"3f^ X LjJ CO is *• ID £x b h- r^ UJ or CO a j THE JOURNAL or THE flrrtjarologtrnl detonation ESTABLISHED 1843, FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROSECUTION OF RESEARCHES INTO THE ARTS AND MONUMENTS OF THE LARLY AND MIDDLE AGES. VOl Honoon : PUBLIS HED BY IIKNLY G BOHN, AT THE OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION, YORK-STREET, CO VENT- GA RD EN. MDCCCL. LONDON*: RICHABDS, 100, ST. MAHTIN'S LANB. CONTENTS OF VOL. V. ■A. H. Burkitt W. Chaffers . J. O. Halliwell H. Syer Cuming C. R. Smith . J. R. Planche Notes on a Wooden Church, and the Remains' of the Shrine of St. Edmund the Martyr, at Greenstead, Essex On the Coins of Cunoheline and of the Ancient j ^ gv -g p oste Britons. Part vm On Medieval Earthenware Vessels Historical Notices of Islip, Oxfordshire On Crystals of Augury .... Further Notes on the Discoveries at Ickleton and Chesterford .... On the Horn-shaped Head-Dresses of the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries Observations respecting Aldborough, the Isu- \q -^ j essop rium Brigantium of the Romans . 1 On Fibulas in the Museum of the Hon. R.JC. R. Smith C. Neville ' F. W. Fairholt On Phonic Horns . , . . . H. Syer Cuming On Roman Sepulchral Remains, recently dis-|C. R. Smith . covered at Colchester .... On the Coins of Cunoheline and of the Ancient ' Britons. Part ix . Remarks on Chester Cathedral . . .A. Ashpitel On the Records of the County Palatine of Chester ...... On Palatine Honours in Ireland On the Roman Wall from the Tyne to the)^ J C Br J. Brown Rev. B. Poste W. H. Black Sir W. Betham Solway .... Notes on Roman Remains at Chester On the Coinage of Chester On the Seals of the Earls of Chester On Ancient Customs of Cheshire uce C. R. Smith . J. R. Planche L. Jewitt 22 39 51 54 GO 73 113 119 133 146 177 187 195 201 207 233 235 252 CONTENTS. On Certain Church Brasses in Cheshire :lll, Uj q Woiw Lancashire ..... :et of the beginning of the|^, -^y r j (f ] lt 14th century ..... i it of General Muting, and Election of Officers ami Council,' for 1849-50 Donations in aid of Illustrations and for general purposes Proceedings at the Congress held at Chester . Proceedings of the Association v Publications List of Recent Archaeological Works . Presents to the Association .... 1;. -.torations in Progress .... Local Museums of Antiquities Iinlx. ....... List of Engravings and Wood-cuts List of Subscribing Associates, Local Members of Foreign Members ..... Correspondents ...... Errata and Addenda ..... 256 266 94 . 330 . 2s:{ 78, L54, 337 98, ir.it, 379 . 109, 174, 420 . 422 . Ill . Ill, 170, 332 . 425 . 430 Committee, and) . . 1 . 442 . 418 431 THE JOURNAL OF THE firtttelj Slrrijatolocjical ^toociatiom APRIL 1849. NOTES ON A WOODEN CHURCH, AND THE REMAINS OF THE SHRINE OF ST. EDMUND THE MARTYR, AT GREENSTEAD, ESSEX. There is abundant evidence to prove that, in the early ages of Christianity, many ecclesiastical establishments in this country were constructed entirely of wood. Bede relates that, in 627, Edwin the king, on his conversion from paganism, was solemnly baptized and initiated into the mysteries of the Christian religion in a wooden church, on the spot where now stands the cathedral of York. The first church at Lindisfarne, in Holy Island, was con- structed in 652, of sawn oak, and thatched. William of Malmsbury mentions a church of wood at Dutlinge, in Somersetshire; and Ingulphus relates, that the abbey of Croyland, with all the extensive outbuildings, was formed of wood and boards, exactly joined and beautifully worked, with the exception of the roof, which was covered with lead. In a charter to Malmsbury abbey, granted by king Edgar, occurs a clause relating to certain reforms neces- sary to the welfare of the establishment. It is there expressed, " that having often attentively considered what return he should make to God for the extraordinary pros- perity he enjoyed, he came to this resolution : that he would restore the sacred monasteries which, by being com- posed of rotten shingles and worm-eaten boards, divine VOL. V. 1 2 NO J WQODEN CHUBCHES. Bervic - neglected Id them, and they were almost de- bed; and had issued gifts from his treasury for the tiring of the ruined edifices." In early records con- nected with Glastonbury, we find that a church was d there of pieces of wood wattled together after the shion of hurdles. The curious illustrations of Caedmon's Metrical Paraphrase^ as well as other Anglo-Saxon manu- scripts, exhil.it many examples of palaces and churches evidently formed of wood. In the Cotton MS. (Nero, c. 4), an example occurs of a building, in which Harold is represented as sitting receiving the Magi: this is evidently of wood wattled together as before mentioned. Probably, the only existing remnant of these primitive structure- i- to be seen at Greenstead, in Essex; hut which has recently undergone a thorough course of repair. This i- greatly to he lamented, on account of the absolute necessity of removing large portions, and curtailing the original composition. This church has more than ordinary claims on the attention of the antiquary, from the histo- rical interest attached to it, and that resting on clearer evidence than many of our more important churches can boast. We have it recorded, that in this place was en- shrined the body of Edmund the .Martyr, a king whose life and death have formed themes for songs of the old Saxon poets, lor the miracle- workers of that and subsequent periods and traditions in that neighbourhood, which time, for ages after the last timber has crumbled to dust, will not obliterate. The accounts which we have of the circumstances con- nected with the death of the king are various, but in the main points they agree. The best are probably those of Abbo Floriacensis and Galfridus. They relate, that on his surrender to the two Danish princes, llyngwar and I bha, and on his refusal to comply with their terms, lie was bound to a tree and beaten with short bats, and then made ;i mark for exercising the skill of the archers. Alter hia body had been pierced with many arrows, finding his mind >till invincible, his head was ordered to be struck off. -'and thus he deied, kvng, martyr, and virgyne", on 20th Nov. a.d. 870, in the 20th year of his age. On the departure of the Danes, the East Anglicans assembled to pay the last tribute of affection to their martyred king, — NOTES ON WOODEN CIIL'ltCIIES. 6 the body was found bound to a tree, 1 but nowhere could they find the head. At last, after a search for forty days in the woods of Eglesden, the head was discovered between the fore paws of a wolf, which immediately resigned its charge unmutilated, and quietly retired into the wood: " An unkouth thyng," says Lydgate, " and strange ageyne nature." The head, on being placed in contact with the trunk, united with it so closely, that the separation was merely indicated, adds the same authority, by a slight mark " like a purpil thred". The abbot of Fleury goes on to state, that the remains were taken and buried in a wooden chapel at Hoxne, 2 in Suffolk, where they remained in terra defossus for thirty- three years, when they were removed to a larger church, also constructed of wood, 3 at Bedrichesworth (Bury), in 903, at which time there was no sign of decomposition of the body. Here it rested in a splendid shrine, and received the homage of the pious. 4 Peter Langtoft gives us the following metrical version of the affair. (Hearne's Langtoft, p. 22.) " Elfricle had a kosyn, that kyng was of scheld, Northfolk, and Southfoik, and Elfride, he held. 1 Tradition has pointed out a certain lieutenant-general sir Edward Kerii- tree as the identical one to which St. son, and known as the Abbey Farm. Edmund was bound, and which sud- 3 " Per maximam ligneo tabulata denly fell in September last. The trunk basilicam."— Curtey's Regis. Batteley, measured twenty feet in circumference; p. 124. " Per maximam miro ligneo the branches, some of them measuring tabulata_ ccclesiain" — Abbo Flor. Col- seventy feet in length ; the entire tree led. Buri. containing seventeen loads of timber. i The last account that we have of Within a few days of this discovery, a the existence, or rather destruction of quantity of wolves' bones were dug up this shrine, is recorded in a letter from near St. Edmund's grave, at Bury, the visitors of Bury Abbey to lord These circumstances caused inquiry to Cromwell :— " Plcasyth it youre lord- be made in connexion with the mar- ship to be advertised that we have tyrdom, which led to the discovery of been at Saynte Edmondsbury, where a portion of iron embedded in the we found a riche shrync, which was heart of the oak tree ; which was, of very cumberous to deface." In another course, immediately pronounced to be letter it is mentioned— "Amongest the that which caused the death of the Hue/ ! reliques we founde moche vanitie and 2 a.d. 1226. Thomas De Blumville, supersticion, — as the coles that St. bishop of Norwich, confirmed all re- Lawrence was tested withal ; and paring venues to God, and the chapel of St. of St. Edmund's naylls; St. Thomas oi Edmund, at Hoxne. At the dissolu- Cantur. penncknyff, and his booteg ; tion, this cell had revenues worth £AQ. divers skulls for the headache ; peces The existing remains of this chapel of the holie cross, able to make a hole are very inconsiderable, and now occu- crosse, and other reliques for rayne, pied as a farm-house, on the estate of and certainc other supersticions. j s WOODEN CHURCHES, That was Saynt Edmunde the croune that tyme bare, A duke of Danmark, his nam.- was [nguare. LJbbe, an erle of Huneis, with thai [nguar kam, Uppou Saynt Edmund, Northfolk he nam. Edmunde 51 at his messengers of pes tham besouht, [nguar - Ql bode ageyn thai pes wild be nouht. B 1 if he gald him the lond than he suld haf pes, That wild not Saynt Edmunde, the bataile he ch< - II, attired him to bataile with folk that he had, But this cursed Danes bo iste ay had, That Edmunde was taken and Blayn at the last, lull fer fro the body lay was the hede kast. The body son thei fonde, the hede was in doute, Up and doune in the felde thei sunlit it ahoute ; To haf knowing thereof, alle thei were in were, Till the hede himself said,— Here, here, here ! Ther thei fonde the hede is now a faire chapelle, 1 1\, n hate the toun ther tin- body felle. Ther where he was shotte another chapelli Btandes, And somwhat of thai tree thei bond untille his hands, Tlir tone i^ fro the tother moten a grete myle, So Ear bare a woulfe the hede, and kepi it a grete while, Unto the hede said, ' Bere', als 1 befor said, Fro the woulfe thei it toke, unto the body it laid, M< n sais ther he ligges the flesch samen gede, Bui the token of the wonde als a rede threde. Now lies In- in Bchryne in gold that i^ rede, s. \,-n yere was he kyng that tyme that he was dede." The next account of interest connected with the remains of St. Edmund is, that of the flight of the monks with the precious relics from Bedrichesworth to London, their return with them, and the erection of the shrine at Grcenstead; tin particulars of which will be now noticed. In the library at Lambeth is a manuscript entitled Vita et Passio S<• expected in the natural course of nts. History is silent as to the precise time of the adaption of a coinage in Gaul, and also of the circum- stances attending its first establishment. It seems this coinage did not take place immediately, consequent to the immense booty they must have made in the fifty years of their continual incursions into Italy, which became so remarkable in history between the years B.C. 395 and B.C. 345. Within that period they had plundered Etruria and the north of Italy several times, and sacked Rome, as has 1" en remarked, under Brennus; but hitherto foreign coin, jewel -money, ring-money, and ornaments of gold and silver, seemed to have sufficed them as a circulating medium. However, in the reign of Philip II of Ma- cedon, a most extensive coinage of gold staters was struck in that country, between the years B.C. 360 and b.c. 336, which commerce seems to have diffused over the ancient world. The Gauls had before this penetrated into Qlyria and Pannonia, under their leader Sigovesus; but they had not yet achieved their conquests in Greece under Brennus, the second of that name, which was above sixty years later, in the year 27 when they plundered Delphi. The Macedonian ters had therefore probably reached them in two ways before this Last event : viz., those which had been brought home from foreign countries as the spoils of conquest, and those which had been received at Marseilles in the inter- change of commerce, and found theirway into the interior of the country. AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. The time having elapsed in which foreign coin and sub- stitutes for money were found sufficient, imitations of the staters and didrachmas of Macedonia began to be struck in Gaul. We may assign the date of this, with some approach to certainty, to about the year b.c. 335. We may consider the date ascer- tained within a do/en years either way, as it could not have been a great deal later, accord- ing to any credible supposition. It could only have been a rather recent coin that would have been imitated for present currency; and at a date much later than B.C. 335, they would have imitated some other coin. These coins of Macedonia had on one side the head of Philip ; on the other, Diana driving her biga, as the goddess of night ; which, on some specimens, it seems by an easy transition, was converted to Phcebus in his car. It may be added, that the Gaulish artists, in copying these coins for national use, in some cases inserted the whole word, *IAinnOY, on the new types, in other cases preserved only a part of it, more or less incorrectly transcribed ; and at times omitted it entirely. 1 The precise time which this unnatural species of cur- rency continued to exist is unknown. But as a medallic currency was possibly then but little in vogue, the period may be assigned to it of a generation, or thirty years; when about B.C. 305, as we may assume, a national currency, properly speaking, commenced in Gaul. According to the usual process in other nations, this should have exhibited on the obverses the heads of the rulers of the various states, or the emblems peculiar to those states ; but a sin- gular exception took place with regard to this primitive coinage. It must have been by some general national con- sent, or solemn act of the priesthood, that the coinage had no reference to any individual ruler or state ; but was of a ' The learned numismatist the mar- to these early copies a mark, or stripe, quis De Lagoy, in his " Melanges de crossing the face of the ohverse in Numismatiipie", 4to, 1845, page 13, a slanting direction.— See his plate, asserts, that the Gauls always affixed i, G. VOL. V 2 10 THE COINS OF CUNOBKLINE general mythological character, and only applicable to par- ticular states by some emblem inserted. The Macedonian type became the basis of this coinage. The head on the obverse seems to have become sometimes Phoebus, the Belinus of the Gauls, sometimes Diana, 1 the figure driving the two-horsed, or one-horsed car; on the reverse, some- times merely a charioteer, but rather more commonly some grotesque or fantastic being, the creature of the imagination. The Gaulish states which adopted this coinage, seem to have been those of central Gaul : — the Andecavi, Aulerci-Cenoma- ni, Senones, Carnutes, Tu- rones, Insubres, Ambarri, the Bituriges of two divisions, the Bituriges-Cubi and Bituriges- Vibisci, the Pictones, Santones, and Arverni. These were Celtic states of pure blood, and seem to have been the flower and strength of ancient Gaul. The majority indeed of these states are named as having been in the army of Bellovesus, when he made his celebrated invasion of Italy, about B.C. 395 ; 2 and according to every probability, all the states of central Gaul formed part of that army, and had been used to act together on other occasions. The suppo- sition may therefore be reasonably entertained, that it was to cement the common bond of union among them, as well as to do honour to their principal divinities, that they adopted this mythological style of coinage, which, it is believed, was before without any parallel among the nations of antiquity. 3 1 The reverse of a Roman coin, ob- viously copied from the reverses of the Maters of Philip, has Diana to the right driving her biga ; inscription round the coin, lvna lvcifeka; and in the exergue, s.c. - I. ivy, in his "Roman History", v, 34, represents Bellovesus the original conductor of the expedition, of which that of Brennus was an offshoot, as sum- moning the Bituriges, Arverni, Senones, jEdui, Ambiirri, < arnutes, and Aulorci, to take a part in it. We must natu- rally Bupposc that the minor states of centra] Gaul were dependants of some of these. 3 Gaulish coins of types cognate to this class, and to the ensuing variation of the mythological class,— that of Ar- morica, which will shortly be men- tioned, — very generally present the delineation of a square object, held by the driver before the horse. M. Dc- ville, in France, lias lately maintained it to be a horse trapping, taken from the enemy, and waved in triumph by the driver of the thai int. M. Lam- 1k it, of Bayeux, in his " Reponse a la Dissertation de M. A. Deville", 4to, Caen, IS is, suggests it to be a veil, or peplum, sacred to Diana. Indeed such on the whole it may be pronounced to AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 11 The Gaulish states presented a remarkable feature of being congregated together for the purpose of military expeditions; which, after electing a commander-in-chief, they carried on with a singular unity of purpose, and on the whole with great success. These expeditions, when determined to be undertaken, were doubtlessly not com- menced without lengthened religious ceremonies, and nu- merous invocations of their gods, to whom they might devote their enemies as well as consecrate their spoils. When crowned with success, it may easily be conceived, that attributing the fortunate event to their gods, in be- coming possessed of the treasures of their enemies, they may have wished to impress their representations on the coin into which the captured bullion was converted. The various confederate princes and chiefs, at the suggestion of their priests, and to do honour to their gods, may have consented to forego impressing their own effigies; and the custom once begun, might have been perpetuated as a national usage. Here then appears to be the real origin of the " types muets", which are so singular a feature in the Gaulish coinage: of that very numerous series of this coinage, wherein no letter is expressed, and on which it is evident that the head of no chief is represented, but always the effigies of a deity, and the constantly varied representation of the horse and its charioteer on the reverse. Extraor- dinary as the above numismatic facts may be, it is believed that the eminent writers of the continent on the Gaulish coinage will not contradict them; and they are supported by the circumstance, that the Belgian Gauls, who nei- ther took a part in the ex- peditions, nor belonged to the alliances of the centre, had not the same type ; though, indeed, they had types which appear to have been a subsequent derivation from it; while the Armorican Gauls, who doubtlessly did take part in many of the expe- ditions, but do not appear always to have done so, had a very similar type, though not quite the same. be, or else a vexilluni, or standard of permanent nature of this coinage, which the Gauls themselves. This would have may be judged not to have been in- been more consistent with the evidently fluenced by occasional events. \-2 THE Coins OF CUNOBELINE This national type having become established in Gaul, it seems to have been perpetuated for about two centuries. Though, as time advanced, there appear to have been great variations introduced in the delineation of the reverse, — winged genii and prostrate Roman Boldiers being intro- duced. Sometimes, even a bird is represented as driving the car. These subsequent al- terations and deviations seem to bring this coinage down to the period of Caesar's in- vasion of Gaul in B.C. 58. l At this period the former national peculiarity of coinage e ms to have been at once completely broken up. The reason of this may have been, that all the states of Gaul being now engaged in hostilities, — the Belgian Gauls, Ar- moricans, and Acquitani, some of whom had not been accus- tomed to be included in alliance with central Gaul, — this Btyle of coinage might not have been considered so applic- able. Add to this, the war being now within the country, and not out of it, the chiefs were obliged to canvass for support, more as individuals than before, and to make themselves personally more prominent. Therefore, to strike their own individual coins, or those of their own states, might have been more to their advantage. From these two causes, probably, this singular system became extinct. To give an account, however, of the Gaulish coinage, and to give minute details of its various particulars, is very far from our present purpose: our object being no other than to shew its origin as illustrative of the cognate coin- age of Britain, We now, therefore, pass on to some few researches on the earliest monetary proceedings of our own island. As we commence with the proposition, that the British 1 Borne years since, the editors of '• La Revue Numismatique", suggested that i tiould be made to iden- tify rarious of these uninscribed types with localities, by means of the differ- ent •.■ml']' ms which they bear. M. C. Drouet, of Mans, has published an essay (■n the Bubji . Mans, l - 13 ), in which he identifies coins with tin blem of a band, with Poitou; those with the androcephalous horse train- ]>linir under foot a winded genius, or a warrior, with Elaine. M. Duchalais, in liis learned work on the " Gaulish Coin> in the National Cahinet at Talis 1 ', 8vo, 184G, p. 34"), remarks, that these types arc equally found in La Beauce. It is only, therefore, approximation which is thus possible. AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 13 coinage, or rather one particular branch of it, was derived from the coinage of central Gaul, we may accordingly at once proceed to illustrate by what process this may be supposed to have taken place ; how, in fact, it could have been transfused from its place of origin to this country; which, of course, immediately leads us to shew what facili- ties might have been afforded by religion or commerce for that purpose. The type of central Gaul, which had evidently taken great hold of the minds of the people, and continued rather more than two centuries, prevailed, it seems from French writers, with but little variation, also in Armorica; which region was the great focus of druidism, as clearly appears from existing remains of the extensive druidical temple at Carnac, and other monuments connected with the tenets of this priest- hood. Now, according to Caasar ( Gaulish Wars, vi, 13), druidism had even a still stronger hold on the Britons than on the Gauls themselves ; for he relates, that it was thought that this superstition had originated in Britain ; and mentions, that in his time persons went from Gaul to that country to be instructed in it. The monetary type of central Gaul, the " type muet" entirely consecrated to religion, must therefore have been an object of much interest to the ancient Britons, deeply imbued as they were with druidism. As to communications by commerce between Britain and Gaul, they certainly were very considerable; and part of this communication was with central Gaul. Diodorus Siculus informs us (v, 22, 38), that tin was exported from Britain to Gaul, and transported through Gaul to the mouths of the Rhone and to Narbonne. It appears also from Strabo (books ii and iv), that there was much com- mercial intercourse between Britain and Gaul generally. As to conquests, by which this type might have been communicated, we do not find indeed that the states of central Gaul made conquests in Britain, though the Belgic Gauls did to great extent. Setting aside therefore conquest, there seems to have been sufficient authenticated communication between Gaul and Britain by religion and commerce. The Britons also, it would appear, joined occasionally in the Gaulish military expeditions. One of the Gaulish chiefs conquered by 1 I THE Coins 01 CUNOBELIKE Paulus /Emilius, as we find by Florus' Roman History^ ii. 1. was Btyled Britomarus, and must evidently have been. from bis name, a Briton bora : we find also, that the Yeneti, a people of Armorica, received succours from Britain in their naval war with the Romans, recorded in Caesar's I ommentaru », iii. 10. Thus early eoiild have been the type communicated. We now come to the second particular, namely, what evi- dence there is from the frequency of these types in this country that they became nationalized and were struck by the ancient Britons. The delineation of Mr. Crafter's coin (fig. 1 of the plate) will best shew the variation of the type of central Gaul which reached this island, and was adopted here. At a shortly ensuing page we may more fully describe this coin and others of the class; we may therefore merely here observe, that the enormous head-dress of the obverse was not a characteristic of central Gaul, but a subsequent addition. < >n referring to the opinions of numismatists as to these coins, we find that M. Lelewel is inclined to assign these types to the Belgian-Gauls, selecting rather doubtfully the Bellovaci as the particular state to which he thought they might belong. Compare the passages at pages 6, 86, 170, 171, and 185, of his work. M. Lambert supposes them Belgic {Numismatique da Nbrd- Onest de la France, p. 6Q); Eluding gives them as British coins, as also Mr. 0. Eoach Smith {Collectanea Anfiqua, pi. vi, 4). They are engraved as British in Grough's Camden, pi. i, fig. 4; in Stukeley's Plates, xv, 4; and in Borlase's History of Cornwall, pi. xix, where two or three specimens are given, as part of the celebrated Karnbre collection, of which we shall presently further speak. As to their places of finding, the Collectanea Antigua (page description, was found at Boxley, near Maiil- ie. and i- in possession <>i' T. Charles, esq. of that place. From their occurrence in England so numerously in our AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 15 collections, there is every probability that many more instances might be ascertained of their places of finding in our country. This circumstance does not seem to have been wholly unknown to Lelewel, who remarks, from the information he obtained, that it appears that this money (the type fig. 2 of the plate) is found rarely in Belgium; but the type fig. 1 more frequently in England. ( Type Gaulois, p. 170.) We have noted that he elsewhere gives the whole of them to the Bellovaci. His arguments for doing so appear to be extremely indefinite ; and it is to be noted, that while the type fig. 1 is so plentiful in England, he engraves it from Ruding, and M. Lambert from the Biblioth^que Nationale at Paris. Without doubt, Lelewel was not aware to what extent this type abounds in Eng- land; though that we may have one of the types in com- mon with the Bellovaci, may not be at all impossible. It is not necessary to follow this topic further, as we have this subject so highly illustrated by the celebrated Cornish collection, to which we have before alluded, that we may now proceed to describe it. The details of this collection, which are but little known either in England or on the continent, enable positions of importance to be taken up in regard to our British coinage. THE KARNBRE COINS. At Karnbre, a place situated towards the extremity of Cornwall, are various tumuli, which Borlase mentions ; but does not describe particularly the place of finding. The coins were all of pure gold ; and the first portion of them was found in June 174&, and were sold by the finder for £16. A few days afterwards a like quantity was found near the same spot. Calculating the average weight of these coins, and the small sums usually obtained in gross by the finders of such-like hoards, disposing of them under the fear of seizure from lords of manors, and others having superior claims, it is probable the whole quantity was about a thousand in number. The discovery, however, was so unexpected, that the whole were quickly dispersed, without much attention, it seems, being directed to the circumstance; but some came into the hands of Dr. Bor- lase, who published his history a few years afterwards. 16 THE COINS OF CUNOBELIHB Dr. Borlase engraved seventeen of them ; and wrote a dissertation upon them in his work; and himself afforded a singular phenomenon, in arising at once into a first-rate numismatist, giving faithful portraits of each coin, and cor- rect particulars and details respecting them; which was the more remarkable, as other writers of those times often neglected such matters. He suggested, that they might possibly have been the earliest coinage of the island; a sur- mise by do means improbable. We may now, however, proceed to a description of them. < »t' the coins which he engraves, ten are the most notice- able, which we may divide into three classes. The rudest and most primitive coins seem to be required to be placed in the two first classes; therefore, those of which we have spoken at a shortly preceding page, — the ones analogous to Mr. Crafter's type, — which are those attributed by Le- lewel, in one place of his work, to the Bellovaci; and at another place, partly attributed by the said eminent writer t<> Britain, will be found in Class 3; and when there men- tioned, some of their details will be described. Class 1. — This affords us the very unusual representa- tion of trees, or rather boughs of trees, delineated on coins (see the plate, figs. 3, 4) — the why and the wherefore of which seems by no means easy to explain. The boughs have a somewhat interlaced appearance ; and on one of them a bird is introduced. The coins which compose this class in Borlase's plate xix, are figs. 2, 3, 6, 12. I lass 2. — This, which comprises figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, of the said plate, has a horse in a very rude form; the four legs resembling four pillars, and the figure of the animal hardly recognizable (see fig. 5 of the plate). A coin of this class is delineated in the Numismatic Journal, vol. i, plate i, British coins, fig. 9; and in the references to the coin, at page 223, it is stated to have been one of a considerable number found in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, where pieces of a similar character are said to be of frequent occurrence. Ruding has two engraved, plate i, 9, and in, 52. Stukeley has three also, viz., plate I, fig. 2; plate in, 5, which approximates; and plate xm, 3. Both these two lasl but slightly vary as engraved; and have the letter M inscribed underneath the horse. Whether, however, Mich letter actually occurs, requires verification. AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 17 The obverses of all these coins have the central portion of a rude head. Class 3.— The best representative of this class is Mr. Crafter's coin (see the plate, fig. 1); though a specimen of that particular type happened not to be in the Karnbre collection. As being strictly cognate, and the principal type of the class, we may accordingly proceed with it first, This is certainly a very handsome coin, and of great interest, from its truly Celtic appearance. We may describe it as follows: — obverse, wreathed head of Apollo Belinus to the left, represented with an enormous head of hair curled with a great deal of regularity, and confined behind the ears with a peculiar ornament, in shape like the extremity of a shepherd's crook. In front, on the temples and sides of the face, appear to be some semi-lunar ornaments. Reverse, a disjointed horse to the left, as well as some imperfect rudiments of a wheel below, and a driver above. The legs of the horse are bifid, or divided into two at the knee joints,— a peculiarity confined to the cognate coins which compose this class. This coin, as noted at a former page, has been engraved by Lelewel, Ruding, C. Roach Smith, and others. It is engraved for illustration as fig. 20, of the said plate xix, of Borlase. No. i (see the plate, fig. 6) is a variety of Mr. Crafter's coin; obverse, features of the face larger, head less pro- truded ; reverse, the driver more made out, This is Bor- lase's xix, 16, and Ruding's I, 19 is cognate to it. The above two coins are of the size of tetradrachmas. No. II, our fig. 7, a coin of small size, refers to fig. 1 of the plate, to which it is very similar. It is Borlase's xix, 15, and Ruding's I, 20, apparently. Borlase has further a third coin (xix, 14), evidently one cognate with this class, from the horse of the reverse ; but the obverse being much defaced, it is doubtful to which of the two large sizes it approximates. His con- cluding Karnbre type, xix, 17, which seems to be Ruding's i, 7, and Lambert's vi, n, is probably British. The five others which he gives of the Karnbre collection are indis- tinct. He very properly engraves for illustration a coin, though not found at Karnbre, yet found in England (xix, 22,— see the plate, fig. 8), which is an imitation of the staters of Philip II, before mentioned. VOL. V. :; 18 THE COINS OP CUNOBELINE The workmanship of Class .">. i. e. of cognate specimens, is very good; for though the dress of the heads is fantastic, and tne horses are of a grotesque form, all parts are well wrought, denoting an artist who could have executed with ■ facility superior designs. Tla- accumulation of this treasure can only be accounted for, from the existence of the trade in metals in Britain in ancient times, and from Karnbre' not being very remote from the tin mines. The ancient Dumnonii, it would seem from this, were accustomed to receive gold for tin; and receiving it by weight, in ring-money or otherwise, may have practised coinage, and reduced it to medallic cur- rency. This seems more obvious, than to suppose the gold taken from their enemies: there being a source of wealth, a means of acquiring gold from the sale of the produce of their mines so close at hand. An objection may be raised, that as there is known to have been a trade for lead and tin with Britain through France by Narbonne (see the former page 13), that this gold may have been paid in coins by Gaulish merchants for tin and lead, and consequently the types be Gaulish. To this it may be replied, Classes 1 and 2 appear to be unknown in France; 1 nor do we possess certain information that Class 3 is found there, more than extremely rarely. There seems every reason to suppose that the Karnbre deposit was a hoard, properly speaking, and not placed where it was found in the celebration of funereal rites. The possessor, it may be considered, had concealed it in the earth of a tumulus, thinking that such might be a spot not likely to be violated. However, Borlase gives no account in what parts of the tumuli the two deposits were found. Next comes the inquiry, not without some trifling mo- ment, as to our British numismatics. Were there then no other types circulating in Britain, — brought by merchants, or coined in the country, at this era B.C. 150, — besides Classes 1, 2, 3, and the type mentioned before, Borlase's xix, 17, which could be obtained by the hoarder of these coins in return for his tin and lead? We should be un- willing t<> answer this question in the negative; since the owner, who seems to have been inclined to confine his col- 1 A single specimen of • 'la'-s 2, found in Normandy, is engraved in Lambert, pL vi, fij AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 19 lection to national coins, may have extended his predilec- tion to particular types. Another question also arises as to matters of art. Re- garding the workmanship of the class No. 3, as well as that of the mythological or symbolical coinage of central Gaul; who were the artists by whom the dies were exe- cuted? As to this point, it cannot be supposed for a moment, that the said coinage of central Gaul, — such coins as are delineated in Lambert's plates n, in, iv, v, vi, and xi, second number, — could have been produced by native Gaulish artists. Though there is a certain wildness in the style of representation, yet it is evident an accomplished artist would have been required for those designs, as fre- quently minute details are elaborately wrought, and there is a regularity of execution in the various types which shews the practised artist : therefore, they were Greek or Roman artists who executed these coins; and, undoubt- edly, prisoners whom the Gauls brought away from Greece or Italy. But the head which forms the obverse of the types cog- nate with Class 3, of which Mr. Crafter's is one, is very finely wrought, as is evident from all specimens which come to light. If, then, Class 3 were minted in Britain, as there seems some sort of reason for supposing, Cunobeline was not the first who introduced Roman or Grecian artists ; but they were brought over here much earlier than has been usually credited. AVe may now briefly recapitulate, that if we have an ancient British mythological or symbolical coinage, it prin- cipally consists in these two series, — that is, the Karnbre coinage, Class 3, in its various types; and its subordinates, Classes 1 and 2 ; and, secondly, in the uniface coins of the disjointed horse, which are common to Britain and Bel- gium. There are also to be added some few types men- tioned before at vol. ii of the Journal, pages 18 and 19. These, however, are single and unconnected types, and not of the general character of the two foregoing. The occurrence of an early British coinage among the Dumnonii is by no means incredible. AVhere would be more likely for a coinage to appear than where there was an abundance of metals, which, by the sale of them, pro- duced a great profit? The Dumnonii seem to have been THE COINS OF CUNOBELINE always a powerful British Btate; and whether or not the Trinobantes and Oassii were powerful at the date of b.c. 150. they might have not possessed commodities which they could have exchanged for the precious metals. In- deed, if we may indulge in conjecture, we may form the supposition that the Trinobantine coinage did not begin till the Cassii and Trinobantes had united, and had sub- dued the Dobuni, Cornavii, Silures, Attrebates, Segon- tiaci, and other >tates wot ward, and thus had become themselves possessed of extensive mining- districts: and this probably did not take place till the reign of Cunobe- line, or near his time. The question, however, of the date of these coins requires a few words separately. Premising that it seems prefer- able not to refer these types to the kings of the Trinoban- tine line, or the other rulers of ancient Britain, but prin- cipally to those of the Dumnonii, or inhabitants of Corn- wall and Devonshire, we seem to have no other materials liir forming an opinion than the following suggestions: — I. As the Karnbre types are imitations, more or less degenerated through numerous intermediate gradations, in a long series from the "type muet" of central France, which originated about B.C. 305, it can hardly be thought to have reached its ultimate state of degeneracy till about B.C. 150. ii. As again, there were no coins of Cunobeline and none of Comius in this hoard, — in fact, no inscribed types at all, — we may strongly entertain the presumption, that a later date could not belong to them than B.C. 75. Of the two dates thus offered, the earliest on the whole at present seems preferable; and as there is an absence of types which can be identified with Gaul, the animus of the person who deposited the hoard seems to have been to col- lecl hi- wealth in the coin struck in the country. Doubtful opinions might be given on some other points connected with this singular discovery at Karnbre. How- ever, we may now pass on to what may seem of greater importance, a chronological summary of the Gaulish and British coinages, which seems required as a conclusion to the foregoing remarks. AND OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 21 CHRONOLOGY OF THE BRITISH AND GAULISH COINAGES. About B.C. 600, the Phocaeans colonized Marseilles; sub- sequent to which, coins of Marseilles make their appear- ance. Their type being that of human heads, birds, beasts, etc., and afterwards the wheel with four spokes, and other delineations. About B.C. 335, didrachmas and staters of Macedonia imitated in Gaul. About b.c. 305, the mythological type of central Gaul began to be adopted. About b.c. 260, various Celtic and druidical emblems were added. About B.C. 160, ditto; and many devices of the coins of Italy — as androcephalous horses, sceptres, hands, pateras, etc., delineated upon them. About b.c. 60, ditto; and types introduced which more particularly belonged to Rome. At this time the coins of the Gaulish chiefs begin to abound. Era uncertain, — but supposed to be within the limits between b.c. 150 and b.c. 75, — the Karnbre coinage circu- lates in Britain ; and, contemporaneously, a rude unin- scribed uniface coinage, of the type of the disjointed horse, a degenerated imitation of the coinage of central Gaul, is in use in Britain and Belgium. About b.c. 45, coins of Comius, semi-Gaulish, and semi- British, appear. B.C. 27, Augustus having re-organized the Gaulish pro- vinces, the Gaulish coinage ceases, and only colonial coins of Gaul appear. About b.c. 13 to a.d. 41, coins of Cunobeline abound in Britain ; and about the same period, those of the Iceni, and those of the Brisjantes. a.d. 41 to 44, the coinage of the sons of Cunobeline struck during this period; also, coins bearing the desig- nations of various states in Britain, — as the Catieu- chlani, Cangi, Coritani, Attrebates, and Bocluni. These last apparently exhibiting a return to more ancient Celtic types. a.d. 71, coins of the Brigantes cease on the partial con- quest of that British state by Petilius Cerealis, the Roman MEDIEVAL BABTHENWABE VESSELS. timander; o\\ possibly, a few years afterwards, when they were finally conquered by Agricola. BE ALE TOSTE. BTotb.— The wood-cuts at the following pages are engraved as under. Those at pp. 7. B, 9, from the original in the British Museum. The second, at p. 9, and those at pp. 10, 11, from M. Lambert's Nwniamatigue tkt Xord-Ouest dela j- , 1844, plates n, 8; in, 17; IV, 14. The second, at p. 11, from M. 1 tet'a plate, fig. 3, in his essay, Des Types les film halituels des MMailles .. Bto, 1-4:5. The coins in the plate, fig. 1, from Mr. < 'rafter's coin; fig. 2, from M. Lelewel*s w..rk. viii, 23; fig. 5, from a coin in the British Museum; the rest from plate xix of Dr. Borlase's work, or xxm of the 2nd edition. ON MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. ILLUSTRATED BY SPECIMENS DISCOVERED IN THE METROPOLIS, IN THE POSSESSION OP W. CHAFFERS, JDN., F.S.A. My object in addressing the British Archaeological Asso- ciation on this occasion is, to endeavour to clear up a portion of the mystery which has hitherto enveloped the Bubjeot of medieval earthenware vessels. It must be re- marked, that we are to consider these vessels merely in regard to their utility and domestic economy, and not to their elegance of form, or fineness of material, for in those respects they present a lamentable decline from the Greet and Roman periods, when even vessels of the coarsesl clay had a pleasing effect: I do not, therefore, .-peak ni' them as works of art, but as of homely manufac- ture and domestic use, which, from their fragile nature, and comparative insignificance as to value, have, in few instances, withstood the shock of time, or been thought worthy of preservation. These fictile vessels are extremely rare, and it is a matter of considerable difficulty to appro- priate them to their particular era. It is only by exhibit- ing and comparing specimens, that we are likely to arrive MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 23 «r i >> 3 N i ■^ 5 i M GO N 66 v. ^ Tr. u c •S a) 3* OS a- be >. s CO a. •« 1'- *cj _ QJ .~ ^ a ►» . fe d 4> ^ 3 0J 3 i> 09 tfl V l< J3.2 t> . > J M "O i^.'ii. =■•;=■ ju 'S ,fl ■- c :S^ ^ M 1 Co V u _ i> *3 1 >»CS| 3 v. 3, "c 2" s '3b a scco he - ' 3 K »!' S£3 o ,_£ OS *"• 1-1 « a> 3 c ■3 J3 >o o ■a a2 • 1 N •3 N C3 6E 08 ef; u H> E?-* 5 * § .2 3 — - £ — tj - 3 "^ SC CO «? N 1 m 3 CO O 3 ~ a I 3 g>l °3» 3 ~ ^ cj j3 -3 oi *;■- 3 ■ » .3 a: •3 .Iff ,1; co o V . M t- ~ £ 'S ai « e*4 Cm h o C >, o .s O 1) P. ■3 3 o +j •— tf 3. *f +J *J 3.3 3 ^ 3 o 3 Ph 1-5 PQPUP. •* O to t^od 3 o cd a "-a 5 2 Cw Cf •3 c— . s . -3 " ^3 fi-O cs.2 j3 > CJ x 0) " tn CO Cm *> o 3 ■M — tS 3 S ■a ° s co a .3 N.3. 1 v i! — Fi 'H >> - •3 § 3 a Si g, S3 O Z* -' ^ " 5 ° 3* a c to 3 1 " ^ 3 g t».co c!> > 3 - 2 " cp 3 3 — ^3 •3 C S 3 - %~ 3 a>S c3 3 3 < ~ >-5 l-S 24 MEDIEVAL EARTHENWAEE VESSELS. at any satisfactory result; and my hope is, that many of our members may be induced to bring forward similar collections, and favour us with their opinions respecting them. A.s a reference to the Norman and early English manu- scripts will materially assist us in our inquiries, I have selected a few of the more striking forms of Norman earthern cups from various manuscripts; 1 which, by com- parison with many of those now exhibited to the Associ- ation, will enable us to identify them as belonging to that period. A point that requires investigation, is the glazing on these vessels, and when it is probable this mode of appli- cation, either as a means of decoration or utility, was revived, if it were ever entirely lost ? I am inclined to think it was not. The green glaze appears to me to have been intended more for use than ornament, as it seldom covers the entire surface of the vessel, but only round the inside of the lip and upper portion of the exte- rior, where the liquids would come in immediate contact, or might be spilt over; I do not imagine this could result from accident or decay. Imperfections or blemishes in the ware are generally covered over with a spot of glaze. The specimen exhibited by Mr. Kirkmann (vide Journal, vol. hi, page 63) is glazed all over; but that described by Mr. Lower, of a knight on horseback, discovered at Lewes {Journal, vol. ii, page 343), is only partially glazed, as are most of those of the sime class in my own collection. I think we may fairly infer from these two last-named speci- i Stmtfs •• Horda Aug." MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 25 3 I N is ft i p.| « =3 2. a J a) q £ c 3 . ~ fe".Sf 5 H Qj >- o o „ £.53 . — dm a — a & _=■'=-. 03 g " a i g o ■/. 'E,- g ^-3 5°f » 2 « S " h • *^ • *"± « too a CD lb ■a .3 ° E3 .a -3 _P-3.P « S a ^ JP* g>.g ».s „- o 3 « I 5 i- =. p i - " "S-fUl P 3 <" j,, H ^ *-s tA — *~ -2ca d 2 Si to 3 a ^ & p CO > *<3 .do I £ « « 03 id J £ ,2'3 w a »< " 1 o ° >, 1 P :i*3 Jft»fS VOL. V. MEDIEVAL EABTHENWABE VESSELS. mens (the costume and general character enabling us to appropriate them), that this green glazing was applied to vessels before the thirteenth century, of which date I imagine that belonging to Mr.Kirkmanntobe; the Lewes horseman I should consider earlier. This is a great point gained, as it lias been generally supposed the green glazing denoted a much more recent manufacture. I have been often surprised at the great depth at which these fictile vessels with a light green mottled glaze have been found in excavations, and have always considered them ancient; in some instances they have been discovered mixed with Roman remains. This water-pitcher, with mottled green glaze on the upper part, is ten inches high, and was discovered (to my own knowledge) at a depth of twelve or fourteen feet, in Queen- street, Cheapside, in August 1842. Vessels of similar form are represented in an illumin- ated manuscript of the eleventh century (Cotton MSS., Nero, C. iv), where servants are tak- ing pitchers from the cupboard, Idling them with water, and carrying them to the Saviour, to be changed into wine, at the marriage at Cana, al- though, I consider this vessel may probably be still more ancient. Mr. Wellbeloved, in his Ehuracum, says, that with undoubted remains of Roman earthenware he fre- quently found fragments and entire vessels of a coarse sort, generally of a yellowish white clay, with a strong glaze of various shades of green, and adduces several instances; he states, that at Carlisle, fifteen feet below the surface, and beneath several fragments of Samian ware, \vf fashion. The following is a description of one presented to queen Elizabeth: "A cuppe of silver guilt, shutting and opening in the middest, pomegranade fashion, the handle being a wheat eare." In like manner, other natu- ral productions, such as horns of beasts, eggs of ostriches, shells, etc, were formed into drinking-cups, and were the t\ -pes of earthenware vessels, which partook of their form more or less. From recent examinations of Saxon graves, since the establishment of the British Archaeological Association, by our noble President and many of our associates, much valuable information has been gained for the historian and antiquary with regard to their manners and customs. The earthen vessels which have been discovered are generally of a very rude character, with some few exceptions ; but tlii- is not the case with the glass cups, which possess a 2Vi- of elegance in their form and design. Mr. liolfe has one in his possession, discovered in a Saxon grave near Ramsgate; 1 and a similar specimen was found by Mr. Dennett, in the [sle of Wight. 2 One peculiarity of these i ".\irl, ] Album", by Thos. 2 Transactions of Brit. Arch. Assoc. Wrij p. 207. at the Winchester Congress, p. 132. MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 29 glasses, is, that they cannot be placed upright upon the table, but must be held in the hand until emptied of their contents: they seem to partake of the character of the horn, in their elongated and pointed form. The descriptive notices of earthenware vessels by which they can be identified, or from which we can ascertain the name any particular form was designated by, are very scanty. Earthen bowls and dishes were, no doubt, com- mon ; but we rarely meet with notices of them ; as from their comparative insignificance, they were seldom enu- merated or described in inventories. Bowls are frequently alluded to without mentioning the material of which they were made. There are abundant notices of wooden bowls or mazers, under which head we shall again revert to them. Earthen pitchers and pots were in very general use amongst all classes during the middle ages. In the payments of the executors of Eleanor, wife of Edward I, in the thirteenth century, is the following entry: — "Item, Julianse La Potere, pro ccc. picheriis viijs. vi*/." And in the same document we have a record of the payment : " Item, Johanni Le Squele?*, 1 pro M*. et D. discis, tot platellis, tot salseriis, et cccc. chiphis. xlij.9." And in the expenses of sir John Howard, 1466, is this memorandum : " Wateken bocher of Stoke delyverd of my mony to on of the poteres of Horkesley ivs. \id. to pay hemeselfe and is felawes for xi dosen potes." 2 The household book of the earl of Northumberland, in 1512, gives us a pretty correct idea of the manner of living at the beginning of the sixteenth century, which, for such a noble family, astonishes us at the humble and unosten- tatious display made at the table; hence, it appears that treen, or wooden trenchers and pots of earth, were com- monly used at the tables of the dependents. The former were not easily to be broken ; but the case was different with the earthen pots, which, from their fragile nature, were, it seems, a continual source of expense : it was there- fore ordered, that — "Whereas erthyn potts be bought, that 1 The squeler was a seller of esqueles, these vessels were kept and cleaned from the French word ecuelle, a por- was termed a sqivelery. ringer, dish, or hasin. Hence, the de- 2 " Manners and Household Expen- partment in large estahlishments where ses of England". 30 MEDIEVAL EABTHENWABE VESSELS. I, dder potts be bought for them for serving for lyveries and meallya in my lord's hous." Harrison, 1 who wrote about the year 1579, gives us an account oi' the earthen pots which were in use in his time; he Bay — "As for drinke, it is usually rilled in pots, gob- blets, jugs, bols of silver in noblemen's houses, also in line Venice glasses of all forms, and for want of these else- where in pots of earth of sundrie colours and moulds, whereof many are garnished with silver, or at the least- wise in pewter." In the books of the Drapers' Company, 2 there is a descrip- tion of an election feast in the year 1522, which, after describing the order in which they sate, and other matters, goes on to inform us, that — "At the said high board, were salvers of bread, pears, and filberds, placed upon the tables before they sat down; as also green pots of ale and wine, with ashen cups set before them at every mess; but they had gilt cups for red wine and ipocras." The green pots here mentioned were doubtless earthenware pitchers, orna- mented by a green glaze. More than a century afterwards (29th October 1663), iVpys, in his Diary, — being present at the lord mayor's dinner, — says: "I sat at the merchant strangers table, where ten good dishes to a mess, with plenty of wine of all sorts ; but it was very unpleasing that we had no napkins nor change of trenchers, and drunk out of earthen pitchers and wooden dishes." From these quotations, it appears probable that pitchers and large pots were usually made of earth or leather; while the cups or dishes, out of which the liquor was drunk, were of ash ; or sometimes, among the more opulent, from cups or tankards of silver. '• Hi> cupboard's head six earthen pitchers graced, Beneath them was his trusty tankard placed." — Dnjdcn's Juv. In glancing over my own collection, 1 find there are comparatively few specimens of small drinking cups, or dishes ; while, on the other hand, I possess a great number of earthenware pots and pitchers. In the order.-, and regulations for the royal household of i '■ Description of England", l»ook n, cap. 6. I I i. i bertj vol. i, page 44;.'. MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 31 Edward IV, 1 "The orders for the pichcr house" are— "The butler for the mouthe delyverythe nightly, at the buttery barre for the kynge for all nyght ; with the ale in new ashen citppes, and two other for the watche, which of ryghte should be delyveryd againe at the cupbourde in the mornynge, with the pottes to serve men of worshippe in the halle ; when other men of worshippe bring to this office thcyre old soyled cuppes of ayshe, to have new." And again, in the expenses of sir John Howard, 2 in the fifteenth century : " Item, paid to a nother turnere for ijc. drynkyng bolles, viijs." The cruskyn, or cruske, — called also cruce, creuse, and croise, — was a drinking cup of earth. Roquefort thus gives the signification of the old French word, " Creusequin. — Coupe, gobelet, vaisseau servant a boire." The cruskyn of earth is frequently mentioned in inventories of the four- teenth century; thus, in the Kalendar of the Exchequer, 1324, — "Un crusekyn de terre garni d'argent, a covercle souz dorrez od iiij escuchions as costes de divers armes du pris, viijs." 3 " Un cruskyn de terre blank hernoissez d'ar- gent endorrez ove covercle enbatell, enaymellez dedeins ove j babewyn pois ij lb." 4 In a manuscript in the posses- sion of sir Thomas Phillipps, we have also a little cruskyn of earth, with the foot and cover gilt and enamelled ; and a pot of silver, " au guyse d'un cruskyn. 11 The same word is still used in Ireland to denote a small pot or cup, thus — " a cruiskeen of whiskey." In O'Brien's Irish Dictionary, the word is rendered " a small pot or pitcher", een being the Irish diminutive; hence, a small cruisk or cruske. The final syllable was omitted subse- quently, and it was called a cruce. " They had sucked such a juce Out of the good ale cruce, Wherein they found no dregges, That neyther of them his hed Could carry home to his bed For lack of better legges." — The Unluckie Firmentie. The modern French word cruche, comprises all earthen- i " Liber Niger", page 78. 3 " Kal. Exch." vol. iii, 128. 2 " Manners and Expenses of Eng- 4 lb. iii, 319. land" p. 527. 32 MEDIEVAL EARTHENWABE VESSELS. ware pitchers and jugs. The crock was larger than the cruce. It is spelt' crokke in Piers Ploughman ; x and Chaucer thus uses the word: 2 ■• And whan that dronken was all in the crouke" The godet was, according to Cotman, " an earthen bole, a stone cup or jug" ; it seems to have been a small earthen- ware cup or tankard. The calix of a flower is called in the French language, godet. The name occurs in several inventories of the fourteenth century. Among the stores for the king's ship, The George, in 1345, is an entry for nine godettes, called "flegghes", vs. iijVA ; and a large godet t for the king, xijrf. 8 As the records we have of them generally describe them as made of silver, I shall reserve any further description of them until we treat of silver vessels. It was in succeed- ing times called a goddard. Stowe, speaking of " Mount Goddard-street, in Ivie-lanc", says, "it was so called of the tippling there ; and the Goddards mounting from the tappe to the table, from the table to the mouth, and sometimes over the head." Gay ton 4 mentions — " A goddard or anniversary spice howl Drank off by the gossips." Florio (page 80) has "a wooden godet or tankard"; and the following quotation (temp. Henry VI) shows it partook of the form of the wooden mazer: "Also ij litil masers called godardes covered, and another litil maser unco- vered." 6 The costrel was a closed portable vessel or flask of earth or of wood, having projections on either side, with holes, through which a cord or leathern strap passed, for the pur- pose of suspending it from the neck of the person who carried it. It is spelt costret in MS. Lansd. 500, fol. 45; also, in Richard Coeur de Lion. 1 ' " Now steward, I warn thee, Buy us vessel great plente, Dishes, cuppes and saucer^. Bowls, trays and platters, Vats, tuns and costret." 1 Vision, line L3516. 4 Festivous Notes on Don Quixote. 2 }; Tale, line 4156. 5 Kal. Bxch. vol. ii, p. 251. Six II. Ni.-,. la," "History of the f ' Ellis, Met. Rom., 300. British Navy", vol. ii, 173. MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 33 It is derived from the old French word costeret, from its being carried by the side ; it was probably a measure or allowance of beer carried by a traveller, or given to a working man for the day. A very early specimen of such a ves- sel I now exhibit; it has been originally covered with a bright red glaze, variegated with white streaks, and has on each side two projections, and holes for its suspen- sion, by means of a leather strap or cord ; it holds a pint, and is eleven inches high. The other cut represents a variety not quite so early ; the upper part of it is covered with a green glaze ; it also contains a pint. These were carried by pilgrims, travellers, and shepherds, pendent by their side along with the scrip : " A bolle and a bagge He bar by his sycle, And hundred of anipulles ' On his hat seten." — Piers Ploughmcnt. Sometimes it was carried at the end of the bourdon, or staff, which had crooks to receive them. I remember to have seen the la- bourer in the west of England carry a somewhat similar earthen vessel, suspended by a string to a stick carried over his shoulder, in com- pany with his "nammit bag", or allowance of provisions for the day. The wooden barrel which the la- bourer carries with him when he goes to work, is called at the present day in the Craven dialect, a costril. The jubbe, spoken of by Chaucer, was a sort of jug, which held about a quart or more : " With bred and chese and good ale in a jubbe, Sufficing right ynow as for a day." 2 other parts of their dress, in token of having visited some particular shrine. 2 Chaucer, line 3628. 1 The ampulles were small oblong vessels of glass, carried by pilgrims in the middle ages ; sewn to the hat and vol. v. .". 1 MEDIEVAL EABTHENWABE VESSELS. Again : •• A jubbe of Malvesie." 1 The juste, according to Roquefort, was a vase, pot, or a Bort of measure for wine: — they were sometimes of earth; but more frequently of silver; sometimes of gold. In the Calendar of the Exchequer, temp. Henry IV: "Item, j autre joust d'argent enorrez ove les scochons des diverses armes ove botons de curall et cristall ove une covercle rouge sur le sumet." 2 And in an inventory of Charles V of France, a.d. 1379, under the head of " Golden vessels", we have — " Six grandesjustes a un email rond de France, cxxviij marcs." Oriental porcelain was known in Europe at a very early period : the first positive mention we have of it, occurs in an inventory of effects of the queen of Charles Le Bel, king of France, who died 1370: "Item, un pot a eau de pierre de porcelaine, a un couvercle d'argent et borde d'argent clore, pesant j marc, iiij ounces, xvij estellins, prisic xiiij fr. d'or." Although we have so early a record of it in France, I am not aware of its being noticed in Eng- land earlier than the reign of Henry VIII ; at least, not so as to be identified. Among the original letters edited by sir Henry Ellis, 5 we read of a present of " iij potts of erthe payntid callyd porseland." It is also distinctly spoken of in 1587, as a present to queen Elizabeth, mounted in silver and gold: " Item, one cup of grene pursselj/ne, the foote, shanke, and cover, silver guilte, chased like clroppes." " Item, one cup of pursselyne th'one side paynted red, the foote and cover silver guilte." " Item, one porrynger of white porselyn, garnished with golde, the cover of golde, with a lyon on the toppe thereof, 38 oz." It was, doubtless, at this time much esteemed, on account of its scarcity ; and this may, I think, be inferred from Shakespeare's allusion to it, 4 — " Your honours have seen such dishes ; they are not china dishes, but very good dishes." It did not at this time come direct from the East Indies, but from Venice. " China lnettull" is described in Min- 1 Chaucer, line 13000. 3 Vol. ii, p. 242. K;il. Kxch." ii, 86. 4 " Meas. for Meas.", act ii, sc. 2. 2 << MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 35 shell's Spanish Dialogues, as " the fine dishes of earth, painted, such as are brought from Venice." China ware was not generally imported until 1631, when the East India ships made it an article of commerce; shortly after which, a heavy duty was laid upon it by Cromwell, — viz., twenty shillings on every dozen under a quart, and sixty shillings on those of a quart and upwards. Ben Jonson ! says : " Ay, sir ! his wife was the rich China-woman, that the courtiers visited so often." In his time the China trade had not been long opened, and " China houses" were much resorted to, for the purpose of purchas- ing the ware for presents ; they are also frequently men- tioned by writers of the time as places of assignation. The following vessels, from an inventory of the jewels, etc., in the Castle of Edinburgh, 1578, were probably China ware. The Anglo-Saxon word Lame or Laim, sig- nifying loam, mud, or clay. " Twa flaconis of layme anamalit with blew and quheit, and ane all blew." And in another account of the queen of Scot's " moveables " under " vesshelis of glasse", 1562 : " Item, a figure of ane cloig maid in quhite laym." " i basing and lair with aipis wormes and serpents." " One lawer with a cowp and a cover of copper enamallit." The Bellarmine, or long-beard, here represented, was a description of jug of stone ware, which being of peculiar ornament and form, has misled many from its antique appear- ance. One was en- graved a short time since in the Illustrated London News, and at- tributed to the Saxon era. This vessel, which from the reasons be- low stated, I have call- ed the Bellarmine, was a stone pot or jug, with a wide spreading belly, and a narrow neck ; on the top of which was represented 1 " Silent Woman", act i, sc. 1. MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. a rudely executed face, with a long flowing beard, and a handle behind. The belly in front was ornamented with a device, or a coat of arms of some town in Holland, or • I rmany; sometimes only a crest. They are of a mottled brown colour, -lazed all over, and being of stout substance and hard texture, are exceedingly durable. Tli' — - v< ssels were in very general use in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at public-houses and inns, to v ale to the customers. I have some of all sizes: the largest, or u Galonier", twelve inches high, contains eight pints; the next, or " Pottle-pot", about nine inches and a half high, holds four pints ; another, eight inches and a half high, a quart ; and the smallest, six inches in height, one pint. This specimen (a pottle-pot) bears a shield quartered, with the arms of Cleves, March, liavensburg, and Mceurs. J. R. Planche, esq., to whom I am indebted for the information concerning the heraldic bearings, adds, — " The countess of Mceurs died in 1600, and the county was seized by the elector of Brandenburg ; the elector palatine at the same time quartering the arms to shew his pretensions to it. The fief escheated to the duke of Cleves ; the arms were properly, or, a fess sable. The above would be 1 and 3, Mceurs; 2, Cleves; 4, March; 5, Ravens- burg." One of these vessels bears the date 1589, struck upon it above a coat of arms; another, which was in the possession of the late Mr. Kempe, had a venerable bearded visage, and underneath a shield (which bore on a pale three mascles) was the date 1594. An interesting fact connected with this, was its being found on the site of the Old Boar's-Head Tavern, in Eastcheap. Some have the arms of Amsterdam, — gules, on a pale; or, a pale sable ; charged with three saltiers, argent, — others of Prussia, Germany, etc. They are frequently alluded to in old plays; and the following description can leave no doubt as to its identity; and will, I think, justify me in christen- ing it anew, as I have done. It occurs in the Ordinary, act iii, scene 3 : " Thou thing, Thy belly looks like to some strutting hill. < i . rshadowed with thy rough heard like a wood: Or like a larger jug, thai some men call \ Bellarmine, bul we a Conscience; MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. 37 Whereon the lewder hand of pagan workman Over ill" proud ambitious head hath carved An idol large, with heard episcopal, Making the vessel look like tyrant Eglon." Another passage in the same play again alludes to this jug ; where a man, after having partaken rather too freely of its contents the night before, is advised thus in the fol- lowing couplet : " First to breakfast, then to dine, Is to conquer Bellarmine." Meaning, that the effects of the previous evening's pota- tions and excesses are not dissipated until after a breakfast and a good dinner. In Epsom Wells (act iv, sc. 1 ), Clodpate, after pushing about the cups of true English ale, says: " Uds bud, my head begins to turn round ; but let's into the house. 'Tis dark, we'll have one Bellarmine there, and then Bonus Nocius." This jug was so named after the celebrated cardinal, Robert Bellarmin, who about that time made himself so conspicuous by his zealous opposition to the reformed reli- gion. He was born a.d. 1542, and died 1621. He was sent into the Low Countries to oppose the progress of the reformers, and he consequently received his share of hatred and derision from the Protestants, and there were few men of talent who did not enter the lists against him. The controversy was maintained with great vigour, and its rancour was manifested by satirical allusions, like this of the bottle. His biographer Fuligati says, " he was very short of stature and hard-featured", and that "his soul was conspicuous in every feature of his face." If we can in any way rely upon the portraits of him thus handed down to posterity, he must indeed have been exceedingly hard-featured. Ben Jonson, in Bartholomew Fair (act iv, sc. 3), says of a man who was overcome with liquor : "He hash wrashled so long with the bottle here, that the man with the beard hash almosht streek up hish heelsh"; and to the same vessel he also compares a host in the New Inn : " Who's at the best, some round grown thing a jug Fac'd with a beard, that till- nut to the guests." MEDIEVAL EARTHENWARE VESSELS. In the Gipsies Metamorphosed, the same author gives the following humorous derivation of the form of these tie jugs. In the induction, one of the gipsies thus apos- 3 the audience: "Gaze upon this brave spark -truck out of Flintshire, upon Justice Jug's daughter, then Bheriffof the county, who running away with a kinsman of our captain's, and her father pursuing her to the inarches, he great with justice, she great with jugling, they were both for the time turned stone, upon the sight of each other lure in Chester: till at last (see the wonder), a jug of the town ale reconciling them, the memorial of both their gravities, — his in beard, a-nd Iter's in belly, — hath remained ever since preserved in picture upon the most stone jugs of the kingdom." Cartwright also, in the Lady Errant, mentions them: " The greater sori they say- Air like stone pots, with beards that do reach down Even i" their knees." These passages, which have hitherto appeared obscure to the commentators, are, I think, henceforth easily ex- plained. 1 find in the Lansdowne MSS. (108, fol. 60), a letter relating perhaps to them, which, as it seems to me a curious document, and has never before been printed, I have quoted it at length; it is from a person of the name of Simpson, praying he may be allowed the sole import- ation of stone drinking pots. It is addressed to queen Elizabeth. "The sewte of William Simpson, marchaunt. — Whereas one Garnet Tynes, a straunger livinge in Aeon, in the parti- beyond the seas, being none of her ma ,us subjecte, doth buy uppe alle the pottes made at Culloin, called Drinking stone pottes, and he onelie transported them into this realm of England, and selleth them: It may please your nia ,M to graunte unto the sayd Simpson full power and onelie license to provyde, transport, and bring into this realm the same or such like drinking pottes; and the Bayd Simpson will putt in good suretie that it shall not he prejudicial! to anie of your ma' ks subjectes, but that lie will serve them as plentifullie, and sell them at as reasonable price as the other hath sold them from tyine t" tyine. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISL1I'. 39 "Item. He will be bound to double her ma ties custome by the year, whenever it hath been at the most. " Item. He will as in him lieth drawe the making of such like potte into some decayed town within this realm, wherebie manic a hundred poore men may be sett a work. " Note. That no Englishman doth transport any potte into this realm, but onlie the said Garnet Tines ; who also serveth all the Lowe Countries and other places with pottes." AVhether this tempting offer to " double her majesty's custome by the year, when at the most", had any effect upon the government, or whether Simpson succeeded in his suit, I cannot tell ; or whether any were ever made in England, I have not been able to ascertain. From the quantities which have been found among the debris of the great fire of London, and throughout England, it is evi- dent they were in very general use, which their durability and small cost would tend to insure. WILLIAM CHAFFERS, JUN. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP, OXFORDSHIRE. 1 Islip (A. S. Githeslepe, the leap of Githa), a village near Oxford, is known in history as the birth-place of Edward the Confessor. This fact rests on the indisputable author- ity of a charter in MS. Cott. Faust. A. iii, of the thirteenth century, which is evidently copied from a much older original, — " Edward kyng gret Wlsy biscop and GyrS erle and alle mine theignes on Oxnefordesyre frendlic, and 1 This paper merely consists of a cords belonging to the parish. They few notes, collected chiefly from manu- will be found to comprise new and scripts in the Bodleian Library and the curious particulars ; but it is unneces- British Museum, Dean Vincent's manu- sary to say that a connected history has script collections for a history of Islip not been attempted, preserved at the rectory, and the re- ■1«» HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. ich cythe ou that ic habbe gifeD Crist and Sainte Petre into Westminstre that cotlif the ic was boren inne, bi lKunan Githslepe, and ane hyde at Mersce, scot-fre and Bafol-fre, mid allem wana wugan tha ther-to bilimpaS, on wode and onYelde, on made and on water, mid chirchen and mid chirche socne, sua ful and swa forS and swa free Bwa ic it me silfon on hande stod, and swa swa [mme min moder on minre firmbirde dawe tofor me gife it me Baef, and to gekinde biquath," etc. No memorial of the pious sovereign remains at Islip. A font is pre- served in the rectory garden, in which he is said to have been baptized; but, unfortunately for the credit of tradi- tion, its character precludes the supposition of its being of an earlier date than the fourteenth century. In 1009, king Ethelred kept the greatest part of his residence in Oxfordshire, chiefly at Hedington and Islip. — See Ken- nett's Parochial Antiquities, ed. 1818, i, 62. At an earlier period, there was certainly a Roman station at Islip, and traces of it may still be seen in a field near the manor-house, which tradition erroneously assigns to the site of king Edward's palace. According, however, to Mr. Dunkin ( Oxfordshire^ i, 278), this was the site of the mansion-house erected by abbot Curtlington, about 1320; and about 1720, many loads of lead were dug up, in irre- gular masses, as if melted, in the remains of a moat in the field. Roman coins and pottery have formerly been found in the fields near Wood-hill, on the other side of the vil- lage. In fact, broken Roman pottery is sufficiently com- mon there at this day, though coins are not very frequently discovered. 1 Plot describes two coins found at this place in 1676. One is a coin of Cunobeline, struck at Camulodunum. Ob- verse, a horse prancing; above, a branch or ear of corn, cvno. Reverse, an ear of corn, and across the field, camv; " The Roman coins found here axe and westward to the Charwell, but I a much better evidence of a Roman see no remains of foss or dyke, or any- camp: they have been found at all thing that intimates fortification : per- times, and are still found, as I learn haps it was within reach of protection from Mr. Weyland. The hill itself is from Bicester, Alchester, and Chester- admirably adapted to a camp: it stands ton, all within the distance of six or deal and uncommanded, declining seven miles, evidently Roman camps gently north and south, and sloping upon the Akeman-strect, with which the •wird towards Otmoor, where there road across Otmoor had a direct com- are still the remains of a Roman road, munication." — Dean Vincent's MSS. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLTP. 41 the second letter being formed like the Greek A. The other is one of those peculiar small coins common to Ger- many, France, and England; and of which, several picked up at Bognor, co. Sussex, are figured in Mr. C. Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua.—See Plot' s Natural History of Oxfordshire, 1G77, p. 309. We have seen from the charter above quoted, that the Confessor, when he founded the monastery of St. Peter at Westminster, gave the village of Islip, or Githslepe, to that institution. After the Norman conquest, however, king William seized the estate, and bestowed it upon Hugh de Grentmaisnil. (Guide to Arch. Antiq. i, 6.) This war- rior gave it, as a marriage portion, to his daughter Adeline, the wife of Roger de Ivery. " Unum molendinum in villa quae dicitur Heslepe", is mentioned in a charter, temp. Henrici Secundi, as " ex dono Adeline uxoris Rogeri de Ivereyo". {Monast. Anglic, ii, 954.) Roger de Ivery, dying about the year 1079, Adeline held Islip in dowry by inheritance from her father. This Adeline, in the year 1111, lay in her house at Fencot very ill, and gave a hide of land in Fencot to the monks of Abingdon, to pray for her recovery. (MS. Dodsworth 105, f. 2.) Adeliz, daughter of Adeline de Ivery, married Alberic de Ver, who held part of Islip in his wife's right, and gave ten shillings annual rent, issuing from his one part of tithe at Islip, to the monks of Thorney. The mill, above-mentioned, was probably on the spot where the present mill is. In Domes- day-book, the possessions of Adeline de Ivery, at Islip, are described to consist of a mill and a large wood ; a small portion of the latter being all that now remains. The mill is stated by Kennett to have been left by Adeline to the abbey of Bee, in Normandy. Soon after the death of Jeffrey de Ivery, to whom the Islip manor descended, it was granted to William de Curcy, who dying about the year 1173, the property again reverted to the crown ; and the abbot and convent of Westminster, urging their claims to it, ultimately succeeded in re-possessing themselves of the manor. This account, however, though supported by the autho- rity of Domesday-book, and other competent records, is inconsistent with the following curious charter of William the Conqueror, in the cartulary of Westminster monas- VOL. V. 6 f?/ Oh : \- HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. tery. Whether ir is a forgery or not, I leave others to deride : — " Willelmus rex Angliae Remigio episcopo Lincoln: et Willelmo iilio Osberti et omnibus ministris et fidelibus Buis Francis et Auglis de Oxenefordescira salutcin. Seiatis quia volo et firniiter praecipio ut ecclesia sancti Petri West- monasterii et Edwinus abbas et monachi ejusdem ecclesiae habeant manerium suum Githslepe, in quo videlicet rex Edwardus cognatus meus fuit natus, cum omnibus rebus et appendiciis suis, ita plene et quiete et libere sicut pra> dictus rex Edwardus melius et plenius ac liberius illis con- cessit, et sicut etiam rex praefatus ad dedicationem illius ecclesia3 in dotem perpetuam osternaliter eandem lueredi- tavit ecclesiam. Concedo itaque illis in eodem manerio sacam et socam, cum tol et theam et latrone, et cum omnibus aliis consuetudinibus et legibus qua3 ad meam regiam dignitatem pertinent. PraBterea clamo eos quietos amodo ab omnibus querelis et sciris et hundredis, et a scoto, et ab omni mea consuetudine et censu pecuniae qua? Geld vel Danegeld Anglice vocatur. Et nolo ut aliquis de illo aliquid auferat aut diminuat, vel ullus aliquam omnino habeat inde intromissionem aliquo tempore, nisi abbas et monachi ad utilitatem monasterii. Teste Odone episcopo et Rodberto comite de Moret., fratribus meis, et Hugone de Munford." — MS. Cott. Faust. A. iii. William de Curtlington, abbot of Westminster from 1315 to 1331, 1 rebuilt the manor-house at Islip. " Willelmus de Curtlyngton per viam Spiritus Sancti electus est in abbatem Westm. xxiiij. die Aprilis post mortem praedicti Ricardi. Hie autem pater manerium de Yslepe in comi- tatu Oxonian a fundamentis de novo construxit valde surnp- tuose, ut ibidem cernitur, in loco quo jam existit. Quia autem tempora sua manerium praedictum in alio loco juxta ecclesiam parocliialem, in quo loco sanctus rex Edwardus natus erat, ut habetur in telligrapho ipsius regis qui sic incipit, Ego Edwardus, etc. Jere circa finem. Postremo ego ipse pro spe retributionis eterna?, et infra posui in dotalicium et in perpetuam haereditatem et paulo post, [nprimis Islep villain in qua natus fui cum omnibus sibi pertinentibus", etc. (MS. Cotton. Claud. A. viii, f. 57, v°.) 1 Queen Isahcl lodged some weeks at Islip, in the latter part of the year 1326.— Wood, i, 161. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. 43 The substance of this, mentioned in the following account of the village, in Camden's Britannia, cd. 1789, i, 298-9: " Islep, a pretty thorough tare od the left ripe of Cherwell. It is called, in the Confessor's charter, Gibtslepe (a misprint for Gihtslepe), Hiltsleape, 1 Ileslepe, Ighteslep, and Gyth- slepe in the Saxon charter. It is now a mean ill-built village. It gave birth to Edward the Confessor, whose father, king Ethelred, had a palace here, which stood on the north side of the church, and the chapel thereof served as a barn, but was taken down and rebuilt a few years ago; so that no traces remain of the original edifice. William de Curtlyngton, abbot of Westminster, 1315-33 (?), built the manor-house anew very handsomely, and in a different place. The font in which the Confessor was supposed to have been baptized, was long used at the Plume of Feathers inn, for a washing-basin, till bought by Mr. Brown, of Nether-Kiddington, where it stands in the garden of lady Mostyn, daughter and heir of the late sir George Brown, bart., on a handsome pedestal, with some lines, rather pious than learned. It is engraved in Plot, pi. 16." Ac- cording to Dr. Plot, this font originally stood in the Con- fessor's chapel, near the church ; and on the pedestal the following statement is made, — This font came from the king's chapell in Jslip. The following lines are also in- scribed on the base of the font : — " This sacred font St. Edward first receav'd From womb to grace, from grace to glory went : His virtvous life to this fayre isle beqveth'd Prase and to vs bvt lent. Let this remaine the trophies of his fame, A king baptiz'd, from hence a saint became." Hearne, in the Glossary to Robert of Gloucester, has the following curious observations on this relic. " For my own part," says he, " I never yet saw this old font, which is truly a most venerable piece of antiquity, and which 1 could wish were kept in a dry place; but it is very remark- able what the foresaid ingenious and honourable gentle- man told me, namely, that, when struck, is sounds like a bell, and that a certain lady, when she us'd to feed turkeys out of it, was deterr'd from that kind of sacrilege by this 1 In the Pipe Rolls, temp. Hen. Tertii. 44 HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. accident, viz., that all her turkeys died!' The friend alluded to by Beanie, was B. L. Calvert, esq. The remains of the Confessor's chapel were near the church : and there is a curious notice of them in the Dinely M v >. of the seventeenth century, which were exhi- bited al the Worcester Congress of the British Archaeolo- _ :il Association, by sir Kdward Winnington, bart., in 1 s 18. " [slip, a town neer ( Oxford, and in this county, is famous for the birth oi* Edward the Confessor: that which was anciently his chappel is now made use of for a granary or barne; the shape of one of the windows shews it was d( siun'd for a religious use.*' An engraving of it was pub- lished by Hearne, in his Curious Discourses, 1720, from which it was copied by the late Mr. Dunkin. It was taken down about the year 1780; and the materials are said to have been employed in the construction of some additions to the present lied Lion Inn. The Feathers Inn, now ] lulled down, was traditionally said to have been built with the materials of the Confessor's palace. "When Islip was in the great London and Worcester road, the Feathers was an inn for gentry, and the Red Lion for the carriers. Travellers turned off at Wheatley to go through Islip and Chipping-Norton. In Shakespeare's time, travellers from Stratford-on-Avon seem to have passed through Islip. In some manuscript accounts of expenses " leayd out when we went to the courte", 1592, preserved in the Council-cham- ber at Stratford, we find the following entries: — "The second night at Iselipp for our suppers, ijs. iiijr/. ; and for our horsemeate the same night at Iselipp, ijs. viijr/." Little, if any, of the Saxon church remains at Islip — the present structure chiefly belonging to the fourteenth cen- tury. Parts of the pillars and arches on the north side of tin- nave are, however, of a considerably earlier period. The chancel, which had been destroyed during the civil wars, was rebuilt by Dr. South in 1680, as appears from the following inscription on one of the beams in the roof: ' Robertas South, S.T.P., in ecclesiam banc parochialem induct us anno Domini 1678, propriis sumptibus banc can- cellariam a fundamentis instauravit extruxitque anno Do- mini 1680." "The church," says Dean Vincent, in his MS. Bistory of Islip preserved at the rectory, "is an ancient building, and though certainly not of the Confes- HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. 45 sor's age, four of the pillars on the north are evidently Saxon by their bulk and capitals. These are probably the remains of a former edifice, and 1 apprehend that their bases are buried by the raising of the pavement : the -round of the church-yard is much above the level of the floor of the church, as is the case with most old churches, from the accretion of soil by burying : but here it is remarkably raised more on the north side, where there are no graves, than on the south, which must have been caused by conveyance of soil from the south side to prevent a greater accumulation on that part." In the chancel are five mural tablets: — 1, John Aglionby, 1 rector, died Feb. 6th, 1609-10 ; 2, James Horrockes, rector near twelve years, died Feb. 15th, 1625-6; 3, Henry Morris, esq., who died Jan. 10th, 1627, and Robert Banks, gent., who died Nov. 18th, 1605, erected by their wife Susannah; 4, Ed- ward Drewe, gent., died January 23rd, 1656, the person described by Hinton, on whom a miracle was wrought by grace; 5, Luke Clapham, who died April 2nd, 1676, and Susanna his wife, eldest daughter of John Hearne, of Am- ring Hall, Norfolk, who died Nov. 16th, 1669. On a brass on the ground in the chancel this — " Quern Sancti Albani monaclium dornus inclyta fovit, Quemque professorem pagina sacra dedit, Edmundus jacet hie Vesty, da, Christe, precarnur Post mortem famulo coelica regna tua." — MS. Harl. 6365, p. 166. Some years ago, old paintings were discovered on the south wall of the south aisle, and are still visible, though the brightness of the colours have somewhat faded since their first discovery. The subject of the largest and most conspicuous of these is the offering of the three kings ; one of whom is in the act of presenting his gift to our Saviour, holding his crown in his left hand. On the right of the Holy Virgin is an aged man, probably intended for Joseph; although from the style of the chair in which he is seated he misrht be referred to a Roman ecclesiastic of a later o 1 " Here under resteth the body of Chaplain in Ordinary to Queen Eliza- John Aglionby, Doctor of Divinity, beth and King James, who departed sometimes parson of this towne, and this life the vj. day of February, anno fellow of the Queen's Coll. and Princi- Domini 1609, and the xliij. year of his pall of Edmund Hall in Oxon, and age." 46 HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. period. < >ver the head of the Saviour is an angel descend- ing with a vessel <>t' incense, and above the figures is a kind of roof, formerly probably part of the stable in which Christ was born. The second subject is St. Michael weigh- ing a bouI, which is represented as a small naked figure in one scale of a balance, whilst the other scale is attempted to 1"- weighed down by a figure in scaly armour represent- ing an evil spirit. Both pictures are painted in distemper, and ar<- carefully drawn. Portions of several other paint- ings arc discernible on the walls of the north aisle. Leland, writing in the reign of Henry VIII, gives some curious notices of Islip. " Islep, a pretty thoroughfare on the left ripe of Cherwell river. Hard by it is a fay re bridge over Cherwell, well arched with stone, and a mile and halfe above it is Gosford-bridge over Cherwell, and a 2 miles above Gosford is Emley-bridge. A 2 miles above Emley is Heiwood-bridge on Cherwell. From Islep to ( Oxford, 3 miles to goe by the meadowes on Cherwell, but to goe on the left-hand towardes the Woody Hill is 4 miles." {Lelandi It in. 1769, iv, 127.) He had previously said: " Thence to Islep an 8 mile, leaving Ottemor on the right hand, that, if the waters had not beene up, had beene the next waye. In this Ottemar was the first foundation of Tame Abbey." Leland's accounts of distances are not quite accurate, being under the correct measure. The river Kay from Bicester joins the Charwell within a quar- ter of a mile below Islip-bridge. It crosses Otmoor, and receives several brooks from the north in its course, and is liable to great floods. Leland alludes to these when he mentions the impracticability of crossing Otmoor. The rental of Islip manor in 1541 amounted to £59: 7: 4, as appeal's from a roll in the Augmentation office, contain- ing an abstract of the income of Westminster monastery: •• Manerium de Iselippe, Redd: Assis: xlli.xs. ij /. — Firm. terr. d'nic'. vj//. — Firm, molendin. vij//. xs. — Perquis. cur. vlt. vij*. ij'/."' Woody Hill, mentioned by Leland, retains the name of Wood-hill, — no doubt from Pratwell, or Prattle- wood ; which, though now a very small enclosure of trees and underwood, formerly extended over that district. This wood Ls mentioned in Doomsday-book, and continued till the enclosure in 1806. Among the parish records is a HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. 47 copy of a chancery decree by lord Verulam, Feb. 19th, 17 Jac. I, confirmed by lord Keeper Williams in 1623, which empowered the dean and chapter to enclose a fourth part of the woods; but four hundred acres were still left open for the use of the inhabitants of Islip and Noke. Islip was the scene of a skirmish during the civil wars. According to Ludlow's Memoirs, i, 151, Cromwell defeated the earl of Northampton, lord Wilinot, and colonel Pal- mer, at Islip-bridge, taking two hundred prisoners, and five hundred horses. He then summoned Bletchington- house, which was surrendered by colonel Windebank, who was shot at Oxford for abandoning its defence. In 1643, lord Hopton was at Islip with a body of the king's army, when captain Temple, from Newport-Pagnel, beat up some of the neighbouring quarters, taking fifty horses, eighteen prisoners, and £150 in money; and spread such an alarm, that the king's forces fled from Islip, crying out "Essex was at their heels". — Harl. Miscell. i, 234. Edward Hinton was rector of the village during the Commonwealth. He was presented on August 29th, 1646, and appears to have been a violent Puritan ; but he read the Prayers and the Articles at the Restoration, and con- formed to the liturgy, — by these means keeping possession of the living till his death in 1678. 1 The following entry in the parish register, dated 1647, will curiously exhibit the state of religious feeling in Islip at that period: — " Katherina Walker, Johannis et Joanna Alia, Christo nun- ciebatur Maii nono, cum pro ignorantia tumultuantis vulgi (a fcedere promissionis juxta et reformationis non alieni tantum, sed iis inimici) summa cum difficultate, meo ne dicam periculo, sacramentum administravit infelix pastor." Another entry (Jan. 23rd, 1656), amongst the burials, is worth quoting: — "Edward Dewe, gent., on whom free grace wrought a miracle, was buried by us, bitterly and generally lamented." Dewe lived at the manor-house, and had a lease of the manor. He was a strong Puritan. Hin- ton was buried in the chancel, July 25th, 1678. Dr. South, the next rector, was a great benefactor to the village. He repaired the chancel of the church, re- built the rectory-house, and endowed an excellent school. 1 Dean Vincent's MSS. preserved at Islip. 48 HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLir. The latter was founded for twenty-one boys, to be clothed and taught gratis, and is endowed with lands at Wolver- cot, Cutislow, and Piddington, and fee-farm rents at Eas- ington and Goddington. Education, however, is bestowed od all the boys of the village whose parents desire it. South mentions this school in his will. "And now where- I have bestowed a considerable part of my estate in erecting and endowing at my sole charge and expense a school in the parish of Islip in the county of Oxon, and by :i particular deed vested the same in the dean and ehapter of St. Peter's church, in Westminster; but yet, neverthe- 1. — . for the sole support, maintenance, and benefit of the -aid school, I do by these presents fully ratify and confirm the said deed of settlement in the said dean and chapter of St. Peter, in Westminster, and their successors for ever, to and for all the trusts, uses, and conditions therein men- tioned and contained." (Posthumous Works, pp. 76-7.) Dr. South was born in 1633; elected from Westminster, 1651; B.A., 1655; M.A., 1657; deacon, 1658; public orator, 1660; prebend of Westminster, 1663; D.D., 1663: canon of Christ-Church, 1670; chaplain to the Polish ein- bassy, 1674; rector of Islip, 1678; built the chancel, 1680; built the rectory, 1690; died, July 8th, 1716.— Dean Vin- cenfs 31 SS. The earlier rectors were Hugo de Glastonbury, presented 1246; Walter de Tudinton, 1252, d. 1296; Robert de Leyham, xj. kal. Jun. 1296 (Kennett erroneously writes Robert de Legum); Thomas de Heyford, viij. Id. Sept. 1318 ; Henry de Iddebury, Rob. de Hemmyngburgh, 1333 ; Adam Rikeinan, John Sulthorn, 1366; William Horsleye, 1369; Stephen Payne, 1411; John Wouburn, 1413; Tho- mas Clyff, 1417; Roger Assar, Thomas Haywood, 1443; William Kynwolmersch, 1446; William Danyell, 1450; William Browne, Thomas Wylcock, 1465; Simon Stal- worth, 1479; Richard Norton, July 9th, 1495; Stalworth exchanged with Norton and took Alderkirk; Robert Wes- ton, L508; William Dicker, March 7th, 1511-2, who re- signed; William Shragar, June 12th, 1517; Peter Potkin, .March 1st, 1518-9; Hugh Walker, May 1st, 1520; Robert Tarter, April 20th, 1526; Richard Townley, 1531. The resignation of abbot Benson, and the dissolution of the monastery at Westminster, took place on January 16th, HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. 49 1539-40, 38 Hen. VIII. Benson became dean on the new foundation; and the first name that appears as rector of Islip, is James Procter, who resigned in 1549. His suc- cessor was William Haynes, who was presented by Thomas Parkins of Eynsham, patron, pro hac vice, by the donation of the dean and chapter of Westminster. This seems to imply some sort of exchange or accommodation, as there was a Simon Haynes, a prebend of the first stall, to whom William was probably related. Haynes died in 1550, and was succeeded by Humphry Parkins, who was prebendary of the seventh stall in 1540, upon the new foundation, but was deprived by queen Mary in 1554, and appears to have been one of the clergy who went abroad with Dean Coxe to avoid the persecution. He is most likely the Parkins, or Perkins, who had been a monk before the Dissolution ; but who showed a feeling towards the Keformation, and changed his name to Faith or Charity. (AYidmore, p. 134.) He was restored again by queen Elizabeth, as prebend of the second stall, in 1560; but whether to his living or not does not appear. AVeston, the dean, was appointed to the rectory in 1554, and held it till 1556, when he was created dean of AVindsor. The next in the list are — Tobye Matthew; AA^illiam AYilson, February 8th, 1579-80 ; Hugh Lloyd, 1588 ; Thomas Ravis, inducted May 15th, 1598; John Aglionby, 1608 ; Robert Newett, 1 inducted May 6th, 1609-10 ; James Horrockes, 1613 ; Theodore Price, 1626 ; John King, inducted February 18th, 1631, died August 7th, 1638, and buried in St. George's chapel, AVindsor; Tho- mas Atkinson, inducted December 18th, 1638, per me Nicolas Vilett, Islip regr. ; Nicolas Vilett, inducted Feb- ruary 25th, 1638-9; Lodowick AVemys, mentioned on the AVestminster books, but not in the Islip register. He was probably excluded by his religious opinions ; and the next rector, Edward Hinton, has been previously mentioned. " Visus Francii plegii, una cum curia Baron: Henrici Norreys armig. et Susannas uxoris ejus, et Thomas Gild red generosi firmariorum decani et capituli ecclesias S. Petri AA^estmonast. maner. et libertat. de Islip cum membris in 1 The king had illegally appointed dean and chapter successfully resisted a person of the name of Hindle, but the the presentation. vot.. v. 7 50 HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ISLIP. com. Oxon. tent, per Thomam Bird senescallum annis 1616, ir,17. ir. is. li;i<). li;_M. li;21, per Carolum Holloway arm. escallum, annia 20, 21, 22 Jac, 1, 2, 3 Car. I."— -Cat. Manuscr. Gul. Wright, ap. Bernard, 1697, ii, 108. The parish registers commence on May 4th, 1500, and have been kept, with few interruptions, to the present time. The burials from 1647 to 1656 are not noticed; and there are other lacuna during the civil -wars; at which period there are certificates of contracts of marriage made before a justice of peace, including one at Woodstock, published in the market-place for three market-days, and signed by the mayor. A school is noticed as having been kept by a Robert Evans, in 1626; and amongst the burials, July 8th, 1660, is the following singular entry: — " Francis Minchin, who lived we know not how, and was murdered we know not by whom." The early churchwarden-accounts do not appear to have been preserved. The earliest I have seen commence in 1700; but even at this late date we find a few entries of some curiosity : — 1 700. For ringing on Gunpowder Treason For a bottle of wine at Christmas 1 ', 1 . < rave to a man that killed a fox .... I ollected then upon a brief for Chester cathedral Paid for ringing on the king's birthday 1702. Paid at Easter Visitation for two proclamations and a book, being a forme of praisse for the queen, and our presentiments and expences For ringing on the queen's coronation-day . L708. Given to a- man burnt by fier .... Ale for prossessioning 1 ..... 170.'). Bread i'nr Palm Sunday ..... 1706. Paid to Nicholas for ringing for the rejoycing at the victory of our armey beating the French in Flanders S IT"?. Alt* id wiih Hcinmins of Bister for a new parish clock made with brass whirls and a new hand- board, all materials to be made and iixt up by him at 15 1 That is, walking the parish boundaries. — See a similar entry in Dunkin's •• Hi torj of Bio ter", p. 262. £0 2 6 G 1 9 H 6 Q 2 1 10 8 2 CRYSTALS OF AUGURY. 51 A leden wail for the cluck, b7 lb., at seven far- things a pound ...... »0 12 Hg 1700. Ringing for Dr. Secheverel ... 020 1713. Given to two souldierB thai were disbanded, and had the queen's broad seal for relief . .000 1718. Paid for ale that I gave the sparrow-catchers to the widow Goodgam .... I i L6. Gave to a gentleman in want 17-41. Paid to two men for killing three hedgehogs 17-29. For three dozen of sparrows L 758. Paid for fifteen hedghogs .... 1771. Taid for a pole-cat ..... It is much to be regretted that early parish accounts are not more used by topographers. The clergy would per- form a most acceptable service by preserving notices and extracts from all such documents in their custody ; for they not unfrequently throw considerable light on the man- ners and customs of our ancestors. Near Islip church is a large elm-tree, the root of which is surrounded by stones. It is commonly called the Cross- tree, and tradition says it occupies the situation of the ancient cross. In most of the neighbouring villages are remains either of the steps, or of the cross, in a more per- fect State. J. O. HALLIWELL. 6 6 1 6 5 4 ON CRYSTALS OF AUGURY. It is much to be regretted, that of the specimens of semi-globular crystals mounted in silver, exhibited by Mr. W. S. Fitch, Nov. 29th, 1848, no history has been fur- nished by the owner (the rev. T. Mills). They consist of two polished pieces of transparent rock crystal set in sil- ver. The stones were nearly semi-globose, with slightly convex backs : the largest piece having two laps of metal crossing its underside, to which is attached a loop; the CRYSTALS OF AUGURY. other piece, which is not so prominent, has a loop at one . and the two arc held together by a short chain of silver passing through tin- loops. From the appearance of these crystals, there can be little doubt that they belong to the class of objects called u Druidic"\ but the mount- ings and chain arc not older than the time of Elizabeth or James I. From the position of the loops and chain, it is evident that the larger crystal was to be held up when used, so that the other should hang pendent as a sort of speculum. Such objects as these were not unknown to the old astrologers ; and I have little hesitation in affirming, that this is the divining apparatus of some necromancer of the sixteenth, or early part of the seventeenth cen- tury. We hear of the crystal of Paracelsus, in which could be beheld events past, present, and to come; and Joachim Camcrarius mentions a round crystaline gem, in- spected by a chaste youth, wherein the youth, discerning ;m apparition, could receive intelligence of anything he required. 1 Dr. Dee, of famous memory, had his magic mirror and show-sto?ie, or holt/stone, which he "did all his feats upon", assisted by the knavish Kelley. The mir- ror, or " black-stone, into which Dr. Dee used to call his Bpirits", was a disc of polished Cannel-coal in a case of leather, and was long preserved in the cabinet of the Mor- daunts, earls of Peterborough, and afterwards at Straw- berry-Hill. At the dispersion of this collection it passed into the hands of a person named Strong, of Bristol. This speculum reminds us of the ink mirror of the east, de- scribed in Lane's Modern Egyptians. Dr. Dee's show- st >iie, or holy-stone^ which he asserted was given to him by an angel, is now all but lost among the minerals in the British Museum; it is a beautiful globe of polished crystal, of the variety known as smoky quartz, and much resem- bles a specimen engraved in the Nenia Britannica, which was discovered in a Kentish barrow. This latter specimen is mounted in laps of silver, and pendent from two silver rings; and though found with Saxon reliquitB, is probably nevertheless of Druidic workmanship. ■ Mmiiii on the Western Isles, cap. •">, page 42, who relates the same p. 167; and also Qodelmanus, lib, I, story. CRYSTALS OF AUGURY. 53 We learn from the Bardie Poems, that the Druids em- ployed crystals in their most sacred and important mys- teries. They had their Hath meisicith, or magical stone of speculation, 1 the burning lens which drew down the logh, or spiritual fire, from heaven upon their sacrifices; and Taliesin speaks of the cwrwg gwydrin, or boat of glass, 2 of which several examples are in our National Collection. The cromthear, or officiating priest of the pagan Irish, carried his leug, or leice, for divination ; and what is remarkable, quartz crystals are still borne by the coradjes, or priests of Van Diemen's Land, as sacred stones, which are preserved unpolluted by the eyes of women. 3 From the form of the crystals exhibited, it is not impos- sible that they were once set in the liath meisicith, and having been discovered in a Druid barrow, were regarded as possessing magical virtues: hence, their appropriation as a lens and speculum of augury by some astute magician of former days. Even the idea of the silver links may be derived from the iogh-draoch, or chain-ring of divination of the ard-druadh (arch-druid). 4 But wonder-working stones are not unfrequently pendent from a chain ; like the renowned Lee-penny, with its ruddy gem, the trophy of the Holy wars. If any more rational explanation can be given of this exceedingly curious specimen, I am quite willing to relin- quish the theory I have now ventured to advance. H. SYER CUMING. 1 A magnificent one is engraved in 3 See Mitchell's " Australia", vol. ii, Vallancey's " Collectanea de Rebus page 338. Hibernicis", vol. iv. 4 One is figured in the " Collecta- 2 See Cadair Taliesin, in the Welsh nea de Rebus Hibernicis", vol. iv, Archaiology, vol. i. plate xiv. 54 FURTHER NOTES IN REFERENCE TO THE DISCOVERIES AT ICKLETON AND CHESTERFORD. L\ consequence of the report I had the honour to lay before the Association in the last Part of our Journal, 1 have received from our friend Mr. W. Stevenson Fitch, of Ipswich, a letter, taken from his valuable collection of original documents, which I have obtained his sanction to print entire; and as it bears upon the subject of our inves- tigation, and affords some little topographical and anti- quarian information, it will, at least, be acceptable to our Essex members and friends. It is signed B. F. (B. Fors- ter), Chelmsford, October 1765, and addressed, " To Mr. T. F. Forster, Merch*. in AYalbrook, London." It was dic- tated to Mr. B. Forster, by Dr. Foote Gower, for the infor- mation of Mr. T. F. Forster, who, it appears, had contem- plated a visit to Chesterford. Most of the intelligence respecting Chesterford, published by Gough, appears to have been furnished by Dr. Gower; but whether the latter left any manuscripts relative to the researches in that locality, which we may infer he prosecuted with much ardour, I have not been able to learn. The beginning and the conclusion of the letter, relating to domestic matters, are omitted. " Besides the great encampment, opposite to the Crown, there certainly i - a smaller one near the church : the old wall on the right hand of the road coming from London, between the mill and Gardiner s, has been one side of it : an inconsiderable bank, on which the ' N.' wall of the church- yard stands, another : — and there is a third, towards the river, which when- ever opened appears to be made wall. " Near the mill has been discovered a tessellated pavement, and the stone trough, now at the blacksmith's, was likewise found near the mill: it was carried unopened into the house of the person who then occupied the mill, and the contents of it kept a secret, but the miller gave a handsome treat to the labourers who found it. " Tin name of Borough Field is not confined to the ground enclosed in th. o,-, : ,i fiicampment, but the adjacent grounds, particularly all that lies Em tween it and the river, are comprehended in it. FURTHER NOTES ON ICKLETON, ETC. 55 " In the ground between the encampment and the river is the spot sup- posed to have been an amphitheatre: there is no bank or inequality of ground remaining, but Mr. Shepherd observed the corn to grow very thin in a circle of about 8 yards 1 wide, including a space of 100 yards 1 diameter. " The traces of the streets, and the entrances of the camp east and west, are plainly discernible by the thinness of the corn, when growing. " Near a cottage, beside the Newmarket road, were lately discovered in digging under the track of the walls for materials for the road, three holes, filled with blackish earth : in them pieces of bones of animals and earthen- ware ; and across the top of one of them was a human skeleton.* " Very near the same place was found a small urn of red earth, which would contain about a pint, with a cover to it : in it were pieces of parch- ment with writing on them : some of these pieces of parchment were given to Oslin, the man who kept the Crown before Gardiner, but in all probabi- lity they were destroyed ; — several of them are supposed to have fallen into the hands of Judge Reynolds. It is imagined that coins were found at the same time, and the man who discovered these about 50 years ago, is still living, an ancient labouring man. " On the Ickleton side of the river, in a hollow way leading to Strethall, not far from the mill-bridge, in digging for gravel, were found near the bank, several pieces of solid gold, of this form fl and of different sizes ; the largest about the thickness of a man's finger, the smallest of a wheat straw •. they were sold to different goldsmiths, and the smallest of them fetched two guineas. These may possibly have been fihxdce. " Near the same place, two or three holes, similar to those beforemen- tioned, with burnt earth, and pieces of earthen-ware. " Encampments adjacent to the great one are, one, oblong and angular, at Hingeston, called the Hingeston Barrows. It is about half a mile distant from the great one. It lies on the river ; the side farthest from the river is close by the road leading by the back of Mr. Vechel's house into the village. Probably one at Burton Wood, two long miles from the great encampment. A small square encampment, mentioned by Stukeley, near "YValden : — Quere, whether the same with one close to the town, at the back of Mr. Browne the surgeon's garden ? Ringhill you know of. There is likewise a small camp on the Ickleton and Duxford side of the river, which I saw, but don't know how to describe the site of. " Roads : one leading into the great encampment from the ford at the mill, the other way carrying you into the very considerable road from Ickle- ton to Strethall. This last seems to be near as perfect as when made, but does not go in a strait line. Going on this road from Ickleton southwards, you get on a rise near Ickleton, called Coplow Hill, from whence you see the road lying before you as far to Strethall, where it comes at light angles 1 As the Dr. thinks from memory, and not feet. 56 FURTHER NOTES ON into Strethall-street, and is there block't up by a house, but may be recovered ad it Strethall-street, at right angles with this, likewise Roman, easily able into a farm-yard nearly opposite to Littlebury church one way; and to a way post two or three miles distant from Strethall the other. •• Parallel with the road from [ckleton to Strethall, nearer the river, is a third Roman road, near as perfect as when first made : this you will easily find, as it comes out into Littlebury town at a place you must remember: —in going down to Chesterford, you will observe that at the entrance into Iittlebury, instead of keeping strait on, you take a sharp turn to the right, and bo go by the church : the strait on road is the continuation of this road I am now speaking of. " Parallel still, is a fourth Roman road, on the opposite side of the river from Littiebury,— the present road fromWalden to Stump Cross, which is at a way posl between Chesterford and Hingeston. This is as mentioned as Roman by Dr. Gale in his commentary. The present Newmarket and Chesterford road is almost indisputably Roman. " A sixth Roman road comes from the third mentioned, at right angles, crosses the present road, and goes on as far as the river ; — how much far- ther uncertain. This road goes thro' the village of Little Chesterford; and near it. west of the great road, there is some reason to suppose the encampment might be found, which gives name to this village. " Road the '2d was mentioned as leading from Strethall to a way post. The road which there crosses it at right angles [our 7th] is the Icknield- street, which is indisputably traceable westward to Royston ; but from our way post are two branches eastward or north-eastward ; one (marked in Warburton's map), leading along low grounds into Ickleton-street, but now almost defaced, tho' some marks are still to he seen near a farm-house in some enclosures : the northern branch goes over a rising ground above Ickleton, and is still called the port way; tradition says of this, that it has been a great old road, and the famous highway to London. The track of this road goes on (to the north of the great encampment) to an old ford over 1 lie river, but the road now in use is modem, and leads to another ford (a little northward of ours), called Brockleford Bridges ; however, evi- dence of the existence of our road shall be produced presently ; — it goes on eastward of the river, thro' a little grove towards VechelTs liause. As a proof of its existence where now disused and interrupted by enclosures ; hear what Mr. Shepherd, the antiquarian farmer, says of it. — ' Our town of Ickleton, sir, must have been a great place formerly, for below the Brock- leford Bridge road is a place called the street ;' Mr. Hanchett, the lord of the manor, bad the curiosity to have a part of it dug into, and they disco- 1 This was in the days of Mr. Shep- looking about him, and was utterly herd's infant-antiquarianism, while he uninstructed. (b. f.) had only gratified his curiosity l>y ICKLBTON AND CHESTERFORD. .">7 vered foundations of some kind or other there.' — Now as these foundations were round in a bank, the course of which is a direcl continuation of the line of the port way to the old ford, I think anybody, that will lie satisfied with evidence short of demonstration, will allow our road to have gone here. "When I said above thai the road through the camp went in a direction from west to east, I meanl that it came into the camp at the side most distant from Gardiner's, and out at the side by the Cambridge road, almost opposite to ( i. hi liner's : (this I mention, because Dr. Gower, from looking ;ii Warburton's map, doubts whether we are right as to our points of the compass, tho' I still think that we are): — however, the road coming out of the encampment opposite Gardiner's is continued in a lane somewhere near < rardiner's, leading down to the river, where it has l>rcn forilahle, and whore Dr. G.'s guides told him there evidently had been an old road, and asked where it could lead to : — the exact situation of this lane, and on which side of the Crown it lies, the doctor cannot positively assert, as he never rode it till the last day of his being in that country, and after his attention had been engaged by many other things ; but this you will easily give a more accurate account of. This is our 8th road. " The 9th. — Very near where the last road past the liver is another, crossing it at right angles, still on the same side of the river, and abutting on the parsonage house of Great Chesterford ; — this road is continued a considerable way eastward, and though abruptly finished at the parsonage, there is a tradition that it was carried on to the west, and crost the river, which here takes a considerable turn. Both this and the preceding are marked in Warburton's map. " 10th. — Between a wood called Burton Wood and the track of the 8th road, is a road, the foundations of which have in many places been laid open by a watercourse, and which appears to have been made with great art and labour : it crosses the 8th road in a direction about north-west, and goes on, leaving the great encampment to the S.W., towards the river : — this road is known by the name of the Cow-path. As it ascends the hill it divides into two paths ; the left hand indisputably Roman, the right going to the banks in the wood : — Qu. whether either of them Icknield-street ? In the very spot where Dr. Gower had told Shepherd he would find a ford, if this road had ever been continued across the river, he in his last letter writes the Dr. that he had accordingly found one between Chesterford and Ickleton. Burton, you will observe, is a promising name, and this road might be looked for thro' the wood with good hopes, especially as Mr. Pike (who has often hunted thro' the wood), remembers to have seen banks there, and seems to think himself he could trace out a camp there. " 11th. — At the same ford where this last road is supposed to have crost the river (which is in a place called Dick's Mead), they have certainly dis- covered another road (by the dying away of the corn in a long strait track) VOL. v. 8 58 FURTHER NOTES ON ling towards the camp I mentioned, called Hingeston Barrows: the ...1th of this road, Shepherd Bays, they can accurately trace. " 12. — The l\!th is a road, with a noble agger, crossing the river at Whittlesford-bridge. It is much frequ< oted by hog jobbers, and such gear. • • in. — The L8th is at some distance from Chesterford (aboul 8 miles I supi rossing the Newmarket road, and passing over Gog-Magog hill-. This i- only mentioned a- being the most noble remain of any in the road way, and known hy the name of the ditch,— as the fosse- way. " In Abingdon grove is a very considerable bank, but whether road or anything else remains to he determined. I myself am apt to think it one side of an encampment, going down the hill from the grove. " Another \, \y considerable bank (or it may he a continuation of the same) is in Chesterford park, near the manor-house. " 14.— A considerable Roman road goes from Walden to Linton. The r near Linton very elevated. Another seems to have crost it at right angle- going to Hadstock. " A ditch sets out from Pampisford (vulgarly Tauncer), near Chester- ford, and would he worth a man's while to trace that had already spent half a year in investigating the Roman antiquities in this neighhourhood. "Near Newport church-yard, that side of it which is farthest from the town, it is reported there is a camp. " As a proof that the roads Dr. G. fixes on as Roman, near Ickleton, are really such, Shepherd tell- him that in scouring their ditches in the low grounds near Ickleton, they meet with evident made foundations, in the direction of several of the Dr.'s roads. This letter I have sat up till 12 o'clock writing from the doctor's \nhal accounts." 1 The portions in this letter referring to Ickleton are very interesting, especially since the locality has attracted so much notice from Mr. Neville's excavations; and it is not at till improbable that the statements respecting "founda- tions" near "the street", and others in the "low grounds near Ickleton", may suggest further researches, and -lead to more discoveries. With Air. Forster's letter is a rough map of the roads therein described, which I have placed in the hands of a friend to verify, if possible, from existing remains; but in the lapse of seventy years it is probable that all traces of some of them may be entirely effaced. At one of our late public meetings my attention was directed to a printed report of a meeting of the Society of 1 The coins, and I believe the other nient of sculpture found at Chesterford, antiquities of Dr. Foote Gower, were and engraved in vol. iv of the Journal, bought !>;. tlr late Mr. Tyson, then of was given to the British Museum by Mr. Feli Hall, mar Kelvedon. The frag- Hollis, of the Hyde, near Ingatcstone. ICKLETON AND CHESTERFORD. 59 Antiquaries of Cambridge, held Dec. 5th, 1848, at which some of the members of that society called in question the Roman origin of the buildings discovered at Ickleton and Chesterford. It was urged in support of this opinion, that the rooms (of the villas) were not built round a court, that the use of Roman bricks, and the continuation of the mode of warming employed by that people, formed no proof of Roman, origin, as both were certainly used at times long after the departure of the Romans from Britain ; that the oblong room, called a temple, or basilica, was also a building of later than Roman date ; that no pillars ever stood upon the foundations, which were more probably the supports of wooden props for the roof; that the ar- rangement of these foundations was irregular, and the work rude. I do not think the gentlemen who thus dissented from the general notions respecting these antiquities, would have maintained such opinions had they more closely examined the ruins, or had they taken into consideration the objects, exclusively Roman, discovered in and about them. I can- not, for a moment, admit the force of their arguments, as applied to the Ickleton and Chesterford remains. Although it was customary with the Romans frequently to construct their larger villas round a court, we must bear in mind, there were villas of all grades ; and that by far the greater number of those discovered in this country, are not con- structed with rooms round a court. The use of Roman bricks certainly does not of itself decide a building to be Roman; but where Roman bricks have been used in a building of later than Roman date, the mortar will always be a decisive test. This important evidence, which appa- rently has been overlooked by our friends at Cambridge, would of itself negative the whole of the objections urged against the Roman origin of these foundations. The mortar of Saxon and Norman buildings contains a larger proportion of sand than the Roman, and is consequently more pervious and friable. When tiles have been taken from Roman works and used in edifices in after times, portions of the original mortar may nearly always be de- tected adhering to the tiles, and almost as compact and hard as the tiles themselves ; while at the same time it affords a visible as well as chemical contrast to the less BORN-SHAPED BEAD-DRESSES. ancient cements. I am not aware of any instance of the use of the hypocaust in this country after the time of the Romans, whether the building, of which we have given a {•Ian (see p. 365, vol. iv), was a temple or a basilica, is not easy to decide, as it is to affirm that it must have been Roman, whatever may have been its use or purpose. The irregularity of the bases of the columns was occasioned by ploughing and other agricultural operations. Blocks of -tunc are, it is well known, merely cemented together with mortar; but if wooden props had been used, it is probable they would have required mortices to receive them, of none of which were there any traces. Moreover, while the excavations were in progress, large masses of flooring, composed of the peculiar concrete which usually forms the the substratum of Roman pavements, were noticed, indi- cating the probable existence at some period of a tessellated flooring. A very short time previous to the discovery of this building, I had an opportunity of seeing at Caerleon very similar foundations, with portions of the columns and a pediment, and the analogy between the two struck me at the time very forcibly. Those of Caerleon were pal- pably of a temple. c. roach smith. ON Till: HORN-SHAPED HEAD-DRESSES OF THE 13tb, 14th, and 15th CENTURIES. Tin-; importance of the study of ancient costume, not only to the mere antiquary, but to authors and artists in general, — I may add, to all persons of liberal education or natural good taste, — has, of late years, 1 am happy to say, become so universally acknowledged, as to render it unnecessary lor me to apologize for occupying a small por- tion of the time of the British Archaeological Association, in an attempt to illustrate a remarkable feature in its his- tory, and one upon which considerable difference of opinion exists between antiquaries of great authority, who have HORN-SHAPED HEAD-DRESSES. 61 written on the subject, and the individual who has now the honour of addressing you. The portion of ancient costume to which I allude, is a peculiar head-dress known as the horned, or forked-shaped, undoubtedly worn by the ladies of the fifteenth century; and which, from certain passages in writers of the fourteenth century, it is pre- sumed was also in fashion amongst the fair sex as early as the reign of Edward I. Our highly-valued associate, and "secretary for foreign affairs", Mr. Wright, has not consi- dered this affair foreign to his favourite branch of archae- ology, as he is fully aware of the light which may be thrown on the date of a manuscript, or other relic of the middle ages, from contemporary pictorial or sculptural illustration. In a paper on the subject, printed in the first number of the Archcpological Journal (March 1844), after remarking, that " we in the first instance derive the knowledge of cos- tume itself from the study and comparison of monuments of different ages, and especially of the illuminations of manu- scripts", he observes — " But we are too apt in this and other things to take the silence of writers, or the absence of pic- tured representation, as a negative assertion, a proof that a certain thing did not exist" ; and adds — " It is the object of the following observations to point out one example of the danger of this practice. No portion of medieval costume", he continues, " underwent more frequent changes than the head-dress of ladies. In the fifteenth century the female coiffure was made to take the form of two horns, — a fashion which excited the indignation and mirth of contemporary moralists and satirists. This horned head-dress appears, we believe, in no pictorial monuments older than the reign of Henry TV ; nevertheless, a French writer of the begin- ning of the fourteenth century, — Jehan de Meun, who completed the famous Bomance of the Rose, — speaks very distinctly of women's horns." And then, after quoting the lines, to which I shall call your attention presently, Mr. Wright says — " This passage was observed by Strutt, who has been blamed for attributing, on this single autho- rity, the horned head-dress to so early a period as the reign of Edward I of England." Now, I believe, I was the first writer who questioned the fact; but, most certainly, I did not blame Mr. Strutt for not questioning it ; I merely 62 BOBN-SHAPED I IK AD-DRESSES. pointed out the error I conceived he bud very naturally fallen into, from supposing that "les comes" of Jean de Meun were the same as those alluded to by the writers, and depicted by the illuminators, of the fifteenth century; and observed, that much contusion was likely to result from the observations he bad appended to his notice of it; not on account of his individual opinion, which Mr. Wright Bupports, and which may still turn out to be correct — but because Mr. Strutt had in his description of this presumed head-dress, mixed up quotations from Jean de Meun with ol hers from writers of the reigns of Henry IV and Henry VI, at which latter period the well-known horned head-gear was flourishing in all its monstrosity. In the letter-press to Mr. Shaw's Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, it is also authoritatively stated, that, " in spite of the assertions of many writers to the contrary, the allusions in the poets and other popular writers, prove that the horned head-dresses were in use in the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries." Now, I beg to remark, that I have never pretended to assert, that no head-dress which might be termed honied, existed when Jean de Meun wrote; I merely warned the student of costume not to confound it with the fashion of a much later date. My words in the History of British Costume, written fourteen years ago, are — " Some evanescent caprice may have pro- voked the simile: but it has not been handed down to us by the pencil"; and in my note upon Strutt's description (Dress and Habits, vol. li, p. 128, new edition, 1842), I say — " In the first place, the horns reprobated by Jean de M vents our distinguishing its peculiar features. It is fortunate that I am enabled to point out to you, in the cathedral of Worcester, a very striking example of the costume, satirized by Jean de Meun. It is represented on the effigy described by Spelman, and those who have followed him, as that of a countess of Warren or Surrey; but which the late Mr. Hollis has designated as one of* the Clifford family. Here you perceive the gorget enveloping the neck of the figure, as in the illumination, but the projections are concealed by the coverchef, which, how- ever, they assist in distending on each side to a considerable extent. I think I shall be able to prove to you, that the horns spoken of by Jean de Meun, are the projections aforesaid. His words are, — BOEN-SHAPED HEAD-DEESSES. 65 1 II v a d'eapinglea demy un escuelle I irlirr ,.,, i|rll\ 0011168 61 <'ll1nlir l;i lollrllc. • Half a bushel of pins stuck in two horns, and around the cloth or gorget' ; — and lie goes on to say, — • Si je I'oaaia dire Bans lea courroucier, Leur chauaaer, leur reatir, leur Iyer, leur treaaier, Leur chaperona trouaaiea et leur cornea dreaaier, Ne sont venxxz avanl fora pour homme blecier.' Now I am not inclined to admit the accuracy of Mr. Strutt's translation of the last two lines. He renders them, — ' Their hoods thrown back, with their horns elevated and brought forward as if it were to wound us.' ' Trousies" does not signify thrown back ; but trussed or tucked up. There is no word corresponding to ' witti , which in his translation appears to connect the chaperon with the horns. ' Dressier'' signifies ' to construct', as well as to ' elevate'. There is no sanction for his introduction of the words ' and brought forward' ; and finally, c fors does not signify ' as if , but is obsolete French for except. The whole passage should there- fore read thus : ' If I might dare to speak without irritating them (the ladies), their hosing, their vesting, their girding, their hair-dressing, their tucked-up hoods, and their fabri- cated horns, are not come forward (that is to say, produced, displayed, or brought into fashion), except (fors) to wound mankind'. The satirist is not, in my opinion, speaking of the horns merely as weapons of offence, but of the whole costume as adopted for the purpose of attacking man's heart. I must next particularly call your attention to the ex- pressions, ' trussed or tucked up hoods.' The chaperon of this period is an exceedingly well known head-dress. It was a cowl with a point or tail to it, worn by both sexes; and in the reigns of Edward I and II, fantastically twisted up and placed on the top of the head, suggesting most B< IRN-SHAPED HEAD-DRESSES. probably the regularly constructed chaperon or hood, with its roundlet and tipper, which characterizes the costume of the reigns of Richard II and Henry [V. I need scarcely point «»ut to any person acquainted with ancient costume, that the horned head-dress of the fifteenth century could not be worn with a trussed or tucked up-hood. It is a complete head-dress of itself; — whereas, supposing even it was the intention of Jean de Meun to indicate that the tucked-up hood was worn with the horns, we have here an instance of it being worn over the gorget (vide fig. 4), and of course it might still more easily be worn twisted up on the top of the head (vide figs. 5 and 6), surmounting pro- tuberances of hair, or convoluted and reticulated ornaments, which might also deserve the names of bosses and horns, as I shall presently have occasion to show you. In support of his opinion, however, Mr. Wright quotes a very curious little satire on the fashions of the time, printed by Mons. Jubinal, in his volume, entitled Jongleurs et TrouvSres, and itself called "Des Cornetes." The original manuscript is in the Bibliotheque Royal at Paris, and Mr. Wright is informed by M. Paulin Paris, that it was written within the first ten years of the fourteenth century. Mr. Wright also quotes another French satire, supposed to be of rather an earlier date, and a Latin song, not much later, both of which contain allusions to the horned heads of the ladies. Now. granting, as I do most readily, the MSS. quoted by Mr. Wright to be of the dates asserted, I think it will be found upon examination that the allusions in them are not to high -peaked or bifurcated head-dresses, but to certain excrescences and convolutions visible in illuminations of that period, and which might suggest to a satirist the ap- pellation of bosses and ram's horns; for be it noticed that in the poem printed by M. Jubinal, entitled Des Cornetes, people are directed to cry "Heurte.Be//er/" and in another satire, the ladies are said to wear "les boces comme cornue bestes,V expressions which cannot be properly applied to the sharp and towering horns worn in the fifteenth century, but are perfectly descriptive of the various protuberances distending the gorget and coverchef of female figures of the reigns of Edward I and II, in England, and contemporary effigies or drawings in France and Italy. Take for examples HORN-SHAPED HEAD DRESSES. 07 tlu' effigies o£ Jeanne de Senlis, who died in 130G (fig. 8), and Jeanne de Sancerre, circa 1350 (fig. 9), for bosses of the mosl preposterous description — a figure in SloaneMS., British Museum, marked 3863 (vide cut 1, fig. c, page 64), for an indication of something very similar to a ram's horn in the lines formed by the lower portions of the coif, which in this instance is worn without veil or gorget, and would consequently render the fair culprits liable to another charge, brought against the ladies of this age by one of these writers, who censures them for their bare necks as well as for their horns. The head of an effigy of one of the Ryther family (fig. 7), engraved by Hollis, affords us an instance of the projections of the wimple or gorget, " fitchee en deux comes," in such a manner as to illustrate precisely one of the passages in the Roman de la Rose, quoted by Mr. "Wright in support of the opposite opinion, and which states that "between the towel (or gorget) and the temple and the horns, there is a space through which a rat might pass, or the largest weasel between this and Arras." " Entre la touelle ...... Et la temple et les comes purroit passer un rat, Ou la greigneur rnoustelee qui soit jusques Arras." This space is formed by the distension of the gorget, the points or horns of which meet the hair on each side of the head, plaited and stiffened out over the ears, and covered by the veil or kerchief, which is itself confined just above them by a fillet of silk or gold, — illustrating an allusion in the Latin song before mentioned, " cum capite cornuto auro circumvoluto" and a verse in the codicil to the Roman de la Rose, in which it is said that they tied a ribbon, lace, or chaplet tightly round their heads over their horns, — " Plus fort : car sur les comes entour le hanapel Seuglent estroit leurs testes dun latz ou dung chapel." — /^/^ N^- Codicille, v. l'3$*fi. \£ R CENTRAL > 68 IKiKN-SlIAPED HEAD-DRESSES. Allowing for the usual exaggeration of such satires, and the extreme to which a fashion is frequently carried, the passage of a rat or weasel between the temple and the horns of the gorgel can be easily understood on contemplating the figure before us. Again, in the Roman dela Jtose, the horns are stated to be '\w/r les oreilles," which I understand on the ears, not above them, and just whore they appear in the examples I have selected. The same satirist also says: " J<' ne scay b'od appelle potances ou cofbeaulx t ■• qui soubtienl leurs cornes ijuilz tiennent pour si beaulx, May ca scayje bien que saincte Elizabeaulx N'esl pas en paradis pour porter nv larubeaulx." 11 I do not know whether they call them gibbets or brackets which support the horns they consider so beautiful, but this I know well, that Saint Elizabeth is not in Paradise through wearing such rags or tatters." Herein we surely see an allusion to the square form of head-dress which is formed by the veil or coverchief being worn over lateral projections, as in an effigy in Worcester Cathedral (fig. 13). 10 12 13 In the effigy of Can de la Scala, engraved by Bonnard (fig. 11), we have a specimen of male head attire twisted into the shape of horns on each side of the head, but not iring above it; and that of Donna Savelli, at Rome, from the same work (fig. 12), presents us with another variety, the pins sticking out right and left; but in no instance, either abroad, or in England, do we find a single example of a ///-//-homed head-dress at the commencement of the fourteenth century! There is one other point I would call your attention to, as it is a most Lraportanl circumstance in all such investiga- tions and controversies. It is the exact meaning of terms at the period in which they are used. There are two employed in the descriptions of the head-dress we are discussing, which have undoubtedly varied in their signification at different HORN-SHAPED HEAD-DRESSES. 69 periods. By the word " forked " a reader of the present day would undoubtedly understand double-pointed or di- vided; but Bulwer, in his pedigree of the English gallant, speaks of "forked shoes almost as long again as our feet", meaning thereby only long-toed, or snouted; and cornet, or cornette, signifies not only a little horn, but anything pointed,— a woman's cap or head-dress altogether, 1 and sometimes only a portion of it, as, for instance, " Cornet, the upper pinner that dangles about the cheeks, hanging down with Haps." {Ladies 1 Dictionary, 1G94.) Here we see the word applied to a pendant strip of lace, an article as unlike a horn as possible. But, what is still more to our purpose, we find that the end or corner of the tippets of the chaperon of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was called a cornette 2 , and therefore, whether elevated or depending, the term was equally applicable. We also know that the title of cornet in our cavalry regiments is derived from the pointed standard so called. The poem entitled Des Cornetes was certainly not written in censure of a high-peaked or bifurcated head-dress, for the horns are distinctly described as rams' horns, made with plaited hemp or linen, "De chanvre ouvre ou de lin," and though mention is made of the quantity of false hair worn by the ladies, " d'autrui cheveus portent granz sommes dessus lor teste." I do not agree with Mr. Wright in thinking the horns were supported by or made of it, but that the satirist is alluding to another cotemporaneous fashion, of which we have a specimen in the adjoining fig. 14. It is quite true, as Mr. Wright remarks, that the term horned was applied to bishops wearing the mitre, which is double-peaked ; but " II corno" was the name for the cap of the Doge of Venice, which everybody knows had but one peak, and that of a very different descrip- tion. At the same time I may observe that there was another sort of mitre, which was merely a conical cap, and called "mitre fermee en l'eteignoir," and the term was applied by cotemporaneous writers to the steeple head-dress 1 Cornette; sorte de coiffe que les sorte d'habilement de tete. — Landair. femmes niettent sur leurs tetes : cor- - Statutes of the Order of the Golden nettc de dentelle— cornette de nuit. Fleece Notice sur rOuvragc de Mous. II se disait anciennencnt de toute Willemin. 7 26 27 equally preposterous. The powdered mountains worn b}^ our grandmothers, surmounted by post-chaises, parrots, vegetables, nay, a kitchen-garden with the figure of a gardener at work in it, are not to be exceeded in bad taste or absurdity by any mediaeval coiffure ; and even the monstrous head-dress of lady Arundel, in the fourteenth century (fig. 21), was singularly reproduced, at least in outline, as late as the year 1786, as you will perceive by the little carica- ture, with the exhibition of which I will conclude this humble "lecture on heads," which you have done me the favour of .•* enduring. J. R. 1'I.AMIIK. INDEX TO CUTS IX TIN: PRECEDIXG PAPER, 1. Figs, a, b, c, Bloane MS. marked :30s:?, temp. Edw. I 2. Effigy in Worcester cathedral 8, I. 5, 6. Various MSS. temp. Edward II 7. Effigy of one of the Ryther Family s. Jeanne de Senlis, a.d. 1806 . 9. Jeanne d<- Sum-erre, lJ?."iO PAGE 64 04 05 07 07 67 OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDR l(). MS. British Museum, temp. Edward II ll. Oande la Scala, L320 . I-.'. Donna Savelli, Elome, 1815 . 13. Effigy in Worcester cathedra] . 14. Royal MS. 15, D. 2 L5. Philippa queen of Edward III 10. J.;il\ rii/.\\:irivn. Wantage church, Berks 17. Royal MS. C. 7 18. Lady Beauchamp, Worcester cathedral 10. Lady Berkeley, Wotton-edge church, Gloucester 20. Figs, a, b, Royal MS. 15, D. 3 21. Countess of Arundel, Arundel church 22. Lady Stafford, Bromgrove church, Worcester, 1450 23. Jeanne de Montagu, Montfaucon 21. Royal MS. 15, E. 6, temp. Henry VI 25. Harleian MS. 4373, and French MS. fifteenth centu 26. Royal MS. 15, E. 4 27. Caricature of the fifteenth century . 28. Caricature of the eighteenth century )ROUGII. 73 68 68 08 68 69 7 7 7 7 7 i 7 7 7 7 72 72 72 72 SOME OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDBOROUGH, THE ISUR1UM BRIGANTIUM OF THE ROMANS. Aldborough is situated on the southern bank of the Ure, and on the line of the northern Watheling or Watling- street. It is sixteen miles and a half (N.W. by N.) from York, and half a mile east of Boroughbridge ; and was named by Horsley, the capital of the Brigantes. It is said to have been originally called Iseur, (or, more properly, Uyseur). 1 Afterwards, the Romans altering Uyseur into Iseur, 2 and postfixing a termination suitable to 1 The word Ouse, according to Dr. Langwith, is derived from two British words, uys and eur, both of which sig- nify -water ; and that the river went sometimes by one name, and sometimes by both, as in the present instance ; and thus the name of the place arose from the twofold name of the river. 2 Leland derives the name from Tsis and EurHS. vol.. v. 10 7 I OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDBOBOUGH. their own idiom, gave it the name of Isurium, which was, for a time, their chief scat in the north, before the founda- tion of Eburacum. (Burton, in his commentary on the Itinerary of Antoninus, says, the goddess Isis was known anion- the Britons ; thereby favouring the latter form, Eseur). Finally, the Saxons denominated it Eald-burg, significant of its antiquity in their time. It is now called Oldburg, Aldburg, and Aldborough. The city, which is in the form of a parallelogram, encloses sixty acres, " and is,"' says Ilorsley, "longer from east to west, than from north to south, though the ramparts have not been exactly directed to the cardinal points, and is about two miles in compass." The walls measure 2500 yards in circuit, and are in some places four yards thick, but the average is about two and a half. They are founded on large pebbles laid in a bed of blue clay, and now entirely com red with earth, except where excavations have been made for the purpose of investigation. In 1794, the foundation wall of the city was opened on the west side, for the purpose of obtaining stone, and its thickness was found to be five yards, and the same below the surface; the first layer was of red-grit, mixed with lime and coarse sand, to the depth of seven feet: the second was of pebbles, imbedded in blue clay to the depth of eight feet, resting on a bed of sand. Pieces of urns, small millstone, grit querns, horns of deer sawn transversely, a British axe, and a Druidical amulet, were discovered; from which cir- cumstances its British origin may be inferred, and that in some measure it was in a state of defence before the time of th«' Romans. The Borough Hill is in the centre of the ancient city ; and in 1 <*)S;j. when the upper part of the hill was levelled, mosaic pavements, and the foundations of a large building, were discovered ; also sacrificial vessels, bones and horns of deer, an ivory and a copper style or pin ; from which circum- stances Drake supposes a temple was built there, and dedi- cated probably to Hermes, as the Hermine-street passed by the city — some say went through it. About seventy yards from the south-east angle of the city walls, is a semicircular outwork, called Stodhart or Stud- forth, two hundred feet long, and having a slope of thirty feet, which Camden says is an outwork — the great military OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDBOROUGH. 75 way from west to east— from York, running within a close of it; but Leland, who is probably nearer the truth, — the keepof a castle; others suppose it may have been a theatre, or even a stadium. The learned Mr. Morris says it is a rump of aboul two acres, and the only place without the walls where coins are to be found. The two fields adjoining Studforth on the north, and the city walls on the east, have always borne the name of Red Hills; and were remarkable for their peculiarly parched and sterile appearance; and, from being strewed with much broken pottery, have received the name of Red Hills. They might have remained long unexplored, had it not been for the enterprising spirit of a bricklayer, named Lonsdale, who, in January 1846, determined to search into the hidden mysteries of these places. Scarcely had he dug a foot from the surface, ere he arrived at the Red Grave; the interior of which contained oaken ashes, to the depth of thirteen or fourteen inches, on a clay bed, was six feet in length, nine at the narrowest, and eighteen inches at the widest part; the exterior length of the grave was seven feet two inches by two feet six inches. The peculiarity of this is, the red border of bright tempered clay (such as was used in the Samian ware), which has evidently undergone the action of fire. It is now deposited in the grounds of Boron ghbridge Hall, but owing to the carelessness of the workmen, neither the dimensions nor the shape are the same now as when first discovered. On the south side of the city, in 1808, a number of urns containing burnt bones and ashes were found, and eighteen human skeletons; one with a piece of money between the teeth, and another with a ring on the finger, all in beautiful i « i preservation ; a thin stratum of black earth covering the ground where they were deposited. Ermine, Erming, Ermyn, or Herman-street, passed by this city to Cataractanium : the portion of it from St. Helen's ford to Whixley, is to the present day called Rud- gate, or Road -gate. Leeming-lane is a part of Ermine- street. Epfxrjc irdcwQ gave the name, which was the Tentates, or Dwy Taith, that is, " Deus Viaa", of the Britons. This city, says Leland, "was, in the Romans' time, a great citte on Wathlyng-street, called Isuria Brigaiitum, and was waullid, whereof I saw ' vestigia quyedam sed tcnuia'. 76 OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDBOBOUGH. There be now large feelds fruitful of corn where the houses of the town was, and in the feelds yearly be found many comes of silver and brasse, of the Romaine stampe." Camden affirms that, if it were not for the Roman coins, ami the distance betwixt it and York, according to An- toninus, it might be suspected whether this were the very Isurium or not. From the circumstance of its being so inconsiderable a place, X. Salmon deduces that the Isurium of the Romans was not here, but at Ripon, which, says Drake, " means nothing but novelty." Among the Roman remains discovered here, tessellated pavements are of the most frequent occurrence; many of which have been destroyed by the falling in of buildings, and other unavoidable circumstances; but, notwithstanding all these mishaps, considerable portions of many pavements are yet preserved, from which we may conclude that Isurium was a more fashionable Roman station than York. Leland states that in his time sepulchres, aqua? ductus, tessellata pavimenta, etc., were found, and in later times how man} 7 antiquities must have been discovered of which no record remains. The pavement here represented was discovered chiefly through the exertions of Mr. H. E. Smith, on the 22d of September last, in the garden of the Black Swan Inn, one hundred and twenty yards east of the western wall, whilst turning up the soil in the hope of finding (Columbi genio) a tessellation kindred to that which was unearthed in 1832, from which it is only fourteen yards distant. It is twelve feet square, perfect, and in the highest state of preservation, the colours of the tesserae being perfectly fresh and bright. It has nine borders, enclosing a star of eight rays, within which is a cross, (composed of four slate-coloured tessera3, and a central square, which is white,) corresponding to the four points of the compass. In the first or outer border the tessera? are grey: in the second, which is not so broad, they are red. The third is white, and varies from the two former in having a different number of tessera? on each side. The numbers are 3, 5, 7, 9, respectively. The fourth is a Guiloeh. The colours are slate, white, yellow, red, and slate. The fifth is the Etruscan pattern, and has slate and white coloured tessera? for its composition. The sixth is a Guiloeh, but double the width of the former ; the OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING ALDBOROUGH. 77 colours occur in tlie same order. The seventh is a narrow white border, and the eighth is the same, but the colour is slate. The ninth is composed of slate and white-coloured tessera. In the star are united all the above-mentioned colours, with the addition of green in four of the rays; the whole forming a rich and pleasing design. A great number of Roman coins have also been found. Some are of gold and silver, but the generality are brass, and of the emperors Vespasian, Trajan, Domitian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Severus, Victorinus, Valerian, Aurelian, Tetricus, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantine, and many others not here enumerated. Those of Victorinus, Tetricus, Carausius, and Constantine, abound. Also rings of gold, silver, copper, and jet, polished signets, several iron keys, bone and ivory pins, urns, bronze fibuke, etc. Some of the most remarkable circumstances are the constant traces of fire, charcoal, fused coins, broken pottery (chiefly Samian), antlers of deer, bones and tusks of boars, bones of other wild animals, besides great quantities of oyster, mussel, and cockle shells, all which occur in the stratum of Roman remains, which is from two to four feet below the surface, clearly showing that this city has suffered from the effects of fire, which has, in all probability, taken place at three separate periods, — the first by the Saxons; the second and principal destruction by the Danes, about 760, 766, 850; and the third and last by the Normans, who, we are told, left not a house standing between York and Durham. And now, this once important Roman station, — capital of the Brigantes, and by Antoninus, in his fifth Iter, styled Isubrigantum, indicative of its being a capital, — is an incon- siderable village, the houses being irregularly built and detached. c. moore jessop. York, December 1, 1848. 78 ^rocecot'ngs of tljc .association. Jam why 10, 1*19. Mr. Jesse exhibited, through Mr.Croker, a helmet, found in the Thames, at Richmond, of the time of James I. Also an Etruscan tripod, upp< r portion of which was ascertained to belong toa much later period than th. lower, which was of a very elegant form. Mr. Widdowson exhibited a brooch, inscribed "Memento Maria Regin. obt 38, Dec. 94." The following letter from Dr. Cesare Vassallo, upon the Catacombs of Citta Vecchia, addressed to lord Albert D. Conyngham, was communicated by the President: — " My lord, — When your lordship gave me permission to accompany you in the visit you paid to our catacombs, I took the liberty of promising you to state my opinion of them. Allow me now to fulfil my said promise. The catacombs which we \i>ited first, either because they are the most spacious, or because they were first discovered, are, hy the natives, dignified with the appellation of ' the Catacombs'. They extend many miles round ; and, if we place any faith in the national traditions, supported hy facts, which have from time to time taken place, such, for instance, as of animals having entered them and found egress at some opening of the distant rock, some of those interminable galleries have their issue in valley- five miles distant from the chief entrance. It is for this i lsod that, in times not very remote from our own day, it has been found necessary to restrict their extent by walling up more than one passage. And several of our husbandmen, in digging the ground, or in breaking up the soil, find themselves plunged into small tombs, which evidently formed part, and arc a continuation, of the catacomhs. They go hack to an epoch antecedenl to the Christian sera, and to pronounce them Roman would he the mosl likely way of avoiding error. The same customs that prevailed in Rome prevailed also in Malta, a Roman municipality. The primitive Christians and their immediate successors made use of the Roman sepul- chres, adding, p rhaps, to them another story, to bury the faithful apart from the pagans. For this reason two stories are visihle. With some • itpense and much patience a third and lower might be discovered, in which still lie, as ii appears, the corpses of them who were buried in those honoured tombs. Those circular platforms, rising two or three feet from the ground, and about six feet in diameter, which struck your lordship's PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 79 attention, may have served, I think, in pagan times, for slaughtering the black victims offered to the manes, and, in tin- days of Christianity, for washing the corpses of the faithful. I am induced to believe this by the projecting border round the platform, and the opening at the point of it, in order to give, when necessary, a ready passage to the blood and water. Of these platforms no traces are perceptible in any other catacomhs hitherto discovered, nol even in those of Rome. The catacomhs • Ta l'Abatia', so well divided into compartments, are a work exclusively Christian. In them is certainly nol forgotten the - oratorio', the most noble part, and in the noblesl situation, viz., at the right hand of him who is inside, and separated completely from them. The painting, 'a fresco' upon a very thick coat of plaster, represents the two most sublime mysteries of our holy religion, — the Crucifixion, with the Virgin and St. John standing by ; and a Gabriel saluting the kneeling Mary. Under the horizontal beam of the cross mm be read viktor mortis. All the sublimity of this idea in a necropolis could only have been appreciated by your lordship, as soon as read, and I was affected by your lordship's emotion. Father Marchi, the Americus Vespusius of the catacombs of Rome (the Columbus was the Maltese Bosio), thinks this painting to be of the seventh century; and, indeed, before that time no mystery of the Passion appears to have been attempted by Christian artists. The crypt of St. Agatha is also Christian. It is dug out of the living rock, and is adorned with enchanting paintings on the wall, representing holy virgins : the work of the seventh century also. They are in a good state of preservation, notwithstanding the dampness of the place, and the total neglect of such precious monuments. The catacomhs of St. Cataldo, which are likewise Roman, are of trifling extent. They perhaps belonged to some numerous family {gens), which was desirous of being interred separately. Of such cemeteries there is a great abun- dance both in Malta and Gozo. I regret very much that hitherto no one has turned his attention to the illustration of these venerable antiquities. Perhaps the fault lies in the absence of an Archaeological Society, in which many members might labour with one sole view, and publish their observa- tions. Without something of this nature many very precious things will remain in oblivion, and under the dust with which centuries have covered them. I have the honour to be, my lord, Your most obedient and faithful servant, Valletta, December 8, 1848. Cesaee Yassallo." Mr. Bateman announced that a Roman pig of lead had been recently found in Nottinghamshire, inscribed c . ivl . proti. brit . lvt . ex . ARG. Mr. Wm. Grafter communicated intelligence of the discovery of a Roman burial-place, near Shorne, in Kent, and exhibited sketches of some varieties of fictile vases recently excavated there. xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. January 2 1 . Ah-. C. M.Jessop presented a coloured lithograph of a Roman tessellated ; Mi.nt, found at Aldborough, near Boroughbridge, on the 28d of Sep- tembei L848, by Mr. H. E. Smith, of York, who 1ms supplied the following remarks in illustration 1 :— " On digging in the garden of the Black Swan Inn, about three feet from the surface, a low wall was exposed, and found to Burround one of the finest Roman tessellated pavements hitherto met with in Britain, bring twelve feet Bguare, perfect, well executed, and in the highest state of preservation, the colours of the tessella remaining as fr.-sh and 1 night as when the room was last occupied. It is only fourteen feel distant from another curious pavement, found in 1832, and next spring will, like the latter, have a building erected for its preservation, by A. Lawson, esq., the proprietor, and be ready for public inspection." Mr. S,.llv exhibited the deed of sale of the rectory of Abbots Langley, with Nash Mills, belonging to St. Albans abbey, dated Sept. 28, 1537. Mr. Thomas Frye, of Saffron \Yalden, presented an impression of a coin of Beomwulf, king of Mercia, found in the immediate vicinity of Bartlow hills. The reverse reads dekbald . mone . in three lines. One similar, found at Hadstock, in Essex, supposed to be unique, was bought by the British Museum for £8. Mr. \V. Edwards exhibited some Roman remains recently dug up in making the Chester railway. The Council in deferring the consideration of these, has much pleasure in acknowledging the activity displayed by the local committee for the Chester Congress in August next, in collecting the Roman and other remains recently discovered in and about Chester, which will be exhibited to the Association. Mr. Humphrey Wickham, of Strood, Kent, exhibited a large brass coin of Lucius iElius, reverse, trp . cos . . . , a figure of Hope, found in a pond, near Cuxton brick-field, between Strood and Snodland. Mr. F. I. Baigent presented drawings of aj, font in Tichbourne church, 1 1 mi- : its circumference at the top was about eight feet, and it was com- posed of the Isl< of Wight stone. In the churchyard there is also the base of an old font of purbeck marble, which stood upon four pillars. There is likewise a stone coffin lid in the chancel of the same church. It represents a cross fleuree, and was discovered in the summer of 1846, with the face downwards, and broken by the carelessness of the men in its re- moval. It is now lying in the church-yard, but lady Doughty has inti- mated her intention to have it placed in her chantry to secure its pre- \ation. The death <■!' M. Letronm . a I'.nvign member of the Association, and 1 Sec also Mr. Jessop's observations, pap.es 73-7 ante. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 81 one of the most distinguished of antiquaries and classical scholars in France, was announced with expressions of deep regret at the loss thereby sustained- Mr. Edwin Keel exhibited a Chinese keen, or metallic mirror {lo or gong as In' conjectured), the characters upon which indicated Woofuh to maaue shun shang shang shil choo lo,—4.e. t Five blessings and three abundances, himself made, superior sounding. Mr. Syer Cuming made the following observations :—" The earliest artificial mirrors were probably smooth stones, which were wetted when required for use, like the black slate discs, formerly in vogue among the natives of the Sandwich Islands. The next advance was polishing the flat surface of the stone ; thus obtaining a per- manent reflecting disc: — such were the obsidian mirrors of the ancient Aztecks of Mexico. The discovery of the art of metallurgy was doubtlessly soon followed by the manufacture of metallic mirrors ; for we find them among the Egyptians, Etruscans, Greeks, and Romans, but perhaps among no people earlier than the Chinese, wdio appear to have arrived at a high degree of civilization, whilst many other nations were sunk in the depths of barbarism. " The metallic mirrors of the Chinese are of two kinds ; the one has a flat stem, to be held in the hand, and closely resembling the classic specu- lum ; the other a disc, to he supported in a crescent-shaped stand of wood. The one now exhibited is an example of the latter kind. The mirrors differ materially in size, varying from two inches to near two feet in diameter ; the hacks of some have ornaments and characters in relief; others have the embellishments produced by bronzing the surface of the metal, and then polishing certain parts, so that the characters, flowers, etc., appear bright on a dark field. The faces of some are washed with silver. There were five examples of these circular mirrors in Dunn's Chinese Collection, viz., Nos. 44, 164, 178, 751, and 754, of the 12th edition of the catalogue. They were there considered as ancient specimens. Davis, in his work on the Chinese, vol. ii, page 237, speaking of these circular mirrors, says, — ' The mirror has a knob in the centre of the back, by which it can be held, and on the rest of the back are stamped in relief certain circles, with a kind of Grecian border. Its polished surface has that degree of convexity which gives an image of the face half its natural size ; and its remarkable pro- perty is, that when you reflect the rays of the sun from the polished surface, the image of the ornamental border, and circles stamped upon the back, is seen distinctly reflected on the wall', or on a sheet of paper. ' The metal of which the mirror is made, appears to be what is called Chinese silver, a composition of tin and copper, like the metal for the specula of reflecting telescopes. The metal is very sonorous. The mirror has a rim (at the back), of about one fourth or one-sixth of an inch broad, and the inner part, upon which the figures are stamped, is considerably thinner.' The curious vol. v. ll 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. property of reflection is thus attempted to be explained in Dunn's Descrip- tive Catalogue, page 51, — ' The probable solution to this difficulty is, that the figures se< n at the back, being of a harder metal than the other plain part-, air inserted into the softer metal; ami hence the figures produced in the rays of light, formed by the imperceptible union of the two metals to the naked eye. In this way the union of iron and steel, as in Sheffield cutlery, will explain the enigma familiarly'.'' Mr. T. Crofton Croker remarked, that the explanation given did not appear to him so satisfactory as that he had received from captain sir Ed- ward Belcher, viz., that metals acquire their nil (ting power through the density of their polished surfaces. The Chinese impressed disc is dense in all the parts where the type projection^ have impressed the figure, and consequently, rendered the portion thus subjected to pressure, denser than the previous spongy plate. The under surface, being polished, will reflect all the dense lines; consequently, when the sun's rays are reflected from tlie polished line, the representation on the surface to which it is reflect, id, will display the figure on its reverse. Mr. "White observed, that the Chinese metallic mirrors he had examined were cast, not struck, but that the difference of the density of the metal could he produced by casting, as well as striking. February 7. The rev. Beale Poste forwarded impressions of a small gold British coin, similar in type to fig. 4, pi. vi, Collectanea Antiqua, and a denarius of the Ahuria family (tig. 1, tab. 1, Morell), both of which had been found in Harrietsham church-yard, Kent, and are now in the possession of Mr. A. Pryer, of Hollingboume. The rev. Edward Gibbs Walford communicated a notice of a recent dis- covery of Roman urns, on the site of the Roman Brinavis, near Chipping Warden : " The south side of this Roman station falls with a deep slope from the vallum into a marshy piece of ground, being portion of a meadow below, which is bounded by the river Charwell. During the month of January this marsh-land has been undergoing an extensive drainage. The cuttings, which are wide, and from three to seven feet deep, extend from the brow of the hill to the Hat ground of the meadow. I have narrowly watched the progress of the work, and the resull lias been the discovery of the following articles : — in. nt- of Samian pottery embossed. No. 1. A fragment, four inches wide, and three inches high. This appears to have been the portion of a much prized howl, from the great care taken in boring the holes for the rivets, which are so arranged as not to interfere with the ornamental figures. One compartment represents Apollo with his lyre, seated, with two circles at the angles. The other compartment, in the upper part, contains a Bemicircb in the angle, and a branch of a shrub; and the lower part, a PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 83 hare squatting. The compartments are divided by strings of small beads. The top is not embellished with the usual festoon and tassel border. No. '-2. A fragment, three inches wide, and three and a half high. The upper pari of the design bears the festoon and tassel ornament. Of the design there remains the head, breast, and fore-legs of a stag running, ami above, a lion entire, on the point of springing down upon him. No. 3. Three inches wide, and two high. The lew. a- part of this fragment com- prises a pari of the circle of the bottom; above it are the legs of two gladiators, the right foot of each resting on a square stone. In the angles are two circles of the plain bright Saniian ware: — No. 1. Is a considerable portion of a very shallow dish, eight inches in diameter, and one and a half deep. The brim is ornamented with the ivydeaf pattern. No. 2. The bottom of a bright Samian dish, with the potter's name in the centre, — saliapvs. The other fragments, of which there are many, are too much bro- ken to carry any interest with them. Of vases, I have large portions of three, which, when put together, are nearly entire : — 1st. A buff-coloured in- dented vase, eight and a half inches high, and six and a quarter wide. No. 2. A buff-coloured bowl, eight inches in diameter, and five and a half high. No. 3. An elegant lead-coloured vase, seven inches in diameter, and four and a half high. No. 4. A black dish, the rim nine and a half inches in diameter, — three and a half inches high. " One of the drains cut through four skeletons, disposed wdth the heads to the west, and the feet to the east. They were enveloped in bog, and do not appear to have been interred with the usual accompaniments of sepul- chral vases ; nor did the soil present any ashes or signs of cremation. They lay a few yards beyond the descent of the vallum, at the depth of five feet. One was the remains of a female; and just above the body a round ball or pebble of ironstone was met with, and immediately above it a small bronze finger-ring, perfectly plain. A large quantity of the bones of animals were also dug up, namely, the skull and other bones of horses ; the jaws and tusks of a boar entire ; the jaw bones and teeth of cows, sheep, and goats ; portions of the antler of a stag ; a cow's horn, and one which I conceive to be the horn of a goat. Large foundations were also cut through, and the stones removed ; they were uncut, and presented nothing particular in their appearance. All the above articles were discovered in that part of the station which is called the Caldmths. " There has also been another portion of the site of Brinavis ploughed during the present month (January), to more than the usual depth. Exten- sive foundations obstructed the progress of the plough, and large quantities of unhewn stones were removed in consequence. The ploughman informs me that he met with a path hitched with pebbles, nearly a foot beneath the sur- face, which he concludes might have originally led to some building. As he represents the ground beneath and around it as sounding extremely hollow, 8 [ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. ; I., obtain permission to explore it, as it is intended the field should tlii- year lay fallow." The rev. Mr. Walford has since forwarded further observations on this nd a plan, 1 made by sir Benry Dryden, hart.:—" I have much jure in forwarding the ground plan of the Roman building, discovered in February 1849, in draining the lower part of the Caldwiths, or Black inds, at Brinavis. It has been taken with great accuracy by sir Henry Dryden, on a very extensive Bcale; a reduced copy of which I now send you. Being informed by the labourers thai they had cul through two walls, as described in the plan, L immediately inspected the spot, and on excava- ting a small portion of the easl side of the ash-pit, I found it was cased with Roman brick, and, in consequence, I was induced to pursue the disco- very : the successful result of this investigation, I have now great gratifi- cation in laving before the Council of the Archaeological Association. '• The remains are situated but a few yards below the declivity of the station. From the piers in the ash-pit, a, an opening through the wall leads to the hypocaust of two chambers, bb, connected by another opening through the second wall. The floor bas a slight inclination towards the ash- pit. The eight pillars in the recess of the first chamber, b, arc perfect; they are formed of six square bricks, well cemented together with mortar, with two rows of larger dimensions, forming a straight arch, covered with concrete two inches thick. The superincumbent pavement, if any ever existed, is gone. The elevation and construction of this part of the hypo- caust, exactly resembles the engraving in the Archaological Journal of the hypocaust in the Roman house in Thames-street. The remaining pillars are, for the most part, in good preservation. The opening of the chamber, A, was next completed; the pit contained a quantity of wood ashes and a few small fragment- of broken brown-pottery. The bath-room, c, was next discovered, which has no apparent connexion with the hypocaust. AtEE, is a raised seal : one part of the top of it is formed of square bricks placed longitudinally, and the other part, lacing d, is of concrete. The semicir- cular end of this apartment, d, is paved with plain square red tiles, with a raised border of concrete, in which is a small groove or drain. The walls are constructed with the common stone of the country: and in the highest part, where the hypocaust is perfect, do not rise above the concreted top of it. No openings from the lines into the walls for the insertion of tiles could be discovered, though many broken fragments of flue tiles, curiously scor< d. were found anion-- the rubbish. Not a single tessera was met with in any part of the building. With the exception of the semicircular end, i,. before d< 3cribi i, the apartment, o, was without pavement The present floor, which is n mere covering of earth, was dug into to the depth of two 1 T',v :m accident this bas been mislaid, but will be inserted in the next num- 1.. r oi i be Journal. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 85 feet, and the labourers assured me the Boil had never been disturbed. Two small brass coins of Constantius 1 1, and on indescribable piece of iron, were the only relics disinterred on the Bite. The whole circumference of the walls has been trenched to the bottom of the foundations, without dis- covering any signs of connexion with other apartments. ' Ah. William Wire forwarded a plan illustrative of some notes on recent discoveries of Roman remains at Colchester. The following remarks will enable the reader tocomprehend the excavations made: — " I herewith send a rough-sketched plan of the discoveries of Roman remains that have been brought to light within the last six months, in this old town. It was not possible to take any very accurate measurements of the pavements, in con- sequence of the system pursued in laying down the drainage pipes, — no more excavations being carried on than were necessary. A trench was dug, from six to ten feet deep, three feet wide, and six feet long ; then a space of four feet in length was left to be tunneled under, and in more than one instance the tunnel was carried under part of a tessellated pavement. However desirable it might have been to have seen the whole of the remains exposed, it could not have been done, in consequence of some of the streets in which they were found being places of great thoroughfare. The description will follow the track of the works in the order they were executed. To begin with Botolph-street, nothing was found, excepting a horse-shoe, probably of the seventeenth century ; where Botolph's-gate stood was part of the founda- tion, exhibiting the same appearance as the town wall does, excepting the bonding tiles, which, I believe, were not used by the Romans in the con- struction of their walls. In the parts hidden from the eye no pounded brick was discovered mixed with the mortar, neither is there any in the town wall, but at the grand military entrance at the top of Balkon-hill. Queen- street was barren of interest, nothing being found but a bronze fibula, (of a cruciform shape, the tongue of which was broken by the labourer who picked it up in trying to move it), coins of Vespasian II, consecration type, and a few of the lower empire, all in very poor condition ; this relates to the lower part of the street, The upper part was found to have had sand removed, and filled up by the debris of a brick-yard, nothing else scarcely being thrown out but parts of bricks and dust of the same description. There were some considerably sized lumps of burnt clay, which were con- sidered by competent judges to be the outer walls of clamps, in which the bricks were burnt; this particularly occurred near All Saints' church, not only in this street, but some distance up Calver-street. The most interesting discovery made here was part of a mill-stone, which had evidently worked vertically, as the edge showed, similar to the crushing-stone of a modem oil-mill. This, as well as all the fragments of mill or quern stones (for no whole ones have been found here), was made from the lava of an extinct volcano on the banks of the Rhine. We now proceed up Calver-street : 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. nothing was mel with worthy of notice till the work proceeded nearly site the grammar school, where an old wall was found crossing the street at nearly right angles, exhibiting the usual hardness and compact- „. 38 of other old walls found here. At the hack of the Cross Keys Inn if il of Roman tiles, eighteen inches long, twelve inches wide, two inches thick, laid upon a bed of concrete of pounded bricks. Opposite St. Nicholas church, rather more to the east, was a wall foundation of the usual adhesive character, and the operation of breaking it up was difficult. Further on, nearly opposite the Wesleyan chapel, a quantity of fragments of thin Blabs of marble. some white, others green, and some variegated; they no doubt formed a floor, as all of them are laced,— it has been sug- ,1 that they were part of the tessellated floor of the adjacent church, — ial fragments of brass, two brass rings, of peculiar make, both of one pattern, but of diffi renl diameters, and some pieces of plain and embossed Samian ware of no new design. Lion-walk, at the north end, a pavement of coarse red tessera' was found and broken up; at the other end one composed of small (half-inch square) and different coloured tessera' was , \| 1, but what the subject was could not be discovered, as it had pre- viously been disturbed ; but enough has been left to wish it had escaped entire. In digging for a cesspool, at the extreme south-west comer, numerous fragments of Roman roof-tiles were thrown out. In Eld-lane fragments of embossed and plain Samian ware, a bulla formerly enamelled, and nearly a whole patera of plain Samian, with materni . m impressed in the inside of the bottom. In the burial-grounds of the Independent and Baptist chapels tessellated pavements have been discovered, which, from their size and distance, probably were the floors of different rooms, if not separate villas. In Victoria-place, at the south-west corner, a fine pave- ment was discovered some years since, but of what character does not now occur to me. I remember it was more firmly put together than most of them are, and with a little trouble might have been raised whole : it was about six or eight feet square, and two urns were standing upon it, one partly in the other. Short Wyre-strcet, a plain red Samian ware, accom- panied by an urn, in fragments, which contained calcined human bones; this I conceive to be within the walls of the town. In Long Wyre-street the greatest discoveries were made: a floor of Roman tiles or bricks; a pavement composed of coarse red tesserae ; a wall crossing the street at an angle: these were broken up as far as was necessary to construct the works. Three; hypocaust flues round arches formed of tiles eight inches square ; near the middle one were two flue tiles, thirteen inches long, of the usual shape, with lateral openings, and three tiles, eighteen inches Long, and ten wide on the inside, with return sides two and a half inches deep, Leaving a vacancy in each return six inches wide, so that if two were put together they would form a sort of box in the spaces ; and the reflex PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 87 edges will just hold one of the above pipes that were found standing on their ends. Now, it has always appeared strange to mo how the flues or pipes could convey the hoi air in warm a room if originally standing as described, and always represented; but these tiles seem to explain it, by allowing the pipes to be carried horizontally, so that the main current of air would pass along them, and the side holes allow sufficient to escape, to give the requisite warmth. The tiles and flues are discoloured by smoke. It is difficult to me, unaccustomed as I am, to describe these matters, no work accessible to me contains either a description or detailed account of such tiles. Within the fire-places was a quantity of charcoal and soot. They were covered up again unmutilated, except the last, which was partly destroyed by trying to get one of the bricks out for me. A pavement, which I have not seen, but the person on whose premises it is, assures me it is a very pretty one, and part of it forms the floor of his soil-pit. He informs me, about three feet below the surface, in his garden, a con- tinuation of it is to be met with. Albion-court, at the bottom, is another pavement, but of what character I cannot say, not having seen it. The tes- sellated pavements are red, with intersecting lines, the brick floors plain red, and the wall green. I had almost forgot to refer to a pavement com- posed of white and black tessera? in some design, half inch square, running from east to west, across the yard of the Ked Lion Inn, a house of about the time of Henry VII. As only about eighteen inches of this was un- covered, it was impossible to see what subject was composed on it. Morant mentions a pavement of this sort being discovered on these premises." Mr. Crofton Croker exhibited drawings of a clay mask and small stone figure, found in a cave on the Caicos islands (a small group of the Baha- mas), communicated to him by captain Edward Barnett, R.N. " The first specimen", Mr. Croker observed (judging from the specimens in his pos- session found in Caribean graves at Tobago), "was probably the orna- mental part of a pitcher or drinking vessel. The latter, by a hole bored from ear to ear, appears to have been worn as an amulet ; its height does not exceed two inches." Impressions from a seal recently found near Kildysart, parish of Cool- mein, in the west of the county of Clare, were exhibited by Mr. Crofton Croker, Mr. Richardson, of Dublin, Mr. W. Jerdan, and Mr. Lindsay, of Cork. The matrix had been much injured by corrosion ; and a commu- nication from the latter gentleman stated, that it appeared to him to be the seal of the chapter of the ancient diocess of Emly, in the county of Tipperary, which in 1568 was united to Cashel. The seal is circular, and something larger than a crown piece. It exhibits a view of the cathedral, and round it the inscription, ►{< sigtllvm <%* capitvli 4- niELACENsis. « The metal", 'Mr. Lindsay adds, " is probably brass ; and it does not appear to be of any great antiquity— perhaps not earlier than the fifteenth 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. or sixteenth centaiy. It is in the possession of William Morgan, esq., mill, Kildysart, co. Clare." Tlir iv\ Beale Poste communicated the following remarks on the Hart- lip Roman villa, described in the Journal, vol. iv, page 898: — "The villa Lately uncovered by Mr. Bland, at HartJip, being the largest that has been discovered in Knit, — or at least, the largest of which an account has been preserved, — its statistics in respecl to the locality in which it is situated appear to be deserving some degree of notice. Our attention is recalled 1 v several indications to the Roman state of this vicinity during the time the villa was in the tenure of its original race of occupants. "As to the Roman settlements in the neighbourhood, Piainham lies from it distant, north-west by north, about one mile and a quarter; and that name, whether it occurs in Kent or Essex, is usually interpreted Roman-ham, — i.e., Roman hamlet or village. Key-cor hill, in the parish of Newington, which tradition strongly connects with the Romans, is within three miles, in an easterly direction; as is the Roman cemetery of tioch-field, also in the same parish, which, about a century since, attracted so much public attention, by the descriptions of Dr. Meric Casaubon, in his translation of the Meditations of Marcus Antoninus, 4to, 16135; and where still Roman coins are occasionally found. As to the communica- tions sea-ward, there were two Roman ports to the north on the estuary of the Medway, — that of Otterham, and that of Halstow ; the Roman ves- tiges of which last are mentioned in the Archaologia, vol. xxix, page 220. As to Roman roads, the Wat ling-street from Durobrivae (Rochester) to l>iirovernum (Canterbury) passes in its course about a mile to the north. But this villa was more immediately situated on a Roman road, which certainly formerly must have been of some importance; though not one of those mentioned in the itineraries of Antoninus or of Richard of Ciren- cester. It seems to have communicated with the centre of the county ; and crossing near Weavering-street, the ancient way which formerly went tli rough the middle of Kent to the sea-coast, it ascended the chalk range of hills at Detling. Thence descending the northern inclined plane of the hills for two or three miles, and traversing some highly picturesque valley scenery, i1 ascended the ancient down called Queen's Down Warren, and crossed the Watling-street to Upchurch, where it threw off brandies on either hand to the two former Roman ports, or communications with the estuary of the Medway, before mentioned. Throughout the whole of the course, above described, to Upchurch, it preserved nearly a straight liin-. for which I Ionian roads are so remarkable. In its progress from Queen's Down Warren, it passed so near Hartlip villa, that it was only separated from some of its westernmost buildings by twenty yards. Tt is, however, necessary to say, its former course is here spoken of as though remaining in its other parts from Detling-hill ; in the immediate vicinity PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 89 of the villa it has been removed for about the length of a mile for many years, it being not now required to be used as a road. " As to the field in which the villa is situated, of which the name is Dane-field ; this term semis more properly to lie referred to Saxon times, and to be interpreted the 'Thane's field': intimating, that subsequent to Roman occupation, it belonged to a Saxon seignorial lord, than to be con- sidered to have a reference to the Danes. It seems an easy corruption of that appellation; and generally this may seem in other instances the readiest interpretation where the word occurs in names of places." Mr. Edwin Keet exhibited a bronze spear head, taken out of the Thames, near Datchett-bridge, by Mr. Henry Newman, in 1844. Its length was twenty-two inches (seventeen inches being the length of the blade, and five inches of the socket). The blade was what archaeologists term " eyed". February 81. The following note from the rev. C. Wellbeloved, of York, was read: — " In the course of last summer, a small fictile vessel of rude appearance, containing some Roman coins, was found by some workmen at the village of Boston, near Tadcaster, and about a mile from the old Roman road between Aldborough and Castleford. There were probably about two hun- dred ; but some were, as usual, abstracted by the finders. The owner of the ground, however, heard of the discovery soon enough to secure the greater part. These, amounting to one hundred and seventy-two, I have carefully examined. The hoard consists of sixty-seven consular and family coins, very much worn. With great difficulty, I have ascertained all of these, except four, with the aid of Ursinus and Eckhel. Of the imperial series, there are — - 19 - 7 - 18 - 5 - 30 - 12 " Almost the whole of these are of common types ; those of the latest emperors in good condition." Mr. Jerdan presented an impression of an oval bronze seal, found at Southover, near Lewes. It reads, »$< s . willi . delachapel., round the figure of an ecclesiastic kneeling under a canopy. The rev. Beale Poste forwarded the following remarks on the British coins reading solidv . or solido : — " I beg to offer a suggestion on British coins, which I am aware are considered a subject of much interest by many persons, relative to the interpretation of a particular type which lias hitherto been considered extremely obscure. The one in question is that vol. v. i^ Julius Caesar (common Elephant Vespasianus and sacrificial instruments) 1 Titus Nero - 4 Domitianus Galba - 2 Nerva Otho - 2 Trajanus - Vitellius - 5 Hadrianus PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. which bears the legend boledv. or boledo. This is one of the earliest mentioned of our British coins, having been noticed, though not engraved, by Camden, in his Britannia ; and the following solutions have heen suggested respecting it by various writers and numismatists. First, that it was the coin of some unknown city in Britain, though there is no city or town recorded in Antoninus. Ptolemy, Ravennas, or any other ancient source of information, of which this word forms a part. Secondly, it has been applied to a society, named the Solidurii, mentioned by Julius Caesar, in his ( 'ommentaries, who existed in Gaul, and might possibly have had a branch of their institution in Britain. These persons formed a species of masonic confederacy, and were under oath to protect each other under all circumstances, who, according to this idea, may he supposed to have formed a Bpecies of college, and to have struck coins. I now propose the first explanation to be considered the correct one, and suggest Bath to be re- garded the city, where, according to Lysons (Roman Antiquities, part xii), there was a temple dedicated to Suli Minerva, of which some carvings and fragments of the pediments are still in existence, and winch city, conse- quently, by the Britons might have heen called Solidunum, though after- wards known by the Romans as Aqua Solis." Mr. Roach Smith announced the recent discovery of a Roman tessellated paveint in in St. Mary Axe, near the "Blue Pig". It was found by the excavators employed under the Commissioners of Sewers, while digging at the junction of St. Mary Axe with Bevis Marks, immediately beneath the course of the present streets. It was cut through and destroyed, without any efforts being made to preserve it, and also without any record being made of it on the part of the contractor for the work. Mr. Smith ex- hibited a sketch of a Roman statue, about two feet in height, which had bi en dug up in Bevis Marks during the same excavations. The figure is well sculptured in oolitic stone, and represents a youthful personage, in the Phrygian costume, bearing on his left arm a bow. The right arm has been broken away, and the legs below the knees are also gone. This figure had been hawked about for sale for several days, and ultimately carried away a considerable distance from the city, when Mr. Smith acci- dentally heard of and reclaimed it. The Commissioners of Sewers, without making any application to Mr. Smith, resorted to the extraordinary pro- ling of summoning him to the Mansion House, before the chief magis- trate. Mr. Smith stated that he feared the Commissioners of Sewers had been advised to act so discourteously and unjustly by persons whose position and education should have taught them better. The impediments thrown in the way of Mr. Smith's researches since the memorable period of the avations for the new Royal Exchange, had almost completely hindered PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 91 him from continuing his investigations into the remains of Roman London, while, unfortunately, the city authorities had themselves neither collected many curious and valuable antiquities which had been hroughtto light, nor limdr am record of their discovery. The City Museum contained only one Roman inscription, and a fragment of Roman sculpture, both having been obtained by the interposition of Mr. Smith ; and several objects which he had endeavoured to procure for this desirable institution bad been de- clined. The civic authorities are unfavourable to the expenditure of money for a museum of antiquities ; and it was with the greatest difficulty Mr. Thomas Lott procured a small grant of money from the corporation to make some preliminary arrangements for this purpose. DISCOVERY OF ROMAN SEPULCHRAL REMAINS AT COLCHESTER. On Monday, April 2nd, by invitation of Mr. John Taylor, jun., member of the Association, a meeting was held at Colchester, on the occasion of an exhibition, at the Colchester Literary Institution, of the extensive collec- tion of Roman sepulchral remains, discovered within the last six months, at West Lodge, the residence of Mr. Taylor. There were present, exclusive of many of the clergy and gentry of the neighbourhood, the rev. Professor Henslow, Mr. John Adey Repton, Mr. W. Stevenson Fitch, Mr. S. R. Solly, Mr. W. Newton, Mr. A. White, Mr. E. B. Price, Mr. Joseph Clarke, Mr. C. Baily, Mr. Brown (of Stanway), and Mr. C. Roach Smith. West Lodge is situated on the right of the London road, on the approach to Colchester, and forms part of a very extensive tract, long since ascer- tained as the site of a Roman burial ground, which includes also the oppo- site side of the road, and a portion, at least, of the land now occupied by the Union Workhouse and its premises. In this district, in former times, have been discovered many remarkable objects of Roman art, some of which have already been described and referred to in our Journal. Abundantly, however, as these remains have, from time to time, been brought to light, it appears they are far from being exhausted. Although only a compara- tively small portion of Mr. Taylor's grounds have been examined, nearly two hundred vessels of various kinds have been found ; and he calculates that at least ten times that number remain still unexhumed. In the morning of the day of the visit, Mr. Taylor, with a view of showing his visitors ex- amples of the mode in which the vessels had been deposited, ordered two spots, at a considerable distance apart, to be opened, both of which afforded success : in the one were found, three feet from the surface, some cinerary 92 I B ►CEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. urns, an earthen bottle, a lamp, and a cup and a small dish of Saurian ware; at the other, a large urn, and two smaller vessels of black earth, line in a line: Bome foundations were also hud open, and a large cul stone, which had apparently belonged to a building of considerable magni- tude. The party then inspected a group, consisting of a large red urn, a bronze lamp, and other vessels, lately found in the garden of Mr. Bunting, adjoining West Lodge; ami also the valuable ami well known collection of Mr. Vint, local member of the Council of the Association, to -which had 1 tt.lv been added many sepulchral urns, dug up in his own grounds at St. Mary's Lodge. In the evening, a numerous meeting of the members of the Colchester Literary Institution, and other inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood, was held in the lecture room; the rev. Samuel (arr, one of the vice presi- dents, in the chair, supported by sir G. H. Smyth, the mayor, the town clerk, and several of the clergy. In addition to Mr. Taylor's collection, were some well executed coloured drawings, by Mr. T. Penrice, of the principal groups of sepulchral vessels, and also of the tile tombs, exhibiting the arrangement of the urns and other vessels found within them. The chairman expressed the gratification he felt at meeting the company on an occasion so interesting; anticipating, from the scene before him, a Stimulus to the cultivation of a knowledge of antiquities, and to the forma- tion of a museum, -worthy of a town so pre-eminent for its Roman remains. Be trusted the good taste and liberality shown by Mr. Taylor, would excite others to contribute in like manner to an object of such beneficial tendency ; and he trusted that the young men of the town, in particular, would devote a portion of their leisure time to a study so calculated to enlighten and expand the mind. Mr. Taylor described the circumstances under which the remains had been brought to light. Two of the most remarkable groups were, one of twelve, and one of fifteen vessels, found on a bed of ashes. From the scorched appearance of some of them, it appeared they had been placed on the still burning omhers of the lire which had consumed the body of the person whose hurial they commemorated. The explanation which professor Ilen>low gave of the extraordinary number of vessels in these groups, was, that they represented the friends of the deceased present at the funeral ceremony; each of whom brought his votive offering, and deposited the vessel which contained it, with the urn which held the calcined bones! The professor expressed a doubl of the supposed use, and, consequently, of the propri< ty of the name, of the little glass bottles, usually known as lachrymatori( - ; and considered thai their use was to hold the more precious liquids, unguents, and perfumes, and thai their more appropriate name would be unguentarii. Mr. C. Roach Smith expressed the obligation the British Archaeological PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 93 Association was under to Mr. Taylor, for bis zeal and liberality in promot- ing so effectually one of its primary objects, and for tbe polite attention shown liim and tbe other members, on an occasion so gratifying as the pre- sent had proved; and lie congratulated tbe founders of tbe institution, through whose medium were promised intellectual advantages to tbe town of Colchester, and the formation of a museum of antiquities, the materials for whioh were so abundant and rich. He alluded to the vast number of local antiquities which in past times, for want of a proper appreciation of their worth as elucidating the history of the place, had been dispersed and lost ; and referred to some valuable inscriptions, of which only transcripts of questionable accuracy remained ; following with a brief review of some of tbe more remarkable monuments illustrative of the early history of Col- chester. He then proceeded to the examination of the sepulchral remains exhibited by Mr. Taylor, comparing them with analogous works in this and other countries, and describing their various uses in the funeral ceremony. 1 Mr. Brown, of Stanway, stated that the animal bones found with the Roman remains were of the deer or stag, and that the horns were those of an extinct species of ox called the bos longifrons, which had been previously noticed among the ums and other Roman antiquities found in the garden of Mr. Tabor. (See Journal, vol. ii, p. 43.) This ox was so named from its extraordinary long skull ; in other respects it was of small size. The deer hones belonged to the present species. He had found specimens of both kinds at Walton and at Clacton, but in a state so highly mineralized that they were as heavy as cast iron. He also observed the horns of a very large goat. 2 Mr. Newton congratulated the town on the magnificent display of an- tiquities before the meeting that evening. He was very much pleased to find that a museum was being formed in Colchester, and that this collection would be deposited in it ; for local museums were highly desirable, and would help to obviate the want of a department of national antiquities in the British Museum, where foreign works of ancient art abounded, but where those of our own country were not properly appreciated. The value of the relics under consideration might be estimated in various ways. Before the Roman conquest this part of Britain was inhabited by a Celtic race, from Belgium, in a semi-barbarous state. Tbe Romans introduced civilization, and many of the arts and manufactures. Of this tbe pottery works afforded a striking example. When he looked at these earthen vessels, and compared them with articles of similar ware now to be met with, it was impossible not to be struck with the vile outrageous shapes of 1 The substance of Mr. Smith's ad- 2 Mr. Brown has kindly forwarded dress will be given in a future number, a report, which will also appear in a with appropriate illustrations. future number. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. the latter, with the absence of taste and everything like scientific propor- tion : and it was really a matter of astonishment that, with all the aid of improvt d science, the modern potters have so little advanced in perception of thai elegance of form so common to the -works of the ancients, and in applying the principles of the art to their own manufactures. As the Etonians introduced the arts into Britain, so, after their departure, they declined, and in Borne branches were extinguished, in what were termed the dark ages. Mr. Newton then referred to the glass vases and vials as bearing upon the question of the state of the manufacture of glass in the time of the Romans; and he showed how erroneous were the popular n<'i ions on the subject. Mr. White described the mode in which the glass vessels upon the table had been manufactured, as compared with that of our own time ; and further remarks were made on the fictile ware by Mr. Smith and Mr. Price. Upon the proposition of sir Henry Smyth, seconded by the town clerk, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Taylor for the kind manner in which he had exhibited his valuable collection. On the motion of the mayor, seconded by Mr. S. G. Cooke, the thanks of the meeting were offered to Messrs. Roach Smith, Newton, White, Price, and the other members of the Association then present, for their attendance; and Mr. R. S. Nunn proposed, and Mr. Newton seconded, a vote of thanks to the rev. S. Carr, for filling the chair on this occasion. On the following day some of the members visited the site of the dis- covery of Roman urns and coins, at Witham, on the property of Mr. Pattison, near that town, and of which an account had been forwarded to the Council by Mr. Neale, of Chelmsford. A notice, also, of these remains will appear in a future number of the Journal. (IKXERAL MEETING, March 9tii, 1849. Joseph Ardex, Esq., F.S.A., in the < hair. Dk. I '.i aiiii. and James Prior, Esq., the Auditors, delivered in the fol- lowing Report : — Bcport of ^ututors. "The undersigned Auditors having examined the Accounts of the priidsh Archaeological Association for the year 1848-9, find the entries and vouchers for the -.ame correct aud proper. The receipts of the pasl GENERAL MEETING. 95 y< iar amount to tlic sum of £ 472 : 10 : 8 ; 1 icing an increase upon that of the preceding year by 669 : 19: 7; and the payments amounting to £456 : 10, — funning also an increase upon thai of tlic preceding year by the sum of £45 : IS, including a balance due to the Treasurer of £17:13. It appears, therefore, at the present time, there is a balance in favour of the Society ai niting to 615:14: 8, which must he attributed to the generosity of those members who have presented donations to the funds, and to the strict economy with which the affairs of the Association are conducted. When the expense attending the publication of the Journal, and the small amount of the Annual Contributions are considered, it is evident how essential must be the punctual discharge of the Subscriptions; and the Auditors cannot but express their regret, that many are still remaining unpaid, notwithstanding the diligence of the Collector. " The loss by death among the members of the Association during the past year has amounted to nine, embracing some most highly valued asso- ciates. Twenty-two members have also retired from the Association ; and nineteen have been removed from the list for non-payment of their Sub- scriptions, and the neglect of the applications made to them. There have, however, been added fifty-nine members during the past year; giving, therefore, an increase of nine in favour of the Society, over that of the deaths, exclusions, and retirements. The present number of members amounts to 480. " The Auditors cannot close their Report without strongly urging upon the members, that their individual exertions to obtain new associates would enable the Council still further to illustrate and improve the Journal ; which, however, as at present constituted, is certainly without its equal. Additional funds would serve to relieve the Council and Journal Committee of frequent sources of embarrassment, occasioned by a fear of carrying the expenditure of the Society beyond that of its annual income — a fear which, in some instances, might have operated unfavourably upon the Journal, had not the writers of some of the papers generously aided the Council by the presentation of plates and cuts. The Journal must be looked upon as the organ of communication of the Association, not only with its members, but also with the public, and by it the value of the Association will be estimated. The objects of the Association are truly useful and national ; and cannot, therefore, be regarded as undeserving of support and encouragement. " William Beattie, M.D. " March 8th, 1849. " James Priok, F.S.A., M.R.I. A." 96 GENERAL MEETING. -~." w c rt r. — 00 r o z -/. CO < o 1—1 o o o a u PC OS »— i H p— i C5 ft ft W H ft O 02 Eh ft — ft ft -1 DC H Oh - O ft" - - z !C S r — ■-r -i CD Ei >-. H - < ft _3 - — j- = -ft - - Us a i .S i I OS | I "in O •a 3 B - r i © "iH - ~z !'■ = D ft bD.fi ft . 3 -- = £ a 82* a* I . ~ — |l^ .= -4 = ft ft p x Si bog 2 S 3 3 ftft a ■ S -a a "3 Is -I I * - /- ~ p o >> rt cp a , *1° r-32 , S „-> « I ° 2 ■ u ■'■ be , h a: jj s a >> © ^ o 2f a 2 o » , t) H 3 fl d Ul X - : 3 _ - « U 1^ = •5^23 doSft ft ft i— J S ^ ^ <1 W i— i 02 - ft H -tl ft UJ o w — - ~ Ph < l> i-i oo 1 I c i i i.i S H v OQ 3Q a a a O CO CO © P5 a ^ - 3 1 /I — _ - s E te Op , ^H ■4J cS rS — CO a ©H a W t-i o ia a 2 r* -s .^ a-a © a* M ©^ = "©«i - ■— Z) CO a , a 9 SPh o -a a o o o ^3 © 4d ^ 5 O cgpq aq u EhEhSo3 5^ = P=fc, a •- - c © v- o - • § i « °° i O EH O ft ^ ^ c72" .^ ^ ©H ■u ■ i r'^ <4H ^S © fcn n H 3 r3 3 S CO Ph S CO ^ 3 ?H o ^2 g>1 b a a O o ©^3 O 0) ^ 92 73 a a 1« o ri a PA CO GENERAL MEETING. 97 The election for Officers and Council for 1849-50, then took place; and Thomas Wright, Esq., and Nathaniel Gould, Esq., heing appointed Scru- tators of the Lists, delivered in the following as elected: — PRESIDENT. THE LORD ALBERT D. CONYNGIIAM, M.P., K.C.IL, F.S.A. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Snt Wm. Betham, F.S.A., M.R.I.A. Bkn.i. B. Cabbbll, M.P, F.R.S., F.S.A. Sib Wm. Chatterton, Bart. James IIkvwood, M 1'., F.R.S., F.S A. Rev. W. F. Hope, M.A., F.R.S. R. Monckton MlLNES, M.P, M.A. T. J. Fettigrew, F.R.S., F.S.A. Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, F.R.S. TREASURER. T. J. Pettigrew, F.R.S., F.S.A. SECRETARIES. T. Crofton Croker, F.S.A., M.R.I.A. | C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. Hydrographkal Secretary— €aptain A. B. Becher, R.N. Secretary for Foreign Correspondence— -Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A. Draughtsman— F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. COUNCIL. Joseph Arden, F.S.A. Arthur Ashpitel, F.S.A. Charles Baily, F.S.A. William Beattie, M.D. Alexander H. Burkitt, F.S.A. William Chaffers, F.S.A. Nathaniel Gould, F.S.A. James O. Halliwell, F.R.S., F.S.A. Thomas Lott, F.S.A. William Meyrick Major J. A. Moore, F.R.S., F.S.A. J. R. Planche, F.S.A. James Prior, F.S.A., M.R.I.A. David Roherts, R.A., F.S.A. S. R. Solly, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A. John Green Waller Alfred White AUDITORS. John Webb William Yewd Thanks were voted to the President and Council of the past year ; to the Treasurer; to the Auditors; to the Secretaries; to the Donors of Plates and Cuts in aid of the illustration of the Journal; and to the Chairman, for his attention to the business of the evening. vol. v. 13 98 Xoriccs of Xcfo publications. Mi icorials of the Parochial Church, the Collegiate Chantry, and the Chapel of St. Mart, commonly called Mortimer's Chapel, in the Parish of Attleboeough, in the County of Norfolk. By J. T. Barrett, D.D. Large 8vo. 1848. Accidental circumstances have occasioned us to defer a notice of this truly tasteful ami meritorious puhlication ; hut the delay is not important, for it has seldom heen our fortune to peruse a work which so completely exhausts it> Bubject, and accurately delineates to posterity everything n specting it which is worthy of preservation. If other clergymen and dignitaries of the church, possessing the opportunities and taste of Dr. B rett, could only be peisuaded to bestow a tithe of his attention in a similar manner, our knowledge of our pious ancestors, and what they have left us, would not long remain stationary, even were there no other source of illustration attainable. Let us hope that the spirit of the age is rising in this direction ; that, gradually, the temporary guardians of our churches will deeply investigate the monuments under their care, and finally ex- amine the minutest particulars respecting them. We cannot, indeed, expect that many could follow Dr. Barrett's example in publication ; but, surely, the knowledge of our Association, and its efforts, should induce all clergymen to forward complete accounts of their ecclesiastical edifices, so that, in a comparatively brief time, the more important features would be preserved in the Journal of the Association ; while, a mass of most valu- able facts, all useful for reference, would be deposited in the Society's archives, and eventually lead to a more complete and accurate classification than has yet heen attempted. The church of Attleborough presents some very early and peculiar features to the architectural student, in the tower, which is of Norman work, and which is delineated in the very excellent series of architectural plates with which this volume is enriched, as well as the other portions of the building, which receive that due attention to careful delineation such subjects r* quire. The history of the church is given, with much interesting detail connected with the ceremonials of the Anglican church in early ages, and notice-, of ancient 1" nei'actors. < >f its architectural features the author thus speaks: — "The most ancient part of the church now standing is the tower, which is probably NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 99 part of the original building. It differs in its style of architecture from the nave and aisles, which are on the west side, and from the chapels on the north and south sides, which arc known to have been erected, the former in the close of the thirteenth, and the latter in the fourteenth century, in being Norman, or, more correctly speaking, Anglo-Norman. " Edward the Confessor is said to have introduced this style of archi- tivture into England, in the erection of Westminster abbey, which, having been destroyed in the Danish wars, and but meanly restored and provided for by king Edgar and Dunstan, then bishop of London, in the year 958, was now rebuilt and royally endowed, by this monarch, before the year 10(55. But whether Matthew Paris and William of Malmesbury, who both record the event of re-building, are to be understood as speaking of a new style of architecture, or of a new form or model of structure, is uncertain. Bard well, in his Temples, ancient and modern, says, ' Edwards residence abroad had made him well acquainted with the magnificent buildings of the continent ; and the intimacy which subsisted between the courts of England and Normandy enabled him to avail himself of the talents of the Norman architects, who had changed the simple parallelogram of the Saxons into the Latin cross, and raised a lanthern or tower at the inter- section of its arms, partly for ornament, and partly for the stability it im- parted to the edifice.' The hasty conclusions of those who infer, from the words of the above historians, that the style of Norman architecture was totally unknown in England till the time of the Conquest, are not tenable ; and the honour which has been given to St. Edward is of very question- able right. " There are plain documentary proofs that, prior to the Conquest, elabo- rate and extensive buildings of carved stone were erected in this country ; and it is remarkable how well the descriptions of them accord in some points with what is considered to be Norman work. It is, therefore, very probable that many buildings remain, not clearly distinguishable from Norman work, which, nevertheless, were erected before the Normans had gained a footing in England." For proof of this our author cites examples which help to dispel the prejudices which have arisen against a belief in existing Saxon works in our own country. A very interesting discovery connected with the recent restoration of Attleborough church (which renovation seems to have led to the idea of publishing this volume) was the discovery of ancient mural paintings, which had been hidden beneath the white-wash with which the church walls had been thickly coated by more modern " beautifiers." They appear to have been executed in the latter half of the fifteenth century, judging from the style and colouring adopted, and are beautifully re-produced in the coloured plates given in this volume. In noticing the early use of pictorial representations in sacred edifices, our author observes, " By the canons of 1 1 M ') NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. Celichyth, every bishop was charged, when consecrating a church, to have it portrayed on the wall of the oratory, or in a tahle, or even on the altars, t.i what saint it was dedicated. But the canon is so worded as to render it uncertain whether it was intended that this should he done by a picture o inscription. Probably the question is silently left open to individual discretion." That such paintings, emblematic of religious faith, or descrip- tor of >aintlv legend, did, at an early period, decorate the walls of our churches to a considerable extent, the Journal of this Association abun- dantly proves, inasmuch as it has fallen to the lot of many of its members and correspondents to record the discovery of many such pictures, which had heen similarly concealed beneath layers of white-wash, like those at Attleborough. The Crucifixion is one here given which had heen concealed by a staircase clumsily erected against the wall on which it was painted. Another and more elaborate subject occupied the wall over the arch at the east end of the nave, and was devoted to the legend of the Cross, which, elegantly coloured and enriched with ornamental details, occupied the centre ; angels on each side singing and playing, or triumphantly carrying the emblems of the Passion, in company with the prophets and saints of the Old and New Testaments. The screen was a beautiful example of elaborate decoration, and con- tained well-executed paintings of saints, the Virgin Mary, and the Trinity, as well as emblems of the Passion of the Saviour, and appropriate mottos, all tending to show with what a profuse hand our forefathers delighted to decorate the church. The very curious historical notices of ancient church ceremonies given in tins volume, the careful and elaborate manner in which every fact connected with the history and peculiarities of the building is stated, as well as the genealogical and biographical notices of the personages connected with its foundation and history, render this volume one of peculiar value, and make it a welcome addition to the topography of a county which is pi-rhaps the richest mine in England for the ecclesiologist, whether we consider the number, style, or interest of the churches contained within its boundaries. F. w. F. NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 101 Historical Account of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters of the City of London ; compiled chiefly from records in their posses- sion. By Edward Basil Jupp, Clerk of the Company. London: Pickering, 1848. Great praise is due to the author of this work for the trouhle and pains he has heen at, in searching the records of this company, and bringing before the public the interesting extracts with which his book abounds; and it would be well if, — now he has set so praiseworthy an example, — others in official positions, having the same opportunities, would devote their leisure to a similar purpose. This, let us hope, will not be lost sight of by other companies, who also have in their possession archives of very great interest. Mr. Jupp tells us, "he was led by mere accident to engage in a task, from the labour and responsibility of which he would have shrunk, had he viewed it with more deliberation. The circumstance of the discovery by a workman of some ancient paintings, concealed by canvas, in the hall of the company, led to many inquiries, both as to the date of these produc- tions, and the former condition and importance of the ancient company to which they belong." The circumstance here alluded to, was communicated to the Council of the British Archaeological Association, who immediately took prompt means to have careful drawings made of them, which appeared in the Journal, vol. i, pages 275-86, accompanied by a descriptive account, and much curious matter connected with the company, by Mr. F. W. Fairholt. These engravings are reproduced, and the description, which Mr. Jupp considered " would be an act of temerity to attempt to improve on", has, by permission of the Association, been copied into his work. These paint- ings were, no doubt, purposely concealed, to preserve them from the fana- tical zeal of the Puritans in 1645, who had ordered the destruction of all such pictures as had the representation of the Virgin Mary, or the Second Person of the Trinity, upon them. Hence, the frescoes which formerly adorned the walls of our churches were covered by the brush of the dauber, of which we occasionally catch a glimpse on the removal of the numerous coatings of whitewash for reparations and other purposes. The records of the Carpenters' Company present a tolerably unbroken series from the 17th Henry VI (1438) up to the present time ; the records having been fortunately preserved, as the ravages of the great fire were stayed before reaching the hall. In the chapter on religious observances, we have an account of the early state-palls, or hearse-cloths, of velvet and silk, embroidered with gold, formerly used at funerals of the brethren, which were possessed by 102 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. all the civic companies ; some being still in existence. A card of invita- tion, issued on one of these occasions by the Armourers Company, is here given. In the general history, we have several accounts of the " ridyngs" on the entrance of Henry VII and other royal personages into the city ; and on similar state occasions, when the companies or crafts took their stations in Chepe, arrayed in their liveries, the houses being hung with rich cloth of gold, velvets, and silks, or when they attended royalty in the state barge along the Thames. The entries relating to the setting of the watch on Midsummer-eve, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, are curious ; but our limits will not allow us to give extracts. We have a description of the first state lottery in 15G7, towards which the carpenters were com- pelled to pay £i •"• : the prizes being plate, tapestry, etc. The following receipt on the purchase of wheat, which the city com- panies were called upon to contribute, towards the store of 5,000 quarters of grain, in 1">73, and towards which the carpenters contributed £52: 10, is curious, on account of its symbolical signature, at a time when very few men could write their own names, but substituted some such arbitrary mark as the following. On the public entry of James I, in 1608, the attendants were regaled as follows : — " Paid for drinke and pippens for the rvders and footemen uppon the wave when they went tomeete the kinge, iij*. ii.j instead of a coat every third year." We musl now conclude this cursory review of the contents of Mr. Jupp's interesting work, earnestly recommending it to the notice of the historian and antiquary. We congratulate the author on this his successful debut : and hope it may prove an incentive to others to follow his example, having the same opportunities of inspecting the records of the city companies, thereby giving to the public much useful and valuable information, which has been so many centuries confined within their almost inaccessible repo- 3itories. w\ c. The Ancient Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus, INCLUDING THOSE AT MeIGLE, IN PERTHSHIRE, AND ONE AT FORDOUN, in the Mearns. Edinburgh: 1848. 23 plates. Elephant folio. The vast expense which has been incurred in presenting to the anti- quarian world engravings, on so large a scale and so well executed, must necessarily limit the circulation of this most valuable work. The liberal and anonymous author 1 states, that the work was commenced some years ago, and would probably not have been resumed, but by the advice of Herr Worsaae and Mr. Innes, — a fresh instance of the good results of the mis- sion of our friend and associate of Copenhagen to this country. When we see an individual accomplish so much towards making known one class of antiquities of a single district, we are forcibly reminded of the treasures of antiquity yet imperfectly made known to us, which are strewn about the kingdom, and could only be rendered accessible to many by means of pub- lications such as those undertaken at the expense of government ; and we trust the present example may, in this respect, operate beneficially. The sculptured stones represented in this work are portions of crosses and of sepulchral monuments, ranging, apparently, from the sixth or seventh to the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the greater number being probably ' of an intermediate date. They are very frequently elaborately carved with interlaced patterns, more or less complicated, with richly ornamented crosses ; and, what to us is more uncommon, with circles, connected by straight lines, which are crossed by lines in form of the letter n placed sideways ( z ), and terminating like a spear with foliated sides. Cuts alone could convey a correct notion of the peculiarities of these ornaments, which, it may be remarked, are accurately sculptured, and those which cover the 1 The volume was presented to the we infer the public is indebted for pub- Association by Mr. Chalmers, to whom lishing the work. VOL. V. 14 106 NOTICES n\- NEW PUBLICATIONS. crosses are cut with geometrical precision. Some of the sides of the crosses have frequently representations of men and animals, most of which arc very rudely executed, bo much so, thai it is often difficult to guess at the sub- jecta Borne seem intended for hunting Bcenes : others have men on horse- back, armed with a circular shield and a Bpear; and there is a group of a man Burrounded by animals, probably meant for that favourite subject with the early Christians, Daniel in the den of lions. Then- is a peculiar ornament in the corners of the lower cross, in plate wit. which may he compared with that on the monumental stone disco- \. ivd at Hartlepool, in the Journal, vol. i, p. 195 : they are both unques- tionably of the tenth century ; and to this period may he assigned the three figures upon the other side of the former monument. They are remarkable for a Byzantine style of ait. and for the two circular fibula? or ouches on cither shoulder of the first and third figure. The plate of silver ornaments found in a tumulus at Norries' Law, in Fife, in 1817, are of the highest interest, and cause regret that the details of the discovery are not supplied. The singular device or ornamentation referred to above, occurs on one of these personal decorations, and may suggest the conclusion, that many of the figures connected with crosses upon early Christian monuments arc purely fanciful, capriciously applied, and not intended to be in any way symbolical. c. R. s. Tin: Ecclesiastical, Castellated, and Domestic Architecture of England, from the Norman Era to the Sixteenth Century. Illustrated by the best existing examples in the County of Essex. By James Hadfield. London: John Williams and Co. Folio. This hni' work appears to have been set on foot by its enthusiastic au- thor, not as a history of the architecture of the middle ages of the county of Essex, but for the purpose of pointing out the neglected, and sometimes little known beauties of existing medieval art; and, from the careful man- ner in which its details are executed, and the beauty of its lithography, it will not only be very useful as a study, hut acceptable in the drawing room. The author has some very stringent remarks on the patching and plaster- ing of lit is to be hoped) by-gone times ; and those who have the care of edifices will do well to consider the strictures upon " the wanton hand of spoliation", which every antiquary will lie interested in. At lloxwell, it is id, the broken and misplaced fragments clearly evince that the windows of this church were once filled with painted glass of the richest description. •^At. Willingale Spain, the north doorway i- entirely composed of Roman - v NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 107 bricks, and " there can be no doubt whatever that tbe whole shell is Saxon. •• The walls were certainly built long before tbe conquest." Tbe north door itself is covered with ancient iron-work of an interesting and elegant description, which is either late Saxon or early Norman ; "but its oondition clearly testifies thai the inhabitants are not possessed of much Love for this remarkable relic of antiquity." Of Chipping-hill, Witham, it is said, " the whole walls arc composed of rough flints and Roman bricks." In the once glorious church of Danbury, many valuable features are buried amongst the pews, while not a fragment of the stained glass which oner filled its windows remains. On tbe plate is given a ground plan of the adjacent ruined priory of Bicknacre. The lower part of the tower of Boreham church " is Saxon, and was a complete tower of itself; and with- out doubt formed a part of one of the churches built by St. Cedd, in the year 653." The nave and tower of the church of White Colne are Norman, probably built in the time of William I. " The south door is remarkable for its plainness." Rickman would unhesitatingly have pronounced it Saxon ; nevertheless, although of that opinion, the author will not speak positively on the subject : the chancel-arch is like the doorway. The beau- tiful little church of All Saints', Hutton, is split and much injured by the numerous graves which have been sunk close to its foundations ; and the remains of a fine octagonal font, turned upside down, serve as a pedestal to support a modern bowl. Colchester is despatched in too few lines ; the only thing noticed is the south doorway of the chapel of St. Mary Magda- lene ; x At Sandon, a Tudor pulpit of carved wood, deservedly occupies no less than five plates of illustration, and is a remarkably fine specimen of its period : the author might have found one also well worthy of his attention at Wenden. At Little Baddow, Roman bricks form part of the material of the exterior of that church. There are two arched recesses in the south wall ; one of them contains a full-length effigy, beautifully carved in wood. 2 In Great Waltham church, some valuable remains of the rood-loft screen remain, and a complete forest of oak benches, with square ends, filled in with good tracery. The great singularity of All Saints', Maldon, is that of its tower being triangular ; the east window of this church is the finest in the county, of the decorated period of Edward I. Great Coggeshall church, an interior view of which makes an admirable frontispiece to the work, comes in for a great share of commendation, few churches of the perpendicular period being equal to it. The stalls have been replaced by tasteless pews. The chancel of Tiltey church is stated to be one of the most accomplished pieces of architecture in the kingdom, of the decorated style of Edwards I and II ; but the greatest glory of the church is the east l The author is referred to vol. iii, 2 Somewhat after the manner of those p. 19, of this Journal, for further par- at Hildersham, in Cambridgeshire, iu ticulars relating to Colchester. the hon. Mr. Neville's last work. y^x^lfA * 10s NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. window, and the apex of the gable above it is crowned with one of the richest and most beautiful crosses in the kingdom. The author gives six plat< - to Castle Bedingham, and supposesit to have been "built by Aubrey de V. iv. firsl earl "1" ' Oxford, to whom the manor was given by William the I lueror; and the time of its erection is believed to have been between the years L088 and 1 107, during the reigns of the two Williams. It is quite certain it was finished before 1151, and a careful examination of all ii- beautiful parts will be sufficient to satisfy any one acquainted with Norman architecture, that the earlier date is the most probable." The dates assigned to Little Leigh's priory, is that of Edwards IV and V. The work finishes by eight plates of the details of Beeleigh Abbey; and the author says there are other relics of great practical value, which he hopes to publish at some future time. Thus he has given details of what he con- siders the most remarkable and the most beautiful features of the churches and buildings he is acquainted with ; but still the work hardly comes up to the profession of its title concerning Essex; as some of the oldest, and cer- tainly the most beautiful, are to be found in the northern part of the county, whither the author appears not to have directed his steps; nevertheless, the work will be much valued by the architect, antiquary, and amateur, and doubtless will find its way into many of the libraries of Essex and elsewhere. c. j. The University Atlas ; or Historical Maps of the Middle Ages. London : Edward Gover, Princes-street, Bedford-row. Folio. In a former number of our Journal (vol. iii, p. 193), we drew the atten- tion of our members to a specimen of this work, as proposed to be issued as " The Compound Historical and Comparative Atlas". The work now appears under the title as above expressed, and the first part has just ap- peared. It consists of two maps, one of Engla Land, of the Anglo-Saxon period, the other of England, Anglo-Norman period; and the execution of these, together with the most useful index appended to them, fully justifies the approbation we bestowed on the specimen plate. We heartily recom- mend this work as deserving of patronage. r. 109 RECENT AKCILEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. NUMISMATICS. Tho Numismatic Chronicle, No. XLIII. Contents:— i. On the African Gold Currency of the Jolaf Tribe, and the Silver Fish-hook Money of Ceylon. By W. B. Dick- enson.— n. Coin of Valentinian, with the Phoenix. By H. L. Tovey. — m. Coins found in the Isle of Man (with plates). Revue Numismatique, 1848, No. VI. Contents:— I. Monnaie d'or d'Alexandre, empereur de Constantinople ; par M. de Cadalvene. — n. Recherches sur la numismatique du comte de Flandre, consideree dansles monnaies noires durant la suzerainete Francaise, 2eme article (pi. xvii) ; par M. Rouyer. — in. Mereaux et jetons de Villefranche- sur-Saone en Beaujolais (pi. xviii); par M. Morel-Fatio. 1849, No. I. Con- tents :— i. Medaille de bronze de Mussalia, inedite ; par M. le baron de Crazannes. —II. Sur les Marques Ponderales des monnaies antiques, Aureus inedit de Con- stant I ; par M. Chabouillet. — m. Ve Lettre a M. de Saulcy sur les plus anciens monumens numismatiques de la serie Merovingienne ; par M. Ch. Lenormant. — iv. Lettre a. M. Lecointre-Dupont, sur les monnaies Normandes inedites ; par M. A. de Longperier. — v. De la Rarete et du Prix des Medailles Romaines ; par M. le baron Leon d'Harvey de St. Denys. Paris, Rollin. Curt, London. Recherches sur les Monnaies des Comtes de Hainaut. Par Renier Chalon. Bruxelles. 4to. 1848. Curt, London. Notice sur Monnaies Franeaises composant la collection de M. J. Rousseau, accom- pagnee d'indications historiques et geographiques. Par Adrien de Longperier. Paris, 1848. MEDIEVAL ANTIQUITIES. Notices of Remarkable Medieval Coins, mostly unpublished. With Engravings. By John Lindsay, Esq., Barrister at Law. Cork and London. 4to. 1849. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Revue Archeologique, 1848-9. Contents:— No. VIII. Notice sur la tour de Crest, par M. J. Courtet. — Vase dActeon, explication par M. E. Vinet.— Antiquites d'Or- leansville, par M. le Dr. Judas.— Notre-Dame de l'Epine, par M. Pinard.— Lettre de M. G. Zahn a M. Letronne sur une peinture de Pompe'i.— Societe d'Archeo- logie Lorraine, fondee k Nancy. — Etudes sur quelques monnaies Carlovingiennes, par M. A. de Longperier. No. IX. Remarques sur quelques groupes hicro- glyphiques, a propos de l'ouvrage de M. Lanci, par M. Samuel Birch. — Devis et marches passes par la Ville de Paris pour l'entree solennelle de Charles IX en 1571, publies par M. L. Douet-dArcq — Recherches sur le nom et le caractere du Neptune Phenicien, par M. A. Maury.— Note sur une statue antique en marbre pentelique, par M. Ed. Barry.— Le gladiateur Dimachreros, c'est-a-dire arme de (Uux poignurds. pur M. Letronne.— Note sur les sirenes de l'ancien eveche de 1 ]<> RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. B -. | i M. Carder.— Observations de MM. Letronne ct A. de Longperier sur dee Hi' dailies el inscriptions latines qu'on dit avoir ete trouvt'es a Orleansville. Mnsees du Louvre. No. X. Devis et marches passes par la Villc de Paris pour l'entri <• Bolennelle de Charles IX (suite). — Observations sur la divinite Egyptienne que les Grecs avaient assimilee a leur Pan, par M. Maury. — Numismatique by/an - tine, monnaie inedite attribute a l'usurpateur Vitalien, par M. V. Langlois. — Les templiers de Met/., par M. Saulcy.— Notice sur M. Letronne, garde general dea archives nationals.— Discours prononce aux funerailles de M. Letronne, par M. J. Quioherat No. XI. Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. Letronne, par M. A. Maurv. — Les collections d'objets d'art de M. B. Delessert fils, par M. L. de Laborde. — Lettre de M. Chaudruc de Crazannes a M. Letronne, sur deux monuments relatifs au culte de Jupiter. — Devis et marches passes par la Ville de Paris pour lYntrc'e solennelle de la reine femme de Charles IX. — Note sur la formation du medaillier du musee de Limoges, par M. Maurice Ardant, — Exaracn d'une bulle de Bertrand de Baux, prince d'Orange, precede de quelques observations sur l'usage des sceaux en plomb, par M. A. Deloye. — Sur un des noms de 1' Adonis de l'ile de Cypre, par M. A. Maury. No. XII. Etudes sur les anciennes notations musicales de l'Europe, par M. T. Nisard. — Un temple et un eveche apocryphes, par M. J. Courtet. — Nouvelle interpretation d'un bas-relief en ivoire, decorant le livre de prieres de Charles le Chauve, par M. P. Durand. — Sur les poids de villes au moyen-age, par M. Chaudruc de Crazannes. — Memoire sur la commune de Saint-Germain-le-vieux-Corbeil, par M. Pinard. — Medaille inedite de Bela, tils de Geysa, roi de Hongrei, par M. V. Langlois. 8vo. Paris, Leleux. London, Curt, Lisle-street. Geographie du moyen-age, etudiee par Joachim Lelewel. Atlas compose de trente- cinq planches. Bruxelles. 1849. Antiquites Celtiques et Antediluviennes. Memoire sur l'Industrie primitive et les Arts a leur origine par M. Bouclier de Perthes. Avec 80 Planches representant 1600 figures. Paris: 1849. 8vo. NEW BOOKS. Original Papers : published under the direction of the Committee of the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society. Vol. ii, Part 3. Norwich : 1849. Curiosities of Glass Making : with Details of the Processes and Productions of Ancient and Modern Ornamental Glass Manufacture. By Aspley Pellatt. London : Bogue. 1849. Notes on Cheltenham ; Ancient and Medieval. By ^V T . II. Gomonde. 8vo. Cheltenham: 1849. {Privately printed. ) The Memorial and Case of the Clerici-Laici or Lay-Clerks of Canterbury Cathedral. By Charles Sandys, F.S.A. 8vo. 1848. (J. R. Smith.) Early in April will be published, An Account of Bottesham Church and Anglesey Abbey. Architectural description by Professor Willis; Historical Description by Rev. J. J. Smith. Illustrated with Engravings on copper and wood, from Draw- ings by E. Cole. Ill RESTORATIONS IN PROGRESS. I he subscription entered into for the restoration of the Norman tower at Bury St. Edmund's, is, we regret to see, insufficient by about £300, to defray the expenses attendant upon it. The restoration is complete, and it remains only to guard it from injury. Great credit is duo to those who have carried out this excellent work, and we trust that all those who have not yet subscribed, but who feel an interest in the preser- vation of so interesting a remain, will not fail to forward their donations, either to the bankers in Bury St. Edmund's, or to Mr. Tymms, of Well-street, the zealous and intel- ligent honorary secretary. Mr. knocker, of Dover, is zealously exerting himself to bring about the restoration of the windows of the " Maison Dieu" at that place, and which has lately been purchased by the corporation. This hospital, erected in 1213, by Robert de Burgh, carl of Kent, was for the accommodation of pilgrims going to and returning from the continent. The church adjoining is of the time of Henry III, a.d. 1227. We are glad to find that the corporation of Dover are sensibly alive to the interest connected with the " Maison Dieu". and laudably exerting themselves to restore it in a manner worthy of a place possessing such historical associations ; but as funds beyond the means possessed by the corporation will be requisite to effect this object, they appeal to the lovers of archae- ology for their assistance on this occasion. LOCAL MUSEUMS OF ANTIQUITIES. A Museum of Antiquities, at Caerleon, is now in the course of formation, under the patronage of the bishop of Llandaff. Sir Digby Mackworth, bart. had granted the town hall for this purpose ; but it has been found necessary to build a place to receive the many Roman remains found in this locality, in which a museum is so highly desir- able. Nothing can contribute more to foster and promote a proper spirit of antiquarian research, than the establishment of local museums. Colchester, as will be seen in this Journal, is actively engaged in carrying out a similar object to that of Caerleon : at Chester also, another is in the course of formation ; and it is to be hoped that the nobi- lity and gentry of these places will subscribe liberally to so good a purpose ; at the same time that it is well to state, that donations will be received from any who feel anxious to promote the objects intended. THE JOURNAL of tin: JSrittsI) Srdjaeolocjtcal 3toociatiom JULY 1849. ON FIBULzE IN THE MUSEUM OF THE HON. R. C. NEVILLE, F.S.A. The interesting and rare examples of Saxon and Danish fibula?, which I have the pleasure to bring before the notice of the Association, were recently purchased at the Stowe sale, for the hon. R. C. Neville. They had been catalogued, that is to say, the larger one, and another precisely similar, as scales, and the other as " a British brooch", respecting the history of the latter no informa- tion could be obtained ; but, fortunately, they were secured for a gentleman whose good taste and intelligence have thus been the means of rescuing from the casualties of a public sale objects of the first consideration in the Anglo- Saxon department of antiquities, and whose liberality has furnished the accompanying illustrative plate. We have not the good fortune to know anything of the history of the fibulas termed scales, beyond the meagre information conveyed in the statement of their having been found with the bones of a human skeleton, in a stone quarry, at Ashendon, Bucks, in 1817; and, therefore, we are deprived of the assistance which a record of circumstances attend- ing discoveries will often afford in the examination of objects of doubtful origin and of difficult appropriation. We must, in the absence of such evidence, call to our aid testimony of another description, which, although not so complete as could be wished, will go far to determine VOL. V. 15 1 11 ON FIBl'L-l ".. to what period and people we are to assign Mr. Neville's fibulae. The interior fabric resembles, to a certain extent, that of the Anglo-Saxon fibulae found in Kent, particularly in the setting of the coloured glass over gold-foil. But there are in other respects many points of difference: the Kent varieties are flat and thick; are more richly decorated with stones and glass, interspersed with gold filigree work. Among the numerous examples preserved in the cabinets of our colleagues, Dr. Faussett and Mr. Rolfe, and in that of our President, we have not an instance of a concave fibula; still there is in general character such analogy, that we cannot refer them to epochs very remote from each other, nor to people having different origin or cus- toms. We learn that the Ashendon fibula? were found with a human skeleton. This is almost conclusive as to the interment being of the Saxon period; nearly all the Kentish fibular have been discovered by the side of skele- tons, at places remote from churches, but not always far distant from Roman burial-places. In 1843, Mr. Akerman exhibited to the Society of An- tiquaries a fibula of bronze, found at Stone, in Bucks, which closely resembles fig. 1 of our plate, being precisely of the same size, concave, and in style of ornamentation analogous to that under consideration, differing only in details. In Mr. Neville's fibulae the glass ornaments are disposed cross-ways, as are the triangular plates in Mr. Akerman's, in the central compartment of which is also a cross. On this fibula, Mr. Akerman observes: 1 — "It is of unusually large size, and bears such evident marks of Byzantine origin, that it cannot be supposed to be of English work- manship. The cross within the nimbus engraved upon it, appears to be modelled from that which invariably accom- panies the head of the Saviour on the coins of the empe- rors of Constantinople ; and even the concave form of the fibula itself may possibly have been derived from the a a in mi scyphati, or cup-shaped money, so common after the reign of Basilius II, — such a shape being well calcu- lated to protect the gilding, with which it appears to have 1 Ajchseologia, -.'.1. xxx. ]>. S 15. ON FIBULAE. 1 1 5 been originally covered. There is still further evidence of the Byzantine origin of this relic: — the small cross within the inner circle is divided into minute compart- ments, very much in the manner of the embroidery on the robes of the emperors, as tliev are figured on their coins. The fibula, in all probability, belonged to an ecclesiastic of the eleventh century; and 1 have endeavoured to ascer- tain its probable date, because the discovery of other ancient relics in the neighbourhood may lead to some mis- apprehension and confusion on the part of the local anti- quary. A few weeks since, some labourers engaged in widening the high road just below the village of Stone, discovered, at the depth of about four feet, several skele- tons of men and horses, among which was an obliterated coin with the head of Magnentius. Although this piece probably circulated long after it was struck, there can be no reason to suppose it, or the other remains, to be any- way connected with the fibula now exhibited, which is clearly of a much later period." The appropriation of the Stone fibula is, unfortunately, not assisted by any consecutive links in the chain of compa- rison ; as Mr. Akerman remarks, no evidence is supplied to connect it with the skeletons and coin of Magnentius ; but, at the same time, it is possible they might have been of coeval deposit, as seems proved by comparison with other analogous examples, found under circumstances more fa- vourable for comparison. In vol. ii, p. 54, and vol. iv, p. 53, of this Journal, are two specimens of these cup-shaped fibuke. Both of them were discovered in burial-places in Gloucestershire, associated with remains which combine to induce us to assign them to the earlier Saxons. The peculiarities which distinguished these cemeteries from the Roman and from Christian modes of sepulture, were as clearly recognized as they are in the contents of the Kentish Saxon graves, and both corre- sponded sufficiently to demonstrate in the first place, that they were to be referred to the same people or nation ; and in the second, that there were certain peculiarities in the weapons and ornaments which denoted that they be- longed to distinct tribes. Thus, the swords agree in length and in material with those of the Kentish graves; they cutter m the ornamentation of the sheaths and the handles; 116 ON rilU'L.T.. the bosses of the Bhields of the Gloucestershire graves vary in shape from those found in the east and south of Eng- land : but they assimilate in other respects; and the fibulae, namely, those heretofore published in our Journal, that found at Stone, and the two beautiful specimens now in Mr. Neville's museum, have no corresponding types in any which have been found in Kent, as far as our expe- rience goes. They a] ipcar, in short, to illustrate and con- linn most satisfactorily the account given us by Bede, of the gradual occupation of Britain by three distinct Teu- tonic tribes. Mr. Sver Cumins: draws our attention to the resemblance between the rude heads in Mr. Neville's fibulae, and those on the sceattae, in plates i and n, Ruding, figs. 25 and 7. The similitude is obvious, and the origin of both in Byzantine art will be recognized, on comparing them with the imperial effigies on the coins of Focas, Hera- clius, Constantine Pogonatus, and others of the seventh century. It may be also remarked, that on the coins of this period and somewhat later, two circular fibula? appear together upon the shoulder; and this peculiarity is to be noted in connexion with the statement previously alluded to respecting the discovery of those under consideration. C. ROACH SMITH. The fibula which forms fig. 2 of our plate is evidently the work of a later period than that in which the one just described was fabricated. It is of bronze, but it still retains marks of having been silvered. It is rudely orna- mented with lozenges and diagonal lines, something like the twisted strands of a rope. Four receptacles for orna- mental stones appear on the surface, which are filled with pieces of amber. The pin, unlike that which must have been affixed to the cup-shaped fibula, and which did not project beyond the outer rim of the brooch, — a distinctive peculiarity in Anglo-Saxon ornaments of this kind, — is here of great length, and the ornament which is appended to the upper part hangs freely from it. These fibulae are -nikingly peculiar in their form and construction, and appear to have been the favourite adornments of a race nut analogous to the Roman, Byzantine, or Saxon tribes. ON FIBULjE. 1 1 7 Examples of these fibula? are found in the north of Eng- land, in Scotland, and most frequently in Ireland. In a very valuable addition to our pictured histories of the olden time {The Sculptured Monuments of the County of Angus), 1 a fibula is engraved, which is particularly curious, as it probably exhibits the earliest form of this peculiar style. The ornamental portion is contained in a sort of half circle atlixed to the head of the pin, which is about six inches in length ; the prevailing style of its decoration is of that involuted kind of ornament termed Runic, and which may lead us to fix the date of their fabrication in the sixth or seventh century. They are described as " rivalling in perfection the finest works of modern silversmiths" ; and were found at Norries-Law in 1819, along with portions of armour and silver ornaments, which display much elegance of design, with great evidence of primitive tastes. These fixed heads of pins, or brooches, gave way to the pendulous kind at a little later period; and they seem to have been " peculiar to Ireland and Scot- land, in both of which countries they abound", says Mr. Chalmers. In a paper, published in the volume of pro- ceedings of this Association at the Gloucester Congress, I descanted on the peculiarities of the early Irish fibular, and illustrated my remarks with many specimens, engraved from examples which fell under my notice when visiting the sister isle. Mr. Neville's fibula presents some variety in its features to any there engraved, but its general simi- larity of style will be observed. The collection which 1 This costly work is published at fortunes are more common in the hands the sole expense of a private gentle- of private country gentlemen than our man (T. Chalmers, esq.), who has not own ; and the sums that are squan- even recorded his name in its pages, dered on horses and hounds, or paid and presented by him to the Bannatyne ungrudgingly in wine-merchants' bills, Club. If other gentlemen would fol- might surely be now and then devoted low this example, our country would more worthily to the pursuits of liter- not want local histories ; or its anti- ature and science, which would place quarian discoveries escape unrecorded, their names and memories in a purer When such tasks are now undertaken, and better light than the records of they have generally to be done by the race-course and the sporting calen- some enthusiastic student, whose time dar can offer. When we find men is his only fortune, and whose labours with little wealth or leisure doing so ensure him the loss of it, with the much for the onward progress of annoyance of feeling that his work, science, we must confess to a feeling however well done, has been a thank- of frequent disappointment when we less and unremunerative task. There think of those who possess both, but is, perhaps, no country where large do so little. 118 ON FIBUUE. Mr. CroftoD Croker has with laudable zeal brought toge- ther, illustrative of his native country, enables me to add another illustration of the taste for these fibulae in ancient Ireland. In this instance the circular pendant is funned of a twisted piece of brass, granulated like a cable, or probably, in imitation of the ancient tore, — that primitive and popular orna- ment of the Celtic tribes, — which was worn in Ireland at a much more recent period than would be imagined. 1 I should look upon this fibula as a more modern and simpler form of the old national brooch of Ireland ; which, from being originally fixed, became pendu- lous, and went out of use in the form here delineated. Mr. Neville's may probably be the work of the eighth or ninth century, and have belonged to one of the northern tribes. I have only to remark, that the en- gravings represent these curious relics of early art of the exact size of the originals. F. W. FAIRHOLT. 1 Remembrance of this ancient custom in the days " When Malachi wore the collar of gold He had won from the proud invader" — was preserved by the peasantry in the twisted withes of rushes worn round the neck and arm. 11!) ON PHONIC HORNS. ABRIDGED FlioM I'Al'EKS HEAD BEFORE THE ASSOCIATION. The earliest musical instruments were, undoubtedly, constructed with materials hollowed by nature; and such materials appear to have been long employed by the ancients, before the art of boring wood, or casting metal pipes, was discovered. This assertion receives confirma- tion from the names which are bestowed upon certain instruments. Thus, we read of the avena, or pipe, formed of a single oaten stalk; the calamus, or reed pipe; the concha, tromba marina, or sea- trumpet, made of the murex shell; and the tibia, or flute, formed of the shank-bone of an animal; of the invention of which, Hyginus says: " Minerva tibias dicitur prima ex osse cervino fecisse." That these names were bestowed on these several instru- ments, not from any resemblance they might bear to cer- tain objects, but from the material of which they were formed, is a fact proved by the most indisputable evidence. Pipes made of green corn are mentioned in the Romance of the Rose; and Chaucer speaks of them in his third Book of Fame ; and the straw of the oat is still formed into pipes by our own shepherd boys. In the British Museum there are two small Egyptian pipes of reed. The hab, or flute of Nubia, is so called from being made of reed. The Welsh peasants fashion the cegr into pipes. And the zampogna of the Italians, the lichdka of the Bichuanas, the quama of the Caribbees, and the vivo of the Tahitians, are made of reeds and canes. But in the islands of the Southern ocean, we not only find the monaulos of antiquity, but the many-piped syrinx, the invention of which is attributed by Virgil {Ecl'.ii, 32) to the god Pan. In Syria, the syrinx is still a pastoral instrument. The tibia, or flute, formed of the shank-bone of an animal, is in common use among many nations. Busby, in his Anecdotes of Music, says, that the Kalmucks have a kind of hautboy, made of a human shin-bone, with a copper vent-hole and a mouth-piece. And the shin- bones of slaughtered enemies are manufactured into flutes by the Brazilians, Chilians, and other tribes of South 1 20 PHONIC HORNS. America. The Bushmen, Bichuanas, Zoolus, and other Kan'er hordes of Southern Africa, employ the tibia of one of the Bmaller antelopes, or that of the goat or sheep, for making flutes, pipes, or what may more properly be deno- minated, whistles; the bone is cut off square at the extre- mities, and blown into in the manner of the syrinx, or as children do into the pipe of a key. Although these rude tubes are incapable of yielding notes worthy of the celes- tial Minerva, they are, nevertheless, so many proofs con- firmatory of the belief, that the first flute was formed of the tibia of an animal. The concha, or tromba marina, first sounded, according to Hyginus, by Tyrrhenus, and placed in. the hands of Triton by Ovid {Met lib. i, 333) and Virgil {Ma. x, 209), is said by Casaubon to have been a murex-shell; and the murcx-shell trumpet {Triton variegatus) is still used by the Tahitians and Maories, which probably resembles the Kwvi, the shell of the cryer or herald, mentioned by Athenaeus (lib. iii, p. 86). And it will be remembered, that among the chowda ratny (fourteen gems), churned out of the ocean by Kurmavatara after the Deluge, one was the sdnka or cliank {turlnnella rapa), a shell which had the power of conferring victory on the warrior that should sound it. This shell of magic power is generally held by Vishnu. These shell-trumpets are used at the festivals and in the temples of the Hindus. The beautiful white sur- face of one now before us resembles porcelain. The apex of the shell is removed, to form the embouchure, and the whirls are engraved with a duplex groove. The horn was a military instrument of the early Romans ; for Dionysius of Halicarnassus states (vii, 59), upon the authority of Fabius and Livy (lib. i, cap. 43), that Servius Tullius, who commenced his reign 578 B.C., ordained, that two whole centuries should consist of trumpeters, bloirers of the horn, etc.; and these, without any other instru- ments, should sound the charge. Vegetius, who flourished in the latter half of the fourth century, mentions in his treatise De Re Militari, that the Romans had trumpets made of the horns of the urus, with silver mouth-pieces. 1 1 In Fienes, Newgate, or the Con- castle, to give notice to the workmen Btable's Tower, Dover I ;i>tle, is pre- when to begin and leave their work." served u an old horn, which tradition, — See A Short Historical Sketch of the to Enhance its worth, tells us was used Town of Dowr, 1823, p. 121. by the Romans at the building of the PHONIC HORNS. 121 The cornute trumpet was an instrument well known to the primeval inhabitants of the Britannic islands. In the British Museum is a brass coin of Cunobeline, upon the reverse of which is the figure of a centaur winding a horn. This may only be a copy of some foreign coin, and there- lore regarded as no great authority for a national cus- tom. But we learn from an ancient British poem, sup- posed to have been composed by Anuerin (and given in Davies' Myth. p. 576), that at the great festival, held on the commencement of May, in celebration of the recovery of the Caer Sidi, " the enclosure of the just man" (the ark) from the waters of the Deluge, that "the house", or shrine, of the Helio-arkite god, " recovered from the swamp, is surrounded with crooked horns"; and those who follow are sounding " loud the horns of the lustrator". And it is a fact worthy of record, that the boys of Cornwall turn out early in the morning every first of May with trumpets formed of cows' horns, which they wind in celebration of something, but they know not what, and thus unwittingly continue the palaeooeonian rites of our Druidic ancestors. In some parts of Wales the custom of blowing ox horns on the first of May is still kept up ; and it formerly con- stituted part of the mysteries of the beltan, or beltein, celebrated by the Highlanders on May-day. I am in- formed by a native of the county of Cork, that the blast of the cows' horns is one of the accompanying sounds which attend the holly-bush decorated with ribands and strips of cloth or paper, which is borne by the peasants on the ancient festival of La na Beal tina, — /. e., " the day of Beal's fire", as the first of May is called in Ireland. The horns used on this occasion are frequently stained or painted of various colours; and the whole country is illu- mined by the blaze of innumerable bonfires. 1 The cornute trumpet is still a great favourite with the Cambrian peasantry of some parts of the principality. Our respected associate, the rev. J. M. Traherne, informs me in a letter, bearing date January 16th, 1847, that, " In Glamorganshire, the practice of blowing horns does not prevail at all; but in the counties of Cardigan and Car- marthen it is the practice of the peasantry (who go fifty 1 Stow, in his " Survey of London", streets", as forming part of the May page 80, speaks of " bonfires in the pastimes of the old citizens. VOL. V. 16 122 PHONIC BORNS. or sixty miles for lime) to carry horns, which they are fond of blowin And a Welsh clergyman, now resident in London, writes me word, that, "coloured horns in some parts of Wales are Mown to tins day, especially on Christ- mas and od the first of May." " It is customary now for young men to blow their horns when going for the lime from the different farms, that they might meet on the high road, for the sake of company and assistance to one another should any catastrophe happen.'' The same rev. gentleman adds, that a horn is blown when the last sheaf of corn is cut, and when the last load of corn enters the homestead: when tiles are fetched for the repair of the house-roofs, a horn is sure to be blown by at least one of the company. Our ancestors in earl} 7 times had various modes of trans- ferring inheritances. One method was by conveying them by a horn, either in Frank Almoigne, or in fee, or in ser- geantry. This practice was denominated coinage; which, says Bailey, is "a kind of grand sergeantry, the service of which tenure was to blow a horn when any invasion of a northern enemy was perceived; and by this, many held their land northward about the Picts' wall." Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland, particularly specifies the horn amongst other things, whereby lands were conveyed in the begin- ning of the reign of William the Conqueror. He says : — " At first, many estates were transferred by bare word of mouth, without any writing or charter, only by the lord's sword, or helmet, or horn, or cup; and many tenements, by a spur, a scraper, a bow, and some by an arrow." His words are these : — " Conferebuntur etiam primo multa praedia nudo verbo, absque scripto vel charta, tantum cum doinini gladio, vel galea, vel cornu, vel cratera; et plurima tenementa cum calcari, cum strigili, cum arcu, et nonnulla cum sagitta." The master-forestership of Delamere, in Cheshire, was conferred by earl Randolph the first, in the twelfth cen- tury, on Ralph de Kingsley, to hold the same by the tenure of a horn. The identical horn given by Randolph, is -aid to be still in the possession of the chief forester. It is black, and that of a foreign animal, hooped with three hoops of gold, and considerably curved; it is fourteen inches in length, five inches between the extremities of the PHONIC HORNS. 123 curve, three quarters of an inch in diameter in the nar- rowest part, and one inch and three quarters at its greatest breadth. Cheshire tradition asserts, that the ancient forest- ers were bound to use this horn, and attend in their office with two white greyhounds, whenever the earl was dis- posed to honour the forest of Delamere with his presence in (he chase. Randolph de Meschines, third earl of Chester, formed the whole hundred of Wirral into a forest, the mastership of which he granted to Alan Sylvester, in fee, with the manors of Storeton and Puddington, to hold by cornage, or in the words of the quo warranto, " cum quodam cornu nomine tituli ballivas pra}dicta3." Ormerod, writing in 1819, says, that the original horn is now preserved at Hooton, and is the property of sir S. M. T. Stanley, bart. It is slightly curved, and tipped with brass at the smaller end ; the colour varies from yellow to light-brown, and is spotted in shades of blue and black. It is nine inches and a half in circumference at the broad end, seven inches in the middle, and two inches and a quarter at the brass tip. The extreme length is sixteen inches and three quarters, and the length across the curve thirteen inches and three quarters. If we concede the antiquity of the Delamere and Wirral horns themselves, we may be allowed to ques- tion the great age of the mountings, which appear much more like the work of the seventeenth than they do of the twelfth century. Both these horns are figured and described by Ormerod, in the second volume of his History of Cites] lire. The Tutbury horn may be cited as another example of these investitury instruments. The posts, or offices, con- veyed by this horn, were those of feoclary, or bailiff in fee, escheator, coroner, and clerk of the market of the honour of Tutbury, in Staffordshire, — but the second of these is now in a manner obsolete. The horn is white, with a black tip, mounted with silver gilt with gold. To a silver hoop which encircles the middle is fixed an iron ring, by which the ribbon is fastened at one of its ends ; as at the other end, by a like ring, it is fastened to a hoop which surrounds the broad end of the horn. To the ribbon is attached a disk, bearing the royal arms, impaled with those of Ferrers. 1 2 1 PHONIC HORNS. It must not be supposed that it was alone for carnage that the natural horn was employed in the middle ages. But the real horn was gradually supplanted by one of more costly matt rial, as ivory or brass; still it continued to be employed at times for the formation of pipes and trumpets. In a work, entitled Margarita Philosophica. published in 1508, at Basil, the figure of" Typus Logice" is evidently giving a lusty blast with a long ox-horn with a broad metal rim round the large end; and above the instrument are the words " Sonus vox". It is difficult to decide at what period the practice of letter-carriers bearing a horn first commenced. We know, from a passage in Shakespeare, that it is at least as old as the time of Elizabeth ; for in the last scene of The Mer- chant of Venice, Launcelot says: — " There's a post come from my master, with his horn full of good news." From the water-marks on the "post paper" of the seventeenth century, we may infer that the real horn was originally employed ; and I have it upon the authority of a native of Kent, that some half century back, the post-boys in that county always went about sounding their cows' horns, as the letter-carriers of London formerly rang their deafening bells to announce their presence. And an old gentleman who formerly kept a musical-instrument shop in Blackman- street, Borough, and who is now verging on his hundredth year, told me he well remembered furnishing the Kentish post-boys with their first metal bugles. Many of the persons who joined in the procession which formerly went from London to Charlton, to enjoy the sports of " Horn fair", wore horns in their hats, and blew trumpets formed of the horns of oxen, rams, and goats. And a few years back I noticed many horn trumpets accou- tred with tin, exposed for sale at several of the booths. The equestrian farrier, in Hogarth's Enraged Musician, published in 1741, appears to wind a real cow's horn to attract attention. The cow's horn was once almost the attribute of a butcher boy; but the "march of intellect" lias taught him that its use is not genteel. But there is yet one young urchin passes my house almost every even- ing, who, regardless of fashion and refinement, "awakes • "ITT the stillness of the gloom", by sounding a loud blast on his lusty horn. Let those laugh who may, I cannot hear PHONIC HORNS. 125 the deep sound of that simple cow's horn, without my mind being borne back into ages of remote antiquity, ere the Tyrian trader had crossed the great ocean to the Cas- siterides, and taught the rude Celt to dig the metal from the mine and fabricate the brazen tube. According to Athenams (iv, 184, A), the cornu, or horn, was invented by the Etruscans. In the British Museum are specimens of Etruscan horns of bronze, Avhich were discovered by Sig. Campanari. From the large size and peculiar form of these instruments, I imagine that their prototype may be found in the horn of the ibex, a goat common to many of the Alpine ranges of Europe and northern Asia, and whose horns are still employed for trumpets by some tribes. It is curious to observe, that the cup-shaped mouth-pieces of these Etruscan instruments are exactly similar to some of our modern bugles. These Etruscan horns bear some slight resemblance to the brazen instruments found in Ireland, which are called stoc, or stuic, and said to have been used in proclaiming festivals on the changes of the moon from the tops of the cloghads, or round towers. But these Hibernian horns are not blown into at the end, but at the side, like some of the trumpets in use in western Africa. And I have been told, that the peasants of the south of Ireland sometimes make the embouchure at the side of their ox-horn trumpets, thus imitating the ancient stoc. Several specimens of the stoc have been exhumed at different times in the county of Cork, and also at Dungannon, Fermanagh, and Carrick- fergus, in the north of Ireland. Mr. Crofton Croker pos- sesses a most interesting and perfect example, which was discovered about thirty years since at Dunmanway, in the county of Cork; and a similar specimen is figured in the second volume of Smith's history of that county, which was found with several others between Cork and Mallow, in a bog called Lisavoura. Examples of the stoc are figured in sir Thomas Molyneux's Appendix to Boate's Natural History of Ireland, in the Vetusta Monumenta, in Vallancey's Collectanea, AValker's Memoirs of the Irish Bards, Meyrick's Armour, etc. The lliberno-Celts had another species of trumpet, called dudag, which Vallancey supposed, from its name, was a very shrill trumpet of brass, — dud signifying the tingling 1 26 PHONIC HORNS. of the car. whence the poetical compound dudaireachd, the noise of horns and trumpets. O'Brien, in his Dic- tionary, translates the word dudag, a trumpet, or horn- pipe: and Walker (page 88) says,— " Perhaps the dudag was a species of clarion, or octave trumpet, called by the Latins, lituus." In Mr. Crofton Croker's valuable collec- tion is a straight tube of brass, which was discovered at the same time and place as his stoc, which, I conjecture, is the stem of a dudag; and examples of the more complete instrument are given in Smith's History of Cork. The head of the trumpet resembled the stoc in form, and the tube was inserted into the small end, thus producing an instrument whose form must be familiar to many under the name of the " stock-and-horn", and which was pro- bably the archetype of this brazen dudag. 1 The gall- trompa, — i. e., the foreigners' trumpet, — is another instru- ment mentioned in the Irish annals. Nothing is known of its form, but it was probably derived from the Danes or some other invaders. Gold seems to have been employed as a material for trumpets in the north of Europe at a very remote period. The hunting horn of Gunter, the Burgundian monarch, who [days so conspicuous a part in the Nibchingen Lay* is described as of this metal : " A horn of tlic gold so red o'er the champion's shoulders hung." And in the king of Denmark's collection are examples of horns formed of gold. One specimen was found on the 2()th of July 1G39, on the road to Ripen, in North Jut- land. 3 This horn weighs ninety-nine ounces two drams, 1 Mr. Crofton Croker also possesses a rifacciamento of something much older. •• White-boy's horn", in use among the There are three old manuscript copies Irish rebels of 1798. It is in the shape of it at St. Gall, Hohenems and Mu- <.t the horns of the mail-coach guards, nich, which were all consulted by but very much shorter, made of cop- Miller, who printed a complete edition per mounted with brass, and jointed, of the lay, in a collection of similar SO that it may l>e slid up like a tele- works, in the latter part of the last scope, for the purpose of being carried century ; and an English translation in the pocket. of it appeared in Jamieson's " lllustra- 2 The song of the Nibelungen is the tions of Northern Antiquities". -t ancient of all the Teutonic me- 3 A despicable engraving and mea- tii<-al romances which have descended gre description of this horn is given in to us entire. As it now exists, it ap- the " Gentleman's Magazine", xxii, 25. pears to have been written in the For a full account, the reader must twelfth century, but it is evidently a refer to Wormius' " Mon. Dan." PHONIC IIOKNS. 127 and consists of two plates of gold,— the inner one solid, and polished on both sides, the outer composed of a num- ber of rings. It measures two feet five inches, Roman measure, on the convex, and two feet one inch on the con- cave, so that a right line drawn from one extremity to the other measures one foot nine inches. The great mouth of the horn is a foot in compass, and four inches in diameter, and the embouchure is four inches round, and near an inch and a half in diameter. This horn is surrounded with seven different circles, containing numerous figures of war- riors, gods, animals, monsters, etc. In the first circle we see naked infants standing, kneeling, and seated between serpents; birds pecking fish, etc. The second contains figures on horseback, men with bows, and a priest holding a horn. In the third circle is a fierce contest: among the weapons appear the scythe-formed sword, 1 and axes resem- bling the tuagh-catha of the Irish, which Giraldus Cam- brensis informs us were borrowed from the Norwegians and Ostmen. 2 The fifth circle is filled with serpents, human figures, a fish, etc. The sixth has an eyeless head with large horns, a fleur-de-lis, animals, crosses, etc. ; and the seventh contains chimeras, bones, etc. In the first five circles are large serpents wreathing amongst the other objects. This horn has the modern addition of a stopple, which screws into the smaller end, by which it is converted into a drinking vessel. It is engraved with a crowned C. and 5, for Christian V, by whose order it was made. A horn, belonging to the corporation of Dover, affords an interesting example of an early metal horn. It was the practice within these few years, at the election of the mayor of Dover, on the 8th of September, to convene a common hall by the sound of this ancient horn. It is made of stout laton, and measures about two feet seven inches and a half in the outer curve ; two feet three inches and a half in a straight line from the embouchure to the large end, which is four inches and a quarter in diameter. It is deeply engraved with bold foliage ; the field being covered 1 I have just found a weapon of this 2 See a representation of this axe in form in the Tower of London. It is of an illuminated copy of Giraldus Cam- doubtful age, but of the shape which brensis, executed about the end of the tradition says was used by the pagan twelfth century, in the possession of Saxons, and called max. sir T. Phillipps, bart. PHONIC HORNS. with coarse cross-hatchings; and surrounding its length is a scroll, bearing the following inscription : — "A. G. L. A. Johannes de Alemaine mefecU" This horn is probably the work of tlie twelfth century; and the material of which it is formed, its style of execution, and the inscription which it bears, all combine to induce us to regard Nuremberg as the place where it was wrought. We know that this city was early celebrated for its laton manufactures, and it has retained its ancient reputation up to a late period. Nu- remberg was also formerly noted for its musical instru- ments; indeed, Yincentio Galilei says, that the trumpet was invented in this city, but in this he is evidently mis- taken. But there is a story on record which shews that it once possessed a maker of trumpets, who was also an admirable performer on that instrument; it is as follows: — " Hans Meuschell, of Nuremberg, w r as famed for his accuracy in making trumpets, as also for his skill in play- ing on the same alone, and in the accompaniment with the voice, was of so great renown, that he was frequently sent for to the palaces of princes, the distance of several hun- dred miles. Pope Leo X (1513-22), for whom he had made several trumpets of silver, sent for him to Rome, and after having been delighted with his exquisite per- formance, dismissed him with a munificent reward." The old hunting horn was a large cumbersome instru- ment, generally of copper, mounted with brass: in later times it was almost always fabricated of brass, although we occasionally find them of silver. They were mostly of plain polished metal, but were sometimes decorated with engravings of hunting subjects and foliage. The earliest bugles were mere copies of the natural horn; but about the commencement of the seventeenth century the mouth of the instrument was expanded into the form known as " trumpet mouthed" ; and from the end of this period the horn gradually decreased in size, until it assumed the small and convenient form in common use in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The German postilions of the present day, like their brethren of the past, carry a large brass bugle, resembling our old hunting horn, slung by their side; and this "post horn" forms a very favourite sign for the gast Jtaus, or gast hqf (hotel), in many an Almanian town. In Hogarth's PHONIC IIOKNS. 129 print of the " Country Inn Yard", appears a figure at a window, who winds a French horn, to announce the de- parture of the stage-coach. It was anciently the custom for the warder to have a horn hung by his side, wherewith to announce the arrival of any one at the gate of the castle or mansion. This horn is rendered familiar to us by the opening lines of the glee of the Red Cross Knights : — " Blow, warder, blow! blow thy sounding horn, And thy banner wave on high." What was said to be a warder's horn of the fifteenth century, was sold, in May 1841, at Oxenham's sale rooms, Oxford-street. It was a heavy instrument of ivory; the upper part beautifully carved in rich scroll-leaves; the large end being in the form of a lion's head with open mouth armed with teeth. This rare and interesting spe- cimen was purchased for the collection in the Tower of London for the sum of £8. 10s. Mr. Isaacs possesses a very beautiful instrument, which may possibly be a war- der's horn. It is of elephant ivory, wrought with rich scrolls, figures, the arms of England, etc., and an oval medallion, containing a half-length portrait of George I, surrounded by a garter, inscribed " Georgius Rex Mag. Britannia". It is suspended by a chain of circular links of ivory or bone. This instrument is of German manu- facture. I should be occupying too much time were I to enter into any further description of such instruments as the nakoner, 1 krum-horn, 2 gemsen-horn, 3 thurnes-horn, 4 French- 1 " Nakoners, brazen horns." — Bai- the organ is supposed to answer to it. — ley. In the fourth year of Edward II, Hawkins' "History of Music", ii, 452-3. Janino le Nakerer is mentioned as one H. Hexham, in his " Netherduytch of the king's minstrels. — Liber de Com- Dictionarie", Rotterdam, 1648, says : — putis Garderobaj, MS. Cott. lib. Nero, "een Krom-hoorn, a cornet, or a hunts- c. viii, fob 82. See further in Halli- man's home." Krom in Dutch im- well's " Dictionary", p. 570. In Tor- plies crooked. riano's " Italian and English Diction- 3 Gems in German signifies the cha- ary", occurs the following : — " Nacca- mois, or wild goat ; but the figure of the rino, Naccherino, a kind of wind in- instrument given in Ottomarus Lusci- strument, or cornet of brass." nius' " Musurgia, seu Praxis Musicse", 2 According to Luscinius, this was Strasburg, 1536, bears no resemblance of two forms, — one like a cow's horn, to the horn of that animal, but looks with finger-holes ; the other like a far more like the horn of some variety shepherd's crook, not curling outwards, of the common goat. with finger-holes. The principal stop on * A kind of trumpet, or clarion. — VOL.V. 17 130 PHONIC HORNS. horn, cornemuse, 1 cornet/ oomettino, 8 cornopean, cornet- a-piston, 4 and many others which might be named; 9 but, i may observe, that all the horns that I have already enum- erated, arc more or less curved. But, besides these, m»' there are a class of "straight trumpets" that bear the title of limits. Such, for instance, is the Alpine horn, formed of the bark of the cherry-tree; the schwein /torn, of the ciiian swine-herds, composed of two pieces of wood hol- lowed out in the centres, and bound round nearly its whole length with bark; and the ttrftr, or long trumpet, of the Norwegian peasantry, which is formed like the schwein horn. This latter instrument bears some resemblance to an ancient trumpet which was exhumed from a turbary, on the lands of Becan, in the county of Mayo, in Ireland, Hawkins' " History of Music", vol. ii, page 464. There is a figure of it in Luscinius. 1 Chaucer, in his third " Book of Fame", speaks of — " Cornemuse and shalmes — many a floyte and lytlynge- horne." In Gio. Torriano's " English and Italian Dictionary", London, 1G88, occurs the following: — " Cornamusa, a hag-pipe, a horn-pipe." " A bag- pipe, cornamusa, zampogna." "A lit- tle bag-pipe, cornamusatta, zampog- netta." And he defines zampogna as " an oaten-pipe, a reed-pipe, a shep- herd's-pipe. ' The bag-pipe is also called piva by the Italians. Boyer, in hi- •• Trench and English Dictionary", L699, says, — "Cornemuse (instrument de musique a vent), a bag-pipe." John- son has it, — " Cornemuse (French), a kind of rustic flute." The bag-pipe was called aexavkoQ by the Greeks; tibia utricularia by the Romans ; pib cwd and pibeffl god by the Welch; piob by the Highlanders; sackpfeiff {i.e., k-pipe) by Jie Germans; sack-pype by the Dutch ; and zoommoCran 0i- so'an by the Egypto-Arabs. The in- strument was perhaps at first con- structed of the skin of a goat, the horns serving for the pipes. The bronze figure of a Roman bag-piper, discover- ed at Richboroujjh, is blowing through a cornute-shaped tube. — See Kin "Munimenta Antiqua", vol. ii, pi xx. The bag-pipe of the east, as given by Niebuhr, ha* a hirsute Back. Gomara, in describing the dress, etc., of the Mexican priests, says, — •■ Si .me brought instruments of music, like unto cornets". And the histories of the final surrender of Mexico to the Spaniards, record the rallying of the Aztecs at the sound of the horn of the emperor Guatemozin. 3 " Cornettino, a small or little cor- net; also, an octave trumpet (Ital.)" — Bailey. " Cornetta, a carrier's, or pos- tilion's horn. Cornetto, any little horn, a cornet, a hutchet, a bugle." — Tor- riano's " English and Italian Diction- ary". " Cornetta (strumento musicale da fiato), a cornet or small shauine." "Cornetto (picciol corno), a small horn ; also like cornetta." — Ferdinand Al- tieri's "Dizionario Italiano ed Inglese", Venice, 1751. 4 The cornopean, and cornet-a-pis- ton, which are first cousins, are a vast improvement on the Kent (or keyed) bugle ; for the various notes which are not included in the open scale of the instruments, are produced by valves, and legato or smooth passages may be played as delicately as they can be on a flute or clarionet ; besides, a com- plete chromatic scale can be performed, and the keys changed, by the use of crooks, ad lib. The compass, too, is very ex tensive, ranging from G below the lines to c in alt, so that any mc- I"dy may be played with the greatest facility by a master. 5 The Berpent, Bacbui or trombone, ophicleide, and bombardon, arc all bass horns. PHONIC HORNS. 131 August 1791, bfcing found nine feet below the surface. It was straight, six feet four inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter at the large extremity; and made of two pieces of willow, fastened together by a spiral band of brass, arranged in thirty-eight circumvolutions. 1 Such trumpets are called in the old Hibernian tales, buadh-vai/, or "victory's mouth-piece", and said to have been military instruments of music, used only on emergencies, and capa- ble of producing so tremendous a sound, that it might be heard at the distance of seven miles. 2 This distance, however great it may appear, sinks into insignificance when compared with the narrations of the Edda ; for it is there stated, that Heimdall, the warder of the Bridge Bifrost (the rainbow), has, for the purpose of alarming the gods in case of danger, a trumpet, called gjallar-horn, the sound of which is heard over all creation. With these straight trumpets may be classed the metal horns of our mail-coach guards and newsmen of former days. The earliest example of the newsman's horn that I can turn to at the moment, is a little wood-cut in the left-hand corner of The Weekly Journal, or British Ga- zetteer, for Feb. 21, 1719, where there is an equestrian figure with the instrument held to his mouth. In these " piping times of peace", the old newsman's horn is now almost forgotten ; but in the last century (particularly during the war), there was scarcely a town or village in the kingdom whose inmates were not aroused by the startling cry of " Great news ! Bloody news ! Ex- traordinary news ! " accompanied by many a bellowing blast from a long tin horn. The newsman's horns were of the most common description ; and I need scarcely add, that they were incapable of " discoursing most eloquent music". Before closing this paper, I must observe, that the horn appears to have been in such common use at one time in this country, that it has given name to one of our national dances — the "hornpipe"; which, says Johnson, is "a 1 See a print and description of this culiar to themselves, which, when in- trumpet in vol. iv of the " Royal Irish flated, yield a horrid echo, and instil Academy's Transactions". the terrors of war into those who are 2 Diodorus Siculus, in describing the thus called together on emergencies." Belgic Gauls, says : — " They use bar- — See Meyrick's " Costume of the Bri- baric straight trumpets, of a kind pe- tish Islands", p. 12. L32 PHONIC BOBNS. country dance danced commonly to a horn". Some sup- pose the instrument to have been the Welsh pib-corn (i. e. horn-pipe), formed of a reed pierced with six holes, and having a piece of horn at each end shaped like the bowl of a tobacco-j »i | '•', or the extremity of the Roman lituus. From a passage in Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, we may conclude that in his time the pipe and tabour were the musical accompaniments to the horn-pipe, for he says: " I saw a shole of shepheards outgo, With singing ami shotting, and jolly eheere ; Before them yode a lustie tabrere, That to the rneynie a hornepipe plaid, Whereto they dauncen eche one with his maide." In Ben Jon son's days the fiddle seems to have been employed as an accompaniment, for he says : " Let all the quicksilver in the mine, Run to the feet veins, and refine Your firkhum jerkum to a dance, Shall fetch the fid die rs out of France, To wonder at the hornpipes here Of Nottingham and Derbyshire." In the Tatler, a writer says, that " Florinda danced the Derbyshire hornpipe in the presence of several friends." And in No. clvii of the same periodical, occurs the follow- ing : — " I must not pass over in silence a Lancashire horn- pipe, by which I would signify a young country lady, who, with a great deal of mirth and innocence, diverted the company very agreeably." These passages would lead us to suppose that the different counties had their peculiar hornpipes. The exhibition upon the boards of our minor theatres, called a " Sailor's Hornpipe", is now generally accompanied by a fiddle, and not unfrequently by the refined addition of the clinking of fetters, with which the actor's limbs are adorned ! The " Post-horn Gallopade" is a recently devised dance, which is accompanied by a long brass horn ; but this will bear no comparison to the jocund merriment of our good old English country hornpipe. H. SYER CUMING. ISl t) ON Ro.MAN SErULCHRAL REMAINS, RECENTLY DISCOVERED AT WEST LODGE, COLCHESTER. In the last Part of the Journal, some further particulars were promised relative to the discoveries made by our associate, Mr. John Taylor, jun., during the winter of 1848, and the spring of the present year. Some of the details have already been published in the communications made by Mr. Taylor himself; and the members of the Association have had the gratification of inspecting the excellent coloured drawings by Mr. Penrice, shewing the urns and other vessels in groups arranged as when disco- vered, and some of the more portable objects have been forwarded by Mr. Taylor to one of our public meetings. It will be borne in mind, that West Lodge is situate on the right-hand side of the London road, between the public hospital and St. Mary's Lodge. The whole of this district, including the opposite side of the Lon- don road, as has been shewn in former volumes of our Journal, is included in the site of an extensive Roman cemetery. The numerous and interesting remains which in past years have been discovered on this side of the town of Colchester, particularly during the progress of excavations for the union workhouse, could they have been rescued from dispersion, would of themselves have constituted a museum of local antiquities unsurpassed in this country; but public bodies, in England particu- larly, have seldom evinced any disposition to preserve the works of past ages; and, solely occupied by solici- tudes and speculations devoted to the present moment, have never regarded such objects but as worthless or in- convertible into appreciable matter. Thus, as in the pre- sent instance, whenever antiquities are brought to light and preserved, the intelligence and requisite liberality spring from individuals, and it is considered fortunate if a corporation will tolerate their researches, and submit to be prevailed upon to accept, for the public benefit, the fragments rescued from the general wreck. 1 3 1 ROMAN SEPULCHRAL REMAINS. The details of the earlier discoveries at West Lodge will be found at pages 400-1, vol. iv. Up to the period of the visit of some members of the Association to Colchester, there had been collected about forty cinerary urns of various size and form, and from sixty to seventy fictile vessels, including paterae, drinking-cups, and bottles; about a dozen earthen lamps; several of the long glass vials commonly known as lacrymatories ; a glass cinerary vessel, mirrors in polished metal, coins, amber beads, portions of locks, a hasp, iron nails, animal horns and bones, and a variety of other objects. The extent of ground opened was about one acre; upwards of seven acres adjoining, which there is every reason to believe are equally abound- ing in Roman sepulchral remains, are as yet unexplored. The annexed cut, taken from a drawing by Mr. Penrice, will convey a general idea of the construction of the tile-tombs of this cemetery. This example was composed of tiles, arranged so as to form a kind of box or coffin, 1 5 in. in length by 12 wide, and enclosed an urn ly- ing on its side, contain- ing very dry and white bones, clean, and free from admixture of earth, and three small vessels, which had probablybeen used for ointments, bal- sams, or other funeral offerings. Another, similarly constructed, contained two earthen ampulla, or bottles, an urn with burnt bones, and a lamp; the spaces between the vessels being filled with a sandy earth. In the immediate neighbourhood of York, Roman tile- tombs are frequently discovered, and many examples are preserved in the public museum of that city. 1 They are 1 See the " Eburacum", or " York under the Romans". By the Rev. C. Well- belon '1 ROMAN SEPULCHRAL REMAINS. 135 most commonly formed of tiles placed one against the other, resembling the apex of the roof of a house; beneath are arranged the sepulchral vessels. These tombs are not, however, restricted to one locality, nor to any particular mode of construction; they are occasionally found in all parts of this country, as well as on the continent, varying from the simple box or chest-shape, up to a regularly built chamber of considerable size. A few years since, one was discovered in the centre of Queen-street, in the city of London, 1 which contained a human skeleton lying at full length ; in its mouth was a coin in second brass, — a fee to the ferryman of the Stygian lake. Sepulchral tiles or tombs made with tiles are alluded to by Ovid. " The manes of the dead," he observes, " exact but small offerings : piety to them is of more value than costly gifts : no greedy gods inhabit the Styx. It is suf- ficient to cover the tiles with garlands of flowers, and to scatter fruits with a little salt." 2 The word tegula in sepuLchral inscriptions is often used to denote a tomb. The largest group of sepulchral vessels consisted of fifteen in number ; namely, two large and two small earthen bottles ; six palerce; three small urn-shaped pots ; a terra- cotta lamp ; a lacrymatory ; and the fragments of a large urn. A group of twelve vessels comprised, the urn with calcined bones ; one large ampulla, and three of a small size ; two paterce of Samian ware ; an earthen lamp ; three small urn-shaped pots ; and a bottle of transparent blue glass with a long straight handle. From the scorched appearance of some of the vessels, it appeared that both of these deposits had been placed on the live embers of the fire of the funeral piles of the persons at whose obsequies they had been used. The vases and urns do not present any very novel features as regards form or ornamentation. The most peculiar type is, perhaps, that represented in , j *- , L ' ny . A in ^ rn m straw-coloured day. tlie annexed cut. Ihere are several of Height, i2j-m.; chcum.35.iu. 1 It is almost unnecessary to observe, were destroyed. The skull, however, that this curious tomb and its contents was taken to the Guildhall. • Ovid, Fasti, lib. ii, 5:35. 136 ROMAN SEPULCHRAL REMAINS. this form, of various sizes, with double handles. In Clare Hall. Cambridge, is a fine and large specimen, with a kind of herring-hone pattern running round the upper part, under the handles. It contains burnt bones and is labelled as having been found at Colchester. There is a fragment of a vase of a very unusual descrip- tion. It is in white clay and ornamented with painted figures of a man and a hound in a dark brown colour, touched with spots of white; the artistic treatment of the dog resembles that of animals on the Northamptonshire pottery, described in vol. i. The fictile lamps include some of very elegant design ; as for instance, one with a caduceus between two cornucopias which terminate in the heads of animals (fig. 1). A similar design occurs on some of the consular and early imperial coins, and also on a British coin, two examples of which, the only specimens known, have both been discovered recently, the one at Richborough, and the other at Farley Heath. On another lamp is a representation of a centaur carrying an amphora, and a third variety, here shewn (fig. 2), is in the form of a helmet. Fig. 1. — Terra-cotta lamp, half the actual size. Fig. 2. — Terra-cotta lamp. Among some sepulchral vessels lately discovered in the garden of Mr. Bunting, adjoining West Lodge and the grounds of Air. Vint, of St. Mary's Lodge, was a lamp in bronze of somewhat grotesque design, which the engraving i ' They arc engraved in the present part of the Journal. ROMAN SEPULOIIK.U, REMAINS. 137 annexed will explain better than could be done by any written description. The cus- tom of using lamps in the services of the dead was appa- rently almost universal, and of remote antiquity; the burn- ing of lights on such occa- sions is one of the idolatrous rites forbidden by the Theo- dosian code. The unphiloso- phical stories about the disco- very in sepulchres of lamps still burning, are among those common inventions of the vul- gar and credulous, who, unable to account for circumstances which do not carry with them a palpable explanation, often adopt the most absurd and irrational solutions ; these being mysterious and wonder- ful, are more acceptable to the generality of mankind than the plain and simple truth. There are several inscriptions which illustrate the custom of offering lighted lamps at the tombs of the dead ; as, for instance, the following from Gruter : Bronze lamp, hull' the actual size. HAVE . SEPTIMIA SIT . TIBI . TERRA . LEVIS QVISQVE . HVIC . TVMVLO POSVIT . ARDENTE . LVCERNAM 1LL1VS . CINERES AVREA . TERRA . TEGAT Adieu, Septimia ; may the earth lie light upon you : whoever places a burning lamp before this tomb, may a golden soil cover his ashes. Another mentions "two Cupids with their lamp stands, and the lamp of the La ares "i The use of lamps in the pagan religious ceremonies was the origin of the custom of burning candles practised by the Christian church, which was introduced at a very early period, and although at first protested against by councils 1 Cupidities n cum suis lychnuchis ct lucerna Larum.— Gruter. VOL. v. ih 1.-VS ROMAN M'.ITLCIIRAL REMAINS. and the more intelligent heads of the church, from the obvious resemblance to pagan usages, soon became gene- rally established, or rather (if we substitute a candle for a lamp), it had from ancient observance taken such firm hold upon the popular mind, that eradication of what was believed to be a necessary element of ceremonial worship, could not be effected. It may be added, there were several lamp-stands disco- vered, ail in terra-cotta, except one, which was in lead. Two of the lamps bear the makers' names, — atimktl, and stro... {Strobilist). The potters' names on the red glazed pottery, are: granio.m. — o.fronti. — of.rvfxi. — of.maio. and salvs.f. In the metallic mirrors, we also recognize an article of the toilette not unfrequently found in sepulchral deposits, which, from such objects, may be considered as indicating the graves of females. An interesting example, found in Diameter, 3J iu. Diameter, 3* in. Mirror and fragment foun