&5D*- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https ://arch ive.org/detai Is/cassel Isi II ustraOOi nte PAINTED GLASS WINDOW IN THE STYLE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. BY M. HOENER, OF NANCY, FRANCE. CASSELL'S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR; CONTAINING ABOUT THREE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS, WITH LETTER-PRESS DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTS THE INTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF ±863. CASSELL, PETTER, & GALPIN, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, AND PARK BUILDINGS, NEW YORK. 1862 . PREFACE. The Illustrated Exhibitor aims to be a permanent and valuable record of the International Exhibition of 1862. It contains pictures of all the principal objects of interest in the building, many of them taken from photographs, or from drawings furnished by the exhibitors themselves. We have thus, we trust, secured the greatest amount of accuracy in detail combined with general beauty of effect. The Illustrated Exhibitor will be found both useful and ornamental — a volume sufficiently elegant in appearance to adorn the drawiDg-room table, and of a character not unfitting it to take its place, among works of reference, in the bookcase or on the shelves of the library. No pains have been spared to render it as complete, and at the same time as interesting, as possible. Irrespective of its engravings — no small or unimportant element of its success — it contains a descriptive account of the rise, progress, and completion of the Exhibition, with views and plans of the building itself, and such remarks as seemed necessary to a fair understanding of the great scheme enunciated in 1850 by the late Prince Consort, and carried forward in 1862 by the Royal Commissioners. We have done our best to produce a book that will pleasantly remind visitors of the glories of the World’s Fair at South Kensington, while at the same time it will give to many who were not fortunate enough to witness those glories for themselves, a good notion of the general aspect of the structure and its unequalled contents. As regards the influence for good attending periodical exhibitions of the world’s progress in arts and manufactures there can be no cavil ; of the immense social and political importance of these gatherings of the peoples there is no longer any question ; of the improvements, inventions, and discoveries that result from the inquiry and competition awakened in the breasts of scholars, manufacturers, and artisans there remains, we believe, no manner of doubt. These questions admitted, there can be no hesitation in also conceding that the publication of a volume like this must result in a large amount of positive benefit to its readers. 1 4 5 8 9 10 12 13 15 16 IT 20 24 25 28 29 32 33 36 37 39 39 40 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 52 53 54 55 56 57 60 61 62 62 63 64 65 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 6T OF ILLUSTRATION Engraved Silver Jug Silver Candelabra Centre Piece Articles in Silver Plate Gold Enamelled Shield Equestrian Statue of Lord liar- dinge Engraved Silver Salver Silver Flower Stand PAGE 94 94 . Table Service (French) ■ Plate (Five Engravings) Piano in Carved Case Action of Piano Piano in Carved Oak Brother and Sister: a Marble Group Library Table, in Oak The Grapplers Mahogany Bedstead Toilet Table Wardrobe Specimens of Ormolu Library Table Statuary in Roman Court Plan of Roman Court ... ... Power Lathe Foot Lathe ... Drilling Machine Central Duplex Lathe Slotting and Shaping Machine Self-acting Drilling Machine Universal Shaping Machine Stained Glass Window (Two En- gravings) Decorations for Drawing-room ... Wall Decoration for Dining-room (Double Page Engraving) Belle Sauvage Printing Machine ... Double Cylinder Horizontal Engine Trotman's Anchor Blakely Cannon French Tapestry Exhibition Carpet View in Eastern Annexe Agricultural Wagon Steam Thrashing Machine (Two En- gravings) Traction Engine Self-acting Windlass Planing Machine Moulding Machine Mortising and Boring Machine ... Timber and Deal Frame Endless Band Saw Machine Exhibition Shakespeare Mediaeval Bookcase Carved Sideboard Architectural Dome Carved Cabinet Venetian Cheval Glass Designs in Cocoa Nut^Fibre (Three Engravings) Whip Trophy (Three Engravings)... View of Foreign Nave Enamelled Candlestick Butterfly Candlestick Silver Tazza Enamelled Silver Tazza Silver Tankard Gilt Claret Jug Table— “ The Dreamers " ... Top of Silver Table ... Silver Tankard Enamelled Vase Silver Tankard Galatea Jug Silver Dish ... “ Morning” — Silver Tazza “ Night ” — Silver Tazza Statue of Earl of Winchester Croup in Terra Cotta Carved Stone Pulpit Benson’s Great Clock Movement of Benson’s Clock Drawing Room Clock Michael Angelo Clock The Garland Weavers View in Picture Galleries Choosing the Wedding Gown— Mulready Last Sleep of Argyle — Ward Le Quart d’Heure de Rabelais— Vetter Dying Cuirassier — Charlet Invalid and Children Artist in his Studio Catechising in Norway — Tidemand Ploughing — Rosa Bonheur Funeral in the Frost Grecian Court Plan of Grecian Court Silver Race Cup Centre Pieces for Epergne ... Group in Silver Fountain of Perfumed Water Rimmel’s Perfumed Vaporiser Pencil Making Hytbe Boot, the Ice-making Machine Astronomical Clock Reading Girl, the Gibson’s Tinted Venus Pattern in Kamptulicon ... Chimney Piece in Enamelled Tiles . Irish Linen Trophy Robin Hood Window Great Lighthouse Traversing Theodolite Improved Level Water Meter (Four Engri Russian Court Plan of Russian Court Glass Chandelier vings) Grand Glass Candelabrum ... Glass Chandelier Group of Statuettes, Tazzi, : r,,-.,, * London. 917 Cowan and Sons, soaps. 918 Field, J. C., and J., paraffine candles. 920 Gossage, W., and Sons, silicated soaps. 923 Knevcit and Austin, orchids and creepers. Sept. Piesse, Distiller of Perfumes, Eugene Rimmel, Perfumer, London. | 924 Kiught, J., and Sons, yellow soap. 925 Lambert, E. B., bank of wild flowers. 926 Langton, Bicknell, and Sons, spermaceti. 928 Mackean, W., yellow and curd soaps. LIST OF BRITISH FREEHOLDERS. 930 Ogleby, C., and Co., paraffine and slearine candles. 938 Pierson, J., group of roses. 942 Rose, W. A., lubricating oils and compounds. 943 Rowe, T. 1!., and Co., soaps. 946 Symons, Mrs., roses, lilies, Ac. 947 Taylor, \V.. and Co., compo-ite candles. 948 Trewoila, Mrs. R., modelling of flowers. 949 Tucker, F., and Co., wax and church candles. 950 West of England Soap Co., brown oil soaps. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned: — Barbadocs, 1; British Guiana, 2; Nova Scotia, 1; Queensland, 2; Victoria, 1; Austria, 10; Belgium, 8; Brazil, 2; Denmark, 2; France, 22; New Caledonia, 1; Western Africa, 1 ; Greece, 2: Hesse, Grand Duchy, 1; Ionian Islands, 1 ; Italy, 9; Liberia, 1; Netherlands, 5; Portugal, 3; Prussia, 9; Rome, 1; Russia, 3; Spain, 8; Sweden, 2; Turkey, 1; United States, 2; Wiirtemberg, 1. Section B.— Othek Animal Substances used in Manufactobes. 972 Qantor and Co., Turkey sponges. 975 Darney, J., and Sons, glues. 1070 Fauntleroy, R., and Sons, rare ivories. 979 Fentum, M., work in ivory. 986 Heinrich, J., tortoiseshell combs. 989 Jaques, J., and Son, billiard balls and chessmen. 990 Jewesbury, II. W., and Co., cochineal. 999 Moore, W. S., stained brush handles. 1004 Prockter and Bevington, glues. 1005 Puckridge, F., goldbeaters' skin. 1007 Royal Agricultural Society:— — Carrol, wool. — Druce, Joseph, Oxford down fleeces. — Finlay, Alexander, M.P., South Down fleeces. — Game, Robert, Cotswold fleeces. — Greetham, Thomas, Lincoln fleeces. — Harris, T., Leicester fleeces. — Harris, T., cross bred fleeces. — Hcygate, Sir F., quality of wool. — Hope, George, Cheviot washed fleece. — Hunter, James W., South Down and Leicester cross fleeces. — Neve, G., Kent fleeces. — Radnor, Lord, South Down fleeces. — Rintoul, A., Cheviot and Leicester cross fleeces. — Rodwell, Down and Leicester fleeces. — Sandbach, II. B., Shropshire Down fleeces. — Sturgeon, Charles, merino fleeces. — Tweeddaie, Marquis of, Highland washed fleeces. 1015 Stewart, R. S., and Co., real and imitation tortoise- shell. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned:— Bahamas, 2; Friendly Islands, 1; India, 1; Natal, 2; New South Wales, 12; New Zealand, 4; Queensland, 3; South Australia, 4; Tasmania. 6 ; Vic- toria, 26; Austria, 19; Belgium, 2; Brazil, 1; China, 1; Denmark, 1 ; Dutch Colonies, 1 ; France, 29 ; Algeria, 21 ; French Colonies, 1; French Guiana, 1; New Cale- donia, 1; Frankfort, 1; Greece, 2; Hamburg, l; Hesse Grand Duchy, 2 ; Ionian Islands, 1 ; Netherlands, 2 ; Peru, 1 ; Portugal, 3; Prussia, 11 ; Russia, 10 ; Saxony, 1 ; Spain, 3; Sweden, 3; Tahiti, 1; United States, 1; Uruguay, 2. Section C. — Vegetable Substances useu in Manufaciubes, Ac. 1034 Agava Patent Hair Co„ imitation horse hair. 1035 Aldred, T., bows and arrows (archery). 1037 Anderson, R., salmon flies. 5662 Baylis, W. H., artistic carvings in wood. 1039 Bazin, G.. artificial bait. 1040 Beloe, W. L., trout flies and rods. 1041 Bernard, J., fishing tackle. 5678 Bryer, W., artistic carvings in wood. 914 Cattell, Dr., gutta perclia purified and decolourised. 1047 Chevalier, Bowness, and Son, fishing tackle. 1054 Coles, W. F., cork lining of boots and shoes. 1055 Collyer, Dr , half stuff for paper. 1154 Cressy, T. S., casks made by machinery. 1064 Duffield, J., dairy utensils. 1067 Farlow, C., fishing rods and tackle. 1070 Fauntleroy, R., and Sons, hard woods. 1077 Gowland and Co., rods and tackle. 1078 Gutta Percha Co , articles in gutta perclia. 1080 Hawes, J., plants, Ac., anatomised. 1088 Howard, J., blocks for making ladies' hats and bonnets. 1092 Jones and Co., salmon rods, flics, and other tackle. 5761 Kendall, T. II., artistic wood carvings. — Liverpool Committee (to Mr. Chas. Spence), gutta percha purified and decolourised. 1101 Macintosh, C., and Co., air and waterproof textures. 1100 Mackay, A., fancy wicker work. 1104 Mason, G., flax and silk cultivated at Yatcly, Hants. 1105 Meyers, B., canes and walking-sticks. 1109 North British Rubber Co., vulcanised india rubber. 1112 Parkes, A., “ parkesine." 1956 Perreaux and Co., rubber pump valves. 5796 Perry, W., artistic carvings in wood. 1119 Robertson, A., barrel packages of wood. 5S02 Rogers, G. A., artistic carvings in wood. 1121 Scottish Vulcanite Co., manuracturcs in vulcanite. 1125 Silver, S. W., and Co., ebonite. 1130 Smith, W. and A., Scottish fancy wood work. 1131. Spill, G.. and Co., vegetable leather. 1136 Tayler, Harry, and Co., kamptulicon. 1137 Taylor, H., vegetable ivory. 1 1 39 Treloar, T., coir matting and application of coir fibre. 5843 Tudsbury, R. J., carvings in lime wood. 1044 Walker and Stembridge, gums and resins. 5849 Wallis, T. W., carvings in wood from nature. 1146 Warne, W., and Co., ferruginous caoutchouc. 1153 Wright, Joseph, tying of salmon and trout flies. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned: — Bahamas, 1; Barbadocs, 1 ; Bermuda, 4; British Columbia, 1 ; British Guiana, 17 ; Canada, 14; Cape of Good Hope, 1 ; Ceylon, 7 ; Dominica, 1 ; India, 55; Jamaica, 7; Malta, 2; Mauritius, 3; Natal, 7; New Brunswick, 4; New South Wales, 21 ; New Zea- land, 22 ; Nova Scotia, 5 ; Prince Edward's Island, 1 ; Queensland, 10; Soulh Australia, 2; St. Helena, 1; Tasmania, 11; Trinidad, 4; Vancouver'9 Island, 1; Victoria, 13; Western Australia, 10; Austria, 64; Ba- varia, 3; Belgium, 14; Brazil, 13; Bremen, 1; China, 2, Cochin China, 1 ; Costa Rica, 1 ; Denmark, 10 ; Egvpt, 1 ; France, 30; Algeria, 45; French Guiana, 8; French Indies, 4; Guadeloupe, 7 ; La Reunion, 4 ; Martinique, 2; Mayotte and Nossi-Ile, 1 ; New Caledonia, 3; Ste. Marie de Madagascar, 1 ; West Africa, 5 ; Baden, 2 ; Greece, 16 ; Hanover, 3; Hamburg, 6; Ilayti, 3; Hesse, Grand Duchy, 3; Ionian Islands, 2; Italy, 42; Liberia, 1; Madagascar, 1; Netherlands, 7; Norway, 8; Olden- burg, 1 ; Peru, 1 ; Portugal, 15 ; Prussia, 9 : Russia, 30 ; Saxony, 4; Spain, 12; Sweden, 8; Switzerland, 5; Tahiti, 2; Turkey, 27; United States, 2; Uruguay, 2; Venezuela, 4; Wiirtemberg, 1. Section D. — Pebfumery. 1163 Atkinson, J., and E., perfumery. 1164 Bayley and Co., essence bouquet. 1165 Benbow and Son, toilet, soap. 1168 Cleaver, F. S., toilet soaps. 1172 Ewen, J., purified fat. 655 Holland, W., essential oils. 1177 Lewis, J.. perfumery. 1179 Low, R., Son and Co., toilet soaps. 1181 Pears, A. and F.. transparent soap. 1195 Yardley and Statham, toilet soap. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several placis mentioned : — India, 4 ; New South Wales, 1 ; Victoria, 1 ; Belgium, 2; Brazil, 1; France, II; Algeria, 2; La Rdunion, 4; Frankfort,!; Italy, 3; Portugal, 1 ; Prus- sia, 5 ; Saxony, 1 ; Spain, 1 ; Sweden, 2 ; Turkey, 2 ; United States, 1 ; Wiirtemberg, 1. CLASS V.— RAILWAY PLANT, INCLUDING LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES. JUROR WHO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. J. E. M'Coimell, late Locomotive Superintendent of the London and North Western Railway Company. 1231 Ashbury, J., construction of a railway goods wagon. 1236 Bateson, S. S., preventing the spheroidal action of heated water in a tube. — Beattie, J., securing tires on railway wheels. 1238 Beyer, Peacock, and Co., engine and tender. 1240 Brown, G. and J., and Co., solid wrought iron tires. 1252 Fay, C., breaks on railway carriages. i — Gibson, J., securing tires on railway wheels. 1264 Kitcliin, R., weighing machines. 1274 Manning, Wardle, and Co., colliery locomotive engine. — Mansell, securing tires on wheels. 6448 Naylor, Vickers, and Co., cast steel tires and wheels. 1283 Newall, J , breaks on railway carriages. 1290 Pooley, II., and Son, weighing machines. 1269 Ramsbotton, J., locomotive engine, apparatus for supplying water to tenders, and a duplex safety valve. 1299 Sharp, Stewart, and Co., locomotive engine. 1310 Wright, J., and Sons, first-class carriage. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned: — Canada, 1; Austria, 3; Belgium, 3; France, 6; Italy, 1; Prussia, 5; Saxony, 1; Sweden, 1. CLASS VI— CARRIAGES NOT CONNECTED WITH RAIL OR TRAM ROADS. JURORS WIIO WERE EXHIBITORS. | George N. Hooper, Sec., Coach Builder, London. J. W. Peters, Coach Builder, London. H. Holmes, Coach Builder, Derby. 1338 Aldebert, J., light landau. 1343 Booker and Sons, sociable. 1345 Braby, J., and Son, wagon. 1346 Briggs, G., and Co., double brougham. 1354 Cockshoot, J., brougham. 1355 Cole, W., double brougham. 1356 Cook and Iloldway, light landau. 1364 Edwards, Son, and Cliamberlayne, landau. 1375 Hall and Sons, barouche. 1378 Hazeldine, G., road van. 1382 Holroyd, Noble, and Collier, wheels and fancy carriage panels. 1388 nutton, J., and Sons, brougham. 1397 M'Nauglit and Smith, wagonette, with inclosure. 1400 Mason, W. H., wagonette, with inclosure. 1418 Rigby and Robinson, landau. 1420 Rock and Son, dioropha, with inclosure. 1426 Shanks, R. H. and F., landau. 1431 Silk and Sons, landau. 1443 Thrupp and Maberly, light coach. 1414 Turrill, II. L., private Hansom cab. 1446 Ward, J., invalid chair. 1452 Woodall and Son, coach of good form. 1454 Wyburn and Co., landau. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned: — Belgium, 1; France, 5; Hesse, Grand Duchy, 1; Netherlands, 1; Prussia, 1; Russia, 2; United States, 1. CLASS VII. — MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. Section A Machinery employed in Spinning and Weaving, &c. 1486 Anderston Foundry Co., fancy looms. 1487 Apperly, J., and Co., feeding apparatus for woollen carding machines. 1491 Combe, J., and Co., expanding cone. 1497 Dickenson, W., and Sons, application to their loom of Taylor’s patent crank arm. 1499 Dobson and Barlow, carding engines. b JUROR WIIO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. J. Whitworth, F.R.S., Engineer, Manchester. 1502 Ferrabee, J., and Co., apparatus for forming bats of fleece and for fulling cloth. 1509 Hattersley, G., and Son, looms for fancy goods. 1511 Hetherington and Sons, combing machine. 1513 Higgins, W., and Sons, roving and slubbing frames. 1515 Hodgson, G., looms. 1522 Mason, J., self-acting woollen mule. 1526 Parker, C., and Sons, sail cloth loom. 1528 Platt, Brothers, cotton gins. 1531 Rowan, J., and Sons, flax scutching machine. 1532 Sharp, Stewart, and Co., self-acting reel winding machine. 1533 Smith, W. f and Brothers, woollen loom for weaving cloth two yards wide. 1537 Tuer and Hall, carpet loom. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places LIST OF BRITISH PRIZE HOLDERS. mentioned; Belgium. 3; France. 10; Italy, 2; Saxony, 1; Switzerland, 1- United States, 3. Section B. — Machines and Tools employed in the Manufactcke of Wood and Metal. 1790 Barnett, S., aerated water apparatus. 1555 Bertram, G., paper-making machine. 1557 Beyer, Peacock, and Co., machines for working metal. 1561 Bradley and Craven, brick-making machine. 1570 Clayton, H. and Co , brick machinery. 1584 De Bergue, C., and Co., riveting and punching machine. 15S5 Donkin, B., paper machine. 1594 Fairbairn, P., and Co., series of machines for working metals. 1855 Forrester, G., and Co., sugar pan apparatus. 1602 Garside, H., electric engraving machine. 1G10 Greenwood and Bailey, ingenious machines. 1874 Handyside. A., and Co., hop ma hinery. 1621 Iloltzapffel, L., and Co, turning lathes. 1625 Ilulse, J. S., machines for cutting metal 1032 Johnson and Atkinson, apparatus for type-casting and finishing 1649 Lockett, J., Sons, and Leake, engraving machine. 1924 M mlove, Alliott, and Co., sugar and laundry machinery. 1657 Mathieson, A., and Son. hand tools, lil.n M'Onie, W. an 1 A., sugar mill. 1932 Mirrlees and fait, sugar-cane crushing app iratus. 1662 Mitchell, W. H., type composing and distributing machine. 1663 Morgan and Co., block-cutting machine. 1666 Morrison, R., and Co., steam hammer. 16,8 Muir and Co., engineers’ tools. 1669 Napier, D., and Sons, printing and bullet-making machines. 1G70 Nasmyth and Co., dividing apparatus. 1946 Normandy and Co., apparatus for the distillation of salt-water. 1688 Powis, James, and Co., machinery for working wood, and a steam engine. 1695 Robinson, T„ and Son, wood-working machines. 1979 Samuelson, M. and Co., linseed-oil making machine. 1703 Sharp, Stewart, and Co., mtchines for working 1705 Shepherd, Hill, and Co., machinery for cutting metal. 1986 Siebe, 1)., ice-making machine. 1707 Siemens, Halske, and Co., telegraph-wire covering machine. 1715 Smith, Be tcock, and Tannett, machinery for work- ing metals. 172) Smith, J., and Son, wire cylinder. 1732 Vicars, T. and T., and Co., bread and biscuit machinery. 1734 Waterlow and Sons, railway ticket printing and numbering machine. 2208 Whitehead, brick machinery. 1745 Worssam and Co., wood-working machines. 1743 Yates, W. S., bristle sorting machine. 1751 Youngman, C. T., paper bag-making machines. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned. — Austria, 2; Bavaria, 1; Belgium, 4; Fiance, 24; Hesse, Grand Duchy, 3; Italy, 1; Pru-sia, 7; Saxony, 2 ; Sweden, 1 ; Switzerland, 2 ; United States. 1. CLASS VIII.— MACHINERY IN GENERAL. L. R. Bodmer, Consulting Engineer, Switzerland. 1782 Allen, Harrison, and Co., fittings for steam-engine. 1785 Armstrong, Sir W. G., and Co., water pressure engine, crane, Ac. 17S6 Ashton, J. P., steam-engine and hoist. 1792 Bastier, J. U., chain pump. 18 3 Bowser and Cameron, Deriick crane. 1805 Bray's Traction Engine Co., traction engine. 1 808 Broughton Copper Co., copper and brass work. 1813 Carrett, Marshall, and Co., steam-engines, steam- pump, cranes, Ac. 1 SI 9 Chaplin and Co., steam crane. 1820 Chedgey, J., glass rollers, pumps, pipes, Ac. 1822 Clark, D. K., smoke consumer and feed-water heater. 2256 Clarke, E„ fire-escape. 1824 Clayton, Shuttleworth, and Co., steam-engine. 1813 Eadie and Spencer, iron tubes. 1844 Easton, Amo3, and Sons, turbine, AppolJ's centri- fugal pump. 1845 Edwards, C. J., and Son, leather bands, hose, and fire-buckets. 1850 Fawvctt, Preston, and Co , steam-engine and sugar-mill. 1854 Forrest and Barr. Derrick crane. 253G Fowke, Capt. F., R.E., fire-engine adapted for military purposes. 1857 Fiieake and Gathercolc, salinometers, telegraphs, indicators, Ac. 6432 Greenwood, Batley, and Co., machine for testing strength of steel. 1S70 Gwynne and Co., double acting centrifugal pump. 1877 Harrison, J., cast-iron boiler. 18S0 Harvey and Co., model of pumping engine. JURORS WHO WERE EXHIBITORS. | John r7 Tliornewill and Warham, winding engines. 2009 Tod and M ‘Gregor, inverted cylinder screw engines. 219 5 Tuxford and Son, traction engine. 2J17 Webb and Son, leather driving belts, buckets, hose, Ac. 2 119 Wenham, F. II., thermo-expansive engine. 2020 Weston, T. A., differential pullei s, Ac. 2023 Whitmore and Sous, horizontal steam-engine driving corn-mill. 2027 Wilson, J. C., and Co., steam sugar-cane mill. 2026 Williamson, Brothers, Thomson’s vortex turbines, fan, pumps, Ac. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned Victoria, 2; Austrii, 3; Baden, 1; Bel- gium, 6; Bremen, 1; France, 29; Hesse-Cassel, 1; Norway, 3; Prussia, 9; Saxony, 1 ; Sweden, 2; Switzer- land, 7 ; United StatC9, 20. CLASS IX.— AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. 2073 Aveling, J., agricultural locomotive engine. 2076 Bamlett, A., and Co., manual delivery reaper. 2078 Barrett, Exall, and Andrews, thrashing machines and steam engines. — Bell, Reverend P., original reaper. 2079 Bentall, E. H., cattle food machines and root pulpers. 2082 Boby, R., machine for cleaning and separating grain. 1805 Bray’s Traction Engine Co., traction engine. 2<>8(; Burgess and Key, reaping and mowing machines. 2092 Childs and Owen, grain separators. 2«‘94 Clayton, Shuttleworth, and Co., steam engines and thrashing machines. 2 95 Coleman and Sons, cultivator. 2097 Comes, J , chaff-cutters. 2102 Croskill, W. (Trustees of;, reaping machines, carts, and bone-crusher. 2115 Fowler, J., jun., steam plough and steam cultivator, apparatus generally for applying steam. 2117 Garrett and Son, steam engines and thrashing machines. 2121 Gray, I., and Co., tillage implements. 2122 Green, T., lawn mowing machine. JUROR WIIO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. J. Pintos, Manufacturer, Berlin, Zollverein. 2124 Hancock, J. and F., and Co., pulverising plough and butter machine. 2131 Howard, J. and F., ploughs, harrows, rakes, hay- making machines, steam cultivators. 2127 He rein an, S., glass houses. 2129 Holmes and Sons, thrashing and sowing machines. 2130 Hornsby and Sons, steam engines, thrashing ma- chines, winnowing machines, and ploughs. 2132 Hughes and Sons, corn mills. 2137 Hunter, P., churns and dairy utensils. 2140 Kemp, Murray, and Nicholson, reaping and mowing machines. 2141 Kennan and Sons, lawn mowing machines. 2156 Musgrave, Brothers, iron stalls for cattle and horses. 2160 Or ms on, II., hot-water tubular boilers. 2165 Priest and YVoalnough, turnip, manure, and corn drills. 2168 Ransomes Snd Sims, steam engines, thrashing machines, corn screens, mills, and ploughs. 2171 Richmond and Chandler, chaff cutters. 2172 Robey and Co., farm engine and thrashing machine. 2175 Ruston, Proctor, and Co., portable steam engines. 21S1 Sellar, G., and Son, ploughs. 2182 Shanks and Sons, lawn mowers. 2185 Smith, W., horse-hoe. 2186 Smyth, J., and Sons, drilling and sowing machines. 2187 Snowden, W. f paring ploughs. 2191 Taylor, J., and Sons, conservatory and tubular boilers. 2194 Turner, E. R. and F., steam engines, thrashing machines, and corn crushers. 2195 Tuxford and Sons, steam engines and thrashing machines. 2198 Underhill, W. S., centrifugal corn elevator. 2199 Wallis and Haslam, thrashing machines. 22H Weeks, J.,and Co., boiler for horticultural purposes. 2208 Whitehead, J., pipe and tile-making machine. 2 >22 Whitmee, J., and Co., flour mills. 2207 Young, J. and T., drill for mangold wurtzel and turnip seed. In this Class there were a’so awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned : —Canada, 6; New Brunswick, 1 ; South Australia, 1 ; Victoria, 1 ; Austria, 4 ; Belgium, 5 ; Den- mark, 1; France, 11; Italy, 6; Netnerlauds, 1; Nor- way, 2; Prussia, 1; Russia, 1; Sweden, 6; Switzer- land, 1; United States, 6; Wuricinberg, 1. CLASS X.— CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. JURORS WHO WERE EXHIBITORS. Cesarc Valerio, Member of Italian Parliament, Italy. | J. W. Bazaigette, C.E., Engineer to Metropolitan Board of Works, London. Section A. — Civil Engineering and Building Contrivances. 2335 Barrett, H., fireproof floor. 2239 Betliell, J., creosoted wood. 2245 Brunei, I., representative of his father, the late I. K. Brunei, F.R.S., models of two bridges. | 2255 Clark, E., hydraulic graving dock. — Clemence, Q. V., dome scaffold and traveller. 2205 Cowen, J., and Co., gas retorts, firebricks, Ac. I 22G8 Doulton, H., and Co., stoneware pipes, Ac. 2289 Gibson and Turner, station roof. | 2290 Gilkes, Wilson, and Co., railway viaduct 2307 Kennedy, Lieut.-Coionel, screw piles for bridges of great extent in India. 2316 Macneil, Sir J., F.R.8., bridge over the Boyne. 344 Murray, John, Sunderland docks. 2324 Norman, R. and N., ornamental bricks and tiles. 1961 Ransome, F., block of siliceous artificial stone. LIST OF BHITISH PKIZEHOLDEES. ',304 Suiter, S., model exhibited by C. Vignolo9. 2311 Scott, Capt., H. Y. D., good and cheap cement. 2661 Stevenson, A., model of Skerry vore lighthouse. 2354 Vignolcs, C., model of Bilboa railway. 2662 Walker, J., rock lighthouses. — White, Brothers, Portland cement. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned:— Canada, 2 ; New South Wales, -2; Victoria, 1; Austria, 8; Bavaria, 1; Belgium, 1; France, 32; Hanover, 1; Italy, 4; Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1; Nether- lands, 1 ; Norway. 1 ; Prussia, 7; Russia, 1; Sweden, 1 ; Switzerland, 1; Wiirtemberg, 1. Section B. — Sanitary Improvements and Con- structions. 2259 Cliff, J., and Son, retorts for gas. 22151 Cockey, E. and Sons, valve for distributing gas. 23S4 Finch, J.. porcelain bath in one piece. 2291 Glover, G., and Co., apparatus for measuring gas. 23S6 Jennings, G., articles exhibited. 2330 Perkins, A. M., hot water apparatus for heating rooms, &c. 2399 Kosser, S. E., desiccating and warming. 2403 Spencer, T., new material for filtering water. 2344 Stephenson, W., and Sons, earthenware gas retorts. 2411 Woodcock, W., stoves and warming apparatus. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned : —Austria, 3 ; Belgium, 4 ; France, 6 ; Ham- burg, 1 ; Russia, 1 ; Sweden, 3 ; Switzerland, 1. Section C.— Objects Shown for Architectural Beauty. 2230 Architectural Pottery Co., mosaic, glazed tiles, bricks, &c. 2233 Bale, T. S., mosaic and ornamental floor, wall tiles, and glazed brick3. 2238 Bellman and Ivey, scagliola. 2423 Blanchard, M. H., terra cotta. 6833 Blashficld, J. M., terra cotta and pottery. 6S34 Boote, Messrs., tiles and pottery. 2317 Burton, J. and E„ Coalbrookdale Co., Davis and Co., Doughty, Evans, R., Exley, W., Lewis, G. tV., Madely Wood Co., Maw and Co., Thorn, P. G., collective medal for encaustic tiles. 2425 Ecclesiolugical Society, wood carvings. 2430 Forsyth, J., marble font and cover for Lord Dudley. 2434 Jackson, G., and Sons, carton picrre. 203 Lizard Serpentine Co., works made of serpeniine. 204 Llangollen Slab and Sia e Co., enamelled slate work and la go slate slab. 214 Macdonald. A., graniie used in building. 2313 M'Farlan, W„ and Co., iron castings. 2435 Magnus, G. E., enamelling slaie. CS73 Minton and Co., earthenware, majolica, parian tiles, Ac. 269 Pearce, W., jun., inlaid serpentine and steatite tables, columns, Ac. 2440 Poole, II., and Son. mosaic and decorative works in stone and marble. 2444 Serpentine Marble Co., marble font and pedestals. 2440 Slater (architect), design of exhibits by IL Poole and Son. 2446 Thomas, John, carved chimney piece. 2317 Wyatt, Digby, forms and colours in articles exhi- bited by G. Maw. In this Section there were also awarded the following ^number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned: — Malta, 3 ; Austria, 2 ; Belgium, 4 ; Den- mark, 1; France, 14; Greece, 2 ; Italy, 2 ; Nether- lands, 2 ; Prussia, 6 ; Russia, 3. CLASS XI.— MILITARY ENGINEERING, ARMOUR AND ACCOUTREMENTS, ORDNANCE AND SMALL ARMS. JUROR WHO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. Westley Richards, Rifle Maker, Birmingham. Sections A and B. — Clotiiixo and Accoutrements, Tents, Camp Equipage, and Military Engineering. 2505 Adair, Col., model of London and adjacent country'. 2525 Department of Insp.-Gen. of Fortifications and the & Royal Engineer Establishment at Chatham, 2571 models of fortifications, barracks, and hospitals. 2531 Ducane, Capt., E. F., R.E., application of iron to fortifications. 2536 Fowke, Capt., R.E., pontoons. 2i5l James, Col. Sir IL, U.E., mode of reducing maps. 2554 Jones, Sergeant-Major, application of sheet iron to gabions, Ac. 2562 Lovell, Col C. B., R.E., sap shield. 2596 Royal Medical Department of the War Office, ambulances and other appliances for medical service in the field. 2551 Topographical Department of the War Office, maps. In these Sections there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned; — France, 4; Spain, 2; Switzerland, 1; Turkey, 1. Section C.— Arms and Ordnance. 2506 Adams, R., breech-loading small arms. 2510 Baker, F. T., sporting guns and rifles. 2513 Birmingham Military Arms Trade, commercial value of products. 2514 Blakely, Capt., cast-iron ordnance. 2619 Bland, Capt., phantom target. 2515 Brazier, J., gun-locks and breech-loading actions. 2547 Chevalier, electric target. 2527 Daw, G. II., breech-loading guns and rifles. 2529 Dougali, J. D., breech-loading in guns. 2532 E brail, S., gun9 and rifles. 2509 Elswick Ordnance Co., articles exhibited. 2-537 Fox, Lieut-Col. A. Lane, parabol.c theory for range of projectiles in vacuo. 2539 Gibbs, G., guns and rifles. 2541 Gisborne, F. N., electric target, 2540 Gladstone, H. and Co., novelty of invention in Captain Hayes' seamless skin cartridges. 2542 Grainger, J., locks. 2557 Lancaster, C. W., rifles and cannons. 2558 Lang, J., fowling-pieces. 2561 London Armoury Co., rifles and revolver pistols. 2565 Manton, John, and Sons, guns and rifles. 2569 Mont-Storm, VVm., converting Enfield rifle into breech-loader. 2600 Royal Carriage Department, Woolwich, articles exhibited. 2001 Royal Gun Factories, Woolwich, articles ex- hibited. 2602 Royal Laboratory, Woolwich, articles exhibited. 2003 Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, articles ex- hibited. 2722 Sharpe, B., pendulum for obtaining correct inclina- tion of ship's decs. 2612 Whitworth Rifle and Ordnance Co., guns and rifles. 2613 Wilkinson and Son, swords, rifles, and fowling- pieces. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned : — Austria, 1 ; Bavaria, 1; Belgium, 7 ; Brazil, 1; France, 14; Italy, 6; Pr ussia, 5; Russia, 3 ; Spain, 2; Sweden, 2; Switzerland, 3; Turkey, 2; United States, 1. CLASS XII.— NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, INCLUDING SHIPS’ TACKLE. JURORS WHO WERE EXHIBITORS. | II. D. Cunningham, F.R.G.S., Portsmouth. J. D'A. Samuda, Ship Builder, London. Section A.— Ships for Purposes of War or Commerce. 2741 Coles, Captain C., R.N., revolving cupolas. 2668 Denny, Brothers, W., sectional model of screw steamer. 2G81 Gray, J. W., and Son, ships’ fittings. 2083 Griffiths, K., screw propellers. 2689 Hornsey, W., telegraphs and gongs for steam vessels. 2693 J. Jones, jun., protection of ships of war. 2695 Kirkaldy, drawing of the Per.-ia. 2696 Laird, J., Son, and Co., design <4 the Connaught. 2697 Lords of the Admiralty, construction of sh'p3 of war since 1851. 2699 Mare, Messrs. C. J. and Co., models of the North- umberland and Himalaya. 2737 Piercy, G., Admiralty Modeller, model of Victoria and Albert. 2710 Rennie, G., and Son, floating dock. 2719 Russell, J. S., naval architecture. 2725 Thames Iron Works and Ship Building Co , models of steam vessels. 2759 Thompson, N., machinery for building boats. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned; — Austria, 1; Denmark, 1; France, 1; Russia, 1 ; United States, 1. Sections B and C.— Life Boats, Barges, and Vessels for Amusement, and Ships' Tackle and Rigging. 2779 Brown, Lenox, and Co., cast iron blocks. 2659 Clifford, C., lowerir g and releasing a boat at sea. 2894 Dent and Co., fluid compass. 2747 Halkett, P. A., portable boat for exploring expe- ditions. 2785 Herbert, G., beacon buoy. 2317 Lords Commissioners of fhe Admiralty, compasses. 2315 Lords of the Admiralty, diffusion of their charts. 2793 Martin, C., anchor. 2795 Parkes, H. P., chain cables and chain work. 2796 Peacock, G„ refuge buoy beae.ui, 2756 Royal National Life Boat Institution, boat com- bining the qualities of a life boat, and good trans- porting carriage. 2757 Searle, E., racing boats for lakes and rivers. 1710 Sinibaldi, Madame, chain cables. 2807 Trotutan, J., anchor. 2810 Ward, Captain T.. lt.N., cork jacket. 2812 West, J. G., and Co., liquid compasses. 2814 Wood, Brothers, and Co., chain cables and chain work. In this Section there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places memioned: — New South Wales, 1 ; New Zealand, 1; Nova Scotia, 1; Tasmania, 1; Denmark, 1; France, 6; Norway, 3; Russia, 2; United States, 1, CLASS XIII. — PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS AND PROCESSES DEPENDING ON THEIR USE. JUROR WHO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. C. Wheatstone, F.R.S., Deputy Chairman, Professor of Experimental Philosophy, King’s College, London. 2846 Adie, P., sextants, telemeter, &c. 2850 Allan, T., sparkless relayand telegraphic apparatus. — Babbage, calculating machine. 2855 Beale, Prof., animal tissues for microscopic ob- servation. — Beckly, registering anemometer. 2 '.57 Benhams & Froud, chemical apparatus in platinum. 2864 British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Co., tele- graphic apparatus. 2S67 Buckingham, J., 8-inch object glass. 2871 Butters, T. E., parallel glass for optical instru- ments. 2874 Casella, L. P., minimum thermometer. 2876 Chance, Bros., dioptric lights and optical gias3. 2661 Commissioners of Northern Lights, reflectors for lighthouses. 2880 Cooke, T., aud Sons, equatorial telescopes. 28S8 Dallmcyer, J. H„ equatorial telescopes. 2S69 Dancer, J. B., microscopes and microscopic photo- graphs. 2890 Darker, W. H., crystals for investigations in phy- sical optics. 2892 De Grave, Short, and Fanner, balances. 2393 Dc la Rue, W., astronomical photographs. 2S97 Elliott, Brothers, philosophical instruments. 29i;0 Glass, Elliott, and Co., electric telegraph cables. 2904 Griffin, J. J., apparatus for chemical research. 2905 Grubb, T., large equatorial telescope. 3001 Gutta Percha Co., application of material sub- marine telegraph cables. 2911 Hicks, J., minimum thermometer. 2912 Highley, S., microscopes. 2914 Iiolmes, F. IL, electro-magnetic light. 2916 Ilorue and Tlioriuliwai c, herapathites. 2S65 Kew Observatory, instruments for observing ter- restrial magnetism. 2922 Kiessler aud Neu, balances for scientific purposes 2926 Ladd and Oeitling, balances for scientific purposes. 2925 Ladd, W., stands for microscopes, induction coils. 2939 Negrc-tti and Zambra, meteorological instruments. 2941 Norman, J., microscopic objects. 2944 Pastorelli, F., and Co., levels and surveying instru- ments. — Peters, microscop e pantograph. 2945 Pillischer, M., students' microscopes. 2946 Po.vell and Lealand, object glass. 2952 Ross, T., microscopes aud baud n lcscopcs. 2954 Sax, J., balances for scientific purposes. 2959 Siemens, Halskc, and Co., telegraphic apparatus. 2965 Silver, S. W., and Co., conductors insulated with caoutchouc. LIST OF BRITISH PRIZEHOLDERS. xii 2964 Smith, Beck, and Beck, microscopes and optical instruments. 2965 Smyth, C. P., rotatory ship clinometer. 2962 Spencer, Browning, and Co., sextants, quadrants. 2968 Stanley, W. F., mathematical instruments. 2973 Sugg, W., photometric apparatus. 2976 Tree, J., and Co., mathematical scales. 2981 Varley, C. F„ telegraphic apparatus. 2989 Wenham, F. H., binocular microscope. — White, James, marine galvanometer. 2993 Wilkins & Co., parabolic reflectors for lighthouses. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned Austria, 4 ; Bavaria, 2 ; Belgium, 2 ; France, 25 ; Hanover, 1 ; Hesse Cassel, 1 ; Italy, 3 ; Netherlands, 1; Portugal, 1; Prussia, 8; Rome, 3; Saxe-Coburg, 1 ; Saxony, 1 ; Sweden, 2; Switzerland, 3 ; United States, 1 ; Wiirtemberg, I. CLASS XIV.— PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS. JURORS WHO WERE EXHIBITORS. A. F. J. Claudet, F.R.S., Photographer, London. | C. T. Thompson, Official Photographer, Science and Art Depart., London. 8031 Amateur Photographic Assoc., photographic ex- cellence. — Bcckley, photographs of spots on the sun. 3039 Bedford, F.. photographs. 3049 Breese, C. S., views on glass of clouds, waves, Ac. 3061 Caldesi, L., photographs of antiquities. 3069 Dallmeyer, J. H., lenses. 2893 De La Rue, W., photography for astronomical science. 3074 Fenton, R., fruit and flower pieces; photography. — Frith, views in Egypt. 3091 Heath, Vernon, landscape photography. 3101 Jame3, Col. Sir H., R.E., photography. 3117 London Stereoscopic Co., photographic views. 3123 Mayall, J. E., photographic productions. 3127 Mudd, J., landscapes. 3129 Negretti and /umbra, photographic transparencies. 3135 Piper, J. D., pictures in landscape photography. 3136 Pouting, T. C-, iodised sensitive collodion. 3140 Pretsch, P., photographic printing. 3147 Robinson, H. P., photographic manipulation. 3149 Ross, T., photographic lenses. 3150 Rouch, W. W., photographs. 3153 Sidebotham, J., landscape photography. 3167 Talbot, Fox W. H., photographic engravings on copper and steel. 3179 White, H., landscape photography. ■3182 Williams, T. R., photographs. 3183 Wilson, G. W., pictures of clouds and shipping. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned : — Canada, 1 ; India, 1 ; Jersey, 1 ; New South Wales, 2 ; Victoria, 4 ; Austria, 4 ; Baden, 1 ; Bavaria, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 32 ; Greece, 1 ; Hanse Towns, 1; Italy, 2; Prussia, 4 ; Rome, 2; Russia, 1; Saxony, 1. CLASS XV.-IIOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS. Charles Frodsham, Sec., Chronometer Maker, 8218 Adams and Sons, productions. 3223 Barraud and Lund, productions. 3225 Bennett, J., watches and clocks. 3227 Blackie, G., chronometers. 3229 Brooks, S. A, watch jewelling. 3235 Cole, J. F., mechanical excellence. 3236 Cole, Th., taste and design. 3238 Cooke, T., and Sons, turret clock. 3239 Crisp, W. B., marine chronometers. 3242 Delolme, H., clocks and chronometers. 3243 Dent and Co., chronometers, and turret clocks. 3244 Dent, M. F., and Co., chronometers, and watches. 8252 Ganeval and Callard, pendulum, wire and balance springs. 3254 Guiblct and Rambal, excellence of work. 3255 Guillaume, E. and C., ingenuity in repeaters. JURORS WHO WERE EXHIBITORS. London. | E. D. Johnson, Chronometer Maker, London. Svlvain Mairct. Watchmaker. Lode. Switzerland. 3295 Ilewett, S. and J., Prescott Committee, chro- nometers and watches. 3270 Hutton, J., construction. 3271 Jackson, W. II. and S., excellence. 3275 Klaftenberger, C. J., excellence and variety. 3276 Kullberg, V., general excellence. 3279 Losada, J. R., chronometers, astronomical and turret clocks. S330 M'Lcnnan, pocket chronometers. 3295 Molyneux, W., Prescott Committee, chronometers. 3284 Moore, B. and J., turret clocks. 3289 Nicole and Capt, centre seconds and keyless watches. 3291 Parkinson and Frodsham, chronometers, watches. 3295 Pendleton, P., Prescott Committee, chronometers and watches. 3293 Poole, J., chronometers and watches. 3300 Rotherham and Sons, excellence and cheapness. 3295 Saggerson, E., Frescott Committee, chronometers. 3306 Sewill, J., excellence in watches. 3309 Smith and Sous, turret and house clocks. 3320 Walker, J„ watches, railway watches, and clocks. 3321 Walsh, A. P., chronometers and watches. 3324 Webster, R., watches. 3325 White, E., watches. 3295 Wycherley, J., Prescott Committee, chronometers. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places metioned:— Austria, 3; Baden, 8; Denmark, 2; France, 19; Hamburg, 1; Norway, 2; Portugal, 1; Prussia, 1; Saxony, 1; Sweden, 2; Switzerland, 24; Wiirtem- berg, L 3364 Besson, F., brass wind instruments. 3.366 Bevington and Sons, organs. 3368 Boosey and Ching, harmoniums. 3369 Boosey and Sons, Pratten's flute. 3370 Brinsinead, J., piano. 3372 Broadwood and Sons, piano. 3375 Cadby, C., piano. 3377 Challen, C., and Son, tone in piano. 3379 Chappell and Co., harmoniums. 3382 Clinton and Co., flutes. 8383 Collard and Collard, piano. CLASS XVI.— MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, JUROR WHO WAS AN EXHIBITOR. J. Sehiedmayer, Musical Instrument Maker, Zollverein. 3392 Distin, II., brass instruments. 3393 Dodd, J., bows and silvered strings. 3 404 Greiner and Sandilands, piano. 3406 Harrison and Co., piano. 3497 Higham, J., cornets. 3408 Hill, W. E., tenor, and excellence of bows. 3412 Hopkinson, J. and J., piano. 3418 Kirkman and Sons, pianos. 3420 Kohler, J., brass instruments. 3425 Metzler, G., and Co., brass instruments. 3452 Pohlmann and Son, piano. 3 135 Rudali, Rose, Carte, and Co., cylinder flute. 3437 Riist and'Co., framing of piano. 3445 Walker, J. W., organ. 3448 Willis, Il„ organ. 8450 Wornum, R., and Sons, piano. In this Class there were also awarded the following number of medals to Exhibitors from the several places mentioned;— Austria, 13; Baden, 1; Bavaria, 3; Bel- gium, 6; Denmark, 2; France, 34; Hamburg, 1; Italy, 2; Norway, 1; Prussia, 6; Saxony, 5; Sweden, 2; Switzerland, 2; United States, 2; Wiirtemberg, 6. CLASS XVII.— SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 3483 Ash, C., and Sons, appliances in dental surgery. 3485 Bailey, W. H., crutches, abdominal belts, and spinal supports. 3486 Barling, J., sponge gold for stopping teeth. 3488 Bigg, H. II., orthopoedic instruments. 3491 Brown, S. S., elastic supports for abdomen and leg. 3502 Coxeter, J., surgical instruments. 3505 Durroch, W. F., surgical, obstetric, and dental in- struments. 3506 Ernst, F. G., orthopoedic instruments. 3508 Evans and Stevens, surgical instruments. 3509 Evrard, J., tooth extraction instruments. 3512 Ferguson, J. and J., surgical and obstetric instru- 8640 Ashworth, E., and Sons, thread. 3641 Auld, Berrie, and Mathieson, Scotch muslins. 3642 Barlow, Goody, and Jones, quilts, cotton blankets. 3644 Brook, J., and Brothers, sewing thread. 3646 Carlile, J.. Sons, and Co., sewing threads. 3648 Christy, W. M., and Sons, towels and blankets. 3649 Clark and Co., sewing thread. 3650 Clark, J., jun., and Co., sewing thread. 3661 Clarke, J. P., sewing cotton, Ac. 3652 Coats, J. and P., sewing thread. 3655 Crewdson and Worthington, goods. 3656 Pickins and Co., cotton fine yarns in threads. 3658 Evans, W. f and Co., thread. 3522 Gray, J., are exceedingly elegant. Opposite this littlo stand Messrs. Day, of Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, exhibit the processes cf chromo- lithography as applied to the production of some views of the Exhi- bition. Messrs. J. and H. Robinson and Co., of Milk Street, Cheapsido, have at work a silk velvet loom capable of producing but half a yard per day of fine velvet. It seems strange that with all the advance in mechanical science there has never yet been produced a silk velvet loom capable of throwing its own shuttle, and cutting the pile of the web. Messrs. Pinches make and jell medals by a powerful press, and Messrs. H. Milward and Sons, of Redditch, show by models and samples the process of needlemaking. Messrs. Kennan and Sons, of Dublin, have, among other machines, a sculpturing machine at work, and right well it seems to serve its purpose; and all over the court there are sewing machines, the mere enumeration of the proprietors or inventors of which would occupy more space than we can spare. To the uninitiated each sewing machine seems twin brother to its neighbour. Largest Block of Copper Ore in Europe.— The fame of the Burra-Burra copper mines of South Australia is well supported. There is a block of ore, which stands on the visitor’s right hand as he enters the Australian Court, and which we believe to be by far the largest and richest mass of its kind ever sent to Europe. Its Weight, which is nearly seven tons, has been a cause of some delay in its appearance at the Exhibition, as for a time great difficulty was found in unshipping it from the hold of the Murray. There it is now, how- ever, a marly -looking mass, flaked with vivid green and intersections of granite. Its yield of metal is estimated at more than 30 per cent. The malachite, also, is fine, especially the large table of that singular carbonate, the mineral character of which is belied by its stone-like appearance. But there are here some curious nuggets of the veined green substance which in 1851 was first familiarised to the English public by a grand display in the Russian Court of the Hyde Park Exhibition. We do not remember to have seen anything so strange, so beautiful in its way as the large lump of malachite, thickly en- crusted over nearly the whole of its surface by blue crystals. Graphite. — Near the Russian specimens of pietra dura, &c., there has just sprung up a new trophy, containing specimens of graphite from the recently-discovered mines of the substance in Siberia. The exhibitor, Mr. Alibert, deserves great praise for the pains he has been at to give an ornamental appearance to a substance otherwise not very attractive. Statuettes, busts, hands, &c., are carved out of it with considerable artistic skill, and though this is quite beside the usual purposes to which plumbago is applied, it could hardly present itself in such fine company without this homage to the beautiful. 44 .CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. Jfurmfm antr gfarrafiffn. IN the centre of the North Courts, on the right hand side from the Eastern Dome, will be found most of the furniture and household decorations belonging to the British exhibitors. Part of the space thus filled is inclosed, and devoted to what is called the Mediaeval Court. Here will be found a number of very fine pieces of furniture suit- able for ecclesiastical decoration — a rercdos executed by Mr. Earp, from a design by Mr. Street; a couple of swell organs, in the Gothic style; some fine Gothic church furniture; and a Gothic casket, by Messrs. Fisher, of Southampton Street ; and various carvings by Messrs. Cox and others. The Mediaeval Court has been ar- ranged by Mr. Burges, the eminent Gothic architect, who, assisted by Messrs. Slater and Morton, has ably carried out the views of Mr. Beresford Hope, whose speciality appears to bea re- vival of ancient forms in modern times. Great skill has been displayed in the arrangement of the various beautiful objects exhibited in this court, to which the leading manufacturers have liberally contributed. The visitor will examine with pleasure a portion of the reredos for Waltham Abbey, and the cartoon of the finished work, as well as the various specimens of Glaston- burychairs; and the 13th century book- case, exhibited by Mr. James Forsyth, of Edward Street, Hampstead Road. This quaint but beautiful piece of fur- niture is a reproduction in all respects — shape, carving, colouring, and gene- ral tone — of the sort of receptacles in which the monks kept their manu- scripts, and before which they per- formed those wonders of illumination and minute caligraphy, it has lately become a fashion to imitate, if not to rival. We are enabled to give an illustration (on page 46) of this excel- lent work. The same exhibitor has also some very beautiful specimens of carvings in wood and stone in the Mediaeval Court and other parts of the building. In this page we have an engraving of the font executed by him for the Earl of Dudley, and now fixed in Witley Church. In the Mediaeval Court an exact model of the font appears, as designed by Mr. S. W. Daukes, the well- known architect. The lower part of the work consists of a richly- carved basin in Caen stone, supported by four winged angels, sculptured in the same material, and surmounted by a carved oak cover, the upper figure on which is intended to represent John the Baptist. The style of the work is true Renaissance, and the motive of the whole is well sustained. An appropriate inscription— “ Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven” — runs round the base of the cover. Here also — the work of the same exhibitor — are some fine carvings in oak, intended for the bench-ends of the choir in Chichester Cathe- dral; the high tomb erected to the memory of the late Lord Cawdor ; one of the circular panels, with an open cut subject, for Chichester Cathedral : and some other beautiful specimens of ge- nuine carving. Many of the latter are from the designs of Mr. William Slater. In the Mediaeval Court will also be found a carved font of Ancaster stone, exhibited by Messrs. Kirk and Parry, of Sleaford, Lincolnshire. This font has a beautifully carved cover, executed by Mr. David Sharp, a young and rising artist, who shows a bracket in the classical style against the w-alls of the adjoining court. The very remarkable works exhi- bited in the Mediaeval Court will attract considerable attention. The visitor should especially notice Mr. Redfern’s casts of sculptures of the Ascension, for the Digby Mortuary Chapel, at Sher- borne as well as some specimens of me- diaeval carvings ; the cast of Dr. Mills’ monument at Ely Cathedral, from the design of Mr. Scott, the Gothic archi- tect ; the metal- work and furniture shown by the Ecclesiological Society ; and the new frontal executed for Peter- borough Cathedral by various young ladies, and exhibited by the Dean of that ancient city. But as we shall possibly return to the Mediaeval Court, we proceed to notice some other pieces of furniture shown in Classes X. and XXX. The sideboard in carton pierre, executed by Messrs. George Jackson and Sons, of Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, is certainly a most successful application of this style of decorative art. One of the advantages of work in this material is that it does not warp or shrink through heat. The carya- tides supporting the entablatures of this sideboard are models of grace and good taste. They are from the same mould as those which support Mr. Harry Emanuel’s unrivalled jewel case. Messrs. Jackson also exhibit a Greek candelabrum, executed under the direction of C. R. Cockerell, Esq., the eminent artist; a pair of griffins and candelabrum between ; a Louis XVI. door, admirably designed; various mouldings, ovals, centre flowers for ceilings, cornices for libraries and drawing-rooms, and a compartment for a decorated ceiling, intended to show the advantages of carton pierre in respect of lightness, sharpness of detail, and com- CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 45 pleteness of relief. But the triumph of the Furniture Court will be found in the sideboard and various objects contributed by Messrs. Jackson and Graham, of Oxford Street. Of these we shall have something to say by-and-by. For the present we content ourselves by calling the visitor’s attention tothcir surpassing excellence of workmanship and beauty of design. A gilt cabinet and looking-glass by Mr. C. Nosotti, of Oxford Street, may be considered an excellent specimen of modern house decora- tion. This elaborate piece of furniture is executed entirely from designs furnished by Mr. No- sotti’s own English work- men; and all the mould- ing, carving, gilding, &e., is done on his premises. In drawing-room deco- ration and gilt work generally — especially in frames for looking-glasses, pictures, and prints— Mr. Nosotti bears the palm among the English ex- hibitors; nor have we seen anything in the foreign half of the build- ing to exceed them for beauty of composition and excellence of execu- tion. Messrs. Wright and Mansfield, of Great Port- land Street, also exhibit some finely-carved and gilt cabinets, book-cases, girandoles, &c., with plaques of Wedgwood ware tastefully introduced here and there. Notice also the buhl furni- ture of Messrs. Toms and Lus- combe; the de- corative furni- ture of Messrs. Morris and Co., of Red Lion Square; the artistic de- corations for CHIMNEY-PIECE IN CABTON FIEKEE. MESSES. GEOEGE JACKSON AND SONS. dining and drawing-rooms, by Messrs. McLachlan, of St. James’s Street; the cabinets shown by various firms; the Taunton side- board; and, generally, the furniture shown by Messrs. Gillow, Crace, Fisher, Jenner and Knewstub, Lawford, Seddon, and Jones and Willis. But as it is impossible to do more than glance at these on the present occasion, we shall endea- vour, in another page, to give the reader some illustrative specimens of the most important and noteworthy among them. The paper hangings, carvings, and other wall decorations, will also claim a more extended notice. Meanwhile, we may men- tion that since 1851 a great advance has been made in domestic furniture. We are no longer shocked by inconsistencies or re- pelled by anachronisms. Our Jacksons and Gil- lows, our Fishers and Trollopes have no need to fear competition with their Continental rivals. If none of them show in their furniture the mas- siveness of Austria, or the flimsiness of France, they, at least, avoid the homeliness of America, or the tawdriness of Russia. Grace in design and tho- rough integrity in work- manship are the chief characteristics of British furniture and household decoration ; and while these are earnestly sought and unhesita- tingly adopted, our ma- nufacturers need have no fear of commanding the markets of the world — to say nothing of the con- stantly in- creasing de- mands for home con- sumption. The collec- tion of British furniture — rich and noble as it is — has' two great de- fects: it is bad- ly placed in the building, and is without attendants to explain its merits. Frag- ments of rich mantel-shelves, hall-fittings, and massive dining-tables that would not disgrace a Venetian palace, stand in solemn silence before admiring crowds, without even a descriptive ticket attached to 46 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. them. The open, cheerful southern courts would have given more space in which to display their delicate beauty, and would have attracted more visitors than the cramped northern courts. Pianos, as articles of furniture merely, are entitled to especial notice: their claims to attention as musical instruments are tested daily, and with great satisfaction, by thousands of visitors. Approach- ing the Furniture Courts from the foreign nave, we come first - to musical instruments. Notice tho handsome instrument in a walnut case, inlaid, by Hopkinson ; and, at the back, the oak piano with carving, in the style of decoration of the time of Charles I. The next court is occupied jointly by Collard and Broad- wood; both of these firms show instruments worthy of their great fame. In Broadwood’s compart- ment are some interest- ing models, and parts illustrating the construc- tion. We notice, at the back of this court, Chal- len’s double-action piano, in case of walnut and marqueterie. Messrs. Kirkman and Son show several fine pianofortes. Tho case of the Grand nearest the nave should be carefully examined ; it is a magnificent speci- men of parquetry. The visitor should “make a note of” the suite of bedroom furni- ture in sycamore and alnus woods, shown by Bird and Hull, of Man- chester. The designs are peculiarly elegant. Purdie, Cowtan, and Co., of Oxford Street, exhibit a dining - room fireplace, with wall-deco- ration in imitation mar- bles, ebony, walnut, and purple wood. The pic- tures occupying the pa- nels of the two side compartments are speci- mens of water-glass, or stereo-chromic method of fresco. The works of Trapnell, a beautiful walnut bedroom furniture, and the carpets -of Filmer, from designs by the students of South Kensington, occupy a portion of this court. In the next two courts a handsome book-case in oak, with cast-iron mountings ; a sideboard by Caldecott, of carved English oak ; Tapling’s carpets ; Ogden’s sideboard of carved oak, beautifully relieved with slabs of walnut ; and Thurston’s billiard-table, attract deserved attention. The latter is made of oak, from drawings by Mr. J . M. Allen, in the style of the fifteenth century. The panels of the sides and ends are carved in low relief, illustrating the hijrfoiy of the Wars of the Roses, supported by eight legs, each composed of four clus- tered columns, with richly foliated caps. It has a central crocketed shaft, with carved spurs on a square moulded base. The various panels represent the “ Departure of the Duke of York from Ludlow Castle, 1455;” “Battle of St. Albans;” “Death of the Duke of Somerset, and Reconciliation of the Duke of York and the Queen ;” “Battle of Blore Heath;” “ The Earl of Shaftes- bury leaving Middleham Castle”— from necessity, these two subjects are chronologically reversed; “The Desertion of Sir Andrew Trollope and Veterans from the Forti- fied Camp of Ludlow, 1459;” “Somerset re- pulsed at Calais ; ” “ War- wick’s Triumphant Entry into London;” “Battle of Northampton;” "De- sertion of Lord Grey de Ruthyn ; ” “ Battle of Wakefield Green, and Death of the Duke of York;” “Death of the Duke’s Son on Wakefield Bridge j” “ Great Battle at Towton, 1461, in the midst of a Terrible Snow- storm ” (the Lancaste- lians lost 28,000 men); ‘ Battle of Mortimer Cross “ Battle of Bar- net, and Death of the Earl of Warwick;” “Battle of Tewkesbury, Defeat of Margaret, and Death of Edward Prince of Wales.” Messrs. Thurs- ton also exhibit a model of a patent combination billiard-table, easily con- vertible into a dining or supper-table, the cushions being hinged, and made (o turn down. Messrs. Filmer and Son, of Berners Street, exhibit a circular extend- ing dining-room table, of the finest English pol- lard oak, the framework of Italian design, with scroll supports, orna- mented with festoons of fruit, &c. ; manufactured on a novel plan, to open to an increased diameter by an extension of the framework, the top being preserved entire, and quarter-circle leaves being introduced in several series round the circumference, thus preserving at all sizes the perfect circle. In comfortable and useful furniture, Mr. Brown, of Piccadilly, celebrated all over the world for his easy chairs, stands prominent. He has sent a “ perfect folding couch ” in brass, and also “ marvellous chairs ” in iron and brass. These chairs and couches are novel and peculiar from their extreme comfort and ease, as also their portability and simplicity, rendering them highly desirable for the army and CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. a navy, and peculiarly so for invalids, as any desired elevation may be obtained without removing the person reclining. They are also grace- ful and light in appearance, and when made in brass for drawing rooms very ele- gant. A Verjt useful garden Of verandah chair is also shown, and a novelty in a revolving stool for cricketing or yachting. The army and navy have long made use of these very portable and ele- gant pieces of fur- niture. Mr. A. Sedley, of Regent Street, exhibits a fine silver equilibrium chair, which, in addition to an ex- tremely elegant appearance, pos- sesses every re- quisite that the most fastidious lounger can de- sire, It is almost self-acting, and requires no exer- tion to adjust it perfectly to the sitter’s fancy. A side-board, also by the same firm, is worthy of notice. It is made of dark brown and light oak, with a large plate -glass back, and is more re- markable for ele- gance of form and good outlines than for exuberance in ornamental detail. The style is Italo- Elizabethan, and there is a clock case ensuite , which harmonises nicely with it; also, a brass bedstead, or ratherthe footend is a novel, inge- nious, and elegant application of me- tal to such an ar- ticle of furniture. Mr. Arrowsmith’s solid parquet floors (a mosaic of woods), as aids to decoration, attract much and deserved attention in this court. Being manufactured by machinery, they are produced very cheaply, and they hre extremely durable. As a border to a room, round the fringe of a Turkey carpet, they are very graceful. They are largely used for halls, corridors, churches, and picture galleries. 'Wright’s pearl table, Egan’s cabinet-table, the decorations of Hayward, are all of them works which we can heartily urge our readers to exa« mine, if their time will allow of their so doing. The next court is one of the most attrac- tive of this group; it contains exam- ples of the works of Skidmore’s Art Man u factures Company. The most prominent object here is the tomb of Bishop Pearson, to be placed in Chester Cathedral. The tomb itself is a beautiful work in stone and marble ; over the recum- bent figure of the bishop is a mag- nificent canopy of metal-work, simi- lar In character to the Hereford ticreen. In the glass-case contain- ing examples of the smaller works of the Company is an exquisite cover of the book of the Gospels. It is of chased silver, with champ -lev e ena- melled border, and corner-pieces and centre in niello- work. A silver flagon, enriched with enamels and crystal globes on the handle, is very pleasing. There are some very excellent specimens of de- corative furniture in the foreign half of the building ; but, in their desire to shine in colour and curious form, many exhibitors have neglected the solid qualities of good workmanship, which we in this country consider necessary to beauty and indispensable to utility. In carved cabinets the foreign show at the Exhibition is fine, but in household furniture it is somewhat weak. GILT CABINET AND LOOKING GLASS. ME. C. NOSOTTI. 48 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. I EON HOUSES, &c. Messrs. Samuel Hemming and Co., of Moorgate Street, have, in Class X., several samples of iron buildings, and iron roofing for portable houses, adapted for all climates W e here show the interior of a church recently erected by them for the Colonies. Their portable iron houses are simple in con- struction, perfect in arrangement, efficient in cha- racter, and easy and inexpensive of carriage. They are also exceed- ingly neat and comfortable in all their arrange- ments. The chief advantages are du- rability, economy of space, and ap- titude of erection. To describe one iron house is to describe the main points of all. They consist of a tim- ber framing, 41 by 3 inches ; but in some instances the framework is made of iron. The walls and roofs are corru- gated iron ; the ridge capping of the same material. The walls are lined on the inside with half-inch board- ing, covered with canvas ready for papering, leaving a space of 41 inches through- out the entire building between the iron and the woodwork, by which means com- plete ventilation is effected, and the temperature in summer much lessened, and in- creased in winter. Each house is adapted for 41 inch brick-work, or any non-conductor, which may be applied at any time, if considered necessary, after the completion of the building. The MODEL OF IKON CHURCH. ceilings are lined with half-inch boarding on the under side of the ceiling joist ; then to be covered with canvas, papered, and distempered. The flooring and joists are the same as an ordinary building. The doors are four panels, with good locks and hinges. The sashes are glazed with 21 oz. glass to the foot, and all the fasten- ings are complete. All necessary skirting boards, architraves, and other mould- ings, are pro- vided. The erec- tions are entirely put together with iron screws and bolts, and may be re-erected by in- experienced per- sons m a very few days, every part being carefully fit- ted, numbered, and lettered, and detail plans provided by the builders. The roof girders, pillars, galleries, and other main portions of the church shown in the engraving are of iron, while the pews, screen, pul- pit, and windows are, of course, of the usual mate- rials. It must not be thought that iron for houses is incapable of deco- ration. A glance a ', the picture will show that, on the contrary, it is ad- mirably adapted for giving light- ness, grace, and durability to such edifices. But its especial advan- tage is that it can be forged in Eng- land, taken to pieces, packed, and re-fitted in any part of the world with the utmost Messrs, hemming and CO. ease and facility. Such portions as are necessary are cast, but all the ornamental parts can be constructed of hammered iron, and coloured to any design, or otherwise decorated. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 49 SDjj* jjrUisjr Colonics. A most interesting and important section of the International Exhi- bition is that devoted to the British Colonies. They oocupy the whole of the north-eastern transept, and a portion of the north courts next those devoted to furniture, altogether about 15,000 square feet, of which India has nearly a fifth. The Colonies, which were almost unrepresented in 1851, appear now in their true proportions. Canada, New South Wales, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward’s Island, and the other North American Colonies, are placed in a group ; while the Australian and Eastern dependencies, in like manner, stand side by side. In the centre of the transept there are ranged, by way of trophies, various prominent productions of the Colonies. Thus, we have agricultural implements, hardware, and homespun. The visitor will also observe some highly interesting drawings in crayon, the colour and artistic finish of which reflect great credit on their exhibitor, Mr. F. Locke; one, a picture of Niagara, is wonderfully truthful. The iron ores of Canada are very important. That chiefly worked is the bog iron ore, which is spread out in patches over the surface of the country. It is largely melted at the Radnor furnaces, Three Rivers, and is chiefly used for cast-iron railway wheels, a pair of which are exhibited that have traversed a distance of 150,000 miles, and show but slight signs of wear. The specimens of the Bignor ore beds of Marmosa are exceedingly interesting. The lead of Canada is not at present of great practical CANADIAN COURT. — NORTH-EAST TRANSEPT the timbers of Canada shown in a tall mass of pine slabs, and oak beams, larch poles, and other woods, that grow and thrive beneath the snow. Victoria is represented by the great gilt obelisk, meant to represent to the eye the actual bulk of all the gold found in the colony since 1851. Tasmania shows whale boats and timbers ; while the East and West Indies, our Mediterranean possessions, Queensland, and our African settlements, each appear by some characteristic sign. Were it not for the fact that many eminent scientific men had willingly assisted Dr. Lindley in the arrangement of the multitudinous objects contributed by our Colonies, the visitor would experience great difficulty in comprehending their value and importance. We propose to notice briefly the principal articles exhibited by each colony. Upper and Lower Canada show various specimens of timber, ores, and minerals, together with many of the products of their fisheries, 7 . importance, but the copper ores are particularly good and abundant. A large mass of native metallic copper, 450 lbs. weight, is very striking. The amount of Canadian gold exhibited is not more than about £500 in value. The Canadian building stones are admirably shown; blocks of a cube foot, with the different faces, showing the appearance of the stones in the rough, when dressed, and also polished, are exhibited. Among the samples are numerous limestones, dolomites, sandstones, granites, syenites, marbles, &c. What would not English architects give for a bed from which dolomite or magnesian limestone could be obtained in unlimited quantities? the formation being 150 feet in thickness ; the stone free from any substance producing stains, its colour improving with the weather, and not marred by the growth of lichens. Gypsum, or plaster stone, also used as manure, is shown •00 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1SG2. in fine specimens, and is especially abundant, selling in the unground state as low as two dollars per ton. Lithographic stone, of very good quality, has been recently discovered, which is well worthy the careful observation of our lithographers. Among the less valuable, but by no means unimportant, minerals are mica, in sheets twenty inches square; thunbago, of excellent quality; buhrstones nearly equal to the best French varieties; phosphate of lime, or apatite, so valuable as a substitute for bones or coprolites in the manufacture of artificial manures; and many others, all of them indicating a bright fortune for the manufacturing pros- perity of the Canadian people. Although concerning the scientific geologist to a greater degree than the general public, we should commit an act of injustice if we passed over unnoticed the admirable illustrative mineral collection arranged and described by Mr. Henry Hunt. The collection of forest woods and timber from the Canadas has been most carefully and scientifically made and arranged. The mere catalogue of the various kinds would occupy several columns of our space; but, as each specimen is fully labelled and described, the visitor to the Exhibition may examine for himself the interesting gathering. From the excellent Catalogue issued by the Canadian Commis- sioners, we learn that “ Canada exports annually about 30,000,000 cubic feet of timber in the rough state, and about 400,000,000 feet, board measure, of sawn timber. The revenue derived by the province, during ] 8G0, for timber cut in the forests, amounted to about 500,000 dollars. Of the sixty or seventy varieties of woods in our forests, there are usually only five or six kinds which go to make up these exports so vast in quantity ; the remaining fifty or sixty timber trees are left to perish, or are burned as a nuisance, to get them out of the way. By showing in the markets of the world that we have these valuable woods, and can furnish them at such unprecedentedly low prices, we shall secure additional purchasers. The collections here named were made chiefly in reference to this point, and are, in their nature and in their intrinsic value, it is believed, well adapted for that purpose. “ In extent, in the variety and value of its woods, the great forests of deciduous trees of North America surpass all others ; and the most remarkable of this great mixed forest is that growing in the valley of the St. Lawrence. The western coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, furnish only or chiefly the coniferae. The high summer temperatures and abundant summer rains are, unquestionably, those conditions of climate necessary to produce these peculiar forest trees. The western coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, have the necessary moisture, but not the high summer temperature ; the western prairies east of the Mississippi, and the vast deserts west of it, have the summer heat, but not the moisture ; hence the absence of all trees in the one region, and of the deciduous trees in the other. If the people of this country had a more correct appreciation of the riches which they possess in these mighty forests, they would not, surely, so unnecessarily destroy them.” Nova Scotia sends various kinds of minerals and timbers, besides several specimens of birds, fishes, and quadrupeds, excellently pre- served in a manner that closely imitates life. A group of furniture in the centre of the court, and some beautiful carving, will also attract attention. In both Nova Scotia and Canada are exhibited sleighs, and various sorts of carriages. The minerals in the Nova Scotian Court are remarkably charac- teristic. Coal is particularly well represented. A column thirty-four feet in height, showing the thickness of the seam, is a prominent object in the north-east transept. The Albion mines, from which this specimen was obtained, yield 70,000 tons annually, of which a large portion is exported to the United States, and another part to Canada, to reduce the iron ore to the metallic state. There are also specimens of interest from the ten-foot seam at Cow Bay, Cape Breton, nearly the whole of which is used by a gas company at New York. In addition to these there are three samples of a nine-foot seam from Lingan; and a six-foot seam from Sydney, in Cape Bretou — all these belonging to an extensive coal field, the thinnest seam of which is about five feet. The Provincial Government of Nova Scotia exhibit about £4,000 worth of gold in quartz, and specimens of the valuable iron ore of the province ; this is chiefly hematite, which occurs in veins ten feet thick, and specular iron ore. Much of this iron is reduced by char- coal, and is almost all purchased by the Sheffield cutlers, being ranked by them very near the best Swedish in quality. Among the other economic minerals may be noticed samples of their gypsum, which occurs in a deposit fifteen miles in extent, and of which large quantities are exported to the United States. A good cabinet of the minerals characteristic of the country is shown by Professor Howe. New Brunswick shows specimens of iron ore, hydraulic lime- stones, and coal ; but the most interesting mineral exhibited is a new substance, . termed Albertite, or Albertite coal. This is a peculiar mineral, burning with a flame, leaving little ash, and yet differing from bitumen, which it much resembles in its bright, lustrous appear- ance and great lightness, and by its not melting readily. It has been most profitably employed in the distillation of hydro-carbon, or burning oils, and has been the subject of a law-suit, as contradictory in its scientific evidence as that given in the very celebrated but by no means creditable case of the Boghead coal, or Torbane Hill mineral. In the centre of the transept will be seen a trophy formed of Indian dresses and mocassins. They are profusely decorated with beads of dif- ferent colours, arranged with some taste. There are also furs of the beaver, • fox, lynx, bear, and other animals, peculiar to the province ; together with some interesting specimens of native woods. Against the wall will be seen a large number of domestic articles, such as pails, hoops, brooms, the work of the inmates of the Penitentiary of St. J ohn’s. New South Wales, in the International Exhibition, abounds with evidences of the material wealth and comfort of its inhabitants. Gold, iron, copper, cotton, silk, flax, oil, and wine appear in profusion, J in many shapes of beauty and utility. More than three hundred specimens of native woods are shown, both in a manufactured and unmanufactured state. In gold. New South Wales is especially strong. The small case that faces the nave contains some splendid nuggets, and samples of gold in quartz and in a manufactured state. The new Australian sovereign, which it is proposed to make a legal tender in this country, is shown alongside of its English namesake. Immediately above this case are two samples of native gold, modelled by Mr. Julius Hogarth, and representing two of the most characteristic of the Australian animals, the emeu and the kangaroo. The skill shown in these works is very great ; a more truthful resem- blance of an emeu was never executed. In addition to the nuggets and samples of gold and auriferous quartz which are shown by the Boyal Mint at Sydney, there are two most instructive cases, exhibiting the various deposits encountered in sinking for gold, the character of the gold obtained, and specimens of the bed-rock on which it rests. The iron ores of the colony are chiefly brown hematite, and magnetic iron ore ; they are very widely distributed. These ores differ very much from the ordinary ironstone, as they can be reduced by fuel alone, without the addition of any flux: the earthy matters of the ore form a fusible slag without admixture. The coal-fields of New South Wales have attracted the attention of the Home Government, and samples of two tons or more have been sent from each colliery for trial by the Lords of the Admiralty. The experiments are now in progress. Victoria exhibits some most interesting specimens of the various products of her soil, and the industry of her inhabitants. Gold obtained by quartz crushing and washing, as well as tin ore and antimony, are also shown. Antimony is now being worked at MTvor, and arrangements are making for the working of the thick veins of iron ore that exist in many parts. A singular mass of meteoric iron is exhibited, weighing several hundredweights, and containing the usual additions of nickel, &c. Queensland, the latest of our colonies which has only separated 'CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 51 from New South "Wales some two years since, exhibits some fine specimens of copper ore. Tasmania is a rising colony, and exhibits coal, iron, lead, gold, and precious stones, as well as several articles of jewellery. Samples of very good sandstones are shown, both in the rough and converted; and a cube of close-grained red granite, of very fine colour, and capable of receiving a good polish ; nor must the serpentines and black marbles be overlooked, ‘some of the latter being quaintly curious for their singular markings. Among the more singular minerals is one known as “dysodile,” a soft, brown, inflammable mineral, which burns with much flame and smoke, giving rise, however, to a very disagreeable odour; it appears to consist of a foliated schist, studded with minute points of mineral resin. Though scarce in Europe — being found only at Mellili, near Syracuse, in Sicily, and in Hessia — it occurs in seams seven feet in thickness in Tasmania. On an emergency, it can be used for fuel, to which application its foetid odour when burning is, however, a serious drawback ; it is, however, obviously capable of being utilitised as a material for the distillation of the hydro-carbon oils, paraffin, and similar products. The court which contains the articles sent from British Guiana is full of interest. In all our English literature, one of the most charm- ing and one of the least known works is Sir Walter Raleigh’s “ Dis- covery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana.” Written with the glowing eloquence, the curiosa felicitas of style and diction that characterised the prose of the Elizabethan era, it has all the charm of a novel, all the accuracy of a chart. The vivid descriptions of natural scenery and objects which mark its pages will no longer seem exaggerated to those who, at South Kensington, cast a glance at the collection furnished by British Guiana. Were Sir William Holmes, the chief commissioner from that colony, to re-edit the work of his illustrious precursor, he would find Ho reason to alter or abate its glowing terms. Nothing in the whole Exhibition is more charming than the collection of stuffed birds exhibited in this court. It is not an aviary; it is a kaleidoscope! From the purest white to the most intense scarlet — from glowing and burnished orange to clear and vivid green — there is not a colour which cannot be found represented in this collection. Close by we have a large assortment of stuffed monkeys, interesting to the naturalist, amusing to the children, but rather sad, perhaps, to the quiet observer. They are so like! The serpents of the colony are also represented ; and there is a certain wild and terrible beauty in their coiling, curling, crouching forms. One is perpetually reminded in this court, alike of the wild fertility of tropical life and the myriad dangers to which it is exposed. The very woods have a sombre beauty about them. Even in their names there are poetical suggestions. There are cabinets of “tiger-wood;” there are walking sticks of “purple-heart.” Interesting, not less from its own merits than from other associations, is the model, executed in pith, of an Indian hut, containing all necessary Indian furniture, including war clubs, idols, hammocks, sieves, and spears. The modeller is himself an Indian, and dwells upou the shores of the Upper Berbice river. He bears a name which must needs be disappointing to the lovers of romance— to the admirers of Fenimore Cooper, Mayne Reid, Louis de Bellemare, or Gustave Aimard ; he calls himself simply “ Robert Saunders.” However, his work is good ; and there are few exhibitors of whom one would think with a kindlier interest than of this poor fellow, carving a rude reproduction of his hut when his day’s toil is done, and then sending it over the sea. Another model of an Indian hut, or “ buck-house,” is exhibited by Mr. Curtis. A large collection of the insects of the colony includes a “thorough-bred” tarantula; and nearly forty varieties of a certain animal, the members of whose family are so numerous in Russia that an imaginative English traveller in that country asseverates that he could hear them baric. The contents of this court include a jewel-case, constructed of forty-five different woods ; a necklace, formed of the teeth of the huge cayman ; some specimens of the red paint with which Indian warriors or Indian squaws “enamel” their faces, in a manner not entirely unknown to more civilised nations ; models of fruit, which — being executed not in wax, but in papier-mache — will bid defiance to the fiercest rays of heat that dart down through the eastern dome; a large selection of farinaceous articles, such as cassava bread ; an assortment of green ginger, pepper-pods, and castor-oil plants ; a quiver containing the blow-pipes through which darts, impregnated with the mysterious South American poison, are projected at a foe ; the skin of a jaguar, adapted for domestic use as a common rug ; and a wonderful variety of walking-sticks, with noble and sonorous names, such as “ Gasparillo Colorado.” Trinidad, which occupies a part of the same court, has also a rich and varied show. Of cocoa, the finest specimen is that grown on the Soconusco estate, and exhibited by Messrs. Burnley, Hume, and Co. ; one of the partners in which firm, by the bye, is a son of the renowned representative of Montrose. An article even more interesting is a certain sample of cotton, which has been recently valued by Messrs. Littledale and Co., of Liverpool, at no less a price than 2s. 6d. a pound. Beautiful in colour, and apparently of a fine, long staple, it seems to be well worthy the attention of those manufacturers who do not wish to see Lancashire starve whenever America quarrels. The collection of woods sent from Trinidad is almost incredible, in the number of its varieties; and the mineral productions of the island are also fully represented. There are large specimens of crude asphalte, taken fi oru the “ Pitch Lake,” which is situated in the south-western division of the island — a pitch lake of a dreary and Stygian aspect, on the shores of which Raleigh stood, nearly two centuries and a half ago, and of which notices occur in the journal of his final expedition. It was in the neighbourhood of this lake that he waited to hear what success had attended the attempt of his son and of Captain Keymis upon the Spanish settlements. Rumours of disaster and defeat came to him day by day, until at last the old hero-, worn and wasted by so many years of imprisonment and sorrow, closed his journal with the solemn and pathetic words, “ Waiting until I hear the truth.” He heard it soon enough ; and it meant the ruin of his enterprise, and the death of his darling son. Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Vincent, and other West Indian Islands, are well-represented. The fibres of these colonies are both too numerous and too important to be dismissed with a cursory mention. jfunrilure anb Now that the shilling visitors are swarming into the building, and the monetary success of the International Exhibition of 1862 is secured, writers and visitors will have an opportunity of calmly con- sidering the value and quietly examining the quality of the vast and multitudinous display within its walls. Leaving the teachings of the Exhibition to impress themselves on the minds of the multitude as best they may, and as they cannot fail to do, we pursue our remarks on the domestic and decorative furniture with which the Palace of Industry abounds. Having already briefly noticed some of the more gljecoraticm.— n. prominent objects in Class 30, we may be excused if we offer a few remarks on the general principles which seem to influence the manufacturers and exhibitors in this section of the World’s Bazaar. It would lead us too far from our purpose to inquire into the causes of the popularity of Gothic forms : suffice it that the Gothic is popular, and that in chureh building it is now recognised as the most acceptable style of architecture. Such being the case, it follows as a matter of course that the furniture and decorations of Gothic buildings should also be uniformly Gothic. Hence, during the last few years — 52 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. especially since 1851 — there has sprung up a trade which, under the name of “ ecclesiastical decoration,” bids fair to greatly influence the domestic furniture of our own times. Much of the mediseval style of architecture is undoubtedly poor and bad, but then we must recollect of these forms be desirable or otherwise, we do not undertake to say; but that the phenomena of revival in this direction is a characteristic of the age can scarcely be denied. Even in the International building itself we see a tendency towards Gothic teachings through CHUECH FURNITURE.— MESSES. COX AND SON. that our architects, decorators, and manufacturers are but pupils in a new school. To the late Mr. Pugin, and to the learned enthusiasm of Messrs. Burges, Slater, Norton, and others, we owe the revival of those forms in furniture and house decoration which were once universal in England. Whether the development and popularisation the mediums of such ordinary materials as brick, iron, and glass. We have had enough of the mill and factory principle of building, and more than enough of the cold and heavy style of eighteenth-century furniture. The imaginative mind of to-day wants something warmer and more suggestive — something, in both houses and their decorative CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 53 fitting, which will appeal directly to the sense of the beautiful, and the love of the picturesque. Hence, in our churches, halls, and dwellings, we have lately cultivated a preference for a higher art than satisfied our forefathers. Form and colour, artistic carvings and curious mouldings, tesselated pavements and paint- ed ceilings, graceful wall-papers in flat de- signs, and appropriate furniture in carved woods and colours — all show the influence of what, for want of a more appropriate word, is known as eclecticism in the na- tional taste. We see it in our streets daily. The use of red brick, relieved in colours by horizontal black bands; the forms of window-openings and doorways, roofs and chimney stacks, and other peculiarities of the pointed style of architecture, clearly show the growing taste of the people for the principles of an essentially Gothic style. This growth of popular taste has been responded to by a proportionately im- proved standard of general artistic at- tainment. In our dwellings engravings are no longer the usual adornments, and square tables, heavy chairs, cumbrous bookcases, awkward cabinets, and shape- less pianos our usual furniture. Pictures and furniture of graceful form have taken, or are taking, their place. The double chest of drawers and the square looking-glass have given way to the architectural ward- robe and the mirror, in a finely -carved and appropriate frame. Finish of exe- cution and truthfulness in manufacture have superseded the dull and heavy styles in domestic appliances which distinguished the eras of Anne and the four Georges. With the monstrous curled wig, and the abominable flapped coat of our forefathers, have departed dining - tables difficult to move, and uneasy chairs too heavy to lift. Pre-Raflaelitism has descended from art to manufacture; and the improvement in detail which was made first manifest in Royal Academy pictures, has advanced to illustrated books and household deco- ration. The application of the art of design to the furniture and implements of ordi- nary life is by no means to be over- looked in our exami- nation of the contents of the International Bazaar at South Ken- sington. In 1851 we were in many respects behind our Conti- nental rivals as re- gards these necessary adjuncts to comfort and convenience in our homes. The very superiority of our me- chanical appliances had conduced to the undue depression of the art element of manufactures. It fol- lowed upon the ex- treme subdivision of labour, and the com- bined rapidity and economy of produc- tion, that the less obviously useful quali- ties of good taste, ele- gance, and fitness had come to be compara- tively disregarded. The divorce of beauty from utility was one of the great facts sub- stantiated by the Ex- hibition of 1851 ; and from that discovery we may date a real de- sire and energetic en- deavour to remedy the evil. Our schools of design, initiated as far back as 1837, received a new impulse, and the elementary edu- cation of our workmen proceeded upon a far more satisfactory basis than hitherto. It is true that the public scarcely demanded a more tasteful CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 54: kind of design, but so soon as it was offered it was warmly appreciated and eagerly welcomed. To Mr. Cole— under the nom de plume of Felix Summerley — to the Managers of the Kensington Museum, and to the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, England owes much of her success in the present Exhibition. Hence it was that from the Exhibtion of 1851, when people saw with their own eyes how superior, in respect of beauty of form and colour, were the art productions of other nations, and when the press, almost with one voice, enforced the same moral, began a more hopeful had justly prided itself as among its great and special gifts. Minton in pottery, Elkington in bronzes, and Jackson and Graham in furni- ture, then as now, distanced all rivalry. The public, the great arbiter of taste, has the matter very much in its own hands. It is for the purchasers of furniture to insist upon, tasteful display, and they will obtain it undoubtedly. Every one can do something in his own way for the dissemination of a true know- ledge in the arts of design. Competition will keep down prices. The utility of beauty once acknowledged, we pursue the path we have chosen, and cease to manufacture tasteless forms and colourless up- condition of the public mind on this question. The Illustrated Exhibitor, and various other periodicals of that date, pointed out the direction which art manufacture was desired to take in all coming time; and now we have the satisfaction of knowing that our workmen are no longer behind, but are in the van of the foreigner in all matters of taste as regards furniture and house deco- ration. Our Jackson and Grahams, our Gillows, our Fishers, our Cox and Sons, our Mintons, our Osiers, and our White and Parlbys have fully demonstrated our superiority over the manufacturers of France, Russia, and Austria. The triumph of Paris and Berlin lasted only four years ; for in the Exposition Universelle of 1855 our manu- facturers competed successfully for the chief prizes in the most important branches of French manufacture, and upon which France liolstery. No visitor to the Exhibition will, we think, deny that real advance has been made in these respects. It is scarcely necessary to insist on the ways in which the growing taste for the beautiful may be further fostered and advanced. Practi- cally, patronage may be bestowed on art-manufacture by the selection of the best designs at the upholsterers, the mercers, the carpet ware- house, the china-shop, and the printsellers; but a more complete encouragement of art in this direction may be given by the steady perseverance of teachers in advocating elementary drawing as a regular branch of youthful education. The importance of a more general cul- tivation of art in England is a text that hardly needs a commentary. It is not merely in a moral point of view that whatever refines and elevates life is desirable for the comfort and well-being of the people. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 55 but, in the present state of commerce, the development of the art- element of our manufactures has a positive material value. Time was when this country, through the aid of its coal, iron, and machinery, feared no rivals in its great task of supplying the markets of the world. This condition of things is rapidly changing; other nations tread on our heels in the quality of the products of their manufacture, and almost undersell us, through the advantages they possess of cheaper labour and lower rates of profit. But if, in addition, we allow foreign manufactures to be. manifestly superior to our own in general taste, form, colour, or harmony, or in their adaptation to the purposes for which they are intended, the balance of trade will soon turn against us. But, happily, our manufacturers, our merchants, and our trades- men are now fully alive to the necessity of active exertion. The step we have gained since 1851 must not be lost. Education and manu- facture must proceed hand-in-hand. No element of success can be safely disregarded by those who enter the world-wide competition of modern commerce. oak reredos consists of five compartments, with coved ogee canopies overhanging, with crockets, spandrils, finials, and pinnacles richly carved with the leaves and fruit of British plants and trees. The middle rail contains an enriched moulding of the foliage of the maple tree. The lower panels are filled with tracery, having the leaves of the passion flower in the spandrils ; on the cusps are the flowers them- selves, supporting a crown of thorns, in the centre of which is the sacred monogram. The upper panels are filled with the Command- ments, the Lord’s Prayer, and Creed, written on slate ; the centre compartment has a cross and scroll, with inscription richly illuminated in colour, on a gold ground. It is 11 feet 6 inches long, and nearly 10 feet high. The altar table in front is carved in oak ; tracery of elaborate character is interspersed with spandrils of natural foliage, and sur- mounted by palm wreaths, springing out of the vases which form the buttresses; there are also twenty small carved caps, and a richly carved moulding running round the edge. On page 52 we have shown various of the objects exhibited by Messrs. Cox, collected into BEEEDOS CAEVED BY MACHINERY. So much for the general idea of improvement in art-manufactures. We now proceed to lay before our readers some evidence— necessarily weak and insufficient, from the very nature of the medium through which they are shown — of the advance we advocate. Messrs. Cox and Son, of Southampton Street, Strand, have cha- racteristically shown how machinery may be applied to the manu- facture of such articles of furniture and church decoration as need the aid of carving. At their works in Lambeth they produce various articles by means of machinery. But it must be understood that the machine merely produces the rough work, which has afterwards to be finished by hand. The reredos and altar table, pictured in this page, is shown in the Mediaeval Court as a specimen of what can be effected by the carving machine ; but beside it is a piece of finished work, by which we perceive how much the mind and skill of the workman may improve the merely mechanical roughing of thepantagraph. Thiscarved a group. Attention will also be called to the carved oak eagle lectern and pulpit. This latter is of Corsham Down stone, and dis- plays considerable novelty in design and vigour of treatment. It is profusely carved with imitations of foliage, small animals, birds, &c. At the base of the oak tree, represented by the pulpit, are clinging wild plants and ivy. It is exhibited as a proof of what may be ac- complished by the carving machine, some of the under-cuttings being twelve inches deep. In Class 7 may be seen in operation the machine by which these carvings have been produced. Messrs. White and Parlby, of Great Marylebone Street, exhibit a ceiling in their new cement, a cabinet and frame, console table and frame, toilet glasses, girandoles, candelabrum, &c. ; also, Louis the Sixteenth’s drawing-room door and architrave ; all in excellent taste. Messrs. Jenkins and Co., of Fleet Street, show some glass frames, carved and gilt, in good style. 56 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 4fine ^rts in % (Exhibition.— II. Since the opening of the Exhibition many fine works in sculpture have found their way into the naves and domes, interspersed pleasantly with orange trees, and other tropical plants and flowering shrubs. This is a great improvement upon the original design, which was to confine the sculpture to the Picture Galleries and to a court of its own. We shall have occasion to speak of the sculpture groups as we proceed in our examination of the works of Foley, Bell, Gibson, Munro, Marshall, Watson, and other English artists; and also to notice the foreign exhibitors in this department. Sculpture nolds a very high and deservedly important place in the International Exhi- bition. The collection of busts alone is remarkable ; and as for life-size statuary, there are in the building upwards of two hundred groups — in marble, plaster, and bronze. Of the works of living sculptors the tinted “Venus” of Gibson and the “Bro- ther and Sister ” of Woolner are acknow- ledged masterpieces. Without undertak- ing to pronounce on the disputed point as to whether colour is an enhancement of the beauty of statuary, we think we may say that Gibson’s “ Venus ” is really a fine work. It is tinted in the slightest possible manner, so as merely to soften the general effect of the marble, and to give a faint appearance of life to the figure. Mr. Gibson has not adopted the conventional idea of Venus, but has represented her as the goddess of marriage— a beautiful and dignified matron, with a tortoise at her feet The statue was executed at Rome, in 1852, and has been sent to the Exhi- bition by the owner, after remaining in the sculptor’s studio for several years, the admiration of all connoisseurs. Much has been written and said of the alleged deterioration in modern sculpture, and the greater advances made during the last ten years in the sister arts of painting and engraving. Mr. Palgrave, the Govern- ment Inspector of Schools, has undertaken to speak in terms of condemnation of the works of living sculptors ; but as he speaks without knowledge, and with an evident leaning towards one particular school — and, indeed, towards one particular artist — his criticisms are deservedly considered as worthless, at least by all who claim to form opinions of their own. His coarse condemnation of the works of Baron Maro- chetti, Mr. and Mrs. Thornycroft, and Mr. Macdowell, and his weak depreciation of the artistic efforts of foreign sculptors, has led to much ill-feeling, and many angry discussions; but we may dismiss his word • painting on art in a single sentence — it carries no weight with either artists or the public. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the present Exhibition possesses few works of transcendent genius. The extreme costliness of foreign marble may, perhaps, in some measure account for the want of public encouragement for sculpture. There is absolutely no deficiency in genius, taste, or mechanical skill; but possibly the failure in appreciation for works of art in sculpture arises from the want of critical know- TRIAD SALVE 0. STATUETTES IN PARIAN— MESSRS. COPELAND. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 57 ledge among those who are rich enough to become patrons of sculptors. That the public themselves are partial to the art, the growing taste for Statuettes in Parian and biscuit ware seems evidence enough. But the perfection of modelling can only be ob- tained through life-size sculpture. When — as in the Manchester Art Treasures’ Exhibition— we see chiselled marbles of half or quarter life- size, we fear for the future of sculpture. What, then, should sculptors themselves do to revive the taste among the wealthy ? It is not every day that a Thomas Hope can afford to give to the world a Thorwaldsen, or that a corporation like that of the City of London can be induced to offer commissions to half-a-dozen educated artists. Why do not our sculptors try their chisels on some material less costly than the alabaster, both for its warmth of colour and adaptability for working. That colour, applied with moderation and refined taste, is not alien to severely pure sculpture, we know from the examples of Phidias and Gibson. Monumental effigies would be more common if patrons were not deterred by the vast costliness of blocks of foreign marble ; and we are glad to see that, in this respect, sculptors are beginning to use their chisels more freely upon the products of our own quarries. Modern millionaires have shown less discrimination than Mr. Hope and the late Earl of Ellesmere in the use of their abundant means for the encouragement of sculpture ; but might not communities of less wealthy men join together to produce beautiful works in this art? PAUL AND VIRGINIA — GROUP IN PARIAN. MESSRS. COPELAND. marbles of Paros or Carrara ? Surely there is warrant enough in our old churches for the employment of a cheaper material ; and stone, of fair quality and sufficient endurance, is by no means scarce in the quarries of Caen, Devonshire, Portland, and Yorkshire. If cheap sculpture were desired, why could not our Gibsons and Marshalls try the beautiful alabaster of Derbyshire, or the delicate serpentine of Cornwall, which may be obtained in blocks of any size, and in all gradations of colour ? In Hardman’s Mediaeval Court, in the south- east Transept, there is a “Virgin and Child,” in variegated marble, with only the face and hands white. We presume the heads of the figures have been joined to the main block. No material is better suited for sculpture, in connection with Gothic architecture, than English 3. There is excellent precedent for such combined action. It was from the guilds of craftsmen and shopkeepers that Donatelli, Ghiberti, and their fellows received commissions for their immortal works in Florence. The sculpture in the International Exhibition is much of it very fine, much of it only mediocre, and some of it poor in design and faulty in execution. In the foreign courts— especially those of Rome and Italy — many good works are displayed; and here and there in the Nave and Picture Galleries we come upon a beautiful figure or a spirited group by an English artist. Of these we shall have to speak in another page; but we cannot refrain from calling attention to the “Shakespeare Group,” by the late John Thomas, the “California/ 58 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. by Hiram Powers, whose “ Greet Slave ” was one of the gems of the Hyde Park Palace of 1851, and the “Cleopatra,” by Story. In Portrait sculpture the present Exhibition is particularly rich. The sculptors who for the last hundred years have given us resem- blances in marble of the great men of the world, are all here— Nolle- kens. Banks, Chantrey, Elaxman, Watson, Foley, and others of our own countrymen ; while Canova, Dannettee, and two or three other names, represent the art of France, Italy, and Germany. There is con- siderable interest in portrait marbles, and we regret that their cost- liness acts as a bar to their greater popularity among the wealthy classes ; but, as regards the general public, there is certainly no lack of appreciation for works of real merit. It is to be lamented that so few opportunities are afforded for the display of good sculpture. It is true that in the Crystal Palace and in the South Kensington Museum there are a large number of valuable casts from English and foreign works of repute; but they lose half their utility from their unfortunate juxtaposition with other works of art and industry with which they have no kind of relation. In the Exhibition there is indeed a hall devoted to the display of modern sculpture; but in order to familiarise the mind of the public with the chefs-d’oeuvre of the art, they should not be placed in lines, as in the Italian and Roman courts ; but each particular statue should have, as it were, a shrine of its own— an architectural frame, as in the Vatican and the Louvre — in which the Apollo and the Laocoon might be studied to advantage. How much architectural accessories lend to a statue may be seen in Gibson’s majestic sitting figure of our beloved Queen, in the throne room at Westminster; though, unfor- tunately, the scale of the marble is too great for tho apartment, and the attendant allegories strike one as rather obtrusive. But enough for the day. We are not desirous of lecturing on art, though we wish to convey to our readers some correct ideas of its influence and value as an educational medium. Having touched upon sculpture, we shall by and by have something to say about painting. The pictures and engravings in the International Exhibition demand separate and dis- tinct notice. They cannot be dismissed in a column. The works we have engraved to illustrate our remarks are to be found in Messrs. Copeland’s stall in the British nave. They consist of statuettes in Parian, and are remarkable as showing how successfully ' this kind of art manufacture can be produced. The group of “ Paul and Virginia ” is very gracefully modelled, especially the heads. A large number of other subjects in Parian will be found attractive ; notably those reduced from well-known groups. The only fear is that in their reproduction, mere prettiness may be esteemed above power, and that the public ta-te for sculpture may thus be debased instead of improved. These statuettes must, and undoubtedly do, diffu-e a knowledge of fine works, and improve the general taste of the people by familiarising their eyes with beautiful forms ; but it is, nevertheless, true that noble sculpture can only be fully appreciated in life size or even heroic groups. Though our St. Paul’s and Westminster do not contain many excellent works, the sculpture in them has certainly the effect we refer to on the minds of all visitors. Curiosities in % Cirbibifioir. Aluminium. — The display of works in aluminium, and its alloy with copper — which the manufacturers, with a slight laxity of tech- nology, denominate bronze — is highly attractive, from its novelty, as well as from its intrinsic merit and beauty. Here is an example of one of the great strides which industrial art has made since the Exhibition of 1851. It is true that the existence of the metal had then been known for some twenty-four years, but the want of a process by which it could be produced in quantity, and in a workable shape, kept it in the rank of a scientific curiosity. The discoveries of M. Deville attained this desideratum, and here we have an example of the extent to which the taste and skill of the manufacturers have profited by this new resource. The metal is shown in many varieties of form — cast into ingots, drawn out into fine wire, wrought into reflectors, spun into lace, and fashioned into many ordinary and scientific implements. Its lightness may be judged of by the fact that an aluminium sextant of the ordinary size weighs only lib. 9oz., whereas a brass one of the same dimensions would “weigh 31b. Its superior inaccessibility to corrosion is shown by the juxtaposition of a fragment of it with a piece of silver, in a sulphureous solution, which has blackened the latter, but left the former intact. Old Dresden China. — Near the Turkish Court, hut farther west, and shown in the Nave, is some fine Danish porcelain, from the Imperial factory a + Copenhagen. The only real re-production of old Dresden china is exhibited here, in the form of a dinner-service, manufactured for Prince Louis of Hesse, and which, as a sample of high-class manu- facture, and as a really good copy of the old Dresden type, is one of the best specimens of foreign porcelain in the building. The shapes of these pieces are, perhaps, not what modern manufacturers would call shapes at all, though all porcelain amateurs will at once understand what we mean, when we say that in this set the quaint, old, service- able forms, the delicate painting, bright glaze, and perfect figure- moulding of old Dresden have really been perfected at Copenhagen. Compared with this excellent work, the Dresden Court itself shows only modernised conventionalities, in which more of the faults than the beauties of the old ware are reproduced. Fibe-engine Arrangements. — Captain Bent is the officer who has the superintendence-in-chief of the fire arrangements, and under him are one engineer, four sub-engineers, and nine firemen, of which number at least eight are always on duty in different parts of the build- ing, while close at hand a company of Sappers is stationed, from whom considerable assistance and support would, of course, be received. There are six engines, ten stand-pipes, twenty-four dozen of fire- buckets, twenty-four hand-pumps with pails, 120 lengths of hose, and three hose-reels, with an adequate proportion of tools. The water supply consists of a 9-inch main, which runs east and west throughout the entire length of the building, and which is again intersected at right angles with 4-inch service pipes. The eastern and western annexes are similarly supplied, and the galleries and roof with smaller service pipes. There are a large number of stopcocks, and no less than 107 hydrauts, or fire-cocks. Foreign English. — The following choice specimen of English composition is daily distributed in the Western Annexe: — “ Balthasar Danzer, manufacturer of Bellows a Munic, reeomends his theuv-pre- du-cing apparatus made for the irrigation of tender plants and caloulated dr destroying plant lice. Price L4. s. 15. His second apparatus intended for domestic use serves for the pur pore of des- troying bugs batles cock reaches and all other noisome chafers in house a Kitchens. Pr: 6s. 6d.” A Singing Bird in Metal— Another little “ lion ” is the watch- maker’s case in the Swiss Court, where the exhibitor is pestered with the applications of fair petitioners for a song from the wonderful little bird, which, jumping up out of a splendid gold box, sings and hops about as if it were alive. The Talking Instrument. — The display of the famous talking instrument is viewed with much curiosity Only one other instrument of the same kind exists in the world, though in this the difficulty of clearly pronouncing the “th” has not been altogether overcome. It is said, however, that in the machine about to be exhibited in a few days not only is the pronunciation perfect, but even in several languages. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 50 Coal-tae Products.— The new aniline colours from the benzole of coal-tar are well represented. Perkin’s case (south-east passage of Eastern Annexe), showing the manufacture and application of aniline purple or mauve, is well worthy a long inspection, as it shows the entire series of changes from the crude and foetid coal-tar, and naphtha obtained from it, through the series of benzole, nitro-benzole, aniline, sulphate of aniline, to the precipitation of the splendid mauve by bichromate of potash. It also shows all the re-agents employed in the process, and the waste materials, including the refuse black pig- ment employed in the manufacture of the printing-ink used by some of our cheap contemporaries. The auxiliary substances used in the dyeing processes are also shown, and the mauve in a crystalline state, when it resembles the gorgeous lustre on the wings of some green tropical beetles ; and also in bulk a small pillar, about the diameter and twice the height of a man’s hat, being worth £1,000, the quantity of colouring matter it contains being enough to dye the heavens with purple. Nor is the case of coal-tar products exhibited by Simpson and Co. less attractive. Here the magenta, or rose aniline, is shown, and our readers will perhaps be surprised to hear that this splendid red colour forms brilliant metallic green crystals, and that the huge crown formed of this substance contains nearly £200 worth of material, and was crystallised in a vat containing solution to the value of many thousand pounds. Automaton Music. — The finely enamelled mechanical casket of M. Golay Leresche, of Geneva, attracts crowds of admiring listeners, as well as spectators, for this casket is not only a sight to see, but a sound to hear. A shepherd boy, answering the notes of a bird on the bough of a tree, fingers his pipe, and bids it discourse most eloquent music. The song of the bird is deliciously natural, and the motion of the boy’s fingers in controlling the stops of his instrument is perfect. A Jewelled Horse-Shoe. — Among the jeweller’s work behind the Prussian case under the Dome is a collection from Herr Joseph Friedman, of Frankfort, which includes, among other “elegant” trifles, a tiny clock set in a horse-shoe with turquoise nails. In what school of jeweller’s art did the designer learn to shoe a clock ? King John’s Barons at the Exhibition.— A great ornament has been added, since the Opening Day, to the eastern dais, by placing under the arcades of the stairways Elkington’s series of the Magna Charta Barons, executed for the House of Peers. Of course, the originals are now in the Peers’ Chamber; but these are the models from which they were executed, which have been themselves bronzed and relieved with gilt, and are in no way to be distinguished from those which nightly loom down from their niches over Government and Opposition. The Useful and Ornamental combined. — The works from the Berlin Eoyal Prussian Iron Foundry, exhibited in the centre of the Zollverein Transept, at the bottom of the stairs descending from the platform under the dome, are worth especial attention. Near the group of works from the Berlin Iron Foundry is another of the odd notions in which these German courts are somewhat rich. It is a suit of armour treated as a stove. The gentleman who likes old armour in his hall, and also wishes his hall to be warmed, may here see how the legs of a man-at-arms may serve for stove pipes, and his whole substance may be so dealt with that potatoes can be baked behind his breastplate, and a pot of coffee be kept warm under his helm. The Savages’ Paint. — In the colonial department — the South- east Transept — there are exhibited many varieties of clays and pigments. Among others there is the wilgi, with the qualities of which the natives are well acquainted, and which would, no doubt, prove of service in the arts and manufactures' of this country. The natives adorn themselves with this earth, just as our ancestors decorated themselves with the blue dye of the saffron. In order to appear in full costume, the Western Australians— we do not, of course, mean the settlers, but the aborigines — saturate themselves thoroughly with grease, and having formed this adhesive surface, they rub their bodies over with this light red ochre ! A Milking Machine. — The latest Yankee invention is exhibited in the shape of a mechanical " cow-milker,” which does the work more effectually than the neatest-handed Phyllis, and doubles the ordinary process in results. Spectators are amused, and ask “What next?” but a great many think that the old machine has solid recommenda- tions to the bucolic mind. West Australian Timber. — The Jarah tree of this colony grows to enormous proportions, and is a most durable and serviceable wood. Six planks, cut out of one tree, have been sent to London ; they are 120 feet long, five feet wide, and seven inches thick. As they cannot be conveniently shown in the building, they have been placed in the horticultural gardens. The Old Times and the New. — Fropa the Duchy of Saxe- Altenburg are seven exhibitors ; one Herr August Heu of Altenburg being the only exhibitor of cross-bows (not toys) within the building. So times change. The cross-bows are gone, and the suit of mail is an “ ornament for your fire stove ! •* Cjn fjWjjerlanils Contributions. Holland — a country connected politically, commercially, and socially with Great Britain— is exceedingly well represented in the Great Exhibition of All Nations. The Netherlands — for under this name is comprised the provinces popularly known as Holland — shows well in thirty -three classes ; and her court, on the north side of the nave, between Belgium and Switzerland, is really one of the most attractive in the palace. In animal and vegetable substances used in various manufactures, in cereals and timber, paper and printing, furniture, iron, and hard- ware, pipes, snuff, tobacco, and saddlery, woollens and blankets, silks, damasks, and mixed fabrics— good and substantial, though not very tasteful in design — Holland and her colonies merit considerable atten- tion from the visitor. In the centre of the court will be seen and admired various groupings of woollen goods, handsomely encased in a sort of cabinet, surmounted by flags artistically arranged. Near at hand are several musical instruments, of fine tone and good workmanship ; as well as some really excellent specimens of cabinet ware, in curious and expensive woods. The cabinet in Amboyna wood, with pilasters in palisander, in colour somewhat darker than rosewood, is much admired. Considerable ingenuity is displayed in some of the furniture— secret springs, concealed drawers, and other mysterious arrangements rewarding the patience of the searcher. A tall hureau, with a pair of steps, which fly out of its side to enable one to reach its upper shelves, is certainly a novelty; and a console table, which may be converted at pleasure into a sideboard, may have much merit ; but neither of the objects recommend themselves greatly to English tastes. Considerable skill is shown in some of the Dutch carvings — espe- cially the Brabant Pulpit — finely executed in oak, and boldly designed. Several curious machines, in brass and iron wire, used by the Dutch women in dressing and adorning their hair, will excite attention ; as we presume would also a full-sized crinoline, of, say, twenty steel hoops, if shown in China or Japan. Silver manufactures, with filigree, from Java and the Dutch colonies ; stones for building pur- poses, ores, gold lace, and military uniforms, well-designed silver plate, together with a miscellaneous collection of objects, comprising Dutch cheeses, and strong liquors in squat bottles, oils of rapa and other 60 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. seeds, biscuits, glue, sugar-glue, and sweetmeats, will be found under the galleries. Glass, pottery, and manufactures in leather are also abundant; but the most prominent, and certainly the most valuable, of the Dutch contributions is the famous diamond, the “ Star of the South,” which is shown in the nave, facing the principal entrance to the court. The diamond merchants of Amsterdam have long been famous for the brilliancy of their gems, and the exquisite taste with which they are cut. The “ Star of the South ” was discovered in Brazil, some five years since. It is of an oval shape, very pure in colour, which is what connoisseurs call “ pink-white,” in contradistinction of the tint assumed Steam-power is brought by Messrs. Coster into extensive operation in the process of diamond-cutting. The first step is to rub two sur- faces together, on the proverbial principle of “ diamond cut diamond.” By this process they receive their first rough general shape. The numerous small facets are then cut at the mill, by means of swiftly- revolving plates of metal, on which is placed a mixture of diamond- dust and olive oil. The extraordinary rapidity with which the wheels revolve may be seen by any visitor who goes into the machinery annexe, where Messrs. Garrard are actually cutting and polishing diamonds before the very eyes of a curious and inquiring public. Nothing more interesting can be seen than the way in which “ a gem THE NETHERLANDS COURT. by the Koh-i-noor, which is “white-white.” The art of diamond- cutting is carried on almost exclusively at Amsterdam, where several large mills have been established. This peculiar trade is, strange to say, almost entirely in the hands of persons of the Jewish per.-uasion. Jt is said that of the 28,000 Jews residing in Amsterdam, nearly half of them are employed in the various industries connected with the cutting and polishing of diamonds. The “ Star of the South ” belongs to a company of shareholders in England, France, Holland, and Brazil. It was cut and polished at the establishment of Messrs. Coster, one of the largest in the Dutch metropolis. They hold one share in the gem, and have displayed great care and taste in bringing it into its present condition of almost unapproachable beauty. of purest ray serene,” like the “ Star of the South,” is brought to the perfection and beauty necessary for the tiara of an empress or the coronet of a countess. The diamond which flashes and sparkles, and reflects every ray of light which falls across it, is, after all, but a bit of carbon ! — an idea rather consolatory to those who possess no diamonds, but are perfectly acquainted with the valuable properties of charcoal ! In the Netherlands Court there is seldom so great a crowd as to prevent the visitor making a careful examination of its various objects of attraction; but for the studious inquirer after knowledge we advise a tolerably long stay. He will not waste his time; for, next to foreign travel, an inspection of the products of other countries is the most profitable CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 61 gabal Srdjitfdure, fa. Class XII. consists of ships’ boats, rigging, nautical instruments, life-boats; models of vessels, docks, and lighthouses; anchors, cables, compasses, life-belts, and various life-saving apparatus. These useful ob- jects will all be found in the south court, under the superintendence of Major Moffatt. The Lords of the Admiralty are themselves exhibitors of an interesting series of models, representing the old and new styles of vessels for the Royal navy; and a very instructive lesson may be learned by a comparison between a full-rigged frigate of the time of the last Exhibition, and the redoubtable "Warrior of the pre- sent day. The Commissioners of the Trinity House, of the Northern Light, Edinburgh, and of the Ballast Board, Dublin, have some exceedingly valuable models of the beacons round our dangerous coast. A model of the American system of boat- building by machinery is also shown. By this system a boat may be constructed in a few hours, complete, from the logs of squared timber. Models of submarine vessels, gun -boats, floating batteries, steer- ing apparatus; in fact, naval appliances generally, may in this class be studied. And whether the visitor be learned or unlearned, scientific or simple, he cannot fail to profit by his examination. We propose to select a few of the more important objects in this interesting class for illustration by pen and pencil. Messrs. Pile, Spence, and Co., of West Hartlepool, have a model of a Graving Dock, of new invention; the object of which is to facilitate the raising and lowering of ships or water, for the purposes of repair or in- spection. The modes hitherto adopted to effect these ends have been rather rude and cumbrous. Fig. 1, a longitudinal elevation; Fig. 2 is a front elevation of the dock entrance ; Fig. 3 is a plan corresponding to Fig. 1 ; and Fig. 4 is an end view of a floating pontoon, having a vessel supported thereon. The improved floating dock consists of a series of columns, a, arranged at equal dis- tances asunder in two parallel lines. The columns, a, are pillars of wrought-iron, the lower extremities of which are firmly fixed to the bottom pontoon or lift, and act as air-tubes to admit the air into the pontoon or lift as the water is pumped out. On the upper extremities of the columns, A, is built a platform, b, which is carried completely round the dock, as shown in the plan, Fig. 3, of the engraving. The columns, a, serve also as guides for the floating pontoon, F, which extends from end to end, and from side to side of the dock. A series of tubular apertures, corresponding to the number of the columns, A, are made in a vertical direction through the pontoon, F. These openings encircle the columns, a, and are sufficiently large to admit of the pontoon rising and falling easily. The outer end, n, of the PATENT GRAVING DOCK. MESSRS. PILE, SPENCE, AND CO. 62 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. pontoon, is formed in two parts, and the®e are made to swing back, when required, by means of a rack and pinion, or 01 her mechanical con- trivance. The lloating pontoon, f, h is pendent from its lower side a series of chains, I, the lower ends of which are secured to the sub- merged pontoon, J, by means of which chains the submersion of the pontoon or lift is regulated to any depth. This elevating pontoon, j, is constructed of iron, thoroughly water-tight ; it carries the columns, A, which are securely fixed thereon. It is so arranged that it may be 1 artially filled with water, so as to give it a greater specific gravity than the surrounding fluid, in order that it may be submerged with facility; upon discharging this water from the pontoon, sufficient buoyant power is imparled to it to lilt a vessel out of the water. / D ' ■ o>,': : SI L> X n A •ft A Q u p. P” : ' * F llfP^ MODELS OF LIFEBOATS EXHIBITED BY THE ROYAL LIFEBOAT INSTITUTION. In addition to the pontoon, J, there is a secondary pontoon, L, which is constructed so as to be easily attached to it ; this pontoon is made to any required size, according to the weight of the vessel to be lifted, and is attached to the pontoon, J. Upon this secondary pon- toon, L, the cradle, m, and chock-blocks, N, for preventing the ship from heeling over, are arranged. Prior to the vessel being docked for examination or repair, the pontoon, L, is secured to the lower pontoon, j, as shown in the end view. Fig. 2, of the accompanying plate. The vessel is then floated into the dock, and the pontoon, j, is raised by pumping air into, or water out of, the interior thereof, the vessel being kept meanwhile equidistantly from the columns, A. When the pon- toon, L, touches the keel of the vessel, the blocks, N, are brought be- When it is desired to remove the ship from the dock, the pontoon, L, is cast off from the pontoon, J, and she is floated out thereon. To float the ship from off the pontoon, L, after repairs, the pontoon and ship are again brought into the dock and placed over the elevating pontoon, J ; water is then let into both pontoons, J and L, and they sink accordingly, leaving the ship floating on the surface. The eleva- tion, Fig. 4, shows the ship floating upon the pontoon, L, and free from the dock. Messrs. G. Rennie and Sons, of Holland Street, Blackfriars, also exhibit a model of their patent Floating Graving Dock, lately con- structed. The engraving on page 64 shows the general appearance of the apparatus, which was constructed for the Spanish Government, and is capable of lifting vessels of 5,000 or 6,000 tons dead weight. FI >ating docks of similar construction are suit- able for localities where masonry graving docks are difficult and expensive to execute, or where there is but little rise and fall of tide ; and will be found to be of service now that vessels of iron are so much in use both in the royal and mercantile navies. The model exhibited is almost identical with the large floating dock constructed for the Spanish Government for the arsenal of Ferrol. The ends are both open, so that no gates are required, and merely the sides are closed in, against which the shores of the ships rest when docked. The vessel and dock are lifted by the buoyancy of the lower compartment till the vessel is out of the water. The engine and pumps are placed on the upper part of the side walls, for pumping the water out of the several chambers of the base or lower compart- ment. The tops of the sides are used as buoyant chambers, to prevent the possibility of the dock sinking altogether through carelessness in handling. The arrangement exhibited shows three shallow flat horizontal slipways, radiating from a common centre. This system is intended for places where there is but little rise and fall of tide, as in the Medi- terranean ; and is now being carried out at the Spanish Royal Arsenal at Carthagena, in conjunction with the floating dock. In order to dock a vessel by this means, it is first raised out of the water by the floating dock; the latter, with the vessel on it, drawing about ten to eleven feet of water, is then to be hauled into a shallow basin, which is so arranged that the way on the base of the floating dock is level with the ways of the slips in it. The floating MODEL OF MR. C. LANGLEY’S UNSINKABLE SHIP. neath the hull, in order to keep the ship in an upright position. The blocks, n, are drawn down the inclined surface of the cradle by means of the chains, o, which are carried away below the cradle, and on tq windlasses fitted for the purpose on the platform of the pontoon, F, The bow and stern of the ship is further steadied and supported by means of the shores, p, which are jointed to the pontoqn, L, sq that they may be readily thrown back out of the way when it is desired tq release the vessel. When the ship is floated over the cradle, m, and rests upon the blocks, N, the shores, p, are brought up against the bow and stern of the vessel by the chains, Q, which may be actuated in manner similar to the chains, o. Or the chains may be made fast to eyes screwed into the cradle, m, the slack of the several chains being taken up on spindles actuated by means of the winch handles, R. dock is then Iqwered by admission of water into the base or floating phamber till it rests on the bottom of the basin. The vessel is then hauled off, and can be repaired at leisure. This operation can be repeated as often as desired with the same floating dock, until the slipways are occu- pied with the number of vessels they are capable of containing. To place the vessels in the water again, the operation is simply reversed. The model shows only three slipways ; but this number may be increased, so as to obtain the required accommodation. In case of repairs of a simple description, or such as will take a short time, or when merely an examination of the bottom of a vessel is required, the operation of hauling-off is not necessary, the vessel being merely lifted out of the water by the floating dock, examined, and afterwards allowed to float again by submerging the dock. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 63 The Boyal Lifeboat Institution exhibit models of their excellent boats ; and it is greatly to be regretted that they were not permitted by the Commissioners to show a lifeboat as used on their various stations round the coast. The principle of the lifeboat is much the same, whoever be the maker, — namely, the construction of a vessel incapable of being turned over in the water. Air-tight cylinders, cork-fitted chambers, &c., are necessary to attain this end. The boats and their transporting carriages are well worthy examination. The lifeboat of the National Lifeboat Institution possesses the following qualities : — 1. Great lateral stability. 2. Speed against a heavy sea. 3. Facility for launching and taking the shore. 4. Immediate self- discharge of any water breaking into her. 5. The important advantage of self-righting if upset. 6. Strength. 7. Stowage room for a number of passengers. By an ingenious contrivance, the boat, with her crew on board, is launched off the carriage. With their oars in their hands, they are thus enabled to obtain headway before the breakers have time to beat the boat broadside on the beach. The hauling up of the lifeboat on her carriage is ac- complished with equal facility. Plans of liftboat houses, de- signed by Mr. C. H. Cooke, the hon. architect of the Society, are also exhibited. Specimens of the gold and silver medals of the Institution presented to persons who save life from shipwreck at the risk of their own, also of the life-belt and life-buoy used by the crew of the lifeboats of the Society, and of the lifeboat telescope, by Dollond, as well as a lifeboat liquid compass by Lent, are shown ; and specimens of the barometers supplied to the In- stitution’s lifeboat stations, and of barometer model indicators. Many lives have already been saved through the indications of the barometer. By means of the barometer indicators seamen in an offing can distinctly see at a distance of two or three miles the state of the barometer. A large wreck chart of the British Isles for the past year is also shown by the Institution. During that period the number of casualties on our coasts was 1,494, from which 884 lives were lost, but happily 4,624 persons were rescued during the same period from these disasters, of which 734 owe their lives immediately to the services of lifeboats. Mr. James Basire, of King Street, Westminster, exhibits a model of the unsiukable ship invented and patented by Mr. C. Langley, of Deptford-green Dockyard. This model represents the unsinkable and fire-proof ship Briton. The longitudinal section now engraved repre- sents the disposition of the cargo, shaft-tunnels, boiler space, cabins for passengers, &c. The lower deck, marked a, is made of iron, water- tight, and fitted with water-tight trunks, to communicate with the upper deck, so that access can be had at all times distinct from the other decks. By this plan, if the vessel’s bottom is tom out, the water can only get into the space under the lower deck, the trunks preventing it going into the other holds. The deck, marked b, is also made of iron, as well as the trunks. These decks give the means of fitting iron storerooms and divisions for other purposes ; and the more fittings put in, the more secure is the ship against fire or combustion, which is localised, e is engine and boiler space, which is inclosed by iron walls, so that if water gains access it is confined, and can be pumped out by separate pumps. The model is made to show the principle of the invention, which can be adapted to every kind of merchant, transport, or war ship. Of the various forms of fatal accidents to which mankind is liable, drowning in sea voyages is in by far the largest proportion. The majority of instances of sailors and others falling overboard, and lost before help can reach them, either never come to our knowledge, or pass unheeded in the crowd of events that daily press upon our notice. It requires a catastrophe like the loss of the Amazon, or the Birkenhead, the Queen Victoria, the Austria, the Pomona, or the Royal Charter, with all its attendant horrors, to bring us to think of aud appreciate the perils incident to navigation. During the space of only a few months of 1859-60, not less than 1,484 persons lost their lives at sea from the destruction of six ships ; and it was officially stated that upwards of 1,000 men are annually lost from American ships alone, by falling or being washed overboard, while the numbers lost from British ships are probahly equally large. One of the chief causes of this lamentable loss of life is the want of any means for lowering the boats speedily and safely in case of acci- dent to the ship. On the occasion of the loss of the Amazon, the Parliamentary report stated that the supply of boats was ample, but “ that the means of lowering boats evenly, and readily disengaging the tackles, &c., are desiderata wanting throughout the naval service;” and that “ it may be expected some useful means for supplying these defects may be devised.” This expectation has been realised. Mr. Charles Clifford, of Fenchurch Street, shows a model of his invaluable method of unlashing, lowering, and releasing ships’ boats from vessels, either sailing or at rest, without the possibility of over- DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. /V, Roller on which pendants are wound. B, Lowering line, which is slacked off when lowering. C, Pendants. D, Three-sheave block, the nip giving controlling power. E Steadying lines, to prevent the boat from canting. F, Single block on keel, taking the weight of the boat. G, Boat’s gripes in two parts. H , Thimbles at each end of gripes, which pass down prongs. | Prongs down which the thimbles pass as boat is lowered. Lanyard for setting up gripes. ME. CLIFFORD’S METHOD OF LOWERING SHIPS’ BOATS. 64 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. turning, by one of the crew sitting in the boat. The importance of tins invention cannot be too highly estimated. The nature of the invention will be seen by reference to the engraving in p. 63. Clifford’s system has been approved and adopted by the Admiralty and every naval department of the Government, by the surveyors at Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping, by the Institution of Civil Engineers, and most of the leading Steam Companies. After repeated competitive trials, it is the only plan made compulsory in all ships chartered by H.M. Emigration Commissioners, the Council of India, and the Marine Board of Melbourne. The Committee of the Royal National Life Boat Institution, consisting of some of the first naval men of the country, passed a vote of thanks to its inventor on account of the number of lives it has saved, a list of which the Journal of the Insti- tution, Jan. 1862, gives in the following words : — “We think we shall be rendering a service to the great cause of humanity, by giving every possible publicity to the list of lives saved by this invention, as in most of the instances we record the men have fallen overboard in heavy gales, and when the ship was moving rapidly the want of such means of instantly lowering a boat, it is hoped some one will be found with sufficient spirit and humanity prac- tically to test this challenge. On slacking off the lowering line, B, the roller, a, revolves, and the pendants, c c, are unwound evenly as the boat descends into the water, when the pendants being tapered at the ends, overhaul themselves, and the boat is perfectly free. The controlling power is obtained by the blocks, d d, which act like a sailor’s “ turn and a half ” in the boat on each pendant; the nip of the blocks exist only when they sustain the weight of the boat, and ceases when it reaches the water. This power in the block to decrease the weight of the boat, and thus en- abling the man attending the lowering-line to control the descent, whatever the weight may be, but yet allowing all to run free the moment the lowering-line is let go, is its chief feature, and that which befits it for the purpose to which it is here applied, and for which it was specially designed. Instructions for Lowering . — One of the boat’s crew takes charge of the lowering-line, B, and with one round turn on the cleet, slackens it MODEL OF .UENNIE’S FLOATING G HAVING DOCK. through the water ; the officers in command stating their firm belief that but for it they would have been lost ; and also that the lowering and disengaging the boat being the result of the single act of one man only, is the chief cause of its great success. In some cases the entire crews of ships when foundering or wrecked, in collision, and suddenly sunk, or on fire, owe their preservation to it.” The committee appointed by Admiralty order to report upon this apparatus, expressed its unanimous conviction “ that no captain, whether in the Queen’s or mercantile navy, should be permitted to put to sea without it. In the House of Commons, Admiral Berkeley said “ that in every .trial which had been made of it, its use had been attended with com- plete success, and he hoped to see it universally adopted.” Mr. C. Clifford states that he is prepared to unlash, lower, and entirely disengage from any ship, either stationary, under weigh, or going at any speed, in a gale, or in smooth water, a boat laden with a full crew, against any other invention or crew in the world, for any sum to £100, to be given for placing a lifeboat on an exposed part of our coast. As hundreds of our best seamen are annually lost through off slowly. The lashings release themselves by the thimbles passing down the prongs, i r. When the boat reaches the water, the lowering- line is let go, the pendants overhaul themselves, and the boat is perfectly free. Thus by this one simple act of the one man, the boat is unlashed, lowered, and released from the ship. Mr. Henry Cunningham, R.N., of Bury House, near Gosport, Hants, exhibits a model of a self-reefing topsail, &c. By this invention topsails can be reefed and unreefed from the deck, without sending any one aloft. It is also applicable to top-gallant sails and other sails. This invention is now in use on board several thousand ships belonging to the mercantile marine, and also on board many of H.M.’s ships; and the old, defective, and dangerous method of reefing by the men going aloft and out on the yards, is rapidly giving place to the new method. It is computed that many hundreds of lives have been already saved by it. It has been found that sails wear, at least, one-third longer than on the old plan ; ships, too, can be navi- gated with fewer regular seamen, and, from the ability to make and shorten sail so easily, sail can be carried on longer, thus considerably abridging the duration of the voyage. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 65 Jpour iit ibe horticultural (Sarbms. One of the great attractions of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham — in fact, the charm of the place — is its delightful sweep of garden, lawn, and pleasure-ground. To some extent the International Exhibition enjoys a similar advantage, in its contiguity to the beautiful Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. It is not, we think, generally known that admission to these Gardens may be easily obtained by the general Bazaar.” Thus it will be seen that visitors may either go from the Palace to the Gardens, or from the Gardens to the Palace, at a very cheap rate. On Fridays the charge for visitors to the Gardens is half- a-crown ; and on Saturdays five shillings. A good view of the Horti- cultural Gardens, with all their wealth of greenery and flowers, and architectural adornment, and statuary, and music, on such terms for mmm GREAT FRENCH FOUNTAIN IN THE HORTICULTURAL GARDENS. public. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, during the remainder of the Exhibition season, the price of entrance to the general public is sixpence, if from the building ; a shilling, if to the Gardens alone ; and eighteen pence, including admission to Gardens and Palace. The principal entrance is in the Kensington Road ; but the one most convenient to visitors will be found in the Exhibition Road, nearly opposite the temporary erection known as the “ International 9 the privilege, is not very costly, but the pleasure is certainly very great. Nothing is more pleasant than to walk out from the building— spacious, well-ventilated, and admirably filled as it is with evidences of the world’s treasures in manufactures and objects of art — and to enjoy for an hour or so a stroll among the arcades, or on the green sward, or into the well-stocked and exquisite conservatory. The rippling of CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 66 running water, and the plash of cascades and fountains — what so deliciously cool and refreshing, after an instructive examination of machinery, raw materials, and pictures ? Day by day the growing beauties of the Horticultural Gardens unveil themselves ; day by day they make a more and more charming addition to the main display within the building. Cascades murmur musically on the ear, and refresh the eye, dazzled with multifarious forms and colours. Military bands entertain the company several times during the day with their enlivening strains. Statuary, in bronze and marble, is placed here and there about the Gardens, and becomes a marked feature in the noble walks and terraces; and only from this place can a thoroughly good view of the International Exhibition Building be obtained. Its aspect from the Gardens is Captain Fowkes’s strong point. Here we are enabled to take in the whole architectural design, and actually see both domes at one time. The narrowness of the Cromwell Road is a most unfortunate circum- stance, with respect to the view of the Palace from that position. In truth, a building of its peculiar character, on so extensive a scale, should have been placed in the centre of a great park. The view as given on page 68 cannot really be had ; for, in order to enable the eye to include the entire fa<;ade from east to west, greater distance is necessary than that which is allowed by the houses in Cromwell Road. As in history, so in architecture and scenery: in order to comprehend the whole plan of a great design, or a complicated series of events, it is premise absolute that the spectator should view either the one or the other from a sufficiently distant point of observation. Several objects in the Horticultural Gardens will well repay examination. Here, at the junction of four main walks, is the fine equestrian statue of Charles Albert, the last King of Sardinia, by Baron Marochetti. This work, though much abused by a gentleman who sets himself up as a critical judge of all fine art productions, is really fine. Beyond are two French fountains, of exquisite design and perfect finish. One, by Durenne, is a good specimen of casting ; and the other, shown in our engraving, is a fine monumental work pro- duced at the foundry of M. Barbezat and Co., the successors of Andre, at the furnaces of the Val d’Osne, in Paris. M. Barbezat had decreed to him the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1844, and a Medal of Honour in 1849 ; the Council Medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and the Medal of Distinction at the Exposition Universelle at Paris in 1855. His works are no less artistic than beautiful ; and among the bronzes and iron works in the Exhibition, we find objects designed by artists of high class — Lienard, Mathurin, Moreau, Alfred Jaoquemard, and Charousse. On page 13 will be found an engraving representing a group of bronzes from the display of Messrs. Barbezat. Animals in bronze, with vases and statues in like material, will also be found scattered about the Horticultural Gardens, by Barbezat and Durenne. The fine cast-iron gates near the Refreshment room will also repay examination. That essentially garden statue, in colossal proportions, of Milo of Crete, from the foundry of the Brothers Miroy, Paris, likewise claims the tribute of such high praise that we cannot regret its banishment from the French Court, and its presence in the Gardens. But the work which will attract all visitors is the Memorial of the Exhibition of 1851, by Durham, at the head of the cascade just in front of the great conservatory. All who remember — and what man of twenty does not ? — the grand industrial jubilee of that year, will look with interest on this reminiscence of its royal founder. At various periods during the summer, flower shows, and special meetings of the fellows and their friends, are held in the Horticultural Gardens; and we know of no sight in London so eminently characteristic. All the wealth, the nobility, the talent, and the beauty of the land are represented on these occasions. Not alone are the flowers and shrubs the points of attraction ; the crowds of fashionable and aristocratic company certainly present a picture unequalled and unique— not to be witnessed in any other country in the world. To wander, then, among these beautiful parterres; to mingle, even for an hour, with the elite of the world’s favourites ; to forget, amid the profusion of bright objects everywhere surrounding us, the wear and tear of life, the worry of business, and the anxiety of professional toil; to revel in enjoyment; to escape from the dull round of every-day existence; to feel that other things than buying and selling, and pro- ducing and competing, are really worth living for in this beautiful world of ours; to gain a healthful glow of pleased excitement, and to indulge in a little profitable idleness — surely these experiences are cheaply bought by a visit to the Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. Cl jc Drifts jj Colonics. Western Australia in the Exhibition. — This colony stands alone in being the only one which continues a penal settlement. Here the Robsons and the Redpaths of society at home are provided for ; and it is a somewhat interesting fact that in the exhibition now made by the colony the handiwork of one at least of these famous criminals is represented. A cabinet has been sent to the Exhibition, to the construction of which Robson, it is said, devoted some portion of his time and talents. That which, however, is of the most importance is, that the cabinet illustrates the many excellent varieties of wood, suited to cabinet purposes, which the colony possesses. Western Australia is particularly rich in timber. There is a famous tree, called the tooart, which has been used to a small extent in the construction of one of our crack iine-of-battle ships — the Hannibal — and which is said to be as durable as the British oak. The sandal wood of the colony has long been highly prized in Singapore and China; the eucalyptus grows to a height of two or three hundred feet — it has a fine grain and a beautiful colour; and from the Shea oak excellent spokes and felloes for wheels are made. To show the durability of the timber, there are exhibited some posts and piles of the jarrah, which have lain for many years in land and water, and neither the white ants nor the all-consuming teredos have made any impression upon them, and the surfaces which have been planed still take a high polish. Minerals abound in this favoured colony, and there are specimens of lead and ores shown of unusual richness, and some copper ores, which are said to contain seventy per cent, of metal. There is a lump of lead from the Geraldine mine, which forms part of a mass weighing upwards of one ton; and a bar of iron sent from the Royal Engineer department, formed from native iron, which was tested against a Swedish bar, and gave a result of from five to eight in favour of the Western Australian specimen. There are useful clays and pigments, too, in great number. The gums and resins of this colony are very valuable, and there are specimens of tanning barks, which deserve the special notice of persons engaged in the leather trade in this country. The leathers exhibited speak highly for the value of these substances for tanning purposes. Some black harness leather is equal to some of the best specimens shown on the English 6ide. The kangaroo skin makes very good leather; it is soft, pliant, and tough, and is said to wear well for boots and shoes. A small parcel only of wool is shown, but, judging from this, it would appear that the colony is well suited for producing large quantities of this material. Some fibrous materials are shown, which seem to be well adapted for paper-making, or even for the manufacture of ropes and cordage; among others, some specimens of string, made from the fibrous rush, which grows plenti- fully on the banks of the Swan river. The silver wattle bark is also of a very fibrous character; while some bark from the paper bark tree, which is said to be very easily reducible to pulp, is well worthy the CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. G7 notice of those who are now casting about for new and fresh materials to aid in the manufacture of paper. Furs, feathers, and lace are represented by a rug of the opossum skin, a mat of pelican down, a victorine of parrots’ feathers, the skin of the emu, a lady’s muff made of the feathers of the parrot, a collection of very pretty feather-flowers, and feathers of the white, black, and tipped cockatoo, emu, and night- owl. Wheat, and various descriptions of grain, preserved and potted meats, including the dainty kangaroo’s tail, mullet, whiting, and salmon, are shown ; olive-oil and eggs of the emu — a very good article of food — and many varieties of vine grown in the colony. The great value of these colonial displays is, that they familiarise the British public with the productions of our varied colonies, and convey a much more accurate notion of their resources, and of their value as places for settlement, than can be obtained by any other means. The specimens exhibited in this court confirm in a striking manner the accuracy of the description of the Colonial Secretary, viz.: — “That the country is subject to no extremes of heat or cold. Cattle have never been known to die from lack of water, and in the very driest weather there is a sufficient supply of food for them. Exposure to weather by night or day appears to produce no ill effects on the constitution of the colonists, many of whom, for months together, rarely sleep under any beyond the most temporary dwellings. Snow is never seen, ice only in the depth of winter, and then but in the very early morning. As in New Zealand, both maize and potatoes ripen in this country, and the latter crop is grown to a considerable extent. The apple and the pear, the orange, banana, fig, peach, and apricot, with the melon and the vine, grow luxuriantly, and may be seen ripening at the same time. The colony is peculiarly adapted to the growth of the vine, on the cultivation of which much attention is bestowed, and which is likely to prove very remunerating. English tropical vegetables are largely cultivated, and yield profusely. Atten- tion is also being directed to dried fruits, and specimens of figs and raisins that have been sent to the periodical horticultural exhibition for competition are little inferior to those imported from Europe.” The following is a copy of a letter written by the Duke of New- castle, the Secretary for the Colonies, to Dr. Lindley, the Superintendent of the Colonial Department at the Exhibition : — “My dear Dr. Lindley,— Now that the Colonial Department of the International Exhibition is very nearly complete, I must express to you first, my thanks for the trouble you took in showing me all the various productions, and next, my extreme admiration of the spirited and suc- cessful manner in which the colonies, with scarcely an exception, have responded to the invitation of the Commissioners to send specimens of their natural products and their industry, for the information, and, I may well add, the instruction of the nations of Europe. It is impossible that such a display of what the colonial portions of the British Empire can produce should be without a very material influence upon the future prospects and prosperity of each of them. In gold and other metals, in cereal produce, in timber, in wool, above all, in cotton, the visitors to the Exhibition will find the English colonies eclipsing all competitors ; and I am much mistaken if foreigners will not find in the department allotted to them more to excite their admiration and wonder than in the more showy and artistic displays, which do so much credit to the taste, energy, and manufacturing power of the mother country. I assure you that not only officially, but individually, I am delighted at the position before the world which the colonies have assumed in the Exhibition.” After so flattering a testimony to the value and interest of the show made by Western Australia, we fancy our readers will not fail at their next visit to the Palace to wander into the north-east transept, and gather for themselves some further illustrative facts concerning the great variety of useful and ornamental objects exhibited. MACHINES FOB WORKING IN WOOD. Since 1857, np branch of mechanical invention has been more pro- lific than that which is devoted to the working in wood by machinery. A quarter of a century ago, crude planing machines were only begin- ning to struggle into notice, while the mortising, tenoning, moulding, and chamfering machines, now so common, were unknown, at least in this country. In America, machinery of this kind has always received great attention, and the display which her citizens made in this branch of industry in 1851 has doubtless tended to stimulate the invention and enterprise which have produced the interesting collec- tions now to be seen in the western annexe. Nor do these collec- tions, ample and interesting as they are, exhaust the subject; indeed, they must only be regarded as samples of this class of machinery. One firm that exhibits only six machines have over two score in their catalogue. This firm, Messrs. Samuel Woorsam and Co., of Chelsea, exhibit a fine large circular saw, and a wonderful planing machine. It can plane, groove, and tongue boards or planks thirteen inches wide and six inches thick at the rate of fifty feet per minute, and reduce their thickness at the same time. A fine tool also is their portable deal frame ; it is capable of sawing two deals of fourteen inches by four inches at one time. It is fitted with an air cylinder, which balances the frame. As the saws descend, a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder, which acts as a buffer at the time of the stroke, thus giving the frame so easy and steady a motion that it. can he driven at the rate of 250 strokes per minute. This frame is also fitted with a silent feed, which not only works without noi-e, but acts with the greatest nicety. The other machines exhibited by this firm are the general joiner ; a mortising machine, with square hollow chisel and an auger working inside — an ingenious aud valuable machine for mortising hard wood; a moulding machine; and a tenoning machine. The collection of Messrs. Powis, James, and Co., adjoining that of Woorsam ’s, is not less interesting, though none of the machines are seen in motion. These wood-working machines are situated just beyond the engineers’ tools in the centre of the western annexe. Messrs. Powis and Co. exhibit a combined timber and deal frame, which will take in 24 saws, and work with an 18-inch stroke at from 150 to 200 strokes per minute. They also exhibit a band-sawing machine — a tool which they have done much to improve by their patent adjustment for regulating the tension of the saw. They also exhibit a planing machine, a double tenoning machine, a moulding machine, and a small hand mortising machine, the value of which may be judged of by the fact that upwards of 3,000 have been sold within the past ten years. Near these exhibitors, and fronting on the eastern passage, Messrs. Greenwood and Batley, of Leeds, exhibit, with other machinery, a variety of wood-working machines. The most prominent of this class is a lock-bedding machine, of exquisite workmanship. It is one of a series of nineteen machines for making the stocks of Enfield rifles, and is similar to those used in the Small Arms Factory, Enfield-lock. The object of this machine is to cut out the recess for receiving the gun-lock. An iron facsimile of the recess is fixed in the machine alongside the stock, and a dummy tool follows all the intricacies of the recess, while a cutter performs a similar movement in the gun-stock, assimilating the recess in the stock to the one in the iron gauge. This machine is capable of cutting out 60,000 stocks per annum. A Blanshard lathe, for turning irregular figures, prepares the stock for the lock-bedding machine, and also turns shoe-lasts, spokes for wheels, &c. The other wood-working machines exhibited by this firm are a curvilinear ribbon saw, a Kinder’s patent shaping machine, a mortising machine, and a machine to joint the staves of casks, samples of the work of which are also shown. Among their machines for working in iron is a self-acting rifling machine, and a machine to make percussion'caps for the army, capable of producing 30,000 caps per hour. They also exhibit a patent machine for making boots and shoes, which will rivet a shoe together in fifty seconds ; a machine to make the rivets from a ooil of wire deposits them in helic boxes to supply the riveting machine. In the passage which crosses the annexe at this point, Messrs. Cox and Son, church-furniture manufacturers, of Southampton Street, Strand, have a wood-carving machine, which, when in motion, attracts great attention. Its method of operation is somewhat similar to the lock-bedding machine of Greenwood and Batley; but it is capable of "•roducing several facsimiles at one operation. 68 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. Even now we I diumsascarpetsandwall papers. In the International Exhibition, both in §tsigns for Mail nnto gloat Cfltermgs. It is not many years since— quite within the memory of young men i taking its right place in the workshop, and the uneducated mind is in and women— when our carpets, wall papers, hearth-rugs, and painted | course of getting some d f^ eeof panels were detestable in design and bad in colour, have hardly got rid of our national partiality for ugliness. Manufacturers still turn out thousands of carpets and tens of thousands of hearth-rugs in colours and patterns that are offensive to the cy e, and unfitted to their special purpose by reason of their designs being in relief and sham pic- turesqueness, instead of flat and geometrical. What can be more false or in worse taste than a carpet covered with flowers, or a hearth-rug representing a lion or a dog ? They are bad, because they are untrue to Nature. We do not tread upon flowers, or wipe our feet upon the backs of lions or dogs. So also with the pa- pers with which we cover our walls. In colour and plan, the old - fashioned patterns are worse than ugly ; they are false. Wall-papers, like car- pets, should not form the most conspicuous furni- ture of a room. They should be bright, but not too bright ; picturesque, but not grotesque. We have seen on parlour walls in respectable houses re- presentations of castles and lakes, boats and birds, and balloons, and other monstrosities, repeated in ■every strip of the pattern, till the eye grew tired and the head ached with gazing on their frightful fascinations. Again, who has not seen patterns, in other respects unobjec- tionable in colour, so badly designed in point of balance, that the walls appeared to be tumbling forward, or sinking slant- ingly to the earth ? But all these objec- tionable phases of deco- ration are rapidly disap- pearing. Artistic taste is AXMINSTER pft,E CARPET. MESSES. SEWELL AND CO. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 70 the British and foreign halves of the building, we are glad to observe numerous evidences of improvement in these respects. We have selected a few good objects in illustration of our position that floor and wall coverings should not only be bright and pretty, but that they should be appropriate to their purpose- conventional in DESIGNS IN LEATHER CLOTH. their treatment rather than naturalistic — suggestive of the things represented in their designs rather than directly imitative. In the preceding page we have the design for the fine Axminster carpet exhibited by Messrs. Sewell, Hubbard, and Bacon, of Soho. Now, here we have a capital pattern in brilliant colours ; but both pattern and colours are entirely subservient to their proper purpose. The carpet is a carpet, and not a picture on the ground. It is woven in a single piece, and the pattern consists of a fine geometrical arrange- ment of flat ornaments, richly arabesque, with scrolls, .trellis-work, shields for crests or monograms ; but, withal, consistent in design and simple in treatment. Indeed, this is a carpet which in all respects vies with the productions of Aubusson and Tournay. THE LEATHER fL^TH COMPANY. The designs in this page, intended for wall hangings, are in every way good, because, again, they are simple and appropriate. They are copied from the articles contributed by the Leather Cloth Company, Cannon Street. Leather cloth of this kind is extensively used, both at home and abroad, for wall hangings, table-covers, seats of chairs and couches, linings of carriaees, fancy bags, hassocks, &c. Many of the patterns — which, it will be observed, are all flat and conventional — are CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1863. 71 printed in gold; and in some cases the pattern is embossed. Of the material itself, we are informed that it combines durability with elegance, at a cost of about one-tenth that of leather. As wall covering, it has the advantage of being printed in oil, and is therefore DESIGNS FOE PAPER HANGINGS. The designs from the papers shown by Messrs. Filmer were obtained by competition from the pupils of the Government School of Art at South Kensington. They consist of six conventional treatments of flowers in their natural colours. The two we show represent the MESSES. SCOTT, CUTHBEETSON, AND CO. capable of being easily cleansed; in its design, however, we recognise the possession of educated taste in Its producers. Four designs for wall papers appear in this page : two by Messrs. blackberry and the passion-flower. Each pattern, by both firms, is printed in various colours from several blocks in the ordinary way, and each is fitted alike for either wall papers or furniture hangings. DESIGNS FOE PAPEE HANGINGS. MESSRS. FILMER AND SON. Scott, Cuthbertson, and Co., of Whitelands, Chelsea; and two by Messrs. Filmer and Son, of Berners Street, Oxford Street. Those of the first firm are in the Gothic, or ecclesiastical style, and are commendable for finish, colour, and fitness for their special purpo;e. Especially soft, rich, and appropriate is a Persian pattern, shown by the latter firm. The passion-flower pattern obtained the second prize in competition, the designer being Mr. J. Randall; the black- berry pattern was designed by Miss Mary Julyan. The first prizes CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. were severally obtained by Mr. H. H. Lock and Miss Charlotte James. All may be taken as evidence of advance in the right direction. The carpets will be found in Class 22, North-East Gallerv; the wall papers in Class 30, North Court. Messrs. F. G. Trestrail and Co. exhibit (in Class 4, Eastern Annexe) various designs in kamptulicon floor cloth, one of the patterns of which we show in the engraving. The border surrounding the centre pattern is printed on ordinary kamptulicon, manufactured from india-rubber, gutta-percha, and eork. This material is fast superseding the old oil-cloth, being noise- less, warm, elastic to the tread, impervious to wet, indestructible by printing in oil colours, which retain their brilliancy for a length of time. Colours may be worked into it, too, in the process of manu- facture, so as to produce imitations of marble, which wear out only with the material itself. Lastly, it will stand any climate in the world. The pattern is in imitation of the ancient Carthaginian mosaics, and is quite fitted for its purpose, being in keeping at once with the character of the material to which it*is adapted and the end to which it is applied. The designs we have here given are only samples of a vast number that might be selected from those stored in the International Exhibi- i tion, as specimens of suitable and tasteful decoration for materials for PATTERN OF KAMPTULICON.— MESSRS. TRESTRAIL AND CO. damp, and, from its extreme durability, much more economical. It is in use at Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, the British Museum, and all the Government offices. In the Houses of Parliament it has been down nearly twelve years. It is, however, the kamptulicon on which the centre pattern is printed that Messrs. F. G. Trestrail and Co. specially claim as a novelty and im- provement. It is a patent article, manufactured from oxydised oil, with or without a fibre, and, at considerably less cost, has the advan- tage of ordinary kamptulicon, with others in a greater degree. Being coloured through and through, it will always preserve the same ap- pearance, whatever the amount of wear to which it may be subjected; and it may be scrubbed and even pumice-stoned with advan- tage. From the nature of its composition, it is better adapted for covering the walls and floors of our homes. They show that our manufacturers are devoting themselves to the study of the means of rendering the most ordinary objects of utility at once pleasing to the eye and in accordance with the true principles of taste. Formerly, it was considered enough if materials of this kind possessed qualities sufficient to answer the actual purposes for which they were intended. Paper, to cover walls, and cloth, to cover floors, were certainly pro- duced; but that was all. Manufacturers now have become alive to the fact, that, in addition to this, their materials must possess design ; or they will speedily be beaten out of the field by foreign competitors. These instances show that, having turned their attention to the subject, they can meet any rivals in the field on equal terms, and are surpassed by none in the excellence and beauty of their work. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 73 Jfitrmfurc mxii jtoratfonr. From the Furniture Courts we might fill our pages with pictures, so rich is Class 30 in carvings and works of real beauty. Since 1851 art-manufacture has taken a most decided stride; and that, too, in the right direction— the direction of good taste combined with good work- manship. In this page we engrave a carved ebony cabinet, from the collection of M. Gros, of Paris. This gentleman shows several fine pieces of fur- niture in carved wood, ornamented with bronzes; besides marquetrie and mosaic work in rich variety. In decorative furniture, the French friezes of them ornamented with the hop plant, springing from shields. The frieze of the centre division has a richly carved shield, with barley springing from each side, the shield itself being enriched with fruit. The angles of the pedestals are canted to form a back- ground for richly-carved chimeras with leopard’s heads, which appear to support the slab. Above the slab, and over the pedestals, are plinths, enriched with carved panels, the one representing a wine cup entwined by the vine, and the other a tankard surrounded by the hop plant. Upon these plinths are placed two female caryatides, the one CAKVED CABINET. SI. GKOS, PAitlS. are in no respect behind their Continental neighbours. If they lack tbe solidity we so much admire, they have at least abundant taste and constructive skill. Among the most prominent of the exhibitors in the Furniture Court are Messrs. Jackson and Graham. This eminent firm show various exquisite specimens of cabinet work. Facing the nave the visitor will notice their fine buffet er sideboard. This work is a work of rare beauty, in pollard oak, enriched with carvings in brown English oak. It is 10 feet long by 12 feet 6 inches high. The doors of the pedestals are niched, with figures of boys gathering grapes, and reaping, and the 10 . with attributes of the field and forest, the other of the ocean and river. These figures support the cornice and pediment, which has a boldly-carved shield in the centre, with festoons of fruit banging grace- fully from it, and partly resting upon the cornice. The caryatides arc flanked by richly-carved pilasters, the one representing game, sur- mounted by the head of a retriever watching the spoils of the day, and the various other denizens of sea and stream surmounted by the head of an otter. The centre and side panels of the upper part are filled with silvered glass. They have also a fine walnut- wood wardrobe, nine feet long, in three 74 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. divisions. The plinth, cornice, and end panels inlaid with lines, and ornamental corners of Amboyna, purple-wood, and holly. The centre door has a panel of silverod glass, and on each side are pilasters richly inlaid with various woods, the caps and bases finely carved, which support the cornice and pediment; the latter has a shield in the centre from which spring rich festoons of flowers, in marqueterie work. The corners of the plinth and cornice are rounded, and a hollow worked upon the angles of the wardrobe to receive columns inlaid and carved en unite with the pilasters, to complete the support of the cor- nice. The doors on each side of the centre have small oval mirrors, surrounded by rich floral marqueterie work. Notice their decoration for the side or end of a drawing-room, in the style of Louis XVI., panelled and enriched with mouldings, and relief ornament, gilt. The centre panel fitted with silvered plate glass, and the side panels with rich crimson silk, of thrice the ordinary width, designed and manufactured expressly for exhibition. A chimney piece of Algerian onyx, the pilasters and frieze enriched with bas-reliefs of bronze, chased and richly gilt, will well repay examination. The object selec- ted for engraving is a cabinet of ebony, inla'd with ivory, the centre inclosed by doors, with oval medallions of hymeneal subjects,in bronze, highly chased and gilt, the ends open and rounded, the plinth, columns, and frieze all enriched with mouldings and ornaments of bronze, finely chased and gilt, and surmounted by a slab of the finest Algerian onyx. Messrs. Jackson and Graham also exhibit a piano — the interior by Messrs. Erard, the case of fine Amboyna wood, richly inlaid in various ornamental devices, musical trophies, and flowers of fine marqueterie work; the front, above the fall, of very finely perforated purple wood, in which are framed three finely- executed paintings, on porcelain, that in the centre representing a group of children play- ing upon musical instruments, upon the left of which is a medallion, with a boy playing the Pandean pipes, and on the right another medallion, with a boy playing cymbals— a small drawing-room chair, very finely carved, and richly gilt, in the style of Louis XVI.; and an etagbre, of ebony, inlaid with ivory. Altogether, their show is quite equal to their well-sustained reputation. In Class 22, they also show a very beau- tiful patent Axminster carpet, 25 feet by 18 feet, the ground of rich Marone colour, with crimson rosettes, the centre with group of flowers, on white ground, surrounded by rich brown and gold ornamental framing, inter- secting with the border, which consists of arabesque scroll-work, on white ground, with shields and festoons of flowers at each corner. Upon the margin, outside the border, a light arabesque ornament has been introduced. They have also various samples of different designs, some with borders of velvet pile carpet, woven by steam-power, in Jacquard loom; and a sample of patent tapestry velvet carpet. These may be taken as good examples of design, in the direction advocated in our columns. Messrs. Thurston and Co. show a carved oak billiard -table, of good CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. MINTON’S MAJOLICA FOUNTAIN. In the next page we have an engraving of the famous Majolica fountain under the east dome. We have already referred to this beautiful work in porcelain, which, like Osier’s crystal fountain in 1851, is unique and beautiful. It was designed by the late John Thomas, the eminent sculptor, from whose plans the minutest details have been fully carried out. It stands 36 feet high. Four winged figures of Victory, holding crowns of laurel, en- circle the central pavilion, on the top of which rests the group of St. George and the Dragon. Beneath we have a series of smaller jets d’eaux, one of which, the stork, was originally modelled for the Queen’s dairy at Windsor, under the personal superintendence of his late Royal Highness the Prince Consort. may be heard the strains of beautiful music from the Grand Pianofortrs of Messrs. Kirkman and others , and here beauty and fashion meet and mingle with the representatives of labour— the working men and working women of our world. On crowded days — and almost every day is crowded — the eastern dome is a sight to beheld. design and admirable workmanship; as well as their Patent Combina- tion Billiard-table, which may be converted at pleasure into a dining- table, the cushions being hinged, and made to turn down. The carved oak table, shown in our en- graving, has been executed by Mr. J. O’Shea, from designs by J. M. Allen, Esq. It is carved in the style of the fifteenth century; the panels at the sides and ends are in low relief ; and the story told is illus- trative of the Wars of the Roses. The table is supported on eight legs, each con- sisting - of four clustered columns, with richly-foliated caps, having a central croc- keted shaft, with carved spurs, on square, moulded base. The history carved in oak begins with the Departure of the Duke of York from Ludlow Castle, in 1455 ; then follows the Battle of St. Albans, with the Death of the Duke of Somerset, and the Reconcilia- tion of the Duke of York and the Queen ; next we have the Battle of Blore Heath, f dlowed by the Earl of Salisbury leaving Middleham Castle. These two subjects are, from necessity, chronologically re- versed. Then comes the Desertion of Sir Andrew Trollope and his Veterans from the Fortified Camp at Ludlow, in 1459. Next we have Somerset Repulsed at Calais; Warwick’s Triumphant Entry into Lon- don ; and the Battle of Northampton. In regular sequence then follows the Deser- tion of Lord Grey de Ruthyn, the Battle of Wakeford Green, and the Death of the Duke of York. Afterwards we see the Death of the Duke’s Son on Wakefield Bridge ; the next, the Battle at Towton, in 1461, in the midst of a terrible snow- storm, when the Lancastrians lost more than 28,000 men ; the Battle of Mortimer Cross; the Battle of Barnet, and the Death of the Earl of Warwick. Lastly, we have the Battle of Tewkesbury, the Defeat of Margaret, and the Death of Edward Prince of Wales. This work, as a whole, is one of the most important in its class, and is therefore deservedly' admired. The water of the fountain has several times been perfumed by M. Rimmel, with considerable success. The eastern dome is, in conse- quence, the most popular part of the building. Here every afternoon CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. MINTON’S MAJOLICA FOUNTAIN, CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 77 Cljr |)nras5*s Court. YOUNG’S TYPE COMPOSING AND DISTRIBUTING MACHINES. One of the most interesting courts in the building is that devoted to certain manufacturing processes. On page 43, we referred briefly to the principal objects of attraction in this court ; we now lay before our readers a pictorial and verbal description of one of the most curious of the many ingenious processes, namely, Mr. Young’s method of com- posing and distributing printing-types by machinery. TUB TYPE-COMPOSING MACHINE, WITH ATTENDANT. 78 C ASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. We offer no opinion as to the ultimate effect this machine may have on the printing trade, but simply publish the inventor’s own account of its uses : — “ For some time past,” says the patentee, “ the necessity for discovering a means for increasing the speed of setting up types, and superseding the present slow hand method, has been strongly felt. Whilst printing from the composed types has, by the improve- ments in the steam press, been carried to a most advanced stage, setting up by hand is not now done more quickly than it was four hundred years ago, by the earliest printers. In order to save a few minutes time in printing, large sums are paid for improved steam presses, when the use of a well-devised composing machine would save a much greater portion of time, by preparing the types expeditiously for the press. With the present slow method of composition, it is only by the exercise of the most wonderful degree of method, surprising skill, and most untiring energy on the part of every one concerned, that the daily newspaper is so unfailingly supplied to its readers. To show how much of this laborious effort would be saved by the use of the composing machine, a single example will suffice. Let it be supposed that, half an hour before the usual time of putting to press, important news arrives, enough to extend over three columns of the paper — or say 45,000 types have to be set up in thirty minutes by hand ; this would require the assistance of ninety compositors, each having a scrap of paper put into his hand to set up, in such a manner that it may tally with his neighbour’s piece, technii ally called ‘ making even.’ With the machines, only six players, and, therefore, only six pieces of copy, instead of ninety, would suffice to set the quantity up, while twenty- two justifiers would justify the same ; and, besides that, the system would afford immense facilities for correction. It must be remembered, too, that for this very work steam presses are waiting to throw off copies at the rate of 20,000 per hour, so that the saving of only Jive minutes would be a gain of 1,500 copies. The late Mr. James H. Young,, fully convinced of the importance of such a labour-saving machine to the printing trade:, applied himself during many years with great skill and unwearied energy to its perfection, and finally succeeded, within a few months of his death, in completing a most efficient type- composing machine, and also that most desirable adjunct, a good type- distributing machine.” These are the machines shown in the Processes Court, and, by means of engravings, in the preceding page. The Type Composing Machine is provided with separate compart- ments, called “reservoirs,” for all the letters of a fount, and each reservoir is provided with a small lever, which, by means of a rod, is connected to a key, like those used in a piano-forte. When a key is struck by the player, it pushes a type out of the reservoir, by means of the lever mentioned above, and the type is thus caused to slide down an inclined plane, and thence into a receiver, where it is set up side by side with other types, by means of abeater. Thus each type or letter can he set up by a player in the order required by a compositor’s copy. This is now done with a speed of from 12,000 to 15,000 types set up in an hour’s time. The Justifying Apparatus is intended to replace the compositor’s stick. The compositor places the galley, filled with the long lines of type set up by the composing machine, slides one of them into the apparatus, divides it into the proper width of the page, and having justified it, moves a handle, which depresses the completed line, and thus makes room for a succeeding one. It is found that a compositor can, by this means, justify at the rate of 4,000 to 6,000 types per hour. The Distributing Machine separates all the different letters of a fount, that may have been used for printing, into different channels, ready for use in the composing machine. This is effected by one or more pairs of nippers, which take every type singly from the reservoir in which all the types have been placed, and allow it to slide down an inclined plane, the upper part of which moves on a hinge. The thin or lower-case types slide down to the bottom of the fixed inclined plane, but the thicker or upper-case letters are retained on the movable incline which, on being raised, drops them into an appropriate recep- tacle, whence they are then taken and re-distributed, by passing down a separate channel of the inclined plane. The thin or lower-case letters that have arrived at the bottom of the inclined plane, are pushed ia*o the grooves of a revolving chain. This chain, in moving, passes underneath plates, which are made of different widths, in order to cover only certain nicks cut or cast on the edge of the types, and situated in different parts of their length, from l-16th to 12-16th of an inch from the tail of each type. When, therefore, a type passes underneath a plate which allows its nick to be exposed, it is pushed from off the chain by means of a scraper, which passes over the plate on to a tilting inclined plane. This plane, in its descent, allows the type to slide down, by means of an inclined channel, into a receiver, where it is set up by means of a beater, as in the composing machine. The distinguishing nicks are somewhat like those used by type- founders; 71 per ,;ent. of the types require only one nick, 20 per cent, only two nicks, and the remainder have three nicks. One distributing machine, attended by two boys, will distribute and prepare for the com- posing machine from 14,000 to 18,000 types per hour. A saving of 50 per cent, in the cost of composition is effected by the use of these machines. In connection with printing apparatus and machinery, there are in the Exhibition many curious and remarkable objects. A writer in the Daily Telegraph thus refers to an interesting group: — “To those who find their way into the machinery annexe, a group upon its western side seems very attractive, and certainly it is worthy inspection. The group consists of two printing presses, a type foundry, and a type-composing and a type-distributing machine; while not far off is a paper-making machine. One of the printing presses is Petter and Galpin’s ‘Belle Sauvage’ Machine, the great feature of which is its compactness, cheapness, and noiseless working. The other is a perfecting machine by Mr. John Ross, of Leith, which, when we examined it, was turning off rapidly Cassell’s large Illustrated Bible. But it is on the type foundry and the machines for composing and distributing type that the chief interest of the group is centred. The foundry machine casts, cuts, polishes, and squares the type, so that when the type is thrown out it may at once, without any hand process, be transferred to the cases of the composing machine. The foundry is the invention of Mr. Johnstone, of Red Lion Square. The type-composing machine, which we have seen ‘set up’ the equivalent of two and a-half of these lines in small pica in fifty-six seconds, is the invention of Mr. Mitchel, of New York, and is now extensively used in several printing establishments in America, while there are, we are told, nine of these machines in use in England and Scotland, two of them being in the printing-office of Messrs. Spottiswoode and Co. The distributing machine, also the invention of Mr. Mitchel, is very complex, but perfectly automatic, and must be seen to be understood.” A SULTAN’S PRESENTS. Among the curious or valuable objects recently added to the contents of the building, Mr. Emanuel exhibits two of the most singular. These are a mirror and a stereoscope, made by order of the late Abdul Medjid for one of the ladies of his harem. We have all heard a good deal about Oriental extravagance, and these two articles are in them- selves almost as strong proofs of the fact as any to be found in this country. The mirror is a small oval toilet mirror, for a lady, about a foot wide, but its pillars and draw-stand beneath are of pure gold, ex- quisitely chased, and the frame of the mirror itself is a carved gold scrollwork of flowers, which are heavy with gems. This, however, is really a very beautifully designed and executed work of art, and so far, notwithstanding its immense cost, the Sultan might be justified in wishing one of his ladies to possess it. But the stereoscope stand has nothing to recommend it but its value. It is an ordinary-shaped box stereoscope of ivory, on a pillar and stand of the same material, set all over, as thickly as plums in a pudding, with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The value of these two little presents for one of the ladies of the harem is about £15,000. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 79 SAFETY APPARATUS ON RAILWAYS, &c. Inventions for the preservation of life under any circumstances should always claim public attention. The universal adoption of machinery in manufactories renders the use of “ the lift” so essential in most large houses of business, that any modification of the present mode of construction, tending to decrease the risk of accident, must be viewed with satisfaction by a very large class who need the assist- ance of such contrivances. In Class 10 (South-West Court), among other inventions of a similar character, we notice a couple of working models of an ingeniously contrived piece of mechanism, patented by Mr. Marcus Brown Westhead, of Manchester. the box or cage within a few inches, and that instantaneously. This is a double security in the event of the rope breaking, as the machine, in that case, does not depend upon the action of the governor alone. It has been proved that the greater the weight of the cage or box and its contents, the more safely it is secured -, for the heavier the load the greater will be the re- sistance of the cams, as they will take a much firmer hold of tho guides or uprights. Some alteration of the plan, as shown in fig. 1, makes this invention equally applicable to the cages used in coal and. other mines, where it is essential that the momentum of the cage should be gradually reduced in the event of over-speed. This inven- Fig. 1 represents a patented apparatus, used in the northern dis- tricts of England, for preventing accidents to life and injury to property, in hoisting and lifting machinery. The machine is attached to the upper side of the ascending and descending chamber, or cage. It is simple in construction, and easily kept in order, and has already proved itself, in many instances, to be a secure and efficient apparatus for the purpose intended. It is evident that, no matter what the cause of the cage or box travelling at too great a speed, the expansion of the governor, from an excessive rate of motion, must, per force, operate upon the other portions of the machine, and thus permit the cams or wedges to be instantly projected against the uprights or guides of the shaft or well-hole, and so arrest the box. A small-weighted lever falls, if the rope of. suspension is severed, and thereby catches tion combines the peculiar and important advantage, viz., the springs to insert the cams are not brought into action except at the required time, thereby preserving their elasticity unimpaired. Fig. 2 is a plan for preventing accidents to railway platform lifts. These hoists are extremely dangerous, in consequence of the liability of one or more of the suspending chains breaking. By this invention the platform is evenly and simultaneously arrested at its four corners, in the event of one or all of the suspension chains being fractured by too great a load, or from the alternations of temperature affecting un- equally the nature of the metal employed in the manufacture of the chains. It is, moreover, advantageous in its application, as the plat- form can be readily adjusted or repaired, whenever requisite, without having to stay the platform. 60 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. SODA-WATER MACHINES. Pew things are more simple in appearance, or less suggestive of the application of powerful machinery, than a bottle of soda or seltzer- water. The young gentleman who indulges in a “ cool draught” in the morning little imagines the trouble taken to procure it ; and perhaps it may be information to him, and to many, when we state that the bottling of all kinds of aerated waters is at once a dangerous and complicated business - dangerous, from the fact that the glass frequently breaks in the process of bottling— the workmen being and pressed firmly against a suitable packing-ring, on the under side of the filling-piece, the air is excluded, and the otherwise dangerous operation entirely prevented. A further improvement is the applica- tion of a small steam cylinder, combining in one machine the apparatus for making the soda-water and a steam-engine for driving the same, which, being connected to the same shaft, the fly-wheels answer the purpose of both. The machine produces 2,500 bottles per day (or over 200 doz.), and the principal features of the invention are the mechanical contrivances PATENT STEAM SODA-WATEB MACHINE AND BOTTLING APPARATUS. ME. B. FLEET, WALWOBTH. obliged to wear masks and thick leather gauntlets ; complicated, from the nature of the operation of forcing a certain determinate quantity of gas into a given quantity of water. One of these machines — exhibited by Mr. Fleet, of Walworth — we have chosen as illustrative of the system of making and bottling aerated and mineral waters. The steam soda-water machine exhibited by Mr. Fleet is an im- proved method of manufacturing and bottling soda-water, lemonade, ginger-beer, and all kinds of mineral waters and aerated drinks, by means of a patent screw bottliDg apparatus, which forces the cork into the bottle without the aid of a mallet; and being elevated by a treadle for the entire exclusion of all atmospheric air and the ease with which it can be worked by non-professional men. The great success which has attended its working by the exhibitor proves that from its solidity of construction, power, and completeness, it is a great acquisition to this increasing branch of trade. Mr. Fleet’s steam sodarwater machine and bottling apparatus is worth the attention of chemists and others interested in the manufacture of mineral waters. It is economical in cost, at the same time improving the quality of the article produced ; and, from its compact and portable nature, is inexpensive in freight, and well adapted for exportation. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 81 CIjc |pri^s mtfo % ffUbnl. The jurors have issued their report, and the list of the prize-holders is now published. In the original plan laid down by the Royal Commissioners, it was indicated that “ Prizes, or rewards for merit, in the form of medals,” should be given to the most prominent exhibitors of “ raw material, machinery, and manufactures,” the three sections of the classification observed in the industrial portion of the Exhibition. It was further announced that “ these medals will be of one class, for merit, without any distinction of degree. No exhibitor will re- ceive more than one medal in any class or sub-class. An international jury is formed for each class and sub-class of the Exhibition, by whom the medals will be adjudged, subject to general rules, which will regulate the action of the juries. Each foreign commission will be at liberty to nominate one member of the jury for each class and sub-class in which staple industries of their country and its dependencies are represented. “ The juries are required to sub- mit their awards, with a statement of the grounds of each, to her Ma- jesty’s Commissioners, before the 15th day of June. The awards will be published in the Exhibition Building, at a public ceremony. They will immediately afterwards be conspicuously attached to the counters of the successful exhibi- tors, and the grounds of each award will be very briefly stated. If an exhibitor accepts the office of juror, no medal can be awarded in the class or sub-class to which he is appointed, either to himself indivi- dually, or to the firm in which he may be a partner. The medals will be delivered to the exhibitors on the last day of the Exhibition.” These several conditions have been complied with. On the 15th of June the jurors submitted their awards, and on the 11th of July the state ceremony took place, at which these awards were made public. The official circulacjelative to the declaration of the jurors’ awards, was to the following effect : — 1. The declaration of the awards of the juries at a State ceremony on Friday, 11th July, 1862, at one o’clock, will be made by an Interna- tional representative body of royal and distinguished personages, spe- cially named by the various nations which have taken part in the Exhi- bition. 2. The Queen has named his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G., as her Majesty’s representative to receive and distribute the awards to the exhibitors of the United Kingdom and its colonies and dependen- cies. The special representatives of foreign countries will receive and dis- tribute the awards to foreign exhibitors. 11 . 3. The various ceremonies will take place in the Exhibition Buildings and in the Horticultural Gardens, which will be treated as part of the Exhibition for that day. 4. The special representatives will be received by her Majesty’s Com- missioners on the upper terrace of the Horticultural Gardens, if the weather be favourable ; if unfavourable, in the conservatory ; and the International juries will then deliver their awards to the special repre- sentatives. 5. The special representatives, after receiving the awards, will pass in procession along the arcades to the Exhibition Buildings, and at various stations will deliver the awards to the chairman of the British Class Com- mittees, to the Colonial Commis- sioners, and to the Foreign Commis- sioners in or near those parts of the buildings where the principal objects of each class or country are placed. 6. Upon the arrival of the special representatives at the different sta- tions for distributing the awards, the national airs of the respective nations will be played by military bands, British and foreign. After the dis- tribution, &c., the procession will as- semble again on the upper terrace, when “ God save the Queen” will be performed by all the military bands. 7. The public will be admitted be- tween the hours of 10 and 12.30 by season tickets, or by special tickets, to be purchased before the 8th July, at 5s. each. On and after that day the price will be 7s. 6d. each. Tickets will be ready for issue on the 30tli June. 8. Exhibitors who may not have season tickets may obtain a free ticket of admission upon personal applica- tion at the offices in the Exhibition Road, on or before the 8th July. All the ceremonial observances passed off successfully ; though the large number of prize medals awarded, and the fact that all the medals were of one class, caused surprise in the minds of many. But when we come to consider the high degree of merit evinced in the works exhibited in nearly all the classes, our wonder is rather that the prizes were not greater in num- ber. It may happen that the jurors have overlooked some who really deserved distinction ; but, on the other hand, it must be remembered that they have had a very difficult task to decide amid so many con- tending claims. The ceremony was very grand, and altogether English in character ; impressive, yet free from ostentation ; gay and lively, without being boisterous. The list of prize-holders will be given in another number. For the present we content ourselves with producing facsimile representations of the Prize Medal — the same size as the original. PRIZE MEDAL— OBVERSE. PRIZE MEDAL— REVERSE. 82 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. The design of this beautiful work of art was produced by Mr. Daniel Maolise, R.A., and the execution of the medal in bronze was entrusted to the experienced bands of Mr. Wyon, of the Royal Mint. Britannia is seen seated, armed'; yet bearing the emblems of peace — the olive branch and the laurel wreath. Behind her are three female figures, representing the fine arts ; while Science, Manufactures, and Agriculture kneel in front to receive their several wreaths of dis- tinction. Various implements, suggestive of commerce and industry, are introduced. On the other side of the medal is a wreath, bearing in its oentre an inscription appropriate to the occasion — “honoris causa,” for the sake of honour. It is intended, we believe, t« have the name of the holder of each medal engraven round the rim. Alto- gether, the medal of the International Exhibition of 1862 is a work entirely worthy the great occasion for which it was designed. m fyt dfcjjtbrtioit. Wood- Working Machines. — We recently referred to some of the curious and valuable machines for working in wood, exhibited in the Western Annexe. Our attention has since been drawn to other contrivances of similar character. The visitor will notice with admi- ration some pieces of machinery exhibited by Mr. R. H. Thompson, of her Majesty’s dockyard, Woolwich. There is a universal joiner, a hori- zontal sawing and tree-felling machine. Messrs. Forrest and Barr, of Glasgow, exhibit a planing and moulding machine, adapted for ship-yard work, and a finely-finished machine, arranged for working mouldings only, with some samples of its work. Close by is a neat horizontal saw frame, exhibited by Mr. William Geeves, of Islington. Messrs. Thomas Robinson and Son, of Rochdale, are also exhibitors of some first-class wood-working machines, several of which are to be seen at work at certain times each day, and when in motion they are generally surrounded with an eager group of spectators. At the extreme north end of the Western Annexe the visitor will find the French collection of wood-working machinery. The samples are not numerous, and the principal exhibitor is M. J. L. Perin, of Paris. There are few machines in the Exhibition that merit and receive as much attention as M. Perm’s band-saw and its productions. A large share of the credit, however, is due to the skilful manipulation of the attendant workman. The unique samples of workmanship exhibited along with the machine, especially the artistic device commemorative of the Exhibition, are excellent of their kind. But, apart from these considerations, a peculiar interest attaches to M. Perin’s machine, for he was the first to bring the band-saw into successful operation. It is said that M. Perin has made a fortune by his invention. His saws are in operar tion in all the dockyards and arsenals of France, as well as very generally throughout the Continent ; and one, we believe, is in Woolwich Ar- senal. Adjoining M. Perin, Messrs. Frey and Son, of Belleville (Seine), exhibit a substantial portable saw-frame for cutting heavy timber ; and Messrs. Longard and Son, of Cauteleu (Seine Inf.), a planing machine. There are also in this section last-machines, machines for shaping wheel-spokes, and a variety of others for wood-working purposes, all more or less different from those in general use in our own country. The largest collection of this class of machinery exhibited by any foreigner is shown by Mr. J. Zimmerman, of Chemnitz, in Saxony* It comprises upwards of two dozen machines for wood and iron work, and their finish and general getting-up will compare well with any in the class to which they belong. These machines comprise several features peculiar to themselves. They are situated in the north-east corner of the Annexe, out of the way of the great stream of visitors. Curious Watches.— Among the recent additions to the World’s Show, Mr. Benson exhibits round the base of his Great Clock a curious collection of antique watches, with a view of illustrating the gradual rise and progress of watch-making to the present time. These ourious old relics vary from 100 to 250 years old. Nearly all are of the ordinary vertical construction, but have a piece of catgut, instead of a winding chain, and are, of course, without pendulum springs. Some of the oldest of these are the smallest, and many of them are finished with the utmost nicety, and even now remain in working order. The largest watoh in this collection is one which belonged to that redoubted Parliamentarian, Pym; though there is another, almost equally huge and massive, which has no fewer than six hands, and which shows the movth, day of the month, day of the week, hour, minute, and second, with the daily age and quarters of the moon. Another antique specimen from Nurem- berg — the birthplace, so to speak, of pocket watches — is almost equally curious. A very handsome and large one is shown, with an enamelled case, enriched with pearls, the works in which are so arranged as to play a variety of tunes, like a musical snuff-box. This, however, is a comparatively modern English speoimen, taken at the general “loot” of the Chinese Emperor’s Summer Palace, at Yuen Min Yuen. The progress made since those days is exemplified by a series of chronometers and chronograph watches, the latter of which mark time to tenths of seconds. All these are shown in cases ornamented with designs, for which prizes were offered at the various Government Schools. Some of them are of great beauty. Pbayeb Cylinders. — In the Indian collection (North-east Gallery) there are many curious an dremarkable objects. Among others are the Prayer Cylinders — a common brass cylinder, filled with printed prayers, which the natives spin and turn round, and every revolution counts as so many prayers said. In some parts near Thibet, where the strictest Buddhism prevails, these prayer cylinders are made of great size, and turned by water power, so as to do the praying of the whole village in which it works, without a moment’s cessation. This easy method of invocation is so extensively practised by all the natives, that printing in Thibet is confined almost exclusively to the production of the innumerable prayers required by the people. The printing blocks used for this purpose, in Thibet and Darjeeling, are shown in one of these cases. They are cut in coarse wooden blocks, and in workmanship are apparently on a par with what Caxton’s first failures must have been. The Musical Boxes from Geneva attract great attention. Messrs. Auber and Linton show a beautiful piece of mechanism, which, though no novelty, has a crowd of admirers. It is in the shape of a small musical box, just large enough for the waistcoat pocket, out of which, when the lid is opened, pops up a pretty little bullfinch, who pipes a song, fluttering his wings in the most natural manner possible. The plumage, the action, and the peculiar note of the bird are imitated with wonderful exactness The Tebbob.— One of the most interesting models in the Naval Court is that of the Terror, which accompanied the Erebus in Sir John Franklin’s last voyage. "With her broad bluff bow, with her strengthened sides, and with her plates of iron for cutting through the ice, she gives one the due impression of immense power and stability. Model Mummy Case. — In the Egyptian Court is a most curious object — a sort of model mummy case. By the side of the body sits the soul, and on the side of the coffin, are inscribed prayers, supposed to be addressed to the body by the soul, beseeching it to remain undisturbed until the day of resurrection, when the two will be found together again. West Austbalian Delicacies. — Among other substances used for food are cases of preserved meat, including kangaroo tail— said to be of delicious flavour— and 50 ounces of jelly-seaweed, prepared from 63 lbs. of the living weed, and capable of producing 100 quarts of jelly, or blano mange. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 83 Under the title of Zollverein — literally " toll union” — the following German States exhibit in the South-west Transept and the galleries above : — the Duchy of Anhalt-Bemburg, the Duchy of Anhalt-Dessan Cotlien, Grossherzogthum Baden, Bavaria, Brunswick, Frankfort-on- the-Maine, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hesse Darmstadt), the Principality of Lippe, Nassau, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Saxony and Principality of Reuss, the Grand Duchy of Saxony, the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, W iirtemberg, and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The German towns of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lubeck, under the designation of the “Hanse Towns,” also exhibit in the South-west Transept. This free-trade union for the adoption of a uniform system of import duties is of comparatively modern formation. In 1841 it was renewed for twelve years, and in 1853 the German Diet again renewed it for a further period, which subsists till 1865. Prussia makes the largest show, her contribution appearing in each of the classes, from raw materials to fine arts. In “Haw Material” section, the Zollverein is especially well represented. The mineral products of the entire Zollverein department have been collected ■together, and are advantageously displayed in one large room near the south-west angle of the building. This arrangement gives a facility for examination and study that contrasts remarkably with the difficulty felt in going through the other Zollverein classes, each of which is split up into as many divisions as there are exhibiting States. The mining products are arranged very systematically. First come the products of the coal measures, then brown coal and peat. The different metallic ores follow next in order ; these are naturally succeeded by the metals and metallic products ; the rocks and earths used in building and manufactures succeed, and the collection con- cludes with the rock salt and products of the salt springs. The distributjon of the different minerals in the Zollverein is ren- dered more evident by the suspension on the walls of the court of a series of valuable geological maps, which are placed in the closest possible proximity with the objects whose distribution they are intended to illustrate. In chemicals, too, the German States show well; but our space will not allow us to do more than mention one or two of the main objects of attraction in this department. Aniline colours, from coal- tar, are shown, as are also some curious products from cinchona bark, and a variety of cheap candles and soap, produced from what we in this country consider waste materials. The display of pottery and porcelain is superb. There is some little specimen of almost every kind that can be named, but the strength of the exhibition is given to the two valuable kinds of earthenware — the pottery of Henri Deux, and the porcelain of Dresden. There is a goodly collection of majolicas, and some admirable bits of Palissy ware. From the royal manufactories of Berlin and Meissen, in Saxony, the ceramic show is very fine. Conspicuous among the trophies under the western dome, is the display of porcelain made by the King of Prussia. Especially noticeable are two fine busts, in parian, of the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia, which are actual portraits in their minute resemblance to the originals. In this class, also, Dresden has entered the field in great force. Some of the Dresden chandeliers, mirror frames, and groups of figures are real marvels of ceramic excellence, both as to colouring and form of figures and outline. The large iron foundries of Berlin and Hanover send several large ornamental works in bronze ; and two colossal couching lions come from the latter town, to add to the effect of the German Courts. Among the industrial branches connected with science and art, specimens are exhibited from the printing-offices of Berlin, Brunswick, Gotha, with globes and maps from the different States of the Zollverein. A good collection of photographs is exhibited, chiefly from Munich ; and the portrait, life-size, is shown of his Eoyal Highness the Prince of Cuttinfrufions. Wales, taken on his journey to the Holy Land. Bavaria also sends a collection of very excellent drawing-pencils. Colours for printing and lithography are sent from Frankfort-on- the-Maine and Hanover ; toys principally from the Duchies of Saxony and the city of Niimberg; clocks from the Grand Duchy of Baden; and straw-plaiting from the Black Forest. The models of the new Exchange building at Berlin, the Derschauer railway bridge, and the sloping plain of the Oberlaendische Canal, in East Prussia, arc peculiarly interesting to architects. Professor Hyrtl has supplied anatomical preparations, illustrative of the construction of the inner organs of the ear in nearly two hundred different animals. Beginning from the diminutive mouse of the Italian hills, he proceeds, through many intermediate stages, as far as the auditual organs of the immense whale ; and, to explain the pheno- mena of the present world by those of a past creation, even takes into his very interesting collection the antediluvian bear, the primeval ichthyosaurus, and some other monsters of a period now belonging exclusively to palaeontological researches. Under the western dome are shown the splendid silver plate pre- sented by the burgesses of Berlin to our Princess Eoyal, on her marriage with Prince Frederick William, now the Crown Prince of Prussia; and an exquisite silver shield, the offering of the Ehenish nobility to the youthful bride and bridegroom. With the historical and mythical suggestions are represented the good wishes of the donors to the newly-wedded couple, whose betrothal is represented in the centre. Eound the rim are little scutcheons of enamel, bearing the names of the subscribers. The work is a fine one, though perhaps inferior to the Dreamer’s Shield, shown by Messrs. Elkington. In the Russian Court will be found many of the toys with which English children are familiar — some of them, indeed, identical with those shown by Messrs. Cremer, in their toy trophy in the British nave. Bronze ornaments, cork models, lamps, photographs, swords, guns, and pistols, with some really good statuary, will be discovered in the crowded courts of Germany. Furniture of all kinds, and a con- siderable quantity of gold and silver ware, with clocks from the Black Forest, and philosophical instruments, looking glasses, and many products of the loom, as well as various agricultural implements, will be found in the Baden courts. At the end of the court, within the transept, is the Grand Duke of Baden’s popular Orchestrion, exhibited by M. Welte, of the Black Forest, the largest and most wonderful piece of musical clock-work in the Exhibition. On each side of the Orchestrion there are the rival Farinas, with their eau-de-Cologne, patronised by visitors apparently without much care as to which is the “ real, genuine, neat as imported ” article. The Ehenish provinces send specimens of arms and cutlery, piano- fortes from Leipzic and Berlin, and harmoniums from Stuttgardt; also silk goods from Crefeld and Bvelefield; woollen and worsted, linen and cotton fabrics from Prussia, Saxony, and Wiirtemberg. The display of varnished leather from Mayence, Worms, and Ehenish Prussia, and of fancy leather goods from Offenbach, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, and Berlin, will also attract attention. Examples of jewellery and orna- ments in gold are sent from Hannaw, Pforzheim, and Frankfort-on- the-Maine ; and of works in amber from the Prussian shores of the Baltic, In the machinery department will be found many remarkably fine specimens of manufacture. The iron and steel work includes an immense cast-steel steam-hammer from the foundry of Krupp, in Westphalia, and several fine locomotives and steam-engines. In the fine arts, the German States show conspicuously; what is called the German school of painting being in no way behind the schools of Great Britain and France. Altogether, the Zollverein col- lection will well repay careful examination. Our engraving is taken from the centre of the transept, and shows the circular heading of the wall at that end of the building, with the inscription, Deus in terrain respexit et implivit illam bonis suit. OASSELL’ri ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862 , S4 K OliTH-WEST IRAN SEP I — ZOLLVEEEX^f . CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18C2. 85 Sufrsiaittts its*b for Jrrotr On the eastern side of the Eastern Annexe will be found many speci- mens of things familiar in most households — specimens of teas, coffees, sugars, cocoas ; preserved meats, fruits, and vegetables; dried and preserved meats, compressed hops, with various kinds of beve- rages. Dr. Hassall shows a case of bottles, illustrative of ' the adulte- ration in sweetmeats, confectionery of all kinds, grocery, pickles, &c. ; and perhaps no illustration of the kind was ever so complete and so instructive. But with adultera- tions are also shown some really beautiful preparations of sugar, isinglass, &c. Messrs. Schooling, Vickers, Phillips and Co., and Martineau and Sons are large ex- hibitors of “ pan sweets,” confec- tionery, Ev- erton toffee, sugar, tea, &c. ; while Messrs.Fort- numandMa- son have a case of most beautifully preserved fruits, dried nuts, and other ad- juncts of the dessert, in- cludingsome rarities, such as cassava bread, co- quilla, ivory nuts, &c. We have shown for il- lustration two of the most re- markable ol- jects in this class, namely the wedding cakes exhi- bited by Mr. Richard Bol- land, ofChes- ter,andMrs. Maria and Mr. Richard W. Shackle. This mag- nificent spe- cimen of bri- dal cake was manufac- WEDDING CAKE. ME. BOLIAND. tured by Mr. Bolland, of Chester. Tt was designed and ornamented by Mr. W. Bolland, and is a highly successful production of their united talent and enterprise. The cake, which has been greatly admired for the beauty of its adornments and for its elegance and artistic skill, stands upon a circular pedestal of eight inches, the height of the cake itself being four feet. The base is surrounded by an elaborate gold ornament; at each corner are the royal arms, beautifully moulded in gold re- lief; the other parts being filled by figures, representing cupids with quiver, bow and arrow, holding birds’ nests, surrounded by garlands of roses. The design for the cake is shown in three compartments; in the first are panels, representing Providence, Wis- dom, Innocence, and Happiness, in bold relief, on a blue ground, from designs by the late Alderman Boydell, for- merly Lord Mayor of London. At the four cor- ners are Go- thic niches, emblemati- cal of Mar- riage. The niches are supported by pillars of Gothic architec- ture, with appropriate columns. At the s ummi t, of each arch is a female bust, with reclining figures on either side. Around the second com- partment are festoons of flowers, in- terspersed with the na- tional em- blems, the rose, thistle, shamrock, and leek; andtheother 86 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. parts filled with armorial bearings of the various kingdoms of Europe. The crown of the cake is ornamented with cornucopias, medallions, banners, and rich foliage, the turtle dove, and clusters of orange blossoms; the whole sur- mounted with a beauti- ful kneeling figure of Flora, bearing a vase filled with every descrip- tion of the choicest flowers. The weight of the cake is about 2 cwt., and the whole of the or- naments are moulded, cast, or otherwise worked out in sugar. Mr. and Mrs, Shackle, of Jeffery’s Terrace, Ken- tish Town, exhibit the bride cake shown in our engraving, as well as two vases of flowers in co- lours, the whole manu- factured in pure sugar, without any kind of metallic colouring, the flowers not being of cambric, as is usual. The whole design is five feet in height and three in diameter. Com- mencing at the base, the cake is decorated with three ribbons, with the mottoes, “ Liberty and Justice,” “ Kule Bri- tannia,” “ Peace and Plenty,” alternating with a festoon of rose, thistle, and shamrock. Bound the sides are nine coats of arms, with nine large scollop-shells, each sup- ported with scrolls, filled with honeysuckles, for- get-me-nots, emblems of the bond of love, taste, &c. On the top of the shells, three Cupids, with a ribbon inscribed “Love.” Six scrolls al- ternate with shells and arms, supporting a vase, containing myrtle and jessamine, emblems of friendship and love. Bound the edge is a row of shells, filled with roses and lilies. Then above is- another cake, adorned round the sides with cluster-leaves and rose-leaves projecting from the edge of the top cake, and doves flying out between the cluster-leaves. On the top are three scrolls, with initials, and three friendship bows, with six light pillars. Inside the temple is an altar, with the flame of Love in the centre, and six small doves flying from the six comers of the altar, with each a scroll, containing a motto — Peace, Love, Hope, BBIDE CAKE, HAEIA AND BICHAED W. SHACKLE, Unity, Faith, Truth; and six large doves, with olive branches, between the pillars. Bound the entablature are six ribbons, with mottoes of Humility, Wisdom, Charity, Patience, Perse- verance, and “Never Despair.” The dome supports three large silk flags, with the mottoes, “Health and Happiness to the Bride and Bride- groom,” The earth is the Lord’s, and the ful- ness thereof,” “God save our gracious Queen.” Then three Cupids, with doves resting on them; and three small pillars, supporting a canopy over two doves in a rose. Then three cornucopias, with the Union Jack, Boyal standard, and Prussian standard; orange - blossom and myrtle, emblems of bri- dal festivity. Above the whole is a vase, filled with honeysuckle, orange - blossom, lily of the valley, jessamine, and forget-me-nots. We regret to say that this magnificent speci- men of the confectioners’ art has been destroyed since it was delivered in the building, the exhibi- tors sustaining a loss of £160. The fragments have been put together as well as possible, and even in its present state it forms a highly attrac- tive object. In this department of the Exhibition will be found many highly cu- rious and interesting ob- jects. Here, for instance, are to be seen a large number of “flavouring substances,” a few drops of which convert a mere syrup into a delightful confection of raspberry, strawberry, pine - apple, currant, peach, pear, or nectarine. Most of these flavourings are prepared from substances that have no affinity with the fruits whose names they bear ; and all are perfectly harmless. Here, also, are various kinds of albumen, jellies, isinglass, and other preparations of animal and vegetable tissue ; preserved fish and vegetables, with concentrated essences of meats. Examples of all the beverages in use among oivilised nations find a place in Class 3 in the Eastern Annexe. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862, 87 Jfurrcifure anfo gworalioit. — IV. The Furniture Courts, both on the British and Foreign sides of the j building, are especially attractive ; muoh more so, indeed than they were in 1851, in consequenoe of the better taste displayed in the manufacture of the several articles exhibited. In the objects we have chosen for illustration there will be observed not only considerable grace and harmony of design, but also what we have always believed to be inseparable from good taste, namely, good work- manship. In the glasses, &c., shown by Mr. Page, of Coventry Street, these qualities are especially observable; no less, however, are they to be commended in the contributions of Mr. Wilkinson, of Old Bond Street. j tive furniture ; that is to say, the tastes which may belong to well-to-do people. For the mansion, the hall, the lodge, and the villa there is abundance of choice ; but for the six or eight-roomed house in the suburbs, for the cottage of genteel poverty, and the house of enforced economy, there is actually nothing whatever shown. Hardly a chair in the British side of the Exhibition could be bought for less than a sovereign, or a table for less than five. We should have been pleased to have seen some effort made to produce good, cheap furniture, in pretty shapes ; but the exhibitors generally do not appear to have thought it necessary to bring such articles to South Kensington, even if they GILT CONSOLE TABLE AND GLASS, GIBANDOLE AND CHEVAL SCREENS. MB. H. M. PAGE. Among the ornamental furniture in the British Court, that of Messrs. Wright and Mansfield will also be noticed. Observe a book-case of wild cherry-wood, with medallion in the centre of the back in Wedgwood- ware — the design, and the medallions of the frieze and door-panels, after Flaxman. A pair of girandoles, carved and gilded! a handsome Erard’s oblique pianoforte; a boudoir book-case of sycamore, with panels of Wedgwood ; and a candelabra, carved and gilt, are also very good. Some very excellent decorative furniture is shown by Messrs. Morris and Co., of Bed Lion Square ; Messrs. Trollope and Son, and indeed, by several of the well-known London and provincial firms. All sorts of tastes are consulted by the exhibitors of carved and decora- possessed them. An exception in this respect may be made in favour of Messrs. Heal, of Tottenham Court Koad, whose show seems intended to attract the eyes of middle-class, rather than rich and noble pur- chasers. But, perhaps, with the example of Austria in 1851 before them, exhibitors are anxious to show, not what they could produce of the cheapest and, at the same time, most tasteful character, but that which was best calculated to impress foreigners with an idea of the great wealth and careless ostentation of their principal customers. Be this as it may, the furniture exhibited in the South Courts is sufficiently massive, decorative, and graceful to command universal admiration- The majority of sight-seers may possibly take pleasure in looking at drawing-room suites they cannot afford to purchase, and examining 83 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. chairs and tables on which and at which they would be afraid to sit or to dine ; but some would certainly have welcomed examples of plainer and more useful objects. Nor is this fault— if fault it be— confined to the British side of the building. With the exception of some cottage furniture in the American de- partment, all is intended for purchasers with incomes of from one to ten thousand a-year. It is certainly very delightful to witness such triumphs of mechanical and artistic skill, and to know that there are really people in the world rich enough to buy them. Of course it will be understood that in the above re- marks we by no means deprecate the use of expen- sive and elegant furniture. On the contrary, the ef- forts made by the manufacturers of our country, equally with those of foreign lands, to produce excel- lence in every de- partment, should be warmly en- couraged. And this encourage- ment can only come fairly and legitimately from the possession of great wealth and good taste. In fur- niture, no less than in pictures, en- gravings. sculptures, and bronzes, purchasers have the fu- ture of art- manufac- ture en- tirely in their own hands. Nor can there be any manner of doubt that periodical exhibitions must tend to improve the taste of both workmen and the general public. As an instance of good taste in respect to fur- niture of a decorative character, we notice the carved gilt frame and sideboard exhibited by Messrs. McLauchlan and Son, of Printing House Square. The design is both graceful and original. In this page we introduce a fine specimen of cabinet work, exhibited by Messrs. C. Wilkin- son and Son, of 8, Old Bond Street. This drawing-room cabi- net consists of a book-case with large glass and frame above, in fine walnut-wood. All the ornaments are either in relief or inlaid, of white holly. The top of the book-case, which is glazed with plate glass, is of jaune Pleuri marble. The car- vings are emble- matical of the Pour Seasons. The same firm also show a washstand, ou pedestals of Savannah pitch pine, with mould- ings and orna- ments in relief of purple wood, with porcelain tile top, made in one piece, and decorated bor- der en suite, with the chamberware; a lady’s toilet table, and glass en suite with the above ; a walnut drawing- room chair; a gilt occa- sional ditto, Louis XYI. ; library chair, stuffed backandseat, in morocco; an oak side- board, with enrichments of Potts’s patent elec- tro bronzes. The whole of the furniture displayed by Messrs. Wil- kinson and Son is of a superior de- scription. BBAWIN G-ROOM CABINET. MESSRS. WILKINSON AND SON. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 89 Waitings iit fir* AVOOD CARVING IN CLASS XXX. Recollecting- the emulation aroused in the minds of our British wood carvers by the display of foreign workmanship in the Exhibition of 1851, we cannot wondgr that our countrymen have this year made efforts to take a foremost place in the great competition for excellence in design and handicraft. It is too much the fashion (a pernicious one, we think) for the patrons of art to extol the foreign workmen, forgetting there may be an equal amount of latent genius at home for pro- ducing works of an ornamental or decorative character. The conse- quence is that our own workmen are discouraged ; they have not only to rival the foreigner, but to contend against this prejudice. Another now and then obtained considerable commissions for church work- received laudatory comments for having equalled Michael Angelo or Grinling Gibbons— but generally submitted to execute any kind of ornamentation, whether creditable to Art or not. In fact, the name of Grinling Gibbons has been used to the detriment of the workman, for, as a rule, if the latter did anything in imitation of the great master, English patrons begrudged the payment. AVe speak of what may be called ordinary ornament of the class which it is now well understood Gibbons simply supervised. To have accomplished all attributed to him, he must have lived three hundred years, instead of the space allotted to man. His excel- great obstacle to the advancement of the wood carver at home has been the want of a proper school either for acquiring the rudiments of his art, or where, when his work was accomplished, it could be shown for his advantage. Of course the Trade Society has worked as effectually as it possibly could in providing the means of communication between its members, and an excellent class library for their study and improve- ment ; but, in truth, until the Council of the Architectural Museum offered prizes to all workmen, the best effort of any one of them was at once deposited in a mansion or palace of the commoner or noble, without the chance of exciting any ambition amongst the younger members of the profession, or enabling those of maturer years to mark the progress of the art. Occasionally, public attention was aroused by something startling accomplished by a new aspirant for honours, who soon subsided into the position of assistant to some one else, and was as soon forgotten, save in a small circle ; whilst the leaders in trade 12 . lent works may well be praised for their truthfulness and finish, but the modern workman considers very confidently that they are not unapproachable ; all that is wanted is proper remuneration for the work bestowed. The results achieved by the Architectural Museum competition are highly gratifying to the Council, and have been, and - will be, of essential service to the Art workman. If we needed an instance in point, we could not do better than refer to the production of one of the ex- hibitors of 1862, Mr. AV. H. Baylis, of 69, Judd Street, whose Jewel- case, one of the best pieces of carving in the Exhibition, we have selected for illustration. A glance at the exquisite work, even through the medium of wood-engraving, will be sufficient to warrant our choice. Mr. Baylis’s contributions are four in number ; the first being a specimen of rich and elaborate moulding, size 2 feet by 8 inches. 90 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. This gained a first prize at the distribution in 1860, at the South Kensington Museum, and was much praised by Mr. A. J. Beresford Hope, the President of the Architectural Museum. The second is a frame (in chestnut wood), in a conventional style of ornament, suitable for a miniature or other purpose, size 18 inches by 12. Next in order is another frame, carved in lime-tree, displaying various flowers, wild and cultivated, with remarkable delicacy and finish ; its size is 20 inches by 15. The remaining production is a Jewel Casket carved in boxwood. At first sight it arrests attention by the beauty of its general outline. Each corner shows the head of a puma, grotesquely treated, and con- ventionally winged; from the mouth of each bunches of flowers depend, falling gracefully over the sides. The lid is surrounded by a well-executed group— a bird expiring in the coils of a serpent. The rest of the ornamentation is elegant and tasteful, though what may be termed conventional. It is said that the price of this casket is 200 guineas. In size it is about 20 inches by 8, and about 10 inches deep. Mr. Baylis is a young man of the self-taught class, the class from which success in art naturally springs. It is evident he has not servilely followed any master, but, striking out a path of his own, has produced most pleasing combinations, and furnished worthy examples of modern English art. They are not only to be admired surmounted by an oak cover, carved in English oak, by Mr. David Sharp. The work is well designed and admirably executed. In the centre of the cross-like cover, there is a carved figure of our Saviour, a very marvel of skill and good taste. Mr. Sharp also shows a carved bracket on his own account, which will be found above the doorway leading from the outer Eurniture Court to the Colonial Department. Mr. Bryer, of Southampton, exhibits his admirable little work, the “Moment of Victory,” which attracted so much attention when shown in Colnaghi’s, in 1858. It is a reproduction in boxwood of Fraser’s picture of a game-cock exulting over a fallen foe, while peasants and others are looking on admiringly. His chief work in the Exhibition is an altar-piece, from Rubens’ “ Crucifixion,” carved in English oak. It is about five feet in height by three feet in width. This fine work will be found at the south-east corner of the central Furniture Court, where it attracts considerable attention. It is in very bold relief, the front figures being very nearly detached, the whole carving being nine inches in depth. Mr. Bryer has been eminently successful in giving a good expression to all the many figures in the striking group. There is throughout a very graceful treatment of drapery, which has that peculiar flow and elegance which distinguish the best ages of sculpture, and mark the intense love of the artist for his work ; finish without toilsomeness, conventionality without stiffness, combined with natural 6IDEEOAED IN CABTON PIEEBE. MESSES. GEOBGE JACKSON AND SONS. for strikingly natural feeling, but for their very bold, off-hand execu- tion. There is no appearance of laborious effort, or unnecessary anxiety, but rather a repose and vigorous touch which are not often united in so young an artist. These works will be found standing by themselves in the passage leading from the Nave to the centre of the Furniture Court. Many other fine specimens of carving grace the present Exhibition. Notice those exhibited by Mr. Perry; Mr. Forsyth, of the Hampstead Road; Mr. "Walker, of Notting Hill; Mr. Kendall, of Warwick; and Mr. Stevens, of Taunton, whose mahogany sideboard, a work of con- siderable merit, is crowded with representations of game, fish, fruit, &c. The veteran Rogers, whose carvings have been so long and so deservedly admired, has a stand of most exquisite works in the Furni- ture Court. But, as we shall probably illustrate some of these, we refrain from further detail. Mr. Rogers will be remembered as having produced the “ Prince of Wales’s Cradle,” by command of the Queen, and other fine carved works, which were shown in the Hyde Park Exhibition in 1851. Taste and skill in this direction appear to belong of right to the family ; for Mr. Rogers’s son also shows some very excellent carvings in wood. In the Mediaeval Court there is a font of Ancaster stone, exhibited by Messrs. Kirk and Parry, of Sleaford, Lincolnshire. This font is ease and mastery of beautiful form. This work cannot fail to add to the artist’s reputation. Mr. Bryer also exhibits, in the same court, a carved canary, in full song; a spaniel, in alabaster, from the life; a lectern eagle, in oak, the property of the Rev. James Lyon ; and an altar, the property of Mrs. W. Iremonger, of Wherwell Priory — all of them noticeable for their varied excellences. In this page we also introduce a good specimen of imitative carving by Messrs. George Jackson and Sons, of Rathbone Place, The work is executed in carton pierre, a cheap and excellent substitute for wood, especially when the design is large. On page 45 we have another specimen from the contributions of Messrs. Jackson. It was wrongly called a sideboard, when it, in fact, is a design for a chimney- piece. On the foreign side of the building there are some very fine speci- mens of carving, especially in the French and Swiss Courts. Nothing can exceed the delicate beauty of some of the smaller specimens of Swiss carvings in soft white wood; but it is to be regretted that these works, generally the production of uneducated peasants, do not improve in a ratio consistent with their popularity. What cheap Swiss carvings were in 1830 they were in 1851 ; and just what they were in the latter year they are now — very pretty, very delicate, and very deficient in the nobler qualities of art. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 91 §rass $ttsfmtmitfs MR. DISTIN’S SAX HORNS. Ever and anon, amid the sounds of music from the crowd of pianos in the Exhibition, will be heard the long, clear, piercing, beautiful note of a single instrument, which is heard from end to end of the building. It is the call of one of the Sappers and Miners, and is pro- duced from one of Distin’s famous brass horns. Without entering minutely into the theory or science of acoustics, it is well known that the manufacture of wind instruments has really become a “ fine art,” based upon essentially scientific acoustic prin- ciples. Men very early discovered a mode whereby they could pro- duce sounds in imitation of and differing from their own voices by means of artificial appliances. The feathered songster created the idea of music, and then the instrumentalist began his work. To quote a writer of the early part of the present century : “ As the materials of music had birth with Nature herself, so their employment in the pro- duction of melody was divided by the earliest race of man.” One of the largest and perhaps best show-cases in the Exhibition of Art and Industry is that of Messrs. H. Distin and Co., of Great Newport Street, Leicester Square. In it may be seen some of the finest specimens of brass and silver instruments exhibited by the British manufacturer. Some very highly-finished specimens of the Koenig horn, the saxophone, the comet, and the ventil horn are placed in this case; which instruments we are induced to illustrate, and to state that their prices are more moderate than any instruments of the kind we have yet seen. It is an interesting fact to notice the steady inorease of talent in this branoh of trade, while it will be well remembered that but few years have elapsed since all our brass musical instruments were made on the Continent : we may say every improvement that was introduced into them came from abroad. The wonderful appliances of mechanical power are in this branch of manufacture very great. They enable the instrument-maker to supply the public at a very much lower rate than he could do some few years since. Indeed, the advances in them are so great, that we are induced to give our readers an outline of their mode of manufacture. The manufacturer commences with a mere sheet of brass, which, passing under the machine, is cut into the requisite size to make the tubing. The strip of metal is then turned in the shape of a pipe, until the edges meet closely. In this form it is submitted to the action of the brazing-forge, and the edges become literally welded together. The next operation is “ pickling,” in a chemical bath, in order to clean the metal from the effects of the brazing. The crude instrument now passes on to an upright “ draw-benoh,” worked by a chain, strap, and fly-wheel; this is to make it perfectly cylindrical inside and out. The mandril is passed through a thick steel plate, closely fitting it; the wheel is set in motion by the tremendous power of the “draw;” the mandril, with the tube on it, is pulled through perfectly straight in its length, and completely round in its form. The next thing is to bend the tube into the various curves required, either in a ventil horn or comet, at the same time that the cylindrical form is maintained. The bending and twisting of these tubes, without flattening or breaking them, has always puzzled the uninitiated. We will explain why. If a in % (Ifojjilrifiait. tube has only to receive a gentle curve, it is filled with melted pitch. When the pitch hardens it gives "body” to the tube, prevents inden- tations in the bending, and is easily taken out by re-melting. When, however, the bend is very sharp, like the “ crank ” or “ crooks ” resembling the letter U, pitch will not answer. In such cases molten lead is poured into the straight tube, and allowed to cool; by its affinity for brass it is capable of being turned to any form. When the desired shape has been arrived at, as lead melts at a much lower temperature than brass, the tube is placed under the influence of an adjusted flame, and the lead very readily pours out of the tube, leaving its brass skin in all its purity and beauty of form. In the end or “bell” of the instrument, some of which are twelve inches in diameter at the mouth, the edges of the pattern from the sheet brass are first brought together in the way described for the straight tubes, but the “bells” are not placed in the draw-bench. They are placed upon mandrils of their own particular shape, and carefully hammered until the gauge pronounces them of “perfect fit.’’ The common blow-pipe is now a valuable agent. A small jet of gas, the mouth of the blow-pipe behind it, the foot on the treadle of the bellows, and a white heat may be obtained in a very few seconds. With respect to the very small shanks, they are fitted into a die and stamped up at once. The straight and curved pieces are next given out to the various workmen to fit up for their respective uses. When each has done that which is required of him, he passes the work on to the next man, whose duty it is to continue it; and thus it pro- ceeds until the instrument is so far advanced as to require the mouth- piece. This important part, as well in the manufacture as its use, is at first a piece of rough, unshapen brass or silver ; but, with the aid of the lathe, it soon assumes its required form. The construction of this portion of the instrument is comparatively simple. Crooks, shanks, pistons, slides, springs, bells, mouth-pieces, and all are now placed in the hands of the fitter, who soon converts that which but a few hours before was a piece of flattened metal into a cornet, or other instru- ment of elegant form, ready to discourse sweet music for many a day to come. After the instrument has passed the hands of the fitter, it is “put to the test,” and soon receives the stamp and other marks, to notify its capability of action or use, though not, of course, finished sufficiently for the educated eye of a musician. It now, therefore, undergoes the process of polishing, which is too simple to require any description. Now it is again sent for examination, and is tried most carefully, in competition of tone, with an old instrument. The highly practised ear of a musician soon pronounces it perfect or defective, as the case may be, in tone and register. This ordeal is the last ; and the instrument is now placed in the show-case, to await its future master — the whole process having been performed in as little time as, a few years back, was required by an English firm to manufacture one bend of an instrument. , r H « * * r 92 cassell's Illustrated exhibitor, i8art 'of 1 the War Office exhibition, the visitor will find Armstrong guns of -various JSalibre, from the 100- pounder naval or siege gjin, down to the delleateHooking little weapons which a strong m^fa would £nd I I • i i J Kl CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. •and therefore of fuel. New- comen’s engine was, however, as a means of pumping mines, very simple and effective; and it continued to be used from about 1710 to 1770, with some trifling improvements introduced by Smeaton, who constructed an engine of 108 horse-power. Among the altera- tions suggested by Smeaton was the shortening of the stroke, a principle which, as we shall find, has been carried very far indeed by modern engineers in the application of steam to navi- gation. Among its other ad- vantages, it diminishes friction ; for sinco the friction increases only in the same proportion as the circumference of the piston, while the surface of the latter increases as the square of its circumference, the friction and size of the piston are far from increasing to the same extent. Newcomen’s engine having been long since superseded by a more perfect machine, the reader will find no example of it in the International Exhibition. Tet it is well worthy of remem- brance, since it contained the germ of the present noble in- vention; and its piston, beam, cylinder, and valves have been retained with modifications that have by no means destroyed their identity. The history of the steam- engine in reality begins from 1761, when Watt commenced his experiments. All his efforts were directed to the economisa- tion of heat. Hence, to prevent the rush of cold air into the cylinder, he covered it, and moved the piston by the pres- sure of steam, instead, of that of the atmosphere. To prevent the cooling of the cylinder in- ternally, by the water which condensed the steam, he effected the condensation in a separate vessel, called the “ condenser ;” to prevent the cooling of the cylinder externally, by radiation, he surrounded it with a steam- jacket, and avoided radiation from this by a covering of wood, &c. He endeavoured to con- dense the steam without bring- ing it into contact with the condensing watef, but did not obtain satisfactory results ; this method has, however, been tried CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 113 Locomotives and mabinb engines. again of late, and surface con- lensation is used in several of ;he engines we shall notice. Where water is very impure, as at sea, it has great advan- tages, if the condensation can be rendered sufficiently rapid and complete ; but this is still doubtful. In 1782 Watt intro- duced the principle of expan- sion, communication with the boiler being out off at some part of the stroke, after which, as is evident, the power ob- tained from the steam is so much clear gain, since it is not derived from the boiler, and therefore does not involve an expenditure of fuel. This prin- ciple is now applied universally, though in various ways ; and it is carried to such perfection that in the best engines the steam may, by a very simple adjustment, be cut off at any part of the stroke. When we state that it is frequently cut off at one-fourth, and even less, it is easily seen how much is gained. Before Watt began his labours, motion could be ob- tained from steam only in right lines; but, by applying to it the crank, he caused it to pro- duce a rotary motion, and thus rendered it applicable to every possible purpose. Watt im- mersed the “hot-well” — that is, a vessel into which the con- densed steam and condensing water are thrown by the air- pump — in the cold water which surrounded the condenser. This had the effect of cooling the water which was to supply the boiler, and of heating the water which was to keep the con- denser cool : in the one case heat was wasted, and in the other perfect condensation was impeded; and, therefore, modern engineers have given it a dif- ferent position, and the form of the condenser itself has been greatly altered. When the steam-engine had been perfected by the ingenuity and perseverance of the great Watt, its subjugation to the purposes of locomotion soon suggested itself to clever and enterprising men. Thus we find that, in 1804, Trevethick con- structed and patented the first locomotive engine. In its form gpd arrangements it was ex- 214 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. tremely like that which is used at present, and its appearance has not . been greatly changed by the many and important improvements which have been since made in it. The earlier locomotives had a fly-wheel, but Stephenson rendered this unnecessary, by the use of a second cylinder. As engines which are used for locomotion, whether by land or sea, require to be capable of moving with equal facility in either direction, two eccentrics are used with each cylinder. It is possible to make one suffice, by rendering it movable on the crank axle, but this 1 steam-ships, the link motion becomes so heavy that screws, pinions, and other mechanical aids are employed, to render it more easily movable; but with a locomotive a lever is found sufficient for the purpose. Since the Exhibition of 1851 the link motion has come into almost general use, and scarcely any engines requiring a power of reversion are now without it. It may be studied conveniently in many of the engines exhibited. The prize awarded to Stephenson in 1829 lor the “ Rocket ” led very plan k not adopted in practice. The two eccentrics may be thrown j respectively into and out of action by various contrivances ; but far the best of these is the “ link motion,” which consists in uniting the extremities of the eccentric rods by a link, which so slides on the head ol the valve rod that the latter may be brought, with great facility, in immediate connection with either eccentric rod. When this is in an intermediate position it receives no motion, which causes the engine t e stop. If the engine is very powerful, as when it is used for large soon to the wide diffusion of railways, and little more than thirty years have increased the power and speed of locomotives to an extent that Stephenson himself could scarcely have anticipated. Locomotives of great magnitude have now been in use for several years. The “ Liverpool,” which was exhibited in 1851, had 2,136 square feet of heating surface from the tubes, and 154 from the furnace, and was stated to have a power of 1,140 horses. That the number of strokes may be as few as possible while a locomotive engine traverses a given CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1863. 21 5 distance, the driving wheels are sometimes made of very considerable size: those of the “ Liverpool” were 8 feet in diameter; those of the Cale- donian Railway Company’s locomotive in the present Exhibition are still larger. When the crank is not truly balanced, the smaller the wheels the greater the tendency to jump at high velocities. There are many locomotives to which we shall direct attention ; hut for the pre- sent, as in other cases, we shall notice merely a number sufficient to illustrate the most important principles connected with them. Sir W. Armstrong’s locomotive is of great size : without the tender it weighs, when the boiler is charged, about 30 tons. The cylinders are 15j inches in diameter, and the stroke is 22 inches. The six wheels are coupled, and there is a donkey- engine to supply the boiler with water when the engine is at rest; but the pumps may be worked by hand if tho steam is not up. The “ Manchester,” a coal- burning engine, by Sharp, Stewart, and Co., is an- other powerful engine. When the boiler is charged it weighs 23 tons, but the weight is well distributed on the wheels. Pumps are not used, the boilers being fed by Giffard’s injectors, and hence a donkey-en- gine is not required. It is provided with an oscil- lating solid door, which may be tilted so as to allow the clinkers to be pushed out and got rid of when the engine is at full speed, no stoppage being required. The fire- box contains 185 square feet of heating surface from the furnace, and there are about 1,200 tubes in the boiler. The driver and stoker are covered in from the weather, but so as not to prevent them from hav- ing easy access to every part of the machinery. American engines are never without this useful addition; and it seems an unnecessary cruelty to expose men whose duties are so important and laborious to rain, snow, and wind, from which they may be so easily protected without diminishing their efficiency. In comparing foreign locomotives with those made in this country the superior finish of the latter is sufficiently obvious. Some of the former are indeed extremely rude in appearance ; thus the “ Garigliano,” from Pietrarsa Royal Works at Portici. Yet it must be viewed with pleasure, as it indicates the beginning of progress in a part of Italy which, under the late dynasty, was behind almost all other countries. It appears, moreover, that it was constructed in circumstances by no means favourable to accuracy or high finish, being, it is said, made during the late revolution. Austria has sent two locomotives, which, STEAM HAMMER. MESSES. THWAITES AND CARBUTT. though not very splendid in appearance, have been carefully put together, and exhibit features that are well worthy of being noticed ; both were made in the workshops of the State Railway Company, and under the superintendence of the director of the establishment. In both of them cast steel is freely used in the cranks and other important parts, which allows them to be extremely light — a point very important for several reasons. One of them, the “ Duplex,” intended for very high velocities, has four cylinders, two at each side ; those at the same side being connected with the same crank, but in such a way that their mechanical effects are always in exactly opposite phases. This arrange- ment is considered to render the action so uni- form, that jumpingwould not occur even with small wheels; and with a speed of eighty-four miles an hour the motion was per- fectly smooth and safe. The “ Steyerdorf” is in- tended for steep gradients and very sharp curves. It is said to have drawn upwards of 200 tons up an incline of one in forty, and along a curve of 400 feet radius, in both cases with a speed of ten miles an hour. Great adhesive power is given by the coupling of its ten wheels; the cou- plings are so arranged that they become longer on the outside, and shorter in the inside of a curve; and the axles are allowed a play in the axle-boxes, that every- thing adjusting itself to circumstances, all kinds of strain may be avoided. Both these engines have run for three months ; and it is stated that they have been sent to the Exhibition, not as speci- mens of finished work- manship, but as illustra- tions of what are believed to be useful principles not generally known ; and hence our engineers would do well to examine them carefully ; some hints may be occasionally furnished to them by those even who are less skilful than themselves. MARINE ENGINES. Although the adaptation of steam to navigation is practically of recent date, it is, in reality, one of the oldest applications of steam as a moving power. So early as 1543, Blasco de Garay impelled a boat at Barcelona solely by a large kettle of boiling water ; but the way in which this effect was produced can now only be conjectured. Savary, Papin, and others proposed to propel vessels by steam ; and in 1736 Jonathan Hulls drove a paddle-wheel, which was placed at the stern of a boat, by two atmospheric engines ; steam navigation, therefore, is, CJCSSELL’S ILL U STRATED EXHIBITOR, 1865. 516 in some respects, older tlian the steam-engine itself. But when Watt brought the steam-engine to perfection, the idea assumed a more thoroughly practical form ; and in 1788 William Symington, a Scotch engineer, ran a boat on the Clyde Canal by steam, with a speed of seven miles an hour. Fulton, an American, having had an oppor- tunity of carefully and fully examining one of Symington’s boats, introduced the principle into America as his own invention, and in 1807 made his first trip by steam on the Hudson. Stephens imme- diately afterwards made a sea voyage by steam from the Hudson to Delaware, but his success did not encourage others ; and the experi- ment was not repeated until long after. Thirty years elapsed before it was considered possible to cross the ocean by steam. Though steam continued to be used on the American rivers, and various improve- ments were made, it was totally neglected in this country. The first river steamer, which ran on the Clyde, did not appear until 1812, nor When steam was applied to the purposes of navigation, the “ beam,” which in the engines of Newcomen and Watt was placed above, was greatly modified, to meet the altered circumstances, being changed by Napier into what are called “ side-levers.” These, in reality, are two smaller beams, placed low down, one at each side of the cylinder, and they are connected so as to produce the effect of but one. When it was necessary to elevate the crank-axle on account of the position of the paddles, this arrangement answered extremely well ; but when a screw propeller is employed, the crank-axle must be lowered ; and if the engines put it in motion, as is now invariably the case, without the multiplying effect of a wheel and pinion, &c., their velocity must be much greater than formerly. These considerations have caused a serious modification of the marine engine, but it has been changed still more by the extraordinary efforts made to diminish the space it occupies— a matter of great moment, both as giving more LUSTRING MACHINE, FOE GIVING A GLOSS TO DYED SILK. MESSES. LEVINSTEIN AND CO., MILAN. PRIZE MEDAL. the first sea-boat until 1815 ; and not until one hundred years after Hulls had established the possibility of applying steam to navigation, and fifty years after Symington’s experiments, was the Great Western, the first steamer expressly built for crossing the Atlantic, even com- menced — so slow is the march of improvement at certain periods in the history of mankind. The use of paddle-wheels was at first uni- versal, but they have been almost superseded by propellers, particu- larly in ships of war ; and there can be no doubt that, after a time, paddles will be seen no more. In 1845, experiments made with the screw propeller were so successful, that the Admiralty ordered it to be fitted to several ships of war. These were at first intended only for harbour service ; but a speed so unexpectedly great was attained by them, that the screw propeller was applied to general purposes. In 1845, only from 6h to 71 knots an hour were obtained with it ; but this velocity has long since been far exceeded. Almost all the marine engines now exhibited have been made for screw propellers. room in the vessel, and as increasing the strength of the engine itself. Various methods have been adopted to attain this object. The beam has in every case been got rid of by the use of direct action engines, and other means have been used which we shall mention and illus- trate. Thus the piston and connecting-rods are made to occupy the space of only one of them, by using two piston-rods with each cylin- der, and causing the connecting-rod to play between them. Again, the piston-rod is sometimes enlarged and made hollow, so that the connecting-rod which is attached to the middle of its interior may play freely, in accordance with the motion of the crank. Guides are dispensed with, as the stuffing boxes through which the hollow piston, termed a “ trunk,” passes, during the performance of its reciprocating motion, answer instead of them. It is clear that, when a trunk is used, the piston is in reality annular. Again, the cylinders are sometimes inverted, so that the engine used with paddles is, as it were, turned upside down, to accord with the reversed position of the crank- j OASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 217 218 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. axle, when a propeller is employed. And finally, the connecting-rod is dispensed with by using oscillating engines, the piston-rods of which act directly on the cranks; and even one of the cranks may be rendered unnecessary by placing one cylinder at each side of the crank-axle, and causing both to make a certain angle with the hori- zon, so that the rods may work on the same crank-pin, and in such a way that the phases of their mechanical efficacy may always be in opposite states. Each of these arrangements has its advantages and disadvantages. Thus, when trunk-engines are used, the heat is wasted by the cold air rushing into the trunk, and the great diameter of the trunk, as compared with the ordinary piston-rod, must seriously increase the friction, even with all the improvements that have been introduced; and since the packing boxes serve as guides, their wear must be very unequal. Inverted cylinders raise the centre of gravity to a great height, which is unfavourable to the steadiness of the vessel. When oscillating engines are used, large masses of matter are not only to be kept in motion, but the direction of their motion must be con- stantly changed, which, besides other inconveniences, cannot but absorb a large quantity of power. We shall direct the reader’s atten- tion to the most interesting examples of these various modifications of the steam-engine, as exemplified in the present Exhibition. Maudslay and Field’s horizontal marine propeller engines have been built for the “Valiant,” an iron-plated ship. They are, together, of 800 horse-power. The steam is used expansively, and can be cut off at any part of the stroke. Double-ported slide valves are employed ; two valves being attached to each cylinder, the ports are smaller, and less traverse is required. The cylinders, which are steam-cased, are 82 inches in diameter, and the stroke is 4 feet. Each piston has two rods, and the connecting-rod works between them. The two nuts of each gland of the cylinder cover are screwed up at the same time by an ingenious contrivance, which is easily accessible and free from danger to the engineer, even when the engines are in motion. The condenser is of the common kind ; but the valves of the air-pumps are arranged in a somewhat novel and very convenient way. These engines are considered capable of making sixty strokes a minute. The same manufacturers exhibit one of the connecting-rods and cross- heads belonging to engines which are to be placed in the “ Prince Consort,” and which, together, are of 1,350 horse-power. The con- necting-rod, including the brasses, weighs about four tons; and the cross-head is of proportionate size. They also exhibit some very beautiful models, which are kept in motion by bands that are not at once perceived, and therefore they seem to be moved by steam. Penn and Sons’ horizontal marine trunk engines have been built for the Spanish Government, and are exhibited by permission. They are, together, of 600 horse-power; the cylinders are 78 inches in diameter, and the stroke is 3 feet 6 inches. The observer cannot fail to admire the beautiful finish of these engines. The same firm ex- hibit the crank-axle and one of the cylinders intended for the Achilles. The cylinder, a single casting, weighs about 18 tons ; it is bored to an internal diameter of 112 inches, and a stroke of 4 feet. The weight of the axle, in its present finished state, and without counter- poises to the cranks, or any other adjuncts, is 18 tons 9 cwt. ; in its rough state it was, of course, very much heavier; and it affords an excellent example of the enormous masses which the perfection and power of modern machinery enables the manufacturer to forge and finish with ease. The cylinder is a striking illustration of the great tendency of modern engineers to shorten the stroke in marine engines ; cylinders were formerly very different in their proportions. Rennie and Sons’ horizontal marine propeller engines are intended for the “ Reindeer,” and they are of 200 horse-power. The arrangement of the parts is different from that of the trunk engine just examined— a cylinder and air-pump being placed at each side, which distributes the weight more uniformly ; the crank of one engine drives the air- pump of the other; trunk air-pumps are used, and the feed and bilge- pumps are driven by the cross-heads of the air-pumps. The steam is used expansively, and the arrangement of the link motion, &c., is very convenient. Tod and M'Gregor’s inverted cylinder engines are of 60 horse- power. The diameter of the cylinders is 30 inches, and the length of the stroke is 1 foot 10 inches. Surface condensation is used; water is driven through the tubes of the condenser, the steam being condensed on their surfaces ; and the air and feed-pumps are moved horizontally by eccentrics on the crank-axle. The steam is worked expansively, and may be cut off at from 8 to 18 inches of the stroke. These engines are very compact, and occupy but small space, except, perhaps, as to height. They are expected to make about 170 revolutions in a minute. The centre of gravity is raised considerably by the great height at which the cylinders are placed ; but then the other arrange- ments tend to give it a very low position. We have an opportunity of comparing a large French marine engine with those of British manufacture. The marine engines (1,195), intended for a screw-propeller, were made at the Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterrande, Marseilles, and are of 400 horse-power. The diameter of the cylinders is near 60 inches, and the stroke is 2 feet 10 inches. Not only do the connecting-rods work between the double piston-rods, but, for still greater economisation of space, they move also within the condensers, which act as guides for the cross-heads — an arrangement which seems likewise to secure great strength. The eccentrics are on a separate axle, being driven from the crank-axle by strong wheel-work. This arrangement has been considered convenient on account of the position of the valves, which are on the upper parts of the cylinders, and from the ease with which the starting, reversing, &c., is effected; and the eccentrics being smaller than if they were placed on the crank-axle, the amount of friction is diminished. The use of a separate axle is, however, of doubtful advantage. These engines may be considered a favourable specimen of foreign workman- ship. A screw-propeller is attached, and the whole is put in motion, on the present occasion, by a small subsidiary engine. This enables the observer to examine the mode in which the large engines act, without steam being turned on them ; but it must be admitted that the small engine seems to many, particularly without some degree of attention, to be meant as a help to the larger ones, and thus some confusion of ideas is produced. LEVINSTEIN’S LUSTRING MACHINE. On page 216 will be found an illustration of a very ingenious machine, with its attendant, whose face and figure are doubtless familiar to visitors to the Italian Court. The inventors of this machine have discovered and applied, by means of it, quite a new method of lustring silk. The steam being thrown directly upon it, a perfect lustre and a sensible extension of the thread are secured ; while, by the old system, in which the steam was introduced within the cylinders, not only was the lustre imperfect, but the original length of the silk was not in the smallest degree increased. This machine, so valuable on account of its simplicity, is capable of lustring 200 kilo- grammes of sewing silk, and 130 of organzine and trame daily. To all who feel an interest in the matter, this machine presents a very in- teresting subject for study. In the Italian Silk Department are to be seen silk of every colour and quality, the results of the application of the new invention. During the whole Exhibition the machine was to be seen at work during several days in the week. It has deservedly obtained the distinction of a Prize Medal. HARRISON’S COTTON MACHINERY. A vert excellent series of machines for “ winding, warping, sizing, and weaving cotton and linens,” is exhibited by Messrs. Harrison and Sons, of Blackburn, Lancashire. An attentive study of the action of the several machines shown by this firm will explain to the uninitiated how cotton cloth is produced from the raw material. Our illustrations give a general view of the machines as they stand side by side in the Western Annexe; but perhaps the following verbal description may not be uninteresting : — The Winding Machine (First Process).— This Machine is for winding yarn from the cop on to spools or bobbins (“warpers’ CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 219 bobbins”), for the purpose of warping or beaming by the succeeding process. Its movements are simple but interesting. They unwind the threads from the cop or spool, and direct them through minute interstices in what are termed “ feathered guides,” and through brushes (to intercept dirt and thick parts of each thread) on to the larger or ‘ warper’s ” bobbin, preventing carelessness on the part of the winder, and conducing to the comfort of the weaver and to the value of the cloth. It will be seen that the machine fills the bobbins in a uniformly regular manner, and that it has an arrangement on one side for winding cotton or linen yarn from “ throstle bobbins ” on to warpers’ bobbins. It can be made of any number of spindles. The spindle rails are so arranged that the spindles can always be adjusted on a level with each other, after the displacement to which they are subjected by the operative in putting on the bobbins. The motion for shaping the bobbin is a very simple eccentrio or “ heart,” by means of which the bobbin can be filled up in any form. Machines of the above description can be made for 450 or 500 spindles. The Warping Machine (Second Process), to wind the yarn from the warpers’ bobbins on to beams for the sizing or dressing machine. This machine is made on an entirely new principle ; the rollers run on an improved bearing, thereby greatly diminishing the tension on the yarn, and in a very great measure obviating breakages, the production being increased in the same ratio as the breakages are lessened. It is also supplied with a letting-back motion, whereby, when a thread is broken, the motion of the beam or roller is reversed, and by the aid of a simple mechanical arrangement the thread may easily be found and re-united. There is also a self-acting measuring and stop- ping motion, by means of which the machine is immediately stopped when the required length of yarn is wound on the beam. The drum or cylinder on which the beam revolves is made in such a manner that it may be expanded or contracted according to the width of beam required to be used. Among other improved appliances is an expanding and contracting comb. This improved machine is capable of working Surat and other low cottons, more delicate yarns, and yarns of lower qualities, than machines of the old principle, and will in this respect effect a considerable saving. It is also very applicable to silk. The Sizing Machine (Third Process) commonly called “ Slasher,” for sizing or dressing, and afterwards drying the warp preparatory to being woven. In this machine the yarn is brought from the warpers’ beams through boiling size, and over drying cylinders, after which it is wound on the weavers’ beam. The yarn placed on the warper’s beams by the last mentioned process is adjusted on a creel or stand. This stand can be made wider or narrower by adjusting screws, and the flanges can be so adjusted thereby that they can always be kept in a line with each other. The flanges are of tinned iron, light, but strong. They are convex on the inner side, to admit of the yarn coming off freely from the beam. The yarn passes through the boiling size contained in a box. This is lined with copper, to prevent oxida- tion, and to preserve the body of the box. The rollers in the size-box are hooped at the ends with brass, which run upon brass pulleys, ren- dering the motion smooth, and preventing the roller-ends from injury by the size. The size roller is of heavy copper, without a seam, being cast solid, and then bored out and expanded on a mandril to the required diameter. These rollers being made heavy, i.e., of good thickness, do not require renewal so often as rollers of less weight and thickness, and, being heavy, perform the process of squeezing much better. By being made without seam, the acid in the size does not affect any brazed part, as is common in seamed or brazed rollers. The Use of the heald and reed is dispensed with, thus facilitating the management of the machine, and causing a saving of between 40 and 50 per cent, in the cost of labour. There is an arrangement for working the machine by friction, and a side-shaft motion, for prevent- ing any tension being put upon the yarn whilst in a wet state. The elasticity is thus retained, and breakages in weaving almost altogether prevented, causing considerable increase in the production. By these arrangements coarse and fine yarns can be sized with equal facility, as also yarns of medium and low qualities. There are syphon boxes, for the purpose of condensing the steam as it comes from the drying cylinders ; or they can be connected with the size-box by means of steam-pipes, and the exhaust steam from the cylinders introduced into the size box for the purpose of boiling the size. In this manner no steam is wasted. There is also a patent Self-acting Pressure Diminish- ing Apparatus, perfectly certain in its action, to regulate the pressure of the steam, previous to its passing into the drying cylinders, and only admitting a sufficient quantity of steam for drying purposes. When the machine is stopped no steam is allowed to pass ; thus at no time, whether at work or otherwise, is the steam wasted. There is an arrangement for letting out any water that may accumulate in the cylinders. The cylinders themselves are made on an improved prin- ciple, with an aperture or man-hole in the end of each, covered by movable plates, which can easily be removed, to allow the cylinders to be cleaned out or repaired, and can with equal facility be replaced. The joints of these plates are perfectly steam-tight, and the manner of their application rather adds to than detracts from the strength of the cylinders. The machine gives notice, by ringing a bell, when any desired length of yarn or “ cut” is finished, and it at the same time marks it by a self-acting movement. There is an expanding comb, for guiding the threads on to the beam for the succeeding process of weaving by the power-loom; and this apparatus will likewise fill up the beam above the diameter of the flanges, by contracting the threads when level with the beam flanges, and thus beams do not require filling so often as ordinarily. Another arrangement of very great im- portance is that by means of which, simultaneously with the stoppage of the machine at any time, the steam is shut off from the cylinders. Perhaps in no other machine used in the cotton manufacture have there been so great advances in improvements as in the sizing machine. In 1851 there was a machine of this kind exhibited, which supplied one hundred and twenty looms, and required an attendant operative, whose wages were about £3 per week. That machine displaced six of the kind of machines previously in use, and as many attendants, whose united wages were about £18 per week, or £900 per year. But the production of the machine exhibited in the present Exhibition is about 100,000 yards of warp per week, or sufficient to supply at least three hundred looms ; and this needs an operative who, being little more than a common labouring man, requires only about twenty-six shillings per week wages. Thus the production which previous to 1851 would have cost £18 per week, or £900 per year, in wages, and which was effected in 1851 for £3 per week, or £150 per year, is now done for less than fourteen shillings a week, or £35 per year-, and as the machine does so much more work, it follows that fewer machines are needed, consequently space and power are economised as well as wages. Moreover, the machine is now worked with ease and safety, which could not be done in 1851. The machine can be made to dress warps suitable for any width of cloth. Weaving (Fourth Process). — Power-loom for weaving calicoes, shirtings, and printing cloths, also cambrics, jacconets, &c., with self- acting temple to keep the cloth stretched to its full width whilst being woven. Self-acting positive taking-up motion for receiving or rolling up the cloth. The taking-up roller in this loom is composed of sheet- iron covered with composition. This roller always presents a perfectly level surface to the cloth, being on this account much superior to the ordinary wooden roller covered with emery, the disadvantage of which is that it changes with the temperature — in damp weather becoming swollen, and in dry weather warped or crooked, causing great irregu- larity in the cloth. The improved roller always remains at one diameter. The picking tappets are provided with teeth on their inner surfaces, so that when bolted together they cannot break loose. There is an arrangement by which the driving-wheels are kept in proper gear, and which prevents damage to the yarn and machinery. This loom is also supplied with the weft-stopping motion, causing an in- stantaneous stoppage of the loom when the weft or shoot breaks or is absent; also with metallic picking motion for propelling the shuttle, the advantages of which are greater durability and precision. It is likewise supplied with a treading motion, by means of which a saving 220 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. of upwards of 25 per cent, in wear and tear of “healds” or “heddles” is effected, and which conserves in a superior degree the nap or cover of the cloth. This loom is on the loose reed principle, and capable of being worked at a speed of about 300 “picks” per minute ; but these . quick speeds are not recommended for general use. The loom can also be arranged to weave twilled and fancy cloths. The same exhibitors also show a power-loom for weaving heavy domestics, twilled goods, and strong drills and tweeds. This loom is on the fast reed principle. It combines all the advantages of the first- mentioned loom, together with modifications and arrangements neces- sary for weaving strong goods. It has a cast-iron taking-up roller, fluted and chased, and a patent break ; also an improved appliance for preventing strain on the warp threads when the weft is being “beaten up.” Messrs. Harrison are makers of looms on the principle of Mr. W. E. Taylor. Power- loom to Weave Linens. — This loom combines many important improvements. It is also supplied with self-acting positive letting-off motion, which delivers the warp as required by the taking- up motion for the cloth, which motion is also positive. These two motions work in concert, and with such precision, that the warp is delivered from the yarn beam with the same regularity when the beam is almost empty as when it is full. The taking-up roller of this loom is covered with patent surfacing instead of emery. It is also supplied with the weft-stopping motion, and other important appliances. In all the above looms the cranks are made of one piece of iron, and bent by graduated pressure. The fibre of the iron by this process remains undisturbed, and renders the crank much stronger than when welded in the usual manner. The bend of the crank, which has heretofore been the weakest part, is now as strong as any other part of it. The yarns woven in this loom are spun by Messrs. Johnston and Carlisle, of Belfast. In addition to the previous machines, J. Harrison and Sons are makers of knitting machines on an improved principle, for knitting healds or heddles by power, by means of which a superior quality of heald is produced, with none of the irregularity which occurs in hand- made healds — another important advantage in this machine being a saving of 50 per cent, in the cost of production ; folding or plaiting and measuring machines by power, for measuring the cloth, and laying it in folds, after it comes from the loom, and previous to being put in bales or bundles ; cloth presses, to press the cloth after it has been put into bundles ; drum winding machines, to wind cotton or linen yarns from the hank on to the warpers’ bobbins or spools ; warping machines, specially adapted for linen yarns, with weighting motion and presser; dressing machines; and various kinds of looms, and other machinery necessary for the production of cotton, linen, silk, and worsted goods. AERO-HYDROSTATICAL HOISTING APPARATUS. In the Western Annexe are to be seen two models, illustrating an ingenious apparatus for hoisting and lowering heavy weights, such as railway trains, from one level to another. The apparatus is termed an Ae'ro-hydrostatical Balance. The inventor states that the model has only lately been placed in the building, therefore the jurors could make no mention of it in their report. The principle of the apparatus is based upon the displacement of water and of inclosed columns of air, in communication with each other by a tube, and set in motion by a surplus weight, which consists, generally, of a volume of water. When ponderous bodies are to be alternately and intermittently raised and lowered to or from great or small vertical heights, such as, for instance, a whole railway train, there needs but a surplus weight of from three to ten per cent, (according to the desired speed) of the whole weight to be hoisted or lowered, to enable that same weight to ascend or descend, whatever may be the space of time between each train. The surplus weight necessary to lower the balance may, in most cases, be procured from an approximate or distant rivulet or stream, made to accumulate its water in a reservoir ; no matter whether it be at a much lower level than the ground on which the apparatus stands. The models represent a bridge, upon which stands a railway train, CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 22 1 to be raised to a height of 115 feet in less than fifteen minutes, and is made to work by means of a tube 100 feet in length, leading from an air-holder. In full size it would consist of two cylindrical air chambers or holders, eleven yards in diameter, having together a surface of 180 square yards, upon which rests a bridge bearing a train which, with the weight of the immersed air-holders, weigh 550 tons. A three- feet diameter tube, provided with a stop-cock or valve, puts them in communication with a main acting chamber or motor of an equal surface, 180 square yards, on the top of which is fixed a tank, made to contain sufficient water to equilibrate the 550 tons weight of the train. This acting chamber may be placed anywhere, at any distance where water can be had, and stands between two reservoirs, easily formed one above the other, from which water is prooured for adding to the different loads of the train a surplus weight which enables them to be hoisted or lowered. The inventor has also designed an aero-hydrostatical apparatus, for instantly raising out of water any floating dock containing ships of any size to be repaired ; it will practically be effective, simple, handy, and cheap, because no foundation or masonry of any kind will be required to erect it. Being movable, and floating on air, it can be towed anywhere in a dock, river, or the open sea. The inventor has entered into a contract with some first-rate engine and iron bridge builders in France for the construction of his apparatus, and also wishes to find an opportunity to apply it in England, being fully satisfied that it may render valuable services. With respect to the steam-engines in the present Exhibition as compared with those of 1851, it may be observed— say the jurors in their report of Class 8 — that “ they show an increased employment of high pressure, great expansion, and super-heating, an increased use of surface condensation (generally effected by means.of a great number of small horizontal tubes), a tendency towards simplicity in the framing and main moving parts, a general abandonment of devices that are more curious than useful, and a higher perfection of workmanship and finish ; all of which improvements combine to produce greater economy of fuel, power, and repairs. “ Setting aside merit of a kind that does not require special expla- nation, such as simplicity, good workmanship, practical success, &c., the following remarks may be made as to those engines which present new and unusual features : — “ When the machinery of the present Exhibition is compared with that of 1851, it is found to be marked less by originality of invention, or the introduction of new principles, than by improvement in details, workmanship, and material; and that with respect to material in particular, the most striking improvements are those which consist in the greatly extended use of steel, and of iron approaching to steel in its properties.” With these remarks all practical men will coincide ; it being doubtless a fact, that while we have made vast advances in machinery, these advances have all been in the right direction — the obtaining an increase of power with an increase of simplicity of manufacture. Instead of a multiplicity of wheels, and a confused assemblage of cranks, condensers, &c., as in the original steam-engine, we have now engines which appear to consist simply of piston, driving-wheel, and governor ; but which, in fact, are far more powerful, and infinitely more useful, than their progenitors. This is also observable in the cotton machinery, of which Messrs. Harrison make so excellent a show. Although the greater portion of the machinery is to be found in the Western Annexe, the Eastern Annexe is not deficient of similar attractions. At the very threshold may be seen a model to which the frequent accounts we read of terrible accidents in coal mines give far more than a passing interest. The model represents the mode of ventilation actually adopted in Hetton Colliery, and is exhibited by Messrs. Wood and Dalglish, It is very compact and easily under- stood, and shows not only the mode of ventilation, but also the manner in which the coal is brought from the face of the workings. As Hetton Colliery has fortunately been seldom visited by accident, it is but>fair to believe that the comparative immunity it enjoys may, by the employment of the same skilful means, be extended to other collieries. 222 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. MESSRS. DIXON’S CASE OP BOBBINS, &c. Messes. John Dixon and Sons, of Steeton in Craven, Yorkshire, are the exhibitors in the Western Annexe, Western Wall, of a very interesting collection of the principal articles manufactured from boxwood, lancewood, lignum vitae, and English woods, that are used in the spinning and weaving processes of our great staple commodities, cotton, wool, and flax. Our engraving furnishes some idea of this tastefully-arranged display, which reflects credit upon the member of this old-established firm, who originated the idea late in April last, of sending some con- tribution to the “World’s Fair.” As an inventor, this gentleman is well known, and considering the manifestly unfit and altogether and handles for drawers, &c. Every one knows how disagreeable it is to have the knob of a drawer come loose, and how impossible it seems to fix it again, so as to render it tight and secure. The contrivance of Messrs. Dixon entirely prevents the annoyance complained of. The render will see by the sectional drawing here introduced how simply, and yet how effectively, the improvement is managed. The knob or handle is formed with an internal screw to receive the screwed piece, which is passed through the thickness of the door or drawer— the front protruded end of this piece forming the means of attachment for the handle. This is a most simple, practical, and satisfactory section op knob. BOBBINS. MESSES, DIXON AND SONS, LEEDS. insufficient quantum of space awarded by the Commissioners to this influential firm, Mr. Thomas Ogden Dixon has managed remarkably well. It is these illustrations of the manufacturing processes made use of in the northern division of this island that are so interesting and novel to us southerners, few of whom ever have the chance of seeing a cotton or worsted mill. Commending, therefore, this collection to our readers’ attention, we may remark that Messrs. Dixon and Sons supply the principal mills in this country. Prance, Belgium, &c., through their resident agents, with the specialities for which they deservedly enjoy so high a reputation. We understand that Mr. T. O. Dixon is a member of the Society of Arts, and is proposed as a member of the Inventors’ Society. Messrs. Dixon are also the inventors of a series of improved knobs fastening. Messrs. Dixon are also patentees of an excellent and economic gas-burner, which has been somewhat extensively used in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and really deserves very wide publicity. Its claims to notice are thus stated by the manager of the Skipton Gas Works : — “ Its economy ; its durability ; the iron burner requiring repeated change, the patent one being as good the second season as the first ; its incorrosive property, never stopping up from that cause like the ordinary burner. The small amount of heat evolved greatly diminishes the breakage of glass, and its anti-pressure property more completely secures the consumption of the gas, thus preventing to a large extent the deposition of soot on the surface of the glass.” The purity of light produced by this burner, and the higher illuminating power of the gas passing through it, are great recommendations to its extensive employment for public and private lights. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1802. 223 MRS. DANIEL JONES’S MINIATURE PRINTING PRESS AND TYPES. Among the 'vast efforts and many successful displays of taste, skill, and beautiful adaptations of industry and refinement which this great Exhibition presents there is one which, in a most singularly un- affected and perfect manner, appears to carry out and concentrate the early purposes of the departed and greatly regretted originator of the scheme for bringing together from all climes and peoples their intelligence and power in combination. In the Processes Court, No. 1,634, Class 7 b, we find an undertaking for educational and de- votional purposes, which, though occupying aspace of only four feet square, is so managed as to be complete in itself. Mrs. Daniel Jones announces in the “ Il- lustrated Catalogue ” a “ Miniature Albion Print- ing Press,” professing to be an appeal chiefly to ladies to turn their at- tention to a private study to produce gems of thought, in elegancies of well-assorted type, and clever arrangement, so as to relieve the fingers from the ornamental in- tricate worsted work and crochet labyriuthical pat- tern, and exert the same patience and perseverau ce in leisure hours to the cultivation of private cir- culation of new ideas, which would soon grow into a pleasure in the doing, and a necessity for fireside entertain- ment. Mrs. Daniel Jones gives us head, hand, and heart work, and presents to us examples of what can be done by indivi- dual enterprise, in octavo pages, consisting of speci- mens of her printing, in about forty-six different languages, each in their national character. The Indian pages are espe- cially well done, and interesting as a literary curiosity. The English page gives the key to the whole, and presents a prayer for universal peace, which, if accepted by all nations, would dull the edge of war, and would fully carry out the ideas of the late Prince Consort, and accord with the motto work exhibited about the building from his dictation. This task has been great, but the excellent style of each printed page gives a stamp to the genius of the press ; and the singular still- ness and plain dealing, without any needless attempt to produce effect, keeps up our interest, and the attention is not drawn aside from the one desired object — universal peace. In speaking of the merits of this undertaking as a whole, we see a useful, neat, powerful printing press, suited to the library, the mer- chant’s office, the schoolmaster, and the boudoir of the lady, whose ingenuity and reflective habits would be greatly assisted could she, in her leisure hours, be enabled to print many beautiful passing thoughts, which otherwise float away, and have no means of being retained in the private manner which her judgment and sympathies would suggest. However, as it is, that peace and war are yet in disputation around us, we must wait events, and in the meantime lend our assistance to point to efforts which, in our opinion, are most likely to be a good way towards a good end : “ Arms yield to arts, the sword unto the tongue, Then give the glorie to the learned throng.” This ancient couplet, it is to be hoped, will be fully carried out in the great effort to bring assembled nations under one roof for industrial purposes. Yet, when we see the triumph of the gigantic powers of the Armstrong gun over the iron sheets, and the intense interest that warlike inventions absorb from millions of visitors, we turn with doubt to the fairylike forms of the beautiful designs in fragile glass textures, standing side by side. They look to us as so many would-he pleaders for peace. Having given this general description of this miniature printing press, we advise inspec- tion, and heartily wish the originator the success which, in offering this powerful prayer in so many languages, she earnestly desires, and certainly appears fully to deserve. Our illustration gives a good notion of the gene- ral appearance of Mrs. Jones’s Miniature Print- ing Press. It is accom- panied by cases of types, furniture (the pieces of wood necessary to enclose the page of metal types within the iron border or frame, called the chase), and all the necessary adjuncts of a sfnall printing office. There is a well-known anecdote of a clergyman who, being unable to bear the expense of printing a volume of sermons, purchased types and a press, turned printer himself, and produced the book a page at a time. With Mrs. Daniel Jones’s press, such a feat is rendered easy to all who are anxious to see their names in print ; and that, too, at a very cheap rate. We understand that the exhibitor undertakes to give instruction to ladies in the mysteries of + he compositor’s and pressman’s art. MINIATURE ALBION FEINTING PRESS. MRS. DANIEL JONES. 224 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR. lfifii MESSRS. BROWN-WESTHEAD’S TOTTERY. In the South Court will be found, among a variety of works in parian, china, earthenware, and other fictile materials, the originals of executed in parian ; and the last, also in parian, is the “ Kneeling Venus,” from the antique. It is about two feet in height, and is perfect in all that renders parian statuettes so valuable and so orna- mental — namely, smoothness of surface, equality of shrinkage, and grace of outline. The same exhibitors also show busts of the Queen after Durham ; the Prince Consort, after Marochetti, and the BACCHANTE VASE. the engravings here introduced. The first figure represents a vase in china, copied from a Bacchante vase in the British Museum ; its height is a. little over three feet, and in point of execution does great credit to the firm of Messrs. Brown- Westhead, Moore, and Co. of BUST OF APOLLO. world-known “ Venus and Cupid ” of Gibson. These figures stand in their case amidst exquisite dinner, tea, dessert, and toilet services in china, earthenware, &c. The show made by this firm may be pro- nounced choice, well selected, and entirely successful. The orna- Hanley, Staffordshire, the exhibitors. The second figure is in parian, and represents the “Apollo” from the original life-sized bust. The third is the Michael Angelo “ Cupid,” three feet in height, admirably mentation of ceramic ware is, of course, important ; but the forms to which such ornamentation is applied must, after all, be the grand dis- tinction between the beautiful and the commonplace. THE KNEELING (OB CBOUCHING) VENUS. MICHAEL ANGELO’S CUPID. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 225 lysate Mall Jjictas, FOR DECORATING THE BUILDINGS ERECTED FOR INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS. It is proposed to raise sufficient funds to execute two large mosaio pictures, 23 feet high by 13 feet wide, as experiments for decorating the panel; of the outside walls of the permanent picture galle- ries fbr International Exhibi- tions, in Cromwell Road, South Kensington. The mosaics will be made of pottery, in geometric forms, by the pressure of dry powder. Various experiments in laying the mosaics have been made by Messrs. Minton (Stoke- upon-Trent), with mosaics of their own manufacture, and by Messrs. W. B. Simpson and Sons, of West Strand, with mo- saics manufactured by Messrs. Maw, whose works in terra cotta and mosaics we have already noticed. The experiments are very promising, and they prove that mosaio pictures may be as easily worked and used in England as in ancient Greece and Rome, or Mediaeval Italy. They will be as imperishable as the hardest and most perfect terra cottas. They will create a new branch of industry, which may be worked in any locality, and probably by women as well as men. The designs will illustrate Industry, Science, and Art. Some cartoons have been already prepared by Mr. Cope, R.A., Mr. J. C. Hook, R.A., Mr. Godfrey Sykes, and Mr. Townroe ; two of these have been executed in mosaics, and placed in recesses of the wall in the Cromwell Road. The ornamental borders will be designed, and the mosaics worked out, under the superintendence of Mr. Godfrey Sykes and his assistants. When all the neces- sary arrangements have been made after the close of the Ex- hibition of 1862, for filling the others, designs for other subjects will be sought from the artists named below. The following are the prin- cipal subjects which, at present, it is proposed should be executed, and the artists named are those who have already kindly con- sented to undertake to make designs for them, when the proper period arrives : — I— Subjects illustrating THE PRODUCTION OF RAW MA- TERIALS. — 1. Agriculture, Hol- man Hunt ; 2. Chemistry, W. Cave Thomas ; 3. Fishing, J. C. Hook, R.A. ; 4. Hunting, Frederick Leighton ; 5. Metallurgy, Eyre Crowe ; 6. Mining, F. Barwell ; 7. Planting, &c., Michael Mulready; 8. Quarrying, G. F. Watts; 9. Sheep Shearing, C. W. Cope, R.A.; 10. Vintage, F. R. Pickersgill, R.A. II— Subjects illustrating Machinery.— 1. Astronomy, S. Hart, R.A. ; 2. Engineering ; 3. Horology; 4. Mechanics; 5. Navi- gation,, J. E. Millais, A.R.A. ; 6. Railways, R. Townroe. THE DEATH OF MARMION. PIECES FROM THE DESSERT SERVICE. SIR JAMES DUKE AND NEPHEWS. 226 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. III.— Subjects illustrating Manufactures and Hand Labour. — 1. Bricklaying, D. Maclise, R.A. ; 2. Carpentry, R. Bur- chett ; 3. China Painting, H. A. Bowler ; 4. Glass Blowing ; 5. Iron Porging, Godfrey Sykes ; 6. Jewellery, D. G. Rossetti ; 7. Lace Making, R. Redgrave, R.A. ; 8. Metal Casting, A. Elmore, R.A. ; 9. Printing, R. Redgrave, R.A. ; 10. Straw Plaiting, C. W. Cope, R.A. ; 11. "Weaving, Octayius Hudson ; 12. Pottery, Godfrey Sykes, IV.— Subjects illustrating Fine Arts. — 1 . Architecture, W. Mulready, R.A. ; 2. Painting, W. Mulready, R.A. ; 3. Sculpture, W. Mulready, R.A. ; 4. Music, J. C. Horsley, A.R.A. The designs before they are executed will be approved by a com- mittee of the artists ; the Marquess of Salisbury, K.G., Mr. Layard, M.P., and Mr. Cole, C.B., act as a committee of management for carrying out the experiments. fjottenj.— HI. Having already referred to the wonderful show of porcelain and ceramic ware in the International Exhibition, we now introduce a few more illustrations. The pictures here introduced are taken from objects exhibited by Sir James Duke and Nephews, of the Hill Pottery, Burslem, Staffordshire ; from the case of Messrs. Minton and Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, and Messrs. Wedgwood and Sons, of Etruria. The celebrated establishment which formerly belonged to Messrs. decorated in a novel style, with birds spiritedly painted upon a delicate green or celeste ground ; likewise a series of enamels, in the ancient Limoges style, and a pair of terra cotta wine-coolers, ornamented with Etruscan subjects in coloured enamels. At either end, and at the back of this case, there are well-executed subjects in Parian statuary marble, designed and modelled by W. C. Marshall, R.A., Bailey, and Geefs. These are the largest specimens we have seen of works in this fine VASES AND STATUETTES. SIR JAMES DUKE AND NEPHEWS. Alcock and Co. having recently passed into the hands of Sir James Duke and Nephews, it was to be expected that the show made by these gentlemen would be unique and excellent. Nor has this expectation been disappointed ; for among the various cases in the Pottery Court, those from which we have selected our illustrations certainly rank with the first in attraction and value. The chief object exhibited by Sir J. Duke and Nephews is a dessert service, designed and executed under the superintendence of George Eyre, the head artist of the establishment. The principal pieces for the centre of the table are intricately perforated baskets of exquisitely painted and elegantly decorated porcelain, supported by Parian groups, representing the Grecian attendants upon Marriage — Peace, Com- merce, and Industry ; and a group of boys bird-nesting. The plates pertaining to this set have painted landscapes, illustrative of “ The Task ” of Cowper. In the same case as the above are several vases, material. The greatest speciality of this firm, however, consists in their numerous and faithful copies of antique Etruscan and Grecian vases ; and under this head is to be noticed a very novel and striking mode of decorating blaok vases, by giving to the whole ground of the vase an oxidised appearance, and placing the figures in high relief, by means of their being highly glazed. The china dinner, dessert, and tea-service patterns, also, are very numerous, and many of them evince much originality. Especially graceful is the “ Marmion ” group, illustrative of that well-known passage from Sir Walter Scott’s cele- brated poem : — “ With dying hand above his head He shook the fragment of his blade, And shouted, * Victory ! ’ ” Mr. Bayley’s idea has been very faithfully rendered. In the large group, “Cupid Captive,” by W. Calder Marshall; CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 227 equally with the “Innocence Protected,” by Beattie; the busts ot “Modesty,” and “Vanity,” by Mdle; the “Listening Venus,” a From the beautiful collection of Messrs. Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the successors of the celebrated potter of the Etruria VASE IN PORCELAIN MESSES. WEDGWOOD AND CO., ETRURIA POTTERIES. charming nude figure, holding a shell to her ear; and the Elcho I Works, in Staffordshire, we here introduce a single specimen; but statuette, the casting is exquisitely pure • indeed, the whole collection I that is sufficient to evince the excellence of the workmanship. VASES AND ORNAMENTS. SIR JAMES DUKE AND NEPHEWS. may be said to reflect the highest credit on the firm of Sir James Duke and Nephews, of the celebrated Hill Pottery. | and the graceful fancy which presides over their production. I The statuettes, “Spring” and “Autumn,” from the laige anil 228 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. PARIAN STATUETTES. SIR JAMES DUKE AND NEPHEWS. beautiful collection of Messrs. Minton and Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, I Seasons; and, like the rest of Messrs. Minton’s works in the Exhi- need no praise, for in their simple loveliness they speak for themselves. bition, are real masterpieces, alone worth a visit to South Kensington They belong to a series of four statuettes in parian representing the j to examine. These beautiful figures recall the words of a recent poet:— CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 229 Come, sweet ethereal Spring, with skies of blue, And branches glistening with the pearly dew ; Tby sweet air breathing through the budding bowers — Thy lights and shadows on the opening flowers — Thy dancing streams and young leaves whispering say— ‘ Summer is coming soon : Winter has passed away ! ’ With sheaves and laden boughs brown Autumn comes, Bringing contentment in her smiling face. The day Is hot with sunshine labour, and the night Is merry with the joy of harvest homes. The year is almost ended ; ’tis well to be so gay — Days darken, shadows lengthen — so pass our lives away. STATUETTES FROM THE COLLECTION OF MESSES. MINTON AND CO. The glorious Summer’s come ! no more We gaze on leafless trees and gardens drear. Or listen to the deep and sullen roar Of wintry winds ; the sunshine and the flowers, And happy looks of Nature, warm and clear. And skies serene, and holidays, are ours. Stem, and dark, and dismal as thou art, Oh, Winter, yet I love thee ! Midst thy snows I see the promise of a spring. Ere thou depart The halo of a coming brightness o’er thee glows : And like the closing of a goodly life, thy day Shines brighter through the gloom of Time’s decay.” 230 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. Works joff %xt in: Iprccious EXHIBITED BY MESSES. HOWELL AND JAMES. This present Exhibition was intended by its founder, the late lamented Prince Consort, to illustrate the progress made since 1851 in the application of the arts and sciences to manufactures and the wants of society. In selecting various works from their large and valuable stock for exhibition in the World’s Show of 1862, Messrs. Howell and James, the eminent gold and silversmiths, jewellers, and manufacturers of bronzes and English ormolu, of Regent Street, have studiously kept in mind the important object its promoters had in view — the giving a true test and picture of the point of development to which we have now arrived. “ If,” they say in their public announcement, “there is one fact or AET JEWELLEEY. MESSES. HOWELL ANJ, JAMES. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 231 lesson which, more than another, the Great Exhibition of 1851 was the means of impressing upon the minds of thoughtful and educated people, it was that the English artists and manufacturers were, to a great extent, deficient in their treatment of the precious metals as a medium of art. Elegance of form and propriety of ornament were, in the great majority of cases, in 1851, sacrificed to a profuse display of and sold by the ton, rather than by the ounce. Quantity of metal, not quality of workmanship, nor beauty of design, was the first considera- tion with too many of the manufacturers of that day, who, in this respect, reflected but too faithfully the general taste of the public. Our experience during the last ten years has taught us that a great and salutary change has been effected in this respect, and that the true ENAMELLED EAR-RING. DIAMOND AND ENAMELLED LOCKET. CORAL AND LIMOGES LOCKET. GOTHIC EAR-RING. BRACELET OF CARBUNCLES, EMERALDS, AND DIAMONDS, IN THE HOLBEIN STYLE. ART JEWELLERY. MESSRS. HOWELL AND JAMES. the metal. Like some of the native princes of the East, exhibitors seemed to revel in the store of gold and silver with which they could dazzle the eye and excite the cupidity and wonder of the spectator ; and gold and silver seemed as though they were metals to be bought principles of art and fitting forms of beauty are much more generally appreciated than they formerly were. It has been our object to en- courage, and, as far as lay in our power, to lead this improved taste ; and we may appeal to the judgment of all unbiassed minds whether the 232 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. jrreat bulk of the works in precious metals which we exhibit do not successfully illustrate the application of some of the highest principles of art to their pro- duction. We have endeavoured to show rich and costly metals as the vehicle for the display of the tasteful fancies of artists of acknowledged eminence in their pro- fession ; and it is satisfactory to know that those efforts have been rewarded with a success much greater than, a few years since, we could have ventured to anticipate.-” . The illustrations we now introduce will, in the absence of the original works, afford evidence of the earnestness with which the exhibitors have striven to give a high character to the works that they have produced in jewellery and in the precious metals. To describe each separate object thus introduced would occupy more space than we can afford. It will, therefore, be suffi- cient to say that the whole collection is unsurpassed in grace of design, beauty of form, and finish of workmanship. Messrs. Howell and James are also makers and large importers of clocks, watches, and works in ormolu, as well as presentation-pieces in silver, &c. They are also producing a vast quantity of real lace, with the value of which, as an adjunct to female costume, every lady is acquainted SILVER CANDELABRUM. In ornaments for the to temaie costume, cvc. j - toilet, and comyagnons de voyage, they are likewise pre-eminent. The panels round man would be elegant piece of plate we have introduced was designed by Professor Miller, of the South Kensington Museum, and is adapted for a candelabrum or centre piece. It is in the Renaissance style, and consists of a beautifully-proportioned pillar, support- ing three branches for six lights, from which are suspended engraved silver dishes for fruit, the whole being surmounted by a silver basket for flowers. The “Baffles Jubilee Testimonial,” consisting of a solid silver casket, was presented to the Eev. Dr. Baffles, of Great George Street, Liverpool, by numerous friends and members of his congregation, to celebrate the Jhniversary of his fiftieth year among them, and also his retirement from the ministry. It is a most perfect specimen of fine art, and every detail has some special and direct significance and meaning in the design. On the centre of the lid, and surmounting all, stands the figure of Beligion, pointing to the Bible as the way of life, and trampling on the serpent or evil spirit of the world ; the figure is clothed with the sacred emblems, “ the helmet of Salvation, the breastplate of Bighteousness, and the shield of Paith.” Beligion is supported on either side by figures of Paith and Hope (with their usual attributes, the cross and anchor), Charity being represented by the four the body of the casket, which illustrate the acts a clergy- called upon to perform in the pursuance of his duties. THE RAFFLES JUBILEE TESTIMONIAL. DESIGNED AND MODELLED BY FELTS M. MILLER. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 233 Cfre Contributions of Curluu. The Turkish trophy faces the nave, and is appropriately surmounted by the Crescent. The trophy itself is an object of considerable interest, being made up of richly brocaded silks and various pieces of metal- work, the brazier with which the Ottomans warm their houses in winter being particularly conspicuous. Behind, in the Turkish Court, are various curious objects ; among which are numerous examples of fruits, woods, cereals, wools, silkworms’ eggs, silver filigree work, cotton, maize, rice, an alarm clock, which rings a bell when the key is as their decorated pipes and smoking requisites, their delicate coffee- cups, and various articles in pottery, all evidence the national taste for the beautiful in form and colour. Especially interesting are the Damascus sword-blades and curious fire-arms. Among the weapons are to be seen the remarkable, arm-rests used by the Dervishes. They contain a number of small steel blades, which enter the flesh when the arm rests upon them, and thus, by causing pain, remind the devotees of the necessity of action, and the sinfulness of unnecessary THE TUEKISH COUET. inserted, travelling bags, carpets, rugs. Cashmere shawls, tobacco pipes, and a national jest book ! The exquisite loveliness of the muslins and Broussa silks, embroidered in gold and colours, attracted great atten- tion during the entire Exhibition season. The prices fixed to the goods are nearly all in the Turkish cipher, or in the few instances where it is translated, the sum total is given in piastres, which is equally unintelligible to the mass of visitors. The military dresses and trappings, the horse furniture, the sashes, embroidered shirts, and various weapons used by the Turks, as well 30 . rest and delay during their pilgrimages ! The Turkish collection is principally due to the Government of the Sultan and Sir Hyde Clarke, who, at the suggestion of the Ministry of Commerce, gathered together a large number of representative objects. The Governor-General of Turkey and a few private exhibitors also make a very characteristic show. In the Fine Art Department Turkey is not altogether unrepresented ; though the exhibition by the Ottomans of works of a high olass, in either painting or sculpture, is certainly neither large nor important.. 234 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. (ftmiaats in tfo (j^tbifurn:. In tlie South-eastern Court are to he found the “ Carriages not con- nected with rail or tramroads,” shown by British exhibitors ; while those contributed by foreigners appear in their several courts. Almost every kind of carriage and cart used at home and abroad is shown here by some one or two examples. Among them are improved landaus, sociables, and wagonettes ; an improved and enlarged Hansom cab ; Noculer’s broughams, on indiarubber hearings ; an improved Among the provincial towns, Edinburgh, Dublin, Derby, Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Southampton, Glasgow, and Newcastle-on-Tyne produce largely for the home and export trade. On the continent of Europe, Paris holds the highest place, as regards the excellence and the extent of its carriage-building trade, which, of late years, has much increased, as well as improved in the style, work- manship, and durability of its productions. The French export of THE “AMEMPTON” AS AN OPEN CARRIAGE. ME. EDWIN KESTERTON. omnibus, with vis-d-vis seats, and access to the outside seats from the interior ; various descriptions of improved phaetons ; cart, to form cart or sleigh, for home or colonial use ; perambulators, &c. ; wheels with weldless steel tyres, light hickory wheels, and wheels with chain tyres ; velocipedes ; Bath dhairs ; improved and enlarged dog-carts ; light carts for trade purposes ; close and open family carriages, &c. More than a hundred different descriptions of vehicles are shown in this class. carriages has also greatly increased of late years. A large trade is also carried on at Brussels, Hamburg, Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, Offenbach, Milan, Rome, the Hague, St. Petersburg, and other cities and towns. America, which only contributes to the Exhibition two very light carriages, has rapidly risen to a great producing country for carriages. Its productions are of a type quite original, and peculiar to the country; and in some points have acquired a singular excellence, as regards lightness, combined with comparative durability. To The following graphic account of the British and foreign carriages in the Exhibition is condensed from the able “Jury Report” of Mr. G. N. Hooper, and issued by the Society of Arts: — As might be expected, the English carriages far outnumber the combined produc- tions from all foreign countries, and those from London outnumber the examples from the provincial towns. London may indeed be said to be the chief seat of the carriage manufacture, both from the general excellence of the carriages built, and from the extent of the trade. Europeans these light carriages have a very singular appearance ; they j however, probably meet the wants of the American public, from their light draught. The bodies are small ; there is difficulty of getting into the carriage; and the quantity of mud thrown by the very high wheels must be somewhat alarming. There exists an imperial manu- factory for carriages at St. Petersburg, directed by an Englishman ; it is well organised, and adapted for producing the private oamages used by the Russian Court. The various processes are there carried on, even CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G: 235 to the weaving of the lace, and the production of the ornamental metal chasings. This manufactory has probably had a good effect in improv- ing carriage-building in Russia, the contributions from which country are not only numerous, but show points of careful consideration in the construction and design. The Russian nobility, fond of having their equipages well turned out, import many carriages from England, France, and Germany. The carriages in Russia, and those sent there. as regards the manufacture of private travelling carriages in England, it is now evidently a thing of the past, probably soon to pass out Ol mind, or only to be remembered by the older masters and craftsmen. An important omission may here be mentioned as regards public carriages for the streets of cities and towns. Was London, at last, really ashamed of its dirty and rickety cabs ? As regards its street cabs, Loudon is worse supplied than many European cities— with the SOCIABLE LANDAU, OPEN. MESSES. PEAECE AND COUNXZE. must necessarily be strongly built, as the thaw in spring, after the winter frosts, so breaks up the road or paving, that a light or weak carriage must soon give way. Unlike these must be the carriages for the Australian markets, where, in consequence of the taste for light carriages built on the American system, much of the trade has fallen into the hands of the coach-builders of the United States. The tastes and requirements for private carriages have evidently of late years taken a great change. The English Department does not contain a exception of a few clean and well turned-out Hansoms — and far worse than most of the English provincial towns. There is no necessity to vary the size and build of such vehicles, as they exist here in only two types : the “ Hansom,” as an open one ; the “ four-wheeler,” as the close one. They might be produced in great numbers by machinery ; all the parts might be duplicates one of another ; the wheels, axles, springs, bodies, seats, &c.. might all be made of one size and gauge, to interchange; the rapidity of manufacture, facility of repair, and SOCIABLE LANDAU, CLOSED. MESSES. PEAECE AND COUNTZE. single carriage fitted with a hammer-cloth, though such carriages are still used by our aristocracy during the London season ; nor is there one travelling carriage. We may now, perhaps, feel assured that the railway has the entire monopoly of transporting travellers on long journeys throughout Western Europe. There are still links missing in Spain, Italy, Sweden, Russia, and a few other states of Europe : but. general economy of production would appear to be advantageous to afl parties ; and those of the public who cannot afford to keep carriages of their own might be carried in vehicles that should be at least clean, safe, and comfortable ; and, with a little more care in warehousing, they might be brought into use without that very pungent smell of the stable, that is, probably, disagreeable to every one, except the owner CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHiBITOR, 1862. •236 and the genuine London cabman. Woods are shown in such great working; then if they are adapted to the variations of our climate, quantities, and of such excellent quality, by many of the English and what effect a hot sun in summer, or a continuance of wet in colonies, that it will be strange if the colonies do not open a trade with winter, has upon them. The black walnut has been adopted by many the coach-builders of Europe. The only new woods recently adopted | of the principal upholsterers and pianoforte manufacturers, for their BAROUCHE LANDAU. MR. ISAAC ADELBERT. by the English coach-builders are the Canadian black walnut and American hickory. The former grows to a great size, and is advan- tageously cut into panels, which are free from figured grain, and, for many purposes, are an excellent substitute for Honduras mahogany. ; internal fittings. The hickory is a most valuable wood for the spokes I of light wheels. The Americans seem to have been most successful in the making of wheels by machinery. A trade has now sprung up in ) the importation of wheels to England, for broughams and other light It must, however, be recollected that it requires time and great care to introduce new woods into a manufacture like that of carriages. They must first be thoroughly seasoned ; it must then be ascertained by experiment if they require any peculiarity of treatment., or care in carriages. A self-acting double-fold step, of very ingenious construc- tion, is sent from the Duchy of Hesse. On a brougham sent' from Russia is an ingenious double action spring door-lock, so that the inside and outside door-handles act independently, thus reducing the CASSELL’S ILLtTSTEAtED EXIIlBITOE, 1862. 237 friction and wearing of the spindles. The same manufacturer shows an excellent droski, the national carriage of Russia. As such vehicles are the most numerous and the most popular in Russia, this deserves notice, especially as its construction is so totally different to any Eng- lish carriage. The mode of attaching the shafts to the horse and of harnessing him merit inspection, as it is said that horses harnessed on the Russian plan rarely fall — in fact, are much supported by the way they are put to their work. The lightness and strength of Russian harness particularly merit attention, the leather part being so light as to appear unsafe to English eyes. This, however, is due to their pecu- liarly prepared harness leather, which is marvellously strong. As the Russians are almost as great in their way at driving as the English in theirs, their harness and methods of attaching horses to their work are worth attention. Many and very considerable changes have taken a point that can hardly be too strongly insisted on : there are, how- ever, a few rather glaring departures from the general care shown on this point, ftot less so is the still prevalent practice with some coach- builders of overloading with superfluous ornaments carriages which, from their construction, are evidently intended for ordinary every-day use. Another improvement, very recent among the British coach- builders is the use of tough steel, instead of iron, for carriages that are required to be built very light. This material might perhaps be more accurately described as a very dense, hard, and tough iron, that j is capable of welding, but which requires more than ordinary care to work. The manufacture of fancy wood panels, imitating interlaced I basket-work, is now established in England. This very ingenious | invention is due to France, where it was first made by a retired soldier BERLIN D’ORSAY. MESSRS. MOINGEARD BRO., TARIS place in the manufacture of carriages since 1851, mainly in conse- quence of a smaller breed of horses being used, so that a demand has arisen for smaller and lighter carriages. In point of weight there is a remarkable difference in the carriages of this Exhibition and that of 1851. It is probable that there is an average diminution of about one-fourth in the weight of all the carriages shown in the British department. Added to this, manufacturers have endeavoured to com- bine greater elegance of general design with reduction of weight. Several manufacturers have combined the attributes of comfort, light- ness, and elegance with great success. In the combination of colours the British department also shows progress, many of the carriages being painted and lined in excellent taste, the selection of colours showing attention to a point on which much ot the appearance of a good equip- *age depends. As the best design, workmanship, and material may be entirely neutralised in appearance by a bad selection of colours, this is of the Empire, named Eert, who not only produced large quantities for the French coach-builders, but for some time exported a considerable quantity to this country. By improved machinery, it is now made in England more accurately, and in a greater variety of patterns than in France. It is much used to give a light appearance to small car- riages, principally for country use. It forms a neat and durable sub- stitute for the real wicker-work formerly used, but which rapidly deteriorates by mud and moisture. Among other changes is the increased use of the lever-break for carriages principally used in hilly parts of the country. Since their first introduction they have been much improved in simplicity, effi- ciency, and economy. Many of the British carriages are fitted in this manner. The break not only increases the safety of a carriage, but dispenses with the necessity of taking a second servant to put on and remove the common drag-shoe. A mode of applying pressure to both 238 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. the back and front parts of the hind wheel of a carriage has recently been introduced, and possesses advantages for carriages to which a pressure in front only cannot advantageously be applied. In consequence of many improvements effected in the manufac- ture of landaus, the chief of which is the great reduction in weight, the demand for them has recently much increased. They are well seats are placed sideways and vis-a-vis, have come much into use of late years. They possess the advantage of carrying a greater number of persons on a carriage of given weight than any other on four wheels. The first, or nearly the first of these, was built in the year 1845, under the personal direction of the late Prince Consort, for the use of her Majesty and the royal family. It had many ingenious contrivances BROUGHAM. MESSRS. WYBURN AND CO. . suited to the variable climate of the British isles, as they can be readily changed from an open to a close carriage, and vice versd. They do not, however, admit of that beauty of outline that is capable of being given to an entirely open or entirely close carriage ; but from the amount of care and contrivance displayed — as evinced in many of those shown — they have suoh qualities as render them very convenient and desirable family carriages, either for London or pro- suggested by the Prince, with whom and her Majesty it always remained a favourite carriage for country excursions. There are so many varieties of carriages of this type, and so much ingenuity has been bestowed on them, that it can hardly excite surprise that they are much appreciated by those who use carriages, especially in hilly parts of the country, where a compact, serviceable, and economical carriage is indispensable. A revival of an almost obsolete carriage, “ the four- PHAETON. MESSRS. WYBURN AND CO. vincial use. There are shown several ingenious plans for enabling the heads of landaus to fall flatter than has been hitherto considered practicable. They have tne advantage of converting the landau into a more open carriage than formerly, besides preventing an obstruction to the view. Most of these carriages are hung at such a very mode- rate distance from the ground, and with covered steps, that it is optional whether one or two servants shall accompany them. Carriages of the wagonette type, where the ritters in the back in-hand coach,” has taken place within a few years. They are generally built on the model of the best mail and stage coaches of former times, but with a much higher degree of finish. It may appear very easy to the uninitiated to build such a carriage merely on the lines of former days, hut in fact they require such careful and accurate planning of the several parts, individually and combined, that only m those who have given much attention to them, and have to a certain extent been tutored by gentlemen who drive them, have been sue- CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 239 oessful in turning out carriages of the kind that in most points meet their requirements. One of these carriages (Mr. Peters’ drag) is the trophy of the British coach-builders, and occupied a conspicuous position in the nave of the Exhibition building. The revival of a taste for such carriages is worthy of remark, as the management of a “team” not only requires great bodily strength, good nerve, and a quick eye, but being an expensive amusement, is mostly confined to the aristocracy and persons of wealth, with whose habits it is prin- cipally associated, and indicates something of that vigour of body which generally distinguishes the British gentry. The principle of suspending carriages on a single wrought-iron perch, first prominently introduced at the Exhibition of 1851, has produced a great change in the construction of nearly all C spring carriages now built, and has many advantages for small carriages hung low. It is, however, beyond a doubt that for carriages hung high, and requiring double folding steps, the perch of wood and iron com- bined, has the great recommendation of increased safety, as three iron plates and the wood must break before an accident can happen; whereas the solid iron perch depends for its safety on the soundness of a single weld. In the Prench department in the main building are shown two photographs of a state railway carriage recently built for the Pope ; its design and decoration are so far in advance of anything yet executed in England, that these photographs well deserve to be examined and placed in a more prominent position. The omnibus (usually drawn in Paris with two powerful, but slow horses) shown by France, for the traffic of the Paris streets, deserves careful examination. These carriages are all made on one model by machinery; and the parts in- terchange, so that repairs are very expeditiously executed. Although much too heavy for the London traffic with a pair of light horses, and loo cumbersome for the crowded traffic of the streets in the city of London, they are comfortable, easy, and safe. The plan of suspending on three springs, both in front and behind, gives greater ease than the short elliptic springs common to the London vehicles. Were such carriages copied, but made shorter and lighter, and were the front box seats (to carry four) added, such carriages would be a great addition to the comfort of many thousands of Londoners, who have to make two journeys daily in the stuffy and ill-ventilated London omnibuses, which, by the recent innovation of roof seats, are so constantly over- loaded as to strain and wear out the horses very rapidly, besides cruelly taxing them beyond their strength. Since the opening of the Exhibition there have appeared in London a number of large, commodious, and well-ventilated omnibuses, even somewhat larger than the Paris omnibuses, drawn by three horses abreast. In the first place, the increased comfort to the public is undoubted ; the horses seem to work with less strain on their muscles; the omnibuses having a larger base are steadier and safer, and having longer springs they are easier, and being fitted with pressure or lever breaks to the hind wheels, they can be stopped with greater facility The cost of building the carriages larger somewhat increases the ex- pense, as does also the addition of a third horse; however, to set against these charges are the increased number of passengers carried (about one-third), with the same number of attendants (driver and conductor), nearly equal expense of repair, and the saving in the wear and duration of the horses, so that the question of working them profitably in London may be considered almost certain. They might not be available for narrow streets, but many lines of omnibuses scarcely approach the narrow and crowded City streets. Although the application of machinery to the construction of private carriages has progressed, aided by a well-known firm in Derby, which has for some years devoted attention to the subject, many reasons prevent its general application to private coach-building pur- poses. Some of these are, the great variety of carriages built by each manufacturer, the desire on the part of purchasers to have carriages made to dimensions of their own choice, and the variations of pattern, as fashion indicates the hues most favoured by those who lead in such matters. These continued changes, in some cases tending to improve- ment, complicate the details of construction, already sufficiently intricate : whereas it may be cited as a general rule, that the most profitable and advantageous application of machinery is in the produc- tion of articles in great quantities as nearly as possible identical, such as the Enfield rifles, Armstrong guns, railway bars, axles, and wheels, &c. In conclusion, i't may be remarked, that the British show of carriages (with some exceptions) sustains the reputation of the manu- facture as to design, comfort, soundness, and good finish, as regards the type of carriages at present in most general demand. France comes next, with a small display of soundly built carriages; then follow Belgium, Germany, Russia, and Holland, each with a propor- tion of sound and genuine workmanship. In illustration of these terse and valuable remarks, we introduce pictures of some of the most noteworthy of the carriages in the Exhibition. It is unnecessary to do more than direct attention to their several excellences. From Long Acre, the great mart of the London coachmakers, we have chosen a few of what we may call representative carriages. The Anjempton of Mr. Kesterton is adapted for use equally as an open or closed sociable. It is roomy, light, and elegant. — A similar vehicle is that of Messrs. Pearce and Countze, who exhibit their fine vehicle “ in the wood ” — that is to say, just as it comes from the body and carriage-makers’ benches, and without a particle of paint, lining, or varnish. This is the only carriage in the Exhibition so shown ; and, strange to say, that although ex- hibited expressly to show the construction of such a carriage, and the excellence of its workmanship, the jurors have accorded to it simply “ honourable mention ;” though, in their Report, this plan of exhibit- ing carriages is certainly highly commended. M. Isaac Adelbert shows an elegant barouche landau, constructed with steel, instead of iron, and fitted with the noiseless spring patented by the exhibitor. Great lightness and elegance characterise this vehicle. Messrs. Wyburn and Co. show a beautifully built landau and a brougham, than which nothing more perfect or complete are to be found in the Exhibition. The landau, for which the prize medal has been awarded, is of the extreme “ clipper ” shape, combining great lightness with ample room in the interior for four persons. The head is made to open so as to fall perfectly flat, both in front and behind, and thus to avoid all those projections and angles, which are so detrimental to the appear- ance of these carriages, as generally constructed. When open, it is as roomy and elegant in appearance as the modern barouches, and may, in a few minutes, be converted into one of the lightest, strongest, and most commodious of close carriages. The brougham, weighing rather under 6| cwt., is one of the lightest and most compact ever made, being suited for a horse of fifteen hands, and yet the interior affords comfortable room for two persons. From the graceful harmony of its hues, and the good taste displayed in its finish, it has been pronounced one of the neatest and most correct broughams ever turned out. The French carriage shown in our engraving is built upon a very effective plan, while great taste is displayed in its fittings and appointments. It is called a Berlin D'Orsay, and is fitted for either town use or light travelling. Other exhibitors show a variety of landaus, sociables, broughams, &c. ; and one enterprising coachmaker actually sends a very good specimen carriage all the way from Melbourne, Australia. Carriages for riders of all classes are here — from the town chariot, prodigal of silk and heraldic painting, to the new omnibus by Shillibeer, and the . “ double-bodied basket-trap,” fitted for a lady to drive through a country lane. Most of them, we are informed, are sold ; and many of the most eminent makers have received from the visitors to the Exhi- bition orders enough to keep them at work for the next twelve- month. 240 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1802. Jfirc (Engines aitb Jfirc dBsta jjes. I N Class 8 are shown several of those very important and valuable machines. Fire Engines. Messrs. Merryweather and Son, of Long Acre ; Messrs. Shand and Mason, of Blackfriars Road, and Mr. William Roberts, of Millwall, Poplar, are the prin- cipal exhibitors of Fire Engines ; and from the excellent engines shown by the first firm we select a few illustrative examples. MERRYWEATHER AND SON’S BRIGADE FIRE ENGINES. The exhibitors show two sizes of their famous Brigade Fire Engines, one size for thirty men, for use in cities and towns, and a smaller one for twenty men, for towns and country use. These, as well as the other fire engines by the same firm, have been placed in various parts of the Exhibition, by order of her Majesty’s Commissioners, for service in case of fire. One of each size were placed in the Cromwell Road entrance. This class of engine, which has gained Messrs. Merryweather and Son world -wide cele- brity, has never been surpassed for workmanship or performance. The larger sized engine, for thirty men, is well known as the “ Prince Albert ” of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and subsequently as “l’Em- pereur” of the Paris Exhibition, 1855 ; the smaller engine, for twenty men, as the “Paxton” of 1851. At both of these Exhibi- tions prize medals were awarded to Messrs. Merryweather and Son. These Fire Engines are con- structed with patent metallic valves, in valve chambers with covers, so that they are easily accessible. They are proof against injury by neglect, are not in any way affected by working foul or gritty water, and retain their power unimpaired .in all climates. They are made so as to discharge one or two streams of water at the same time, if occasion requires, are mounted on strong wheels, springs, axles, and wrought iron forecarriage for rapid travelling ; they have also every convenience for carrying firemen, hoses, suction-pipes, and tools ; the working handles are made to fold over, so as when folded to bo snug for travelling, and when extended, to provide sufficient room for the number of men required to work them. Messrs. Merryweather and Son’s Brigade Fire Engines are extensively used by the London fire engine establishments, her Majesty’s and several foreign governments, in the several provincial cities and towns, docks, rail- ways, and in all parts of the civilised world. The larger engine is capable of discharging a powerful jet of water to a height of 130 feet, and the smaller engine to a height of 120 feet. MERRYWEATHER’S IMPROVED FIRE ESCAPE. These very valuable machines seem now to have reached perfec- tion, through the unceasing and praiseworthy endeavours of the Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire, who have now upwards of seventy stationed each night in the metropolis. They are also used extensively in provincial towns, both at home and abroad. Messrs. Merryweather make large numbers of fire escapes, with all the newest improvements. MERRYWEATHER AND SON’S PATENT STEAM FIRE ENGINE, “THE DELUGE.” We have here an engraving of one of the most novel and useful machines we have had occasion to notice in this work. Messrs. Merryweather are the makers and exhibitors of this, the most power- ful steam fire engine for land service, and the only one of the kind of British manufacture shown in the Exhibition. Perceiving the necessity for more powerful engines than are at present in use, to cope with the great conflagrations that so frequently occur, Messrs. Merryweather and Son, with their experience in making hand-worked and steam floating fire engines, have succeeded in producing a first-rate steam fire engine, which travels as easily from place to place as an ordinary hand-worked engine. The engine here shown stood in the Cromwell Road entrance of the Exhibition, MEKB'EViKATUEIt’S IMPROVED TIRE ESCAPE. AIERRYWEATHER’S BRIGADE FIRE ENGINE. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 241 and during the entire season attracted considerable attention from all classes of visitors. The boiler, which is of the most durable kind, is of the vertical order; it is constructed of steel, with copper tubes, to secure a large heating surface. The peculiar arrangement of the tubes entirely obviates priming, an inconvenience so great in many vertical boilers. The rapidity with which steam has been frequently raised by it has been greatly admired by all who have witnessed it. This is the most important feature in a steam fire engine, as the best chance of success in subduing a fire lays in attacking it in its early stage. At the several trials made with this engine, steam has been frequently raised from perfectly cold water to a pressure of 40lbs. per square inch in ten minutes from lighting the fire ; a pressure of lOOlbs. per square inch has been obtained in 11 minutes 50 seconds from applying the match. very requisite in cold climates ; it is provided with a simple means of making the piston self-lubricating, and is surmounted by a capa- cious air vessel, in the form of a sphere; beneath all are two delivery ways, for attaching hoses, and provided with stop valves. When starting the engine, nothing more is required than to open the steam valve, when the engine will run at any speed, according to the quan- tity of water required to be delivered, from 1 to 150 or 160 double strokes per minute. It discharges, when working at full speed, 500 gallons per minute. No wood is used in the construction of the engine, except in the wheels. The engine is fitted with water tank and coal bunkers, has a box for carrying hose, suction pipes, tools, &c., which forms a seat for six men. The height and distance to which water can be projected has been tried against the lofty shaft at Messrs. Hodges’ distillery. MERRYWEATHER AND SON’S PATENT STEAM FIRE ENGINE, “THE DELUGE.” The engine, which is mounted on a strong wrought-iron frame, secured to the boiler, and mounted on high wheels and springs, for rapid travelling, consists of a steam cylinder 9 inches diameter, having direct action with one of Merryweather and Son’s Patent Double Acting Fire Pumps, of 6| inches diameter; the stroke of both is 15 inches, and they are tied together by strong guide rods. There is a very ingenious arrangement for working the slide valve, so as to dispense with a crank fly-wheel, &c., and to have as few working parts as possible. The working parts are strong and simple, and this arrangement produces a uniform speed of pistons throughout their stroke, which causes the engine to deliver an unusually steady column of water. The double acting pump before spoken of is in one casting, all gun metal, with large valves and water-ways, and has a great advantage in its construction, that no gritty or foul water can injure it — as all is ejected at each stroke — and that no water can possibly remain in it when at rest, so as to guard against accidents from frost, 31 . A lj-in. jet was discharged 150 feet vertically, and a lj-in. jet 170 feet vertically. Horizontal distance, a lj-in. jet, 202 feet, a lj-in. jet 215 feet. At one trial the engine drew water vertically 14 feet, and then discharged it through a lj-in. nozzle clear over a building 60 feet high, to a distance of 210 feet. Messrs. Merryweather and Son are, we understand, now constructing smaller steam fire engines. Besides those here described, the exhibitors also show several of smaller size for railways, factories, mansions, farmers, &c. They are also the manu- facturers of the splendid and elaborately ornamented lire engine justly presented to Mr. Frederick Hodges, the distiller, for his well- known exertions in the cause of humanity at numerous conflagra- tions. In addition to the prize medals received by Messrs. Merry- weather and Son, at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and at Paris in 1855, they have had awarded to them by the jurors of the Inter- national Exhibition a Prize Medal for “improvements in design of fire engines,” coupled with “ good workmanship and performance.” 242 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. Cutlcrg, Jnm, an b Mineral Jparbfoan. Under this title is comprised all the various articles exhibited in Classes 31 and 32, on both sides of the building. On the British side ■we have seen metal works produced in Birmingham, Sheffield, Wolver- hampton, Rotherham, London, and other towns ; whilst on the foreign side are seen the chef -d' oeuvres of Paris, Lille, Rouen, and other plaees in Prance— principally bronzes and ornamental works in cast iron ; Liege, Brussels, &c., in Belgium, with fine spe- cimens of castings in iron and bronze; Posen, Dantzig, Prankfort, Cologne, and other places in Prussia, in many shapes both useful and ornamental; bronzes from Petersburg ; tin and iron in several forms from Barcelona and Valencia in Spain; many excellent specimens from Stockholm, Eskilstuna in Sweden; lanterns and lamps, copper wares, &c., from Constantinople, and several capital castings from Canada and our other principal colonies ; with lesser shows from other places all over the world. The advance made on every side in the design and finish of manufac- tures in the various metals is apparent to the most careless observer. We no longer see clumsy masses of metal badly constructed, but finished productions of the hammer, harmonious in design, colour, and general utility. The Birmingham contribution to this collection contains a very complete repre- sentation of the various articles in metal for which the town and district has so long been celebrated. The general hardware court contains the productions of more than one hundred exhibitors. At its entrance will be found a display of metallic bedsteads, raw materials of every kind for the u-e of brass- founders, also gas-fittings of all kinds, and stamped and general brass- foundry. Tin- plate working and japan wares, wire- drawing, fire irons, stoves, and grates, iron-safes, hol- low wares in copper and iron, tinned aadenamelled, tubing of all kinds, scales and weighing-machines, medals and dies, hooks and eyes, pins, steel- pens, locks and general hardware, knife-cleaning machines, steel toys, metal mountings for the use of bookbinders, fire-guards, coffin furni- ture, saddlers’ ironmongery, ornamental panels of various kinds, screws, nails, hinges, &c., are also exhibited; and, in fact, as far as Birmingham is concerned, all its leading branches of industry are fully represented by the chief manufacturers. Iron is shown in the Birmingham Court from the Earl of Dudley’s works at Round Oak, including several specimens of 3-inch, 2-inch, and 1-inch rods, twisted into the shape of a Staffordshire knot whilst cold ; a 27-feet rail, similar to those Used by the London and North- Western Railway, twisted whilst cold in corkscrew form ; an 8-feet rail, similarly twisted, the twist being about six inches ; boiler-plates, capable of stand- ing a pressure of 513 tons to the square inch. Various specimens of cold blast, puddled steel, and other varieties of iron have also been contributed. Messrs. Hill and Smith, of Hart’s Hill, send some spe- cimens of self-acting iron gates, and ordi- nary gates and hurdles. Messrs. Wakins and Keep, of Stourbridge, supply anvils, ploughshares, spades, and other edge tools. Messrs. Cochrane, of W oodside Iron W orks, contribute various specimens of iron work ; Messrs. Tinsley and Wright, of Tipton, anchors and chains ; and Mr. R. P. Parkes, of Tipton, chains. In the Wolverhampton Court, Messrs. T. and C. Clark and Co. have a fine col- lection of hollow manufactures. A pro- minent feature in the display is a set of stable fittings in enamelled iron, consisting of manger, rack, water troughs, stall, posts, &c. All descriptions of tin and enamelled iron hollow ware, adapted to culinary and sanitary purposes, are here shown. The Great Exhibition contained many specimens of metal work, not a few of them distinguished for various excellences. Every visitor must remember the excel- lent show made by Messrs. Hart, Feetham, and Hardman’s exquisite collections, the trophies of Messrs. Bessemer, Warner, Dent, the Cole- brook Dale Company, and others. Among the most remark- able contribu- tions, English or foreign, are the fine art works of the Messrs.Elking- ton. In the range of their works, as well as indesign and manufacture, there is an im- mense ad vance on the contri- butions by which the firm was distinguished in the Hyde Park Exhibition. Some of the specimens of chasing and enamelling, the former especially, were not equalled by anything of the kind in the building. One of the most interesting articles in the Wolverhampton Court is a small aluminium casket, about twelve and a half inches long, nine inches wide, and eight inches deep. The casket is worth about £150, GAS CHANDELIER. MR. JOSEPH HILL, BIRMINGHAM. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 243 and was made, we believe, for Miss Burdett Coutts, in the Italian style of ornamentation. In the Walsall division ot the court, and in the hardware depart- ment generally, there was a large and splendid collection of lamps, chandelieis, bedsteads, gas and steam fittings, tubes, &c., of nearly all descriptions. All kinds of builders’ ironmongery, taking in what is also known as “ odd work,” are represented. A number of samples of buckles, slides, and other of the lighter articles made of cast iron, are shown, prominence being given to many of those goods which are chiefly required for foreign markets. In this excellent collection of the really useful manufactures are some fine specimens of bronzing, and also samples of polished cast-iron goods. The collections in the Sheffield and Rotherham Court comprise stove grates, fenders, fire-irons, hot-air stoves, kitchen ranges, orna- mental iron-work, consisting of hat-stands, balusters, &c., manufactured by most of the firms who exhibited in the Exhibition of 1851. A portion of this court is occu- pied by Britannia metal goods, brass goods, consisting of high-pressure taps, cocks, hydrants, &c. Adjoining are exhibited, in cases round the walls, edge tools, joiners’ tools, files, steel table-knives, scissors, sheep shears; and above, in vertical cases, saws, scythes, sickles, &c., and the general class of Sheffield manufactures. On one block are exhi- bited goods of a similar cha- racter to those on the coun- ters round the walls, hut including steel springs, &c. Two other blocks are occu- pied by goods of a new class of manufacture, consisting of heavy castings of steel, crank axles for locomotives, driving wheels, axles, tyres, points for crossings, bells, railway. - carriage springs, buffers, &c. &e. The coun- ter under the gallery is co- vered with cases filled with fine cutlery — scissors, tailors’ shears, table-knives, small edge-tools, bowie-knives, hatchets, &c., being samples of goods for which Sheffield holds so high a position. The prominent features in Classes 31 and 32 — placed in the south end of the South-eastern Transept — are the screen for Hereford Cathedral, already noticed ; Bessemer’s specimens of his patent steel (a new product since 1851) ; a new peal of bells, which are so made that they may be chimed by a child ignorant of music ; and a large glass trophy, to which two firms have contributed elaborate specimens of ornamental metal-work, and two others equally elaborate specimens of mediaeval work. From this rich and varied display we make a few selections. The gas chandeliers of Mr. Joseph Hill, of Birmingham, are bold in style and excellent in workmanship. The same exhibitor shows a variety of ornamental stampings for lamps, chandeliers, and general gas- fittings ; husks and vases for metallic bedsteads, and ceiling roses, fiuished in white, gold, and colours, of various styles. Messrs. D. Hulett and Co., of High Holborn, have a large variety of gaseliers, hall-lanterns, &c., in glass, ormolu, and bronze. The gaselier shown in our engraving is a gem in this kind of work. It is in the Renaissance style, after the manner of Owen Jones, and has been designed and modelled by the exhibitors with great skill. Purity of taste and excellence of workmanship are its leading features, and there is, besides, a certain fit- ness and appropriateness in the entire object which re- commend it to admiration. Messrs. Hulett deserve espe- cial mention for the care and skill they display in the getting up of this kind of domestic decoration, so supe- rior to anything of the kind hitherto attempted in metal work adapted for chande- liers. The same firm also exhibit various gas-meters, gas-regulators, reflectors, ventilators, and other de- scriptions of gas and steam fittings. We are glad to ob- serve that, though unnoticed by the j urors in their award, Mr. Waring, in his great work, has selected their me- diaeval gaselier as one of the gems of the International Exhibition. On page 248 we have a grou p of wrought-iron, tinned and japanned ware, from the case of Messrs. Griffith and Browett, of Birmingham and London. The group con- sists of papier-mache trays, in the Moresque and Indian styles ; patent raised hot water dishes and covers ; soup and vegetable dishes, and soup tureens ; patent tea and coffee-pot, sugar-basins, and cream-jugs ; papier-machd folios, elegantly ornamented by a patent process; toilet grocers’ furniture, a Persian coal-vase, and a variety of curious and novel specimens of wrought iron raised from flat sheets of metal, without seam or brazing. Altogether, the show made by this firm is one of the most attractive in the Hardware Court. WARNER’S BELES AND CHIMING APPARATUS. In many of our towns and villages we try on a Sunday to mate the church bells chime out sweet music for the holy day. But, to confess the truth, there is mostly very little music in it. The chimers very generally do not attempt more than a few “ changes,” which are too often spoiled by unequal time, or by one bell being made to sound louder than the rest — “ sweet bells jangled out of time.” It is a 244 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1802. very rare thing, indeed, either in town or country, to hear a set of chimes evenly and truly rung: where it is heard, it is a very great treat indeed. Well, this treat is now put within easy reach of every v ill aical hand- bells, tuned to the chromatic scale, and various bells for do- mestic use. The bells in connection with Mr. Dent’slarge clock under the Eastern Dome were also cast by this firm. MESSES. NAYLOR & VICKERS’ CAST STEEL BELLS. In the South Eastern Transept was placed the peal of cast steel bells, to which we alluded at page 22, and which, in their gothic tower, attracted such general attention. The bells themselves were painted blue, in order to avoid the deleterious effect of the atmosphere. They are very remark- able specimens of casting, and Messrs. Naylor and Vickers, of Sheffield, may well be proud of the distinction con- ferred on them by the award of a t me medal. Cast steel bells are considered much stronger and more durable than bells made of bronze, while their weight and cost is diminished by nearly two-thirds. Thus, the peal of eight bells shown in our engraving costs about £300, with a tenor of 54 inches in diameter, tuned to E. The weight of the whole is not more than 8,000 lbs. The largest bell exhibited by Messrs. Naylor and Vickers is 7 feet 6 inches in diameter, and weighs 9,000 lbs. This also is priced at only £300. It is not surprising that the bells in the Exhibition — and that there were a large number was evident from the clang every evening’s “ringing out” caused— were viewed with great interest by all sorts of visitors, for bells are associated with our earliest recollections. Their music is of a very old fashion indeed, for it formed part of the ceremonial law of the Jewsinthetime of Moses. Egypt, Greece, Italy, China, Russia, England, have all been bell-loving countries, for, as Longfellow has it— PEAL OF EIGHT BELLS WORKED BY MACHINERY MESSRS. WARNER AND SONS. PRIZE MEDAL. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G3. “ The bells are the best preachers ; “ The mellow wedding-bells— golden bells 1 Their brazen lips are learned teachers, What a world of happiuess their harmony foretells 1 From their pulpits of stone, in the upper air, Through the balmy air of night. Sounding aloft, without crack or flaw. How they ring out their delight ; Shriller than trumpets under the law, From the molten -golden notes. Now a sermon and now a prayer. And all in tune, The clamorous hammer is the tongue, What a liquid ditty floats This way, that way, beaten and swung, To the dove that listens, while she gloats NAYLOK AND VICKERS’ BELL TROPHY. PRIZE MEDAL. From mouth of brass, as from mouth of gold, May be taught the Testaments, New and Old.” The bells, indeed, have voices that all o. us recognise and love. Their brazen tongues speak, to our sympathies, and form part of our dearest associations. They ring for births, weddings, and funerals ; alike for joys and sorrows their lusty peal clangs out upon the air- Hear how a poet catches the very music of their chimes : — On the moon ! Oh ! from out the sounding cells What a gush of euphony voluminously wells ! How it swells ! How it dwells On the future! how it tells of the rapture that impels To the swinging and the ringing Of the bells, bells, bells, To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells !” 246 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2 LOCKS. The London Hardware Court in the Exhibition was adorned with a splendid and various collection of locks and keys, the principal ex- hibitors being Messrs. Chubb and Son, and Messrs. Hobbs and Co. CHUBBS* BANK LOCK, FOB SPECIAL SFCTTBITY OF IBON SAFES AND DOOBS. PBIZE MEDAL. Messrs. Chubbs’ collection was got up in Wolverhampton, and was on view there during two days, attracting thousands of visitors of all grades, and exciting admiration from no one so much as from the locksmiths of the town, who expressed a universal regret that the collection was not destined for its natural position — the Wolverhamp- ton Court. There were about 300 locks exhibited, varying between a gigantic rim lock weighing more than 2 cwt., and as finely finished as a lady’s watch, and an elegant little gold lock, with four tumblers, set in a finger ring, and weighing 16 grains ! All are made by hand ! A " grand ornamental lock,” 20 by 144 inches, is a magnificent piece of workmanship. Some fifty keys are shown with elaborate bows, three so much so, that, although small, they are valued at upwards of a hundred guineas, the bow of each being composed of minute particles of steel, all separately riveted, and resembling so many brilliants. Messrs. Chubb made all the locks for the external doors. The master key to the whole is, as might be expected, a very handsome implement. Within the bow are the royal cypher, V.R., elegantly combined, and the date of the year, 1862, in gothic figures, surmounted by a crown. The design, we understand, was furnished by the Commissioners, and the whole if the filing and chiselling has been done by hand. The key was used by His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, as First Commissioner, at the formal opening of the building. In addition to locks and keys, Messrs. Chubb show a number of strong room doors and safes. Among the latter is the Jewel Safe, with ornamental sides and door, on each side a panel of Italian design, as shown in our engraving. The door is executed in a similar style, but in a mixture of dead and burnished steel, inlaid gilt scrolls, and ormolu mountings. The interior is fitted up in ornamental wood for the reception of jewellery. The door is secured by Chubbs’ patent wheel lock throwing bolts all round. There is a second jewel safe with folding doors of dead steel, with inlaid gilt scrolls and ormolu mouldings. Also a very large banker’s safe, weighing about four tons, the interior fitted with drawers, cupboards, and partitions for books. The outer folding-doors are made of wrought iron plates and hardened steel, combined in the most effective manner into a solid mass or plate 1$ inch in thickness. The doors are secured by two gunpowder-proof wheel locks, throwing thirty-one bolts all round. There is a second banker’s safe, having the same system of combined iron and hard steel applied throughout the entire casing of body, as well as the door. The peculiarity of the locks exhibited by Messrs. Hobbs and Co. — the great rivals of our London lock-makers — is, that they are princi- pally made by machinery. AVe have here several engravings of the locks themselves, and the implements employed in their manu- facture. The Bank Lock — our first engraving — is deemed unapproachable as a security of the repositories of treasure, and impregnate against every practicable method of picking, fraud, or violence. The “bits” or steps on the “ web ” of the key, that act on the levers inside the lock, are separate, instead of being, as in other keys, cut in the solid metal. These movable bits are fastened by a small screw on the end of the shank of the key, when it has the appearance of any other lever-lock key. There are, besides, spare “bits,” to change, when desirable. The lock has three sets of levers, and is so constructed that, whatever arrangement the bits on the key may have when acting on the lock, the latter immediately adapts itself to the same arrangement, and it will lock and unlock with perfect facility ; but it cannot be unlocked by any formation of the “ bits” except that which locked it. By the self-changing principle of the lock, it assumes the new form of the key, and will work with it as readily and securely as it did before. The same results can be obtained by any and every permutation of the number of “ bits” of which the key is composed, until millions, nay, thousands of millions of changes are worked, every change virtually converting the lock into a fresh lock, by this simple transposition of the key. Hence its name of “ Parautoptio,” or changeable. The illustration represents a view of the lock, the key, and the spare “ bits.” To give an idea of the number of times this lock can be transposed, it may be mentioned, that a key of only six bits can be CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 247 altered seven hundred and twenty times ; and, if two sets of bits are used, the transpositions extend to many thousands. Hobbs’ Patent Lock Indicator. — This is a method of locking the doors of iron safes, strong rooms, custom stores, bonded vaults, prison cells, corridors, &c., by means of the handle, without a key, and showing to what extent the bolt has been shot. It may consist of the upper half of a dial, upon which are the words, “ Open,” “ Shut,” “ Locked.” 'When the door stands merely closed to, the index finger unlocking, takes the index finger back to “ Open,” re-setting it again. The advantages of this index in dockyards, shipbuilders’ stores, dock warehouses, prisons, &c., where certain officers are limited to depart- ments of the premises by day or night, must be of the highest importance. This arrangement was first shown on the door of the iron safe exhibited by Messrs. Hobbs. This the jurors especially mentioned in their award. Next we have illustrations of the cutters and dies wherewith these PATENT PARACTOPTIC, O : BANK LOCK W1TII KEY AND BITS. MORTISE LOCK. THE LOCK DIES. MESSRS. HOBBS’ LOCKS. PRIZE MEDAL. rests on * Open.” This finger is fixed to the handle that works the lock, and, therefore, whichever way the handle moves, the finger must move with it. Turn the handle, and fasten the door by the first movement of the bolt, the finger will point to “Shut.” A second motion of the handle, and the bolt shoots out beyond its reach, the finger, at the same moment, resting on “ Locked.” The lock can only be opened by the key, because, at the second turn, the handle loses its control of the bolt. The action of the bolt returning into the lock, or locks are manufactured, as well as engravings of Hobbs’ Mortise Lock, and the Patent Machine-made Lock. The application of machinery to the manufacture of locks dates from 1851, when the celebrated “ Lock Controversy” took place. The identical lock which formerly sold for two guineas can now be purchased for eight shillings — a very important proof of the advantage of competition and machinery. Messrs. Hobbs offer a reward of £300 to any person who can pick their large lock ; giving seven days for the examination of the lock, and 248 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. thirty days to pick it — the ouly lock in the Exhibition for which a prize lias been offered for picking. Other exhibitors — Messrs. Bramah, Messrs. Hamilton, Messrs. Tucker and Reeves, all of London ; Messrs. Price, of Wolverhampton, &c. — make a good show of locks, and well sustain their old reputation; but there is no denying the fact that Messrs. Chubb and Son and Messrs. Hobbs and Co. stand at the head of the trade, for superiority of manufacture, and safety from the attacks of burglars, fire, or require to be set to a given time before the lock can be opened, comprise no fewer than three thousand changes, and defy all attempts at opening by those who do not know the time at which the dials were set. Another description of detector lock contains a small gong, which rings out when the key is turned, like a lock in the Turkish collection. The contrast in the size of the padlocks is very striking, some being as small as ihe stone of a ring, and others as large as a cheese-plate, but all finished with the utmost nicety. Some of the GROUP OF WROUGHT-IRON, BRONZED, AND JAPANNED GOODS. MESSRS. GRIFFITH AND BROWETT. gunpowder. The display of locks in the Exhibition was indeed sur- | prising, revealing, as it did, the perfection of. mechanism, with elaborate and artistic finish. There were all kinds of locks for chest, trunk, drawer, wardrobe, carpet-bag, portfolio, ledger, and till ; and padlocks, many of which are a combination of patents, and are perfectly unpickable. Two specimens of detector locks, with outer dials, which ! folio locks are also so minute that a dozen of them might be sent by post for two stamps. The locks are all supplied with keys, and the inner sides of the case are hung round with keys and small padlocks. The keys are quite equal to the locks in finish and ornamentation, the design of the bows being very elaborate. Wolverhampton is the great seat of the lock manufacture in England, and it is admirably represented. e MR. SEDLEY’S PATENT BRIDGE. A BRIDGE ON A NEW PRINCIPLE. Visitors to the Exhibition will remember the models of a bridge constructed on an entirely new principle, the invention of Mr. Angelo Sedley, engineer, of Great St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate. This bridge is a combination of the tubular, girder, and suspension principles, and combines great simplicity with easy and economical construction; and the combination differs entirely from any employed up to the present time. No intermediate piers or subaqueous works are necessary. The bridge may be built as easily at a height of 500 feet above the level of the river or valley, as at a height of 25 feet ; and wood, iron, and steel may be used in combination ; or, In large spans, iron and steel only. The models are built up of veneer, deal, and tape ; weigh about 25lbs. each ; are on a scale of 60 feet to 1 foot, representing bridges 1,050 feet long, at a height of 40 and 80 feet from .evel of water ; and may be seen at the Museum of Patents, South Kensington, and the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. The model of this bridge was tested and broken on Friday, Oct. 31st, hy permission of the Commissioners, in the open area of the Eastern Annexe of the International Exhibition of 1862, when it bore a pressure of 5031bs. before it finally gave way ; thus proving the excellence of the principle of construction proposed by Mr. Sedley. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1863. 249 Jporologn in % (Snat <£*jnbition. MAKES TOTHEil ROYAL QBSERti „ r ' 1111 board op QRDNflili HER |||| II mwesty™ e o»|| the ABMiR«||jj THE ' I I BOARD ofTMI t >- ,e III ELECTRIC telecwI| A»DNAHy||| English rforSE#] SsRAuLWAY CtilrijMk When it is remembered that, in addition to the whole of the watches and clocks annually produced in England, we are under the neces sity of importing for home consumption watches from Switzerland, and clocks from Franoe and America, of more than £1,000,000 worth per annum, the importauce of the Horological De- partment of the Great Exhibition will be manifest. For this reason, and from the fact that, as the foreign manufacturers increased in amount of late years, the quantity manufactured at home has fallen off more than one-third since the year 1855, this year’s display of the respective rivals was regarded with much interest on all sides ; it is, therefore, satisfactory to know that, both in quantity and quality, the English manu- facturer maintained a most creditable position. Indeed, several of the most eminent houses have produced chronometers, duplex and lever watches of the highest quality for scientific construction and for precision of performance : while as to the external form and decoration, it was clear that the application of art to this branch of manufac- ture has made considerable advance in the last ten years. In clocks of a scientific construction the English have always been pre-eminent. As far back as 1715, the astronomical regulator was brought to absolute perfection by George Graham, whose escapement and pendulum are those still used for the most precise astronomical purposes at the present day; and it is equally true that in clocks chiming the quarters, suitable for the baronial hall, no foreign manufacturer has ventured to compete with this specialty of English workmanship. Fine specimens in the three points, for the use of the navigator, the astronomer, and the nobleman, were displayed by such houses as Hislop, Delolme, Blackie* Frodsham, and Bennett — the highest class of instruments, in virtue of their extreme simplicity, in which respect the English regulator and chro- nometer have long left no room for improvement ; 32 250 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. while in the more complex and intricate combination of mechanical con- trivance, the Swiss produce specimens whichto the English workman is felt to be forbidden ground ; so also, whenever the clock is made an article of ornament for the mantelpiece, the machine is held to be of more importance as an object of art and beauty in design, than as a scientific instrument. The Erenchman is known to excel wherever the mind and delicate touch of the artist is required to produce a thing of beauty and elegance, and there France fairly merited the place of honour. In the midst of so much variety and extent of horological products, it would only create confusion to give a particular catalogue, specifying every peculiarity of its form and construction. We may take one example, the most prominent in the English department, that of Mr. Bennett, Cheapside. As president of his class, he felt bound to occupy such a position as would have every principal branch of horology fully represented in his case. It is a remarkable fact, tation; while the huge time-ball descended with undeviating regularity, detached at every hour by the electric current from the Royal Obser- vatory at Greenwich. Thus, so far as perfect precision can go, nothing more exact can be required. The lesson taught by this international display proved to the English workman that his best energies must be steadily directed to external elegance, to the higher cultivation of the fine arts as applicable to his mechanical production, and, abov* all, by a better system, and perhaps, by enlisting the valuable assist- ance of the female hand, to insure a mode of manufacture which shall cheapen the cost of production. The English must produce a watch good enough and cheap enough for the million ; they must give the maximum of quality at the minimum of cost, and then it will be admitted that this great concourse of manufacturing ingenuity has not been organised in vain, and that the beneficial effect in this, as well as in many other departments, will have tended alike to the demonstrating the absolute perfection of horological science, that Mr. Bennett produced and exhibited a chronometer, a regulator, and the time ball, the results of which in action were absolutely coincident for days and weeks together. This is the more striking, since these three very remarkable instruments were totally distinct in their organisa- tion, their arrangements, and their motive and controlling powers — the chronometer moved with its mainspring and its balance ; the regu- lator by its mercurial pendulum, and its weight, and the law of gravi- advantage of the consumer and the producer. The manufacturer will flourish, the workman will enjoy the remuneration he so richly de- serves, and will find the means of attaining a higher and more honour- able social position ; while among the whole world of watch-buyers the next generation may hope to see, in days of more strict punctuality and more swift locomotion, that it will become for every man and every woman as much the custom to wear an elegant watch as to possess an enlightened head. Morhs in Cirra OLaitn, EXHIBITED BY MARK H. BLANCHARD AND CO. Among the “objects shown for architectural beauty ’’—Class 10, Sub- Class C — were various fine works in cast iron, zinc, lead, papier-mache, carton-pierre, wood, serpentine and other marbles, mosaic and other decorative applications of marbles, slate, &c., enamelled wares, scagliola, majolica, parian, earthenware, baked clay, terra cotta, &e. — taking shape as fountains, chimney-pieces, cheap statuary columns, vases, tiles, bricks, carvings for building, and various other forms of decora- tion. In this sub-class. Prize Medals were obtained by twenty-two exhibitors on the British side ; while honourable mention is made of eight others. Among the names of the British prizeholders, we find several of the more prominent exhibitors in the South Court. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 251 Exhibitors from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, are also similarly distinguished. Of the works thus shown, we select a few examples from the objects exhibited by Mark H. Blanchard and Co., of the Blackfriars Road, who are rewarded with a Prize Medal for “articles in terra cotta applicable to architectural and de- corative purposes.” “It is rather remarkable,” says the writer of a paper read at the Royal Institute of British Archi- tects, “ that the revival of the manufacture of terra cotta, or, more properly, vitrified stone, in England, should have been effecttd by a lady, about eighty years ago. Miss Coade, from Lyme Regis, \ os- sessing a large share of scientific knowledge and energy, embarked in a small manufactory of terra cotta, or vitrified stone, in Lambeth, which, by her perseverance and good management, eventually at- tained a considerable degree of celebrity. To this original esta- blishment in Lambeth the merit is due of greatly improving the composition of the material, and the processes by which its per- manent character was attained. The proprietor had also suffi- cient enterprise and discrimination to avail herself of the talents of some distinguished artists, and thus produced works of a superior character, which may fairly vie with those of the chisel. The bas- relief in the pediment over the western portico at Greenwich Hospital, representing the death of Nelson, was designed by West, and executed by Bacon and Panzetta, who also modelled many other distinguished works. The rood screen, or loft at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, was executed in the same material. “ With respect to modern instances of its use, St. Pancras Church may be considered as one of the most important, the greater part of the ornamental details being formed of this material, at the largo outlay of £5,400. The work was executed by Mr. Rossi, from the designs of Mr. Inwood, the archi- tect, and, according to present ap- pearances, the material promises to be very durable. About the same time, extensive bas-reliefs, colossal figures, and other decorations ex- ecuted in the same material, were placed on the front of the Custom House, London; but these speci- mens have been removed. The statue of Britannia, made of terra cotta, which crowns the Nelson Monument at Yarmouth, remains uninjured by the exposure to w hich the stone work seems yielding. The Ban Schule, in Berlin, by Schinkel, is a remarkable example of the modern adaptation of moulded brick and terra cotta, of which every part, even the face of the walls, is most carefully wrought and finished. The ancient examples are evidently formed simply of fine clay, or brick earth, carefully prepared and well burnt, and they are therefore ! precisely of the same nature as coarse pottery ware, and are correctly VASE FEOM THE ANTIQUE. VASE FBOAI TUE ANTIQUE. 252 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. Terra cotta is a substance requiring but little care for its preserva- tion, and is, next to glass, the most indestructible of all bodies used in the arts. It appears, indeed, that the less valuable material a work of art is executed in, the greater is its chance of preservation ; and in all probability, had the ancient tombs of Greece contained vases of metal, they would have been disturbed centuries before the thirst of an- tiquities led us to explore their remains. Experience has proved that the only lasting material next to glass is highly-vitrified terra cotta. One great recommendation of terra cotta is its comparatively small cost ; another is the facility with which the material may be moulded into any architectural or decorative form ; while a third, as already stated, is its nearly indestructible nature. To notice the principal works executed and shown by this firm would occupy too much of our space; but we may mention that, while the beautiful is judiciously selected, the useful has by no means been neglected. Thus, while we GECUP OF OBJECTS IN TEEEA COTTA. MESSES. ELANCHABD AND CO. PBIZE MEDAL. designated terra cotta. But the modern terra cotta, or vitrified stone, is a very different substance, and greatly superior to them in hard- ness, texture, and colour. Its durability, if properly manufactured, may be deemed almost unlimited; and its economy, if judiciously applied, is a further recommendation ; but thi3 involves many impor- tant considerations for the judgment and discretion of the architect.” Mr. Blanchard obtained the Prize Medal in 1851 ; and in the report of the jurors of the Great Exhibition we learn that “several objects exhibited by him, including part of a gothic pinnacle, a capital, and some smaller articles, are of a very excellent colour, and the details of construction admirable. The tint is that of the material as it leaves the kiln, without artificial colour, stopping, wash, or paint, and is extremely hard and uniform ; it does not alter on exposure. The works of this establishment have stood the test of time.” Messrs. Blanchard are the successors of Miss Coade ; and in the present Exhibition they show a large variety of useful and ornamental articles in this material, the forms of some of which are shown in our engravings. Many of these are from ancient examples, carefully re- modelled from casts, and from original drawings made from private collections. Others are designed by the exhibitor and artists whom he has employed. The vases shown are of the embossed or sculptural class. Very few embossed vases of ancient workmanship are to be found in this material, compared with the great number found with plain outline and painted ornament. At the era of the fabrication of the best works in terra cotta, which is generally considered to be about 500 years before Christ, it was common with the Etruscans to adorn many parts of their temples with terra cotta ; and it is remark- able that while nearly all the great works of architecture and art generally have either fallen to decay or suffered violence, these fragile memorials should have been preserved to our time with all the sharp- ness and freshness they possessed 2,500 years since. They convey to us a more intimate knowledge of the durability of the material, and the manners and customs of their authors, than the more costly monuments of antiquity. have reproductions in this cheap material of Gibson’s “ Venus,” West- macott’s “Psyche,” Baily’s “Flora,” Thorwaldsen’s “Venus,” and various well-known examples of figures, groups, busts, statuettes, pedestals, &c., numerous examples of gables, terminals, tracery bosses, finials, balustrades for parapets, chimney shafts and pots, and garden borderings, &c., are manufactured in elegant forms. The garden bordering, or edging, we may state, is both useful and ornamental ; for, while it adds to the neatness of the flower-beds, in preventing the mould from washing over the paths, stopping the draius, &c., it pos- sesses the one great advantage over box edging that it never needs renewal, and can be removed and re-fixed at any time, when alterations in the forms of the parterre are desirable. In objects also for the conservatory, grounds, or garden, Messrs. Blanchard show a large and interesting variety. For fencing and telegraph posts, fireproof stairs, tesselated tiles, &c., terra cotta has been shown to be a most suitable material, combining beauty of design with amazing strength and durability. The columns in the Horticultural Gardens have been tested to a pressure of twenty tons ! CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862 253 (Swat (Sims anb Entail &rms. An engraving of the Small Arms Trophy in the nave will be found at page 37, followed by some description of the Armstrong Trophy now illustrated, and a general account of the ordnance, &c., shown in the Exhibition ; and at page 128 we have an engraving of the Blakely cannon. Moreover, on pages 182 and 183 will be found an account of the manufacture of the Armstrong gun, with some reference to its I “ Brought from under every star. Blown from over every main, And mixt, as life is mixt with pain. The works of peace with works of war.” Muskets, rifles, swords, sabres, and other military appliances have, of course, many attractive features ; but other weapons used for less THE AEMSTRONG GUN TROPIIY. introduction. But so important, in these times, is the manufacture of fire-arms, that we are induced again to refer to the subject. Notwithstanding the dreams of universal peace and brotherhood indulged in by so many amiable enthusiasts, it is true that, in these days of artistic and industrial progress, arts and arms indeed go hand in hand. The Exhibition is an epitome of the world ; and, as the Poet Laureate lias it, all the evidences of the industry and skill of mankind, ranged under some few general heads, are here exhibited : — harmful purposes also claim recognition. Sporting guns are shown in great variety, many of them being novel in their con- struction and elegant in their workmanship. Of all the sporting guns and rifles which the Exhibition of 1862 has brought into use, none are so important as “Daw’s Patent Central Fire Breech- Loader.” This valuable gun has been patented by Mr. G. H. Daw, of Threadneedle Street, and promises to become the sportsman’s weapon par excellence. Mr. Daw’s system of breech-loading is cer- 254 CASSELL’S ILL USTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. tainly superior to any other yet brought forward, l)eing at ouce correct in its principle, simple in its application, certain in its purpose, and apparently incapable of getting out of order. The principle is applicable to every description of fire-arm ; while the several parts being manufactured by patent machinery, insure greater accuracy, instead of the barrels falling over, as in 'other breech-loaders, in the new gun the stock is lowered by pressing the lever, the barrels remain- ing horizontal in the left hand, and held in the same place as when the gun is discharged. The cartridge is placed ready for discharge, as quickly as a copper cap can be placed on the nipple of an ordinary muzzle-load- H G daw’s patent centbal-fire breech-loading gun and cartridge, prize medal. and a more perfect gun, at a reasonable price, than was ever before introduced. Some guns used with the brass pin cartridge can be con- verted on the new patent principle at a trifling cost. Patents have, we understand, been secured in this and foreign countries. ing gun; it has few pieces, is very substantial, is not afe :ted by grit, rust, or wear, and is not likely to get out of order. It can be rapidly loaded or unloaded with the hammers down at half or full cock, with the greatest safety. The cartridges are exploded by an ordinary Daw’s breech-loader resembles the ordinary muzzle-loader in appearance, while its lightness, elegance, simplicity, and superior shooting qualities cannot fail to be appreciated by all sportsmen. In opening or closing the breech, there is but one simple movement ; copper cap, in the centre of the cartridge, which is effected by a stroke from a strong steel piston ; and, being central-fire, miss-fires are almost impossible. The cartridges having no brass pegs or dangerous projections, can be carried in the pocket with perfect safety ; and the CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 2 r, 5 cartridge cases, after explosion, can never stick in the barrel. There j is a strong, simple, steel slide, self-acting (without any spring or j screws') to force out the cartridge case, and the improvement in the ; uniformity and hard shooting is extraordinary. The principle has j been severely tested by some of the best sportsmen of the day, who have unhesitatingly pronounced the gun and cartridge the “ acme of perfection.” The ammunition is waterproof, moderate in price, and, by re-capping, can be used several times. Let us now endeavour to describe this admirable weapon by means of diagrams : — Fig. 1 shows gun complete; fig. 2, gun opened ready for loading.; fig. 3, part of stock, with hinged fore-part, show- ing connection for barrels ; fig. 4, form of cartridge, with cap in the centre, and below the surface ; fig. 6, section of cartridge, showing brass cup, with communication hole in the centre, and direct into the charge. A, percussion cap, with brass anvil inside, ready to be placed in brass cup, as seen in fig. 4. B, per- cussion cap ; c, brass anvil, with grooves for communicating the flame into the powder. The conical end is placed towards the fulmi- nate, and receives the blow of the piston from the fall of the hammer ; D, bottom of anvil, showing the grooves and front part, which rests against the shoulder inside the cup, for resisting the blow of the piston; e, piston points, for exploding per- cussion caps ; f, self-acting steel slide, for drawing out exploded cart- ridge cases ; o (fig. 3), socket for receiving and fixing steel bolt on the barrel lump at breech end of barrels ; H (fig. 3) , steel bolt for locking and fastening the barrels ; I (fig. 2), lever connected with steel bolt for opening or closing the breech. In order to show in what manner the cartridge of the Daw gun paper; blowing out of the pin; escape of gas through the pin-hole; difficulty in re-capping, &c.; brass pin soon widening hole in the cham- ber of barrels. These objections are remedied in Mr. Daw’s central-fire cart- ridges. Sportsmen will, therefore, understand and appreciate the use of a gun with cartridge which is entirely safe and certain to ignite, S POSTING GUN. W. B. PAPE. HONOUBABLE MENTION. and which has the further advantage of being extremely moderate in price. The method of detonation is far superior to that of the Lefaucheux breech-loader, while in the several plans of locking and detaching the barrels, extracting the cartridge-cases, and re-capping them, such great simplicity has never before been attained. “ I have,” says a practical sportsman, “ fired this gun in the dark without de- THE WHITWORTH GUN. TBIZE MEDAL. is superior to that of the breech-loaders in general use, we give a draw- ing of the ordinary “ Lefaucheux ” cartridge, hitherto in use. The principal objections to the above principle are — danger of explosion, from the pin being forced on to the fulminate ; liability to miss fire, from the brass pin getting bent ; sticking in the barrel, requiring a rod to force it out from the muzzle ; frequent separation of metal from the tecting the slightest escape of gas. I therefore do not imagine that there will be the slightest tendency in the gun to get out of order. As far as I have been able to try it, I have the highest opinion of its merits.” Testimonials from many of our best-known sportsmen are to the same effect; and, as it seems to us, there is little doubt of theDaw breech-loader becoming not only popular, but universally adopted by all who value 256 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. rirr. 4 jUl WYLEY S BREECH-LOADERS. a good and safe weapon. It is needless to say Mr. Daw has obtained the Prize Medal for improvements in breech -loading small arms.” Twenty-seven other British exhibitors have obtained medals for “ great guns and small arms,” with various notes of commenda- tion by the jurors, in Class 11, Section C. Our next illustration shows the double barrel, exhibited by Mr. W. It. Pape, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, whose weapons have been generally approved ; and in the same page we have a figure representing the celebrated Whitworth ordnance and pro- jectile. The Whitworth Rifle and Ordnance Company, of Manchester, have appended to their Prize Medal the jurors’ reason for the award in the words—" for their system of rifling and excellence of work- manship in guns and rifles.” The Whitworth Ordnance Company exhibit rifled cannon, ranging in size from thel-pound- er to the 70-pounder gun. These are all rifled, and are constructed of steel, iron,brass, wrought and cast- iron, the preference being given to the two first-mentioned metals. The shape of the solid projectile is seen in the smaller engravings. They are first cast and then planed. Hollow shot are similarly treated, and then filled in the same man- ner as the ordinary spherical shells. No special fuse is re- quired, as the flash of the explosion ignites a fuse in the front, placed and used like the ordinary time fuse. These cannon have a very long range, with a compara- tively small charge of pow- der. The ranges of a 12- pounder rifled cannon, with a 121b. shot, and ljlb. of pow- der, are — point blank, 380 yards ; 1 degree of elevation, 900 yards ; 5 degrees, 2,600 yards ; 10 degrees, 4,500 yards ; 20 degrees, 7,000 yards; and 35 degrees, 10,000 yards, or nearly six miles! The projectile penetrates iron armour-plates most ef- fectually, especially when hard metal flat-fronted shot have been used. Lately there has been some little discus- sion as to the comparative merits of the Armstrong and the Whitworth guns. We do not presume to offer an opinion on the point in dis- pute. A case of the Whit- worth rifles, manufactured by the same company, is also exhibited, containing mili- tary and sporting rifles of various w eights and lengths. Mr. Wyley, of Birmingham and Belfast, shows a “ patent auto- matic breech-loader, self-cocking, self-capping, using any ammunition.” The following description of this weapon is reduced from the exhi- bitor’s account in the “Official Illustrated Catalogue:” — “ The breech n has a more or less conical lip entering three quarters of an inch or more, so that escape is impossible. The nipple is placed in the axis of the breech, and usually screwed from inside, with or without a cartridge piercer of steel or platinum. The cock works in a slot in the middle of the slock ; there is no tumbler; and the trigger, or, as above shown, a small catch connected to the trigger by a link, engages in bents cut in the circular head of the cock. The pull of the trigger is very light, and yet the bents as deep, and the gun as safe, as with the common tumbler lock. “Fig. 4 (half scale) shows part of the priming-tube, containing forty or fifty caps, pushed forward by a spiral spring outside. “ For rapid firing a stiff paper cartridge is used, as shown in the section, fig. 1. The back sight in rifles, h, fig. 5, slides vertically in two holes in the front of the cheeks of the breech-case, at the usual distance from the eye. “ The cleaning-rod is made with a number of india-rubber washers, let into angular grooves in a wooden or metallic head, and projecting somewhat beyond it, so as to catch and retain the fouling. It can be used as a ramrod for loading at the muzzle.” Prize medals have been awarded to several foreign exhibitors, especially to the French, who show some admirable weapons. Mr. Colt, of the United States, also obtains a medal for his well-known revolver ; but for perfection of manufacture, truth of principle, and simplicity of design, the Daw Breech-loader is admitted to be the most valuable weapon shown in the International Exhibition of 1862. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 257 &bz Jmtrwan Cxruri. The show made by about seventy exhibitors from the United States was not certainly very extensive, but it was very interesting and highly suggestive, though occupying but a corner of the South Eastern transept at the British end of the building. The deplorable civil war in the United States has caused the American exhibition to be both small and incomplete. Nevertheless, we have numerous indications of the old “ go-ahead” genius of the people who invented the reaping- in the ordinary mode of manufacture. This is even a more important machine than that invented by Mr. Bigelow, for tho weaving of Brussels carpets by steam, introduced in 1851, and now in 1862 shown by Messrs. Jackson and Graham in operation in the Western Annexe. Sewing-machines, boot and shoemaking-machines, and other clever “ notions ” will also be remembered by the visitor as having excited his curiosity in the American Court. A machine for picking cotton in the THE AMERICAN COURT. machine, the sewing-machine, and a score of other useful appliances for the saving of labour in a country where labour is scarce and dear. On entering the American Court, the visitor is struck with the sight of the reaping-machine of Mr. M'Cormick, and other implements familiar to the public in the Exhibition of 1851. Mr. Smith, of West Farms, in the State of New York, shows a power-loom for weaving the kind of carpet known among us as the “ Axminster tufted pile.” By this machine, an entire row of above a hundred tufts is placed at one operation, and in less time than a single tuft can be made by hand 33 . field, to supersede manual labour, is also shown, as well as a fine caloric engine, a Californian pump, a printing press, a model for a water-wheel, a steam-pump and pumping-engines, and a flax-fibre dressing-machine. These were shown in the Western Annexe ; but in the court itself there were a variety of labour-saving implements well worthy examination. Then, besides, there were a phaeton and buggy, with light hickory spokes, and a wagon for common roads, with an excellent collection of axes and other farming and engineering implements. cassEll's Illustrated Exhibitor, mi -53 l)r. Feuchtwaugcr, of New York, sent a capital and complete museum of minerals ; and various exhibitors displayed specimens of the rock oil called petroleum. This extraordinary product of Nature FIG. 1. — ROTATING HOOK. FIG. 2. — BOBBIN, SHOWING FORMA- TION OF STITCHES. has boen largely introduced into this country, and considerably im- proved by cur manufacturers. The most useful and pure of the rock oils of America is that known as Cazeline. It is imported from Pennsyl- vania, the great emporium of petroleum, and, by means of chemical agencies, entirely deprived of its explosive qualities, and its naturally ungracious odour. It is useful for a large variety of purposes, such as the lubrication of machinery, &c. ; but as a lamp-oil it is particularly valuable, as it gives a pure, soft, brilliant, white light, more than equal to coal gas in its intensity, and superior to it in the coolness with which it burns in common atmospheres. We understand that a com- pany has been formed for the purification and sale of Cazeline in Eng- land, and that a very extensive demand has arisen for this admirable FIG. 3.— LOCK-STITCH. production of Nature. Having witnessed the burning of this oil, we can unhesitatingly declare that it is superior, in all respects, to any of the rock oils now in use. Notice just inside the Court a frame of United States bank-notes, including not a few of the so-called skin-plasters of different States of the Union. Many of them are, however, excellent specimens of engraving. A revolving apparatus, for the exhibition of stereoscopic pictures, also struck us as novel ; as also a collection of the headings of the various newspapers and political caricatures published in the States. We have already noticed Mr. Cropsey’s fine painting, “ Autumn on the Hudson,” which presents a faithful picture of the peculiar SEWING MACHINE. MR. LUKE M C KERNAN. atmospheric effect of what is known as the Indian summer, and the rich foliage of the forest on tho bank3 of the noble river. There are also exhibited pianos, and various musical instruments ; among others, one called a “ Toilodian.” But the speciality of tho American Court certainly lies in the variety and usefulness of the many LABOTJR-SAYING MACHINES, some of which we now proceed to notice; merely premising that, for the sake of uniformity, we have here introduced some that belong not only to the United States, but also to England. These latter will be specified in the course of our remarks. THE SEWING-MACHINE. This useful invention owes its introduction to Mr. Howe, of the United States, where it is very largely employed. Mr. Howe com- menced his invention in 1811, since which time it has been greatly improved. In the Processes’ Court, as well as in the American Court, were to be seen at work many specimens of the sewing-machine, the CORDING MACHINE — SHOWING METHOD OF WORKING. general principles of which are now tolerably well understood. A description of one is a description of nearly all. Messrs. Wheeler and Wilson, of 139, Itegent Street, had several of their SEWING MACHINE MESSES. WHEELER AND WILSON. improved sewing-machines in the Exhibition. The great peculiarity of their instrument is the possession of an apparatus for making what is called the “lock-stitch,” which, when first introduced, was made with a shuttle— the use of which was attended with noise and necessitated rather heavy machinery. In forming the lock-stitch with Messrs. Wheeler and Wilson’s machine, the loop of the upper thread, upon being thrust through the fabric, is seized by a rotating book, as shown in fig. 1, and carried around the bobbin containing the lower thread (fig. 2), thereby interlocking the two threads. Tho point of interlocking being drawn into the fabric, the stitch is complete. There is no jerking motion ; tho succession of stitches form a direct line, and the thread is laid into the fabric evenly and firmly. This stitch (fig. 3), m formation, closely resembles the interlocking of threads in weaving, and, indeed, the seam is an additional interweaving of two threads with the fabric sewed. When properly formed, it is as firm and elastic as the fabric sewed, whether subject to lateral oi longitudinal pressure, while it is buried so far below the surface of the CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 259 fabric sewed that it is not affected by the action of the smoothing-iron in the laundry, or other wearing surfaces. Great gain has been achieved in substituting the rotating hook for the reciprocating shuttle. Power is economised, noisy and cumbersome gearing avoided, and the machine is adapted to the rise of the finest thread. Tbe mechanism is remarkable for its simplicity, and consequent freedom from derangement and need of repairs. It is recommended for beauty and excellence of stitch, alike upon loth sides of the fabric sewed ; strength, firmness, and durability of seam that will not rip or ravel, and made with economy of thread ; its attachment and range of application to purposes and ma- terials ; compact- ness and elegance of model and fin- ish ; simplicity and thoroughness of construction ; speed, ease of ope- ration and ma- nagement, and quietness of move- ment. It hems, fells, and gathers. Upwards of 80, 000 of these machines have been sold, and in Canada and the United States it is gene- rally prefe-rred. It set in motion by a gentle pres- sure of the feet upon the sandals. The motion is communicated directly by a band to the man- dril, which drives the whole machinery. The needle, with the thread passing through the eye near the point from left to right, descends through the fabric, carrying with it the thread forming a loop, which is gently taken from the right of the needle by the rotating hook (fig. 1, preceding page). The ro- tating hook, in its revolution, en- larges the loop of the thread, and at the same time carries it around the bobbin containing the under thread (fig. 2), which is inclosed by the rotating hook, and con- fined in its place by a simple slide ring. By this method the upper and under threads are locked together, when the rise of the needle-arm draws up both, making in the centre of the fabric a firm “ lock-stitch,” pre- senting the same smooth ap- pearance on both sides, and forming a seam much stronger gained a Prize Medal at Paris, and also at the International Ex- hibition of 1862. These machines are suited for or- dinary manufac- turing and family uses, and are ap- plicable to every variety of sewing, from the thinnest muslin to the thickest cloth. Theywork equally well upon silk, linen, woollen and cotton goods — seaming, quilting, gathering, hemming, and felling — performing every species of sewing, except making button-holes and sewing on buttons. To work the maohine, an operative seats herself at a small table on which the machine is placed, with her feet upon the sandals, by which it is driven. The fabric to be sewed is placed upon the cloth, plate benoath the needle, to pass from left to right. The machine is then HANSBBOW S CALIFOENIA PUMP. HANSBBOW S CALIFOENIA PUMP. and more beautiful than can possibly be made by hand-sewing. The fabric is moved forward by the “ feed” under the “cloth-plate,” and the stitches are easily graduated by the operator. Three yards of thread are a fair average for a seam. The bearings and friction surfaces are so constructed, that the propelling power required is merely nominal, and the wear of the parts so trifling, that machines used continually in manufactories for five or six years are nearly as good as new. We are favoured by Mr. Luke M'Kernan, of 98, Cheapside, with the accompanying wood-cut, representing a sewing machine on the “ Howe ” principle, as manufactured and sold by him in this country. A number of improvements have been added by him to this machine, the most important of which is a new arrangement for carrying the shuttle, whereby a perfect tension on the thread is obtained, and the necessity of having a hook on the heel of the shuttle entirely avoided, thus doing away with what wa3 the cause of considerable incon- venience to the operator; the hook aforesaid being liable to break, and after wear not to be depended on. An arrangement has also been added, whereby, according to the kind of work to be done, a greater or lesser degree of pressure on the pressing-pad or foot can be had at will by simply turning a thumb- screw in or out as desired. The manner of placing the spool has also been altered from a per- pendicular to a horizontal position ; thus preventing the thread from 260 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. at any time twisting round the spindle. The Howe Sewing Machine is the oldest patent sewing machine extant, the first machine being made in 1845. Our large engraving on this page shows the sewing machines of Messrs. Simpson and Co., of 116, Cheapside, as they were at work at the Exhibition. By a most ingenious contrivance the edge of the material is folded by a gauge attached to the table of the machine at the time that the hemming is going on; while “sewing on” and either large or small “gatherings” are also effected by a simultaneous operation. The arrangement of the shuttle and the fly or frame which carries it is so perfect, and the method of regulating the tension of the thread so simple, that an even lock-stitch can be procured on both sides Messrs. Simpson and Co. have prepared for this consummation in two respects — first, by producing their new invention at a lower price than that at which such maohines are usually offered ; and, secondty, by the very elegant form of their “ Davenport ” sewing machine, which combines a davenport (as its name implies), a lady’s writing-desk, and the machine itself, in one elegant piece of furniture. We have said that there are two means by which these machines will become popular, but there are really three, the last, but not the least, being the ease with which the treadle is worked by a very slight pressure of the foot alone — an advantage in which most sewing machines are deficient. That the sewing machine will come more and more into common MESSES. E. E. SIMPSON AND CO.’S SEWING MACHINES, AS SEEN IN THE PEOCESSES COUET. without any liability to ravel or to rip out of the fabric. The various kinds of work simply require a change of needle and thread ; and in the case of hem-folding, binding, and embroidery, the application of a gauge, which is fastened without difficulty. The operation of em- broidery is one of the most extraordinary, and caused no little surprise amongst the visitors to the Great Exhibition. To see the piece of black cloth, upon which the pattern has been marked in a fine line of French chalk, come from under the needle converted in a few minutes into a gorgeous and elaborate slipper, dressing-gown, front, or child’s frock, covered with crimson or gold arabesques, is a more marvellous feat than any of Messrs. Robin or Erickel’s tricks of legerdemain ; and to this display of the extraordinary facilities possessed by the new machine was doubtless owing tbfl large number sole} during the past three months. family use in this country there seems little doubt ; but what is to become of the needle-women if its use should be universal ? Mrs. Howitt answers the question for us. Writing in February, this talented lady says : — “ Be not alarmed, kind-hearted philanthropists ; for that which is in itself good can never ultimately produce evil. It is the sewing machine which will compel our senators and philan- thropists to consider seriously the case of our sisters of the needles, and to legislate wisely for them. It is the sewing machine which will, in the end, emancipate miserable women from the slavery of ‘ gusset and band ; ’ which will open to them wise and safe paths of emigra- tion ; which will convey away thousands of blameless, suffering women into new lands and for new homes of peace and plenty, where woman’s time will be valuable, and where, consequently, the sewing machine will be again a household blessing— a household necessity,” CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. 261 We must hasten on to notice other ingenious implements. We nave next several capital appliances shown in the American Court, and now supplied to the publio through the agency of Messrs. Sanborn and Co., of 99, Cheapside. Our engravings of THE CALIFORNIAN PUMP almost explain themselves. It combines the advantages of being it, by giving motion to the rocking arm n, which moves the sliding bar c, attached to and under the barrel of the pump, through which bar the piston of the pump receives its motion. Tho inlet pipe to the pump passes up at G, at the back of the board. By loosening the nuts on the swinging bolts e e, the air chamber can bo taken off, and the four valves removed for cleaning or repairing, d is the outlet for the water from the air chamber, and to which hose are attaohed when the CONICAL BITEE-STONE MILL, WOEKING SECTION OF THE SAME. capable of doing all kinds of work in the way of a lifting, forcing, and fire-engine pump, and is alike adapted for the farm, the railway, the mine, the manufactory, the mill, the brewery, the garden, and various domestio uses. The fol- lowing are some of the advantages claimed for it: — It is cheaper and more durable in all its parts than any other of an equal capacity. The valves are of the most simple construction, are readily accessible without removing a holt or nut, not liable to get out of order, and can at all times be replaced with- out the necessity of call- ing in skilled labour. It is worked with less friction, and conse- quently requires less power, than any other double acting pump of COW-MILKING MACHINE. pump is used for a fire-engine. When only used for ordinary lifting purposes, the screw-plug F is taken out of the top of the air chamber to prevent the too violent ejection of water from it. The pump cau be attached to a wall or post, and both inlet and outlet pipes can be brought out of the front or hack when desired. This pump is the invention of Mr. Hansbrow, who used it exten- sively in California. It deservedly obtained the Prize Medal at the Exhibition. Messrs. Sanborn are also the importers of and agents for THE CONICAL BURR-STONE MILL, shown in our engravings. This mill is of light weight, but great power, and is useful to farmers, emigrants, and others. Its construction will be understood by reference to the engraving : — a represents the running stone, which is a solid block of French burr, firmly secured to the spindle ; b J, segments of burr-stone, fitted in a cast-iron shell ; c c, the spindle or shaft ; d, the driving pulley, which may be either single or double with one loose ; e, the hopper ; fff, the journal boxes, or bearings, which are filled with composition metal, and are very durable ; g, the jam-wheel, which prevents the set-screw from turning after the stone is adjusted ; h, the set-serew CASK-CLEANSING MACHINE. W. EOBINSON, BEIDGEWATEE. PEIZE MEDAL. equal capacity. Owing to the arrangements of the valves with the barrel of the pump, it always remains primed, though not used for weeks at a time ; and the valves do not become dry. The engraving represents the pump mounted qn a board : 4 . is t]ie lever for forking which adjusts the stone ; i, the spout, or point of discharge 1 1, the cast-iron frame upon which the whole rests ; m, the feed regulator. As the grinding surfaces are exactly fitted together, and ground to a perfect face, tljey grind even, and as fine or coarse as may be desired. m .CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18G2. COMPOUND OVAL CHURN. EGG-WniSIC, OR WHIPPING-CAN. BREAD-CUTTING MACHINE. is saved, while economy of time and labour are equally effected. Every housewife is awaro that the twisting or wringing of clothes stretehos of steam, and the garden crowded with wet “ things.” By the use of the Wringer and the Clothes Dryer, all these miseries may be mate- rially lessened, if not altogether avoided. The Clothes Dryer is em- phatically one of the most useful of the American inventions yet introduced ; it is, moreover, so cheap as to be within the moans of every household. Messrs. Sanborn are also agents for a number of usofu- so that thin mill will grind all kinds of grain, paints, colours, coffee, spices, drugs, &o., in a superior manner. As a portable mill this is a very, valuable inven- tion. The same ex- hibitors also show the now world-famed COW-MILKING MACHINE. By this curious machine the four teats of a cow are milked at the same time. 'No dirt can get* into the . milk ; the machine, there- fore, insures clean milking. The ma- chine (including pail) weighs six pounds, and is as simple , in its operation as' a common hand - bel- lows, and is worked similarly, requiring no skill to operaterit, and is as readily cleansed in- . all its parts as an ordinary milk-pail. Two years’ practical use in the United States, and many trials in Eng- land, have proved , this machine to bo just what is needed by every country gentleman, farmer, and dairyman. Those who saw the Mechanical Cow-milker at . work at the Exhibition will fully understand the interest excited by its appearance in this country. Experi- ments show that it is equally applicable to its destined use in England as in America. Having previously drawn at- tention . to this ingenious apparatus, we pass on to THE CLOTHES WRINGER AND STARCHER. By the use of this machine, the applica- bility of which will at once be seen by re- ferring to the drawing (p. 263) , much labour STEVENS’S PATENT BREAD-MAKING MACHINE. BOX-CHURN. and breaks the fibres, but this machine presses them so evenly that a newspaper, thoroughly soaked, can be wrung without breaking it ; and it works so easy, that a child can ope- rate it without trou- ble. Hot water does not injure the rollers ; and woollen goods can be wrung out of boiling water, to pre- vent fulling, which cannot be done by hand. In starching it is valuable, espe- cially on large arti- cles, as it leaves the starch in the clothes perfectly even. The clothes pass through straight and even, without a twist or strain, and will dry in half the time usually required. The same exhibitors also show a highly useful instrument, called THE CLOTHES. DRYER. This simple ma- chine consists of an upright standard, with a double pulley on the top, through which a cord passes, and by means of which the arms, with the clothes- line, are elevated and expanded, or lowered, as may be desirod. The dryer is maintained at the proper height by the elevating cord passing under a self-acting cam, which holds it at any point. When not in use, it folds compactly together, like an umbrella, and can easily be removed under cover. Every one knows the miseries of washing-day, when the house is full CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, ISC 2. 263 machines Lr bookbinders. In our engraving is shown a board- cutter of improved construction. This, with “backing” machines, sawing machines, a grinding machine, piercing machines, and a standing-press, will be found to be highly useful to bookbinders, being, indeed, great improvements on the instruments in present use. The patent Spinning and Rope-making Machines, again, are both sanboen’s clothes weingee and staechee. novel and important, and, moreover, occupy so little space as to be capable of being worked in a back kitchen. The advantages of the Spinning Machine are, that the yarn spun by it possesses the strength of the best quality spun by hand, with the smoothness and regularity of that spun by machinery. It makes 120 lbs. average size Manilla yarn per day, or 150 lbs. of green hemp, at a cost of Is. 6d. for labour, requiring so little skill to operate it that girls are com- petent, and in a few days become expert hands. It is also well adapted for fine spinning. Yarns for twine and other purposes are made from this machine, of an excellent quality and great strength, and the manufac- turer is enabled by the use of it to make yarn of first-rate quality for about half the usual cost. The Rope Machine forms the strand and lays the rope in one operation. Its simplicity of construction removes all liability of its getting out of order, and renders it capable of being run at a higher rate of speed than many other machines of the same nature. It requires but little attention; two boys can attend to six machines. It is capable of making either large or small rope, and will “ lay” equally well all kinds of material, whether hemp, Manilla, cotton, or jute. PERRY’S PATENT PEN-HOLDER. In the next page we have an engraving of an im- detie — proved pen -holder, admirably adapted for teaching youth closed, to properly hold a pen, it being impossible to write with it if not held between the fingers in a correct position, as indicated by the three little plates for the thumb and forefingers. The only possible objection to be urged against this useful invention is its name, which is derived from two Greek words — orthos, upright ; and daktula, fingers — the position of the fingers, LABOUR-SAVING MACHINES SHOWN BY MR. BRADFORD. The various instruments shown by Mr. Thomas Bradford, of 63, Fleet Street, attracted much attention, from their excellence and variety. Though not shown in the American Court, they are many of them of American-like simplicity and utility. The combined Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machine, seen in our engraving, has obtained the prize at more than a dozen agricultural meetings, as well as the Prize Medal at the International. Exhibition. By a simple arrangement of rollers, &o., it will wash, wring, and mangle all kinds of articles, from a lady’s lace collar to a blanket. In another page we have BRADFORD'S BREAD-CUTTING MACHINE, a very capital contrivance for schools, hotels, public institutions, and bbadfoed’s combined washing, weinging, and manglino MACHINE. families. It cuts with ease, without crushing or tearing the bread; the slices can be varied in thickness, by regulating the guide, and are uniform throughout. The engraving will show the character of this useful implement. THE BOX CHURN. The dasher of this churn is of the best construction to create agita- tion, and carry down the air amongst the cream dur- ing the process of churn- ing, producing butter quick- ly, and of better quality than any other box churn. A great advantage of this churn is, that the butter need not be touched with the hand, as it is made, washed, and salted in the churn ; the liability of its turning rancid thus being entirely avoided. Those ingeniously - con- trived machines, THE EGG WHISK AND WHISK CHURN, are so simple in their con- struction and adaptation as clothes deyee— eeady foe use. to need no further descrip-. tion than is conveyed by the drawings. The egg whisk is one of the most simple yet effective articles ever constructed. It is admirably adapted for beating eggs, which can be done so quickly, and wrought to such a degree of lightness, as to be quite unattainable by the ordinary process. For puddings, whipt cream, cakes, sauces, &c. &c., it will he found unsurpassed, aaad will save both time and labour oftiaa 264 CASSELL’S ILLtJSTEATED EXHIBITOE, 1662. bookbinder's board cutter. ROBINSON’S CASK-CLEANSING MACHINE. This machine (the invention of Mr. W. Robinson, of Bridgewater), for the purpose of cleaning the insides of casks of any description, but especially adapted to breweries, vinegar and chemical works, consists of two frames or rings, one within the other. The outer one, when set in motion, revolves on its axis ; the inner one being forced round within the former a small distance each revolution of the machine. This is accomplished by eccentrics being fixed on the frame or stand, having lifts so attached to the outer frame that they are free to move up and down, according to the direction given by the eccentrics; to these lifts are fitted pawls or catches, which fall into the teeth of the inner frame, which is | consequently moved the length of the tooth by each revolution of the handle ; and as there are 100 teeth in the frame, the cask or casks (each machine taking from one to twelve, according to size) must receive 100 turns in passing from the horizontal to the diagonal, the perpendicular or head over head, and finally to the horizontal again. From this it will be seen that the cleansing material (hard stones broken small, or a chain and water) must search every part of the casks, and the filth, &c., be effectually scrubbed off, as the material is always resting on the lower side, while they are gradually but surely changing their position every moment. When clean, they are taken from the machine, and the cleansing sub- stances removed; thus, by cheap mechanical means, superseding the old laborious and ex- pensive system of unheading, and this without injury to the casks. We have now briefly to notice STEVENS’S BREAD-MAKING MACHINE, an invention of immense value and importance. “ Of all the industrial arts,” says a recent writer, “most certainly that which more nearly concerns the health arid well-being of nations is the manufacture of bread. * ’Tis strange! ’tis passing strange!’ therefore, that, century after century, the bread-making trade should have remained stationary, and in little better than its primitive state of rudeness, while all other trades have made such rapid, and in most cases marvellous, strides for the good of the whole human family. « It is wondrous, and an inexplicable anomaly, that with all the marvels of man’s ingenuity, before the present time no person has ever succeeded in construct- ing a machine for the simple purpose of mixing and kneading the materials of ‘ daily bread.’ It is not but that the necessity for such an invention has been powerfully felt by society from time imme- morial ; therefore, the only wonder is, it has not been accomplished some thousands of years before. Mr. Stevens is highly favoured in that it has been left for him to accomplish what so many generations have failed to do, and to revolutionise what has been conserved even prior to the erection of the Egyptian Pyramids.” Prom the far more effectual amalgamation and kneading of the flour and water by this machine than can be accomplished by manual labour, the millions of particles of flour, unseen without microscopic aid, become more thoroughly acted upon and utilised. The machine prevents the usual loss in the form of “scrapings,” and being entir*ly inclosed when in action, avoids the serious waste of flour which, under the old system, is blown about the bakery, and sold as “sweepings” at less than one-fourth the cost. Moreover, the mixing of the dough so completely by the machine insures its becoming perfectly clear and tough. The result is an increased yield to the extent of about three four-pound loaves per sack ; while the bread made by the machine is in all respects superior to that produced by the dirty hand-and-arm process. The use of the machine does not necessitate any new pro- cess in bread -making ; it is simply the fact of its being a mixing machine which constitutes its advantage over hand-labour. HARPER TWELVETREES’ WASHING MACHINE. The accompanying machine for washing is exceedingly simple, and the rocking motion is easy. It is constructed entirely of wood, and is fitted inside with fluted work for the purpose of cleansing the clothes in every part. The cleansing process is accomplished by forcing the water through the fabric by a concussive power, instead of acting merely on the surface of the clothes. The machine is remark- able for its rigid simplicity, and for the entire absence of cog-wheels, fly-wheels, and pinions. The same machine is also fitted up with HARPER TWELVETREES’ WASHING MACHINE. wringing and mangling apparatus combined. A variety of domestic machines, including boot-cleancrs, cinder-sifters, knife-cleaning machines, and numerous other economical patent inventions, are also manufactured at the Imperial Works, Bromley-by-Bow. These, then, are the principal Labour-saving Machines exhibited in the Industrial Palace of 1862. That they are of a most important and useful character will have been seen from our remarks, and that many of them will come into immediate operation there can be no manner of doubt. Nothing similar in application to any of them was shown in the foreign half of the building, if we except some coining apparatus shown in the Russian department, and some wood-carving machinery exhibited by the French. 265 Cassell’s Illustrated exhibitor, 1862 . On Saturday, the Fifteenth of November, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Sixty-two, the International Exhibition was finally closed to the public. The official last day was Saturday, the 1st of dfcjnbiiifltt Closer. the month, but for twelve other days the building was kept open as a sort of bazaar, at a charge of two shillings and sixpence for admission for each person. The Great Exhibition of 1862 is now a thing, of the 34 . MESSB3. HABDilAN’S H£~\S:VAIi SIANUFACTUBES. TBIZE StEPAL. 266 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. past. Little or no ceremony was observed at the official closing; beyond the singing of the National Anthem, no formality was observed. N early 40,000 visitors were present. As the clock struck four the well- known words of our national hymn were chanted by the members of and, finally, “ Rule Britannia” and “Auld Lang Syne.” Visitors promenaded about the nave and transepts till dusk, unwilling to depart from the scene of so many pleasant meetings ; and at last, when dark- ness had really overshadowed the trophies and filled the courts and MECHANICAL CONJUEING TABLE, WITH AFPABATUS. MB. NOVEA, BEGENT STEEET. the Sacred Harmonic Society, accompanied by a full swell of harmony from the many fine organs exhibited by Messrs. Walker and Hedgland, Messrs. Bevington, Mr. H. Willis, and Messrs. Poster and Andrews ; afterwards, the Trench national air, “ Partant pour la Syrie,” was sung ; galleries, the palace was gradually deserted, and given over to the charge of the officials and the police. And now, too, our pleasant labours draw to an end, and the last pages of the Illusteated Exhibitob warn us that there are yet a CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1SG3. 2G7 few items of information to record. First, as to the Exhibition itself. We may well compare it with its great predecessor of 1851. The following figures reler.to the comparative extent of the two 1862 1851 Building. Building. Feet. Feet. Width of Nave and Transepts ... ... 85 72 - Height of Nave and Transepts ... ... 100 66 Length of Transepts ... 092 .. 450 Tons. Cast Iron 4,000 No. Columns, 25 feet in height (4 miles in length) ... 820 Girders (6 miles in length) 1,266 s. d. Cost of the Building (per cubic foot) 0 2 As compared with — Warehouses . • • 0 6 Dwelling Houses ••• 0 9 The details of the International Exhibition building are as follows Feet. Length of Annex (Agricultural Implements) 975 Height of ditta 45 Width of ditto 200 Length of Picture Gallery 1,152 Width of ditto 50 Height of ditto 33 Ditto to Tie-bar of Principals 43 Length of Auxiliary Picture Galleries 1,200 Width of Nave Galleries 50 Ditto of Central Entrance 150 Height of ditto 50 Cubic Ft. Scaffold for Erection of Domes contains 40,672 Ditto for Kib Transepts ... Ditto for Nave Principals (weighing 87 tons, yet 30,366 easily moved by four men) Iron Girders to Floor of Picture Gallery (12 feet 4,740 apart) 13^ by 12 Joists thereto (2 feet apart) H by 2 \ Lbs. Floor proved to the foot 140 Sq. Ft. Felt for Roofs (11 Acres) 486,386 Glazing (247 Tons, or 12f Acres) 553,000 Bricks used 7,000,000 GRAND PIANOFORTE. MESSRS. KIRKMAN AND SON. PRIZE MEDAL. Ordinary Buildings , 1 0 First-class Dwelling Houses 1 4 Houses of Parliament 3 0 And then as to the cost. The beautiful, fairy -like palace at Hyde Park cost, on the whole, less than £150,000. The contract with Messrs. Fox and Henderson for the building was only £79,800 ; but the pur- chase of the materials by the company formed for that purpose brought the total amount up to £142,780. Those among our readers who were not fortunate enough to visit the Industrial Palace in Hyde Park, may judge what was its charm by looking at the Crystal Palace at Sydenham — the same materials improved in the mode of construction. The contractors’ charge for the present structure, also inclusive of the purchase of materials, is £430,000, in addition to some items not yet made public. The success of the present Exhibition is assured ; though, as com- pared with that of 1851, such success is only partial. The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park was open during five and a half months, and was attended by 6,039,135 visitors, as estimated daily by the police. The total amount paid at the doors was £356,800. The produce of the sale of season tickets amounted to £67,600, and the gross total received from all sources was £505,107 5s. 7d., including the £67,400 which was subscribed before the undertaking commenced, and which was afterwards carried to the capital account, and made to swell the gross total. The actual money taken from all sources, less this sub- scription, was therefore £438,000. The Paxton Temple of Glass received within its doors from 50,000 to 70,000 persons daily during the time of shilling entrances ; and these numbers rose to nearly 110,000 at the last shilling days in October. After all was paid, and the accounts were finally made up, there remained a surplus of £186,436 18s. 6d. If from that we deduct the £67,400 subscribed by the public, we have a net profit of £119,036 18s. 6d. With this money, aided by a Government grant, the Com- CONCERT CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1862. 269 missioners of 1851 purchased the Gore estate at South Kensington, and some adjoining lands. On this land the South Kensington Museum and the Horticultural Gardens now stand ; and on an hitherto unappropriated portion of the same the International Building was erected. The Paris Exhibition of 1855 was attended in six months by 3,626,934 visitors to the industrial department, and by 906,530 visitors to the fine arts department— in all 4,533,464, who paid for admission to each department the sum of £117,666. This display left a deficit larger than our surplus of 1851, and which had to be made good by a grant from the Imperial Government. deficiency, and that the guarantors will not be called upon to pay even a per centage on the sums against which they placed their names. The contractors for the building, Messrs. Kelk and Lucas, are under- stood to have promised to bear a large portion of the sum by which the receipts are less than the expenditure. The daily returns of money taken at the doors show a total received of nearly £315,000, excluding, of course, the admission by smiling day-tickets. The season tickets have.it is said, realised nearly £80,000, and the shilling tickets also a considerable sum. Altogether, the receipts from s every source, including refreshment and photo- graphic contracts, waiting-rooms,' umbrella-stands, sales of catalogues. large sums, as do also the charges for receiving goods, &c., in the building, the re-delivery of which outside the Exhibition will be about as much more. The £200,000 was for the erection of the building, and the use of the materials. The contract was to the effect that, if the total receipts exceeded £400,000, the contractors were to receive an extra £100,000 ; while a further sum of £130,000 purchases the building, making the whole, as already stated, no less than £430,000. The £300,000 being paid, the Picture Galleries become the property of the Society of Arts, at a certain rental for the ground. The Exhibition building of 1851, occupied, in all, nineteen acres ; and foremost, however, there is the immense cost of the building— £430,000 in 1862, against £150,000 in 1851. The grand and fatal mistake of the Commissioners lay in that tremendous estimate for an undeniably ugly and ill-contrived structure. Then follows the failure in the Commissioners’ estimate of the numbers who would attend during the six months of the Exhibition. Instead of 70,000 daily visitors, as was anticipated, the average number was less than 40,000. This comparatively small number maybe accounted for in many ways. The lamented death of the Prince Consort doubtless threw an unmis- takeable air of coldness over the entire speculation. Then the absence of the Count, the ungenial state of the weather during the London season, EXTEBIOB OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, FBOM THE HOETICULTCEAL GARDENS. The present Exhibition has been open to the public for six months and a fortnight. This fortnight is the twelve days of sales, when the attendance was estimated at 13,000. We may therefore say that the Exhibition of 1862 has had the advantage of 29 days’ publicity over that of 1851. The total number of visitors (inclusive of the 13,000 to the Bazaar) is reckoned to have been 6,130,450; or 91,315 more than in 1851. This is not an encouraging result. Instead of a large surplus, there will probably be a not inoonsiderable deficit. The most sanguine of the friends of the Exhibition do not put it at less than £20,000, it bo? been stated; bowover that prevision has been made fpf ti)|s &c., have been, we are told, within a very small amount of £500,000 sterling, and are not unlikely to be £510,000 or even £520,000 before the final closing of accounts after the distribution of prizes by the Prince of W ales. The expenses of constructing the building according to the original plan, have, it is stated, been within the £200,000 originally advanced by the Bank of England, though, of course, the Commissioners have incurred the usual supplementary estimate in the way of extras, such as the annexes, gilding, foundations for ma- chinery, &c., which bring the total oost up to nearly £70,000 more. The office and staff expenses have been unusually, indeed almost jwithpnlQusiy Iqw j but road-maHing and hire for police account for that for the International Exhibition of 1862 covered a little over twenty-six. The flooring space in 1851 was 989,784 square feet. In the Kensington building there were 1,140,000 square feet; but as the machinery and agricultural implements were exhibited in wings especially built for the purpose, the space at the disposal of the Commissioners was practically 450,000 feet of flooring more in 1862 than in 1851. Well, now the question comes, after looking at all these details, apparently so much in favour of the International Exhibition— How is it that merely ft comparative suooess has been attained P The answer to this question opsot h? given In a sentence, Tirst | and the unexampled distress in the manufacturing districts, all contri- buted to lessen the popularity of the Exhibition. The “ great expec- tations ’’ of the Commissioners were doomed to disappointment. Nor, when we remember the unsatisfactory management attending the whole affair, do we see how it could well have been otherwise. It must bo admitted that a somewhat parsimonious and disagreeable tone accom- panied the doings of the Royal Commissioners. Just to mention a few out of many acts of indiotment brought against these gentle- mew With some exceptions, to which we need not refer, the arrangements for the ftcaorowfidatlon of exhibitors and fer the display of their goods, were essentially poor and mean, the dispesW 270 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1802. tion of space within the building was ill-contrived and indifferent ; the facilities afforded to the Press were none at the commence- ment, and but grudgingly accorded when it was found that the fact was made public; the official catalogues were comparatively THE PIPING BULLFINCH. it a short-lived and undeserved popularity. And yet, in spite and defiance of these short-comings, the Exhibition of 1862 has proved to be a limited success — proof this, if proof were needed, of the vital principle inherent in International Exhibitions of Art and Industry. Our readers would hardly have thanked us had we refrained from this expression of opinion — an opinion, be it remembered, shared by useless as works of reference, especially the so-called Illustrated Cata- logue; the arrangements for the examination of goods by the jurors were incomplete and unsatis- factory : so much so, indeed, as to lead in many cases to most ridiculous and contra- dictory awards : in short, there has been displayed throughout a general want of good manage- ment and good taste. In our judgment, too, the very last act of the Royal Commissioners — the de- laying the publio distri- bution of the prizes by the Prince of Wales till January or February, 1863, when the building will be empty, cold, damp, and mildewed — is an inexcusable error. Great efforts will doubt- less be made to render the ceremonial brilliant or imposing ; bu t the pub- lic excitement and enthu- siasm will have partially died out. The foreigners who came to the summer display of 1862 will hardly re-visit us in the middle of the dull Eng- lish winter of 1863 ; and the monstrous structure of Captain Fowke will stand out in all its want of proportion and beauty, when deprived of that wonderful collection of artistic and industrial tres“»'\rcs which gave to | all whose opinions are worthy respect and record. That the managers I of another experiment of the kind will profit by the example set them by the Exhibition of 1862, is as certain as that the Royal Commis- sioners almost ignored the principles which ren- dered the Exhibition of 1851 a splendid and un- exampled triumph of exe- cutive skill and publio appreciation. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. To gather up the strings of a discourse, and to read a lesson from examples plentifully dis- tributed is, at best, a difficult task. But yet the task must be at- tempted. Of course, it will be understood by our readers that the IL- LUSTRATED EXHIBITOR is by no means a Cata- logue of the objects shown at the Interna- tional Exhibition ; but that all we have endea- voured to do has been to direct attention to the more prominent and noteworthy of the arti- cles which attracted pub- lic attention during the six months of the W orld’s Show. We present a few more pictures, and make a few more re- marks, and then close our labours. From the MESSRS. ATKINS AND SON’S GLASS FOUNTAIN AND CAKBON FILTERS. CASSELL’S iLLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 1802. 27] I beautiful show of Medieval Manufactures of Messrs. I Hardman, of Birmingham, we select a group. In the centre is a grand eagle lectern, of polished brass, with open tracery panels surrounding the shaft. On either side are ] various articles of plate for ecclesiastical and domestic pur- j poses ; comprising chalices, flagons, lamps, alms-dishes, tea I and coffee service, claret-jug, grace cup, &c. &c. These articles are of silver, most of them being enriched with gilding, enamels, and jewels. The back-ground of tho engraving is composed of a pair of gates, of elaborate design, executed entirely of wrought-iron of the most exquisite finish. These gates were remarked as being perhaps the finest example of wrought-iron work in the Exhi- bition. In the Educational Department (Class 29) were a variety of maps, mathematical apparatus, books, natural history collections, drawings and drawing materials, models, toys, &c. Among the prizes awarded by the jurors was Q one to Messrs. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin, for “ the merit g of their educational works.” Among these works, so com- g mended, the “Popular Educator” holds a prominent position, g as one which has attained an almost world- wide reputation. 0 Amid the many aids to education, toys cannot certainly 171 be omitted ; and of all descriptions of toys, those which ^ excite wonder and surprise— which instruct while they 13 amuse — which, from their very nature, are not apt to pall g from too much familiarity— the toys, in fact, that con- c tinually present new features of attraction, are those most £ popular with all inquiring boys and girls. « Magic and mystery, parlour conjuring and legerdemain, p present endless sources of pleasure for young people ; and of all the stalls in the Educational Department that of Mr. 5 Henry Novra was generally the most crowded. Our illus- » tration presents some idea of what this exhibitor’s stand con- ‘ tained. It shows a series of apparatus displayed upon a • mechanical conjuring-table, with the legendary old wizard, ^ in his old attitude, holding sway over the world of magic g tricks, conjurations, and puzzling mysteries. By aid of these, ^ any young gentleman or young lady can perform the won- ► drous feats of magic and prestidigitation which, in the hands ° of a Houdin, a Jacobs, or an Anderson, always excite the ^ open-eyed wonder of audiences, both young and old. Mr. ° Novra is the manufacturer and exhibitor of a vast variety 8 of magical apparatus, especially suitable for the amateur juvenile and drawing-room entertainment. He has devoted w an earnest and inquiring mind to the perfection of me- m chanical toys, and, though by no means a public per- g former, has done much to familiarise the rising generation p with such tricks as not only require ingenious concealment P of their mechanism, but a certain aptitude in the perform- ance. The marvellous effects produced by public performers are mainly due to the excellence of the mechanism provided for them ; but so admirably are Mr. Novra’s tricks adapted to the capacities of their performers, that while some are so complicated as to be successfully used only by a “ Wizard of the North,” others are simple enough to amuse a child. Messrs. Mead and Powell, of the “ Old Mansion House,” Cheapside, exhibited a large variety of perambulators, baby- jumpers, rocking-horses, nursery yachts, &c.; together with a large variety of toys and games, all of which are manufactured in the very best style. The rocking-horse is arranged so as to swing without noise, by means of a bar of metal or wood, and kept in position by india-rubber straps, governed by a check strap. This arrangement insures perfect safety and freedom of action. 272 CASSELL’S ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR, 18 6i Having already referred generally to the musical instruments in the Exhibition, it is not necessary to dilate upon the excellence of the pianos exhibited by Messrs. Kirkman and Son, of Soho Square ; we introduce an illustration in order to show the beauty of the case merely — its exquisite tone is well known to all who had the pleasure of hearing it played upon. The Oblique Grand was exhibited in the Indian Department. It was seven octaves, from a to A, with under- dampers, repetition action, and all the latest improvements. The rosewood case of this fine instrument was elaborately carved at Madras. The designs and working drawings were sent from England by J. Kirkman and Son ; the case was made, and the carvings executed, by the native workmen in the most correct manner. As a specimen of the native Indian skilled labour it is inter- esting, as showing the ready capability of the native carvers to apply the art in which they excel to any purpose that may be re- quired. The top of this pianoforte is made out of a solid piece of rosewood, without a joint ; it is five feet wide, and even in India it is rare to meet with rosewood of such large dimensions. The automaton singing bird exhibited in the Swiss Court, and known as the Piping Bullfinch, is familiar to all fre- quentersof the Exhibition. Having already mentioned this specimen of ingenious work- manship, we now present his portrait. The Mechanical Easy Chair, called the Equilibrium, exhibited by Mr. Sedley, of Regent Street, will commend itself to all who value a comfortable and easily-ad- justible seat. This chair was exhibited in Class 30, manufactured in silver, and also in a variety of woods, as well as in iron and brass, and attracted considerable attention. This chair is fully described at page 47. In the Processes Court few objects were more admired than the Glass Circulat- ing Fountains and Moulded Carbon Filters, exhibited by Messrs. T. Atkins and Son, of 62, Fleet Street. These foun- tains are constructed of glass tubes, and are so arranged that, by a very simple contrivance, water is made to circulate through them in a never-ceasing stream, and in an endless variety of pleasing forms. A novel and wide field for the development and adoption of these newly-invented fountains may, we think, be anticipated. As drawing-room and conservatory ornaments they are unequalled. But they would soon get out of order, and their glass tubes become discoloured and opaque, if the water were not rendered perfectly free from animal, vegetable, or mineral deposits. This can only be perfectly accomplished, so far as we have seen, by means of the Filters of Moulded Carbon, patented and manufactured by Messrs. Atkins. These filters are superior to any yet introduced ; but, like other excellent things in the Exhibition, they were not noticed by the jurors. Our engraving gives a good idea of the general appearance of the Fount In and its surroundings. From the main structure proceeded outlet pipes, from which flowed filtered aerated water for the use of visitors ; this water had previously traversed through the glass archi- tecture of the fountain. In glass bottles were displayed various depositions of earth, &c., the residue of filtration ; and there were also shown Carbon Filters of many designs and sizes. Altogether, Atkins’ Filter Fountain was one of the most original objects in the building. Next we have an engraving of the beautiful Ornamental Entrance Gates and Railings of cast-iron exhibited by Messrs. Kennard and Co., of the Falkirk Iron Works. They were especially manu- factured for the Yista Alegre Palace, lately purchased by his Excellency Don Jose de Salmanca, for her Majesty the Queen of Spain. As a specimen of exquisite cast- ing, nothing finer appeared in Class 31. The same exhibitors also showed verandahs, vases, and other ornaments in cast-iron, as well as drawings of various bridges erected by them in Spain, Italy, and India, and also of the celebrated viaduct at Cremelin, Monmouthshire. Our last engraving is a Vase of Flowers in Human Hair, executed by Mr. I. Wall, of Upper Arcade, Bristol. Of all the objects exhibited in Sub-class C, Class 25, this is the most beautiful and artistic, especially considering the difficulty of working in such a material. Having arrived thus far in our de- scription of the International Exhibition, nothing now remains but to bring the work MR. I. wall. to a legitimate conclusion, by the addi- tion to the text of appropriate Indexes, &c. The next number will therefore consist of a beautifully-engraved Frontispiece, a Title, Preface, Index, and List of Illustrations, with a portion of our List of British Prizeliolders. This list — which cannot but prove interesting to exhibitors and the public, and greatly enhance the value of the work — will be completed in the following and concluding number of the Illustrated Exhibitor ; and thus will our present labours have come to an end- vase of flowers in human hair. zsx>- (Seepages 249 and 250 .) A PRIZE MEDAL AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862 . ROBEY AND CO., ENGINEERS, LINCOL 2%T, Respectfully call the attention of Agriculturists, Contractors, Exporters, and the Public, to the different descriptions of Steam Engines, Thrashing Machines, Saw Benches, Flour Mills, &c. &c., manufactured by them, and which have taken prizes, or high commendations, in every part of the kingdom. ROBEY AND CO.’S PATENT HIGHWAY LOCOMOTIVE Is a powerful Engine, specially intended for drawing heavy loads, or trains of wagons or trucks, on ordinary roads. ROBEY AND CO.’S TRACTION, OR GENERAL PURPOSE ENGINE, Is designed to meet all the requirements of the Agriculturist, Contractor, or Exporter, being well adapted for Ploughing, Thrashing, Grinding, Chaff-cutting, Sawing, Pile-driving, Pumping, Hoisting, &c., with the further advantage that, when requisite, it can be steamed from one place to another with the greatest facility, taking with it a load of from ten to thirty tons on an ordinary road. It is made from six to twenty horse power. ROBEY AND CO.’S PATENT PORTABLE ENGINE Is adapted to all the different purposes to which the Traction Engine can be put, with the exception of self-propulsion. It is made from four to twenty-five horse power. - ROBEY AND CO.’S PATENT DOUBLE CYLINDER PLOUGHING ENGINE, WITH PATENT DRUM WINDLASS ATTACHED. The above Engines are (like the Traction Engine) suitable for all Agricultural and Contractors’ purposes, without taking the ploughing tackle off. The Patent Drum Windlass consists of two drums, which revolve on the axle of the hind-travelling wheels, one on each side of the boiler, and which are worked by gearing from the crank shaft. It is made from eight to twenty horse power. ROBEY AND CO.’S HORIZONTAL FIXED STEAM ENGINE, With Cornish Boiler, is conducted upon scientific principles, arranged in the most simple and compact form ; the working parts being few in number, it will run for many years without getting out of order. It is made from four to twenty horse power. ROBEY AND CO.’S THRASHING MACHINES Are constructed to thrash all kinds of grain without injury to either straw or kernel, will thrash and dress for market from eighty to one j hundred quarters of wheat per day. Fitted with Patent Beaters and Patent Spring Haugers. ROBEY AND CO.’S SINGLE AND DOUBLE FIXED FLOUR MILLS Are very simple and easy to manage. They occupy very little room, and will grind the finest flour that can possibly be made. ROBEY AND CO.’S CIRCULAR SAW BENCHES Are made entirely of iron, and fitted with a very simple and efficient self-acting feeding motion. All the foregoing Engines , Machines, dr., are wade from the lest materials, and no expense is spared to give satisfaction in erery Article sent from Robey and Co.’s Works. Second-hand Engines taken in Exchange. CATALOGUES SENT POST FliEE ON APPLICATION. P {Seepage 136.) 310 , REGENT STREET, LONDON, W. PATENT BRIDGES IN WOOD AND IRON, FOE CROSSING RIVERS AND VALLEYS AT ONE SPAN FROM 100 TO 1,500 FEET. This Bridge is a combination of the tubular, girder, and suspension principles, and combines great simplicity with easy and economical construction, and the combination differs entirely from any employed up to the present time. No intermediate Piers or subaqueous Works are necessary. The Bridge may be built as easily at a height of 500 feet above the level of the River or Valley, as at a height of 25 feet; and wood, iron, and steel may be used in combination, or, in large spans, iron and steel only. For further particulars inqure of A. Sedley, Engineer ; or, W. Humber, Esq., C.E., 20, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S. W. SEDLEY’S PATENT EQUILIBRIUM CHAIRS, As sho wn below, will be found tho most economical and comfortable yet offered to the Public. See Prices and Description below. EASE AND ELEGANCE. COMFORT & ECONOMY. Victoria Chair. No. 13. — Folding Chair, with arms Leg Rest Castors, per Chair, net ... £2 15 O 7 O 4 Bronzed Frame, stuffed with cotton wool and liair, covered in printed canva9. £2 18 0 0 8 6 0 4 0 No. 13. — Iron Frames. Bronzed Frame, stuffed with cotton wool and hair, covered with best .Morocco cloth. £3 10 O 0 9 0 0 4 0 Gilded Frame, stuffed entirely with hair, and covered in Utrecht vel- £5 5 0 O 13 0 0 4 0 SEDLEY’S PATENT EQUILIBRIUM VICTORIA CHAIR, COUCH AND BED COMBINED. Victoria Couch. VictoriaJFolded). Chair, as shown, with three cushions, brown wool stuffing, in blue or green covers, £4 15s. Od. ; Ditto, ditto, all best hair stuffing, ditto, £5 10s. Od. Ditto, ditto, all best hair stuffing, in Morocco cloth, £6 15s. Od. CARPET MANUFACTURERS. CABINET MAKERS, 310, REGENT STREET. VV . H (See pages 47, 248, 270, and 272.) The One-horse Amempton, with Fittings for Pair, as Exhibited (No. 1,391) in the present International Exhibition, and for which a Medal was awarded in the Paris Exhibition of 1855. It forms a complete and elegant little Barouche when open, and, when closed, a very oheerful close Carriage. EDWIN KESTERTON, IHVEKTOR AND BUILDER Or THE AMEMPTON, AND THE AMEMPTON SOCIABLE, Each forming a complete Open and Close Carriage, well adapted for home or colonial use, being roomy, light, and airy, easily changed from open to close, and not liable to get out of order. SOCIABLE DRIVING- PHAETON, forming the light driving Phaeton Dog Cart, and the useful Wagonette. PATENT TWO- WHEELED DOG CART, light, strong, and giving entire freedom from the action of the horse. E. K. invites inspection of the above ; also to his light Sociable Landaus, Broughams (in various sizes), Cabriolet and Park Phaetons, &o. &o. E ID W IN K E S T E H X O 3XT , COACH BUILDER, 93 AND 94, LONG ACRE, W.C. (See pages 234 and 239.) H. M. PAGE, S3, COVENTRY STREET, LONDON, W., LOOKING GLASS MANUFACTURER, AND CARVER AND GILDER. PATENTEE OF THE COMBINATION DRESSING GLASS. PLATE GLASS FOR WINDOWS, PIOTURE FRAMES, WINDOW CORNICES, &c., OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. PATENT PLATE GLASS FOR PRINTS, &c. [a (See page 87.) This new and really excellent Invention will supply a want long felt by writers, viz., a PERFECT YET SIMPLE INKSTAND. It is neat in appearance, low in price, sup- plies the ink in a most perfect state for writ- ing, and cannot possibly get out of order. PERRYIAN FOUNTAIN INKSTAND. Price, from 6d. each. PERRY AND CO.’S PATENT ROYAL AROMATIC ELASTIC BANDS. These Bands are not only perfectly free from the unpleasant smell of sulphur, which detracted so much from the value of the old bands, but have, on the contrary, a very agreeable perfume. They are equal in elasticity and strength to the original, somewhat softer, not liable to be affected by the climate, and are superior in every respect to anything yet introduced for placing round and securing papers and parcels of every description. Price, from 6d. per Box, in assorted sizes. SOLID SOLD BY ALL STATIONERS : WHOLESALE AT 37, RED LION SQUARE, and 3, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON. MANUFACTURERS! OF THE WELL-KNOWN AND CELEBRATED DOUBLE PATENT PERRYIAN PENS, (T (See pages 263 and 264.) MEAD AND POWELL, (OLD MANSION HOUSE,) 73, CHEAPSIDE, E.C., MANUFACTURERS AND PATENTEES OF THE REPOSE PERAMBULATOR, Price, Single Seated, 4 Guineas; with Two Seats, 5 Guineas (best make); Ordinary make, 30s., 45s., Single; Double Seated, 42s., 55s., 75s. IMPROVED ROCKING-HORSES, SEE-SAWS, NURSERY YACHTS, «SCo. THE BABY JUMPER, WALKING INSTRUCTOR, NURSERY SWINGS, &c. IMPORTERS OP FOREIGN AND MANUFACTURERS OF ENGLISH TOYS AND GAMES. The Game of Croquet, 18/0, 21/0, 25/0, 40/0. Troco or Lawn Billiards, 14/0, 21/0, 31/6. Aunt Sally, 12/6, 21/0, 30/0. Volunteer Handicap, 12/6, 21/0, 25/0. Parlour or Lawn Bowls, 6/6, 8/6, 12/6, 31/6. Bowling Bowls, 21/0, 31/6. Bed, White, and Blue, 12/6, 25/0. Jack’s Alive, 14/0, 21/0, 25/0. With a considerable variety of other Games ; Illustrated Catalogues of which may be had on application to MEAD and POWELL, Old Mansion House, 73, Cheapside, E.C. MANUFACTORY for STATIONERY, IOI, WHITECHAPEL, E. MERCHANTS AND SHIPPERS SUPPLIED. a ( Seepage 271 .) N O S O T T I’S GILT FURNITURE, AND DECORATIONS. REPUTED FOR THEIR EXCELLENCE. THE LONDON AND PARIS LOOKING GLASS MANUFACTORY AND INTERIOR DECORATION WORKS, (Established 41 Years,) 398 AND 399, OXFORD STREET. MANUFACTORY— 3 and 4, GREAT CHAPEL STREET, and 102a, DEAN STREET, LONDON. PARIS, RUE ST. DENIS, THE IMPERIAL PLATE GLASS COMPANY’S DEPOT. ESTIMATES AND DESIGNS A T A SHORT NOTICE. AN IMMENSE AND SUPERB STOCK TO SELECT FROM. ENTRANCE TO SHOW ROOMS, 398 and 399, OXFORD STREET, (See page 47.) RALPH ALLISON AND SONS, MANUFACTURERS OF PIANOFORTES IN AIL STYLES TO ORDER PRICE LIST OF PIANOFORTES KEPT IN STOCK. . „ „ _ COTTAGES. Height, 4 Feet 11 Inches. wa 1. 7-octave, Ivory-fronted Keys, metallic Plate, simple action 3. Ditto ditto Check Action 5. Ditto Shell Door, richly carved, Check repeating Action 6. Ditto Elizabethan style, with panelled ends and trusses _ . _ CT SEMI-COTTAGES. Height, 4 Feet 6 Inches. 7. G| -octave, Albert Fall, simple action, Ivory -fronted Keys 10. Ditto ditto. Check Repeater Action 11. Ditto, New Design, elegantly carved Trusses on Plinth, Check Repeater Action _ . _ , . MICROCHORDONS. Height, 4 Feet 1 Inch. 13. 6^-octave, New Design, Sconces, registered Keys, simple Action ... 16. Ditto, Check Repeater Action ... 17. Ditto, New Design, Swan-neck Fall, fret-cut Desk ... ... The same with Bracket, Truss, and Check Action V METALLIC PLATE FOR ALL STRINGS. ROSEWOOD. Height, 8 Feet 10 Inches. 18. 6f- ootave, Registered Keys, Patent Back,,, Height, 4 Feet. 19. 6^ -octave, Registered Keys, Patent Back... LONDON MODEL. PICCOLO. “ The perfection of Pianoforte making consists not in a complication of appliances, however beautiful, but in rigid simplicity.” MODEL OF PATENT GRAND ESCAPEMENT CHECK ACTION, Applied to the Pianofortes Manufactured and Exhibited by RALPH ALLISON AND SONS, 108, WARDOUR STREET, W., AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1863 . (Seepage 104 in this Exhibitor.) The Patentees claim for their Action an effect which it is impos- sible to obtain from the Hopper Action, that is, a good, firm blow ; because, as soon as the Hopper is put in motion, it begins to escape from under the Lever before it has properly carried the Hammer up to the String. THE ACTION AT REST. 60 Guineas. 55 Guineas. 65 „ 60 70 „ 65 „ 95 „ 90 „ 50 Guineas. 45 Guineas. 55 50 „ 70 „ 65 „ 45 Guineas. 40 Guineas. 50 „ 45 „ 50 „ 45 „ 60 „ 55 „ 35 Guineas. 30 Guineas. 40 Guineas. 35 Guineas. A, Key; B, Sticker, or Jack; C, Escapement! Lever; D, Hammer Butt;"!?, Check-block; F, RepeatingJSpring ; <7, {Hammer ; if, Damper. HOPKINSON’S PIANOFORTES Were awarded the Prize Medal in 1851, Gold Medal in 1855, and the Prize Medal in 1862. NOTICE— By the following extract it will be seen that, in addition to the Medals awarded in 1862, TWO FIRMS ONLY IN GREAT BRITAIN have been selected by the Musical Jurors for Special distinction. See Jurors’ Report , Class 16, page 4.— “ In making the awards for Pianofortes, the Jury have felt a difficulty arise from the Medals being all of the same value, which compels them to award apparently the same degree of honour to any merit shown by a small maker, that they would to the most successful performance of the first manufacturers in Europe. The rules established by the Commissioners do not warrant any Special awards being given ; but the Jury consider they will not be exceeding their powers in placing certain makers at the head of their list, with notices more full and special than those which follow. The makers which the Jury wish thus to distinguish are — For Great Britain, ‘ BROADWOOD,’ and ‘ HOPKINSON.’ ” HOPKINSON’S GRAND AND COTTAGE PIANOFORTES, THOUGH UNSURPASSED IN QUALITY, ARE MODERATE IN PRICE. ILLUSTRATED LISTS FREE. WAREROOMS, 235, H E Gr E 1ST T STREET, LONDO 1ST, W. (See page 208.) [11 THE ONLY MEDAL AWARDED EOR IMPROVEMENTS IN ACTION AND GENERAL EXCELLENCE OP PIANOS. JOHN BRINSMEAD Begs respectfully to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, and Public to his PIANOFORTES exhibited in the International Exhibition, Class 16 ; more particularly to the perfect check repeating Grand and Upright Pianos, as patented by him in February, 1862. The characteristic of this action is its very rapid repeat, the check acting with the slightest movement of the key— an advantage long desired, but until now unattained. The equally balanced arrangement of metal and wood in construction of case expressly adapts them to meet the requirements of extreme climates. GRANDS. Iloscwood Boudoir, 7 octaves, *A to A, from Ditto Drawing-room, ditto * Concert ditto • In Walnut, 10 Guineas extra. OBLIQUES. Koscwood, First Model, 7 Octaves, A to A, from Ditto, Second Model, ditto * In Walnut, 5 Guineas extra. LIST OF PRICES. UPRIGHT PIANOS. Rosewood Bichord Piccolo, 6| octaves, C to A, from ... Ditto Trichord Semi-Cottage, 7 octaves, A to A, from Ditto ditto ditto * Ditto Cottage Cabinet, 7 octaves, A to A, from Ditto ditto ditto* ... In Walnut, 3 Guineas extra. Those marked with a * finished with Patent Perfect' Repeating Check Action. 15, CHARLOTTE J O EC 1ST B H I N S M E .A. E, PIANOFORTE MAKER, STREET, FITZROY SQUARE. STEAM-POWER FACTORY, 1, CHENIES STREET, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, ( See page 103.) W. OUCH EST1U0.\, see page 209, “ Cassell s Illustrated Exhibitor, 1862.” IMHO E AN D MTJKEE, GERMAN ORGAN BUILDERS AND PIANO MANUFACTURERS, AGENTS FOR NICOLE FRERE’S MUSICAL BOXES, 547, OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C. FLUTE ORGANS (self-acting), each with 6 Barrels, 56 guineas, 120 guineas, and 180 guineas ; Extra size, with 3 stops, 300 guineas ; Ditto, ditto, with 3 stops and accompaniment scale, with 6 Barrels, 350 guineas. O It C II E S T It A L INSTRUMENTS* Euterpeons, with 6 Barrels, 75 guineas and 100 guineas; Ditto, with Bassoons, Trumpets, 3), price 9s. The Complete Bible, with Family Register, hound with extra strength in One Volume, or in Two Volnnae3 of equal size, price 30s. (Ready April, 18C3.) The Complete Bible, with Family Register, elegantly bound in one volume, in morocco, with gilt edges, price 50s. (Ready April, 1863.) To be completed in about 52 Weekly Numbers, price One Penny each, or 12 Monthly Parts, price Fivepence and Sixpence each; sent post free, as a specimen on receipt of Five Stamps TO FORM ONE COMPLETE VOLUME IN CLOTH, AT 7s. 6d„ ' ’ THE FAMILY PRAYER-BOOK: OR, MORNING AND EVENING PRAYERS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR. EDITED BY The Rev. EDWARD GARBETT, M.A., Incumbent of St. Bartholomew’s, Gray’s Inn Road, and Boyle Lecturer ; and The Rev. SAMUEL MARTIN, of Westminster, Chairman of the Congregational Union for England and Wales. Each Number consists of Eight Pages, and each page contains a prayer for the Morning and Evening of one Day. It is printed in bold type, on superior paper, quarto size. In addition to the Morning and Evening Prayers for every day in the year, the Family Piiater-Book will include a Series of Prayers adapted for use on the various and special occasions of domestic joy and sorrow, and of national calamity and thanksgiving, on shipboard, and amid tile hardships and spiritual privations of colonial life,