\ 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 E X F L A N A T I O N Ss 
 
 INTENDED TO ILtUSTRATE 
 
 LINNiEUS^ SYSTEM of VEGETABLES, 
 
 AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE 
 
 LETTERS ON the ELEMENTS of BOTANY. 
 
 By THOMAS MARTYN, B.D.F,R,S. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF BOTANY 
 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPvlBRIDQE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 printed for b, white and son, 
 AT Horace's head, flee t-srteet. 
 
 M DCe LXXXVIII. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 
 in 2015 
 
 
 
 https://archive.org/details/thirtyeightplateOOmart_0 
 
( iii ) 
 
 ADVERT I SEME NT- 
 
 Some perfons, who have honoured the 
 Letters on the Elements oj Botany with their 
 approbation, having fignified a wi(h that 
 the fubjed: might be ftill farther illuflrated 
 by figures, Mr. Nodder, an ingenious 
 artift, has been employed for this purpofe, 
 and has both drawn and engraved thirty- 
 eight plates. By thefe, and the explana- 
 tions which are given on the oppofite 
 page, the Author hopes that he may 
 have met the ideas of his friends. 
 
 Thefe plates, with their explanations, 
 may be confidered as an entire work : but 
 
 a 2 it 
 
( Iv ) 
 
 it is prcfumed that they will be much 
 more fatisfadtory when ftudied jointly with 
 the letters : accordingly they are referred 
 to in every plate : and, that each edition 
 might be equally ufeful, the former figures 
 always refer to the firft edition, and the 
 latter figures to the fecond. 
 
 Six plates are given to illuftrate Roufleau's 
 fix letters upon the moft remarkable Natu- 
 tural Clafles. The reft are intended to 
 explain the Clafles of Linnseus's Syftem, 
 in their order, except the thirty-fourth, 
 which exhibits figures of the moft re- 
 markable Nedlaries. No general plate, 
 explanatory of the claflical charaders, is 
 given; both becaufe it has already been 
 elegantly done by Mr. Curtis, and alfo 
 may eafily be colledted from the particular 
 plates of this work. 
 
 Thus 
 
( V ) 
 
 Thus the charafter of the Clals 
 
 MpNANDRiA IS explained in 
 
 BIANBRIA 
 
 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA 
 — — — MONOGYNIA 
 TETRANDRIA — 
 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA 
 ■ ■ DIGYNIA 
 
 } 
 
 HEXANDRIA 
 HEPTANDRIA 
 OCTANDRIA 
 ENNEANDRIA') 
 DECANDRIA 
 DODECANDRIA 
 rCOSANDRIA 
 POLYANDRIA 
 DIDYNAMIA 
 TETRADYNAMIA 
 MONADELPHIA 
 DIADELPHIA 
 POLYADELPHIA 
 SYNCENESIA 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 VIII* 
 IX- 
 
 — X. 
 
 — XI. 
 
 xir, 
 V. and xiir. 
 I. and XIV- 
 
 xv« 
 
 XTI. 
 
 — — XVII- 
 — XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 — — iv. and XX. 
 
 — — • II. and xxr. 
 — — xxir. 
 
 — — III. and XXIII. 
 
 — — XXIV. 
 
 POLYGAMIA JEQUALIS — XXV. 
 
 - " • SUPERFLUA XXVI. 
 
 SYNdENESIA 
 
 Aw 
 
( vi ) 
 
 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA and 
 
 NECESSARIA 
 SEGREGATA 
 
 } 
 
 XXVIIi 
 
 MONOGAMIA 
 
 CYNANDRIA — — ^ 
 
 MONOECIA ^ — . — . 
 
 UlOECIA — — — 
 
 POLYGAMIA *— 
 CRYPTOGAMIA, FILICES -J— 
 » ' MUSCI — ' — 
 
 ■■ ■ ALG^ ^ 
 
 FUNGI — 
 
 xxviii; 
 
 XXIXi 
 XXX. 
 XXXIi 
 XXXII. 
 
 xxxiir. 
 XXXV, 
 
 XXXVI. 
 XXXVII, 
 
 XXX VI I 
 
 PLATE 
 
( I ) 
 
 PLATE 1. LETTER L 
 
 LILUCEOm FLOWERS. 
 Lillum candidum. White Lily. 24 — 22* 
 
 a The flower in bud. 
 
 b The corol expanding. 
 
 c The corol quite open. 
 
 d The piftil or pointal.— ^ The germ. — 
 
 f The ftyle. — g The fligma. 
 b The fix ftamens. — /The filaments. — 
 
 k The anthers. 
 / The germ advanced into a pericarp, 
 
 which here is a capfule. 
 m A tranfverfe fedlion of the pericarp, to 
 
 fliow the three cells and feeds. 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 PLATE II. LETTER IL 
 
 CRUCIFORM FLOWERS. 
 Cheiranthus incanus. Stock-Gilliflower. 
 
 a A flower of the flock, fliowing the four 
 petals and the cruciform fliape of 
 the corol. 
 
 b A back view of it, exhibiting the calyx, 
 confifting of four leaflets, and bulging 
 out at the bottom. 
 
 c A Angle petal feparated, to fliow the 
 lower narrow part, called ungiiisy or 
 the tail ; and the upper fpreading 
 part, named lamina^ or the border, 
 emarginated or notched at the end. 
 
 d A fedlion of the calyx, with the Angle 
 pifl:il and fix fl:amens in their proper 
 fituation. 
 
 e The fix ftamens, two of which are fenfi- 
 
 bly (horter than the other four, 
 f The pifl:il feparated from the other parts. 
 g A fingle flamen. 
 
 b The fruit, feed-veflel, or pericarp, called 
 a filique, opening from the bottoni 
 A 2 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 Upwards, and fhowing the two valves,, 
 with the feeds ranged along ^he dif- 
 fepiment, or partition, of the two 
 cells, and the permanent ftigma at 
 the top. 
 
 i k I Figures of filicles, or fmall fhort pods. 
 / The flat triangular, or heart-fhaped filicle 
 
 of the fhepherd's purfe. 
 k The oblong filicle of fcurvy-grafs, both 
 
 fhut and open. 
 / The almoft fpherical filicle of candy-tuft. 
 
 See Letter XXIU. p. 327 — 324. and 
 
 plate XXI. 
 
 e Explains the claffical charadler of the 
 clafs Tetradynamidy p. 97 — 92. and 
 
 h i k I Explain the charadters of the two 
 orders, Siliquofa and Siliculofa^ intq 
 which it is divided^ p. 104 — 99, 
 
flate 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 i 
 
 PLATE III. LETTER III. 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS. 
 I^ifum fativiim. Garden Fea. 36 — 34. 
 
 Fig. 1. The peduncle or flower-ftem of 
 the pea, fhowing the papilio- 
 naceous corol in three different 
 fituations. 
 
 a A ydung flower not fully expanded. 
 
 b An expanded flower, Ihowing the back; 
 the ftandard, or banner, fully dif- 
 played, and the calyx cleft into five 
 parts. 
 
 C A fide view of an expanded flower, 
 fhowing the banner, wings, and keel, 
 in their natural fituation. * 
 Fig. 2. The banner (vexillu?n)y obcordate 
 or inverfely heart-fhaped, and 
 ernarginate. 
 
 3. The two wings (alee). 
 
 4. The keel ( carina ) . 
 
 5. The pifl;il and ftamens in their 
 
 natural fituation. 
 
 A3 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 6. The lower broad ftamen, which 
 
 involves the germ, termi- 
 nating in nine filaments, with 
 an anther on each, 
 
 7. The upper narrow filament, ac- 
 
 companied with the piftil. 
 
 8. The pericarp, which is a legume, 
 
 or pod, open to (how the two 
 valves and the feeds faftened 
 alternately to the futures of 
 the valves at the back of the 
 legume. The permanent calyx 
 is alfo here exhibited. 
 Tlie charafter of the clafs Diadelphta^ 
 and of the order Decandria^ as alfp 
 of the natural clafs of Legumimus 
 plants, is here explained* 
 
. ( 7 ) 
 
 PLATE IV. LETTER IV. 
 
 RINGENT FLOWERS, 
 
 Fig, I, Lamium album. White Dead Nettle^ 
 45 — 42- 
 
 a Part of a whirl of flowers, fhowing how 
 they grow in the bofom of a leaf. 
 
 b A fingle flower, fliowing the ftrudure 
 of a labiate or ringent corol, and of 
 that of the Lamium in particular. 
 
 c The corol cut away, in order to fhow 
 more difl:indlly the fituation of the 
 {lamens and the claffical charader. 
 
 d The germs, with the ftyle. 
 
 e The calyx, with the four feeds within it. 
 
 Fig. 2. Antirrhinum majus. Snapdragon ^ 
 319 — 315- 
 
 a The clofed ringent, or perfonate corol, 
 
 in its natural form. 
 h The corol opened, to (how the fituation 
 
 of the {lamens. 
 Q The capfule, with the permanent ftyle 
 
 and calyx, 
 
 A4 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 Pig. 3, Digitalis purpurea. Purple Fox- 
 glove, 320 — 317. 
 
 a A fingle flower, fliowing the open bell- 
 
 fliaped corol. 
 if The infide, exhibiting the fituation and 
 
 ftrudure of the ftamens. 
 c The germ, with the flyle. 
 
 The capfule, with the ftyle permanent. 
 e A feSiion of the capfule. 
 y A capfule, deprived in part of its outer 
 
 fkin, to {how the interior texture of 
 
 the coat. 
 
 Ob/, c in Fig. i. and i in Fig. 3. will ferve 
 to corredl an error in p. 3 10 — 306. 
 where it fliould have been faid, the 
 outer pair [of ftamens] longer than 
 the oiher. 
 
( IX ) 
 
 PLATE VL LETTER VL 
 
 COMPOUND FLOWERS. 
 
 Fig. I. Bellis perennls. Common Daify^ 
 65 — 60. 
 
 d The flower, which is compound and of 
 the radiated kind, having femiflorets 
 or ligulate florets in the ray, and tu- 
 bular florets in the difk. 
 
 b A fedion of the receptacle, with the 
 florets on it. 
 
 c A femi-floret. 
 
 d The cylinder of anthers, with the Hylc 
 
 perforating it, 
 e A floret. 
 
 Fig. 2. Leontodon Taraxacum. Dandelion, 
 
 68-63. 
 
 a The whole compound flower, confifting 
 entirely of femi-florets, called by Lin- 
 naeus ligulate florets. 
 
 b A fingle flofcule. 
 
 c The head of feeds. 
 
( ) 
 
 Fig. 3 - 
 
 Showing a flofculous flowef, or a flo?wef 
 compoied of florets only, called by 
 Linnaeus tubular florets. 
 a The whole compound flowers. 
 b A fingle flofcule. 
 
 € The back of a compound flower, fliow- 
 ing the calyx. 
 
 Fig. 4, Trifolium pratenfe. Red Clover. 
 69 — - 64. 
 
 To fhow the difference between this, which 
 is a head or aggregate of flowers, and 
 a genuine compound flower, fuch as 
 Fig» i> 2, 3, exhibit. 
 
 .1 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 PLATE VII. LETTER XL 
 MONJNDRIA. 
 
 Fig. !• Canna indica, Indian Shot. 
 123 — 117. 
 
 a a a Three different views of the flower, 
 the corol cut into fix lanceolated 
 parts, one of the three interior re- 
 fledled. 
 
 b The fcabrous germ, with 
 
 c The triphyllous perianth, or calyx, on 
 
 the top of it. 
 4 The anther growing to one of the petals, 
 
 which ferves it for a filament. 
 e The ftyle, growing to the petaliform 
 
 filament. 
 f The fcabrous capfule. 
 ^ Cut open to fhow the three cells. 
 
 Fig. 2. HIppuris vulgaris. Mares TaiL 
 121 — 1 15, 
 
 a a The germ. 
 p The ftamen. 
 f The ftyle. 
 
( ^5 ) 
 
 PLATE VIIL LETTER XIL 
 
 DUNDRIA, 
 
 Fig. I. Veronica Chamaedrys, Wild 
 Speedwell. 129 — 123. 
 
 a The wheel-fhaped corol, divided into 
 four fegments, the lowefl: (b) nar- 
 rower than the reft. 
 
 c The caplult. 
 
 d The oval, wrinkled leaves, indented about 
 the edge. 
 
 Fig. 2. Jafminum officinale. White 
 Jafmine. 127 — I2i. 
 
 e A front view of the monopetalous falver- 
 fliaped corol, divided into five feg- 
 ments. 
 
 b A back view of the corol, 
 
 c The tube of the corol, with the anthers 
 
 lying within it. 
 d The calyx, with the rudiment of the 
 
 fruits 
 
 e A leaf pinnated, with all the lobes 
 diftindl. 
 
( i6 ) 
 
 Fig, 3, Salvia officinalis. Garden Sage, 
 131 — 125. 
 
 a A flower. 
 
 t The two ftamens, (howing their fingu- 
 
 lar ftrudlure. 
 c The pifliil feparate. 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 PLATE IX. LETTER tllh 
 
 TRUNDRIA DIGTNIA, GRASSES. 
 
 Fig. 1 4 Lolium perenne. Ray Grafsi 
 149, 154—143, 148. 
 
 As an inftance of a fpiked grafs. 
 
 Fig 2, Da6lylis glomerata. Hard Grafs, 
 a The chaiFor glume. 
 b b b The three ftamens. 
 Q The two refleded ftjles, with the fea- 
 thered ftigmaSi 
 
 & 
 
4 
 
( i9 J 
 
 t^LATE X. LETTER XIV, 
 
 TRUNDRIJ MO NOG TN! J. 
 
 iris pumila; 
 
 a The fheath, or fpathe. 
 
 i The corol, conlifting of fix parts, united 
 
 at the bafe. 
 
 t c The outer petals, called falh. 
 
 d d The inner petals, called jlandards. 
 
 e e The petaUform ftigma, each part con- 
 cealing one ftamen under it* 
 
 f A fingle flamen. 
 
 g The germ, inferior or below the corol, 
 
 h h The nedary, in a villous line along the 
 refleded petals. 
 
 B 2 
 
Plate XI. 
 
 3 
 
 JDrmm XEn^-f^ bvFBMJder.- 
 B/h/^hd Mn/ ZT/S6,a£ ike^Ad directs- ay S. V/7iztA SsSor--. 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 PLATE XL LETTER XV. 
 
 TETRANDRIA, 
 
 Fig. I. Scabiofa columbaria. Small Scabious, 
 168—162. 
 
 An aggregate flower, confifting of many flof- 
 
 cules. 
 
 h A fingle flofcule j the corol cut into five 
 irregular fegments, and the germ 
 crowned with hairs. 
 
 C The calyx, with the four ftamens and 
 the piftil. 
 
 Fig* 2. Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder, 
 
 An inftance of ftellated plants, 169. 
 
 The fquare ftalk: the ftellated leaves: the 
 corol of four fegments: the double 
 germ below the flower. 
 
 Fig. 3. Plantago lanceolata. Ribwort 
 Plantain, 172 — 166. 
 
 (2 The flowers growing in a fpike or oblong 
 head. 
 
 B 3 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 f The angular fcape. 
 
 (7 A fingle flower, exhibiting the quadrific} 
 
 corol and the very long filaments, 
 d The germ anJ ftyle. 
 € The caiyx, inclofing the capfule. 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 PLATE XII. LETTER XVL 
 
 PENTJNPRU MONOGYNIA, 
 
 Fig. 1. Nicotiana Tabacuiji. Commou 
 Tobacco, ZQi — 195, 
 
 a A flower-bud, 
 
 ^ A flower, fhowing the funnel - fli aped 
 
 corol difplayed. 
 C The corol removed, to ihov/ the five 
 
 fl:amens and piftil. 
 A tranfverfe feilion of the capfde. 
 
 Fig. 2. A flower of Dodecatheon Mcadia' 
 181 — 175. 
 
 pig. 3. ConvolvuUis feplum. Great Bind- 
 PFeed* 190 — ^184. 
 
 a The corol, with the Involucre Immedi- 
 ately below it, at Fig. 3. 
 
 b The five ftamens difplayed. 
 
 0 The germ, within the calyx, with ths 
 fl)'le, terminated by the two fligmas* 
 B 4 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 Fig. 4. Lonlcera Capri''bllum. Garden 
 Honey fuckle, 2 1 q — 2 04. 
 
 ^ A flower, exhibiting the irregular mono? 
 
 petalous corol. 
 b The tube opened, to fhow the manner 
 
 in which the filaments are fixed. 
 € The piftiL 
 
 Fig. 5. Vinca major. Great Periwincle. 
 220 — 214. 
 
 c The corol, fhowing the bending of its 
 five divifions, and the pentagon form 
 of the fauxy or opening of the tube. 
 
 I? The calyx divided to the bottom into five 
 fegrnents ; and the piftil with two 
 fiigma?, one over the other. 
 
 c The tube of the corol opened, to ITiow 
 the fituaiion of the five {lament an4 
 form of the anthers, 
 
 d A fingle itamen feparate* 
 
( ^5 ) 
 
 PLATE XIII. LETTER XVIL 
 
 PENTJNDRIA DIGTNIA. 
 
 Fig. !• Sium nodiflorum. Creeping Water 
 
 Parfnep, 236 — 230. 
 
 To (how the difference between this plant and 
 water crefTes, reprefented in Plate XXI. 
 
 ^ A pinnated leaf, the pinnae, fmall or com- 
 ponent leaves, longer and narrower 
 than thofe of water crefTes, ferrated 
 on the edges and pointed at the end: 
 the terminating pinna trifid. 
 b A feffile umbel of flowers, 
 c A fingle flower. — d The fruit. 
 
 Fig. 2. Scandix Anthrifcus. Hemlock Chervil. 
 
 234 — 228, 
 To fhow the diflFerence between that and 
 
 Garden Chervil y Plate 5, Fig. 3. 
 n An umbel of flowers. 
 b An umbel of fruits. 
 
 Fig. 3. Scandix Peden. Shepherd's Needle^ 
 or Venus*s Comb. 245 — 239. 
 
 fi The umbels, being inftances of a fimple 
 umbel. 
 
 ^ The feeds, terminated by the long pro- 
 ceflTes or beaks, which gave occafion 
 to the names. 
 
Pl.Xl\ 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 PLATE XIV. LETTER XVlll 
 
 fiEXJNDRIA. 
 
 Fig, I, Tradefcantia Virginica. Virginia^ 
 Spiderwort* 251 — -24.5. 
 
 a The corol of three petals. 
 ^ b The three-leaved calyx. 
 f One of the fringed filaments. 
 d ThepiftiK 
 
 pig. 2. Narciffus Tazetta. Polyanthus Narn^ 
 cijjiiu 252 — 246. 
 
 ^ The corol in front, fhowing the fix equal 
 petals, and the funnel or cup-fhaped 
 nedary. 
 
 ^ A back view of the flov^er, fhowing that 
 the corol is fuperior, or on the top of 
 the germ. 
 
 f The fpathe. 
 
 4 The corol opened, to fliow the fituatlon 
 of the fix ftamens within the nedary, 
 f The piftil. 
 
( ^9 ) 
 
 PLATE XV, LETTER XIX. 
 
 HEPTANDRIA. 
 
 Fig. I. -^fculus Hlppocaftanum. Horfe 
 Chefnut, 262 — 256. 
 
 a The corol of five petals, and the fevea 
 ftamens, with bending filaments. 
 
 b The one-leafed calyx, fwelling at thebafe, 
 and divided at top into five fegments. 
 
 € The young capfule terminated by the ftyle, 
 
 d A fingle ftamen. 
 
 OCTANDRIA. 
 
 Fig. 2. Oenothera biennis. Tree Frimrofe. 
 263 — 257. 
 
 a A flower, {liowing the four-parted calyx, 
 and the corol of four obcordate petals. 
 
 b The eight ftamens, and the piftil in the 
 middle, with the deflefted calyx. 
 
 c The pifti!, with the filiform ftyle and the 
 quadrifid ftigma, 
 
 d The capfule. 
 
 e A tranfverfe fe£tion of the capfule, Ihow- 
 
 ing the four cells, 
 f The feeds, 
 
( 3<5 ) 
 
 Fig. 3. Epilobium anguftlfolium, Prenci 
 IVillow. 264 — 258. 
 
 a The flower. 
 
 b The four-leaved calyx. 
 
 c The flamens, four longer and four Hiorter* 
 
 d A fingle ftamen, 
 
 e The piflil. 
 
 f The capfule. 
 
 g A feed crowned with down* 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 PLATE XVI. LETTER XlX. 
 
 ENNEANDRIA HEXAGTNIA. 
 
 Fig. I. Butomus umbellatus. Flowering 
 Rujh. 272 — 266* 
 
 a The flower of fix petals, 
 b The nine flamens, 
 c The fix capfules. 
 
 DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
 
 Fig. 2. Diftamnus albus. Fraxinella^ 
 273 — 267, 
 
 a The flower, with a corol of five fpreading 
 petals, 
 
 h The five-leaved calyx, with the capfules. 
 € A fingle filament, with its glandules. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 PLATE XVII. LETTER XX. 
 
 DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA^ 
 
 Sempervivum teftorum. Common Houfeleeh 
 290 — 285. 
 
 a The flower-ftem, with a reflexed range of 
 flowers. 
 
 b A flower in front, fliowing the corol of 
 
 twelve petals. 
 c The calyx, with the capfules, after the 
 
 flower is pafl. 
 d A fingle capfule. 
 
 c The twelve ftamens and twelve ftyles, 
 
 feparated from the flower. 
 / A fingle piftil, exhibiting the germ, ftyle, 
 
 and anther. 
 g Two flamens. 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 PLATE XVIII. LETTER XXL 
 
 JCOSJNDRIJ, 
 
 Fig. I. Myrtus communis. Commoit Mvrtle* 
 295- — 29O0 
 
 a The corol, 
 
 b The fruit or berry. 
 
 c A fmgle flower without the corol, fhowing 
 the ftamens proceeding from the calyx. 
 
 Fig. 2. Pyrus Cydonia. The Slui?2ce. 
 79 — 74? 297 — 292. 
 
 Obf. The letter a is by miflake placed too 
 low in the plate* 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 PLATE XIX. LETTER XXL 
 TOLYANDRIA. 
 
 Fig I. Caltha paluftris. Marfi Marigold. 
 
 a A flower fhowing the corol of five petals, 
 the many ftamens flhorter than the 
 corol, &c. 
 
 b Another flower, fliowing that it has no 
 calyx. 
 
 c The capfules, after the flower is paft. 
 
 Fig. 2. Papaver Rhoeas. Corn Poppy. 
 301 — 296. 
 
 a The corol of four large roundifh petals. 
 b The numerous ftamens proceeding from 
 
 the receptacle. 
 c The capfule crowned with its fligma. 
 
 Obf. Fig. I. is an infl:ance of the order 
 Folygynia. Fig. 2. of the order 
 Monogynia, 
 
PL XX. 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 PLATE XX. LETTER XXII, 
 
 DIDTNAMU GTMNO^PERMIA. 
 
 Fig. I. Glechoma hedcracea. Ground Ivy. 
 
 3^^—307- 
 a The kidney-fhaped leaves. 
 b The ringent flowers. 
 
 c A flower opened, to iliow the fitULition of 
 
 the ftamens. 
 
 d A flower exhibiting the cruciform appear- 
 to 1 i 
 
 ance of the anthers. 
 e The calyxes. 
 f A Angle filament. 
 g The piftil. 
 
 DIDTNAMU ANGIOSPERMIA. 
 
 Fig. 2. Bignonia rad leans. Tnimpet Flower, 
 321 — 317. 
 
 a The calyx. 
 b The corol. 
 
 c The corol difplayed, to Tnow the fitiiatloa 
 
 of the ftamens. 
 d The piftil. 
 
 Obf. The claffical charafter is clearly fhown 
 
 at Fig. 2. c. 
 This clafs was farther illuftrated in Plate IV. 
 
 C 4 
 
1 
 
( 41 ) 
 
 PLATE XXI. LETTER XXIIL 
 
 TErRADTNAMIA. 
 
 Silymbrium Nafturtium. Water Crefs^ 
 330, 236 — 327, 230. 
 
 ^ a The pinnated leaves. 
 
 b The odd lobe ending blunt. 
 
 c The corymb of flowers. 
 
 d A fingle four-petalled cruciform flower. 
 
 e A fingle petal. 
 
 f The calyx. 
 
 g The calyx, with the fl:amens« 
 
 Jo A fingle fl:amen. 
 
 i The filique. 
 
 Compare Plate XIII. See alfo Plate IL 
 
Plate XXII . 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 . PLATE XXir. LETTER XXIV. 
 MONADELPHIA, 
 
 Fig. I. Althaea ofFicinaliSo Marfi Mallow. 
 344 — 341- 
 
 a The flower fiiowing the five petals united 
 at bottom, obcordateor inverfely heart- 
 fliaped, and flightly emarginated or 
 end - nicked. In the centre is the 
 column of ftamens, with the piftils in 
 the middle of them. 
 
 b The column of ftamens and piftils re- 
 moved from the corol, and fliowing 
 the rudiment of the fruit underneath. 
 
 c The piftil feparate. 
 
 d The calyx, exhibiting the nine divifions of 
 the outer calyx, which is one of the 
 principal generic characters. 
 
 Fig. 2, Malva fy Iveftris. Common Mallow. 
 344 — 341. 
 
 a The flower as before. The petals nar- 
 rower, heart-fliaped, and much more 
 deeply end-nicked. 
 
 b c The column of ftamens, and piftil fe- 
 parated. 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 d The fruit, with the double calyx; the 
 outer very narrow, the clefts of the 
 inner broad and large : there are five 
 of thefe and three diftinft leaves in the 
 other -y but all of them could not be 
 reprefented» The fruit flat, with many 
 feeds in a rip.g, each covered with its 
 aril, or loofe coat. 
 
 Fig. 3. Geranium zonaJe. Horfe-Jhoe Cranef- 
 bill 338—333- 
 
 a The flower, fliovving the corol^ of five 
 unequal petals, vviih the column of 
 ftamenSj very flightly connected at 
 bottom, and of unequal lengths. 
 
 b The calyx, v/ith the column of ftamens. 
 Both thefe figures fhow the ftyle ftand- 
 ing up above the ftamens, and termi- 
 nated by five ftigmas, 
 
 c The fruit, with the permanent ftylc and 
 ftigmas ; ftiowing the beaked form of 
 it, and the five feeds in their arils, each 
 terminated by a tail, and feparating 
 from the beak, a b c fhow that the 
 calyx is fingle and five-leaved. 
 
 Ne B. Thefe figures ferve to explain the clafs 
 mojiadelphia (97 — 92.) : and two of 
 the orders, decandria^ Fig. 3, and 
 polyandria, Fig. i, 2. 
 
Fi. xxnr. 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 PLATE XXIII. LETTER XXV. 
 
 DUDELPHIA DECANDRU, 
 
 Lathyrus latifolius. Everlajling Pes. 
 361 — 358. 
 
 Fig. I. A bunch of flowers, in their natural 
 
 fize and fituation. 
 Fig. 2. The banner. 
 Fig. 3, One of the wings. 
 Fig. 4. The keel. 
 
 ^^S- 5- The ftamens and piftil in their na- 
 tural fituation. 
 
 Fig. 6. The ftamens, fhowing the fimple 
 filament feparate from the com- 
 pound one. 
 
 Fig. 7. The piftil. 
 
 See Plate III. 
 
Fi.xxiv: 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 PLATE XXIV. LETTER XXV. 
 
 POLTAD ELPHU, 
 
 Hypericum Afcyron. Garden Tutfan. 
 374. 377 — 37^' 374- 
 a The flower, with a corol of five petals 
 and the numerous ftamens in the 
 middle. 
 
 ^ A fingle pencil or parcel of ftamens. 
 
 c The permanent five -parted calyx, in- 
 cluding the germ terminated by five 
 piftils. 
 
 b Explains the charafters of the clafs and 
 order — Polyadelphia Polyandria, p, 98, 
 93, and 118 — 112. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 l^LATE XXV. LETTER XXVL 
 
 STNGRNESIA POLTGJMU M^ALIS, 
 
 Fig. I. Tragopogon porrifolium. Salfafy. 
 382 — 379. 
 
 a A flower clofed, fhowing the fimple calyx,, 
 
 b A fingle ligulate flofcule. 
 
 c A flofcule, deprived of the corol. 
 
 d A feed, with the feathered flipitate down. 
 
 e The cylinder of anthers, with the piflil 
 
 perforating it, terminated by the two 
 
 revolute ftigmas. 
 f The cylinder of anthers alone. 
 
 Fig. 2. Carduus nutans. Mujk T^hiftle. 
 
 385-382. 
 
 a The conipound flower, Chowing the calyx 
 all imbricate with thorny fcales, 
 
 h A front view of the whole compound 
 flower, compofed wholly of tubulous 
 florets. 
 
 c A Angle flofcule or floret. 
 d The cylinder of anthers. 
 e The piftil. 
 
 D 
 
 / 
 
( 50 ) 
 
 Fig. 3. Eupatorium cannabinum. Common 
 Hemp Agrimony, 387 — 384. 
 
 a A bunch of flowers. 
 b A fingle flower. 
 c A fingle bunch of flowers. 
 d The down. 
 
 Obf, Thefe three figures explain the three 
 fedlions of this order. i. Con- 
 taining compound flowers with li- 
 gulate florets only. 2. The capi- 
 tate, or headed flowers, with tu- 
 bulous florets only. 3. The difcoid, 
 or naked difcous flowers, with tu« 
 bulous florets, but not in a head. 
 
Plate XXVI. 
 
r 51 ) 
 
 PLATE XXVI. LETTER XXVL 
 
 STNGENESU FOLTGAMIA SUPERFLUJ. 
 
 Doronicum pardalianches. Common Leopard's 
 Bane. 397—394. 
 
 a The compound radiated flower, conlifting 
 of regular tubulous flofcules in the 
 dilTc, and irregular ligulate flofcules in 
 the ray. 
 
 b The under part of the flower, fhowing 
 the double row of fcales to the calyx. 
 
 c One of the femi-florets, or ligulate flof- 
 cules, taken from the ray, to fhow 
 that the feed is naked, or deftitute of 
 down. 
 
 d A floret from the diflc, the feed of which 
 is crowned with a fimple down, 
 
 e A fedtion of the difk, in order to exhibit 
 the naked receptacle. 
 
 D 2 
 
V 
 
PI. xxvn. 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 PLATE XXVII. LETTER XXVL 
 
 STNGEN. POLTG. FRUSTRANEA 
 and NECESSJRIJ. 
 
 Fig. I. Centaurea montana. Mountain Blue 
 Bottle. 405 — 402. 
 
 a The compound flower, fliowing the neutral 
 or barren florets on the outfide, longer 
 than the fertile ones in the middle, 
 and the ciliated fcales of the calyx. 
 
 b A barren floret. 
 
 c A fertile floret, with fome of the brift:les 
 
 at the bafe. 
 d The fame, divefted of the coroU 
 e The piftil. 
 
 N. B. This ferves to explain the order Poly- 
 gamia Frufliranea in the clafs Syn- 
 genefia. 118 — 112. 
 
 Fig. 2. Calendula officinalis, Garde?2 
 Marigold. 406 — 403. 
 
 a The compound radiated flower. 
 
 b The calyx, with the feeds in the ray only, 
 
 bending inwards after the florets are 
 
 decayed. 
 
 D 3 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 c The boat-{l:iaped muricated feed, without 
 down. 
 
 ^ A barren feed, from one of the central 
 flowers. 
 
 e A fertile fiofcule from the ray. 
 f A barren flofcule from the dilk. 
 
 N.B. This ferves to explain the order Poly- 
 gamia NecefTiria in the clafs Syn-^ 
 genefia. ii8— ^ii^. 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. LETTER XXVL 
 
 S TNG EN. POLTG. SEGREGATE 
 
 Echinops fphaerocephalus. Globe Thijlle. 
 406 — 403. 
 
 V 
 
 a The entire compound flower, confifting 
 of tubular florets, feparated by their 
 proper perianths ; which determines 
 this plant to be of the fegregate order 
 in the clafs '^yngenefia. 
 
 ^ A finuated l^af, the jags ending in fpines. 
 
 c A fingle flofcule in its calyx. 
 
 a A flofcule taken out of the calyx, with 
 the ^^yle feparate. 
 
 e A fingle fubulate leaflet of the calyx, in 
 three different view^. 
 
 D 4 
 
Fi:XXTX. 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 PLATE XXIX. LETTER XXVI. 
 
 SXNGENESIA MONOGAMIA. 
 Viola odorata. Sweet Violet. 407 — 404. 
 
 a The calyx of five leaves. 
 
 b The corol of five irregular petals, 
 
 c The horn-ftiaped nedlary. 
 
 d A flower opened, to fhow^ the ftamcns 
 
 w^ith the five conneded anthers, 
 e The ftamens within the calyx. 
 f A fingle ftamen, 
 g The piftil. 
 
 h h h The heart-fhaped leaves. 
 
 / / The young leaves, involuted, rolled 
 
 inwards, or rather upwards. 
 li k k The fcape, with the double brafte on 
 
 the middle of it. 
 I One of the ftolones, or runners, putting 
 
 forth roots. 
 
/ 
 
ri.xxx . 
 
C 59 ) 
 
 PLATE XXX. LETTER XXVIL 
 
 GTNANDRIA 
 
 Paffiflora casrulea. Blue TaJJion Slower. 
 425 — 422. 
 
 a The palmated leaf. 
 
 b The corol and calyx, each of five leaves, 
 and having the fame appearance in 
 front. 
 
 c The radiate crown, which is the neflary, 
 
 d The piftil and five ftamens. 
 
 e The anthers terminating the filaments, 
 
 which fpring from the bottom of the 
 
 germ, where it meets the pedicle, 
 
 upon which it ftands. 
 f f f The three fiigrnas arifing from th«^ 
 
 germ. 
 
( 6i ) 
 
 PLATE XXXI. LETTER XXVIIL 
 
 MONOECIA. 
 
 Momordica Elaterium. Spirting Cucumber. 
 452 — 449. 
 
 a a The male or ftaminiferous flowers. 
 
 b b The female or piflilliferous flowers, with 
 the large germ below the receptacle. 
 
 c The male flower, (howing the three fila- 
 ments, with double anthers on two 
 of them, and a fimple anther on the 
 third. 
 
 d The germ, furmounted with the fl:yle, 
 divided into three parts, each part 
 fuftaining an oblong gibbous fligma. 
 
 e The d'vidcd part of the %le, with the 
 flig: las, 
 
 / Two different views of a fingle fligma. 
 
PI .VYXH. 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXII. LETTER XXIX. 
 
 DIOECU. 
 
 Cannabis fativa. Hemp. 457 — 454* 
 
 Fig. I. Female Hemp. 
 
 a A fingle female flower. 
 
 b The leed included within the calyx. 
 
 Fig. 2. Male Hemp, 
 a Male flowers feparate. 
 
PLXxxnr. 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. LETTER XXX. 
 
 POLTGAMIA MONOECU. 
 Acer campeftre. Common Maple, 
 a a The lobed leaves, 
 
 h b Bunches of flowers. — c Perfed. — -> 
 
 d Male, with ftamens only. 
 e A fingle perfedl flower. 
 f A petal. 
 
 g A perfed: flower divefl^sd of the coroi and 
 
 calyx. 
 h A fingle flamen. 
 
 i The piftil, with the two revolute ftigmas, 
 and the rudiment of the two capfules, 
 terminating- in a wing:. 
 
 k A male, or ftaminiferous flower^ and a 
 fingle petal of it. 
 
( 6; ) 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. LETTER XXXI, 
 
 NECTARIES, 
 
 Fig. I. Aconitum Napellus. Blue Monk's 
 Hood. 478 — 475. 304 — 299. 
 
 a a The two recurved pedunculated nec* 
 tarles. 
 
 b A fingle nedlary, taken out of the flowar. 
 
 Fig, 2. Delphinium Ajacis. Garden Lark- 
 fpur. 478—475. 304—298. 
 
 a The nedary, continued backward in form 
 of a horn or fpur. 
 
 Fig' 3* Parnaffia paluftris, 247 — 241. 
 474— 471- 
 
 ^ A flower, with the nedlareous fcales at the 
 bafe of the llamens. 
 
 b The five heart-fhaped nedaries, termi- 
 nating in hairs> with a httle ball on 
 the top of each, and placed between 
 the ftamens. 
 
 Fig. 4. A petal of the Ranunculus, (bowing 
 the honied gland juft above the bafe, 
 on the infide at a a, 
 
 308 — 303. 472 — 475. 
 E2 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 Fig. 5. Iris or Flag, The neflary, in form 
 of a villous line, along the middle of 
 one of the reflexed petals. 
 162 — 156. 473 — 476. 
 
 Fig. 6. Fritillaria Imperialis. Crown 
 ImperiaL 473 — 476. 
 
 a An excavation at the bafe of the petal, 
 which is the nedary. 
 
 Fig. 7. Afphodelus luteus. Tellow AJphodeL 
 
 472 — 475- 
 
 a The flov^er, lliowing the fix ftamens, each 
 fitting on its valve^, and the fix valves 
 forming an arch over the germ, 
 
 b A fingle filament on its fcale, which is 
 infer ted into the bafe of the petal. 
 
 Fig. S. Hellcborus fcetidus. Stinking Black 
 Hellebore* 305 — 300. 
 
 a The tubular nectaries placed in a ring at 
 
 the bafe of the ftamens. 
 b A fingle nedtary. 
 
( 69 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXV. LETTER XXXIL 
 
 CRTPrOGJMlA FILICES. Ferns. 
 
 Ofmunda Spicant. Rough Spkenwort, 
 490 — 487. 
 
 Fig. r. The barren frond. 
 Fig. 2. The fertile frond. 
 Fig. 3. A fingle pinna magnified, with the 
 
 fcales 2it a a and covers of the 
 
 capfules at b b. 
 
 Fig, 4.. A part of the pinna, more magni- 
 fied, with the anthers on the rib 
 at and the membrane rolled 
 back at b by to exhibit the rudi- 
 ments of the feed-vefl^els at c c. 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. LETTER XXXIL 
 
 CRTPrOGAMIA MUSCL MoJJes, 
 
 495 — 492. 
 Bryum pyriforme. Pear Bryum, 
 
 Fig. I . The mofs of its natural lize. 
 
 Fig. 2. The anthers yet entire. 
 
 Fig. 3. The female flower, while it is yet 
 inclofed within the inmoft leaves. 
 
 Fig. 4. The fame feparated, with the ap* 
 pendages, viz. a a the adduftors. 
 b b the cylindrical jointed threads. 
 
PI. XXXXl. 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. LETTER XXXIL 
 
 CRTPTOGAMIA ylLGM. 
 
 Lichen ciliaris. Ciliated Liverwort: 
 
 Fig. I. The plant of its natural fize. 
 
 Fig. 2. The fame magnified. 
 
 a a The male or barren flowers. 
 
 h b The females in a ftate of ripenefs, 
 
 c c The rooting hairs. 
 
 d d The hairs, or ciliae, growing on the 
 
 extremities. 
 Fig. 3. The feeds magnified. 
 
( 72 ) 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. LETTER XXXIL 
 
 CRTPrOGAMIA FUNGI. Fungufes. 
 501—498. 
 Agaricus Dillen. giff. p. 185. 
 
 Fig, I. Plants of different ages, and of their 
 
 natural fize. 
 a Is the Fungus in its perfedl or adult ftate. 
 b The fame in its middle ftate. 
 c Small plants juft riling. 
 
 Fig, 2. A parcel of knotted threads from 
 
 the fungus marked fuppofed to 
 be the ftamens. 
 
 Fig. 3. A fcCiion of the cap (a) and la- 
 mella (b) oi the fame fmall fungus 
 magnified. 
 
 Fig. 4. The ripe feeds of this fungus much 
 maornificd. 
 
 o 
 
 Cbf, Thefe four plates are copied from 
 Hedwig's Thecria, it would 
 have anhvered little purpcfe to 
 figure fuch minute plants of their 
 natural fize only. 
 
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