate it affords a gum of a similar kind. There are varieties with large white flowers, and a purple spot in the middle of the petal, and with entire white flowers. The fourth species has a shrubby stem, branching to a large bushy head, three or four feet high : the branches villose; the leaves are not at all nerved, ending in a point, a little flexuose in the disk, ending at the base in coalcscent sheathing petioles, or rather obovate- 14i spatulate; the lower more connate, and in a manner sliealhing: the calyxes hairy, wilh subcordate leaflets: the petals purple, eniarginate or obcordate, quite entire and concave. It is a native of Spain. The fitlli species is an upright shrub, three or four feet high: the branches are round, ash-coloured, angular at top, the younger ones dotted with yellow: the leaves are petioled, op})osite, lanceolate, very white, scarcely soft, without veins, obtuse, flat, about an inch in length: the peduncle terminating, compound, white; supporting three or four bright yellow flowers, which appear in June and July. It is a native of Portugal. There are varieties Avith numerous leaves and sulphur-coloured flowers, and with yellow flowers with purple spots in their bases. The sixth rises with a slender stem, from three to four feet high, sending out many hairy branches from the bottom upwards: the leaves are very dark green, in warm weather covered with a glutinous sweet-scented substance: the peduncles, which come out at the ends of the branches, are long, naked, and sustain many white flowers, rising above each other; their calyxes are bordered, and end in sharp points. It flowers from June to August, and is a native of Nar- bonne. There is a variety with olive-shaped leaves and sulphur-coloured flowers. The seventh species is branching, diftused, a foot and half high and more: the stem and branches round, and somewhat villose: the leaves from broad stem-clasping, petioled, first spatulate, then ovate or lanceolate, somewhat acute, wrinkled, sometimes waved, roughish, thickish, (^uite entire, viscid, closely set on both sides and round the edge with Avhite hairs of different lengths, some simple, others branched or headed, scarcely visible to the naked eye: peduncles one-flowered, terminating the last leafy twigs, erect and villose: the flowers of a rose-purple colour: these appear in June and July, and the seeds ripen in September. It is a native of the Levant. This is the species from which the drug called ladanum is pro- cured. The eighth has a shrubby stem, branching from bottom five or 142 SIX feet ill height: much resembling the fourth, but differing in the branches being lomentose, not hairy: the leaves jDaler, soft, horizon- tal, sessile, by no means either pelioled or sheathing, broad-lanceo- late, mostly three-nerved : the flowers long from the branches, of a bright purple colour: it is a native of Narbonne, &c. In the ninth, the branches are weak, slender, woody, spreading horizontally: it is seldom more than two or three feet in height: the peduncles and calyxes are covered with a thin wool: the flowers are of a purple or white colour, appearing in June and the following month. It is a native of PortugaL The tenth has a slender, smooth stem, covered with a brown bark, never rising more than three feet high, and sending out many weak branches, spreading horizontaH3^ The leaves are obtuse, without veins, not so soft as in many other species: the peduncles lateral, solitary, one-flowered, longer than the leaves: the corolla is white, and somewhat smaller than that of the other rock-roses. It flowers from June to August, and is a native of Italy, &c. Culture. — All these sorts are capable of being either raised b}' seeds or cuttings in common earth, or on hot-beds; but the seed method produces the best plants. The seeds should be sown in the early spring, in a warm border near half an inch deep, and the plants will come up in six weeks; or, to render them more forward, in pots, and plunged in a moderate hot-bed. When the plants are of some growth, they should have the full air in mild weather, and frequent waterings, as well as occasional shade from the sun, while young; and when an inch or two high, some may be planted out separately in small pots, others in rich borders, occasional shade and water be- ing given during summer. In autumn the potted plants should be removed to a frame, to have shelter from frost. Those in the full ground should also be shielded in frosty weather with mats. In spring, those remaining in the seed-bed should be planted out, and those in pots shifted into larger ones; to be continued another win- ter, and in the spring following be j)lanted where they are to remain. In the latter melhod, cuttings, five or six inches long, should be planted in beds of rich earth, occasional shade and water being 143 given. When well rooted, tliej should be removed into separate pols: but by being planted in pots in spring, and plunged in a hot- bed, they are rendered much forwarder. In other respects they re- quire the same management as the seedlings. These are beautiful ev-ergreen shrubs, elfecting a fine variety at all seasons, both from their leaves being of different figures, sizes, and shades of green and white, and their being very profuse in most ele- gant flowers, which though of short duration, there is a daily suc- cession of new ones for a month or six weeks on the same plant; and when these different species are employed, they exhibit a constant bloom for near three months. They are mostly hardy enough to prosper in the open ground in any dry soil; and if they have a sheltered situation it will be an ad- vantage, as in open exposures they are rather subject to injury from Tery severe frost; for which reason a plant or two of each sort should be potted, to have shelter in winter in the green-house. The second and fifth are the most tender sorts. In shrubbery borders and clumps they should be placed towards the fronts, in assemblage with other choice shrubs of similar growth. All the sorts should be suffered to assume their own natural growth j the straggling branches being only cut in with a knife. 1 PLATE XVIII. 1. CRASSULA COCCINEA. SCARLET-FLOWERED CRASSULA. This genus contains plants of the succulent kind for the green- house and stove. Lesser Orpine, or Live-Ever. It belongs to the class and order Pentandria Pentagynia, and ranks in the natural order of Succulentcc. The characters are: that the calyx is a one-leafed perianth, five- cleft; divisions lanceolate, channelled-concave, erect, acute, converg- ing into a tube, permanent: the corolla has five petals, claws long, linear, straight, converging, connected at the base with the ovate bractes at the border, reflex-expanding: nectaries five; each with a very small eraarginate scale, annexed outwardly to the base of the germ : the stamina consist of five subulate filaments, length of the tube, inserted in the claws of the corolla; anthers simple: the pis- lillum has five germs, oblong, acuminate, ending in subulate styles the length of the stamens: stigmas obtuse: the pcricarpium consists of five capsules, oblong, acuminate, straight, compressed, gaping in- wards lengthwise: the seeds many and small. The species are: 1. C. coccinea. Scarlet-flowered Crassula; 2. C. perfolkita, Perfoliate Shrubby Crassula; 3. C. cidtraia^ Sharp-leaved Crassula; 4. C. punctata, Dotted-leaved C rassula; 5. C. midicaulis, Naked-stalked Crassula; 6. C. orbkidaris. Starry Crassula. There are several other species that may be cultivated. The first has a reddish jointed stem, about three feet high, divid- ing at top into many irregular branches: the leaves so closely oppo- site, as to appear to be in four rows: the flowers at the ends of the 145 branches in close umbels, of a fine scarlet colour. It flowers in July and the following month. The second species rises with an upright stem ten or twelve feet high, if it be not broken or injured, but requires support; the stems being slender, and the leaves very weighty: the latter are about three inches long, thick, succulent, pale green, acute, hollowed above, and having a convex ridge beneath: the flowers terminating in large clus- ters, of a whitish herbaceous colour, with short tubes, and the brim cut into five parts. The flower-stalk is thick and succulent, gene- rally turning first dovvnwards, then upwards again, somewhat in the form of a syphon. It flowers in July, but does not produce seeds in this climate. The third has a weak succulent stalk, about two feet high, send- ing out many irregular branches: the leaves thick, plain above, con- vex beneath, deep green, the borders set with a few silvery hairs: the stalk which supports the flowers rises from the top of the branches, and is from four to six inches long, putting out several side branches, which grow erect; these are terminated by large clusters of small greenish flowers, which appear in June and the following month, but the flower never fully expands. In the fourth species, the stems are very slender, full of joints, and trailing: the leaves thick, succulent, heart-shaped, connate, grayish, in a double row, hollow dotted: the stems are divided, grow about eight or nine inches long, and are terminated by clusters of small white flowers, sitting very close to the top: these appear in spring, and again in the latter part of summer. The fifth never rises v/ith a stalk, but the leaves come out close to t,he ground, forming a sort of head; ihey are smooth, somewhat hairy, set with excavated dots, succulent, taper, ending in points, and frequently put out roots. Out of the centre of these arises the flower-stalk, branching into two or three shoots at top, each termi- nated by clusters of greenish flowers, which do not open. It flowers in May, and sometimes again towards liie latter part of summer. The sixth species is a low perennial plant, having open spreading heads, very like those of some sorts of Houseleek, growing on the u 146 ends of very slender trailing stalks, produced in plenty on every side the parent plant, as on the Cliilding Marigold. The flower-stalks arise from the centre of these heads; are naked, about four inches long, and terminated by close clusters of herbaceous flowers: the leaves are radical, forming roses, ovate, fleshy, gibbous, even, sharp- ish, ciliate backwards, with cartilaginous, very slender hairs: the roof puts forth lateral threads, which are fihform and decumbent, forming runners at the end. It flowers sometimes in May, but usually in July and August. Culture. — The first three sorts may be easily increased, by plant- ing the cuttings of the stems and branches in the later spring and summer months, after having been exposed in a dry situation for a few days, to heal over the cut parts, in pots filled with sandy earlh, plunging them in the bark-bed of the stove, or in a frame shaded from the sun. When well rooted, they should be removed into sepa- rate pots, and replaced in the same situations till fully established, when they may be removed into the greenhouse, where they should have a sunny situation in winter, and but little water. The other species may be increased by planting the ofF-sets from the roots in the same manner as above. As these are plants of a succulent nature, both in their stems, branches, and leaves, as well as of curious growth, they aftbrd variety among collections of other plants of similar kinds. They are capable of bearing the open air in summer, in dr}^ warm situations. 2. CYTISUS LABURNUM. LABURNUM. This genus contains plants of the hardy evergreen and deciduous flowering shrubby kinds. It belongs to the class and oixlev Diaclclphia Decaiidria, and ranks in the natural Older of Pr/^;///o;/(7rf