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London. ItibliQiM 1833. Jjy the AuthOT. Kl,Km^ S^.TttrtinAn 5c[* 
 
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 BEING A 
 
 SERIES OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 MANSIONS, VILLAS, RECTORY HOUSES, PARSONAGE HOUSES, BAILIFFS' LODGE, 
 GARDENER'S LODGE, GAME-KEEPER'S LODGE, PARK GATE LODGES, ETC. 
 
 IN THE 
 
 GRECIAN, ITALIAN, AND OLD ENGLISH STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THE APPROPRIATE CHOICE OF SITE; 
 THE WHOLE DESIGNED WITH STRICT REFERENCE TO THE PRACTICABILITY OF 
 
 ERECTION, 
 
 AND WITH DUE ATTENTION TO THE IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION 
 OF UNITING 
 
 ELEGANCE, CONVENIENCE AND DOMESTIC COMFORT WITH ECONOMY; 
 
 THE WHOLE KEJnG THE RESULT OF UPWARDS OF THIRTY YEARS PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 ACCURATE ESTIMATES APPENDED TO EACH DESIGN. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS GOODWIN, 
 
 ARCHITECT. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, KING STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE; 
 
 AND SOLD BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. PATERNOSTER ROW; TAYLOR, HIGH IIOLRORN ; PRIESTLEY AND (!0. 
 HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY; ACKERMAN, STRAND; TREUTTEL, WURTZ AND CO. SOHO SQUARE ; 
 WALLER, FLEET STREET; CALKIN AND BUDD, PALL MALL; PAINE, HIGH STREET, 
 MARVLEBONE; AND WILLIAMS, CHARLES STREET, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 1833, 
 
W. Davy, Printer, Gilbert-street, Grosvenor-sqiiare. 
 
TO 
 
 SIR JOHN SOANE, 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 The present age demands something more of the professor of an art or 
 science, ivho would add another hook thereon, to the common stock, than the 
 mere name of a patron, of however high sounding title, or elevated r ank, to 
 usher it to public notice : hence, the custom of adulatory addresses to such 
 personages, alike discreditable to patron and author, though so common 
 heretofore, is now nearly groivn out of date; for the sanction of such courtly 
 patronage will no longer advance an author one single step in professional 
 reputation, beyond the boundary of just pretension, and well earned desert. 
 
 That sanction alone, ivhich a writer, on his own art or science should 
 seek, is the approbation of one amongst the few, who in the same profession 
 have established for themselves, such a jeputation as the world will acknow- 
 ledge as authority in all ivhich they cotidemn, or approve. That high, and 
 indisputable reputation, it is universally admitted you have acquired, by the 
 many structures, public atid private, ivhich you have raised, and which will 
 
vi. 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 remain from age to age, illustrious examples of the genius and talent displai/ed 
 in classic architecture, so successfully cidtivated in Great Sritain, in the age 
 ivhich gave you birth. 
 
 Your sanction then of this Work, ivhich I have the honor by your 
 kind permission to dedicate to you, cannot fail to procure for me, an advantage 
 such as I could obtain only by your means ; and I venture to trust, that ivhat 
 you have consented to approve, will secure to me a favorable reception of this 
 my first attempt to add another useful work upon an interesting branch of 
 architectural design, to those which have of late emanated from the British 
 press. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 Sir, 
 
 With great respect, 
 
 Your much obliged servant, 
 
 FRANCIS GOODWIN. 
 
 31, KING STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE, LONDON. 
 April im, 1833. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Efery thing that savors of the rural economy of great household 
 establishments of olden times, is congenial to all persons of enlightened 
 sentiment, or good taste, whatever may be their rank, or whatever their 
 pursuits. A succession of ages has wrapped almost all the concerns of 
 by-gone days in those pleasurable sensations, which, associating with 
 the habits of our forefathers, give birth to that species of mental delight 
 which constitutes the main charm of poetry ; or sentiments that almost all 
 are capable of feeling, but which few have been able to describe. 
 
 To those imbued with such feelings, and happily of that enlightened 
 class the number of late is greatly increased, the architectural designs in 
 this work are particularly addressed. 
 
 For many ages previously to the seventeenth century, our chronicles 
 in recording the social history of the people, shew the great attention 
 which was paid to religious and civil public architecture ; and it appears, 
 that the talent and skill of the architects were no less carefully applied to 
 the domestic department of the art ; hence, that variety, and pictorial 
 character which abounds in the remaining dwellings erected for the 
 monks and nuns, in the conventional buildings ; and in the domiciles of 
 the respective colleges, in our ancient universities. The customs and 
 habits of the people were in character with these structures ; all was 
 social, hospitable, and delightful to the imagination. It is evident, that 
 
viii. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 our forefathers felt united in their habits of life, what is now understood, 
 under the general attributes of the picturesque. Chaucer, Spenser, 
 Shakspeare, and all the best amongst our early poets, were sensible of 
 this ; their works abound in pictorial description, and hence the popularity 
 of these distinguished writers ; for every one is prone to read a lively 
 description of things, on the existence of which they dwell with delight. 
 
 It was in the indulgence of this taste, that the architect of old, designed 
 the cathedral, the monastery, the college, the town-hall, the market-house, 
 the market-cross, the village church, and even the parsonage house ; each 
 being studied and wrought in the character and style admirably suited to 
 its intended purposes, touching the sentiment comprehended in the pic- 
 turesque. From the age of James I., almost all the interest that had so 
 long existed for this species of national architecture was no more ; for 
 the manners and customs of the people changed with the civil war of 
 Charles I. The hospitality of the baronial halls, and the rural sports and 
 pastimes so prevalent heretofore, were fast declining, and have since 
 entirely ceased. 
 
 We have at length arrived at an epoch, when the pictorial sentiment 
 is rekindled, and the Old English Architecture it is hoped, may become 
 once more, a marked feature of Modern National Taste. 
 
 In the work will be found. Perspective Views, Elevations, and Plans, 
 from the Mansion and Villa, down to the humble Cot, in all the inter- 
 mediate grades, and in every legitimate style of Domestic Architecture, 
 as practised in the present age. 
 
GAME-KEEPER'S LODGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 1. 
 
 One of the principal objects of this work, is that of rendering the 
 respective structures characteristic of the purposes for which they are 
 designed, as well as with particular attention to the general ornament 
 of the demesne in which they are to be erected ; as nothing is more 
 pleasing in the view of an estate, than meeting on every occasion, that 
 fitness, and order, which evince, that the proprietor not only maintains 
 elegance, convenience, and social enjoyment beneath his own roof, but 
 equally extends his beneficence and good taste, by providing conve- 
 nience, and domestic comfort for all his dependants, not immediately 
 inmates of his household. 
 
 The head game-keeper being a servant of trust, should be eligibly 
 lodged ; though his tenement is too often situate in an obscure part of 
 the estate, where it is not to be seen but by those visitors, who ramble 
 amongst the most sequestered parts. This is not good economy, as such 
 obscurity is apt to engender low habits, and induce indifference to 
 cleanliness. A house thus hidden, moreover, is likely to become the 
 haunt of such a class of associates,' at the game-keeper's, as should 
 have no shelter on a gentleman's estate Hence, a comfortable dwelling, 
 sufficiently visible, at all times, is likely to produce and encourage 
 habits of order, and a desire for good reputation, the advantages of 
 which are no less beneficial to the master, than to the servant, and being 
 thus mutual, the one knows the value of a trust-worthy dependant, and 
 the other finds it his interest to keep his place. 
 
 It is recommended not to erect the game-keeper's lodge, as too 
 commonly heretofore, on a site immediately surrounded by wood, as 
 experience has proved, that such situations engender disease, particu- 
 larly during the fall of the leaf. It was very common until of late, for 
 the game-keeper and the whole of his family to be subject to a 
 malignant fever, in the autumn of every succeeding year. 
 
 This Lodge, as it would appear when fenced with a neat railing, 
 surrounding a small garden kept in order, and adorned with shrubs, 
 would be regarded as an agreeable rural feature on any estate. 
 
 The estimate for this Double Lodge, for two game-keepers, or peasants, amounts to £143. 
 for each cottage. In some parts, where stone quarries are near, they may be erected for a less 
 sum. 
 
HI ale J>. 
 
BAILIFF'S LODGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 2. 
 
 To noblemea or gentlemen, extensive land-owners, the bailiff being a 
 person of importance on his establishment, it is usual to provide for him 
 a residence compatible with his respectability. The Lodge designed 
 for this officer, is in appearance and accommodation, suitable in every 
 respect. 
 
 This Lodge would become a still more picturesque object, if sur- 
 rounded by a dwarf fence, with shrubs judiciously planted, and not of 
 too high a growth. 
 
 The estimate for this Bailiff's Lodge, which might be erected for a Forester's or Park Gate 
 Lodge, amounts to £ 480. 
 
PARK-GATE LODGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 3. 
 
 There are few architectural features of a great and well appointed 
 private demesne, that demand more taste and skill of the architect, than 
 in the designing of a Gate Entrance to a forest or park. It is said of 
 things generally, that " first impressions are strong ;" this axiom applies 
 to the subject in question, for the impression received on entering an 
 estate, whether it be laid out as a park, or in pleasure grounds, excites 
 anticipations, either favorable or unfavorable, proportioned to the appear- 
 ance of grandeur, or meanness, good style, or bad style, in the structure 
 at the entrance. If it be well designed, the visitor at once thinks 
 highly of the taste of the proprietor, and is accordingly predisposed to 
 view all that is to be seen favorably ; whilst on the contrary, if he meets 
 with a mean, or tasteless structure at the first step, he is naturally 
 prepared to condemn; for expecting nothing worthy of admiration, his 
 mind is made up to be displeased with every thing that presents itself. 
 It may be said to the credit of many of our contemporary architects, that 
 in the erection of park entrance gates, they have manifested a know- 
 ledge of fitness, and a propriety of design, very superior to what is 
 usually found in the works of former professors of the art ; for almost 
 all the old park entrance-lodges are massive, heavy structures, more 
 appropriate to gates that lead to the gloomy recesses of a prison, than 
 openings to the cheerful regions of a park, admitting an extensive view 
 through enriched pallisades, with gates of ornamental open iron-work, 
 inviting the traveller to ramble amidst the delightful prospect. 
 
 Of this character the Park-gate Lodge is intended as an example. It 
 is designed to suit the localities of the site ; namely, for one of the 
 entrances to the extensive, and romantic region of Lissadel, the seat of 
 Sir Robert Gore Booth, Baronet, situate within a short distance of the 
 beautiful bay of Sligo. 
 
 Estimate for erecting this Park Entrance upon Sir Robkrt Gore Booth's demesne, £780. 
 
GARDENER'S LODGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 4. 
 
 The head- gardener is another member of an extensive household, 
 holding a place of considerable trust, who, if he be well skilled in the 
 horticultural art, must of necessity be a man not unknowing in various 
 branches of natural philosophy; one indeed with whom the family of his 
 employer may with advantage, occasionally converse. 
 
 As the study of botany is not only a scientific, but a delightful pursuit, 
 it is likely that the female members of the family may frequently visit 
 the garden and green-house ; and as our climate in the spring is com- 
 monly subject to sudden changes, from sun-shine to rain, the gardener's 
 lodge should be so constantly neat and orderly, as to afford the means of 
 warmth and shelter to the ladies. In the Lodge, moreover, should be a 
 small botanical library, with a desk and drawing materials, that those 
 who cultivate flower painting might copy from such rare, or tender 
 plants, as could conveniently be brought from the green-house, and 
 returned without detriment. The gardener on these occasions would be 
 at hand to aflbrd the botanical amateurs much valuable information as 
 they proceed in their studies. 
 
 The estimate for erecting the Gardener's Lodge, fitted up in a neat and appropriate 
 manner, £660. 
 

 
'Kiian. TnhVfnei. 1833. (rj -Ore ^nS^or^^h EmC 
 
PARSONAGE HOUSE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 5. 
 
 There is no term perhaps, by which to designate a particular structure, 
 that at once excites in the cultivated mind more pleasing associations, 
 than that of the " Parsonage Ilotise;" a domicile indeed, which seems 
 sanctified to our best feelings, in the very name ; for recurring to our 
 earliest impressions, we still cherish the idea, that the Parsonage is the 
 Mansion of Peace : such indeed it was intended to be, and such it really 
 is, when inhabited by a pious minister, possessing a competency, who 
 doing his duty in the wisdom and meekness of his holy mission, lives 
 peaceably and happily in the midst of his congregation. 
 
 The architect is seldom at a loss for a site whereon to erect the resi- 
 dence of a parish priest, for, his legitimate home, is near the House of 
 God ; hence, wherever there is an ancient church, and what provincial 
 parish is without one ? there almost certainly will be found a rural, and 
 desirable site for a parsonage. 
 
 For civil purposes, public or private, the palace, mansion, or villa ; 
 the town-hall, exchange, or senate-house ; the Greek, Roman, or Italian 
 styles are universally admitted to be applicable ; but for all ecclesi- 
 astical purposes, our native architecture is most congenially employed. 
 How repugnant to our long cherished associations, excited on beholding 
 the lofty arched windows, and richly carved pinnacles, of our ancient 
 cathedrals, abbeys and churches, are the unornamented brick walls, and 
 sash windows of many modern structures, erected for places of worship, 
 is obvious, from the observations which are made even by the unlearned 
 in art, when viewing such tasteless buildings. 
 
 This Parsonage is designed in the cottage style, blended with the 
 more imposing style of architecture which flourished in the middle ages, 
 and accompanied with such small deviations and necessary alterations, 
 as will admit of those arrangements which accord with the habits iand 
 comforts of domestic society. 
 
 The estimate for erecting this Parsonage House, £ 742. 
 
Design. 5. 
 
Design , ^ . 
 
 I7afe.J'^ 
 
I 
 
RECTORY HOUSE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 6. 
 
 It was well observed by a late representative in Parliament for Oxford, 
 " that honour is due to the founders of our constitution, for their appro- 
 priating a certain and competent portion of the land for the promotion 
 of piety and learning." 
 
 When it is considered that the revival of learning in the middle ages 
 was entirely the work of the priesthood, and that the maintenance thereof 
 from age to age has been confided to the clergy at our universities and 
 public schools, it is but justice to continue to provide for them, as 
 ministers of a congregation, that respectability and comfort which 
 appertain to an eligible dwelling house. 
 
 The parish priest should possess every inducement to form a local 
 attachment to the site of his living, as nothing perhaps has more con- 
 duced to the demoralization of the parishioners of a rural vicarage, than 
 the non-residence of their spiritual guide amongst them. Indeed, a 
 pious, and benevolent resident clergyman, with a competent living, has 
 the means of benefiting his parishioners, morally and physically, in the 
 proportion to his income ; consequently the proceeds of a living are 
 dispensed with commensurate benefit to the neighbourhood from which 
 it is derived. 
 
 It has been observed that the architectural character of the Rectory 
 should be in conformity with the Church. This design for a Rectory 
 House is therefore composed in the old English domestic style, M^hich 
 may be considered not only externally appropriate, but capable of all 
 the internal accommodations and conveniencies of any modern structure. 
 
 The estimate for this building, executed in brick and stucco, if erected in England, £2907. 
 
 In brick and stucco, and faced with stone upon the two principal fronts, and returned from 
 A to B, (vide Ground Plan,) £3557. 
 
 If erected in Ireland, or Scotland, or elsewhere in the immediate neighbourhood of stone 
 quarries, for a sum considerably less. 
 
JPltHe TJ- 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
Chamber — plan 
 
 Loiidoii PaliliOie4.]833.1y the Author, >'jJiin^ .Fai^majl Sq? 
 
VILLA IN THE GRECIAN STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 7. 
 
 This design is intended for the residence of a family with a household 
 establishment suited to the rank of a country gentleman. 
 
 Villas of this class, may be included amongst the most agreeable 
 objects connected with a high state of civilization, that occur in a tour 
 through any part of Great Britain ; and constitute features of particular 
 admiration to enlightened foreigners, who travel amidst the romantic, or 
 sylvan scenery, abounding in almost every region of our picturesque 
 island. No country indeed, affords so many examples of that species of 
 dwellings, which bespeak that happy union of wealth, elegance, and 
 comfort, which may be said is peculiar to our nation. 
 
 The freshness of verdure, as well in the lawn as in the trees and 
 shrubs, growing vigorously and luxuriantly, as they do, whether indi- 
 genous or exotic, in our soil, combine in rich variety with the villa ; and 
 landscape gardening being cultivated with that national good taste, for 
 which the British people are renowned, and which is visible in almost 
 every part of the island, render the combinations of a villa, and the 
 demesne which it adorns, a delightful theme for description, as well in 
 the poet's, as the painter's art. 
 
 Stone, or stucco fronts are decidedly to be preferred for the Villa ; 
 but, if erected in brick, it should be of a light, pale, and bright hue ; for 
 viewed by the intelligent, or even the uninitiated in art, the striking 
 relief of the building by its opposition to the comparatively dark hues, 
 in all their pleasing varieties, under the influence of ever varying light 
 and shadow, assume those pictorial effects which delight the imagina- 
 tion. 
 
 Estimate for the house £ 1935. 
 
 Offices 540. 
 
 Conservatory , 450. 
 
 In brick and stucco, total. . . . £2925. 
 If completed in stone on the three principal fronts, extra 425. 
 
 Total £3350. 
 
\ 
 
IE 
 
I 
 
SECOND 
 
 VILLA IN THE GRECIAN STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 8. 
 
 The various designs for the respective structures engraved in this work, 
 have been considered expressly with reference to the entire practicability 
 of their erection, an object which appeared of the utmost importance, 
 as too many publications, somewhat similar in pretension, have issued 
 from the press, though speciously adorned with picturesque ornament, 
 and inviting to the eye, may be regarded as agreeable pictures, rather 
 than practical structures. 
 
 It has been long regretted by those who had a desire to build elegant 
 and convenient dwellings, that no work had been brought out, that 
 could afibrd satisfactory information upon the subject ; namely, to sup- 
 ply such elevations, and plans, with correct estimates, as might enable 
 them to determine without apprehension, the propriety of employing an 
 architect to accomplish such an undertaking. 
 
 The work now submitted is intended to supply so important a deside- 
 ratum ; for every elevation contained herein, has been made with strict 
 reference to a preconceived arrangement with regard to an appropriate 
 interior plan, for suitable accommodation, so as to form a habitable 
 structure, of its proposed scale, and character, compatible in all its 
 parts. 
 
 In making the foregoing observations, the author is not unmindful of 
 the high talent which many living professors of the art have evinced, in 
 structures of these various classes, which ornament certain demesnes 
 in many parts of the kingdom ; but these have not often given their 
 thoughts to publications of this nature : his animadversions are intended 
 to bear on such works, as have little claim to the approbation of persons 
 of taste, and which in many instances are calculated to mislead, rather 
 than to inform. 
 
 This Villa is designed also, for the residence of a family, maintaining 
 a genteel household establishment. 
 
 The estimate for this Villa, including suitable oflfices, £24G0. 
 
 The author has erected a structure in this style, as a Parsonage, for the Rev. William 
 Leigh, of Bilston, Staftordshire, including stables, chaise-house, walls, &c. for the sum of 
 £1270. 
 
JJesign.S. . 
 
 CON S E R VATOR Y 
 
 GARDEN Elevation 
 
 Principal front. 
 
MARINE VILLA, IN THE GOTHIC STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 9. 
 
 In the days of the celebrated architect Inigo Jones, in those of his 
 successor, the illustrious Sir Christopher Wren, and of all the professors 
 in succession, from the age of James the First to that of George the 
 Third, the architecture of the middle ages was very little practised, and 
 perhaps still less understood ; indeed it might seem, that this once 
 national species of architectural structure, so long and so successfully 
 practised, was not only become obsolete, but was likely to become 
 extinct ; so generally was it contemned by the arbiters of taste, and so 
 entirely had it been superseded, by the predilection for the classic style 
 of ancient Grecian and Roman art. 
 
 There is in civilized society, a limitation to the existence of even the 
 strongest prejudices, and happily for the amateurs of Gothic, the objec- 
 tions so long and so pertinaciously maintained against it, are fast giving 
 way to sober judgment, audit is hoped, our old national architecture will 
 again become congenial to British feeling, and as heretofore, be culti- 
 vated with genuine ardour and success. 
 
 During the controversy which was maintained in a certain high 
 coterie, in the last century, between the advocates for the ancient classic 
 style, and those for that of the middle ages, touching the superior 
 attributes of the Greek, over those appertaining to the Gothic style, the 
 opinion of the Hon. Mr. Horatio Walpole had its intended influence. 
 " Were I to be called upon to determine the question," said that enlight- 
 ened virtuoso, " I should contend, that each possessed their own separate 
 valuable attributes; and each alike estimable of their kind. The Greek 
 style, I should say, affected the man of taste, with all the charms con- 
 centrated in the dignity of Prose ; whilst that denominated the Gothic, 
 appealed to the imagination, with all the amenities of Poetry." 
 
 That so original and interesting a species of architecture should have 
 been so long neglected is passing strange, as all the most admired of 
 our poets have celebrated its romantic beauties, even from Chaucer to 
 Sir Walter Scott ; and his affection for our native architecture, will to 
 
the glory of his genius, and his venerated name, be perpetuated in the 
 structure which he raised on the romantic site at Abbotsford. 
 
 This design is suited for the residence of a gentleman, or for a digni- 
 tary of the Church. 
 
 Estimate, if built of brick, and stucco for exterior decoration £ 3240. 
 It erected with stone fronts, extra 770. 
 
 £4010. 
 
Design.. 9 
 
 naif Zi 
 
Mm 
 
GOTHIC MANSION. 
 
 DESIGN No. 10. 
 
 The intelligent traveller will observe, that the monastic institutions, 
 whether priories, convents, colleges, halls, or ancient manorial houses, 
 are almost invariably situate in vallies, and near rivers, or abounding 
 streams. 
 
 As the monks were usually the architects of these dwellings, and as 
 they practised horticulture and agriculture, and have ever been reputed 
 for their general good taste in all the social habits of living with comfort 
 and ease, there can be no reason to doubt, that the manifest preference 
 which they have evinced in placing the domicile on a low site, was 
 founded on reasons, that justified the choice. 
 
 It is therefore worthy the consideration of those who would build a 
 mansion in this style of old English architecture, whether any site is so 
 congenial, as that of the character in question, taking care that it be in 
 a healthful soil. 
 
 A site below high grounds, being above floods, and sufficiently dry, is 
 more suitable for a constant residence, being less exposed to the incle- 
 mency of our climate, and embracing more intimately our cherished 
 notions of social comfort. Indeed, such a site, if well selected, is 
 decidedly more compatible with all that is associated with the hospitable 
 and picturesque domicile of olden times. 
 
 In mountain regions, amidst or upon bold eminences, the bold castel- 
 lated style corresponds with the character of the surrounding scenery : 
 but the family domicile, abstractedly considered to be the seat of peace 
 and comfort, best accords with the characteristic tranquillity of a low- 
 land scene. Every poet, and every painter, depicts domestic enjoyment 
 as the offspring of the valley. 
 
 The estimate for this Gothic Mansion, if erected with brick, and stuccoed 
 And if executed in stone 
 
 £ 781.5. 
 £ 93G0. 
 
Design, /O 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 14- 15 
 
 n m hed room H Rest Sfairs^ I 
 
 Cif7 i/ery ( on /iriueei 
 
 1 
 
 room 
 
 PLAN OF THE Chamber Floor 
 
 Plan of the basement floor 
 
 20 -iO 
 
r 
 
 I 
 
ITALIAN VILLA. 
 
 DESIGN No. 11. 
 
 The modern custom of erecting dwelling houses on a scale suited to 
 limited establishments, has induced the author to introduce in his work 
 designs for small elegant villas in the Italian style, which are externally 
 appropriate to almost every species of landscape scenery, either to the 
 sequestered spot in the valley, embosomed in trees, or on the rising 
 ground, conspicuous from afar. 
 
 From the regularity of its architectural characteristics, this style of 
 building admits abundant internal arrangements, and convenient accom- 
 modations on every floor, and consequently the apartments may be 
 fitted up, either in a superb style of decoration, or ornamented with 
 economy and elegant simplicity. 
 
 In designs for villas on a moderate scale, it is essential to preserve 
 largeness of style, or what in the painter's art, is expressed in the 
 significant phrase, breadth of effect. Where this essential quality is 
 maintained, the structure, though comparatively small, will assume an 
 appearance of magnitude, which is one of the properties of grandeur of 
 style. Dwelling houses of this character moreover have, both in appear- 
 ance and in reality, if well constructed, that stability and strength which 
 make them at the first glance desirable for occupancy. On the contrary, 
 a house of the moderate dimensions of this Italian Villa, when composed 
 of smallness of parts, appears not only unstable and mean, but incapable 
 of affording shelter. It is therefore desirable that able architects should 
 be employed in designing small as well as large dwelling houses ; for 
 the general beauty of a scene, as it is affected by architecture, must depend 
 upon the taste and skill displayed in the structures raised thereon, and 
 which it is intended they should adorn. 
 
 This design was made for the residence of Henry Gore Booth, Esq. 
 situate at Cullamore, near Lissadell, in the county of Sligo, and adjoin- 
 ing the estate of his brother, Sir Robert Gore Booth, Bart. 
 
 The cost of erecting this Italian Villa in England, in brick and stucco, will be £ 2800. 
 If in stone, extra 700. 
 
 £ 3500. 
 
n,Ue J//. 
 
 1 
 
 Jr. ir i\. ic A m wil lu :iu a .. 
 
:Platt 3Z. 
 
 .a I. 
 
 DXSIGIT a5r?3i. 
 
 / 2 3 -I .i 10 to 30 lO 
 
GOTHIC VILLA. 
 
 DESIGN No. 12. 
 
 In this age, when classic architecture is so universally understood, and 
 so successfully practised by many able professors of the art, whoever, 
 thinking for himself, determines to build in the old English style, may 
 be pronounced a person of independent notions, superior to prejudice, 
 and by inference a man of taste. Notwithstanding the predilection for 
 the classic, or Italian style, he adopts that which poets and painters 
 have always admired. To such a one therefore may be addressed some 
 further remarks on the aforenamed choice of site. 
 
 A residence in this style of architecture should have its site in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of old timber, as tall stately trees associate 
 with the times which a building in the old English style affects. Hence, 
 low grounds are considered to afford more pictorial features than high 
 lands ; the enclosures, where old timber abounds, supplying an endless 
 series of views of a rural character, which are subject to effects of light 
 and shadow, that constitute a delight to the imagination, which no other 
 species of the picturesque can produce. 
 
 Lofty trees are grand and interesting objects when seen at the distance 
 of a hundred yards ; and when other trees of the same magnitude are 
 viewed as combining with the scene, and at the distance of two, and 
 then at three hundred yards, some on the lawn, and others on the borders 
 of the enclosures, reduced in aerial perspective, as seen in the morning, 
 or thrown into masses of shadow, as viewed in the evening, the gleams 
 of light upon the horizon contrasted with the depth and umbrageous 
 hues of the timber, form sylvan landscapes more enchanting to the eye 
 than are to be found in the whole scope of the rural picturesque. All 
 these landscape charms assimilate with a mansion designed in the old 
 English style of architecture, whilst a similar structure placed on a site 
 surrounded only by young plantations, would be entirely out of cha- 
 racter, a violation of fitness, and a deviation from the acknowledged 
 principles of good taste. 
 
 The estimate for this Gothic Villa, if built of brick, stuccoed. 
 If with an exterior of stone to the principal front 
 
 £ 3200. 
 
 £ 3980. 
 
it T 
 
 *p JO 
 
Design. 12 
 
 GROUND Plan 
 
) 
 
ITALIAN VILLA. 
 
 DESIGN No. 13. 
 
 It too commonly happens, that notwithstanding the attention which 
 gentlemen devote to the consideration of the exterior beauty and internal 
 accommodation of the mansion they may desire to erect, so as to render 
 it in every way a desirable dwelling, little, or even no consideration is 
 bestowed on the fitness or propriety of the site which it is intended to 
 adorn. Hence we behold, amidst the beautiful, or romantic scenery of 
 Westmoreland and Cumberland, insulated dwelling houses, that might 
 stand well in the ranks amongst the tall domiciles that form a street, 
 but which are at variance with all notions of fitness or propriety in the 
 situations which they occupy. 
 
 The Villa, which forms the subject of this plate, is suited to the 
 scenery of the lakes of Cumberland or Westmoreland, or the romantic 
 parts of Derbyshire, or still further north ; as innumerable sites are 
 afforded in these districts, of similar character to the compositions of the 
 celebrated landscape painters of Italy ; particularly those of Nicolo, and 
 Gaspar Poussin, in which the Italian Villa is so frequently and so con- 
 genially introduced. 
 
 The Villa is designed to occupy a spot on elevated ground, its general 
 character being suited to a conspicuous site. It should however be 
 observed, that it is necessary to select a spot, sheltered on the north 
 and east, by contiguous woods, and still higher grounds. The timber 
 moreover should be chiefly of the fir species, the Italian pine, and the 
 larch. The oak and the beech, if near the house, combine well with 
 the building. A mixture of other trees of inferior height, particularly 
 the birch and mountain ash, or others of a hardy nature, which together 
 with a judicious selection of shrubs, unite to adorn the site with corres- 
 ponding fitness and beauty. 
 
 The estimate for erecting this Italian Villa in brick and stucco, £ 5660. 
 If the principal fronts are ashlared with stone, extra 1660. 
 
 Total.. £7260. 
 
3 
 
DESIGN No. 14. 
 
 DUBLIN ENTRANCE TO THE DEMESNE OF MARKREE, 
 
 IN THE COUNTY OF SLIGO, IRELAND. 
 
 The Gothic entrance to the demesne of Markree, was designed by the 
 author for Edward Joshua Cooper, Esq. M.P. for the county of Sligo. 
 It is in conformity with the original style of the Castle, which, owing 
 to the dilapidations of time, and the introduction of modern innovations, 
 presents little that is in accordance with its original character. It is 
 hoped, however, that, through the refined taste and discriminating judg- 
 ment of its present occupant, it will again appear, clothed in those 
 attributes of ancient grandeur, Mdiich must render it a highly interesting 
 and most commanding feature amongst the bold and romantic scenery 
 of the neighbourhood. 
 
 This Gate Lodge is composed of grey marble, from the adjacent quarries, and cost about 
 one thousand pounds. The principal tower is fifty-one feet high, and is intended to be a 
 medium of communication, by telegraph, with the adjoining estates of Col. Nino and Col. 
 Perceval. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
o 
 
Domestic architecture, 
 
 BEING A SECOND 
 
 SERIES OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 COTTAGES, LODGES, VILLAS, AND OTHER RESIDENCES, IN THE GRECIAN, ITALIAN, AND 
 
 OLD ENGLISH STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION, 
 
 CONTAINING OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENGLISH DOMESTIC STYLE. 
 
 WITH PORT Y-T WO PLATES, 
 AND A PLAN OF THE PUBLIC ROOMS IN THE TOWN HALL AT MANCHESTER: 
 
 ALSO WITH 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, ETC. AS WELL AS ESTIMATES TO EACH DESIGN. 
 
 BY FRANCIS GOODWIN, 
 
 ARCHITECT. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, KING STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE; 
 
 AND SOLD BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW ; TAYLOR, HIGH HOLBORN ; J. WEALE, HTCI' 
 STREET, BLOOMSBURY; ACKERMANN, STRAND; TREUTTEL AND CO., SOHO SQUARE ; WALLER, 
 FLEET STREET ; CALKIN AND BUDD, PALL MALL ; PAINE, HIGH STREET, 
 MARYLEBONE ; AND WILLIAMS, CHARLES STREET, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 1834. 
 
 V 
 
William Davy, Printer, Gilbert-street, Grosvenor-square^ 
 
TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE 
 
 EDWARD J. LITTLETON, 
 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR IRELAND, 
 MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE COUNTY OF STAFFORD, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 To be allowed to dedicate this series of my Domestic Architecture to so 
 ardent an admirer and so intelligent a judge of the fine arts generally, is a 
 favour I should not have ventured to solicit, did I think the Work itself 
 would not be found in some degree to excuse the freedom on my part, and the 
 compliance on yours. I ivas also partly iifluenced to do so by recollecting the 
 share you took in the ceremony of laying the foundation stone of West JBrom- 
 wich Church, the first public structure of the kind erected by me. 
 
 This portion of my publication has certainly had more than equal study 
 and attention bestoived upon it than the first. And if for no other reason, it 
 may, perhaps, acquire some interest in your eyes from its containing the designs 
 of a Mansion lately erected in that part of the British Empire where you now 
 hold so important and so arduous a post. 
 
Vi DEDICATION. 
 
 The duties connected with that station, of course, leave you little leisure 
 for other pursuits. Still if there be any one of the fine arts more particularly 
 entitled to the attention of the Statesman, that one is Architecture, because it 
 calls into action so many and such various branches of mechanical labour ; 
 and because, operating thus extensively upon national industry, it also pro- 
 motes national prosperity. Consequently the dissemination of a taste for it, 
 among the middling as well as the more opulent classes of a State, is recom- 
 mended no less by sound policy than by a regard to more direct and more 
 obvious results. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient and humble servant, 
 
 F. GOODWIN. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 « Heaven be praised," says Malcolm, " Old London was burnt! " and singular as sucK 
 an exclamation may appear in the moutli of an antiquary, the remark savours more of good 
 sense than it appears to do of humanity, it being incontestable that we have been gainers 
 by that calamity, inasmuch as we have now cheerful and convenient dwellings, and hand- 
 some streets, instead of the dismal, crazy " hovels," and narrow filthy lanes in which our 
 ancestors pent themselves up. Perhaps, however, we are very wrong in imagining that 
 our Domestic Architecture has received any improvements since that event, or even a far 
 earlier period; for although tlie evidence of our senses and of history combined, would 
 persuade us that such is the case, we ought to set aside their joint testimony, when so uni- 
 versal a critic as Baron d' Haussez assures the world that we English still retain in the 
 whole distribution and arrangement of our houses " those inconveniences wliich may have 
 been overlooked by the unrefined habits of the hvelfth century!! " What may be the 
 Baron's ideas of the general style of living and of architecture in the twelfth century, we 
 cannot even surmise; but it is certain he either has no idea whatever of the luxurious ele- 
 gance which prevails in the residence and throughout the whole establishment of an English 
 gentleman, or he is here most barefacedly hoaxing his own country-men, although not more 
 so than in many other parts of his book, — which, by the by, must be allowed to exhibit a 
 fund of invention. As he found us to be little better than barbarians in the sciences of 
 cookery and dining, it is no wonder — or rather, no more than consistency, that he should 
 have discovered the miserable inconveniences of the " twelfth century " in our modern 
 mansions and villas. After all, if not particularly instructive, the Ex-Minister is certainly 
 a very diverting writer, and therefore although his criticisms on the state of architecture in 
 this country are far from being complimentary, he may be forgiven by his English if not 
 by his French readers; especially as he seems to have formed his notions of our cookery 
 from such specimens as are to be met with at an English Ordinary; and of our taste in 
 domestic architecture and embellislmients from " ready furnished lodgings." 
 
 With all due deference to such authority, it may confidently be pronounced that we do 
 " know how to build houses " in this country: and that with whatever other faults and 
 deficiencies English architects may be chargeable, they certainly understand convenience ; 
 neither is their taste very much more " bizarre " than that of their continental neighbours; — 
 at least it would not be difficult for an Englishman on the other side of the channel, to cram 
 his note-book with instances of the " bizarre " in architecture. Equally certain is it that 
 for finish and skilful execution in their interior, even our ordinary dwelling houses will 
 stand a comparison with those of the same class in other countries — not excepting France 
 itself; while amidst all the " inconveniencies " the critical Baron detected, they have also 
 the recommendation of possessing certain " conveniencies," an Englishman is apt to con- 
 
 t 
 
viii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sider indispensable, although he does not always meet with them abroad.* Even in those 
 very chateaux and villas where we " adopt with a sort of passion the Gothic architecture," 
 which, it seems, we " know not how to divest of its nimierous imperfections," the Baron 
 might have beheld enough to convince any man who was not actually dreaming, that if we 
 have not improved upon, we have at least added a little to the architectural contrivances 
 and inventions of our ancestors, — unless indeed he can show that elegantly carpetted corri- 
 dors, ample windows of plate glass, rosewood-panelled doors, a profusion of stained glass, 
 oriels opening into conservatories, picture cabinets, music rooms, and libraries, were intro- 
 duced as long back as the times of the crusaders. Nay, if contemporary report is to be 
 
 • Nay the Baron's countrymen do not attempt to conceal, that for the peculiar kind of accommodation 
 alluded to in the text, they are indebted, if not to the refinement, certainly to the contrivance of us 
 Englishmen, We have seen them marked in French plans, under the appellation of les lieux Anglais, 
 as if it was intended expressly to acknowledge that they are very un-French affairs, and by no means 
 corresponding with Gallican notions of biens^ance, or of the comme il faut in domestic architecture. 
 
 It must be admitted, that the style called after Louis Quartorze, and the taste it displays are French 
 all over. That style has been well characterized as the man-millinery of architecture, and is, withal, 
 perfectly original, being altogether guiltless of having stolen a single trait, or one idea from Greece or 
 Rome. It is the antic in opposition to the antique. As some attempts have been made of late to revive 
 this style among ourselves, it is rather ungrateful in the Baron not to have given us credit for at least 
 some instances of pure taste. Perhaps, however, after what a recent critic has said of it, he deemed it more 
 prudent not even to venture upon such a compliment. For the reader's information, rather than for the 
 Baron's, who is of course sufficiently acquainted with every subject, we copy the following passage 
 from Mr. Hosking's treatise: — 
 
 " In the age of Louis XIV. the French appear to have reverted to the Italian manner in a certain 
 degree, for the palace of Versailles includes almost all the extravagancies of that school in its worst 
 period, and contains moreover architectural deformities " — abominations would have been a juster term — 
 " which Italy never equalled till it imitated them. They consist in the style of enrichment which is 
 distinguished by the name of that monarch in whose reign it had its origin, and of whose gross taste 
 and vulgar mind it is an apt emblem ! " 
 
 It has been said over and over again, that there is no arguing about matters of taste, and it has been 
 as justly as well as pleasantly observed, that there is no end to arguing about them. Most assuredly it 
 is not easy to come to any decision upon such debatable questions : some therefore settle the point at 
 once, by evading it ; asserting that it is altogether futile to assign a positive preference either way. If 
 French taste be in most things widely different from our own, it does not follow, say these theorists, that 
 it is either better or worse ; but this way of disposing of the question rather argues indifferentism than 
 conciliation, and is too much after the fashion in which Moore attempts to extenuate the open libertinism 
 of Venetian society, by ingenuously admitting, that their ideas of propriety are very different from 
 English ones — their moral code still more. Most undoubtedly — no one can dispute that: it is as evident 
 as that the moral code of swindlers and gamblers tolerate practices which common honesty reprobates. 
 In like manner we all know that national tastes vary as much as those of individuals : what one people 
 admire as beautiful, another condemn as the reverse. Shall we then say that both are right ? Hardly : 
 because it would lead to a most disagreeable, yet inevitable, conclusion. It might satisfy us that French 
 taste is quite as good, as pure, as refined, as that of Greece, but must at the same time convince us that 
 it is not one degree less barbarous, or less grotesque, than that of the Hottentots, 
 
INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 credited, even the noble mansions, " faire rooms of state," and " brave furniture," of the 
 sixteenth century, on which antiquaries delight to expatiate, would not be deemed particu- 
 larly inviting at present; and if the condition of such residences was far more frowsy than 
 romance writers care to confess, or romance readers to believe, what must have been that 
 of the dwellings of the middling and humbler classes ? 
 
 Baron d' Haussez has led not only his readers but ourselves astray — at least so we fear 
 it will be thought; and yet what has been above said is not altogether irrelevant to the 
 purpose of these pages, because, if correct, his remarks tend to render it questionable 
 whether a work like the present, professing to oifer many examples of " the Gothic archi- 
 tecture " he denounces, be entitled to public encouragement. As it is not, however, so 
 much the style itself, as the abuse and misapplication of it, which he condemns, the objec- 
 tion he has raised against it falls to the ground, if it can be shown that it can be divested 
 of the imperfections he attributes to it. " As objects of perspective," he says, " these 
 Gothic structures have a pleasing effect, but as houses are more intended for habitation than 
 to gratify the sight, common sense should point out the propriety of adapting a mansion to 
 the wants and exigencies of civilization." So far we perfectly concur with him; for what- 
 ever style be employed, it certainly is absurd to study external appearance and effect at the 
 sacrifice of internal propriety and convenience. 
 
 Without knowing what houses of this kind the Baron inspected, and from which he drew 
 his conclusions, it is impossible to say how far his censure is justified by the specimens he 
 beheld; since it cannot be denied that many crude and tasteless designs have been both 
 published and executed, which do not possess even the half merit Baron d' Haussez con- 
 cedes, namely that of being " pleasing objects of perspective." To say the truth, few 
 things can be more despicable in their way, than some of the Gothic, or castellated, man- 
 sions and villas that have been sent forth to the world, upon paper. Essentially anti- 
 picturesque in every respect, betraying utter ignorance both as regards composition and 
 detail, and equal clumsiness and want of judgment in respect to ordinary comfort, such 
 articles of manufacture — for designs, they cannot be termed, are calculated to bring archi- 
 tecture into contempt, being apparently intended as Byron rather oddly phrases it, when 
 speaking of a sister art, " to impose upon the nonsense of mankind." Some of a better 
 class exhibit more that is praiseworthy for character and effect, than commendable for either 
 convenience or economy; while in others again, little more seems to be attended to than a 
 good but very common-place arrangement of the rooms and such parts as doors and fire- 
 places within, without any further study or aim. 
 
 The imperfections and inconsistencies which are to be discovered in far too many modern 
 specimens of — or rather attempts at, our ancient English architecture, are not be attributed 
 to deficiencies in the style itself, but to want of judgment in the selection of models, to want 
 of taste in composition and detail, and to ignorance and false economy in execution. 
 Neither the castellated nor the ecclesiastical style, varied as they are in themselves, offer much 
 that can suitably be transferred to a domestic habitation. In the former more especially 
 
 b 
 
X 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the very qualities to which it is most indebted for the impression it makes render it least of 
 all eligible for imitation, not only vastness, but an appearance of massive strength and 
 security being almost essential to it. Employed upon a small scale, it can hardly be so ma- 
 naged as not to be trivial ; and by ceasing to be dignified and sublime, it becomes puerile 
 and ridiculous. A touch of either style, may under particular circumstances, be introduced 
 into domestic buildings; yet it should be done with great reserve, and mock Castles, mock 
 Abbies, and things of that description, ought to be left to the tea-garden and the confec- 
 tioner. 
 
 While some have seemed to imagine that Gothic architecture, and every variety of it, is 
 indiscriminately applicable to every kind of buildings, others have asserted that it can 
 rarely be employed at all, with any degree of propriety or regard to comfort, in modern 
 residences, since, according to them, it is attended with disadvantages that counterbalance 
 its recommendations. When ancient English architecture was more imperfectly understood 
 than it is at present, and so long as religious buildings were almost exclusively followed as 
 authorities in structures that demanded to be very differently treated; there were grounds 
 for such complaint. Grecian and Roman architecture are undoubtedly of far more general 
 application — for even when deprived of all ornament, and so neutralized as to style as no 
 longer to retain any character, buildings constructed on such principles, may possess a 
 negative kind of merit, whereas any of the varieties of our own ancient architecture woidd 
 by being so stripped become positively offensive ; — yet there is one class of buildings for 
 which the latter particularly recommends itself. These are country residences and their 
 appendages, from the unpretending cottage or lodge, to the villa or mansion. Admitting 
 far greater variety of outline both in plan and elevation, and consequently bolder effects of 
 light and shade, and more picturesque masses, it is particularly well calculated for detached 
 buildings, which are beheld from various points of view; and provided the features them- 
 selves be not maimed by the omission of what naturally belongs to them, more may be 
 accomplished in this style than can very weU be done in the other upon the same scale and 
 at the same expence. Even the roofs and chimneys alone, which in the Grecian style are 
 rather to be concealed than studiously displayed, or if not concealed kept very imobtrusive, 
 here contribute no less to character than to picturesque appearance. Another circumstance 
 that tends greatly to recommend this style for domestic buildings upon a moderate scale is 
 that it allows the windows to be of very different dimensions and proportions, and plainer 
 or more ornamented, on the same floor, as either internal convenience, or the external ele- 
 vation shall require. Neither is it one of its least favourable peculiarities that such frequent 
 and extensive application may be made of the projecting or hay window, which admits of such 
 diversity in plan, proportions, elevation and embellishment. While features of this de- 
 scription are almost always sure to tell externally, and to possess a pictorial if not invariably 
 a strictly architectural value, — among other reasons, because when they rise from the 
 ground, by advancing beyond the general mass, they give an appearance of greater solidity 
 to its base, so do they come greatly to the aid of the architect in the interior, he being thus 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 enabled to enlarge any particular room, without similarly increasing' the one above it, or 
 extending the general plan. They also materially conduce to beauty and cheerfulness 
 within, inasmuch as they lead to variety of form in the plan and disposition of the rooms 
 themselves, and because, by projecting, they admit gleams of sunshine into an apartment 
 both earlier and later than other windows having the same aspect. Even when a window 
 of this kind has no lateral lights, and forms but a shallow recess, it conveys the idea of 
 solidity in the walls, by seeming to be a deep embrasure cut out in their thickness ; and as 
 it generally enables us to dispense with other windows, at least on the same side of the 
 room, (unless the apartment should be a very large one,) greater space may be obtained 
 between the window itself and the walls at right angles to it. The advantages resulting 
 from this are not unimportant: in the first place, it enables us to place larger pieces of fur- 
 niture on that side of the room; secondly, although a more extensive view is obtained of 
 the prospect without, to which the window recess serves as a frame, the apartment itself 
 seems less exposed — consequently more comfortable in the winter season, while the sun is 
 less troublesome in summer. Yet although as a general rule, it is not advisable to place 
 many windows close together, they may occasionally be so introduced with pleasing effect. 
 For an instance of such grouping of windows the reader is referred to the plan of Design 4, 
 Plate 8, in the former part of this work. With some alterations, such as omitting the two 
 small windows on each side of the fire-place, and the one looking into the porch, this plan 
 might be successfully adopted for an apartment of very superior character, and in such case 
 the two lesser windows in the angles between the three bays, might be filled with stained 
 glass, and placed in small recesses, or niches descending to the floor, for the reception of 
 cabinets or other ornamental furniture. In addition to the recommendations already pointed 
 out, bay and oriel windows assist greatly in keeping up symmetry where there are recesses 
 or even breaks in other parts of a room. 
 
 In like manner as bay-windows, all projections, breaks and angles have a double value in 
 almost every variety of our ancient architecture, since while they aid character and effect 
 externally, they may be turned to excellent account in the interior. Some discretion, 
 however, is necessary in regard to them, otherwise a design will be too much cut up; be- 
 sides which they should, if not actually originating in the plan itself, appear to be dictated 
 by it, instead of seeming to be formed first, and some excuse found out for them afterwards. 
 
 It should, likewise be borne in mind that although regularity and uniformity may be 
 dispensed with in this style of domestic architecture, this apparent exemption from all 
 restraint is not entirely without its difficulties ; because while the architect feels himself 
 totally unfettered by any positive rules, he also finds that he is deprived of their guidance. 
 Left entirely to the direction of his own taste, without being able to plead that an adherence 
 to symmetry or proportion has compelled him to sacrifice some parts to the ensemble, he 
 will frequently become embarrassed by his very freedom. An eye for picturesque compo- 
 sition, and an acquaintance with its principles, must here serve him in lieu of direct laws ; 
 and unless he can trace to their caases the effects he beholds, he will derive little profit or 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 assistance even from tlie best models. Beauties of detail may indeed be transferred in this 
 as well as any other style, but where so much latitude is allowed in general design and 
 combination, the result may be quite inadequate to the means employed or the expence 
 incurred. As mere copies from good authorities, the individual parts may be satisfactory 
 enough, yet as a whole the structure may, nevertheless, disappoint, and prove spiritless and 
 insipid, notwithstanding accuracy as to minor circiunstances. Hence designs in this less 
 obligato style of the art, are apt to put an architect's taste and abUity quite as much to the 
 test as those which seem to restrict his fancy more. 
 
 On the other hand, it must be allowed, that for buildings upon a moderate scale, hardly 
 any style is so well calculated to produce important character and striking effect with com- 
 paratively little finish of detail. Decision and expression in outline, bold transitions and 
 contrasts, will go far towards securing those qualities, independently of the last mentioned 
 one. This is more especially the case with regard to buildings of the cottage class, that is 
 those where the family physiognomy which marks the examples of the Elizabethan period 
 is retained, but divested of its formality and stateliness, and applied to homelier materials 
 and purposes. Here form, rather than studied detail or beauty of workmanship, is to be 
 considered, for what has been observed above — namely, that the mere outline of Gothic 
 architecture would be crude and offensive — hardly applies to this subordinate branch, or 
 rather descendent of it. If, however, the cottage style can to a certain degree dispense 
 with embellishment, it by no means excludes its introduction: on the contrary, much rich- 
 ness may be displayed in ornamenting chimneys, gables and porches, even where the rest 
 is comparatively plain. And in the decoration of these and other features, the architect 
 may be left more to his own fancy and invention than might be deemed altogether allow- 
 able, perhaps, in buildings of greater pretension. It will be enough that he keeps in view 
 the general character of that style where the roof, gables and chimneys are conspicuous 
 and leading features : for the minutiae he may be left, if he choose, to his own imagination, 
 there being few authorities for buildings of this class, at least few at all applicable to modern 
 purposes without considerable alteration. 
 
 Some ideas of novel design for similar purposes, are to be met with both in this and the 
 preceding part of the present work, and others will be further developed, and exhibited 
 more in detail in a Supplementary Volume, in which it is intended to give some of the 
 ornamental parts at large, together with some designs for internal finishing. The subjects 
 of that publication will be confined to what is understood by the term " Elizabethan style" 
 not, however, so entirely as to exclude original inventions formed upon that model; and in 
 order to render the work more generally useful, variations of some of the subjects wiU be 
 introduced, showing how the same design may be either extended or abridged as circum- 
 stances may require, or so as to be adapted as far as may be to the wishes of particular 
 individuals. And here it may be observed, that were there nothing else to recommend 
 Gotliic — or rather Tudor and Elizabethan architecture for imitation at the present day, the 
 irregularity it admits is a great convenience in case of additional apartments being required. 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 In adopting these styles, however, it is neither necessary nor advisable to adhere to ex- 
 press models: indeed it is hardly possible to do so without falling into inconsistencies, 
 because in most of the mansions of that period many of the principal apartments were above 
 stairs, consequently the windows on that floor were loftier and more important in the ele- 
 vations, than any of the others ; whereas the present mode of arrangement in country 
 residences is directly the reverse, the principal rooms being exclusively on the lower floor, 
 and only bed-chambers and dressing-rooms, or some private apartments, above. 
 
 The skill of the architect is manifested, not by faithfully copying the examples of other 
 times, let their merit be as great as it may, but by transferring beauties and valuable ideas, 
 and by so incorporating them in his productions, as to make them his own by novel and 
 judicious appropriation. 
 
 It has already been remarked that the liberty allowed in the Gothic style is sometimes 
 more perplexing than greater restraint would be ; so also it is frequently more difficult to 
 make designs for general purposes, than one for a particular building. If in the latter case 
 the architect be fettered by restrictions and directions, he is at least furnished with data to 
 proceed by, and has only to considpr how he may best satisfy his employer's wishes, and if 
 possible, his own taste; but in the other, he must strive to please numerous and often very 
 conflicting tastes. This difficulty, and it is no inconsiderable one, has certainly been felt 
 by the author of the present collection, who has introduced into it one or two designs where 
 economy has been chiefly studied in the elevations, they being rather what others may 
 require, than what he himself would recommend. 
 
 As it does not form one of the subjects of the work, but merely serves by way of fron- 
 tispiece to this Second Part, it may not be improper to speak here of the Public Room in 
 the New Town Hall at Manchester, and to give some brief account of that structure, it 
 being one of the numerous public edifices * erected by the author. This building, of whose 
 
 • As it may be interesting to some, to be informed what public buildings have been designed and 
 executed by Mr. Goodwin, a correct list is here subjoined : — 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 New Church at Hulme, Manchester. 
 
 Ditto at Ashton under Lyne, Lancashire. 
 
 Ditto at Portsea, Hants. 
 
 Ditto at Derby. 
 
 Ditto at Kidderminster, Worcestershire. 
 
 Ditto at Oldham, Lancashire. 
 
 Ditto at Bordersley, Birmingham. 
 
 Ditto at West Bromwich, Staffordshire. 
 
 Ditto at Bilston, Staffordshire. 
 
 Ditto at Walsall, Staffordshire. 
 
 Ditto at Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire 
 
 Church at Bilston, Staffordshire, rebuilt. 
 Gothic Church at Walsall, Staffordshire, re-built. 
 New Tower to St. Peter's, Manchester. 
 Tower and Spire to St. Paul's, Birmingham. 
 St. Michael's, Southampton, rebuilt. 
 
 New Town Hall, Manchester. 
 
 New Town Hall, Macclesfield. 
 
 New central Market, Leeds. 
 
 New Exchange Buildings, Bradford, Yorkshire. 
 
 New County Prison, Derby. 
 
 New Salford Market, Manchester. 
 
xiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 facade a very satisfactory representation is given in Fisher's " Lancashire," was commenced 
 in the year 1819, but is not yet entirely completed in its interior. The principal elevation 
 exhibits a rich specimen of the Grecian Ionic, forming five open inter-columns (or a tetra- 
 style in antis) carried on by an additional closed inter-column at each end, containing a 
 door and a niche above it, between narrow coupled antse. This continuous portion of the 
 front advances a little beyond the general mass, there being a break at each extreme anta, 
 and the space between that and the broad anta at the angle, is occupied by two windows, 
 one on each floor. The summit is ornamented at the angles by a bold podium parapet, with 
 panels for bas-reliefs ; and above the colonnade is a graduated socle, serving as a basement 
 to a group of sculpture. The principal room, which occupies the entire extent of the front, 
 on the upper floor, is divided into three compartments, separated by Ionic colonnades, be- 
 sides which there are two lesser colonnades, or recesses with columns, in the central division, 
 on the side facing the windows. The extreme compartments extend in an opposite direc- 
 tion to these last mentioned recesses, whereby great variety in the plan is obtained, and 
 the perspective eff'ect considerably heightened. It being rather difficult to explain, by 
 words, this and other peculiarities in the arrangement, the annexed Wood-cut will, together 
 with the View, — slight as the latter is, enable those who have not seen the apartment itself, 
 to comprehend its plan, and to form some idea of its appearance and style of architecture. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131' 
 
 10° 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 The entire length is 131 feet 10 inches, the greatest vddth 43 feet 8 inches, and the 
 height from the floor to the summit of the dome over the centre compartment is 51 feet, 
 6 inches. In the tambour of this dome are sixteen small columns with simple foliage capi- 
 tals, and scagliola shafts, and both the spandrils below, and the dome itself will be embel- 
 lished with subjects in fresco. Above the windows extends a deep basso relievo, executed 
 by an artist of the name of Brown. In each of the other divisions, (which is also partially 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 lighted from above, through stained glass in some of the panels of the ceiling, painted to 
 resemble those that are not perforated,) large frescos will entirely cover the wall opposite 
 the fire-place. Mr. Aglio is now employed in executing these paintings, and has taken 
 precaution to ensure better success than in the Catholic Chapel, Finsbury Circus, where, 
 owing to the stucco being badly prepared for the work, the colours are already much in- 
 jured. Many of the subjects of those in the Town Hall relate to the argonautic expedition, 
 perhaps as being symbolical of commerce, and its benefits to society. As compositions and 
 specimens of this kind of decoration, they promise to be suflBciently splendid; yet whether 
 they will not upon the whole predominate more than could be desired over the architecture, 
 so as to deprive it of some of its original chasteness of effect, cannot be determined until 
 the series shall be completed. 
 
 Althoixgh this is evidently not the place for entering into a critical examination of this 
 apartment, which has certainly given satisfaction to those for whom it was erected, it will 
 not it is hoped, be considered too presumptuous to lay before the readers, the remarks of 
 an intelligent critic, who has borne his testimony to its merits in the following passage ex- 
 tracted from a letter addressed by him to the architect. 
 
 " For singular happiness as well as novelty of plan, where convenience is made to con- 
 tribute to effect, and a striking degree of picturesque character is obtained by the very 
 circumstances that most others would have taken pains to avoid ; — for a union of piquant 
 contrast with spirited harmony ; for invention guided by delicate taste; and for originality, 
 superadded to classical elegance, I consider that room one — I will not say of the most 
 splendid, but certainly one of the most attractive and fascinating saloons I ever beheld, — 
 full of variety and opposition blended into concord, and of complexity and intricacy resol- 
 ving themselves into simplicity and symmetry; truly delightful for its chasteness, and for 
 that real purity of design which results fi-om study and exquisite finish ; nor less admirable 
 for the skilful adaptation it displays, of modern inventions and accessories, to the most refined 
 style of Grecian architecture. The position of the entrance doors within colonnade alcoves 
 or loggias, is highly adA'antageous, both because the room itself is thereby less exposed to 
 the staircase, and because the visitor is thus brought nearer to one extremity of the apart- 
 ment, than if admitted by a door in the centre. Equally beautiful is the disposition of the 
 windows, and the combination of side lights with those in the dome and ceilings, and even 
 those filled with ground glass, within the two loggias, have by no means an unpleasing 
 effect, because the light from them is quiet and subdued, and also because they assist uni- 
 formity by answering to those opposite them. Had all the windows been placed on one side, 
 a certain monotony and every-day expression would have been the result, whereas now, not 
 only greater variety and a better distribution of light are obtained, but the whole is finely 
 balanced, and the unbroken surface of wall beyond the colonnades, on the same side as the 
 windows in the centre, occasions an air of solidity and repose, where it tells admirably. 
 The value of this circumstance in the design, will, I should imagine, be still more evident, 
 when fresco paintings shall have been added, because had the front wall been perforated 
 
xvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 throughout its whole extent, with windows, there would have been no space for paintings, — 
 at least only in small compartments, on that side ; consequently the decoration would have 
 been patchy and one-sided. To what I have already said respecting the situation selected 
 for the doors from the staircase, I may here add that the view of those paintings as beheld 
 through the two rows of columns, immediately on entering, and before any idea is -obtained 
 of the room itself, must prove little less than enchanting, especially as their eflFect will be 
 considerably heightened by the light being thrown down upon them, while the nearest co- 
 lumns are comparatively in shade. A more lovely and brilliant coup 3! ail will hardly be 
 met with in interior architecture, — rich, classical, and eminently picturesque — an exquisite 
 subject for the pencil of a Mackensie, a Stephanoff, or some one of our other able artists 
 who have distinguished themselves in the treatment of architectural interiors. — Well may 
 the good people of Manchester be proud of so singularly beautiful a public Hall. I speak 
 in all sincerity, and the better to convince you that I do so, as well as to show my critical 
 discrimination, will now add a spice of objection. One thing, and almost only one, I could 
 wish to have been otherwise: — in my opinion the whole would have been improved had 
 there been a single chimney piece opposite the windows in the central division; because at 
 present there is a blank where there ought to be some important feature, answering to the 
 middle window facing it. This might be remedied by introducing a statue upon a lofty 
 pedestal, on a projecting base, constructed so as to form a sort of tribune for the chairman 
 or speaker at public meetings. — Besides its intrinsic beauties, I consider the apartment a 
 fine study for the young architect, it being so rich in ideas that it can hardly fail to suggest 
 many other beautiful variations and combinations." 
 
 Should the above remarks be deemed too encomiastic or too partial, it is for the reader 
 to deduct from the commendation as much as his own taste and judgment shall dictate; and 
 should any of those that have examined the building itself be at all inclined to assent to 
 them upon the whole, the architect will have no reason to be ashamed of that specimen of 
 his professional talents. 
 
AN ENTRANCE LODGE OR COTTAGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 1. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, ELEVATION, GROUND PLAN, — PLATE I. 
 
 The Gates here shown are of the simplest description, and hardly offer 
 any thing that can be termed architectural design, they being merely 
 hung between four low stone piers ; yet even an entrance of this unpre- 
 tending character, may acquire sufficient importance from the Lodge 
 attached to it. In this design, the latter is a more conspicuous feature 
 than it is usual to render double Lodges, which are for the most part 
 made very subordinate to the gateway itself, each of them being little 
 more than a single and very confined apartment. The mode of treat- 
 ment for such subjects which is here adopted, will, perhaps, be found 
 preferable upon the whole to the one just alluded to ; at least for any of the 
 styles of old English architecture. To say nothing of their inconveni- 
 ence, and also their uncomfortable appearance as habitations, two small 
 cottages with a gateway between them have an air of too great formality, 
 not without one of littleness likewise; and unless there be some kind 
 of arched Gateway or Gatehouse to connect them, they have withal a 
 solitary look. Two buildings, again, each of which shall have the 
 appearance of being fit for a dwelling, especially if combined with a 
 Gatehouse, would render the entire elevation by far too extensive, unless 
 the mansion itself were upon a very large scale, and of corresponding 
 stateliness in its architecture. 
 
 Whether these remarks be correct or not, the reader may easily deter- 
 mine for himself, by imagining a similar building placed on the other 
 side of the gate; in which case, the Lodges might be somewhat abridged 
 by omitting the smaller room and the one above it, and letting the chim- 
 ney terminate that end of the building; and the irregularity thus produced 
 in the larger elevation, would be compensated by a duplicate elevation 
 on the other side of the roadway, which would occasion what has been 
 termed the " uniformity of irregularity." 
 
The Lodge contains a family living room, with two bay windows, so 
 placed as to command views of the road both Mdthin and without the 
 park. Beyond this is a small kitchen or washhoiise, and above stairs are 
 three bed chambers. A closet may be obtained beneath the stairs, and 
 these latter are so situated, as to leave a considerable space between the 
 outer door and that of the living room, a circumstance that although not 
 attended to in cottages, would be found to conduce very materially to 
 warmth and cleanliness, as well as to comfort in other respects. 
 
 By a little extension of this plan — cutting off a passage from what is 
 here the kitchen, and building out another room, with a chamber above 
 it, in that direction, it might be rendered a superior kind of cottage, 
 where only one sitting room is required; especially if a porch were added 
 to the passage so cut off, making the entrance there, and converting 
 what is now the entrance, into either a book closet or store room. 
 
 Cost of the above Lodge, if erected as described in the specification, (vide Appendix,) 
 £437 : 16 : 0. 
 
London, Fob,^ 1833.1)7 ite Au.thor,21iun^ St.Portman Sqxiaxc^ 
 
A PARK GATE LODGE in the GRECIAN STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 2. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, ELEVATION, PLAN, — PLATE II. 
 
 The observations made upon the preceding design, as to erecting a 
 single Lodge to an entrance, instead of two — or rather dividing the 
 dwelling into two separateparts — will apply to this, and also the following 
 ones. If the mansion be in the Grecian or modern style, so also ought 
 the entrance Lodge. Exceptions, undoubtedly, there may be, arising 
 from particular circumstances, or peculiarity of site and scenery, but the 
 above may be safely taken as a general rule. Consequently the Lodge 
 here shown, is intended to be attached to a residence of similar architec- 
 tural character. The expression aimed at, is that of the least pretending 
 form of the Greek or columnar style, in order to obtain which, square 
 pillars have been preferred to round ones, both as being less expensive 
 in execution, and as conveying the idea of greater strength, than columns 
 of the same diameter would do. It is absurd to argue that square 
 columns are less beautiful than round ones, for granting such in the 
 abstract to be the case, it is for that very reason, that they recommend 
 themselves, where the intent is obviously to keep down features that 
 would otherwise make the rest appear too homely, or require greater 
 finish to be bestowed throughout. 
 
 This design differs from the first one, in having only a ground floor, 
 for buildings of which description, Grecian architecture is better suited 
 than for any other. The chimneys are omitted in the Plate, as they 
 would hardly be apparent in the building, certainly not so as to interfere 
 with the elevations. The blank windows on the returns of the portico, 
 and those on each side of it, might be omitted, and the design be even 
 improved by such alteration. 
 
 This Lodge might be executed in brick, with stone dressings, for £ 420 : : 0. In brick 
 and stucco, for £ 380 : : 0. Or in stone, for £ 560 : : 0. 
 
xoii3o(D.T?ablLsli£d-l833 IjytiueAiJtbijr ^!ffi-"n^ Street 'PoErtmaiL Square. 
 
LODGE 
 
 OR 
 
 SMALL VILLA IN THE GOTHIC STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 3. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, CHAMBER PLAN, — PLATE III. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, GROUND PLAN,— PLATE IV. 
 
 Either as a Lodge attached to an entrance opening into an extensive 
 park, and leading to a mansion of corresponding dignity, or as a small 
 separate residence in a confined site adjoining a road, this composition 
 recommends itself by variety of outline, and by a piquant assemblage of 
 parts. If adopted for the former purpose, it would bear a little reduction ; 
 and in that case the outer part of the porch might be omitted. Were it 
 on the contrary intended as a small Villa, it might be extended by an 
 additional room, and by making the rooms themselves somewhat more 
 sjDacious. Both the plan and elevations are such, that this might be 
 accomplished in a variety of ways, and so as rather to improve than to in- 
 jure its present appearance. One mode would be to double the lowermost 
 of the elevations in Plate 4, by building a tower with an oriel window, 
 corresponding with that forming the staircase, and carrying out arches 
 similar to those of the porch. This last mentioned part might then be 
 made a small conservatory, opening into the drawing room, where the 
 kitchen now is, and the kitchen might either be added on the opposite 
 side, or that and other offices constructed below; which would perhaps 
 be preferable, because otherwise, the house would require to be so 
 enlarged, according to this arrangement, as to allow a passage to the 
 kitchen, between the drawing and dining rooms. 
 
 As here shown, the Design might be executed in white brick, and stone dressings, for 
 £682 : 10 : 0. Tn brick and stucco, for £476 : : 0. And in rough stone, with tooled 
 quoins, for £613 : : 0. 
 
[ly. S I C, N N ' 
 
 J'UiZe 
 
 CiLle at \ ' ^-^1 ■ i i 1- I I I =zzj 
 
 , don. ru'bri shed 183?. liy- ihi Author. 2 1. King Su-oc-t. Pci-trfin S.-j jf-c 
 
n r: s 1 GN :n ? 3 . 
 
 r/,iu- 'I. 
 
LODGE 
 
 DESIGNED FOR G. DODWELL, ESQ. SLIGO. 
 
 DESIGN, No. 4. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, TWO ELEVATIONS, PLAN, — PLATE V. 
 
 A mixed character prevails in this design, the outline exhibiting a rustic 
 Greek style, quite homely and unpretending, yet retaining some stamp 
 of its origin ; and the windows partaking of English architecture. The 
 plan, which is regular, is nevertheless so disposed as to avoid the appear- 
 ance of formality. Plain as the design is in itself, it is not deficient in 
 effect as regards light and shade, or its perspective lines and surfaces. 
 It may perhaps be thought that there are too many windows in the living 
 room ; and some of these might with propriety be made blank ones in the 
 execution. 
 
 In rough stone, this design might be erected for £ 176 : ; 0. 
 
London.Poblislied lS33,_by- fhe j4uflior, 21,Kiig StPortman Sguare. 
 
 Zn^f-by S.&Si/^hes. 
 
A SWISS COTTAGE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 5. 
 
 ELEVATION, TWO PLANS, — PLATE VI. 
 
 This is likewise intended as a Park Entrance, the lower part of the 
 building forming a deep sheltered gateway, in which respect alone, it 
 differs materially from every one of the foregoing designs. Wherever 
 any kind of actiaal gateway is formed, whether arched or not, or in 
 whatever style, some degree of depth ought to be given to it, not only 
 for the sake of architectural propriety, — a mere gateway cut out of a 
 wall^ — ^unless indeed the wall be a continuous enclosure — partaking too 
 much of theatrical decoration, and looking like a "practicable flat;" 
 but also for the sake of effect, — of perspective and shadow. Were it on 
 no other account, this mode — such as we see practised in the gatehouses 
 of ancient mansions, — recommends itself, both by the appearance of 
 greater strength and security, and by its comniodiousness, inasmuch as 
 it affords space for habitation above, without giving too great extent to 
 the elevation. Another advantage is, that although the building attached 
 to it as a lodge may be small, a tower gateway will form a sufficiently 
 important architectural object of itself. The one here given is not 
 exactly of this description, the Lodge appearing rather to be extended 
 over it, and the gateway to be a part of the lodge, than the lodge an 
 adjunct to the gateway. 
 
 This specimen is not introduced as one generally applicable, since it 
 would require a peculiar style of scenery, sufficiently mountainous, at 
 least hilly, to justify so un-English a style. Neither is it recommended 
 as possessing any intrinsic architectural beauty, the forms themselves 
 being by no means expressive of elegance, or indicative of refinement ; 
 but it is merely offered] as an example of a rustic yet not unpleasing 
 style; more picturesque than architectural, and depending for effect, more 
 upon the variety and character of the ensemble, than on any thing like 
 beauty in the individual parts. 
 
The living room being one of those immediately over the gateway, 
 this plan is far better contrived for comfort, independently of the advan- 
 tages of both airiness and prospect, than where the rooms are imme- 
 diately on the ground. At the same time, the communication with the 
 kitchen being quite under shelter, the separation of this latter is attended 
 with no inconvenience, while it certainly has something in its favour. 
 
 Cost of this Cottage and Lodge, £ 550 : 8 : 0. 
 
ST -Jt'':iL (!)) iiiJk JH-JUA 
 
 irithJiuicJc in, ijiejloaf. 
 
 iondoiuPuMislied 1B33.^ die Author. ;^l.JGiiJ; ■ 
 
 l^nnted' S. Sha.we.n.ei>Ui Sialdin^ J Fetter liuie* 
 
GATE LODGE, 
 
 DESIGNED FOR HENRY IIORDERN, ESQ. DEMSTALL HALL, STAFFORDSHIRE. 
 
 DESIGN No. G. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, TWO PLANS, — PLATE VII. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, — PLATE VIII. 
 
 Similarly to the foregoing, this Design belongs to a class, where the 
 pencil has as much to do as the compasses, and where effect is sought to 
 be produced, rather by significancy of outline, and relief in the masses, 
 than by beauties derived from established rule. With very little that 
 amounts to positive decoration, or appears in any degree to exceed what 
 utility demands, a building of this kind, may nevertheless, be rendered 
 a highly pleasing addition to the surrounding scenery, provided it be 
 conspicuously yet not ostentatiously placed, and that the immediate 
 landscape be of a quiet humble kind. It should be recollected, also, 
 that in structures where the design, materials, and workmanship are all 
 of a homely species, and consequently, little other than picturesque 
 beauty is to be elicited, too much must not at first be expected from the 
 architect's work. He does little more than furnish the draught of the 
 subject: it remains for time to finish up the colouring, and to mellow the 
 picture. Some allowance must, therefore, be made for the crudity and 
 harshness which, before this last mentioned operation shall have taken 
 place, will inevitably more or less offend the eye. Still, because wea- 
 ther stains, and other causes of picturesque tinting, will render a mere 
 brick wall, so far a pleasing object to a painter's eye, it does not follow 
 that merit of design is absolutely a matter of indifference, and that 
 accident may be dei3ended upon altogether. 
 
 In the present design, although the dwelling itself is tolerably 
 roomy, its author cannot be accused of extravagance in ornament, the 
 whole being sufficiently economic, although by no means partaking of 
 stingy penuriousness. The form of the roof alone, which is easy, yet 
 bold, and whose different parts are united into a common apex, sur- 
 mounted by a group of chimney-shafts, constitute the leading feature. 
 
2 
 
 After this, the gables partly faced with plain timbering, and one of 
 them sparingly embellished with rustic tracery beneath its verge- 
 boards, are made to contribute towards picturesque effect and architec- 
 tural character. With this view, their outlines have been varied, the 
 truncated shape being made to contrast with the triangular. The 
 extension of the gables too beyond the walls, their extremities being 
 brought to rest upon simple pillars, adds considerably to vigorous 
 expression and relief, in consequence of the deep shadows thus produced ; 
 while this projection being continuous (yet greater in some parts than 
 in others) the external Myalls are protected from the weather. Neither 
 is the sheltered space thus formed — and which also serves to keep the 
 foundations dry — obtained by the abridgment of internal convenience, 
 the windows on the ground floor being placed so low, that the light is 
 not obstructed by the overhanging roof, while those above are either 
 placed in the gables, or in the roof itself. 
 
 This design has been executed with some variations under the archi- 
 tect's directions, for Henry Hordern, Esq. at the approach to Demstall 
 Hall, from the Stafford Road. The walls are of brick covered with 
 stucco, and the roof of thatch. It was built by contract for £140. but 
 in consequence of the workmen having accidently set fire to the 
 building, before it was completed, Mr. Hordern made a present to the 
 contractor of £50.; so that the total cost of the Lodge, exclusive, 
 however, of the gates, bricks, and thatch, was when entirely finished, 
 about £ 250. 
 
 The greater part of Demstall Hall, which was a structure, surrounded 
 by a moat, has been rebuilt, and the whole materially altered and 
 improved by the present proprietor. Among the parts preserved, is the 
 ancient tower or keep, and the edifice as now restored, exhibits the 
 character of an ancient manorial residence, of the time of Elizabeth. 
 The interior presents many striking parts, some of which, together with 
 details of the finishings, will be given in the Supplementary Volume 
 mentioned in the Introduction. 
 
 Estimated cost, in brick and stucco, £440 : 3 : 6. 
 
 The chamber floor has been omitted in the Lodge erected by Mr. Hordern, from this 
 Design. 
 
EKICIED BIT THE . I SOME TARTAXXOirS ) FROSMl THE ABOVr D ESI 
 
J)K SIGN S? 6. 
 
 Kiji^ Street. PortmajL Square 
 
A FARM HOUSE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 7. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE IX. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, — PLATE X. 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XI. 
 
 That compactness, or rather economy of space, which may be a merit 
 even in a country residence of a different description, cannot very well 
 be observed in one attached to a farm of any extent. Compared with a 
 Villa, such a building must necessarily occupy a greater area, in propor- 
 tion to the size and number of the sitting rooms, because not only are there 
 many offices required, which in the other case are not needed, but they 
 are of a kind which do not admit of being placed below ground; neither 
 is it advisable to detach them from the house, as they ought always to 
 be as much as possible, under the immediate inspection of the mistress 
 of the family. It would indeed be easy to erect these appendages quite 
 at the rear of the house, although connected with it, so as to preserve 
 to this latter the character of a cottage orne or villa; yet it will gene- 
 rally be preferable to take advantage of the entire extent required, and 
 instead of screening or shutting out the subordinate buildings, to bring 
 the whole into one mass, thereby giving it that importance, of which the 
 contrary mode of treatment would deprive it; — importance, not in the 
 usual acceptation of the term, but iu the meaning attached to it by the 
 artist. By adopting the mode here recommended, considerable effect 
 and architectural character may be obtained, with comparatively little 
 study or extra expence. That irregularity, too, and intermixture of 
 homeliness with more decorative features, which in a Villa would appear 
 inconsistency, if not, either affectation or parsimony, will here be 
 natural and appropriate. Independently of these considerations, the 
 house will gain an aspect of greater substantial comfort, than it would 
 possess, if limited exclusively to the family rooms; and we should at 
 once perceive, that it comprises all those domestic conveniences which 
 a farming establishment requires. 
 
2 
 
 As regards style, the preference must undoubtedly be given to the 
 Old English — or rather, Grecian is entirely out of the question, except 
 indeed the offices be put quite out of sight, and only the front elevation 
 of the house exposed to view. Or should any other style besides the 
 first mentioned be desired, the Italian — not the Palladian, but that 
 which affects porches and turrets rather than porticoes, and projecting 
 roofs rather than entablatures — might be adopted; and by the license it 
 allows, as well as by dispensing with regularity, would afford nearly 
 equal facilities to the architect, although it would hardly be so generally 
 pleasing, for such a purpose, as something more strictly English. 
 
 An inspection of the plan belonging to this design, will not only con- 
 firm what has been above observed, inasmuch as it is obvious that the 
 parlour and the dining room alone, on the ground floor, would form a 
 very insignificant house as a residence; but it will also, it is to be 
 hoped, be allowed to display sufficient attention to convenience. Con- 
 nected with the porch, but still independent of the house, is a small 
 office, where the master would transact business, and pay his labourers. 
 The projection thus caused not only gives variety to the elevation, but 
 serves to render the porch better sheltered from wind, and less exposed 
 to view from the farm yards. The porch itself, again, is so inclosed, 
 and so deep as to form an inviting-looking entrance, and would properly 
 admit of seats within it. The dining room and the parlour open into 
 each other, and are so situated with regard to the rest of the ground 
 floor, as to be sufficiently detached from the kitchen and other offices, 
 at the same time that they are quite close to the latter; the door of the 
 kitchen being so placed as to admit no view into it from the vestibule, 
 or in passing up stairs. The situation, too, of the staircase is such, that 
 while this part serves to extend the vestibule, without making the latter 
 appear larger than is desirable in a house of this description, it is at a 
 sufficient distance from the entrance, a circumstance that should always, 
 if practicable, be attended to, as there are few things which detract more 
 from the appearance of privacy, than a staircase close to the outer door 
 of a vestibule; besides which, it admits sounds to the chambers above.* 
 
 * It is but proper to observe, that the plan of the very next design, exhibits an instance of 
 
3 
 
 The dining room has the advantage of a deep bay, and a light closet 
 adjoining it ; and the door to this latter might be glazed, so as to corres- 
 pond with the small window on the other side of the bay. Besides 
 forming a deep recess, where if desirable an upright piano might be 
 placed, without interfering with the room itself, where there would be 
 sufficient space for a sideboard; this bay would produce a rather striking 
 effect, as seen on entering the apartment, by either of the doors near the 
 fire-place. Externally too, this bay and the adjoining closet assist the 
 elevation, and help to enclose the porch. The other bay offers a very 
 different and somewhat unusual shape, it being formed by two sides of a 
 small square placed diagonally to the room, in each of which is a small 
 window, the divisions of which are formed by muUions alone ; con- 
 sequently it is rather a ivindoived recess than a bay window; and as such 
 a variety it might frequently be adopted. 
 
 The building is proposed to be covered with flat tiles, or if preferred, 
 it might be thatched, as either material would suit the style of the 
 elevation, 
 
 the practice here censured ; nor does the author himself recommend that part of the arrange- 
 ment. It might, however, easily be obviated by a trifling extension of the plans, as will be 
 pointed out in due place; and it was introduced chiefly for the purpose of displaying an 
 example of the kind, and what many may not, after all, object to. 
 
 Estimated cost in brick and stucco, £ 1485 : : 0. In rough stone, and tooled stone 
 quoins, £ 1870 : : 0. 
 
J) K SIGN N9 7. 
 
 f-'LaU -1-0. 
 
 SITD15 EILEVA': 
 
/'Laze- .// 
 
 ROOFS 
 
 C MAMBEK 
 
 ■/ A R D 
 
A VILLA IN THE COTTAGE STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 8. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XII. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, — PLATE XIII. 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XIV. 
 
 It is by no means easy to define with scrupulous decision, what is to be 
 understood by the term " Cottage Style," or to draw an exact line 
 between that and other varieties, from which it may be allowed to 
 borrow more or less. The present subject, for example, is evidently 
 more than a cottage, not merely because its exterior announces several 
 rooms on each floor, but because it is also tolerably obvious that they 
 are neither very small nor very low, and that the chambers are little 
 less lofty than the apartments below, whereas one of the characteristics 
 of a cottage is to exhibit small upper windows, and those principally in 
 the roof. Nevertheless this design may without impropriety be deno- 
 minated as belonging to that class, rather than to any other, it being 
 marked by a certain air oi deshabille, and inattention to strict architec- 
 tural costume, which when not misplaced, or palpably occasioned by 
 failure on the part of the architect, may be even engaging. Many 
 things that in any other style would look mean, may be becoming 
 enough in this, and many liberties that might justly be set down as 
 barbarisms, may here be even proprieties. Perhaps the very best 
 general definition that could be given of the cottage style, would be, 
 that it is the Tudor or Elizabethan in their undress. Hence, although 
 it would be contrary to all architectural etiquette to introduce a door of 
 the design here shown, in a building affecting greater strictness of 
 character, it by no means follows that it is censurable here, where it is 
 perfectly in keeping with — if not every other feature — certainly with 
 the general design and its intention. There would, indeed, have been 
 no absolute impropriety in bestowing somewhat more exactness and 
 
2 
 
 finish on the entrance, but the same might be said of many of the other 
 parts, so that at length, the whole might be rendered altogether different 
 from what it is. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of the front elevation is the projecting pantile 
 roof, introduced to shelter the entrance without enclosing it, and con- 
 tinued around the adjoining bay. This and the bench beneath the 
 window, may be considered as sufficiently marking the cottage or 
 undress style; and although taken by themselves they can by no means 
 be termed beautiful, they have the merit of propriety, and certainly 
 contribute not a little to the expression of the composition. , The design 
 of the chimneys, and the mode of carrying up the flues, may, perhaps, 
 not exactly satisfy those who are of opinion, that precedent is more to 
 be consulted in such matters, even for designs of this description, than 
 either novelty, or keeping with the rest. And the same may be obser- 
 ved in regard to the mode here adopted, of expanding one of the gables 
 in the front, by making breaks in the wall below, projecting laterally 
 as they are carried up. When effectively applied, a little playfulness 
 of this kind, in- any style that allows it, is rather a merit than other- 
 wise; yet whether it be so in the present instance, it remains for the 
 reader to determine. That there is vigour, can hardly be denied, — 
 sufficient at least to redeem the elevation from tameness and poverty, 
 and to indicate something like artistical feeling of the subject; while 
 the breadth of surface in the lower part, affords an agreeable contrast 
 to the upper half, and prevents the design from appearing so crowded 
 together as it would do, were there as many windows on the ground 
 floor as above. 
 
 With respect to the interior, the accommodation is sufficient for a small 
 family, who require merely a drawing and dining room, and who prefer 
 having them apart, instead of communicating immediately with each 
 other, which in very small houses, where there is no intervening apart- 
 ment, is certainly attended with some objections, as the smell of the 
 dinner, and sounds from the dining room, cannot be entirely excluded 
 from the other. These rooms therefore are placed on either side the 
 vestibule, which also forms the staircase ; in consequence of which, the 
 space itself being confined, the doors are of necessity brought nearer to 
 
3 
 
 the outer door, than is desirable, as are the stairs likewise. This 
 circumstance has been already noticed in the description of the preced- 
 ing plan, and we shall now point out how it might not only be 
 obviated, but the whole house materially improved, without at all 
 altering any other part of the general disposition, or the elevations. 
 To affect this, nothing more is required, than to place the staircase in 
 the space between the cook's closet and the store room, (which space is 
 exactly of the same width as the vestibule) lighting the closet either 
 from the kitchen or the larder, and placing the window of the larder in 
 the angle adjoining the small lobby, so as to give sufficient depth to the 
 staircase. Beneath this latter a water-closet might then be carried out 
 externally. Another great advantage would be, that by removing the 
 stairs, the dressing room over the entrance might be considerably 
 enlarged. The vestibule itself would be rendered more convenient and 
 spacious; and a small recess or closet for coats might be made, corres- 
 ponding with the entrance into the inner passage, in wdiich case, the 
 closet marked as appropriated to that purpose, might be found very 
 useful for some other. 
 
 Should a small private room or study be found desirable, this also 
 might be easily obtained, by so applying what now forms the store room 
 and pantry, and building out these against the blank end of the scul- 
 lery, with a door immediately from the kitchen. 
 
 No apology, it is presumed, is needed for having entered into these 
 particulars, although not indispensably belonging to the subject; because 
 if the plan is worth looking at at all, the pointing out the variations of 
 which it is susceptible, can hardly fail to give it some additional interest; 
 and may, further, prove of service, by teaching those who are apt to 
 bestow far too little attention upon plans, how much there is to look 
 at and to study in those parts of a design. 
 
 Estimated cost, in brick and stucco, £ 1710 : : 0. 
 
DKS TGT^ N? a 
 
 J'ifj-fr /.. 
 
 hor XI.King Sirect. K>rLTnr. 
 
VILLA, IN THE COTTAGE STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 9. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XV. 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION, GROUND PLAN, — PLATE XVI. 
 
 END ELEVATION, CHAMBER PLAN, — PLATE XVII. 
 
 Although coming under the same denomination as the preceding, this 
 design differs from it very materially, being in some respects more 
 strictly cottage-like, while in others it is more fanciful. Its lowness, at least 
 in proportion to its extent, the smallness of the upper windows, and the 
 introduction of many of them as dormers in the roof, all concur to aid the 
 former character. On the other hand, the size of the building plainly 
 bespeaks a residence, whether temporary or permanent, of a superior 
 class ; as do likewise the lofty upright windows in some of the rooms, the 
 viranda entrance, the conservatory, the balconies, &c. Such being the 
 case, it may be allowed to escape reprehension for not exhibiting more of 
 primitive simplicity, or for having even a dash of the fantastic. The 
 large arched recesses, forming balconies to two of the chambers, are 
 undoubtedly more in the style of such "cottages" as young ladies build 
 in their dreams, than of those which Gainsborough and Morland painted. 
 They are not unpleasing in themselves, nevertheless; and independently 
 of their recommending themselves as appendages to bed-rooms in the 
 country, and as affording ample space for stands of flowers, they are of 
 some advantage in the elevations, since they admit of larger windows 
 being placed within them, without becoming too conspicuous, or seeming 
 to be mixed up with, and consequently in some degree to disturb, the 
 rest of the upper part. There is some novelty, and not an unpleasing 
 effect, in placing, as is here done, an angular gable above a curved sur- 
 face. Neither has this been done arbitrarily, because the semicircle in 
 the upper story is a continuation of that forming the entrance below, 
 and perfectly in harmony with the curved roof of the viranda porch ; 
 while the gable above it, keeps up consistency in this respect throughout 
 
•2 
 
 the elevation. The varying flow of shadow thus obtained is certainly 
 beautiful in itself, and somewhat similar to that thrown by the volutes of 
 the Ionic capital on the upper part of the colmnn. 
 
 The plan is well adapted for either a Villa, or Hunting Lodge, where 
 accommodation is required for resident visitors, there being rather nume- 
 rous bed chambers on the upper floor ; and the other being so arranged 
 as to admit of quite as much display as would be expected in such a 
 liouse. 
 
 Beyond the hall is a small ante-room connecting the dining-room, 
 drawing-room and library: besides which, the two latter are also con- 
 nected by a little conservatory. This ante-room being no more than an 
 inner vestibule ov piece de communication, which the servants would enter 
 in order to reach either the drawing-room or library, it is not desirable 
 that it should have at all the appearance of a sitting room, consequently 
 the want of a fire place is no objection. For the same reason, too, the 
 single window at the end, would, although placed obliquely, be sufficient. 
 Were it not thought so, the adjoining door into the library, might also 
 be glazed, either with stained or ground glass, or with double plain glass, 
 with coloured silk between it, of sufficient substance to prevent per- 
 sons seeing into the library, but thin enough to admit light; or else this 
 door might have mirror panels corresponding with the glazing of the 
 window, which would not only produce complete symmetry of design 
 but greatly enhance the effect, on first entering the ante-room ; Mobile the 
 window itself would also be seen reflected, from certain points of view. 
 
 Some further remarks on this plan occur in the account of Design 
 No. 13. 
 
 Cost of this Building, in brick and stucco, £2750. Extra if with stone quoins, £280. 
 
2 
 
VILLA IN THE ELIZABETHAN STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 10. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XVIII. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, —PLATE XIX. 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XX. 
 
 Besides offering a richer specimen of domestic architecture than any of 
 the foregoing subjects, the principal elevation of this design, differs from 
 them in perfect uniformity being preserved throughout ; and it may 
 perhaps be admitted as an instance, that although irregularity is not 
 censurable in this style, symmetry may occasionally be commendable. 
 There is so much variety, not without a certain degree of energy, in the 
 composition itself, that a lesser degree of harmony would hardly have 
 been an improvement. As will be immediately seen, too, by the per- 
 spective view, unless a person stationed himself exactly in front, one side 
 of the elevation would be so cut off by the projecting porch, and the 
 part above, although not immediately over, it, that the effect of irregu- 
 larity would be in a great measure obtained; at the same time, that the 
 idea of uniform architectural design would be preserved. The porch 
 being a little advanced beyond the projecting centre compartment of 
 this front, both renders the entrance more sheltered, and increases 
 the perspective effect. The octangular buttresses attached to the walls 
 above, and terminating in insulated pillars below, are not the least 
 happily imagined features, were it only because they impart a sparkling 
 brilliancy to the building, and serve to make the parts behind them seem 
 to retire more. Should hypercriticism object that it is contrary to sound 
 principles of construction, to place massive buttresses upon such seem- 
 ingly inadequate supports, it ought also to deprecate the admiration 
 we bestow on many similar feats in Gothic architecture ; consequently 
 pillars of rod-like proportions, boldly projecting hanging turrets, and 
 other things of that sort, instead of being admired, ought rather to be 
 reprobated as mere whimsies and vagaries. But the day for such " my- 
 grandmother" criticism is gone by ; or if it be indulged in at all, it is 
 
2 
 
 only by that class of wise-acres, who wonder how the arches on the ter- 
 race of Somerset House can support the columns of the open porticoes 
 above them. 
 
 Those who may disapprove of these pillar-propped buttresses, will 
 not be at all more pleased with the smaller ones suspended at the angles 
 of the building ; except it be that these latter may escape animadversion 
 by being supported — not on props of brick or stone — but on the more 
 venerable props of precedent and authority. 
 
 Others, again, may object to buttresses, where not absolutely demanded 
 by necessity, however important they may be, (as is certainly the case 
 in the side elevations of this design) for effect. Yet surely that which 
 contributes to artistical effect or beauty, is not altogether so unnecessary 
 as to be inadmissable where those qualities ought not to be overlooked. 
 At any rate, such decided utilitarians in architecture ought to find it 
 " necessary " to be consistent, and should look with a laudable horror 
 upon the extravagancies of Sir Christopher Wren, who has masked the 
 buttresses of St Paul's by a huge wall of stone, and who, in the same 
 structure, has built two domes to answer the purpose of one. What a 
 wretched bungler ! Whether the plan of this design would satisfy so 
 fastidious and discriminating a critic as the Baron d'Haussez, may very 
 fairly be questioned ; if for no other reason, because the dining-room 
 does not form here, as we have found to be the case in some French 
 plans, a thoroughfare to the salon, and the only way of getting into 
 it; which is certainly such a specimen of ingeniousness, both in contri- 
 vance and taste, as ought to put an English architect to the blush for 
 his own inferiority in both. It may possibly have happened, that the 
 engraver named the rooms incorrectly, writing salle a immger M'here he 
 should have written salon, and vice versa ; and if such correction at all 
 amends the matter, it is at the Baron's service. 
 
 Although of a richer and more finished architectural character, this 
 house does not stand upon more ground than the one forming Design 
 No. 8, neither are the rooms more spacious; it is nevertheless better 
 calculated for a superior style of living, there being a good-sized 
 entrance hall, an ante-room and a library, or morning room, besides the 
 dining and drawing rooms. These are so disposed, that while the two 
 
last mentioned are not exposed to the hall, and therefore rendered more 
 agreeable in respect to privacy, all the five rooms are connected 
 together, so that on particular occasions, the whole might be made to 
 serve as a suite of apartments. Were the hall occasionally to be made 
 use of thus, as something more than a mere entrance, a chimney-piece 
 might be desirable; accordingly, one might be put up facing the door 
 into the library. The offices are supposed to be formed in the base- 
 ment, where there is ample space for them ; and by this means, the 
 house is found to be more roomy than its external appearance promises. 
 Should this system be disapproved of, offices might be built abutting 
 against the chimney-end of the dining room, communicating with the 
 house by a corridor, leading to what is now the back door, in the staircase. 
 This alteration would not affect the butler's pantry, since the ceiling to the 
 corridor might be so low, as to leave sufficient space for a window above 
 it to light that room. Should such change in the plan be adopted, an 
 upper corridor might then be brought from the offices to the chamber 
 floor, by forming it upon the leads over the butler's room, and bringing it 
 through the closet adjoining the stairs, (see chamber plan) and of course, 
 removing the staircase window to the end wall. A convenient closet 
 would thus be lost, still upon the whole the alteration would be an 
 improvement, as the domestics would have no occasion to pass up and 
 down the principal staircase. That they must do so according to the 
 present plan, would, however, not prove very objectionable, because the 
 staircase is so situated as to be quite out of view, either from the hall or 
 any of the apartments. 
 
 In brick and stucco, £2002. Extra if erected with the principal fronts in stone ashlar, £ 530. 
 
I'/nlf /.(J 
 
I 
 
 O 3i O UrSs £5 I, A >: . 
 
A HUNTING LODGE, OR VILLA, 
 
 TX THE GOTHIC STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN, No. 11. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXI. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, — PLATE XXII. 
 TWO PLANS. — PLATE XXIII. 
 
 One circumstance that gives a piquancy to irregularity in domestic 
 architecture, independently of that derived from its picturesque quality, 
 is that it serves to impart an attractive sort of mystery to the aspect of 
 a building, by leaving us to guess how the interior is laid out, and by 
 giving evidence of that intricacy within, which if so managed as not to 
 detract from, but rather to promote convenience, is in itself no inconsi- 
 derable merit. Of this species of architectural interest, the elevations 
 belonging to the present design, especially that forming the entrance 
 front, display no inconsiderable share. It certainly is not usual to 
 bring forward so conspicuously as is here done, such very plain and 
 subordinate features, as those between the porch and the tower, and in 
 the tower itself, in the upper elevation upon Plate 22. Still, however 
 much at variance as they may appear to be, both with the porch itself, 
 and other parts, they are not inconsistent with the purpose aimed at, 
 namely, to set off the rest by the contrast thus produced, and to 
 indicate that intricacy within, which has just been alluded to. The 
 broad stack of chimneys which comes in at the angle, formed by the 
 projection in the other front, serves also to aid this sort of expression^ 
 at the same time, that it creates solidity and repose where they are 
 eminently advantageous. 
 
 The plan of this design, offers nearly the very same accommodation 
 within, in regard to the principal apartments and their accessories, as 
 the two preceding, and indeed most of the other plans for residenc es of 
 a like description — that is, a vestibule, ante-room, drawing room, 
 
2 
 
 dining room, and library. In other respects, the arrangement adopted 
 for each design, varies considerably. Hence the interest of comparing 
 one design with another is far greater than it would be, were they more 
 dissimilar, because where there is little or no resemblance, there is little 
 opportunity of drawing such parallels ; [and yet, indeed, there have been 
 sagacious persons before now, who following the example of the 
 admirable Fluellen, have discovered that St. Paul's at Liverpool, is a 
 miniature fac-simile of the so-named cathedral, because, although they 
 are as unlike as any two buildings can very well be, — although the 
 former has but one order, and that Ionic, while the latter has two, each 
 of them has a dome!] 
 
 Leaving the reader to skip over the above impertinent parenthesis, 
 should he have no taste for hye-play, and leaving him also to earn for 
 himself, the pleasure of comparing together the several plans in this 
 collection — for were we to commence doing so, we should get upon a 
 hobby that would take us a very long excursion, we shall proceed with 
 remarks more immediately belonging to this particular subject. 
 
 According to the plan, the drawing room communicates with the 
 dining room by opposite folding-doors in the ante-room, which certainly 
 gives extent in that direction, and yet is not entirely free from objection. 
 To overcome this, it is here proposed to convert the door B into a sham 
 one, to correspond with that on the opposite side of the ante-room, 
 introducing mirror panels, for the purpose of reflecting a view of 
 the drawing room and the further bay, by which means an equally 
 delightful vista would be supplied. As the door leading into the dining 
 room would then be placed at D, the lobby ought to be made a conti- 
 nuation of the ante-room, which would thus be converted into a kind of 
 small gallery, the two divisions of which, would be united by an open 
 arch. By way of further improvement, a window with some stained 
 glass, and with a fire-place beneath, should be substituted for the door 
 at the further end, as giving a more comfortable air to such a room, 
 than a glazed door opening immediately outwards. Or should economy 
 not be so important a consideration as effect, the latter might be very 
 materially increased, by carrying out a small alcove recess, lighted 
 from above with panels of stained glass or tracery, as may be, placing 
 
3 
 
 the chimney-piece within it, and filling the whole of the space above it 
 with looking glass. This indeed could be done without the addition of 
 such recess, by merely lighting the lobby itself from above as just 
 recommended, there being no room over it to prevent its being done. 
 Yet the addition of a tribune, or small chapel -like recess, at the further 
 end, would produce a far more brilliant, more varied, and more impressive 
 perspective : for the second compartment of the gallery thus formed, 
 being only partially lighted by the glazed doors opening into the conser- 
 vatory, the splendour of the third division would be highly striking, as 
 viewed on entering the ante-room. 
 
 Even should nothing of this kind be done, but the lobby otherwise 
 remain as in the original plan, still the placing there the door leading 
 into the dining room, would be an improvement. First, the dining 
 room itself would be less exposed, and sounds of persons talking in it, 
 could hardly be heard at all in the drawing room ; as must otherwise be 
 the case unless the folding doors of the latter are always closed after the 
 ladies retire from table. Secondly, although the passage from the one 
 room to the other, would thus be rendered less direct, by being made some- 
 what circuitous, it would add to the idea of spaciousness. Thirdly, by 
 being removed to D, this door is not so much in a line with that by which 
 the servants come in; and the sideboard end of the room would be dis- 
 played to far greater advantage, on the company's first entering the 
 apartment. Fourthly, a view into the conservatory would be obtained 
 from the dining room, and should the weather require it, the door might 
 occasionally be left open after the ladies had withdrawn, without dis 
 turbing them in the drawing room. 
 
 It may be thought that such a gallery as above recommended, would 
 not be altogether in character with the rest of the house. That, of 
 course, must depend in a great measure upon how the other apartments 
 were fitted up, and also upon the degree of embellishment bestowed on 
 the gallery itself. Yet even should it not be deemed exactly suitable 
 to the present design, the ideas here thrown out, might be adopted in 
 a plan differing from this in other respects, but resembling it as far as 
 regards the disposition and form of the drawing room, ante-room, and 
 dining room. 
 
4 
 
 A few additional observations in regard to the plan of this design, as 
 well as that of No. 9, will be found in the description of the Hunting 
 Lodge in the Italian style, No. 13. 
 
 If executed in brick and stucco, £3140. Extra for stone ashlar fronts, £737. 
 
'i 
 
riule 22. 
 
 10 
 
 .30 
 
I 
 
 A GRECIAN VILLA. 
 
 DESIGN No. 12. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXIV. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS,— PLATE XXV. 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XXVI. 
 
 Internal effect, rather than external decoration, or any thing striking 
 in the elevations, has been here studied, for these, it must be admitted, 
 offer little to captivate the eye of a connoisseur, although of that 
 description which finds admirers among persons in general, whose taste 
 must in some degree be consulted in works of this nature, even though 
 it be attended with some inconsistency as to correct architectural 
 character and costume. Such a house in fact appears to greater advan- 
 tage in reality than it can be made to do upon paper, because actual 
 size and substance confer on it an importance, which it cannot possess 
 either in elevations or a perspective view, where the eye looks for some 
 more positive indication of taste than the order alone, however beautiful 
 in itself, can produce. This is what many are pleased to term a chaste 
 and simple style of Grecian architecture, whereas it wants that consis- 
 tency and keeping essential to chasteness and simplicity, and might, 
 therefore, more correctly be termed Semi- Grecian. Such as it is, how- 
 ever, it is not without something like elegance in the general proportions 
 and masses, but would require to have all the rest Avorked up, in order 
 to correspond with the order here applied. ,How this might be done, 
 will be shown in the Supplementary Volume. In the interim, let it 
 suffice to observe, that this exterior pretends to no more than to 
 announce the style adopted within, and we shall therefore proceed at 
 once to an examination of the plan. 
 
 The entrance hall offers a richer architectural couj) d'ceil than it is 
 always advisable to make at first; because whatever may be urged in 
 favour of first impressions in architecture, they may be rendered too 
 forcible and too favourable, and so occasion comparative disappoint- 
 ment in what follows. Yet, as in this case, the hall is intended to serve 
 as a billiard room, it becomes in a certain degree one of the apartments, 
 
2 
 
 and will therefore bear to have more room allotted to it, and to be made a 
 more striking portion of the interior, than under different circumstances 
 it ought to be in a house of the same extent. Besides, although this 
 plan contains no more sitting rooms than others that have been shown, 
 and which are far less ostentatious as regards their vestibules, the 
 apartments themselves are more spacious, so that if suitably decorated, 
 they would adequately support the display here made. Furthermore, 
 it should be observed, care has been taken that while none of the effect 
 the plan allowed, is lost, the hall itself is, if any thing, rather smaller 
 than the adjoining rooms, neither does it exceed them in heigth; there- 
 fore they do not suffer by injudicious contrast in that respect, as is apt 
 to be the case in those mansions where the introductory part of the 
 interior occupies the height of two floors, thereby making the other 
 apartments appear, at first, less lofty than they really are. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the eye here takes in at the first glance, an 
 extent double the length of either the drawing or dining room, this 
 space is so divided by the screen of columns, that the limits of the hall 
 itself are clearly enough defined, and this portion prevented from 
 appearing extravagant in point of size. At the same time, while the 
 greater loftiness of the further part, shows expansion upwards beyond 
 the colonnades, this does not display itself too decidedly, all at once, 
 but rather gradually reveals itself to the visitor as he advances along. 
 The effect of the staircase as beheld through the intervening screen, 
 whose columns would be in half shade, and thereby detach themselves 
 boldly from the more brilliant back ground, upon which the light would 
 fall down from above, would be no less picturesque than architectural. 
 
 The recesses with columns, beyond the screen, are by no means the 
 least effective features in the design, nor is their value lessened by their 
 arising out of the plan itself, instead of being arbitrarily brought in for 
 the sake of display. These greatly contribute towards the richness and 
 variety of the perspective ensemble, and are productive of that com- 
 plexity which, provided it be skilfully managed, is no less desirable in 
 this style than in the Gothic. Owing to the width of the landing imme- 
 diately above them, these columns would certainly not have much direct 
 light thrown upon them; nevertheless as they would be seen against a 
 deeper shadowed back ground behind them, they would be sufficiently 
 
3 
 
 distinct, while they would produce an effect contrasted to that of the larger 
 colonnade. The staircase itself, with two flights of steps branching off" 
 from the first one, is here rendered more important than — considering 
 that it conducts only to bed chambers and dressing rooms — might under 
 different circumstances be deemed eligible; yet it is not more so than 
 is proper in this instance, where it forms a principal though distant 
 feature in the scene. 
 
 As some may, after all, be of opinion, that the apartments are rather 
 too few, consistently with the style of living that is otherwise indicated' 
 it may not be displeasing to them, if we now point out in what manner 
 the whole might be converted into a very superior mansion, without 
 greatly deviating from the present plan, and that principally, by parti- 
 ally filling up the open space behind the staircase. To effect this, what 
 is now the library might be made a second drawing room, and the 
 library placed beyond it; the study, &c. being removed to the other side, 
 where the kitchen now is. Supposing the other offices to be in the 
 basement, the kitchen might then be placed on the same level, in the 
 space behind the staircase. Should there be no room built above, it 
 might be made as lofty as we pleased, and lighted entirely from the 
 ceiling. As a still further improvement, however, we should rather 
 recommend some apartment on the level of the first landing on the 
 stairs; and as windows immediately over those of the kitchen beneath, 
 might be thought objectionable, this room might be lighted from above, 
 and applied to the purpose either of a picture cabinet or library; in the 
 latter case, thus obtaining a third or morning room, beyond the two 
 drawing rooms. The cabinet, or whatever else it might be, would be an 
 occasion for taking visitors partly up the staircase, and would thus 
 justify the display there made; at the same time it would be raised so 
 little above the rest of the ground floor, that it might almost be con- 
 sidered as forming a part of it. 
 
 A plan shewing the proposed alteration, will be given in the Supple- 
 mentary Volume. 
 
 Estimated cost, finished with brick, and stucco fronts, stone cornice and plinths, £4930. 
 Extra if with stone ashlar fronts, £ 936. 
 
A HUNTING LODGE OR VILLA, 
 
 IN THE ITALIAN STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN No. 13. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXVII. 
 FRONT ELEVATION, — PLATE XXVIII. 
 SIDE ELEVATION, — PLATE XXIX. 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XXX. 
 
 By comparing the plan of this house with those of Nos. 9 and 11, it will 
 be perceived, that much as they differ in regard to various other parti- 
 culars, they all three bear a general resemblance to each other, in the 
 position and relative proportions of the principal rooms. Far from 
 being occasioned by any difficulty of producing greater variety, or by 
 inattention to the circumstance itself, this similarity has been adhered 
 to, with the view of showing, how the same internal accommodation may 
 be obtained, where there are many minor differences, and where differ- 
 ent styles are adopted. 
 
 In each of these plans, it will be observed, there is a drawing room, 
 dining room, and library, with an ante-room between the two former; 
 but in No. 9, the library is placed beyond the ante-room, into which all 
 the other three open, while there is no immediate communication 
 between the library and the drawing room as in this design, and No. 11. 
 Both the latter have the library adjoining the hall, and opening into the 
 drawing room: and the chief difference between the two plans, as regards 
 this portion of the house, is that in the present design there is no 
 conservatory, and in No. 11 there is. They will, likewise, be found 
 very closely to resemble each other in the relative position of doors, 
 windows, fire-places, and sideboard recesses; also in having a porch, 
 and a kind of small intermediate vestibule between that and the hall. 
 In No. 9, on the contrary, there is no porch, properly speaking, — at 
 least not an inclosed one, but what rather answers to the idea of a 
 viranda. The same design again, differs from the others in the follow- 
 ing particular: instead of extending cross-wise to the drawing room, the 
 
2 
 
 dining room occupies a corresponding space on the other side of the 
 ante-room, with the sideboard facing the entrance from the last menti- 
 oned, and the chimney-piece opposite the windows, which are not at the 
 end, but on one of the longer sides of the apartment. These are by no 
 means unimportant circumstances as effecting the general appearance 
 of a room: nevertheless it may be thought, that they hardly require to 
 be so minutely pointed out; our excuse, therefore, for adverting to them, 
 must be, that it is not so much for the purpose of superseding, as of 
 encouraging such examination; and at all events, it is, if not more 
 usefid, assuredly not more impertinent, than the custom of explaining 
 what the most careless inspection of the plates, must make any one 
 acquainted with. 
 
 One thing which requires no further remark from us, than merely 
 calling attention to it, is that the same kind of alteration as that recom- 
 mended for the ante-room in No. 11, is equally applicable to the present 
 design. 
 
 On the chamber floor, is a spacious landing or upper vestibule, 
 somewhat larger than seems altogether consistent in a house of this 
 kind, where it is generally a desideratum to have as many sleeping 
 rooms as the plan will admit. It has not, however, been appropriated 
 as a bed room here, on account of the small staircase which leads up 
 into the space above it, whence another staircase affords access to 
 the apartment in the tower. Still if it was desired to obtain an addi- 
 tional bed-chamber, this might be accomplished without any very great 
 difficulty, by removing the staircase just mentioned into the space in the 
 corresponding angle, adjoining the principal one; opening a door between 
 them, facing the entrance into the opposite passage. The space now occu- 
 pied merely as a landing might then be made into a chamber, having a 
 deep bay, and a small dressing room adjoining, formed out of what is now 
 the staircase to the tower. The chief difficulty to be got over would be 
 to provide a suitable place for the water closet, which would thus be 
 taken away. Did no better method present itself, that closet might be 
 placed at one end of the passage off the landing, near the window or 
 opening looking into the staircase; and it might be lighted by a window 
 (besides a ventilator aperture) made next the ceiling, and opening 
 
8 
 
 towards the passage from the back staircase. The only farther devia- 
 tion from the plan hereby called for, would be to place the door into the 
 adjoining bed room, close to that angle formed by the side opposite the 
 fire-place, and perhaps recessing it about a couple of feet, by which 
 means a closet would be obtained within the chamber, and the room 
 itself appear less narrow in its proportions. 
 
 As will be seen by the front elevation, that part of the house where 
 the back staircase is situated, has two chamber floors above the ground 
 one, whereby several additional sleeping rooms are formed. 
 
 No remark has yet been made in regard to the exterior, neither is 
 much comment called for. We shall therefore confine ourselves to one 
 or two points, and touch upon them rather briefly. Independently of 
 those differences arising entirely out of the style adopted, this design 
 distinguishes itself from either of its two pendants — particularly from 
 No. 9, — by the greater loftiness of proportions in the whole structure, 
 even without taking the tower into account. With hardly anything of 
 decoration, there is what we sometimes meet with in plain buildings as 
 well as in plain women — a certain piquancy of expression— which if it 
 does not entitle them to be called beautiful, at least prevents our 
 applying to them any depreciating epithet. Much of this quality arises 
 here from the manner in which the different masses are made to relieve 
 each other, and from the indication of strength below, as opposed to 
 lightness above; which latter is greatly enhanced by the slender 
 tower, — as any one, we think, may convince himself by merely covering 
 up that feature, and considering the effect of the rest apart from it. 
 
 Where the design admits of it, and the cost of its erection is not a 
 material consideration, a tower or other lofty belvedere is a pleasing 
 addition to a country residence, especially if near the sea coast, or in any 
 situation to command an extensive and varied prospect. To a Hunting 
 Lodge it is certainly no inappropriate appendage, as it affords an 
 opportunity to the ladies of the family to accompany the sportsmen in 
 the chace, with their eyes, if not more amazonionally on horseback. 
 In like manner, too, as such a belvedere, adds to the attractions of a 
 Villa, so are telescopes very suitable and agreeable articles of furni- 
 ture for one; which besides their other uses, will enable the inmates 
 
4 
 
 of such a watch-tower to espy the approach of unbidden, undesired 
 visitors — of any bores, for instance, which being biped ones, are not 
 recognized as beasts of chace, — they enjoying all the while perfect secu- 
 rity from their intrusion. Should other furniture be desired; a book- 
 stand, and a harp, would suffice to render such a place a delightful snug- 
 gery — a kind of aerial boudoir, equally fitted either for speculation or for 
 meditation. Within a garret we have seen a snuggery museum, stored 
 with works of art — why then not a boudoir, similarly elevated above the 
 earth and its " low thoughted cares." Milton certainly fancied one 
 when he wrote his Penseroso. — Good reader, excuse the flight we have 
 taken — the altitude, or to speak architecturally, the elevation to which we 
 have ascended. Let the sally in which we have just indulged, although 
 no part of our plan, pass by way of condiment to our previous dulness; 
 nor unkindly cut us for so venial an offence, because, remember, we 
 ourselves deal in sections. 
 
 This building may be executed in brick and stucco, with stone cornices, plinths, and 
 balconies, for £3310 : : 0, Extra with stone fronts, £ 786 : : 0. 
 
Plate 21 
 
I 
 
PRINCIPAL PARK ENTRANCE 
 
 TO LISSADELL COURT. 
 
 DESIGN No. 14. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXXT. 
 
 The beautiful and romantic demesne of Lissadell Court in Ireland, is 
 the property of Sir Robert Gore Booth, Bart, who has lately erected 
 upon it the mansion which forms the subject of the following design, 
 and this Gate-Lodge which is the principal approach to the house. The 
 demesne itself is bounded by the Bay of Sligo, the Atlantic and the 
 Bay of Donegal in one direction, and by the mountains called Ben 
 Bulben, Ben Whisky, and Nocnara, in the other. The country 
 around presents such a striking combination of mountain scenery and 
 water, that it is hardly possible for language to convey an adequate 
 idea of the varied charms of this highly picturesque tract of landscape. 
 The tower hereafter to be attached to this entrance into the park, besides 
 forming as it will a pleasing architectural object as beheld from the 
 country around, and also both from the Bay of Sligo and the Atlantic, 
 will command an extensive prospect from its upper part, while it 
 will prove of direct utility, by affording the means of telegraphic com- 
 munication with the adjoining estates. 
 
 In regard to its architecture, this tower is necessarily composed in a 
 mixed style, bearing a nearer affinity to the Italian than to the Grecian, — 
 and to the Italian of the middle ages (when structures of this class were 
 conspicuous features in most of the cities of Lombardy) than to that of 
 more recent times. Notwithstanding that it offers a striking contrast 
 to the lodge, yet in consequence of its being as much detached from, as 
 united with, the latter by the gate, and ornamental railing extending 
 between the two buildings, the dissimilarity of their style is by no 
 means attended with a disagreeable effect. The Lodge itself so nearly 
 
2 
 
 resembles that represented in Design No. 2, that it is hardly necessary 
 to make any additional remarks upon this, except it be, that here there 
 are no windows in the inner angles, formed by the projecting portico- 
 like ends of the building. 
 
 Estimated cost of this structure, including the telegraphic tower erected in Ballasadare . 
 marble, and the cast and wrought iron gates, gilding, bronzing, &c. £ 2270 : : 0. 
 
LISSADELL, 
 
 THE SEAT OF SIR ROBERT GORE BOOTH, BART. 
 
 DESIGN No. 15. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXXII. 
 • INTERIOR OF THE HALL, ETC.— PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 TWO PLANS, — PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 The situation of Lissadell having been just described, and the immediate 
 locality of the house being shown in the perspective view, which ex- 
 hibits the two principal fronts, we shall now proceed to give some 
 account of the mansion and its interior. The building (which is not yet 
 entirely completed within,) was commenced in 1830, and has been 
 erected for less than the estimate, by a considerable sum. Indeed the 
 admirable manner in which the works have been executed, reflects 
 equal credit on the contractor, (Mr. James Nowell, of Dewsbury in 
 Yorkshire,) for his skill, as the highly satisfactory performance of his 
 engagement, reflects upon his integrity. Neither ought the praise due 
 to the author's clerk, Mr. Reed, for his punctual discharge of his duties 
 as superintendant of the works, be here withheld from him. 
 
 The exterior of the building consists entirely of Ballasadare marble, 
 neatly tooled. The nature of the material employed in its construction, 
 will in a great measure account for the plainness of the design, since 
 the working of architraves to the windows, and other ornaments, would 
 have proved very expensive ; at the same time, its own beauty is such 
 as to render the aspect of the structure sufficiently imposing, although, 
 as has been already remarked in another place, this kind of beauty can 
 hardly be indicated, much less expressed, in engravings similar to these. 
 The principal thing to be remarked in the external design, is that, the 
 lower part of the projecting centre of the North front forms an entrance 
 for carriages to drive into, which is closed by gates, because the violence 
 of the wind on this coast is at times so furious, that it was necessary to 
 provide shelter against it; and it is accordingly intended, that whenever 
 such is the case, one of the gates shall be closed, in order that visitors 
 may alight without being annoyed by it. As a further convenience, a 
 small winding staircase leads up immediately from the servants' hall in 
 
f2 
 
 the basement, to this entrance ; which nearly answers the purpose of 
 keeping a porter constantly in attendance in the hall. 
 
 Instead of entering into a description of the plan, which will be far 
 better understood by an inspection of it in the engraving, we shall here 
 confine ourselves to such particulars as seem to call for some notice. 
 The entrance hall, of which the principal staircase forms a continuation, 
 is, although of moderate size, sufficiently important in its architectural 
 character, and better adapted to the rest of the plan than a more spacious 
 vestibule would have been. It is, indeed, generally allowed by those 
 who have seen it, to possess a particularly pleasing effect, as regards 
 the picture-like distribution of light and shade, and the extremely ele- 
 gant and varied appearance it presents from different points of view, no 
 less than for its design and detail. The sectional outline view here 
 given, does not profess, therefore, to do justice to the subject, although 
 it will serve to convey a sufficiently correct idea as to its general form, 
 and to explain how this room is lighted through the glazed compart- 
 ments in the ceiling of the landing, or rather upper vestibule, above — 
 for here, instead of the landing seeming to form projecting galleries 
 round the upper part of the hall, there is more the appearance of there 
 being an opening in its ceiling, admitting a view from below into the 
 part just mentioned. The circumstance of there being no windows 
 in the lower vestibule, unless those upon the staircase can be said to 
 belong to it, is greatly in favour both of its architectural character and the 
 general effect, since the upper part thus displays itself more strikingly, 
 as does likewise the gallery. This latter apartment (for a view of which 
 the reader is referred to the frontispiece of the former volume,) partakes 
 somewhat of the character of an inner and more highly decorated vesti- 
 bule, through which visitors can have access to the principal rooms on 
 this floor ; while it is used as a music-room, or an apartment of general 
 rendezvous, besides occasionally serving as a ball-room. Therefore, 
 although it constitutes the most striking part of the interior, it does not 
 do so more than the purposes for which it is intended warrant ; since 
 instead of being only viewed in passing through it, it will become a 
 point of re-union for the company in the house. The folding doors at 
 the further end open into the library, the bay of which terminates the 
 vista, thus carried on to an extent of 84 feet. Another door opens into 
 
3 
 
 an ante-room between the drawing and dining rooms ; so that with the 
 addition of the small boudoir adjoining the library, there are six rooms 
 immediately communicating with each other, so arranged as to produce 
 far greater variety than they would do if they were all placed in a 
 straight line. It should also be remarked, that in addition to these 
 apartments, there is a handsome billiard room next the entrance hall. 
 A separate corridor for servants was not judged necessary, as by means 
 of the various staircases communicating with the basement, the domes- 
 tics can have access to the different parts of this floor without making a 
 thoroughfare of the gallery. Otherwise had such corridor been thought 
 requisite, it might easily have been carried along one side of the gallery, 
 so as to afford a direct passage from one wing to the other on that side 
 of the building ; and as the gallery is lighted from above, a similar 
 corridor might have been formed on the bed-chamber floor. 
 
 The offices, together M'ith sleeping rooms for the servants, are in the 
 basement, yet, as may be seen by the view of the house, partly above 
 ground. One advantage, if no other, gained by this system, is that it 
 raises the floor above them, and therefore contributes to the cheerfulness 
 of the principal rooms, which being thus a little elevated, enjoy a better 
 prospect. Many, we are aware, object to offices being at all sunk 
 below the house in a country residence, where there is generally ample 
 space for building them above ground, either as wings to the house 
 itself or otherwise. Undoubtedly such is the case, but there are many 
 other things to be considered besides the facility of providing site for 
 them. If erected as wings, unless consistent in their architecture with 
 the rest of the design, they will rather impair than improve the 
 general effect, giving to the ensemble, the appearance of being parsimo- 
 niously stinted, and more formal than uniform. In the next place, 
 when thus situated, the offices in one wing are at an inconvenient distance 
 from those in the other. Besides which, they must more or less inter- 
 cept the view from the apartments in the main building. If again, the 
 offices be all placed together ; attached to the house, yet still so situated 
 as to be easily screened from sight, and consequently so as to be erected 
 without any pretension to architecture; still if the establishment be 
 large, they must occupy nearly as much ground as the house itself ; this 
 mode therefore is too much like building two separate houses, in order 
 
4 
 
 to have the accommodation of one; to say nothing of another and no 
 small inconvenience in itself, namely, the distance to which the servants 
 are removed if not from all, at least from the greater part of the rooms 
 in the house, and their removal in some degree from observation. On 
 the contrary, by forming the offices in the basement, whether entirely 
 or partly under ground, direct communication may be obtained between 
 them and the several parts of the house, should it be so large as to 
 require more than one access from the offices to the rooms above. Ano- 
 ther great recommendation attending placing the offices as has been 
 done at Lissadell, is that an unobstructed view may be obtained from 
 every front of the house, and also that the pleasure grounds may be 
 continued quite round it, without interruption from out-buildings, courts, 
 &c. In order to secure this advantage to his mansion in the fullest 
 extent, it is Sir Robert's intention to form a convenient subway to the 
 offices for the conveyance of whatever the establishment requires, and 
 further to screen the offices and their out-of-door appurtenances by a 
 series of terraces, whereby the lawn and pleasure grounds will be ren- 
 dered quite private. 
 
 As we do not remember to have ever met with similar observations 
 ourselves, these remarks may perhaps possess novelty for the reader; 
 at any rate they will perhaps convince him, that the mode here adopted 
 has something in its favour, whatever opinion may be entertained as to 
 the contrary one. We have therefore preferred offering them for consi- 
 deration, to entering into a description of those in the plan, the 
 convenience of which will be sufficiently apparent to any one who will 
 t»ke pains to examine it carefully ; and we could do little more than 
 repeat what is there sufficiently explained. 
 
 As it would be improper for us to state the exact cost of this mansion, we shall only observe 
 that a similar one might be erected in England, in brick with stone dressings, for a sum between 
 £14,000. and £15,000. or with all the fronts faced with stone, for about £18,000. In altering 
 the original designs, with the view of reducing the expense to a comparatively moderate sum, 
 considering the extent and accommodation of the building, the author has been much indebted 
 to the judicious hints of Sir R. G. Booth himself, who, during his travels upon the continent, 
 has paid particular attention to architecture. 
 
Desi^rh. IS. 
 
 FMf. 3-1' 
 
SMALL VILLA 
 
 IN THE OLD ENGLISH COTTAGE STYLE. 
 
 DESIGN, No. 16. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, — PLATE XXXV. 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION, SIDE AND BACK ELEVATION, — PLATE XXXVI. 
 TWO PLANS. — PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 The variety of the cottage style here adopted might, not improperly, be 
 distinguished from the plainer sort, by the epithet " Florid." It is, 
 moreover marked by a certain quaintness, by no means unpleasing 
 vphen judiciously applied, although in buildings vrhere something more 
 refined is looked for, it might seem to border too much on the grotesque. 
 Its peculiar embellishment consists chiefly in the contrast of colour and 
 material, produced by the inlaying or marquetry of wood-work in the 
 face of the wall; and it is therefore exceedingly w^ell adapted for 
 plastered or stuccoed surfaces. The same kind of ornamental damask- 
 ing, may also be employed for some of the compartments of the upper 
 story, where the lower one is constructed of stone; or it may be intro- 
 duced in conjunction with other simple yet fanciful decoration of the 
 external coating of the walls, — such as paretta work, where fine pebbles 
 and shells are pressed into the moist plastering, so as to form an incrus- 
 tation. An intermixture, again, of carving on some of the principal 
 or upright timbers, may be employed, when a greater degree of richness 
 is desired. As a substitute, too, for such decoration which would 
 prove too expensive for ordinary occasions, an imitation of it in cement 
 or stucco, either coloured when prepared, or afterwards painted to 
 resemble the other wood-work, might be resorted to. Another economic 
 species of embellishment applicable to this style, is that of stamping 
 various devices and patterns on the plaster, while it is sufficiently soft 
 • to take the impression. In addition to the great variety thus placed at 
 the architect's disposal, these modes of ornamenting the faces of walls, 
 allow combinations and contrasts not easily attainable with materials that 
 reject such masking. For instance, where any break or projection is made, 
 
2 
 
 in order to bring forward a window or windows, and make such feature 
 a distinct compartment in the elevation, (as is the case in the front of 
 the villa here shown, where there is a slight projection of this kind, to 
 the left of the porch,) the general surface from which such part 
 advances, might be finished in paretta, or according to some of the other 
 modes just described. This would produce a kind of counter richness, 
 wherein two different fashions of decoration would relieve and be 
 sufficiently distinct from each other, so as not to create too much 
 confusion, and yet not be without harmony. 
 
 It must be confessed that some discretion and taste are here requisite, 
 otherwise the whole would be rendered patchwork. Small buildings,, 
 however, unless it happen that symmetry be positively aimed at in 
 them, allow greater latitude in this respect than larger ones, — not 
 merely irregularity of form, but irregularity or inequality of style, and 
 opposition of material. In an extensive structure, uniformity of material 
 alone, especially if it be of a more costly species than ordinary, aids the 
 idea of continuity and grandeur; and variety of it rather tends to 
 convey the notion of a fabric constructed piecemeal, than of a single 
 magnificent undertaking. In a small building, on the contrary, which 
 cannot make any impression upon the beholder, as regards the power 
 and means exerted in its construction, little can be lost by not keeping 
 in view what would not be felt to be a merit. 
 
 Taking our leave, however, of points of criticism like these, which if 
 pursued further would lead us into a very wide field of discussion, we 
 must now turn to the design itself. With somewhat more of studied 
 embellishment, this villa has likewise more of the genuine cottage in its 
 general appearance, than have some of the previous subjects that come 
 under the same denomination. No. 7, for example, has no little of the 
 aspect of a substantial country house; while No. 9, answers more, upon 
 the whole, to what is understood by the term Cottage ornh, its features 
 being rather composed from fancy, than derived from any express model; 
 whereas the subject of the present design, has more of genuine style, 
 and carries with it an air of greater authenticity. Independently of 
 what comes under the head of embellishment, the elevations are marked 
 by a certain agreeable playfulness of outline, in regard both to plan and 
 
3 
 
 profile, there being many parts which overhang those below, as well as 
 others forming projecting breaks in a horizontal direction. The depth 
 of the roof in comparison with the height of the walls — which effect is 
 further increased by the loftiness of the chimneys; the small size of the 
 windows, and the very narrow proportions of others ; also the apparent 
 smallness of the rooms within, as indicated by the external features, — 
 all conduce in no small degree to keep up the cottage character. At 
 the same time, it is evident enough that this dwelling is something very 
 far superior to a cottage, and that it owes its beauties to study and 
 tasteful appplication, far more than to accident and to circumstances of 
 mere necessity. Notwithstanding the disguise it purposely assumes, 
 there are certain indications of refinement about it, — among others, the 
 little conservatory, which betrays itself so agreeably in one of the 
 fronts, — that one feels certain of meeting with at least a corresponding 
 degree of it within, although it is not very easy to guess before-hand 
 what the apartments themselves will offer. 
 
 A small ante-room — if such term does not carry with it too assuming 
 a sound, when bestowed on so exceedingly contrasted a space — lighted 
 by a stained glass window towards the staircase, connects the dining 
 room and drawing room, each of which is more spacious than previous 
 conjecture, founded upon external appearance, would lead us to expect. 
 In shape, also, and in other particulars, they are more than usually 
 pleasing; and though there are many windows in each, they are so 
 formed and so placed as not to detract too much from comfort, by 
 exposing the rooms to glare of light in the summer, or to cold in winter. 
 The two windows in the drawing room, which are opposite the fire- 
 place, are less lofty than the others, and are screened by a deep 
 viranda; while the others are partly sheltered by the projection of the 
 story above, and by the pillars which support it. The small conserva- 
 tory or recess for flowers, formed out of the bay opposite the door, 
 serves also in some manner for the same purpose, giving the idea of 
 shelter and exclusion from the weather, as well as admitting light. 
 A viranda of the kind here shown, one of whose ends abuts against a 
 wall, where there might be a bench, and which is sufficiently wide to 
 admit of other seats being placed in it, is a most pleasant accessory to 
 
4 
 
 a drawing room in summer time, and may almost be said to take the 
 room itself out abroad, for when rendered so attractive as it may be 
 made here, it would frequently seduce the work-table or the reading-table 
 into its own neutral ground, between the house and the open air. 
 
 Estimated cost in brick and stucco, including the offices on the basement floor, £2250. 
 
•DE SIQN B"9 16. 
 
 /^late, 35. 
 
 Tim pRorcmiJ, rnoj^ m PKKsrKcrtvr.. 
 
 rar. cotiac-£ or im toue GHovm jjzrn 
 
 THE GJLRDE.V FROHXS W eERSEEC T ml. 
 
 PMTTCffFJSi]!. OR J]-: K T ]ELAI?C E FMO-NT, 
 
 Zoiidm*Publis3ied Ifl^S.'bjr.flie-ATiciior. 2Ili<iTig Streel.Portmico. Squ-are. 
 
/'/,,!,■ .7/;, 
 
AN ITALIAN VILLA, 
 
 DESIGN No. 17. 
 
 PERSPECnriVE VIEW, — PLATE XXXVIII. 
 TWO ELEVATIONS, — PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 PLANS OF GROUND FLOOR AND CHAMBER FLOOR, — PLATE XL. 
 
 The modern Anglo-Italian, as this particular species of architecture, 
 might, for distinction's sake, very well be denominated, tolerates many 
 freedoms which in a more finished and consistent style would not 
 unjustly incur censure. One of its characteristics is, that it can dis- 
 pense with strictness as to detail; another, that it affects a certain 
 unconstrained liveliness, tending towards the fanciful, if not the 
 frivolous, and which, exceptionable as it would be in buildings that 
 require to be treated with greater harmony and chasteness — not to say 
 with some degree of severity — is far from being out of place where 
 cheerfulness is the quality principally aimed at. In these respects, it 
 forms a striking antithesis to the Palladian-Italian, and to those dull, 
 formal, frigid imitations of it, tolerably abundant in this country some 
 hundred years ago, and which when, as not unfrequently happened, 
 upon a trifling scale, acquired double insignificance from the grotesque 
 heaviness of the architecture. 
 
 Among those features which contribute in no small degree to the 
 cheerfulness above alluded to, are lofty windows descending very nearly 
 not only to the internal floor but to the ground itself. The viranda, 
 which is utterly incompatible with either the Palladian or the Greek 
 style, and could hardly be rendered other than an offensive anomaly 
 in them, may be applied here, not merely Avithout impropriety, but with 
 exceedingly good effect, and that too in a variety of modes. Turrets, 
 again, are in keeping with the general character of the style; neither is 
 some degree of license inadmissable as to the arrangement of windows, 
 either in the same or different stories of a building. Where, moreover, 
 
2 
 
 columns and entablatures are applied, they are rather introduced as 
 accessories, subordinate to, not directing, the general design. Hence 
 porches* and small loggias are substituted for porticos; and projections 
 of the viranda character, supported upon stone pillars, for colonnades. 
 
 The present design offers an exemplification of several of the fore- 
 going remarks, the columns introduced being in a great measure 
 independent of the main structure, and no more characterize its general 
 style, than columns in a Venetian window would entitle the whole 
 building to be described as being of the order employed for them. The 
 entrance elevation also, serves to explain the kind of viranda-like sub- 
 stitute for a colonnade; the porch being extended so as to assume that 
 character, which although it is not very easy to be explained, may be 
 sufficiently understood by comparing it with the viranda in the eleva- 
 tion beneath. We may here observe many things that would amount 
 to offensive solecisms in the Grecian style — for m hich much more than 
 the application of Grecian columns is requisite ; and nevertheless they 
 are perfectly warranted in one which is altogether a " chartered liber- 
 tine." The excessive width of the intercolumns, intolerable if met with in 
 any thing affecting to be a classical portico or colonnade, ceases to be a 
 defect here. The same may be said with regard to the kind of irregula- 
 rity, produced by making this viranda or porch appear to encroach upon 
 the adjoining parts, by coming before one of the windows on each side, 
 and there terminating abruptly, instead of being extended so as to em- 
 brace the whole of those two lateral divisions. Here such a license 
 requires no apology, because greater correctness would merely have 
 occasioned the ensemble to appear more incorrect. 
 
 One circumstance deserving to be noticed in this design, and of which 
 advantage might be taken for Grecian architecture, is the combination 
 of columns and insulated antae-piers, or of round and square pillars sup- 
 porting the same entablature. 
 
 * It could be wished that those who profess to describe buildings were either more accurate 
 in their choice of terms, or so explicit as to prevent any misconception. Owing to this care- 
 lessness — insincerity would in many cases be the better word — we are frequently led to expect 
 " a portico," which turns out to be nothing more than four diminutive and insignificant 
 columns before an ordinary house-door — that is to say, a mere porch. 
 
3 
 
 Much, too, might be made — not for the Grecian, but for this kind of 
 style, — of such piers as are introduced in the viranda of the other front; 
 as both the pier itself, and the latticed panel or compartment, admit of 
 great variety and fancy in their decoration. The roof also of such 
 viranda, might, at a trifling expence, be rendered a conspicuous and 
 ornamental feature, by having it painted in some suitable colours and 
 pattern, so as to represent a figured awning; and if there should be 
 Venetian shutters, or any sort of external blinds to the window^s, (which 
 harmonize well enough with this style), they also might be made to 
 assimilate with the viranda both as to colour and design. It may further 
 be observed, that external Venetian shutters would rather give a finished 
 appearance to the architecture than not, where there is merely a cornice 
 above the window, without architraves to its jambs. 
 
 Among the differences of plan between this and the other designs, is 
 the introduction of an inner vestibule, in the centre of the house, with a 
 lobby on one side, giving access to the dining and drawing as well as 
 the ante-room, so that the latter becomes an independent apartment, 
 and may be used as a small morning room. 
 
 The vestibule just noticed, partakes of the character of a circular 
 saloon surrounded on the upper floor by distinct corridors, and would 
 admit light to them, being itself lighted from the lanthorn above. This 
 saloon, with the staircase beyond it, would contribute in no slight degree 
 to the effect of the interior, especially as it must constantly be passed 
 through in order to reach any of tlie rooms on the east side of the house. 
 One merit of the arrangement here observed is, that the distance from 
 the entrance is prolonged, and consequently gives the idea of greater 
 space within the house, while the rooms themselves are secluded from the 
 first entrance. The principal objection seems to be that the library is 
 thus quite detached from the rest of the rooms. Perhaps, too, it is rather 
 smaller than could be wished; yet this last objection might be easily 
 overcome by taking in the space now occupied by the two larders, and 
 removing them back on one side of the passage, behind the entrance 
 into the court. The library would then be as long as the drawing room, 
 but would differ from it, in being narrower. Or else, the spaces now 
 
4 
 
 occupied by the two larders, might be converted into a small study or 
 private room communicating with the library, and accessible likewise 
 through a backway. 
 
 Ill brick and stucco, with stone cornices and plinths, £ 4880, Extra if with stone ashlar 
 fronts, £800. 
 
Dciig/t // 
 
 ITALIA N V I LLA . 
 
 PRINCI pal — E LEVATION. 
 
 I/mdoa I'ntlifted. 1833 hy Oic Aut}]or.21,-En| St-.Portman Sf]^ 
 
 i 
 
o 
 
Design, n. 
 
 I1etU.40 
 
LABOURERS' COTTAGES. 
 
 DESIGN No. 18. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE VIEW, TW^O ELEVATIONS, TWO PLANS, — PLATE XH. 
 
 The Cottages forming the subject of this design, are of a far humbler 
 class than those which, being intended as the abodes of affluence and 
 elegance, merely assume the cottage guise. These are bona fide what 
 their name implies — evidently the habitations of labouring people. Yet 
 even here, although economy is a primary object, and should be made 
 to appear so, attention to external effect ought not to be disregarded ; 
 neither is it necessary that fancy should be altogether excluded, parti- 
 cularly as it may be rendered subservient both to true economy and to 
 convenience. Nay, romantic as the idea may seem to many, the pro- 
 prietor of an estate would consult his interests no less than his taste, 
 were he to erect at least comfortable dwellings for his labourers and 
 humbler tenantry, it being undeniable that the objects immediately 
 around exert more or less of moral influence on the feelings ; and if the 
 cotter's abode be cheerless, squalid and wretched — a mere hovel, hardly 
 superior to a stye except in size — " home " must be a word of mockery 
 to him, nor can he be expected to feel much attachment to that, or to 
 his employer. Neither himself nor his family will have any incentive to 
 study neatness, or any regard for comfort and decency ; both which are 
 no inconsiderable pledges for general propriety of conduct. 
 
 It is here shewn how two or more labourers' cottages may be grouped 
 together, by which means they acquire an aspect of greater comfort, 
 than a small solitary cottage possesses, especially if it consists of 
 merely a single room on the ground floor, without any additional out- 
 building. By the perspective view, as well as the plans, it will be seen 
 how they may be united in couples ; or quadruply, by only putting 
 together two of the lesser groups ; or, should it be thought more advisa- 
 ble not to have two entrances contiguous to each other, but to keep the 
 
2 
 
 several dwellings and families somewhat more distinct, and independent 
 of their neighbours, three or even four cottages may be so disposed that 
 each shall face a different aspect. 
 
 The architecture is exceedingly plain, yet not without some diversity 
 of form, and pictorial character, towards which the porch contributes in 
 no small degree. Besides its value as a feature in design, a porch, 
 M hether it be advanced beyond the walls, or recessed and cut out of the 
 general plan, is, as has been before remarked, not a little essential to 
 the snugness of such a dwelling, whose very smallness requires it, be- 
 cause nothing of a vestibule can be provided within, between the dwelling 
 room and the open air. In regard to its porch, one of these double cot- 
 tages has a decided advantage over the other, because instead of the 
 inner door facing the opening of the porch, it is turned on one side, 
 consequently the room is less exposed ; besides which, there may then 
 be a bench fronting the archway of the porch. 
 
 How far this design is suitable for a row of Village Almshouses, may 
 be judged from the appearance of the four which are introduced in 
 the perspective view. Perhaps it will be admitted that they look suffi- 
 ciently humble, without being mean ; quiet without being lonely ; and 
 uniform without being formal. 
 
 Two words, gentle Reader, or ungentle Critic, by way of Epilogue. — 
 Whatever else be thought — or still worse — be said of the present Series, 
 if it has no merit, it possesses at least one virtue — a virtue which many 
 politicians contrive to shift without, namely, consistency ; for. as it began 
 with Cottages so also does it end with them — humble things, indeed, yet 
 aptly significant of the humility with which we say Au Revoir! 
 
 For the two Cottages £390. If the four are constructed together, the expence will be £700. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 SPECrFICATION TO COTTAGE, DESIGN No. 1. 
 
 MASON, BRICKLAYER, AND DIGGER. 
 
 The foundations to the respective walls and piers to be dug to the depth of 3 feet from the 
 intended ground level, and the earth well rammed round the walls, and also all necessary 
 digging and filling in to be done for the wall and drains. Construct the walls with well burnt 
 bricks, well flushed in mortar. The chimney flues to be properly pargetted. And requisite 
 projections, bedding of plates, lintels, bond timber, and other work to be done which shall be 
 required in this trade. External walls to be 2 bricks in thickness ; interior walls 1^ bricks. 
 The wall separating the stairs and the passage to be 1 brick thick. Interior walls above the 
 chamber floor i a brick in thickness, except the wall in which the chimney is erected, which 
 is to be li bricks. 
 
 The whole exterior of the Cottage to be faced with wall stone, laid in courses, and the 
 quoins, internal angles, door and window jambs, heads, muUions and sills, to be constructed in 
 rough-tooled stone, with joints properly set, and bedded in fine mortar. The chimney shafts 
 above the roof to be of tooled stone, neatly set. The external plinths, all round the building 
 and six inches below the ground line, to be in rough-tooled stone. The landings and steps of 
 the same material. 
 
 The Ground Floor. — All the floors of the living room, kitchen, passage, closet, and recesses, 
 to be of Terras mortar, made according to a recipe which will be supplied in the Supplementary 
 Volume.* 
 
 Stone slabs, not less than 3 inches thick, neatly tooled, to be laid within the opening of all 
 the doors ; their breadth to be of the thickness of the respective walls ; for the door frames or 
 
 linings to be tenoned into. Hearth slabs of tooled stone, from quarry, 2| inches thick 
 
 for all the fire places, 12 inches longer than the opening, and 2 feet in breadth. The steps of 
 the entrance porch to be 12 inches wide, and 7 inches high, neatly tooled ; and all the labels, 
 reveals, sills, and other projections shown in the elevations, to be neatly executed, according 
 to working drawings, and laid in neat joints, and bedded in brick-work the width of the steps, 
 and as deep in the ground as is requisite to procure a sufiicient foundation. The landing 
 within the two steps, to be of 21 rough stone, neatly jointed, and bedded in sand. 
 
 The stone chimney pieces to the living room, kitchen, and bed room, to be of the value of 
 £6:0:0. The stone balcony front over the bay window, to be formed of stone neatly tooled. 
 — See Working Drawings. 
 
 «, 
 
 * Terras mortar floors are much used in Derbyshire, also in many parts of Ireland, and are exceedingly durable 
 if well executed, and superior to many stone floors, since they are not subject to the absorption of moisture, and may 
 be executed at from Is. to Is. Cd. per yard, according to the expence of lime and sand in the neighbourhood. 
 
72 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 THATCHER, OR SLATER, AS REQUIRED. 
 
 The roof to be thatched with the best and largest reed ; the eaves neatly cut, and the 
 ridges and valleys to be well secured in the usual and most workmanlike manner. Or thus — 
 The roof to be covered with grey flat tiles, well pinned to strong double laths, and bedded in 
 hair mortar. The ridges and hips to be covered with proper hip and ridge tile, neatly jointed, and 
 bedded in mortar, and secured with hip and ridge nails to the rafters. The valleys to be laid 
 with lead 7 lbs. to the foot, and not less than 2 feet in width, upon inch valley boards. The 
 tiles to be bedded not less than 7 inches upon the lead valley. Lead flushings to be introduced 
 all round the chimney shafts, and inserted into the stone work at least one inch and a half, 
 and to lie upon the tiles not less than 7 inches, and the tiles raised towards the chimney. The 
 under part of the tiling to be plastered between the rafters with good hair mortar. 
 
 CARPENTER AND JOINER. 
 
 The roof to be of sound Dantzic or Riga timber. * 
 
 Wall plates 5 by 3 inches. 
 
 Principal rafters 6 by 41 average. 
 
 Common ditto 4 by 2| 
 
 Hip ditto 9 by. 2 
 
 Ridge 9 by 2 
 
 Purlins 6 by 4 
 
 Collars 10 by 2 
 
 Inch valley and eaves boards. 
 
 The whole to be framed and constructed as shown in working drawings to be prepared for that 
 purpose, and all labour, nails, spikes, and other materials for its completion, to be provided by 
 the contractor. 
 
 Chamber Floor and Joist — The joist to be 9 by 2| 
 
 Plates 5 by 2i 
 
 Trimming joists to hearths and stairs 9 by 3 
 The top and bottom of the joist to be made perfectly level, for the reception of the floor and 
 plaster ceiling. The joist to be well secured down to the plates, and properly framed to the 
 trimmers, not exceeding 12 inches apart. 
 
 Stairs. — Carriages and trimmers 5 by 3 ; joist to landings and quarter spaces 5 by 2 ; plates 
 4 by 2| : the whole properly framed together, and the ends of the joist and trimmers well 
 wedged into the walls. The stairs to be of IJ red or yellow deal, plain nosings, and the ends 
 housed into a plain 1| string board, beaded on the edges, sufiBcently deep to receive the 
 plastering to the soflSt of the stairs and landings. 2 by 2| fir rail to stairs, rounded. Ballus- 
 ters two to each step, 1 by ^, dovetailed at the bottom, and well nailed to the rail at the top. 
 
 Provide If inch framed fronts to inclose the closet and bottom of the stairs, beaded on the 
 inner edge next the doors. The closet and staircase doors to be If thick, in four panels, ^ 
 thick, square on both sides, hung with 3 inch wrought iron butts, with proper Norfolk latches. 
 Provide 50 feet superficial of inch wrought shelving, supported upon inch brackets where 
 necessary, and properly secured to the walls. If closet frame front, and 1^ door to the closet in 
 passage, with a lock of the value of 3s. fixed thereon, as described for the other closet fronts. 
 
I 
 
 APPENDIX. 73 
 
 The Entrance Door. — To be 1^ inch framed bead and butt on one side, and square on the 
 other, hung upon 3 inch wrought iron butts. The door frame to be of fir, 4 by 3. Head and 
 jaumbs rebated and beaded for the door; the jaumbs to be framed at the bottom into the stone 
 slab and level with the floor. A lock of the value of 4s. to be fixed, and two 9 in. iron bolts 
 to this door. 
 
 The Interior Doors. — To have beaded and rebated proper door frames as before described ; 
 with two panel 1^ doors framed square on both sides; to be hung upon 3 inch wrought iron 
 butts, with Norfolk latches fixed thereon. The carpenter and joiner to fur out where required 
 in the under part of the rafters, to receive the lath for the plastering, and to provide and fix 
 to the horizontal part of the ceilings, proper fixed ceiling joist 5 by 1| nailed to the collars, or 
 other parts as may be required. The carpenter to provide all requisite bond timber, wall plates, 
 lintels for doors and windows, and rough moulds for turning interior arches over any of the 
 doors and windows, as shown in the working drawings. Provide iron chimney bars for the three 
 fire-places, 2f wide by f inch in thickness, turned up at the ends, and laid upon the chimney 
 jaumbs not less than six inches. All the rooms, closets, and passages, stairs, and landings to be 
 skirted with J deal, plain, and plugged to the walls. Provide inch clamped wrought shutters 
 to all the ground floor windows, hung to 1| inch hanging styles, wrought and beaded; to be 
 well secured to the wooden bricks, which must be laid into the walls for that purpose, and a 
 flat bar of iron, on a pivot, with a catch, secured on to the opposite shutters to the bar, with an 
 iron pin and chain to secure the same. Provide the lead boarding one inch thick for the lead 
 flat over the entrance porch, well secured upon joist 6 by 2, and wedged into the wall at one 
 end. Provide boarding and joist for the lead flat, over the two bay windows. Provide the 
 verge boards for the gables, as shewn in the elevations, out of 2 inch yellow deal, neatly cut 
 and bevelled on the edges, and the soflits to be neatly plastered upon laths, and furred out for 
 that purpose. The balcony front to be framed of fir, as per drawings. 
 
 PLUMBER AND GLAZIER. 
 
 Windows. — The windows to be glazed in lead rebates, with second best crown glass, and 
 properly cemented and fixed to the muUions, heads, and sills of the windows, with proper 
 wrought iron bars, two in height to each window. Provide one casement to each window, in 
 a cast iron or wrought iron frame,* to hang in rebates; the frame to be properly fixed and 
 cemented into the stone muUions or window jaumbs as may be required. The casements to be 
 hung with rack quadrants, and proper latches to secure the windows. 
 
 Provide a lead pipe 1| bore, to be fixed to a stone sink 3 feet by If to be provided by the 
 contractor, and fixed in the kitchen. The pipe to pass through the wall into the external 
 drains. The sink to be supported by half-brick walls at each end. The top of the balcony, 
 or flat over the entrance porch, to be covered with lead 7 lbs. to the foot, turned up and into 
 the wall, and to hang over the roof 9 inches, and properly secured with lead nails. Provide 
 the rustic columns, in imitation of trunk of trees, in hollow cast iron, screwed to the plate 
 above, and plugged to the stone step below. The lead of the flat over the projecting bay- 
 windows, to be completed in like manner. 
 
 * The author recommends in preference to lead lights, that the lights should be made of cast iron, rebated for the 
 glass, which must be pinned into the rebates, well puttied, and the whole painted with two coats of oil paint. 
 
74 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 PLASTERER. 
 
 The walls to be rendered with two coats of the best hair mortar, well slacked, and kept at 
 least one month before being used, to prevent fire -flaws on the surface of the plastering when 
 finished. The angles to be run with proper screeds and quirked beads in wood, and quirked 
 in the plaster, to be provided and completed to all the external angles of the rooms, where 
 not otherwise protected. The ceilings to be completed in like manner, upon good single laths 
 of Memel or Riga timber, well nailed with oiled nails to the ceiling joist or rafters, as may be 
 required, — also the under part of the stairs and landings, passages, lobbies, soffits of windows, 
 doors, and bay-windows. The whole to be coloured in common stained colour, properly sized. 
 
 PAINTER. 
 
 The whole of the external and internal wood-work to be painted three times in oil paint, of 
 any common colour, and the internal wood-work to be properly sized and puttied. 
 
 If this Cottage be applied as a Park Lodge, the following must be added to the Specification. 
 
 Gates and Piers. — The gate piers, caps, bases, shields, and other parts above ground, as 
 well as the parts below — also the foundations — are to be executed to the dimensions and par- 
 ticulars furnished with the working drawings to be provided. The gates, rails, hanging styles, 
 hinges and fastenings, to be made of wrought iron, of the best quality of Swedish iron, to the 
 form and dimensions shewn upon the working drawings and sections thereof, and to the 
 particulars written theron, which will fully explain the construction of every part of the in- 
 tended work. 
 
 Memorandum. — The whole of the timber to be of young Memel, Dantzic or Riga, free from 
 large knots, sap, and other defects ; and sawn square, and not less than the dimensions stated 
 in the foregoing specification. 
 
 The bricks required to be well burnt clamp or kiln bricks, of a good form and texture. A 
 sample to be produced for approval. 
 
 The lime to be of the best stone lime the vicinity affords ; to be well slacked, and mixed in 
 proper proportions, to be agreed upon ; and the best sharp pit or river sand, free from slime, 
 dirt, or vegetable matter. 
 
 Note. — It is impossible to give the proper proportions of lime and sand for the composition of 
 the most durable mortar, as many of the limes will incorporate well with sand for building pur- 
 poses in the ratio of three parts sand to one of lime, but the average proportion is one part sand 
 to two of lime. 
 
 The strongest lime grout is prepared of three-fourths ready made mortar, mixed with one-fourth 
 of ground unslacked lime, which if poured hot into the walls (if the lime be good), will immedi- 
 ately set very hard, and, is not liable to contraction by drying. 
 
APPENDIX. 76 
 
 The brick-work to be grouted at every third course with the above named grout; and the 
 external face of the walls in the interior, to be laid as close as possible, with as small a joint 
 of mortar as possible. 
 
 The stone for the walls, plinths, and other dressings to be from quarry, of the dimensions 
 
 shewn, marked, or figured in the drawings. 
 
 The wall stones from quarry, hammer dressed, for courses of an irregular height; but 
 
 each course round the building to be of an equal height. 
 
 The pavement from quarry. The other materials to be the best of their respective kinds- 
 
 The contractor to include in his contract, all and every material and labour for the perfect 
 completion of every part of the building, including every incidental expence, carriage, freights, 
 tolls, scaffolding, &c. 
 
 It is the Author's intention to append to the Supplementary Volume of this work, to be 
 entitled Elizabethan and Cottage Architecture, not only specifications for the 
 designs contained in it, but also for several of those embodied in the First and Second Series. 
 They will be made sufficiently full and explicit, so that one or the other of them may be applied 
 (corresponding to instructions there to be given,) to the whole of the designs for the Cottages 
 and Villas contained in the entire work, and such explanation will be given, that persons little 
 experienced in such matters, will find no difficulty in determining the class of specification, 
 under which the building is proposed to be erected. 
 
 A novel, and perfectly simple mode of ascertaining the cost of any building will also be 
 given, and will be found calculated as much to facilitate the labours of the Architect and Sur- 
 veyor, as to assist the Builder. Any gentleman also desiring to ascertain the cost of any 
 building, prior to the commencement of the work, may assure himself in the course of an hour 
 or two, of the cost of the proposed structure ; and as the basis of all the calculations will be 
 given, the system is applicable to any part of the country where materials may vary in price, or 
 to any part of the world. 
 
 The Author's terms for General Plans and Elevations, Specifications and Working Drawings, 
 either according to any of the designs furnished, or embracing any alterations proposed, are as 
 follows : 
 
 For General Plans, Elevations, Sections, Working Drawings, and Specifications containing 
 
 full particulars and form of Contract — 
 
 For one or more Cottages, not exceeding £200 £16. 
 
 For one or more ,, ,, ,, 500 25. 
 
 For one or more ,, ,, ,, 750 30. 
 
 For an Ornamental Cottage or Villa, not exceeding 1000 40. 
 
 For ditto „ „ „ 1500 45. 
 
 For ditto „ „ „ „ 2000 50. 
 
 For all exceeding ,, ,, ,, 2000. at 3 per Cent. 
 
 If engaged as Architect to superintend any building amounting to £2000. and upwards, 
 provided the drawings of every kind, specifications, and forms of contract, are to be furnished, 
 the charge will be 5 per cent, on the amount of the building. The expence of the journies to 
 superintend, to be paid by the employer, and also the clerk of the works. 
 
2 / ^26