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THE 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 LEVEY AND CO., PRINTERS, GREAT NEW STREET, 
 FETTER LANE, E. C. 
 
THE 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY; 
 
 WITH 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRACING PEDIGREES AND 
 DECIPHERING ANCIENT MSS. ; 
 
 ALSO, RULES FOR THE 
 
 APPOINTMENT OF LIVERIES, ETC. ETC. 
 
 WITH THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY PLATES AND WOODCUTS. 
 
 By JOHN E. CUSSANS, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY," ETC. ETC. 
 
 Scconlr lEtittton. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 (SUCCESSORS TO JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN.) 
 
" The songs with which the Northern Bards regaled the heroes at their 
 6 feasts of shells ' were but versified chronicles of each ancestral line, sym- 
 phonied by their stirring deeds. Through the oak-fire's uncertain flame, the 
 chieftain saw descend the shadowy forms of his fathers: they came from 
 the halls of Odin as the harper swept the strings, and deployed before their 
 descendant, 4 rejoicing in the sound of their praise.' No parchment told his 
 lineage to the warrior of those days j but the heroic names were branded each 
 night upon his swelling heart by the burning numbers of the bard. 
 
 "Thus did the Northman chronicle his ancestry in those unlettered times. 
 Afterwards, when the oak-fire was extinguished, the shell thrown by, and 
 the night came no more with songs — when we reach the age of records — we 
 find this love of lineage availing itself of the new method of commemoration. 
 This strong ancestral spirit of the Norman may be traced partly to the pro- 
 found sentiment of perpetuity, which formed the principal and noblest element 
 of his character, and partly to the nature of the property to which he was 
 linked by the immemorial customs of the Teuton Race." 
 
 Warbukton : Rollo and his Race. 
 
TO 
 
 HIS ESTEEMED FRIEND, 
 
 FREDERICK T. MOTT, 
 
 OF LEICESTER, 
 
 THESE PAGES 
 ARE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PRE PACE. 
 
 TT is impossible for a modern work on Heraldry to be any 
 * other than a compilation ; and the only merit to which 
 the author can lay claim is, that he has made a judicious 
 selection from amongst the materials before him. There is, 
 of necessity, much in the following pages to 1m- found in other 
 text-books on the science ; on tin* other hand, there are several 
 subjects which apj>ear for the first time in such a work. 
 Amongst these may be mentioned the direct ions for Kin- 
 blazoning, tracing Pedigrees, deciphering ancient MSS., the 
 appointment of modern Liveries, Are.; and the c hapten on 
 French and American Heraldry. 
 
 In the treatise before the reader, the author has endea- 
 voured to divest the noble science of Armory of those frivolous 
 technicalities and conjectural interpretations to be found in 
 the works of the early Heralds ; and which, probably, by their 
 abstruseness and uncertainty, tended to render its study so 
 uninviting. Not only did the early teachers attach an 
 allegorical signification to the various Colours and Charges, 
 — in which, by the way, there is as much diversity as in the 
 books entitled "The Language of Flowers," — but they even 
 devised a separate nomenclature of the Tinctures, according 
 to the rank of the person whose Bearings they blazoned. 
 Thus, the Arms of Royalty were described by the names of 
 
viii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 celestial bodies ; of the nobility, by precious stones ; while 
 the commonalty were obliged to be content with the simple 
 Tinctures. Or; a Bend sable, if borne by a king, would be 
 blazoned as Sol; a Bend Saturn; and, if by a noble, Topaz; 
 a Bend Diamond. Other writers, again, have blazoned Arms 
 by the Signs of the Zodiac, Months of the Year, Parts of the 
 Body, the Elements, Flowers, Tempers, &c. According to 
 the last method, Or; on a Mount vert, a Buck tripping sable, 
 attired gules, would be blazoned as Blithe ; on a Mount bilious, 
 a Buck tripping melancholy, attired choleric. When Heralds 
 indulged in such puerilities, it is no matter of surprise that 
 the cause they espoused should be regarded by many persons 
 as unworthy of serious attention. 
 
 The writer, remembering the difficulties he himself en- 
 countered in mastering the rudiments of the science, has 
 endeavoured, in compiling this work, to place himself in the 
 position of the student • and has, as much as possible, avoided 
 throughout the use of terms which, though perfectly intel- 
 ligible to a proficient, would not be so to an uninitiated 
 reader. In some few instances he has not been able fully to 
 carry out his intention : whenever, therefore, a word occurs, 
 the signification of which has not been previously explained, 
 the student should refer to the Index. 
 
 J. E. C. 
 
 October i, 1868. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PA OR 
 
 Introduction xg 
 
 CHAPTER T. 
 
 The Rise and Progress of Heraldry ro 
 
 CHAPTER TL 
 
 The Accidence of Armory 
 
 CHAPTER IH. 
 
 Tinctures 4 8 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Charges : Ordinaries, Roundles, and Gutta . . . .54 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Varied Tinctures of Fields and Charges . . . 72 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Common Charges: Annuals; Birds; Fish; Reptiles and Insects ; 
 The Human Figure; Imaginary Beings; Celestial Bodies; 
 Trees, Plants, and Flowers 78 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Common Charges : Miscellaneous Inanimate Objects . . . ior 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Miscellaneous Descriptive Terms . . . . . • 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Knots, Badges, Rebuses, and Merchants' Marks . . .121 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Marks of Cadency ... . . . . . 137 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Blazoning 143 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Marshalling . . 149 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Augmentations and Abatements of Honour . . . .158 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Coronets and Helmets 162 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Crest, Wreath, Mantling, Supporters, Motto, Armes Par- 
 lantes, etc „ . . 1 71 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Degrees of the Nobility and Gentry 186 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Regal Armory of England 204 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Orders of Knighthood, Collars, etc 228 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Seals and Monuments 248 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Flags 259 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 Genealogies, etc 269 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 Hatchments 283u 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 Drawing and Emblazoning 285 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 French Heraldry 297 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 American Heraldry 304 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 Liveries . 311 
 
"Sere sfjall sTjortlte fce sTjetogtr to blase all avmm, if ge ententre 
 trtltgetttlt to pure rulgs." 
 
 ftcfceof Satnct Albans. 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " II n'y a peut-etre pas de science en apparence plus frivole, et sur 
 laquelle on ait tant et si gravement ecrit, que celle du Blazon." — 
 Chevalier de Courcelles. 
 
 T has been asserted that " he who 
 careth not whence he came, careth 
 little whither he goeth." This is 
 rather a bold statement to put forth, 
 and, like many other trite aphor- 
 isms, one probably in which truth 
 and strict propriety are sacrificed to epi- 
 grammatic force. Be this as it may, 
 indifference as to the origin of their family 
 is really felt by few ; for the pride of 
 ancestry seems to be innate in nearly 
 every one : those only affect to despise it 
 who are ignorant of their descent, and 
 can lay claim to no hereditary insignia of 
 honour — practically expressing the senti- 
 ment of Montaigne: " If we cannot attain 
 to greatness ourselves, let us have our 
 revenge by railing at it in others." 
 
 Gibbon, in his Autobiography, very 
 justly remarks: " A lively desire of know- 
 ing and recording our ancestors so gener- 
 ally prevails, that it must depend on the 
 influence of some common principle in the minds of men. 
 
i4 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 We seem to have lived in the persons of our forefathers; it 
 is the labour and reward of vanity to extend the term of 
 this ideal longevity. The satirist may laugh, the philoso- 
 pher may preach ; but Eeason herself will respect the pre- 
 judices and habits which have been consecrated by the 
 experience of mankind. Few there are who can seriously 
 despise in others an advantage of which they are secretly 
 ambitious to partake. The knowledge of our own family from 
 a remote period will always be esteemed as an abstract pre- 
 eminence, since it can never be promiscuously enjoyed. If 
 we read of some illustrious line, so ancient that it has no 
 beginning, so worthy that it ought to have no end, we 
 sympathise in its various fortunes; nor can we blame the 
 generous enthusiasm, or the harmless vanity, of those who 
 are allied to the honours of its name." 
 
 Throughout the struggle with the Eoyalists, Oliver 
 Cromwell and his adherents affected to ridicule that dignity 
 which a long and unbroken line of ancestry undoubtedly 
 confers; but no sooner was the Protector firmly established 
 in his position, than he assumed almost every kingly func- 
 tion. He was constantly addressed as " Your Highness ;" 
 his official proclamations commenced, "We, Oliver Crom- 
 well ;" his Peers of Parliament were created by patent, in the 
 margin of which was a representation of himself in regal 
 robes, with his family escutcheon containing all the quarter- 
 ings to which he was entitled ; he likewise assumed the 
 imperial crown, as it appears on the second great seal of 
 his predecessor, although he refused to be publicly invested 
 therewith. From a manuscript in the Harleian Collection, 
 preserved in the British Museum, it appears that an ex- 
 pense of nearly 1600Z. was incurred for the banners, 
 standards, pennons, badges, &c, displayed at his funeral.* 
 
 * The following note is appended at the end of the list : " The 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 So, too, at the period of the great Eevolution in France, all 
 distinctions of rank and title were abrogated — even that 
 of "Monsieur;" but in a short time a new noblesse arose 
 — not constructed out of the old aristocratic party, but, as 
 Madame de Stael observes, of the partisans of equality. 
 And this process of spontaneous creation of superior rank 
 has always existed, and must continue to exist, amongst 
 all people, and in all ages, as long as the power which 
 wealth or ability naturally exercises, is acknowledged. 
 
 But, it may be urged, what actual service can the obso- 
 lete jargon and grotesque monstrosities of the old heralds 
 possibly render in this eminently practical age ? Much, 
 every way. If the study and practice of Heraldry served but 
 to gratify the vanity of a few, and to excite the envy of many, 
 then, indeed, would its teachings be useless — nay, worse than 
 useless — absolutely pernicious. But, happily, this charming 
 science has higher and nobler purposes to serve; its scope 
 and influence are far more extended. Many are the inci- 
 dents, but faintly written in the pages of history, which 
 would have remained for ever dark and illegible, but for the 
 light flashed on them by the torch of Heraldry. A shield 
 of Arms, a Badge, or a Rebus depicted on a glass window, 
 painted on a wall, carved on a corbel or monument, will 
 frequently indicate, with unerring precision, the date to 
 which such relics are to be ascribed, and whose memory 
 they are intended to perpetuate, when all verbal descriptions 
 are wanting ; and the identity of many an old portrait rests 
 on no other authority than that of a coat of Arms painted at 
 the side. Mr. C. James, in his recent work, entitled Scot- 
 land in the Middle Ages, writes : " For the pursuit of family 
 
 whole expense of the Protector's funeral amounted to 28,oooZ. The 
 undertaker was mr. Kolt, who was payde but a small part, if any, of 
 his bill/' 
 
1 6 HANDB OK OF HEBALDR Y. 
 
 history, of topographical and territorial learning, of ecele- 
 siology, of architecture, it is altogether indispensable; 
 and its total and contemptuous neglect in this country 
 (Scotland), is one of the causes why a Scotchman can rarely 
 speak or write on any of these subjects without being 
 exposed to the charge of using a language he does not 
 understand." 
 
 It is not to the antiquary and archaeologist alone, how- 
 ever, that its teachings are valuable. Scarcely an hour 
 passes but some branch of the science is presented to our 
 notice ; and the education of no gentleman can be deemed 
 complete which does not include, at least, an elementary 
 knowledge of the subject. To one who is totally unac- 
 quainted with heraldic usances and phraseology, the writ- 
 ings of many of our best and most entertaining authors 
 lose half their interest. The historical romances of Sir 
 Walter Scott abound in armorial allusions. In Marmion, for 
 example, we read — 
 
 " The ruddy lion, ramped in gold." 
 
 Now, unless we were previously aware that a Red Lion 
 rampant, on a gold field, within a tressure or border, was 
 the device emblazoned on the standard of Scotland, this 
 line would be unintelligible. How utterly devoid of mean- 
 ing must be the opening speech of Shakespeare's Richard 
 the Third, 
 
 11 Now is the winter of our discontent 
 Made glorious summer by this sun of York," 
 
 to a person who is unacquainted with the fact that the Rose- 
 en-Soleil, or White Eose placed within a Sun, was the badge 
 assumed by Edward IV. after the Battle of Mortimer's 
 Cross! In the last act of the same drama, Richmond, 
 addressing his followers, says : 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 17 
 
 " The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar, 
 That spoiled your summer fields and fruitful vines, 
 * * * this foul swine 
 
 Lies now even in the centre of this isle," &c. 
 
 Richard is here typified as the "Boar," that being his 
 Cognisance or Badge. Unless, too, we know that " Lucies" 
 is the heraldic term for pike — which fish were borne as arms 
 by Sir Thomas Lucy, whom Shakespeare had good reason 
 to dislike — we entirely miss the point of the somewhat 
 coarse humour in the first scene of the Merry Wives of 
 Windsor. Innumerable examples of a similar nature might 
 be adduced, illustrative of the absolute necessity of pos- 
 sessing some knowledge of Heraldry. 
 
 Again, we see a Hatchment placed in front of a mansion: 
 to the uninitiated in armorial lore, this is but an unsightly 
 diamond-shaped frame, covered with grotesque figures and 
 scrawls ; but to one who possesses but an elementary know- 
 ledge of the subject, a Hatchment is full of meaning. He 
 sees at a glance that it is exhibited by a widow in memory 
 of her deceased husband. The Badge of Ulster — a red Hand 
 on a silver inescutcheon — bespeaks him to have enjoyed 
 the rank of a Baronet ; while the well-known motto, Tria 
 juncta in uno, surrounding his shield, proclaims him to 
 have been decorated with the Order of the Bath. It is 
 seen, also, that his wife was an heiress, and the daughter of 
 a Duke. 
 
 Another purpose does Heraldry sometimes serve, which 
 will, probably, be fully appreciated in this utilitarian age. 
 In cases where lineal descendants have been wanting, 
 armorial bearings have frequently been the means of 
 indicating the consanguinity of collateral branches of the 
 family, and thereby evincing their right of inheritance. 
 A remarkable instance of the signal service thus rendered 
 
1 8 HANDB OK OF HEBALDB Y. 
 
 by Heraldry is given by Lord Eldon : " While a barrister 
 on the Northern circuit," writes his Lordship, " I was 
 counsel in a cause, the fate of which depended on our 
 being able to make out who was the founder of an ancient 
 chapel in the neighbourhood. I went to view it. There 
 was nothing to be observed which gave any indication of its 
 date or history ; however, I observed that the Ten Com- 
 mandments were written on some old plaster, which, from 
 its position, I conjectured might cover an arch. Acting 
 on this, I bribed the clerk with five shillings to allow me 
 to chip away a part of the plaster ; and, after two or three 
 attempts, I found the keystone of an arch, on which were 
 engraved the arms of an ancestor of one of the parties in 
 the law-case. This evidence decided the cause, and I ever 
 afterwards had reason to remember with some satisfaction 
 my having on that occasion broken the Ten Command- 
 ments." Mr. Bigland bears further testimony to the 
 practical value of Heraldry; for, in his Observations on 
 Parochial Registers, he writes : " I know three families 
 who have acquired estates by virtue of preserving the arms 
 and escutcheons of their ancestors." After these convincing 
 proofs, who shall say that the study and practice of Heraldry 
 is attended with no beneficial results ? 
 
 Lion passant guardant, from a Window in Ely Cathedral. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF HERALDRY. 
 
 " Coates of Armes were inuented, by our wise auncestors, to these 
 3 ends: The first was, to honour and adorne the family of him 
 that had well deserued towardes his country e. The seconde, to make 
 him more worthy and famous aboue the rest, which had not done 
 merit, and thereby they might be prouoked to doe the like. The third 
 was, to differ out the seuerall lignes and issues, from the noble aunces- 
 tor descending ; so that the eldest borne might be known from the 
 second, and he from the thirde, &c." — Sir John Ferne. 
 
 HE science of Heraldry, or, more justly 
 speaking, Armory, which is but one 
 branch of Heraldry, is, without doubt, 
 of very ancient origin. Enthusiasts 
 there have been, such as Morgan, who 
 assert that our first parents were the 
 lawful bearers of " cote-armure." To 
 Adam was assigned a shield gules, and 
 to Eve another, argent: which latter 
 Adam bore over his as an inescutcheon, 
 his wife being sole heiress. The same 
 authority informs us that, after the 
 fall, Adam bore a garland of fig-leaves, which Abel quartered 
 with argent; an apple vert, in right of his mother. In the 
 Bole of Si Allan's, printed in i486, we read, amongst 
 other startling announcements, that, " Of the oflfspringe of 
 
20 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 the gentilman Japeth came Habraham, Moyses, Aron, and 
 the profettys, and also the Kyng of the right lyne of Mary, 
 of whom that gentilman Jhesus, ... by his modre 
 Mary, prynce of cote-armure." Ferne, in his Blazon of 
 Gentrie, assigns distinctive armorial bearings to the ancient 
 Egyptian kings, and to the gods of the Eoman mythology. 
 The arms of Alexander the Great were, according to Gerard 
 Leigh, " Gules ; a golden lyon sitting on a chayer, and holding 
 a hattayle-axe of silver'" — which arms, together with those 
 of eight other famous personages, constituting the Nine 
 Worthies, were formerly, and I believe still are, to be seen 
 sculptured in Gloucester Cathedral. The learned Bolton 
 could find no more profitable employment for his time than 
 by tracing or inventing arms for almost all the heroes of 
 antiquity ; amongst others, for Caspar and Balthazar, two 
 of the kings who offered gifts to the Infant Jesus at Beth- 
 lehem : of the third king, strange to say, no mention is 
 made. 
 
 From both sacred and profane history, we learn that it 
 was the custom from the earliest ages for various communi- 
 ties to adopt some peculiar device or symbolical sign, 
 which, when depicted upon their standards, afforded a 
 ready means of distinguishing one army from another 
 amidst the confusion of battle.* These insignia were 
 originally confined solely to nations ; in process of time, 
 military commanders adopted similar devices ; and, still 
 later, they were used generally by individuals, as at the 
 present time. History affords innumerable examples of 
 national insignia, of which the Egyptian Ox, the Athenian 
 Owl, and the Boman Eagle, are familiar to every one. 
 Sophocles, Herodotus, Virgil, and other ancient writers, 
 give minute descriptions of the devices represented on 
 * Numbers ii. 2 ; Psalms xx. 5 ; lx. 4 ; Isaiah xiii. 2. 
 
RISE AND PROGRESS OF HERALDRY. 
 
 21 
 
 the shields of their heroes;* but these can scarcely be 
 considered as heraldic charges, although it was from 
 this source that Heraldry undoubtedly took its rise. The 
 White Horse of the Saxons, and the Palm-tree and 
 Crocodile of the City of Nismes, were borne long anterior 
 to the period in which a system of Armory was established; 
 but these devices were never, as far as we can learn, em- 
 blazoned on shields. When, subsequently, Heraldry took 
 a tangible form, and was brought within the compass of 
 a science, these insignia were naturally retained. 
 
 " The Scriptures gave the standards or symbols of the 
 Jewish tribes. By providing the chiefs of the Goths and 
 Vandals with similar insignia, the art of Blazonry was 
 traced to an origin almost equally primaeval. Antiquity 
 being the main object, antiquity was taken by storm; 
 while the violent invasion of truth was concealed by mysti- 
 cism. In short, the herald's science, like many others, 
 was guarded by its peculiar priesthood, who considered 
 their interest as in a great degree consisting in mystery — 
 whose traditional information afforded little light to them- 
 selves." — Gentleman's Magazine, December 1829. 
 
 Leaving these questionable records of Armory, let us 
 come at once to the period from which it can legitimately 
 date as a science. This is probably not earlier than the 
 twelfth century; for although, as I have already stated, 
 standards bearing particular devices have served to dis- 
 tinguish communities during all ages, yet the earliest well- 
 authenticated example of an heraldic charge, properly so 
 called, adopted by an individual, is found on a seal of Phil- 
 lip, Count of Flanders, bearing date 11 64, which device 
 
 * Septem contra Thebas, lines 380 to 646. jEneid, lib. ii. lines 
 386 to 392 ; lib. vii. line 657; lib. x. lines 180 to 188. Herodotus: 
 Clio, g 171 ; Calliope, g 74. 
 
22 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 is a Lion rampant Alexander Nisbet affirms that this same 
 charge was borne by Robert le Frison ninety years pre- 
 viously, but of this there exists no positive proof. Stephen, 
 Earl of Richmond, anno 1137, is represented on his seal 
 as bearing on his right arm a shield charged with figures 
 resembling Fhurs-de-lys ; but it is very probable that this 
 device was simply used as diapering, and was not intended as 
 an armorial bearing. Diapering, as a method of relieving the 
 monotony of a plain surface, was very early practised ; and 
 to this custom must be ascribed the curious 
 fact that a chessman, preserved in the Biblio- 
 theque Nationale at Paris, and supposed to 
 have belonged to Charlemagne (temp. 827), 
 is represented supporting a shield, apparently 
 fretty. The pattern, however, on this shield 
 so much resembles the general features of 
 the diapering displayed on the tablet to 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet (fig. 131), that there seems little 
 room to doubt but that the design in both was the same. 
 
 There certainly are manuscripts extant of the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries in which the Saxon kings appear 
 with their shields duly charged 5 but it must be borne in 
 mind that chroniclers have ever been given to anachronisms, 
 when no authentic record has been before them, which the 
 following instance — one out of many that might be adduced 
 — sufficiently proves. In 1087, William I. directed a 
 number of knights to take possession of the monastery 
 at Ely. Their portraits and arms were subsequently painted 
 and exhibited in the great hall; but it is curious to 
 observe that the knights are represented as wearing round 
 helmets — which fashion was not adopted until the four- 
 teenth century — while the form of their shields, on which 
 their arms are depicted, is still more modern. When, 
 
RISE AND PROGRESS OF HERALDRY. 23 
 
 therefore, we find a warrior encased in armour of a descrip- 
 tion which we know was not in vogue during the period 
 in which he lived, the accuracy of the other portions of 
 the drawing must be regarded with suspicion. 
 
 Seals are, of all records, those on which the greatest 
 reliance can be placed; for being contemporary witnesses, 
 no doubt can exist of their historical value. It is much 
 to be regretted that so few matrices, or their impressions, 
 remain to us. Several circumstances have tended to their 
 destruction. In the first place, seals were frequently effaced 
 during the lifetime of their possessors, or by their imme- 
 diate successors, to prevent any fraudulent use being made 
 of them;* for when but few persons could write their 
 names, a seal attached to a document answered the purpose 
 of a signature ; and until the reign of Richard II., they 
 constituted the only marks of attestation affixed to royal 
 deeds and charters. Indeed, the Latin word signum was 
 used indifferently to express either an impression on wax, 
 or a sign manual. Again, being sometimes fashioned in 
 gold or silver, or engraved on precious stones, such as were 
 not destroyed by the owners were frequently purloined 
 for their intrinsic value. Wax impressions being so fragile, 
 it is not surprising that so few should have survived. Until 
 comparatively of late years, they were seldom preserved out 
 of mere curiosity, or it is possible that some of an earlier 
 date than 1 1 64 might be discovered, charged with arms. 
 
 The arms assigned to Edward the Confessor (a.d. 
 1065) are a Cross patonce, surrounded by five Martlets. 
 
 * A relic of the ancient custom of destroying disused seals sur- 
 vives unto the present time, with regard to the Great Seal of England. 
 On the accession of a monarch to the throne, he strikes the seal of 
 his predecessor with a hammer; it is then declared to be broken, and 
 becomes the perquisite of the Lord Chancellor. 
 
24 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 This is a legitimate heraldic charge ; but the earliest and 
 chief authority on which the assumption is based, that the 
 Confessor actually bore a shield so emblazoned, is found on 
 the tomb of Henry III. in Westminster Abbey, on which it 
 was sculptured during the reign of Edward II. — nearly 
 three centuries after the Confessor's death. The floor of 
 the guard-chamber in the Allay e aux Hommes, at Caen — 
 founded in the year 1 064 — is partly paved with tiles bear- 
 ing armorial devices, which several writers have adduced as 
 a proof that Heraldry was understood and practised at that 
 early period ; but, unfortunately for this theory, one of the 
 tiles is seme of Fleurs-de-lys, probably intended for the Arms 
 of France, but which were not adopted as such for nearly 1 00 
 years later : on another of the tiles, Arms are represented 
 as quartered, which system was not devised until the close 
 of the thirteenth century. The shield of Magnaville, 
 Eakl of Essex, who died in the year 11 44, and whose 
 monumental effigy is in the Temple Church, appears 
 charged with an heraldic device — an Escarluncle — which 
 Arms, if really borne by him, constitute the oldest example 
 extant in England ; but in the Roll of Arms compiled in 
 the reign of Edward II., the arms of Magistaville are given 
 as Quarterly, or and gules, without any Escarbuncle ; and on 
 the seal of Humphrey de Bohot, Earl of Hereford 
 and Essex (a.d. 1297-1321), the same arms are repeated. 
 This monument in the Temple has been attributed to Earl 
 Magnaville on the authority of a Chronicle of Walden Abbey, 
 which bears internal evidence of having been written as late 
 as 1409, at which time the identity of the monument was 
 probably as much a matter of speculation as at the present 
 day. 
 
 If armorial distinctions had been in vogue at the time 
 of the Conquest, the tapestry at Bayeux would certainly 
 
BISE AND PBOGBESS OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 afford corroborative proof. In this marvellous work, in 
 which minute details are scrupulously noticed, there is 
 nothing which can be legitimately considered as a repre- 
 sentation of arms : perhaps the nearest approach thereto is a 
 plain cross charged upon the flag of a Norman vessel. In 
 another portion of the tapestry, William appears holding 
 a small banner similarly charged ; but the two Lions or 
 Leopards ascribed to him, and sculptured on his monument 
 at Caen in the year 1642, are nowhere to be seen. Many 
 - of the shields of the Normans appear as charged with 
 Bordures, Crosses, Fesses, and Roundles; but from the 
 irregular manner in which they are disposed, as well as 
 from their frequent repetition, I am inclined to think that 
 these figures are but bands and bosses for the purpose of 
 strengthening the shields ; especially as in one place a Bor- 
 dure appears on the inside of a shield. The Roundles, strange 
 to say, are only depicted on the shields in battle-scenes, from 
 which I infer that it is possible they were in- 
 tended to represent marks and indentations caused 
 by the weapons of the enemy. The prominent 
 leaders, moreover, who appear as bearing these 
 shields, are not in other scenes distinguished by 
 the same devices. On the cornice of the tomb of 
 Elizabeth, in King Henry VII.'s Chapel, the 
 arms ascribed to the Conqueror are actually impaled with 
 those of his wife Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, fifth 
 Earl of Flanders. This flagrant example of anachronism 
 in representing two coats of arms as impaled in the eleventh 
 century, which system was unknown until many years later, 
 shows how little dependence is to be placed on records com- 
 piled at a subsequent period to that in which the occurrences 
 they celebrate were enacted. 
 
 In an account mitten by John, a monk of Marmoustier 
 
26 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HER ALB BY. 
 
 in Touraine, about the year 1130, of the knighthood of 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet, subsequent to his marriage with 
 Maude, daughter of Henry I., it is stated that he was 
 invested with a hauberk, chausses, and gilt spurs ; and a 
 shield charged with little Lions of gold was hung upon his 
 neck ; and on an enamelled plate preserved in the Museum 
 at Mans, he is represented as bearing a long, kite-shaped 
 shield, azure, charged with six Lions rampant, or ; three, two, 
 and one; and his grandson, William Longesp:ee, Eakl of 
 Salisbury, appears with the same arms in Salisbury . 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Stephen, on his Great Seal, appears on horseback, hold- 
 ing on his arm a long Norman shield, uncharged. This is 
 a very significant fact, and plainly proves that, even if his 
 predecessors did exhibit two Lions on their shields, they 
 were only personal Arms, and not considered as heredi- 
 tary. It has been commonly asserted that Henry II. 
 added a third Lion, in right of his wife, Eleanor of Aqui- 
 taine, to the two he already emblazoned; and from that 
 time (a.d. i i 54), Three Lions passant guardant in pale, have 
 been the national Arms of England : yet, in 1 190, we find 
 the seal of Eichard I. charged with a Lion counter- 
 rampant* On his return from Palestine, he devised another 
 seal, on which the three Lions were represented as they still 
 remain in the Royal Arms. 
 
 It therefore appears from the instances adduced that 
 armorial devices were first probably borne by kings and 
 nobles, as personal decorations, during the twelfth century ; 
 but it was not until the reign of Henry III. that 
 Heraldry was reduced to any thing like a definite system, 
 
 * It is possible that this shield is intended to represent two Lions 
 combattant, which arms he bore as Count of Aquitaine ; but from its 
 convex form, only one is visible. 
 
RISE AND PROGRESS OF HERALDRY. 
 
 and was worthy the title of a science. Mr. W. S. Ellis, who 
 leans to the belief that Armory was practised as a science 
 before the time of the Norman Conquest, says that, in the 
 twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the descendants of those 
 nobles who accompanied the Conqueror to England bore 
 the same Arms as their kinsmen still resident in Normandy. 
 If this be actually the case — which, in absence of positive 
 proof, I am inclined to doubt — it would go far to prove that 
 both must have had a common origin, prior to the eleventh 
 century. 
 
 To the Tournaments originating in Germany, and pass- 
 ing successively to France and England, must be attributed, 
 in a great measure, the introduction of individual Armorial 
 bearings. These exercises were regarded with great favour 
 by the early English monarchs, as they served to familiarise 
 the nobles with the use of arms, and to foster a spirit of 
 chivalrous daring amongst them. It was the custom, in these 
 encounters, for the combatants to assume some conspicuous 
 device or figure — at first arbitrarily, but which in many 
 instances was retained as an hereditary mark of distinction 
 — by which they could be easily recognised, when their 
 features were concealed by their helmets. Single figures 
 would naturally constitute the earliest charges ; and such 
 Arms are generally considered the most honourable, as they 
 imply that they are the most ancient. Towards the close of 
 the twelfth and commencement of the thirteenth centuries, 
 however, so many fresh claimants had established their 
 right to Armorial bearings, that several distinct charges 
 were displayed on one shield, in order to produce a composi- 
 tion differing from any then in existence. 
 
 When the Hermit Peter, animated by religious enthu- 
 siasm, induced the flower of European chivalry to take up 
 arms against the infidel Saracens, it became necessary for 
 
28 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 the immense army which assembled, composed of so many 
 different nationalities, to adopt certain distinctive insignia, 
 whilst engaged in the expedition. Thus, the English had a 
 white Cross sewn or embroidered on the right shoulder of 
 their surcoats ; the French were distinguished in a similar 
 manner by a red Cross ; the Flemings adopted a green Cross ; 
 and the Crusaders from the Eoman States bore two keys in 
 saltire.* These, however, were but general distinctions : 
 individuals, with but few exceptions, had not yet assumed 
 personal Arms. As a further means of inducing alike the 
 devout and the daring to embark in the glorious enter- 
 prise, not only was plenary absolution granted by the 
 Church for all past and future sins, but the soldier, of what- 
 ever rank, who, fighting under the Banner of the Cross, 
 slew an infidel, was declared Noble,f and, as such, was per- 
 mitted to assume whatever device his fancy might dictate, 
 as a memento of the gallant exploit. Hence arose a multi- 
 tude of charges hitherto unknown in Armory ; such as 
 Palmers" staves ; Escallop-shells — the badge of the pilgrims 
 to the shrine of St. Peter at Eome ; Bezants — gold coins of 
 Byzantium ; Water-lougets — leathern vessels for containing 
 water; Passion-nails ; Crescents; Saracens' heads ; Paschal 
 lambs; Scimitars, &c. : but the Cross being the object of 
 the greatest veneration, it is natural to suppose that it 
 was more in favour as a device than any other, — and num- 
 
 * Lithgow, a Scotchman, who, in the reign of James I., published 
 an account of his travels in the East, states that all the 
 pilgrims with whom he journeyed towards Jerusalem were 
 marked on the arm with a device (as in the margin), re- 
 sembling that borne by the ancient Crusader-kings of 
 Jerusalem, — which was, Argent; a cross pomrne, and sub- 
 sequently, potent, between four others humette y or, 
 f This deed is specially mentioned in the Bdke of St. Allan's as 
 qualifying a person to bear " cote-armure." 
 
RISE AND PBOGBESS OF HEBALDBY. 29 
 
 berless modifications of its form were devised for this pur- 
 pose, as will be seen hereafter. To the Crusaders, too, 
 are we probably indebted for the introduction of such 
 grotesque figures as the Wyvern, Dragon, Harpy, &c, and 
 similar monstrosities, which clearly indicate an Eastern 
 origin. 
 
 Before Coats of Arms were considered as hereditary pos- 
 sessions, a knight of noble birth bore his shield plain, until 
 by some martial exploit he had achieved for himself the right 
 of bearing a device. In allusion to this, the Welsh bard, 
 Hywel al Owain G-wynedd, in a poem supposed to be written 
 about the year 11 76, thus laments his failure in obtaining 
 the prize at a national contest : " Another has been the suc- 
 cessful competitor ; he carries the apple-spray, the emblem 
 of victory : whilst my shield remains white upon my shoul- 
 der, not blazoned with the desired achievement." On be- 
 coming entitled to bear a charge upon his escutcheon, a knight 
 was permitted to assume whatever Arms he pleased, pro- 
 vided they had not been previously appropriated by another : 
 but at that period, when travelling was expensive, and com- 
 munication necessarily restricted, — before the College of 
 Heralds was in existence, and authentic records of Armorial 
 Bearings could be readily obtained, — many mistakes and dis- 
 putes as to the rightful ownership of certain Arms naturally 
 arose. If arbitration failed to induce either claimant to 
 resign Arms which both had adopted, the dispute was settled 
 by single combat, in which strength was deemed innocence, 
 and weakness, guilt. One of the most remarkable instances 
 in which recourse was had to arms to settle a difficulty of 
 this kind was in the year 1389, when no less than three 
 families, Scrope, Carnignow, and Grosvenor, bore similar 
 arms — Azure; a lend or. The contest between Scrope 
 and Carnignow was not conclusive, and ultimately both 
 
 c 
 
3 o 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 families were permitted to bear the same Arms, as they 
 do at the present day. In the trial which ensued between 
 Lord Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, the latter was 
 forbidden to carry such Arms unless he surmounted them 
 with a silver Bordure as a dimidiation. This he refused to 
 do ; and assumed in its stead, Azure; a Garb (wheatsheaf) 
 or, part of the arms of the Earldom of Chester, to which 
 he was entitled by descent from Randolf de Meschikes.* 
 A knight was also permitted to adopt for his Arms those 
 of a vanquished enemy. The Badge and Motto of the 
 King of Bohemia, adopted by Edward, Prince of Wales, 
 after the battle of Cressy, furnishes a familiar example 
 of Armorial Bearings obtained in this manner. Bossewel 
 writes on this subject : " If an English man in field doo 
 put to flight any gentleman, enemy to his Prince, . . . 
 he may honor his own cote in the sinister quarter with 
 the proper. cote of the gentleman so fled away." In Isaacke's 
 Remains of Exeter, it is stated that Bobert Carey, in the 
 reign of Henry V., engaged in a trial of arms, at Smith- 
 field, with a Spanish knight, whom he defeated ; " and 
 whereas, by the law of Heraldry, whosoever fairly in the field 
 conquered his adversary might justify the wearing and 
 bearing of his arms whom he overcame, he accordingly took 
 on him the coat-armour of the Arragonese, being, Argent; on 
 a Bend sable, three Roses of the first, which is ever since 
 borne by the name of Carey, whose ancient coat of arms 
 was, Gules ; a Chevron argent, between three Swans proper, one 
 whereof they still retain in their crest." 
 
 So thoroughly were nobles identified with the arms they 
 bore, that in an old ballad, entitled " The Battle of Towton," 
 written in the fifteenth century, the various knights who 
 took part in the engagement are enumerated, not by name, 
 * See Hearne's Collection of Curious Discoveries, vol. ii. No. 39. 
 
RISE AND PRO QBE SS OF HERALDRY. 
 
 3i 
 
 but by the Badges which they wore, as the following brief 
 extract will show : 
 
 " The way unto the North contre, the Rose* ful fast he sought ; 
 W l hym wente y e Ragged Staf,f y l many men dere bought ; 
 The Fisshe H6ke\ came into the felde w l ful egre mode, 
 So did the Cornysshe Ohowghe,§ and brought forth all hirbrode," &c. 
 
 As early as the reign of King John, we find, by the seal 
 of that monarch, that it was the custom for nobles to wear 
 a Surcoat, or long loose robe, over their armour ; originally 
 intended, as stated in the thirty-ninth stanza of the Avow- 
 ynge of King Arthur, a romance of the fourteenth century, 
 for the purpose of protecting the hauberk from the rain and 
 from the heat of the sun, which would render the armour 
 uncomfortable to the wearer. || In an illumination of the 
 time of Richard II., archers are represented as wearing sur- 
 coats of leather, called jacques (from whence our modern 
 " jacket"), over their hauberks of edge-ringed mail ; and in the 
 Chronicles of Bertrand de Guesclin, written about the same 
 period, we read, "S'avoit chascun un jacque par dessus 
 son haubert." On the Surcoats of nobles were subsequently 
 embroidered their Armorial Bearings, in coloured silk and 
 metal ; and on the jacques of common soldiers, their lord's 
 Badge, worked in worsted or other inexpensive material. 
 The custom of thus depicting Arms seems to have been 
 adopted about the close of the thirteenth century : the 
 earliest examples being the seal of Edward I., and a 
 brass to Sir Robert de Stetvans, at Chartram, in 
 Kent. It is probable that Armorial Bearings were for- 
 
 * Earl of March. f Earl of Warwick. 
 
 % Lord Fauconberg. £ Lord Scrope of Bolton. 
 
 || " Gay gownes of green, 
 
 To hold their armour clean, 
 
 And keep it from the wet." 
 
3* 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 merly depicted on many of the plain surcoats which we see 
 on monumental effigies, but which have become obliterated 
 by time. 
 
 In the Canterbury Tales, the knight relates how 
 
 " thei founde, 
 Thurgh girt with mony a grevous blody wounde, 
 Two yonge knightes liggyng by and by (side by side), 
 Both in oon armes clad ful richely ; 
 Not fully quyk, ne fully deed thei were, 
 But by here coote-armure, and by here gere, 
 Heraudes knew them well." 
 
 So universally was the practice of embroidering arms 
 upon the Surcoat adopted, that (according to Sir Thomas de 
 la More) Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, lost 
 his life at Bannockburn by neglecting, in his haste, to put on 
 his Surcoat : being taken prisoner, his captors, judging from 
 the absence of his insignia of nobility that he was not worth 
 a ransom, put him to death. 
 
 The long Surcoat proving inconvenient to the wearer 
 when on foot, the front part was, towards the end of the 
 reign of Edward II., cut off at the waist, still leaving the gar- 
 ment flowing behind : thus modified, it was termed a Cyclas, 
 or Ciclaton. Prince John Plantagenet, " of Eltham," is 
 represented on his monumental effigy in Westminster 
 Abbey, anno 1337, as wearing a Cyclas, which reaches below 
 the knees behind, and to the thighs in front, being open at the 
 sides as far as the hips ; and on the west front of Exeter 
 Cathedral are the figures of two knights similarly habited. 
 Although it was not adopted as a knightly garment until the 
 early part of the fourteenth century, the Cyclas was in use 
 many years before, as appears from Matthew Paris, who, in 
 describing the pageants attending the marriage of Henry III. 
 with Eleanor of Provence, in 1 23 6, writes, that the citizens 
 
RISE AND PROGRESS OF HERALDRY. 
 
 33 
 
 of London " were adorned with silk garments, and enve- 
 loped in cyclases woven with gold." 
 
 The Cyclas then gave way to the Jupon, which was a 
 surcoat without sleeves, reaching only to the waist. At the 
 period when the Jupon was in fashion, the custom of making 
 elaborate and costly display of Armorial Bearings on garments 
 reached its zenith. Of all the follies indulged in by that 
 weak-minded and luxurious sovereign, Eichard II., extrava- 
 gance of dress was perhaps the chief. Hitherto, the surcoat, 
 under its various forms, was worn only by warriors when 
 actually engaged in the field ; but now every one attending 
 the sumptuous court of that effeminate monarch appeared in 
 a jupon of the most costly description, on which, as well as 
 on other articles of dress, were depicted, in silk, tissue, and 
 beaten gold, the Arms of the wearer. 
 
 The Jupon did not long remain in vogue ; for, in the early 
 part of the succeeding reign, we find it superseded by the 
 Tabard. The Tabard was originally a loose garment com- 
 monly worn by labourers, somewhat resembling the modern 
 smock-frock.* In the Fhwmaris Prologue, attributed to 
 Chaucer, we read, 
 
 " He tooke hys tabarde, and hys staffe eke, 
 And on hys heade he set hys hatte 
 
 and, again : 
 
 " In a tabarde he rood upon a mere." 
 
 * In some parts of Devonshire, the word is still used : a long apron 
 suspended by a string from the neck, and fastened around the waist, 
 in the manner adopted by brewers' draymen, is called a tabby. It is 
 possible, however, that this word is but a corruption of the French 
 tablier ; the Devonshire dialect, especially that of the southern part 
 of the county, having many words derived from that source : for ex- 
 ample, J* goahy," left-handed; "foche" (forche), the fork of a rood. 
 
34 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HUB ALB BY. 
 
 The Tabard, as formerly worn by Nobles — and which 
 still constitutes a conspicuous part of 
 the Herald's official costume — descended 
 to a little below the waist, and was fur- 
 nished with square or rounded sleeves, 
 extending nearly to the elbows. It was 
 open at the sides; and the Armorial 
 Bearings of the wearer were emblazoned 
 both on the front and back, as well as 
 on the sleeves. 
 
 The peculiar shape of the Tabard 
 at page 39 is occasioned by the sword- 
 ^i^S^dS& belt which encircles the knight's body. 
 
 Sussex ' The hilt of the sword, and the upraised 
 
 hands, which in the brass appear in front of the Tabard, 
 are omitted. The monument of Sir John PECHfi, in Lil- 
 lingstone Church, Kent, affords a magnificent example of 
 this knightly garment. Heralds formerly bore the Royal 
 Arms upon their Tabards, so that they might be recognised 
 at a distance, and allowed to pass unmolested, when bearing 
 a message to a hostile party ; and Gerard Leigh mentions 
 that he once saw a Herald, " for lack of the queen's coat of 
 arms, take two trumpet-banners, and, by fastening them to- 
 gether, formed a tabard." From the custom of thus depict- 
 ing Armorial Bearings on the Surcoat, arose the term " Coat 
 of Arms ;" which has since become more extended in its sig- 
 nification, and is frequently used to express a Shield of Arms. 
 
 Not only were Arms emblazoned on the Shield, Banner, 
 or Pennon, and Surcoat of a Knight, but they were profusely 
 scattered over the Caparisons of his Charger. The earliest 
 example of this practice occurs on the Great Seal of Ed- 
 ward I. Ladies were also permitted to charge upon their 
 garments their Paternal Arms, as well as those to which they 
 
BISE AND PBOGBESS OF HEBALDBY. 35 
 
 became entitled by marriage. On this subject I shall have 
 more to say hereafter, when treating on Monumental Heraldry. 
 The custom of engraving Arms on plate, and articles of 
 domestic use, seems to have obtained at a very early date, as 
 appears from an inventory of the Crown Jewels taken in 1 334, 
 at which time many of the articles therein enumerated bore 
 the Royal Badges. Edmund Mortimer, Eael of March, 
 by his will bearing date 1380, bequeathed a silver spice-box, 
 engraved with his Arms, to Gilbert, Bishop of Hereford ; and, 
 twelve years later, Richard, Earl of Arundel, devised to 
 his son " a silk bed, with a half tester, or canopy, embroidered 
 with the quartered arms of Arundel and Warren." Amongst 
 the legacies bequeathed by Eleanor Bohun, dowager Duch- 
 ess of Gloucester, who died in 1 399, was " a Psalter, richly 
 illuminated, with clasps of enamelled gold, with white swans, 
 and the arms of my lord and father enamelled on the clasps." 
 
 It is almost needless to remind the reader how largely 
 Heraldry was employed as an ornamental accessory to Archi- 
 tecture. During the reigns of the first three Edwards, 
 comprising what is commonly known as the Decorated 
 Period, Armorial devices were introduced in the principal 
 edifices to a considerable extent, of which the Cathedrals of 
 Canterbury and York afford noble examples : but when the 
 Decorated gave place to the Perpendicular style of archi- 
 tecture, Heraldic devices and shields of Arms were employed 
 to a still greater extent, and formed an integral part of the 
 design. Placed alone, held in the hands of saints, or sup- 
 ported by grotesque figures, they form corbeilles and 
 brackets ; and are frequently to be found over doorways and 
 windows, on the spandrils of subsillia, or stone benches ; 
 enriching gables and dripstones ; on the altar ; and in com- 
 partments of monuments and fonts. That Armorial Bearings 
 were not thus displayed merely for the purpose of gratifying 
 
3 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 personal vanity, but rather as forming an important element 
 in the architectural plan, is evident from the fact that very 
 many shields still remain uncharged. In like manner were 
 niches contrived, which, though at the time of building they 
 contained no statues, were evidently intended for their sub- 
 sequent reception. It may readily be imagined that when 
 Heraldry was a living science, and the possession of arms 
 an indubitable mark of honour, not to be acquired by 
 wealth alone, such evidences of hereditary dignity should be 
 conspicuously displayed in the castles and mansions of the 
 Nobility. Within and without, on the windows, walls, gates, 
 battlements, and vanes, were exhibited the devices of their 
 illustrious owners. Shakespeare, in allusion to the practice 
 of emblazoning arms on stained windows, makes Henry 
 Bolingbroke, on his return from banishment, exclaim : 
 
 " You have fed upon my signories, 
 Disparked my parks, and felled my forest woods ; 
 From my own windows torn my household coat ; 
 Kazed out my impress, leaving me no sign, 
 Save men's opinions and my living blood, 
 To show the world I am a gentleman." 
 
 And Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in his well-known soli- 
 loquy, speaks of " Bruised arms hung up for monuments." 
 
 Notwithstanding that our churches and baronial man- 
 sions were at one time so profusely decorated with shields 
 of Arms and Badges, it is little matter of surprise that com- 
 paratively so few objects of Heraldic or general Archaeo- 
 logical interest have survived to the present day. Besides 
 the natural influence of time, there were two epochs in the 
 history of this country which proved especially destructive 
 to such records. Henry VIII., stung by the refusal of 
 the Roman Church to assist him in his infamous designs, 
 revenged himself by destroying the greater part of those 
 invaluable mementoes which could in any way be considered 
 
BISE AND PBOGBESS OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 as connected with Papal institutions, as well as the records 
 of those families who had rendered themselves obnoxious to 
 him. Thus we find the Royal Commissioners, who were ap- 
 pointed for this service, writing to the King, regarding the 
 Priory of Christchurch, Hants, as follows : " In the church 
 we found a chapel and monument made of Caen stone, pre- 
 pared by the late mother of Reginald Pole for her burial, 
 which we have caused to be defaced, and all the arms and 
 badges clearly to be delete" (erased). The fanatical zeal of 
 Cromwell and his followers well nigh completed the work of 
 spoliation instituted by Henry. The cathedrals were con- 
 verted into barracks for soldiers and their horses ; stained 
 windows were ruthlessly broken ; altars and screens were 
 destroyed ; effigies were mutilated ; monumental brasses 
 were stripped for their metal ; and even the vaults of the 
 dead were rifled for the valuables they might contain. 
 
 During the brilliant wars of Edward III., Heraldry 
 attained its perfection, which it continued to hold for up- 
 wards of a century afterwards. Several causes combined to 
 bring about its decadence : the general decline of the arts 
 did much towards it ; the too prodigal concession of Arms 
 did more. From the time of Edward IV., Augmentations 
 were frequently granted ; and by the Tudors this custom 
 was increased to an extent only paralleled by the Stuarts. 
 It needed but the heralds of the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries to complete what their immediate predecessors 
 had commenced. The Augmentations granted to Sir Ed- 
 ward Pellew, Lords Nelson, Exmouth, and Harris, Sir 
 Charles Hardinge, Bart., and Sir Edward Kerrison, 
 for example, are ridiculous in the extreme, and it is totally 
 impossible to emblazon them correctly from any verbal de- 
 scription. Landscapes, Marine views, and legitimate Charges 
 are huddled together in one composition, in the most pic- 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 turesque confusion, utterly in defiance of all heraldic usance. 
 How would it be possible for any two persons to delineate 
 the following augmentation, granted to Lord Nelson, alike ? 
 On a chief undulated argent, waves of the sea ; from which a 
 palm-tree issuant, between a disabled ship on the dexter, and a 
 battery in ruins on the sinister, all proper. Then, for crest : 
 On a wreath of the colours, upon waves of the sea, the stem 
 of a Spanish man-of-war, all proper ; thereon inscribed, "San 
 Joseff. 99 The Armorial Bearings granted to the Tetlows 
 of Lancaster, in 1760, are perhaps even still more prepos- 
 terous ; they are as follows : Azure; on a 
 Fess argent, five musical lines sable, thereon 
 a Rose gules, between two Escallops of the 
 third; in chief a Nag's head erased of the 
 second, between two Crosses crosslet or; and 
 in base a Harp of the last Crest : On a Booh 
 erect gules, clasped and ornamented or, a 
 silver Penny on which is written the Lord's 
 Prayer; on the top of the book, a Dove proper, 
 Flg ' 5 ' holding in the leak a crowquill Pen sable. 
 
 Motto : Prcemium virtutis honor. 
 
 This heraldic curiosity is said to have been granted in 
 commemoration of the grantee's brother having written the 
 Lord's Prayer on a silver penny. Even Turner, who de- 
 lighted so much in strange aerial effects, would have been 
 puzzled to paint the crest of the Tongue family : On an 
 Oak-tree, a nest with three young Ravens, fed with the dew of 
 Heaven, all proper. It is with no intention of casting ridi- 
 cule on the science of Heraldry that I adduce these instances, 
 but only to show how the most noble institutions may be- 
 come degraded, and be rendered contemptible, when perverted 
 from their legitimate purposes. Happily, a reawakening is 
 taking place to the practical importance of Heraldry as an 
 
BISE AND PBOGBESS OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 39 
 
 exponent of History. Stripped of the absurdities with which 
 a few zealous enthusiasts have loaded it, it once more vindi- 
 cates amongst us its title as a science ; and if its lessons be 
 learned aright, the student will discover a mine of valuable 
 knowledge, which will richly repay him for exploring. 
 With regard to modern Heraldry, the Eev. Charles Boutell 
 justly observes : " It is not a blind following, and much less 
 is it a mere inanimate reproduction, of mediaeval Heraldry, 
 and a reiteration of its forms and usages, that will enable us 
 to possess a true historical Heraldry of our own. What we 
 have to do is, to study the old Heraldry ; to familiarise our- 
 selves with its working ; to read its records with ease and 
 fluency ; and to investigate the principles upon which it was 
 carried out into action. And, having thus become heralds, 
 through having attained to a mastery over mediaeval 
 Heraldry, we shall be qualified to devote ourselves to the 
 development of a fresh application of the science, that may 
 become consistently, as well as truthfully, historical of our- 
 selves. The mediaeval authorities will have taught us both 
 what Heraldry is able to accomplish, and the right system 
 for its operation ; and with ourselves will rest the obligation 
 to produce a true historical Heraldry, that we may transmit 
 to succeeding generations." 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Tabard from the Brass to Sir John Say, in Broxburne Church, Herts, a.d. 1473. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE ACCIDENCE OF ARMORY. 
 
 The Shield. 
 
 ^^TOBLES, as we have already seen, formerly bore their 
 ^ Arms charged upon their shields, and in the same 
 manner Heraldic Devices have continued to be represented. 
 There is no definite rule to determine the form of the Escut- 
 cheon; much is left to the taste of the draughtsman, to 
 adopt that which is most agreeable to the eye, and best 
 adapted to receive the various charges. The arms of 
 widows and unmarried ladies (the Queen excepted) must 
 always, however, be represented on a diamond-shaped shield, 
 heraldically termed a Lozenge* 
 
 It is much to be regretted that, although ancient seals 
 and monuments famish us with so many examples of shields 
 which might be advantageously adopted, modern heralds 
 have so frequently neglected to avail themselves of them. 
 
 * The custom of emblazoning the arms of ladies upon lozenges 
 did not generally obtain in England until the sixteenth century; 
 though Mackenzie notices that Muriel, Countess of Strathern, who 
 died in the year 1284, bore hers in this manner. 
 
THE ACCIDENCE OF ARMORY. 41 
 
 The earliest form of shields is that known as the Norman, 
 or kite-shaped (p. 25), which is very graceful, but is not 
 sufficiently wide at the base for general heraldic display ; 
 it is, however, admirably adapted for a single charge — such 
 as a Lion rampant. At the commencement of the four- 
 teenth century, shields were considerably shortened, and, 
 from their triangular form, are commonly called Heater- 
 shaped (fig. 7). 
 
 The shields represented on the tomb of Edward III., 
 in Westminster Abbey (fig. 8), are both effective and con- 
 
 Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. 
 
 venient ; but perhaps the best adapted to the requirements 
 of the modern herald are those in the compartments of the 
 monument to Edward the Black Prince, at Canterbury, 
 which are more tapering towards the base than the last, and 
 particularly graceful in their contour (fig. 9). 
 
 When a coat of Arms comprises several Charges, or Quar- 
 terings, the Ecusson a douche (so called 
 from its being notched in the dexter chief 
 to support the spear) may be employed 
 with advantage, on account of the ample 
 space afforded at the base. The example 
 here given is from the tomb of Abbot 
 Eamryge, in the Abbey-church of St. 
 Alban's. Somewhat similar to this, but 
 with a plain instead of a fluted surface, is 
 the shield of the arms of Henry Plantagenet, Prince of 
 
4-2 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Wales, afterwards Henry V., from his stall-plate in St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor. Another form of the Ecusson a 
 
 louche is shown at the heading of this chapter. It is taken 
 from a beautifully illuminated MS. in the British Museum 
 (ffarl Coll 12,228), executed about the year 1350. 
 
 The shields of arms which decorate 
 the friezes of the tombs of Mary Queen 
 of Scots and of Queen Elizabeth, in 
 Westminster Abbey, are very unsightly, 
 and should only be used when many 
 Charges, or Quarterings, have to be intro- 
 
 The form of the shield seems in a great measure to have 
 followed that of the arch with which it was contemporary 5 
 for as the Lancet arch was superseded by the Equilateral of 
 the Decorated Period, and this in turn by the Obtuse- 
 angled of the Perpendicular, so, in like manner, Escutcheons 
 expanded until they assumed the almost square form repre- 
 sented above, which was so much in favour amongst the 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 duced. 
 
 Tudors. 
 
THE ACCIDENCE OF ABM BY. 43 
 
 It does not necessarily follow, because shields of any 
 particular form may have anciently been in actual use, that 
 they are, therefore, adapted for the service of the armorists 
 of the present day. On the monument of Hekry V., for 
 example, are, amongst others, two shields, both unsuited for 
 Heraldic display. One is a square shield a louche, extremely 
 formal and ungraceful ; and the other is an oblong shield, of 
 which the top and bottom are bent outwards at an angle of 
 about forty degrees, designed to prevent a spear or arrow 
 glancing off and wounding the horse or rider. I would 
 particularly warn the student against adopting the grotesque 
 forms of escutcheons, so much in vogue 
 amongst the armorists of the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth centuries, than which 
 nothing can be conceived more unsuit- 
 able, or in worse taste. The accom- 
 panying illustration is from a tomb in 
 Durham Cathedral, and affords a good ^e- *3- 
 
 example of these scutal monstrosities. 
 
 Parts of the Shield. 
 
 It must be remembered that the shield, when in actual 
 use, was held by the knight in front of him ; the right-hand 
 side, therefore, would be towards the left of a spectator ; and 
 in a representation of a coat of arms, that part of the shield 
 which appears on the left side is called the Dexter, and 
 that on the right, the Sinister. In blazoning, the words 
 right and left must never be used. 
 
 For the purpose of accurately determining the position 
 a charge is intended to occupy upon the escutcheon, its 
 various parts are thus distinguished : 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 A Dexter Chief. 
 B Chief. 
 C Sinister Chief. 
 D Honour Point. 
 E Fess Point. 
 F Nombril Point. 
 G Dexter Base. 
 H Base. 
 | Sinister Base. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 The Chief and Base are not restricted to the precise 
 points indicated by B and H. If, for example, a shield were 
 blazoned as bearing three Escallop-shells in chief, they would 
 be severally placed as A, B, and C. In English Heraldry, 
 mention is seldom made of the Honour and Nombril Points. 
 I know of no blazon of arms in which these terms are 
 employed. 
 
 Dividing Lines. 
 
 The Field, or surface of a shield, is not always of one 
 uniform colour; it is frequently divided by various lines 
 drawn through it, which take their name from the Ordinaries. 
 When thus divided, they are described as follows, and are 
 said to be Party per such Ordinary : 
 
 Fig. 15, Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. 
 
 Impaled, or Per Fess. Quarterly, or Per Bend. 
 
 Per Pale. Per Cross. 
 
THE ACCIDENCE OF ABMOBY. 
 
 Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. 
 
 4-5 
 
 Per Bend Sinister. 
 
 Per Saltire. 
 
 Per Chevron. 
 
 To these may also be added what is sometimes called 
 Grafted, but would be better expressed by 
 Party per Pale and Chevron. On such a 
 shield, George I. and his successors bore the 
 triple arms of Hanover, which were omitted 
 from the arms of England on the accession 
 of our present Queen, on account of the 
 Salic law which obtains in that country. Fi s- 22 - 
 
 Shields are subject to other divisions, such as Gyronny, 
 Barry, &c, as will be seen hereafter. 
 
 A shield divided into any number of parts, by lines 
 drawn through it at right angles to each j- 
 other, is said to be Quarterly of the num- 
 ber, whether it be of four parts or more : 
 thus, fig. 23 would be described as Quar- 
 terly of eight If one or more of these 
 quarters should be subdivided into other 
 like divisions, it is said to be Quarterly- Fig. 23. 
 quartered; and the quarter thus quartered is called a Grand 
 quarter. The accompanying diagram would 
 be described as Quarterly; the First and 
 Fourth Grand quarters, quarterly-quartered. 
 When a shield is divided into four quarters, 
 it is sufficient to describe it as Quarterly ; 
 that number being always implied, unless 
 another be specified. 
 
4 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 The lines by which a shield is divided are not always 
 straight; they may assume any of the following forms : 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Inverted. 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 28. ~?_^S?S?S2S2.S2£Z- 
 29. 
 
 3°- 
 3<- 
 
 35- 
 
 36. 
 37- 
 
 33. 
 
 39' 
 
 r 
 
 n 
 
 Unde, or Wavy. 
 
 Nebule. 
 
 Indented. 
 
 Dancette (but 3 
 indentations). 
 
 Embattled. 
 
 3 2 - sasa5E5252SH5H53 Fotmt - 
 
 33. inn n n r r^u. 
 
 34. /\ 7Y7V7V7V7Y7 V 7 V Dovetailed. 
 
 Rayonne. 
 
 Nowy. 
 Escartele. 
 
 Angled. 
 Bevilled. 
 
 Examples of the last four partition-lines are seldom to be 
 met with. 
 
THE ACCIDENCE OF ABMOBY. 
 
 47 
 
 In French Heraldry, wherein all the terms employed are 
 in that language, the terminations of the adjectives and par- 
 ticiples are modified according to the gender and number of 
 the substantives to which they refer, — as un lion affronts, 
 and deux tStes affrontees; but in English blazonry, it is not 
 advisable to attempt this distinction ; for to describe two 
 hands as appaumees, because the word main is feminine in 
 French, savours somewhat of pedantry. A person may be a 
 good armorist, and a tolerable French scholar, and still be 
 uncertain whether an Escallop-shell, covered with bezants, 
 should be blazoned as lezante or lezantee. I have therefore 
 taken the liberty of systematically ignoring grammatical 
 correctness in this respect, and have placed all descriptive 
 terms in the masculine singular, without regard to the 
 gender and number of the nouns they qualify. At any rate, 
 the plan I have adopted cannot be more incorrect than that 
 of blazoning a Chief or Saltire as Undee, — Chef and Sautoir 
 being masculine ; yet thus it is commonly written by English 
 Armorists. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Ecusson a bouche, from the seats in the choir of Worcester Cathedral 
 temp. Hen. IV. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 TINCTURES. 
 
 THE Tinctures employed in Heraldry are of three 
 kinds : Metals, Colours, and Furs ; which are as 
 follows :* 
 
 Metals. 
 
 Heraldic Term. Abbreviation. 
 
 Gold . . Or . . .Or. 
 Silver . . Argent . • Arg. 
 
 The Metals are used in Armory as colours, — thus we find 
 lions or; but in blazoning a charge, or part of a charge, sup- 
 posed to be actually composed of metal — such as a chain, 
 or the clasps of a book — the terms gold and silver must 
 be employed. 
 
 Colours. 
 
 
 Heraldic Term. 
 
 Abbreviation. 
 
 Red 
 
 . Gules 
 
 . Gu. 
 
 Blue 
 
 . Azure 
 
 . As. 
 
 Black . 
 
 . Sable 
 
 . So. 
 
 Green 
 
 . Vert 
 
 . Vert. 
 
 Purple . 
 
 . Purpure . 
 
 . Purp. 
 
 To the above colours are added, by some authorities, 
 Tenne (bright chestnut), and Sanguine (murrey); but they 
 are seldom, if ever, employed in Armory : Purpure is also 
 rarely to be found in English Coats of Arms. 
 
 * For the colours to be used in emblazoning Arms, see chapter 
 xxiii. 
 
TINCTURES. 
 
 49 
 
 In the celebrated Roll of Gaerlaverock (a.d. 1300), the 
 Arms of De Laci are given, — Or; a Lion rampant, purpure; 
 and the official arms of the Regius Professor of Civil Law 
 at Cambridge University appear on a field of this tincture. 
 
 Tenne and Sanguine should be considered rather as 
 Livery Colours (q. v.). Some writers have declared them to 
 be stainant, or disgraceful ; but this can scarcely be the case, 
 or they would not have been voluntarily adopted by noble 
 families as the distinctive colour of their retainers' uniforms. 
 The Badge of Ulster — borne by all Baronets, except those 
 of Scotland and Nova Scotia — depends from a sanguine 
 ribbon. TennIS was the livery colour of the Bishop of 
 Winchester and Blue of the Duke of Gloucester. 
 This explains the passage in the First part of King Henry 
 VI., where, in the quarrel between them, the Duke says: 
 
 " Draw, men, for all this privileged place ; 
 Blue coats to tawny coats. 
 
 ***** 
 Now beat them hence. Why do you let them stay ? 
 Thee I'll chase hence, thou wolf in sheep's array ! 
 Out, tawny coats" 
 
 When a charge is to be emblazoned in its natural colour 
 and form (as distinguished from the conventional), it is 
 described as Proper (ppr.). Thus a Red Rose, leaved and 
 stalked proper — the emblem of England — would be very 
 different from a Rose gules, leaved and stalked vert 
 
 Furs. 
 
 Ermine. 
 Ermines. 
 Erminois. 
 Pean. 
 
 Vair. 
 
 Countervail 
 Potent. 
 
 counterpotent. 
 
 In Blazoning, the names of the Furs are usually written 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 in fall. The introduction of Furs into Heraldry probably 
 originated from the ancient custom of covering bucklers 
 with the skins of beasts ; which formed a sufficient pro- 
 tection against arrows and other missiles then in use. 
 
 The various Tinctures are represented in engravings and 
 on seals in the following manner : 
 
 Or. 
 
 -Plain, 
 dots. 
 
 powdered with 
 
 Argent.— Plain. 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 Gules. — Parallel lines drawn 
 in Pale. 
 
 Azure. — Parallel lines drawn 
 in Fess. 
 
 Sable. — Lines crossing each 
 other at right angles. 
 
 Fig. 43- 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Fig. 45- 
 
TINCTUBES. 
 
 5i 
 
 Purpure. — Diagonal lines 
 drawn from sinister to 
 dexter. 
 
 Vert. — Diagonal lines drawn 
 from dexter to sinister. 
 
 Fig. 47- 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 Tennis is represented by diagonal lines drawn from the 
 ^sinister to the dexter, crossed by perpendicular lines ; and 
 Sanguine by diagonal lines, intersecting each other. 
 
 The method of indicating the various tinctures by lines 
 is ascribed to both De la Columbiere and Silvester Petra- 
 sancta. The earliest example in England occurs in some of 
 the seals attached to the death-warrant of King Charles L, 
 though it was probably in vogue some years earlier. Another 
 mode of indicating the Tincture of Charges upon a shield of 
 arms is by 6 Tricking f — a description of which will be found 
 in chapter xxiii. 
 
 Ermine is represented by an Ar- 
 gent field, powdered with Sable 6 spots.' 
 
 Ermines is the reverse of Ermine, 
 being Sable powdered with Argent 
 6 spots. 9 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
5* 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 Erminois is Or with Sable 'spots. 9 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Pean is Sable powdered with Or 
 
 Vair is formed by a number of 
 small bells, or shields, of one tincture, 
 arranged in horizontal lines, in such 
 a manner that the bases of those in the 
 upper line are opposite to the bases of 
 others, of another tincture, below. 
 
 Countervair, the same as Vair, 
 except that the bells, placed base to 
 base, are of the same tincture. 
 
 Potent is formed by a number of 
 figures, bearing some resemblance to 
 crutch-heads, arranged in horizontal 
 lines, in the same manner as Vair.* 
 
 Fig. 5*« 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 Fig. 53- 
 
 1=/ Fig. 54. 
 
 * " Potent" is an old name for crutch, and is still used in that 
 signification in Norfolk, where it is pronounced " pottent." Chaucer, 
 in the Romaunt of the Rose, writes : 
 
 " When luste of youth wasted be and spente, 
 Then in hys honde he takyth a potent." 
 
T1NCTUBES. 
 
 53 
 
 Counterpotent. In this the Po- 
 tents are arranged as in Countervail 
 
 Erminites and Vair-en-point are sometimes included 
 amongst the Purs. The former is similar to ermine, with 
 the addition of a red hair on each side of the 6 spots; 1 and in 
 the latter, the bells are so arranged that the bases of those 
 in the upper line rest upon the points of those beneath. 
 
 The Furs Vair, Countervair, Potent, and Counter- 
 potent are always to be blazoned Argent and Azure, unless 
 otherwise specified. If the field were Or, and the bells 
 Gules, it would be blazoned as Vairy, Or and Gules. They 
 are usually represented as of four rows, heraldically termed 
 Tracks. 
 
 Furs are known by the name of Doublings, when used 
 in the linings of mantles ; but when coming under the 
 denomination of Tinctures, they are called each by their 
 respective name. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CHARGES. 
 
 Ordinaries, Eoundles, and Guttce. 
 
 X a Charge is implied any figure placed upon a shield, 
 which is then said to be charged with such device. 
 Thus in the Royal Arms of England, the shield is charged 
 with three Lions. 
 
 English Armory affords a few examples of families who 
 bear no charge upon their escutcheon : the "Waldegraves, 
 for instance, bear for arms a shield party per pale arg. and 
 gu. (fig. 15); the Astons, per chevron arg. and sa.; the 
 Serles, per pale or and sa. ; and the Fairleys, the same 
 tinctures reversed. 
 
 Charges may be divided into two classes — Ordinaries, 
 and Common Charges. 
 
 Armorists usually divide the Ordinaries into Honour- 
 able Ordinaries and Sub-ordinaries ; but I have ventured 
 to deviate from this plan, and include them all under one 
 head. I am induced to do this from the fact that, out of 
 twenty-five writers on Heraldry whose works I have con- 
 sulted, but five are agreed as to which devices should be 
 severally included in the two classes. In the Grammar of 
 Heraldry I have placed under the head of Honourable Ordi- 
 naries, the Chief, Pale, Bend, Bend-sinister, Fess, Bar, 
 Chevron, Cross, and Saltire. 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 Ordinaries. 
 
 The Chief is an Ordinary which occu- 
 pies the upper third portion of the shield. 
 
 The diminutive of the Chief is the Fillet, 
 which is one-fourth its depth, and is placed 
 in the lowest portion thereof. 
 
 The Pale is a perpendicular band, placed 
 of the shield; of which, like the Chief, it oc- 
 cupies one-third. 
 
 Its diminutives are the Pallet and En- 
 dorse, which occupy one-half and one-fourth 
 of the Pale respectively. When the Endorse 
 is used, two of them are usually placed one 
 on either side of a Pale, which is then said to 
 be Endorsed. 
 
 The Bend is an Ordinary, which crosses 
 the shield diagonally from dexter to sinis- 
 ter. When charged, it occupies one-third 
 of the shield; but when uncharged, only one- 
 fifth. 
 
 The diminutives of the Bend are the 
 Bendlet, or Garter, which is half the width of 
 the Bend ; the Cost, or Gotice, which is half 
 the Bendlet ; and the Riband, half of the 
 Cost. Costs never appear alone in a shield ; 
 they are generally borne in couples, with a 
 Bend, Fess, or other charge between them; 
 which charge is then said to be cotised (fig. 59). 
 The Riband does not extend to the extremities 
 of the shield; its ends being couped, or cut 
 -off. 
 
5* 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 The Bend-sinister differs from the Bend, in being drawn 
 
 in the opposite direction, viz., from the sin- 
 ister chief to the dexter base. 
 
 The diminutives of the Bend-sinister are 
 the Scarpe, which is one-half its width, and 
 the Bdton, which is one-fourth. The latter, 
 like the Eiband, is couped at the extremities, 
 and both are generally considered as marks 
 of Illegitimacy. 
 
 The Fess is an Ordinary crossing the 
 shield horizontally, of the same width as the 
 Pale. 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 The Bar, although generally reckoned as a separate 
 
 Ordinary, may be more justly considered but 
 as a diminutive of the Fess ; as the only dif- 
 ference between them is in their width, the Bar 
 occupying but one-fifth of the field. 
 
 The Closet and the Barruht are severally 
 one-half and one-fourth the width of the 
 
 Fi& 63 ' Bar. 
 
 Barrulets are frequently placed together in couples ; when 
 so borne, they are called Bars-gemelle. 
 
 Two, three, or four Bars may constitute a charge, but a 
 single Bar is never borne alone. The Fess differs from the 
 
 r v Bar and its diminutives in this respect, — that 
 
 1 the former always occupies the middle of the 
 
 \ field, whilst the latter may be placed in any 
 
 ^pF*^|||r portion thereof. 
 
 Xy The Chevron is formed by two Bars, one- 
 
 Fig. 64. fifth the width of the Shield; issuing respect- 
 
CHARGES. 57 
 
 ively from the dexter and sinister bases of the Shield, and 
 conjoined at its centre (fig. 64). 
 
 The Ghevronel contains one-half; and the Couple-dose one- 
 fourth, of the Chevron. The latter is borne— as its name 
 implies — in couples, and usually appears cotising a Chevron. 
 
 The term Cotising is applied indifferently to Costs, Bar- 
 rulets, and Couples-close, when respectively placed on both 
 sides of a Bend, Bar, or Chevron. 
 
 The Bend, Fess, and Chevron— particularly in Foreign 
 Heraldry — are sometimes represented as arched, or lowed. 
 (See Arms of Saxony, in the shield of the Prince of 
 Wales, chap, xvii.) 
 
 The Saltire is but a variation of the 
 Cross, and is formed by the combination of 
 a Bend and a Bend- sinister. It has no di- 
 minutive. Azure; a Saltire argent, forms 
 what is commonly known as the Cross of 
 St. Andrew. 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 The Cross is an Ordinary, produced by two perpendi- 
 cular lines, one-fifth the width of the shield 
 apart (or if charged, one-third), meeting two 
 horizontal lines near the Fess point ; the four 
 limbs thus formed being of the same width. 
 
 No Ordinary is subject to so many modi- 
 fications of form as the Cross. Being con- 
 sidered as the emblem of Christianity, it was 
 eagerly adopted by the Pilgrims and Cru- 
 saders, and subsequently retained by them to perpetuate 
 their exploits. To prevent the confusion which would 
 necessarily arise from so many individuals bearing the same 
 charge, an almost endless variety of forms was devised; 
 some, indeed, retaining but a slight resemblance to the 
 
53 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 original figure. It would be impossible to enumerate all 
 the varieties of this favourite device. Gwillim mentions 
 thirty-nine different Crosses; Gerard Leigh, forty-six; Ed- 
 mondson, one hundred and nine ; and Eobson no less than 
 two hundred and twenty-two. Those which are most com- 
 monly employed in English Heraldry are the following : 
 
 The Greek Cross (fig. 66), which is the simplest form of 
 this Bearing, and the only one which can be justly regarded 
 as an Ordinary; the others being, strictly, but Common 
 Charges. 
 
 Such a Cross Gules, upon a field Argent, constitutes the 
 Cross of St. George of England. 
 
 When "a Cross" only is specified in a Blazon, it is 
 always to be represented as a Greek Cross. 
 
 The Latin Cross has its horizontal limbs coujped and 
 enhanced (or set higher than their usual posi- 
 tion), so that each is of the same length as 
 the upper limb. 
 
 The Latin Cross is sometimes called a 
 Passion Cross ; but in the latter all the limbs 
 should be couped, still retaining the distinc- 
 Flg ' 6j ' tive features of the former. 
 The Patriarchal Cross is a Greek Cross, the upper 
 limb of which is traversed by a shorter (fig. 68). 
 
 The Cross of St. Anthony, or Tau Cross, resembles 
 the Greek letter of that name (fig. 69). 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
CHARGES. 59 < 
 
 The Cross humettej, or couped, as its name implies, 
 has its extremities cut off (fig. 70). 
 
 The Cross potent has its four limbs terminated by 
 others placed transversely, bearing a resemblance to the Fur 
 of that name (fig. 71). 
 
 The Cross Pate, or Forme. In this Cross, the limbs 
 are very narrow where they are conjoined, and gradually 
 expand ; the whole forming nearly a square (fig. 72). 
 
 Fig. 70. Fig. 71. Fig. 72. 
 
 The Maltese Cross, or Cross of eight points, differs 
 from the Cross Pate in having the extremities of each of its 
 limbs indented or notched (fig. 73). This Cross was the 
 Cognisance of the Knights Templars and Hospitallers. 
 
 The Cross Fleurie (fig. 74) and Cross Fleurette 
 (fig. 75) are very similar : in the latter, the Fleurs-de-lys are 
 generally represented as issuing from the limbs, and not 
 forming a part of the Cross itself. 
 
 Fig. 73. Fig. 74. Fig. 75. 
 
 The Cross Botonne, or Trefle, differs from the Cross 
 Fleurie, in having Trefoils or triple buds in the place of the 
 Fleurs-de-lys (fig. 76). 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 A Cross, the limbs of which are terminated by a single 
 ball, is termed a Cross Pomme, or Pommelle. 
 
 The Cross Patonce resembles a Cross Fleurie with its 
 extremities expanded (fig. 77). 
 
 The Cross Moline (fig. 78) has its extremities formed 
 like Fers-de-moline, or Mill-rinds (fig. 203). 
 
 Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. 
 
 A Cross Moline, with its eight points rebated, or cut off, 
 is termed a Cross Fourche. 
 
 The Cross Recercele resembles a Cross Moline with 
 its floriations more expanded (fig. 79). 
 
 The Cross Nowy has the angles formed by the conjunc- 
 tion of its limbs rounded outwards (fig. 80). 
 
 The Cross Quadrate, or Nowy-Quadrate, has its 
 centre square instead of round, as the last (fig. 81). 
 
 Fig. 79. Fig. 80. Fig. 81. 
 
 All the varieties of the Cross may be Nowy or Quadrate. 
 
 The Pointed Cross, Cross Urde, or Champain, is 
 pointed at the extremities (fig. 82). 
 
 The Cross Rayonnant has rays of light behind it, 
 issuing from the centre (fig. 83). 
 
CHARGES: 6 1 
 
 The Cross-crosslet — a very frequent charge— has each 
 of its limbs crossed (fig. 84). 
 
 Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84. 
 
 A Greek Cross, having its limbs traversed in the manner of 
 a Cross-crosslet, would be described as a Cross crossed, or a 
 Cross-crosslet fixed. The term fixed, applied to Crosses, 
 signifies that their limbs extend to the extremities of the 
 Escutcheon. 
 
 When the central part of the four limbs of a Cross is cut 
 out, it is said to be Voided, as shown at fig. 85; when the 
 voiding is continued to the extremities of the shield, it is 
 Voided throughout. If only that part where the limbs 
 are conjoined be removed, it is termed Quarterly-pierced 
 (fig. 86). A Cross with a square aperture in its centre, 
 smaller than the last example, is Quarter-pierced. 
 
 The Base of a Cross is sometimes represented as pointed : 
 it is then said to be Fitch£ Fig. 87 is a Cross Cleche, 
 fitche (see also fig. 205). Crosses of this description were 
 carried by the early Christians in their pilgrimages, so that 
 they might be readily fixed in the ground whilst performing 
 their devotions. 
 
62 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 A Cross set on Steps (usually three) is Degraded, or On 
 Degrees. By a Cross Fimbriated, is implied a Cross 
 having around it a narrow Border, which forms an integral 
 part of the Charge itself ; and, in emblazoning, the Fimbria- 
 tion, and not the Cross, must be shaded. The Cross of St. 
 George, and the Saltire of St. Patrick, as they appear 
 on the British Ensign (chap, xx.), afford examples of Fim- 
 briation. Any other Charge besides a Cross may be thus 
 represented. 
 
 Sometimes a Cross is charged upon another, as in the 
 accompanying example, which would be blaz- 
 oned, Vert; on a Cross arg., another humette 
 of the field. 
 
 Particular attention must be paid to the 
 shading of a Cross when imposed upon ano- 
 ther. At a casual glance, figs. 85 and 88 seem 
 identical ; on examining them, however, it 
 will be seen that the shading is differently 
 
 disposed. 
 
 The foregoing Ordinaries are not always represented by 
 straight lines ; they may be formed by any of 
 the Partition lines shown at p. 46. Thus we 
 find Chiefs, Chevrons, Crosses, &c. engrailed, 
 ragule, wavy, indented, &c. Fig. 89 is an ex- 
 ample of a Chief wavy. 
 
 When a Fess, Bend, or Chevron, is 
 bounded on each side by the lines embattled, 
 potent, or ragule, it must be blazoned as 
 Battled-counter-emlattled, or Potent-counter- 
 potent, as the case may be (fig. 90). This 
 rule does not apply to Pales, Crosses, and 
 Saltires, which are always bounded on both 
 sides alike, although counter be not ex- 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 Fig. 91. 
 
 pressed. A Fess, described simply as embattled, is supposed 
 to be plain on the lower edge. 
 
 It will be observed that, in fig. 90, the projections on the 
 upper side of the Fess are opposite to the in- 
 dentations below. When the projections are 
 opposite to each other, as in the accompanying 
 example, it is not to be blazoned Embattled- 
 counter-embattled, but Bretisse. 
 
 Crosses, and other Ordinaries, may also 
 be formed by arranging small charges in the 
 form of such figures as will be hereafter 
 explained. 
 
 The following charges are generally termed Subordi- 
 
 N ARIES : 
 
 The Pile is a figure in the form of a wedge; and, unless 
 otherwise specified in the Blazon, occupies 
 the central portion of the escutcheon, and 
 issues from the middle chief. 
 
 The length of this charge depends, in a 
 great measure, on the other figures which 
 may occupy the shield. If no other charge 
 intervene, a Pile may extend to the Nombril- 
 point, or even lower. 
 
 The Quarter, as its name implies, 
 occupies one fourth part of the shield. 
 It is formed by two straight lines, drawn 
 in the direction of the Fess and the Pale, 
 and meeting at the Fess-point. Examples 
 of this charge are very rarely to be met 
 with. 
 
 The Canton may be regarded as a diminu- 
 tive of the Quarter, as it occupies but one third portion 
 of the Chief (fig. 94). It is usually placed in the Dexter 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
6 4 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 chief ; if on the other side, it is termed a Canton 
 sinister. 
 
 The Gyron is formed by a diagonal line, 
 bisecting a Quarter lendwise (fig. 95). It is 
 usually repeated so as to cover the entire sur- 
 face of the shield ; in which case it is blazoned 
 as Gyronny, and the number of Gyrons 
 specified. Thus, fig. 96 would be blazoned, 
 Gyronny of eight, arg. and az. 
 
 Fig. 94. 
 
 Fig. 95. 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
 Fig. 97- 
 
 The Bordure is a band one-fifth the width of the Shield, 
 which it entirely surrounds. This Ordinary 
 may be formed of any of the dividing lines ; 
 it is always, however, to be represented plain, 
 unless the contrary be specified. 
 
 When a Bordure is charged upon a shield, 
 it surmounts any other Ordinary, except a 
 Chief. For further modifications, to which 
 the Bordure and its diminutives are subject, see Impaling 
 and Quartering. 
 
 A Bordure composed of Metal and Colour alternately, is 
 termed Compony, or Gobony (fig. 98). 
 
 If there be two Tracks, it is then said to be Counter- 
 Compony (fig. 99); if more than two, Cheque. 
 
 Fig. 100 is an example of a Bordure quarterly: First and 
 Fourth, argent; Second and Third, azure. 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 65 
 
 Fig. 98. 
 
 Fig. 99. 
 
 Fig. 100. 
 
 A Bordure of Metal should not be placed upon a Field 
 of the same. Sometimes, though very rarely, instances of 
 Colour imposed on Colour are to be met with. As a general 
 rule, the Bordure is of the same Tincture as the principal 
 Charge of the Coat, as in the Arms of Scotland (fig. 104). 
 
 Bordures, when charged with Bends, Bars, Chevrons, &c, 
 show merely the extremities of such ordinaries 
 as would appear upon the Bordure, were they 
 produced entirely across the Escutcheon. The 
 accompanying example would be blazoned, 
 Ermine; within a Bordure arg., charged with 
 two Chevronels gules. 
 
 Small charges, such as Escallop-shells 
 and Bezants (small circular gold plates), are 
 frequently emblazoned on Bordures. Un- 
 less otherwise specified, the number of these 
 charges is restricted to eight. An early 
 example of thus charging a Bordure is to 
 be found on the monumental Effigy of a 
 Knight in Whitworth Churchyard, Dur- 
 ham. The Arms of Kichard, Earl of 
 Cornwall, son of King John, were a Lion rampant, within 
 a Bordure lezante. 
 
 Armorists formerly used several distinctive terms in 
 blazoning a charged Bordure, to signify the nature of such 
 
 Fig. roi. 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 
66 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 Charge : as Enaluron, if charged with Birds ; Entoyre, 
 with inanimate Charges ; Enurny, with Lions ; Verdoy, with 
 Plants or Flowers; and Purflewed, if composed of a Fur. 
 This method is now obsolete ; but, in the Visitations of the 
 Heralds, and other ancient documents, these terms are fre- 
 quently employed. 
 
 The Orle is half the width of the Bordure, and does not 
 extend to the extremities of the Shield (fig. 103). 
 
 The Tressure is one-fourth of the Bordure, and is 
 usually borne double, and Fleury counter-fleury, — that is, 
 with eight Fleurs-de-lys issuing from each Tressure, as in 
 the Arms of Scotland, which are : Or; a Lion rampant within 
 a Tressure fleury counter-fleury gules (fig. 104). 
 
 Fig. 103. 
 
 Fig. 104. 
 
 The Tressure is frequent in the Arms of Scottish families, 
 and is generally considered as indicative of Royal descent 
 by the maternal side. 
 
 The Inescutcheon, or Shield of Pretence, is a small 
 shield, borne on the centre of the Field (of 
 which it occupies one-fifth), on which a hus- 
 band emblazons the Arms of his wife, when 
 an Heiress. See Marshalling. 
 
 When borne on any part of the shield 
 other than the Fess-point, or when more 
 than one occurs, as in the Family Arms 
 of the Hays, Earls of Kinnoul, and Cecils, Earls of 
 
 Fig. 105. 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 (>7 
 
 Salisbury, it is called an Escutcheon. The reader will note 
 the different manner in which figs. 97 and 105 are shaded. 
 
 The Lozenge is a diamond-shaped figure set perpendicu- 
 larly on the shield (fig. 106). 
 
 The Fusil is an elongated Lozenge (fig. 107). 
 
 The Fusil was formerly represented of an oval form, 
 pointed at the top and bottom, like a spindle covered with 
 thread. In this form it was commonly called a wharrow- 
 spindle, and is so borne by the Family of Trefusis. 
 
 The Mascle is a Lozenge voided, so that the Field 
 appears through the opening (fig. 108). 
 
 The Rustre differs from the Mascle in being perforated 
 with a round instead of a Lozenge-shaped opening (fig. 109). 
 Some Armorists blazon a Rustre as a Mascle pierced round. 
 
 The Fret is a figure formed by two narrow bands in 
 saltire, interlaced with a Mascle (fig. 1 10). 
 
 Fig. 106. 
 
 Fig. 107. 
 
 Fig. 108. 
 
 Fig. 109. 
 
 Fig. no. 
 
 The Billet is a small oblong figure, frequently to be 
 
6 8 HANDB OK OF HERALDR Y. 
 
 met with in Armory, supposed to represent a billet, or letter 
 (see fig. 1 1 2). When a Shield or Charge is Seme, or strewn, 
 with Billets, without regard to position or number, it is 
 termed Billete. 
 
 Flanches, which are always borne in pairs, are formed 
 by circular lines, proceeding from the upper 
 angle of the Shield, on either side, to the re- 
 spective Base-points. 
 
 Flasques and Voiders are Flanches 
 which encroach less on the Shield. They, as 
 well as Flanches, are of rare occurrence in 
 English Heraldry. 
 
 Charges are frequently blazoned as In Fess, In Pale, In 
 Cross, In Orle, &c, which means that they are to be disposed 
 in the form of such Ordinaries. Fig. 112 would be blazoned 
 as Three Billets in Chief. In this case, the Charges are placed 
 in the position which would be occupied by the Chief. If 
 the Blazon were On a Chief, three Billets, it would be repre- 
 sented as in the next example. The arms of Nottage, of 
 Essex, are : Arg. ; five Lozenges conjoined in Cross, gules 
 (fig. 114). 
 
 Fig. 112. Fig. 113. Fig. 114. 
 
 Unless any other number be particularly expressed, 
 Charges, either On an Orle or In an Orle, always consist of 
 eight. For further directions as to the disposition of small 
 Charges, see chap. vii.« 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 69 
 
 When a Shield contains a Cross, and in each of the four 
 Quarters there is a Charge, as in fig. 160, the Cross is said 
 to be Cantoned by such Charges. 
 
 All the Ordinaries (but not their diminutives) — the 
 Fusil, Mascle, Rustre, or Fret — may be charged. 
 
 The Pallet is an exception to this rule, and may receive 
 a Charge. 
 
 A Shield consisting of more than one Tincture, and the 
 division formed by a line drawn in the direction of any of 
 the Ordinaries, is said to be Party per that Ordinary. Fig. 
 15 would be blazoned as Party per Pale, arg. and gu.; and 
 fig. 16, Party per Fess, arg. and gu. A Shield is never 
 party of any of the Diminutives, or of the Chief or Bar: 
 thus it would be incorrect to blazon fig. 56 as Party per 
 Chief, az. and arg. — it should be, arg.; a Chief az. 
 
 In blazoning, the word Party is commonly omitted ; Per 
 Fess, or Per Chevron, is sufficiently explicit. 
 
 Eoundles are small circular figures — of frequent occur- 
 rence in Heraldry — forming a distinct group of Charges. 
 These are generally reckoned to be seven, which are dis- 
 tinguished from each other by their several Tinctures, — 
 they are : 
 
 ROUNDLES AND GUTTLE. 
 
 The Bezant 
 
 The Plate . 
 
 The Torteau (pi. Torteaux) 
 
 gu. 
 
 117 
 
70 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 The Heurte . . . . az. . . i * 8 
 
 The Fountain . tarry wavy of six, arg. andaz. fiSg 1 2 1 
 
 In an Illuminated Manuscript of the early part of the 
 Fourteenth Century {Add. MSS., No. 10,293, B^t- Mus.\ is 
 a drawing of a river which is represented as rising from a 
 fountain depicted as above. 
 
 To these may be added — Golpes (Purpure), Guzes 
 (Sanguine), and Oranges (Tenne), of which examples are 
 occasionally to be met with in Foreign Heraldry. 
 
 Bezants are said to have been derived from the gold coin 
 of Byzantium, and to have been introduced into Armory by 
 the Crusaders on their return from the East. 
 
 " A Bend between six Fountains forms the Coat of the 
 Stourton Family, borne in signification of the six springs 
 whereof the River of Stoure, in Wiltshire, hath its begin- 
 ning, and passeth along to Stourton, the seat of that Barony." 
 
 The Bezant, Plate, and Fountain, are always to be 
 represented flat ; but the others in relief, and they must be 
 shaded accordingly. 
 
 A Eoundle may also be blazoned of a Fur, and is some- 
 times, though very rarely, charged. 
 
 Guttle, or Gouttes, as their name implies, are drops, 
 and, like the Roundles, are distinguished by their Tinctures : 
 
 The Pellet, or Ogress 
 
 sa. 
 
 The Pomme 
 
 vert 
 
CHARGES. 
 
 7* 
 
 GOUTTES D'OE, or. 
 
 „ d'eau arg. 
 
 „ DE SANG .... gu. 
 
 „ DE LARMES . . . . az. 
 
 „ de poix . . . . sa. 
 
 „ d'olive • vert. 
 
 The terms d'eau, de sang, &c, are not always employed 
 when blazoning Gouttes ; it is equally correct, 
 and, at the same time, more simple, to blazon 
 Gouttes by their Tinctures. Thus the accom- 
 panying example might be blazoned as Arg.; 
 gutte de larmes, or gutte az. 
 
 Fig. 122. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 VAEIED TINCTURES OF FIELDS AND CHARGES. 
 
 WE haye already seen that a Field or Charge may be 
 divided by Partition-lines, as well as by others drawn 
 in the direction of the Ordinaries. Besides these, Fields, 
 and Charges themselves, are sometimes covered with a 
 repetition or combination of the Ordinaries, so as to form 
 a sort of pattern. 
 
 Paly signifies that the Shield is to be divided into an 
 even number of partitions palewise, specifying 
 the number of such divisions. The example 
 in the margin would be blazoned thus : Paly 
 of six; arg. and gu. (see also fig. 137). 
 
 It is to be particularly observed that, in 
 emblazoning a Field or Charge composed of 
 Flg * I23 ' more than one Tincture, that which is first 
 mentioned must be placed in the most honourable position. 
 Thus, if a Shield be divided per Bend, or and azure, the or, 
 being first specified, must occupy the upper portion, and the 
 azure the lower. So, in fig. 1 2$ the gules yields precedence 
 to the argent, which latter is placed towards the dexter. 
 
 Bendy. A Shield, or its charge, is said to be Bendy, 
 when it is divided into an even number of Bends. 
 
 Barry means that the Field is to be divided into a 
 
VARIED TINCTURES OF FIELDS AND CHARGES. 
 
 Fig. 124. 
 
 number of Bars, in the same manner as the foregoing. 
 Fig. 1 24 would be blazoned as, Barry of six, 
 arg. and azure. When a shield is traversed 
 by more than eight Bars, it is said to be Bar- 
 ruly. 
 
 Paly, Bendy, and Barry, must always be 
 composed of an even number of Pales, Bends, 
 and Bars ; for if, in the last example, there 
 were another division, it would become, Arg., three Bar- 
 rulets gu. 
 
 Paly-Bendy is when the Field is divided by lines drawn 
 in the directions of the Pale and Bend. Fig. 125 is Paly- 
 bendy, arg. and gu. A field is Paly-Bendy-sinister, when 
 the lines are drawn in Pale and Bend-sinister (fig. 126). 
 
 Barry-Bendy is formed by the intersection of lines 
 drawn Barwise and Bendwise, as in the subjoined diagram : 
 
 Fig. 125. Fig. 126. Fig. 127. 
 
 Besides these may be mentioned Paly-Bendy-siktster, 
 Barry-Bendy-sinister, and Chevrony; the meaning of 
 which terms is obvious. 
 
 Gyronny has already been described at p. 64. 
 
 Lozengy is produced by lines drawn in 
 the direction of the Bend and Bend-sinister ; 
 thus forming a number of Lozenges. 
 
 Fusilly is similar to Lozengy, except 
 that the lines are 'vertical, and form Fusils, 
 instead of Lozenges. 
 
 Fig. 128. 
 
74 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Compony, and Counter-compony. These arrangements, 
 which have been previously described, are only applicable to 
 small Charges; for it is evident that a Field Compony or 
 and vert would be Paly of the same (see figs. 98 and 99). 
 
 Cheque signifies that a Field or Charge 
 is divided into a number of squares, formed 
 by lines drawn in the directions of the Pale 
 and Fess. 
 
 Bossewell, in the Armorie of Honor, pub- 
 lished in 1597, says, that Cheque is intended 
 to represent a chess-board. " In the olde 
 time, it was the play of Noble men ; and therefore the Table 
 thereof is not unworthy to be borne in Armes." 
 
 It is to be observed, that the foregoing divisions of a 
 surface are not Charges, but are supposed to represent Tinc- 
 tures in themselves : they must not therefore be shaded, but 
 be indicated by a fine line on both sides alike. 
 
 Fretty. A surface is thus described when it is covered 
 with a number of narrow bars or sticks — 
 usually eight — lying in the directions of the 
 Bend and Bend-sinister, interlacing each other. 
 When more than eight pieces occur, the num- 
 ber should be specified. Although Fretty 
 does not constitute a Charge, the bars of 
 which it is composed must be duly shaded. 
 See also Trellis. 
 
 Diapering. 
 
 Diapering was a device much practised by the Mediaeval 
 armorists, to relieve the monotony of any considerable uni- 
 form surface, particularly in Coats of Arms painted on glass, 
 and monumental tablets. This was usually effected by 
 covering the shield with a number of small squares, or 
 
133 m 
 
VARIED TINCTURES OF FIELDS AND CHARGES. 75 
 
 Lozenges, and filling them with a variety of simple figures ; 
 or sometimes a running ornament was employed for the same 
 purpose. Monuments, Seals, and Illuminated MSS., of the 
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries, abound in this kind 
 of ornament, — some of them extremely beautiful. The 
 enamelled Tablet to Geoffkey Plantageket (a.d. 1150), 
 preserved in the Museum of Mans, affords one of the earliest 
 examples of Diapering (fig. 131). 
 
 The quartered shield of Robert de Vere, on his monu- 
 mental effigy in the Church of Hatfield Broadoak, in 
 Essex, furnishes a magnificent specimen of this style of or- 
 namentation, executed in low relief (fig. 133). The shield 
 contains but one Charge, a Mullet, in the First Quarter; and, 
 were it not for the Diaper by which the plain surface is re- 
 lieved, it would appear flat and uninteresting. The third and 
 fourth Quarters are severally the same as the second and 
 first. 
 
 On the shield of Ralph, Earl of Stafford (a.d. 1370), 
 in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, both the Field and 
 Charge—a Saltire— are most delicately diapered. Several 
 other shields of Arms are to be seen in the same Building, 
 similarly ornamented. 
 
 The examples, 132 and 134, are taken from Illuminated 
 Manuscripts of the Fourteenth century, and may be advan- 
 tageously introduced on Shields or principal Charges. 
 
 The enamelled shield on the Monument of William de 
 Valence, Earl of Pembroke, in Westminster Abbey, 
 affords a fine example of Diapering of another description, but 
 equally adapted to the use of modern armorists as the former* 
 (fig- i35)« I n Diapering, every thing is left to the taste of 
 the emblazoner, to adopt such figures as may be agreeable to 
 the eye, without approaching too closely to the form of any 
 Charge, so as to cause it to appear as though it were an in- 
 
7 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 tegral part of the Coat. Sir John Feme says, " A Coat- armour 
 Diapre may be charged with any thing, either quick or dead ; 
 but plants, fruits, leaves, or flowers, be aptest to occupy such 
 Coates." 
 
 When Diapering is employed as a means of ornamenta- 
 tion, particular care should be exercised not to render the 
 colours too vivid. The Charge, it must be remembered, is 
 the principal object, to which the Diapering must be subser- 
 vient. A good method to adopt is to represent the Diaper 
 by a slightly darker tint of the same tincture as that on 
 which it is laid. Gamboge and Eoman ochre, pale red, or 
 fine black lines, may be advantageously used on a gold sur- 
 face ; another simple but effective mode of Diapering upon 
 gold is to trace out the desired pattern with an agate point. 
 Further directions on this subject will be found in the Chap- 
 ter on Emblazoning. 
 
 Diapering being merely a fanciful embellishment, does 
 not, of course, enter into the Blazon of a Coat of Arms. 
 
 Counter-changing. 
 
 When a Field consists of two Tinctures — Metal or Fur 
 and Colour — a Charge placed thereon is sometimes counter- 
 changed; which implies that both the Field and Charge 
 are of the same Tinctures, but reversed. Thus, in fig. 136, 
 which would be blazoned, Per pale, az. and arg.; a Lion 
 passant counterchanged, it will be seen that that portion of 
 the Charge which rests upon the Azure Field is argent, and 
 vice versa. 
 
 Sometimes a Field itself may be counterchanged, as in 
 the next example, which would be blazoned, Paly of four, 
 az. and arg.; per f ess counterchanged. 
 
VARIED TINCTURES OF FIELDS AND CHARGES. 77 
 
 Fig. 1361 Fig. 137. Fig. 138. 
 
 When a Roundle is counterchanged, it loses its distinctive 
 name. In the following blazon, for instance, Per pah, or 
 and vert; three Roundles, two in chief, and one in lase, counter- 
 changed, — those in chief are, severally, a Pomme and a Bezant; 
 and the one in base is partly of one Tincture, and partly of 
 another (fig. 138). 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 IT VERY device depicted upon a Shield, other than the 
 
 ' Ordinaries already mentioned, is styled by Armorists 
 a Common Charge. It would be impossible to give a complete 
 list of Common Charges : for any thing animate or inanimate, 
 and even creatures which exist but in the imagination of 
 Heralds, may be employed as Armorial Bearings. 
 
 Of all Charges, the Lion is that which is most commonly 
 to be met with. Possessing, in an eminent degree, strength, 
 courage, and generosity, — as the early Heralds were taught 
 to believe, — it is not surprising that, in the days of a semi- 
 barbaric chivalry, when Armorial Devices were intended 
 to be emblematical of their Bearers, the Lion should be 
 esteemed of all objects the most fitting wherewith to em- 
 blaze the shield. So generally was this Charge adopted, 
 that, prior to the Thirteenth Century, it constituted, with 
 but few exceptions, the sole Armorial Device. 
 
 The Lion may be represented as of a Metal, Fur, or 
 Colour, and in a variety of positions, the principal of which 
 are the following : 
 
 Statant : Standing in profile, looking before him. 
 Charges are always to be represented as moving towards the 
 Dexter side of the Escutcheon (fig. 139). When a Lion 
 or other Charge is walking towards the Sinister, it is 
 described as Contourne. 
 
COMMON CHABGES. 
 
 79 
 
 It is usual to pronounce such words as Statant, Rampant, 
 Courant, &c, as they are written; and not to give them 
 their French pronunciation. 
 
 Passant: As if walking, with the Dexter paw raised 
 from the ground; and, like Statant, looking towards the 
 Dexter (fig. 140). 
 
 Passant-guardant: Walking in the same manner as 
 Passant; but with the head affronts, or full-faced (fig. 141). 
 Three Lions passant-guardant in pale or, on a field gules, 
 constitute the Arms of England. 
 
 Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Fig. 141. 
 
 Old Armorists — and even Porny, who wrote in 1 766* — 
 assert, that a Lion should never be blazoned as passant- 
 guardant: when in that position, they say, it should be 
 described as a Leopard. Whether the Shield of England 
 originally contained three Lions or Leopards has been the 
 subject of many learned dissertations. In the year 1235, 
 Ferdinand II., Emperor of the West, presented Henry III. 
 with three Leopards, in allusion to his Arms ; and that there 
 was a recognised distinction between the animals, is evident 
 from an inventory of the royal menagerie in the Tower, 
 compiled in the reign of Edward III., where, amongst other 
 items, are mentioned, "One lyon, one lyonesse, and one 
 leparde." In the Poll of Caerlaverock, which contains a list 
 of the Arms of all the Nobles who laid siege to the castle 
 of that name, in the year 1300, the Banner of Edward I. 
 is described as being emblazoned with three Leopards courant. 
 
8q 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HFBALBBY. 
 
 That they were regarded as Lions in the Sixteenth Century, 
 if not earlier, appears from a line which occurs in Shakespeare: 
 
 " Either renew the fight. 
 Or tear the Lions out of England's coat " 
 
 First Part of King Henry V. } act i. sc. 5. 
 
 Passant-reguardant differs from passant-guardant only 
 in haying the head contourne, or turned towards the Sinister 
 (fig. 142). 
 
 Eampant : Standing on the Sinister hind-leg, with both 
 fore-legs elevated, the Dexter aboye the Sinister, and the 
 head in profile (fig. 143). Such a Lion gules, on a Field or, 
 
 Fig. 142. Fig. 143. 
 
 within a Bordure fleury-counterfleury, is the national Arms 
 of Scotland (fig. 104). 
 
 Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 146. 
 
 Kampant-guardant, and Rampant-reguardant, differ 
 from Eampant in haying the head affronte and contourne 
 respectively.. 
 
 Salient : "With both hind-legs on the ground, and the 
 fore-paws elevated equally, as if in the act of springing on 
 his prey (fig. 144). 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 Sejant : Sitting down, with the fore-limbs erect (fig. 1 45). 
 
 Couchant : Reclining at Ml length on the ground 5 but 
 holding the head erect (fig. 146)* 
 
 D okm ant : Lying down in the same manner as Couchant, 
 with the head resting between the paws, as though asleep. 
 
 A Lion, with its tail between its legs, is said to be 
 Coward; when furnished with two tails, Queue fourche, or 
 Double queued; and, if it be destitute of that appendage, 
 Defamed. Two rampant Lions, face to face, are said to be 
 Combattant; and, when placed back to back, Addorsed. 
 
 When an Ordinary surmounts, or is placed over, a Lion 
 or other animal, it is said to be Debruised, or 
 Oppressed, by that Ordinary. The accompany- 
 ing example would be blazoned as : Arg. ; a 
 Lion rampant gu*, debruised by a Bend-sinister 
 ermine. 
 
 Particular attention must be paid to the 
 Heraldic signification of the word over. It 
 must never be taken to mean above, but upon. 
 
 A portion only of an Animal may constitute a Charge, as : 
 A Demi-lion rampant, which is the upper portion of a 
 Lion rampant couped, or cut off straight, beneath the shoulder, 
 including that part of the tail which is above the line (fig. 
 148). 
 
 A Leg, styled heraldically a Jambe, or Gambe, which is 
 represented as in the diagram (fig, 149), 
 
 Fig. 147. 
 
 Fig. 14S. 
 
 Fig. 149. 
 
82 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HUB ALB BY. 
 
 If the Jambe extend only to the first joint, it is called a 
 Paw. 
 
 A Head, which may be turned in any of the directions 
 before mentioned. 
 
 A Tail, or Queue: the Family of Cokk bears for 
 Arms, Three Lions' tails erect, erased gules, on an Argent 
 Field. 
 
 When any portion of an Animal is cut clean off, as in 
 fig. 148, it is said to be Couped; but if it be ragged or torn, 
 as in the next example, Erased. It is highly important, in 
 blazoning the head or a limb of an Animal, to specify whether 
 it be Couped or Erased ; for, unless this be done, it would be 
 impossible to represent the Charge with accuracy. 
 
 A Boar's Head is sometimes couped close to the shoulders, 
 exhibiting the neck (as in the Arms of the Sloajses); and, 
 sometimes, close behind the ears. In the former case, the 
 term Couped at the neck is employed; and, in the latter, 
 Cowped close. 
 
 Sometimes Charges, particularly Demi-lions, are blazoned 
 as Issuant, or Naissant Both words have nearly a similar 
 import, and mean Rising from; but there is a great differ- 
 ence in their application. When the former term is em- 
 ployed, the Charge is represented as issuing from the bottom 
 of a Chief (as at fig. 150); but, in the latter case, the Charge 
 appears to rise from the centre of an Ordinary (usually a 
 Fess); or, sometimes, from a Common Charge. Fig. 151 
 
 Fig. 150. 
 
 Fig. 151. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 83 
 
 would be blazoned, Ermine; naissant from a fess azure, a 
 Demi-lwn arg. Lions charged on an Ordinary, or when three 
 or more appear on a Shield, are by some Heralds called 
 Lioncels, or young Lions; but, as Kobson yery justly re- 
 marks, this title is absurd ; for, if there be a number borne 
 on one Coat, they must be reduced in size accordingly, 
 which cannot imply age. It is, therefore, more correct to 
 call them Lions, irrespective of size or number. 
 
 In blazoning a Lion, it is necessary to state the Tincture 
 of its arms, which are its teeth and claws, and tongue, or 
 langue. Lions are usually represented as armed and langued 
 gules, unless the Field, or they themselves, are of that 
 Tincture, when azure is substituted. 
 
 Bears, Tigers, Bulls, Boars, Wolves, Antelopes, 
 Stags, Goats, Foxes, Badgers (called by Heralds Grays), 
 Talbots, or hounds, Alants (mastiffs with short ears*), 
 Horses, Beavers, Squirrels, and many other animals, 
 are to be found blazoned as Charges, of which it is un- 
 necessary to give illustrations. The Heraldic Tiger, 
 Heraldic Antelope, &c, are described amongst "Imagin- 
 ary Beings." 
 
 In blazoning the Tails of certain animals, particular 
 terms are sometimes employed. The tail of a Fox is called 
 the Brush; of a Deer, the Single; of a Boar, the Wreath; 
 of a Wolf, the Stern ; of a Hare or Babbit (heraldically 
 termed Coney), the Scut; &c. 
 
 In addition to those already mentioned, the following 
 descriptive terms are applied to Animals : 
 
 Addorsed : Two Charges placed back to back. 
 
 * " About his chare wente alaunz, 
 
 Twenty and mo, as grete as eny stere, 
 
 To hunte at the lyon, or at the here." — Chaucer. 
 
H HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 Baillonne: A Lion rampant, holding in its mouth a 
 Staff or Baton, is thus described. 
 
 Bristled : This term is used in blazoning the Tincture 
 of the Bristles on the neck and back of a Wild Boar. 
 
 Caparisoned : A War-Horse covered with Trappings or 
 Housings is said to be caparisoned. 
 
 When Animals are charged upon the Caparisons of a 
 Horse, they must be represented on both sides of it, as 
 though moving towards its head. 
 
 Clymant : A term applied to Goats when in a rampant 
 position. 
 
 Collared : Having a Collar about the neck. When 
 an Ape is thus described, the collar is affixed around its 
 loins. 
 
 Counter-passant : Two Animals walking in opposite 
 directions on the same plane; if one were above the other, 
 they would be blazoned as Counter-passant in Pale. 
 
 Counter-salient : Two Animals leaping — one in Bend, 
 the other in Bend-sinister. 
 
 Courant: Running. 
 
 Crined: Used to express that the mane of a Horse, 
 Unicorn, &c, or the hair of a Human Figure, or Mermaid, is 
 of a different tincture : the Charge is then said to be Crined 
 of such other tincture. 
 
 Dismembered, or Trononne : A Charge cut into small 
 pieces, which, though separate from each other, are placed 
 sufficiently close to preserve the original form of such Charge. 
 A Lion rampant dismembered is borne by the Maitland 
 Family. 
 
 Distilling: Dropping. 
 
 Embrued: A weapon stained with blood is thus described. 
 The same term is applied to the mouths of Lions, &c, when 
 dropping blood whilst, or after, devouring their prey. 
 
COMMON €HAB GES. 8 5 
 
 Gorged : Having a Coronet or Eing around the throat or 
 neck. 
 
 Horned : Used in the same manner as crined, when an 
 Animal has horns of a different tincture from its body. 
 
 Incensed: An Animal is thus described when fire is 
 issuing from its mouth and ears. 
 
 Pascuant : Applied to Deer, Oxen, &a, when grazing. 
 
 Regarding, or Respectant : Said of two Animals face 
 to face, and not combattant 
 
 Trononn^ : See Dismembered. 
 
 Tusked : Having tusks, as a Boar or Elephant. 
 
 Unguled: Horses, Unicorns, Boars, Oxen, Deer, &c, 
 are said to be unguhd of their hoofs. 
 
 Yorant : Devouring. 
 
 Vulned: Wounded. 
 
 Other descriptive terms will be found by reference to the 
 Index. 
 
 In blazoning Stags, certain terms are used which are not 
 applicable to other Animals. If statant affronts, they are said 
 to be At Gaze; if passant, Tripping; if running, At Speed; 
 if salient, Springing; and, if sejant, Lodged. They are 
 Attired, not armed, of their Tynes, or horns. The Rein- 
 deer is distinguished by having double attires. 
 
 Birds, 
 
 The Eagle, on account of its strength, swiftness, and 
 courage, was considered by the early Heralds 
 to hold the same position amongst Birds as 
 the Lion amongst Animals; hence it is a 
 Charge of frequent occurrence, and is to be 
 found emblazoned on the Escutcheons of some 
 of the most ancient families. The most com- 
 mon attitude in which the Eagle appears in 
 
86 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 Heraldry, is Displayed. This term is peculiar to Birds of 
 Prey; when other Birds (such as the Dove) are represented 
 with their wings expanded, as in the accompanying example, 
 they are said to be Disclosed. 
 
 The Heraldic student must bear in mind the difference 
 between An Eagle displayed, and An Eagle with wings dis- 
 played; when the latter term is employed, the Bird is sup- 
 posed to be perched. The Eagles of ancient Borne, France, 
 and the United States, would be blazoned as with wings 
 displayed; those of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, as displayed. 
 
 According to some authorities, a double-headed Eagle — 
 as that of Eussia — is blazoned as an Imperial Eagle. This, 
 however, is manifestly incorrect ; for the Eagles of Prussia 
 and France are no less Imperial, although they have but one 
 head. 
 
 A Bird of Prey is said to be Armed of its beak and 
 claws; but other Birds are Beaked and Membered. The same 
 law which regulates the Tinctures of the Arms and Tongues 
 of Lions (mentioned at p. 83) is observed with regard to 
 the claws and beaks and tongues of Birds of Prey. 
 
 When Falcons or Hawks are represented with Bells on 
 their legs, they are blazoned as Belled; and 
 when the Jesses, or straps with which the 
 Bells were attached, are Flotant, or hanging 
 loose, they are Belled and Jessed; if to the 
 end of the Jesses are affixed Vervels, or 
 small rings by which the Falcon was fastened 
 to its perch, it is described as Belled, jessed, 
 and vervelled (fig. 153). Falcons may also be Hooded. 
 They are always to be represented with wings close, unless 
 otherwise specified. 
 
 After the Eagle and the Falcon, the Birds of most 
 frequent occurrence in Armory are the Swan, Game-cock, 
 
COMMON CHABGES. 
 
 87 
 
 Cornish Chough, Pelican, Heron, Popinjay (or Parrot), 
 Crow, Goose, Sheldrake (a kind of Duck), Ostrich, 
 Kaven, Owl, Dove, Peacock, and Bat. The Allerion 
 and Martlet will be found under the head of " Imaginary 
 Beings" 
 
 An Ostrich is generally represented as holding a horse- 
 shoe in its mouth. 
 
 A Peacock affronte, with its tail expanded, is blazoned 
 as In its pride; it is also Eyed of the variegated spots on 
 its tail. 
 
 When a Pelican is represented in her nest, and feeding 
 her young in the conventional manner in which we usually 
 see it, it is described as a Pelican in her piety, or Vulning 
 herself. 
 
 The Pelican in her piety — as an emblem of benevolence 
 and parental affection — is frequently to be found in places of 
 worship. Beautiful specimens of this device are preserved 
 at Ufford, in Suffolk, and North Walsham, in Norfolk, 
 surmounting the Fonts. The brass Lectern in Norwich 
 Cathedral is a Pelican ; and, previous to the ^Reformation, 
 there was another in the Cathedral of Durham. It was also 
 frequently represented on Monuments : the Brass of William 
 Prestwych, Dean of Hastings, in Warbleton Church, 
 Surrey, — bearing for motto, "Sic Ghristus dilexit nos" — 
 and the mural Monument of one of the Earls of Coventry, 
 in the Church of Croome-d'Abitot, in Worcestershire, 
 afford fine examples. 
 
 Some writers make a distinction between a Pelican 
 vulning herself and in her piety. By the former term they 
 mean that the bird is alone, wounding her breast ; and by 
 the latter, that she is surrounded by, and feeding, her 
 young. 
 
 A Game-cock, besides being Armed of his beak, claws, 
 
8 8 HANDB OK OF HEBALDR Y. 
 
 and spurs, is Crested of his comb, and Jowlopped of his 
 wattles. 
 
 A Cornish Chough, which forms part of the Coat of 
 Kashleigh, of Menabilly, Cornwall, is always represented 
 Sable, beaked and membered gules. 
 
 When in a blazon a Swan's neck occurs, it comprises the 
 head and neck as far as the body. It is frequently Gorged, 
 or encircled with a coronet. 
 
 Parts of Birds, especially the wings, are often used as 
 Charges. When a pair of wings appears as 
 in the diagram, they are said to be Inverted, 
 or Conjoined in lure. 
 
 A pair of wings thus fastened together 
 was used by Falconers, wherewith to train 
 their Hawks, and was called a Lure. To this 
 was affixed a long line, one end of which the 
 Falconer held in his hand, when the wings were thrown in 
 the air, to imitate a bird flying.* 
 
 A single wing is sometimes called a Demi-vol. It must 
 be mentioned in the blazon whether it be the dexter or the 
 sinister wing, and whether the tip be inverted. Unless 
 otherwise directed, wings are always supposed to be erect. 
 
 Feathers are also included amongst Heraldic Charges. 
 They are always borne straight, except those of the Ostrich, 
 the tips of which are drooping. A Plume of Feathers 
 consists of three, as in the Badge of the Prince of Wales, 
 unless some other number is mentioned. If there be two or 
 three rows aboye each other, they are termed Double or 
 Triple plumes. In such a case, the upper row has one 
 
 * " My Falcon now is sharp, and passing empty ; 
 And, till she stoop, she must not be full gorged ; 
 For then she never looks upon her lure." 
 
 Taming of the Shrew, act iv. sc. 1. 
 
COMMON CHABGES. 89 
 
 feather less than that immediately beneath it. When more 
 than three rows occur, they are termed a Pyramid of feathers, 
 or Panache. Sir Samuel Meyrick says, that " the distinction 
 between the Panache and Plume is, that the former was fixed 
 on the top of the Helmet, while the latter was placed be- 
 hind, in front, or on the side." A Feather borne with the 
 quill transfixed through a scroll of parchment, is styled an 
 EscroII, though this term is more applicable to the narrow 
 band at the base of an Achievement on which the Motto is 
 inscribed. 
 
 The following descriptive terms are employed in blazon- 
 ing birds. 
 
 Addorsed: This term, when applied to the wings of birds, 
 means that they are to be represented partially 
 open, and inclining backwards (fig. 155). 
 
 Close : With wings closed. This term is 
 only applicable to those birds which are ad- 
 dicted to flight — as Eagles, Swans, Doves, 
 &c. It is unnecessary thus to describe an 
 Ostrich, or Game-cock, as their wings, in 
 Armory, never appear expanded, unless they are so directed 
 in the blazon. 
 
 Erect, when used in blazoning wings, signifies that 
 the tips are to be elevated. 
 
 Membered : The, Members of a bird are those portions 
 of its legs which are destitute of feathers. 
 
 Rising, or Rousant: About to rise, or take wing. 
 This term is usually employed in blazoning Swans. The 
 wings may appear as Addorsed. 
 
 Soaring, or Volant : Flying. 
 
 Trussing has the same signification when applied to birds, 
 as Vorant has to animals (fig. 155). Preying on is, however, 
 a better expression, as a bird Trussed means also Close. 
 
9 o 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 It sometimes occurs that the term " a Bird" or " Birds," 
 only is given in the blazon, without any particular variety 
 being specified. In this case they should be drawn in the 
 form of Blackbirds. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Amongst Fish, the Dolphin is that which is most com- 
 monly represented in Heraldry. Its usual 
 position is Embowed, as shown in the ex- 
 ample. When moving towards the sinister 
 side, it is said to be Gounter-embowed ; and 
 when straight, which is an infrequent posi- 
 tion, Extended. 
 Fig. 156. j n p rance? y ie bearing of this Charge 
 
 was exclusively restricted to the Dauphin, or heir to the 
 Throne. 
 
 The other Fish which have been most in favour amongst 
 Heralds are the Lucie, or Pike ; Roach, Salmon, Sturgeon, 
 Eel, Trout, and Herring. 
 
 When in a blazon " a Fish" is mentioned, and no kind 
 specified, it should be drawn as a Herring. 
 
 The position of Fish in the escutcheon is signified by the 
 following Terms. 
 
 Naiant : Swimming in fess towards the dexter (fig. 1 57). 
 
 Hauriant : In pale, with the head in chief (fig. 158). 
 
 Urinant : Also in pale, but with the head in base 
 (% 159). 
 
 Fig. X57. 
 
 Fig. 158. 
 
 Fig. 159- 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 9I 
 
 Fish are described as being Scaled and Finned of what- 
 ever Tincture they may happen to be. 
 
 Shell-fish afford a few Charges, but they are of com- 
 paratively rare occurrence in Armory. The Families of 
 Dykes, Crabb, Atsey, and Praun, bear respectively a 
 Lobster, Crab, Cray-fish, and Prawn. 
 
 The Escallop and Whelk are the only shells employed 
 by Heralds. The former is borne by the Eussells, Traceys, 
 and many other Families, and the latter by 
 the Shelleys (see page 34). The Escallop 
 is a very old and honourable Bearing, having 
 been assumed by the Pilgrims on their re- 
 turn from the Holy Land. It is represented 
 as at fig. 160, which would be blazoned: 
 Arg. ; a Cross gu., cantoned ly four Escallops 
 az. 
 
 Eeptiles and Insects. 
 
 Of Eeptiles introduced into Heraldry, the Serpent, 
 Scorpion, and Tortoise, are the most common ; and of 
 Insects, the Bee, Butterfly, and Grasshopper. 
 
 Serpents may be Nowed, twisted or knotted (fig. 161) ; 
 Erect, placed in pale ; Erect wavy ; or Involved, 
 which means, curved in a circle. In blazon- 
 ing, the names Serpent, Snake, Adder, and 
 Viper, are frequently used indiscriminately. 
 
 Butterflies and Bees are usually de- 
 picted Volant; the latter, Volant en arriere, 
 that is, with the back presented to the spec- 
 tator, as in the well-known cognisance of the Bourbons. 
 The Arms of the Eowe family are, A Bee-hive, leset with Bees, 
 promiscuously volant 
 
9 2 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 The Human Figure. 
 
 Human Figures are of frequent occurrence in Armory, 
 principally as Supporters to Shields. 
 
 As Charges, portions only are commonly employed. 
 The Savage, or Wild Man, is represented naked, and 
 usually Wreathed about the temples and waist with leaves, 
 and holding a club. Two of such figures constitute the 
 supporters of the Arms of Denmark. 
 
 A Demi-savage (couped at the waist) is frequently seen 
 both as a Crest and a Charge. The Crest of Wightman, 
 and the Arms of Basil- Woodd, furnish examples. The 
 Heads of a Moor, or Blackamoor, and a Saracen, are 
 wreathed about the temples with a fillet of twisted silk, the 
 Tincture of which must be mentioned. 
 
 The same rules are to be observed in blazoning a portion 
 of a Human Figure as have been already given for Animals. 
 In blazoning a Hand, besides stating what position it occu- 
 pies, and whether it be the Dexter or Sinister, and erased 
 or couped, it must be mentioned whether it be clenched or 
 appaume (open). 
 
 The Leg, Heart, Arm, Hand, and Head, are the parts 
 of the Body usually blazoned as Charges. An 
 Arm encased in armour is Vamdraced: thus, 
 fig. 162 would be blazoned as, Arg. ; a sinister 
 Arm, erased at the shoulder, embowed, vam- 
 draced, hand gauntleted, all proper. If the 
 Hand had been turned towards the sinister 
 side, it would have been counter-embowed. 
 A Hand is never supposed to be gauntleted, unless so 
 specified. A clothed figure is said to be Vested or Halited; 
 and when the clothes are bound tightly about the waist, 
 Close-girt. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 93 
 
 Imaginary Beings. 
 
 To the fertile imagination of the ancient Oriental war- 
 riors, we are in a great measure indebted for the fabulous 
 creatures which appear as Heraldic Charges. These devices 
 were freely adopted by the victorious Crusaders as mementoes 
 of their expedition, and thus they became introduced into 
 Western Europe. Some few, however, such as the Phcenix 
 and the Sagittarius, seem to deduce their origin from the 
 Heathen Mythology. 
 
 The Dragon (fig. 163) is a winged monster, covered 
 with scales, and having four legs : its tail and tongue are 
 armed with a conventional sting. Both the head and wings 
 frequently appear as separate Charges. 
 
 The Griffin (fig. 164) is an Animal, the head, shoulders, 
 wings, and fore-feet of which resemble an Eagle ; the body, 
 hind-legs, and tail, being formed like a Lion. When in its 
 usual attitude, Eampant, with wings expanded, as in the 
 diagram, it is described as Segreant A Male Griffin is 
 destitute of wings, and is further distinguished by two 
 straight horns rising from the forehead, and rays of gold 
 which issue from various parts of the body. 
 
 The Cockatrice has the head, body, wings, and feet of 
 a Cock (scales being substituted for feathers), and the tail 
 of a Dragon (fig. 165). It is Armed, Crested, and Jowlopped 
 
 Fig. 163. 
 
 Fig. 164. 
 
 G 
 
94- 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. • < 
 
 in the same manner as the Game-cock. The head alone is a 
 frequent Charge. 
 
 The Wyvern differs from the Cockatrice in having the 
 head of a Dragon, and is usually without spurs (fig. 166). 
 The wings of the Dragon, Griffin, Cockatrice, and Wyrern 
 are always represented as addorsed. 
 
 Fig. 165. 
 
 Fig. 166. 
 
 Fig. 167. 
 
 The Heraldic Tiger and Antelope differ essentially 
 from their zoological prototypes. The former 
 is represented with the head of a Dragon, 
 except that the tongue is not armed, and 
 with three or four tufts of hair along the 
 neck, and one on the breast : in other respects, 
 it resembles a natural Tiger. The Heraldic 
 Antelope has the body of a Stag, two 
 straight horns, a short tusk on the nose, and tufts of hair 
 on the neck, chest, and tail, which latter is like that of a 
 Lion. 
 
 The Paschal or Holy Lamb is a Lamb passant sup- 
 porting with its dexter fore-leg a staff, usually in bend- 
 sinister, from which depends a Banner, charged with a 
 Cross of St. George. See Flags. 
 
 The Triton and Mermaid (figs. 168 and 169) are more 
 commonly employed as Supporters than as Charges, and thus 
 appear flanking the shield of the Fishmongers' Company. 
 The upper part of the Triton's body, however, is armed 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 95 
 
 like a knight. A Triton is sometimes called a Merman or 
 Neptune. 
 
 Fig. 168, 
 
 Fig. 169- 
 
 In addition to these may be enumerated the Chimera, 
 possessing the head of a Lion, the body of a Goat, and the 
 tail of a Dragon ; the Pegasus, or Winged Horse 5 the 
 Sagittarius, or Centaur, an Animal produced by the 
 combination of the head and bust of a Man with the body 
 of a Horse, and holding in its hands a bent bow ; the Lion- 
 poisson, or Sea-lion, which has the head and shoulders of 
 a Lion, with fins for paws, and the nowed tail of a Fish for a 
 body; the Sea-horse, which is a combination of a Horse and 
 a Fish, similar to the last ; the Unicorn ; the Salamander, 
 which is passant amidst flames of fire ; the Winged Bull, 
 Lion, and Deer, &c. The dexter supporter of the arms of 
 Lord Hunsdon, in Westminster Abbey, is a Bagwyn, 
 which is a beast like an Heraldic Antelope, with the tail of a 
 Horse and the horns of a Goat. 
 
 To this list may be added a few imaginary Birds ; which 
 are : the Phcenix, a demi-eagle displayed issuing from flames 
 of fire; the Harpy, a Vulture with a wo- 
 man's head and breast, borne as Arms by 
 the City of Nuremburg ; the Allerion, 
 an Eagle without beak or feet ; and the 
 Martlet (fig. 170), which is a Swallow 
 likewise destitute of those useful members. 
 The Martlet is a very common Bearing, and 
 
 Fig. 170. 
 
9 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 constitutes the Mark of Distinction of the fourth son (see 
 Differencing). 
 
 Camden says, that Godfkey de Boulogne, " at one 
 draught of his bow, shooting against David's Tower at 
 Jerusalem, broached three feetless birds called Allerions 
 upon his arrow, and therefore assumed in his shield, Or ; on 
 a Bend gules, three Allerions argent" It has been conjec- 
 tured, however, that the House of Loraine did not bear 
 this charge on their Escutcheon on account of the exploit of 
 their ancestor narrated by Camden, but simply because the 
 letters contained in the words Loraine and Alerion form a 
 perfect anagram {Anecdotes of Heraldry, <$cc.; 1795; page 99). 
 
 The Celestial Bodies. 
 
 The Sun is always supposed to be Proper, or In his 
 Glory, or Splendour, and is blazoned Or, unless otherwise 
 specified. It is represented by a Disc, on which is some- 
 times depicted a human face, and is surrounded by a number 
 of rays, alternately straight and wavy, which issue from its 
 circumference. A single Ray may constitute a Charge, as in 
 the Arms borne by the Family of Aldham, which are : Az. ; 
 issuantfrom the dexter corner of the escutcheon, a Ray of the Sun, 
 in bendppr. When blazoned as Eclipsed, it is tinctured sable. 
 
 The proper Tincture of the Moon is Argent ; and when 
 full-faced and shining, it is described as In her Complement or 
 Plenitude. It is usually environed with a number of short, 
 straight rays. The Moon, when Eclipsed, is said to be In 
 her Detriment, and is emblazoned sable. 
 
 A Half-Moon, with the horns directed upwards, is a 
 Crescent (fig. 1 7 1 , in base). This Charge is also used as the 
 Difference by which the second son is distinguished. A Cres- 
 cent with the horns directed towards the Dexter, is said to 
 be Increscent ; and if towards the Sinister, Decrescent. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 97 
 
 The Star, or Etoile, is represented with six ivavy 
 points (fig. 172). See Mullet (fig. 204). 
 
 Fig. 172. 
 
 The Signs of the Zodiac, Planets (-fig. 171, in Chief, 
 Jupiter), Rainbows, and Clouds, are sometimes, though 
 very rarely, employed as Charges. 
 
 Of Trees, the Oak, Pine, Olive, Palm, and Laurel 
 are the most commonly blazoned in Armory ; but others are 
 sometimes to be met with. Branches of Trees more fre- 
 quently appear as Crests, than as Charges. They are 
 generally blazoned proper, or in their natural colours, al- 
 though they may be of any Tincture. 
 
 The following Terms are employed in describing Charges 
 of this class : 
 
 Accrued : Full-grown. 
 
 Barbed : Leaved. This term is usually applied to 
 Roses, in describing the tincture of the little leaves, or Invo- 
 lucra, which encircle the flower, and does not refer to the 
 ordinary leaves growing on the stem. 
 
 Blasted, or Starved : A Branch destitute of Leaves. 
 
 Blossomed : Bearing Flowers or Blossoms. 
 
 Couped : Cut off evenly. 
 
 Eradicated : Torn up by the Roots. 
 
 Fructed : Bearing Fruit. An Oak-tree is fructed of its 
 Acorns ; and a Pine, of its Cones. 
 
 Trees, Plants, and Flowers. 
 
HANDBOOK OF HER ALB BY, 
 
 Jessant : Shooting, or springing out of. 
 
 Nerved : Leaves are thus described when the Nerves or 
 Fibres are of a different tincture to the Leaf itself. 
 
 Pendent : Drooping or hanging. 
 
 Seeded : Applied chiefly to roses, in blazoning the Seeds 
 in the centre. 
 
 Slipped : Torn or broken off. The term Erased is 
 never applied to Trees or Plants. 
 
 The Stump of a Tree is sometimes called a Stock ; and 
 amongst Scotch Heralds a Branch is termed a Scrog. 
 
 The Fleur-de-lys is one of the most ancient and fre- 
 quent of Heraldic Charges. The origin of the Fleur-de-lys 
 has been variously accounted for : by some it 
 is supposed to represent a Lily, by others a 
 Lance-head ; others, again, assert that it is a 
 Rebus, founded on the name of Lewis the 
 Seventh of France, who adopted it on his 
 seal in the year 1 1 37 : to this last supposition 
 Fig. 173. most authorities incline. They were quartered 
 with the Arms of England from the year 1 299, when Edward 
 the First married Margaret of France, until the Union of 
 England and Ireland in 1 801, when they were relinquished. 
 
 It is very evident that Fleurs-de-lys were not intended to 
 represent Lilies, for in the Arms of Eton College, granted 
 in 1449, we find both Charges mentioned: 8a.; three lilies 
 slipped arg.: on a chief party per pale, az.; a fleur-de-lys, 
 or: and gu.; a lion passant guardant of the fourth. 
 The Lily, moreover, consists of five leaves or petals, 
 and is represented with a stalk, as in the margin. 
 William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, 
 the founder of Magdalen College, Oxford, bore 
 three Lilies slipped argent; which device still 
 Fls * I74 * appears in the arms of that College. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 99 
 
 "There are extant some volumes written under King 
 Edgar, and by his command, touching the reformation of 
 monastic life in England, wherein he is pictured with a 
 crown fleuri. So, also, the crowns that are put on the heads 
 of most ancient kings in pictures of the holy story of 
 Genesis {MSS. in Bib. Gott), translated into Saxon in those 
 times, are ensigned with Fleurs-de-lys. This flower, being 
 considered as an emblem of the Trinity, is, perhaps, the 
 reason why it was afterwards used, and is still continued, as 
 an ornament in the crowns of almost all Christian nations." 
 (Condensed from a MS. of Stephen Leake, Garter King- 
 at-Arms.) 
 
 The Rose is sometimes blazoned proper, r 
 exhibiting the stem and leaves; the Rose of 
 England is thus represented. When, however, I 
 a Rose only is mentioned in a Blazon, it is always 
 understood to mean the Heraldic Rose. The 
 five small points around the flower represent 
 the leaves of which it is said to be Barbed. 
 
 A Rose barbed and seeded ppr., does not imply a Roseppr., 
 but an Heraldic Rose, barbed vert and seeded or. 
 
 It will be remembered that a Rose gules was assumed by 
 the Lancastrian party as a Badge, and a Rose argent by the 
 Yorkist. In the year 1461, Edward the Fourth sur- 
 rounded his white Rose with rays of the Sun, thus form- 
 ing the Rose-en-soleil, which was subsequently adopted 
 by his adherents ; and still appears on the Union Jack, or 
 " Regimental Colour," of the Guards. 
 
 The Columbine; Clove -pink, or Gilly- flower; 
 Cyanus, or Blue-bottle ; and Thistle, are almost the 
 only other flowers used as Charges, and these but rarely : the 
 first three are severally borne by the families of Hall, 
 Jorney, and Cherley; and the Thistle, which is the 
 
ioo HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 emblem of Scotland, appears in the Arms of Pembroke 
 College, Oxford. 
 
 The Trefoil, Quatrefoil, and Cinque- 
 foil, are leaves which bear three, four, and 
 five cusps respectively. The Trefoil is usually 
 blazoned as stalked and slipped. The Double 
 Quatrefoil, as the name implies, is a leaf 
 with eight cusps. 
 
 When Leaves are borne on a shield, they 
 are always supposed to be erect; if they are intended to be 
 placed horizontally or diagonally, their position must be 
 expressed as Bar-wise, Bend-wise, &c. 
 
 Wheat -ears are occasionally to be met with in 
 Armory; but a more frequent Charge is a 
 Sheaf of Wheat, called a Garb. The Band 
 around the Garb is supposed to be of the 
 same Tincture, unless the contrary be speci- 
 fied in the Blazon. When a Garb is of any 
 grain other than wheat, it must be mentioned; 
 as, a Garb of Oats, &c. Sometimes the straw 
 is of a different tincture from the ears ; as, a Garb vert, eared 
 or. Garbs are usually or, and when of this tincture are 
 frequently blazoned Proper. 
 
 But few Fruits are used as heraldic Charges ; the prin- 
 cipal are, the Fir-cone, commonly called Pine-apple ; the 
 Acorn ; and the Pear. 
 
 The Student must not confound the Pine-apple with the 
 West-Indian fruit of that name. The latter is heraldically 
 known as the Ananas. 
 
 The base of a shield, for about one-fifth of its entire 
 depth, is sometimes occupied by a rising piece of ground, 
 usually tinctured Vert, as though covered with grass : such a 
 charge is termed a Mount. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 COMMON CHARGES (CONTINUED). 
 
 Miscellaneous Inanimate Objects. 
 
 TN the following list of Charges, I do not profess to include 
 -** all those which have been at various times adopted by- 
 Heralds ; for, as I have before stated, any tiling may constitute 
 a charge. I shall also omit such common objects as a Book, 
 Key, Horse-shoe, &c, the form of which is too familiar to 
 require an explanation. 
 
 Anchor : Unless otherwise expressed in the Blazon, this 
 charge should be represented in pale, with the flukes in base, 
 and without a cable. 
 
 Annulet : A plain ring, frequently used as a Charge ; it 
 is also the Mark of Difference of the fifth son (see fig. 216). 
 
 Arbaleste: A Cross-bow (fig. 178). 
 
 Arch, or Bridge : Usually drawn as in fig. 1 79. 
 
 Fig. 178. 
 
 Fig. 179. 
 
 Arrow: A bundle of Arrows bound together in the 
 centre is termed a Sheaf, and consists of three: one in 
 
102 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 pale, and two in saltire. It is said to be Armed or Barbed of 
 its head, and Flighted of its feathers. Unless otherwise 
 directed, the heads are to be in base. 
 Attires : The Horns of a Stag. 
 
 Band : A Fillet with which a Garb or Sheaf of Arrows is 
 bound. 
 
 Banderole: A ^narrow Streamer affixed to the head of 
 a Crosier, and usually depicted as enveloping the Staff. 
 Barnacles, or Breys (fig. 180) : An instrument used to 
 compress the nose of an unbroken or restive 
 Horse. 
 
 This Bearing must not be confounded 
 with the Barnacle, which is a Bird some- 
 what resembling a Goose. 
 
 Bar-shot : A missile formerly employed in 
 warfare, consisting of a short bar of iron, with 
 a ball at each end, resembling a Dumb-bell. 
 Battering-ram: : An engine used to effect a breach in 
 the wall of a besieged Town or Castle. It is blazoned as 
 Armed, or Headed, ringed, and banded, and sometimes as 
 Garnished, which term includes the three foregoing. Fig. 
 1 8 1 would be blazoned, Argent; a Battering-ram in fess 
 gules, garnished azure. 
 
 Battle-axe (fig. 182): It is described as being Helved 
 
 Fig. 180. 
 
 Fig. 181. Fig. 182. 
 
 of its handle. The Lochabar Axe (shown on the Dexter) 
 has a broader blade, and is usually shaped like an Increscent 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 103 
 
 The helve, also, is slightly curved. The Broad Axe is 
 represented as on the Sinister. 
 
 Beacon, or Fire-beacon: An iron vessel — containing 
 some combustible substance in flames — placed on a pole, 
 against which is placed a ladder (fig. 183). 
 
 Bells : In blazoning, it is necessary to state whether 
 Church Bells or Hawk Bells are intended. They are 
 represented as in fig. 1 84 — the former in Base, and the latter 
 in Chief. 
 
 Bird-bolt : A blunt arrow, sometimes borne with two 
 or three heads. When furnished with more than one head, 
 the number must be specified (fig. 185). 
 
 Botteroll, Chape, or Crampette : The piece of iron 
 with which the bottom of a scabbard is shod. The Crampette 
 is an infrequent Charge : it was the ancient Badge of the 
 Lords Delawarr; and it also occurs in the Arms of the 
 late Queen Adelaide. It is shown on a Canton in the 
 third Quarter of fig. 244. 
 
 Brassetts : Armour to protect the Arms. 
 
 Broad Arrow : See Pheon. 
 
 Brush: The tail of a Fox, — which animal was styled by th" 
 old Heralds a Tod, and is borne as Arms by the Todd family. 
 
 Buckles, sometimes called Armour-buckles : In blazon- 
 ing, the form, whether round, oval, square, or lozenge, must 
 be specified. If the tongue be pendent, it must also be 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 Fig. 184. 
 
 Fig. 185. 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 mentioned (fig. 186). See, also, the Buckle attached to the 
 Helmet of Sir John Say (fig. 277), resting on the Sinister 
 Chief of the Escutcheon. 
 
 Bugle : See Hunting-horn. 
 
 Caltrap, or Cheval-trap: An instrument used to 
 retard the progress of an enemy's cavalry, by laming the 
 horses. It was formed of four short but strong spikes, or 
 Gads, conjoined in such a manner that, when thrown on the 
 ground, one would always be erect (fig. 187). Argent; 
 three Caltrops sable, is borne by the family of Trapps. 
 
 Fig. 186. Fig. 187. Fig. 188. 
 
 Carbuncle, or Escarbuncle: A very ancient conven- 
 tional Device, usually represented as at fig. 188. The ex- 
 tremities of the Staves are sometimes connected by a band. 
 
 Castle : An embattled Fortress, on which are commonly 
 placed three towers (fig. 189). When the tincture of the 
 Field is to be seen through the windows or ports, they are 
 said to be Voided of the Field. 
 
 Catharine Wheel: Supposed to represent the wheel 
 upon which St. Catharine suffered martyrdom (fig. 190). 
 
 Fig. 189. Fig. 190. Fig. 191. 
 
COMMON CRABGES. 
 
 105 
 
 Chamfraine, or Chamfron: Armour to protect the 
 head of a war-horse (fig. 191). 
 
 Chaplet, or Garland : These terms are frequently, but 
 erroneously, used to signify the same object. A Chaplet 
 should be composed of four Roses, arranged at equal distances 
 in a circle, the intervening spaces being filled up with leaves; 
 and a Garland should be formed of laurel or oak leaves, 
 interspersed with acorns. It should always be stated of what 
 the Chaplet or Garland is composed. They are usually tied 
 in base with ribbon, the ends flotant, and are always erect, so 
 as to appear as circles. See Wreath. 
 
 Chess-rook : This Charge is represented in Heraldry 
 very dissimilar in form to that of the modern 
 Rook : it bears a greater resemblance to the 
 Bishop. The family of Walcot, amongst 
 others, emblazon this ancient Charge upon 
 their Escutcheon. 
 
 Clarion : See Rest. 
 
 Coronet : See chap. xiv. 
 
 Crosier : A Staff bearing a Cross at the top, belonging 
 to an Archbishop, as an emblem of his dignity 
 (fig. 193; Archbishop Chichely, Canterbury, 
 a.d. 1443). Bishops and Abbots are com- 
 monly, though erroneously, supposed to bear 
 a Crosier with a rounded head, somewhat 
 resembling a Shepherd's Crook. This should 
 properly be called a Pastoral Staff (fig. 
 194). From both a narrow streamer — called 
 a Banderoll, Vexillum, or Orarium — frequently 
 depends, fastened near the head of the Staff. 
 
 In Illuminations and Monumental Effi- 
 gies, the Pastoral Staves of Bishops and Abbots 
 are identical in form. There is, however, one 
 
1 06 HANDB OK OF HERALDB Y. 
 
 invariable distinction observed, by which those dignitaries 
 can be readily distinguished from each other: an Abbot 
 holds his Staff in his right hand ; whilst a Bishop holds it 
 in his left, his other hand being elevated, as though he were 
 pronouncing a Benediction. 
 
 The accompanying Illustration of a Pastoral Staff is 
 taken from an example of the Fourteenth Cen- 
 tury, about which period they were usually or- 
 namented with Crockets, the Staff itself being 
 hexagonal or octagonal. See, also, Initial Letter 
 of chap. x. 
 
 Cross-bow : See Arbaleste. 
 Cubit Arm : An arm couped at the elbow. 
 It is necessary to state in the Blazon whether 
 the Arm be the dexter or sinister; and its position, 
 such as Erect, In fess, &c. ; also, whether the 
 Hand be Appaume or Clenched. 
 Escarbuncle : See Carbuncle. 
 Falchion : A Sword, the blade of which is broad, and 
 slightly curved. 
 
 Fan, Scruttle, or Winnowing-basket (fig. 195). 
 Fetter-lock, or Shack-bolt : A somewhat rare charge. 
 A Falcon on a Fetter-loch (fig. 196) was one of the Badges 
 
 Fig. 195. Fig. 196. 
 
 assumed by Edward the Fourth. The illustration here given 
 is taken from the bronze gate leading to Henry the Seventh's 
 
COMMON CHABQES. 
 
 107 
 
 Chapel in "Westminster Abbey. A Lion's face within a 
 Fetter-lock is the crest of the Hallorans, of Devonshire. 
 
 Gad : A rectangular plate of steel, borne in the Arms of 
 the Ironmongers' Company. Gads are also the spikes 
 affixed to the knuckles of a gauntlet, to inflict a more 
 dangerous wound, when the wearer was engaged in the 
 melee. See Frontispiece. 
 
 Galley : See Lymphad. 
 
 Garland : See Chaplet. 
 
 Gauntlet : An iron glove, usually depicted without 
 fingers, which is its most ancient form. It must be stated 
 in the Blazon whether it be the dexter or sinister gauntlet, 
 and if Appaume or Addorsed. 
 
 In emblazoning a Gauntlet appaume, the Student must 
 bear in mind that it should not be mailed on the palm ; as it 
 would have been impossible, in that case, for the wearer to 
 grasp a weapon firmly. The palm of the hand was either 
 covered with a leathern glove, or the gauntlet was affixed 
 by straps to the fingers. 
 
 Gimmal, or Jumelle Rings : When two or more Annulets 
 are interlaced, they are sometimes termed Gimmal Rings. 
 
 A Gimmal or Jumelle Ring was formed of two flat hoops 
 of gold, which fitted accurately within each other, and con- 
 stituted but one ring. They were sometimes made triple ; 
 and it was customary at a Betrothal for each of the contract- 
 ing parties to retain one portion, and to give the other to the 
 witness. At the marriage, the three pieces were reunited, 
 and formed the wedding-ring. Emilia says, in Othello : 
 
 " I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring." 
 
 Gorge, or Gurge (fig. 197) : A whirlpool ; borne on the 
 Shields of the Gorges and Chellerys. This Charge covers 
 the entire Field, and is always blazoned Argent and Azure. 
 
io8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 G-RiECES : Steps, or Degrees. 
 
 Habick : An instrument used in dressing cloth. Two 
 habicks appear in the Arms of the Clothworhers' Company 
 
 (fig. i9»)- 
 
 Fig. 197. Fig. 198. 
 
 Harp : When represented as in the Third Quarter of the 
 Koyal Arms, it is usually termed a Welsh Harp. 
 Hawk-bell : See Bell. 
 
 Helmet : When blazoned as a Charge, is represented as 
 that of an Esquire. See chap. xiy. 
 
 Hemp-break, or Hackle : An instrument used for 
 bruising hemp or flax (fig. 199). A Hackle was the device 
 of Sir Eeginald Bray ; who, during the reign of Henry 
 VII., in a great measure restored the Chapel of St. George, 
 at Windsor, where it repeatedly occurs in various parts of 
 the building. 
 
 Hunting-horn, or Bugle : A very ancient and common 
 Bearing. It is usually blazoned as Stringed, which signifies 
 that it depends from two strings, or ribbons, tied in a knot 
 
 Fig. 199. Fig ; 200. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 109 
 
 above ; and Garnished, which refers to the mouthpiece, and 
 the rings which encircle it (fig. 200). 
 
 Javelin ; See Tilting-spear. 
 
 Knots : See chapter ix. 
 
 Letters of the Alphabet frequently appear as Charges. 
 The families of Tofte, Kekitmore, Clark, Rashleigh, 
 Vassall, and others, bear Letters on their escutcheons. 
 The Langs bear on a Fess the first six Letters of the 
 Alphabet. Such Charges are more common in Foreign than 
 in English Coats of Arms. 
 
 Lure : Two wings conjoined (as in fig. 1 54), to which is 
 attached a line and ring. 
 
 Lymphad, or Galley : A one-masted vessel, rising at 
 the stem and stern. It is represented with the sail furled, 
 and propelled by oars (fig. 201). Many Scotch families bear 
 this Charge. 
 
 Manche, or Maunche : A hanging sleeve. Fig. 202 is 
 taken from Hart MSS. No. 6079. A fine example of this 
 Charge occurs on the Brass of John de Hastings, Earl of 
 Pembroke, in Elsyng Church, Norfolk (a.d. 1347). 
 
 Fig. 201. Fig. 202. Fig. 203. 
 
 Millstone (fig. 203): The iron clamps which support it 
 on either side are the Mill-rinds, or Fers de Moline, 
 which are .more frequently borne separately than with the 
 Stone. See Cross Moline (fig. 78). 
 
 Morion : A Helmet. In illustrations, it appears under 
 
 H 
 
I 10 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 a variety of forms. It is sometimes shaped after the fashion 
 of the helmet of the well-known bust of Ajax found in 
 Adrian's Villa ; and at other times it assumes the form of 
 the Casques worn by the soldiers of the Commonwealth, 
 which was a steel cap fitting close to the head, having a 
 wide and slightly arched brim. 
 
 Mullet : A Figure resembling a spur -rowel of five 
 points (fig. 204). When of more than five points, the 
 number must be specified. It is generally pierced, as in 
 the diagram. Compare the Mullet with the Etoile (fig. 172). 
 
 Pall : An archiepiscopal vestment made of lambs'-wool, 
 and worn over the shoulders. Only one-half is apparent in 
 Armorial illustrations ; it is always fimbriated, and charged 
 with Crosses pate fitche. It appears in the Arms of the 
 Sees of Canterbury and Armagh (fig. 205). 
 
 Palmer's, or Pilgrim's, Staff : A very ancient Charge. 
 The Pilgrim's Scrip is sometimes represented with the Staff, 
 as in fig. 206. 
 
 Fig. 204. Fig. 205. Fig. 206. 
 
 Pheon : The barbed head of a dart (fig. 207). A Pheon 
 engrailed on the outer edge is blazoned as a Broad Arrow. 
 
 Playing -tables : This Charge, which is but seldom 
 employed, is drawn with twenty-four points, like a Back- 
 gammon-board. 
 
 Portcullis : An iron gate formed of bars armed at the 
 base, and bolted in trellis ; at both sides is a chain pendent 
 from rings at the top (fig. 208). 
 
COMMON CHABGES. 
 
 in 
 
 Best, Clarion, Claricord, or Sufflue: Various 
 opinions have been given by Armorists as to the origin of 
 this Charge. Some incline to the supposition that it was 
 intended as a rest to receive the lance when a Knight was 
 on horseback, and others that it was a musical instrument. 
 They probably constituted, at one time, two distinct devices, 
 but they are now considered as identical (fig. 209). 
 
 Fig. 207. Fig. 208. Fig. 209. 
 
 Scaling-ladder: A very ancient, though somewhat 
 uncommon, Charge. It is generally represented bendwise, 
 resting against a wall, and furnished at the top with two 
 grappling-claws. 
 
 Scimetar : This weapon differs little from the Falchion. 
 The blade is, however, rather more curved, and somewhat 
 narrower. 
 
 Scrip : See Palmer's Staff. 
 
 Seax : A Falchion with a semicircular notch at the back 
 of the blade, seen in the Arms of the County of Middlesex ; 
 which are : Gules ; three Seaxes fessivise argent (fig. 210). m 
 
 Fig. 210. Fig. 211. 
 
112 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEEALDBY. 
 
 Shakefork : Eesembles a Pall, humette and pointed 
 (% 21 1). 
 
 Spear : See Tilting-spear. 
 
 Spur : This Charge may either be represented in its 
 modern form, with rowels, or with a single 
 point. The latter is the most ancient, 
 and is known as the Pryck-spur. The 
 example in the margin is taken from a 
 brass to Sir Robert de Bures, in Acton 
 Church, Suffolk (a.d. 1362). The monumental effigy of 
 John Plantagenet, of Eltham, in Westminster Abbey 
 (a.d. 1336), affords a fine example of an octagonal- shaped 
 pryck-spur. Richard the First, on his great seal, is the 
 first king who appears wearing a Rouelle-spur. Spurs are 
 sometimes represented with a circular guard around the points. 
 
 Sword : The Sword differs from the Falchion, Seax, and 
 Scimetar in being represented straight, instead of curved. 
 See the third Quarter of fig. 244. In all of these weapons, 
 the hilt, pommel, and sometimes the gripe, or that part by 
 which they were held, differ in tincture from the blade, 
 which difference must be noted in the Blazon. When no 
 position is assigned, the hilt is to be placed in base. 
 
 Tilting-spear : It is sufficient to blazon this weapon as 
 a Spear (fig. 213). When a plain Spear is intended, it must 
 be blazoned as a Javelin. A Broken Spear often appears as 
 a Charge, and means the lower half. 
 
 ! 17 
 
 . VI 
 
 Fig. 213. 
 
 Fig. 214. 
 
COMMON CHARGES. 
 
 113 
 
 Trellis: This differs from Fretty, inasmuch as the 
 pieces of which it is composed are not interlaced, but are 
 continued throughout, and nailed at the points of contact 
 (fig- 214). 
 
 Trumpet: This instrument generally appears straight, 
 with the end rather distended. A very ancient form is 
 flexed, in the shape of the letter S. 
 
 Turret. A small tower commonly set upon a Castle, as 
 shown at fig. 189. 
 
 Vambrace : Armour for the arm (fig. 162). 
 
 Vamplate : A Gauntlet. 
 
 Vannet: The Escallop is so named when the ears are 
 wanting. 
 
 Water-bouget : A leathern vessel for- 
 merly used by soldiers and pilgrims to con- 
 tain water. It may be represented in either 
 of the forms shown in the diagram, but that 
 in base is more generally adopted. 
 
 Winnowing-basket : See Fan. 
 
 Wreath : A circular fillet of twisted silk 
 upon which the crest is placed (fig. 274). Wreaths also 
 appear as encircling the heads of human figures, particularly 
 those of Saracens and Moors. 
 
 Disposition of Small Charges. 
 
 When there are several small charges of the same kind 
 blazoned on a shield, the position they occupy, as well as 
 their number, must be mentioned. The method of arranging 
 them in the form of an Ordinary has already been noticed 
 at page 68. They may likewise be disposed as in the 
 following Blazons of Arms. 
 
 Gules ; a Chevron between ten Cinquef oils, four and two in 
 chief, one, two, and one in base argent. Borne by Berkley. 
 
ii4 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 Argent; two Bars between seven Annulets, three, three, and 
 one gules. Seaforth (fig. 216). 
 
 Argent; ten Escallops, four, three, two, and one sable. 
 
 KlNGSCOTE. 
 
 Azure; eleven Billets, four, three, and four argent La- 
 vardin. 
 
 Unless some other disposition be specially noted in the 
 Blazon (as in the Arms of the County of Middlesex, fig. 
 210), three Charges are always to be placed two and one, as 
 in the annexed Shield borne by Newton, of Cheshire: Argent; 
 three Eagles displayed azure (fig. 217). When, however, the 
 escutcheon is traversed by a Bend or Bend sinister, and 
 three charges are on either side, this arrangement may be 
 with propriety disregarded. Thus the Arms of Hunt, of 
 Hertfordshire (formerly of Huntingdonshire), would be re- 
 presented as in fig. 218. 
 
 Fig. 216. 
 
 Fig. 217. 
 
 Fig. 218. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 
 
 ' I ^HE following list of descriptive Terms does not include 
 those which have been previously mentioned in treat- 
 ing of Charges. Any Term not set down in this place may 
 be readily found by reference to the Index at the end of the 
 volume. 
 
 Abaise : Lowered. This term is applied when a charge 
 which usually occupies the centre of a shield, such as a Fess, 
 is depressed below it. A Pale or Bend abaise would be 
 more correctly blazoned as a demi-pale, or demi-bend in base. 
 When the wings of an Eagle displayed are inverted, they 
 are sometimes described as Abaise. 
 
 Adumbrated : Shaded, or under shadow. 
 
 Aiguise, or Urd^: Used by French and the early 
 English Heralds to signify pointed, as a Cross aiguise. 
 
 Ambulant: Walking, commonly applied to Beasts of 
 the Chase. 
 
 Anno dated : Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. 
 
 Annulated, or Annuly: Charges are thus blazoned 
 when they terminate in Annulets : as a Cross annuly, which 
 means that an Annulet is affixed to the end of each limb. 
 
 Arched, or Enarched : When an Ordinary, such as a 
 Fess or Bend, is slightly curved, it is blazoned as Arched 
 (see Arms of Prince of Wales, fig. 287). 
 
 Armed at all points : This term is used in blazoning 
 
1 16 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 a Knight who is completely encased in Armour — sometimes 
 described as Cap-a-pie. 
 Aronde : Bounded off. 
 
 Arrasways : A rectangular charge, such as a Book, is 
 thus described when it is placed on its side, with one corner 
 towards the spectator. 
 
 Aspersed : See Seme. 
 
 Assurgent : Rising from the sea. 
 
 At bay : Used in describing a Stag with its head de- 
 pressed, as if it were butting with its horns. 
 
 Banded : When a Charge, such as a Garb or Sheaf of 
 Arrows, is bound together with a band of a different tincture, 
 it is said to be Banded of that tincture. 
 
 Barded: Caparisoned. 
 
 Bezant^ : Seme or covered with Bezants. 
 
 Bi-corporated : Haying two bodies conjoined to one 
 head. Animals, more particularly Lions, are occasionally 
 so represented, and, sometimes, Tri-corporated. Such a 
 device was borne by Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lan- 
 caster, brother to King Edward the First. 
 
 Billete : Seme of Billets. 
 
 Bladed : When the blade or stalk of corn is borne of a 
 different tincture from the ear, it is described as Bladed of 
 whatever tincture it may be. 
 
 Blemished : See Bebated. 
 
 Bolting : Applied to Hares and Babbits when courant 
 Braced : Interlaced. 
 
 Brinded, or Brindled : Spotted. Applied only to 
 animals. 
 
 Cantoned : A Cross is Cantoned when it is between four 
 Charges (see fig. 160). 
 
 Cloue : Studded with nails. A Portcullis, or a Gate, is 
 sometimes thus described. 
 
MIS CELLANEO US DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 1 1 7 
 
 Corded: Bound round with cord, — as, a Bale gules, 
 corded or. 
 
 Corned: Homed. 
 
 Conjoined: Joined together. When hollow Charges, 
 such as Annulets, are linked together, so as to form a chain, 
 they are sometimes blazoned as Conjoined; they would, how- 
 ever, be better described as Braced. 
 
 Crusill^ : Seme of Crosses ; usually of Crosses-crosslet. 
 
 Decollated : Decapitated. Rarely used. 
 
 Dilated: Opened or extended. Applied to a Pair of 
 Compasses, Barnacles, &c. 
 
 Disarmed : Beasts and Birds of prey are thus blazoned 
 when they are deprived of their claws and teeth, or beaks. 
 
 Enaluron, Entoyre, and Enurny: Terms formerly 
 used to express Bordures severally charged with Birds, 
 Inanimate Objects, and Animals. See page 66. 
 
 Engouled : Being swallowed or devoured. It also sig- 
 nifies being pierced through the mouth with a weapon. 
 
 Enhanced : Any Ordinary set above its usual position. 
 The Byrons bear : Argent; three Bendlets en- 
 hanced gules ; and the City of Manchester 
 emblazons the same Charges or, on a field 
 gules (fig. 219). 
 
 Ensigned : Ornamented, or garnished. 
 
 Enveloped: Entwined. 
 
 Flexed: Bent. Fis - 2I< * 
 
 Flighted : An arrow is flighted of its feathers. 
 
 Flotant : This term is usually applied to Flags when 
 displayed as if by the wind. It may, also, be used to express 
 any thing floating or swimming. See Jess, page 86. 
 
 Forcene, or Fresne : Applicable only to Horses when 
 in a rampant position. 
 
 F.umant : Emitting smoke. 
 
1 1 8 HANDB OK OF HERALD B Y. 
 
 Fusille : Seme of Fusils. 
 
 Gerated : See Seme. 
 
 Genuant : In a kneeling posture. 
 
 Gliding, or Glissant : Used to describe Serpents when 
 moving forwards in Fess. 
 
 Guarded: Trimmed, or turned up with. Commonly 
 applied to a Mantle or Chapeau. 
 
 Habited : See Vested. 
 
 Hacked : An indented Charge is thus described, when 
 the notches are curved upon both sides, similar to the Teeth 
 of Barnacles (see fig. 180). 
 
 Interchangeably posed : When Charges are placed in 
 parallel lines, so that the head of each appears between the 
 tails of two others, — in the manner that fish are usually 
 served at table, — they are said to be Interchangeably posed. 
 
 Laminated: Scaled. Applied only to reptiles, and to 
 them but rarely. 
 
 Lined : Attached by a line, usually affixed to the collar 
 of an Animal. This term is also applied to the lining of a 
 Mantle, Chapeau, &c, when borne of a different tincture 
 from the garment itself. 
 
 Lionced : Crosses are thus blazoned when their limbs 
 terminate in the heads of Lions. 
 
 Masoned : As though built with stone, like a Castle 
 (see fig. 179). 
 
 Morne : Disarmed. 
 
 Powdered : See Seme. 
 
 Purfled : When applied to a Mantle, implies that it is 
 lined or guarded with fur ; and when to Armour, that the 
 studs and rims are of another metal, — as, an Arm vambraced 
 ppr., purfled or garnished or. 
 
 Eebated: When the head of a Cross, Weapon, &c, is 
 broken or cut off. 
 
MISCELLANEO US DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 1 1 9 
 
 Reflexed : Bent, or turned backwards, as the chain 
 of the sinister Supporter of the Royal Arms. 
 
 Removed : Depressed. See Abaise. 
 
 RenversiJ, or Reversed : Turned contrary to the usual 
 direction. 
 
 Scintillant : Emitting sparks. 
 
 Seme, Aspersed, Gerated, Sans Nombre, and Pow- 
 dered : These terms are used to signify that a Shield or 
 Charge is covered with an indefinite number of minor 
 Charges promiscuously scattered over the surface. Powdered, 
 Gerated, Sans Nombre, and Aspersed, however, commonly 
 imply that the Charges are to be smaller, and more thickly 
 distributed than Seme. It will be seen by reference to the 
 Shield on the following page, — which is France Ancient, 
 azure; seme de Lys or, — that the Fleurs-de-lys occurring 
 at the extremities are cut through, as if the Field were 
 covered with a Diaper pattern. When the other terms are 
 employed, the small Charges are represented complete. 
 
 Stringed : Used in specifying the tincture of the string 
 or ribbon by which a Bugle-horn is suspended (fig. 200). 
 It is also employed in describing the strings of musical 
 instruments, — as in the Arms of Ireland, which are: Azure; 
 a Harp or, stringed argent. 
 
 Sur-tout, Surmounting, or Over- all : These terms 
 are synonymous, and signify that a Charge — usually an 
 Inescutcheon — is to be placed in the centre of the Shield, 
 partially concealing whatever may have been previously em- 
 blazoned thereon, as shown at fig. 244. When on such an 
 Inescutcheon a second is charged, it is described as Sur- 
 tout-de-tout. 
 
 Sustained : Usually applied to a Chief or Fess, when a 
 narrow fillet or fimbriation occupies the base of the Charge. 
 
 Trefle : Ensigned with Trefoils. The Arms of Saxony, 
 
120 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 borne by the Prince of Wales, afford an example of a Bend 
 trefle. In a Cross trefle, each of the limbs terminates with a 
 single Trefoil. 
 
 Vested : Clothed. Usually applied in blazoning a part 
 of the body, — as a dexter Arm couped, vested gules, hand 
 proper. "When an entire Figure is clothed, it is commonly 
 described as Habited. 
 
 Fig. 220. 
 
 France Ancient. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 KNOTS, BADGES, REBUSES, AND MERCHANTS' MARKS. 
 
 TT^NOTS of silk cord entwined in various manners were 
 adopted as Armorial Bearings at a very early date. 
 As far back as the fifteenth year of the reign of Edward 
 the Third, we read of the Stafford knot being the Badge 
 of the Duke of Buckingham ; and the Bourchier knot, 
 that of Fitzwarren. Knots seldom appear as Charges 
 upon shields, but serve for the most part as Badges and 
 Crests. These Devices are known in Armory by the names 
 of the Families to whom they severally belong ; the principal 
 of which are the following : 
 
 Fig. 221. Fig. 222. Fig. 223. 
 
 The Heneage Knot. 
 
3 22 
 
 HANDBOOK OF BEE ALB BY. 
 
 Figs. 224 and 226 are taken from monuments in St. Ed- 
 mund's chapel, Westminster : the former from that of John, 
 Earl of Stafford ; and the latter from 
 that of Humphrey Bourchier, who was 
 killed at the Battle of Barnet, in 1471. 
 It will be observed that, in the last-men- 
 tioned, one strap is pierced with holes, to 
 receive the tongue of the buckle. The 
 example in the margin occurs on the tomb 
 of Archbishop Bourchier, in Canterbury 
 Cathedral, a.d. i486. 
 
 The Family of Harrington also bears 
 a knot, called by their name, which should 
 justly be known as the Verdon knot, that family having 
 previously adopted it. This knot is not represented as 
 composed of cord, but is flat, and may be described as a 
 Fret, with the extremities of the Saltire couped. 
 
 Badges, or Cognisances, were Devices adopted by 
 Families as distinctive marks, but which cannot be strictly 
 regarded as Armorial Bearings (although they were to some 
 extent employed as such), but rather as subsidiary Arms. 
 They were intended to be borne on military equipments, 
 caparisons, articles of domestic use, &c. ; and also on the 
 breasts of common soldiers, attendants, and household ser- 
 vants, in the manner of watermen and children of Charity 
 Schools at the present day. As the bearing of Crests was 
 restricted solely to their individual possessors, and as Coats 
 of Arms were frequently of too elaborate a description to be 
 embroidered on the garments of retainers, &c, Badges, con- 
 sisting of a single figure, were employed to designate the 
 family to which such dependents belonged. None but the 
 private Herald bore the Arms of his lord upon his dress. 
 In many instances, such tenants of the great Baronies as 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, BEB USES, ETC. 
 
 123 
 
 were entitled to Armorial distinction assumed the Badge of 
 their superior lord as Arms ; hence the prevalence of the 
 Pelham Buckle in the Arms of Sussex families, and the 
 Garb in those of Cheshire. 
 
 A Badge may readily be distinguished from a Crest, from 
 the circumstance that the former is complete by itself, while 
 the latter is always placed either on a Wreath, Crest-coronet, 
 or Cap of Maintenance. The string-course which passes 
 beneath the windows and connects the trusses in West- 
 minster Hall is enriched 
 
 is plainly marked ; for, al- 
 though there is a variation in each, as to position and ac- 
 companiments, yet the former — a crowned Lion statant- 
 guardant — is in every instance placed upon a Cap of Main- 
 tenance. 
 
 The origin of Badges may be traced to a period coeval 
 with, if not antecedent to, that of regular Coats of Arms. 
 Thus, we find King Stephen bearing two separate Devices 
 as Badges, which have been sometimes, though erroneously, 
 regarded as his Arms. These were a Sagittarius, and a 
 Plume of three Ostrich-feathers, with this Motto : " Vi 
 nulla invertitur ordo" — By no force is their form altered; 
 alluding to the fold and fall of the Feathers, which, how- 
 ever shaken by the wind, recover their original fashion. 
 
 along its entire length with 
 the Crest and Helmet of 
 Richard the Second, placed 
 between two Ostrich-feathers, 
 alternating with his favourite 
 Badge — a white Hart, lodged, 
 gorged, and chained. In these 
 examples, the distinction be- 
 tween the Crest and the Badge 
 
 Fig. 228. 
 
124 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 The Planta genista of the Plantagenets ; the Ostrich- 
 feathers of Edward, Prince of Wales ; and the Red and 
 White Roses of the Lancastrian and Yorkist factions, are 
 examples of Badges familiar to every student of English 
 History. Some of the Kings and the Nobles of the Four- 
 teenth and Fifteenth Centuries adopted several Badges which 
 they used indiscriminately : Henry the Fourth, for ex- 
 ample, had no less than twelve ; which were, a Gennet 
 (Ermine or Weasel) passant between two sprigs of Broom — 
 thus forming the word Planta-genet ; the Monogram 8,8.; 
 three Ostrich-feathers ; the stump of a Tree, for Woodstock ; 
 a Fox's tail ; a Crescent; a silver Swan, ducally gorged, for 
 Bohun ; a red Rose ; a Panther ; an Antelope ; an Eagle 
 displayed; and a Columbine-flower. The Portcullis was a 
 favourite Device of Henry the Seventh, as may be seen in 
 the Chapel at Westminster, where it repeatedly occurs. 
 This was the Badge of the Dukes of Beaufort, descend- 
 ants of John of Ghent, through whom Henry was anxious 
 to exhibit his Lancastrian origin : he was also equally de- 
 sirous of showing his connection with the House of York ; 
 for, besides the White and Eed Eoses conjoined, is to be 
 seen a Falcon standing on a Fetterlock (fig. 196), which was 
 the Cognisance of Edmund Langley, Duke of York. A 
 more extended account of the Eoyal Badges of England will 
 be found in chapter xvii. 
 
 As in many historical records, particularly in ballads, 
 Nobles are referred to by the Badges which they bore, and 
 not by name, it is important that we should know to whom 
 such Badges belonged. The following list, chiefly compiled 
 from Earl MSS. No. 5910, Part II, Mus. Brit, and 2d 
 M. xvi., Coll. Herald, contains the names of the principal 
 Nobles who were distinguished by Badges : 
 
 Arundel : An Acorn. 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, BEB USES, ETC. 
 
 125 
 
 Astley : A Cinquefoil ermine. 
 
 Audley : A Butterfly argent ; a Saracen's head. 
 
 Beaufort : A Portcullis. 
 
 Beaumont : An Elephant. 
 
 Boleyn : A Bull's head, couped, sable, horned gules. 
 
 Booth : A Boar's head erect, erased, sable. 
 
 Borough : An Arm vambraced, embowed, and gaunt- 
 leted proper, suspended by a golden cord, in the manner of 
 a Bugle-horn (MS. No. 1121, Ash. Coll). 
 
 Bottrell : A Bundle of Arrows argent, within a sheaf 
 sable, garnished or, the straps gules (Harl MSS. No. 
 4 6 3 2 ). 
 
 Brandon : A Lion's head erased or. 
 Bray : A Coney sable. 
 Buckingham, Duke of : Stafford knot, 
 Burleigh : Wheat-sheaf or. 
 
 Cassell : An Anchor gules, bezante, ringed or, corded 
 of the first. 
 
 Cheney : Two Horns argent. 
 
 Chichester, Earl of : A Buckle or. 
 
 Clifford : An Annulet or. 
 
 Clinton : A Mullet or. 
 
 Cobham : A Saracen's head sable, 
 
 Compton : A Beacon or, fired proper. 
 
 Courtenay (Earl of Devon) : A Boar argent. 
 ■ Cumberland, Earl of : Eaven argent. 
 
 Curson : A Cockatrice displayed gules, armed azure. 
 
 Denny : Two Arches supported on columns argent, 
 capitals and bases or. 
 
 Despencer : An Annulet per pale or and argent {Ash. 
 Coll. MSS. No. 1 121). 
 
 De Vere (Earl of Oxford) : A Boar azure (Stowe's 
 Survey of London). The Earls of Oxford also used a bottle 
 
 1 
 
126 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 argent, suspended by a cord azure, in right of their hereditary 
 office of Lords High Chamberlain ; or possibly 
 this Badge was only a Rebus, and was intended 
 to represent verre — a glass bottle. Over the 
 west window of the church at Castle Hed- 
 ingham, Essex, this Badge appears as in the 
 margin. 
 
 , 229. 
 
 Douglas : A Heart proper. 
 
 Draycott : A Serpent's head erased gules. 
 
 Edgecomb : A Boar's head couped argent, the neck en- 
 circled with a wreath of leaves proper (Harl. MSS. No. 
 4632,/^. 217). 
 
 Fauconberg, Lord : A Fish-hook. 
 
 Fitz warren : Bourchier knot. 
 
 Grey : A Scaling-ladder argent. 
 
 Hastings : A Bull's head erased sable, gorged and 
 crowned or. 
 
 Howard : A Lion rampant argent. 
 
 Hungerford : A Sickle (Tomb of Walter, Lord Hunger- 
 ford, in Salisbury Cathedral). 
 
 Kent, Earl of : A Bear argent. 
 
 Knowles : An Elephant. 
 
 Langford : Two Wings argent. 
 
 Lincoln, Earl of : Plume of Feathers. 
 
 Mainwaring : An Ass's head sable. 
 
 Marmion : An Ape passant argent, ringed and chained 
 gold (Harl. MSS. No. 1453,/rf. 158&). 
 
 March, Earl of : A white Lion ; a Rose. 
 
 Montacute, Lord : A Roebuck. 
 
 Morley, Lord : A Boar's head muzzled. 
 
 Mowbray : A Mulberry-tree proper. 
 
 Munford : A Fleur-de-lys gules. 
 
 Neville : A dun Bull ; a Fret or. 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, REBUSES, ETQ. 127 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of : A Buckle or. 
 
 Norfolk, Duke of : A Lion passant argent. 
 
 Ogle : A Bull's head erased argent. 
 
 Pelham : A Buckle or. 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of : A Dragon vert. 
 
 Percy : A Crescent argent. 
 
 Rich : A Greyhound courant. 
 
 Rivers : A Magpie proper ; an Escallop argent. 
 
 Rutland, Earl of : A Peacock. 
 
 Sandes : An Elephant. 
 
 Scrope : A Plume of Feathers azure ; a Cornish Chough 
 proper. 
 
 Sidney : A Hedgehog. 
 
 Stanley : A Hart's head argent. 
 
 St. Leger : A pair of Barnacles erect gules, ringed or. 
 
 Suffolk, Duke of : A Lion rampant, queue fourche or. 
 
 Walsingham: A Tiger's head {Harl. MSS. No. 5910, 
 Part II. fol. 167) ; a Boar's head couped sable, holding in 
 the mouth a walnut vert {Harl. MSS. No. 4031,/^. 162). 
 
 Wharton : A Bull's head erased argent. 
 
 Wills, Lord : A Bucket and Chain. 
 
 Winchester, Marquess of : A Falcon. 
 
 Winsor : A Unicorn argent. 
 
 Wiatt : A pair of Barnacles erect argent, ringed or. 
 
 Willoughby : A Mill-sail, or Wind-mill. 
 
 Worcester, Earl of : A Camel. 
 
 Yarborough, Earl of : A Buckle. 
 
 It was frequently the practice at Tournaments for a 
 Knight to exhibit two shields, one charged with his hereditary 
 Bearings, and the other with his Badge, or Impress. Before 
 the commencement of the Tournament, if any one was de- 
 sirous of an encounter with him whose shields were thus 
 exposed, he signified whether he wished it to be simply a 
 
128 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 trial of skill or a combat a Toutrance by touching either the 
 Badge or Arms. Edwaed the Black Prince, in his Will, 
 in which he gives directions for his funeral obsequies, 
 specially mentions both kinds of shields which were to be 
 carried in the procession — "Tun pur la guerre, de nos 
 armes entiers quartelles ; et V autre pur la paix, de nos bages 
 des plumes d'ostruce." Another mode of challenging — and 
 that most generally adopted — was for Knights to exhibit 
 their Shields of Arms, and for their opponents to signify 
 their intention by touching them with Sharps or Blunts. 
 
 From the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth centuries, Badges 
 were commonly depicted on the friezes, entablatures, and 
 stained-glass windows of Mansions and Churches, many fine 
 examples of which are still preserved. 
 
 In the historical plays of Shakespeare, frequent allusions 
 are made to Badges. Clifford, in his quarrel with the 
 Earl of Warwick, exclaims ; 
 
 " I am resolved to bear a greater storm 
 Than any thou canst conjure up to-day ; 
 And that, I'll write upon thy Burgonet (helmet), 
 Might I but know thee by thy Household Badge." 
 
 To which threat, Warwick replies : 
 
 " The rampant Bear, chained to a ragged staff, 
 This day I'll wear aloft my Burgonet." 
 
 King Henry VI., part ii. act v. sc. 1. 
 
 In the ancient ballad, 'entitled " The Eising of the North 
 Countrie," we read : 
 
 " Now spreade thine Ancyent (Banner), Westmorland, 
 Thy Dun Bull faine would we spye ; 
 And thou, the Earle of Northumberland, 
 Now raise thy Half-Moone up on hye." 
 
 Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, carried a Dun Bull as a 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, HUB USES, ETC. 
 
 129 
 
 Badge, and a Dun Bull's head and neck erased for Crest. 
 The Badge of Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was a 
 Crescent, which is again referred to in "The Hermit of 
 Warkworth :" 
 
 " The minstrels of thy noble House 
 All clad in robes of blue, 
 With silver Crescents on their arms, 
 Attend in order due." 
 
 About the time of Queen Elizabeth, the custom of 
 wearing Badges began to fall into disuse : there are at the 
 present day but few of our noble families which retain it. 
 In Scotland, however, the custom still in a great measure 
 survives ; a branch of a tree, a sprig, or a flower, in every 
 instance constituting the distinguishing badge of the vari- 
 ous clans, as exemplified by the following list : 
 
 Buccleugh Heather. 
 
 Buchanan Birch. 
 
 Cameron Oak. 
 
 Campbell Myrtle. 
 
 Chisholm Alder. 
 
 Colquhoun Hazel. 
 
 Drummond Holly. 
 
 Ferguson Poplar. 
 
 Forbes Broom. 
 
 Frazer Yew. 
 
 Gordon Ivy. 
 
 Graham Laurel. 
 
 Grant Cranberry Heath. 
 
 Mac Donold .... Bell Heath. 
 
 Mac Donnell .... Mountain Heath. 
 
 Mac Gregor .... Pine. 
 
 Mac Intosh Box. 
 
130 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 Mac Kenzie Deer Grass. 
 
 Mac Lean Blackberry. 
 
 Mac Rae Fir-Club Moss. 
 
 Menzies Ash. 
 
 Murray Juniper. 
 
 Ogilvie Hawthorn. 
 
 Oliphant Maple. 
 
 Robertson Fern. 
 
 Rose Brier-rose. 
 
 Ross Bear-berries. 
 
 Sinclair ...... Clover. 
 
 Stewart Thistle. 
 
 Sutherland Cat's-tail Grass. 
 
 The chief of each clan, in addition to his family Badge, 
 wears in his bonnet two Eagles' feathers : only the members 
 and dependents of the house of Munro are entitled to bear 
 Eagles' feathers as a Badge. 
 
 The last personal Royal Badge was that devised by Queen 
 Anne, in which the Rose of England and the Thistle of 
 Scotland appeared growing from one stem, and Imperially 
 crowned. The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, however, still 
 constitute the national emblems of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland ; and the custom of emblazoning devices upon 
 the Colours of Infantry Regiments, and Standards of the 
 Cavalry, is continued to the present day. As examples, it 
 may not be out of place to enumerate the Badges displayed 
 by a few of our Infantry Regiments : 
 
 i st Regiment : Y.R. within the Collar of St. Andrew, 
 surmounted by an Imperial Crown. 
 
 2D „ A Paschal Lamb. V.R. within the 
 
 Garter, surmounted by a Crown. 
 The Crest of England. 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, REBUSES, ETC. 
 
 3D Regiment : A Red Dragon. 
 
 4TH „ A Lion of England. V.R. within the 
 
 Garter. 
 
 STH „ St. George and the Dragon. Rose and 
 
 Crown, proper. The Crest of Eng- 
 land. Motto : Qno fata vocant, 
 
 6th „ Rose and Crown. Antelope. 
 
 7TH „ A red Rose within the Garter, beneath 
 
 a Crown, proper. A White Horse 
 eourant. 
 
 8th „ A Crown within the Garter. A White 
 
 Horse eourant. V.R. and Crown. 
 Motto: Nec aspera terrent. 
 
 9TH „ Britannia. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 The Rebus was a fanciful combination of two or more 
 figures, whereby the name of the adopter was usually formed, 
 and was frequently borne by those who possessed both Arms 
 and Crest. Sir William Dugdale quaintly observes, that 
 " they who lackt wit to expresse their conceit in speech, did 
 use to depaint it out (as it were) in pictures, which they 
 called Rebus, by a Latin name well fitting their device." 
 
 Rebuses were very generally adopted by Ecclesiastics, as 
 is evinced by the number which are still to be seen carved 
 in Churches and Monastic Edifices. On the tombs of the 
 Abbots Wheathamstead and Ramryge, in St. Alb an' s 
 Abbey, ears of Wheat, and Earns with the syllable " rydge" 
 carved on their collars, are introduced in a variety of forms ; 
 and in a window of St. Peter's Church, Gloucester, 
 contributed by Thomas Compton, Abbot of Cirencester, 
 is a Rebus in which the donor's name is expressed by a 
 Comb above a Tun, or Barrel. The Rebus of William 
 
1 3 2 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 Fig. 230. 
 
 Bolton, Prior of St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield, is simi- 
 larly devised, as shown by the annexed cut. 
 In a stained-glass window in the Chapel at 
 Lullingstone, Kent, appear the Arms of Sir 
 John Pech^, — a Lion rampant, surrounded 
 with a Garland of Peach-branches ; and on 
 the fruit is inscribed the letter e, which in 
 French would form Peche-e. A Shell over a 
 Tun still remains on the Parsonage-house of Great Snor- 
 ing, Norfolk, placed there by its builder, whose name was 
 Shelton. 
 
 In a similar manner, a member of the Grafton family 
 devised a Rebus of his name, composed 
 of a Graft issuing from the favourite 
 Tun. This device appears in a stained- 
 glass window of the Hall of the Rectory- 
 house in Buckland, Gloucester- 
 shire. 
 
 Addison writes in the Spectator: 
 " When Caesar was one of the masters 
 of the Roman Mint, he placed the 
 figure of an Elephant upon the reverse of the public money, 
 the word Caesar signifying an Elephant in the Punic lan- 
 guage. This was artificially contrived by Caesar, because it 
 was not lawful for a private man to stamp his own figure 
 upon the coin of the Commonwealth. Cicero, who was so 
 called from the founder of his family, that was marked on 
 the nose with a little wen, like a vetch (which is Cicer in 
 Latin), instead of Marcus Tullius Cicero, ordered the words 
 Marcus Tullius, with a figure of a vetch at the end of them, 
 to be inscribed on a public monument." We thus see that 
 the adoption of Rebuses dates from a remote period of 
 Antiquity. 
 
 > *\i w m *it 
 
 Fig. 231. 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, REBUSES, ETC. 133 
 
 The Reader is referred to the chapter on Armes par- 
 l antes, where other forms of Rebuses will be found treated 
 of* 
 
 It commonly occurred that Knights who, on entering 
 the Lists, wished to conceal their identity, would assume a 
 Device with an allusive Motto, which was designated an 
 Impress. Dallaway defines an Impress as "a painted 
 metaphor, or rather an enigma inverted." There was a dif- 
 ference between the Household Badge and the Impress, 
 as appears from the quotation from Richard the Second at 
 page 36, where both are mentioned. The Impress be- 
 longed exclusively to the Knight's person, and was usually 
 relinquished after having been once exhibited. The fol- 
 lowing incident aptly illustrates the nature of Impresses, 
 and the circumstances under which they were frequently 
 adopted. 
 
 At a Tournament held in London in the year 1390, an 
 English Knight, Sir Piers Courtenay, chose for an Im- 
 press a Falcon, with this legend : 
 
 " I beare a Falcon, fairest of flighte ; 
 Whoso pinches at her, his deth is dight, 
 
 In graith." 
 
 Sir William Dalzell, a Scotch Knight, who wished to 
 provoke a challenge from Sir Piers, parodied his Impress, 
 
 * Rebuses, other than heraldic, are often alluded to in the writings 
 of some of the old authors. Ben Jonson puts the following words into 
 the mouth of his " Alchemist :" 
 
 "He shall have a bell, that's Abel; 
 And by it standing one whose name is Dee, 
 In a rug gown — that's D and rug, that's Drug ; 
 And right anenst him a dog snarling er, — 
 That's Drugger, Abel Drugger. That's his sign." 
 
 The Alchemist. 
 
134 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDEY. 
 
 and appeared the following day bearing a Magpie, beneath 
 which was inscribed : 
 
 " I beare a Pye, picking at a peice ; 
 Whoso picks at her, I shall pick at his nese (nose), 
 
 In faith." 
 
 As may be supposed, Sir William Dalzell attained his 
 object, and a trial of skill was the result. A narration of 
 the manner in which he outwitted his opponent is given in 
 Sir Samuel Meyrick's Ancient Armour ; which, though highly 
 entertaining, is too long to recount here.* 
 
 Another class of Badges, of great antiquity, is that com- 
 monly known as Merchants' Marks. When the right of 
 bearing Arms was restricted exclusively to Noliles, and any 
 infringement of this ordinance was visited by severe punish- 
 ment arid heavy fines, citizens were permitted to adopt 
 certain devices, which were placed upon their merchandise* 
 These were not strictly armorial, but were employed, for the 
 most part, by Merchants to whom Arms were denied, in 
 much the same manner as Trade-Marks are at the present 
 day. In one of the Harleian Manuscripts, preserved in the 
 British Museum, we read : " Theys be none armys but a 
 marke as merchaunts use, for every man may take hym a 
 marke, but not armys, without a herawde or purcyvante." 
 
 Those by whom such Marks were principally adopted 
 were the Wool-staplers, or Merchants of the Staple. 
 At an early period of England's history, wool formed an 
 important article of commerce ; and Spelman, in his Icenia, 
 asserts that half the wealth of Edward the First was derived 
 from that source. About the middle of the Fourteenth 
 century, the Wool-staplers were associated into a Guild ; and 
 during the reigns of Henry the Fifth and Sixth, stringent 
 
 * For further notes on Impresses, the reader is referred to Nichols's 
 History and Antiquities of Leicestershire, vol. iii. 
 
KNOTS, BADGES, BEB USES, ETC. 
 
 i35 
 
 enactments were passed for their protection. Many of them 
 accumulated immense fortunes, and some of our present 
 noble Families date their origin from Merchants of the 
 Staple. The Devices which they adopted were generally a 
 combination of a Cross and their own Initials, as appears 
 from the subjoined figures, which are sculptured in St. 
 Peter's Church, Tiverton, and severally belonged to 
 Valentine Hartnoll, John Waldron, and George 
 Huckley. In many other Churches, particularly those of 
 
 4h 
 v 
 
 H 
 
 Fig. 232. 
 
 A 
 
 Iw 
 
 Fig. 233. 
 
 4i 
 H 
 
 Fig. 234. 
 
 St. John the Baptist, in Bristol, and the parish churches 
 of Hull, Doncaster, and Hitchen, are to be seen similar 
 records of those who contributed towards their endowment. 
 So thoroughly identified were the adopters with their peculiar 
 Marks, that they practically fulfilled every function of 
 legitimate Arms, and, as Piers Plowman expresses it, were 
 "ymedeled (painted) in glass" and engraven on monuments. 
 
 Occasionally, we find examples of the lawful bearers of 
 Arms assuming a Mark, as in the case of William Grevel, 
 a.d. 1 40 1, on whose Brass, in Chipping- Campden Church, 
 are represented both his Arms and mercantile Device, be- 
 speaking that, although a merchant, he 
 was of gentle blood. William Can- 
 ynge also, who was the founder — or at 
 least the restorer — of the church of St. Fig - 235 * 
 
 Mary Kedcliffe, Bristol {temp. Hen. VL)> as Gentle- 
 
136 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 man and Merchant, used both Arms and Mark, which are 
 sculptured on his Tomb (fig. 235). 
 
 Similar Devices were early adopted by Printers ; and 
 their use, under a somewhat modified form, is still continued 
 by many Publishers. All Books issuing from the Press of 
 Robert Copland, who died in 1548, bore his Mark (fig. 
 236), within a garland of Roses ; and Robert Wyer (a.d. 
 1 527-1 542) adopted a Device, of which fig. 237 is a copy. 
 
 The Aldine Mark is too well known to need an Illus- 
 tration. 
 
 For other examples of printers' marks, the reader is 
 referred to " Collectanea de Arte Typographia," Harl. MSS. 
 No. 5910, Part ILfoh 166 et seq., Mus. Brit 
 
 Fig. 236. 
 
 Fig. 237. 
 
 Fig 238. 
 
 Rebus of Abbot Islip, from his chapel in Westminster Abbey. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 MARKS OF CADENCY, OR DIFFERENCES. 
 
 ATERNAL Arms being by right 
 borne by all the sons of a Family, 
 it is highly important that there 
 should be some means by which 
 the various members may be 
 distinguished. For this purpose 
 Heralds have instituted certain 
 Devices called Marks of Dif- 
 ference, or Brisures, which, 
 when charged upon a Shield, 
 clearly indicate to which branch 
 of a Family their Bearers belong. 
 
 In the early days of Heraldry, Differences were effected 
 by a variety of arbitrary arrangements — such as changing 
 the tinctures of the Coat; adding, or suppressing, some minor 
 Charge ; substituting one Ordinary for another ; enclosing 
 the Shield within a Bordure, &c.; but as, by these methods, 
 a Coat of Arms, after a few generations, frequently became 
 so changed in appearance as to lose all resemblance to the 
 
 The initial letter is taken from the Monument to Peter Ramsdeu, 
 Abbot of Sherbourne, Dorsetshire (a.d. 1500), in the Church of that 
 place. 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 original, much confusion and uncertainty were necessarily 
 engendered. A simpler plan was subsequently devised — 
 that of adding certain recognised figures to the Coat — which 
 in no way, however, changed its identity. 
 
 The first of these Marks of Cadency is the Label, or 
 File, which is borne by the eldest Son during 
 the lifetime of his Father, at whose death, of 
 course, it is removed from the Son's Escut- 
 cheon. Some authorities assert that the eldest 
 Son should bear a Label with three Lambeaux, 
 or Points, while his Father lives ; and if his 
 Grandfather should survive, it should have five 
 Larribeaux; but, in many instances, we find both forms of the 
 Label in use by one person at the same time. On the seal 
 of Edward Plantagenet, afterwards Edward the First, 
 bearing date 1267, his Arms are differenced with a Label of 
 five points, and on the counter-seal with three points; which 
 example was followed by his Son and Grandson. Occasionally 
 we find a Label of four points employed — as in the effigy of 
 Crouchback, first Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry the 
 Third, who thus differences the Lions of England. Guillim 
 mentions an example — that of Howell de Monnemoth — 
 in which a Label was borne with two points ; but, in modern 
 Armory, the Label is invariably represented with three. The 
 illustration at the end of this chapter is an example of the 
 Label of five points, and is taken from the Tomb of Edward 
 the Black Prince, in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 In case the eldest son should die without issue during 
 the lifetime of his Father, the second Son is permitted, as 
 Heir expectant, to bear his Label ; and on succeeding to his 
 estate would bear his paternal Arms, without any Mark of 
 Cadency, the same as his Brother would have done, had he 
 survived. 
 
MARKS OF CADENCY, OR DIFFERENCES. 139 
 
 Fig. 240. 
 
 A Crescent, in like manner, constitutes the Mark by 
 which the Second Son distinguishes his Arms 
 (fig. 240). 
 
 The Third Son differences his paternal 
 Coat with a Mullet (fig. 172). 
 
 The Fourth Son differences his Arms with 
 a Martlet (fig. 1 70). 
 
 An Annulet (fig. 216) indicates the Fifth 
 Son. 
 
 The Arms of the Sixth Son are differenced by a Fleur- 
 de-lys (fig. 173). 
 
 The Seventh Son has a Rose (fig. 175). 
 
 A Cross Moline (fig. 78) distinguishes the Eighth 
 Son ; and a Double Quatrefoil (fig. 241) 
 the Ninth. 
 
 Should the eldest son himself have a Son, 
 the latter would, during his Grandfather's 
 lifetime, bear his paternal Arms, differenced 
 by a Label, to show that he was of the first 
 " House ;" and on that Label there would be 
 charged another, showing that he was the first Son of that 
 House. On the death of his Grandfather, his Arms would 
 of course be differenced by a single Label, in the manner 
 that his Father's had been previously. Again : the fourth 
 Son bears, as we have seen, a Martlet for Difference ; his 
 fifth Son, therefore, would charge an Annulet on his Father's 
 Martlet, thereby implying that he was the fifth Son of the 
 fourth House. 
 
 All the members of the Eoyal Family — the Sovereign 
 excepted — difference their Arms with a silver Label of three 
 points, charged with some distinguishing mark, specially 
 assigned to them by the Crown. Thus, the Duke of 
 Edinburgh bears on the first and third points of his Label 
 
 Fig. 241. 
 
140 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 an Anchor azure, and on the middle point a Cross humette 
 gules. Prince Arthur : a Gross gules, between two Fleurs- 
 de-lys azure. The Princess Royal : a Rose, between two 
 Crosses gules, &c. The Duke of Cambridge bears on the 
 first and third points two Hearts in pale, and on the middle 
 point a Cross, all gules. The Prince of "Wales, as the 
 eldest son, of course, bears his Label uncharged. 
 
 It is extremely doubtful when this system of differencing 
 came into universal practice ; for though we find De Quincy, 
 Earl of Winchester, differencing his seal with a Label, 
 about the year 121 5, yet long subsequent to that date the 
 arbitrary methods before alluded to were commonly adopted. 
 In a window of the Collegiate Church of St. Mary's, War- 
 wick, erected in 1361, the Arms of the six Sons of Thomas 
 Beauchamp, fifteenth Earl of Warwick, appear differenced 
 with a Crescent, Mullet, &c, in the manner I have de- 
 scribed ; yet, as late as i486, instructions are given in the 
 BoJce of St. Allan's for differencing Arms by gerattgng, or 
 powdering the shield with Crosslets, Fleurs-de-lys, Roses, 
 Primroses (quatrefoils), Cinque/oils, Escallops, Chaplets, Mul- 
 lets, and Crescents. In the reign of Henry the Eighth, 
 however, the system of differencing, as practised at the 
 present day, seems to have been firmly established in Eng- 
 land, as frequent and systematic reference is made to it in 
 the Visitations of the Heralds of that period. 
 
 The Arms of Ladies — Princesses excepted — are not 
 charged with Marks of Cadency, as all the daughters of a 
 Family rank alike. If, however, their paternal grandfather 
 were still living, they would each bear the same mark over 
 their Arms as their Father. 
 
 Not only should the distinctive marks of the various 
 Houses be borne upon the Shield, but they should also be 
 represented upon the Crest and Supporters. It is much to 
 
MARKS OF CADENCY, OR DIFFERENCES. 141 
 
 be regretted that this method of indicating the seniority of 
 the different branches of a Family should have recently 
 fallen so much into disuse ; for its neglect is productive of 
 much uncertainty in deciding to which House any particular 
 member of a Family belongs, besides being in absolute defi- 
 ance of Heraldic usage ; for, as Sir Henry Spelman writes, 
 "it is not lawful for several persons to bear one and the 
 same Arms without a Difference, not even to those of the 
 same Family, though they be Brothers thereof." 
 
 In some few instances we find Labels represented upon 
 Shields as Charges, as in the case of the family Arms of 
 Henlington, which are, Argent; in chief, a Label of five 
 joints azure. The Barringtons and Babingtons bear a 
 similar Charge. It is probable that they were originally 
 designed as Marks of Cadency, and allowed to remain on the 
 Shield after their purpose was accomplished, and thus be- 
 came permanent Charges ; or else, that they were intended 
 to indicate two different Families who had inadvertently 
 assumed the same Arms. 
 
 As a Label is merely an accidental Difference, and is not 
 an integral part of the armorial composition, the rule which 
 forbids charging Colour on Colour, and Metal on Metal, may 
 be legitimately violated, as in the Arms of the first two 
 Edwards, both of whom, while Heirs- apparent, differenced 
 their shields gules, with a Label of five points azure. 
 
 As with the Cadets, or younger branches of a Family, so 
 with the Illegitimate, there formerly existed no fixed rule to 
 determine the fashion of the Brisure imposed upon their 
 Arms. Sir John de Clarendon, for instance, the natural 
 Son of Edward the Black Prince, bore : Or ; on a lend 
 sable, three Ostrich-feathers, the quill fixed in a scroll argent. 
 John de Beaufort, eldest natural Son of John of Ghent, 
 Duke of Lancaster, bore : Party per pale, argent and azure, 
 
 K 
 
i 4 2 HANDB OK OF EEBALDB Y. 
 
 on a lend gules the Lions of England, over all a Label of three 
 points argent, each charged with as many Fleurs-de-lys of the 
 second; which Arms were subsequently changed for those of 
 France ancient and England, quarterly, ivithin a Bordure 
 compony argent and azure, as borne by the Beaufort Family 
 at the present day. It is commonly supposed by many 
 persons, that the Brisure to be charged upon the Arms of 
 Illegitimate Children is the Bend sinister. This is not the 
 case, for this Ordinary is as honourable as any of the others. 
 It is its Diminutive, the Baton, which is so employed. 
 According to some old authorities, this Mark should be 
 borne by the descendants of the natural son until the third 
 generation, when they are permitted to relinquish it, and 
 assume the original paternal Coat. When there are more 
 natural Sons than one in the same family, their seniority is 
 indicated by the tincture of the Baton being varied. The 
 Arms of the sons of Charles the Second afford several 
 examples of differencing in this manner. The Baton is never 
 composed entirely of Metal, except for those who are of 
 Koyal blood. 
 
 Fig. 242. 
 
 
 
 
 531 ET 
 
 — - 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 Arms of Edward the Black Prince, taken from his Tomb in Canterbury 
 
 Cathedral. 
 
CHAPTER XT. 
 
 BLAZONING. 
 
 TT has been already mentioned that Heraldry was probably 
 reduced to the limits of a Science by the Germans during 
 the Eleventh and Twelfth centuries, when Jousts and 
 Tournaments held such a conspicuous place amongst the 
 amusements of the Nobles. At these trials of military skill, 
 it was the custom for those who had the direction of the 
 contests to examine and publicly proclaim the Armorial 
 Bearings and achievements of such competitors as pre- 
 sented themselves for the first time, before they were per- 
 mitted to engage in the Lists ; while an attendant Esquire 
 would Blasen, or blow a horn, to attract attention to the 
 ceremony. The antecedents of a Knight having been thus 
 once openly proclaimed, he was permitted thenceforth to 
 bear on his helmet two Horns, which signified that his Arms 
 had been duly Masened, thereby rendering a subsequent 
 examination unnecessary : and thus we 
 find that the Crests of German Nobles are 
 frequently placed between two Horns, as 
 in the accompanying example. 
 
 Blazoning has consequently become to 
 mean, in a general sense, a public pro- 
 claiming ; and, more particularly, a descrip- 
 tion of Armorial Bearings, according to the established rules 
 
144 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 of Heraldry. Iden, after killing Jack Cade, the rebel, is 
 thus made by Shakespeare to apostrophise his sword : 
 
 " I will hallow thee for this thy deed ; 
 Ne'er shall this blood be wiped from thy point ; 
 But thou shalt wear it as a Herald's coat, 
 To emblaze the honour that thy master got." 
 
 In Blazoning, all tautology must be particularly avoided. 
 A tincture must neyer be mentioned twice in the same 
 Blazon : should it occur again, it must be expressed as of 
 flie first (or field), of the second, of the last, &c, as the case 
 may be. At the same time, every thing should be described 
 with the utmost minuteness, so that a person, by reading 
 the Blazon, may be enabled to delineate the Shield and its 
 Charges with unerring precision. I have, in a former place, 
 alluded to a few recent grants of Arms, in which the Charges 
 are of such a nature that it is almost impossible to emblazon 
 the Coat correctly from any written description. In the 
 Arms of Sir John Herschel, for example, the imagination 
 of the emblazoner is seriously taxed ; they are : Argent; on 
 a mount vert, a representation of the forty -feet reflecting Telescope, 
 with its apparatus proper ; 07i a Chief azure, the astro- 
 nomical symbol of" Uranus,''' or " Georgium Sidus," irradi- 
 ated or. Such Armorial monstrosities are, however, ex- 
 tremely rare ; and to the credit of the Science be it said, that 
 no such composition is to be found of an earlier date than 
 the Seventeenth century. 
 
 In blazoning a Coat of Arms, the tincture of the field 
 must be first stated ; and if it be not of a simple tincture, 
 whether it be party of any of the Ordinaries; lozengy; cheque ; 
 seme; &c. : then the principal object charged upon it, which 
 lies next the Shield; and if that Charge be formed of any 
 irregular lines, such as invected, ragule, &c, it must be 
 stated ; its attitude and position on the Shield follow next ; 
 
BLAZONING. 145 
 
 then the Tincture ; and, lastly, any peculiar features, such as 
 armed, gorged, &c. ; — for example : Argent; three Greyhounds 
 courant in pale sable, collared or ; borne by Moore. Having 
 described the principal Charge (or that which occupies the 
 centre of the field), the subordinate Charges, also lying on 
 the Shield itself, follow. Should any of the before-mentioned 
 Charges be themselves charged, the secondary Charges, so 
 lying on them, must not be mentioned until every object in 
 direct contact with the field has been described. 
 
 Having enumerated the principal rules to be observed 
 in Blazoning, I shall now proceed to show their practical 
 application, by reference to a Coat of Arms. 
 
 Fig. 244. 
 
 Quarterly of four : 1. Party per pale arg. and gu. ; 
 on a Saltire, between four Herrings naiant, five Billets, all 
 counterchanged. 2. Arg. ; six Trefoils slipped vert, three, two, 
 and one; on a Canton gu., a Lion of England. 3. Gu. ; a 
 Sword in Bend or, pommelled and hilted arg., within a Bordure 
 embattled of the last ; on a Canton az., a Crampette of the 
 second. 4. Arg.; on a Chevron engrailed gu., between three 
 Crosses-crosslet sa., as many Mullets of the first, pierced of the 
 
146 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 second. Surtout (or oyer all), an Inescutcheon arg., on 
 which a Cross humette az. 
 
 It will be seen that in blazoning this Coat of Arms we 
 first describe its distinctive feature, which is Quarterly of 
 four. We next proceed to blazon each Quarter, as we would 
 a separate Shield. The field of the first Quarter is party of 
 two tinctures, and the principal charge thereon is a Saltire : 
 the secondary charges on the field itself are the Herrings ; 
 these, therefore, are blazoned before the Billets, which are 
 charged on a Charge. Charges, whether placed in or on 
 an Ordinary, always incline in the direction of such Ordi- 
 nary. The four Billets, therefore, on the limbs of the Saltire, 
 are each posed in a different manner from the one in the centre. 
 An explanation of Counterchanging will be found at page 76. 
 In the second Quarter, only five Trefoils appear in the Dia- 
 gram, although six are mentioned in the Blazon — the first 
 is absconded, or covered, by the Canton. It will be observed 
 that the Lion, being passant-guardant or, on a field gules, is 
 blazoned as a Lion of England. In the third Quarter, the 
 Canton and its Charge are not mentioned until the last, 
 being the farthest removed from the Shield ; and in like 
 manner the Mullets in the fourth Quarter are not described 
 until after the Crosses-crosslet, which are in direct contact 
 with the Shield. We do not say " three Mullets," but " as 
 many," as the number three has already occurred, in describ- 
 ing the Crosses : neither do we blazon them as Argent, that 
 tincture having been before mentioned. Of the field would 
 have been equally as correct as of the first 
 
 The Inescutcheon, or Shield of Pretence, being an ex- 
 traneous addition, and, consequently, the farthest removed 
 from the surface of the Shield, is blazoned last. 
 
 In blazoning a Coat of Arms in which two or more 
 Charges of the same Tincture immediately follow each other 
 
BLAZONING. 
 
 i47 
 
 in the Blazon, it is not necessary to mention the Tincture 
 until all the Charges of such Tincture have 
 been specified. Thus, in the Arms of Find- 
 lay, of Ayrshire, the Chevron, Roses, and 
 Eagle being all of the same Tincture, they 
 would be blazoned as follows : Argent; on a 
 Chevron between two Roses in chief, and a 
 double-headed Eagle displayed in base, gules, 
 two Swords, points downwards, of the first, pommelled and 
 hilkd or. 
 
 It is a fundamental law of Heraldry, that Metal should 
 never be charged on Metal, nor Colour on Colour. Thus, a 
 field azure, charged with a Lion gules, would be false 
 Heraldry ; though Sir William Dugdale instances several 
 ancient Coats in which this rule is violated. The Arms of 
 the Crusader Kings of Jerusalem afford a notable ex- 
 ample. They bore : Argent; a Gross pomme (subsequently 
 potent), cantoned by four Crosses humette or. This rule does 
 not apply when Charges are blazoned in their natural 
 colours, termed heraldically Proper (ppr.). It would, 
 therefore, be perfectly correct to blazon a Tree proper, on a 
 field gules. Should a Charge be ensigned with a Crown or, 
 it is unnecessary to mention the Tincture : the terms, Im- 
 perially or Ducally crowned, or gorged, imply that the Crown 
 or Coronet is to be emblazoned proper. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no detail in connection with the 
 science of Armory which demands greater attention, and in 
 which greater diversity of practice occurs, than in Punctua- 
 tion. Mr. Boutell, in his excellent work on Heraldry, usually 
 places a comma after each item of every descriptive clause, 
 as in the following example, being the Arms of John de 
 Cornwall, K.Gr., Lord Fanhope : erm., within a bordure, 
 sa., bezantee, a lion rampt, gu., crowned, or, and charged for 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEEALDEY. 
 
 difference with a mullet, arg. In the following Blazon of 
 the Arms of Sir John Lubbock, Bart., taken from Burke's 
 Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, three commas, 
 at least, might have been omitted : Arg. ; on a mount, vert, 
 a heron, close, erm., a chief, gu., charged with three estoilles, of 
 the field. Mr. Papworth, on the other hand, in his Ordinary 
 of Arms — a most useful book to the Herald — goes to the 
 opposite extreme, and blazons Coats of Arms including 
 many Quarterings without using any stops whatever. This 
 omission may seem to be of no great importance — neither, 
 indeed, is it in the majority of instances ; but, occasionally, 
 a point misplaced, or left out, may totally change the Coat. 
 The plan which I have adopted can be readily understood by 
 reference to a Blazon of Arms. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 MARSHALLING. 
 
 X3 Y Marshalling is meant the grouping together of two 
 or more Coats of Arms on one Escutcheon, whereby the 
 family alliances or official dignity of the bearer are indicated. 
 
 The most ancient method of Marshalling two Coats on 
 the same Shield was by Dimidiation, which was effected 
 by simply dividing both Coats per pale, and joining the 
 Dexter half of one to the Sinister half of the other. The 
 Arms of the Borough of Great Yarmouth are compounded 
 in this manner. By a seal affixed to an ancient Charter, the 
 Arms appear to have been originally Three 
 Herrings naiant in pale, to which were sub- 
 sequently added, by Dimidiation, Three Lions 
 of England; producing the curious combina- 
 tion represented in the annexed diagram 
 The city of Chester impales in like manner 
 the Lions of England with the Arms of the 
 Earldom: Azure; three Garis or. In this case the dexter 
 Garb in chief is completely absconded from the shield. 
 
 This method of Marshalling, however, was very unsatis- 
 factory; for, in many instances, the general features of both 
 coats were lost. For example, if we wished to combine, by 
 Dimidiation, Party per pale, gules and azure; two Lions comiat- 
 tant or; with, Gules ; a Male Griffin passant or, we should 
 
150 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 produce, on a field gules, a Lion rampant contourne, and the 
 sinister half of a Lion passant; thus losing the azure field, and 
 the rampant Lion charged upon it, of the first coat ; and trans- 
 forming the Griffin of the second coat into a Lion passant.* 
 On the seal of Eobert Fitzharding, the founder of 
 the Berkeley family, circa 1 1 80, is represented a grotesque 
 figure, apparently formed by combining by Dimidiation a 
 Bird and an Animal, 
 
 Fig. 247. 
 
 Again, if a Serle, whose coat is simply per pale, or and 
 sable, without any charge, were to marry a Fairley, who 
 bears per pale, sable and or, the compound shield, if mar- 
 shalled by Dimidiation, would be plain gold.f 
 
 Marshalling by Dimidiation was, towards the close of the 
 
 * It was probably by uniting two Coats by Dimidiation, one 
 charged with an Eagle and the other with a Lion, that the Griffin 
 was devised. 
 
 f This objection would, perhaps, hardly hold good at the present 
 day, when it is customary to define Impalements and Qaarterings by 
 a fine sable line; but it was formerly the practice to make no such 
 division between the different compartments, as appears, among other 
 examples which might be quoted, from the shield on the monument 
 to Edmund, Duke of York, at King's Langley (a.d. 1399), in which 
 France ancient and England are quartered (see fig. 281). In such a 
 case, the combined Serlb and Fairley coats would be, as stated above, 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 Fourteenth century, superseded by Impalement, although 
 instances of dimidiated coats are occasionally to be met with 
 at a much later period ; as on the seal of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, on her marriage with the Dauphin, where France 
 modern, three Fleurs-de-lys, is dimidiated with the entire 
 shield of Scotland. The Arms of William the First 
 appear on the cornice of Queen Elizabeth's tomb, as impaled 
 with those of Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, fifth Earl 
 of Flanders ; but this is evidently an anachronism, for 
 the system of Impalement did not obtain in England until 
 nearly three centuries after the Conqueror's death. 
 
 Marshalling by Impalement is effected by slightly com- 
 pressing the two Coats of Arms, and placing them in their 
 entirety side by side on one Escutcheon. In this manner the 
 Arms of a husband and wife are usually combined, those of 
 the Husband— or, in Heraldic phraseology, the Baron — 
 towards the dexter, and those of the Femme 
 on the sinister, as shown at fig. 248, which 
 would be blazoned, Argent; a Fess gules: Im- 
 paling gules ; a Chevron argent, within a Bor- 
 dure or. As these are the arms of two sepa- 
 rate families, the Blazon must be kept totally 
 distinct. It would be incorrect to blazon the 
 wife's arms as, of the last; a chevron of the first; for each is 
 complete without the other. "When two coats are combined 
 by Impalement, and one of them is surrounded by a Bordure, 
 the system of Dimidiation is retained with regard to the 
 Bordure ; but in Quartered shields, as in the third quarter of 
 fig. 244, and in the second quarter of the Boyal Arms of 
 England, the Bordure is always rendered complete.* 
 
 plain gold ; but, as it would now be blazoned, it would be, Or; impaling 
 another of the same ; or, Party per pale ; both or. 
 
 * Formerly, when the wife was of a higher rank than her husband, 
 
I 5 2 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Kings-at-arms and Bishops bear their official Arms im- 
 paled on the same shield with their hereditary Insignia, the 
 latter being placed on the sinister side. 
 
 Impaled Arms are not hereditary; a widow, however, 
 may bear her deceased husband's Arms, with her own, 
 charged upon a Lozenge, but is not permitted to display 
 Crest, Helmet, or Motto. 
 
 In the case of a man marrying an Heiress, or Co-heiress, 
 he would, after her father's death, impose her Armorial 
 Bearings upon his own shield, charged on an Inescutcheon, 
 or Shield of Pretence, thereby intimating that he has a pr e- 
 tence to her hereditaments. This, however, he cannot do, 
 unless his wife has actually succeeded to her inheritance ; 
 during her father's lifetime, or while there is a possibility of 
 an heir male being born, her husband impales her Arms. 
 
 All the issue of a marriage with an heiress are entitled 
 to bear both their paternal and maternal coats quartered, 
 together with all the quarterings to which their mother may 
 have been herself entitled. Thus, an Escutcheon may be 
 charged with the bearings of an unlimited number of families. 
 
 The earliest known example of a quartered shield occurs 
 on the monument of Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand the 
 Third, King of Castile, and wife of Edward the First, 
 in Westminster Abbey, whereon are sculptured, in the 
 first and fourth Quarters, the Castle of Castile, and, in the 
 second and third Quarters, the rampant Lion of Leon (see 
 fig. 255). Quartering, however, was not generally adopted 
 until the end of the Fourteenth century. 
 
 The manner in which various coats are drought in, and 
 
 her Arms were frequently placed on the dexter side ; which Arms 
 were sometimes assumed by the husband, and his own abandoned. 
 Several instances of this practice are mentioned in the Sussex 
 Archceological Collection, vol. vi. p. 75. 
 
MABSHALLING. 
 
 *53 
 
 marshalled by Quartering, will be readily understood by 
 reference to the accompanying diagrams. I have selected 
 for illustration the Coats of families which possess few and 
 simple Charges, the Alliances being fictitious. 
 
 Henry St. John = Mary Boyle. 
 
 John Stewart = Jane Butler. 
 
 In the first place, Henry St. John, whose paternal 
 Arms are, Argent; on a chief gules, hvo Mullets of the field, 
 
1 54 HANDB OK OF HERALDR Y. 
 
 marries Mary Boyle, an Heiress. He therefore charges 
 an Inescutcheon containing the Boyle Arms upon his shield 
 (fig. 249). Their daughter Emma, also an Heiress, is 
 entitled to bear both her Father's and Mother's Arms 
 quarterly; which Coat her husband, Walter West, im- 
 poses on a Shield of Pretence over his own. Their son, 
 Alfred, in right of his Mother, marshals with his paternal 
 Arms those of St. John and Boyle, in the manner exempli- 
 fied on the dexter side of fig. 253. It maybe mentioned 
 here, that when there is an uneven number of Quarterings 
 to be marshalled on one shield, the paternal arms may be 
 repeated in the last Quarter, or a Secondary or Tertiary 
 Quartering may be omitted. In this instance the St. Johns' 
 is the secondary Quartering. 
 
 On the other side of the Chart, we see how Annie 
 Stewart becomes the possessor of the Butler and 
 Sherrard Coats in addition to her own. Now, if Alfred 
 West were to marry Annie Stewart — who is not an 
 Heiress — he would Impale her Arms with his (fig. 253); 
 but his children would have no right to bear either the 
 Stewart, Butler, or Sherrard arms, their Mother not 
 being an Heiress. If a Clive, not entitled to any Quarter- 
 ings, had married Annie Stewart, the same arrangement 
 would be adopted ; that is, the Arms of both would be 
 impaled and blazoned as follows : Argent, on a Fess sable, 
 three Mullets or, for Clive ; Impaling, Quarterly of four. 
 1 and 4. Or; a Fess cheque, for Stewart. 2. Or; a Chief 
 indented azure, for Butler. 3. Argent; a Chevron gules, 
 between three Torteaux, for Sherrard. Supposing Annie 
 Stewart to have been an Heiress, and married to Clive, her 
 Husband would set her quartered Arms on an Inescutcheon 
 over his Fess, as we have already seen; but the Arms of 
 their children would assume a new aspect. They would 
 
MABSHALLING. 1 5 5 
 
 bear on a quartered shield the Arms of the Gives, Stewarts, 
 Butlers, and Sherrards, as at fig. 254, which would be thus 
 briefly blazoned: Quarterly of four; First and Fourth, 
 Clive : Second and Third grand Quarters, quarterly quartered: 
 1 and 4, Stewart ; 2, Butler ; 3, Sherrard. 
 
 Fig. 254. 
 
 By observing the foregoing rules, it can be readily known 
 by a Coat of Arms whether the possessor be unmarried, 
 married, or a widow. The Arms of a bachelor consist either 
 of a single Coat, or quartered; but never of two Coats 
 impaled, except in the instance before mentioned, in which 
 a gentleman impales his official arms, and a few families 
 whose party shields are given at p. 54. The same ar- 
 rangement applies to the Arms of unmarried Ladies, with 
 this difference, that they are borne on a Lozenge, and are 
 not ensigned with Crest, &c. A husband impales his wife's 
 Arms, or bears them on a Shield of Pretence. A widow- 
 bears the same impaled Arms as her late husband, blazoned 
 on a Lozenge ; the Helmet, Crest, and Motto being omitted. 
 
 If a Peeress in her own right should marry a Commoner, 
 the respective Arms are not impaled, but are placed on two 
 separate shields side by side, the Husband's charged with an 
 Inescutcheon containing his wife's Arms, ensigned with her 
 
i 5 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 Coronet, towards the Dexter ; and on the other shield the 
 Arms of his wife alone. As, however, she retains, even after 
 marriage, not only her title, but her maiden or widow name, 
 she bears her Arms upon a Lozenge, together with all the 
 Insignia to which her rank entitled her before such marriage. 
 The position of Peeresses is, under certain circumstances, 
 rather anomalous. All the daughters of a Peer take the same 
 rank as that of their eldest brother during the lifetime of 
 his Father. Thus, the son and daughter of a Duke would 
 be styled Marquess and Marchioness respectively. Now, 
 supposing one of two daughters were to marry a Baron — the 
 lowest order of the nobility — she would lose three grades ; 
 but, should the other daughter form an alliance with a Com- 
 moner, she would still retain her titular rank, and actually 
 take precedence of her sister, though the wife of a Peer. 
 
 It is the general custom for a widower, on marrying the 
 second time, to divide his shield in tierce, that is, in three 
 equal divisions in pale, and to emblazon the Arms of his 
 first wife in the centre, and those of his second wife towards 
 the sinister : or, to divide the shield per pale, and the 
 sinister half again per fess, placing his deceased wife's Arms 
 in chief, and the Arms of his second wife in base. These 
 arrangements are, however, opposed to the true purposes of 
 Armory; for, unless his first wife were an Heiress, and had 
 issue by him, her Arms ought not to appear in the same 
 Escutcheon with those of his second wife. 
 
 Should a gentleman marry an Heiress, and have issue 
 but one daughter, and subsequently marry again, and have 
 a son, the latter would be heir to his Father, and the 
 daughter heir to her Mother. In this case, the daughter 
 would be entitled to bear her Mother's arms, surmounted 
 by those of her Father, charged upon a Canton. If an Igno- 
 Ulis, that is, one without Armorial Bearings, were to marry 
 
MABSHALLING. 
 
 i57 
 
 an Heiress, he could make no use whatever of her Arms ; 
 for, having no Escutcheon of his own, it is evident that he 
 could not charge her Shield of Pretence; neither would 
 their issue — being unable to quarter — be permitted to 
 bear their maternal Coat. By ' 6 an Heiress," is not neces- 
 sarily implied an inheritrix of landed or other property. A 
 Lady is an Heiress when she is the sole issue of any gentle- 
 man bearing Arms; and Co-heiress (which in Heraldry is 
 equivalent to Heiress), when she has other sisters, but no 
 brother. 
 
 A Knight of any of the Orders is not permitted to surround 
 his shield, on which his own and his wife's Arms are combined, 
 with the Motto of the Garter, Bath, or any other distinction 
 essentially pertaining to himself. The respective Arms 
 must be blazoned on two separate shields placed side by 
 side ; that on the Dexter containing the Knight's paternal 
 Coat, ensigned with the Insignia of the Order to which lie 
 may belong ; and that on the Sinister bearing his own and 
 his wife's Arms impaled, or in pretence, as she may happen 
 to be an Heiress or not. 
 
 Fig. 255. 
 
 Quartered Shield of Eleanor of Castile; from her tomb in Edward the Con- 
 fessor's Chapel, Westminster Abbey (a.d. 1290). 
 
 L 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 AUGMENTATIONS AND ABATEMENTS OF HONOUK. 
 
 A UGMENTATIONS are certain honourable Addenda to 
 ^ hereditary Arms, specially granted by the Sovereign 
 to individuals in recognition of some extraordinary public 
 service. The Arms ascribed to Edwakd the Confessor 
 — Azure; a Cross Patonce between five Martlets or — and 
 granted by Eichaed the Second to Thomas, Earl of 
 Surrey, and Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk — are 
 probably the earliest examples of Augmentations to Arms 
 upon record. These Arms were impaled with those of the 
 noble recipients ; but subsequently Augmentations were, for 
 the most part, charged on an Ordinary, and that Ordinary 
 usually a Quarter or Canton. 
 
 Augmentations generally bear an allusion to the par- 
 ticular act by which the grantee distinguished himself. 
 Thus, Duncan Keith, of Dunotter Castle, Kincardineshire, 
 who, during the usurpation of Cromwell, safely preserved 
 the Eegalia of Scotland, received, as an acknowledgment of 
 his services, permission to blazon in the first and fourth 
 quarters of his Coat, Gules; a Sceptre and Sword in saltire; 
 and in chief, a regal Grown, all proper, within an Orle of 
 Thistles or; with the Motto, Quce amissa salva. 
 
 In commemoration of Sir John Eamsey having killed 
 Euthven, Earl of Gowry, when, in the year 1600, he 
 
AUGMENTATIONS AND ABATEMENTS. 
 
 attempted to assassinate James the Sixth, the King granted 
 the following additional Arms to Sir John, to impale with 
 his paternal coat : Azure; a dexter Hand holding a Sword in 
 pale argent, pommelled and hilted or, piercing a human Heart 
 proper, and supporting on the point an imperial Crown. 
 
 Charles the Second, having little else to bestow, and 
 certainly nothing of any value which cost him less, granted 
 Augmentations to a great number of his subjects who re- 
 mained faithful to his cause during the Interregnum. To 
 the Earl of Macclesfield he granted an imperial Crown ; 
 and Lions of England to Sir Robert Homes ; Robinson, 
 of Crauford ; Moore, Lord Mayor of London ; and Lane, 
 of Staffordshire. To Penderell, and Careless (or, as the 
 King afterwards called him, Carlos), who saved his life at 
 Boscobel, he granted nearly similar Arms — those of the 
 former being, Argent; on a Mount vert, an Oah-tree proper ; 
 over all, a Fess sable, charged with three imperial Crowns: 
 and those of the latter, or, and the Fess gules, the other 
 Charges remaining the same. To Captain Titus, the 
 faithful servant of his unfortunate father, who vainly at- 
 tempted to assist him to escape from Carisbrooke Castle, 
 was granted as an augmentation, Or; on a chief embattled 
 gules, a Lion of England. 
 
 To the paternal Arms of Sir Cloudesly Shovel were 
 added, by Queen Anne, as Augmentations of honour, two 
 Crescents and a Fleur-de-lys, for victories gained over the 
 Turks and French. The Duke of Wellington was per- 
 mitted to charge upon an Inescutcheon the Union Jack, in 
 commemoration of his distinguished services to the nation. 
 The Augmentations granted to Lord Nelson and other 
 Naval and Military Commanders have already been noticed 
 at page 38. To Sir Humphrey Davy, the inventor 
 of the safety-lamp, was conceded, as an augmentation, 
 
1 60 HANDB OK OF HEBALDR Y. 
 
 A Flame proper, encompassed by a Chain sable, issuant from a 
 Civic Wreath or; with the Motto, Igne constricto, vita secura. 
 
 An Augmentation of honour is not restricted solely to 
 the Shield of him to whom it was granted, but is transmitted 
 with the hereditary Arms to his descendants. 
 
 Abatements, at one time rigorously enforced, have long 
 since fallen into disuse. At the present day, when the 
 bearing of Arms is entirely optional, it seems strange that 
 men should not have renounced all claim to Armorial dis- 
 tinction, rather than bear about with them such palpable 
 marks of disgrace. But in former times this was impossible, 
 for every man who claimed to have inherited gentle blood 
 was obliged to bear Arms if he would maintain his position ; 
 and the knowledge that any action which he might commit 
 unworthy of his knighthood would, if detected, be made 
 patent to the world, undoubtedly tended, in no small degree, 
 to make him show at least an outward respect to the 
 amenities of Society, to which otherwise he might be inclined 
 to pay but scant regard. Shakespeare thus alludes to the 
 restraining influence which a fear of public degradation 
 might exercise over the mind of one who respected no higher 
 tribunal than that of men's opinions : 
 
 "Yea, though I die, the scandal will survive, 
 And be an eyesore in my golden coat ; 
 Some loathsome dash the Herald will contrive 
 To cipher me." 
 
 Abatements, which were represented upon the Escutcheon 
 by voiding certain parts thereof, were liable to be imposed 
 for any of the following misdemeanours : a knight revoking 
 his challenge ; deserting the banner of his sovereign ; vainly 
 boasting of martial achievements ; " demeaning himself not 
 well in battle;" killing a prisoner with his own hands, when 
 
A U OMENTA TIONS AND ABA TEMENTS. 1 6 1 
 
 not justified by self-defence ; uttering a lie to his sovereign ; 
 effeminacy ; drunkenness and licentious conduct ; acting as a 
 traitor towards his King and Country. For this last crime, 
 the most disgraceful of all, the Escutcheon was condemned 
 to be borne reversed. (See H. MSS. No. 6ojg,ff. i 1 6 et seq.) 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CORONETS AND HELMETS. 
 
 /^•ORONETS are Crowns worn by Princes and Nobles on 
 state occasions, and are always represented above their 
 Coats of Arms. To every grade of Nobility is assigned a 
 Coronet of peculiar form, by which the rank of the possessor 
 is readily apparent. The original purpose which Coronets 
 were intended to serve appears to have been simply as fillets 
 to confine the hair, and, as such, they were adopted at a very 
 early period. During the reign of Edward the Third, they 
 were ornamented with leaves, but were not then used as 
 marks of distinction of rank, as at the present day; for they 
 are to be seen on the monumental effigies of Nobles of every 
 degree. They were not, however, devised and worn solely 
 as ornaments ; for, although they did not by their form dis- 
 tinguish the various grades of Nobility, yet they were em- 
 ployed in the ceremony of conferring such dignities; as 
 appears from the will of Lionel, Duke of Clarence (a.d. 
 1368), whereby he bequeaths "two golden circles," with one 
 of which he was created a Duke, and, with the other, the 
 title of Prince was conferred upon his brother Edward. 
 Richard, Earl of Arundel, in his will, which bears date 
 the 5th of December 1375, devises to his eldest son, Richard, 
 his meliure Coronne ; to his daughter, Lady Joan, his seconde 
 meliure Coronne ; and to another daughter, Lady Alice, his 
 tierce Coronne, or third best Coronet : from which it appears 
 
€ OB NETS AND HELMETS. 
 
 163 
 
 that they were formerly worn merely as ensigns of Nobility, 
 arbitrarily assumed, and without any Royal warrant for the 
 same, or restrictions as to their use or descent. 
 
 The Coronet encircling the Bascinet of Edward the 
 Black Prince, as represented on his effigy in Canterbury 
 
 Fig. 256. 
 
 Cathedral (see Frontispiece), and the accompanying illustra- 
 tion from the effigy, in St. Michael's Chapel, Canterbury, of 
 Thomas, Duke of Clarence (who was second son of Henry 
 the Fourth), killed in the year 1420, show the style of orna- 
 mentation that was in vogue during the latter part of the 
 Fourteenth century and commencement of the Fifteenth. 
 
 The Coronet of his Royal Highness the Prince 
 of Wales differs from the Imperial 
 Crown of England (fig. 28 1) in having 
 a single, instead of a double, Arch ; 
 and the Cap being of Crimson in the 
 place of Purple velvet. The Ball on 
 the top which supports the Cross is 
 termed a Mound. 
 
 The younger sons of her Majesty 
 possess Coronets resembling that of the Prince of Wales, 
 except that they are not enarched, and that on the top of 
 
 Fig. 257. 
 
164 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 the Crimson Cap is a golden tassel. The Coronet of the 
 Duke of Cambridge has Strawberry-leaves substituted for 
 Fleurs-de-lys on the rim, the Crosses pate remaining un- 
 changed. The various modifications in form to which Crowns 
 and regal Coronets have at different periods been subjected 
 will be found noticed at greater length in chapter xvii. 
 
 A Duke's Coronet (fig. 258) is composed of a circle of 
 gold richly chased, and guarded with Ermine, having on the 
 rim eight Strawberry-leaves of equal height, five of which 
 are shown in illustrations. All the Caps of the Coronets of 
 the Nobility are of crimson velvet. A Ducal Coronet serving 
 as a Crest Coronet (fig. 269) is not furnished with a Cap, and 
 may exhibit but three Strawberry-leaves. 
 
 The Coronet of a Marquess (fig. 259) is heightened with 
 
 Fig. 258. Fig. 259. 
 
 four Strawberry -leaves, and as many Pearls, or balls of 
 silver, set on low pyramidical points, which alternate with 
 the leaves, — all being of equal height. Two of the Pearls, 
 and three of the leaves, are to be seen in drawings. 
 
 An Earl's Coronet (fig. 260) has eight Pearls set on as 
 many lofty rays or spikes, alternating with Strawberry-leaves 
 
 Fig. 260. Fig. 261. 
 
COBONETS AND HELMETS. 
 
 165 
 
 of about one-fourth their height. Four of the latter, and five 
 of the former, are represented in illustrations. 
 
 The Coronet of a Viscount (fig. 261) is ensigned with 
 fourteen or sixteen Pearls, which are placed close together, 
 and rest on the circle. The privilege of wearing Coronets 
 was accorded to Viscounts by James the First. 
 
 The Mitres of Archbishops and Bishops — which in 
 Episcopal Coats of Arms supply the place of Helmet and 
 Crest — may justly be regarded as Coronets. A Mitre is a 
 circle of gold, from which rises a high Cap cleft from the 
 top, and ensigned on each point with a Cross pate (fig. 263). 
 From within the circle depend two Vittce, Infulcz, or ribbons 
 of purple, fringed at the ends with gold. Before the 
 Eighteenth century, no variation in form was observed to 
 designate the distinction between the Mitres of Bishops and 
 Archbishops; both alike rose from a plain circle of gold. In 
 the north window of the Library of Lambeth Palace are 
 displayed the Arms of a great number of the Archbishops of 
 Canterbury. These Arms are ensigned with Archiepiscopal 
 Mitres, which, prior to the year 171 5 (with one exception), 
 rise from a plain circle. The exception to which I allude is 
 that of Archbishop Juxon {pi. 1662), whose Mitre rises from 
 a circle having seven pearls visible on the rim. The Arms 
 of the same prelate (dated 1660) are also depicted in the 
 
 Fig. 262. 
 
 Fig. 263. 
 
i66 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 Hall of Gray's Inn, where the circle appears without the 
 pearls. In the window at Lambeth Palace, the Mitre of 
 Archbishop "Wake (171 5) rises from a Ducal Coronet, which 
 manner of representation has been adopted by all succeeding 
 Archbishops (fig. 263). 
 
 The illustration (fig. 264) is taken from the Mitre of 
 Archbishop Laud (beheaded 1645), sculptured 
 over a door in the " post-room" at Lambeth 
 Palace. In this example, it will be ob- 
 served that the arches of the Mitre spring 
 directly from the circle. 
 
 The Bishops of Durham, as former Earls 
 of the Palatinate, and the Bishops of Meath, ensign their 
 Shields of Arms with an Archiepiscopal Mitre; from that of 
 the first-named prelates there issues from the sinister cleft a 
 plume of feathers, as a mark of their temporal dignity. Mitres 
 do not appear to have been actually worn (except by Bishops 
 of the Roman-Catholic Church) since the Coronation of Queen 
 Elizabeth. Subsequently to that period, they have been con- 
 sidered only as heraldic insignia. Much valuable informa- 
 tion on the subject of Mitres will be found in the Gentleman's 
 Magazine, vol. xlviii. p<. 209 ; and in Notes and Queries, second 
 series, vol. ix. p. 67. 
 
 A Baron's Coronet is fashioned in the same manner as a 
 Viscount's, except that it has no Jewels 
 set around the circle, and is ornamented 
 with but six pearls, of which four are 
 seen in profile. Previous to the reign of 
 Charles the Second, Barons wore simply 
 a Crimson Cap guarded with miniver — a 
 plain white fur. Sir Symonds d'Ewes, in a letter giving an 
 account of the Coronation of Charles the First, expressly states 
 that, when the higher grades of Peers put on their Coronets, 
 
COB NETS AND HELMETS. 
 
 167 
 
 the Barons sat bareheaded. The wives of Nobles are entitled to 
 the same Coronets as their husbands. Although the Coronets 
 of British Nobles are all furnished with Caps of velvet, they 
 are not absolutely essential. The Coronet, strictly speaking, 
 is the circle, and the distinguishing ornaments upon its rim. 
 
 In addition to the before-mentioned Coronets, there are 
 others which should more properly be considered but as common 
 Charges, inasmuch as they do not constitute the recognised 
 insignia of any particular rank, but may be borne by either 
 Peer or Commoner. They are, for the most part, employed as 
 Crest Coronets — that is, Coronets from which the Crest issues. 
 
 The Eastern, or Antique, Crown (fig. 266) is of gold, 
 and is composed of a circle, from which rise an indefinite 
 number of rays. 
 
 The Celestial Crown differs from the Eastern in having 
 its rays somewhat slighter and higher, and each charged on 
 the top with a small Etoile, or Star. 
 
 The Mural Crown (fig. 267) — also of gold — has the circle 
 
 masoned and the top embattled. It was conferred by the Romans 
 on the soldier who first scaled the walls of a besieged town. 
 
 The Naval Crown (fig. 268) bears, on the rim of the 
 circle, the sterns of vessels, alternating with masts, on each 
 of which is affixed a large sail. 
 
 Fig. 266. 
 
 Fig. 267. 
 
 Fig. 268. 
 
 Fig. 269. 
 
1 6 8 HANDB OK OF HEBALDB Y. 
 
 A Ducal Coronet (fig. 269), when placed beneath a 
 Crest, or around the neck of an Animal, is represented with- 
 out a Cap, and exhibiting but three leaves. 
 
 The Chapeau, or Cap of Main- 
 tenance, formerly worn by Dukes, and 
 even by Kings, has long since ceased to 
 be regarded as an emblem of dignity. 
 A few families bear it as a Charge ; 
 but it is generally to be seen supporting the Crest in the 
 place of a Wreath. 
 
 The Helmet — one of the most important pieces of 
 defensive armour — has at various times undergone many 
 alterations of material and form, according to the different 
 methods of warfare which have rendered such changes ex- 
 pedient. It is not, however, necessary in this place to con- 
 sider the various modifications to which it has been subjected 
 in an Armourial, but simply in an Armorial, point of view. 
 As with Coronets, so with Helmets, there appears formerly 
 to have existed no specific regulation by which the form was 
 changed according to the rank of the bearer. The assign- 
 ment of particular forms to the various grades of the greater 
 and lesser Nobility is of comparatively recent institution, 
 certainly not anterior to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Every Achievement of Arms is ensigned with a Helmet. 
 Baronets', Knights', Esquires', and Gentlemen's rest on the 
 upper part of the shield; those of Peers are placed over their 
 respective Coronets. 
 
 The Royal Helmet (fig. 271) is of gold. It stands 
 affronte, and is guarded with six Bars, Bailes, or Grilles. 
 
 The Helmet of Dukes and Marquesses also stands af- 
 fronte, and is made of steel, guarded with five bars of gold. 
 
 The Helmets of Earls, Viscounts, and Barons are of 
 silver, garnished with gold. They are always represented in 
 
CORONETS AND HELMETS, 169 
 
 profile, and guarded with ten steel bars, half of which number 
 is visible. 
 
 Fig. 271. 
 
 Baronets and Knights have their Helmets of steel, 
 garnished with silver. They are placed affronte ; and, instead 
 of bars, are furnished with a Visor, or Beaver, which is 
 raised, exhibiting the crimson lining within. 
 
 The Helmet assigned to Esquires and Gentlemen is 
 
 Fig. 272. 
 
 of steel. It is represented in profile, with the Visor closed. 
 
 The Bascinet was a Helmet without a Visor, which 
 fitted close to the head, and is sometimes, though rarely, 
 used as a Charge. 
 
 A very effective and becoming form of Helmet, adapted 
 for any Achievement of Arms, is that which was generally 
 
1 70 HANDB OK OF HEBALDR Y. 
 
 used at Tournaments, styled a Tilting-helmet. This was 
 a second Helmet, which was attached to the armour by a 
 ring and chain, or a buckle (figs. 277 and 278). The inner 
 Helmet was usually a Bascinet, or Coif of Mail. In the 
 
 Romance of Guy of Warwick we read : 
 
 "An helm he had upon his head yset, 
 And ther-under a thick basnet." 
 
 When not actually engaged in the Field, the Knight com- 
 monly carried the outer Helmet slung over his back by a 
 chain; and is so represented in several old Illuminations. 
 For a full description of the various defensive coverings for 
 the head, the reader is referred to Sir Samuel Meyrick's 
 Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour, and Hewitt's Ancient 
 Armour and Weapons. 
 
 Fig. 273. 
 
 Crest, Coronet, and Helmet of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, from his 
 Effigy in St. Mary's Church, Warwick (a.d. 1439). 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, SUPPORTERS, MOTTO, ARMES 
 PARLANTES, ETC. 
 
 ~|p HE adoption of Crests, as a ready means of dis- 
 
 tinguishing military leaders when engaged in battle, 
 is of very ancient origin ; anterior, probably, to the period 
 in which escutcheonal Arms were instituted, and certainly 
 earlier than when such Arms became hereditary. The right 
 of bearing a Crest was considered even more honourable than 
 that of Coat Armory • for to the latter a Noble would suc- 
 ceed by birth, but to obtain the former he must have been a 
 Knight in actual service. The earliest recorded Royal con- 
 cession of a Crest was by Edward the Third, who, in the 
 year 1335, conferred upon William de Montacute, Earl 
 of Sarum, an Eagle ; and " that he might the more decently 
 preserve the honour of the said Crest," the King bestowed 
 upon him, at the same time, the Manors of Wodeton, 
 Frome, Whitfield, Mershwode, Worth, and Pole ; 
 which Crest and Estates, Montacute, by the permission of 
 the King, subsequently conferred upon his godson, Lionel 
 of Antwerp. 
 
 The Crest was generally composed of leather, but some- 
 times of metal ; and towards the end of the Thirteenth 
 century, not only appeared on the Helmet of the Knight, 
 but was affixed to the head of his charger ; thus rendering 
 both horse and rider conspicuous to the soldiers. The Seal 
 
172 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 of Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March (a.d. 1292), engraved 
 in Laing's Ancient Scottish Seals, affords a fine example of a 
 Fan Crest thus borne. 
 
 Crests belonging essentially to the person of a military 
 commander — in this respect differing from the Badge, which 
 all his dependents and retainers were permitted to bear — it 
 necessarily follows that Ladies were not allowed to display 
 them over their Arms, which prohibition still obtains. 
 
 Amongst the French Nobility, the Crest is generally 
 neglected; but its adoption by the Germans is carried to an 
 absurd extent. They ensign a Shield of Arms with as many 
 Crests, supported by Helmets, as there are families whose 
 Armorial Bearings appear on the Escutcheon. When the 
 number is even, the Helmets are placed in profile, respecting 
 each other : and when uneven, the middle one is affronte, the 
 others being in profile on both sides, as before. In England 
 we occasionally see two or more Crests placed over a Shield ; 
 but if we consider the purpose which they were designed to 
 serve, this practice is manifestly incorrect. Some writers 
 have asserted that if a man should marry an Heiress, he and 
 his descendants are permitted to bear her paternal Crest as 
 well as Arms : but this can scarcely be ; for a lady is not 
 entitled to a Crest, and she surely cannot confer on another 
 that to which she has no right herself. The various branches 
 of a family should always difference their Crests with the same 
 Marks of Cadency that they may bear upon their Escutcheon. 
 The Helmet was formerly encircled with a Coronet, or 
 a Wreath, which was composed of two 
 strands of twisted silk, on which the Crest 
 appeared to be supported, and it is so repre- 
 sented in modern Heraldry. The Wreath, 
 Bandeau, or Torse (sometimes, though improperly, styled a 
 Chaplet), was probably adopted from the Saracens by the 
 
CBEST, WBEATH, MANTLING, ETC. 173 
 
 Crusaders, who found that it afforded an additional defence 
 to the head from the heat of the sun, as well as from the 
 blows of the enemy. It is composed of six twists, and de- 
 rives its tinctures from the Shield and Charges which it 
 ensigns. The predominant metal and colour appear alter- 
 nately ; the metal towards the Dexter. In the case of a 
 quartered Shield, the tinctures are derived from that Coat of 
 Arms to which the Crest appertains. Furs are never em- 
 ployed in the composition of a Wreath. When the pre- 
 dominant tincture of a Field is a fur, the Wreath is formed 
 by combining either the metal or colour of which such fur 
 consists with the tincture of the principal Charge, or vice 
 versa. Thus, if a Coat of Arms were Ermine ; a Fess gules, 
 the Wreath would be argent, and gules ; if the Coat were 
 Ermine; a Fess or, the Wreath would be or, and sable — the 
 sable being taken from the ermine. 
 
 From Monumental Effigies which still exist, we learn that, 
 during the Middle Ages, it was customary to enrich the 
 Wreath with embroidery, and sometimes with precious stones. 
 The Bascinet of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland 
 
 Fig. 275. 
 
174 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 (fig. 275), who died during the reign of King Henry the 
 Sixth, is thus adorned in his effigy in Staindrop Church, 
 Durham. Around the Bascinets of Sir Edmund de 
 Thorpe, in Ashwelthorpe Church, Norfolk, and of 
 William Phelip, Lord Bardolph, K.G. (a.d. 1440), in 
 Dennington Church (fig. 276), similar wreaths are to be 
 
 seen. The Helmet of Sir Thomas de St. Quentin is re- 
 presented on his brass in Harpham Church, Yorkshire 
 (a.d. 1420), as encircled by a wreath composed of feathers. 
 
 Although Crests are sometimes borne upon Chapeaux, 
 Ducal Coronets, and Mural and Naval Crowns, yet they are 
 always supposed to rest upon Wreaths, unless otherwise 
 specified : it is, therefore, superfluous to blazon a Crest as 
 upon a Wreath of the colours, as is sometimes done. 
 
 The Mantling, or Lambrequin, is the ornamental 
 accessory which generally appears behind and around the 
 Escutcheon. It was probably devised to protect the Helmet 
 from the rain and sun, in the same manner that the Surcoat 
 protected the Armour. 
 
 Fig. 276. 
 
CUE ST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 
 
 One of the earliest examples in England of a Mantling 
 occurs on the Brass to John of Ingham, engraved in plate 
 66 of Stothard's Monuments. When the Shield has Sup- 
 porters, it is usual to represent the Mantling as a cloak 
 (Manteau), or robe of estate. The Eoyal Mantling is of 
 gold, and that of Peers of crimson velvet, both being lined 
 with ermine. Some authorities, however, insist that the 
 Mantling should derive its colour from the predominant 
 tinctures contained in the Arms, in the same manner as the 
 Wreath. As originally worn, it was of the same tincture as 
 the Livery Colours. The Mantlings of Knights and Esquires 
 are commonly depicted as depending from the Helmet ; and 
 the curls and other fantastic shapes they are made to as- 
 sume, are supposed to indicate that they have become thus 
 mutilated from service in the Field. The Brass to Sir 
 John Say, in Broxbourne Church, Hertfordshire (a.d. 
 1473), affords an admirable example of a Mantling, which 
 
 Fig. 277. 
 
 may be advantageously imitated by the modern Armorist . The 
 mantling around the Helmet of William, Viscount Beau- 
 
176 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDB F. 
 
 moot, on his Brass in Wivekhoe Church, Essex (a.d. i 507), 
 
 is represented in a somewhat different manner, but, like the 
 former example, is graceful and effective. 
 
 Supporters are figures of Men, Beasts, Birds, or Im- 
 aginary Creatures, which, standing on the Motto-scroll, seem 
 to support the Escutcheon, which is placed between them. 
 Of their origin and period of introduction there exist no 
 authentic records. They probably date from about the time 
 of Edward the Third ; but what purpose they were origin- 
 ally intended to serve, it is impossible to determine with 
 precision. Menestrier inclines to the belief that they deduce 
 their origin from the Shields of Knights being supported 
 at Tournaments by attendants grotesquely habited, so as to 
 represent Saracens, Lions, Dragons, &c. That Shields were 
 so supported during Tournaments, appears from an illumi- 
 nated manuscript of the Froissart Chronicles, in which a 
 figure disguised as a Lion, having on its head a Tilting- 
 helm, is represented as holding a Shield, paly of six, sur- 
 
 Fig. 278. 
 
CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 
 
 mounted by a Bend. In another place, a Sagittarius, armed 
 with a Falchion, is seen guarding a Shield charged with 
 three Piles ; and in the third example, a figure with the 
 body of a Fish and the legs of a Lion (?), habited in a 
 doublet, with a plain Helmet on its head, appears holding 
 a Banner. Anstis, in a Manuscript preserved in the British 
 Museum, attributes the origin of Supporters to the fancy of 
 seal-engravers, "who, in cutting on seals Shields of Arms, 
 which were in a triangular form, and placed in a circle, 
 finding a vacant space at each side, thought it an ornament 
 to fill up the spaces with vine-branches, garbs, trees, lions, 
 wiverns, or some other animal, according to their fancy." 
 This is, I think, the most probable hypothesis ; for in some 
 early impressions of seals, the Arms are flanked by Sup- 
 porters, which in subsequent seals are omitted, or entirely 
 changed. Their number, also, frequently varies ; one, two, 
 or three, indifferently, being borne at short intervals of time, 
 for members of the same family. Again : in examining a 
 collection of ancient seals, the student cannot fail to be 
 struck by the frequent occurrence of creatures resembling 
 Wyverns as Supporters. Now, if these figures were of any 
 material importance to the Achievement, those who adopted 
 them would certainly not have exhibited such extraordinary 
 paucity of invention as to have copied, in almost every in- 
 stance, the Supporters of others, when so many figures 
 blazoned as Charges were open to their selection. The accom- 
 panying outline of the impression of a seal (fig. 279), sup- 
 posed to have belonged to Hugh O'Neill, King of Ulster, 
 and recently in the possession of Sir Robert Walpole, exhibits 
 two of these conventionalised animals. But, granting that 
 these figures legitimately belonged to those families on 
 whose seals they are engraved, it is strange that no such 
 Supporters are borne by their descendants at the present 
 
i 7 8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 time. On the seal of Robert de Quinci, second Earl of 
 
 Winchester (a.d. 1219-60), engraved in Hewit's Armour, 
 a Wyvern is placed beneath his charger, evidently inserted 
 to fill the vacant space ; and on the counter- seal is a similar 
 figure, and a Fleur-de-lys, for the same purpose. As a 
 further proof that Supporters did not form a distinguishing 
 feature of an Achievement, as they do now, Sir Henry 
 Spelman makes mention of a paper addressed to Pope Boni- 
 face the Eighth, in the year 1301, in which the Arms on the 
 seals of twenty-seven nobles are supported by Wyverns; 
 and of seven others, by Lions. 
 
 In Smith's Antiquities of Westminster, drawings are given 
 of thirty-five grotesque monsters, doing duty as Supporters 
 to the Shields on the lower frieze around St. Stephen's 
 Chapel. One of these figures is represented at the end of 
 this chapter. 
 
 In some of the early impressions of seals, particularly in 
 those of Scotland, the Shield appears to rest on the ground, 
 the Helmet being guarded by either one or two figures ; and 
 sometimes the Shield is suspended by a Guige, or belt, around 
 
 Fig. 279. 
 
CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 179 
 
 the neck of the Animal which supports it. Double Sup- 
 porters were not generally adopted until the Fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 Over the entrances of regal residences — as at Bucking- 
 ham Palace — and the lodge-gates of the Seats of the Nobility, 
 we frequently see the Supporters divided, one being placed 
 on either side, each holding an Escutcheon, charged with 
 the Armorial Bearings of the occupant. On the tomb of 
 Mary Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey, her 
 Supporters — two Unicorns — are represented sejant, a ff route, 
 and each supporting a Shield ; that on the Dexter being 
 charged with a Thistle, Imperially crowned; and that on the 
 Sinister with a Rose, similarly ensigned. The golden Lion 
 and red Dragon of Elizabeth are represented in the same 
 manner on her monument, supporting the Cognisances of 
 England and Ireland. 
 
 Although Supporters are generally transmitted un- 
 changed from father to son, yet their use cannot be strictly 
 considered as hereditary; the regal Heraldry of England 
 affords numerous instances of their arbitrary assumption. 
 Henry the Eighth, for example, on different occasions, 
 ensigned his Arms with no less than five various Sup- 
 porters. 
 
 Regarding the right of bearing Supporters, Dallaway, 
 quoting from a Manuscript of Wingfield, York Herald, 
 writes : " There is little or nothing in precedent to direct 
 their use, . . . which is now chiefly in the greater Nobility, 
 and Knights of the Garter, and persons that were of the 
 Privy Council, or had some command whereby they had the 
 title of Lord prefixed to their style, as Lord Deputy of 
 Ireland, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, <fcc." At the 
 present day, the use of Supporters is restricted to Peers of 
 the Realm, and Peeresses in their own right ; Knights of 
 
m HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 the Garter ; Knights Grand Cross of the Bath ; Baronets of 
 Nova Scotia ; and the Heads of the Scottish Clans. Their 
 use is also accorded to those sons of Peers who by courtesy 
 are titular nobles. Besides these, there are many families 
 amongst the Gentry who ensign their Escutcheons with 
 these honourable additamenta ; which right they derive 
 either by special grant from the Sovereign, or by prescrip- 
 tion — their Ancestors having borne them from time im- 
 memorial. Amongst such may be mentioned Carew, of 
 Surrey ; Chudleigh, Hele, and Pomeroy, of Devon ; 
 Hilton, of Durham ; Pierreponte, of Notts ; and Staple- 
 ton, of York. Burke's Registry of Arms affords about fifty 
 other examples. 
 
 Robson states that Supporters are granted by Garter 
 King-at-Arms. This is not so : the prerogative rests solely 
 with the Crown ; Supporters being granted as a peculiar 
 mark of royal favour for eminent services rendered to the 
 State. Thus, in 1867, her Majesty was pleased to grant 
 Supporters to Benjamin Guinness, Esquire, in recognition 
 of his munificence in restoring the Cathedral of St. Patrick, 
 in Dublin. In Scotland, Lord Lyon, who occupies a similar 
 position in that Country to that which Garter holds in 
 England, is permitted to grant Supporters to such families 
 as he may deem fit. For information on all subjects con- 
 nected with Scottish Heraldry, the reader is referred to Seton's 
 Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland; 8vo, 1863. 
 
 The Motto is an expressive word, or short, pithy sentence, 
 which accompanies a Crest, or Coat of Arms. It usually 
 embodies some sentiment of a religious, warlike, or patriotic 
 import ;] as, Corona mea Chris tus, inscribed by Baron Chet- 
 wode ; Virtutis prcemium honor, by the Earl of Denbigh ; 
 and Pro rege et patrid, by Earl Leven. Mottoes, however, 
 very frequently have an allusion to the Arms or Crest of the 
 
CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 181 
 
 bearer : thus, the Bullers, of Devonshire, bear on their 
 shield four Eagles displayed, with the Motto, Aquila non 
 muscas capiat; — and a Serpent issuing from a Garb, with the 
 Motto, In cojpid cautus, is the Crest of the Dods, of Shrop- 
 shire. By far the greatest number of allusive Mottoes is 
 derived from the family name of the bearers ; thus, the 
 Vernons inscribe for Motto, Ver non semper viret; which 
 may be translated either as "The Spring is not always 
 green," or "Vernon always flourishes." The Neville 
 family have, Ne vile velis — "Desire no evil thing," or 
 " Desire Neville." Festina lente — " Hasten slowly," or " On 
 slow," is the Motto of the Onslow family ; and Doe no yll, 
 quoth D'Oyle, that of Doyle y. The family of Corbet in- 
 scribes, Deuspascitcorvos — "God feeds the Bavens" (Bavens 
 are heraldically termed Corbeaux, or Corbies). The Motto 
 of Fairfax is Farifac. Forte scutum salus ducum, is the 
 well-known Motto of the Fortescues, and may mean either, 
 " A strong shield," or " Fortescue," " is the safeguard of 
 generals.' ' The Scotch family Wightman bear for a Crest, 
 A demi-savage holding over the dexter shoulder a Club proper; 
 with the Motto, A wight man never wanted a iveapon. The 
 Myponts, of Burgundy, emblazon on their shield a Bridge, 
 for Arms, beneath which they inscribe, Mi pont est difficile 
 a passer ; and the Pierrepontes, of Nottinghamshire, in 
 allusion to their name, have adopted, Pie reponete. 
 
 Sometimes Mottoes seem to be chosen on account of 
 the harmonious jingle of the words ; thus, the Earl of 
 Balcarras has, Astra castra, numen lumen — " The Stars my 
 canopy, Providence my light." Think and thank, is the 
 Motto of the Marquess of Aylesbury ; and the Peytons 
 have adopted Patior, potior. The origin of the Mottoes of 
 some families appears totally inexplicable. Strike, Dakyns, 
 the Devil's in the hemp, is the Motto of the Dakins, of Derby- 
 
l82 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 shire ; Furth, fortune, and fill the fetters, of the Duke oi 
 Athol ; Posse, nolle, nobile, of Wingfield, of Tickencote ; 
 If you look at Martin! s ape, Martin's ape will looTc at you, of 
 the Martins, of Gloucestershire. Examples of many similar 
 Mottoes are to be found in Lower's Curiosities of Heraldry. 
 
 There seem to have formerly existed two classes of 
 Mottoes — the Cri-de-guerre, or War-cry, used by the Knight's 
 retainers in the Field ; and the Motto proper, as the word is 
 now understood, which accompanied his personal Arms. Any 
 one entitled to armorial distinction was permitted to adopt the 
 latter, but the Cri-de-guerre was forbidden to those below the 
 degree of Knight-Banneret. We sometimes find, in ancient 
 records, Nobles described as Nobles d'armes, and others as 
 Nobles-de-cri. To such an extent did these war-cries foster 
 the spirit of partisanship, that, on the termination of the wars 
 between the rival Houses of Yoek and Lancaster, it was 
 deemed expedient to pass an act of parliament, by which it 
 was declared penal for a Noble or Villein to use any cry 
 except The King, or Si George for England. In all ages, 
 and in all countries, w T arriors have employed peculiar shouts 
 or Slogans on rushing to a charge, analogous to the war- 
 whoop of the American Indians. In Europe, the Montjoye 
 Si Andrew of the Dukes of Burgundy ; the Au Lion, of 
 the Counts of Flanders ; the Dieu aide au premier 
 Chretien, of the Montmorencies ; and the Boo, of the Irish 
 Chieftains, are of great antiquity. A Home was the slogan 
 of the Earls of Dunbar, to which Sir Walter Scott refers 
 in the following passage : 
 
 " Beneath the Crest of old Dunbar 
 
 And Hepburn's mingled banners come, 
 Down the steep mountain, glittering far, 
 And shouting still, A Home ! A Home 1" 
 
 Though generally transmitted with the family Arms, 
 
CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 183 
 
 Mottoes are not strictly hereditary. An individual is at 
 liberty to affix to his Escutcheon whatever Motto his fancy 
 may dictate. It was not until the Fifteenth century that 
 Mottoes were considered as important adjuncts to Armorial 
 Bearings. Before that period, Nobles (except Knights of 
 the Garter) very rarely ensigned their Achievements with a 
 Motto. The Seal of Sir John de Byron, appended to a 
 deed bearing date 1292, and inscribed with the words, Crede 
 Beronti, affords, perhaps, the earliest example of the custom 
 of adding a Motto to the Arms. 
 
 In Achievements of Arms, the Motto is placed below the 
 Shield, unless it bears a direct reference to the Crest, in 
 which case the Motto usually surmounts it. There are many 
 ancient families who, though bearing Arms, possess no 
 Motto ; and its use is in all cases forbidden to Ladies, the 
 Queen only excepted. 
 
 Arms and Crests frequently deduce their origin from the 
 family name, in the same manner as Mottoes ; and when 
 such is the case, they are styled Armes parlantes, or 
 Canting Heraldry. The families of Salmon, Sturgeon, 
 Lucy, Herring, Shelley, Talbot, Wolf, Rabbett, Fal- 
 coner, &c, bear respectively Salmons, Sturgeon, Lucies 
 (pike), Herrings, Whelk-shells, TaTbots, Wolves, Rabbits, 
 and Falcons. The Cardingtons bear three Wool-cards; and 
 the Harrows, as many implements of that name. In the 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel, we read : 
 
 " dancing in the sunny beam, 
 He marked the Crane on the Baron's Crest 
 
 alluding to Baron Cranstoun, whose Crest was a Crane 
 holding a stone in its foot. Baron Fermoy, whose family 
 name is Roche, bears for Crest, a Sea-eagle standing on a 
 rock (roche), holding in its claw a Roach; with the Motto, 
 
184. 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 Mon Dieu est ma roche. The Crest of the Herons is a bird 
 of that name, subscribed with the Motto, Ardea petit ardua. 
 The Motto of the Eastwoods — Oriens sylvd — is a literal 
 rendering of their name : it likewise has a punning reference 
 to the Crest— a Stag — which may be said to be rising from 
 the ivood. 
 
 A Weir-basket filled with fish appears on a seal of Wil- 
 liam Weare, of Weare Gifford, Devonshire (temp. Hen. 
 IV.), with the Motto, Sumus— u We are." 
 
 A good example of allusive Arms, though perhaps 
 scarcely coming under the denomination of Armes parlantes, 
 was the Device of Mary Queen of Scots, assumed after 
 the death of her husband, the Dauphin ; which was, a stalk 
 of Liquorice, " duquel la racine est douce, mais tout le reste, 
 hors de terre, amer ;" with the Motto, Duke meum terra tegit 
 — " The Earth covers my sweetness." 
 
 We have seen how Armorial Bearings are sometimes 
 taken from family names : but it is very probable that in 
 many instances this order was reversed ; and that the Scutal 
 Device furnished a name to its possessor. Of the many 
 Nobles who accompanied the Conqueror to England, but 
 few, if any, were distinguished by surnames ; they were 
 described simply by their Christian names, followed by the 
 locality from whence they came ; as, Robert de Courcon, 
 Johannes de Bourgogne, &c. Even the Conqueror's 
 sons, William and Henry, were distinguished by such 
 names as Rurus and Beauclerc. Hereditary surnames 
 were not generally adopted in England, even amongst the 
 Nobility, until the Fourteenth century ; yet long anterior 
 to that period we find Nobles designatedby the name of 
 the Charge which they bore upon their shields, which names 
 and bearings have descended to their posterity.* Hugh, 
 * See Dr. E. Nares, and M. A. Lower, on Surnames. 
 
CREST, WREATH, MANTLING, ETC. 
 
 185 
 
 first Earl of Chester, undoubtedly derived his appellation, 
 De Loupe, from his device, which was a Wolf's head : and 
 in an old manuscript attributed to William de Brito (a.d. 
 1 1 70), the poet thus sings the praises of one of the ancestors 
 of the Arundel family, whose bearing was then, as it has 
 since continued, a Swallow — in French, Hirondelle : 
 
 11 More swift than bird hight Arundell, 
 That gives him name, and in his shield of Arms emblazoned well, 
 He rides amid the armed troops." 
 
 Fig. 280. 
 
 Supporter to a Shield, from the lower frieze around St. Stephen's Chapel, 
 
 Westminster. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 
 
 T) EFOKE treating of the various grades of Rank, as they 
 now exist, it will be necessary to give a short account 
 of the origin of those degrees, and to explain by what right 
 they continue to be enjoyed. 
 
 One of the first official acts of William of Normandy, 
 after his accession to the throne of England, was to assume 
 actual possession of all the land, which he divided into 
 700 Baronies, or great fiefs, and these were subdivided 
 into about 60,000 Knight's fees. The Baronies were 
 apportioned amongst his Norman followers who had assisted 
 him in his enterprise, on condition of their performing 
 certain offices, — such as giving personal service when re- 
 quired; providing and equipping men for the Field; and 
 executing other duties connected with the Royal Household* 
 
 * Sir William Hale, in his Pleas of the Crown, asserts that no 
 Englishman was permitted by the Conqueror to retain any landed 
 property in England ; and that it was nearly three centuries after 
 William's death before a Saxon held any higher dignity than that 
 of a Knight's Fee. This assertion, however, is refuted by the pages 
 of Domesday Booh ; and I recently examined a Charter preserved in 
 the library of the City Corporation, whereby William granted to one 
 Dereman, an Englishman, considerable tracts of land in the Counties 
 of Essex and Hertfordshire. Several other instances might be cited 
 of similar concessions being made to Englishmen. Turchill, for 
 example, — the ancestor of the Ardens of Warwickshire, — as early as 
 the Eleventh century, was lord of a great portion of that county. 
 
DEGBEES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTBY. 187 
 
 The tenants-in-chief from the Crown, who held lands of 
 the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons ; 
 and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade 
 of the Nobility (to whom the title at the present time be- 
 longs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons 
 of the early days of England's history. 
 
 Many of the Baronies conferred by the Conqueror w r ere 
 of immense extent, and frequently comprised Baronim in 
 Barotitis, by the original tenants in capite from the Crown 
 making concessions to some of their vassals, in the same 
 manner as they themselves held their possessions from the 
 King. These secondary Lords afterwards came likewise to 
 be styled Barons — as appears from a Charter of William 
 of Gloucester (temp. Hen. II.), which is addressed, Dapi- 
 fero suo, et omnibus Baroniis suis. Hence arose the titles, 
 Greater and Lesser Barons * 
 
 At the death of William the First, there were about 
 400 Baronies in England ; but so generally did the process 
 
 * " About this time" (the Twelfth century), " it is observed that 
 those who were either menial attendants or else feudatories to any- 
 Noble personage, or which held any lands of them, did usualty assume 
 to themselves for their Armes the Device of y e Coate of y e Lord, 
 either changing the colours, retaining the Charge, or by adding some- 
 thing to y e Charge — as, for example, Albayne, Lord of Belvoir, bore 
 Or, two Cheverons and a Cantone gules; from him, Staunton of Staunton, 
 a gentleman of Nottinghamshire, bears Argent, two Cheverons and a 
 bordure sable, and held his lands of y e said Albayne by the tenure of 
 Castleward, by keeping and defending a tower in the Castle of Belvoir," 
 &c. (Harl. MSS. No. 4630). This Manuscript also contains: "The 
 originall and beginning of sirnames ;" "Names varied according to y e 
 dwelling of y e partys, and changed upon entry into religion ;" " The 
 meanes of our Ancestors attaining unto the rank of Nobility ;" " The 
 first using of seales to Charters and Deeds here in England ;" " Punish- 
 ments inflicted for counterfeiting another's seale ;" " Armes, when 
 first hereditary." 
 
i88 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEEALDBY. 
 
 of subinfeudation prevail, that during the succeeding century 
 the number was enormously increased. King John, fearing 
 that the Barons would become too powerful in the kingdom, 
 attempted to check the practice ; but he was too irresolute, 
 or too weak, to accomplish it. Edward the First vigor- 
 ously carried out the intentions of his predecessor, and by 
 the most severe enactments abolished the continuance of a 
 custom which from experience he had learned was fraught 
 with so much danger to the Crown. Henry the Third, 
 however, had some years before struck a fatal blow at the 
 power of the Barons, all of whom, hitherto, had been privi- 
 leged to assemble for the purpose of assisting the King in 
 the affairs of state ; but Henry determined that that privi- 
 lege should be accorded but to certain whom he selected. 
 Writs were therefore despatched, in the King's name, to a 
 chosen number of the Barons, including some of the lesser 
 degree, or those who did not hold in capite from the Crown ; 
 and the Writ thus issued constituted the receiver, and his 
 heirs general, Peers of the Eealm, to the exclusion of many of 
 those who had hitherto enjoyed that privilege ; and proof of 
 tenure per laroniam was no longer required. The student 
 will find much valuable information on this subject in Sir 
 Henry Chauncey's History of Hertfordshire. 
 
 It would appear that the issue of a Writ of Summons 
 was not sufficient of itself to elevate him to whom it was 
 addressed to the rank of Baron, unless he actually fulfilled 
 the duties to which he was called ; for, in the reign of James 
 the First, one of the descendants of Edward Neville — 
 who had been summoned to Parliament by Queen Mary, 
 but died before taking his seat — claimed the hereditary 
 Barony. The decision at which the Council arrived was, 
 that " the direction and delivery of the Writ did not make 
 him a Baron or Noble, until he came to Parliament, and 
 
DEGEEE8 OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 189 
 
 there sat, according to the commandment of the Writ." 
 The custom of issuing Writs is now disused, except when a 
 Barony, which has been in Abeyance (of which more here- 
 after), is terminated by the Crown in favour of a Commoner, 
 and occasionally to the eldest sons of Dukes, Marquesses, 
 and Earls, in their fathers' Baronies. A writ of summons, 
 however, in the latter case, does not create an hereditary 
 peerage, but becomes null as soon as the receiver succeeds 
 to his father's title. 
 
 Of all the original Baronies by feudal tenure, not one 
 remains.* Several families have at various times attempted 
 to revive Baronies, alleging that they held estates in tenure 
 per Baroniam from the Crown; ; but these applications have 
 invariably been resisted. In the year 1669, — when the 
 Barony of Fitzwalter was revived in favour of Benjamin 
 Mildmay, the heir general, in opposition to Robert Cheeke, 
 who claimed it by right of tenure, — the King and Privy 
 Council passed a resolution that, " as no such Baronies had 
 for many ages existed," it was not expedient to bring them 
 again into force ; and the House of Lords has in every 
 instance, when called upon, confirmed this order of the 
 Council. 
 
 In the reign of Richard the Second, Barons were created 
 not only by Writ of Summons, but by Patent, by which the 
 succession was restricted to the male heirs of the grantee ; 
 and in this manner Commoners are usually elevated to the 
 Peerage at the present day. 
 
 The Earldom of Wiltes — the succession to which has 
 been recently claimed — was created by letters patent bearing 
 
 * The Earldom of Arundel, belonging to the Duke of Norfolk in 
 right of his tenure of Arundel Castle, is the solitary exception. His 
 Grace, however, holds the Earldom by favour of a special Act of 
 Parliament, passed in the reign of Charles the First. 
 
 H 
 
190 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 date the 27th September 1397, in the person of Sir Wil- 
 liam Scrope, to hold the same to him and his heirs male 
 for ever. Sir William died the following year without issue, 
 since which time the title has never been claimed by any of 
 his representatives. The Earldom of Oxford was also con- 
 ferred by Richard II. with a similar limitation. At the time 
 that Sir William Scrope was created a Peer, King Richard 
 raised six Earls to the rank of Dukes, the Earl of Somerset 
 to the rank of Marquess of Dorset, and three Barons to 
 the rank of Earls ; in each instance limiting those honours 
 to the heirs male of the grantees. Subsequently, King 
 Henry the Sixth created Sir Thomas Hoo, Lord Hoo and 
 Hastings ; Sir Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont ; and Sir 
 Thomas Grey, Lord Richmont Grey; with limitations to 
 their heirs male. No other grant of dignity, with a dis- 
 tinction to the heirs male, has since been conferred in 
 England, with the sole exception of the Earldom of Devon, 
 granted by Queen Mary. Of the above-mentioned Peerages, 
 Oxford and Devon only exist, the others having become 
 extinct. The House of Lords, in 1625, declared Robert de 
 Vere entitled to the Earldom of Oxford ; and in 1 831, their 
 Lordships allowed that William, Viscount Courtenay, had 
 made out his claim to the title, honour, and dignity of Earl 
 of Devon, and thereby established that the grant of a 
 dignity to the grantee and his heirs male was valid, and 
 that the succession was thereby lawfully and effectually 
 limited to the collateral heirs male. 
 
 Besides that of succession, there is another difference 
 between a Writ and a Patent. When a barony is conferred 
 by Patent, the title — both personal and hereditary — is com- 
 plete as soon as the official seal is affixed to the document, 
 although the Baron thus created may have never taken his 
 seat in Parliament. 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 191 
 
 Should a Noble, holding his Barony by Writ, die, leaving 
 two or more daughters and no son, the title would fall into 
 Abeyance ; for, there being no distinction of primogeniture 
 amongst daughters, as there is with sons, they would each 
 be entitled to an equal division of their father's estate ; but 
 the title being imparticipable, it must necessarily remain 
 unattached so long as both co-heirs female, or their de- 
 scendants, remain alive. A Barony, held by virtue of a 
 Writ, having fallen into Abeyance, cannot revive naturally 
 until but one branch remains to represent the Family; 
 the Crown, however, possesses the power of determining an 
 Abeyance at any time — a prerogative seldom exercised. 
 When an Abeyance is terminated in favour of a Commoner, 
 he receives the Barony by a Writ of Summons ; but if in 
 favour of a Peer, by a Patent. A Barony held by Patent can 
 never fall into Abeyance ; for, the title descending to heirs 
 male, and not to heirs general, when such heirs fail, it becomes 
 extinct — as in the case of the late Viscount Palmerston. 
 
 The terms "in Abeyance" and "Dormant" are, by 
 many persons, considered as synonymous. This, however, 
 is not the case. A title is necessarily in Abeyance while 
 co-heirs survive, each having an equal claim : it is Dormant 
 when the rightful possessor, for any reason, such as inability 
 or disinclination to support his dignity, neglects to assume 
 the rank to which he is entitled. 
 
 The hereditary possessor of a Peerage title, notwithstand- 
 ing he may be a minor, is de facto a Peer of the Eealm, 
 although he is ineligible for some of the higher privileges of 
 his order, such as sitting in Parliament. Ladies also may 
 sometimes be Peeresses of the Realm in their own right, as 
 in the case where dignities descend to heirs general. Every 
 Peer in Parliament is possessed of equal privileges, irre- 
 spective of his rank. 
 
1 92 HANDB OK OF HEBALDB T. 
 
 " All Noblemen were Barons, or had a Barony annexed, 
 though they had also higher dignities. But it has sometimes 
 happened that when an ancient baron has been raised to a 
 new degree of peerage, in the course of a few generations the 
 two titles have descended differently ; one, perhaps, to the 
 male descendants, the other to the heirs general ; whereby 
 the Earldom or other superior title has subsisted without a 
 Barony ; and there are also modern instances where they 
 have been created without annexing a Barony. So that 
 now the rule does not hold universally, that all Peers are 
 Barons." — Robson. 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury enjoys the highest 
 rank in the British Peerage, immediately following that of 
 the Royal Dukes. To him succeed the Lord High Chan- 
 cellor, and the Archbishops, in the following order : York, 
 Armagh, and Dublin. He is " Primate of all England," 
 and subscribes himself, " By Divine Providence." It is his 
 duty to officiate at Coronations, and all religious ceremonies 
 connected with the Eoyal Family : they always being con- 
 sidered his Parishioners. His principal officers are Bishops : 
 the Bishop of London is his Provincial Dean ; the Bishop of 
 Winchester, his Chancellor ; the Bishop of Lincoln, his Vice- 
 Chancellor ; the Bishop of Salisbury, his Precentor ; and the 
 Bishop of Rochester, his Chaplain. The Archbishop of 
 York is " Primate of England," and is styled " By Divine 
 Permission." An Archiepiscopal Mitre is shown at page 165, 
 and a Crosier at page 105. The Arms of the See of Canter- 
 bury are: Azure; an Archiepiscopal Staff in pah or, ensigned 
 with a Cross pate argent, surmounted by a Pall of the last, 
 fimbriated and fringed gold, charged with four Crosses pate 
 fitche sable. The Arms of York are : Gules ; two Keys in 
 saltire argent; in Chief, an Imperial Crown of England. It 
 will be remembered that Bishops impale the Arms of their 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 193 
 
 Sees with their own.* Archbishops are styled "Most 
 Reverend and are addressed as "Your Grace ;" but their 
 wives derive no title from the official position of their 
 husbands. 
 
 The next in order are Dukes. The title, derived from 
 the Latin Dux, signifies a leader, and is employed in that 
 sense by old writers. Sir John Feme (a.d. i 586) describes 
 the Israelites as "pitching their tents in the wildernesse, 
 vnder the conduct of their captaine, Duke Moyses." The 
 first English subject who was created a Duke was Edward 
 Plantagenet, by his Father, Edward the Third, in the 
 year 1335, under the title of Duke of Cornwall. Anterior 
 to this date, the nobility consisted entirely of Barons, and 
 a few Earls. The title of Duke was for some time confined 
 exclusively to members of the Royal Family, and was but 
 sparingly conferred ; but by Henry the Sixth this restric- 
 tion was not so particularly observed. On the accession of 
 Queen Elizabeth to the throne, there existed but one 
 Duke in England — Thomas Howard, of Norfolk ; the 
 other Dukedoms having become extinct through failure of 
 male issue, and on attainders of Treason, during the Wars 
 of the Roses. In 1572, the Duke of Norfolk himself suf- 
 fered at the hands of the executioner. From this time until 
 1623, when James the First created George Villiers Duke 
 of Buckingham, the title was extinct. Charles the Second 
 restored the dignity in several families, and created others, 
 including the Dukedoms of Grafton, St. Alban's, and 
 Richmond, which he conferred upon three of his illegitimate 
 
 * One Archbishop and three Bishops represent the spiritual Peers 
 of Ireland in Parliament. The Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin sit 
 alternately from session to session ; and the Bishops in the following 
 rotation ; Ossory, Cork, Killaloe, Meath, Kilmore, Cashel, Tuam, Derry, 
 Limerick, and Down. 
 
194 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 sons. The order received several further additions during 
 the reigns of William and Mary and of Ajshste. The present 
 number of English Dukes is twenty ; of Scotch, seven ; and 
 of Irish, one — the Duke of Leinster. A Duke is styled 
 " Your Grace," and " Most Noble ;" his eldest son takes his 
 second title, which is usually that of Marquess. This title, 
 however, is only accorded by courtesy : thus, the Duke of 
 Devonshire's eldest son, who, as the representative for the 
 Northern Division of the County of Lancaster, is officially 
 styled " The Eight Honourable Compton Spencer Cavendish, 
 commonly called Marquess of Hartington."* The younger 
 sons and the daughters of a Duke are addressed as " Lords" 
 and " Ladies," with the addition of their Christian names, 
 as Lord Henry, Lady Mary. 
 
 The next degree in the Peerage is that of Marquess. 
 This order was instituted by Eichard the Second, who, in 
 the year 1386, created Eobert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 
 Marquess of Dublin ; and, subsequently, Duke of Ire- 
 land. In 1388, his Grace was attainted for High Treason, 
 and banished ; when the dignity became extinct, until revived, 
 in 1397, in the person of John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, 
 who was created Marquess of Dorset. A Marquess is ad- 
 dressed personally as " My Lord Marquess ;" and is styled, 
 
 "The Most Honourable the Marquess of ." The 
 
 children of a Marquess bear the same courtesy-titles as those 
 of a Duke — the eldest son taking his father's second title : 
 
 * It sometimes occurs that the second title of a Duke or Marquess 
 is not the next lowest in the scale of the peerage. In this case, al- 
 though their eldest sons would not enjoy the titular ranks of Mar- 
 quess or Earl respectively, they are equally entitled to the station and 
 Coronet of those degrees. Thus, the eldest son of the Duke of Man- 
 chester, though only a Viscount, takes precedence of Earls, and bears 
 the Coronet of a Marquess. 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 195 
 
 he is therefore styled Earl or Viscount of a place ; as Earl 
 Wiltshire, Viscount Weymouth, who are respectively the 
 eldest sons of the Marquess of Winchester and the Mar- 
 quess of Bath. 
 
 The title of Earl is the most ancient of any of the 
 Peerage, dating its origin from the Saxon. Kings. Until the 
 close of the Twelfth century, nobles of this dignity seldom 
 used any other addition than Comes to their Christian names ; 
 but about the time of Richard the First, they added to 
 their names that of their shire. An Earl is styled " Right 
 Honourable," and his eldest son is commonly a Viscount, 
 that being his father's second title. His younger sons have 
 no title of Peerage, and are styled " Honourable but all 
 his daughters are "Ladies." The wife of an Earl is a 
 Countess. 
 
 Viscounts succeed Earls. The title of Vice-comes is 
 probably as ancient as that of Comes, but it did not constitute 
 an order of the Peerage until the year 1440, when Henry 
 the Sixth conferred the title, by Patent, upon John, Baron 
 Beaumont. A Viscount is "Right Honourable," and his 
 sons and daughters are " Honourable." 
 
 The next in succession are Bishops. The Bishop of 
 London, as Provincial Dean of Canterbury, takes precedence 
 of his brethren. To him succeed the Bishop of Durham, 
 as formerly holding the rank of Count Palatine, and Earl of 
 Sedberg ; and the Bishop of Winchester, as Prelate of the 
 Most Noble the Order of the Garter ; then, the remaining 
 Bishops, according to the priority of their consecration. 
 The last-made Bishop has no seat in the House of Peers ;* 
 
 * This restriction does not apply to the Prelates of London, Dur- 
 ham, and Winchester, who become members of the House of Peers 
 immediately on their consecration, by reason of their episcopalian 
 precedence. 
 
196 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 and the Bishop of Sodor and Man, although he is entitled 
 to a seat, does not possess a vote. All Bishops are styled 
 " Right Eeverend Father in God ;" and subscribe them- 
 selves, " By Divine Permission." 
 
 Barons constitute the lowest grade of the British 
 Nobility. The origin of this dignity has already been 
 noticed. Barons are addressed as " My Lord ;" and are 
 styled " Bight Honourable." All their sons and daughters 
 are " Honourable." 
 
 The various Coronets of the Nobility are described at 
 pp. 163-165. 
 
 The title of Lord, although it cannot be said to constitute 
 a degree of Nobility by itself, has a more general application 
 than any other, for it is commonly employed in addressing 
 Peers of every rank. The Judges, when on the Bench, are 
 ex-officio Lords ; and so, likewise, are the Mayors of London, 
 Dublin, and York, during their terms of office. The title 
 of Lady is used equally indiscriminately, for not only are 
 the wives and daughters of certain Peers thus addressed, but 
 also the wives of Baronets and Enights. These last, al- 
 though permitted by courtesy to bear the title of Lady, are 
 not allowed to prefix their Christian to their Family name, 
 for this is the peculiar privilege and mark of distinction of 
 the daughters of Peers. It was not until the reign of Henry 
 the Eighth that Kings' daughters were styled Princesses. 
 Previous to that date they were simply designated as " Lady." 
 Thus, we find the daughters of Henry the Seventh were 
 styled, " The Lady Margaret" and " The Lady Mary." Even 
 the daughters of Henry the Eighth were occasionally styled 
 the " Lady Mary" and the " Lady Elizabeth :" and in a 
 Tract on the Marriage of the daughter of James the First 
 with Prince Frederick, she is spoken of as the "Ladie 
 Elizabeth." 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 197 
 
 Amongst* the Gentry, Baronets take the highest place. 
 The origin of this dignity was as follows : Queen Elizabeth 
 having succeeded, towards the end of her reign, in reducing 
 Ireland to subjection, James the First determined, on his 
 accession to the throne, to continue the work of his pre- 
 decessor ; but as economy was a distinguishing characteristic 
 of James, he contrived to obtain an army of occupation, and 
 at the same time to enrich the Treasury, by a novel ex- 
 pedient. He directed that the hereditary title of Baronet 
 should be conferred on every gentleman possessed of an estate 
 of the annual value of one thousand pounds, who would 
 undertake to maintain, in the Province of Ulster, thirty 
 soldiers for three years, at the rate of eightpence per day for 
 each man, and remit the first year's pay to the Royal 
 Treasury : in return for which service he should have the 
 privilege of bearing the Arms of Ulster (fig. 279), either on 
 an Inescutcheon or Canton, in his paternal shield. These 
 constituted the Baronets of England. 
 
 In 1 6 19, the King instituted a second Order, in every 
 way similar to the former, except that the grantees were 
 styled Baronets of Ireland ; and paid their fees into the 
 Treasury of that country. 
 
 King James having instituted Baronetcies of England 
 and Ireland, was desirous of extending the Order to his 
 native Country, having for his immediate purpose the im 
 provement of the Province of Nova Scotia 5 but his death 
 prevented his carrying the project into execution. His son 
 Charles, however, in 1625, fulfilled his father's intentions ; 
 and he subsequently directed that the Baronets of Nova 
 Scotia should be distinguished by a Jewel, charged with 
 the Arms of that Province, viz. Argent; a Saltire azure; on 
 an Inescutcheon, the Arms of Scotland; above the Shield, an 
 Imperial Crown : supported by the Royal Unicorn on the 
 
1 98 HANDB OK OF HERALDR Y. 
 
 dexter side, and by a Savage proper on the Sinister : for 
 Crest, A Laurel-branch and Thistle issuing between a naked 
 and a mailed Hand conjoined ; with the Motto, Munit hcec, et 
 altera vincit This Jewel was suspended to the necks of the 
 Baronets of the Province by an orange ribbon. 
 
 Since the Union, no Baronets have been created of Scot- 
 land or Ireland, both Institutions having been superseded 
 by the title of Baronets of the United Kingdom, who 
 are distinguished by the Badge of Ulster. Baronetcies are 
 always conferred by Patent : and the succession is usually 
 restricted to the heirs male ; though special conditions are 
 sometimes attached. There is no service required of Baronets 
 at the present day ; neither is there any money actually paid, 
 as formerly ; but a fictitious receipt is issued by the Trea- 
 sury for the amount of twelve months' pay for thirty soldiers. 
 For Knights Bannerets, see " Banner," chap. xix. 
 
 Baronets have the title of " Sir" prefixed to their Chris- 
 tian names : their surnames being followed by their dignity, 
 usually abbreviated, Bart Their wives are addressed as 
 " Lady," * Madam," or " Dame." This last title, however, 
 has now become obsolete. Their sons are possessed of no 
 title beyond "Esquire." The rights and privileges of 
 Knights are identical with those of Baronets, except that 
 they are not hereditary. 
 
 The eldest son of a Peer above the dignity of Baron, who 
 is also a Baronet of Scotland, is styled "Honourable Master" 
 of his family Barony ; as, The Honourable the Master 
 of Forbes. In the case of a Baron, the " Honourable" is 
 omitted ; as, The Master of Lochman. 
 
 In 1 840, a number of Baronets assembled under the di- 
 rection of the late Sir Richard Broun, Bart., and formed a 
 Committee of the Baronetage for Privileges, wherein were 
 adopted several important resolutions, which, though not 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 199 
 
 officially recognised by the Heralds' College, demand a pass- 
 ing notice. The members of the Committee resolved that 
 all Baronets should take for Supporters, two armed Knights ; 
 for Coronet, a plain circle of gold, with four pearls resting on 
 the edge— which is engrailed — two of them appearing in 
 drawings ; and that the Helmet should be affronte, and open, 
 guarded with four grilles of gold; and, besides these ex- 
 terior ornaments, that they should surround their Escutcheons 
 with a Collar of S.S. They likewise determined to prefix 
 to their title that of " Honourable." These were the princi- 
 pal modifications suggested ; but they have not been generally 
 adopted. 
 
 The office of Esquire formerly constituted a kind of 
 honourable apprenticeship to the profession of Arms, through 
 which all classes of the Nobility were obliged to pass. At the 
 age of fourteen, a youth, having previously served in the 
 capacity of Page, was eligible to be admitted as an Esquire. 
 There were several degrees of this order, as Esquires of the 
 Stable; Esquires of the Chamber ; Carving Esquires, who 
 waited in the Hall, carved the dishes, and served the guests ; 
 and Esquires for the Body, who attended their lords in the 
 Field. 
 
 In the Romance of Ipomydon {Harl. MSS. 2252, circa 
 a.d. 1325), we read how, as a boy, the young prince was in- 
 structed in the duties of an Esquire. The king, his father, 
 sought out for him a learned and courteous knight as pre- 
 ceptor; accordingly, 
 
 " 'Tholomew a clerke lie toke, 
 That taught the child uppon the boke 
 Both to synge and to rede ; 
 And after he taught hym other dede, 
 Afterward to serve in halle 
 Both to grete and to smalle ; 
 
200 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 Before the kynge mete to kerve, 
 High and low fayre to serve. 
 Both of howndes and hawkes game, 
 After he taught hym all ; and same 
 In sea, in feld, and eke in ryvere ; 
 In woode to chase the wild dere, 
 And in feld to ryde a stede ; 
 That all men had joy of his dede." 
 
 The title of Esquire does not seem to hare been adopted 
 in England earlier than the time of Richard the Secokd, 
 although the duties connected with the office date from a 
 period far anterior. 
 
 Nearly three centuries ago, Sir John Feme thus speaks 
 of the indiscriminate manner in which the title of Esquire 
 was applied : " The title has been very much abused and 
 profaned, whereunto I wish that the Lord Earle Marshall, 
 with the advice and consultation of a learned herealde, would 
 add some sharpe correction and punishment." See also 
 Tatler, No. xix. If, during the Elizabethan Era, the title 
 was applied in too promiscuous a manner, what shall be said 
 of that of Victoria, when the difficulty is not so much to 
 determine to whom it should be accorded, but to whom it 
 should be denied ? 
 
 Wealth alone cannot constitute the slightest claim to 
 this honourable degree. The title is, strictly speaking, 
 confined to the eldest sons of Baronets and Knights, and 
 their eldest sons ; the eldest sons of the younger sons of 
 Peers ; Kings-at-Arms, and Heralds who are Esquires by 
 creation ; Esquires of the Bath, on an installation ; Sheriffs 
 of Counties, Justices of the Peace, and Mayors of Towns, 
 whilst holding office. There are several other degrees which 
 give the title of Esquire by courtesy : as, Counsellors at Law ; 
 Bachelors of Divinity, Law, and Physic ; Secretaries of 
 Legation, Consuls, Eoyal Academicians, &c. 
 
DEGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 20 1 
 
 Gentlemen are all those who, lawfully entitled to 
 Armorial distinction, are not included in any of the before- 
 mentioned degrees. 
 
 The subjoined Table of Precedence is given to indi- 
 cate the relative positions of the various ranks of Nobility ; 
 many, therefore, of the Officers of State are omitted. For 
 a complete Table of Precedence, both amongst men and 
 women, the reader is referred to the pages of Nicholas, 
 Burke, or Thorn. 
 
 The Sovereign. 
 
 The Prince of Wales. 
 
 The Sovereign's younger sons. 
 
 The Sovereign's grandsons. 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 The Lord Chancellor (being a Baron). 
 
 The Archbishops of York, Armagh, and Dublin. 
 
 The principal Officers of State (being Barons). 
 
 Dukes, according to their priority of Patent. 
 
 Eldest sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal. 
 
 Marquesses, according to their priority of Patent. 
 
 Dukes' eldest sons. 
 
 Earls. 
 
 Younger sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal. 
 
 Marquesses' eldest sons. 
 
 Dukes' younger sons. 
 
 Viscounts. 
 
 Earls' eldest sons. 
 
 Marquesses' younger sons. 
 
 Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester. 
 
 Other Bishops, according to seniority of consecration. 
 
 Irish Bishops. 
 
 Barons. 
 
202 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Viscounts' eldest sons. 
 Earls' younger sons. 
 Barons' eldest sons. 
 Knights of the Garter. 
 Privy Counsellors, Judges, &c. 
 Viscounts' younger sons. 
 Barons' younger sons. 
 Baronets. 
 
 Knights of the various Orders. 
 
 Eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers. 
 
 Eldest sons of Baronets and Knights. 
 
 Esquires. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 All the unmarried daughters of Peers are entitled to the 
 same rank as their eldest brother usually enjoys during the 
 lifetime of his father. Married ladies and widows take pre- 
 cedence according to the rank of their husbands, provided 
 such rank be not merely official. 
 
 It is the generally received opinion that the title of 
 " Boyal Highness" is the hereditary right of all members of 
 the Royal Family. Such is not the case. Strictly speaking, 
 it belongs solely to the immediate issue of the Sovereign. 
 The first innovation made upon this rule was in the year 
 1816, when Frederick William, Duke of Gloucester, 
 grandson of George the Second, was styled " Royal High- 
 ness" on the occasion of his marriage with his cousin, the 
 Princess Mary. Prior to this event, his title, and that of 
 Princes of a like consanguinity, was simply "Highness." 
 Prince Louis of Hesse, and Prince Christian, are styled 
 " Royal Highness," not because they are personally entitled 
 to the dignity, nor because they married daughters of her 
 Majesty, but in virtue of a special grant from the Queen : 
 
DEGBEES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTBY. 203 
 
 nor would their issue, though maternal grandchildren of 
 her Majesty, enjoy any hereditary title of Royalty whatever ; 
 for, as a recent authority justly observes, " a Princess of 
 England, though she transmits the right of succession, can 
 confer no interim advantage of precedence or degree." Even 
 the eldest son of the Duke of Edinburgh would be legally 
 entitled but to the qualification of " Highness," and, by an 
 Act passed in 1399, would yield precedence to Dukes ; and 
 his younger sons, by a subsequent Act, would give place to 
 Earls. The issue of such younger sons, although by courtesy 
 they would probably be addressed by a higher title, would 
 be simply Esquires. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 REGAL ARMORY. 
 
 HERE is 
 
 no branch of the Science of 
 
 A Heraldry more interesting and instructive than that 
 which relates to the history of our Country; much of which 
 history is indelibly written, and plainly to be read, on the 
 Seals, Monuments, and other similar Records of the different 
 Sovereigns who have occupied the Throne of England. The 
 Arms attributed to the Saxon Monarchs are not sufficiently 
 authenticated to demand any notice : even the authority for 
 ascribing distinctive Arms to the Anglo-Norman Kings 
 rests entirely on tradition; no contemporaneous record exists 
 of such heraldic Insignia having been borne by the Sove- 
 reigns to whom they are attributed. It is not proposed, in 
 the following summary of the Armorial Bearings of the 
 English Monarchs, to notice all the various modifications 
 and changes which they severally effected in the extra-scutal 
 accessories — such as Badges and Mottoes — but only those 
 which, from being most generally adopted, may be considered 
 as historical. 
 
 William: the First is said to have borne, Gules ; two 
 
REGAL ARMORY. 
 
 205 
 
 Lions passant-guardant in pale, or:* and his wife Matilda, 
 Gyronny of eight, or and azure; an Inescutcheon gules, for 
 Flanders. 
 
 William the Second : Two Lions of England in pale. 
 Badge: According to Guillim, this King adopted for his 
 Device or Badge, an Eagle looking against the sun, with the 
 Motto, Perfero. 
 
 Henry the First: The same Arms as the foregoing; 
 and, Or; a Lion rampant within a Tressure, fleury-counter- 
 fleury, gules, for Matilda of Scotland. 
 
 Stephen : The Lions of his father ; and for his wife, 
 Matilda of Boulogne, Or; three Torteaux. Three golden 
 Centaurs are sometimes ascribed to Stephen as Arms, but 
 these — or rather one of them — constituted his Badge. 
 Guillim mentions another Badge borne by this Monarch — a 
 plume of Ostrich-feathers, referred to at page 123 ; but for 
 this he gives no authority. 
 
 Henry the Second: Gules ; three Lions passant-guardant 
 in pale, or; commonly known as " The Lions of England." 
 His wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine and Guienne, bore, Gules ; 
 a Lion passant-guardant, or. His Badges were, the Broom of 
 the Plantagenets (Qy. Planta Angevenista, or Anjou plant ?); 
 and an Escarbuncle. 
 
 Richard the First: The Lions of England; and for 
 his wife, Berengaria of Navarre, Azure; a Cross argent; 
 for which was afterwards substituted, Gules ; an Escarluncle 
 or. Badges: The Plantagenista ; an Etoile issuing from a 
 
 * We have strong presumptive evidence that William did not 
 bear the two Lions assigned to him, either on his shield or person ; 
 or he would certainly have been recognised by his son Robert, who, 
 when he rebelled against his royal father in 1085, unwittingly en- 
 countered him, and would have despatched him, had he not discovered 
 the king by his voice. 
 
 
 
206 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Crescent; and a Sun over ttvo Anchors. Motto: Christo 
 duce. 
 
 John : The Lions of England. For Isabella of An- 
 GOULeme, Lozengy, or and gules. No Arms are assigned to 
 his first two wives. Badges : The Plantagenista; and the 
 Crescent beneath a Star, of his brother Richard. 
 
 Henry the Third : The Lions of England. His queen, 
 Eleanor of Provence, bore, Or; four Pallets gules. 
 Badge : The Plantagenista. 
 
 Edward the First : The Lions of England. On the 
 tomb of Eleanor of Castile, his first wife, in Westminster 
 Abbey, are sculptured shields bearing, Quarterly: i and 4. 
 Gules ; a Castle, triple-towered or; for Castile: 2 and 3. 
 Argent; a Lion rampant gules ; for Leon (fig. 255). His 
 second wife, Margaret of France, bore on one of her 
 seals the arms of England dimidiated with France ancient 
 azure; seme of Fleurs-de-lys or. Badges: The Broom; 
 and a Rose or, stalked vert. 
 
 Edward the Second : The Lions of England; and his 
 wife, Isabella of France, England, dimidiating France 
 ancient; she also bore, France ancient, dimidiating, gules ; 
 an Escarbuncle or; which latter she bore in right of her 
 mother Joan, daughter and heiress of Henry the First, King 
 of Navarre. Badge : A triple-toivered Castle of Castile. 
 
 Edward the Third : In the year 1340, consequent upon 
 the claim of Edward to the Crown of France, the Arms of 
 that country first appeared upon the shield of England, as in 
 the annexed illustration (fig. 281). 
 
 The Arms of Edward, when combined with those of his 
 wife Philippa, exhibit France and England quarterly, im- 
 paled with, Or; four Lions rampant in quadrangle,' the first 
 and fourth sable, the second and third gules; for Hainault. 
 In the Landsdown Collection of MSS., No. 874, in the 
 
REGAL ARMORY. 207 
 British Museum, the Arms of Philippa appear quartered 
 
 Fig. 281. 
 
 The Royal Arms of England, from the tenth year of the reign of Edward the Third 
 until the seventh year of the reign of Henry the Fourth. 
 
 with England only, in the first and fourth quarters. 
 Badges : Sunbeams issuing from a cloud, was the favourite 
 Badge of this monarch, though he sometimes displayed a 
 Griffin; a Falcon; and the Stump of a tree. In No. 1471 
 of the Harleian MSS., a Sword erect on a chapeau, the Made 
 enfiled with three Crowns, appears as a Badge. 
 
 Kichakd the Second: France ancient and England 
 quarterly. Richard impaled these Arms, on the dexter side, 
 with Azure; a Cross fleurie between five Martlets or; the 
 Arms attributed to the Confessor. To this composition 
 Bichard added, also in pale, the Arms of Austria, for Ame, 
 his first wife; which were, Quarterly of four: 1 and 4. 
 Argent; an Eagle displayed sable; for Germany: 2 and 3. 
 Gules ; a Lion rampant, queue fourche, argent, crowned or; 
 for Bohemia — thus forming a shield tierce in pale: First, the 
 Confessor ; Second, England ; and Third, Austria. For 
 Isabella, his second wife, he substituted for the Arms of Aus- 
 tria, those of France modern. Badges : Richard's favourite 
 .device was the white Hart, lodged^ ducally gorged and chained 
 
208 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 or (fig. 228), which he is supposed to have adopted from 
 his mother Joan, " The fair Maid of Kent," daughter of the 
 Eael of Kent, whose Cognisance was a white Hind. The 
 Badge of this unfortunate King forms a conspicuous decora- 
 tion of the string moulding which connects the trusses in 
 Westminster Hall, being sculptured thereon no less than 
 eighty-three times, alternating with his Crest. He also 
 displayed, as Badges, the Plantagenista ; Sun in splendour 
 (fig. 290) ; a white Falcon; and several other devices.* Sup- 
 porters : Two white Harts have been attributed to Richard 
 as Supporters, and thus appear sculptured on the new Houses 
 of Parliament ; but it is doubtful whether Supporters, pro- 
 perly so called, are to be found in Begal Heraldry before the 
 reign of Henry the Sixth. The Livery Colours of the 
 House of Plantagenet were White and Red. 
 
 Henry the Fourth : France ancient and England quar- 
 terly, until the year 1405 or 1406, when three Fleurs-de-lys 
 were substituted for a Field seme, for the Arms of France. 
 
 Fig. 282. 
 
 The Arms of England, from the seventh year of the reign of Henry the Fourth 
 until the accession of James the First. 
 
 * Dallaway and others give the Peas-cod as well as the Planta- 
 genista. Is it not possible that the Sun and Peas-cod may bear some 
 reference to Cresci (crescit) and Poictiers (Pois-tiers) ? 
 
REGAL ARMORY. 
 
 209 
 
 This alteration had been made by Charles the Fifth 
 about forty years previously, and constituted what is com- 
 monly known as France modern. In the Arms of France at 
 the present day, the Fleurs-de-lys are no longer used. Henry 
 the Fourth impaled with his Arms those of Joanna of 
 Navarre, his second wife (Mary Bohun, his first wife, died 
 before his accession), which were, Quarterly of four: 1 and 4. 
 Azure; three Fleurs-de-lys or; for Eyreux: 2 and 3. 
 Gules ; an Escarbuncle or; for Nayarre. Badges: The 
 various devices adopted by Henry the Fourth as Badges 
 will be found enumerated at page 1 24, Supporters : Dex- 
 ter : a Swan ; Sinister : a Hart, — both argent, ducally gorged 
 and chained or. Motto*. Soverayne, was Henry's Motto 
 while Duke of Hereford, which he seems to have retained 
 after he became King. The Lancastrian Liyery Colours 
 were White and Blue. 
 
 Henry the Fifth : France modern and England quar- 
 terly; impaled with France, for his wife Katherine. On 
 the Eeverse of the Great Seal of Henry the Fifth, three 
 shields are displayed, severally charged as follows : Quarterly, 
 or and gules ; four Lions passant- guar dant, counter chang ed ; 
 for the Principality of Wales :* Argent; a Lion rampant 
 gules, ducally crowned or, within a Bordure sable, bezante; 
 for the Duchy of Cornwall : and Azure; three Garbs, two 
 and one, or; for the Earldom of Chester. Badges: 
 While Prince of Wales, he used the Swan of the 
 Bohuns; and after his Accession, a Fire-beacon, a chained 
 
 * These Arms are said by some authorities to be those of South 
 Wales only; those of North Wales being, Argent ; three Lions passant- 
 reguardant in pale gules, their tails passing between their legs, and 
 reflexed over their backs. The latter Arms are enamelled on the hilt 
 of the Sword which was used on the occasion of Prince Edward, son 
 of Edward the Fourth, receiving the title of Earl of Chester. 
 
2IO 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 Antelope and Swan* and a single Ostrich-feather, Sup- 
 porters: Dexter: a Lion; Sinister: a white Hart. 
 
 Fig. 283. 
 
 Henry the Sixth: France and England quarterly; im- 
 paled with Quarterly of six: 1. Barry of eight, argent and 
 gules ; for Hungary: 2. Azure; seme of Fleurs-de-lys or, 
 surmounted by a Label of three joints gules ; for Naples : 
 3. Argent; a Gross potent, between four Crosses humette or; 
 for Jerusalem : 4. France ancient, within a Bordure gules ; 
 for Anjou: 5. Azure; crusille or; two Barbels hauriant, 
 addorsed, of the last, within a Bordure gules ; for De Barre : 
 6. Or; on a Bend gules, three Allerions displayed, argent; 
 for Lorraine. These Arms Henry impaled for his wife, 
 Margaret of Anjou. Badges : An Ostrich-feather, in bend 
 argent, surmounted by another in bend-sinister or; and a 
 spotted Panther.] Margaret, his Queen, bore, in allusion to 
 her name, a Daisy (Marguerite), with the Motto, Humble et 
 loial. Supporters : Two Antelopes argent. Motto : Lieu et 
 mon droit, which has since continued as the Motto of England. 
 
 Edward the Fourth : France and England quarterly. 
 
 * The illustration is taken from the Frieze of Henry the Fifth's 
 Chapel in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 f In a Manuscript numbered 8448, preserved in the Bibliotheque 
 Imperiale at Paris, giving an account of an embassy from Lewis de 
 Bourbon to Henry the Sixth (a.d. 1444), it is said, " the ambassadors 
 were admitted to an audience of the king, and found him on a high 
 pallet, without a bed, hung with tapestry diapered with the livery of 
 the late king, that is, with Broom-plants, and this motto worked in 
 gold, Jamais." 
 
REGAL ABMOBY. 
 
 211 
 
 For Elizabeth Woodville he impaled, Quarterly of six : 
 i. Argent; a Lion rampant, queue fourche gules, imperially 
 crowned; for Luxemburg : 2. Quarterly quartered; i. and 
 iv. Gules ; an Etoile argent; ii. and iii. France Ancient; for 
 Baux : 3. Barry of ten, argent and azure; over all a Lion 
 rampant gules ; for Cyprus: 4. Gules; three Bendlets argent ; 
 on a Chief per fess of the last and or, a Rose of the first; for 
 Ursius : 5. Gules; three Pallets vairy, and a Chief or, sur- 
 mounted by a Label of five points azure; for St. Paul : 6. Ar- 
 gent; a Fess and Canton conjoined gules; Elizabeth's paternal 
 arms. Badges: The Rose-en-soleil ; a black Bull, armed and 
 unguled or, for Clare ; and a Falcon and Fetterlock (fig. 196). 
 Supporters : Dexter : a Bull sable, armed and unguled or ; 
 for Clare, or Clarence ; Sinister : a ivhite Lion ; for Marche. 
 The Livery Colours of the House of York were Mur- 
 rey and Blue. 
 
 Edward the Fifth : France and England quarterly. Sup- 
 porters: Dexter: a Lion guardant or; Sinister: a white 
 Hart, ducally gorged and chained gold. 
 
 Bichard the Third : France and England quarterly : 
 impaled with Gules ; a Saltire argent; surmounted by a Label 
 of three points compony of the second and azure ; for Anne 
 Neville, his wife. Badges : A Boar argent, armed, un- 
 guled, and bristled, or; a White Rose ; and the Sun in splendour. 
 The Badge of Anne Neville was a Bear argent, collared, 
 chained, and muzzled, or; the Cognisance of the noble House 
 of Warwick. Supporters: Two Boars, as the Badge. 
 Bichard sometimes used, as the dexter Supporter, a Lion or. 
 
 Henry the Seventh : France and England quarterly. 
 His wife, Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward the 
 Fourth, bore, Quarterly of four: 1. France and England 
 quarterly : 2 and 3. Or; a Cross gules; for Ulster: 4. Barry 
 of six, or and azure ; on a Chief of the first, a Pallet between 
 
212 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 two Gyrons of the second; surmounted 
 
 Fig. 284. J J 
 
 by an Inescutcheon argent; for Mor- 
 timer (fig. 284). 
 
 Badges: The Portcullis, of the 
 Beauforts ; White Greyhound, of the 
 Nevilles ; Lancastrian and TorJcist 
 Roses combined;* Hawthorn-bush, fructed 
 ppr., crowned and surmounted by H.R.; 
 Fleur-de-lys, Imperially crowned; and 
 
 ^itfESSlSS! Red Dm 90% for CADWALLADER.t SUP- 
 
 timer (a.d. 1372). porters: Dexter: a Dragon gules; 
 Sinister : a Greyhound argent, collared gules. These figures, 
 which were sometimes transposed, are to be seen at St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor, supporting a Portcullis, en- 
 signed with a Rose. The Tudor Livery Colours were 
 White and Green. 
 
 Henry the Eighth : France and England quarterly. 
 The Arms of Catherine of Arragon, his first wife, were, 
 Quarterly quartered: 1 and 4. Grand quarters, Castle and 
 Leon, quarterly : 2 and 3. Or ; four Pallets gules; for Arra- 
 gon : impaling, per Saltire, i. and iv. Arragon ; ii. and iii. 
 Argent; an Eagle displayed sable, armed gules; for Suabia. 
 In the Base point of the Escutcheon, Argent; a Pomegranate 
 slipped, proper ; the Badge of Grenada, 
 
 * A Bose quarterly argent and gules ; commonly called a Tudor Bose. 
 
 f A Dragon with wings expanded gules, on a mount vert, is still the 
 Badge of the Principality of Wales. 
 
 Henry, shortly after the victory which placed him upon the 
 Throne of England, proceeded in great state to St. Paul's, " where he 
 offered three Standards ; on one was the Image of St. George; on the 
 other was a Bed fiery Dragon, beaten upon white and green sarcenet, 
 the Livery Colours of the House of Tudor ; on the third was painted 
 a Dun Cow upon yellow tartarn." — Bakers Chronicle. The Dun Cow he 
 probably assumed to bespeak his descent from Guy, Earl of Warwick. 
 
BE GAL ABMOBT. 
 
 213 
 
 Anna Bullen, his second wife, bore, Quarterly of six : 
 1. England, differenced with a Label of three points azure, 
 charged on each point with as many Fleurs-de-lys or; for 
 Lancaster : 2. France ancient, differenced with a Label of 
 three points gules ; for Angouleme : 3. Gules ; a Lion pas- 
 sant-guardant, or ; for Guienne :* 4. Quarterly of four : i. 
 and iv. Or ; a Chief indented azure ; for Butler ; ii. and 
 iii. Argent; a Lion rampant sable, crowned gules ; for 
 Bochfort : 5. England, differenced with a Label of three 
 points argent; for Brotherton : 6. Cheque, or and azure; 
 for Warren. 
 
 The Arms of Jane Seymour were : Quarterly of six : 1 . 
 Or ; on a Pile gules, between six Fleurs-de-lys azure, the Lions 
 of England (granted as an Augmentation): 2. Gules ; two 
 Wings conjoined in lure or; for Seymour : 3. Vairy ; for 
 Beauchamp, of Hache : 4. Argent; three Demi-lions ram- 
 pant, gules ; for Stiny : 5. Party per bend, argent and gules ; 
 three Roses bendwise, counter changed ; for Mac Williams : 6. 
 Argent ; on a Bend gules, three Leopards' heads or. As Anne 
 of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr 
 died without Issue, the Blazon of their Arms is omitted. 
 
 Badges : The Badges most frequently displayed by 
 Henry were : a Portcullis ; Tudor Rose ; Red Dragon ; and 
 a Cock argent, armed, crested, and wattled, gules.\ The 
 Badges of Catherine of Arragon were the Pomegranate, 
 
 * These three Quarterings were specially granted by the King to 
 Queen Anna Bullen, as Augmentations, when she was created Mar- 
 €Hioness of Pembroke. 
 
 f At a grand banquet given at Westminster in the first year of 
 his reign, Henry is described as wearing a suit of " shorte garments 
 ... of blew velvet and crymosyne, with long sleeves, all cut and lyned 
 -with cloth of gould, and the utter parts of the garments powdered with 
 Castles and sheaves of Arrows — the badges of Catherine, his queen — 
 of fyne dokett (ducat) golde." 
 
2i4 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 already described, and a Sheaf of Arroivs argent Anna 
 Bullen had a Falcon argent, on the Stump of a Tree erased or, 
 holding a Sceptre of the last: before him a lunch of Flowers 
 issuing from the Stump of the first, and gules, stalked vert. 
 Jane Seymour, a Phoenix gules (or?), between two Tudor 
 Roses. Anne of Cleves, a Lion rampant sable, charged on 
 the shoulder with an Escarbuncle or. Catherine Howard, 
 uncertain. Catherine Parr, a Maiden's head, croivned, 
 proper, issuing from a Tudor Rose. 
 
 Supporters : Dexter : a Lion guardant or ; Sinister : a 
 Dragon gules. The Dragon sometimes forms the Dexter 
 Supporter ; the Sinister being either a White Greyhound or 
 a Cock. 
 
 Edward the Sixth : France and England quarterly. 
 Badge : A Sun in splendour. Supporters : The Lion and 
 Dragon of his father ; the Lion being Imperially crowned. 
 
 Mary : France and England quarterly ; impaling the 
 Arms of Phillip of Spain, which were the same as those of 
 Catherine of Arragon. Badges : The Sheaf of Arrows 
 of her mother, impaling a Tudor Rose, beneath an Imperial 
 crown ; and a Pomegranate, slipped, proper. 
 
 In Hearne's Antiquarian Discourses, by Sir Richard 
 Cotton (vol i. p. 112), Mary is said to have used as a Badge, 
 an Altar, thereon a Sword erect; with the Motto, Arm et regni 
 custodia. 
 
 Supporters : Dexter : a Lion guardant, gules, Im- 
 perially crowned; Sinister: a Dragon gules; — after her 
 marriage, an Eagle on the Dexter, and a Lion on the Sinister. 
 Motto : Besides the national motto in use since the reign 
 of Henry the Sixth, Mary adopted, Veritas temporis filia. 
 Her Arms, thus inscribed, are to be seen sculptured at 
 Windsor. 
 
 . Elizabeth : France and England quarterly. On a 
 
BE GAL ARMOBY. 
 
 Banner in the Tower of London, the Arms of Elizabeth are 
 displayed as follows : On a circle of her Colours (white and 
 green) three Shields, two and one: i. Bend-sinisterivise ; 
 France and England quarterly : 2. Bendwise; Azure ; a Harp 
 or, stringed argent; for Ireland: 3. In pale; Wales. 
 Badges : a Falcon argent, holding a Sceptre or ; and a Tudor 
 Rose ; with the Motto, Rosa sine spind, were generally em- 
 ployed by Elizabeth, although she adopted at various times 
 a great number of Impresses. Supporters : Dexter : a 
 Lion or ; Sinister : a Dragon gules. Motto : Semper eadem, 
 seems to have been her favourite personal motto. 
 
 On the Accession of the Stuarts to the Throne, the 
 Arms of Scotland and Ireland were combined with those of 
 France and England, in the following manner : Quarterly of 
 four : 1 and 4. Grand quarters, France and England quarterly ; 
 2. Or ; a Lion rampant, within a B or dure fleury-coimterfleury, 
 gules ; for Scotland : 3. Azure; a Harp or, stringed argent; 
 for Ireland. 
 
 Fig. 285. 
 
 The Royal Arms, from the accession of James the First until the year 1707. 
 
 James the First marshalled the Arms of Ann of Den- 
 mark, his wife, on a separate Escutcheon. They were : a 
 Cross gules, surmounted by another argent; in the first quarter, 
 or. seme of Hearts proper, three Lions passant-guardant azure, 
 
2l6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 armed gules, crowned of the first; for Denmark : in the second 
 quarter, gules, a Lion rampant, Imperially crowned, holding in 
 its paws a Battle-axe argent; for Norway : in the third quar- 
 ter, azure, three Crowns ; for Sweden : in the fourth quarter, 
 07% ten Hearts, four, three, two, and one, proper ; and in chief a 
 Lion passant-guardant azure ; for Gothland. In a com- 
 partment gules, at the Base of the Shield, beneath the Cross, 
 a Wyvern, tail nowed, and wings expanded or ; the ancient 
 Ensign of the Vandals. Over all an Inescutcheon, quarterly 
 of four: i. Or; two Lions passant-guardant, in pale, azure; 
 for the Duchy of Sleswick: 2. Gules; on an Inescutcheon 
 argent, three Holly-leaves, between as many Nails in triangle, 
 all proper ; for Holstein : 3. Gules ; a Swan argent, mem- 
 bered sable, ducally gorged; for Stormerk : 4. Azure; a 
 Chevalier armed at all points, brandishing his sword, all proper, 
 upon a Charger argent, barded or ; for Ditzmers : Surtout-de- 
 tout, an Inescutcheon of Pretence, party per pale, or ; two Bars 
 gules ; for Oldenburg : and Azure ; a Cross pate fitche or ; 
 for Dalmenhurst. Badge : a Tudor Rose and Thistle, 
 impaled by dimidiation, and Imperially crowned; with the 
 Motto, Beati pacifici. Supporters : Dexter : a Lion ram- 
 pant-guardant or, Imperially crowned; Sinister: a Unicorn 
 argent, armed, unguled, and crined, or ; gorged with a Coronet 
 composed of Crosses pate and Fleurs-de-lys, to which a Chain 
 attached, passing between the fore-legs, and refiexed over the 
 back, all gold. These figures have ever since continued to 
 form the Supporters of the Royal Arms. 
 
 Charles the First : England, as borne by his father (fig. 
 285), impaling France modern; for Henrietta Maria, of 
 France. Badge : The Tudor Rose and Thistle, ensigned with a 
 Crown ; the same as James the First, but without the Motto. 
 The ^ rms °f the Commonwealth, although hardly 
 ' coming under the denomination of Regal Heraldry, demand 
 
BE GAL ABMORY. 
 
 217 
 
 a passing notice in this place. On the Great Seal, which was 
 adopted within ten days of the execution of Charles, appears 
 a shield blazoned as follows : Quarterly of four : 1 and 4. 
 The Gross of St. George: 2. The Saltire of St. Andrew : 3. The 
 Harp of Ireland: Over all, on an Inescutcheon sable, a Lion 
 rampant-guardant argent; Cromwell's paternal Arms. 
 Beneath the Shield was the Motto, Pax quceritur Bello ; and 
 around it, Olivarius Dei gra: Reipub: Anglm Scotice et Hi- 
 bernice, &c, Protector. The same Arms were engraved upon 
 Cromwell's own seal, supported by the Lion of England, 
 and a Sea-horse; and further ensigned with all the extra- 
 scutal additions of Royalty. 
 
 Charles the Second : The quartered shield of the 
 Stuarts, shown on page 215; impaling, Argent; on each 
 of five Escutcheons in cross azure, as many Plates in saltire, 
 within a Bordure gules, charged with eight Castles or; for 
 Portugal : borne by Catherine of Braganza, his wife. 
 Badge : The same as his father. 
 
 James the Second : The same as his predecessor. For 
 Marie of Este, he impaled, Quartcrhj of four ; 1 and 4. 
 Argent; an Eagle displayed sable, Imperial I ij crowned; for 
 Este : 2 and 3. Azure; three Fleurs-de-lys or, within a Bor- 
 dure counter-indented gules; for Ferrara. His first wife, 
 Ann Hyde, died before his Accession. Badge : The same 
 as that of Charles the First. 
 j&ft William the Third and Mary : William retained the 
 quartered shield of his immediate predecessors, charging it 
 with an Inescutcheon, bearing his paternal Arms of Nassau : 
 Azure ; billete or, a Lion rampant of the last. This composi- 
 tion he impaled with the Arms of James the Second, for 
 Mary his wife, daughter of James : thus, the only difference 
 between the Arms of William and those of Mary was, that 
 the former bore Nassau in pretence. 
 
2l8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDBY. 
 
 \jox. Anne : Until the year 1707, when the Union with 
 Scotland was effected, Queen Anne bore the same Arms as 
 the preceding Sovereigns of the Stuart family ; but in that 
 year another change was made in their arrangement. This 
 was by combining England and Scotland, by impalement, in 
 the first and fourth Quarters, with France and Ireland in the 
 second and third. The Arms of the Queen, thus emblazoned, 
 and subscribed with the Motto, Semper eadem, are to be seen 
 in the Church of St. Saviour's, Southwark ; and also on 
 the pedestal of her statue, in St. Paul's Churchyard. The 
 Arms of her husband, Prince George of Denmark, were 
 the same as those of Ann, wife of James the First. Badge : 
 A Rose and Thistle proper, growing from the same stem, Im- 
 perially crowned. Anne was the last sovereign who adopted 
 a personal Badge. 
 
 George the First : The Arms of this King were the 
 same as those of Queen Anne, except that in the fourth 
 Quarter he placed the Arms of Hanover : which were, Per 
 pale and per chevron : 1. Gules; two Lions passant-guardant 
 in pale or; for Brunswick : 2. Or; seme of Hearts proper, a 
 Lion rampant azure, armed and langued gules ; for Lunen- 
 burg : 3. Gules; a Horse courant argent ; for Saxony : Over 
 
 Fig. 286. 
 
 The Arms of Hanover. 
 
BE GAL ARMORY. 
 
 219 
 
 all, on an Inescutcheon of pretence gules, the Croivn of Charle- 
 magne gold. 
 
 The Arms of his wife, Sophia of Zell, do not occur in 
 the Royal Heraldry of England ; but, as both King George 
 and Sophia were grandchildren of Ernest Augustus, Duke 
 of Brunswick, their Arms were probably the same. 
 t~[T[. George the Second : Arms, the same as his father ; 
 and so depicted on the West Window of Westminster Abbey 
 (a.d. 1735). For his wife, Caroline Wilhelmina of 
 Brandenburg Anspach, he impaled: Quarterly of fifteen: 
 
 I. Per fess, gules and argent ; a Bordure counterchanged ; for 
 Magdeburg : 2. Argent; an Eagle displayed sable, Im- 
 perially croivned: 3. Or; a Griffin segreant sable: 4. Argent, 
 a Griffin segreant gules : 5. As the last: 6. As 3 : 7. Argent; 
 an Eagle displayed sable; for Crossen : 8. Per pair, argent 
 and gules ; a Bordure counterchanged; for Halberstadt : 
 9. As 7 : 10. Or; a Lion rampant sable, Imperii illy crowned, 
 within a Bordure compony argent and gules ; for Nuremberg : 
 
 I I . Gules ; tivo Keys in saltire or ; for Minden : 1 2. Quar- 
 terly, argent and sable ; a Bordure counterchanged : 13. Gules; 
 for right of Regalia : 14. Per fess, gules and argent: 15. The 
 same as 1 3 : Over all, on an Inescutcheon of Pretence argent, 
 an Eagle displayed gules ; for Brandenburg. 
 
 Ifbl* George the Third : From his accession until the year 
 1 80 1, George the Third bore the same Arms as George 
 the First ; but on the 1st of January in that year, the 
 Fleurs-de-lys were, by Royal Proclamation, removed from the 
 shield of England. From that time, until the accession of 
 our present Queen, the Royal Arms have been : Quarterly of 
 four: 1 and 4. England: 2. Scotland: 3. Ireland: in Pretence, 
 Hanover, ensigned with an Imperial Croivn. George the 
 Third impaled the following Arms for Charlotte of 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz : Quarterly of Six : 1. Or; a Buf- 
 
220 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 f aid's head cabossed, sable, armed argent; through the nostrils 
 an Annulet of the last ; ducally crowned gules, the attires pass- 
 ing through the Croivn; for Mecklenburg-: 2. Azure; a 
 Griffin segreant or; for Wenden : 3. Per fess, i. Azure; a 
 Griffin segreant or; ii. Vert; a Bordure argent; for the 
 Principality of Schwerin : 4. Gules ; a Gross humette 
 argent, ducally crowned; for Ratzburgh : 5. Gules; a dexter 
 Arm embowed, vambraced, issuant from clouds, and holding 
 between the thumb and index-finger a gem ring, all proper ; 
 round the arm a knot of ribbon azure; for the County of 
 Schwerin: 6. The same as 1, except that the Buffalo's 
 head is couped; for Eoslock : Over all, on an Inescutcheon of 
 Pretence, per fess, gules and or ; for Stargard. 
 f $20 . George the Fourth : Arms, the same as those borne 
 by George the Third since the year 1801. For Queen 
 Caroline, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, he im- 
 paled, Quarterly of twelve : 1 . Or ; seme of Hearts proper, a 
 Lion rampant, azure, armed and langued gules ; for Lunen- 
 burg : 2. Gules; two Lions passant-guardant in pale, or ; for 
 Brunswick : 3. Argent; a Lion rampant azure, crowned 
 gules ; for Eberstein : 4. Gules ; a Lion rampant or, within 
 a Bordure compony, argent and azure; for Homburg : S ^Or; 
 a Lion rampant azure, crotvned gules ; for Diepholt : 6. 
 Gules; a Lion rampant or : 7. Gyronny of eight, argent and 
 azure; issuant from a Chief or, two Bears" paws addorsed 
 sable : 8. Azure; an Eagle displayed argent: 9. Barry of six, 
 or and gules ; a Chief cheque: 10. Argent; a Stag's attire in 
 fess gules; for Regenstein : 11. Argent; a Stag tripping 
 sable; for Klettenburg : 12. Argent; a Stag's attire in fess 
 sable ; for Blankenburg. 
 1 870 • William the Fourth : England, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Hanover, as previously blazoned. The Arms of Adelaide 
 of Saxe-Meinengen, his wife, were, Quarterly of nineteen: 
 
BE GAL ARM OB Y. 
 
 221 
 
 i . Azure ; a Lion rampant, tarry of eight argent and gules, 
 Imperially crowned; for Thuringia : 2. Gules; on an Es- 
 carbuncle or, an Inescutcheon argent; for Cleves : 3 and 4. 
 Or; a Lion rampant sable, crowned gules ; for Juliers and 
 Meissen : 5. Barry of ten, or and sable, a Bend enarched, 
 trefle, vert; for Saxony : 6. Argent; a Lion rampant gules, 
 Imperially crowned; for Berg : 7. Argent; an Eagle dis- 
 played gules, Imperially crowned; for Westphalia: 8. Or; 
 two Pales azure ; for Landesberg : 9. Sable ; an Eagle dis- 
 played or; for Pfalz : 10. Or; a Lion rampant sable, 
 crowned gules ; for Orlamunde : 11. Argent; three Bars 
 azure ; for Eisenberg : 12. Azure ; a Lion rampant or ; for 
 Pleissen : 13. Argent; a Rose gules, seeded and barbed 
 proper; for Altenberg: 14. Gules; for right of Regalia: 
 15. Argent; three Crampettes gules ; for Engern : 16. Or; a 
 Fess cheque, argent and gules; for Marck : 17. Gules; a 
 Column in pale argent, crowned or, the pedestal of the last; for 
 Anhalt : 18. Or ; on a Mount vert, a Cock sable, crested and 
 jowlopped gules ; for Henneberg : 19. Argent; three 
 Ohevronels gules ; for Ravensberg. 
 WIT* Victoria : The Arms of Hanover, which had appeared 
 on the Shield of England from the year 1714, were re- 
 linquished on the Accession of Victoria ; as the Salic Law, 
 which prevails in Hanover, precludes a Queen from reigning. 
 The present Royal Arms are shown at the head of this 
 chapter. 
 
 His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort, instead 
 of impaling, quartered the Arms of England with his own, in 
 the following manner : Quarterly of four : 1 and 4. Grand 
 quarters, quarterly ; i. and iv. England; ii. Scotland; iii. 
 Ireland; differenced with a Label of three points argent, charged 
 on the middle point with a Cross humette, gules: 2 and 3. 
 Saxony ; — which arrangement has been justly described as an 
 
 p 
 
222 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 Heraldic anomaly, for it would appear as though the Prince 
 bore the quartered Arms of England by right of birth. 
 
 Since the Institution of the Most Noble Order, the 
 Royal Arms have been encircled with the Garter and Motto. 
 
 Prince of Wales: From the year 1343, when Edward 
 Plantagenet, the Black Prince, was created Prince of 
 Wales, the title has served to distinguish the eldest son of 
 the reigning Sovereign. He does not, however, inherit the 
 dignity by birth, — as he does that of Duke of Cornwall, — 
 but it is always conferred upon him by Patent — as is also 
 the title of Earl of Chester. The eldest sons of the Kings 
 of Scotland formerly bore the titles of Duke of Eothsay, 
 Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, &c. ; and in the year 
 1603, when the two kingdoms were united, these dignities 
 were transferred to the Prince of Wales. The present Prince 
 is the first who has enjoyed the title of Duke of Saxony, 
 which was conferred upon him in 184 1. In the event of 
 there being no direct male heir to the Throne, — as was the 
 case on the accession of George the Fourth, — the titles revert 
 to the Crown. 
 
 The Arms of his Royal Highness Albert Edward, 
 K.G., Prince of Wales, are, the quartered Arms of England, 
 differenced with a Label of three points argent; over all, on an 
 Inescutcheon of Pretence, Saxony. Being by birth a Knight 
 of the Garter, he encircles his Shield with the Motto of that 
 Most Noble Order. Above the Escutcheon is the Royal 
 Helm (fig. 271), ensigned with the Prince's Coronet (fig. 
 257), supporting the Crest of England — a Lion statant- 
 guardant or, Imperially crowned. This Crest, as well as the 
 Royal Supporters, is differenced with a silver label. Beneath 
 the Shield is the Motto, Ich Lien. Her Royal Highness 
 Alexandra, Princess of Wales, bears for Denmark, Or; 
 seme of Hearts proper, three Lions passant-guardant azure, 
 
BEGAL ABMORY. 
 
 223 
 
 Imperially crowned. The Shield of the Prince of Wales 
 would be rendered more complete by the addition of the less 
 important Armorial Bearings to which he is entitled — as in 
 the accompanying example, which would be thus briefly 
 
 Fig. 287. 
 
 Arms of H.R. H. the Prince of Wales, K.G., Duke of Saxony, Cornwall, and 
 Rothsay ; Earl of Chester, Carrick, and Dublin ; Baron Renfrew, Lord 
 of the Isles, &c. 
 
 blazoned: Quarterly of four: 1 and 4. England; 2. Scot- 
 land; 3. Ireland: differenced with a Label of three points 
 argent: over all, on an Inescutcheo?i, quarterly of six, i. Wales; 
 ii. Corntvall; iii. Rothsay; iv. Chester; y. The Isles; vi. Dublin: 
 Surtout-de-tout, in pretence, Saxony. 
 
 All the members of the Royal Family bear the quartered 
 Arms of England, differenced with a Label specially charged, 
 as described at page 139. 
 
224 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY, 
 
 On the subject of setting up the Royal Arms in churches, 
 Dr. Pegge writes as follows : " The king's Arms are placed 
 with great propriety in churches, the King of England being 
 acknowledged to be the supreme head, in the temporal sense, 
 of the National Protestant Church ; and yet I do not know 
 of any express injunction for thus putting them up. How- 
 ever, they were very generally introduced at the Reformation." 
 
 The earliest kind of Crowns worn by Kings was the 
 diadem, which was no other than a fillet, primarily de- 
 signed, doubtless, merely as a band to confine the hair. 
 Aurelian seems to have been the first of the Roman 
 Emperors to wear a diadem enriched with jewels. Previous 
 to his reign, only the Laurel and the Radiated Crowns were 
 worn by the Emperors as ensigns of their dignity — the 
 former being triumphal, and the latter bespeaking their 
 affinity to the gods. In like manner was the fillet worn by 
 the Saxon kings of England. Adulph, King of the East 
 Angles (a.d. 664), appears on his coins with his head bound 
 with a plain band; but when Egbert, in 827, became sole 
 monarch of the Heptarchy, he assumed, probably by way of 
 eminence and as a mark of his distinction, a radiated Crown — 
 the rays, however, being somewhat shorter than those of the 
 Roman Emperors. Edward the Confessor was the earliest 
 Saxon monarch who encircled his Helmet with a Crown, 
 which he ensigned with crosses fleurie (see Fleur-de-lys, page 
 98). The Crown worn by William the Conqueror was 
 very similar to the Confessor's. The Helmet was sur- 
 rounded by a circle, ensigned on its rim with three lofty 
 rays, terminating in crosses, having a pearl above each cross, 
 and two fleurs-de-lys between the rays. From this period 
 until the middle of the Fifteenth century, the Crowns of 
 
BE GAL ABM OB Y. 
 
 225 
 
 our English Kings were for the most part open, the rim 
 being ornamented with fleurs-de-lys, rays, or leaves. The 
 sculptured Crowns on the effigies of Ejchakd the First, at 
 Fontevraud; of John, in Worcester Cathedral ; of Henry 
 the Third, in Edward the Confessor's Chapel, Westminster 
 (fig. 288); of Edward the Second, in Gloucester Cathe- 
 
 dral ; and of Henry the Fourth, in Canterbury Cathedral, 
 afford good examples of the style of the Crowns worn during 
 this period. 
 
 The first instance of an arched Crown occurring on the 
 great seal is that of Edward the Fourth, which consists of 
 four trefoils between as many points, a pearl being placed 
 between each; from the trefoils spring four arches which 
 meet above, on the top of which is a small trefoil. Henry 
 the Fifth had, however, previously worn an arched Crown, 
 which was surmounted by a Mound and Cross; the arches 
 rising from four crosses on the rim, each between two small 
 fleurs-de-lys, as appears from his monument in Westminster 
 Abbey. The earliest coins struck by Henry the Seventh 
 bear an open Crown with fleurs-de-lys on the rim, alternat- 
 ing with pearls placed upon points; but at a later date 
 strawberry-leaves seem to take the place of the fleurs-de-lys, 
 
 Fig. 288. 
 
226 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 sometimes with a single arch ensigned with little crosses 
 placed saltirewise, and the circle adorned with crosses patonce 
 (a larger and a smaller alternately); and sometimes they ap- 
 pear with the triple arch. Over the entrance of the screen or 
 enclosure of his tomb at Westminster, is a Crown heightened 
 with alternate crosses pate and fleurs-de-lys. A similar Crown 
 to this, but arched, appears upon his great seal, differing 
 very slightly from that of Eichard the Third. 
 
 From this period until the reign of Charles the First 
 no important change took place in the fashion of the Crown, 
 except the introduction of the velvet cap, which first appears 
 upon the great seal of Henry the Eighth. On the second 
 great seal of Charles, which was brought into use in 1 640, 
 the Imperial Crown assumed the shape it has continued to 
 
 bear until the accession of her Majesty — except that between 
 the crosses and fleurs-de-lys on the rim there was placed a 
 small ray having a pearl on the top; a row of pearls sur- 
 rounding the lower edge, in the place of the more modern 
 ermine. 
 
 The Crown worn by her Majesty retains all the features 
 of the preceding. It differs from it only in being higher 
 and less expanded at the top, and in the arches being com- 
 posed of brilliants fashioned into wreaths of the Eose, Thistle, 
 
 Fig. 289. 
 
BEGAL^ABMOBY. 227 
 
 and Shamrock. The whole Crown is so studded with gems, 
 that but very little of the gold is visible. 
 
 The Coronets worn by the Royal Princes of England are 
 described at pp. 163, 164. 
 
 Fig. 290. 
 
 The Sun in Splendour, a Badge of Richard the Second, from an Illuminated Manu- 
 script in the Harleian Collection, No. 1319, containing an account, written in 
 French verse, of the expedition of Richard the Second to Ireland, and the events 
 which immediately succeeded it. The Illustration represents the sail of the ship 
 in which the unfortunate King returned to England. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 
 
 /^\NE of the most ancient and honourable Orders of 
 Knighthood ever instituted in this country, and that 
 in which some of the greatest personages recorded in his- 
 tory have been enrolled as members, is the Most Noble Or- 
 der of the Garter. The immediate cause which led to its 
 institution, and even the date of its foundation, are alike 
 uncertain : some authorities assigning the year 1344 as the 
 period of its origin ; while others, with probably less accuracy, 
 fix the date five years later. The popular tradition of Ed- 
 ward Plantagenet, Prince of Wales, and the Countess of 
 Salisbury, is undoubtedly too frivolous to merit any serious 
 attention. Froissart, who was attached to the Court of Ed- 
 ward the Third, in the account of the origin of the Order 
 which he presented to Queen Philippa, makes no men- 
 tion of any such romantic circumstance, and he assigns the 
 year 1344 as that in which it was instituted. However 
 much Chroniclers may be given generally to drawing on 
 their imagination for their facts, it is not probable that 
 Froissart would, in this instance, be guilty of any such in- 
 discretion; for discovery and exposure would have been 
 certain. In the elaborate dissertation on the Order by 
 Anstis, the subject of its origin will be found fully discussed : 
 it is sufficient for our purpose to know that it was founded 
 
OBDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 229 
 
 during the reign of Edward the Third, and that it is com- 
 posed of twenty-five Knights Companions, exclusive of the 
 Sovereign, members of the Royal Family, and foreign Princes. 
 
 The Insignia worn by Knights of this noble Order 
 are, the Garter, Mantle, Surcoat, Hood, Hat, Collar, 
 George, and Star. Of these, the first four constituted 
 the original decorations of the Order ; the other Insignia 
 being of more recent institution. 
 
 The Garter is of dark-blue velvet, edged and buckled 
 gold : the well-known motto — Honi soit qui mat y pense — 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 Fig. 291. 
 
 which is inscribed thereon, is also of gold. Knights wear it 
 below the left knee; but it encircles the left arm of her 
 Majesty.* 
 
 Fig. 292. Fig. 293. 
 
 The above illustrations, showing the manner in which 
 
 * " It is curious that the motto of this Order should never have 
 been properly translated ; for how few persons are aware that it has 
 any other meaning than the almost unintelligible one of ' Evil be to 
 him who evil thinks.' The proper version is, however, 1 Dishonoured 
 be he who thinks evil of it.'" — Retrospective Review, 1827. 
 
 Previous to the reign of George the Second, the colour of the Garter 
 was a pale cobalt blue, and it is so represented on the large west 
 window of Westminster Abbey (a.d. 1735). 
 
230 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Knights of the Order wear the Garter, are taken from the 
 effigy of Lord Bardolf, in Dennington Church, and the 
 brass of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, in Little 
 E aston Church, Essex (a.d. 1483). It is somewhat singular 
 that the effigy of Edward the Black Prince, in Canter- 
 bury Cathedral, should be represented without the Garter. 
 
 The Mantle is of dark-blue velvet — so dark that, except 
 in a strong light, it appears almost black — and lined with 
 white taffeta. It is without sleeves, and reaches to the wear- 
 er's feet ; princes being distinguished by having a Mantle of 
 greater length. It is fastened by a rich white cordon, with 
 large tassels, which extend to about the middle of the body ; 
 and it is further decorated on the shoulders with bunches of 
 white ribbon. On the left side is attached the Badge, which 
 is a fimbriated Cross of St. George, enclosed within a Garter. 
 
 Fig. 294. 
 
 In an Illuminated Manuscript of the Fifteenth century, 
 preserved in the Royal Library (15, E. 6), John Talbot, 
 Earl of Shrewsbury, a Knight of the Order, appears pre- 
 senting a book to Henry the Sixth. The Earl's Mantle is 
 powdered with circular Badges, inscribed with the Motto, 
 but without the cross in the centre. 
 
 The Surcoat is worn under the Mantle, and is fastened 
 
OB DEB 8 OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLABS, ETC. 231 
 
 around the waist by a girdle. On it were formerly em- 
 blazoned the Arms of the wearer. It is of crimson velvet, 
 lined with white ; though originally there existed no regula- 
 tion to determine its colour, or that of its lining. 
 
 The Hood is likewise crimson. It is no longer used as 
 a covering for the head, but is allowed to fall over the right 
 shoulder. 
 
 The Hat is of black velvet; and is decorated with a 
 plume of white ostrich and black heron feathers. 
 
 The Collar is of gold, weighing thirty ounces, and is 
 formed of twenty- six pieces, being the number of the Knights. 
 These pieces represent knots of cord — lacs $ amour, or true 
 lovers' knots — alternating with combined Lancastrian and 
 Yorkist Eoses, surrounded with a buckled Garter, charged 
 with the Motto. 
 
 Fig. 295. 
 
 From the Collar depends the George, which is a repre- 
 
232 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 sentation of the Patron Saint of England, on horseback, 
 piercing the Dragon with a lance. 
 
 The Star was devised in the second year of King Charles 
 the First, by surrounding the Badge with rays of silver. 
 
 Fig. 296. 
 
 Knights of the Order wear it on the left breast of their coats, 
 when they are not habited in their Mantles. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing Insignia, another Badge is 
 sometimes worn. This is a George, within an inscribed 
 Garter, suspended from a dark-blue ribbon, which passes 
 over the wearer's left shoulder, bend-sinisterwise.* 
 
 Henry the Fifth appointed, as officers for the service 
 of the Order, a Prelate, Registrar, and Usher, called 
 
 * Knights only wear the Collars of the various Orders when they 
 are fully robed. These occasions are very rare, being only on grand 
 State occasions, such as Coronations, &c, and usually at Levees, once 
 in the season, known as Collar-days. _The J ewels are commonly sus- 
 pended from a ribbon. 
 
OB DEBS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLABS, ETC. 233 
 
 the Usher of the Black Eod : with these were subse- 
 quently associated a Chancellor and Special Herald. 
 The Prelate is the Bishop of Winchester, and his suc- 
 cessors in the See. In virtue of his office, he wears the 
 George, surmounted by a Mitre, pendent from a blue ribbon, 
 in addition to his episcopal vestments. Until 1836, the 
 Bishop of Salisbury fulfilled the duties of Chancellor, 
 when the dignity was attached to the See of Oxford. The 
 Dean of Windsor is the Registrar. Previous to the 
 reign of Henry the Eighth, the duties of the Herald of 
 the Order were performed by " Windsor Herald ;" but, by 
 an edict passed during the reign of that monarch, a King- 
 at-arms was appointed, called " Garter," who was invested 
 with sovereign power over the College of Heralds ; and 
 whose special function it was to attend Installations, and 
 other business connected with the Noble Order from which 
 he derived his title.* For a most interesting and copious 
 account of the Stall-plates of the Knights in St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor, and other particulars connected with the 
 Order, the reader is referred to Beltz's Memorials of the Order 
 of the Garter ; 8vo, 1841. 
 
 Some Heralds and Antiquaries — particularly those of 
 Scotland — attribute to the Most Noble and Ancient Order 
 of the Thistle an earlier origin than to the Garter. That 
 it was at least coeval with it appears from some of the coins 
 of Robert the Second of Scotland (a.d. i 370-1 390), 
 which bear on the reverse the figure of St. Andrew, support- 
 ing his Saltire, which, with the Motto, constitutes the Badge 
 
 * Her Majesty has recently dispensed with all the statutes and 
 regulations formerly observed in regard to installation into this Most 
 Noble Order. The Dukes of Richmond, Beaufort, and Rutland, for 
 example, were created Knights Companions by letters patent, under 
 the Royal sign manual, and the great seal of the Order. 
 
*34 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 of the Order. Anterior to this there is no authentic record, 
 although tradition assigns its institution to a period far more 
 remote. During the Sixteenth century, this Order was per- 
 mitted to fall into disuse, but was revived by King James 
 the Second of England. By a statute passed in the reign 
 of Queen Anne, the fashion and manner of wearing the 
 Insignia were definitely determined ; and by a further edict 
 of William the Fourth, it was decreed that the number of 
 Knights should be sixteen, exclusive of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Insignia worn by Knights of the Thistle are the 
 Star, Collar, and Jewel. 
 
 The Star is of chased silver, and is formed by a Saltire, 
 or Cross of St. Andrew, conjoined with a Lozenge : in the 
 centre is a Thistle proper, on an irradiated gold field, placed 
 within a circle of green enamel, upon which is inscribed in 
 gold letters the Motto of the Order : Nemo me impune la- 
 cessit 
 
 Fig. 297. 
 
 The Collar is composed of sixteen Thistles — in allusion 
 
OB DEE 8 OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 235 
 
 to the number of Knights — each between two of its leaves, 
 alternating with four sprigs of Eue interlaced. From the 
 Collar depends an eight-pointed star of silver, charged with 
 a figure of St. Andrew — the Patron Saint of Scotland — 
 habited in a purple surcoat and green mantle, supporting a 
 Saltire. 
 
 The Jewel is worn in the same manner as the lesser 
 George of the Knights of the Garter, dependent from a dark- 
 green ribbon. It consists of a figure of St. Andrew, sur- 
 rounded by an oval band of green enamel, edged with gold, 
 bearing in letters of the same the Motto of the Order. 
 
 The Officers attached to this Noble Order are : the 
 Dean ; Lord Lyon, King-at-Arms ; and the Usher of 
 the Green Rod : each distinguished by the peculiar Badge 
 of his office. 
 
 The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick was in- 
 stituted by George the Third, as a decoration for Irish 
 Nobles, analogous to the Orders of St. George and St. 
 Andrew. Twenty-two Knights, besides the Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, who is ex-officio Grand Master, and the Sove- 
 reign, constitute the Order. The Insignia of the Knights 
 of St. Patrick are : 
 
 The Mantle : which is of light blue, lined with white 
 silk. 
 
 The Collar : composed of red and white Eoses, within 
 a Bordure charged with Trefoils, alternating with Harps and 
 Knots of gold. In the centre is an Imperial Crown, from 
 which depend a Harp of gold and the Badge ; which is 
 of oval form, and consists of the Saltire of St. Patrick, sur- 
 mounted by a Trefoil, slipped ; charged on each cusp with 
 an Imperial Crown, all proper; surrounded by a band of 
 blue enamel, on which is inscribed the Motto, Quis separaM ? 
 and the date of the institution of the Order, mdcclxxxiii.; 
 
236 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 the whole within a Bordure gold, charged with Trefoils 
 yert. The Badge is sometimes worn without the Collar ; in 
 which case it is suspended from a light-blue ribbon, passing 
 over the right shoulder. 
 
 The Star is of chased silver, similar in form to that 
 worn by Knights of the Garter. The Badge of St. Patrick, 
 borne in the centre, is round, and the Bordure of Trefoils is 
 wanting. 
 
 Fig. 298. 
 
 The Officers are : the Prelate, the Chancellor, the 
 Registrar, and the Genealogist; assisted by Ulster 
 King-at-Arms, two Heralds, and four Pursuivants. 
 
 The Most Honourable Order of the Bath was 
 founded in the year 1399. It was subsequently allowed to 
 fall into disuse, but was reorganised by George the First, 
 in 1725. Bathing was formerly one of the principal cere- 
 monies observed at the installation of Knights ; but the 
 custom has long since been discontinued, and serves now 
 
OB DEBS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLABS, ETC. 237 
 
 but to give a title to one of the most distinguished of the 
 Orders of Knighthood. Prior to the year 1 8 1 5 there existed 
 no difference in point of rank amongst the Companions ; 
 but at the termination of the War, when so many claimants 
 appeared for honourable distinction, it was decided to divide 
 the Order of the Bath into three Grades, entitled, Knights 
 Grand Cross (G.C.B.), Knights Commanders (K.C.B.), 
 and Knights Companions (C.B.). 
 
 The Collar is composed of nine Imperial Crowns, and 
 eight groups of Roses, Shamrocks, and Thistles, with a 
 Sceptre in pale, in the centre of each group ; linked together 
 with seventeen knots, all of gold, enamelled proper : the 
 knots being white. The Knights of this Order have two 
 distinct Badges — one for the Military Knights, and another 
 for the Civil and Diplomatic. 
 
 The Badge of the Military and Naval Knights is a 
 gold star of eight points, enamelled white, having on each 
 
 Fig. 299. 
 
 point a small ball, and in each of the four angles a Lion of 
 
 Q 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY 
 
 England. In the centre, on a field enamelled white, are the 
 Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle, surmounted by a Sceptre in 
 pale, between three Imperial Crowns, one and two, all 
 proper. Surrounding these is a red circular fillet, bearing 
 the Motto, Tria juncta in uno, in letters of gold. The 
 whole is encircled with a double wreath of laurel proper, 
 edged gold, on which the Lions stand. On the bottom 
 limb of the Cross is a Scroll of blue enamel, charged with 
 the words, Ich Dien, in golden letters. 
 
 When the Collar is not worn, the Badge depends from a 
 ribbon of crimson ducape, which, for Knights of the First 
 Class (Gr.C.B.), passes bend wise across their right shoulders ; 
 the Second Class (K.C.B.) wear the Badge around their 
 neck, pendent from a narrower ribbon ; and the Third 
 Class (C.B.), from the button-hole of the coat, by a still 
 narrower ribbon. 
 
 The Stak of the Grand Cross is in the form of a 
 Lozenge, composed of rays of silver. In the centre is the 
 Badge ; the balls at the points of the Cross, and the Lions, 
 being omitted. The Star of the Knights Commanders is 
 similar to the preceding, except that the rays do not extend 
 beyond the Cross, but arise from the angles, which in the 
 Badge are occupied by the Lions. These Stars are worn on 
 the left breast, in addition to the Collar, or Ribbon, and 
 Badge. Companions of the Order (C.B.) are not entitled to 
 wear any Insignia beyond their Badge, pendent from a rib- 
 bon, as before described. 
 
 The Badge of the three Classes of the Diplomatic and 
 Civil Knights, is the Eose, Shamrock, Thistle, Sceptre, 
 and Crowns, encircled by the Motto, as borne by the Military 
 and Naval Knights, without other addition. It is oval, how- 
 ever, instead of round. 
 
 The Star of the Civil Gr.C.B. is the same as the Mili- 
 
OB DEBS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLL ABB, ETC. 239 
 
 tary, except that the Crowns only appear in the centre. The 
 wreath of laurel, and the Motto, Ich Dien, are omitted from 
 the Star of the K.C.B. 
 
 The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and 
 St. George was instituted in the year 1 8 1 8 by George the 
 Fourth, whilst Prince Regent, for the purpose of affording 
 a special decoration to the natives of Malta and the Ionian 
 Isles, shortly after the cession of those islands to England. 
 This Order, like that of the Bath, is divided into three 
 Classes — Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, 
 and Companions. 
 
 The Collar, which is only worn by Knights Grand 
 Cross and Commanders, is composed of Lions of England, 
 Maltese Crosses, and the Monograms S.M. and S.G. — in 
 commemoration of the Patron Saints of the Order — recurring 
 alternately, and linked together with small chains. The 
 several parts are formed entirely of gold, the crosses being 
 enamelled white. From the centre, between two Lions, and 
 immediately beneath as many sheaves of seven arrows, sur- 
 mounted by an Imperial Crown, depends the Badge, which 
 is a Cross of fourteen points enamelled white, with a narrow 
 fimbriation of burnished gold, below an Imperial Crown. In 
 the centre of the Cross is, on one side of the Badge, a repre- 
 sentation of St. Michael, and, on the reverse, St. George, 
 both enclosed within a circular blue fillet inscribed with the 
 Motto, Auspicium melioris JEvi In the place of the Collar, 
 the Badge may depend from a dark-blue ribbon with a 
 scarlet stripe down the centre, the three Degrees of the 
 Order being distinguished by the width of the ribbon. 
 
 The Star of Knights Grand Cross is septagonal, and 
 is formed of alternate rays of gold and silver, richly chased. 
 Over all is the red Cross of St. George, fimbriated gold, 
 charged in the centre with a figure of St. Michael, within a 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 band bearing the Motto of the Order. The Star of Knights 
 Commanders is a Cross of eight points set saltirewise, the 
 angles being filled with rays of silver, surmounted by the 
 Cross of St. George, &c, as in the Star of the superior Degree, 
 but somewhat plainer. 
 
 The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. 
 This Order — as originally instituted by her Majesty on the 
 23d of February 1862 — consisted of a Sovereign, who is 
 the King or Queen of Great Britain regnant; a Grand 
 Master, who is the Viceroy or Governor-General of India 
 for the time being ; and twenty-five Knights, with such 
 Honorary Knights as the Sovereign may please to appoint ; 
 but on the 24th of May 1866 her Majesty increased the 
 number of Knights from twenty-five to 175, dividing them 
 into three Classes, as follows : 
 
 First Glass, consisting of twenty-five members, styled 
 Knights Grand Commanders ; Second Class, consisting of 
 fifty members, styled Knights Commanders ; Third Class, 
 consisting of 1 00 members, styled Companions. 
 
 The Insignia of Knights Grand Commanders are : the 
 Collar, which is composed of a Lotus-flower of four cusps ; 
 two Palm-branches, set saltirewise, and tied with a ribbon ; 
 and an Heraldic Rose, alternately, — all of gold enamelled 
 proper, and connected by a double chain, also of gold. In 
 the centre, between two Lotus-flowers, is placed an Imperial 
 Crown, enamelled proper, from which, by a small ring, depends 
 the Badge. 
 
 The Badge is a chamfered mullet, set with brilliants, 
 below which is an oval medallion of onyx cameo, having a 
 profile bust of her Majesty, the whole encircled by a band 
 enamelled azure, fimbriated with brilliants, bearing the Motto 
 of the Order — Heaven's Light our Guide. 
 
 The Star is a mullet of brilliants set upon a field of 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 241 
 gold, and surrounded by a garter of light-blue enamel, tied 
 
 Fig. 300. 
 
 m a knot at base, and inscribed with the Motto ; the whole 
 being set upon a wavy star of gold. 
 
 In the Second Class, the mullet from which the Jewel 
 depends is of silver, and the latter is surrounded by a plain 
 gold border. It is suspended round the neck by a white 
 ribbon, with blue edges. The Star is set upon rays of 
 silver. 
 
 Companions of the Third Class wear no Star ; neither 
 is there any mullet above the Jewel. 
 
 In the regulations respecting this Order, issued on the 
 24th of May 1866, it is enacted that " it shall be competent 
 for the Sovereign of the said Order to confer the dignity of 
 a Knight Grand Commander of the same upon such Native 
 Princes and Chiefs of India as shall have entitled them- 
 selves to the Royal favour, and upon such British subjects 
 as have, by important and loyal services rendered by them to 
 the Indian Empire, merited such Royal favour ; and that, as 
 regards the Second and Third Classes of the Order, no per- 
 sons shall be nominated thereto who shall not, by their con- 
 duct or services in the Indian Empire, have merited such 
 Royal favour." 
 
24-2 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert. This 
 illustrious Order differs essentially from any of the preceding, 
 inasmuch as it is conferred solely upon Ladies, similar to the 
 Order of Isabel, of Spain, and of the Lady of the Jewelled Cross, 
 of Austria. It was instituted by her Majesty, on the 10th of 
 February 1862, in commemoration of her marriage with the 
 late Prince Consort ; " to be enjoyed," as stated in the Pre- 
 amble, " by our most dear children, the Princesses of our 
 Eoyal House, and by such other Princesses upon whom we, 
 from time to time, shall think fit to confer the same." 
 
 By the rules originally established, it was ordained that 
 her Majesty — and, after her death, the Kings and Queens 
 regnant of Great Britain — should be the Sovereign of the 
 new Order; that the 10th of February of every year should 
 be deemed the Anniversary of the Institution ; that it should 
 be competent for her Majesty and her successors to confer 
 the decoration of the Order upon the female descendants 
 and wives of the male descendants of the late Prince Consort 
 and her Majesty, as well as upon Queens and Princesses of 
 Foreign Houses connected by blood or amity. 
 
 The decoration of the Order consists of an onyx cameo, 
 bearing a profile likeness of the late Prince Consort, sur- 
 mounted by that of her Majesty, within an oval frame set 
 with brilliants, dependent from an Imperial Crown of pre- 
 cious stones, attached to a white moire ribbon an inch and 
 a half in width, tied in a bow, and worn upon the left 
 shoulder. 
 
 Since the institution of the foregoing Order, her Majesty 
 has been pleased to extend the decoration to other Ladies 
 besides those for whom it was originally intended. The 
 Second Class is bestowed upon the Mistress of the Robes, 
 Lady of the Bedchamber, or other Ladies holding office in 
 the Royal Household. The decoration is similar to that of 
 
OB DEBS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COL LABS, ETC. 243 
 
 the Family Order, except that it is smaller, and is set with 
 but four brilliants and twenty pearls, instead of seventy 
 brilliants, as in the First Class. The Imperial Crown from 
 which the Jewel depends is enamelled proper. 
 
 The Third Class is conferred upon such ladies as hold, 
 or have held, the office of Bedchamber- women, or other similar 
 position, inferior to those ladies of the Second Class. The 
 decoration consists of a Monogram, composed of the letters 
 V., P., and A., in gold, pierced, and ornamented with pearls 
 and brilliants, suspended from an Imperial Crown enamelled 
 proper, and enriched with brilliants. 
 
 The decoration of both the Second and Third Classes is 
 attached to a bow of white moire ribbon an inch in width, 
 and worn in the same manner as that of the First Class. 
 
 The custom of wearing Collars and Neck-chains as 
 badges of office dates probably from about the Fourteenth 
 century, and survived until comparatively modern times; 
 for Goodman, Bishop of Gloucester, in his Court of King 
 James the First, writes that, at the Feasts of St. George, he 
 had "seen very near ten thousand chains of gold stirring." 
 "Go, sir! rub your chain with crumbs," says Sir Toby 
 Belch to Malvolio ; thus showing that, in Shakespeare's day, 
 even House-stewards wore such Badges. " Every attempt," 
 writes Beltz, " has failed to carry the practice of conferring 
 collars in this country before the fourteenth year of Richard 
 the Second, when, on the twelfth of October 1390, magni- 
 ficent jousts were held in Smithfield, and the king distri- 
 buted his cognisance of the white Hart pendent from a 
 collar of Crosses de genet — or Broom-cods— of gold." Of 
 Collars worn as decorations of honour, or Badges indicative 
 of political partisanship, the most worthy of note are, the 
 Lancastrian Collar of S.S., or Esses, as it was sometimes 
 written ; and the Yorkist Collar of Suns and Roses. These 
 
244. HANDB OK OF HEBALDB Y. 
 
 constituted decorations in themselves, and were totally 
 distinct from the Collars of Knighthood, previously described. 
 
 The Collar of S.S. was instituted by Henry the 
 Fourth, during the reign of his immediate predecessor ; but 
 the signification of the device has not been clearly ascer- 
 tained ; it is, however, generally supposed to be the repeated 
 Initial of Soverayne, Henry's favourite Motto. By a 
 statute passed in the second year of that Monarch's reign, 
 permission was granted to all sons of the king, and to Dukes, 
 Earls, Barons, and Baronets (Barones minores) " to use the 
 livery of our Lord the King of his Collar, as well in his 
 absence as in his presence," and to Knights and Esquires 
 in his presence only. It seems also to have been fre- 
 quently conferred upon, or adopted by, Ladies. In North- 
 leiGtH Church, Oxfordshire, the monumental effigies of 
 William Wilcotes and his wife (a.d. 1407-1411) are both 
 decorated with a collar of S.S., as are also the Duke and 
 Duchess of Somerset, in Wimborne Minster, Dorset 
 (a.d. 1444) ; and Sir John and Lady Verney {temp. Hen. 
 VI.), in Aldbury Church, Hertfordshire. By a decree of 
 Henry the Eighth, its use was forbidden to Esquires and 
 Ladies. 
 
 The King-at-Arms, and Heralds; the Lord Mayor of 
 London ; the two Chief- Justices ; the Chief-Baron ; the 
 Sergeants-at-Arms, and certain other officers of the Eoyal 
 Household, still wear a Collar of S.S. as a mark of their 
 official dignity. 
 
 Considerable difference exists in the form and pattern of 
 this decoration. Sometimes the letters were simply linked 
 together by rings, as in the illustration at page 1 74, which is 
 taken from the effigy of William Phelip, Lord Bardolph, 
 K.G., in Dekktington Church. More frequently they were 
 fastened upon a band or ribbon, as in the instances of Sir 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 24.5 
 
 John Cheney, in Salisbury Cathedral, which has for a 
 pendent* the portcullis of Henry the Seventh, surmounted 
 by a Eose 5 of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, second son of 
 Henry the Fourth, who was killed in the year 1420 (1?), 
 and whose effigy is in the chapel of St. Michael, at 
 Canterbury ; and of John Gower, the poet, in St. 
 Saviour's Church, Southwark, to which is attached a 
 Swan, which was the Badge of the De Bohuns, and which 
 Gower, as poet-laureate, and adherent of Henry Bolingbroke, 
 probably wore as a portion of the king's livery. Again, we 
 find them alternating with other devices, as in the collar 
 worn by the Lord Mayor of London, which consists of S.S., 
 Tudor Roses, and Lacs-d'amour, linked together so that 
 each S is between a Rose and a knot. In the centre is a 
 Portcullis, from which depends the Jewel, which is the City 
 Arms cut in onyx, within an oval garter of blue enamel, in- 
 scribed with the civic Motto, Domine, dirige nos — the whole 
 surrounded by the emblems of the United Kingdom in 
 brilliants. This collar was presented to the Corporation by 
 Sir John Allyn, and was first worn by Sir William Laxton 
 in the year 1544. 
 
 Henry the Eighth seems to have been the last monarch 
 who wore the Collar of S.S. ; and his will, as well as that of 
 his father, is sealed with a signet on which are the Royal 
 Arms surrounded by the Collar, having a Rose between two 
 Portcullises for a pendent. 
 
 A very excellent paper on the subject of the King's 
 Livery in connection with the Collar of S.S. will be found in 
 the Retrospective Review, Second Series, vol. ii. p. 500, et seq. 
 
 * The ring which turns on a swivel, as seen pendent from the 
 collar, is called a Toret. The word — corrupted into Terret — is still 
 used by harness-makers, and signifies the rings through which the 
 bridle-reins pass. 
 
24.6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 The Collar of the Yoekist faction was formed by- 
 alternate Suns and White Roses. The Badge of the House 
 of March, a Lion sejant argent, usually depends from the 
 Collar, though occasionally we find its place occupied by a 
 White Eose. Richard the Third, and his adherents, 
 adopted a White Boar ; and Henry the Seventh, who was 
 at all times anxious to exhibit his connection with both the 
 rival houses, added to his Collar of S.S. the Portcullis of the 
 Beauforts. Occasionally, he substituted for the Port- 
 cullis a Tudor Rose. 
 
 The sculptured effigy of Sir John Crosby, in the 
 Church of Great St. Helen's, in the City of London (a.d. 
 1475), affords a fine example of a Yorkist Collar, from which 
 the annexed illustration is copied. 
 
 Fig. 301. 
 
 In the original, the Suns and Roses near the pendent are 
 somewhat mutilated. I have, therefore, substituted perfect 
 examples as they appear on other portions of the Collar. 
 
 In Bracepeth Church, Durham, is an effigy of Ralph, 
 second Earl of Westmoreland (a.d. 1484), decorated 
 with a Yorkist Collar of Roses-en-soleil ; to which is at- 
 tached the Boar of Richard the Third. On the effigy of 
 his Countess is a collar composed of alternate Suns and 
 Roses, from which depends a plain lozenge-shaped jewel. 
 
 Sir John Say, who died in 1473, and whose Brass in 
 Broxbourne Church, Hertfordshire, was executed during 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, COLLARS, ETC. 247 
 
 his lifetime, is proved, by the Collar of Suns and Roses 
 which encircles his neck, to have been an adherent of the 
 Yorkist faction. The pendent is concealed by the 
 upraised hands. 
 
 Somewhat analogous to the Collar of S.S. was the 
 decoration instituted by Henry the Eighth, formed 
 by the letter H, alternating with a link of gold, but 
 which seems to have been worn only by the King ttj? 
 himself. At Lee Priory, Kent, is a portrait of that Jj"]^ 
 monarch, by Holbein, decorated with a chain of gold, 'j^j 1 
 
 as in the accompanying cut. Fig. 302. 
 
CHAPTEE XIX. 
 
 SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 
 
 T HAVE already adverted to the valuable assistance which 
 Seals afford in the study of early Heraldry. Before we 
 proceed to consider this subject in an Armorial point of view, 
 it may not be uninteresting to notice briefly the manner in 
 which Seals were employed in the pre-heraldic period, and 
 the causes which, in after ages, led to their general adoption 
 for legal and other purposes. 
 
 The primary object for which seals were devised was, 
 without doubt, to furnish a mark of attestation to important 
 documents in cases where the contracting parties were 
 unable to subscribe their names ; and the practice of sealing 
 was subsequently continued when the original purpose for 
 which it was instituted had ceased. The custom of using 
 Seals as a token of authenticity dates from an extremely re- 
 mote period. Tribal distinctions seem to have been used in 
 the form of signets and seals, even in the time of the 
 patriarch Jacob. The signet of Judah is the earliest-men- 
 tioned instance in the Bible of a seal as being the property 
 of the wearer, known by an appropriate inscription. This 
 was about the year 1730 B.C., so that writing and engraving 
 signets have certainly been in existence three thousand six 
 hundred years — about two hundred and fifty years before 
 Moses wrote the Book of Genesis. The Hebrew word ren- 
 
SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 
 
 249 
 
 dered signet (Gen. xxxviii. 18) denotes a ring-seal, with 
 which impressions were made to ascertain property; and 
 from Jeremiah xxii. 24, it seems that they were worn on the 
 hand, though they might also have been suspended from the 
 neck by a ribbon, as they are still worn by the Arabs. 
 Again, we read of Jezebel sealing letters with the King's 
 Seal ; of Darius sealing a decree with his own signet, and 
 with those of his lords ; and in several other places in the 
 Old Testament reference is made to the practice. 
 
 In the British Museum, many impressions of ancient 
 Egyptian seals are preserved. They are for the most part 
 square, and formed of fine clay ; being affixed to the docu- 
 ments by strips of papyrus or cord. They seldom bear the 
 names of individuals, unless they were of regal dignity; 
 most of them are impressed with the sacred names of the 
 deities. 
 
 Amongst all classes of the Romans, seals were commonly 
 in use. By an edict of Nero it was ordered that every 
 testator should affix his seal to his will, and that it should 
 be further attested by the seals of seven witnesses. No par- 
 ticular device seems to have been adopted by the Boman 
 Emperors upon their sigilla; thus we find that of Julius 
 Caesar bearing a representation of Venus; Augustus, a 
 Sphinx, and sometimes the head of Alexander the Great. 
 
 In our own country, the earliest certain record we possess 
 of a seal being attached to an important document dates from 
 the era of Edward the Confessor. Anterior to this period, 
 however, documents are extant to which are appended such 
 sentences as the following, which appears on a charter of 
 Edwy, brother of Edgar (a.d. 956): "Ego Edwinus . . . 
 meum donum proprio sigillo confirmavi ;" but it is extremely 
 doubtful whether the term sigillum does not rather refer to 
 the Marh of Edwy — the Signum, or sign of the Cross. 
 
250 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Indeed, his brother Edgar, in a charter to Crowland Abbey 
 (a.d. 966), expressly mentions this, in the following words : 
 
 Cruets confirmaviP The sign of the Cross, attached to a 
 deed, seems to have been commonly employed as a sacred 
 pledge to render a compact binding, even in cases where the 
 contracting parties were able to affix their signatures. In 
 the charter of the foundation of the Abbey of St. Martin, by 
 William the First,* a small Cross is placed in the centre 
 of the signatures of the King and the fourteen nobles who 
 attested it. The accompanying illustration is a facsimile 
 
 of the signature of Lanfrancus, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, one of the witnesses. Sir H. Spelman writes : " So 
 superstitiously did those Times think of the Crosse, that 
 they held all things sanctified that bare the signe of it ; and 
 therefore used it religiously in their Charters;" and from 
 this circumstance may be deduced the custom which still 
 obtains amongst persons unable to write of affixing their 
 Cross or Mark. The earliest regal autograph known to 
 exist is that of King Kichard the Second. In the St. 
 Martin's charter, it is probable that William affixed the 
 Cross; but the signature itself is evidently written by a 
 clerk. 
 
 I have said that the earliest seal of which we possess an 
 impression is that of the Confessor: there exist, however, 
 two others which, if authentic, are still older. One is a brass 
 
 Ego Edgardus . . . istud chirographium cum signo Sancim 
 
 Fig. 303. 
 
 * Bib. Harl. Chart. Antiq., 83a, xii. 
 
SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 251 
 
 matrix of 2Elfrio, Earl of Mercia, found near Winchester 
 in the year 1832 ; and the other is an impression of the Seal 
 of Ethelwald, Bishop of Dunwich, found near the 
 Monastery of Eye in 1821, and now preserved in the British 
 Museum. These nobles were contemporaries, and lived 
 about fifty years before the Accession of the Confessor. 
 It was not until after the Norman Conquest that wax im- 
 pressions of Seals were regarded as necessary addenda to 
 legal documents ; for, although the Confessor attached his 
 Great Seal to certain Deeds and Charters, yet many bore no 
 other marks of attestation than the Signum cruris: but, from 
 the end of the Eleventh century, very few documents of 
 importance exist, which do not bear an impressed stamp on 
 wax. Originally, no one below the rank of a Baron was 
 entitled to a seal'; but, " as land became more and more sub- 
 infeudated, and wealth generally more distributed, the use 
 of Seals was diffused among all classes legally competent to 
 acquire or aliene property." — Archceological Journal, vol. v. 
 
 The earliest manner in which Seals were attached to do- 
 cuments was en placard — that is, simply impressed on the 
 margin of the parchment ; but shortly after, other methods 
 were devised. They were sometimes affixed by a parchment 
 label to the bottom of the document, or suspended by silk 
 cords ; at other times a strip was cut from the bottom, to 
 the end of which the Seal was appended. The object of these 
 latter methods was, to enable the wax to receive an im- 
 pression on each side. The Great Seals of England are 
 thus pendent, and bear a double device. On the Obverse, 
 which is sometimes itself called the Seal, appears an eques- 
 trian figure of the King ; and on the Reverse, or Counter- 
 seal, he is represented enthroned. 
 
 As the production of a new matrix was attended with a 
 considerable expense, we find many of the early English 
 
252 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 Kings, by a slight alteration, utilising the Seals of their 
 predecessors; but from the time of Henry the Seventh, a 
 new Seal was engraved for every successive sovereign. That 
 adopted by the Commonwealth deserves notice as much for 
 the delicacy of its execution as for the curious devices upon 
 it. On the Obverse, usually occupied by an equestrian figure 
 of the reigning monarch, was engraved, A Map of England 
 and Ireland; in the Channel, a Fleet; in chief, a Shield of 
 St. George; and in base, a Shield of Ireland. Legend: The 
 Great Seale of England, 1651. Reverse : The House of Com- 
 mons in Session. Legend : In the third Yeare of Freedome by 
 God's Blessing restored, 1 65 1 . 
 
 An interesting paper on the subject of the Great Seals of 
 England between the years 1648 and 1660, written by 
 W. D. Cooper, F.S.A., will be found in the Archceologia, 
 vol. xxxviii. 
 
 Other objects than wax impressions were occasionally 
 used as Signa, and appended to documents ; for we read of 
 one monarch making his knife take the place of a Seal ; and 
 it is recorded, that " King John, while he was Earle of 
 Moriton, to his grant of y e Church of Hope in Derbyshire 
 made unto y e canons of Litchfield, affixed his gold ring w th 
 a Turkye stone in it, to y e silke string whereunto y e seale 
 was putt w th this expression — Non solum sigilli mei Im- 
 pressione, sed proprii annuli appositione roboravi." — Harl. 
 MSS No. 4630. 
 
 No relics of more importance to the Armorist exist, and 
 on which greater reliance can be placed, than Seals ; for the 
 devices thereon represented must always be those actually 
 borne by their possessors at the time of their employment. 
 On many ancient Deeds and Charters no dates are inserted, 
 and Seals frequently afford the only evidence by which they 
 can be determined. 
 
SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 2 5 3 
 
 The date of Seals can, in the majority of instances, be 
 approximately ascertained by attention to the following ge- 
 neral distinctions. Prior to the Thirteenth century, they 
 were for the most part oval, and pointed ; those of secular 
 Nobles bearing a representation of their possessors on horse- 
 back, without any Heraldic device. Until the Twelfth cen- 
 tury, Roman capitals were generally used ; but about that 
 era Gothic letters were adopted for the legends, which usually 
 commenced with the form si., sig., or sigxll. At the close 
 of that century they were highly embellished, and Armorial 
 Bearings began to appear, depicted on a shield. During the 
 Fourteenth century, the paternal Arms were usually repre- 
 sented in the centre, dimidiated, and subsequently impaled, 
 with those of the wife of him to whom the Seal belonged, 
 ensigned with Helmet, Crest, and Mantling, and surrounded 
 by small escutcheons, on which appeared the Arms of those 
 Families with whom he claimed connection. During this 
 era, the legend was usually preceded by a Cross ; and later, by 
 a Rose or Star. Towards the end of this century, we find 
 Seals protected by Fenders, which were formed of plaited 
 twigs, rushes, straw, or paper, twisted around the impressions 
 to protect them from injury. In the succeeding century, 
 the highest excellence of art was attained ; and Seals were 
 generally larger than at any other period. Quarterings were 
 now exhibited, and the entire Seal was richly embellished 
 with all the external ornaments of the shield, marks of 
 Cadency being strictly attended to. From this period, Seals 
 began to lose their distinctive character; but they almost 
 invariably bore upon them the date of their adoption. The 
 Seals of Ecclesiastics are nearly always of a pointed oval 
 form, and the official Sigilla of Bishops are of that shape at 
 the present day. The earliest ecclesiastical Seals bear a 
 half-length impression of their possessors, who, shortly after 
 
 R 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 the Conquest, are represented holding a pastoral staff in the 
 left hand, the right being raised in the act of Benediction. 
 During the Twelfth century, they appear at full length, 
 either seated or standing ; and in the two succeeding cen- 
 turies, they are represented as seated, in full Episcopal vest- 
 ments, usually under a canopy, of more or less elaborate 
 workmanship. The Papal leaden Bulke, were first instituted 
 after the fall of the Western Empire ; the oldest known being 
 that of Deusdedit (a.d. 615), which bears the figure of a 
 Man standing between a Lion and a Lamb, and the Greek 
 letters A and O. During the Thirteenth century, the Bullae 
 were somewhat larger than before, and bore a Cross between 
 the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, with the name of the 
 Pope inscribed at full length, which hitherto had been sig- 
 nified only by a monogram.* The Seals of Bullae relating 
 to matters of Justice were attached by a hempen cord ; but 
 to those of Grace, by strands of silk. 
 
 The use of Seals, on the Continent, dates from an earlier 
 period than in England, although it is doubtful whether 
 they really possess the high antiquity commonly asserted. 
 Chaklemaote, who was contemporary with the first of our 
 Saxon Kings, is said to have added to the royal Seal of France 
 the words " Dei Gratia." Subsequent to the time of Hugh 
 Capet (a.d. 987), the French Monarchs appeared holding a 
 sceptre in the right hand. All Seals in France were im- 
 pressed upon the parchment en placard, until the reign of 
 Philip the Second (a.d. 1 180), from which period they were 
 appended. 
 
 Much valuable information on the subject of Seals will 
 be found in Harl. MSS. No. 6079, written by Henry Lilly, 
 Eouge-Rose Herald {temp. Elizab.), from which the follow- 
 ing extract is made ; the orthography of which I have taken 
 
 * See Chauncey's History of Hertfordshire, fol. ed., p. 295. 
 
SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 
 
 *55 
 
 the liberty of modernising : " At first the king only, and a 
 few other of the nobility beside him, used the seal. After- 
 wards, noblemen for the most part, and some others, as a 
 man may see in the History of Battle Alley, when Richard 
 Lucy e, Chief- Justice of England in the time of King 
 Henry II., is reported to have blamed a mean subject for 
 that he used a private seal, whereas that pertaineth (as he 
 said) to the king and nobility only. At this time also (as 
 John Eoss noteth) they used to engrave in their seals their 
 own pictures and counterfeits, covered with a long coat over 
 their armour. After this, the gentlemen of the better sort 
 took up the fashion ; and because they were not all warriors, 
 they made seals engraved with their several coats, a shield 
 of Arms, for difference' sake, as the same author reporteth. 
 At length, about the time of King Edward III., sealing be- 
 came very common; so that not only such as bore Arms 
 used the seal, but other men fashioned to themselves signets 
 of their own device, — some taking the letters of their own 
 name, some flowers, some knots and flourishes, some birds 
 or beasts, or some other things, as now beheld daily in 
 use." 
 
 The device on the Sigillum Secretum, or Privy Seal, 
 often differed as much from the Armorial Bearings as the 
 Impress did from the Badge or Crest. I may quote as an 
 example the Seal of one of my own ancestors, who, in the 
 year 1342, attested a deed by affixing a Seal bearing a 
 profile head, with the motto, Je suisjolis e guay ; his proper 
 Arms being an Eagle displayed (Mus. Brit Add. Chart 
 No. 1532). 
 
 The colour of the wax affords but little evidence of the 
 date of the impression : it may, however, be stated that, in 
 general, wax of its natural colour — I refer, of course, to bees'- 
 wax — bespeaks an earlier period than when tinted. Wafers 
 
256 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 were not introduced until the close of the Sixteenth century, 
 and sealing-wax — as now in ordinary use — until the Seven- 
 teenth. Other remarks on this interesting subject will be 
 found in the Introduction, page 23. 
 
 The evidence afforded by Monumental Effigies, 
 Brasses, and Inscriptions, cannot in all cases be so im- 
 plicitly relied on by the student of Heraldry as that of Seals ; 
 those records excepted which were executed shortly after the 
 decease of the persons whose memory they were intended to 
 perpetuate : in which cases it is impossible to overrate the 
 value of such contemporaneous witnesses, whether as records 
 of the existing fashion of Armour, Weapons, Vestments, or 
 Heraldic Bearings. Reference has been made in another 
 place to the palpable incorrectness of the blazoning of some 
 of the early Shields of Arms represented on the tomb of 
 Queen Elizabeth; and many similar instances might be 
 adduced. Speaking of the errors sometimes found in monu- 
 mental inscriptions, Mr. Grimaldi says, " Many instances 
 are on record of the incorrectness of inscriptions, which 
 arises from various causes: executors are not always well 
 informed on the subject ; frequently all transactions relating 
 to funerals and monuments (of eminent men especially) are 
 under the direction of an undertaker, a man seldom very 
 careful or very learned ; he, again, hands over half of his 
 orders to the stonemason, a man probably of less learning ; 
 and, if we often see the most absurd orthography in Epi- 
 taphs, there is less reason to impute infallibility to the chisel 
 when carving dates. The monuments of Sterne and Gold- 
 smith may be referred to as notorious proofs : in the latter, 
 there is an error of no less than three years. ... It there- 
 fore becomes especially the duty of genealogists to be careful 
 against placing implicit dependence, in important cases, upon 
 monumental inscriptions. Perhaps the proper light in which 
 
SEALS AND MONUMENTS. 
 
 2 57 
 
 to regard them, should be rather as guides and helps to more 
 accurate information, than as containing in themselves au- 
 thentic evidence." An error on a Seal, whether proceeding 
 from carelessness or ignorance, could not fail of immediate 
 detection ; and if such error were of any importance, it would 
 be rectified at once. It would be impossible in such a 
 Manual as this, treating of Heraldry generally, to devote 
 sufficient space to a full consideration of this interesting and 
 important branch of the subject: Sfcothard's Monuments; 
 Boutell's Brasses, and Christian Monuments ; Cutts's M anual 
 for the Study of Sepulchral Slabs and Crosses; and the Jour- 
 nals of the Archaeological and other kindred Societies, will 
 be found replete with interest to the student of Monumental 
 Heraldry. The following points bearing on the subject maybe 
 briefly noted ; and although some of them may not be strictly 
 heraldic, they are intimately connected with the science. 
 
 Hugh Clark, in his Introduction to Heraldry, writes: 
 " Kings and princes, however they died, were represented on 
 their tombs in their armour, with their escutcheons, crowns, 
 crests, supporters, and all other marks of royalty. 
 
 " Knights and gentlemen could not have their effigies 
 after that manner, unless they lost their lives in battle, or 
 died within their own lordships. 
 
 " Those who died in battle, on the victorious party, were 
 represented with their swords naked, the points upwards, on 
 their right side, and their shield on the left, with their hel- 
 mets on their heads. 
 
 " Those who died prisoners were represented on their 
 tombs without spurs, helmet, or sword. 
 
 " Such as died in battle, on the vanquished side, were re- 
 presented without their coat over their armour, their swords 
 in the scabbard, their vizors lifted up, their hands joined on 
 the breast, and their feet resting on a dead lion. 
 
258 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 " The son of a general, or governor of a stronghold, if he 
 died when the place was besieged, was represented in com- 
 plete armour, his head resting on a helmet instead of a 
 pillow. 
 
 " If a gentleman had served in armies during most part 
 of his life, and in his old age became a religious man, he was 
 represented in the lower part in complete armour, and above 
 in the habit of the order he had professed. 
 
 " If a gentleman, or knight, who had been killed in 
 single combat, had a monument, he was to be in complete 
 armour, with his battle-axe out of his arms lying by him, 
 and his left arm crossed upon his right. 
 
 " On the contrary, the victor was led in triumph to the 
 church to give thanks to God ; and when he died, he was 
 represented on his tomb armed at all points, his battle-axe 
 in his arms, with his right arm across over the left." 
 
 When Armorial Bearings are depicted both on the kirtle 
 and the mantle of a female figure, the arms on the inner 
 garment are those of her family, and the arms on the outer, 
 those of her husband. A fine example of thus depicting 
 hereditary and acquired arms occurs in the East window of 
 Our Lady's Chapel, in the collegiate church of Warwick, 
 wherein is represented Eleanor, daughter and co-heir of 
 Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and wife of the Duke 
 of Somerset. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 FLAGS. 
 
 'HT^HE custom of depicting Heraldic Devices upon Flags 
 has been practised from the remotest period of anti- 
 quity; indeed, as I have before remarked, Flags were pro- 
 bably charged with certain distinctive figures ages before 
 such devices were borne upon Shields. In the Bayeux 
 Tapestry, some of the Normans appear bearing lances, to 
 which are attached small Flags, charged with a /, 
 Cross, as in the margin. This can scarcely be 
 considered as a Norman Heraldic Charge, for the 
 Cross was universally adopted as a Symbol by all 
 Christian nations, and was impressed on Saxon 
 coins long anterior to the Conquest. Flg ' 3 ° 4 ' 
 
 Several varieties of Flags were formerly employed, in- 
 dicating by their form and size the rank of the bearer. The 
 use of many of these, however, has now become obsolete ; 
 but, as frequent allusion is made to them in History and 
 in ancient Ballads, it is necessary that the modern Herald 
 should be acquainted with the names and significations of 
 the Flags of former times. In the following passage from 
 Marmion, several Flags now disused are particularised : 
 
 "Nor marked they less, where in the air 
 A thousand streamers flaunted fair : 
 Various in shape, device, and hue — 
 Green, sanguine, purple, red, and blue, 
 
260 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 Broad, narrow, swallow-tailed, and square, 
 Scroll, pennon, pensil, bandrol, there 
 
 O'er the pavilions flew. 
 Highest and midmost was descried 
 The Koyal banner, floating wide ; 
 
 The staff, a pine-tree strong and straight, 
 Pitched deeply in a massive stone, 
 Which still in memory is shown. 
 
 Yet beneath the Standard's weight, 
 Whene'er the western wind unrolled, 
 With toil, the huge and cumbrous fold, 
 
 And gave to view the dazzling field, 
 
 Where, in proud Scotland's Royal shield, 
 
 The ruddy Lion ramped in gold." 
 
 The same rules are to be observed in blazoning a Flag 
 as in blazoning a Shield; observing that the former is always 
 supposed to be transparent: if, therefore, the material of 
 which it is composed be so thick as to be opaque, the Charges 
 on the other side must be drawn in reverse, so that the several 
 devices exactly cover each other ; in other words, all Charges 
 (except those intended to be contourne) should appear as 
 though advancing towards the Staff. 
 
 The length of a Flag, from the Staff to the end, is called 
 the Fly; and the depth, the Dip. 
 
 The Banner (fig. 305) was a small Flag, nearly square, or 
 a Pennon (fig. 307), with the points torn off. It was formerly 
 the custom for a Sovereign on the field of battle to reward a 
 Knight who was the leader of fifty Men-at-arms, besides 
 Archers, for any particular act of gallantry, by tearing the 
 points off his Pennon ; thus converting it into a Banner. 
 Thenceforward the Knight was entitled to emblazon his 
 Arms upon a square Shield, and was styled a Knight 
 Banneret. Barnes, in his Wars of Edward the Third, writes 
 that, before the Battle of Nagera, Lord John Chandos 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 261 
 
 brought his Pennon to Edward the Black Prince, re- 
 questing permission to hoist it as a Banner. The Prince 
 took the Flag, and, having torn off the tail, returned it, 
 saying : " Sir John, behold, here is your Banner ; God send 
 you much joy and honour with it." 
 
 The Banner (on which were emblazoned all the quarter- 
 ings of him to whom it belonged) was attached to a staff or 
 lance, or, more frequently, depended from a trumpet — which 
 custom is still retained by the Trumpeters of the Household 
 Brigade. We read in Shakespeare : 
 
 " I will a Banner from a Trumpet take, and use it for my haste 
 and again, in Chaucer : 
 
 " On every trump hanging a brode bannere 
 Of fine tartarium* full richly bete ; 
 Every trumpet his lordis armes bere." 
 
 A good example of a Banner attached to an upright staff 
 is to be found in the Chapel of St. 
 Paul, in Westminster Abbey. At 
 each corner of the tomb of Lewis 
 Eobsart, K.Gr., Standard-bearer to 
 King Henry the Fifth, is a Banner 
 of his Arms carved in stone, in bold 
 relief. Two of these Banners are as 
 represented in the margin, supported 
 by a Lion; and in the other two, 
 supported by a Falcon, the third quarter is occupied by 
 three Buckles, and the fourth by a Chaplet. 
 
 The Flags carried by Cavalry regiments, though usually 
 
 * " A fine cloth manufactured in Tartary." — Du Cange. 
 " His cote armure was of cloth of Tars." — Knight's Tale. 
 
 
 
 *. }\ ( OA 
 
 ^JWJ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Fig. 305. 
 
262 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 called Standards, should properly be styled Banners. The 
 term Colours is applied to the Flags of Foot regiments. 
 On the Royal Banner, commonly called the Standard, are 
 displayed the quartered Arms of the United 
 Kingdom ; and on the Ensign, or Union 
 Jack* the Crosses of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland, blazoned as follows : Azure; 
 the Saltires of Si Patrick and St. Andrew, 
 quarterly per saltire, counterchanged, argent 
 and gules ; the latter fimbriated of the second; 
 surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the third, fim- 
 briated as the last. 
 The first Union Jack, devised in the year 1606, consisted 
 of the Saltire of St. Andrew, surmounted by the Cross of St. 
 George, the latter fimbriated. The present Ensign (fig. 306) 
 has served to typify the United Kingdom since the year 
 1801. 
 
 It is a curious fact that, on the existing bronze currency, 
 the shield on which Britannia is represented as seated is 
 incorrectly blazoned. The national Ensign is made to 
 appear as a single Saltire, surmounted by a Cross, both fim- 
 briated ; and the same device is sculptured on the marble 
 monument to General Howe, in St. Paul's Cathedral. On 
 the medals of the Exhibition of 1862, the inaccuracy is, if 
 possible, still more flagrant. The Union of the three king- 
 doms is there represented by a plain Saltire, surmounted by 
 a fimbriated Cross — in fact, the Ensign of the Seventeenth 
 and Eighteenth centuries. 
 
 The Banner-boll, or Bandeol, and Guydhomme, or 
 Guidon, were small Banners, edged with fringe, or twisted 
 
 * The term Jack is probably a corruption of Jacques, or James, 
 during whose reign, as every reader of history is aware, the Union 
 between England and Scotland was effected. 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 263 
 
 Fig. 307. 
 
 silk, and rounded at the Fly, charged with the separate 
 quarterings of a Noble ; and were usually displayed at 
 funeral processions. 
 
 The Pennon was a small narrow Flag, separating at the 
 fly into two points, resembling the modern Burgee. It 
 was usually affixed to the end of a lance, from which, when 
 in actual use, it depended ; and the Charges 
 thereon were so emblazoned as to appear 
 correctly when the lance was held in a 
 horizontal position. Thus, fig. 307 would 
 represent, Argent; a Fess gules. 
 
 In the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer puts the 
 following sentence into the mouth of the Knight : 
 
 " And by hys bannere borne is his pennon 
 Of gold full riche." 
 
 Sir Walter Scott thus alludes to this Flag in Marmion : 
 
 " The trustiest of the four 
 On high his forky pennon bore } 
 
 Like swallow's tail in shape and hue, 
 
 Fluttered the streamer glossy blue, 
 "Where, blazoned sable, as before, 
 The towering falcon seemed to soar." 
 
 Penoncels, or Pensils, were small narrow Pennons, 
 usually borne to ensign the Helmet, or to form part of the 
 caparisons of the Knight's Charger, though they were some- 
 times affixed to lances, as appears from a line of the Lyfe of 
 Alesaunder, a metrical Romance of the Fourteenth century : 
 
 " Many a fair pencel on spere." 
 
 The Ancient was a small Banner, or Pennon. The 
 bearer of it was called by the same name, and held a position 
 in the Army somewhat analogous to the modern Ensign. 
 
264. 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HER ALB BY. 
 
 This circumstance explains that passage in Othello where 
 Cassio, in speaking to Iago, says : 
 
 "The Lieutenant is to be saved before the Ancient." 
 
 The Pavojst was a peculiarly shaped Flag, some- 
 what like a Gyron, attached to a spear. The 
 accompanying cut is taken from an illuminated 
 Psalter, executed for Sir Geoffrey Loutterell, about 
 the year 1340. The original is charged with the 
 
 Arms of Sir Geoffrey : Azure ; a Bend between 
 Fig. 308. ^ jfigpffefe ar g en f 9 
 
 The Gokfannon was a Banner, or Guidon, bordered with 
 fringe or twisted silk, and usually supported 
 as shown in the annexed illustration. In 
 the Lyfe of Alesaunder before alluded to, 
 we read : 
 
 T^-^-^/ " Ther gonfanons and their penselles 
 
 Wer well wrought off grene sendels."* 
 
 Fig. 309. rpj ie grpANDARD was a Flag somewhat 
 
 resembling an elongated Pennon. It did not, like the 
 Banner, indicate a distinctive mark of honour, but might be 
 borne by any noble commander, irrespective of his rank ; the 
 only restriction observed being that of its length : a King's 
 Standard was eight to nine yards long ; a Duke's, seven ; a 
 Marquess's, six and a half ; an Earl's, six ; a Viscount's, five 
 and a half ; a Baron's, five ; a Banneret's, four and a half ; 
 and a Knight's, four. The Banner, it has been already 
 mentioned, was always charged with the Arms of its owner ; 
 but, on the Standard, the Crest or Badge, and Motto, only 
 were exhibited ; the field being composed of the Livery 
 
 * " Sendale was a thynne stuffe lyke sarcenett, and of a raw kynde 
 of sylke or sarcenett, but coarser and narrower than the sarcenett now 
 ys." — Animadversions on Speight's Chaucer, by Thynne, a.d. 1598. 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 265 
 
 Colours. When the Livery of a Family consisted of more 
 than one colour — as the Tudor Sovereigns, for example, who 
 bore argent and vert — the Standard was always parted per 
 fess of such Colours. Towards the staff was emblazed the 
 Cross of St. George; then followed the Badge or Badges, 
 repeated an indefinite number of times; surmounted by 
 narrow Bends, on which was inscribed the Motto, or Cri- 
 de-guerre ; the whole being usually surrounded by a roll of 
 silk, compony of the Livery colours. The Charges were so 
 depicted upon the Standard as to appear correct when it was 
 developed by the wind in a horizontal position. On account 
 of its size, it was not generally carried in the hand, like a 
 Banner, but the staff to which it was attached was fixed in 
 the ground — hence its name. 
 
 The following interesting list of royal standards is 
 taken from a MS. in the College of Heralds, a.d. 1590, 
 marked I. 2. As it would be almost impossible, on account 
 of the number and peculiar position of the charges, to 
 describe a Standard in the same manner as a Shield of 
 Arms, I have adopted a method which will, by reference 
 to the example given below — the standard of Edward 
 the Fourth — be sufficiently intelligible. 
 
 ^3* 
 
 Fig. 310. 
 
 The Cross of St. George — Per fess, azure and gules — A 
 Lion of England imperially crowned, between three roses gules 
 
266 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 in chief, and as many argent in base, barbed, seeded, and 
 irradiated or — Dieu et mon — In chief a rose gules, and in 
 base another argent — Droyt — In chief two roses gules, and in 
 base as many argent. 
 
 Edwaed III. The Cross of St. George — Per fess azure 
 and gules — A Lion of England imperially croivned; in chief a 
 coronet of crosses pate and fleurs-de-lys, between hvo clouds 
 irradiated proper ; and in base a cloud between hvo coronets — 
 Dieu et mon — In chief a coronet, and in base an irradiated 
 cloud — Droyt — Quarterly: i and 4. An irradiated cloud ; 2 
 and 3. A coronet 
 
 Richard II. The Cross of St George — Argent and 
 vert — A Hart lodged argent, attired, unguled, ducally gorged 
 and chained or, between four suns in splendour — Dieu et 
 mon — Two suns in splendour — Droyt — Four suns in 
 splendour. 
 
 Henry V. The Cross of St George— Argent and azure — 
 A Swan with ivings displayed argent, beaked gules, membered 
 sable, ducally gorged and chained or, between three stumps of 
 trees, one in dexter chief, and two in base of the last — Dieu 
 et mon — Two stumps of trees in pale or — Droyt — Five 
 stumps of trees, three in chief, and two in base. 
 
 Another of Henry Y. The Cross of St George — Argent 
 and azure — An heraldic Antelope at gaze argent, maned, tufted, 
 ducally gorged, and chained or, chain reflexed over the bach, 
 between four roses gules — Dieu et most — Two roses in pale 
 gules — Droyt — Five roses in saltire gules. 
 
 Henry VII. The Cross of St. George — Argent and vert 
 — A Dragon gules, bettveen two roses of the last in chief, and 
 three in base, argent — Dieu et mon — A rose gules in chief, 
 and another argent in base — Droit — In chief three roses gules, 
 and in base two argent 
 
 On another Standard of Henry YII. appears a Grey- 
 
VANES. 
 
 267 
 
 hound courant argent, collared gules ; the whole being seme 
 of Tudor roses, Portcullises, and Fleurs-de-lys or. 
 
 The Standards displayed at the Funeral of the Protector 
 afford a curious example of Republican Armory. That for 
 England was as follows : The Gross of St George— gules 
 throughout — a Lion of England imperially crowned statant on 
 a crown — Pax QTL3ERITUR — Bello— the field promiscuously 
 streived with the letters O.P. or. 
 
 During the thirteenth century, the custom originated in 
 England of surmounting the pinnacles and towers of Castles 
 with Vanes, bearing the Arms of the lord. These were 
 probably in the first instance but Banners or Fanions — 
 hence Fane, and, more recently, Vane — w T hich were dis- 
 played on the most conspicuous part of a Castle as a mark 
 of supremacy, in the manner we still see them ; which cus- 
 tom might have taken its origin from the practice of vic- 
 torious generals erecting their Standards, or Banners, on 
 the most elevated spot of the battle-field, or newly acquired 
 territory, as the first act of possession. 
 
 Marchangy, in his Gaule poetique, writes : " Le droit de 
 placer des girouettes sur un chateau, n'appartint, dans 
 l'origine, qu'a ceux qui les premiers etaient montes h 
 l'assaut, et qui avaient arbore leur banniere sur le rempart 
 ennemi. Aussi donnait-on a ces girouettes la figure d'un 
 drapeau, et Ton y peignait les armoiries du maitre du lieu." 
 In Memoires sur Vancienne Chevalrie, by La Curne de Sainte 
 Palaye, we read : " Les gentilshommes seuls avaient le privi- 
 lege de parer des girouettes le faite de leurs maisons. Ces 
 girouettes etaient en pointe comme les pennons pour les 
 simples chevaliers, et carrees comme les bannieres pour les 
 chevaliers bannerets." 
 
 The following extract is translated from the same curious 
 
268 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 and interesting work : " In the enterprise of Saintre, himself 
 and his companions bore on their helmets two Banners, 
 between which was a diamond, destined to be the reward of 
 those who should prove their victors. Saintre proposed a 
 pas darmes to the English, between Gravelines and Calais, 
 which was accepted by the Count of Bonquincan and his 
 companions. On the Sunday, the first day of the month, in 
 the morning, after saying Mass, the said Lord and Count of 
 Bonquincan arrived, and a brave company with him, 
 who had placed on the highest wing of his house his 
 banner, which he had brought from England, bordered 
 with silver," &c. 
 
 Unfortunately, the action of the weather has destroyed 
 the most interesting examples of Vanes : those only of a 
 comparatively recent date remaining to us. 
 
 Fig. 311. 
 
 Vane above the Library of Lambeth Palace. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 GENEALOGIES AND FAMILY HISTORIES. 
 
 " Family tradition and genealogical history are the very reverse of 
 amber, which, itself a valuable substance, usually includes flies, 
 straws, and other trifles; whereas these studies, being themselves 
 very insignificant and trifling, do, nevertheless, serve to perpetuate 
 a great deal of what is rare and valuable in ancient manners, and to 
 record many curious and minute facts, which could have been pre- 
 served and conveyed through no other medium." — Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 KRANGING Genealogies in a tabular form, so as to 
 
 exhibit clearly and concisely the lineal descent of a 
 Family, with its collateral branches, forms one of the most 
 important vocations of the Herald. In the acquisition of 
 this art, the Science of Heraldry may justly be deemed to cul- 
 minate ; for he who would profess to be a Genealogist must 
 not only possess a perfect knowledge of the Charges used in 
 Armory, but must also be intimately acquainted with the 
 laws of Blazoning and Marshalling. I do not mean to say 
 that, without this knowledge, it is impossible to draw up a 
 Pedigree in a tabular form, for that is merely mechanical 
 employment, which any one who can read and write could 
 easily learn to accomplish in a few hours ; but to deduce from 
 such Genealogy the Armorial Bearings to which each mem- 
 ber in the scheme would be entitled, and the manner of bear- 
 ing them, requires the science of a Herald. 
 
 s 
 
270 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 It is usual, in Ancestral Charts, to append a short 
 account of the principal events in the lives of the chief 
 members of the Family; such as the time and place of 
 Birth, Marriage, Death, and place of Interment; together 
 with their Profession, or the offices they may have held, and 
 any circumstances worthy of note with w r hich they may have 
 been connected. A copious record of this description is 
 commonly called a Genealogy ; but when the names only 
 are inserted, with the dates of Birth and Death, and the 
 Matrimonial connections, it is more correct to style it a 
 Pedigree. Both words, however, are frequently used in 
 the same signification. 
 
 Several methods have been devised to illustrate Genea- 
 logies, but that exhibited on the opposite page is at once the 
 simplest and most generally adopted. It will be seen that 
 all those persons of one generation are arranged in the same 
 horizontal line. On no account must this rule be departed 
 from. If the names are too numerous to permit their 
 insertion on one line, and the record be made in a book, so 
 that it is impossible to enlarge the sheet, the horizontal 
 line must be continued on the following leaf; and when a 
 Pedigree extends to the bottom of a page, Letters of the 
 Alphabet, or Numbers, must be placed under the name of 
 every individual which appears on the last line; and the 
 same Letters, or Numbers, must be carried to the top of the 
 next page, so as clearly to indicate the continuation of the 
 chart. 
 
 In enumerating Issue, it is better to commence on the 
 dexter side with the eldest child, and so continue towards 
 the sinister ; by which means seniority is plainly indicated, 
 when the dates of Birth are not appended. Some genea- 
 logists, however, depart from this practice, and arrange the 
 sons and daughters in two groups: others keep the main 
 
GENEALOGIES AND FAMILY HISTOBIES. 271 
 
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 27^ 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HER ALB BY. 
 
 line of descent in a vertical column ; but this is sometimes 
 attended with some difficulty. These, however, are but 
 minor details, to which no great importance attaches ; the 
 primary consideration to be borne in mind is, as I have 
 before stated, to keep the generations separate. 
 
 The following are the most frequent Abbreviations and 
 Marks to be met with in Genealogies : 
 
 Born 
 
 71CL 
 
 ^Tatn9 civ natfl 
 
 Son and Heir 
 
 fil. Ct JlCBT. . 
 
 Filius et hseres. 
 
 Daughter and Heir. 
 
 }> >> 
 
 Filia fit Vifprps 
 
 
 
 ( Matrimonio duxit (for a 
 ( son). 
 
 
 nup. . . . 
 
 Nupsit (for a daughter). 
 
 Died 
 
 ob., or 0. 
 
 Obiit. 
 
 „ an infant 
 
 ob. inf . . 
 
 Obiit infans. 
 
 „ in youth 
 
 ob. juv. . . 
 
 Obiit juvenis. 
 
 „ a minor 
 
 ob. inf cet. . 
 
 Obiit infra setatem. 
 
 „ a bachelor 
 
 ob. cod. . . 
 
 Obiit coelebs. 
 
 „ a spinster 
 
 ob. inn. . . 
 
 Obiit innupta. 
 
 „ without issue .... 
 
 ob. s. p. . . 
 
 Obiit sine prole. 
 
 „ „ lawful issue . 
 
 ob. s. p. leg. 
 
 Obiit sine prole legitimate. 
 
 „ male issue . . 
 
 ob. s.p. mas. 
 
 Obiit sine prole mascula. 
 
 „ „ surviving issue 
 
 ob. s.p. s. . 
 
 Obiit sine prole superstite. 
 
 „ in the lifetime of his or 
 
 her father .... 
 
 Age, of his or her . ... cet. ... iEtatis. 
 
 Buried sepult. . . Sepultus, or sepulta. 
 
 In the county of .... com. . . . Comitatu. 
 
 Was living, or lived (in the ) . . 
 
 > viv., or vix. Vivans, or vixit. 
 time of) ) 
 
 = signifies that the two persons between whose names such mark 
 
 appears were husband and wife. 
 ^, when placed under a person's name, signifies that he or she had 
 
 children whom it is unnecessary to specify. 
 X signifies extinction of that branch of the Family. 
 n.f — ne fallor — implies a doubt ; sometimes represented by a note 
 
 of interrogation. 
 
 ob. v. p. 
 
 Obiit vita patris. 
 
GENEAL GIES AND FA MIL Y HISTORIES. 2 7 3 
 
 The following abbreviations are generally employed in 
 modern Genealogies : 
 
 Daughter and heiress, or Co-heiress . . dau. & h., or coh. 
 
 In the example on the next page, it will be seen that 
 Henry Holland — whose arms were, Per Fess az. and gu., 
 three Fleurs-de-lys arg. — married Alice, the daughter and co- 
 heiress of Henry Mailmaing. Their daughter Jane married 
 Thomas Gold well, whose son William, in right of his mother, 
 quartered the Arms of Goldwell, Holland, and Mailmaing. 
 Alice Haute, William Goldwell' s wife, was heiress to four 
 Coats — Haute, Surrenden, Gatton, and Dene : hence their 
 daughter Joan, who married Thomas Toke, of Bere, brought 
 in Goldwell, Holland, Mailmaing, Haute, Surrenden, Gatton, 
 and Dene, to the Escutcheon of the Tokes, — from whom are 
 descended the Tookes and Tucks of the present day. 
 
 The task of tracing the Pedigree of a family is frequently 
 one of considerable difficulty, more especially if the name of 
 such family be of common occurrence. For the assistance 
 of those who may be desirous of discovering their own or 
 others' ancestry, I subjoin a few directions, attention to 
 which will generally bring such investigations to a suc- 
 cessful issue. It would be advisable, in the first place, to 
 ascertain at the College of Heralds what records, if any, are 
 there to be found of the Family whose descent is required. 
 Pedigrees are, in most instances, deposited with the Heralds, 
 on receiving a Grant or Confirmation of Arms ; and with 
 Peers of the Realm this is compulsory. These Pedigrees are 
 frequently continued by the grantee's descendants. The re- 
 
 Born . . . 
 
 Married . . 
 Died . . . 
 Buried . . 
 Son and heir 
 
 b, 
 
 mar. 
 
 d. 
 bu. 
 
 s. &h, 
 
2 74 HANDB OK OF HERALD 11 It. 
 
 Thomas Goldwell, of Godington, == Jane, d. and coh. 
 
 Co. Kent, ob. 5 H. V. 
 
 William Goldwell, of God'ingtou, =p Alice, d. and coh. of John Haute, 
 to 5 H. VI. 
 
 Figs. 312-318. 
 
GENEALOGIES AND FAMILY HISTOBIES. 
 
 *7S 
 
 cords in the Family Bible, or other documents of a similar 
 nature, will usually give two or three generations : beyond 
 these (if the College of Heralds affords no assistance), re- 
 ference must be made to Parochial and other local Registers, 
 and Wills. The latter frequently supply a valuable clue 
 to collateral branches of the Family * Old numbers of 
 The Annual Register and The Gentleman's Magazine, Army 
 Lists, and College Registers, will also, in many instances, be 
 found of great service. If the Pedigree can be traced up to 
 the middle of the Seventeenth century, and the Family were 
 at that time entitled to Armorial Bearings, the Visitations of 
 the Heralds will carry it about three generations higher. 
 The real labour now commences ; and unless the Family 
 were at that time — the Sixteenth century — either noble, or 
 constituted a portion of the Landed Gentry, further research 
 is almost useless. County Histories, Documents in the Public 
 Record and State Paper Offices, and, in some cases, Municipal 
 Archives and Monastic Chartularies, must now be carefully 
 and patiently examined; the genealogist bearing in mind that 
 no reliance can be placed on the orthography of proper names, 
 either of persons or places. Except in a few rare instances, 
 it is utterly impossible to trace a Pedigree beyond the time of 
 Richard the Second ; and those persons who assert that their 
 
 * The Wills of all persons who reside in or around London are to 
 be found in Doctors' Commons, as are also those of persons in the 
 Country who devised property of any considerable amount ; but 
 sometimes, particularly when only small properties were bequeathed, 
 the Executors would prove the Wills in the Court of the Bishop 
 within whose Diocese they were situated. Some dioceses contain an 
 exempt jurisdiction, called a Peculiar, in which many Wills were 
 proved. Individuals are sometimes supposed to die intestate, when 
 their Wills are really deposited in some insignificant Peculiar. The 
 records of the Circumcision of Jewish infants are carefully preserved 
 in the Synagogues. 
 
276 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Ancestors " came over with the Conqueror," derive their au- 
 thority chiefly, if not wholly, from Tradition, or their own ima- 
 gination. For the same reason that it is difficult for such per- 
 sons to prove their assertion, it is equally difficult to refute it. 
 
 The Visitations of the Heralds are invaluable to the 
 Genealogist. These Visitations were made for the purpose 
 of examining the right by which the persons within the 
 respective heraldic provinces bore Arms, or were styled 
 Esquires or Gentlemen. The results of these official in- 
 quiries were carefully collected, and subsequently recorded 
 in the College of Heralds. The earliest Visitation which we 
 possess took place in 1528-9, by order of a Commission 
 granted and executed by Thomas Benoilt, Clarmcieux; 
 although informal Visitations were made in the reigns of 
 Henky the Fourth, Edward the Fourth, and Henry the 
 Seventh, of which only fragments remain. Until 1687, 
 when the last Visitation was made, they were regularly con- 
 ducted every twenty or thirty years. Unfortunately for the 
 Genealogist, dates are, for the most part, omitted in the 
 Pedigrees ; but, by collating them with the Visitations of 
 other counties and periods, the dates can generally be ap- 
 proximated with tolerable precision. It is much to be 
 regretted that these MSS. are now dispersed in various 
 places : some are to be found in the Libraries of Queen's 
 College, Oxford ; Caius College, Cambridge ; and in those 
 of other provincial towns ; while some are in private collec- 
 tions : but by far the greatest number are preserved in the 
 British Museum and the College of Heralds. 
 
 Some of the Visitations and earlier documents have been 
 legibly copied and published ; but as these constitute but a 
 small part of the entire collection, it is absolutely necessary 
 that the student should be able to decipher the originals. 
 In Astle's Origin and Progress of Writing (4k), 1803), and 
 
PARADIGM of 
 
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OENEAL GIES AND FAMIL Y HISTORIES. 277 
 
 "Wright's Court Hand Restored (sq. 8vo, 1773*), ample 
 directions will be found for the acquirement of a knowledge 
 of the various styles of caligraphy practised in England, 
 down to the reign of Elizabeth ; but as the Visitations 
 commence from about the period where these authors con- 
 clude, I have deemed it advisable to furnish, opposite pages 
 279 and 280, a few examples of later styles, taken from 
 Manuscripts preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 The accompanying tabular Alphabet shows the principal 
 alterations and modifications which have at various times 
 been effected in the formation of letters. It must not, how- 
 ever, be regarded as a complete Paradigm ; for even con- 
 temporary scribes frequently differed widely from each other 
 in their caligraphy. 
 
 Mr. Caley, in a Parliamentary Return on the Public 
 Eecords of the Kingdom, ordered in 1803, writes : "From the 
 Norman Conquest until the reign of Henry the Third, the 
 Character or Hand-writing of antient Eecords is in general 
 plain and perspicuous; of this latter reign, however, there are 
 many Eecords which cannot be read with facility, on account of 
 the intricacy of the character, and the number of abbreviations. 
 
 " The same observations may be applied to Eecords from 
 this reign until that of Edward the Third inclusive. 
 
 "From this period downwards, I have experimentally 
 found that less difficulty occurs in reading and translating 
 Eecords, and that the Hands used from the reign of Eichard 
 the Second to that of Philip and Mary are such as may 
 be read without much trouble. 
 
 " Hitherto, each reign appears to have had a set or uni- 
 form character ; but in the reign of Elizabeth and her 
 successors, the Clerical Mode seems to have been in a great 
 
 * Mr. Hotten has recently published a new edition of this valu- 
 able book. 
 
2 7 8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 measure abandoned, and each transcriber to have written 
 according to his own fancy ; and it is observable that the 
 English Eecords of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries 
 are in general more difficult to be read than the Latin 
 Records of preceding Ages." 
 
 A more general uniformity of Character was preserved 
 in early legal documents, from the circumstance that they 
 were all prepared by the Clergy, who throughout Europe 
 formed one body ; but as the art of writing became more 
 general amongst the Laity, other styles were introduced. 
 
 In order to familiarise the student with the style of 
 writing usually found in the Visitations, I have annexed 
 facsimiles of portions of Heraldic Manuscripts, preserved 
 amongst the Harleian Collection. 
 
 The greater part of the Visitations are written in the 
 manner of the examples in Plate 4. These are by far the 
 most difficult of any to decipher ; but a few hours of careful 
 application will enable the student to read them with tolerable 
 ease. No difficulty whatever exists in reading Manuscripts 
 dating from the end of the Seventeenth century. When names 
 of places occur — such as Villages, or Country-seats — with 
 which the reader is unacquainted, he should always refer to 
 a Gazetteer of the County to obtain the correct orthography. 
 
 An experienced reader of Manuscripts possesses one great 
 advantage, inasmuch as he can generally see at the first 
 glance the nature of a document ; and, being familiar with 
 the form in which such instruments are couched, can arrive 
 at its contents without having to decipher one-fourth of it. 
 The most common description of charters, and those of the 
 greatest value to the genealogist, are deeds of gift; and 
 these are almost universally worded as follows : Sciant pre- 
 sentes et futuri quod ego Petrus de Bartone filius Johanni de 
 Bartone dedi concessi et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi 
 
GENEALOGIES AND FAMILY HISTORIES. 2 
 
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GENEALOGIES AND FAMILY HISTORIES. 281 
 
 Rogero et Henrico filiis meis et heredibus ac assignatis eorum 
 unam acram term ardbilis cum pertinentiis suis inparochia de 
 Witford vocatam Langcroft et jacentem inter pratum Roberti 
 Warner et messuagium meum quod Radulphus le Hunt pater 
 Alicice uxoris mece mihi dedit. Habendum et tenendum totam 
 predictam acram term arabilis cum pertinentiis suis predietis 
 Rogero et Henrico heredibus ac assignatis eorum de capitate 
 domino feodi per servicia inde debita et dejure consueta. Et 
 ego predictus Petrus et heredes mei predictam acram term ara- 
 bilis cum pertinentiis predietis Rogero et Henrico heredibus ac 
 assignatis eorum contra omnes gentes warantizabimus imper- 
 petuum. In cujus rei testimonium huic presentee cartes sigillum 
 meum apposui. Hiis testibus . . . Data apud Excestre die 
 dominica proxima post festum sancti Pauli apostoli anno regni 
 regis Edwardi tertiipost conquestum nono. 
 
 If, in such a document as the foregoing, a letter should 
 occur with which the student is not familiar, he can readily 
 discover its import by comparing it with a similar character 
 occurring in a part of the document which he already knows 
 by heart. 
 
 Fig. 319. 
 
 From the Effigy of Sir William de Staunton, in Staunton Church, Notts 
 
 (a.d. 1326). 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 HATCHMEHTS. 
 
 ATCHMENTS* are lozenge-shaped frames 
 charged with a Shield of Arms, and usually 
 affixed to the front of a house on the death 
 of one of its principal inmates. In the 
 execution of a Hatchment, certain rules 
 are observed, by which it is clearly indi- 
 cated whether the deceased person were 
 single, married, widower, or widow; and also the rank to 
 which he or she was entitled. 
 
 If the deceased person were a Bachelor, the whole of the 
 
 Fig. 320. 
 
 * The Initial letter is taken from a small window in the North 
 Aisle of King Henry the Seventh's Chapel. 
 
HATCHMENTS. 
 
 283 
 
 field on which his Shield is placed should be black, and all 
 the accessories — such as Coronet, Crest, Supporters, &c. — 
 which usually ensigned his Shield should appear in the 
 composition. In the place of his family Motto, some legend 
 of a religious tendency is commonly inscribed on the Motto - 
 scroll. 
 
 The Arms of an unmarried Lady are charged upon a 
 Lozenge ; a knot of ribbons takes the place of a Crest, and 
 the Motto is omitted. In other respects, her Hatchment is 
 similar to that of a Bachelor. 
 
 As in every case Armorial Insignia on Hatchments are 
 marshalled in accordance with the regulations already speci- 
 fied, the Arms of a Widower appear impaled with those of 
 his late wife; or, if she were an Heiress, they would be 
 charged upon an Inescutcheon of Pretence, ensigned with 
 the usual extra-scutal accessories. 
 
 The accompanying diagram exemplifies the manner in 
 
 Fig. 321. 
 
 which a Widow would exhibit her bereavement to the world. 
 It will be observed that that portion of the frame on which 
 the Arms of the wife rest is white, showing that she survives ; 
 while the dexter side, on which the Arms of her late husband 
 
284 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 are placed, is black. If the wife were dead, and the husband 
 were still living, this arrangement would be reversed — the 
 Arms, of course, appearing upon a Shield. On the death of 
 a Widow, the Arms of her late husband and herself would 
 be impaled upon a Lozenge, without Crest or Motto. 
 
 On the decease of a Bishop, — who impales his Paternal 
 Arms with those of his See, — the sinister side, on which his 
 own Arms appear, is black ; that portion of the field over 
 which his Official Arms are placed being white. Above the 
 Shield is his Mitre, behind which two Pastoral Staves are 
 usually placed in saltire. Bishops never use Supporters. 
 In the case of the wife of a Bishop dying during the lifetime 
 of her husband, two Shields, placed side by side, would be 
 employed. On the dexter Shield, resting on a white field, 
 would appear the Arms of the Bishop, and those of his See, 
 impaled ; and, on the sinister Shield, his Paternal Arms, 
 and his late wife's, also impaled — the latter upon a black 
 field. 
 
 In like manner, two separate Shields are employed if 
 the husband were decorated with the Order of the Garter, 
 Bath, &c.; that on the dexter containing the Knight's 
 Paternal Coat of Arms, surrounded by the Motto of the 
 Order; and that on the sinister being charged with the 
 two coats impaled in the usual manner. In all the fore- 
 going instances, such persons as are entitled to Supporters 
 and Coronets have them duly set forth. A skull over a 
 Hatchment signifies the extinction of the Family. 
 
 The Hatchment of a Bachelor may readily be distin- 
 guished from that of a Widower, by observing that the 
 Arms of the former are either single or quartered ; whilst 
 the latter are impaled. The same distinction obtains between 
 the Hatchments of a Spinster and Widower. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 DRAWING AND EMBLAZONING-. 
 
 MBLAZONING may be re- 
 
 5-H3u garded as the Art, of which 
 Armory is the Science; and, 
 indeed, the two are so inti- 
 mately connected, that the 
 student who can lay claim to 
 no other acquirement than 
 a knowledge of the technical 
 terms employed by Heralds, 
 and is unable from a written 
 Blazon to delineate a Coat of Arms correctly and artistically, 
 cannot consider his heraldic education complete. In the 
 few plain directions which are subjoined for the guidance 
 of those who wish to become proficient in the Art of Em- 
 blazoning, only the mechanical processes to be adopted can 
 be pointed out : manipulative skill must be acquired by 
 practice; but no amount of instruction can impart true 
 artistic feeling. It is a generally received opinion that 
 
 Note. — The initial letter is taken from the Grant to Edward the 
 Black Prince, by Edward the Third, of the Duchy of Aquitaine (Mus. 
 Brit, Cot. Lib., Nero D. VII.). 
 
 T 
 
286 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 Heraldry affords but little scope for artistic talent: this, 
 however, is far from being the case ; in proof of which, it is 
 but necessary to compare some of the beautiful specimens 
 of the Mediaeval Ages, with others of the Seventeenth and 
 Eighteenth centuries. 
 
 It does not follow, because a person is a good " artist," 
 in the common acceptation of the term, that he would there- 
 fore be a good emblazoner. The armorist is sometimes per- 
 mitted, and even necessitated, to employ a certain amount 
 of conventionalism both of form and colour, in the execution 
 of his designs, which is not allowed to the " artist." In Sir 
 John Feme's Blazon of Gentrie, two characters are intro- 
 duced, who hold a disquisition on this subject. One objects 
 to an Eagle being represented as cheque, affirming that he 
 never saw a bird of that tincture ; to whom the other re- 
 plies : " Do you finde fault with it because the Eagle is not 
 borne to her nature ? Avoyd that phantasie as speedily as 
 you can. Although things borne according to their nature 
 and colour be very commendable, yet is there as good mis- 
 teries and honourable intendements in Coats wherein be 
 borne fishes, beastes, fowles, &c, different from their na- 
 ture." 
 
 In delineating Animals, the modern emblazoner should 
 neither be too anxious to represent them with such scrupu- 
 lous exactness as though they were intended to illustrate a 
 work on Natural History, nor should he servilely imitate the 
 examples of the early practitioners of the art, who, through 
 want of knowledge, violated the laws of drawing and of nature. 
 In representing purely conventional or conventionalised 
 beings, such as Griffins or Dolphins, of course the armorist 
 of the present day must strictly adhere to those forms ori- 
 ginally ascribed to them in Heraldry ; but there is no reason 
 why, in delineating natural charges, he should perpetuate 
 
DBA WING AND EMBLAZONING. 
 
 287 
 
 the misconceptions of the early Emblazoners. In an illumi- 
 nation I examined lately, a Heron and an Eagle were repre- 
 sented as volant, with their legs hanging straight down. 
 Now, this is manifestly wrong ; for wading birds extend their 
 legs horizontally to their entire length while flying, and 
 short-legged birds draw theirs close to their bodies, so that 
 they press against the thighs, leaving little more than the 
 claws visible. 
 
 There is no greater field for the display of artistic talent 
 in Armory than in the arrangement of the various accessories 
 of the Shield. It scarcely falls within the limits of a work 
 treating of the whole science in general to furnish many ex- 
 amples of this particular branch of the subject, but the 
 accompanying outline may be advantageously adopted for 
 the Achievement of an Esquire or Gentleman. 
 
 The Achievement on the Brass to Sir John Saye, in 
 Broxbourne Church, Hertfordshire, a.d. 1473 (fig. 277), 
 is particularly graceful and effective. Many other examples 
 of Armorial composition will be found in Burke's Heraldic 
 Illustrations, to which the reader is referred. 
 
 Fig. 322. 
 
288 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 The method of representing the Tinctures of Coats of 
 Arms by lines drawn in certain directions has been described 
 at page 50. Another mode is sometimes made use of, when 
 a simple sketch or memorandum of the Charges and Tinc- 
 tures is required, known as Tricking. Nearly all the Coats 
 of Arms contained in the Visitations of the Heralds are re- 
 presented in this manner, which is effected by making a 
 rough drawing of the Coat, and indicating the Tinctures by 
 Initial letters, as follows 
 
 Or . 
 
 Argent 
 
 Gules 
 
 Azure 
 
 Vert 
 
 Sable 
 
 Purpure 
 
 Proper 
 
 Ermine 
 
 0., or Or. 
 
 A. 
 
 G. 
 
 B., for Blue. 
 V. 
 
 s. 
 p. 
 
 Ppr. 
 
 E., or Er. 
 
 These Abbreviations are also sometimes used in the Visi- 
 tations, in blazoning Arms. 
 
 The example in the margin is 
 a facsimile of the Arms of Bal- 
 dington, of Oxfobd, taken from 
 the Visitation of that County {Harl. 
 M88. No. 1541) ; which w T ould be 
 blazoned: Argent; on a Chevron 
 sable, lekveen three Pellets, as many 
 Roses of the field. 
 
 When a Charge is repeated upon 
 a Shield, the number is sometimes, 
 for the sake of brevity, indicated by figures placed on the 
 
DRAWING AND EMBLAZONING. 289 
 
 spots which such repeated Charges 
 would occupy, as in the accompany- 
 ing illustration, which represents the 
 Arms of Gilly, of Suffolk and 
 Essex: Or; a Pale between four 
 Fleurs-de-lys gules. 
 
 3 fry 
 
 Fig. 324. 
 
 Much difficulty is frequently ex- 
 perienced in accurately determining the Fess point in a 
 Heater or Kite-shaped Shield, in consequence of its narrow 
 Base ; for if the Fess point be taken as the exact centre, 
 and the Shield be divided horizontally by a line drawn 
 through that point, the upper portion will be found 
 greatly to preponderate over the lower. In 
 
 a Shield of this form, it is advisable to 
 cut off from the Base about one-ninth of its 
 entire length, and to place the Fess point 
 midway between such dividing line and the 
 top of the Shield. The same allowance 
 should be granted when the Escutcheon is 
 
 to be divided into three parts, so as to de- Fi s- 325. 
 
 termine the depth of a charged Chief. It 
 
 is of the utmost importance to fix the Fess point correctly ; 
 
 for, unless that be done, it is impossible to draw any of the 
 
 Honourable Ordinaries so that they shall occupy their proper 
 
 positions. 
 
 The Tinctures of the Field, Charges, and Crest, being 
 specified in the Blazon, and those of the Wreath and Helmet 
 implied, it is only in the Mantling and Motto-scroll that 
 the emblazoner has an opportunity of exhibiting his artistic 
 combination of colour. In an Achievement of Arms, con- 
 trast is frequently more effective than harmony. If, there- 
 fore, the dominant Tincture of the Escutcheon or its Charges 
 be Blue, the Mantling may be Orange ; if Eed, Green ; if 
 
HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 Yellow, Purple ; and vice versd* It is the general custom to 
 depict the Mantling green, irrespective of the other colours 
 in the composition ; which practice cannot be too strenu- 
 ously deprecated. It has been remarked, that the liberal 
 use of green in decorative art has ever marked its decadence ; 
 and by this one feature alone we can, with tolerable accu- 
 racy, determine whether an Illumination be prior or subse- 
 quent to the Sixteenth century, from about which time the 
 decline of artistic feeling in Emblazoning and Illuminating 
 may be reckoned.-)* 
 
 I shall now proceed to mention briefly the various me- 
 chanical appliances to be used, and the progressive steps to 
 be taken, in emblazoning a Coat of Arms. Nearly all the 
 important Armorial records which remain to us are executed 
 upon Vellum ; and this material is still chiefly employed by 
 modern Armorists. I would advise the student, however, 
 to make his first assays on drawing-paper, or " London 
 board," — being less expensive, and easier to work upon. To 
 prepare the vellum, it should be slightly damped on the out- 
 side, which can be distinguished from the face by a slight 
 roughness: it should then, while soft, be stretched evenly 
 on a board with drawing-pins, or the edges may be fastened 
 
 * Some authorities assert that the Mantling should derive its 
 Tincture from the field of the Escutcheon ; but I see no adequate 
 reason why this rule should be adopted, especially as Heralds them- 
 selves persistently disregard it. If any system be followed, the 
 Mantling should be of the same Tincture as the Livery Colours; but 
 as so few Families, out of the thousands who are entitled to Armorial 
 distinctions, possess Livery Colours, it is almost useless to lay down 
 such a law on the subject. 
 
 f " The term 1 illuminated,' used for those drawings executed in 
 gold and body-colour, in ancient manuscripts, is derived from the name 
 applied to the artists who produced them. They were termed Illumi- 
 nators (Lat. illuminator es, "Fr. enlumineurs) ; whence the name given to 
 the paintings executed by them." — FairhoU. 
 
DBA WING AND EMBLA ZONING. 2 9 1 
 
 with glue ; but the former method is preferable. When the 
 skin is perfectly dry, it should be dusted over with a little 
 powdered chalk, contained in a roll of flannel, and afterwards 
 wiped with a clean cloth. This removes all grease that may 
 be upon its surface. If, subsequently, colours refuse to lay 
 evenly, a little prepared ox-gall, mixed with them, will over- 
 come the difficulty. Vellum does not permit the erasure of 
 pencil-marks as readily as paper ; for which reason, unless 
 the emblazoner be tolerably proficient, it is advisable to draw 
 the outline of the intended subject on paper, and transfer it 
 to the vellum, or cardboard, in the following manner : Place 
 over the face of the vellum a piece of black transfer-paper, 
 and over this the original draft, being careful to pin the 
 latter to the board in several places, so as to prevent any 
 change in its position. Then, with a hard pencil, trace the 
 outline, using an even and gentle pressure. By removing 
 one or two of the pins, and carefully lifting the draft and 
 black paper, it can be readily seen whether any part of the 
 outline has been omitted: if so, refasten the paper, and 
 supply the deficiency. This method can only be employed 
 when the draft is made on thin paper : if it be on cardboard, 
 it will be necessary to make a copy of it on tracing-paper, 
 by pinning the latter over the draft, and carefully following 
 the outline with a pencil. The emblazoner should not be 
 too anxious to secure small details in the transfer : these 
 can be better supplied afterwards ; it is quite sufficient to 
 trace the general outline. A piece of stale bread is pre- 
 ferable to India-rubber for cleaning the vellum, and erasing 
 pencil-lines. Tracing-paper, as sold in the shops, is fre- 
 quently greasy ; and when used, especially on vellum, causes 
 the colours subsequently employed to flow irregularly. It is 
 easily prepared, by rubbing one side of a sheet of foreign 
 post, or " whited brown" paper, with a broad-pointed Cum^ 
 
292 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 berland B.B.B. pencil, or with a block ofNixey's black-lead. 
 The ordinary powdered grate-lead will answer very well, if a 
 pad of wadding be used to rub it over the surface. Eed 
 transfers can be produced by preparing the thin paper with 
 powdered red chalk. By using paper blackened on one side 
 only, the back of the draft is preserved clean. It is obvious 
 that, if two objects are to be represented in the same attitude, 
 but reversed — such as wings conjoined, two Lions combat- 
 tant, or the two sides of a Mantling — it is only necessary to 
 turn the tracing. 
 
 When the pencil outline is complete, it should be care- 
 fully inked over with a fine steel pen. For this process, it 
 is important that the best Indian Ink should be employed ; 
 for if an inferior description, or Lamp-black, be used, when 
 the colours are applied, the outline will " run," and ruin the 
 work. It would be well to test the permanency of the Indian 
 Ink before using it upon the vellum. Every straight line, 
 however short, should be ruled ; nothing mars the general 
 appearance of a Coat of Arms more than an irregular, jagged 
 outline. When the whole has been inked in, all pencil- 
 marks should be removed with a piece of bread ; for they 
 become indelibly fixed if washed over w T ith colour. 
 
 In this state, the drawing is ready to receive the Tinctures. 
 The first to be applied are the Metals. There are three 
 methods of gilding, viz. with gold-leaf, shell-gold, and gold- 
 paper. When the first is employed, the surface intended to 
 be gilded must be painted with gilding-size, and, when nearly 
 dry, the leaf laid over it, and gently pressed with a pad of 
 wadding. The superfluous gold from the edges can be 
 removed with a dry brush. It is advisable to dilute the size 
 with water, and to give the vellum two coats, allowing the 
 first to dry; and, at the moment of applying the leaf, to 
 breathe upon the size. Amateurs usually experience great 
 
DRAWING AND EMBLAZONING. 293 
 
 difficulty in using the " tip" — the wide, flat brush with which 
 the gold is applied. Simple as the operation seems when 
 performed by an adroit gilder, it requires considerable dex- 
 terity and practice to lift a sheet of the metal from the book 
 with the tip, and lay it flat on the " cushion/' previous to 
 its being cut with a blunt knife or spatula into the required 
 size. A much easier plan is to take a piece of thin paper a 
 trifle larger than the sheet, rub it well with bees'-wax, and in- 
 sert it in the book. With a slight pressure, the gold adheres, 
 to the paper ; yet not so firmly but that it readily leaves it 
 when placed on the sized surface, and gently rubbed on the 
 back. One great advantage of this method is, that no more 
 gold is used than is absolutely required ; there are, conse- 
 quently, no " skewings," as gilders term the waste metal — 
 which, by the way, are the workman's perquisite. 
 
 Great care, and some little skill, are required to produce 
 an even surface wdth shell-gold ; nevertheless, it is the best 
 adapted for general use. The most frequent mistake made 
 by beginners in the use of this material is, that they do not 
 fill the brush sufficiently full ; the consequence is irregular 
 patches, some but half gilded. Green shell-gold, which is a 
 modern preparation, is very useful in adding brilliancy to 
 certain charges, such as Dragons, &c, when tinctured vert ; 
 but its use should be but sparingly adopted. Another method 
 of gilding is by cutting out the intended figure in gold- 
 paper, previously gummed at the back and permitted to dry. 
 This material should only be employed in cases where a 
 large surface is to be covered. 
 
 When leaf- or shell-gold is used, after it is quite dry, a 
 piece of writing-paper must be placed over the gilded surface, 
 and rubbed quickly and firmly with an agate burnisher, to 
 brighten the gold beneath. With gold-paper this is un- 
 necessary. 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 Gold Charges may be represented in relief by coating the 
 surface intended to be gilded with a preparation called Eais- 
 ing Composition, having previously roughened the vellum 
 with a knife to make it adhere. As many coats of this 
 composition should be applied as may be found requisite, 
 allowing each coat to dry before another is laid on. It must 
 then be sized, and gilded with leaf, in the manner previously 
 described. In burnishing raised gold, the agate should come 
 in direct contact with the metal. 
 
 Or may be represented with Gamboge, Cadmium Yellow, 
 or Indian Yellow, shaded with Yellow Ochre, Burnt Sienna, 
 or Carmine. Chrome must be particularly guarded against, 
 as it rapidly becomes discoloured. Of all the Yellows, Aure- 
 olin — recently introduced by Messrs. Winsor and Newton — 
 is perhaps the best. 
 
 For Argent, silver shell or leaf may be employed, if the 
 drawing is to be placed under glass, and kept air-tight. 
 On account of the liability of silver to oxidise and turn black 
 when exposed to the air, Platinum or Aluminium are pre- 
 ferable, although they are not so brilliant. Chinese White an- 
 swers for Argent, when Colours are used in the place of Metals. 
 
 For the remaining Heraldic Tinctures, the following 
 Colours should be employed : 
 
 Gules: Vermilion ; shaded with Carmine or Crimson Lake. 
 
 Azure: Ultramarine or Cobalt; shaded with Prussian 
 Blue or Indigo. A beginner should not attempt to cover a 
 large surface, particularly if it be irregular in outline, with 
 Cobalt, as this Colour exhibits a most perverse tendency to 
 dry in patches. French Blue is almost as brilliant as Ultra- 
 marine, and is, moreover, much less in price. Both of these 
 Colours work very smoothly. 
 
 Salle: Lamp-black. When dry, the shadow-side may 
 be deepened with gum-water. 
 
DBA WING AND EMBLAZONING. 295 
 
 Vert: Prussian Blue and Gamboge mixed; shaded with 
 Moss Green or Carmine. Emerald Green is occasionally 
 useful in Mantlings, when tinctured vert; but it does not 
 work well, and is easily displaced if another Colour be laid 
 over it. 
 
 Purpure: Indian Purple, or a mixture of Carmine and 
 Cobalt ; shaded with gum or Burnt Carmine. 
 
 Tenne : Carmine, Gamboge or Indian Yellow, and Burnt 
 Sienna ; shaded with Umber or Vandyke Brown. 
 
 Sanguine: Dragon's Blood; shaded with Burnt Carmine. 
 
 It frequently happens that the beauty of an Illumination 
 is marred by a want of uniformity of tone in those tinctures 
 which are composed of others, such as Vert, Purpure, &c: 
 to obviate this, Messrs. Winsor and Newton have recently 
 introduced a box of Heraldic Colours containing all the 
 tinctures, simple and compound, usually employed in the 
 art, whereby the operations of the emblazoner are much 
 facilitated. From the experience which I have had both in 
 heraldic and other illuminations, I consider the colours of 
 the above-named makers to stand unrivalled for brilliancy 
 and purity. 
 
 Diapering, as a method of relieving the monotony of a 
 large plain surface by means of a kind of pattern composed 
 of small devices constantly repeated, has been already noticed 
 at pp. 74-76. 
 
 In conclusion, I must impress upon the student the 
 absolute necessity of cleanliness in all his manipulations, if 
 he wish to produce a brilliant result. The palette, or saucer, 
 should be scrupulously clean, and free from dust ; the brushes 
 should always be carefully washed before they are laid aside; 
 and the water with which the Colours are mixed should be 
 frequently changed, if the brushes are rinsed in it. When a 
 Compound Colour has to be prepared, such as Green, one 
 
2 96 HANDB OK OF HERALDR Y. 
 
 cake of Colour must never be rulbbed in a saucer containing 
 another Colour; but a separate saucer must be used for each, 
 and afterwards mixed with a brush. The Yellows are par- 
 ticularly liable to have their brilliancy impaired if they come 
 in contact with the least trace of any other Colour. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 FRENCH HERALDRY. 
 
 TT was probably amongst the Germans that the system of 
 Armory which now obtains in England derived its origin. 
 To the French, however, must be accorded the credit of 
 reducing it to a Science — as would appear from the terms 
 which are employed in it; if, indeed, we had not learned 
 the fact from History. It might be supposed, as English 
 Armorists originally received their instruction directly from 
 the French, that the systems adopted in both countries would 
 be identical. Such, however, is not the case. In the course 
 of years, modifications of details, and, in many instances, 
 considerable differences in the significations of terms, have 
 arisen, which have at length caused a wide separation between 
 the Armory of France and that of England. 
 
 Many of the terms used in Blazoning bear the same 
 meaning in both languages ; but there are some important 
 differences, both in the principal Charges and the method of 
 employing them, which render a study of French Heraldry 
 highly necessary. The Bar, for example, is unknown to 
 French Armorists ; with them, the Fess has no diminutive ; 
 that which they designate a Barre is with us a Bend-sinister. 
 The Mullet, in France, is always represented of six points, 
 and pierced ; while the Etoile has but five, which are straight, 
 and not, as in England, wavy. The Chevron is drawn very 
 
298 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 much higher, and, when there is no Charge in the centre 
 Chief, it extends almost to the top of the Escutcheon ; the 
 Bordure, also, occupies considerably more space than with 
 us. Dragons are always drawn as Wyverns ; and the Cocka- 
 trice is never seen on Shields of French Arms. 
 
 The Tincture Vert is invariably rendered in French, 
 Sinople ; Vert is found only in very ancient documents. It 
 will be seen, also, by reference to the list of terms at pp. 
 301-303, that Party per tend, Bend-sinister, Fess, and Pale, 
 are each expressed by certain distinctive terms. In blazon- 
 ing a Field or Charge which is gutte, the French always 
 specify the particular guttae by the Tincture : for example, 
 they would not blazon fig. 122 as Gutte de larmes, but Gutte 
 dHazur, which is more simple than the English system, and 
 ought to be generally adopted. 
 
 Colour is frequently imposed upon Colour, and, when so 
 done, is expressed by the term Cousu, as in the Blazon of 
 the Arms of Le Camus, which is, De gueules; un Pelican 
 $ argent, ensanglante de gueules, dans son aire; au Chef cousu 
 dJazur, charge d'un Fleur-de-lys or ; which would be blazoned 
 in English, Gules ; a Pelican in her piety argent, vulning her- 
 self proper ; on a Chief azure, a Fleur-de-lys or. In German,* 
 Italian, and Spanish Armory, also, Colour frequently appears 
 upon Colour; the Arms of the Spanish Inquisition were: 
 Sable; a Cross vert. 
 
 Another important point in which the English and 
 French Heralds differ, is in Marshalling. The latter do 
 not impale the Arms of Husband and Wife, but place them 
 accole, on two separate Shields. The Issue impale their 
 Parents' Arms when, under similar circumstances, in England 
 
 * A peculiarity of German Heraldry is, that the Charges are placed 
 indifferently, either moving towards the Dexter or Sinister, and 
 sometimes affronte. 
 
FRENCH HERALDB Y. 299 
 
 they would be entitled to quarter them. I have before men- 
 tioned, in the chapter on Cadency, that the Bordure Compony 
 was formerly employed as a Brisure to indicate illegitimate 
 descent ; but, in France, the Bordure serves as a Mark of 
 Difference for the younger lawful children. There, a natural 
 son bears, or ought to bear, his Paternal Arms upon one of 
 the principal Ordinaries. 
 
 The Heralds of Spain make use of Marks of Difference 
 in the same manner as in England, but carried to a greater 
 extent. Instead of nine Marks, they have thirty-six, — that 
 is, a distinctive device as a Brisure for each of twelve sons 
 for three generations— -pater, avus, and proavus. 
 
 The following selection of Arms will exemplify some of 
 the technicalities of French Blazonry : 
 
 D'azur ; a la bande d'or char gee de trois ecrevisses de 
 gueules, et accompagnee de trois molettes d'eperon d'or,posees 
 deux etune; borne by Pelletiee. In English: Azure; on 
 a Bend between three Mullets of six points, two and one, or, as 
 many Lobsters gules. 
 
 Ecartele: aux 1 et 4, de sable, a Vaigle d? argent au vol 
 eploye, semee de Croissants du champ, et chargee sur Vestomac 
 d'une Croix du meme : aux 2 et 3, d'or, au laurier de sinople, 
 et un chef de gueules ; De Valory. Quarterly of four : 
 1 and 4. Sable ; an Eagle displayed argent, seme of Crescents, 
 and charged on the breast with a Cross of the first : 2 and 3. 
 Or; a Laurel4ree vert, and a chief gules. 
 
 The Arms of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire would 
 thus be described by a French Herald : Ecartele : aux 1 et 4, 
 d? argent, a trois rencontres de Cerfde sable, poses deux etun: 
 au 2, tranche bastille d' argent et de gueules : au 3, echiquete 
 d? argent et d'azur, et une fasce de gueules brochante. 
 
 Some of the Charges in Continental Armory — particularly 
 that of Spain — appear most grotesque to English Heralds : 
 
300 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 Animals, for instance, are represented as talking to each 
 other; and many Shields of Arms seem as if they were 
 designed to illustrate the Fables of iEsop. Napoleon is said 
 to have remarked, on seeing for the first time the various 
 quarterings to which his wife was entitled, and which com- 
 prised a goodly assortment of zoological curiosities : " Par- 
 bleu ! il y a beaucoup d'animaux dans cette famille-la !" 
 
 But little attention is paid by French Heralds either to 
 Crests or Mottoes (devises); but all the NoMesse, that- is, 
 those entitled to bear Arms, ensign their Shields with a 
 Coronet and the Coat, when thus ensigned, is said to be 
 Timbre. 
 
 The Arms of most of the great officers of state were, 
 under the Ancien Regime of France, supported by devices 
 emblematic of their office. Thus, the Admiral of France 
 had two Anchors ; the Vice- Admiral, one. The Grand 
 Louvetier (wolf-hunter) had wolves' heads ; and the Grand 
 Butler, two Bottles. 
 
 The French make a distinction between Supporters and 
 Tenans ; and both may sometimes be seen ensigning a 
 Shield, as in the Arms of Albret. In this instance, the 
 lower part of the Escutcheon is supported on either side by 
 a Lion, the head covered by a helmet ; on each Lion stands 
 an Eagle, which, with one foot, hotds the upper portion. 
 
 In 1789, amongst the general annihilation of all aristo- 
 cratic distinctions, the office of Juge d'armes was abrogated : 
 it was restored under the regime of Buonaparte, to be again 
 extinguished in 1848. A law was passed in 1856, forbidding 
 the unlawful assumption of Surnames ; but, in this regula- 
 tion, no mention was made of Armorial Bearings ; hence it 
 follows that in France, at the present time, any one is at 
 liberty to devise and bear whatever Arms his inclination may 
 dictate. 
 
FBENCH HE BALD BY. 
 
 301 
 
 For the assistance of those who may wish to extend their 
 researches to the Heraldry of France, I subjoin a list of the 
 principal terms, with their English significations. I have 
 not considered it necessary to insert those which are the 
 same, or nearly so, in both languages. 
 
 Abouti . 
 
 Accole . 
 
 Accompagne 
 Accroupi 
 Acorne . 
 Aisle . 
 
 Ajoure . 
 
 Armoye . 
 
 Arrache . 
 Assemble 
 Assis 
 Bande . 
 Bar re 
 Bouse . 
 Brochant 
 Caude . 
 Chause . 
 Chausse trappe 
 Clarine . 
 Contre-bretesse 
 Contre-ecartele 
 
 Conjoined. 
 r Collared : also used to express 
 two Swords, &c, placed be- 
 hind a Shield ; and two 
 Shields side by side. 
 Between. 
 Lodged. 
 Attired. 
 Winged, 
 r Voided : generally applied to 
 1 open windows of Castles. 
 r Usually applied to a mantling 
 or lambrequin, when charged 
 with Arms. 
 Erased ; eradicated. 
 Dovetailed. 
 Sejant. 
 Bend. 
 
 Bend-sinister. 
 
 Water-Bouget. 
 
 Debruised. 
 
 Coward : applied to Lions. 
 Party per chevron. 
 Caltrap. 
 
 Gorged with small bells. 
 
 Embattled. 
 
 Quarterly-quartered. 
 
 u 
 
302 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 Contre-fasce . 
 
 Barry-paly. 
 
 Contre-hermine 
 
 Ermines. 
 
 Coquille de St. Jacques . 
 
 Escallop. 
 
 Coquille de St. Michel . 
 
 Escallop without ears. 
 
 Cotise .... 
 
 Bendlet. 
 
 Cotoye . 
 
 Cotised. 
 
 Coupe .... 
 
 Party per fess. 
 
 Crenelle. 
 
 Embattled. 
 
 Croissant 
 
 Crescent. 
 
 T^v 1 / 
 
 JDancne .... 
 
 T 1 1 t 
 
 Indented. 
 
 Dechausse 
 
 Without claws. 
 
 i)emi-vol 
 
 A Wing. 
 
 Ecaille .... 
 
 Scaled. 
 
 Tl i is 
 
 Ecartele. 
 
 Quarterly. 
 
 Ecartele en sautoir . 
 
 Party per saltire. 
 
 Echiquete 
 
 Cheeky. 
 
 Environne 
 
 In Orle. 
 
 Eploye .... 
 
 Displayed. 
 
 Etoile .... 
 
 Mullet. 
 
 Fasce .... 
 
 Fess. 
 
 Fasce .... 
 
 Barry. 
 
 Fuse .... 
 
 Fusil. 
 
 Gerbe .... 
 
 Garb. 
 
 Hermine 
 
 Ermine. 
 
 Jumelles 
 
 T) 1 
 
 Bars gemel. 
 
 Lampasse 
 
 Langued. 
 
 Mantele. 
 
 r Party per chevron, extending 
 
 L to the top of the Escutcheon. 
 
 Molette . . 
 
 Etoile. 
 
 Morne .... 
 
 Disarmed. 
 
 Ombre . 
 
 Adumbrated. 
 
 Ongle .... 
 
 Taloned : applied to birds. 
 
 Parti .... 
 
 Party per pale. 
 
FBENCH HEBALDBY. 
 
 303 
 
 Parti de Tun a l'autre . 
 
 Counterchanged (see fig. 137). 
 
 Parti de Tun en l'autre . 
 
 Counterchanged (see fig. 136). 
 
 Peri 
 
 r Seduced in size : generally 
 
 \ equivalent to couped. 
 
 Pointe .... 
 
 Base. 
 
 Pose .... 
 
 f Placed : as, Pose en bande, 
 
 I bendwise. 
 
 Quintefeuille . 
 
 Cinquefoil. 
 
 Bencontre 
 
 r Affronte : applied to Animals' 
 
 t heads. 
 
 Sautoir . ... 
 
 Saltire. 
 
 Sinople . . 
 
 Vert. 
 
 Sur le tout 
 
 Over all. 
 
 Sur le tout du tout. 
 
 A second Inescutcheon. 
 
 Taille .... 
 
 Party per bend-sinister. 
 
 Tavalures 
 
 Ermine spots. 
 
 Tranche. 
 
 Party per bend. 
 
 Treffle .... 
 
 Trefoil. 
 
 Vergette 
 
 Pallet. 
 
 Vire .... 
 
 Annulet. 
 
 Viude .... 
 
 Voided. 
 
 Vivre . J 
 
 ' Dancette : when applied to 
 
 L serpents, gliding. 
 
 Fig. 326. 
 
 Arms of De Cusance, of Burgundy. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 AMERICAN HERALDRY. 
 
 T\/|"ANY people imagine — and none are more loud in the 
 assertion than Americans themselves — that in the 
 great Western Republic the species of gentilitial registration 
 denominated Heraldry is uncared for. This, however, is 
 far from being the fact. Even amongst the partisans of 
 political equality, there is a large majority anxious to exhibit 
 their individual superiority. In proof of which, I may men- 
 tion that a gentleman connected with the College of Heralds 
 recently informed me that the fees received from America 
 constitute one of the most important sources of the revenue 
 of that Institution. 
 
 The Aristocracy of America derives its origin principally 
 from three sources : from the Knickerbocker Families of 
 New York — the Van Burens, the Stuyvesants, the Ren- 
 sellaers, the Van Dams ; from the Cavaliers who founded 
 the Colony of Virginia — the Beverleys, the Fairfaxes, 
 the Harrisons, the Berkeleys ; and from the noble 
 Puritans of New England — the Appletons, the Winthrops, 
 the Richmonds, the Wades, &c. It is no matter of sur- 
 prise that Americans, particularly those of the Eastern 
 States, with all their veneration for Republican principles, 
 should be desirous of tracing their origin to the early 
 settlers ; and of proving their descent from those single- 
 
AMEBIC AN HERALDBY. 
 
 hearted, God-fearing men, who sought in a foreign land that 
 religious liberty which was denied them at home. It should 
 be remembered, moreover, that they were all, with but few 
 exceptions, men of family; for, in those days, a large sum 
 of money was required to equip a vessel for a long voyage, 
 and provide the means of subsistence when the colonists 
 were arrived at their destination. 
 
 It is curious to note, amidst the simplicity of the Puritans' 
 lives, — a simplicity which has passed into a proverb, — the 
 tenacity with which they clung to certain Old- World cus- 
 toms. Their seals, probably brought from England, and 
 much of their plate, were engraved with their Arms ; and 
 the same, with the addition of the title Armiger, are in- 
 scribed on many of their tombstones.* 
 
 Not the least commendable characteristic of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers was the scrupulous accuracy with which they re- 
 corded the births and marriages of the colonists.f These 
 documents were carried down to the period of the Revolu- 
 tion, when, for about twenty years, their continuity was 
 
 * The following are a few examples in confirmation of the 
 above : 
 
 In Dorchester Churchyard, Massachusetts. — William Poole, died 
 1 6 74 : Azure ; a Lion rampant argent, within eight Fleurs-de-lys in 
 orle or. 
 
 Salem Churchyard, Massachusetts. — Pickman: Gules; two Battle- 
 axes in saltire or, cantoned by four Martlets argent. 
 
 King's Chapel-yard, Boston. — Winslow : Argent; on a Bend 
 gules, eight Lozenges conjoined or ; and in the same ground, on a tomb 
 of the Savage Family: Argent; six Lioncels sable. 
 
 Copp's Yard, Boston. — Mountfort : Bendy of eight, or and azure. 
 
 Charlestown, Massachusetts. — Lemon : Azure; a Fess between 
 three Dolphins, two and one, embowed or. 
 
 Granary Yard, Boston. — Tothill : Azure; on a Bend argent, cotised 
 or, a Lion passant sable. 
 
 f See Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter. 
 
306 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HE BALD BY. 
 
 somewhat broken. But when the Republic was firmly 
 established, and order once more obtained, the records were 
 continued, though under different auspices. Thus it follows 
 that, if a descendant of the early settlers can trace his ancestry 
 as far back as the middle of the eighteenth century, there is 
 seldom much difficulty in clearly determining to what 
 English Family he is allied. 
 
 Unfortunately, there is not in the United States of 
 America any Institution analogous to our College of 
 Heralds ; the consequence is, there are probably more 
 Assumptive Arms borne in that country than any where 
 else. Nor are the bearers of such Arms to be so much 
 blamed as the unscrupulous self-styled Heralds who supply 
 them. The advertising London tradesmen, who profess to 
 find Arms, are for the most part less anxious to give them- 
 selves the trouble of examining the requisite documents, — 
 even if they possess the necessary ability to do so, which 
 many certainly do not, — than they are of securing the fee. 
 If, therefore, they cannot readily find in the printed pages 
 of Burke, they do not hesitate to draw from the depths of 
 their " inner consciousness," as Carlyle expresses it. Many 
 American gentlemen consequently engrave their plate, and 
 adorn the panels of their carriages, with heraldic insignia to 
 which they have no right whatever : and this, too, though 
 they may have an hereditary claim to Arms as ancient and 
 honourable as those of a Talbot or a Hastings. Nor have 
 native professors of the science been behindhand in dis- 
 tributing their worthless favours. The names of Thomas 
 Johnson, John Coles, and Nathaniel Hurd, are notorious 
 in New England as those of manufacturers of fictitious Arms 
 and pedigrees. 
 
 So, too, with regard to corporate Heraldry : it is much 
 to be regretted that no competent authority should take 
 
AMEBICAN HERALDRY. 307 
 
 cognisance of the Arms borne by the individual States. The 
 National Arms are at once dignified and eloquent : An 
 
 Eagle ivith wings displayed, holding in its dexter claw a sheaf 
 of Arroivs, and in its sinister a Thunderbolt, all proper; on 
 the breast a shield argent, charged with six Pallets gules (con- 
 stituting the thirteen original States) ; on a Chief azure, 
 thirty-seven Stars of the first (the present number). Motto : 
 E plwibus unum. The Flag is equally well conceived : in 
 this, the Pallets are Barrulets, and for the Chief is sub- 
 stituted a Canton.* But what shall be said of the Devices 
 assumed by the separate States ? Old Guillim himself 
 would have been sorely puzzled had he seen the following 
 blazon of the Arms of Kansas : Tivo Ox-teams and Wagons, 
 between a Man ploughing in sinister foreground, and Indians 
 hunting Buffaloes in dexter middle-distance; on sinister, a 
 River and double -funneled, hurricane -decked Steamer: be- 
 hind Mountains in distance, the Sun rising : on sky, in half- 
 circle, thirty-seven Stars, all proper. Motto : Ad Astra per 
 aspera. 
 
 I confess myself utterly unable to do justice to a verbal 
 blazon of the Arms of Okegon. Perhaps the following will 
 give some idea of this heraldic curiosity : On a Fess, the 
 ivords, The Union ; in chief, a Landscape, an Ox-ivagon, a 
 Deer, Trees, Mountains, and Prairie; in distance, the Sea, 
 thereon a sailing Ship and a Steamer ; in base, a Plough, Rake, 
 Scythe, Garbs, &c. — which I may venture to blazon as, all 
 any hoiv. 
 
 * Previous to the late civil war, a curious difference was observed 
 in blazoning the National Flag. In the Free States it was: Argent ; 
 six Barrulets gules ; on a Canton azure, thirty-four Stars of the first. 
 In the Slave-holding States it was: Gules; six Barrulets argent, &c. 
 In the former case the canton rested on a white stripe ; and in the 
 latter, on a red. 
 
3 o8 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 The Devices of the thirteen original States approach 
 much nearer to the standard of true Heraldry ; several, 
 indeed, are unexceptionable. As these have already become 
 in some degree historical, it may be interesting to mention 
 them. All the Tinctures are supposed to be proper. 
 
 New Yokk: From behind a Mountain, the rising Sun. 
 Crest : An Eagle with wings addorsed, holding in its dexter 
 claiv a Ball. Supporters: Dexter: Justice holding in her 
 dexter hand a Fasces, and in her sinister hand a rod ; Sinister : 
 Liberty holding in her sinister hand a staff, on the top of which 
 a Cap of Liberty. Motto: Excelsior. 
 
 Connecticut : Three Apple-trees, two and one. Motto : 
 Qui transtulit, sustinet. 
 
 Massachusetts: An Indian holding in his dexter hand 
 a Bow, and in his sinister hand an Arrow : in dexter chief, an 
 Etoile. Crest : A Cubit Arm grasping in the hand a Sword. 
 Motto : Ense petit pacsm, sub libertate quietem. 
 
 Ehode Island : Flotant erect on waves of the Sea, a Shield 
 charged with an Anchor, flukes in base, from the ring a Cable 
 pendent. Motto : Hope. 
 
 New Hampshire : A Ship on the Stocks ; on the horizon, 
 at sinister side, the Sun in splendour. 
 
 New Jeesey : Three Ploughs in pale. Crest : A Nag's 
 head couped. Supporters : Dexter : Liberty, holding in her 
 dexter hand a wand, on the top thereof a Phrygian Cap; 
 Sinister : Plenty, holding in her sinister hand a Cornucopia. 
 
 Pennsylvania : A Plough between hvo Barrulets ; in 
 chief, a ship in full sail; and in base, three garbs. Crest: An 
 Eagle rising. Supporters : Two Horses. Motto : Virtue, 
 Liberty, Independence. 
 
 Delaware : Arg.; a Fess gules, betiveen a Garb and ear 
 of Maize in chief proper ; and a Bull passant in base of the last. 
 
AMERICAN HERALDRY. 
 
 Supporters : Sinister : A Hunter habited in fur, holdi7ig in his 
 dexter hand a Fowling-piece ; Dexter : A Labourer holding in 
 his dexter hand a Rake, and in his sinister, as a Crest, a Ship. 
 Motto : Liberty and Independence. 
 
 Maryland: Quarterly: i and 4. Two Pallets, surmounted 
 by a Bend; 2 and 3. A Cross pomme. Crest: An Eagle 
 with wings displayed. Supporters : Dexter : A Husbandman 
 holding in his dexter hand a Spade; Sinister: A Fisherman 
 holding in his sinister hand a Fish. Motto : Crescite et mul- 
 tiplicamini. 
 
 Virginia : A female Figure holding in her dexter hand a 
 Sword, and in her sinister hand a Spear, treading on a dead 
 man armed. Motto : Sic semper Tyrannis. 
 
 North Carolina : On dexter side, Liberty seated; and on 
 sinister, Plenty erect, reclining her dexter arm, on a Cornucopia, 
 and holding in her sinister hand an ear of Maize. 
 
 South Carolina: Pendent from the branches of a 
 Palm-tree, two Shields ; in base, as many sheaves of Arrows 
 in Saltire. 
 
 Georgia : Three Caryatides, inscribed on bases, Mode- 
 ration, Justice, and Wisdom, supporting front of a Grecian 
 Temple; Tympanum irradiated; above, the word "Constitu- 
 tion:" in front, standing by sea-shore, a Revolutionary Soldier 
 armed. 
 
 Already an attempt has been made in America to restrain 
 in some measure the indiscriminate bearing of Arms. The 
 question has been raised in Congress, whether it would not 
 be advisable to compel all those who use Arms to register 
 them in the United States Court, and to pay an annual tax 
 for the same, as in England. It is also proposed to inscribe 
 at the bottom of the shield the date when such Arms were 
 first granted or assumed ; any infraction of the law to be 
 
310 HANDBOOK OF HER ALB BY. 
 
 punished by a fine of five hundred dollars. Wholesome as 
 this regulation would be in restraining the too general use 
 of Arms, it falls short of what it should be ; for, according 
 to the proposed law, any one will be at liberty to adopt what- 
 ever Arms he may please, provided he pay his ten or twenty 
 dollars a year. No provision is made for new grants, or for 
 examining the authenticity of alleged claims ; it is simply a 
 device to increase the revenue of the country. Nevertheless, 
 it is calculated to be productive of much good, and is pro- 
 bably but the precursor of a legally established College of 
 Heralds. 
 
 The following incident— which I believe actually occurred 
 a few years ago— aptly illustrates the light in which Armorial 
 Bearings are regarded by many wealthy Americans. During 
 the residence of our Ambassador, Mr. Crampton, in Wash- 
 ington, a carriage which he brought from England was sent 
 to a carriage-builder's to be repaired. Some time afterwards, 
 on Mr. Crampton going to the factory, he was surprised to 
 see several buggies, sulkies, and wagons, each bearing his 
 Arms. In astonishment, he turned to the attendant, and, 
 directing his notice to the carriages in question, inquired 
 if they were built for him. " I reckon not, sir," was the 
 reply; "you see, when your carriage was here, some of our 
 citizens admired at the pattern of your Arms, and concluded 
 to have them painted on their carriages too !" 
 
CHAPTEE XXVI. 
 
 LIVERIES. 
 
 * I V HE custom of distributing clothes — or what in the 
 present day would be styled uniforms — amongst the 
 servants of the Crown — such as the Judges, Ministers, 
 Stewards, &c. — dates from a period nearly coeval with the 
 Conquest {Hist Exch. pp. 204-220). This distribution was 
 termed a Livree ; hence the more recent expression, Livery* 
 About the beginning of the Fifteenth century, the practice of 
 giving liveries to other than the civil servants of the crown 
 became very general. By the word livery is not to be under- 
 stood simply clothes ; but it was frequently used to designate 
 collars, or other badges of partisanship. Nor were these 
 distributed solely amongst the personal adherents of the king; 
 for we read that, in 1454, King Henry the Sixth directed 
 six gold collars, forty silver-gilt, and sixty silver collars, " of 
 the order and livery of the king," to be distributed amongst 
 the principal inhabitants of Bale, at the time when the 
 general council was assembled in that city. An allusion to 
 the custom of sovereigns bestowing such collars upon their 
 favourites, and upon those foreigners on whom it was intended 
 to confer a mark of the royal consideration, occurs in the 
 
 * The distribution of provisions for the evening meal in the 
 mansions of the nobility was also termed a Livree. 
 
3 1 2 HANDB OK OF HEBALDB Y. 
 
 preface to the third volume of Proceedings and Ordinances 
 of the Privy Council of England, by Sir Harris Nicolas (p. 68). 
 It is also frequently mentioned in Bymer's Foedera. 
 
 In like manner, the great feudal barons subsequently 
 distributed liveries amongst their dependents and retainers. 
 It must not be considered that the wearing of liveries was 
 confined exclusively to the menial servants of the household, 
 as at present, or was considered in any way more degrading 
 than an officer of the Crown regards his distinctive uniform. 
 The son of a duke would wear the livery of the prince under 
 whom he served ; and an earl's son might don the livery of 
 a duke, without derogating from his dignity. Stowe gives 
 an account of the Earl of Oxford riding into the City 
 to his house close by London Stone, preceded by eighty 
 gentlemen attired in his livery of Reading Tawny, with 
 chains of gold around their necks, and followed by ioo tall 
 yeomen in the same livery, but without chains, and all having 
 his cognisance of the Blue Boar embroidered on their left 
 shoulders. 
 
 In the year 1454 — the thirty-second of Henry the Sixth 
 — the Duke of York, with the view of increasing his influence, 
 procured the authority of the Privy Council to bestow the 
 king's livery on eighty gentlemen whom he might select, all 
 of whom were obliged to swear not to be retained by any 
 person except with the especial license of the king. 
 
 In the days when the feudal Barons were as Kings in 
 their own domains, and when Justice leaned to that side 
 which could furnish the largest array of swords and spears, 
 and strong right arms to wield them, it is not surprising 
 that they should enlist mercenaries to serve under their 
 banners — forming in themselves small standing armies — who 
 were supplied with liveries the same as the lawful retainers. 
 To such an extent did this practice prevail in the Fourteenth 
 
LIVERIES. 
 
 313 
 
 century, that Richard the Second, having a wholesome fear 
 of the baronial power before his eyes, as exemplified in the 
 history of his immediate predecessors, attempted to check it 
 by the most severe enactments. He ordered that " no varlets 
 called yeomen, nor none others of less estate than esquire, 
 should use nor bear no badge or livery called livery of company 
 of any lord within the realm, unless he be menial or familiar, or 
 continual officer of the said lord." By degrees this law was 
 suffered to fall into abeyance; and Henry the Seventh found, 
 on his accession to the throne, that the custom of maintain- 
 ing mercenary soldiers was still greatly in vogue ; which the 
 sagacious Monarch foresaw might be productive of prejudicial 
 consequences towards himself: he, therefore, reiterated the 
 order forbidding Nobles to distribute their liveries amongst 
 any others than their household servants without a license, 
 on pain of a heavy penalty. Little attention, however, was 
 paid to this edict, as the following circumstance sufficiently 
 proves. The King, being entertained at Castle Hedingham 
 by John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, the Earl, thinking 
 to do his royal master honour, clad nearly a thousand hired 
 retainers in his livery, who formed an escort to conduct the 
 King to the Castle. Henry complimented his entertainer on 
 the magnificence of his reception, and hinted that it must 
 cost the Earl a good round sum to maintain so many servants. 
 " They be none of mine household," replied De Vere ; " but 
 only some varlets I have hired to do your Grace reverence." 
 "By my faith, my lord," said the money-loving king, "I 
 thank you for your good cheer; but I may not have my laws 
 broken in my sight : my attorney must speak with you." 
 The result of the interview with the attorney was, that the 
 Earl was mulcted in 15,000 marks. Queen Mary, during 
 her short reign, granted thirty-nine licenses ; but Elizabeth, 
 during forty-five years, granted but fifteen. Her successor 
 
HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 was even less liberal ; and by Charles the Second the custom 
 was entirely abrogated. 
 
 Sir Henry Sidney, in the year 1579, referring to the 
 custom of nobles distributing Liveries amongst their hired 
 retainers, writes : "The use has no colour to be any longer 
 maintained ; for, besides that it is detestable, it is dangerous 
 to the State." — Calend. Carew MSS., Lamb. Lib., vol. 607, 
 p. 136. 
 
 The primary purpose Liveries were intended to serve 
 has long since been forgotten amongst us, and our coachmen 
 and footmen alone remain as representatives of the splendour 
 which once marked the households of the feudal nobility. 
 Although much derogated from its ancient importance, the 
 " distribution of liveries" is still a matter of some moment, 
 demanding the attention of the herald. At the present 
 time, the too general custom is to rely on the taste of the 
 tailor to prescribe that which is absolutely determined by 
 the laws of Heraldry. A gentleman may wear garments 
 of any colour his fancy may dictate, but he is not permitted 
 such license with regard to the uniforms of his servants ; 
 the colours of these depend entirely on the tinctures upon 
 his Escutcheon. In both, the dominant colour should be 
 the same ; the subsidiary colour of the livery (or, as a 
 tailor would call it, the trimmings — that is, the collar, cuffs, 
 lining, and buttons) should be of the colour of the principal 
 Charge. For example, a gentleman bears Azure, a Fess or : 
 in this case, the coat of the servant should be blue, faced 
 with yellow. But, supposing the tinctures were reversed, 
 and that the Field were or and the Fess azure, how then ? 
 — would the coat be yellow, and the facings blue ? No ; 
 custom has decided that we must not dress our servants in 
 golden coats. Instead of yellow, we should employ drab; a 
 
LIVERIES. 
 
 lighter tint of the same colour doing duty for argent, when 
 necessary. In the case of dress -liveries, which are only 
 worn on special occasions, Coats should be of their proper 
 colours — that is, yellow or white, as the case may be. 
 M. de Saint-Epain, in a work recently published in Paris, 
 entitled L'Art de composer des Livrees au Milieu du XIX me 
 Steele, carries out the principle before stated to an almost 
 absurd degree ; and gives minute directions for regulating 
 the colour of every visible article of dress, whereby all 
 dignity is entirely frittered away. At the risk of being 
 myself condemned for trespassing on the grounds of the 
 tailor, I subjoin a few examples in illustration of the proper 
 method of composing Liveries : 
 
 Argent; a Lion rampant azure. Coat, light drab ; Fac- 
 ings, blue. 
 
 Gules ; an Eagle displayed or, within a Bordure argent 
 Coat, claret or chocolate ; Facings, yellow ; Buttons and 
 Hat-band, silver. 
 
 Or ; a Fess cheque argent and azure, between a Mullet in 
 chief gules, and a Crescent of the third in base. Coat, dark 
 drab ; Facings, blue ; Buttons and Hat-band, silver : and, 
 to represent the Mullet, the edges of the coat might be 
 bound with red, or the rim of the hat looped up with red 
 cord; though, according to the modern usage amongst tailors, 
 which forbids the employment of more than two colours, the 
 red would be entirely lost. 
 
 The uniform Livery of widows is white, with black 
 facings. The Colours of Hammebcloths are regulated by 
 the same laws as Liveries. 
 
 The custom of thus deducing Livery-colours from the 
 tinctures on the shield is, however, of comparatively recent 
 date : there formerly existed no such regulation. The 
 colours adopted by the different royal families of England 
 
3 1 6 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 sufficiently prove this ; for we find the Plantagenets 
 wearing White and Red ; the Lancastrians, White and 
 Blue ; the Yorkists, Murrey and Blue ; the Tudors, 
 White and Green ; and the Stuarts, White. So, too, 
 many of our oldest Families use their hereditary Liveries, 
 which bear no relation whatever to the Tinctures of their 
 Arms ; and it is these, and these only, which should justly 
 be called Livery-colours. 
 
 There is as much attention paid at the present time to 
 the form of servants' costumes, as to their colours. Each 
 dependant of the family has assigned to him a particular 
 dress, by which his office may be readily recognised. Thus, 
 the overcoat of a footman is distinguished from that of a 
 groom by its greater length, and by being made without 
 outside pockets. A coachman is known by his three-cornered 
 hat, curled wig, and the embroidered pockets of his coat — 
 technically called the flap and frame. A curious circum- 
 stance respecting the coats of coachmen is, that by an 
 inviolable sartorial custom pocket-flaps must always be 
 made of the same width and depth, and placed at a pre- 
 scribed distance from the buttons at the back, whatever may 
 be the proportions of the wearer. Hence every coachman 
 is obliged to adapt himself to the standard size, as though 
 he were a guest of Procrustes. 
 
 Buttons should always be of the dominant metal in the 
 Arms, and charged with the master's Badge — not his Crest. 
 The latter, as has been before stated (p. 122), belongs ex- 
 clusively to the bearer of the Arms ; servants have no right 
 whatever to them. Buttons should also be differenced w T ith 
 Marks of Cadency in the same manner as Arms and Crests : 
 thus, the second son of the House of Pelham would bear a 
 Crescent over a Buckle. Badges, like Crests and Mottoes, 
 
LIVEBIES. 
 
 are quite arbitrary : if, therefore, a gentleman have not an 
 hereditary Badge, he is at perfect liberty to devise one for 
 himself, without any fear of incurring the censure of the 
 magnates of St. Benet's Hill. So little are the laws 
 of Heraldry attended to with regard to Livery -buttons, 
 that it is no uncommon occurrence to see the servants of 
 ladies wearing them charged with a Crest, or with a Shield 
 of Arms. A Livery-button maker recently told me, that a 
 short time ago a maiden lady applied to him to have some 
 Buttons struck from her late father's die, on which were 
 her paternal and maternal Arms impaled; nor could any 
 persuasion induce her to alter her determination. Flagrant 
 as this is, it is perhaps surpassed by a statuary, who, having 
 been ordered to carve a Coat of Arms upon a marble monu- 
 ment, took them from another, which was erected to the 
 deceased's grandfather, in the same church : by which the 
 ingenious stone-cutter made it appear that a young bachelor 
 had married his own grandmother, who had been laid to rest 
 nearly twenty years before he was born. 
 
 A correspondent of the Gentleman's Magazine (May 
 1784) writes as follows: "It has been a long time a matter 
 of wonder to me that none of our genealogists have ever 
 taken the least notice of the Liveries worn by the domestics 
 in the several families whose pedigrees they describe. This 
 I cannot help thinking a neglect, as we have thereby lost 
 the colour of the Coat, as well as the facings, worn by the 
 servants of our extinct nobility and gentry — except where 
 the younger branches of certain houses have maintained a 
 genteel rank, and thence been enabled to continue the use 
 of such hereditary distinction. . . . We know that the 
 Badge of the Earls of Warwick was the Bear and Ragged 
 Staff ; that of the De Veres, Earls of Oxford, a Mullet : but 
 no notice is taken of the colour of the Coat upon which such 
 
 x 
 
3*8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALDRY. 
 
 mark was borne, although, as an hereditary Cognisance, I 
 think it of as much consequence to the world as their Crest, 
 Motto, and, I had almost said, Coat-armour — the latter being 
 a distinction borne by the chief himself— the former, that 
 worn by his servants, and thereby rendered almost of equal 
 importance ; and, indeed, since the disuse of shields and 
 defensive armour, it is a more conspicuous distinction than 
 the Arms themselves, as it is much oftener seen, and may be 
 known at a greater distance. Wherefore, I would recommend 
 it to the College of Arms, as a matter not unworthy of them, 
 in all future entries of pedigrees, where the Livery is known, 
 to note the Colours ; and the same of the ancient nobility 
 and gentry, wherever it can be recovered. So, in all future 
 editions of the Peerages and Baronetages, after the Crest 
 and Motto, it would be well to add the Livery, giving the 
 colour, facing, lace, or any peculiarity that may attend 
 it : which practice, if introduced, would be a more certain 
 means of making this sort of family distinction regular, and 
 of conveying the same to posterity." 
 
 Cockades, affixed to the hats of servants, constitute an 
 important part of Liveries ; their use, however, is not in 
 any manner regulated by heraldic laws. They were originally 
 but the knots of the ribbon with which military men used 
 to cock their broad-brimmed hats, and served the purpose of 
 the button, or star, which ostensibly keeps up the flap of 
 the modern cocked hat. The black cockade, as now worn, 
 is of German origin, and was not introduced into England 
 before the time of George I. It was quickly adopted by the 
 adherents of the Hanoverian party ; and in the Rebellion 
 constituted a conspicuous mark by which they wxre dis- 
 tinguished from the Stuart followers, who displayed a 
 white Rose. Hence the expression " to mount the cockade" 
 
LIVERIES. 
 
 was synonymous with becoming a soldier, and is frequently 
 used in that sense in the party-songs of the last century. 
 
 In 1782 the use of Cockades was prohibited in France 
 to all but military men, who were compelled to wear one of 
 white stuff; but in the national enthusiasm a few years 
 later, the citizens assumed the tricoloured ribbon as the 
 badge of patriotism, which was soon also given to the army. 
 At the Eestoration, the white Cockade of the monarchy was 
 restored, to be again succeeded by the tricolour in 1830, 
 which is still worn by the French soldiers. 
 
 Where no absolute law on the subject exists, it is a 
 matter of some uncertainty to decide positively who, in 
 England, are entitled to assume the distinction of Cockades. 
 It is usually held that the privilege is confined to the ser- 
 vants of officers in her Majesty's service, or those who by 
 courtesy may be regarded as such ; the theory being, that 
 the servant is a private soldier, who, when not wearing his 
 uniform, retains this badge as a mark of his profession. 
 Doctors' servants, though frequently to be seen wearing 
 Cockades, have no right to them whatever, unless their 
 masters' names are to be found in the Army or Navy List. 
 The Cockade worn by the servants of military officers is 
 composed of black leather, arranged in the form of a cor- 
 rugated cone, and surmounted by a cresting like a fan half- 
 opened (fig. 327). The servants of naval officers, deputy- 
 
 Fig. 327. 
 
 Fig. 328. 
 
320 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 lieutenants, and gentlemen holding distinct offices under the 
 Sovereign, bear a plain Cockade, as at fig. 328 (see previous 
 page). In both cases, the ribbon in the centre may be either 
 black, or of the Livery-colours. 
 
 Epaulettes and Aiguillettes are generally worn by 
 all those entitled to Cockades. 
 
 Under no circumstances are the servants of unmarried 
 ladies allowed to wear Cockades or Epaulettes ; and it is 
 extremely doubtful whether a widow can lay any more claim 
 to them than to the Crest or Orders of her deceased husband. 
 Gentlemen's servants, however, commonly wear, for twelve 
 months after their masters' death, a Cockade formed of crape. 
 
 During the reign of Edward the Third, the Companies of 
 artificers and merchants who had previously been associated 
 into Guilds — so called from their annually paying a gild or 
 fine to the king — received Charters, and were enrolled into 
 " Mysteries," or " Crafts." At the same time, they adopted 
 certain distinctive styles and colours of dress : thus we find 
 the Grocers' Company, on their first meeting in 1345, pre- 
 scribed the colours of their livery. These Companies were 
 originally intended as a means of mutual protection and 
 assistance to members in the prosecution of their trades. 
 Edward the Third fully appreciated the importance to the 
 country of fostering the spirit of enterprise amongst its 
 merchants : one of his first official acts, therefore, was to 
 secure to them certain privileges and immunities, for the 
 encouragement of the various arts at home. To this end he 
 granted Charters, in the first year of his reign, to the Linen- 
 armourers (subsequently styled Merchant Tailors), Gold- 
 smiths, and Skinners, and himself became a member of the 
 first-named Company, confirming their former gild licenses, 
 and at the same time conferring upon them further privileges. 
 
LIVEBIES. 
 
 321 
 
 His grandson Eichard was also a Linen-armourer; and nobles, 
 both secular and ecclesiastical, quickly followed the Royal 
 example * 
 
 The date of the assumption of liveries by trading com- 
 munities is uncertain : the earliest record I have been able 
 to find occurs in Stowe's Survey, where, in describing the 
 marriage of Edward the First with his second wife, Mar- 
 garet, at Canterbury, in 1329, he writes, that the fraterni- 
 ties, to the number of six hundred, rode to meet the pro- 
 cession " in one livery of red and white, with the cognisances 
 of their mysteries embroidered on their arms." The liveries 
 originally adopted by the various Companies have in no 
 instance been continuously preserved ; many of them have 
 undergone several modifications and changes. 
 
 There are, at the present time, seventy-six Livery Com- 
 panies in the City of London : of these, the Mercers', Grocers', 
 Drapers', Fishmongers', Goldsmiths', Skinners', Merchant 
 Tailors', Haberdashers', Salters', Ironmongers', Vintners', 
 and Clothworkers', are styled the twelve great Companies, — 
 the arms of which, as constituting interesting examples of 
 Corporate Heraldry, are subjoined : 
 
 1. The Mercers: Gules ; a demi-virgin, with hair di- 
 shevelled, croivned ivith an Eastern crown, within an orle of 
 clouds, all proper. Incorporated, 17 Ed. III. 
 
 2. The Grocers : Argent; a chevron gules, between six 
 cloves in chief, and three in base sable. Crest : A loaded Camel 
 trippant, proper. Supporters : Two Griffins per fess gules and 
 or. Motto : God grant the grace. Incorporated, 27 Ed. III. 
 
 3. The Drapers: Azure; on three clouds radiated, as 
 many triple croivns proper, the caps gules. Crest : A Ram 
 
 * The Charters which were conferred previous to the reign of 
 Richard the Third are preserved in the Tower of London. 
 
322 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDBY. 
 
 lodged argent, horned and unguled or. Supporters : Two Lions 
 or, pellete. Motto : Unto God only ~be honour and glory. In- 
 corporated, 38 Ed. III. ; Arms granted, 1439. 
 
 4. The Fishmongers: Azure; three Dolphins naiant in 
 pale argent, between two pairs of lucies saltirewise, proper, 
 croivned or; on a chief gules, three pairs of Jceys, endorsed in 
 saltire, rings in base of the fourth. Crest : Two arms embotved, 
 supporting an Imperial crown, proper. Supporters : On the 
 Dexter, A Triton, body armed, head helmeted, holding in the 
 dexter hand a sword, all proper ; on the Sinister, A Mermaid. 
 Motto: All worship to God only. Incorporated, 17 Ed. I.* 
 
 5. The Goldsmiths: Quarterly of four : 1 and 4. Gules ; a 
 Leopard? s face or; 2 and 3. Azure; a covered cup, and in chief 
 two buckles fesswise, tongues to the dexter of the second. Crest : 
 A demi-woman, holding in her dexter hand a pair of scales, and in 
 her sinister a touchstone, proper. Supporters : Two Unicorns or. 
 Motto : Justitia virtutum Regina. Incorporated, 1 Ed. III. 
 
 6. The Skinners : Ermine; on a chief gules, three Prince' s 
 coronets or, caps of the first. Crest : A Leopard passant, proper, 
 gorged with a garland of leaves or. Supporters : An heraldic 
 Tiger and a Wolf, both proper, and gorged with a garland as the 
 crest. Motto : To God only be all glory. Incorporated, 1 Ed. III. 
 
 7. The Merchant Tailors : Argent; a tent bekveen two 
 mantles gules, lined ermine; on a chief azure, a lion passant- 
 guardant or. Crest: A Paschal Lamb radiated, proper. Sup- 
 porters : Two Camels or. Motto : Concordid parvce res 
 crescunt. Incorporated, 1 Ed. III. 
 
 * The custom of wearing Badges is still continued by some of the 
 alms-people of this Company. Thirteen of them wear silver Badges 
 bearing the Arms of Kneesworth ; six, a Badge with the Arms of 
 Hunt, surmounted by a Dolphin ; two, a Badge with Edmond ! s Mark ; 
 and one, a Badge with Hippesley's Arms ; — the persons whose names 
 are mentioned having devised money towards the charity of the Com- 
 pany. 
 
LIVERIES. 
 
 323 
 
 8. The Habeedashees : Barry -nebule of six, argent and 
 azure; on a bend gules, a Lion of England. Crest: Issuant 
 from a cloud argent, two arms embowed, holding a garland of 
 laurel, proper. Supporters : Two Goats argent, attired and 
 unguled or. Motto : Serve and obey. Incorporated, 26 Hen. 
 VI.; Arms granted, 21 Hen. VIII. 
 
 9. The Saltees : Per chevron azure and gules, three covered 
 cups argent. Crest : A cubit arm erect, issuing from clouds, all 
 proper, holding a covered cup {sprinkling salt), as in the arms, 
 argent. Motto: Sal sapit omnia. Incorporated, 37 Ed. III. 
 
 10. The Ieonmongees : Argent; on a chevron gules, be- 
 tween three gads of steel azure, as many pairs of shackles or. 
 Crest : Two Lizards erect, combattant, proper, chained and col- 
 lared or. Supporters : None. Motto : God is our strength. 
 Incorporated, 3 Ed. IV. 
 
 11. The Vintkees : Sable; a chevron enarched, between 
 three tuns argent. Crest: A Bacchus. Supporters: None. 
 Motto: None. Incorporated, 38 Ed. III. 
 
 12. The Clothwoekees : Sable; a chevron ermine, be- 
 tween two habicks in chief argent, and a teazle slipped in base 
 or. Crest : A Ram passant or. Supporters : Two Griffins 
 or, pellete. Motto : My trust is in God alone. Incorporated, 
 20 Ed. IV.; Arms granted, 21 Hen. VIII. 
 
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ENGLISH AND FOREIGN 
 TEXT-BOOKS ON HERALDRY. 
 
 Berners, Julyana : Boke of St. Alban's. Small folio. 1 486. 
 An edition by Gekvase Markham, entitled The Gentle- 
 man's Academie, published in 1595. 
 
 Bara, de, Hierosme : Le Blazon des Armoiries, &c. 4-to, 
 Lyons, 151 1. Folio, Paris, 1638. 
 
 Leigh, Gerard: Accidence of Armory. 4to. London, 1562. 
 
 Bossewell, John: Armorie of Honor. 4to. London, 1572. 
 
 Ferne, Sir John: Blazon of Gentrie. 4k). London, 1586. 
 
 Jhones, Richard: Book of Honour and Arms. 4k). 
 London, 1590. 
 
 Wyrley, William: The Trve vse of Armorie. 4to. 
 London, 1592. 
 
 Bolton, Edmund: Elements of Armories. 4to. London, 
 1610. 
 
 Guillim, John : Display of Heraldry. Fol. London, 1 6 1 1 . 
 
 Other editions, 1632, 1638, 1645, 1660, 1679, 1724. 
 Selden, John*. Titles of Honor. 4k). London, 16 14. 
 
 Other editions, fol., 1631, 1672. A Latin translation, 
 
 Franhfurt a. M., 1697. 
 Mirrour of Majestie ; or, the Badges of Honour. (Anon.) 
 
 4to. London, 161 8. 
 Amboise, de, Adrien: Devises royal. 8vo. Paris, 1621. 
 
LIST OF WOBKS ON HEBALDBY. 325 
 
 Favine, A.: Theatre d'Honneur. Paris, 1620. An Eng- 
 lish translation, fol., London, 1623. 
 
 Peacham, Henry: Compleat Gentleman. 4to. London, 
 1622. Other editions, 1626, 1627, 1634, 1642, 1661. 
 
 Introduction au Blazon des Armoiries en faveur de la 
 Noblesse franchises. 4to. Paris, 1631. 
 
 Spelman, Sir Henry: Aspilogia. Fol. London, 1634. 
 
 Yarennes, de, M. G. : Roy d'Armes, &c. Fol. Paris, 
 1640. 
 
 Vulson, de, Marc : Science Heroique. Fol. Paris, 1 644. 
 
 Second edition, 1669. 
 Favre, Claude: Abrege methodique de la science he- 
 
 raldique. 4to. Ghambery, 1647. 
 Carter, Matthew : Honor Redivivus. 8vo. London, 1655. 
 
 Other editions, 1660, 1673. 
 Segoing, Charles : Tresor Heraldique. Fol. Paris, 1657. 
 Waterhous, Edward : Discourse and defense of Arms and 
 
 Armory. 8vo. London, 1660. 
 Palliot, Pierre: La vraye et parfaicte science des Ar- 
 moiries, &c. Fol. Dijon, 1660. There are three later 
 
 editions of this work. 
 Morgan, Sylvanus : Sphere of Gentry. Fol. London, 1661. 
 Anselme, Pierre : Le Palais de l'Honneur. 4to. Paris, 
 
 1664. 
 
 Anselme, Pierre: Le Palais de la Gloire. 4to. Paris, 
 1664. 
 
 Salter, James : Calliope's Cabinet opened. 8vo. London, 
 
 1665. A second edition, 1674. 
 Le Cellyer, C. : Methode pour apprendre' le Blason. 
 
 Paris, 1669. 
 
 Menestrier, Claude: Veritable Art du Blason. 4to. 
 Lyons, 1671. 
 
 Baron, Jules: L'art heraldique, contenant la maniere 
 
326 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HEBALDRY. 
 
 d'apprendre facilement le Blason, &c. 121110. Paris^ 
 
 1672. Other editions, 1678, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1684, 
 
 1687, 1688, 1689, 1692, 1695, 1697, 1705, 1717. 
 Seller, John : Heraldry epitomized. 121110. London, 1679. 
 Mackenzie, Sir George : The Science of Herauldry. Fol. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1680. 
 Dugdale, Sir W. : The ancient usage in bearing Arms. 
 
 i2mo. Oxford, 1682. A second edition by T. C. 
 
 Banks. Fol. London, 181 1. 
 Blome, Richard: Essay to Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 
 1684. A second edition, entitled, Art of Heraldry, 1685; 
 
 and again, 1693. 1 2mo. 
 Holme, Handle: Academy of Armory. Fol. Chester, 1688. 
 Spener, Philip : Insignium Theoria, seu Operis Heraldici. 
 
 Fol. {German.) 1690. 
 JSTisbet, Alexander: Essay on additional figures and 
 
 marks of Cadency. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1702. 
 Kent, Samuel: Grammar of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 1716. 
 Playne, A.: L'Art Heraldique. 8vo. Paris, 17 17. 
 Nisbet, Alexander: Essay on the ancient and modem 
 
 use of Armories. 4k). Edinburgh, 171 8. Another 
 
 edition, 8vo, 2 yols., 1775. 
 Hearne, Thomas: Collection of curious discourses. 8vo. 
 
 Oxford, 1720. 
 
 Nisbet, Alexander : System of Heraldry. Fol. Edinburgh, 
 1722. Second edition, 1804. Third edition, fol., 
 2 vols., London, 1817. 
 
 Johnston, A.: Notitia Anglicana. 2 yols., 8vo. London, 
 1724. 
 
 Coats, James: New Dictionary of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1725. 
 
 Kent, Samuel: Abridgment of Guillim's Display of He- 
 raldry. 2 vols., 8vo. London, 1726. 
 
LIST OF WOBKS ON HEBALDRY. 327 
 
 Boyer, Abel : Great Theater of Honour and Nobility. 4to, 
 London, 1729. 
 
 Nantigny, de, Louis C. : Dictionnaire heraldique. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1748-57. 
 Garma, de, D. Frans. Xavier: Adarga Catalana, Arte 
 
 heraldica. 2 vols., sq. 8vo. Barcelona, 1753. 
 Porny, M. A. : Elements of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 1766. 
 
 Other editions, 1771, 1777, 1787. 
 Tour, de la, Gastelier : Dictionnaire heraldique. (Pub- 
 lished anon.) 8vo. Paris, 1774. 
 Clark, Hugh : Introduction to Heraldry. 1 zmo. London, 
 
 1775. Other editions, 1776, 1778, 1779, 1781, 1788, 
 
 1804, 1812, 1818, 1838, 1845, 1865. The last is edited 
 
 by J. E. Planch^, Somerset Herald. 
 Edmondson, Joseph : Complete Body of Heraldry. 2 vols., 
 
 fol. London, 1780. 
 Dictionarivm Heraldicvm, &c. Sq. 8vo. Wien, Prag, 
 
 und Triest, n. d. (1790 ?). 
 Dallaway, James : Science of Heraldry. 4to. Gloucester, 
 
 *793- 
 
 Brydson, Thomas: View of Heraldry. 8vo. Edinburgh, 
 1795- 
 
 Berry, William : Introduction to Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1810. 
 
 Elven, J. P.: Heraldry. i2mo. London, 181 5. 
 Delanos, Foulque : Manuel heraldique ; ou, Clef de l'Art 
 
 du Blason. 8vo. Limoges, 1816. 
 Thorold, J.: Wreath of Heraldry. 8vo. Bath, n. d. 
 
 (1820 ?). 
 
 Willement, Thomas : Regal Heraldry. 4to. London, 1821. 
 Moule, Thomas*. Bibliotheca Heraldica. 4to. London, 1822. 
 Courcells, J.: Histoire genealogique et heraldique, &c. 
 12 vols., 4to. Paris, 1822-33. 
 
3^8 
 
 HANDBOOK OF HERALD BY. 
 
 Heraldic Anomalies: {Anon.: Archdeacon Mares ?). 2 vols., 
 
 121110. London, 1824. 
 Parker, J.: Glossary of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 1827. 
 Berry, William: Encyclopaedia Heraldica. 3 vols., 4k). 
 
 London, 1828. 
 
 Robson, Thomas : British Heraldry. 4to. Sunderland, 1830. 
 Eey, M. : Histoire du Drapeau, des Couleurs, et des Insignes 
 
 de la Monarchie frangaise. 2 vols., 8vo. Paris, 1837. 
 Brunet, Alexander: Regal Armorie of Great Britain. 
 
 i2mo. London, 1839. 
 Montagu, J. A. : Guide to the Study of Heraldry. 4to. 
 
 London, 1840. 
 
 Moule, Thomas : Heraldry of Fish. 8vo. London, 1842. 
 Saladini, L. Tettoni E. F.: Teatro araldico. 8 vols., 4to. 
 Milan, 1841. 
 
 Thoms, W. J.: Book of the Court. 8vo. London, 1842. 
 Lower, M. A.: Curiosities of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1845. 
 
 Newton, William : Display of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1846. 
 
 Von Biedenfeld, Ferd. F. : Die Heraldik, &c. 4to. Wiemar, 
 1846. 
 
 Barrington, Archibald {nom de plume of Frederick 
 Glasspool): Introduction to Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1848. 
 
 Eysenbach, G.: Histoire du Blason et Science des Armoiries. 
 
 8vo. Tours, 1848. 
 Mapleson, T. W. Gwilt: Handbook of Heraldry. 8vo. 
 
 New YorJc, 1851. 
 Planche, J. E.: Pursuivant at Arms. 8vo. London, 1852. 
 
 Second edition, 1859. 
 Grandmaison, Charles: Dictionnaire heraldique. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1852. 
 
LIST OF WOBKS ON HEBALDRY. 
 
 329 
 
 Sloane-Eyans, W. S. : British Heraldry. 8 vo. London, 1854. 
 Genouillac, de, H. Gourdon: Grammaire heraldique. 
 
 i2mo. Paris, 1854. 
 Sims, Richard: Manual for the Genealogist, &c. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1856. Second edition, i860. 
 Quesneyille; La Clef du Blason. 8vo. Paris, 1857. 
 Nicolas, Sir Harris : Historic Peerage of England. Edited 
 
 by W. Courthope. 8vo. London, 1857. 
 Watteyille, de, Oscar: Resume des Principes generaux 
 
 de la Science heraldique. 8vo. Paris, 1857. 
 Piferrer : Nobiliario de los Reinos y Senorios de Espana, 
 
 ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heraldica. Second edition. 
 
 6 vols., 8vo. Madrid, 1857-60. 
 Millington, Ellen J.: Heraldry in History, Poetry, and 
 
 Romance. 8vo. London, 1858. 
 De Magny, Le Vicomte: La Science du Blason. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1858-60. 
 Maigne, W.: Abrege methodique de la Science des Ar- 
 
 moiries. 8vo. Paris, i860. 
 Rietstap, J. B. : Armorial general. 8vo. Gouda, 1 861. 
 Seton, J. : Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland. 8vo. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1863. 
 Nichols, John G.: Herald and Genealogist. 8vo. London, 
 
 1 863-68. (A periodical publication.) 
 Bouton, Victor : Nouveau Traite du Blason. 8vo. Paris, 
 
 1863. 
 
 Boutell, The Rev. C. H.: Heraldry, Historical and Popular. 
 8vo. London, 1863. Second and third editions, 1863 
 and 1864. 
 
 Cussans, John E.: Grammar of Heraldry. 8yo. London, 
 1866. 
 
 Whitmore, William H.: Elements of Heraldry. 8yo. 
 Boston {U.S.), 1866. 
 
3 3 o HANDB OK OF HERALDR Y. 
 
 Boutell, The Rev. 0. H. : English Heraldry. 8vo. London, 
 1867. 
 
 Elvin, 0. K: Synopsis of Heraldry. 8vo. London, 1867. 
 Papwokth, J. W. : Ordinary of Arms. 8vo. London. Still 
 in progress. 
 
 Fig. 329. 
 
 Arms of Scotland. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abaise .... 
 
 115 
 
 America, Arms 01 
 
 • 307 
 
 Abatements 
 
 100 
 
 American Heraldry 
 
 • 304 
 
 Abbaye aux Hommes, He- 
 
 
 Ananas 
 
 100 
 
 raldic Tiles at . 
 
 24 
 
 Anchor 
 
 . IOI 
 
 Abbouti .... 
 
 301 
 
 Ancient 
 
 . 263 
 
 Abbreviations used in Gene- 
 
 
 Angled 
 
 . 46 
 
 alogies . . .272 
 
 288 
 
 Anhalt, Arms of 
 
 . 221 
 
 Abeyance .... 
 
 191 
 
 Anjou, Arms 01 . 
 
 2IO 
 
 Absconded .... 
 
 149 
 
 Anne of Austria, Arms of 
 
 207 
 
 Accole .... 
 
 301 
 
 Anne 01 England, Arms 01 
 
 . 215 
 
 Accompagne 
 
 301 
 
 Annodated . 
 
 • 115 
 
 Accroupi . . 
 
 301 
 
 Annulet 
 
 . IOI 
 
 Accrued .... 
 
 97 
 
 A 1 
 
 Annuly 
 
 . 115 
 
 Acorne .... 
 
 301 
 
 Antique Crown . 
 
 . 167 
 
 Adder 
 
 91 
 
 Appaume . 
 
 . 92 
 
 Addorsed ... 83, 89 
 
 Arbaleste . 
 
 . IOI 
 
 Adelaide of Saxe-Meinen- 
 
 
 Arch . . . .. 
 
 . IOI 
 
 gen, Arms of . 
 
 220 
 
 Arched 
 
 . 115 
 
 Adumbrated 
 
 "5 
 
 Architecture, Arms em 
 
 
 JElfrio, Seal of . 
 
 251 
 
 ployed in . 
 
 • 35 
 
 Aiguillettes 
 
 320 
 
 Argent 
 
 48, 50 
 
 Aiguise .... 
 
 115 
 
 Armed 
 
 83, 86 
 
 Aisle . 
 
 301 
 
 Armed at all points . 
 
 • 115 
 
 Ajoure .... 
 
 301 
 
 Armes Parlantes 
 
 . 183 
 
 Alant 
 
 83 
 
 Armoye 
 
 . 301 
 
 Albert,Prince Consort,Arms 
 
 
 Arrache 
 
 • 3°i 
 
 of 
 
 221 
 
 Arragon, Arms of 
 
 . 212 
 
 Aldham, Arms of 
 
 96 
 
 Arrasways . 
 
 . 116 
 
 Alexander the Great, Arms 
 
 
 Arrondi 
 
 . 116 
 
 of ........ 
 
 20 
 
 Arrow 
 
 . IOI 
 
 Allerion .... 
 
 95 
 
 Arthur, Prince, Arms of 
 
 . 140 
 
 Altenberg, Arms of . 
 
 221 
 
 Arundel, Badge of 
 
 . 124 
 
 Ambulant .... 
 
 "5 
 
 Aspersed . 
 
 . 116 
 
332 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Assemble 
 
 
 301 
 
 Assis .... 
 
 
 301 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 Astley, Badge of 
 
 
 125 
 
 At Bay 
 
 
 116 
 
 At Gaze 
 
 
 
 Athol, Duke of, Motto of . 
 
 182 
 
 A feov A rm c r\f 
 
 
 9 1 
 
 At Speed 
 
 
 85 
 
 Attire .... 
 
 
 102 
 
 Attired 
 
 
 105 
 
 Audley, Badge of 
 
 
 125 
 
 Augmentations . 
 
 
 158 
 
 Augustus, Seal of 
 
 
 249 
 
 Austria, Arms of 
 
 86, 
 
 207 
 
 Aylesbury, Marquess 
 
 of, 
 
 
 Motto of . 
 
 
 181 
 
 Azure. 
 
 48, 50 
 
 Badges 
 
 
 121 
 
 Bagwyn 
 
 
 95 
 
 Baillone 
 
 
 84 
 
 Balcarras, Earl of, Motto of 
 
 181 
 
 Baldington, Arms of . 
 
 
 288 
 
 Band .... 
 
 100, 
 
 102 
 
 Bande . 
 
 
 301 
 
 Bandeau 
 
 
 172 
 
 Banded 
 
 
 116 
 
 Banderoll, or Bandroll 
 
 
 262 
 
 Banner 
 
 
 260 
 
 Banner-roll 
 
 
 262 
 
 Bar . 
 
 
 56 
 
 Barbed 
 
 97, 
 
 102 
 
 Barded 
 
 
 116 
 
 Bardolf, Lord, Effigy of 
 
 
 230 
 
 Barnacles . 
 
 
 102 
 
 Baron .... 
 
 187, 
 
 196 
 
 Baron's Coronet . 
 
 
 166 
 
 Baronet 
 
 169, 
 
 197 
 
 Barre .... 
 
 
 301 
 
 Barre, De, Arms of . 
 
 
 210 
 
 Barrulet 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Barry . . 
 
 j • • • 
 
 
 72 
 
 Bflvrv-bpnd v 
 
 
 / 5 
 
 Barw-hpndv cjinistpv 
 
 
 75 
 
 T-5 p vc-rrpTYl pll p 
 
 
 
 Bav-shnt 
 
 
 102 
 
 Bascinet 
 
 
 169 
 
 Basil-Woodd, Arms of 
 
 
 92 
 
 Bath Order of 
 
 
 236 
 
 T£q ton 
 
 56, 142 
 
 Battering-ram . . 
 
 
 102 
 
 Battle-axe . 
 
 
 102 
 
 Ba ttlpd-ponntpr-pmbflttlpd 
 
 
 62 
 
 T^nnY Anrm of* 
 
 
 211 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry 
 
 24 
 
 259 
 
 Beacon 
 
 
 IO3 
 
 Beaked . . 
 
 
 86 
 
 Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of 
 
 
 Warwick, Crest and Hel- 
 
 met of . . .170 
 
 Beaufort, Duke of, Arms of 142 
 „ „ Badge of 124 
 
 Beaumont, Vise 4 , Badge of . 125 
 „ „ Helmet of 175 
 
 Bee . . . «9i 
 
 Bell 103 
 
 Belled 86 
 
 Bend . . . . .55 
 Bendlet . . . . 5| 
 Bend-sinister . . . 5^* 
 Bendy. .... 71 
 Berengaria of Navarre, Arms 
 
 of 205 
 
 Berg, Arms of . . .221 
 Berkley, Arms of . 113 
 Bevilled . . . .46 
 Bezant . . . .69 
 Bezante . . . .116 
 Bi-corporated . . .116 
 
 Billet 67 
 
 Billete .... 68 
 Bird-bolt . . . .103 
 Birds 85 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 333 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bishops . . . 
 
 
 Brochant • . . 
 
 
 30I 
 
 Blackamoor . * . 
 
 92 
 
 Brotherton, Arms of . 
 
 
 213 
 
 TZ\nAnA 
 
 -Diaued. • . . 
 
 110 
 
 Brunswick, Arms of . 
 
 
 2l8 
 
 Blankenburg, Arms of • 
 
 220 
 
 Brush .... 
 
 
 83 
 
 masted. . 
 
 97 
 
 Buccleugh, Badge of . 
 
 
 I29 
 
 Blazoning .... 
 
 142 
 
 Buchanan, Badge of . 
 
 
 129 
 
 Blemished .... 
 
 110 
 
 Buckingham, Duke of,Badge 
 
 
 Blossomed .... 
 
 97 
 
 of . . . . 
 
 121, 
 
 125 
 
 Boar's Head 
 
 o2 
 
 Buckle 
 
 
 IO3 
 
 Bohemia, Arms of 
 
 207 
 
 Bugle .... 
 
 
 IO4 
 
 Bonun, Arms of . 
 
 24 
 
 Bulla? .... 
 
 
 254 
 
 ,, Badge of 
 
 2O9 
 
 Bullen, Arms of . 
 
 
 213 
 
 -DOKe or ot. Aioan s 
 
 I 9 
 
 „ Badge of 
 
 
 214 
 
 Boleyn, Badge of 
 
 125 
 
 Buller, Arms of . 
 
 
 l8l 
 
 Bolting . . 
 
 1 10 
 
 Bures, de, Sir Robert, Brass of 
 
 112 
 
 Bolton, Prior, Rebus of . 
 
 132 
 
 Burleigh, Badge of 
 
 
 125 
 
 x>ooin, x>aQge oi . • . 
 
 125 
 
 Butler, Arms of . 
 
 153, 
 
 213 
 
 Bordure .... 
 
 64 
 
 Butterfly 
 
 
 9 1 
 
 „ charged 
 
 05 
 
 Buttons, Livery . 
 
 
 316 
 
 Borough, Badge of 
 
 125 
 
 Byron, Arms of . 
 
 
 117 
 
 i3otteroii , . 
 
 I03 
 
 „ Motto of . . 
 
 
 183 
 
 Bottone . . . 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 -Dottreli, ±>aage ot 
 
 125 
 
 Cadency . 
 
 
 i37 
 
 Bourchier, Henry, Brass of . 
 
 230 
 
 Cadwallader, Badge of 
 
 
 212 
 
 „ jt\.not . • 
 
 121 
 
 Caerlaverock, Roll of . 
 
 
 79 
 
 Bouse . 
 
 301 
 
 Csesar, Rebus of . 
 
 
 132 
 
 Bowen Knot , . . 
 
 121 
 
 Caltrap 
 
 
 104 
 
 Boyle, Arms of . . . 
 
 *53 
 
 Cambridge, Duke of, Arms of 
 
 140 
 
 Braced . . . 
 
 1 10 
 
 „ „ Coronet of 
 
 164 
 
 x>rdJiu.t3iiDurgj Arms oi • 
 
 219 
 
 Cameron, Badge of 
 
 
 129 
 
 jDid.uu.oii, xiduge oi . 
 
 125 
 
 Campbell, Badge of . 
 
 
 129 
 
 Brassett . . . 
 
 i°3 
 
 CamUs, le, Arms of . 
 
 
 298 
 
 Bray, Badge of . . 108 
 
 . 125 
 
 Canterbury, See of, Arms of 
 
 192 
 
 Bretisse . 
 
 63 
 
 Canting Heraldry 
 
 
 183 
 
 joreys ..... 
 
 102 
 
 Canton 
 
 
 63 
 
 Bridge . . . . 
 
 101 
 
 Cantoned . 
 
 
 69 
 
 Brinded, or "| 
 
 116 
 
 Canynge, William, Mark of 
 
 J 35 
 
 !>.,,• ..J 1 ...1 1 * * * 
 
 xsrincueci J 
 
 Caparisoned 
 
 
 84 
 
 JJllOtlCVA .... 
 
 »4 
 
 Cap of Maintenance . 
 
 
 168 
 
 Brisures .... 
 
 137 
 
 Carbuncle . 
 
 
 104 
 
 Broad Arrow . 
 
 no 
 
 Careless, Arms of 
 
 
 159 
 
 „ Axe ... 
 
 103 
 
 Carey, Arms of • 
 
 
 30 
 
 Y 
 
334- 
 
 GENEEAL INDEX. 
 
 Carnignow, Arms of . .29 
 Caroline of Brandenburg- 
 
 Anspach, Arms of . . 219 
 Caroline ofBrunswick,Arms 
 
 of .... 220 
 Cassell, Badge of . .125 
 Castile, Arms of . . . 207 
 
 Castle 104 
 
 Catharine-wheel . . .104 
 Catherine of Arragon, Arms 
 
 of 212 
 
 Catherine of Braganza,Arms 
 
 of 217 
 
 Caude 301 
 
 Celestial Bodies ... 96 
 „ Crown . . . 167 
 Centaur . . . .95 
 Chamfrain, or "I 
 
 Chamfron J ' ' ' 105 
 Champain .... 60 
 
 Chape 103 
 
 Chapeau . . . .168 
 Chaplet .... 105 
 Charges . . . .54 
 Charles I., Arms of . .216 
 „ II., Arms of . . 217 
 Charlotte of Mecklenburg- 
 
 Strelitz, Arms of . . 219 
 Chause .... 301 
 Chausse-trappe . . .301 
 Chellery, Arms of . .107 
 Cheney, Badge of . .125 
 Cheque .... 74 
 Cherley, Arms of . 99 
 Chessman, Ancient Heraldic 2 2 
 Chess-rook .... 105 
 Chester, City of, Arms of 149,209 
 Chetwode, Baron, Motto of . 1 80 
 Cheval-trap. . . .104 
 Chevron .... 56 
 Chevronel . . . 57 
 Chichester, Earl of, Badge of 125 
 
 Chief . ... .55 
 Chimera • . 95 
 
 Chisholm, Badge of . .129 
 Church-bell . . .103 
 Cicero, Rebus of. . . 132 
 Ciclaton . . . 32 
 Cinquefoil . . . .100 
 Clare, Badge of . . .211 
 Clarence, Duke of, Coronet of 163 
 Clarendon , Sir John, Arms of 141 
 Claricord . . . . ill 
 Clarine . . . .301 
 Clarion . . . .111 
 Cleche .... 61 
 Clenched . . . .92 
 Cleves, Ann of, Arms of . 221 
 „ „ Badge of . 214 
 Clifford, Badge of . .125 
 Clinton, Badge of . .125 
 Clive, Arms of . . .155 
 
 Close 89 
 
 Close-girt .... 92 
 
 Closet 56 
 
 Clothworkers' Co., Arms 
 
 of 323 
 
 Cloue 116 
 
 Clymant .... 84 
 Cobham, Badge of , . 125 
 Cockades . . . .318 
 Cockatrice .... 93 
 Collared .... 84 
 Collars .... 243 
 Colours (Flags) . . .130 
 „ (Tinctures) . . 48 
 Colquhoun, Badge of . . 129 
 Combattant . . .81 
 Common Charges . . 78 
 Commonwealth, Arms of . 216 
 „ First Seal . 217 
 
 „ Second Seal 252 
 
 Complement ... 96 
 
 Compony ... 64, 74 
 
GENEBAL INDEX, 335 
 
 Compton, Abbot, Kebus of 
 
 PAGE 
 
 • T 3i 
 
 „ Badge of . 
 
 • 125 
 
 Conjoined . 
 
 . ii7 
 
 Conjoined in lure 
 
 88 
 
 Connecticut, Arms of. 
 
 308 
 
 Contourne . 
 
 . 80 
 
 Contre-bretesse . 
 
 . 3 01 
 
 Contre-ecartele . 
 
 . 301 
 
 Lontre-rasce 
 
 • 30 2 
 
 Contre-hermine . 
 
 . 302 
 
 Copland, Robert, Mark of 
 
 . 136 
 
 Coquille de St. Jacques 
 
 . 302 
 
 „ „ Michel 
 
 . 3 02 
 
 Corbet, Motto of. 
 
 . 181 
 
 Corded 
 
 . 117 
 
 Cork, Arms of . 
 
 82 
 
 Corned 
 
 . 117 
 
 Cornish Chough . 
 
 . 88 
 
 Cornwall, Duchy, Arms of 
 
 . 209 
 
 „ Duke of 
 
 • 193 
 
 „ John de, Lord Fan- 
 
 hope, Arms of 
 
 . 147 
 
 „ Richard, Earl of 
 
 . 65 
 
 Coronets 
 
 . 162 
 
 Cost .... 
 
 • 55 
 
 Cotice .... 
 
 • 55 
 
 Cotise .... 
 
 . 302 
 
 Cotised 
 
 • 55 
 
 Cotoye 
 
 . 302 
 
 Couchant . 
 
 . 81 
 
 Counter-changed 
 
 . 76 
 
 Counter-compony 
 
 64, 74 
 
 Counter-embowed 
 
 90, 92 
 
 Counter-passant . 
 
 . 84 
 
 Counter-potent . 
 
 49> 53 
 
 Counter-salient 
 
 . 8 4 
 
 Counter-vair 
 
 49> 52 
 
 Coupe .... 
 
 . 302 
 
 Couped . . 59, 8i, 
 
 82, 97 
 
 Couple-close 
 
 . 57 
 
 Courant 
 
 . 8 4 
 
 Courtenay, Badge of . 
 
 • 125 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Courtenay, Sir Piers, Im- 
 
 
 press of . . * 
 
 133 
 
 Cousu 
 
 
 298 
 
 Coward 
 
 81 
 
 Crabb, Arms of . 
 
 QI 
 
 Crampette ... * 
 
 103 
 
 Cranstoun, Crest of . . 
 
 183 
 * •> 
 
 Crenelle . 
 
 302 
 
 Crescent .... 
 
 y 
 
 Crest 
 
 . . . . • 
 
 171 
 
 Crested .... 
 
 88 
 
 Cri-de-guerre 
 
 182 
 
 Crined .... 
 
 84 
 
 Croissant .... 
 
 302 
 
 Cromwell, Arms of . . 
 
 217 
 
 
 Assumption of Re- 
 
 
 
 gal Dignity 
 
 14 
 
 
 Standard of 
 
 267 
 
 Crosby, Sir John, Collar of . 
 
 24.6 
 
 Crosier .... 
 
 IOC 
 
 Cross 
 
 as a Mark of Attesta- 
 
 
 
 tion 
 
 2 CO 
 
 
 Botonne . 
 
 
 
 -bow .... 
 
 106 
 
 
 Champain . 
 
 60 
 
 
 Cleche 
 
 6l 
 
 
 Couped 
 
 
 
 Crossed 
 
 61 
 
 
 Crosslet . 
 
 61 
 
 
 „ fixed . . 
 
 61 
 
 
 Fimbriated 
 
 62 
 
 
 Fitche 
 
 61 
 
 
 Fleurette . 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 Fleurie 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Forme 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Fourche . 
 
 60 
 
 
 Greek 
 
 c8 
 
 
 Humette . 
 
 Co 
 
 
 Latin 
 
 58 
 
 
 Maltese 
 
 59 
 
 
 Moline 
 
 60 
 
 
 Nowy 
 
 60 
 
336 
 
 GENEBAL INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cross, Passion . . , 
 
 58 
 
 „ Pate .... 
 
 59 
 
 Patonce 
 
 60 
 
 „ Patriarchal 
 
 58 
 
 „ Pointed 
 
 60 
 
 „ Pomme 
 
 60 
 
 „ Potent 
 
 59 
 
 „ Quadrate . 
 
 60 
 
 „ Payonnant 
 
 60 
 
 „ Recercele . 
 
 60 
 
 „ St. Andrew 
 
 57 
 
 „ St. Anthony 
 
 58 
 
 „ St. George 
 
 58 
 
 „ St. Patrick 
 
 235 
 
 „ Tau*. 
 
 58 
 
 „ Trefle 
 
 59 
 
 „ Urde. 
 
 60 
 
 Crossen, Arms of 
 
 219 
 
 Crowns .... 
 
 224 
 
 Crusille .... 
 
 117 
 
 Cumberland, Earl of, Badge 
 
 
 of . . . 
 
 125 
 
 Curson, Badge of 
 
 125 
 
 
 3°o 
 
 Cyclas .... 
 
 22 
 
 Cyprus, Arms of 
 
 211 
 
 Dakins, Motto of 
 
 181 
 
 Dalmenhurst, Arms of 
 
 216 
 
 Dalzell, Sir Wm., Impress 
 
 
 of . . 
 
 133 
 
 Dancette . 
 
 46 
 
 Danche . . . . 
 
 302 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphrey, Aug- 
 
 
 mentation to . 
 
 x 59 
 
 Debruised . 
 
 81 
 
 Dechausse . 
 
 302 
 
 Decollated . 
 
 117 
 
 Decrescent . . . . 
 
 06 
 
 Deed of Gift, Form of. 
 
 278 
 
 Defamed . 
 
 81 
 
 Degraded . 
 
 62 
 
 Degrees of Nobility and Gen- 
 
 PAGE 
 
 try . 
 
 187 
 
 Delaware, Arms of . 
 
 308 
 
 Demi-lion . 
 
 81 
 
 Demi savage 
 
 02 
 
 y 
 
 Demi-vol . . . 8 
 
 \ 3° 2 
 
 Denbigh, Earl of, Motto of. 
 
 180 
 
 Denmark, Arms of 
 
 216 
 
 Denny, Badge of. 
 
 125 
 
 Despencer, Badge of . 
 
 I2 5 
 
 Detriment . 
 
 96 
 
 Developed . . . . 
 
 265 
 
 Devonshire, Duke of, Arms 
 
 
 of 
 
 299 
 
 Dexter . . . . 
 
 43 
 
 Diapering . 
 
 74 
 
 Diepholt, Arms of 
 
 220 
 
 Differences . 
 
 137 
 
 Dilated . . . . 
 
 117 
 
 Dimidiation 
 
 149 
 
 Dip 
 
 260 
 
 Disarmed . . . . 
 
 117 
 
 Disclosed . 
 
 86 
 
 Dismembered 
 
 84 
 
 Displayed . 
 
 86 
 
 Distilling . 
 
 84 
 
 Ditzmers, Arms of 
 
 216 
 
 Dividing-lines 
 
 44 
 
 Dod, Motto of . 
 
 181 
 
 Dolphin 
 
 90 
 
 Dormant 
 
 81, 91 
 
 Double plume 
 
 88 
 
 Double quatrefoil 
 
 100 
 
 Double queued . 
 
 . 81 
 
 Doublings 
 
 53 
 
 Douglas, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 Dovetailed . 
 
 46 
 
 Doyley, Motto of 
 
 181 
 
 Dragon 
 
 93 
 
 Drapers' Compy., Arms of 
 
 3*9 
 
 Drawing and Emblazoning . 
 
 285 
 
 Draycott, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 337 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Drummond, Badge of . . 129 
 
 Dublin, Arms of . . .223 
 
 Ducal Coronet . • . . 164 
 
 Duke . . . . . 193 
 
 Duke's Coronet . . . 164 
 
 Durham, Bishop of, Mitre of 166 
 
 Dykes, Arms of . . . 91 
 
 Eagle . . .55 
 
 Earl . . . . . 195 
 Earl's Coronet . . .164 
 Eastern Crown . . .167 
 Eastwood, Crest and Motto of 184 
 Eberstein, Arms of . . 220 
 Ecaille .... 302 
 Ecartele . . . . 302 
 Ecartele en sautoir . . 302 
 Ecclesiastical Seals » . . 253 
 Echiquete .... 302 
 Edgeeomb, Badge of . .126 
 Edinburgh, Duke of, Arms 
 
 of . . . . . T39 
 Edward I., Arms of . . 206 
 „ „ Banner of . . 79 
 „ „ Seal of . . 138 
 „ II., Arms of . . 206 
 „ III , Arms of . . 206 
 „ „ • Standard of . 266 
 „ IV., Arms of . . 210 
 „ „ Crown of . .225 
 „ „ Standard of .265 
 „ V., Arms of . . 211 
 „ „ Crown of . . 225 
 VI., Arms of . . 214 
 „ Black Prince, Arms 
 
 of . 128, 142 
 
 „ Black Prince, Shield 
 
 of . . 4 1 
 „ Confessor, Arms of . 23 
 „ „ Crown of 224 
 
 Edwy, Charter of . .249 
 Egyptian Seals . - . . 249 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Eleanor of Aquitaine 
 
 and 
 
 Guienne, Arms of . 
 
 . 205 
 
 Eleanor of Castile, Arms 
 
 of • . 
 
 157, 206 
 
 Elizabeth, Arms of 
 
 . 214 
 
 Embattled . 
 
 . 46 
 
 Emblazoning 
 
 . 285 
 
 Embowed . . , 
 
 • 90 
 
 Embrued 
 
 . 84 
 
 Enaliiron 
 
 66 
 
 Enarched . 
 
 . 115 
 
 Endorse 
 
 • 55 
 
 Engern, Arms of 
 
 . 221 
 
 England, Arms of 
 
 . 205 
 
 ,, Emblem of . 
 
 . 49 
 
 Engrailed . 
 
 . 46 
 
 Enhanced . 
 
 . 117 
 
 Ensign . 
 
 . 262 
 
 Ensighed ' . 
 
 . 117 
 
 Entoyre . 
 
 66 
 
 Enurny 
 
 66 
 
 Enveloped . 
 
 • IJ 7 
 
 Environne* . 
 
 . 302 
 
 Epaulettes . 
 
 . 320 
 
 Eploye 
 
 . 302 
 
 Eradicated . 
 
 • 97 
 
 Erased 
 
 82 
 
 Erect . . 
 
 89, 91 
 
 „ wavy. 
 
 . 91 
 
 Ermine 
 
 49> 5i 
 
 Ermines . 
 
 49> 5i 
 
 Erminites . 
 
 • 53 
 
 Erminois 
 
 49> 5 2 
 
 Escallop . 
 
 . 91 
 
 Escarbuncle 
 
 . 104 
 
 Escartele . 
 
 . 46 
 
 Escroll 
 
 . 89 
 
 Escutcheon . 
 
 40, 67 
 
 Esquire 
 
 169, 199 
 
 Essex, Earl of (Magna\ 
 
 me), 
 
 Tomb of . 
 
 . 24 
 
 Este, Arms of . 
 
 . 217 
 
338 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ethelwald, Seal of 
 
 
 Flexed .... 
 
 117 
 
 Etoile . . . .97, 
 
 302 
 
 Flighted .... 
 
 117 
 
 Eton College, Arms of 
 
 98 
 
 Flotant . , . 86, 117 
 
 Evreux, Arms of . . 
 
 209 
 
 Ely 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 jt orbes, ±$aage 01 
 
 129 
 
 Fabulous Animals used in 
 
 
 Forcene .... 
 
 117 
 
 Armory .... 
 
 93 
 
 Forme .... 
 
 59 
 
 Fairfax, Motto of 
 
 181 
 
 Jj ortescue, Motto 01 . 
 
 IOI 
 
 Fairley, Arms of 
 
 54 
 
 Fountain .... 
 
 70 
 
 Falchion .... 
 
 106 
 
 .bourcne .... 
 
 OO 
 
 Falcon .... 
 
 86 
 
 France, Ancient, Arms of . 
 
 TI9 
 
 Fan . . . . 
 
 106 
 
 „ Eagle of. 
 
 86 
 
 Fasce 
 
 302 
 
 .b razer, Badge 01 
 
 129 
 
 Fasce 
 
 302 
 
 French Heraldry 
 
 297 
 
 Fauconberg, Lord, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 „ Royal Seals . 
 
 254 
 
 Feathers . 
 
 88 
 
 Fresne .... 
 
 117 
 
 Fenders .... 
 
 253 
 
 Fret ..... 
 
 67 
 
 Ferguson, Badge of . 
 
 129 
 
 XT' vw-> 4-4--m r 
 
 Jb retty ..... 
 
 74 
 
 Fess 
 
 56 
 
 Frison, le, Robert, Arms 
 
 
 „ embattled . 
 
 63 
 
 or 
 
 22 
 
 Fetter-lock .... 
 
 106 
 
 Fructed .... 
 
 97 
 
 File 
 
 138 
 
 Fumant .... 
 
 1 T H 
 117 
 
 Fillet 
 
 55 
 
 Furs ..... 
 
 49 
 
 Fimbriated .... 
 
 62 
 
 Fuse 
 
 302 
 
 Findley, Arms of 
 
 147 
 
 _b USll 
 
 67 
 
 Finned .... 
 
 9 1 
 
 Jc usiiiy .... 
 
 73 
 
 Fir-cone .... 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Fire-beacon 
 
 103 
 
 IjtAD ..... 
 
 107 
 
 Fish 
 
 90 
 
 Galley .... 
 
 107 
 
 Fishmongers' Compy., Arms 
 
 
 Gambe .... 
 
 81 
 
 of 
 
 322 
 
 Game-cock .... 
 
 87 
 
 Fitche 
 
 61 
 
 Lraro • • • • • 
 
 100 
 
 Fitzharding, Robert, Seal of 
 
 150 
 
 Garland .... 
 
 105 
 
 Fitzwarren, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 Garter .... 
 
 55 
 
 Flags . . . 
 
 259 
 
 „ iving-di-xxrms . . 
 
 2 33 
 
 Flanches .... 
 
 68 
 
 „ Order of . 
 
 228 
 
 Flanders, Count of (Philip), 
 
 
 Gauntlet .... 
 
 107 
 
 Seal of . . . 
 
 21 
 
 Gaze, At . 
 
 85 
 
 Flasques .... 
 
 68 
 
 Genealogies and Family His- 
 
 
 Fleur-de-lys . . . 
 
 98 
 
 tories .... 
 
 269 
 
 Fleurette .... 
 
 59 
 
 Gentlemen . . .169, 
 
 201 
 
 Fleurie ...» 
 
 59 
 
 Genuant .... 
 
 118 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 339 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 frPOTfyp T ArmQ nf 
 
 4 1 
 
 vjruttcc ..... 
 
 70 
 
 TT 
 
 » II 
 
 21Q 
 
 vjuyuiiomme ... 
 
 262 
 
 TTT 
 
 219 
 
 Guze ..... 
 
 70 
 
 TV 
 
 220 
 
 \jr y 1 uu, .... 
 
 04 
 
 IxPnT'D'lfl 
 
 3°9 
 
 I TT V*/ ATI TT TT 
 
 vjryiuiiuy .... 
 
 O4 
 
 Gprat.pd 
 
 V-1 V. 1 llH.ll . . . . 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 1-rPfllP 
 
 V 1 CI UC • • • • • 
 
 302 
 
 TT Pott at? rvf 
 
 XX., VyUXiX/Axv UI ... 
 
 247 
 
 l-l-i 1 1 tt A fmo r\V 
 
 KXxLiy , xxllllb UI • • • 
 
 209 
 
 XXdUcI U-aoIlcXb V/OIIipdliy , 
 
 
 (ri m m a n o* 
 
 V< llllillcll X XXXc± . . 
 
 I07 
 
 A Y"m a of 
 
 XXI lllo Ul . . . • 
 
 O O 3 
 
 Gliding .... 
 
 Il8 
 
 XXclOICK .... 
 
 IOo 
 
 Glissant .... 
 
 Il8 
 
 xiaDiieci .... 
 
 92 
 
 Gobony .... 
 
 64 
 
 XXd/CK.<3U. .... 
 
 Ho 
 
 Goldsmiths' Compy., Arms of 322 
 
 Hackle .... 
 
 I0c5 
 
 Goldwell, Arms of 
 
 2 74 
 
 XXdllldlllL, xxlllla UI . . 
 
 206 
 
 Golpe ..... 
 
 70 
 
 TTq 1 norcf a rT t A fine r\r 
 XXdlUcl LcHXL, xxllllb Ul • • 
 
 219 
 
 Gonfannon .... 
 
 264 
 
 TTflll Arms of 
 
 i-ltlllj XVI 1x10 \JX ... 
 
 99 
 
 Gordon, Badge of 
 
 120 
 
 y 
 
 TT q 1 Iavqti 1 v it t" AT 
 
 XXdllUI dll, vvlcob UI . . 
 
 107 
 
 Gorge 
 
 107 
 
 1— To tyt ttt o yv * 1 / t f It cj 
 
 IXdlllllltJI L/lUlIlO ... 
 
 3 J 5 
 
 Gorged .... 
 
 kJ 
 
 Hand 
 
 llallU ..... 
 
 92 
 
 Gorges, Arms of 
 
 I07 
 
 TTdnnvov Avmo r»r 
 -llctllUVcl, xxllllb Ul . • 
 
 2 10 
 
 Gothland, Arms of 
 
 2l6 
 
 Harp ..... 
 
 IOo 
 
 Goutte .... 
 
 70 
 f 
 
 TTarriv 
 
 xxoxj-V ..... 
 
 95 
 
 Grafted .... 
 
 45 
 
 T-T O Y»T»1 tt nrT* r\Yi T\ TT Af 
 
 IXdl 1 HlglUIl xvIlUt • . 
 
 122 
 
 Grafton, Rebus of 
 
 
 TTsi t*^"n r» 1 1 \T q 1 am r» o \T o y* nf 
 XXdl 111U11, V dlt?ll lllltJ, lVXdl K UI 
 
 T O ff 
 
 J 35 
 
 Graham, Badge of 
 
 129 
 
 TTn <jfin o*q "Rprlcrp of 
 
 -LJLclo Liilti o, -XJ cLWlL t/ UA • . 
 
 1 26 
 
 Grand Quarter . 
 
 45 
 
 TTn I"r» n m on + 
 
 XXcltCIllimilts ... 
 
 202 
 
 Grant, Badge of . 
 
 129 
 
 xxduridiiL .... 
 
 90 
 
 Grasshopper . * 
 
 9 1 
 
 T T a 1 1 1~ A rme c\t 
 
 XXdUbt;, xxllllb Ul ... 
 
 274 
 
 Gray 
 
 83 
 
 Hawk 
 
 -XX iAj VT 1 V ..... 
 
 
 Greek Cross 
 
 58 
 
 T— iQuirTr Troll a 
 
 XXd YVK.- UollS .... 
 
 10 3 
 
 Grenada, Badge of 
 
 212 
 
 Head 
 
 lluciu ..... 
 
 - 
 
 Grey, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 TTpitpcc! 
 
 A1C11 COO .... 
 
 x 57 
 
 Griece .... 
 
 108 
 
 I I 1 TTT of T/sQ 
 
 XXclIIltJL ... lOO, 
 
 100 
 
 Griffin .... 
 
 93 
 
 1 1 O TTT TT_ It y*o lr 
 
 XXcJ1I1U~UI CdK. ... 
 
 IOO 
 
 Grocers' Company, Arms of 
 
 321 
 
 TTotioq rro Tvnri'f 
 
 XXclltJdgt; XVULUU ... 
 
 r 1 t 
 1 2 1 
 
 Grosvenor, Arms of . 
 
 29 
 
 T T MTT M TT < r f f\ TT A VTYl O ITT 
 
 XXcllllHH IUI1, ill Ilia UI . , 
 
 I4I 
 
 Guarded .... 
 
 u8 
 
 TTpnnpViP'ro* A T*m « (\f 
 
 Z X 1 
 
 Guidon .... 
 
 262 
 
 T-Tdti rtr T A "Pitt o rr-P 
 
 xxcin v x., xxinib ui . , 
 
 205 
 
 Guienne, Arms of 
 
 213 
 
 II. .. 26 
 
 20S 
 
 Guige, Arms of . 
 
 178 
 
 ., in. „ . . 
 
 206 
 
 Gules . . . . 48, 50 
 
 „ „ Crown of . 
 
 225 
 
 Gurge 
 
 107 
 
 „ IV., Arms of 
 
 208 
 
34-° 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Henry V., Arms of 
 
 PAGE 
 209 
 
 „ „ Standard of 
 
 266 
 
 „ YL, Arms of 
 
 2IO 
 
 „vn. „ . . 
 
 211 
 
 „ ,, Crown of „ 
 
 225 
 
 „ „ Standard of 
 
 266 
 
 „ VIII., Arms of 
 
 212 
 
 „ „ Crown of . 
 
 226 
 
 Heraldic Antelope 
 
 94 
 
 „ . Orthography 
 
 47 
 
 Holland, Arms of 
 
 274 
 
 Holstein „ 
 
 216 
 
 Hooded .... 
 
 86 
 
 Horned 
 
 85 
 
 Howard, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 Huckley, Mark of 
 
 135 
 
 Humette 
 
 59 
 
 rTn n (Tf» t» \t Avma nr 
 
 z 10 
 
 Hungerford, Badge of. 
 
 126 
 
 Hunt, Arms of . 
 
 114 
 
 Hunting-horn .. 
 
 I08 
 
 Illegitimate Children, Me- 
 
 
 thod of differencing Arms 
 
 
 of , 
 
 141 
 
 Imaginary Beings 
 
 93 
 
 Impaled 
 
 44 
 
 Impaling . 
 
 I5T 
 
 Impress . . 127, 
 
 J33 
 
 Incensed 
 
 85 
 
 In chief 
 
 68 
 
 Increscent . 
 
 96 
 
 In cross 
 
 68 
 
 Indented 
 
 46 
 
 Inescutcheon 
 
 66 
 
 In fess .... 
 
 68 
 
 In glory . 
 
 9 6 
 
 In orle 
 
 68 
 
 In pale 
 
 68 
 
 Inquisition, Spanish, Arms 
 
 
 of . . . 
 
 298 
 
 Insects 
 
 9 1 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 In splendour 
 
 9 6 
 
 Interchangeably posed 
 
 118 
 
 Invected ,. ... 
 
 46 
 
 Inverted . . * •» 
 
 88 
 
 Involved .... 
 
 9 1 
 
 Ireland, Arms of 
 
 119 
 
 Irish Bishops 
 
 193 
 
 Ironmongers' Compy., Arms 
 
 
 of . , . 
 
 323 
 
 Isabella of Angoulcme, Arms 
 
 
 of . . 
 
 206 
 
 Isabella of France, Arms 
 
 
 of .... 
 
 206 
 
 Islip, Abbot, Eebus of 
 
 136 
 
 Issuant . . 
 
 82 
 
 Jambe , 
 
 81 
 
 James .1., Arms of 
 
 
 „ 11. „ . . 
 
 217 
 
 Javelin . . 
 
 109 
 
 Jessant 
 
 98 
 
 Jesses. 
 
 86 
 
 Joan of Navarre, Arms 
 
 
 of.. 
 
 209 
 
 John, Arms of . 
 
 206 
 
 Jorney, Arms of 
 
 99 
 
 Jowlopped 
 
 88 
 
 Julius. Caesar, Seal of . 
 
 249 
 
 Jumelle Ring 
 
 107 
 
 Jumelles 
 
 302 
 
 Jupon. 
 
 33 
 
 Juxon, Archbp., Mitre of . 
 
 165 
 
 Kansas, Arms of 
 
 307 
 
 Keith, Augmentation to 
 
 158 
 
 Kent, Earl of, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 Kingscote, Arms of , . 
 
 114 
 
 Kings (Crusader) of Jerusa- 
 
 
 lem, Arms of . 
 
 147 
 
 Klettenberg, Arms of . 
 
 220 
 
 Knight 
 
 198 
 
 Knighthood, Orders of 
 
 228 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 34i 
 
 Knots . 
 
 PAGE 
 121 
 
 Knowles, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 Label 
 
 138 
 
 Laci, de, Arms of 
 
 49 
 
 Lacy Knot .... 
 
 121 
 
 Lambrequin 
 
 174 
 
 Laminated .... 
 
 118 
 
 Lampasse . 
 
 302 
 
 Lancaster, Duchy of, Arms 
 
 
 of 
 
 213 
 
 Lancaster, Earl or, seal or . 
 
 138 
 
 Lancastrian Livery Colours 
 
 209 
 
 Landesberg, Arms of . 
 
 221 
 
 Lane, Augmentation to Arms 
 
 
 of 
 
 l 59 
 
 Lang, Arms of . 
 
 109 
 
 Langford, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 Langley, Edmund, Badge or 
 
 124 
 
 Langmead, Pedigree of 
 
 271 
 
 Langue 
 
 83 
 
 Laud, Archbishop, Mitre of . 
 
 166 
 
 Lavardine, Arms of . 
 
 114 
 
 Leaves .... 
 
 100 
 
 Lemon, Arms of. 
 
 305 
 
 Leon, Arms of . 
 
 206 
 
 Leopard . . . •. 
 
 79 
 
 Leven, Earl, Motto of. 
 
 180 
 
 Lily 
 
 98 
 
 Lincoln, Earl of, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 Lined ..... 
 
 118 
 
 Lion 
 
 78 
 
 „ of England . 
 
 146 
 
 Lionced .... 
 
 118 
 
 Lioncel .... 
 
 83 
 
 Lion-poisson 
 
 95 
 
 Liveries .... 
 
 311 
 
 Livery Companies 
 
 320 
 
 Lochabar Axe . 
 
 102 
 
 Lodged .... 
 
 85 
 
 Lorraine, Arms of 
 
 210 
 
 Loutterell, Arms of . 
 
 264 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lozenge .... 
 
 67 
 
 Lozengy .... 
 
 73 
 
 Lnnhnplr Avtyi^ of 
 
 148 
 
 Lucie ..... 
 
 00 
 
 Lucy, Arms of . 
 
 17 
 
 Lunenburg, Arms of . 
 
 218 
 
 Lure .... 88, 
 
 IOQ 
 
 TiiTVPin linTO* At"iti<5 of 
 jJUAcmuui _£i_xxxxo yjL.t . 
 
 2 T I 
 
 1 J V All IJ11CAAA. . . . . 
 
 IO9 
 
 Macclesfield, Earl of,Aug- 
 
 
 TYipntfl.t.inn to Arms 
 
 1 so 
 
 A T Tl fMrn oil Tlcirinro r»r 
 lV_LctC _L/UIlIlt!ll, JJctLlgt; Ul . 
 
 T O A 
 1 -vJ 
 
 Iir»n nl H 
 
 ,, JLvUIlUXU. . 
 
 I 29 
 
 „ uregur „ 
 
 t oc\ 
 
 „ Intosh „ . 
 
 I 29 
 
 I\ pn >7i 
 
 T ? O 
 
 T.pQ Tl 
 
 T SO 
 
 Pc»p 
 
 „ JTLcttJ ,, . 
 
 I3O 
 
 Williams A firm nf 
 
 
 IVTa crr\ q 1 pn 1 n 1 1 p rr e» A ymc nf 
 XVXdti tlclltJll vyUllctit;, xxl xixo Ul . 
 
 95 
 
 IVTa r*ri Dnnrnr A vtvic t \ r 
 lVJ.clgU.t5U Ul g, Allllo Ul . . 
 
 z 1 y 
 
 lVlclllIUdlllg, XV1II1& UL . . 
 
 274 
 
 A/1 q m wci Tin 0* Tsnncrp f 
 XTicinx vy cix xxxg, x J ci\ 1^ tj ui . 
 
 Tin 
 
 1 
 
 JVlclltlclllU, xx I 111 O UL . • 
 
 04 
 
 MaIp flriflfin 
 
 XiJ-dlc VJT1 111111 ... 
 
 93 
 
 _LT A. Cv 1 V.. yl V> V^X ... 
 
 
 Manche .... 
 
 109 
 
 Manchester, Arms of . . 
 
 T T 1 
 1 1 / 
 
 IVT CI Y1 tDQ 11 
 
 _L>1 cl 11 Lccl 1 L • . . . 
 
 
 l\Tan tplp 
 
 lV_Ld lit tile .... 
 
 302 
 
 ATfl n tl i n o* 
 
 X.TJLCXXX lllllw . . . . 
 
 1 74 
 
 lVTaY , /"»n T?arlr>*p r\r 
 
 lVLcilt/11, JDclLlgti Ul ... 
 
 246 
 
 M^tpIc Avtyis of 
 
 X.TJL CA> A XV , jLil lllu V7 I » . . 
 
 <6 ii 1 
 
 Marie d'Este, Arms of 
 
 
 Margaret ofAnjou, Arms of 
 
 2IO 
 
 TTt*£ITiPP 
 ,, JL X clllv ,, 
 
 zuu 
 
 Marks of Cadency 
 
 1^7 
 
 Marmion, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Marquess .... 
 
 194 
 
 „ Coronet of . 
 
 164 
 
 Marshalling 
 
 149 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Martin, Motto of. 
 
 l82 
 
 Morne 
 
 302 
 
 Martlet .... 
 
 95 
 
 Mortimer, Arms of 
 
 212 
 
 Maryland, Arms of . 
 
 309 
 
 Mottoes .... 
 
 l8o 
 
 Mary of England, Arms of. 
 
 214 
 
 Mound .... 
 
 163 
 
 „ Scotland, Device of 
 
 184 
 
 Mount .... 
 
 ZOO 
 
 „ „ Seal of . 
 
 
 Mountfort, Arms of . 
 
 305 
 
 „ „ Supporters of 
 
 
 Mowbray, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 Mascle .... 
 
 67 
 
 „ Thomas, Aug- 
 
 
 Masoned .... 
 
 118 
 
 mentation to Arms . 
 
 158 
 
 "T\ If 1 ilk f* 
 
 Massachusetts, Arms of 
 
 308 
 
 Mullet .... 
 
 no 
 
 Master or a Barony . 
 
 198 
 
 Muntord, Badge of 
 
 120 
 
 Matilda of Flanders, Arms of 
 
 205 
 
 Munro, Badge 01 
 
 I30 
 
 „ Scotland „ 
 
 205 
 
 Mural Crown 
 
 167 
 
 Maunche .... 
 
 109 
 
 Murray, Badge of 
 
 I30 
 
 Meath, Bishops of, Mitre of 
 
 166 
 
 Mypont, Arms of 
 
 l8l 
 
 Mecklenburg, Arms of 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 Membered ... 86, 89 
 
 Naiant .... 
 
 90 
 
 
 130 
 
 Naissant .... 
 
 82 
 
 Mercers' Company, Arms 
 
 
 Naples, Arms of . 
 
 2IO 
 
 of 
 
 321 
 
 Nassau, Arms of . 
 
 217 
 
 Merchants' Marks 
 
 134 
 
 Naval Crown 
 
 167 
 
 Merchant Tailors' Compy., 
 
 
 Navarre, Arms of 
 
 209 
 
 Arms of . 
 
 322 
 
 Nebule .... 
 
 46 
 
 Mermaid .... 
 
 94 
 
 Neck-chains as Badges of 
 
 
 Merman .... 
 
 95 
 
 Umce .... 
 
 243 
 
 Metals . . 
 
 48 
 
 Nelson, Lord, Augmentation 
 
 
 Middlesex, Arms of . 
 
 in 
 
 to Arms .... 
 
 38 
 
 Military Badges . 
 
 130 
 
 Neptune .... 
 
 95 
 
 Mill-stone .... 
 
 109 
 
 Nerved .... 
 
 98 
 
 Minden, Arms of 
 
 219 
 
 Neville, Arms of . 
 
 211 
 
 Mitres .... 
 
 165 
 
 „ Badges of . 126, 128, 
 
 Molette 
 
 302 
 
 211 
 
 , 212 
 
 Moline Cross 
 
 60 
 
 „ Ralph, Wreath of . 
 
 173 
 
 Montacute, de,William,Crest 
 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, Badge 
 
 
 of . . 
 
 171 
 
 of 
 
 127 
 
 Montacute, Lord, Badge of . 
 
 126 
 
 New Hampshire, Arms of . 
 
 308 
 
 Monuments. 
 
 256 
 
 New Jersey, Arms of . 
 
 308 
 
 Moor 
 
 92 
 
 Newton, Arms of 
 
 114 
 
 Moore, Arms of . < 
 
 145 
 
 'New York, Arms of . 
 
 308 
 
 „ Augmentation to Arms 159 
 
 Nombril point . 
 
 44 
 
 Morion .... 
 
 109 
 
 Norfolk, Duke of, Badge of . 
 
 127 
 
 Morley, Lord, Badge of 
 
 126 
 
 North Carolina, Arms of . 
 
 309 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 343 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Norway, Arms of . .216 
 Nottage, Arms of .68 
 Nova-Scotia Baronets, Jewel 
 
 of 197 
 
 Nowed .... 91 
 Nowy .... 46, 60 
 Nuremberg, Arms of . . 219 
 
 Ogilvie, Badge of . .130 
 Ogle, Badge of . . .127 
 Ogress .... 70 
 Oldenburg, Arms of . . 216 
 Oliphant, Badge of .130 
 Ombre .... 302 
 On Degrees ... 62 
 O'Neill, Hugh, Seal of . 177 
 Onslow, Motto of . .181 
 Oppressed . . . .81 
 Or ... 48, 50 
 
 Orange .... 70 
 Orders of Knighthood . 228 
 Ordinaries . . . 55 
 Oregon, Arms of . .307 
 Orlamunde, Arms of . . 221 
 
 Orle 66 
 
 Orthography, Heraldic . 47 
 Ostrich .... 87 
 
 Pale 55 
 
 Pall no 
 
 Pallet 55 
 
 Palmer's Staff . . .110 
 Paly . ... . .72 
 
 Paly-bendy ... 73 
 Paly-bendy-sinister . . 73 
 Panache . . . .89 
 
 Parr, Badge of . . .214 
 
 Parti 302 
 
 Parti de Pun a 1' autre . 303 
 „ „ en Pautre . 303 
 Party per .... 69 
 Paschal Lamb ... 94 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pascuant .... 85 
 Passant .... 79 
 Passant-guardant . . 79 
 Passant-reguardant . . 80 
 Passion Cross . . .58 
 Pastoral Staff . . .105 
 Patent . . . .189 
 Patonce Cross ... 60 
 Patriarchal Cross . . 58 
 Pavon ..... 264 
 
 Paw 82 
 
 Peacock . . . .87 
 Pean . . . . 49, 52 
 Peche, Sir John, Rebus 
 
 of 132 
 
 Peeresses, Arms of . .156 
 Pegasus .... 95 
 Pelham, Badge of . .127 
 Pelican in her Piety . . 87 
 
 Pellet 70 
 
 Pelletier, Arms of . . 299 
 
 Pembroke College, Arms of 100 
 „ Earl of, Badge of 127 
 
 Shield of . 75 
 Pendent .... 98 
 Penderell, Arms of . . 159 
 Pennon .... 263 
 Pennsylvania, Arms of . 308 
 Penoncel .... 263 
 
 Pensil 263 
 
 Per Bend .... 44 
 „ „ Sinister . . 45 
 „ Chevron ... 44 
 „ Cross .... 44 
 „ Fess .... 44 
 „ Pale .... 44 
 „ Saltire .... 45 
 Percy, Badge of . . 127,129 
 
 Peri 303 
 
 Peyton, Motto of . .181 
 Pfalz, Arms of . , .221 
 
344 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Pheon. 
 
 PAGE 
 HO 
 
 Philippa of Hainault, Arms 
 
 
 of . 
 
 206 
 
 Phoenix . 
 
 95 
 
 Pickman, Arms of 
 
 305 
 
 Pierreponte, Motto of . 
 
 181 
 
 Pile . . 
 
 63 
 
 Pilgrim's Staff . 
 
 no 
 
 Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Arms 
 
 
 of . . 
 
 26, 75 
 
 Plantagenet, John (of El- 
 
 
 tham), Effigy of 
 
 3 2 
 
 Plantagenet Lirery Colours 
 
 208 
 
 Plate % 
 
 69 
 
 Playing-tables 
 
 no 
 
 Pleissen, Arms of 
 
 221 
 
 Plenitude . 
 
 96 
 
 Plume of Feathers 
 
 88 
 
 Pointe . 
 
 303 
 
 Pointed Cross 
 
 60 
 
 Pomme . 
 
 70 
 
 Pomme" . 
 
 60 
 
 Poole, Arms of . 
 
 305 
 
 Popinjay . 
 
 87 
 
 Portcullis . 
 
 no 
 
 Portugal, Arms of . 
 
 217 
 
 Pose . 
 
 3°3 
 
 Potent . . . . 46, i 
 
 *9> 52 
 
 Powdered . 
 
 118 
 
 Praun, Arms of . 
 
 9 1 
 
 Precedence . 
 
 201 
 
 Prestwych, William, Brass 
 
 
 to .... 
 
 87 
 
 Preying on . 
 
 89 
 
 Pride, In its 
 
 87 
 
 Princess Royal, Arms of . 
 
 140 
 
 Printers' Marks . 
 
 136 
 
 Proper . 
 
 49 
 
 Prussia, Eagle of 
 
 86 
 
 Pryck-spur . 
 
 112 
 
 Punctuation 
 
 147 
 
 Purfled . . 
 
 118 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Purpure 
 
 48, 5 1 
 
 Pyramid of feathers . 
 
 . 89 
 
 Quadrate Cross 
 
 . 60 
 
 Quarter 
 
 • 63 
 
 „ pierced . 
 
 . 6l 
 
 Quarterly . . 
 
 . 44 
 
 „ pierced 
 
 . 6l 
 
 „ quartered . 
 
 . 45 
 
 Qua trefoil . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Queue 
 
 . 82 
 
 „ fourche . 
 
 . 81 
 
 Quincy, De, Seal of . 140, 178 
 
 ' L C* '11 
 
 Qumtereuille 
 
 • 303 
 
 Ragule 
 
 . 46 
 
 Rampant 
 
 80 
 
 „ guardant 
 
 80 
 
 „ reguardant ■ . 
 
 80 
 
 Ramryge, Abbot, Rebus of 
 
 • 131 
 
 Ramsey, Sir John, Augmen 
 
 
 tation to Arms 
 
 . 158 
 
 Rashleigh, Arms of . 
 
 88 
 
 Ravensberg, Arms of . 
 
 . 221 
 
 Rayonnant Cross 
 
 . 60 
 
 Rayonne 
 
 . 46 
 
 Rebated 
 
 . 118 
 
 Rebus .... 
 
 • 131 
 
 Recercele Cross . 
 
 . 60 
 
 Reflexed 
 
 . 119 
 
 Regal Armory . 
 
 . 204 
 
 Regarding . 
 
 • 8 S 
 
 Regenstein, Arms of . 
 
 . 220 
 
 Regimental Flags 
 
 . 26l 
 
 Regiments, Badges of 
 
 . I30 
 
 Reguardant 
 
 . 8O 
 
 Reindeer . 
 
 > ^ 
 
 Removed 
 
 . II 9 
 
 Rencontre . 
 
 • 303 
 
 Reptiles 
 
 . 91 
 
 Respectant . 
 
 • 85 
 
 Rest . . 
 
 . Ill 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 345 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Reversed .... 
 
 119 
 
 St. Anthony, Cross of 
 
 
 5» 
 
 Rhode Island, Arms of 
 
 308 
 
 „ George „ 
 
 
 _ 
 58 
 
 Riband 
 
 55 
 
 „ John, Arms of 
 
 
 J 53 
 
 Rich, Badge of , . 
 
 127 
 
 „ Leger, Badge of . 
 
 
 127 
 
 Richard L, Arms of . . 26, 205 
 
 „ Michael and St. George, 
 
 
 II 
 
 207 
 
 Order of . 
 
 
 239 
 
 Tsnrio*P c\t 100 
 
 1 *t 
 , 227 
 
 „ Patrick, Order of . 
 
 
 235 
 
 Slf.a n rl a T'fi of 
 
 *uu 
 
 „ Paul, Arms of 
 
 
 211 
 
 A rm s of 
 
 211 
 
 „ Quintin, de, Thomas, 
 
 
 R.iphino'nd Sstpnlipn Tflnvl of 
 
 
 Wreath of . 
 
 
 174 
 
 Seal of 
 
 2 2 
 
 Salamander 
 
 
 95 
 
 Rising .... 
 
 80 
 
 Salient 
 
 
 bo 
 
 Rivers, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Salisbury, William Longe- 
 
 
 Robertson, Badge of . . 
 
 1 30 
 
 spee, Earl of, Arms of 
 
 
 26 
 
 Robinson Aiiprnpntation to 
 
 
 Salters' Company, Arms of 
 
 323 
 
 Arms • 
 
 T CO 
 
 Saltire 
 
 
 57 
 
 Robsart, Lewis, Banner of . 
 
 261 
 
 Sandes, Badge of 
 
 
 127 
 
 Roche, Crest and Motto of . 
 
 183 
 
 Sanguine 
 
 48, 51 
 
 Roohfort Arms of 
 
 
 Sans nombre 
 
 
 119 
 
 Roman Seals . 
 
 2 AO 
 
 Saracen 
 
 
 92 
 
 r\rvYo Horrid at 
 XvUIIltJ, JJidHUi Ul . • • 
 
 ou 
 
 Sautoir 
 
 
 303 
 
 Rose ..... 
 
 99 
 
 Savage 
 
 
 92 
 
 Knco q rl rr nf 
 
 -lvuoc, -uctLigt; ui • • . 
 
 
 Savage, Arms of . 
 
 
 305 
 
 Rosp-pn-solpil 
 
 00 
 
 Saxony, Arms of 
 
 218 
 
 , 221 
 
 Rosloplt Arms of 
 
 2 20 
 
 Say, Sir John, Brass to 
 
 
 i75, 
 
 XvUoo, pdUgB or . . . 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 246 
 
 "Rothsav Avrnst of 
 
 X .VU llioct \ , ill lUo Ul • » 
 
 
 Scaled. 
 
 
 9 1 
 
 T?onpllp-<5rmr 
 
 11UU.C1J.C BU Ul . . . 
 
 112 
 
 Scaling-ladder 
 
 
 in 
 
 jLtULlllCllcn , • . . . • 
 
 no 
 09 
 
 Scarpe 
 
 
 56 
 
 T^onsant 
 
 80 
 °9 
 
 Schwerin, Arms of 
 
 
 220 
 
 Rowe, Arms of . 
 
 9 1 
 
 Scimetar . . 
 
 
 in 
 
 Royal Arms in Churches . 
 
 224 
 
 Scintillant . 
 
 
 119 
 
 Royal Highness . 
 
 202 
 
 Scorpion 
 
 
 9 1 
 
 Royal Signatures 
 
 250 
 
 Scotch Families, Badges of 
 
 129 
 
 Russell, Arms of 
 
 9 1 
 
 Scotland, Arms of 
 
 66, 330 
 
 Russia, Eagle of . 
 
 86 
 
 Scrip .... 
 
 
 in 
 
 Rustre 
 
 67 
 
 Scrog . 
 
 
 98 
 
 Rutland, Earl of, Badge of . 
 
 127 
 
 Scrope, Arms of . 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 „ Badge of 
 
 
 127 
 
 Sable . . . . 48, 50 
 
 Scruttle 
 
 
 106 
 
 Sagittarius . 
 
 95 
 
 Scut 
 
 
 83 
 
 St. Andrew, Cross of . 
 
 57 
 
 Seaforth, Arms of 
 
 
 ii 4 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 346 
 
 Sea-horse .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 95 
 
 Sealing-wax, when first used 
 
 256 
 
 Sea-lion .... 
 
 95 
 
 Seals .... 23 
 
 248 
 
 Seax 
 
 in 
 
 Secondary Quarterings 
 
 153 
 
 Seeded 
 
 98 
 
 Segreant . 
 
 93 
 
 Sejant .... 
 
 81 
 
 Seme 
 
 119 
 
 Serpent . 
 
 9 1 
 
 Seymour, Arms of 
 
 213 
 
 „ Badge of 
 
 214 
 
 Shack-bolt .... 
 
 106 
 
 Shakefork .... 
 
 112 
 
 Sheaf 
 
 IOI 
 
 Sheldrake .... 
 
 
 Shelley, John, Brass to 
 
 34 
 
 Shell-fish .... 
 
 9 1 
 
 Shelton, Rebus of 
 
 132 
 
 Sherrard, Arms of 
 
 153 
 
 Shield, Form of . 
 
 41 
 
 „ of Pretence 
 
 66 
 
 „ Parts of . 
 
 43 
 
 Shovel, Sir Cloudesly, Aug- 
 
 
 mentation to Arms of 
 
 l B9 
 
 Sidney, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Sinclair, Badge of 
 
 130 
 
 Single 
 
 83 
 
 Sinister .... 
 
 43 
 
 Sinople .... 
 
 3°3 
 
 Skinners' Company, Arms of 
 
 322 
 
 Sleswick, Arms of 
 
 216 
 
 Slipped .... 
 
 98 
 
 Sloane, Arms of . 
 
 82 
 
 Small Charges, Disposition 
 
 
 of 
 
 113 
 
 Soaring .... 89 
 Somerset, Duke andDuchess 
 
 of, Effigy of . . . 244 
 
 Sophia of Zell, Arms of . 219 
 
 South Carolina, Arms of . 309 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Spanish Inquisition, Arms of 
 
 298 
 
 Spear 
 
 112 
 
 Speed, At . 
 
 85 
 
 Springing .... 
 
 85 
 
 Spur 
 
 112 
 
 S.S., Collar of . 
 
 243 
 
 Stafford, Earl of, Diapered 
 
 
 Shield of. 
 
 75 
 
 Stafford Knot 
 
 121 
 
 Stag . 
 
 85 
 
 Stainant .... 
 
 49 
 
 Standards .... 
 
 264 
 
 Stanley, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Star 
 
 97 
 
 „ of India, Order of 
 
 240 
 
 Stargard, Arms of 
 
 220 
 
 Starved .... 
 
 97 
 
 Statant .... 
 
 78 
 
 Staunton, de, Sir William, 
 
 
 Helmet of . . • 
 
 281 
 
 Stern 
 
 83 
 
 Stetvans,de, Robert, Brass to 
 
 31 
 
 Stewart, Arms of 
 
 153 
 
 „ Badge of 
 
 130 
 
 Stiny, Arms of . • 
 
 213 
 
 Stock 
 
 98 
 
 Stormerk, Arms of 
 
 216 
 
 Stringed .... 
 
 119 
 
 Suabia, Arms of . 
 
 212 
 
 Subordinaries 
 
 63 
 
 Sufflue .... 
 
 in 
 
 Suffolk, Duke of, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Sun .... 96, 227 
 
 Suns and Roses, Collar of . 
 
 246 
 
 Supporters .... 
 
 176 
 
 Surcoat .... 
 
 31 
 
 Surmounting . . 81 
 
 , 119 
 
 Surnames .... 
 
 184 
 
 Surrey, Earl of, Augmenta- 
 
 
 tion to Arms . 
 
 158 
 
 Sur-tout .... 
 
 119 
 
 Sur le tout du tout 
 
 303 
 
OENEBAL INDEX. 
 
 347 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sustained . 
 
 . 119 
 
 Sutherland, Badge of. 
 
 . I3O 
 
 Swan's Neck 
 
 . 88 
 
 Sweden, Arms of 
 
 . 216 
 
 Sword. 
 
 . 112 
 
 Tabard 
 
 • 33 
 
 Tail .... 
 
 . 82 
 
 Taille. 
 
 . 303 
 
 Talbot 
 
 . 83 
 
 Tau Cross . 
 
 . 58 
 
 Tenne 
 
 48, 5 1 
 
 Tetlow, Arms of 
 
 . 38 
 
 Thistle, Order of 
 
 . 233 
 
 Thuringia, Arms of . 
 
 . 221 
 
 Tilting Helmet . 
 
 . 170 
 
 „ Spear 
 
 . 112 
 
 Tinctures . 
 
 . 48 
 
 Titus, Augmentation 
 
 to 
 
 Arms of . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Todd, Arms of . 
 
 . 103 
 
 Tongue, Crest of 
 
 • 38 
 
 Toret .... 
 
 . 245 
 
 Torse .... 
 
 . 172 
 
 Torteau 
 
 . 69 
 
 Tortoise 
 
 • 9 1 
 
 Tothill, Arms of 
 
 • 305 
 
 Tournaments 
 
 27, 127 
 
 Tracey, Arms of 
 
 . 91 
 
 Tranche 
 
 • 303 
 
 Trapps, Arms of 
 
 . 104 
 
 Treffle 
 
 • 303 
 
 Trefle. 
 
 59> lI 9 
 
 Trefoil 
 
 100 
 
 Trefusis, Arms of . 
 
 . 67 
 
 Trellis 
 
 • 113 
 
 Tressure . 
 
 . 66 
 
 Tricking 
 
 * 288 
 
 Tri-corporate 
 
 . 116 
 
 Triple Plume 
 
 . 88 
 
 Tripping . 
 
 . 85 
 
 Triton 
 
 . 94 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trononne .... 84 
 Trumpet . . .113 
 
 Trussing .... 89 
 Tudor Badges . . 212-215 
 „ Livery Colours . 212 
 Turret . . . .113 
 Tusked . . . . 85 
 Tyne . . . . . .85 
 
 Unde 46 
 
 Unguled . . . .85 
 Union Jack . . . 262 
 United States, Heraldry of. 304 
 
 Urde 60 
 
 Urinant .... 90 
 Ursius, Arms of . . .211 
 
 Vair . . . . 49' 52 
 „ en point ... 53 
 Valence, de, William, Di- 
 apered Shield of -75 
 Valory, de, Arms of . . 299 
 Vambraced . . .92 
 Yamplate . . . .113 
 Vandals, Device of .216 
 
 Vanes 267 
 
 Vannet . . . .113 
 Varied Fields and Tinctures 72 
 Verdon Knot . . .122 
 Verdoy .... 66 
 Vere, de, Eobert, Diapered 
 
 Shield of. ... 75 
 Vere, de, Robert, Badge of . 125 
 Vergette .... 303 
 Verney, Sir John, Effigy of 244 
 Vernon, Motto of , .181 
 Vert . . . . 48,51 
 Vervel .... 86 
 Vested . . . 92, 120 
 Victoria, Arms of . .221 
 „ Crown of . . 226 
 
 and Albert, Order 
 of 242 
 
34 8 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Vintners' Company, Arms of 323 
 Viper . • , . .91 
 
 Vire . . . .303 
 Virginia, Arms of . . 309 
 Viscount .... 195 
 „ Coronet of . . 165 
 Visitations of Heralds . 276 
 Viude. . . . 303 
 
 Vivre 303 
 
 Voided .... 61 
 Voiders .... 68 
 Volant .... 89 
 „ en arriere . . 91 
 Vorant . . . .85 
 Vulned . . . .85 
 
 Wafers, when first used . 255 
 Wake and Ormond Knot . 121 
 Wake, Archbishop, Mitre of 166 
 Walcot, Arms of . . 105 
 Waldegrave, Arms of . . 54 
 Waldron, John, Mark of . 135 
 Wales, Arms of . . . 209 
 „ Cognisance of. . 212 
 „ Princess of, Arms of 222 
 „ Prince of, Arms of . 222 
 „ „ Coronet of 163 
 
 Walsingham, Badge of . 127 
 Warren, Arms of . 213 
 Warwick, Badge of . 128, 211 
 Water-bouget . . .113 
 
 Wavy 46 
 
 Waynflete, Arms of . .98 
 Weir, Seal of . .184 
 
 Wellington, Duke of, Aug- 
 mentation to Arms of . 159 
 Welsh Harp . . .108 
 Wenden, Arms of . .220 
 
 PAGE 
 
 West, Arms of . 
 
 153 
 
 Westmoreland, Earl of, Col- 
 
 
 lar of 
 
 246 
 
 Westphalia, Arms of . 
 
 221 
 
 Wharton, Badge of . 
 
 127 
 
 Wheat-ear .... 
 
 100 
 
 Wheathampstead, Abbot of, 
 
 
 Rebus of . 
 
 131 
 
 Whelk . . 
 
 9 1 
 
 Wiatt, Badge of . 
 
 127 
 
 Wightman,Crest and Motto of 
 
 181 
 
 Wilcotes, William, Effigy of 
 
 244 
 
 Wild Man . 
 
 92 
 
 William I., Arms of . 25, 
 
 204 
 
 „ „ Crown of . 
 
 224 
 
 „ II., Arms of . 
 
 205 
 
 „ and Mary, Arms of . 
 
 217 
 
 Willoughby, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Wills, Lord, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Wills, where deposited 
 
 275 
 
 Winchester, Marquess of, 
 
 
 Badge of. 
 
 127 
 
 Wingfield, Motto of ■ . 
 
 182 
 
 Winnowing-basket 
 
 106 
 
 Winslow, Arms of 
 
 305 
 
 Winsor, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Woodville, Arms of . 
 
 211 
 
 Worcester, Earl of, Badge of 
 
 127 
 
 Wreath . . 83. 113, 
 
 172 
 
 Writ of Summons 
 
 188 
 
 Wyer, Robert, Mark of 
 
 1^6 
 
 Wyvern 
 
 Q4. 
 
 Yarborough, Earl of, Badge 
 
 
 of . . 
 
 127 
 
 Yarmouth, Borough of, 
 
 
 Arms of . 
 
 149 
 
 York, See of, Arms of 
 
 192 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 72, five lines from bottom, for 124, read 123. 
 >} 73) penultimate line, after are, insert more. 
 
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 Rampage. " New Edition, price is. 
 
 *** Some of Artemtts's most mirth-provoking papers are to be found in this 
 book. The chapters 011 the Mormons will tmbe7id the sternest cotintenance. As 
 bits of fun they are immense ! 
 
 Artemus Ward's Letters to " Punch," 
 
 Among the Witches, and other Sketches. Cheap Popular Edition. 
 Fcap. 8vo, in illustrated cover, is. ; or, i6mo,bound in cloth extra, is. 
 
 %* The volume contains, in addition, some quaint and humorous compositions 
 which were found upon the author's table after his decease. t 
 
 Artemus Ward among the Fenians: 
 
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BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &> W1NDUS. g 
 
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 %* Admirers of genuine English wit and humour will be delighted with this 
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 the fortune of any of our comic journals. 
 
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 ants, Ancient and Modern. Being 
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 during the last 600 years. Fcap. 
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 *** This book is 
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 poptdar attention is 
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 feet of which it 
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 an empty Page in 
 our liter aUire. In 
 our own and in other 
 countries Claimants 
 have been by no 
 
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 ^^^^^^^^ no research to render 
 |j| > his work as perfect 
 
 ^^itllt^l^ as Possible* &nd to 
 i*w$^^§Ox> supply a reliable 
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io BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO WINDUS. 
 
 NEW AND IMPORTANT WORK. 
 
 The Cyclopaedia of Costume; or, A 
 
 Dictionary of Dress, Regal, Ecclesiastical, Civil, and Military, from 
 the Earliest Period in England to the reign of George the Third. 
 Including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the Continent, 
 and preceded by a General History of the Costume of the Principal 
 Countries of Europe. By J. R. Planch£, F. S. A., Somerset Herald. 
 
 This work will be published in Twenty-four Monthly Parts, quarto, at Five 
 Shillings, profusely illustrated by Plates a7id Wood E7igravings ; with each Part 
 will also be issued a splendid Coloured Plate, fro7n an original Painting or Illu" 
 mination, of Royal and Noble Personages, and National Costume, both foreign and 
 domestic. The First Part is just ready. 
 
 IN collecting materials for a History of Costume of 
 more importance than the little handbook which has 
 met with so much favour as an elementary work, I was 
 not only made aware of my own deficiencies, but sur- 
 prised to find how much more vague are the explana- 
 tions, and contradictory the statements, of our best 
 authorities, than they appeared to me, when, in the 
 plenitude of my ignorance, I rushed upon almost un- 
 trodden ground, and felt bewildered by the mass qf 
 unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion which met 
 my eyes at every turn. 
 
 During the forty years which have elapsed since the 
 publication of the first edition of my " History of British 
 Costume" in the "Library of Entertaining Know- 
 ledge," archaeological investigation has received such 
 an impetus by the establishment of metropolitan and 
 provincial peripatetic antiquarian societies, that a flood 
 of light has been poured upon us, by which we are 
 enabled to re-examine our opinions and discover reasons 
 to doubt, if we cannot find facts to authenticate. 
 
 That the former greatly preponderate, is a grievous 
 acknowledgment to make after assiduously devoting 
 the leisure of half my life to the pursuit of information 
 on this, to me, most fascinating subject. It is some 
 consolation, however, to feel that where I cannot in- 
 struct, I shall certainly not mislead, and that the reader 
 will find, under each head, all that is known to, or 
 suggested by, the most competent writers I am ac- 
 quainted with, either here or on the Continent. 
 That this work appears in a glossarial form arises from the desire of many artists, 
 who have expressed to me the difficulty they constantly meet with in their en- 
 deavours to ascertain the complete form of a garment, or the exact mode of fastening 
 a piece of armour, or buckling of a belt, from their study of a sepulchral effigy or 
 a figure in an illumination, the attitude of the personages represented, or the dispo- 
 sition of other portions of their attire, effectually preventing the requisite examination. 
 
 The books supplying any such information are very few, and the best confined to 
 armour or ecclesiastical costume. The only English publication of the kind required, 
 that I am aware of, is the late Mr. Fairholt's " Costume in England " (8vo, London, 
 1846), the last two hundred pages of which contain a glossary, the most valuable 
 portion whereof are the quotations from old plays, mediaeval romances, and satirical 
 ballads, containing allusions to various articles of attire in fashion at the time of 
 their composition. Twenty-eight years have expired since that book appeared, and 
 it has been thought that a more comprehensive work on the subject than has yet 
 issued from the English press, combining the pith of the information of many costly 
 foreign publications, and, in its illustrations, keeping in view the special require- 
 ment of the artist, to which I have alluded, would be, in these days of educational 
 progress and critical inquiry, a welcome addition to the library of an English 
 gentleman. J. R. PLANCHE. 
 
 74 &> 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 
 
BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WIND US. II 
 
 Christmas Carols and Ballads. Selected 
 
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 The Country of the Dwarfs. By Paul 
 
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 Cruikshank's Comic Almanack. 
 
 Complete in Two Series : the First from 1835 to 1843 > tne 
 Second from 1844 to 1853. A Gathering of the Best Humour 
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 two very thick volumes, 15^.; or, separately, Js. 6d. per volume. 
 
 APPROACH OF BLUCHERI INTREPID ADVANCE CF THE FIRST FOOT. 
 
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 idea of the " Comic Almanack" and at various times there were engaged upon it 
 such writers as Thackeray, Albert Smith, the Brothers Mayhew, the late 
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 elder. Thackeray's stories of " Stubbs' Calendar; or, The Fatal Boots," which 
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 THE BEST GUIDE TO HERALDRY. 
 
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 VERY IMPORTANT COUNTY HISTORY. 
 
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 The Danbury Newsman. A Brief but 
 
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 " Screamers." Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, is. 
 
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 Dickens : The Story 
 
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 D'Urfey's ("Tom") Wit and Mirth; 
 
 or, Pills to Purge Melancholy : Being a Collection of the 
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 mours, having each their proper Tune for either Voice or Instrument : 
 most of the Songs being new set. London : Printed by W. 
 Pearson, for J. Tonson, at Shakespeare's Head, over-against Cathe- 
 rine Street in the Strand, 17 19. 
 
 An exact and beautiful reprint of this much-prized work, with the 
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 paper, made expressly for the work, price ^3 ^s. 
 
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 illustrative of the manners, customs, and amusements of English life during the 
 half century following the Restoration, no apology is needed for placing such a work 
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 the old edition could now be obtained. 
 
 For drinking-songs and love-songs, sprightly ballads, merry stories, and political 
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 pieces, and in singing them, D'Urfey was perhaps never equalled, except in our 
 own century by Theodore Hook. The sallies of his wit amused and delighted 
 three successive English sovereigns ; and while his plays are forgotten, his songs 
 and ballads still retain the light abandon and joyous freshness that recommended 
 them to the wits and beaux of Queen Anne's days. Nor can the warm and affec- 
 tionate eulogy of Steele and Addison be forgotten, and D'Urfey may now take his 
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 his age. 
 
 The Earthward Pilgrimage, from the 
 
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 Emanuel on Diamonds and Precious 
 
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 Tests for ascertaining their Reality. By Harry Emanuel, F.R.G.S. 
 With numerous Illustrations, Tinted and Plain. A New Edition, 
 Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 6s. 
 
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16 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO S> WINDUS. 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe's Prose and Poetical 
 
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 poe's cottage at fordham. 
 
 great Genius, now First Published in this Country! With 
 a Translation of Charles Baudelaire's "Essay on Poe." 750 
 pages, crown 8vo, fine Portrait and Illustrations, cloth extra, Js.6d. 
 
 The English Rogue, described in the 
 
 Life of Meriton Latroon, and other Extravagants, comprehending 
 the most Eminent Cheats of both Sexes. By Richard Head and 
 FRANCIS Kirkman. A facsimile reprint of the rare Original 
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 Authors. In 4 Volumes, large foolscap 8vo, beautifully printed 
 on antique laid paper, made expressly, and bound in antique 
 boards, 32^. ; or Large-paper Copies, 52^. [Nearly ready. 
 
 %* This singularly entertaining work may be described as the first English 
 novel, properly so called. The same air of reality pervades it as that which gives 
 such a charm to the stories written by Defoe half a century later. The interest 
 never flags for a moment, from the first chapter to the last. 
 
 As a picture of the vianners of the period, two hundred years ago, in England, 
 among the various grades of society through which the hero passes in the cotirse of 
 his extraordinary adventures, and among gipsies, beggars, thieves, &>c, the book is 
 invaluable to students. 
 
 The earlier portion of the book was considerably altered in later editions by 
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 restored from the earliest edition, which is of the very greatest rarity, most of the 
 copies having been destroyed, the year after its publication, in the Great Fire of 
 London. 
 
 The later edition and the Second Part are of almost equal rarity. Owing to its 
 wonderful run of popularity , the book has bee7t so well read and well thtimbed, that 
 perfect copies are very seldom to be met with, and are then only to be obtained at an 
 extravagantly high price. The present reprint may therefore be useftcl and accept- 
 able to students of Early English Literature. 
 
 74 & 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 
 
BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6* WIND US. 17 
 
 Our English Surnames: Their Sources 
 
 and Significations. By Charles Wareing Bardsley, M.A. 
 Crown 8vo, about 600 pages, cloth extra, qs. 
 
 *** A complete work, containing very much that is not to be found in Mr. 
 Lower's well-known volume. The chapters are arranged under the following 
 heads: — i. Baptismal or Personal Names ; 2. Local Surnames ; 3. Official 
 Surnames; 4. Occupative Surnames; 5. Sobriquet Surnames, or Nicknames. 
 
 EARLY NEWS SHEET. 
 
 The Russian Invasion of Poland in 
 
 1563. (Memorabilis et perinde stupenda de crudeli Moscovitarum 
 Expeditione Narratio, e Germanico in Latinum conversa. ) An exact 
 facsimile of a contemporary account in Latin, published at Douay, 
 together with an Introduction and Historical Notes and a full Trans- 
 lation. Only 100 copies printed. Large fcap. 8vo, an exact fac- 
 simile on antique paper, hardly distinguishable from the original, 
 half-Roxburghe, price *js, 6d. 
 
 The Englishman's House, from a Cot- 
 
 tage to a Mansion. A Practical Guide to Members of Building 
 Societies, and all interested in Selecting or Building a House. By 
 C.J. Richardson, Architect, Author of " Old English Mansions," 
 &c. Second Edition, Corrected and Enlarged, with nearly 600 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 550 pages, cloth, 7^. 6d. 
 
 %* This Work might not inappropriately be termed" A Book of Houses" It 
 gives every variety of house, from a workman' s cottage to a nobleman' s palace. 
 The book is intended to supply a want long felt, viz., a plain, non-technical 
 account of every style of house, with the cost and manner of building. 
 
 74 6* 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 
 
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 A New Edition, edited by W. Crookes, Esq., F.C.S., &c. Crown 
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 FLAGELLATION AND THE FLAGELLANTS. 
 
 A History of the Rod in all Countries, 
 
 from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. By the Rev. W. 
 Cooper, B. A. Second Edition, revised and corrected, with numerous 
 Illustrations. Thick crown, 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 12s. 6d. 
 
 The Fiend's Delight: A "Cold Collation" 
 
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 " A specimen of 4 American Humour* as unlike that of all other American 
 humourists, as the play of young human Merry-Andrews is unlike that of a young 
 and energetic demon whose horns are well budded." — New York Nation. 
 
 The Finish to Life in and out of 
 
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 Fun for the Million : 
 
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 A. Brick, and a Host of 
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 Walk up ! Walk up ! and see the 
 
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 Raree Showman these Five-and-Twenty Years. 
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 THE PROFESSOR'S LEETLE MUSIC LESSON, 
 
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 74 6* 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 
 
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BOOKS. PUBLISHED BY CHATTO & W INDUS. 39 
 
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 THE WATERPORD ROLL. 
 
 Illuminated Charter-Roll of Water- 
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 ALL THE BEST AMERICAN HUMOUR. 
 
 Yankee Drolleries. Edited by ^eorge 
 
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GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
 5638