. Ci ^. > v^' .^k:^^^I,-/i/.'^^?^^ ..'/.J?. \ / / / T H I' FORUM ROMANUM BY JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lund.; Kf.KPF.R ok Tilt; A.SHMOLK.VN MrSKUM OF lIlSTORY AND ANTIQUITIES IN THE University of Oxford, etc. W/ ^l i^Llc^^t^^^ ~^ OXFORD: i.\Mi:.s i'.\rki:r .wd ('(^. LONDON : on .\ .Mr RR \\\ .\i.i;i-;m.\ri.i; s I'RKK'i'. 1 ^jfK (\r^' ,. ,r / / / T H E FORUM ROMANUM, I'.V JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lond. ; Kkkpek ok the Ashmolkan MrsKiM ok History and ANTiQunits IN ITIE UnIVEKSKIY OK OXKORD, ETC, OXFORD: jAMl'.S 1'ARKI:R AM) CO. LONDON : OIIX MIRRW, Al,i;i';MARI,i-: S TRK CfNTER PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &c. 'T^HE great excavations that have been going on for many years, at intervals, in this most interesting part of the old City of Rome, are now so far completed that all the most important points are settled for ever, and are no longer matter of doubt, or dispute and discussion, but matter of fact, established by the most un- doubted evidence, the construction of the walls and the archi- tectural details agreeing with the history long handed down, but hitherto only imperfectly understood. It seemed, therefore, necessary to change the plan of the publication of this work, and bring out as soon as possible a full explanation of all such important matters, making it the completion of this part of the work, and combining with it what would have been the eighth Regio, on the arrangement which had originally been begun. It is true that the eastern part of the Forum is still buried, and there must be a little uncertainty in that part ; but this is very secondary, all the most important points are settled by the evidence of the construction, combined with the words of Augustus in his will, called the Moniuncntuin Ancyranum *. The attempt, then, that is here made, is to give a concise ac- count, clear and easy to understand, by arranging it in the fonu of a walk from the Capitolium, which included the ^Krarium, Tabu- larium, Senaculum, and Municipium in one building, at the north end, to the steps up to the Via Sacra at the south. To this has been added a short account of the other objects in the eighth Regio, (including also the churches on this site,) and so incorpora- ting the account of the Regio with the walk down the Forum. These great excavations in the Forum were begun about 1812 by the Duchess of Devonshire, then resident in Rome, who excavated all the space between the Tabularium and the modern road, with the The Monumcjitum Ancyranum is and XXIX. of the I'orum, ami aild the of M) much iinjiurtancc for the true exitlanatioiis and completion of the history of the Cnv or RoMK, and words deficient, from the admirable especially of the Foki'M Romamm, work of I'rofcssor Mommsen, as the that it has been llunit;ht expedient to re- original is hardly intellii^ible to ordi- produce a copy of it in I'latcs XXVIII. nary readers without this help. iv PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &C. consent of the French, who were then the governors of Rome''. On the return of the Pope to his temporal i)ower, the work was suspended, and Prince Demidoff, then also residing in Rome during the winter season, offered to excavate the whole of the Via Sacra from the Forum to the Colosseum at his own expense, having been stimulated by the example of the Duchess. Pope Leo XII. at first gave him permission to do this, but in a few days retracted this permission, because some actors at his private theatricals had per- formed a piece supposed to have ridiculed the Pope '^. The work was then suspended for about fifty years, and was not taken up again in earnest until the Italians took possession of Rome, and purchased the Farnese gardens of Napoleon III. These gardens happened to consist of the exact site of Roma Quadrata, with the foss on the southern side of it, and have been tolerably well exca- vated by Signer Rosa for the French Emperor, although, at the time he began, the excavations were made only in search of statues for the Paris museums ; and it was after the example had been given by the British Archaeological Society of Rome, of making excavations for historical objects only**, that Napoleon III. decided on con- tinuing the excavations on the Palatine for such objects also. Any well-informed Roman antiquary could have told him, in the first instance, that when the Farnese villa was built, and the Farnese gardens were made, in the seventeenth century, the great Farnese collection of statues, the finest collection in Europe, which is now in the Royal Museum at Naples, was chiefly found on this spot, where the great public palaces of the Cffisars had previously stood. When the Italian Government bought this property, after the fall of the Emperor, it was on the understanding that these excavations for historical purposes should be continued ; and Signor Rosa, who had been originally recommended to the Emperor by Dr. Henzen, ** Some idea of the enormous excava- now acknowledged as the work of tions that have been made in this part Henry Beyle, many years French Con- of Rome maybe formed by comparing sul at Civita Vecchia. (See vol. i. p. the view of the Forum in the seven- 321, edition of Paris, 1873, seule edition tcenth century (reproduced in Plate I.) complete.) with the view in 1874 (from a photo- '' See the Plans and Views of the graph) of Plate H. ; and the view of the Porta Capena in the Supplement to the 'femple of Saturn in 1812, reproduced first volume of this work, originally from an official print of the French published in the Archcrologia of the Government (in Plate VI.) with the Society of Antiquaries of London in same temple in 1874 (irom a photo- 1869, taken from Mr. Parker's pho- graph) in Plate VII. tographs. M. Viollet-le-Duc of Paris * This authentic anecdote is given in is a living witness that this influenced a contemporary work of good repute, the Emperor to change his plan, to the Promenades dans Rome, published search for historical objects only on the under the fictitious name of Stendhal, Palatine, very much to his credit. PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &C. V as superintendent of the work, was recommended to, and adopted by, the Italian Government for the same purpose : he had formed an excellent project for excavating the whole of the Palatine Hill, with the slopes round it, including the Via Sacra, the Forum Ro- manum, and the Colosseum. This project was adopted by the Italian Government, and is being gradually carried out as funds can be obtained. It was in pursuance of this plan that the great work in the Forum has been done. The whole of the western side of the Forum has now been excavated, and the platform of the great Basilica Julia % of the time of Augustus, has been cleared out from the Temple of Saturn, under the Tabularium ^, at the north end, to the Temple with the celebrated three columns at the south end ^ ; which are therefore proved to have belonged to the Temple of Castor and Pollux, by the words of Augustus himself, who says " that he had enlarged this Basilica so much, that what had been the length became the breadth." It had been begun by Julius Ctesar himself, and much damaged by a great fire before it was completed. The excavations have brought to light walls and arches of travertine stone of the time of Julius Caesar'', running across from west to east at the north end of the great platform of Augustus, which occupies the whole of the western side of the Forum '. The general order given by Signer Rosa to his men in these excavations is, to continue till they come to the original pavement, or to water; a very good general order, but one which requires to be watched carefully, and carried out with discretion. This build- ing was of two storeys, and great masses of the vault of the upper floor were lying on the original pavement when the excavations were first made, but were destroyed by the ignorant workmen in obedience to their general order, and sold to the builders as old materials. The same thing was done in 1873 and 1874, in the TherniK of Caracalla, where, at that time, many hundred tons of the old vaulting could be seen cut up into blocks of a convenient size for building, and stacked ready to be carried away by tlie builders when convenient. In the Basilica Julia, after these fragments had been carried away, Signor Rosa rebuilt the bases of the brick arches, which had carried the vaults of the upper storey J ; it had been rebuilt of brick after another great fire at the end of the third century, but Signor Rosa's restoration cannot have been strictly correct, for in several places he had to cut through the marble "^ Sec Plates IT., X., XVIII., XX. See I'lnto XVII. ' See n.iles Vn., VIII. ' See I'late XVIII. < Sec rinlcs XXI., XXII., XXIII. ' Sec I'lales II. .iikI X\ 111. vi PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &C. pavement of that period to insert the new brick bases of what he calls the restoration, as may still be seen by the modern stucco in the pavement round these bases. The raised steps of the platform remain all along the eastern side and southern end, the original pave- ment of the streets also remain at the south end in front of the tem- ple, and the other down the centre of the Forum, which appears to have been a continuation of the Via Nova, parallel to the Via Sacra ; this was on the eastern side of the Forum, going from the temple of Antoninus and Faustina "^ to the arch of Septimius Severus, and so joining on to the Clivus Capitolinus, (if, indeed, the name of Via Sacra was continued at all beyond that temple and the Regia op- posite to it, for it appears to have been a short street full of temples, going from the Summa Sacra Via and Clivus Sacer to the Regia on the site of the present church of S. Maria Liberatrice). On the eastern side of the central street is a row of brick con- structions, about ten feet high and square i, which are called by Signer Rosa the bases of the tall columns, with statues upon them, represented in the view of the Forum in the fourth century in a sculpture on the arch of Constantine; these structures are of that period, but they are hollow, and there is a door into each ; they seem much more likely to have been the taberncz^ or wine- shops, and the view of the Forum, both on the marble walls of Hadrian in the Comitium, and on the Arch of Constantine, are taken from the south, looking north, with the Tabularium in the background'^. The tall columns would then be on the line of the bank of earth on which the modern road is carried, and there is an enormous column that would correspond well with one of these still lying visible in an archway under the modern road. At the south end of the Forum, at the western corner, is the temple of Castor and Pollux, before-mentioned, with the palace of Caligula, faced with the beautiful brickwork of his time?, * In the spring of 1876, the excava- Sacra, which appears to have gone lions made by the Italian Government straight down the eastern side of the have brought to light the pavement of Forum to the Arch of Septimius the Via at the foot of the steps of the Severus. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina; ' See Plate XIX., the lower view, the concrete foundations of the seven "' l^abernce are shops of any kind, lower steps remain, the upper ones including wine-shops, and as this Latin have been destroyed, and the whole of word is the origin of the English name the marble has been carried away, for a wine-shop or tavern, this was evi- Palladio states that there were twenty- dently a common use of the word, one steps in his time, and the measure- " See Plate XVI. mcnts agree with this. The temple Sec Photograph, No. 3167. stands on the high bank by the side of p See Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII. the foss-way, and the steps led down The walls of the Palace are much con- to the original pavement of the Via cealed by modern buildings. PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &C. vii within the boundary of the old Palatine fortress, but on the same level as the Forum ; and so close to it that a doorway might be made from it to the temple, which we are told by Suetonius was used by Caligula as a vestibule to his palace. Opposite to this, at the south- east corner of the Forum, are the remains of the Rostrum'' and temple of Julius Caesar; and between the two a small oval fountain, with a shallow channel for water cut in marble round it, of the time of Augustus, which could only be the fountain of Jutuma', accord- ing to the legend of the miraculous horsemen, who watered their horses at this spot, on the southern bank of the Curtian lake, formed by the meeting of three streams from the Palatine, the Capitol, and the Quirinal, which was drained by the Cloaca Max- ima ^ Close to the remains of this fountain a fragment of the Fasti, of the time of Augustus, was found, beginning with the words, Romulus filius Martis*; this was at first preserved on the spot where it was found, it has since been removed to the Capitoline Museum, where other parts of the same set of Fasti pre- viously found near the same spot are preserved. Just to the south of the fountain are two steps going up to the Via Sacra, which was on rather a higher level than the Forum, and not a road for horses and carriages in that part ; a pavement passed under the temple of Antoninus and Faustina on the eastern side, and another probably passed under the cliff of the Palatine on the western side, but has not yet been excavated. A few yards from the Forum, but on the higher level, is the podium of the round temple of Vesta ^ ; the temple built between the two hills, when they were united in one city, and enclosed by one wall, as we are told by Dionysius. This round temple stands immediately in front of the modem Church of S. Maria Liberatrice ", which is proved by the clearest evidence to be on the site of the Regia. This had been given to the Pontifex Maximus for his abode during the whole time of the Republic ; but when Augustus, as emperor, was also appointed Pontifex Maximus, he refused to give up the House of Hortcnsius which he had previously bought on the Palatine above, and in which he resided for forty years ; and he gave the Regia to the Vestal virgins for their abode, because it was close to their temple. When the present church was built in the seventeenth century, a number of inscriptions were found, with the names of Vestal 1 Sec riatc XX. Sec Photopraph, No. 2729. ' See i'lale X.\III.,an(l Fhotograiili, " See I'late XXII I., and Photograph, No. 315S. No. ^149- Sec Plate XIX. See Plates XXI. and XXIII. Viii PREFACE TO THE FORUM ROMANUM, &C. virgins upon them, clearly proving that this had long been their habitation. The construction of the basements, both of the temple of Vesta and of that of Castor and Pollux, is of the time of the Kings y, and thus the whole history hangs together ; the construction and the legends confirm each other. The Via Sacra has so long been considered as part of the Forum Romanum, and is so treated in such a number of works of good repute, that it is difficult to separate them, although it is now made evident by the excavations of 1875, that the Forum properly speak- ing terminated with the steps in a line with the Rostrum and Temple of Julius Caesar, and the Temple of Castor and Pollux at the southern end, and did not include the Regia, which was within the boundary of the Palatine. The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is just to the south of this line, and that is recorded as being on the Via Sacra. The Clivus Sacer begins in front of the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, and goes up to the steps of the Porticus Livias on the Summa Sacra Via. The great Basilica of Constantine stands partly on the slope ; the upper part of the pavement of the slope was excavated in the time of the French, about 181 2, but this interesting excavation has not been continued up to 1876. On the right hand, or south-western side of the Summa Sacra Via, important excavations were made by Signor Rosa, for the Italian Government, in 1874-75, and these brought to light the Lavacrum of Heliogabalus, with the church of S. Maria Antiqua made in it. The descent from the Arch of Titus to that of Con- stantine must have been the Clivus Triumphalis, or line of the triumphal procession of the army, as this line passes under these two triumphal arches. y See Photograph, No. 3157. CONTENTS. FORUM ROMANUM. FAQE. PLATE. The excavations have thro\vn an entirely new light on the historical topography of the Forum . . . . .3 III. These were absolutely necessary to understand it . ib. Photography also is of great use for explaining the remains by comparison . . . . . . . ib. Arrangement of this chapter, in a walk, from the north-east end to the south-west . . . . . , . ib. The Forum Romanum belongs to the earliest period of Roman history . . . . . . . . ib. Length, 671ft.; breadth, 202 ft. at north end, and 117 at south . . . . . . 4 The name of Forum has a double meaning : one general, for all the market-places in Regio VIII. ; the other special, for the "Great Forum" only , , . . . . . ib. Part of the site has been the Curtian Gulf, which was formed by the meeting of three streams without any sufficient outlet . . ib. This was drained by the Cloaca Maxima . . . ib. At the north end stands the great public building called the Capitolium, wliich included the /Erarium, Tabularium, Senaculum or Curia, and the Municipium . . . 5 m- This great building stands on the southern slope of the Hill of Saturn ; the foss of that hill, when it was a separate fortress (afterwards i)aved and made into a street), was the true northern boundary of the Forum .... ib. The Temples of Concord, of Saturn, the Dei Consentes, and the Schola Xanthi, were strictly within the limits of the Capitoline fortress, and are sometimes mentioned as in the Capitol in tiiat sense . . . . . . . ib. The foundation of the old wall and of the Porta Saturm can be traced . . . . . . . . ib. III. Tiie ground within this line is on a higher level . . ib. But the wail was destroyed at an early period, and these temples were then commonly reckoned ao in llie Forum . ib. CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE. The Temple of Concord was founded b.c. 303, rebuilt b.c. 216, and again A. D. II . . . . . .5 IV, ^ there are remains of all three periods . . . id. the back wall touches the JErsLxium. under the Tabularium j7\ The original Area OF Saturn included this site . . .6 The Gate of Saturn was a double gate ; the foundations of the wall between the two gates remain . . il>, The pavement of the Clivus Capitolinus, of the time of the Republic, passes on one side of the wall, and that of the street of the Empire on the other side .... id. The Temple of Concord was called the Senate House . . id. III. But the space is not large enough for the Senate to assemble id. There is a passage under i\\e podium of the temple . id. The Senate House, or Curia, was behind it, in the eastern part of the Capitolium . . . . . . id. V. The Temple of Concord served as a vestibule to it, and the decrees were read from the steps .... id. XXV. This large hall behind the Tabularium can be traced by the substructures. The upper part was destroyed by INIichael Angelo, when the Municipium over it was built of stone instead of wood 7 The Senate House, or hall for the Senate to meet in, could only have been on that site , , . . .id. It is above the level of the Gr^CO-Stasis, as Varro says id. V. This hall was 60 ft. long and 30 wide . . . id. The mention of it by Cicero in his second Philippic agrees with this . . . . . . .id. (A translation of the passage is given) . . . id. The Emperor Pertinax sat down in the Temple of Concord to wait for the key of the Senate House The Gr.^lco-Stasis was on a platform at the east end of the temple ; the site is now covered over by the sloping path of Michael Angelo , . . . . .id. This space is exactly suited for the jjurpose of hearing the decrees read . . . . . .9 The Temple of Saturn . . . . . .id. VI. This is the one that touches the yErarium, close to that of Concord . . , . . . .id. Both were within the wall of the fortress . , id. This temple was called the ^RARIUM, or Treasury, because it was the vestibule of it . . . .10 VII. Behind the podiurn is a doorway to a steep flight of steps, for the clerks of the Treasury to ascend to their offices . id. VIII. These steps are mentioned by Cicero , . . id. CONTENTS. xi PAOB. PLAT The ScHOLA Xanthi is on the lower level, under the Temple of the Dei CoNSENTES . . . . .10 IX. These were discovered in the sixteenth century, with the inscriptions on them . . . . . . ib. The colonnade was restored by Canina . . . n The Clivus Capitoi.inus passes in front of it . . . il'. The Temple of Vespasian is on the outer side of the pavement of this street, on the site of the foss, and not within the fortress . ib. X. There is no place for a Treasury under it . . ib. Three Rostra in the Forum, one by the side of the Arch of Septi- mius Severus . . . . . . . ib. XI. Another at the south-east comer, near the Temple of Antoninus ; this was that of Julius Cresar, excavated in 1874. The third is not yet excavated . . . . .12 XX. A Rostrum in the Forum is represented in sculpture on the Arch of Constantine . . . . . . . ib. The buildings in the background of that sculpture are the Tabula- rium, with the Temples of Concord and Saturn , . ib. The Rostral Columns . . . . . .13 that of Duillius, a.d. 14, is represented on a medal . ib. The MiLLiARiUM AuREUM and Umbilicum Urbis . . ib. XI. The streets of Rome measured from it, but not the roads . 14 A Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus was built in A.D. 790 against the Arch of Septimius Severus, and was destroyed in 1540 . ib. XII. An arch under the modern road, with foundations of a temple, and a gigantic marble column . . . . . ib. Column of the Emperor Phocas .... ib. XIII. The Comitium, the open space for the Comitia, or assemblies of the people . . . . . . . ib. Two Screen Walls of Marble, with fine sculpture of the time of Hadrian, in the Comitium . . . ^5 XIV. On the inner side of each wall are the j^v/<7r;7/rt . 16 XV. On the outer side are groups of figures, &c. . . ib. On both, the figure of Marsyas, or Silvanus, and the fig-tree ib. The same subject is represented on coins of Hadrian . 17 riiny mentions the fig-tree and the figure of Silvanus as near this site . . . . . . . //'. Tiie sculpture of the Forum, on the Arch of Constantine, has a row of tall columns . . . . . . . iS XVI. A row of brick structures down tlic niitldlc of the Forum, said to be the bases of these columns, are more likely to be wine-shops of the third century .... if'. There were two temples of Maks Ui/IOK : the round one was in the Forum . . . . . . , ib. XII CONTENTS. Atrum Libertatis, the site now occupied by the churches of S. Martina and S. Hadriana Base of an equestrian statue . Basilica Julia of Julius C^sar yEmilia (?) Basilica Julia of Augustus Early buildings on this site That of Augustus had the Temple of Saturn at one end (the north), and that of Castor and Pollux at the other end (the south) ib. AQK PLATE, 19 ib. ib. XVII. ib. XXV. 20 11. ib. XVIII. The celebrated Three Columns belonged to this . The construction of the early part is travertine time of Julius Caesar .... This agrees with the Monumentum Ancyranum of the Fountain of the Dioscuri Temple of Castor and Pollux . Palace of Caligula Lake of Curtius ..... Cloaca Maxima ..... The three springs which formed and supplied the lake Steps up from the south end of the Forum . Fountain of Juturna ..... Temple of Vesta ..... Fragment of Fasti Consulares Probable restorations .... The private house of Trajan, on the Aventine ; and of Hadrian near the Thermae of Caracalla . The history of the Forum usually received is based on conjectures only, the principal objects of interest were so long all buried The Palaces of the Caesars, on the Palatine, were chiefly public offices after the first century .... Extent of the Forum greatly exaggerated by these con jectures ..... The present Arcus Quadrifrons, or Arch of Janus, stands in the Velabrum ..... A Janus had originally two faces, afterwards four One kind of Janus was made of bronze There was a Janus in each of the fourteen Regionaries of Rome ...... These were small structures of bronze One at the junction of the four principal Forums , XXI. ib. 21 ib. 22 23 ib. XXII. 24 ib. ib. 25 ' ib. ib. XXVII. ib. 26 ib. 27 ib. ib. ib. 28 ib. XXVII. 29 ib. lO CONTENTS. XIU Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus .... This stood on the top of the Tarpeian rock A description of this temple . Remains of it . . . . . , This temple is considered by many to have been on the site of the Church of Ara Cali, but the evidence on the other side is strong ...... The statue of Marforio, or Mars Pavement of the Piazza del Campidoglio has been much raised above the original level .... The statue of Marcus Aurelius .... Aqueducts in the Fonims the Appia, Marcia and Julia, Anio Vetus and Nevus, Claudia and Argentina, or di S. Giorgio The lines by which they were brought . Tunnel through the rock of the Palatine still visible Passed over the bridge of Caligida to the Capitol Remains at the foot of the Capitoline Hill The western part of the yErarium turned into a reservoir of water This made in the third century, in the time of Al Severus .... Remains of the bridge of Caligula The other Forums ..... 36 Forum Olitorium, or vegetable-market remains of it Piscatorium, or fish-market Suarium, or pig-market .... Pistorium, or of the Bakers of Cupid, on the upper Via Sacra ; perhaps the same as the Forum Rusticorum .... Sallustii, near the House of Sallust of Julius Ciesar ..... of Augustus, and Temple of Mars Ultor . of Nerva, or Iransitorium Figure of Pallas or Minerva there of Vespasian, or Forum Pacis l)oarium, or cattle-market of Trajan .... Monumcntum Ancyramnn CnrucHKs ix the Forum Romanum, ike. S. >rartina and S. I.uca S. Hadrian, or Adrian PAGE. PLATF. 31 XXVII. 32 id. 33 id. ib. ib. 34 ib. 35 ib. ib. ib. ib. -43 36 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. 37 39 40 ib. 41 42 //'. 53 XXVIIT. -64 XXIX. 54 55 XIV CONTENTS. PAOK. PLATE. Church of S. George and S. Sebastian, or S. Georgio in Velabro 55 Classical portico of the thirteenth century . 56 Campanile S. Theodorus . Ara Coeli, on the Capitol Long a favourite burying-place ; curious tions on the tombs .... South Porch Mosaic Pictures . Tombs of the Savelli, A.D. 1306; of Honorius IV., A.D. 1286 .... Relics of S. Helena . . Ambones Cosmati-work The Convent was built or rebuilt A. D. 1250 mscrip ib. 58 59 60 ib. 61 ib. 62 ib. CONTENTS. XV REGIONARY CATALOGUE OF REGIO VIII. Forum Romanum Magnum Conlinet Rostra tria Genium Populi Romani aureum Et equum Constantini Senatum Atrium Minervae . Forum Ca^saris August! Nervse Cohortem vi. Vigilum Basilicam Argentariam Templum Concordia; Umbilicum Roma; Templum Saturni Vespasiani et Titi Capitolium Milliarium Aureum Basilicam Juliam . Templum Castorum et Mincrvne Groeco-stadium Vestam Ilorrca, Germanica et Agrippinx Aquam Ccrnentcm, (juatuor Scauros (Scar Atrium Caci Vicum Jugarium et ungucntarium Porticum Margaritarium . Elefautum Ilcrhariuin Vici xxxiiii. /Ediculce xxxiiii. Insulx- MDCCCi.xxx. Uomus cxxx. Ilorrca XVIII. IJalnca ci.xxxv. Lacos Rfgio VIII. continet pedes M.xiili.i.xvi os), sul axlcm IV. PAGE. PLATE. 4448 XIX. II 46 19 6 40 36 39 40 46 ib. 5 13 6 II 5 13 20 XX. ristrin;\.' XX. V. XI. III. X. III. XI. II. 23 XVIII. 7 49 XXVII. ib. ib. ib. 47 //'. ib. ib. 48 //'. ib. LIST OF PLATES. FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE I. The FoRiM Romanum in 1650, at the Time of the Jubilee. II. General View of the Fori'.m i.n 1874. Temple of Castor and Polhix. The Basilica Julia, &c. III. Temple of Concord, Tabularium, and /Eiarium. Pavement of the Time of the Republic. (See p. 5.) IV. Senate-house. A. Plan of the Hall of Meeting, a little above the level of the Tabularium, behind the east end of it. B. Plan of the Substructure, above the level of the ^Erarium. (See p. 7.) V. .Senate-house. -Senaculum, or Curia, in the Capitolium. Sections. VI. The Temple of Saturn in 1810. VII. in 1874. (Seep. 9.) VIII. The Podium, or Basement, and Doorway of the ^Erarium (the head of which is seen over the //////). IX. Portico of the Dei Consentes, and School of Xanihus. (See p. 10.) X. Temple of Vespasian in 1874. (Seep. 11.) XI. MiLLIARIUM AND ROSTRl'M. (See p. I3.) XII. Arch of Septimii's Severus iJcc, in 1S74. (See ]). 11.) XIII. Column of Phocas, Arch of Soptimius Severus, &c. (Sec p. 13.) XIV. Due Side of one of tlie Walls (or Scrki.ns) in thk Cdmii ilm, in frat;ments, as it was found in 1872, l)efore it was put together. X\'. Tin. I \vc> Makhi.e Walls in the Comith'm. (See p. 16.) XVI. I. One Side of one of the Marhi.e Walls or Screens in tuk COMITHM. 2. Sculpture from the Arch of Constantine. \'iE\v oF THE P"orim. XVIT. liAsiLicA Jn.iA. (Seep. 19.) X\'I1I. Temi)le of Castor and Pollux. iK:c. (See 11.21.) XIX. I. Cloaca .Maxima, (i!.c. 615 ; I.ivii Hist., i. 3S). 2. PodiiiDt or liase of an I'^juestrian Statue. -X.X. R(jSTRfM AND TiMPii: OF JcLiFs CtsAR. (See p. 25.) X.XI, XoRTH-KAsr CORM U ol I 111' PaI AiTNl . A. Remains of the I'al.ue of < 'aliL;ula. H. Mndern Church of S. M.uia 1 ibci all ire. on ilic Site nf ilje Rki;i \. <'. 'i'iic Tfni]ile of (':islor and I'olhi\. oiof tlie I )io-., uii. \Nilh I lie crlc!iiai(.d Three < olniiin , XVlll CONTENTS. PLATE XXII. Probable Restoration of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, &c, A. Temple, north side. B. Part of the Palace of Caligula, joining on to the Temple. C. Pier of the Bridge of Caligula, with the springing of the Arches that went across at the west end of the Forum. D. Part of the Bridge and of the Palace. XXIII. Probable Restoration of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, &c. A. Part of the Palace of Hadrian. B. The podium or Basement of the round Temple of Vesta, exca- vated in 1874; behind it is seen in outline, C. The modern Church of S. Maria Liberatrice. D. Some remains of steps leading up to the Palatine. E. Front Portico of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, restored. F. A continuation of the Bridge of Caligula. XXIV. Probable Restoration of the Palace and Bridge of Caligula, looking west. A. North-east corner of the Palatine, with part of the Palace of the time of Hadrian. B and C. Part of the Palace and Bridge of Caligula. (See p. 23.) D D. Probable Restoration of the Bridge. XXV. Coins or Medals, with Representations of Buildings and Sculptures in the Foiiim. 1. The Temple of Concord. 2. The Basilica /Emilia. 3. Hadrian addressing the Roman people, a. D. 119. 4. The Lictor setting fire to the bonds of the public debt. XXVI. Coins or Medals, with Representations of other Buildings and Scidptures in the Forum. 1. Temple of Venus, temp. Hadrian. 2. Roma. 3. Tomb of Maximianus. 4. Circular Temple of Mars Ultor, temp. Augustus. 5. Auoustus. 6. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. XXVII. Coins or Medals, with Representations of other Buildings and Sculptures in the Forum. Temple of Jupiter Feretrius. Janus. Jupiter Capitolinus. 4. Trajan. 5. Jupiter Ultor. Vesta. .\X\TlI.j XXIX. Inscription of Augustus, now at Ancyra, called the Moiiumeiitiim Aiieyraniim. (See p. 53-) CONTENTS. XIX PLATE XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. VIA SACRA. Church of .SS. Cosmas and Damian. Longitudinal Section. Flans. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and Church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda. Section and Plan. (Seep. 65.) Basilica of Constantine. Front View. (See p. 82.) Back View, and Interior of Apse. Sections. A B. Longitudinal. C D. Transverse. Plan. XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLI XLII XLIII, XLIV XLV Plan of t Summa Sacra Via. i. Apse, now in the Monastery of S. Fran- cesca Romana, from the north, with the Colosseum in the distance. 2. The same double Apse from the south, with the Monastery and Campanile in the background, and the Substructure of the Platform in the foreground. Porticus Livi/E and Colossus of Nero. Restoration, (See p. 86.) The Platform on the Sunmia Sacra Via, looking east, with steps up to it at the north end, and a substructure at the south end, agreeing with the Plan of the Porticus Livinc, in the Marble Plan of Rome of the third century, with a probable restoration of it. Su.MMA Sacra Via. Church of S. Maria Antiqua, excavated in 1874. Church of S. Maria Antiqua, a.d. 847 855. Plan. (See p. 92.) The Arch of Titus. The Arch of Constantine. East Wall of the Tempi.UM Ukhis Rom,^^,, on which the Mar])le Plan was fixed. (See p. 74.) Details ok the Wall of the Mariu.e Plan, with remains of the Metal Hooks by which the Slabs of Marble, with the Plan engraved upon them, were attached to the wall. The lower i)art of the Plate shews a Fragment of a Cornice of the third centuiy, with Brick-stamps of the same period, with Fr.igments of the Marble Plan then found, the Porticus Livi;i.', with that name upon it. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, as Excavated in May, 1876. HE Summa Sacra Via, on the Suh-Veiia. THE FORUM R O M A N U M. FORUM ROMANUM. This account of the Forum Romanum has been kept back some years, with other portions of the present work, in consequence of the great excavations that have been going on, and are still being con- tinued, yet what has already been done, has thrown so much new light on the very important subject of the true history of the City of Ho/fie, that it ought not to he kept back any longer. In this work, the endeavour always is to make a demonstration of what is stated, so that no one can deny it when shewn all the facts demon- strated*. This could never be done before these excavations were made, nor without the use of photography. With the help of these, some important points which have hitherto been subjects of con- jecture only can be made clear, and although other objects remain buried, this is not a sufticient reason for keeping back what can new be demonstrated. In order to understand properly what has been recently done, it is necessary to recapitulate to some extent what has been done before from the north end of the Forum Romanum to the southern extremity of tliat forum, thence along the Via Sacra from north to south, up the Clivus Sacer, through the Summa Via Sacra, and down the Clivus Victorian to the Colosseum, along the whole of this line excavations have been going on, at intervals, from 1812 to 1874. The Forum Romanum belongs to the very earliest period of Roman history ; it occupies part of the level s|)ace between the Palatine and the Cai)itoI, and it was on this ground that the battle between the Romans and the Sabines took place, in the fifth year after the foundation of Rome, when the Sabine women rushed be- tween their fathers and brothers and their husbands, and made j)eace between them, according to the legend related by Livy ''. The direc- tion of the Fonmi is nearly from north to south, trending a little from north-east to south-west ; it is wider at the northern end under the Tabularium in front of the Capitol, 202 ft., including the clivus, than * I have also cndcivourcd to make * " Mettiis C'lirtius ab Sahinis prin- each part of tlic work conijilctc in it.iclf ccp-; ab arcc (IcciuTcrat, cl ctTusos cjjc- as far as possible, so that the results of rat Romanos, toto (juiuttitm Joro spatiiim my iinoti^ations may not bo entin-ly est: ncc ]irociil jam a porta I'alatii lo>t, -should I not live to comi)k-lo the crat," iVc. (I.ivii Hist., lib. i. c. 12.) whole. Fonivi Ro7nannin. at the southern, between the church of Lorenzo in Miranda or temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and the opposite corner of the Pala- tine, 117 ft. ; its greatest length is 671 ft. "= The old valley and the trenches in it of the fortified Hill of Saturn, and the swamp be- tween that and the Palatine Hill Fortress, was made into the Forum Romanum when " these two hills were united in one city and enclosed with one wall." The custom of decorating the market- place with trophies seems to have been begun by Camillus, who hung the silver-gilt shields of the Samnites there ^, [b.c. 307]. The Forum Romanum was the most celebrated of all the Regiones in Rome ; the name, like many other names, had a double signifi- cation, one general, the other special. In its general sense it in- cluded all the Capitoline Hill and the Forums round the base of it ; those of Julius Ccesar, Augustus, Nerva, and Trajan, as well as the original one, between the Capitoline and the Palatine Hill, which is its special and limited sense. To begin with the latter, which is usually called '' The Great Forum," and is so called by Dio Cassius in the second century '. The gulf into which Curtius leaped was in the middle of the Forum Romanum, as we are told by Dionysius (ii. 42), and it appears to have been in the same spot as the pool into which the Emperor Commodus was thrown from his palanquin. The early sculpture of the time of the Republic representing this event, now preserved in the Capitoline Museum, is said to have been tlirown into the gulf; it was found under the church of S. Maria Liberatrice, at the foot of the Palatine. It therefore remained a pool or swamp, called a lake, for some centu- ries, and the Cloaca Maxima was not deep enough to drain it en- tirely. The stream of water from the upper part of the Palatine, near the Arch of Titus, now subterranean, may have passed close round the corner of the hill, and so formed part of the gulf or lake. Three streams meet at this point ; the one from the Palatine, the second spring now rises under a shop behind the church of S. Ha- drian, the third rises at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, in the lower chamber of what is called the Prison of S. Peter. Beginning at the north end with the great public building originally called the Capitolium, which contained on the ground-floor, and partly ^ See the Plan at the end of this part forum ornandnm dividerentiir. Inde or chapter, and Plates I. and II. nutum inilium dicitur fori ornandi ab ^ "Dictator ex senatus consulto tri- a-dilibus, qute in tensse ducerentur." umphavit : ciijus triumpho lonjje maxi- (Ibid., lib. ix. c. 40.) mam speciem captiva anna pra^buere. * Dionis. Cassii Hist. Rom., lib. xliii. Tantum magnificentioe visum in iis, ut c. 22. arata scuta dominis arcentariarum ad Temple of Concord and Senate-house. 5 cut out of the rock, the ^rarium, or Public Treasury ; and over it the Tabularium, or Public Record-oflfice (the records of Rome having been kept upon bronze tabulce or tablets) ; and behind that, at the east end, the Senaculum or Senate-house ; and over all, the Munici- pium or Public-offices of the Municipality ^. This great building is usually considered as the north end of the P'orum, Strictly speaking, the Forum did not begin until the outer or south side of the wall of the old Capitoline fortress, with the Porta Saturni, or gate of Saturn, in it ; this was the true northern gate into the Forum. The temples of Concord and of Saturn, and the porticus of the Dei Consentes with the Schola Xantha under it, being within the wall of the Capitol, were not properly in the Forum, but were usually so considered, because the wall of partition was destroyed at an early period. The division between the two is now marked by the paved street made in the foss of the Kings (as were many of the streets of Rome in the time of the Republic) ; but there are slight remains of the old wall and the old gate. The foundations of the wall between the double gate are visible, and the construction is the same as the wall of the ^rarium and Tabularium, which Varro says was considered in his time to have belonged to the city of the Sabines, before the arrival of the Romans ; this is probably going a little too far, but it shews that it was an old building in his time, and he wrote about fifty years before the Christian era, according to the legends i/icn current. It is more probable that it was built at the time of the union of the Sabines, on the hill of Saturn, with the Romans on the Pala- tine, when they might well have foreseen the future greatness of Rome, and provided public buildings accordingly. The buildings in the Forum, usually so called, naturally begin with the Tkmple of Concord e at the north-east corner. Of this we have only the podium or basement remaining ^, but this is about fifteen feet high. This temple has been several times rebuilt ; it was first built in the year 303 d.c, rebuilt about a century afterwards in 216 u.c., and again in a.d. ii, and remains of all these three periods can be found in this basement ; the outer wall, of large squared stones of travertine, is of the latter period, and the back wall touches that of the yKrarium. 'I'he small narrow space between that and the Temple of Saturn ', is said to be part of ' Sec Sdlini Collect.inea, ed. Momin- d.ils, .md I'liotos., Nos. 492 It. sen. licroliiii, 1864, p. 38 ; sec alsd ^ Sec I'lates II I., 1 V., V., and Pho- jtarl iii., Constniction, p. 35, and llie tnijnipli 3156; al.so part iii., Conslruc- sct of I'latcs of llic Capitoliuin. tioii, i>.45. * ']"liis temple is reiirescntcd on a ' lliis is visible in the plioto^raph, coin. Sec Donaldson's Coins and Mc- No. 3156; see also I'lates IX. and X. Forum Ronianunt. the area of Saturn, which was, however, of considerable extent, as the church of S. Hadrian stood in it. On the outside of the wall the pavement of the Clivus Capitolinus, of the time of the Republic, passes on the western side of the wall of the gate of Saturn ^, which was a double gate, as were many of the other gates of Rome. Another pavement of the time of Septimius Severus passes on the eastern side of the same wall. Under the podiujn, at this point, we see the entrance to a subterranean passage, which was excavated in 1873^ The walls of this passage are faced with reticulated- work of the time of the Republic; but it is stopped abruptly at the further end by a wall belonging to the rebuilding in a.d. 11, another entrance having then been made into the Senaculum behind it. On the surface of the raised platform of the temple we have walls with distinct remains of a thin veneer of marble *". The Temple of Concord was often called the Senate-house, but the space is not large enough for the Roman senate to have assembled within the walls of the temple (that space was also largely filled with statues), although the decrees were given out from the steps of that temple. There must have been a passage and a door from that temple to the senate-house behind it, but this was not seen by the people, and this accounts for the name being given to the temple itself Dio Cassius, himself a Roman senator, says that " the senate assembled in the building near the Temple of Concord"." The Senate-house of the Regionary Catalogue can be no other than the one in the great building already described ", and called by so many names. Neither the Municipium, the Curia, the JErdi- rium, nor the Tabularium are mentioned in the Regionary Cata- logue, and yet as all of these were in the Regio, they must all be included in the general name of Capitolium, being all in that one great building. The Senatum is frequently considered as identical with the Temple of Concord, from the steps of which its decrees were announced ; but it is here mentioned separately, and this has led some antiquaries to conjecture a building for meetings of the Senate on the site of the Church of S. Martina, but that was the site '' This is also visible in the photo- Capitolium, &c., in Part III. "Sena- graph, No. 3147. culum supra Grajcostasin ubi aedes Con- ' It is shewn also in Plate XVII. ; cordiae et basilica Opimia. Senaculum more distinctly in another photograph, vocatum ubi Senatus aut ubi seniores No. 3146. consisterent." (Varro, de Ling. Lat., " See Plate XVIII., and photograph, c. xxxii. p. 155.) ^o- 3HS-_ " See the Appendix to the Chapter Dionis. Cass., Hist., lib. Iviii. chap. on the Construction of Walls, p. 45, at II. ; see also the series of Plates of the the end of vol. i. of this work. Temple of Concprd and Senate-house. j of the bronze Janus between the Fora, and it is too distant from the steps of the Temple of Concord. The senators would in that case have marched in procession through the crowd from the place of meeting to the steps. It is far more probable that their place of assembly for debate was in the great building behind the temple, which was over the entrance to it, as we have said. The difficulty remains that it is mentioned separately, but we cannot see where else it could be placed near to the temple ; the Grjecostasis and the great prison were evidently to the east of it, and to the west was the Temple of Saturn, in front the Comitium. There seems no possible place for the Senatum, but the space behind the temple in the Capitolium, and Varro says that it was above the Graecostasis. It might possibly have been on the site of the great hall ncnv occu- pied by the municipality, on the northern side of the building, facing the open place in the centre of the hill, with a passage through from the top of the stairs, that led up from the doorway behind the temple under the level of the platform, and through the basement of it. But this is not probable ; the marble steps lead up from the passage behind the platform of the Temple of Concord to another large hall behind the Tabularium, and on the eastern side of the Capitolium ; the upper part of this has been destroyed, when Michael Angelo rebuilt the east end, and two brick arches have been built across the old hall ; but there are remains of the early wall at the south end, the substructure remains, and the steps plainly led up to a door at the east end of that wall, now destroyed, because Michael Angelo rebuilt the east wall, and left a passage of six feet wide between the old wall, (the lower part of which remains,) and his modern wall. The place for the senators to assemble was on the slope of the hill, behind the portico, a space sixty feet long by thirty wide, in which there was room for the senators to be seated on the benches mentioned by Cicero, between which the soldiers stood on a cer- tain occasion. The celebrated speech of Cicero in his second Philippic, in which he mentions the Senate-house as on the Capi- toline slope, agrees perfectly with this site ; he calls it also the Cell of the Tenii)le of Concord : " Have you so cnliruly lost all sliamc as well as chastity, that you could dare to say ill this temple, in which, while I was advisiiiL; that senate which formerly, in flourishing times, ])r'.side(l over the whole world, you placed round it armed men of the barest character? Vou have dared to >ay even (What is there that you w')uld not there? What voulii of noble blood except yourself? What man Forum Ronianuin. of any station, who remembered that he was a citizen of Rome, who was not on the slope of the Capitol when the senate was assembled in this temple. Who was there who did not give in his name? although there were not scribes enough to write them, nor tables enough to contain their names. . . . But now what an act it is, I will not say of audacity, for he wishes to be audacious, but of folly, (in which he surpasses all men,) .... to make mention of the slope of the Capitol when armed men are actually between our benches ? Here, in this Cell of Con- cord ! Oh, ye immortal gods ! in which I, as consul, gave that wise advice by which to this day we live : "Arms must yield to the Gown p." When the Emperor Pertinax (a.d. 193) wanted to go into the senate-house at night, he ordered the Cell of the Curia to be opened, and while his attendants were searching for the keeper with the key, he seated himself in the Temple of Concord '. This makes it evi- dent that the temple was not the Se/iatu?n, nor the Curia, but the way to the great hall, called indifferently by these two names. The Gr^ecostasis. The Gr^costasis was the place of waiting for the ambassadors of Greece and other countries, at the foot of the steps of the Temple of Concord, from which the decrees of the Senate were given out. A part of this site is visible, but it is much covered over by the modern path made by Michael Angelo, when he built in stone the upper part of the Capitolium, and made great changes in the ap- proaches to it. The foundations of the eastern wall of the temple are visil)le, and form the western side of this level space, which must be the exact site of the Grascostasis. There is just sufficient level space for this between the east side of the platform of the temple and the great prison (now the Church of the Cruci- fixion in this part) ; the ground here is on a higher level than the Forum, which also agrees with the history we have of it. Part of the ground has been cut away in making the sloping path and the steps, as may be seen by the foundations of the Tabularium at that end being undermined. There is no room for it anywhere else ; on the north side the wall of the temple touches that of the Capitolium, on the south side the steps descend to the paved street, called Clivus Capitolinus, on the west side there is only a narrow space between this temple and that of Saturn. The steps went in three directions, east, west, and south; but the only p Cicero, in his second Philippic, c. de castris node cum ad Senatum ve- 7, 8 ; sec the Latin text, in vol. i. p. 47 nisset et cellam curia; jussisset aperiri of Appendix to Construction. neque inveniretur a?dituus, in templo J " P'actus est autem sexagcnario Concordia; resedit. " (Julii Capitolini major imperator pridie kal. Januarius, Pertinax, c. 4, ap. Script. Hist. Aug.) Temple of Saturn. place where the ambassadors could have stood to hear the decree read was on this level space, which is exactly suited for the purpose. Pliny mentions it as near the Rostra and the Curia, " Where from the Curia you see the sun between the Rostra and the Grsecostasis "," that is, looking from the windows of the Curia, or law-courts, over the Tabularium (which looked nearly due south), between the Rostra on the west and the Grascostasis on the east, or due south, exactly over where the Arch of Septimius Severus now stands, which was not built until after the time of Pliny. He also states that it was on a higher level than the Comitium, and that a small bronze temple(?) (or figure with a canopy?) of Concord was erected in it". The Temple of Saturn'. This must be the other temple, close to that of Concord, of which we have the remains, including not only the podium or basement, built against the wall of the ^rarium, but three co- lumns, with their entablature and part of the inscription ; be- cause Varro " implies that the Temple of Saturn was within the wall of that fortress ; he also mentions the gate of Saturn along with it, and the remains of that are close to this temple, in the line of the wall of the old fortress outside of that temple. We are also ' "... cum a Curia inter Rostra et Gra;costasin prospcxisset Solem. " (Pli- nii Nat. Ilist. , lib. vii. c. 60.) * "... a;(liculam aeream fecit in Grrecostasi, (jua- tunc supra comitium erat." (Ibid., lib. xxxiii. c. 6.) ' See No. 929. This temple lias been called by many names at dilTerent pe- riotls ; at the time of the great excava- tions in I Si 2, it went by the name of Jupiter Tonans. This is now considered to have been a small temjilc with a bell, in that part of the Capiloline Hill called Monte Caprino, at the entrance to the large temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, on the top of the Tarpeian rock. The name now usually given to this one under the Tabularium and .l'".rarium is the Temple of Vespasian, because a passage of the I'-insiedlin Itinerary is understood to mean that the inscrip- tion is on tiiat temple. lUit the evi- dence that it was connected with the yl'.rarium behind it seems decisive that this mu>t have been originally called after .S.aturn ; but in the time of Alex- ander .'^evtrus, when tlie temples in the Forum were nearly all rebuilt, the pub- lic treasury ^eems to have been removed from the old vaults under the Tabula- rium, in which some of the vaults were then turned into a reservoir of water supjilied by an aqueduct ; of this the spccus remains visible at the east end, and a man can go into it. " " Eurojia; loca multai incolunt na- tiones, ea fere nominata aut translatio nomine, aut ab hominibus. Sunt et nomina ab tot montibus quos postea urbs murcis comjtrehendit : c quels Ca])itolium dictum, quod heic cum fon- damenta foderenlur ;edis Jovis, caput humanum inventum dicitur. Hie mons ante Tarpejus dictus, a virgine Vcstali Tar])eja, quiv ibi ab Sabinis nccata armis est St-f-iilta ; ejus nominis moni- mentum relictum, quod eliam nunc ejus rui)eni Tarjiejum apiiellatum saxum. Ilunc antea montem Saturnium ajipel- latum i)rodiderunt, et ab eo late .Satur- niam lerram, ut etiam Ennius, a])]icllat. Antiquum oppidum in hoc fuisse Salur- niam scribilur. Ejus votigia etlani nunc manenl tria : (|uod Saliirni J'anutn \\\ famibus, cpiod Saturnia porta, (piam Junius scribit ([uani nunc vocant I'an- danam, cpiod jxist a-dem Saturni, in ivditicinrum Ugii)U^ jiarietes poslici muri sunt scripti." (N'arro de I-ing. Lat., lib. iv. c. 5.) lO Forum Romaimm. told by Macrobius in the Saturnalia (c. viii.) that the Romans " would have the Temple of Saturn for their treasury." Solinus (c. ii.) also says that " the building which had been the treasury of Saturn was consecrated as a temple" in his honour. And Plutarch (/// Publicola) repeats that the treasury of Saturn was made into a temple, which remained in his time. The real meaning of this was the same as in the case of the Temple of Concord, there was a doorway in the wall of the ^rarium at the back under the podium of the tem.ple. This doorway still exists, and the head of it is now visible ^. But when this temple was rebuilt in the third century by Septimius Severus, this doorway was blocked up, and the podium built up against it, as we now see. This doorway opened at the foot of a very steep flight of steps, long unknown, because buried until it was excavated by Canina in 1868. The steep steps of the -^rarium are mentioned by Cicero {pro Fonteio, i. 4), who jocularly compares going up them to climbing the Alps. Beyond the Temple of Saturn, in the north-west corner of the Forum, but included within the wall of the Capitol, as shewn by the paved street in front of it, which was part of the Clivus Capitolinus, are two buildings on different levels, one called the ScHOLA Xanthi y, on the lower level, which looks more like a row of shops ; the other on the higher level, called the Por- ticus of the Dei Consentes ^, close under the Tabularium, with a colonnade of eight small columns with Corinthian capitals. The name of this was ascertained by an inscription on the cor- nice, found when it was partly excavated in the seventeenth century. These chambers were first discovered in the sixteenth century. The marble facing then remained, with Doric pilasters, and two inscriptions on the architrave, all of which have dis- appeared, but they are printed in Gruter's Inscriptions \ This building is called Schola in that inscription, which also gives the names of Xanthus and of Trosius, at whose expense it was re- stored ^ They also state that they were for the use of the scribes " It is seen in the photograph, No. c. avilivs . Licixivs . trosivs . 3148, and in Plate X. cvrator | scholam . de . svo . fe- y Named after Auhis Fabius Xanthus, ciT | bebryx . avg. l. drvsiaxvs . curator, who built the shops for the A. tabivs . xanthvs . cvr . scribis . copyists of books, and the trumpeters librariis . ET . praeconibvs . aed . or cryers in the ^diles Curules, as re- cvr . scholam | ab . inchoato . re- corded on an inscription found in the FECERV.nt . MARMORIBVS . ORNAVE- fifteenth century, and reproduced by rvnt . victoriam . avgvstam . et . Lucius I'"aunus in his work on Ro- seues . AENEAS . et . cetera . orna- man Antiquities, c. 20 : see Plate MENTA . DE . SVA . PECVNIA . FECE- XXII. RVKT. ' See Photos., Nos. 913, 914, 2325. > See Plate XI. The Rostra. 1 1 or clerks who kept the registers of the Roman conquests. The colonnade was cleverly restored from fragments by Canina about 1830; but the columns are not all alike, they have belonged to two different porticoes, they are not in a straight line, but meet at an obtuse angle. Strictly speaking, this building is not in the Forum (as has been shewn) ; it was within the wall of the Capitoline fortress, which can be clearly traced, and the foundations of the gate of it, called the Porta Saturni, can be seen nearly between the temples of Saturn and of Concord, but a little in front of the line, as those two temples were also in the Capitol, and not in the Forum. The paved road of the time of the Empire passes in front of the line of the wall, and was originally made in the foss. The clivus, or sloping road up to the place, in the centre of the Capitoline Hill, is interrupted by the bank that carries the modern road just behind this building. The clivus was originally a zig-zag road, going on in a direct line to Monte Caprino, and probably to the entrance of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, now in the garden of the Palazzo Caffarelli, before it turned to the right at a sharp angle to the central place. There are remains of the old wall on the left-hand side of the road or street over Monte Caprino, but the whole space is so covered by modern houses that it is ditificult to trace the original plan. On the other side of the paved street is a temple with eight columns, usually called the Temple of Saturn, but it must be the Temple of Vespasian, as there is no place for a public treasury under it ^ Both these temples were rebuilt by Septimius Severus ; the construction, therefore, does not help us ; but the historical evi- dence, when properly understood, appears to be decisive. The old clivus Capitolinus, or sloping road from the Capitol, descends through the Arch of Septimius Severus** we find on the right hand of it, in going down, slight remains of one of the Rostra. There were three rostra in the Forum Romanum. Of tliese three one was this, near the north-east corner of which there are remains consisting of the round end, which has evidently been cased with marble ; this is close to the western side of the well-known arch of Septimius Severus, and appears to have been rebuilt at the s///,>- ([iiod tal)Linas tres dc donio sua circa i/iit' eanim siij;i4e>tiiiu, in foro exstnic- foriini civilaliluisad statioiieni locas^et." tuni, adornari placuil : A\sfr,!(/iir id (Suetonius in Neronc, c. 37.) tenipluin aiipellaluni.'" (I.ivii I Ii-.t., lib. " Koniaiuuii Forum e>t iil)i nunc rostra viii. c. 14.) sunt."' V " Aur< lianus (ionium Populi Ro- (Serviu-. in \'irL;il, .I'.neid, lib. viii, jbi.) mani aurcum in Rostra posuit." (Cata- '' DonaldMin, Coins, 53; I'liotos., lu^'. Iniperator. ap. I'lccardum.) No. 405 A. ! Diu Cas>., lib. liv. c. 8; scc I'lato ' I'iinii \at. Hist., lib. xxxiv. c. 5. .\.\!\'., and Nos. 91C, 917. 14 Forum Roinanuin. of Rome. A round brick pedestal near the Arch of Septimius Severus may have been one of them, and a fragment of marble that appears to have been part of a mile-stone, with holes in it as for fixing bronze plates upon it, was found near this spot. The mile-stones were not measured from that point, some were measured from the gates in the wall of the City, others from the gate in the outer wall or moenia, as appears from the treatises on the aqueducts by Frontinus, written in the first century, and by inscriptions on the Porta Maggiore, in which the length of the aqueducts _^^;^/ that point '\% recorded. The mile-stones in the Via Latina were measured from the Porta Latina. It is said to have been the design of the great Emperor to have had all the miles on the Roman roads measured from this stone, but the design was never carried out ; probably it was not found prac- ticable, as mile-stones had long been placed on all the roads, and to have changed them all would certainly have been very diffi- cult. This stone is mentioned by Tacitus '"as under the Temple of Saturn ; it is the same distance from the temple of which three columns remain, close to the ^rarium, and from the one on the outer side of the paved street made in the foss of the old fortress called the Clivus Capitolinus, of which eight columns remain, and which we have shewn to be that of Vespasian. It is mentioned in the same manner by Suetonius in the life of the emperor Otho, and by Pliny, as the centre of the streets of Rome leading to the thirty-seven gates, in a passage long considered as inexplicable, but which we have shewn to be readily explained by an examination of the ground ^ The church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, martyrs, was founded (?) or restored (?) in the time of Pope Hadrian I., a.d. 790, by Antistes', prcesagus, which is, literally, a prophet, but was then the title of an officer of the Church. It was " situated near the boundary of the temples," according to the same historian, that is, on the eastern " Inde ad Milliarium aureum sub MDCCLXV." (Plinii Hist. Nat., lib. iii. a?dem Saturni pergit." (Taciti Hist., c. 5, s. 9.) lib. i. c. 27.) " See part ii. sect. 2, of this work, " Ergo destinata die, prremonitis con- on the Walls and Gates of the Empire, sciis, ut se in foro sub asde .Saturni ad ' "Item Diaconiam SS. Sergii et Milliarium aureum opperirentur." (Sue- Bacchi ejusdem Diaconise dispensator tonius in Othone, c. 6.) propter metam templi, quod situm super " Ejusdem spatium, mensuracurrente eas videbatur, evertens super eandem a Milliario in Capite Romani fori sta- ecclesiarum, a fundamentis ipsam basi- tuto, ad singulas portas, qua; sunt hodie licam exterminavit, quam restaurare numero triginta septem, ita ut duode- minime valens, misericordia motus ab cim semel numerentur, praetereanturque eorum martyrum amore, hie prsesagus ex veteribus, septem, quae esse desie- Antistes a fundamentis in ampliorem runt, offert passuum per directum xxx. restauravit. " (Anastas., 354.) Tlie Comitmm. 1 5 side of that part of the Forum Romanum that is full of temples, against the Arch of Septimius Severus, between that and the Mamer- tine Prison. It was destroyed by Pope Paul III., a.d. 1540, at the time of the visit of the Emperor Charles V. to Rome, when a num- ber of old buildings were destroyed in that part of Rome to make the open space, called in ridicule by the wags of that period, Cavipo Vaccino, or ' the cattle pasture,' a name it still retains. Passing through the arch " to the low level, we then go under the modern road by a passage made through the bank. Here we see what appear to be foundations of another temple, but the stones used for these foundations are large tufa blocks of the time of the Kings, taken from the outer wall of the old fortress, probably de- stroyed in the time of Titus ''. The wall was standing in the time of Varro, who mentions a gate in it, as we have said. In the same passage with this basement is a gigantic marble column lying hori- zontally, which is quite four feet in diameter''. Emerging from this subterranean passage, we arrive at the Column of the Emperor Phocasy, erected a.d. 608. This column stands upon a lofty base, and that upon a flight of steps constructed of old materials from other buildings. All this was buried up to the foot of the column until the year 18 13, and the name was not known until it was then found upon an inscription on the base. It was called by Byron the Nameless Co/ u tun. The Comitium was a certain space in the Forum Romanum near the foot of the steps of the Temple of Concord, in which the Co- mitia, or public meetings for the election of the consuls, were held from the earliest period. " [Romulus] erecting a tribunal, where he sat in judgment, in the most con- spicuous part of the Forum, with the most formidable appearance from the soldiers who attended him, deing three hundred in number, and the rods and axes borne by twelve lictors, who whipped those in the Forum whose offences de- served it'," &c. Very near to the column of Phocas, in the north-east corner of the recent excavations, are remains of two marble walls in the " See Plate XIV, This is probably one of the great " See No. 3167. A temple (jf Titus columns with statues or im.iges on the is mentioned along with these in the top, shewn in the view of the Forum O/; /<'.f//w, but not in the A'('//V/V7. This from the Arch of Constantine, Plate has evidently been cased with marble. XXII. At first sight it appears much older than '' .See N'o. 2288, and Plate XV. the time of Titus, the tufa blocks of the ' Dionysius Hal., Ant. Rom., b. ii. wall being evidently of the lime of the c. 29. earlv Kiui:-. 1 6 Forum Romanuin. Comitium, covered with fine sculpture on both sides . These two walls have on one side of each, the three animals prepared for sacrifice, the bull, the ram, and the boar, hung with garlands as usual, called the suovetatwilia. On the other side of each wall are groups of figures ; one is a procession of persons carrying books or tablets, which they are throwing into a heap to be burnt. They are supposed to represent the books of the taxes which the Emperor Hadrian '' had cancelled, as is recorded by Spartianus in his life of that emperor ^ At one end of the other wall is an orator standing on a rostrum and addressing the emperor, who is seated in state on a throne, surrounded by his officers. Behind him is the sculpture of the celebrated fig-tree and the image of Marsyas '', or, as some say, Silvanus f, which are also repeated at the end of the other wall. In the background is seen, in the sculp- ture, the upper part of the Tabularium, with one of the temples, and an arch or gateway at the north end of the Forum, as it then appeared from that spot. These two marble walls stand upon a basement of stone of the time of the Republic, and the par- titions are believed to have been originally of Avood and covered with a roof, until they were rebuilt of marble in the time of Hadrian. That this great act was recorded on sculpture at the time we These walls were found in frag- lib. iv. sat. 6, edit. Lugd. Bat. 1596, ments in 1872, buried twenty feet deep, p. 382.) and were cleverly put together by Signor "Comitium ab eo quod coibant eo Rosa, under a shed prepared for the Comitiis curiatis et litium causx. " purpose, which is shewn in the photo- (Varro, de Ling. Lat., c. xxxii. p. 1^4.) graph of the Column of Phocas see " Curix duorum generuni, nam et ibi Nos. 2959, 2960, 2961, 2962, 3160, and curarent sacerdotes res divinas et curia; Plates XVI., XVII., XVIII. veteres, et ubi senatus humanas ut curia ^ It seems probable that Hadrian car- Hostilia, quod primas Kdificavit IIos- ried out and completed what Trajan tilius Rex." had begun; the debts cancelled are "Ante banc Rostra quo jus ad vo- said to have amounted to some millions cabulum, ea hostibus capta fixa sunt of pounds sterling. rostra. Sub dextra lux jus a Comitio '^ Hist. Aug. Script. Spartianus in locus substructus, ubi nationum subsis- Hadriano, c. 8. terent legati qui ad senatum essent missi ^ "Marsyas in Concordia delubrio is Gra^costasis appellatus, a parti et religatus. Varum de quo delubrio in- multa. " (Ibid., p. 155.) telligit, incertum est, ut propter com- Horatii Satira:, lib. i. Sat. 6 ; mendatorem, qui ait Marsyam fuisse Martialis, Epig. , lib. ii. ep. 54. pro rostris est veris cansonum hoc de- ' " Ruminalem arborem in Comitio. " lubrium fuisse ad Comitium quo coibant (TacUi Annal., xiii. 58.) litum causa (teste Varrone), putat ad " Colitur ficus arl)or in foro ipso ac Curiam hostiliam, antiquam rostra ex Comitio Roma; nata, sacro fulguribus hostibus capta fixa fuerunt in Grreco- ibi conditis. . . . Fuit et ante Saturni stasi, sub dextra Comitii supra quam Se- a'dem . . . sacro a Vestalibus facto, natum, quod ibi senioresconsisterent, ubi cum Silvani simulacrum subverteret. aedes Concordia; (ut habet Varro) qua; Eadem fortuito satu vivit in medio foro, in Gra;costasi sita fuit (ut scribit Pli- qua . . . ostcnto fatali Curtius . . . ex- nius)." (Scholia Ant. in Horatii Sat., pleverat." (Plinii Nat. Hist., xv. 20.) TJie Comitiiun. ly have a notice, and that it was placed in tlie Forum (of Trajan) is said also, but that seems to be a mistake. The procession is headed by an orator who stands on a rostrum, and addresses the emperor, who is seated on his throne, and surrounded by his officers of state. The same buildings in the background are represented here as on the one from the arch of Constantine. The scene repre- sented on the marble walls is evidently intended as the view from the Comitium itself, just where the walls stand in the Forum. The steps have not yet been found, but the level is so much below that of the pavement under the Arch of Septimius Severus, that there must have been steps down to it, probably under the bank of earth on which the modern road is carried. The same subject that is represented on the walls in the Comitium the great donation of the Emperor Hadrian to the Roman people, and the burning of the deeds in order to cancel their debt is also represented on four of the coins of that Em- peror, with slight variations ^ The account given by Pliny of the celebrated fig-tree in the Comitium and in the middle of the Forum, confirms distinctly the view that these marble walls are in the Comitium ; they are said to have been for the purpose of keeping off the pressure of the mob from the persons going up to vote for the consuls. The basement is high enough from the pavement to have served for seats, when the partition was of wood only. The excavations on the eastern side of the Forum itself remain to be made at present, (in 1S75); the great bank of earth on which a modern road is carried, and which is from fifteen to twenty feet deep, conceals everything ; some years must probably pass before this can be removed, as it involves great changes in all that part of the city. Pliny says that the fig-tree named in the Forum and in the Comitium, was sacred to lightning, and was before the Temple of Saturn that it sprang up of its own ' Tlieso are described in the excel- figure of a lictor burning pajK-rs, and lent work of Cohen on the Roman two citizens standing in front of him. IS'unii>.maties ; tlie fust is No. 1046, IS'o. 1048, Obverse, the same head and with this legend inscrij)tion. Reverse, the same figure RKLlnVA VKTKUA II. S. NdVIKS MILL. ^'^''.' ^^ '''' ^'''" '"'^"'"'-"^ '"^^ '" '"-^7- A koSTKA s. c. ^- '049, Obverse, as before. Ke- verse, same lictor, but ///; KI VS SOI.O SVll TITVI.O NO- LI lil.KTA 11. (Ap. Gruter, xcix. 11. 1 1.) MINIS Kii.ioRVM mkorvm iNriioAVi 111 .S. Il.adrian : i.i si vivis NoN I'Krkkcisskm tkr- SAl.VIS. DOMINO. NOSIKO. ZKNoNK. MCI Ali I I.KR KDI I!IS MKIS IVSSI. AV(;\sri) . (W.oKiosissiMo . rkc.k . 1 .See I'liotos., \o. 3229. TiiKoDoRico . VAi.KNTiNiANo v.c. KT " See Nos. 2726, 3229. This pave- INI.. KX. COM. DoMKSiico . sACKi . meiit may possibly he later, luit in any I'AI.AITI . IN . ATRio . LiiiKKiAils .. . case it should have been let alone. (.)\'.i; VKr\si ATK . . . VK . coNKi:cii'. ' This is shewn in another photo- (Ap. Maii, Scrijit. \'et., v. 327.) K'''^P''> -^'^'- '9" " Sec Nos. 2731, 3163, and Plate XIX. C 2 20 Foruvi Roinaiuun. the Regionary Catalogue as in Regio VIII. ; that of Domitian is not there mentioned. The brickwork of the base is of the fourth century, and the very thick casing of yellow marble, called Giallo Antico ', lying near to it, is not likely to have been of an early period. Marble was scarce in Rome in the first century, but was superabundant in the third, as was seen by the great number of large blocks of valuable marble left on the landing-place and buried in the mud of the Tiber for sixteen hundred years, until they were discovered in 1867-68. The Basilica Julia ^ of Augustus \ This great building, and the Basilica Emilia, before mentioned, not yet excavated, were only a carrying out of the plan, and rebuilding on the same sites, as in the time of the Kings, according to the legends given by Livy " that Tarquinius Priscus built arcades {porticus), probably double arcades, one over the other, as in the Forum of Trajan, and shops, and sepa- rated the private dwellings from the public offices. That king aiso administered justice in the Forum, and spake to the people there, and ornamented the shops of the merchants and the smiths, as we are also told by Dionysius^. At a later period, Plutarch mentions in the life of the emperor Galba that the people rushed to the Forum, not in flight, but to occupy the arcades {porticus) and the eating- houses as a theatre. Dio Cassius also says that the senators and their wives assembled in the Forum in funeral attire, and seated themselves in the arcades {inporticihus), perhaps in the upper storey^ There were at one period seven of these shops, which, after a fire, were reduced to five, as is recorded by Livy ^ He also mentions some of these shops as schools, in speaking of Virginia". Some games were played in the Forum at night with lamps. Julius Caesar and Octavia, a sister of Augustus, assisted at these games, as we are told by Pliny '', and Suetonius " ; an enormous number of statues were placed in the Forum, as is mentioned by Phny and various other authors. The emperor Constantius, on his celebrated visit to Rome, is said by Ammianus Marcellinus 'i to have been quite amazed and stupified by the number. Returning now to the western side of the Forum. It has been ' See No. 3169. y Dio Cassius, lib. 74. " Suetonii Octavianus, c. 29, et in '^ Livii Hist., xxvii. 14. Caligula, c. 37 ; Plinii Epist., lib. v. * Ibid., iii. 44. Epist. 21, lib. vi. Epist. 23. ** Plinii Nat. Hist., xix. 6. " See Plate XX. "^ Suetonius, Julius Ca:sar, 39. Ibi . . . rex Romanus vicit. " '' Ammianus JNIarcellinus, lib. xvi. (Livii Hist., i. 15.) c. lO, s. 13. * Dionys. Halicarnas., Ant., lib. 3. Temple of Castor and Pollux. 2 1 mentioned that the Basilica Julia extended along the whole of this side of the Forum, from the Temple of Saturn at one end, to that of Castor and Pollux at the other end ; this we are distinctly told in the inscription of Augustus ^ This therefore identifies the celebrated three columns, respecting the name of which volumes of conjectures have been written, as the Temple of Castor AND Pollux <". The old part of the Basilica that remains is of travertine, and extremely plain ; very much of the same character as the Arch of Dolabella on the Coelian, which is dated by an inscription, a.d. io. These arches are part of a great market-hall, or Basilica, and there- fore are probably of the time of the founder, Julius Cffisar. These are all towards the northern end, and near the Temple of Saturn. Large additions have been made to them in brick, of a debased period, not earlier than the fourth century, and perhaps later. In addition to the arches that remain, there is one original base, rather further to the south ; this is of travertine, and to this Signer Rosa has added forty-seven others, of bad brickwork, in imitation of the same debased character as the additions before mentioned. The inscription called the Monumentum Ancyranum states clearly that the Basilica Julia of Augustus extended from the Temple of Saturn at one end (of the site of which there can be no doubt, as it was connected with the ancient Treasury or ^rarium under the Tabu- larium) to the Temple of Castor at the other end. This must have been the temple at the south-west angle of the Palatine, to which the celebrated three columns belonged, the real name of which was so long much disputed. The Arch of Fabianus is also distinctly said to have been in the Via Sacra ^, near to this and the Temple of Faustina. This great Basilica is stated to have been built in the area of the Comitium, which was the lowest ground in the Forum, below the level of the (Jra;costadium, and to have been begun b)' Julius Caesar, but damaged by fire before it was completed, ami then restored and finished by Augustus ; this is recorded on the inscription before cited. It is also said that he enlarged it so ' Sec ri.itcs XXn., X.\I II. "l'"uit (Icni'Hic Iiactcinis ^tnl^M in ' See Xds. 911, 22S9. [K'dc inoiilis Roimilci hoc e^t ante .'-l:i- * " I'Ornix Fabianus .ircus juxta Re- cram X'iani inter tenijihuu l'au^tin:v ac f^iani in .Sacra \'ia a Fabio <"on.>ulc \'est,v ad arcum I"abianuni, i|H.v liabe- constructus, iiui Devictis Allcbrof^ibiis ret inscrijituni tiallieno niinori, .Salo- Allobrox coj^noniinatus est, ibicjue statiia nino achlituni, ex ptcrea e>t." (.\sconius in teUiL;i poteril." ( 1 lebellius I'oUio in Cicero ad \'erreni, art. i. c. 7.) Salinnino Ciallieno. ) And aj;ain, Trebellius J'oilio, in liis ".sina 1 oris ad i'uteal .Scrii)onis I,i- conmient on these words of Cicero : cinii, <|Uod est in porticu Julia ad " \'i(let acl ipsUTn forniceni Fabianuin l-'abianun> arciini consisterc solebant." in turba \'errcni."" (Scho!ia>l. I'ersii, Sal. iv. v. 49. ) 22 Foriim Rovianiim. much, that what had been the length became the width, and that the whole area of the Comitium was then covered over. This Basilica was burnt at the end of the third century, with other public buildings, under Carinus and Numerianus, and rebuilt under Diocletian and Maximianus ''. This is further confirmed by an in- scription given by Gruter ', and said to have been found on the spot. It had been on the base of a statue, which was placed as an orna- ment in the Basilica Julia, then newly repaired. On the side of this base was another inscription, damaged, but giving the names of the Consuls under Septimius Severus (a.d. 199). Other inscrip- tions shew that there were shops in or round the Basilica ; one of a money-changer "^ was found in a tomb in the Via Labicana, near the Tor Pignatara, or Mausoleum of S. Helena. Dionysius of Halicarnassus relates a legend of the apparition of the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, to Postumius, in the attack on the army of the Latins. They appeared on horseback, and "charged at the head of the Roman horse, wounding with their spears all they encountered, and driving the Latins before them. After the battle was over, they appeared in the Roman Forum, at the beginning of night . . . they then dis- mounted, and washed themselves in the stream, which rises near to the Temple of Vesta'. . . . Of this extraordinary and wonderful apparition there are many memorials in Rome, as the Temple of Castor and Pollux, which the Roman people erected in the Forum where they appeared, and the stream near it, said to be dedicated to them," &c. [The fountain, of which there are remains, was built on this spot.] This temple was rebuilt by Tiberius "", and the columns are of his time; but although the temple was rebuilt /)'UAE BASii.iCAE Llberatrice, close to this spot. jri.LVK A SE NuviTER '" Diou. Cass. \Y\>.\.., lib. Iv. c. 27. REl'AKAl Ai; ORNAMENTU " See No. 3157. ESSEX ADIECIT. " Livii Hist., lib. ii. c. 20, Temple of Castor and Pollux. 23 this p. The next notice of it is, that a bronze plate was fixed there in A.u.c. 415 (B.C. 337), to commemorate the conquest of the Latins''. The next and the last notice of it in Livy, is that an equestrian statue of Marcius was ordered to be placed in the Forum, in front of the Temple of Castor', to commemorate his triumph over the Hernicians. This is also mentioned by Cicero * as a statue in the Forum before Castor. Aurelius Victor mentions the Temple of Castor at the lake of Juturna, which agrees with this site. This temple was rebuilt by Augustus, and dedicated by Tiberius', in A.u.c. 759, A.D.6, on the 27th of January, as mentioned by Ovid"*, who also mentions it as near the lake of Juturna \ In the Regionary Catalogue the dedication is given as to Castor and Minerva, Templum Castoris et MiiiervcB. This is a singular deviation from the usual account of the dedication of the temple to Castor and Pollux^ for which it is not easy to account, but it can hardly mean two temples. The Temple of Castor and Pollux being thus ascertained, we are thereby enabled to fix another point hitherto doubtful. Suetonius mentions that Caligula used this temple as a vestibule to his palace. The great brick building of the time of Caligula which stands close to it, on the same level, and is only separated from it by the pavement of the street, must therefore be the Palace of Caligula, which has hitherto been placed on the Palatine Hill, fifty feet above it. The remains of this palace are much concealed by modern houses built up against it, but at the west end of it remains of the bridge can be made out ; two of the tall brick piers of Avhich remain visible above the houses, and in the outer one the springing of an arch for a continuation of the bridge can be distinctly seen ^. The palace at the north-cast corner of the Palatine, usually called of Caligula, is really of the time of Trajan and Hadrian, as is shewn by a comparison of the construction with that of the Villa of Hadrian at Tivoli y. The tall brick piers which carry a lofty vault over the paved sloping road in that part are also of the time of Hadrian, built against the wall of the Palace of Trajan ; the straight vertical P T.ivii Hist., lil>. ii. c. 42. ' Cicero Philipp., vi. c. 5. '' Ibid., lil). viii. c. II. ' Suetonius in I'iiiciio, c. 20 ; Dion. " Ibid., lib. ix. c. 43. Cassius, lib. Iv. c. 27. " " Fiatribus ilia dels fralres <\ Sec Nos. 899, 2973. 24 Forum Romaimin. joint between them is distinctly visible, and is in places a couple of inches wide'. But a narrow passage corbelled out upon the wall of another palace, faced with a piece of pierced marble parapet (called Transenna or Cancelli), and resting upon a rich stucco vault supported by the corbels, leads straight to the bridge of Cali- gula, and may be of his time *. The lake or swamp commonly called "the Curtian lake" (from the legend of the celebrated leap into it in the earliest days of Roman history, but also called the lake of Servitius ''), was close to the western side of this, and the Vicus Jugarius began at this point, on the northern side of the lake, going from the Forum Romanum to the Forum Boarium. Part of the ground-plan of it is represented in a fragment of the marble plan of Rome ^ The Cloaca Maxima passes under the south end of the platform of the Basilica Julia, and the construction of it is of the charac- ter called Etruscan, the vault of it being semi-hexagonal instead of the usual semicircular form '^. This agrees exactly with the subter- ranean passage connected with the great Prison of the Kings, which was discovered a few years since, and both are attributed to the same period by Livy, that is, the second period of the Kings, the time of Ancus Martius. There are very abundant natural springs gushing out under the tufa rock at the north-west corner of the Palatine, in the Lupercal, which is in the Velabrum, and so far agrees with the inscription <= ; it is entered in the Catalogue as in Regio X., having been within the line of the outer wall of the Palatine fortress. Another abun- dant spring coming from the Quirinal, can now be seen under a shop behind the church of S. Hadrian. This must have been under some temple or building in the time of the early Empire, at the date of the Regionary Catalogue. It was in this Regio, and although it was a short stream, and soon carried into the ' See Nos. 2253, 2972. are three different scales in the Marble See No. 2255, and Plate XVI. of Plan. Supplement to vol. i. "^ See No. 3164, and Plate XXI. '* "Servitius lacus appellatur ea qui *-' c. ci.ODivs C. L. evphervs cum faciendum curavcrat in princii)io negotiator PENORIS vici Jugarii, continens Basilicain JiiliiC, et VINORVM in quo loco fuit effigies hydra; posita de DE VELAiiRO A. 11 11 SCARIS M. Agrippa." (Festus in voce Servilii aram posvit sibi lacus.) coxsecravit = Canina, in his Plan of Rome, has dedicavitqve added another fragment to this with LUiERiSQVE svis much ingenuity ; Init unfortunately the posterisqve eorvm. other fragment is on a different scale, The corrections indicated in the text and the two could not possibly have are those of Dr. Ilcnzen, and are obvi- been intended to be put together. There ously true. Rostrum of Julms Cccsar. 25 Cloaca Maxima, a portion of it may have been left open ex- pressly to serve as a fish-pond for the delicate fish called Scarus. The stream now runs in a drain on the eastern side of the Forum Romanum, at a higher level than the Cloaca Maxima, into which it is afterwards conveyed. In the year 1873 both streams were brought to light by the excavations, one running from east to west, near the middle of the Forum, the other running in the same direction but further to the south, under the south end of the platform of the Basilica Julia, at a considerable depth ; the vault of the first is mediaeval, that of the second very early, of the date of the original Cloaca Maxima. Scarus is the name of a fish of a particular kind, some say what we call a bream, considered a great delicacy by the ancient Romans, and of which four are supposed to have been carved on the wall of the cave in which this water came out. Clodius Eupherus, who had placed an altar here, was a wine-merchant, and he is supposed to have been also the keeper of an eating-house (a dealer in victuals and drink). Returning to the south end of the Forum, there are two steps up from it to another platform on a higher level, which proves that this was the end. Here are some slight remains of the Fountain of Juturna, which had an oval basin with a shallow channel for the water to run round, of which some portions remain visible K This fountain stood half-way between the Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Rostrum and Temple of Julius Caisar, which was also ex- cavated in 1873. The curved wall of the rostrum, with the base of the temple behind it, and a paved platform for an audience, are visible^. A little to the south of this, and on the western side of the Via Sacra, just at the south of the fountain, is the circular base- ment or podiiiin of the Temple of Vesta, which is also of the time of the Kings, of the second period ''. Both of these temples, that is, of Castor and of Vesta, are mentioned by Dionysius ' as having been built " when the two hills were united in one city and inclosed in one wall." KOMl'I.US . MARTIS . F. KKX . ANN \)V. . CAKNI.M.NsmrS . K. MAI MAR lis . K. RKX . II. The above commencement of the Fasti Consulares was found on the twentieth of A])ril, 1872, in the Forum Romanum, close to the Rostrum of Julius Ca:sar, and is placed by Signor Rosa near the spot where it was found. It is believed to belong to the same set ' .Sec No. 3158, and the I'I.tii. *" .St-o No. 3140. .See No. 3159, and I'latc \.\II. ' l)iony.>., Anl., ii. 50. 26 Fonun Romanum. of Fasti of which other fragments are preserved in the Palace of the Conservator, on the CapitoHne Hill. Having now arrived at the south end of the Forum, and ascer- tained beyond all question the real history of several buildings which have for centuries been subjects of controversy from con- jectures only, probable restorations have been made upon paper, of some of the most important of them, which will make the ex- isting remains better understood \ So much of the basement of the great Temple of Castor and Pollux remains in its place, that there can be no doubt that the celebrated three columns were part of a portico of ten columns, which have accordingly been placed on a probable restoration, in a drawing by Signor Cic- conetti ^. In the same manner, enough remains of the palace and bridge of Caligula to shew what it must have been. It is probable that the bridge served more than one purpose ; it carried the speciis of an aqueduct from the Palatine to the Capitol, with a road for horses by the side of it, as was usual in the aqueduct- bridges, as at the Ponte Lupo near Poli, which crosses a narrow gorge, and is of great height, quite as high as this bridge of Caligula. It may also have served to connect the principal part of the palace on the level of the Forum with another part of the palace on the hill above, at the back of that of Trajan and Hadrian before mentioned, which may have been built up against it. Those emperors had each their private residence in other parts of Rome, that of Trajan on the Aventine connected with the Thermae of Sura ", who was his cousin, and it is probable that all that part of the Aventine was the residence of the family to which Trajan belonged. The private house of Hadrian was near the Thermae of Caracalla ; there are considerable remains of it, (miscalled the Villa of Asinius Pollio"). The great public buildings called the Palaces of the Caesars, seem to have become in the second or third century merely public offices, (much in the same manner as Somerset House in the Strand, originally a great palace, is now entirely devoted to public offices). On the Palatine, the different parts of these great buildings were named after the emperors in whose time each part was built, but there are no divisions between them. The usually received history of the Palatine and of the Forum, as of other parts of Rome, is based entirely on the works of the great scholars of the seventeenth century, chiefly Panvinius and his school, '' See Plates XXIII. , XXIV. ' Sec No. 3195, and the Thoto- engravings of Ihem, Plates XXV., XXVI. " See Nos. 789, 833, 1747. " See Nos. 630, 631. The A rch of Janus. 2 7 some of the most learned men of their day. They had collected all the passages of the classical authors called in Rome texts relating to the City of Rome, and explained them to the best of their ability, and they were clever men, and well read ; but when the greater part of the buildings of the City were buried from fifteen to twenty feet deep, it was impossible for any one to decide with any certainty the exact site of each building. For instance, the extent of the Forum Romanum has long been a matter of discussion : some made it extend to the west as far as the Arcus Quadrifrons, or Arch of Janus, which was thought by them to be the connection between the Forum Romanum and the Forum Boarium ; others made it extend to the south as far as the Summa Sacra Via, and almost to the Colosseum. The exact length of it has now been ascertained beyond all question, and it is found to be much smaller than was expected. The Temples of Concord and of Saturn under the Tabu- larium and ^>arium, are at the north end of it ; the exact north point is the Church of S. Giuseppe, over the Prison of S. Peter, just to the east of the Arch of Septimius Severus. The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is on the east side of the south end ; this temple was in the Via Sacra, not in the Forum. The Temple of Castor and Pollux is at the south-west corner, and formed the vestibule to tlie palace of Caligula, which was not in the Forum. The Basilica Julia extends down the whole length on the western side ; the width of this Forum has not yet been ascertained, but it is believed that the part now excavated is about two-thirds of the Avhole width. The Arcus Quaprikroxs, commonly called the Arch of Janus", still stands at the junction of the Aijua Argentina, from the Lu- percal on the south, and another stream from the north, which l)asses under it, and falls into the main stream in the Cloaca Maxima. At this site there would be originally a draw-bridge be- tween the two fortresses, one on the Palatine, the other on the hill of Saturn ; and hence the custom of closing it in time of war, or leaving it open in time of [)eace. And this strutture was sometimes called a temple : it probably had an altar under it. The original Janus of the legendary history was built by Quiiinus, or Romulus, as mentioned bv Macrobius ''. Suetonius mentions tliat the Janus Quirinus was closeil for the tliird time by Augustus, having been i)reviously closed by Numa and by T. Manlius Tonjuatus ''. " I'liotos., \(.. 197. C'nnnina, lili. iv. ().>ir> (.\)iii>. T Suctuiiiu> ()ct., c. xxii. ; Iloralii N". \z\ I'IimIo.-.., Nh. 490 a. 28 Fonim Romaiium. This marble arch stood in the Argiletum, a bed of clay which had been also the Velabrum, and which extended as far as the Forum Olitorium. This is stated by Livy ", who says that the Janus in the lowest part of the Argiletum was opened in time of peace, and closed in time of war. Servius ^ attributes it to the time of Numa Pompilius, and calls it a sacrai-ium, or holy place, at the bottom of the Argiletum, and near the theatre of Marcellus. The shops of the booksellers seem to have been especially in this district, which Martial ' mentions in speaking of his own book. Livy " also mentions the Porta Carmentalis as near to it, and the small stream which here runs into the other larger stream, in the Cloaca Maxima, is there called the Cremera ; it conies from the north, near the Pantheon (as before mentioned). Servius '^ goes on to shew that a change took place in the form of the Janus ; they had originally two faces only, but were afterwards altered to four, after the conquest of the Etruscan city of Faliscus ; on this occasion the Sacrarium, or holy place, in which the gate was closed in time of peace, was transferred to the Forum Tran- sitorium, probably because the chief traffic of the city, which had been originally from the Palatine to the Capitol, passing under that Janus, had been transferred to the thoroughfare from the city of the two hills on the east, to the western side of Rome. This new Janus was of bronze ; of what material the original one was we have no evidence ; but a wall of the Kings has been found leading from it to the Palatine, so that it was one of the gates of THE CITY of the two hills. The present marble arch is of the " " Janiim ad infimum Argiletum in- theatnim Marcelli ; quod fuit in duobus dicem pacis, bellique fecit . . . sunt brevissimis templis. Z^e^c/^wj autem prop- geminse belli portoe." (Livii Hist., i. ter Janum bifiontem. " (Servii in Vir- 19.) gilii yEneid, lib. vii. 607, edit. H. A. ' "Sacrarium hoc Numo Pompilius Lion, Cottengte, 1827.) fecerat circa imum Argiletum, juxta ' " Argiletanas mavis habitare tabemas, Cum tibi parve liber scrinia nostra vacent." (Martialis, lib. i. epig. 4.) " " Infelici via dextro Jano portse Janum sane apud alic|uos bifrontem, Carmentalis profecti, ad Cremerum apud aliquos quadrifrontem esse non flumen perveniunt. " (Livii Hist., mirum est. Nam alii eum diei domi- ii. 49.) num [vel auctorem] volunt, in quo ortus * " Postea captis Phaleris (I'aliscis) est et occasus. Horatius (Serm. 2, 6, civitate Tusciae inventum est simulacrum 20): Matutiiie pater, seu Jane libcnthis Jani cum frontibus quattuor. Propter andis. Alii anni totius, quem in quat- quod in foro transitorio constitutum est tuor tcmpora constat esse divisum. illi sacrarium aliud, (juod novimus ho- Anni autem esse deum ilia res probat, dieque cpialtuor portas habere (al. Unde quod ab eo prima pars anni nomina- quod Numa instituerat, translatum est tur. [Nam ab Jano Jamiaruts dictus ad Forum transitorium, et quattuor per- est.]" (Servii in Virgilii /Eneid, lib. vii. tarum unum tcnqjlum est institutum). 607.) The A rcJi of Janus. 29 third century, and there is no appearance of any earUer stone or marble building. Another kind of Janus was much smaller, and made of bronze, not of stone or marble ; and it must have been one of the latter kind that was placed at this meeting-point of the four Forums. One of these is clearly described by Procopius "^ : "There was a Janus in the Forum in front of the Curia, a little above the figure of the three Fates, or Parcse (sometimes called also Sybils). This temple was made entirely of bronze, and of a square form ; it was hardly large enough to hold the figure of Janus. The bronze image was four cubits long (3 feet 9 inches), in other respects like a man, but that it had two faces, one looking towards the sun, or the east, the other towards the west. There were bronze doors in each face." In the Ordo Romanus of a.d. 1143, the procession is said to have passed under the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus, and behind the temple of Concord and the temple of the Fates. It therefore went up the eastern side of the Capitolium, and the temple of the Sybil or the Fates may have been on the site now occupied by the Church of S. Joseph, under which is that of the Crucifixion, and under that is what is now called the Prison of S.Peter; that is, just on the other side of the path that passes on the east of the temple of Concord. But that path is modern ; the Janus may therefore have stood on the site of the other modern church of S. Martina on the opposite side of the road, which would also be at the junction of the four Forums (Romanum, Julius Caesar, Au- gustus, and Nerva). It had one face to each forum. A Janus is represented on a coin of Nero, in perspective, shewing one side and one end of a cella, square or oblong, with pilasters at the angles, in either side of a large door which occupies the whole end. In the time of Domitian a Janus was erected in each of the fourteen Regiones of Rome ; but they were probably all of bronze, excepting the one at the entrance to the Forum Boarium. Suetonius "^ records them among the works of Domitian, and says there was upon each a quadriga, and the Trophies of the Triumphs. A bronze Janus is represented on a coin of Commodus, a.d. 187. The author of what is now called f/ic spi/rioits Regionary Cata- logue, who took the name of Publius \'ictor, and whose compi- lation (if such it is) generally shews great learning, bays, in the summary at the end, there were tliirty-six Jani in Rome. They y rrocoiiius (le bello (lothico, c. 25. taiitis ac tot cxtruxit, ut ipiidcni Ciraci ' "Janus arcuxjue cum (juadrigis ct inscriplum est a^jx**- ' (.Suctunii Domi- iubignibus triumphorum j)cr Rcgiuiics tianus, c. 13.) 30 Foj'uni Ronianniii. were certainly numerous, and for the most part small structures of bronze (as has been said above *). The Scholiast on Horace says there were three of these in the Forum Romanum ^ : one at each end, and one in the middle, near the Basilica of Paulus ^milius and the rostra, which was the resort of the usurers, or money- lenders, to whom Horace alludes when he says that his bank is broken "=. Two of these bronze Jani'i stood near the north-east corner of the Forum Romanum, in front of the Basilica Pauli ^milii, and are probably those intended by Ovid in the Fasti, when he speaks of the number of Jani, and especially of two at the junction of two Fora". Martial, in his Epigrams, speaks of the junction of four Fora*": and two at the Arch of Fabianus, one above, the other below. These seem to be referred to by Horace : " This upper Janus leads from below ^," &c. Cicero mentions the Janus some- times as the place of meeting of debtors and creditors, and for collecting money; and that some of the best of men were seen sitting in the middle of the Janus, as if they had been philosophers disputing in a school *". Although the later Catalogue attri- nisque claudendum, et Janes tres faci- buted to Kufus and Victor are consi- endos." (Livii Hist., xli. 27, A. U.C. 278, dered by Preller, who is followed by B.C. 475.) modern scholars, to be spurious, only "^ "Duo Jani ante basilicam Pauli a compilation, and therefore of no au- steterunt ubi locus erat freneratorum, Ihority ; the objects mentioned are fre- Janus dicebatur locus." (Scholiast in quently supported by the existing re- Horatii, lib. ii. ep. i.) mains in a remarkable manner, and if "Janui autem tres erant, una in in- they are forgeries they are very clever gressu fori, altera in media, ubi erat ejus ones. The opinion of the local anti- templum prope basilicam Pauli, vel pro quaries of the Roman school that this Rostris : hue concumebant et potissi- Catalogue was made for the use of the mum stationes suas habebant frenatores, local magistrates of each Regio, and alii ad reddendum frenus, alii ad acci- was added to from time to time as was piendum : tertia autem statua erat ad found necessary, seems a fair explana- exitumfori. " (Scholiast in Horatio, lib. tion of the variations in it. ii. Sat. 3, v. 18.) "... et forum porticibus taber- "^ Photos. , No. 490 A, from a coin. ^ " Quum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratus in uno Hie ubi juncta foris, templa duobus habes." (Ovidii Fast., lib. i. 257.) ' " Bed nee Marcelli, Pompeianumque, nee illic Sunt triplices thermae ; nee fora juncta quater." (Martialis Epigr., lib. x. epist. 51.) K "... HtEC Janus summus ab imo Perducet," &c. (Horatii Epist., lib. i. 54.) ^ Cicero de Ofiiciis, lib. ii. c. 25 ; and Philippica, c. 51. Temple of Jupiter Capitolitius. 3 1 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, An account of the original temple on the top of the Tarpeian rock has been given in the appendix to the first volume of this work. This appears evidently to have been the one excavated by the Chevalier Bunsen, when he was Ambassador in Rome for the Prussian Government, and still left open for view in the gardens of the Caffarelli Palace, now the residence of the ambassador of the German Empire. Ammianus Marcellinus mentions this temple by the name of Jovis Tarpei, and as preceding all others'. This had long been treated as foundations only for the great temple of the Empire on the same site ; but we still have con- siderable remains of the outer wall of the sacred enclosure of the original temple, and the fact of so large a space having been given up to it within the arx, or pretorium, the keep of the castle, and residence of the chief officer, shews that great importance was attached to it. The great temple of the Empire, which had been rebuilt in the most sumptuous manner in the time of Vespasian and Domitian, seems to have been entirely destroyed. Half of the roof was carried away by the Goths under Genseric, as Pro- copius relates : "Genseric, for no otlier reason than because he hoped for treasure, sailed witli a large fleet to Italy ; and ascending (the Tiber) to Rome, as no one offered any resistance, he became master of the palaces. , . . But CJenscric carried away cap- tive Eudoxia, along with the young Eudocia, and I'lacidia, children of \'alen- tinian ; and loading the ships with a great amount of gold and silver, and other property of the Emj^eror, he sailed to Carthage, having spared neither brass (or bronze), nor anything else in the palaces. For he stripped the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and carried away half of the roof. This roof was formed of the best bronze, and overlaid with gold in abundance, so that it appeared splentlid in the highest degree, and worthy of much admiration''." So valuable a material as gilt bronze was not likely to be suf- fered to remain, when tor centuries all these fine ruins were looked upon only as quarries of building material. The representation of the temple on a coin gives the best idea of what it was ; bu all this rich ornament being portable, was sure to disappear. It is rei)resenled on a coin as a Corinthian temple on three steps, ' "Jovis Tarpei delubra quantum, c. 5. This roof is said to have cost terrenis divina pracellunt." (Ammianus a suui eijuivalent to two millions ster- Marcellinu-^, xvi. 10. 13.) ling. '' I'rocopius de IJcll. Vand., lib. i. 32 Forum Romanmn. with six columns and figures between them, a tympanum enriched with sculpture, and figures standing on the roof of two chariots and horses, and two eagles. That there was a quadriga (or chariot on four wheels) made of terra cotta, on the summit of this temple, is mentioned by Festus incidentally under the word Ratumena. He also says that it was of Etruscan workmanship, and placed there by the Romans of Veii, after the inhabitants of that city were transferred to Rome. His account of it shews that it was a conspicuous object to any one coming towards the Capitoline Hill from the north, as it was the first object seen by the charioteer whose horses had ran away with him from Veii . This also shews the use of terra cotta ornaments on the buildings of Rome at that period. The marble walls were used in the Middle Ages, to make the great flight of steps up to the church of Ara Coeli, as recorded on an inscription ; and the marble columns not being useful for that purpose, were thrown over the rock by the workmen, and the remains of broken columns were found buried at the foot of that rock by Vacca. This was nearly the same spot where Livy relates that a great mass of the rock fell over in B.C. 192". A number of other columns in fragments were found buried behind the Palazzo del Conservatore , and under the Caffarelli Palace, which had not been thrown over the rock, but thrown aside as useless, and used probably for foundations to the me- diaeval palace. The accounts of the different witnesses as to what each has seen, collected in Fea's Miscellanea, are, however, contradictory on some points, and difficult to explain. In another place Vacca p states that " I remember that under the Tarpeian rock, on the side near the Church della Consolazione, when Muzio de Leis and Agrippa Mace were building, many fragments were found on the slope of the hill, all square work fallen from that height." ' ' Near the arch above-mentioned was the statue of Marforio ; and the Romans, wishing to decorate the fountain in the Piazza Navona, had the statue taken as far " " Ratumena porta a nomine ejus sunt reciperatce : quia in fornace adeo appellata est, qui ludicro certamine qua- creverant, ut eximi nequirent : idque drigis victor Etrusci generis juvenis Veils prodigium protendere videbatur, in qua consternatis equis excussus Romae periit : civitate ere fuissent, omnium cam futu- qui equi fenmtur non ante constitisse, ram potentissimam." (Festus de Verb, quam pervenirent in Capitolium, con- Sign., lib. xvi. ) spectamque fictilium quadrigarum, qure " IJvii Hist., xxxv. 21. erant in fastigio Jovis templi, quas fa- " Vacca, Memorie, IM. 64.I ciendas locaverant Romani Vejenti cui- p Ibid., ap. Fea, M., pp. Ixxxi. and dam artis figulinos prudenti, quae bello Ixxxii. Temple ofjupiter Capitolinus, 33 as S. Mark's; but repenting, had it taken back to the Capitol, where it now serves as a river for the fountain in that Piazza i. In moving the statue from its place, they found that large basin' of granite which is now a horse-trough in the middle of the Forum Romanum, where the market is"." This temple is still considered by many scholars to have been on the site of the church of Ara Cocli, notwithstanding the strong case that has been made out on the other side. The great public build- ing called the Capitolium must always have been of the same height that it is now, although the upper part was of wood until the time of Michael Angelo, who rebuilt it in stone, but did not make it any higher than it had been originally. This stands directly between this church and the forum, and almost entirely blocks out the view of the one from the other ; whereas Cicero * appeals to the statue in front of it as then standing and overlooking the forum. The bridge of Caligula was made to connect his palace on the Palatine, or rather at the foot of it, with this temple ; and there are remains of this bridge pointing directly to the temple on the Caffarella height". When Cicero says that the statue of Jupiter overlooked the Curia and the Forum, he must mean that part of it where the Basilica Julia was afterwards built. Probably one of the law courts was always held on that site. Dion Cassius " also quotes the passage from Cicero, and confirms that the statue was made to turn towards the east, to overlook the Forum and detect the conspiracy. From the observations of Vacca ", and his record of what he remembers to have seen in a deep pit, which he calls a gulf, dug in the Piazza del Campidoglio, it is evident that this fine square of Michael Angelo has the pavement of it at a much higher level than what it had been before his time. Vacca says (No. 19) that his master, Vinccnzo de Rossi, descended into this abyss, and there saw a fine sculpture of a woman seated on a bull ; that is to say, the mythological legend of Jujjiter and Europa, in bas- relief on a wall. The fine bronze statue of Marcus Aurelius on horseback, which now stands in the centre of the Piazza del Campidoglio, was found 1 It is now in the courtyard of the has been destined for the fountain to be ("apitoline Museum ; it was engraved by made in front of the Obelisk oi the Signor ISoltari, torn. iii. of that mu- Quitinal. scum, tav. i., where he relates the oi)i- * F. \'acca, Mcmorie, Ixxxiii. 69. iiiniis of the other antiijuarics as to the ' Ciceronis Oiat. in Caliliua, c. ix. sul)jccl rcprcseiiteil ; he believes it to 19, 20, 22. bcOccanus. l!ut Marforio was another " Sec I'lateXXIl., and the plan of name for Mars, that name occurs in the the {'"orum. fragment-, of the early part of Dion ' lljouis. ('a.NS.. I list., xxxvii. 34. tassiu^, \i. edit. Keimar, vol. i. ji. 6. " I". \'.uca, .Memorie, 19, ap. Kca ' 'I'liis large ba^in, of red granite, Mi^c, page l.xix. 34 Forum Romamim. in the time of Sixtus IV. ^, c. a.d. 1480, in a vineyard belonging to the Lateran convent, near the Scala Santa. It is said by the Roman antiquaries to have stood originally in the Forum Romanum, and to have been removed to the Lateran by Clement III., c. a.d. 1190, and to have been left there, neglected, for about 300 years, until Sixtus IV. removed it. It was long supposed to be the horse of Constantine, and was placed in the Piazza del Laterano. It was removed to its present situation by Paul III., c. a.d. 1540. The marble base for it was made by Michael Angelo; and as it was difficult to find a piece of marble sufficiently large for the purpose ready cut, the Pope gave him a piece of the frieze (?), or cornice (?), of the temple of Trajan. The likeness of the head of the statue to that of Marcus Aurelius, as shewn on his coins, cannot be mistaken. Aqueducts. The eighth Regio was supplied with water, according to Fron- tinus, by the Aqua Appia, the Anio Vetus, the Marcia, and the Julia; the Claudia and the Anio Novus united being afterwards added on the upper level as usual y. The Aqua Argentina, or the S. Giorgio, also rises in or near this Regio, and runs in its course through a part of it. This Regio of open places for public meet- ings and markets, must have been very abundantly supplied with water. The course by which these different streams were conveyed to this Regio from their entrances into Rome remains to be traced. The Appia probably came along under the Coelian on the same line as the arches of Nero, but at a much lower level, to the great subterranean reservoir near the Arch of Dolabella,^ and thence along the branch to the Colosseum, then under the lower Via Sacra. A branch of the Anio Vetus was probably brought from the Porta Maggiore, along the valley between the Coelian and the Esquiline, to the great reservoir near the Colosseum, and thence also under the Via Sacra. The Marcia and the Julia were probably brought over the Esqui- line and the Quirinal, as those Regiones were also supplied with the same water. The Claudia and the Anio Novus being distributed in all the Regiones, were conveyed in the specus that was carried on the arches of Nero, continued by Domitian and Trajan from the central reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella^, down the side of the Clivus Scauri, and on the arches from the Coelian to the Pala- * F. Vacca, M. i8, ap. Fea, p. Ixii. ^ See the Chapter on the Aqueducts, and the Photographs of them, and the Plates-to that chapter. ^ See Photos., Nos. 72, 305. Aqueducts. 35 tine, the lower parts of which remain. There was a tunnel cut through the rock of the Palatine, and this remains visible at the north end, behind the church of S. Theodore, where the rock has been cut away, and it there makes another angle", turning towards the east in the direction of the bridge of Caligula. The later atjue- ducts always followed nearly the same line as the earlier ones ; and there are remains of a reservoir and spcciis both cut out of the rock at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, nearly in a line with the north end of the bridge of Caligula ; it is a little to the west of the steps that lead up to the municipal offices, and now under a wine-shop in the cellars at the back below the level of the street. This could only have belonged to the Anio Vetus ; but the Anio Novus would be carried on the same line as a general rule, but with some de- viation ; they enter Rome in parallel lines, but the Anio Vetus on the northern side of the Porta Maggiore, and the great reservoir for it is on the line of the cliffs of the Esquiline Hill, not of the Coelian ; it is in that part nearly under the arches of the Marcia, not of the Anio Novus and Claudia. The great porticus of Nero, a mile long, against the cliff of the Esquiline, probably had the spcxus of the Marcia ui)on it, and that of the Anio Vetus under it. The Marcia supplied the thermce of Titus, and with a branch to the Colosseum. The Anio Vetus was at too low a level for the reservoir in the gallery there, and went straight on under the Via Sacra to the Fonmi, and supplied the reservoir now under the wine-shop, where the spcciis also remains in a tunnel. The western part of the yKra- rium, under the Tabularium, was turned into a reservoir for the water from an a( ify them the story of the Kmperor going to consult Jui)iter Ca|)it()linus was invented ; but the pro|)le were not satisfied, and the bridge was soon de- stroyed, excei)ting that i)art of it which forms the western part of the ])ala(e of Caligula, remains of which are still standing. This completes the l'"oruni Romanum jirojierly so-called, as far riiot,,s., \,,. 31S2. ' Sci.' I'l.Uc X.XIV. of Forum. I) 2 36 Forum Romaniim. as yet excavated; the eastern side is still buried (1875) under the modern road, and the houses, including the churches of S. Hadrian and S. Martina ; the paved street turns right and left ; there are two steps up to the Via Sacra (as has been said). The other Forums. It will be convenient under this head to enumerate all the other Forums or market-places of which we have any notice. In the Regio- nary Catalogue" eleven only are given, of these the six most im- portant are the Forum Romanum, those of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Nerva, Trajan, and Boarium. The remaining five are of secondary importance, and some of them are scarcely known by any other notice of them. On the other hand, some are omitted which are well known in other ways. The Forum Olitorium, or vegetable- market, was at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, towards the north- west, and there are remains of it near the theatre of Marcellus. The Forum Piscatorium, or fish-market, was probably always held on the same site that it is now, in the colonnade of the Porticus of Phi- lippus, just outside of the Porta Triumphalis, the state entrance into THE City, which also separates the colonnade of Philippus^ outside the City, from that of Octavia within it. The Forum Pacis of Vespasian, with the Temples of Peace and Rome facing to it, must have been of some importance. Yet of these only the Forum Boarium is mentioned, and others are introduced of which little is known, such as Forum Athenobarbi, which is supposed to have been on the Pincian Hill ; Forum Suarium, or pig-market, is known by an inscription found by Panvinius in the seventeenth century, and by the Church of S. Nicolas in Porcibus, now of the Lucchesi, in the Via Lata ; the Forum Pistorium, or of the Bakers, is known to have been on the Aventine. Those of the Gauls, Forum Gallorum, and of the country people. Forum Rusticorum, are only guessed at. The Forum of Cupid is mentioned by Varro near the Macellum, or meat-market, on the upper Via Sacra, and it is also mentioned by Terence ; it was a market for country produce, such as apples and honey, perhaps the same as the Forum Rusticorum. The Forum Sallustii was near his house, and garden, and Circus, between the Porta Collina and Porta Salaria, outside of the City, but within the outer wall of Rome, in the part frequently called the Pomerium. The Forum Archemorium is said to have been ^ That is, in the Curiosum Urbis and the Notiiia de Kcgionibus ; the Catalogue is in fact one, with slight variations. Foriiin of Julms Casar. 37 under the Quirinal : the Forum Diocletiani near his Thermae : the Forum Exquilinum to have been the same as the Macellum Livianum, or meat-market of Livia, near the Arch of GalHenus. The Forum of Julius C^sar. We are told by Dio Cassius that "the Forum of Julius Cassar was built by that emperor. The Forum and the Temple of Venus, which he also founded, he consecrated in the year of Rome 708 (b.c. 45), with much splendour and many shows. On that occasion he built a wooden theatre called an amphitheatre, fit for the wild-beast shows and the gladiators who were exhibited. On that occasion the animal called a camel-leopard was first ex- hibited in Rome, having been brought to Rome by Caesar for that purpose. Other games and races, both horse and foot, were exhibited in the circus on that occa- sion. According to the custom of the Romans, forty elephants with men on them also fought." The Forum of Julius Cassar was the one next adjoining to the Forum Romanum to the north-east '^, and therefore on the eastern side of the great Prison of the Kings, popularly called the Mamer- tine Prison ; a massive building, which is mentioned by Vitruvius as forming an ornament to the north end of the Forum, along with the Capitolium and the Tabularium, of which it must have formed a sort of continuation. The prison was rebuilt in the time of Tiberius, as recorded on an inscription on the front, still /;; situ; but the sub- terranean chambers being very massively built, were not rebuilt, but treated as foundations only ". On the eastern side of the prison are remains of an arcade, or porticus, rebuilt of the old materials, the large blocks of tufa of the time of Servius Tullius, but each arch rests upon a block of travertine inserted in the time of the Hirly Empire. This porticus probably formed the western side of the Forum of Julius Caesar. It is in a small court called the Vicolo del Ghettarello, and the whole space of the Forum is covered with modern houses and streets. It had the Forum of Augustus on the east, that of Trajan to the north, and that of Nerva to the south, but the only part now remaining visible is the building just before men- tioned. The place called by Winckelmann Spolia Christie from a church of that name, at the beginning of the Via Alessandrina, is believed to have been in this Forum, and on this spot the statue of Julius Cresar, now in the Capitoline Museum, was found K lie also ^ The land in this part of Rome was latcd by Suetonius, Julius Cxsar, c. 26. so valual)le at that period, that Julius ' .See I'arl I. of this work, Appendix, Ca'sar is recorded to have i)aid an ]>p. 103112; also I'hotos., Nos. 777, enormous sum for the site of his Forum, 77S. .S48, 849, ami I'lates VL, VH. e(iual to upwards of eight hundixd ' WiTickelmann ap. Fca Miscellanea, thousand pounds sterling. This is re- No. 1 8. 38 Forum Roinanuin. says that the tomb of a woman called Rufina, and the inscription upon it, was found there s ; but there seems to be some mistake about this, unless this space was not included in the City of the two hills, which is possible. In that case, the tomb must be a very early one, and an inscription of this period is not probable, unless it was P'.truscan. Remains of the Arch of Trajan, at the entrance of his Forum from the south, are also said to have been found on this site, Avith a number of marble tablets in bas-relief, one representing Trajan on horseback crossing a river, and figures of horsemen, similar to those on the Arch of Constantine ''. An equestrian statue of Julius Ceesar stood in his Forum ; it was of bronze gilt, and the horse was a remarkable work of art, said to have been the work of the celebrated Greek sculptor, Lysippus, and brought to Rome from Alexandria by Ctesar. Statius ^ sings the praises of this horse, and describes it as standing in the Forum of Cffisar. Donatus considers it to have been the horse of Domitian that was intended. Of this once splendid Forum we have no remains visible, it is all built over by poor modern houses ; all that we know is, that the east front of the great Prison of the Kings must have faced towards it, and the porticus, or double arcade, of which we have remains, formed the west side of that Forum. The southern front faced to the Forum Romanum, and its massive character is mentioned by Vitruvius as an ornament to the north end of the Forum, along with the .'F^rarium and the Curia. The Temple of Venus, in the Forum of Julius Cassar, is also mentioned by Vitruvius as of the species called PycJmostylis '^. Suetonius mentions the ceremonies at the dedication of the Forum I Pliny mentions "' that the roots of a lotus-tree, which grew in the area of Vulcan, extended into the Forum of Cpesar, passing by the Municipium. sf Winckelmann ap. Fea Miscellanea, No. 23. ^ Ibid., No. 4. ' " Cedat eqiuis, Latia3 qui contra templa Dionis Cresarei stat lede P'ori. Quern tradere est ausus Pellw, Lysippe Duci, mox Ca^saris era Aurata cervice tulit ..." (Statius, Silvce, lib. i. 84.) ' Vitruvius de Architectura, v. 2. Pantano. lie mentions also that the Remains of a temple found by Palladio foundations of a temple remained, with on this spot are believed to have be- a quantity of marble finely carved, with longed to the Temple of Venus. Pal- dolphins on a cornice, and a trident, ladio says that these remains were found which made him call it a temple of in his time opposite to the church of Neptune, but the same attributes be- S. Martina (which he thought was the long to Venus also, site of the Temple of Mars Ultor). He ' Suetonius, Julius Cresar, c. 26. calls the district after the statue of Mar- "' Plinii Nat. Ilist., xvi. 86. forio, and a particular part of it he calls For Jim of Augustus. 39 Forum of Augustus. Of this Forum the eastern wall remains ; it is a very fine and lofty wall, built of old materials, taken from the great wall of the time of the early Kings, which formed the second wall of Rome, and enclosed the two hills in one City ; but it has been rebuilt with a cornice or corbel-table added, and plain strings of travertine inserted at intervals in the tufa wall. An arch has been made in it of the stone from Gabii, called Sperone, which was generally used in the time of the Republic. At the south end of this lofty wall, part of one of the old round towers of the time of the Kings has escaped by accident, by not falling in with the plan of the Forum, and has not been rebuilt. On the inner side of the wall of the Forum of Augustus are niches for statues", but these terminate with the wall that was rebuilt, and are not continued in the part which belonged to the old tower, that has not been rebuilt. This is now in the workshop of a stone-mason on the southern side of the arch. The other side of the old tower, with the travertine wall inserted into it, is also visible behind the houses, at the corner of the next street, in which the image of Pallas stands, but at the opposite end, and on the opposite side of the street". Pliny mentions the Forum of Augustus among the great works of his time, along with the Basilica of Paulus -^^milius on the eastern side of the Forum Romanum, of which we have a representation on a coin I' of a.d. 14, and the Pantheon of Agrippa, which he calls after Jupiter the Avenger. 'I'lie Temple of Mars Ultor is mentioned in the Monumcntuin Aiicyranum as being in this Forum, and there are considerable re- mains of it against the east wall of it, which evidently stood there when the temple was built, for the cornice at that end rests upon the wall. The fine columns of which the ui)pcr part is visible, are only a small portion of it ; that portico had eight columns, of wliich only four remain visible. The substructures and bases re- main in the cellars of the monastery, and are shewn in Signor Cicconetti's plan of this Forum''. " Thc-c niclics were obviously for the VI., VII., VIII., of .Suppleinciit, .niul statues, mentioned by Suetonius (in I'lic^tos. Xos. S53, 881, 3153, 3154. ( )ctavianus, c. 31), l)y T.ieitus (.\nnal. i' Thotos., No. 490 11. " .Nonne in- ii. 67), and by Aujju>tus himself in the tcr niai^nihca basilicam Paub cohimnis MiiHuniiiitum Aiuyrauiim e rhryj^ilnis niirabilem, i-( iKtM<.>f K l,T . IN . i-oKo . AVdVsio . s\ li . Divi .( fc; Is 11, el tempUim I'acis Ves- (jVAi>K.\<;is . (,)VAK . Mini . KX . s. c. pa^iaiii Impcratoris, .\uj;usti, ]>ulclier- rosiTAK. . svNT. rima ojierum, ([U.x un(|uain : Pantheon " Tiie liest way to see it is to pa->s Jovi UUori ab Ai^rijjpa factum, cum throuf^h the " C'atT(^ del Paila(Hi>," or thcatrum ante texerit Kom.v N'alerius from a balcony at the back of a hdUse ( )^tiellsis architectus ludis Libonis." on the \'ia del (irillo. .See the (I'linii Nat. I list., lib. xxxvi. c. 24. ) "Second Wall of Rome," in IMates '' See Plate VII I. of Supplement. 40 Forum Romaniim. Forum of Nerva. The Forum Transitorium was also called Palladium, from the figure of Pallas or Minerva, which still stands in the cornice over the site of a wayside altar dedicated to that goddess, which was at the entrance from the Forum to an open area between that and the Forum Romanum, called the area of Minerva. Martial " calls this Forum by the name of Palladium, and at the same time mentions the Forum Pacis in such a manner as to shew they were close together. This Forum was ornamented with colossal statues of the P^mperors in marble, and columns of bronze by Alexander Severus, in imitation of Augustus, who had placed similar ornaments in his Forum ; of this we are told by I^ampridius ^ This Forum was begun by Domitian, and finished by Nerva, as we are told by Suetonius '. It was also called Pervium, as Aurelius Victor mentions in his "Lives of the Csesars"," and Martial in his Epigrams ^ In the time of Pope Paul V., a.d, i6io, a temple was destroyed, whicli had stood here till that time ; the marble was wanted for the great fountain that he made in the Janiculurn, above the church of S. Pietro in Montorio ^. An inscription of the time of the Emperor Nerva was on the marble casing under the figure of Pallas. It was carried to the fountain on the Janiculum, which was made by Palladio for the Pope, who gave him the marble of this temple or altar as building mate- rial. The old tufa wall was covered with marble, and had marble columns in front of it, three of which remain still, with the fine cornice and the figure of Pallas or Minerva. Palladio had some respect for antiquities, which his employers had not ; and he pre- served as much as he could of the old buildings given to him for materials, and made careful drawings of them, which are published in the fourth book of his work on architecture. The old tufa wall has the arch of a gate in it, filled up with old materials, but dis- tinctly visible \ and it is easy to see that the old tufa wall stood ' " Libertum docti Linensis quoere secuncU Limina post I'acis ralladiumque P'orum." (Martialis Epigr., i. 3.) " Statuas colossas vel pedestres ' Suetonius in Domitiano, c. 5. nudas vel equestres divis impeiatoribus " Auiel. \'ictor de Ca'sar., c. 12. in foro divi Nervae quod transitorium ^ Martialis lipigr., x. 28. dicitur locavit, omnibus cum titulis et ^ This inscription, then removed, was columnis aereis quae gestorum ordinem long visible on the wall of the foun- continerent, exemplo Augusti qui sum- tain : morum virorum statuas in foro suo e IMP. nervak . CAES. AVG. font. max. marmore coUocavit additis gestis." trib. pot. ii. imp. ii. procos. (Script. Hist. Aug., Lampridius, Alex- Palladio has preserved drawings of it, ander Severus, c. 28. ) which are engraved in his works. Forum of Vespasian. 4I there before, and was merely made use of, and cased with marble, not erected for this temple or altar. This was more probably one ef the wayside altars which were numerous in Rome, than a temple ; there was a temple opposite to it, on the other side of the street. The Forum of Vespasian, called also Forum Pacis, is not men- tioned in the Regionary Catalogue, but must have been in the fourth Regio, which is named after the Templum Pacis, and joined on to the otlier market-places. It is mentioned by Symmachus by the name of Forum Vespasiani y, and it is placed by Nardini in the third Regio, the Escjuiline. The boundaries of the Regiones III. and IV. are very uncertain, the plans of these and others are en- tirely conjectural, and though generally correct, they cannot be depended on, upon doubtful points, on the boundary lines. The architect of the Forum Pacis is said to have been Apollo- dorus, who directed most of the works of Trajan, and was con- sidered the first architect of his day ; and it is stated to have been built with great regularity and symmetry, and richly ornamented so much so as to excite the warmest admiration from Constantius, as we are told by Ammianus Marcellinus ^. It has been entirely built over with modem houses, and the exact site was not known until the beginning of the present century, when it was ascertained by excavations, and its principal direction traced, but many parts are still concealed by modern buildings. This was a large Forum, and appears to have been made in part of the great foss of the second wall of Rome, with the cliff of the Velia faced by a wall at the south cn(\, and that part of the old wall which still exists at the north end, witli the ancient tower on which the Tor de Conti is built at the north-east corner, and the gate against which the marljle columns and cornice, with the figure of Pallas or Minerva are placed, but on the ojjposite side, at the north- west; that wall sei)arated the Forum of Vespasian from that of Xerva. It had the great temple of Rome on the western side, and the back of the temple of Antoninus and Faustina, the cell of which is built of the large tufa blocks taken from part of the second wall of Rome, which passed near them. These great blocks, of a ton weight, were not often carried far. Procopius, writing in the sixth century, and describing what he saw, says that "a drove of oxen, driven from the rieI(K iouikI Rome, ]>a^^etl lluoii^li the ni.arkel- '' " . . . et fimiin ad Forum \'es])a- tndini siiadercmiis," &c. (Symm.achi siani lam e_L,'o, (niam vir speclaljilis l-iu^t., 111). \. e]>. 7S, e Templum Concordia: ... 8 Saturni. Vespasian i ... 9 etTiti'' . . .15 Umbilicum Roma; . . -13 Capitolium ..... 4 Miliarium aurcum . . '13 Grxcostadium .... 8 Basilicam Juliam . . '19 Templum Castorum Minervce Vestam Ilorrea Germaniciana et Agrip- piana Aquam cernentem Quatuor Scauros (or Scaros) Sub ffide (tedem) . Atrium Caci Vicum Jugarium = Porticum Margaritarium Elcfantum Herbarium Vici xxxiv. . ylulicula: xxxiv. Vicomagistri xlviii. Curatores ii. Insula; iiicccclxxx. Domus cxxx. Ilorrea xviii. Balnea Ixxxvi. Lacos cxx. . Pistrina xx. Pedes xun. Ixvii. Curiosum tredccim milia Ixvii. Notitia, Page 9 22 46 47 48 * Equum Constantini is in the Notitia only. '' et Titi occurs in the Notitia only, not in the Curiosum Urbis. ' Vicum Jugarii also occurs in the Curiosum only. 46 Forum Romamim. To the mention of the Genius Populi Romani, the second object mentioned in the catalogue after the Rostra, and which stood in the centre of Rome, near the Arch of Septimius Severus, as is mentioned on page 13, it should be added that an inscription was found on that site, on which had probably been the base of the statue '^. Cohors VI. Vigiluni. Where this great barrack of the sixth corps of the Vigili, or night guards, was situated, has not yet been dis- covered ; a probable place for it seems to be in the valley between the Palatine and the Capitol, nearly opposite to the Church of S. Theodore, where Pius IX. built a large sort of barrack for the reception of the numerous foreign missionary bishops who were brought back to Rome from South America and other parts, to vote for the doctrine of the Infallibility of the Pope being made an article of the Faith in 1872. T/ie Basilica Argcntaria is supposed to have stood near the smaller Arch of Septimius Severus, erected by the {Argcntarii) or silversmiths, to the honour of that emperor. T/ie Temple of Vesta was not actually in the Forum, but so close to it that it is often so mentioned, and is included in this Regio. The remains of it were found in 1874, and an account of it is given in our section on the Via Sacra, in which it actually stands within a few yards of the Forum, but a step higher. Horrea, &c. Where these great barns or warehouses were situated has not yet been ascertained. Aquam Cernentem, &c. It has been conjectured that a fish- pond for this rare fish was made from the subterranean stream that still rises behind the Church of S. Hadrian, and which now falls into the Cloaca Maxima in the Forum. It may have been under a tem- ple, if ccdcm is the correct reading of the word. Atrium Caci. Of this no account is given, and no remains found; it may be conjectured to have been a small court, with an image of that mythical personage. Some have proposed to read antrum, and make this the Cave of Cacus, but the legend certainly ' CEXIO . EXEKCITVS gVI . KXTIXGVENDIS . SAEVISSIMIS . I.ATROMI5 EIDE . ET . DEVOTIO.NE . ROM . EXSPECTAT VOTES . OMNIVM . SATISFECEr. This is given by Gruter, p. cix. num. 3, and copied by Naidini. Regionary Catalogue. 47 places that cave on the Aventine, where a cave exists, which fits the legend ; there is no such cave in this Regio. Viciis Jiigarius. This was the street that led from the Forum Romanum to the Porta Carmentalis, under the Capitoline hill on the northern side. It is mentioned by Livy in describing the entry of two white cows into the City from the Temple of Apollo in the suburbs ; they came through that gate along the Vicus Ju- garius to the Forum*. This Temple of Apollo was in the Flaminian meadow ^. Also, on the occasion of the great fire, which lasted two days and nights (b.c. 213), it burnt everything between the Salince, or salt-wharf, in this part of Rome, and the Porta Carmentalis, with the streets of Aquimaelius and Jugarius. PorticHs Margaritarius. This has been conjectured by Nibby to be a portico or colonnade in the small court where the statue of Mars or Marforius was placed, in front of the great prison, but no authority for this conjecture has been found. Elefantus Herbatiiis. According to some authors this was a statue of an elephant, erected by Augustus ; according to others it was a yew-tree, or perhaps a box-tree, or a cedar, cut into that form, which seems more probable from the name. The situation of it is shewn by the Ordo Romanus, or bull of Anocletus II., as being in the street under the Capitoline hill, on its northern side, made in the old foss, called in its eastern part Via della Pedacchia, and in the western Via di Tor de' Specchi *-'. Vici xxxiv. yEdiciihc xxxiv. It will be observed that the number of vFldi- cukv; is always the same as tlie number of streets in each Regio. These are believed to have been 'ivay-sidc a/tars at the corners of the streets, and that llie one remaining of Pallas or Minerva, at the corner of the Forum Transitorium, is an example. Ikit it is i)ro- bable that they were generally small structures of bronze, of the same kind as the Jani. The level of the streets of Rome has been raised at least fifteen feet in many parts, and more in some, and it is certain that the same line was not d/i^uiys followed for the streets, though it often was ; it seems, tiierefore, useless to trace the thirty-four streets in this Regio, which inc hide those on the ' " A poitn, Jui^ario \ iio, in fuiuin * " Al) alio Inti'io \ia |nililica, (pia- \nui\'." (l.ivii 111^.1., xwii. ^7.) diuit >uli ( aiiitoliimi . . . uxjiic in tini- ' "Sdlo it'i]uata imiiii.i iiiUT Salinas plum inajiis. c|ui>lianliim. A tcitio l.Ucic," i\:c. (Orilo lio Ju^ariuiiuc viccj.'' (Ibid., xxiv. 47.) Koiuanu:,. ) 48 Foriiin Romanum. Capitoline hill, and on the slopes, and at the foot of it, and on all sides of it. The number may be traced on the map without much difficulty, but there can be no certainty that the lines are the same : there are usually two streets meeting at each gate, and forking off from it on each side, and there were several gates in this Regio. The Vico-Magistri, Ctiratores, and Denuntiatores are official per- sons, not places. InsulcB, 3480. These could only have been the dwellings of the people, one for each family, what the French call an appartement^ the Scotch, a flat, and the English, chambers or lodgings, in- sulated from the rest of the house, and which the Romans of this day call a house. It is not possible to place the number on the ground in any other manner. Another meaning of the word is an insulated block of houses with streets on all sides, but that signifi- cation is not applicable here. The marble plan of Rome shews a number of insulce along the sides of the streets everywhere. The shops that remain in the Forum of Trajan, with a room above, or behind, or both, is an ijisula ^. Donms, 130. These are what are now called in Rome "palaces," the residence of some great family. Uorrea, 18. Large barns, or public warehouses. Babiea, 86. Bath chambers. Lacos, 120. Cisterns, or reservoirs of water, of any size, called also Castella Aquae. Pisirina, 20. Bake-houses. Contmet pedes, 1467. This probably means the number of super- ficial feet in the Regio, although Victor reads it in ambitu, or in circuit ; the number of feet will not agree on the latter plan. > The following inscription can hardly priorvm impp. l. septimi severi et be reconciled with the insulce being AVR. antonini restavrari atqve blocks of buildings. adornari . . . PROVIDIT. (Gruter, INSVLAS AD PRISTINVM STATVM IO9O. I9.) SVVM SECVNDVM LEGES PRINCIPVM Temple of Vesta. The excavations in 1875 extended rather beyond the limits of the Foriuii Romaniim strictly so called, and into the Via Sacra ; the circular Temple of Vesta ' was in that street, and not in the Forum ; the podium or basement of this temple, of the time of the Kings, was cleared out, and a passage made round it on the level of the original pavement. It stands just in front of the modern church of S. Maria LiberatriceJ, which is recorded to have been on the site of the Regia, or royal palace of the Kings. This, during the whole l^eriod of the Republic, was the residence of the Pontifex Maximus, as the real head of the State as well as the Church. When" Augustus was made Pontifex Maximus, he refused to leave the house of Hortensius, which he had previously bought, and where he then resided, and gave the Regia to the Vestal Virgins as their residence, because it Avas close to their temple ; and when the church was built on this site in the seventeenth century, a number of inscriptions with the names of Vestal Virgins upon them, were found, on what had evidently been the bases of statues ; this thoroughly identifies the site. But the Regia was always considered as on the Palatine, because, although it stood on the level ground, it was within the original wall of that fortress, or fortified hill, to which the line of the Via Sacra was the ditch or foss. The piece of sculpture of the time of the Republic, repre- senting Mettius Curtius "^ on horseback, leaping into the gulf near tlie spot, was also found on the site of this church. This is now preserved by being built into the wall on the staircase of the Palazzo del Conservatore in the Piazza del Campidoglio. The first mention of this temple is by Dionysius', as belonging to the earliest period of Roman history ; and the construction of the wall of the basement, or podium^ of it, excavated in 1874-75, is as rude and early-looking as it well could be'". " Xuina, after his accc^^iim lo llic j^oNciiiniciU, did not rcinove tin- particular temples bcloiiL^ini; to the euri.e, Init elected one tcini>le conunoii to them all between the < apitoline and I'alatine hills. Kor both these hill,> had already i)cen ' Photos., No. 3149. had seen ; printed by I'ea in i:is Miscei- J riiolos., No. 3195*. l.mea, No. III. ' liook ii. c. 06. '^ I'hotos. , .No. 165S. The witnes-, of '" See the plan of the \'ia Sacra for this lindin^' is I'laininiiis V'acca, in his the exact site, and I'hotos., No. 3-49, MiDwrit; ur Memoranda of what he for the asi)ccl of llic [n^dium. 50 Forum Rovianuin. encompassed with one wall ; the Forum, in which this temple was built, lying between them. He also enacted that the keeping of the holy things, according to the custom established among the Latins, should be committed to virgins." Cicero " also mentions a mysterious voice being heard from this temple, warning the people of the approaching capture of the city by the Gauls, and says it was at the foot of the Palatine, and on the slope towards the Nova Via ; from this it appears that there was another street close under the Palatine, then called " the New Street," parallel to the Via Sacra, on the opposite side of the valley. Horace , in a well-known passage, speaks of a great flood of the Tiber extending to the Regia and the temple of Vesta, as something marvellous. In the great flood of 1870 the water again rose as high as that point, but such instances are very rare ; it must be a very extraordinary flood to reach so high. Livy P relates. the legend of the mysterious voice of warning of the capture of the city by the Gauls. Iia all these passages he also speaks of this temple as being in the Nova Via ; the words of Augustus place it in front of the Regia, the site of which is identified (as we have shewn), and it follows that the Nova Via, or new road, in this part of Rome, was on the western side of this valley of the Palatine, and close under the north-east corner of that hill. Yet the modern Romans now place the legend of the mysterious warning voice at the altar at the north-west corner, close to the church of S. Anastasia on the Germalus, near the Velabrum. The Regia. This well-known historical building is on the Pa- latine : that is, it was within the line of the outer wall of the ancient fortress ; but again, it is so close to the Forum, and so nearly con- nected with it, that it seems more natural and more convenient to give some account of it here. The site has been identified (as has been said) by the inscriptions found there, a.d. 1556, when the church of S. Maria Liberatrice was built, and the site agrees with all the passages relating to it in tlie classical authors. Solinus 1 says that : " Numa resided first on the Quirinal hill (doubtless in the Capitolium Vetus of the Regionaries), then near the temple of Vesta in the Regia, as it is still called." " " Nam non multo ante Urbem cap- Litore Etrusco violenter undis, tarn exaudita vox est a luco Vestre, cpii Ire dejectum monimenta regis a Palatii radice in novam viam devexus Templaque Vesta;." est." (Cicero de Uivinationes, lib. i. (Horatii lib. i. ode 2.) C'45-)^ P Livii Hist., lib. V. c. 32 50, and52. * "Vidimus flavum Tiberim, rctortis 1 Solinus, c. i. Temple of Vesta. 5 1 Virgil alludes to it in his account of the settlement of Evander, and Servius ", in his commentary on the passage, exclaims : "Who is ignorant that Xuma dwelt in the Regia at the foot of the Palatine, near the Forum Romanum. " Ovid ' speaks of "the narrow space that held the courts of Vesta, where had been the great Regia of the bearded Numa. " Aulus Gellius* mentions "Vestal virgins having been caught and taken to the courts of Vesta, and given up to the pontiff." In another passage Servius " repeats that "The court of Vesta was in the Regia of Numa Pompilius, and to be near this temjile, and that this was not consecrated to the augurs, nor yet a place of as- sembly for the senate, but the virgins were there." That temple is not mentioned as in the Via Sacra, although it is on the same line as that of Antoninus, and above the steps at the south end of the Forum ; it is therefore included in our account of the Forum. It appears to have stood in the Via Nova, mentioned by Cicero as a new road in his time, or at least so called, and this must have been parallel to the Via Sacra, but close under the cliff of the Palatine ; and the arch of Titus must have been upon it, at the southern end, while the north end of the Via Nova must be the paved street down the middle of the Forum, with the steps of the Basilica Julia on the western side of it. The continuation of the Via Sacra must have been parallel to this, nearly on the line of the pre- sent road, but twenty feet below the level of it, and passing under the arch of Septimius Severus into the capitol, on the eastern side of the Porta Saturni of Varro, while the Via Nova entered the old Capitoline fortress on the western side of the wall of partition be- tween the double gate, which remains /// siiu. It had been observed that the pavement on that side was of the time of the Republic, while that on tlie other side is of the time of the early Empire. So that the Via Sacra and the continuation of it had been re-paved at that time, and the Via Sacra had not. ' Servii in ^'irgil. /luicid., lib. viii. ni^i, (\\\x capta prima est, a Xuma rege p. 263. cs>o captain." (.Vuliis Cicllius, lib. i. Ovidii Fasti, 111), vi. c. 263. c. 12.) " \'irg() autcm \'c'stalis simul est " " Unde tcmphun Vest.e non fuit ca])ta atipif in atrium W'stiu dcducta ct augurio c()n>ciratuin, ne ilbic conveni- ]><)ntirKil)Us tradita [c^t] ; co statini tini- nt >fnalus : ubi crant virgines. Nam jxirc sine emancipatione ac sine capiti:^ liii'c fiR-ral iri;ia .Num.i- INmiiiilii. Ad minutionc e patris potestatc exit ct jiw atiiuni autcin \ Ota- convoniel)at (al. tcstamcnti faciuiidi adipiscitur. I )c ^anc \'est;v cnvcnii'liatur), (jutMl a ti-ni- niore autcm ritu ()utc capiunda' Virginia plo rcmotuin fucrat." (.Servii in/Fncid., lilcra' (juidcin anti(|uiorcs non cxstant, lib. vii. c. 153.) 52 Forujii Roumnuin. Via Nova. There has been a great deal of discussion about the Via Nova in Rome, and it is one of the questions considered as still undecided ; but may not the better translation be a Via Nova ? and may there not have been viaiiy new ways or new streets in Rome? In fact, it is well known that there was another street called also by this name, near the Thermre of Caracalla, where a deviation was made in the line of the old Via Appia in that part ; and it is evident from the treatise on the Aqueducts by Frontinus, that he uses the name Via Nova for what is now called the Via Appia Nova ; at two miles from Rome he mentions a Castelluin Aqua of the Anio Vetus, as on the Via Nova ; and this ancient reservoir of the first century or earlier, has been found (by some excavations made for the Archaeologists in 1870) at exactly two miles from the Porta Maggiore and from the Porta Latina : it happens to be exactly the same distance from each of these gates, because the first Regio, in which the Porta Latina is situated, pro- jects so much from the direct line of the wall, that this Castellum or reservoir makes exactly the point of a triangle, as may be seen by measuring it on the map. There must have been many other new streets in Rome at many different periods -^ This Via Nova, near the Forum Romanum, is frequently mentioned by the classical writers, and it had long been doubtful which was the direct line of it ; this seems now to be settled, as so many other long- disputed questions have been by the recent excavations. The re- mains of the Temple of Vesta brought to light in 1874, being in the Via Nova, this street must have gone close under the eastern side of the Palatine. It will be remembered that this was the temple erected between the two hills, when they were first united in one city, and enclosed in one wall, as we are told by Dionysius ^. ^ The name might also be retained founder of the modern Rome of the for a long period, like New College in Popes, from 1574 until 1874, when the Oxford, which still retains that name, municipality thought proper to change though it was built in the fourteenth the name to \'ia del Panetteria, or street century. In recent times in Rome also, of the bake-house, apparently on the the Via Nuova, near the fountain of principle of Incus a noii iKccndo, since Trevi, retained the name for three cen- there is no bake-house in the street, turies, from the time of Sixtus V., the "^ Dionysius, Rom. Ant., bk. ii. c. 66. MONUMENTUM AnCYRANUM. This document is without doubt the most important of Latin his- torical inscriptions, and is of great vahie for the topography of the city, and particularly of the Forum. It is a summary of the acts and achievements of Augustus, written by him a year and four months before his death. In his will, to which it was attached, he ordered that it should be incised on bronze plates, and set up in front of his mausoleum in the Campus Martius, on the bank of the Tiber >. Copies of it were also sent to the cities which he had founded, amongst others to Ancyra, the metropolis of Galatia, where it was inscribed on marble instead of bronze, and by that means has been fortunately preserved. It was accompanied by a Greek translation, of which some fraginents are found at Ancyra, and others of no great magnitude at Apollonia. The text and Greek version have been carefully edited by Th. Mommsen % and recently by r>ergk'. The matter is divided into three parts: i. the honours wliich he received on account of his services to the commonwealth; 2. the expenses which he incurred by various acts of popular libe- rality, including the erection and restoration of public buildings, to which the attention of the reader is specially directed ; 3. a sum- mary of his acts at home and abroad. At Ancyra it was placed in the temple of Divus Augustus, in tlie Middle Ages turned into a Christian cliurch ; tlien into the Moscjue of Hadj Beira in the fifteenth century : since this time it has l)een used by the Turks as a cemetery. Scholars had long been anxious to obtain a more accurate account of it, wliicli lias now been supi)lie(l. It was described by Tournefort in his Voyage du Lrraiit {\jQ\(\cn, 1717). His copy was edited, with the help of other materials, by Chishul!, in 17 28, but witliout the requisite accu- racy. That of Paul Lucas, made about tlie same time, is of greater value. .Several travellers have \isited the monument during the ])resent century, su( h as Texier, Kinneir, and Hamilton, but no new ( ()]y was published till that of .NLordtmann, who was sent out for the purj)()se in 1859, by the P.erlin Academy. This formed the basis of Zunipt and Fran/'s edition. It has now been sui)erse(led by that made in 1861, under tlie direction of Naiiuleon III., by George I'errot and Ldinond Guillaunie, which is extremely a(( urate. Re- ]ir()(lu( li(Mis of it were published in the BuHdiiio deli' //is'i/u/o, I 86 I, and Corrcspoitdaiicc dc rjlcadeiitic, 1862, from the last of which our reduction is taken ''. " Siiftiiiiii nct.Tvianus, c. im ; cp. li\"-."' llcilin, 1^65, Sm>. 'r.'.i'li Ann.ilr^, i. I I. " .\uL;n--ti rniiin ;i sr f^c^lnnini in- ' ' kc-~ l;c^I,i- 1)I\1 Aiinsii rx liiicm cum (ii.icn iiut.ii'lira>i, iil. I li. luciiniiiun'. i- Ancvrano ct .\)i'illim'K-nNi, I'.tr^k." ( MitiiiiL;'!!. iSjj, S\.>. ^Mli.lil Ih. Mninn'i^ni, aicnluiU Tal ul,- " >< c Tlair^ X \ \' 1 1 1 . . XXIX. Churches in the Forum Romanum, &c. The Church of S. Marthia <= and S. Luca, although entirely rebuilt, is on an ancient site, on which there has been a church from a very early period. It was formerly called S.Martina in tribus Fofis'^, from its vicinity to the three Forums, Romanum, of Augustus, and of Julius Caesar. It is at the north-east corner of the Forum Ro- manum, close to the Arch of Septimius Severus, and on the direct way to the other two Forums. The earliest mention of this church that has been noticed is, that Leo III. repaired the roof of it in the beginning of the ninth century, as recorded by Anastasius. This only proves that the church was then in existence, and probably not new, or it would not have needed repairs. It was rebuilt and consecrated as a parish church by Alexander IV, in 1255, and so continued until, in 1588, Sixtus V. gave it to the Society of Artists, who established them- selves there, and gave it the name of S. Luke, the care of souls being divided among other neighbouring parish churches. About 1630 Cardinal Barberini, under his uncle, Urban VIII., wished to rebuild the church according to the bad taste of his age; accordingly the body of S. Martina, who had been martyred a.d. 230, was con- veniently found, and the church was entirely rebuilt, the architect being R Berettini da Cortona, who gave part of his own house to enlarge it, and at his death left his fortune of 100,000 scudi to the academy. The plan of the church is a Greek cross, with a large dome over the centre. The altar is of bronze gilt, with a fine bas-relief, representing S. Martina at the foot of the Virgin ; her relics are in a sarcophagus in the crypt. Round the sanc- tuary are eight columns of pavonazdto, and four of cipoUino; and '^ Photos., No. 306. tum est cautumque, ut separatim in eo '' " Publica opera plurima exstnixit ; publico jiulicio, et sortitiones judicum in quibus vel praicipua, Forum cum a;de fierent. ^-tdem Marti bello Philippensi, Martis Ultoris, templum Apoliinis in pro ultione paterna, suscepto, voverat. Palatio, a.'dem Tonantis Jovis in Capi- Sanxit ergo ut de bellis triumphisque tolio. Fori exstruendi caussa fuit homi- hie consuleretur Senatus ; provincias num et judiciorum muhitudo, qua: vide- cum imperio petituri hinc deducerenlur, batur, non sufficientibus duobus, etiam quique victores redissent hue insignia tertio indigere. Itaque festinantius, triumphorum inferrent. " (tjuctonius in nee dum pcrfecta Martis sede, publica- Augusto, c. 29. ) " Mars ttdes : et satia sceleratp sanguine ferrum ; Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. Templa feres, et, me victore, vocaberis Ultor. Voverat, et fuso hvtus ab lioste redit. Nee satis est mcruisse semel eognomina Marti : Perse(|uitur Purthi signa retenla manii." (Uvidii Fasti, lib. v. 575.) The Churches 5. George. 55 in the apse a marble seat of the thirteenth century, with sculp- ture. This church contains the tomb of the learned Cardinal Baronius. The church contains several good paintings, and the tombs of celebrated painters ; in the crypt is the tomb of the archi- tect and second founder, P. da Cortona. The Church of S. Hadrian or Adrian was founded by Hono- rius L, c. A.D. 626, and the outer walls are still of that period, of good brickwork *, but quite plain. The interior has been altered and renewed several times. It was repaired by Hadrian I. a.d. 772, as recorded by Anastasius, who describes it, like its neighbour S. Martina, as in tribus foris^ misprinted in one place, /// tribus fatis. Pope Anastasius HI. again repaired it in 913. In the middle ages there was a custom of washing the feet of a celebrated image of the Saviour at this church on certain occasions, when it was carried in procession. Near the door of the sacristy is an inscription of A.D. 1228, recording the finding of the bodies of S. Martha, S. Adrian, and the three Hebrew children thrown into the burning fiery fur- nace by order of King Nebuchadnezzar, Shadrach, Meshech, and Abednego (!), whose relics (!) are said to be deposited under an altar, which is ornamented with two columns oi vcrd-antiqtic. Church of S. George and S. Sebastian, or S. Georgio IN Velabro^. The first record of this church is, that it was in existence in the time of Pope Gregory I., who instituted a Cardinal deacon, c. A.D. 600. It was rebuilt by ]'o])e Leo II., a.d. 683, in honour of S. Sebastian and S. George, the two military martyrs. Next, that the apse was rebuilt and adorned witli a mosaic picture by Pope Zacharias, a.d. 742- 752. Put this early apse was decayed in the time of Gregory IV., a.d. 827, and entirely rebuilt by him. The whole church was again rebuilt by Prior Stephen in the tliirteenth century. The jilan of the church is that of a basilica, witii aisles and an ajise : the sixteen columns are anticjue, including the capitals; some Ionic, others Corinthian ; some of granite, others of marble ; some (luted, others plain ; a very clear proof of their being brought from anti(iue buildings, as is so often the case in Rome. These columns carry small round arches, which sui)port the wall of the clerestory, the windows of whicli are modern. The roof ' I'lioto^. . Xi). ()<)S. riiun, and this >cinis the iiio'-t convc- ' KlciNi. X. 'I'lii^ cluuvh is not. iiitiit plaic for a slu.rt aicmint of tlio ).i(i]nrly >|iL-,ikini;. in any l^'oruni. luil ihunli. It is also i.alloi Ad W-lnni in tin- W'lalirnm ; tlial site is. Iiowtwr, Auimin in an instrijition, .\. l>. 1239. t-lo.seiy cunncctcd willi tlic I'oiimu Lio.i- 56 Forum Rovianiim. of the church is quite plain, flat, and boarded, but not ancient; it was probably intended to have had a flat panelled ceiling us usual, the modern over-wrought ceilings being only a corruption of the mediaeval flat ceilings. In front of the church is a fine Portico, quite of classical character, and made of antique columns, but really built by Prior Stephen in the middle of the thirteenth century, which he has taken care to record by an inscription on the entablature ". The iron railing is modern, but the old rings, for hanging the curtains or veils, remain in their places on the soffits of the stonework under the entablature. The Ionic capitals and bases are part of the work of the thirteenth century, the columns only being antique. The doorway is also quite of classical character, both the jambs and the lintel having classical mouldings. Doorways of this character are so common in Rome, that it may well be doubted whether they are not often imitations of classical models : that the antique columns should be preserved, and used again was quite natural, but that so many classical doorways should also be preserved, taken to pieces, and put together again so cleverly, that they seem made for the place they occupy, is hardly credible. In the present instance, however, the jambs and the lintel do not fit well together, and are antique. At first sight it appears to the eyes of an English antiquary abso- lutely incredible that this purely classical portico can really be the work of the middle of the thirteenth century, yet no historical fact can well be established by more clear evidence ''. The inscription is in the characters of the time : the Prior, afterwards Cardinal, is buried in the church, and the inscription on his tombstone records his benefactions to the church. The mouldings of the pediment are those used in Rome in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Those of the Campanile adjoining are identical with them, and prove that also to be part of the work of Prior Stephen. This campanile stands at the north end of the west front; the outer wall of it on the north side is built upon one side of the arch of Septimius Severus, close to the Arcus Quadrifrons or Janus, uith its four arches. The south wall of the campanile forms in its lower part the side wall of the nave of the church so far as it extends ; e Oil the front of the porch . STKFANUS F.X STFJ.I.A rUl'lKXS CAT'TARK SITF.RXA KFOQIIO RAKFS, VIRTUTVM LUMIXF: CLARUS FXI'FNDFXS AUKUM STUnVFr RFXOVARE PROXAI'M Sl'MFTIliUS KX PROI'RIIS Tllil FFCFF SAXt IK CKORGI CI.KRICUS IIIC CUJUS PRIOR F.CCLESIF FT IT IIFJUS HlC LOCCS AD VF:I.UM PK/F:N0MIXE DUriFR ALRI. '' Tt is nc'unlly engraved in some as an example of the elcssical period. English works of good reputation See i'hotos., >.'()S. 196, 390, IC92. The Churches. 57 the east wall of the campanile forms the west end of the north aisle of the church : several fragments of ornamental work from the old church are built into this wall. It is a very fine campanile, and valuable for helping to date others by comparison, where the history is less clearly known. 'J'his has six storeys above the roof, with the usual open windows, with marble mediaeval shafts, and each of the storeys separated by a cornice or corbel-table, as in all the other mediaeval campaniles in Rome. Fragments of the ornamentation of the old church are built into the walls of the present one. The altar', with the confessio under it and the baldachino over it, are good examj^les of the church fur- niture of the thirteenth century in Rome, with Cosmati-work. At the end of the south aisle are several Pagan inscriptions, brought from the Catacombs, and built into the wall. The inscription on the tombstone of Cardinal Capocci is on the north side of the apse*'. The walls of the church are of brickwork, of the thirteenth century, built upon old foundations, which are visible in places. The walls of the convent are of several periods, part of the ninth, of small stones, with layers of tiles ; another portion of brickwork of the twelfth century, another of the thirteenth, and the rest more modern. Part of the mosaic pavement of the thirteenth century remains on the floor of the apse. The south doorway belongs to the work of the ninth century. From an expression in the account given by Anastasius, it ap- pears that it was the custom in this church to separate the sexes, and that the north side was the women's side. The same custom is maintained at S. Peter's. A similar custom is common in many old- fashioned churches, both in l'",ngland and France, but it does not ai)pear to have e\er been a universal practice or a rule. The cus- tom of placing nuns in galleries behind grilles is common in Rome, tliough all these grilles are modern ; there is one in the cathedral of Rheims, at the end of the north transept, which is mediaeval, nearly as old as the cathedral itself ' Sec I'liotos., Xos. 1254 and 1255. Niri'.K rr.i.KUK \Kr, v.v cAiMiii.rM is- '' IN MiMINi: I)i>MlM, AMI-.N. I")MI- IMS i:((I.I S 1 K J T K A\ 11 uM N I A >1 I'KA- N' -^ 11,1 Ki':^ ( Ai'oiiirs mus I'.ci i.i: hhia in\ii n.Aiiii.rri k dr.^i.KwxKi-. i.i Ml ^\N( 11 (;r'>i;i;ii cakdinaii^ i k- sixirii mi. i i ri ko ni i.i lm kiti- c.wir iinr i.i(1.i:>ik ri:KK.\s smas ri.ur. nisi ik\\> irur.! .si.uvAKr. (iM- .11 \l \ It KKIM UK IK l.((l,lsl|. (UK Nl\ s K I'l: .\ 1 1 1< r.\ .\ N N I \ K Ks A K 1 K M \ 1- - hhlllK \li \A1 I. \K.\NrM K',1. hHII'; KM VKI UK 1 IM MKKI lUKirXlll. KI.. ;: kUK AKK.iIii 111 11,11 AI.IINVKl NwN 1 1 ' N 1 1 i.U' 1 1 1 Mi U I'. IILKKII oKlll'K'" r(i-:siN|- K |- IKNINIIK CI.KKKl 111- I . i .\( i 1 M K -^ T 1 K >( .\ N Ni i 1 >. M. i C. | I X . MS Kic IKslK \NNr\riM |.K II r\K- 1 i i N 1 1 1 K \ I K > M'MNl AKKXANhKI l\. HINAKIS .\NNIV1 ksAKiMM sol.l.KMI'- r,\ IT. ,\ N N ' ) V. Forum Roniannm. S. Theodore 1. The church of S. Theodore at Rome was erected by Pope Adrian I., c. a.d. 790, on the ruins of a round Temple"". It has a mosaic on the hemispherical vault or tribune, behind the altar, which is supposed to be original ; at the top is the hand of the Almighty holding a crown over the head of Christ, who is seated on a globe and holds a long cross in His left hand. To the right of the figure of Christ is S. Paul, with the book in his hand, pre- senting a young man who carries a crown on a rich cushion ; to the left is S. Peter presenting S. Theodore. This mosaic has been much restored in the fifteenth century, the parts that are original may be of the eighth. The exterior of this circular church is as plain as possible, a mere mass of brickwork. The interior, with the exception of tlie apse, has been entirely rebuilt, and deprived of all interest, by Nicholas V. in 1450 ; his arms are on the vault and over the doorway ; and again restored by Clement XI. in 1704. There appear to be no other grounds for saying it is built on the site of the temple of Vesta, than its circular form, on the old foundations. The chief ground for thinking that the conjecture may be true is, that the matrons of Rome and the neighbourhood continue to bring their children to be blessed every Thursday morning, just as they did to the heathen temple before the Christian era. The construction of the brickwork is not of ancient character, and it has large pointed windows of single lights, badly proportioned and clumsy, such as are usually of the fifteenth century in Rome. The old apse, with the mosaics, Avhich has been preserved, is quite of different character from the rest, being built of rough stone. The clerestory and roof of the central space are modern ; the vault has a stone covering under the roof, which seems to have been originally oi)en to the weather ; but, as in other instances, was probably not found water-tight. The interior is plain, and (juite modern in apj)earance, with the exception of the apse with the mosaic. ' RiONE X. Kegio X. This churcli that of Augustus, but Dr. Fabio Gori, is, strictly speaking, on tlie Palatine ; in liis liook on tlie Palatine, endeavours tliat is, ^\ithin tlie boundary of it ; but to shew that the altar {ara) in this the entrance is from below, in the street church was that for the sacrifices, " Diis that leads from the Forum Romanum manibus servilibus ad scpitlcrum Accic to the Forum Poarium. It is only LanrciitincJ'^ According to the legend, open at certain hours, and j)ersons iVcca was the nurse of Romulus and \\ishing to see it should bespeak the Remus, and for that reason children kev of ilie Sacri.stan. are still brought to this altar to be '" This is geuerallv considered to be blessed on certain occasions. The ClnircJies. Ara Cceli. 59 The Church of S. Maria in Ara Cceli (on the Capitol) ". This cliurch is said to owe its origin and its name to the Altar erected by the Emperor Augustus to the Son of the Virgin, whom the Sibylla Tiburiina shewed him in the sky in a circle of light, and whom he adored, and who engaged to make him acknowledged by the Senate, and adored as God . The plan of the church is a T cross, with aisles to the nave and side-chapels added, originally terminated by an apse, which was altered in the seventeenth century into a square chapel. The date of the earliest part of the present construction is 1252, under Innocent IV. It has twenty-two antique columns brought from different jjlaces, of granite, cipolliiio^ and white marble. The third column on the left has inscribed upon it, a cuuiculo augus- TORUM. The windows of the clerestory have pointed arches, and originally had tracery ; they are almost all now blocked uj) or muti- lated. In the west front are two small round windows, which have preserved their tracery; and another is built up in a side wall, but these are of the fourteenth century p. There is an inscription recording the building, in 1348, of the grand marble staircase which leads up to the west front of the church, rebuilt at that i)eriod 1 ; the central doorway is later, be- longing to the period of the Renaissance. The staircase is of one hundred and twenty-four steps, and was erected at the expense of the Senate and of the j)eople, by Lorenzo Simeon Andreozzi. It was built of marble taken from the ancient temi)le of Quirinus (?), and was rejiaired by tlie same means in tlie sixteenth century. In the u])per jKirt of this west front are traces of a mosaic picture of the fourteenth century, but traces only ; it has been (juite destroyed. The jtavement is remarkaljly fine mosaic, said to l)e the finest in Rome ; it is made of hard stone and marble, and is of the date of llie iluirch, 1252. In the richness of the work, and the variety of design, it is (piite unrivalled, but it has been much mutilated in " IsImm: \. ki,(;io \'II I. Ikm- arms. Slu- slui.wi Aiip(sU:s thi " I lir Ic-l;ciiiI of tlic .Ar.i ( Uli is, ll1.1t -.isioii, ami a vniic came hum heaven tile Seiiale ui>lie(l to give to Augustus .saviiiL;, JluC ,. eti luii upon a nun iile slab, now huilt uhrlher there would come into ihe into ihi' anilio Idr the l',|'islle, on the world a iMeater man than he. W hil-t - .iilh ~~ide o| ihe allai'. w jiieh ha^ l.een she ])ra_\eil, a \isi(ui appe.ueil to her of ,d;eied in the lourti cnlh eentliry. a eiiile around the sun, and in ilu- i I'hoiii-.., N(.. :;S^. middle a woman with a nude ehdd in 6o Foruui Roviannm. many parts ; the most perfect portions are in the transept and the apse, which is distinctly marked out by it, the mosaic terminating in a round end, while the modern square chapel beyond has no mosaic. A very perfect portion also remains in two of the side chapels on the south side, but this part has been relaid, and somewhat mutilated in the process, the chapels being of the fifteenth century ; the first and the fourth from ths west end are the two chapels in which it is preserved. The south-west chapel is that of S. Bernardin, erected in 1464; it is very perfect, with a Gothic window, which retains its tracery, and has on the exterior a very good and rich cornice of trefoils with foliage round the window ^ It is vaulted and painted by Pinturicchio, who has represented on the vault the four Evan- gelists ; on the walls, right and left, the life of S. Bernardin of Siena ; and at the end, S. Louis, Bishop of Toulouse, S. Bernardin, and S. Antony of Padua. There are some fragments of painted glass. The vaults of the aisles are of the same period, built at the expense of Cardinal O. Caraffa. This church was long a very favourite burying-place, and the pavement, especially in the aisles, is full of mediajval tombstones, many of which have the effigies in low relief, according to the Italian fashion, generally much mutilated by being long trampled U2:)0n ; these are chiefly of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some are also ornamented with mosaic ribbons and crosses. Besides these, there are a number of inscriptions only^; and some of these inscrip- tions are very curious, as shewing the mixture of Paganism with Chris- tianity for which the Roman populace has always been celebrated. One of these, of 1438, contains distinct appeals to Venus and Jupiter, along with Paul *. In the nave is also the tomb of Cardinal Le P)reton. The ceiling is very rich: it was erected in 1586 by the Senate, to commemorate the battle of Lepanto, in which a great victory had been obtained over the Turks, and the ceiling was gilt with the gold brought home on that occasion. This is recorded on a large inscription over the west door. The South Porch on the side towards the place on the Capitol, was opened in 1564, and has a vault within in the style of tlie thir- teenth. On the exterior is a mosaic picture of the Virgin, su])ported by two angels, carrying candles, of the date a.d. 1564, and built Photos., Xos. 5S4, 591. ' These inscriptions are given by Forcella, extending from 1028 to 1S67. IUNC VEXKRIS NUXQUAM TKTIGERUNT MUXERA PAfEUM. I'AfU'M Ct'I MUSE MUXERA SACRA DABAXT. jriMTFR IUNC I'RIMfS SACRES PREFECERAT : ILEfM XIXC SIPERI GAfDEXT ASTRA 'lEXERE I'OLI. TJie Churches. Ara Cccli. 6 1 in here by A. Mattei ; it has the character of Byzantine work. In the South Transkpt, which is the chapel of the family of Savelli, are two fine tombs on the east and west sides ; that on the east is the tomb of Luke Savelli, senator of Rome, deceased 1266, father of Pope Honorius IV., and of Pandulphus and his daughter, and of Andrew Savelli, deceased 1306. It is a very handsome tomb of mosaic of that period, placed upon an early Christian sarco- jihagus, richly sculptured, but which forms no part of the original tomb ; it has suffered from subsequent alteration, when the canopy was cut off, and the present ugly classical pediment and pillars in- troduced in its place. On the west side is another very handsome tomb, that of Honorius IV., a.d. 1286, with a recumbent effigy, and rich mosaics. These tombs were executed by the artists Augustin and Agnolo, of Siena. The pavement of this chapel is also of the same period, with the rose of the Savelli introduced ; it is very handsome, and well preserved. In the North Transept. At the end is the tomb of Cardinal D'Acquasparta, deceased 1303, which has a Gothic canopy, with a recumbent effigy under it. The ornaments and arms are in mosaic ; these represent, in a very quaint manner, rain falling from heaven. Dante has sung the praises of this tomb in the twelfth chant of his Faradiso, but it is not so fine as some others of the work of the Cosmati in Rome. On the wall is a monumental slab of 1528, with an inscription " to the memory of Felix de Fredis, recording that the celebrated statue of the Laocoon was found by him on the ]^s(|uiline. In the centre of this transept the relics of S. Helena are deposited under an altar, in a jjorphyry urn, with a dome over it, supported on eight marble {broccatdlo) columns, under which is an inscription \ This altar was erected in 1605 ; under it is another altar- frontal uf the Iwelflli or thirteenth century, a very rich piece of work, which has been engraved by Fontana ; it is in the style of the tweffth, but in Rome that style was freiiuently continued in the thirteenth, and this akar may be of the date of the church. On it are carved the figures of C;esar, of the Virgin Mother, and the Paschal Laml), ' I'KI.K K UK IKl'.DIS, (,H'l Oli TKorRIAS il.T.C (,)r.V. AKA CiKI.I ArrKI.I,. V.C- VIKiriKS I-.r KKI-KKTIM HIM IN I.IKO DHDHAIA CKl Hill K I N i.AcuuriiKdN 1 IS niviM-v, (.hod in (^hh viutiu sanchssima, i>i;i mapi-.k, V A rHANO ( l.RMS I IKK (TM VWM) MO sK C.KSAkl AIGISTO KKnI'IKANS SIMII.AI KI M, IN AlKIO t IKCIIO A CUXU MU.N- IMMnKI AM lAIKM MKKl II. .S I KAS^K I'KKM I llKTi; K. ANN. Ml. ill)\\\llll. 62 Forum Rotnanum. ornamented with enamels ; and it has an inscription y relating to Octavius Caesar. The High Altar was erected in 1723, in the bad taste of that age, but at the back a fine mosaic frontal of the thirteenth century- has been preserved. The Choir behind the altar was rebuilt in 1 69 1, and painted with the legend of the Sibyl of Tivoli. The mosaic pavement of the old apse is preserved, in strange contrast with the modern one of the part added (as before mentioned). The Ambones are very fine, but have been made up afresh and enlarged in the fourteenth century, chiefly with the materials and the beautiful mosaic ribbons of the thirteenth, but with additions to make them higher, and with some additional mosaic patterns also. The one for the Gospel, to the north, has the paschal candlestick used for the corner of the parapet of the staircase at the back ; in front it has an eagle carrying a lizard in its claws. The one for the Epistle, on the south side, is more evidently made up of old materials ; on the inside are fragments of ancient carving of the eighth or ninth century, and on the step at the base is the cartoon of a round window of the fourteenth, before mentioned, the window itself being in the west front of the church. This ambo is inscribed in the old work% hvivs OPERIS MAGISTER FUIT LAURENCIUS . CUM . lACOBO . FILIO . SUO : being two of the family of the Cosmati. There is said to have been a convent here from a very early period, some authors say as early as the time of Constantine. The abbot of the Capitol is mentioned in councils held in 985 and 1015 ; it was then a Benedictine abbey, but in 1250 the remaining monks of that order were distributed by Innocent IV. among other monas- teries, in order to give the site to the Franciscans. The present Convent was built, or rebuilt, at the same time as the church, in the thirteenth century, and the inner cloister, of two storeys, is of that period \ The arches are low and round, with the exception of two, which are pointed; they are carried on short co- lumns, which appear to be antique, with Ionic capitals, which are of the thirteenth century ; the upper part has been repaired in the ^ + LUMIXIS HANC ALMAM MATRIS QU^ SCANDIS AD AULAM CUNCTARUM PRIMA QUE FUIT ORBE SITA + NOSCAS QUOD CESAR TUNC STRUXIT OCTAVIANUS HANC ARA CELI SACRA PROLES CUM PATET EI. ' MAGISTER . LAURENTI . SYMEONI . UT . PRINCIPALIS . MAGISTER . HOC . ANDREOTII . ANDREE . KAROLI . OPVS . SCALARUM . IXCEPTUM . ANNO . FABRICATOR . DE . ROMA . DE . RE- DOMINI . M. CCC. XL. VIII. DIE . XXV. GIONE . COLVMPNE . FUNDAVIT . PER- OCTOBRIS. SECUTUS . EST . ET . CONSUMAVIT . PhotOS., No. loSo. TJie Churches. Ara Cceli, ^t, sixteenth. In the outer cloister the arches are larger, round-headed, and square-edged, not moulded, carried on octagonal pillars, with capitals of rude foliage, very short, and bases which have the foot- ornament at the angles, after the same fashion, though not so good, as those at S. Cross, near Winchester, in the twelfth century ^ This outer cloister has been rebuilt in the fourteenth ; ' it corresponds exactly with that of S, Francesca Romana, which is dated by an in- scription. Here also, over the doorway, between the two cloisters, is built in, the frontal of an altar or a avifessio, pierced with three very {)retty Gothic panels, an angel kneeling at each end, and an inscription with the date 1372. The cloisters were painted with the legend of the Virgin, in 1634, but these paintings are much decayed. In both these cloisters the peculiar ugly Roman buttress is used, consisting of a straight slope, without any break or set-off. This buttress is universally copied in the cloisters of the friaries, com- monly miscalled abbeys, in Ireland. As this was the seat of the he?d of the Grey Friars, it was quite natural that they should copy the architecture along with the rules and practices of the order. The popular notion in Ireland is that this architecture came to them from Spain, but it is far more probable that both the Spanish and the Irish copied from Rome ; and as Rome was always at least a century behind England and France in each change of the mediaeval styles, so we find the same in Ireland. The architecture of the friary churches and convents of the fifteenth century in Ireland, as in Rome, is often a bad imitation of that of England in the twelfth or thirteenth, as in this cloister of the fourteenth century at Ara Cculi. It was only in the Renaissance, or revival of the Pagan style, that Rome was in advance of the Western nations. Jioth convent and church were built, or rebuilt, by Innocent IV., A.I). 1250, for the reformed Franciscans, and the head of the order has always resided here. The i)alace of the Popes on the Capitol was a i)art of the great Venetian palace, of which the greater i)art is in the valley to the north, near the Corso, and is connected with the portion of the palace on the hill by a passage carried through tlie backs of the liouses, and on arches across the streets. It now forms part of this friary; it was built by Paul II. in 1468, and was given to the friars by Clement VIII. about 1600, when he removed to the Pelvedere at the Vatican, which he luul built. This ancient palace now contains the library of Clement XII. attached to the convent, and to which the entrance is from the cloister. These ^ rilntos., No. 432. 64 Forum Ronianmn. friars were popularly known in England by the name of the Grey Friars, from their costume '^. The buildings of this friary are now occupied as a barrack for the municipal guards ; the municipality having followed the example of the Pontifical government in this respect, who occupied many of the old monasteries, including the buildings of the Inquisition, as barracks for their foreign army, to keep the Roman people in subjection to the pope-king. The officers of the municipal guards are very obliging to strangers, and allow the building to be seen without difficulty. The passage from the upper palace to the lower palace still exists, as built in the fifteenth century, and carried on small bridges or arches across the streets, as has been mentioned. The lower palace is now occupied as the residence of the Austrian ambassador, and is therefore private, but here also the Austrians are generally obliging to strangers, and the building can be seen without difficulty. The original smaller court near the Capitol is very fine ; the larger one beyond is still unfinished, and not so good. This lower palace is known as the Venetian palace, the passage from one to the other has not at present been opened, but probably will be. ' For further information, see Padre Casiiiiiro da Roma Meniorie Storiche ddla Chicsa del Convoito di S. Maria in Ara Ca'ii di Koiiia. 4to., Rome, 1736, with plates. Cappdld Rcali nella Chiesa di S. A/aria in Ara Caii, in \Otavolc incise in Roma. Discorso Storico intorno la Prodinosa F.ffigie di Gesu Bambino che si venei-a nella Chiesa di S. M. in Ara Call del P. Antonio da Cipressa, dec. Deer i si one del la Chiesa ed' altri Edi- ficii di Roma del sccolo xi. fino in giorni nostri, raccolta e pnblicata da Vineenzo Forcella. Roma, 1870-75. FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE I. THE FORUM ROMANUM IN 1650, At the Time of the Jubilee. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate I. THE FORUM ROMANUM IN 1650, At the time of the Jubilee. This plate is a reproduction on a smaller scale of a scarce print of that period, and the object is to shew to how great an extent the soil of the Forum was raised at that period. It will be observed that the central arch, on the left of the view in the foreground, is the great triumphal building of Septimius Severus, filled up to half its height, and the side arches almost to the top. The three columns of the Temple of Saturn (?) have only one-third of their height above ground. The column of Phocas, and the celebrated three columns of the Dioscuri, have no bases visible. Of the Basilica Julia not a vestige can be seen. The Palatine is a spruce garden, with no ruins at all visible. The pontifical procession for the Jubilee gives life and interest to the scene, and the figures serve for a scale. How was it possible for the best scholars of that period (and it was a learned period) to do more than guess at the site of any of the buildings in the Forum? We can fully understand by this view the cause of the many disputed and doubtful points of the historical topography of the City of Rome. This view appears to be taken from the top of the Capitoline tower, and shews the very picturesque character of old Rome at all periods. The distant hills make an admirable background from almost every point of view. We under- stand by this why Michael Angelo left the south side of his great building for the Offices of the Municipality so extremely plain. During the excavations made in T832 on this spot, human bodies were found interred, with quick-lime poured over them. They were supposed to have been buried here at the time of the great plague, a further proof of the neglected state of this part of Rome at that time. o o FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE II. GENERAL VIEW OF THE FORUM. Temple of Castor and Pollux. The Basilica Julia, &c. K 2 Forum Romanum. Description of Plate IL GENERAL VIEW OF THE FORUM. Temple of Castor and Pollux (or the Dioscuri). The Basilica Julia, &c., in 1874. This view is taken from the Palatine Hill. The temple with the celebrated three columns, which stands in the front of this picture on the left hand, is the one the name of which has been a matter of dispute and discussion for the last three centuries, and which has been called by many different names at different periods, and is now settled beyond all dispute for the future. It is seen that the base- ment of it extends far enough to admit of seven more columns at the same distance apart (as shewn in Plate XIV.), and the width admits of five (Plate XV.). Behind the temple is the raised platform of the Basilica Julia, with steps up to it from the street in the centre of the Forum, and with brick bases built upon it by Signor Rosa in 1873. At the farther end of this are remains of the stone (traver- tine) arches of the original Basilica of Julius Caesar, before it was rebuilt by Augustus and brick arches, some of the fourth century, others modern imitations. This great building was much damaged by another fire in the fourth century, and rebuilt according to the fashion of that period. Beyond this is seen the modern road on a high bank of earth, made across the Forum with an arch under it. To the right is the fine triumphal arch of Septimius Severus, and in front the great mass of the Capitolium ; two of the small square windows of the ^rarium are seen, and on a higher level the one arch of the Tabularium that has been re-opened since the whole arcade was walled up by Michael Angelo. Over this are the three storeys of the Municipal Offices of his time, left quite plain, because they were then entirely concealed by houses. To the left of the picture, in the background, are the houses over Monte Caprino, under which is the Tarpeian rock, but not visible. The tall tower of the Municipium is a conspicuous object from many parts of Rome, and the view from it is the most commanding in the City. Photos., Nos. 911, 912. FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE III. TEMPLE OF CONCORD, TABULARIUM, and ^RARIUM. Pavement of the Time of the Republic. Forum Roman um. Description of Plate III. TEMPLE OF CONCORD, TABULARIUM, and ^RARIUM. In the front part of the view is seen a piece of flat pavement pro- bably of the time of Sylla. on the slope of the Clivus Capi- tolinus. This paved street is seen passing on the left-hand side of a low wall, of the time of the Kings, which was the middle wall be- tween two gateways of the Porta Saturnii '' ; this was a double gate, the entrance into the Capitoline fortress from the Forum. To the right is seen the raised platform of the Temple of Concord, which was several times rebuilt, and has remains of different periods. The entrance of a passage is seen going through the basement under the platform; this passage has old walls faced with Opus Reticu- latum of the time of the Republic. It is stopped abruptly at the further end by a wall of the time of Augustus, erected when the temple was rebuilt ; this thick wall of the early Empire touches the wall of the ^rarium, in which two of the small square windows are seen. Over this is the one arch of the arcade, or porticus of the Tabularium, the only one that has been opened since Michael Angelo walled them up to carry the stone wall of the offices of the Municipality, which had always been of wood before his time, and had been burnt again just before. They had been burnt previously in the time of Sylla, as recorded by Tacitus and others <=. He also filled up with concrete the passage inside the building, in continua- tion of this on the outside. His object was to make solid foundations for the lofty stone wall he had to build above, over the Tabularium. It has been pointed out that it would have been impossible for so numerous a body as the Roman Senate to have assembled for debates in so small a space as the cella of this temple, although it was sometimes called the Senate-house, because the entrance of the large hall behind it was through this temple. Several passages in support of this view are cited in the Appendix to Construction, p. 48, and a still stronger one occurs in the life of the Emperor Pertinax, by Julius Capitolinus (c. 4), " The Emperor came at night to the Curia or Senate-house and found it closed, and while his attendants sought for the door-keeper, he seated himself in the Temple of Concordy This clearly shews that the temple was not the Senate- house, but was closely connected with it. '' Varro, De Ling. Lat., 1. v. c. 7, cipium, &c., p. 45. Thotograph No. P- 48- 3156 shews the podiiun ; see also No. = Sec Part III., Appendix to Con- 3145 the veneering with marble, 3146 struction on the Capitoliuni or Muni- the subterranean passage. FORUM ROMANUM TKr/ri.MW cnNCOli'JlM AKUARiWM KT FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE IV. TEMPLE OF CONCORD. SENATE-HOUSE. A. Plan of the Hall of Meeting, A LITTI.E ABOVK THE LEVEL OF THE TaHULARIUM, liElUNl) THE EAST END OF IT. 13. Plan ok the Suisstructure, Al'.OVE THE LEVEL OF THE ^ERAKILM. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate IV. TEMPLE OF CONCORD. THE SENATE-HOUSE. In the Capitolium called also Senaculum and Curia. 'A. Plan at the level of the Hall of Meeting. B. Plan of the Substructure. It has been pointed out in this work, that although the Temple of Concord was called the Senate-house, and the decrees of the Senate were given out on the top of the steps of that temple, there was not room for the Senate to assemble in that building, and a large num- ber of marble statues are also recorded to have been placed there. It is thus almost evident that the temple was only the entrance to the real place of assembly in the great building at the back of it, but as the communication has been entirely cut off, this arrangement has not been generally understood. The large hall itself has been destroyed, only the walls of the substructure (B) remaining now as evidence ; these evidently were under a great hall, and are cross walls to support the floor of it. At the end next the ^rarium are stone steps, leading originally from a doorway under the podium or basement of the temple, at the end of the passage which remains, but the doorway has long been closed*^. The great hall was behind the eastern end of the Tabula- rium (A), but with no original communication from one to the other. There is an opening (now made into a doorway) from the Tabularium into the vestibule of the senate-house, but at a dif- ferent level, and wooden steps have been made up to it on both sides ; it seems rather to have been only an opening for air to the vestibule. The old steps now ascend from the ^rarium ; another flight of steps goes up to the higher level of this great hall ; these evidently turned to the left, or north, and so went to the back door of the hall, at the south-east corner ; but the whole building was shortened by Michael Angelo at this end, though the original wall is left at the lower level % and a passage is cut off between that and the building, and is left open. The size of the great hall itself is made clear by the plan of it. There seems to have been another entrance or passage on the level of the floor of the temple, at the corner where the mediaeval tower now stands. Part of this passage is visible in the inside, but has been filled up with concrete by Michael Angelo, in order to make a more solid foundation for the new upper building, at the same time that he filled up the arches of \he porticus, or arcade of the Tabularium. '' Photos., Nos. 3146, 3147. ' Photos., No. 122, and Plate III. of the Capitolium in vol. i. THK SEXATK IIOUSK IN THE CAPITOLIUM, CALLED SENACULU^[ ANH CURLA. .1 A. I'LAN iiF I'HK HALL AT illK LKVEL cK THH iAnULAHlLM B. _ _ _ sruSTRlcrrKES at THK level hK the AERARIUM. FOEUM KOMANUM PLATE V. TEMPLE OF CONCORD. SENATE-HOUSE. Sections. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate V. TEMPLE OF CONCORD. THE SENATE-HOUSE. Senaculum, or Curia, in the Capitolium. Sections. These Sections correspond with the Plans in Plate IV., and the two together are a demonstration that this was the real place of meeting of the Roman Senate for debate, and that the Temple of Concord was the entrance to it. The fact mentioned in the text on the authority of the contemporary life, that the Emperor Pertinax, when he wanted to go into the Curia, or Senate-house, at night, and had to wait for the key, sat down in the Temple of Concord until it was brought, is a clear proof of this. The hall itself was destroyed by Michael Angelo, having been much damaged by the fire in his time, but the substructure and the vestibule, Avith the stairs to the hall remain, as is shewn in the plan and section. A. shews the length of the hall, with the substructure and the vestibule, and the connection with the Tabularium ; but the entrance to it was at a lower level, and under the Tabularium, passing by the entrance to the ^rarium, or Public Treasury, to which this was the only entrance. By this excellent practical arrangement the officers of the Senate had the complete control of the money in the Treasury; the clerks of the Treasury had to pass up another staircase, with no side doors in it, and then through the Senate-house, before they could obtain the money. The Roman army being paid in copper, or bronze money, an enormous space was required for it, which was provided in the ^rarium, over w^hich a complete check was put in this manner. Some experience in architectural construction and in archaeology was necessary to trace this out ; but when once this has been done, it is easily seen, and no account of the Temple of Con- cord is complete without it. B. shews the vestibule with the steps, and the connection with the Tabularium. This has been partially shewn in the section of the Capitolium as a whole, but this part required to be made out more in detail to be fully understood. THE SENATE HOUSE, CURIA OR SENACULUM IN THE CAPITOLIUM SECTIONS. j:J A. LONGITUDINAL WITH THE SUBSTRUCTURE THE VESTIBULE AND ONE BAY OF THE TABULARIUM B. AND C. THE VESTIBULE WITH THE STEPS LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE FORUM EOMANUM. PLATE VI. THE TEMPLE OF SATURN IN iSio. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate VI. THE TEMPLE OF SATURN IN 1810. This view is a reproduction of an engraving from a work pub- lished under the authority of the French Government '' at that time, to shew the state of the Forum just before they began their excava- tions in this part, which were afterwards followed up by the Duchess of Devonshire, with her usual public spirit. We see that the three remaining columns of this temple were buried even more deeply at that time than they had been in 1650. It is evident that this part of Rome had been entirely neglected and despised for a long period. The name of this temple, as of many others in Rome, has been a matter of doubt, and discussion, and dispute for centuries, and has been changed many times. In 1810 it was called the Temple of Jupiter Tonafis, and it is known that there was a bell in a temple at the entrance to the Capitolium. But the present road up to it is modern ; the old Clivus Capitolinus, or sloping and zigzag road up the hill, passed under the modern road, the pavement of it remains visible ten or twelve feet below the modern road, and points on towards Monte Caprino. It is quite possible that the entrance of the sacred enclosure round the temple, on the top of the Tarpeian rock (using that name in the sense of the place of public execution, visible from the Forum Romanum), was just at the angle where the zigzag road turned to go to the Capitolium. In the Itinerary for the use of the pilgrims in the twelfth century, called Mirabilia Romce, or Descriptio Plenaria totius Urbis, the mira- culous bell is said to have been held by the statue of Persida, in the Temple of Jove and Moneta, on the Capitolium, and the bell is said to have sounded when any province was in rebellion. Accord- ing to the tradition of the twelfth century then, it appears that the Temple of Jupiter Tonans and of Moneta were the same^ By tlie same authority the church of Ara Coeli is called S. Maria in Capitolio. The pilgrims, therefore, evidently did not consider that as the site of the Templuni Jovis ct Monda. ^ " Etudes Stalistiques sur Rome, par (Unius cnjusque regni totius orbis erat le ComtedcTournon," 2e. edition, 8vo., statua in Capitolio cum tintinnabulo ad Paris, 1810, 3 volumes, avec atlas. collum, statim ut sonabat tintinnabu- ' "In cujus reversione tintinnabu- lum, cognosccbant illud regnum esse lum statua: Persida: qux erat in Ca])i- rebelle." (Descriptio Urbis, s, xii. apnd tolio sonuit, in templo Jovis el Monctpc Uriich's Codex, p. 99.) TIIR FORUM ROMANTM IN 1810 N.K. COKNKR AMI I'AKT OF TAllULARIl M i;kfoi;i: ihk kxcavatkins wkre cummemku FOEUM ROMANUM. PLATE VII. TP:MPLE of SATURN IN 1874. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate VII. TEMPLE OF SATURN IN 1874 k. This temple is of very early origin ', and has been rebuilt more than once ; to which of the two temples close together in this part of the Forum the name applies, has long been a matter for discus- sion and dispute ; of late years, that with three columns at one angle has been more usually called the Temple of Vespasian. These two temples are only separated by the paved road of the Clivus Capito- linus ; but Varro says "" that it stood at the entrance to the Capitolium, and there is a doorway into the Capitolium remaining, partly con- cealed by the rebuilding of \heJ>odium, but originally under it, before the rebuilding took place, as shewn in Plate VIII. ; it was one of the three buildings that were considered to belong to the city of the Sabines before the arrival of the Romans, and must therefore have been within the walls of the early fortress of the hill of Saturn, the other two buildings being the Gate of Saturn, and the Capitolium behind it. The pavement of this Clivus is made like many of the old streets of Rome in the foss of the early fortress. This temple must therefore be within that line, and the other temple must be that of Vespasian. The latter could not have been in existence in the time of the celebrated inscription of Augustus, of which a copy was preserved at Ancyra. This is a fine example of the Corinthian order, with three fluted columns, and although it has been restored, as appears from part of the inscription that remains upon it, rESTi- TUERz/;//, it is probable, almost evident, that the old materials were used again ; the character of the work is of the first century. A por- tion of the cornice is preserved in the Museum of Architecture belonging to the Municipality, made in the Tabularium. ' Photo., No. 897. A.u.c. 738, B.C. 15, Suetonius, Octa- ' It was dedicated in A.u.c. 259, vianus, 29; again rebuilt, A. D. 267. B.C. 494, Livii Hist., ii. 21 ; rebuilt, Varro de Ling. Lat., lib. v. c. 7. FORUM ROMANIIM iKMri.K ttF SATl'KN' FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE VIII. TEMPLE OF SATURN. The Podium. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate VIII. TEMPLE OF SATURN. Temple of Saturn (the podium or basement), and Doorway of THE ^RARiUM (the head of which is seen over ^t podium). This temple was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, and the present remains, as far as they are visible, are of his time ; another en- trance was then made to the ^Erarium, and the old doorway was closed. The large stones of the wall of the ^rarium are seen in the background, with small holes in them, where the floors of medi- aeval houses have been inserted. The pavement is of the time of the Empire. That this temple was that of Saturn (and not that of Vespasian, as is commonly said), is proved by the mention in cotemporary authors that the ^rarium or public treasury was turned into the Temple of Saturn ". It appears evident that when the old temple stood there, with an entrance to the ^rarium through the doorway of the basement, the treasury might be considered as the cell of the temple, which consisted only of the portico without a cell. This door opened at the foot of the steep flight of stone steps believed to be mentioned by Cicero as the steps of the .^ra- rium, and the mounting of which is jocularly compared by him to "climbing the Alps." In the same manner the Temple of Con- cord, which is close to this, was called the Senate-house, and there was a doorway to the Senate-house in the basement of it, as shewn in the view of the temple. This is the temple with three columns remaining, and the one nearest the -^Erarium, against the wall of which this podium or basement is built . " See the authorities cited in vol. i. shewing the three columns, and Plates p. 44, of Appendix to Construction. XIX. and XX. of the Supplement. " See also the Photograph, No. 929, FORUM ROMANUM FORUM EOMANUM. PLATE IX. PORTICO OF THE DEI CONSENTES, AND SCHOOL OF XANTHUS. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate IX. PORTICO OF THE DEI CONSENTES, AND SCHOOL OF XANTHUS". These were excavated in 1832-35. They occupy the north-west corner of the Forum, and stand under the western end of the front of the Capitolium, with the wall of the -^rarium and Tabula- rium behind them on the right, and the present sloping road up to the Capitolium and Municipium to the left. They had previously been excavated in 1547, as recorded by Lucius Faunus, and were then stripped of the marble casing of the brick walls of the lower building, with the bronze tablets and inscriptions. These inscrip- tions distinctly identify it with the Schola Xanthi in Regio VIII. of the Regionary Catalogue. The marble steps descending to it are original, so that it was always on this low level. The colonnade over this is that of the Dei Consentes, whose images in gilt bronze were placed between the columns. Behind these, on the higher level, are shops, the remains of three of which are seen through the columns. Others remain under the modern road, they were cased with marble. The paved space in front was called the Area of the Dei Consentes. The bases of these columns were in their places, and the lower part of one column. The other columns, the quasi -Corinthian capitals, which are a step in the history of architecture intermediate between the proper Classical type and the mediaeval, and the cor- nice, were found lying about in fragments, and were cleverly put together and restored in the time of Nibby and Canina. The inscription also records that the images were restored by Vettius Agorius Proetextatus, who was Prefect of Rome a.d. 367, and is mentioned by contemporary writers as one of the most vigorous supporters of paganism under Julian ; and this work was probably begun at that time, though not finished until a few years afterwards. The names of the Dei Consentes are given by Ennius, (preserved by Apuleius, de deo sacratis). IVNO . VESTA . MINERVA . CERES . DIANA . VENVS . MARS , MERCVRIVS . JOVI . NEPTVNVS . VVLCANVS . APOLLO. P Photos., Nos. 913, 914, 1076, 2325. FOKUM KOMANUM. PLATE X. TEMPLE OF VESPASIAN (?) IN 1874. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate X. TEMPLE OF VESPASIAN (?) IN 1874". The basement of this temple has now been thoroughly excavated, and there are no traces of any vaults for money for a Public Treasury. The ^rarium must have consisted of large vaults, to hold the copper and bronze money with which the Roman army was paid. We read of Julius Csesar finding money of the time of Servius TuUius in the -^rarium. There is not, and never could have been, any such place in or under this temple, whereas the adjoining temple, between this and the wall of the Capitolium, has remains of a doorway that has been under the podiian of it, leading direct into that great public building, which without doubt contained the treasury. The temple has been rebuilt by Septimius Severus, but of the old materials, with columns of the Ionic order. In the old Catalogue of the Emperors published by Eccard, and in the Curiosiim Urbis, Reg. VIII., a temple of Vespasian andl'itus is mentioned, but as they were joint Emperors for a time, and we have no remains of another temple here, it is probable that only one temple is intended, the one built by Domitian. A temple built in their time or in their honour, might be called by either name or by both. In the Notitia de Regionibus, Reg. VIII., the temples of Saturn and Vespasian are mentioned together, but that is only because they are close together. '1 Photos., No. 897, 929. FORUM EOMANUM. PLATE XI. MILLIARIUM ET ROSTRA. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XI. MILLIARIUM ET ROSTRA^ The small remains of these are shewn in this plate as they appeared in 1874, on the left, or western side of the great triumphal arch of Septimius Severus. The upper one represents the site of the celebrated Milliarium Aureum, or gilt mile-stone, in the exact centre of old Rome, and therefore also called Umbilicum Urbis. The round base of brick here shewn is believed to be the exact site. It was the intention of Augustus, when he erected this mile-stone (b.c. 28), to have had all the mile-stones on the carriage roads measured from this point s, but this excellent design was never carried out. Some of the roads continued to be measured from the gates in the inner wall of Servius Tullius, others from the gates in the outer wall or agger, originally of the Tarquins, on which the great Wall of Aure- lian was built. This is evident from the inscriptions relating to the aqueducts over the Porta Maggiore, and from the work of Frontinus on that subject, in which the distances are also given from that gate*. The lower plate represents the remains of the Rostra Antiqua. There were three Rostra in the Forum Romanum ^. One was that of Julius Caesar at the south end, this is near the north end, the third was near where the marble walls or screen stand. This plate represents the remains of the one on the site from which Cicero usually spoke, as is evident from several of his Orations. In his ninth Philippic he mentions a proposal to place a bronze statue to S. Sulpicius, because it would be conspicuous from the Forum, being on rather higher ground than the general level, as this is". The remains visible in this Plate are of the time of Septimius Severus, when most of the buildings in this part of the Forum were rebuilt. The Rostra are represented in the sculpture of the Forum on the Arch of Constantine (see Plate XVI.). " Photos., Nos. 915, 916, 917. gates of Rome. Taciti Hist., lib. i. c. 27, he calls * Frontinus de Aqueductibus, c. 13, it under the Temple of Saturn ; Sueto- 14, and the Chapter on the Aqueducts nii Otho, c. 6; Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. in this work. iii. c. 9. The latter mentions the mea- " Plinii Nat. Hist. , lib. xxxiv. c. 14. suring of the distances from the Millia- Ciceronis Orat. Philippica, ix. 7. rium Aureum to each of the thirty-seven KOlilM KdMANLM - Mil IJARIUM El" KOSTHA FOEUM EOMANUM. PLATE XII. ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, &c., IN 1874. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XII. ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS^ &c., IN 1874. This great triumphal arch was erected a.d. 203. The sculp- tures are so much mutilated that it is difficult to make out the sub- jects, but they have often been published. They relate to the wars of the Emperor in the East, his two campaigns against the Parthians and others in Arabia, &c. The two lower panels, which are better seen, represent the goddess Rome receiving the homage of the eastern nations. In the inscription the name of his brother, geta, has been erased, with his titles, and the place supplied by the words oPTiMis FORTissiMiSQUE pRiNCiPiBUS. The photo-cngraving shews this patch in the inscription very clearly. As the ground rises rapidly at this point, which is the beginning of the Clivus Capito- linus, there are steps up in the two side arches, and there were others in the central one also, so that the procession originally went up on foot from the Forum ; but this was altered at an early period, to allow the chariots to go up. In the Middle Ages the church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus was built up against this arch, and the bell- tower upon it, as in the other arch of that emperor at S. Giorgio in Velabro, where the Campanile still stands partly upon the arch. The coins of this Emperor shew that there was originally a Quadriga, or chariot with four horses, on the top of the arch, and the want of this gives it too flat an appearance. In the background of the picture are seen, on the right, the medieval tower at the south-east corner of the Capitolium, and the sloping path up to the Piazza del Campidoglio, made by Michael Angelo, when he rebuilt the upper part of this great building. To the left is the temple of eight columns, which has been shewn to be that of Vespasian, but it is commonly called of Saturn. The carriage-road up to the same Piazza, passing by the door of the Municipium and Tabularium, conceals a con- siderable part of the Forum, and ought to be removed. The old Clivus Capitolinus passes under it, ten or twelve feet lower down, and some of the shops of the Forum are buried under it. The arch was restored by Pius VII. in 1803. ' Photos., Nos. 772 and 1209. 00 FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE XIII. COLUMN OF PHOCAS, ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, &c. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XIII. COLUMN OF PHOCAS, &c. This was ' the nameless column' of the time of Byron; the inscrip- tion giving the name was found on the base when it was excavated in 1813, after his time. It stands near the north end of the Forum. This photograph was taken in 1873, when the marble walls in the Comitium had just been found in fragments, which were being put together under the shed shewn in the right-hand comer in the ex- cavations. To the left stands the column of the Emperor Phocas, of A.D. 608, resting upon a basement on the top of a great flight of steps, built of old materials, of large blocks of stone or marble, taken from buildings that had been destroyed. The column itself appears to have been taken from the Temple of Saturn, of which three other columns are left in their places at one angle of that temple, shewn in Plate VII. The capital and the column are so identical with those of the temple, that there can scarcely be a doubt that one is taken from the other. Behind this is the Arch of Sep- timius Severus, the well-known landmark for all the visitors to Rome ; to the right is the modern church of S. Luke, and part of the buildings of the Academy of S. Luke. In the right-hand corner of the plate is the church of S. Hadrian, the brick wall of the front of which is said to be of the eighth century % but the pediment and cornice are later. This view gives a good idea of the manner in which the excavations of the Italian Government are carried on, and the great depth of earth that they have to clear away. See also Photograph of the Column, No. 2288 ; of the Arch, No. 1209. FOEUM ROMANUM. PLATE XIV. ONE OF THE MARBLE WALLS IN THE COMITIUM. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XIV. One Side of one of the Walls (or Screens) in the Comitium, in fragments, as it was found in 1872, before it was put together. A procession of persons carrying books or tablets is distinctly visible ; they are supposed to represent the tablets of the taxes which Hadrian had cancelled, and they are bringing them up and throwing them into a heap to be burnt : the sculpture thus representing an historical event of importance, mentioned by Spartianus in his life of Hadrian (c. 7). In the background are seen the porticoes of two temples, with an arch between them, which there is reason to believe is also a view of the Forum. Some consider that the sculptures on these two marble walls in the Comitium must be considered as a continuation of the same subject, and this most probably is the great donation to the Roman people by the Em- peror Hadrian. He cancelled the public debt of the Roman citizens. Others argue that the two subjects are distinct, one relating to the great donation of Hadrian, the other to the munificence of Trajan, who was the first to found an Orphanage in Rome. Some deny that these walls are in the Comitium, the exact site of which has not been ascertained. Each of these subjects "is represented on the coins of those Emperors. In his panegyric of Trajan, Pliny the Younger mentions that it was his habit to speak to the people from the rostra as a mark of his humility, contrasting then with the pride of other princes \ But the sculpture is certainly of the time of Hadrian, who may in this instance have only recorded the acts of Trajan, or he may have carried them out after his death. Spartianus says that these tablets or bonds {syngraphis) were burnt in the Forum of Trajan, but in the time of Hadrian, as the debt was cancelled by that Emperor. The figures in the procession are so much mutilated that there is necessarily a good deal of conjecture in the interpretation of them, which naturally leads also to difference of opinion ''. In this view the original stone wall of foundation, of an earlier period, is seen under the marble wall "=. "Jam toties procedere in rostra count of them will be found in the inascensumque ilium superbia; princi- Bulletino delV histituto Archeologico, by pum locum terere . . . hoc pro concione, Dr. Henzen, and in the Annali of the pro rostris pro jurejurando," &c. . . . same Society for 1872, by D. Brixio. (Plinii Sec. Paneg. Trajani dictus, c. *= See also the Photographs, Nos. Ixv.) 2962, 3170. '' A more detailed and minute ac- FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE XV. THE TWO MARBLE WALLS IN THE COMITIUM. Forum Romanum Description of Plate XV. THE TWO MARBLE SCREENS IN THE COMITIUM"? m \\, FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE XVII. BASILICA JULIA. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XVII. BASILICA JULIA. In this view is seen, to the left, part of the original basilica of the time of Julius Caesar, built of the large blocks of travertine usual at that period, as is seen in the Arch of Dolabella, which is dated by an inscription upon it of the names of the Consuls cor- responding to A.D. lo. The walls of the original part run from west to east, as is here seen, whilst the brick walls to the right in the view run from north to south. This agrees with the words of Augustus in the " Monunientum Ancyranum," in which he says, " that when he completed this Basilica after it had been damaged by a fire, he enlarged it so much, that what had been the length became the breadth." It originally ran from east to west, and was altered into the opposite direction from north to south. The brick walls seen to the right of the view were built by Canina about 1840, as a restoration of the work of the fourth century, when it had been rebuilt after another fire. The arches at the end, seen in the middle of the picture, are of that period. The Curia Hostilia had been on the same site, and were rebuilt A.u.c. 710 725, when it was consecrated and called after JuHus Caesar 8. The Basilica Julia is. also mentioned by Suetonius among the works of Augustus ** ; and in his life of Caligula, as the place where the Emperor distributing money to the common people ', threw it down from the gallery. Pliny the Younger, in one of his letters to his friend Rufus '', mentions it as a law-court, which was at the time he wrote (the end of the first century) the usual meaning of the word Basilica. In another of his letters, addressed to Romanus ^, he calls it the Tribunal, and mentions the tipper part of it as a place from which men and women could see well, but not hear well ; this shews that there were galleries round it. The Curia Julia was probably another name for the same building. Two inscriptions were found during the excavations; one recording the rebuilding, A.D. 283, under the Emperor Maximianus, after a fire, under Carinus and Nemesianus ; another recording the repairs of the building and placing statues in it, a.d. 377, by the Prefect Q. V. Probianus. Two fragments of the marble plan were placed here by Canina on his map, one of which has the name jvlia upon it, the other the letter B, but this latter is on a different scale, and the two do not fit. s Dion. Cass., Hist, lib. xlvii. c. 19. * Plinii Epistolre, lib. v. ep. 21. *> Suetonius, Octavianus, c. 29. ' Ibid., lib. vi. ep. 33. ' Ibid., Caligula, c. 37. " Gruter, inscr. clxxi. 7. FOEUM EOMANUM. PLATE XVIII. BASILICA JULIA. Temple of Castor and Pollux, &c. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XVIII. BASILICA JULIA. On the riglit in the front part of this view is the southern part of the great Basilica Julia, with the original steps down from the plat- form of it to the paved street down the middle of the Forum, what- ever its name may have been ; some say it was a continuation of the Via Sacra, others call it the Via Nova. A medieval drain is seen passing across the street. On the platform of the Basilica are the modern brick bases built by Signor Rosa in imitation of the old ones which he believes stood there, and carried the arcade round the sides of the platform. A little further to the north, but not seen in the view, he has also erected one of the piers of the arcade up to the springing of the two arches, and part of the pier rising above that springing shews that this arcade was of two storeys, as in other basilicas. At the further end of the platform we see the celebrated three columns of the Temple of Castor and Pollux. Between this and the extreme right of the view is seen the modern church of S. Maria Liberatrice. Through the columns is seen the modern residence of the Superintendant of Archjeology, at the entrance to the Palaces of the Caesars : to the left of the Arch of Titus, near the centre of the view, over the grove of trees, is the campanile of S. Francesca Romana, believed to be almost on the site of the great Colossus of Nero, and of about the same height. To the left of this, a por- tion of the great Basilica or market-hall of Constantine is seen, and below it on the lower level the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, made out of three temples ; the one in front, the tholus or domical vault of which is seen, with a belfry and round cupola upon it, was the temple of Romulus, the son of Maxentius ; this has been de- monstrated by Signor de Rossi in his Bidletino di Archeologia Chris- tiana^. The other two must have been the temples of Roma and Venus. And close to the left of the picture is the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina . De Rossi, Bulletino, vol. v. p. 64. travertine, No. 3163 and 2731 ; also Roma, 1867. a general view from the Palatine, No. See also Photographs of the con- 3229. struction of the Basilica, the wall of FOKUM EOMANUM. PLATE XIX. CLOACA MAXIMA. Podium or Base of an Equestrian Statue. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XIX. CLOACA MAXIMA, (b.c. 615 ; Livii Hist, i. 38). This part is under the south end of the Basilica JuHa, and on the site of part of the Curtian Lake, to drain which this great cloaca was made. The brick arch in the foreground is of the time of the early Empire, that behind it is one arch of the original vault, built of the large blocks of tufa of the time of the Kings, and it is evidently part of the original construction. The same early con- struction occurs in the subterranean passage connected with the Prison of the Kings, and both are attributed to the same period by LivyP, (b.c. 638 532). The exact line of this great drain was not previously known ; it is now evident that the Curtian lake was formed by the meeting of three streams from natural springs, one from the Palatine, near the Arch of Titus ; a second from the Quiri- nal, behind the church of S. Adrianus ; and the third from the Capitol, under that part of the old prison called the " Prison of S. Peter :" they were all drained by this great ancient drain, of which there were several branches. The main line, discovered in 1874, passing under the Forum Romanum, goes on towards the Forum Boarium, passing near the church of S. Giorgio in Velabro. Another branch, coming from the Thermre of Agrippa, falls into it near that point, and passed under the Arcus Quadrifrons, or Arch of Janus. Another very distinct branch has been found in 1875, between the Colosseum and the Ccelian Hill, at a great depth. PODIUM OR BASE OF AN EQUESTRIAN STATUE. This is near the centre of the Forum, on the eastern side ; the podium is of brick, of the time of Constantine, and the very thick marble casing of it, made oi giailo antico, a valuable marble, is seen in the foreground to the right it was probably the basement of the horse of Constantine, although it is usually called that of Domitian. On each side is one of the wine shops (?) of the third century, usually called bases for the tall columns down the centre of the Forum, with statues upon them, but they are hollow, and have doorways 1. 1' Livii Ilist., i. 33 and 56 ; Vano, de Ling. Lat., v. c. 32, p. 157. See also Photograph, No. 3164. ' See Photograph, No. 3169. FORUM ROMANUM. CLOACA MAXIMA FOEUM ROMANUM. PLATE XX. ROSTRUM AND TEMPLE OF JULIUS C^^SAR. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XX. ROSTRUM AND TEMPLE OF JULIUS C^SAR. This is situated at the extreme south-east corner of that Forum, and near to the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, which is in the Via Sacra, and not in the Forum. In this view is seen to the left part of the curved wall of the Rostrum, built of travertine of the character of the period of Julius Ca3sar himself It is evident that the speaker stood on the flat side of the rostrum, not on the curve ; the latter almost touches the temple behind it, whereas in front is a paved platform for a large number of people to stand and listen to the speaker. The fragments of sculpture seen in the picture were merely built up temporarily, to preserve them whilst the work of excavation was going on around them. To the right of the view are seen the ruins of some of the palaces of the Caesars, on the Palatine Hill. The Temple of Vesta is close under them, but is not seen in the view. The depth of earth excavated is seen very distinctly, and shews the great work going on in this part of Rome in 1874. FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE XXI. TEMPLE OE CASTOR AND POLLUX, &:c. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXI. NORTH-EAST CORNER OF THE PALATINE, AND THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX. A. Remains of the Palace of Caligula. B. Modern church of S. Maria Liberatrice, on the site of the Regia, afterwards the residence of the Pontifex Maximus, and then of the Vestal Virgins. When the modern church was built in the seventeenth century, several inscriptions were found, with the names of the Vestal Virgins which had been on the bases of statues, clearly shewing that this had long been their residence, close to their temple, the remains of which were excavated in 1874. Temple of Castor and Pollux. C. The Temple of Castor and Pollux, or of the Dioscuri, with the celebrated Three Columns, the name of which was so long disputed ; they are now proved to have belonged to this temple, the podium or basement of which is of the time of the Kings ; the columns are of the time of Tiberius, when it was rebuilt from the fojmdations, but these were not disturbed, and are now brought to light for the first time ^ ' S?e also Photographs of i\\c podiuvi of the Temple, No, 3157 ; and the Three Columns, Nos. 911, 2289. FOEUM EOMANUM. PLATE XXII. TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX, &c. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXII. PROBABLE RESTORATION OF THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX, &c. A. Temple, north side. The celebrated three columns, /;/ situ, are shewn by the darker tint. The others are restored from the basement, the cornice, and the fragments that have been found. At the west end of it is a doorway connecting it with the Palace of Caligula, and to which it served as the vestibule, as Suetonius states (c. 22). B. Part of the Palace of Caligvila, joining on to the temple at present concealed by modern houses. C. Pier of the Bridge of Caligula, with the springing of the arches that went across at the west end of the Forum, D. Part of the Bridge and of the Palace ; they cannot be separated. Part of the Bridge joins the west end of the Palace, and the Temple may be said to join the east end of it. The part of the Palace on the cliff of the Palatine, shewn above the level of the bridge in the picture, may be part of the Palace of Caligula on the hill, and to the west of that of Hadrian at the corner. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXIII. PROBABLE RESTORATION OF THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX, &c. A. Part of the Palace of Hadrian, the construction is identical with that of his Villa at Tivoli. It is usually miscalled the Palace of Caligula, but that is on the lower ground, level with the Temple of Castor and Pollux ; or if part of it was on the hill, as is not im- probable, it was behind that of Hadrian ^ B. The podium or basement of the round temple of Vesta*, exca- vated in 1874; behind it is seen in outHne, C. The modern church of S. Maria Liberatrice, built on the site of the residence of the Vestal Virgins near this temple, and this was on the site of the Regia, or royal residence of the Kings, D. Some remains of steps leading up to the Palatine are shewn, but the remains are slight. E. The front portico of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, restored from the basement, with one of the three columns at the angle ". F. A continuation of the Bridge of Caligula \ The remains are much concealed under a house, but they have been carefully ex- amined and measured, as well as drawn, by Signor Cicconetti, an architectural draughtsman of much experience. Photos., Nos. 2972, 2973. * Photos., No. 3230. Photos., No. 3157. " Photos., No. 1757. FOEUM EOMANUM. PLATE XXIV. NORTH-EAST CORNER OF THE PALATINE, Palace and Bridge of Caligula. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXIV. PROBABLE RESTORATION OF THE PALACE AND BRIDGE OF CALIGULA, LOOKING WEST. A. North-east corner of the Palatine, with part of the Palace of the time of Hadrian. B and C. Part of the Palace and Bridge of Caligula. D D. Probable restoration of the bridge. This points in a direct line to the place of public execution on the Tarpeian Rock, and the remains of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the top of that rock y. In the photo-engraving from the drawing by Sign^*- Cicconetti, the part that is shewn by darker tints is traced from photographs, the light parts are restorations made to follow on the lines, as an architect would see that they must have gone. The ruins are now concealed by modern buildings, which has caused them to be overlooked. The construction is of the time of Cajus, commonly called Caligula, and the site is identified by having ascertained that this temple with the three fine columns, so long a matter of discussion, is the Temple of Castor and Pollux. Suetonius states that Caligula used this temple as a vestibule to his palace, which must be the one that is here visible, and is close to it. y See also Photograph, No. 1757, for piers of the bridge; and 1532 for the a general view of this Palace ; and aqueduct bridge of Ponte Lupo, for 145 1 for the springing of the arches of comparison; and 1756 for the con- the bridge ; and 1447 for two of the struction of the brick wall. ''>'"iim!i.,ipiii ^ FORUM EOMANUM. PLATE XXV. COINS OR MEDALS, With Representations of Buildings and Sculptures in the Forum. FoRUxM Roman UM. Description of Plate XXV. FOUR MEDALS RELATING TO THE FORUM. I. The Temple of Concord. This is a large bronze medal of Tiberius, a.d. ii. On the ob- verse is the head of that Emperor, with the legend ; on the reverse is this temple, with portico of the Corinthian order, flanked wings, and standing on a lofty stylobatc, or basement ; in the centre is the figure of Concord, seated, and a warrior on either side. The central figure is in front of the doorway. Of this the sill remains /// sitit, with the sockets for the pivots, Avhich were used instead of hinges. 2. The Basilica ^Emilia, from a Medal of M. Lepidus, a.d. 14. The legend is, aimilia s, c. ref. m lepidus. It is one of the coins or medals of the family, or Gens Emilia. 3. Oh'ersc : hadrianvs avgvstvs. Rez^erse :^co^. iii. s. c. The Emperor standing on a rostrum, addressing the citizens, who hold' up their hands in acclamation. In the background is the portico of a temple. (It is probably the rostrum and Temple of Julius Cresar.) 4. Obverse: iMP.[erator] caesar traianvs hadrianvs avg- [vstus] P.M. p[ontifex] M[aximiis] T.P. T[ribunus] p[lebi.s] PATR[ise] p[ater] cos. HI. [consul third time]. Reverse: reliqviae Vetera h. s. novies MiLL[ia] abolita. Figure of a lictor, with his hatchet and a torch, setting fire to a heap of deeds of paper or parchment. These two medals or coins are therefore both of the same year, a.d. 119, when the Emperor Hadrian was consul for the third time, and relate to the same event, the cancelling of the public debts, which he cele- brated on his birthday, January 24, of that year ; the one represents the burning of the deeds, the other the Emperor informing the people of what had been done, and this shews us the occasion. J-OLR .Mi:i)Ai,s ki:i.Ari\(j lu iiik forum. FOEUM EOMANUM. PLATE XXVI. COINS OR MEDALS, With Representations of Buildings and Sculptures in the Forum. I 3 Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXVI. 1. OcTOSTVLE Temple of Venus, on a coin of Hadrian, legend, VENERI . FELICI . S. C. This portico was probably on the south side of the temple, on the west side of that of Roma, of which a doorway of the time of Hadrian remains ; if so, it must have been destroyed when the ij:reat basilica of Maxentius and Constantine was built. Or it may have been on the northern side, where the monastery now is, and destroyed when the travertine was sold to the Jesuits in the six- teenth century, as materials for this great church. 2. Decastyle Temple of Rome, with the legend ROMAE . AETERNAE . B.C. On a coin of Hadrian, with the head of the Emperor on the ob- verse. On the reverse is this temple dedicated to Rome. The group of figures on the top of the pediment are supposed by Professor Donaldson to be Rome, and Venus, and Cupid. They may be so, but there were two temples under one roof 3. Tomb of Maximianus, on a coin of Maxentius, with the legend AETERNA . MEMORIA . NOSTR. This has been mistaken for the circular Temple of Romulus, son of Maxentius, built in the Via Sacra, against the back of the Temple of Roma, which had its front towards the Forum Pacis. I'he Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian was made out of these three temples. 4. MARS VLT[or]. Obverse: Head of Caesar Augustus, with that legend. Reverse: Hexastyle circular Temple of Mars Ultor. Pet ween the columns on each side are the Roman military standards. In the central one, the Imperial Eagle, with extended \\ings, rests on the Brutum Fulmen. 5. TeTRASTYLE CIRCULAR TeMPLE OF AUGUSTUS. Obverse: Head of Augustus, with the legend DIVVS . AVGVSTVS . PATER . S.C. Rd'erse : The circular temple. There is reason to believe that this was on the site now occupied by the Church of S. Theodore, and that the house in which Augustus wMs born was on the same site. 6. Hecastyle Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, in the Via Sacra, with the legend aeternitas . S.C. On the obverse is the head of the Empress Faustina. The re- verse is this temple. The variations from the existing building are so great as to make it evident that these medals were made from the designs before the buildings were erected. COINS OR MEDALS OF BUILDINGS IN THE FORUM. FORUM ROMANUM. PLATE XXVII. COINS OR MEDALS, With Representations of Buildings and Sculptures in the Forum. Forum Romanum. Description of Plate XXVII. COINS OR MEDALS. I. Temple of Jupiter Feretrius. On the obverse is a head, supposed to be the portrait of M. C. Marcellus, the conqueror of Sicily. This medal was struck by his descendant, Cornehus P. Sertulus MarcelHnus, B.C. i8, with the Cicihan symbol, the triquetra, or triple leg, with the name mar- cellinvs. It is singular that the triple leg is the heraldic badge of the Isle of Man, between England and Ireland, and it may be said Scotland also; perhaps the triple leg is an allusion to this circumstance, that the tribe of Marcellinus may have occupied an island similarly situated. On the reverse is represented Marcus Claudius Marcellus dedi- cating the spolia opima^ a term by which those trophies were spe- cially known, that the general had taken from the body of a general of the enemy, whom he had himself slain. 2. Temple of Janus, On the obverse, the head of Nero, with the words IMP . NERO . CAESAR . AVG . PONT . MAX . TR . POT . P . P On the reverse is a representation of a temple of Janus, with the legend PACE . PER . TERRA . MARIQ , PARTA . JANVM . CLVSIT Peace having been proclaimed by land and sea, he shut the Janus ; and the sigles s . c. 3. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. On the obverse, the head of the emperor, with the legend IMP . CAES . VESPASIANVS . AVG .P.M. TR . P . P . P . COS . VII. iMrerator CAEsar vespasianvs AVGustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunitia Potestate, Pater Patrice, cons. Vii. On the reverse is the hecastyle Corinthian temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, raised upon three steps, with the sigles s . c. in the ( (JlXS OR MF.PAl.S nl l;riI,l)|\(.S I X llll'. l-OklM. Coins or Medals. 4. Temple of Trajan. On the obverse, the head of Trajan, with the inscription IMP . CAES , NERVAE . TRAIANO . AVG . GER . DAC . P . M . TR . P . COS . V . P , P . On the reverse is the legend S . P . Q . R . OPTIMO . PRINCIPI with s , c in the exergue, which surrounds a perspective representa- tion of an octastyle Corinthian temple, apparently in the centre of an open area, with a distyle portico on either side, and in front the representation of an altar. 5. Temple of Jupiter Ultor, or the Avenger. On the obverse is the head of the emperor, with the legend imp . C . M . AVR . SEV . ALEXANDER . AVG . On the reverse is the epigraph, in continuation, apparently, of the one just quoted on the obverse lOVI . VLTORI . P . M . TR . P . Ill . COS . II . P . P . There is a large-sized hecastyle temple raised on three steps. 6. Temple of Vesta. On the obverse, the head of Vespasian, with the legend IMP . CAES . VES . AVG . CENS iMi'erator CAKSar VESpasianus AVGUbtus ClcN.sor. The reverse has the word vesta, and a representation of one ot the temples of the goddess. FORUM EOMANUM. PLATES XXVIIL, XXIX. INSCRIPTION OF AUGUSTUS, NOW AT ANCYRA, CALLED THE MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM. Momimenttim A ncyramtm. Eerum gestarum dlvl Augnsti, quibns orbem terra[r?<'w] Imperio populi Eom(ani) subiecit, et inpensarum, quas in rem pnblicam popnlumque Rc?[wrt]nnm fecit, incisarnm in dnabus aheneis pllis, quae su[]t Eomae positae, exemplar sub[]ectum. Annos undeviginti natus exercitum private consilio et privata impensa comparavi, per quem rem publicam [a'fjjminatione factionis oppressam in libertatem v\n^\c\avi. Propter quae senlaiwi, decretis honor/[7?]cis in ordinem suz^m \me adlegit C. Pansa et A. Hirti\o consulibu[j', c\ov^sula- rem locum \^inihi tribuens. Eodemque tempore zV/]erium mihi dedit. Res publica, n[^ quid accideret, a senatu mihi\ pro praetore simul cum consulibus \t\\\adita est tuenda. Populus] autem eodem anno me conjulem, cum [consul uterque bello ^("rijdisset, et trium virum rei publi- cae constituend[rt'^ in quinquennium creavit. Qui parentem meum \occideric\\-^t, eo'Xs in txilium expuli iudiciis legi- timis ultus eorum \scelus et /Jostea bellum inferentis rei publicae vici \acie bis. ^]rma terra e[;'] mar[? civilia ^x/C\CCLXXXX. Intrium- phis'] dwcti S7mt ante c\x\i-rum ;^]um reges aut re[^'']um lib[^;7 Villi. Consul /uer]am ter deciens, [cum scripsi] haec, [anniimque trigesimum sepiimum tribii[\\\zvi& potestatis [agebam. Dictatura^w et absent[ et praesenti mihi datam a senatu populoque AI. Marce^[lo eti L. hx[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi in stimma fi'umenti ^]enuri[a curam annonae, qua non neglcgenter facta meis sumptibuls [wrf]u et pe[;7]c[/c praesenti popidu~\m \xm\[erstcm paucis dicbiis libcravi. Turn"] con[s2ilatum mihi datum et rtjnnuum [ct perpetuum non accepi\ Consulibus Af. Vinucio et Q. Luortio et postea P.'\ et Cn. \\cntulis et tertium 2\itdlo Fabio Afaximo et Q. Tubcrone senatu populo]qu[e Romano consen- tientibus'] .......... Trium vincm Jul rei publicae coustitucndae annis contmuis decent ; princcps scuaius usque ad earn diem, quo die scr'\\\psi haec, per annos quadraginta ; pontifex, augur, quindecim viru]m. [sac"\\-\[s faciundis, sepicm 7'irum cpulonum, pater arvalis, sodalis 'J'i^{[ius, Jetialis. Monumenhtm Ancyrantim. Patricioram numerum auxi consul quintum iussu populi et senatus. Sena- tum ter legi. et In consulatu sexto censum populi conle^-u M. Agrippa egi. Lustrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum fee/. Quo lustro ci'vi- um Romanorum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa- gmta tria millia. [//tv-]m consulari cum imperio lustrum solus feci C. Censorin[o et C,'\ A^\\\\q cos. Quo lustro censa sunt civium Romanoru[w capita\ quadragiens centum millia et duccn- ta triginta tria xn\illia. Tertiii^m. consulari cum imperio lustrum conlega Tib. QdLQ\sare filio ttico /ffi] Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos. Quo lustro ce[;/J"(j! sun( civium AVjmanorum capitum quadragiens centum mill[/(i et iiongenta /r]iginta et septem millia. Legibus novi[j' latis et rcdiixi multa t'Jxempla maionnn exolescentia iam ex nost[;-rt civitate et ipse propositi^ mullarum rer[/ ^jtrtfjmpla imi- tanda pos[/i'm. Pro valettidiiie mca qiiinto qiiO(]ue anno per cons^Aa et sacerdotes \ut vota suscipcrentur, senatus decrevit. Ex quil>us'\ votis s[(Z(y)]e fecerunt vivo me Indos modo sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima colle- ^'a modo consulcs Priv(iti'\m. etiam et municipa[//]m univer- si cives sacrificaverunt continno] apud omnia pulvinaria pro valc- tudine med\. Nomen meum senatus eonsuito inc/]niium. est in saliare carmen et sacrosan- ctus ut essem et Jit t]ii\o\ad'\ vivcrem, tribunicia potestas mihi esset, lege sanction est. Ponti/]cx maximus ;/[^yf[erem in vii'i [/]o[<;//w, r]e- cusavi, populo illud j-izavjdotium deferente mihi, quod pater \x\.is'\\o\ries'\ occupaverat, cuncta ex Itali.'. ad comitia mea tan/a WM///V]udine, quanta Romae i\w.x\\jpcain an- tea /uisse traditur, coeunte /'.] Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibuj. Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta ? rti-Jdes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam \^Ca- penam pro reditu meo j-ijnatus consacravit, in cjua ponli[y/- ces virginesque Vestales ^?w];/A'ersarium sacrificium facere iussit, quo die eonsulilnis Q. Lur^r[e]\.\o ei [J/. Vi/iucio] in urbem ex Syria redierarn, diemque ex nomine nostro Augustalia appell]a.\\\.. Senatus eonsuito eode/n tempor]c /ars [praetorum et tri/>]uno[ruyn una cum consule Q. Lncntio] et princip[/]l>[//5 viris f>/'7']iam milu m[m/ sunt in Campaniam, qui //Jonoj \iid //joe \tempus\ ncmini jirac- tcr \jne decretus est. Cum ']x [///>/]ania Ga./[tiaque, rebus in ///>/;]ovincis pros])[c-- re \^gestis, Komam redibam 7']ib. X[i';'()]nc I*. (^ui[;///7/'(' co)isulibus\ dram Pacts Augu'Yiliie senatus pro] redi[/]u meo co\_nsacrari censuit] ad cain- pum Martium, in qua ara W(/Jgi>>lralus ct 'i\ii\:i\erdotrs virginesque I 'es- tates anniversarium sacrijic\\\\\\\ faccr[c' iussit. Ianuvi\ Qu/ri[;///w, quern (/(/Jussum esse \inaiores nostii voluerunt, cum /]er totum \\inperium /I'Jpuli I\<)nia[/// essd terreWtris\ nav[(7- lisque] jiax, cum \\rius quam\ nascci[<]/-, [<;/' urbe eonditti'] bis omnino clausum /;/]isse prodatur ni[t7;/(';7]ae, ter me pri[//(;/<\f(7/<7/'/^j cc[<7;]sui[/J. /V/]io[.r] ineos, rpius iuv|r7/<-.r /;//]lii eripuil {i.)[rtio/a, 6'r7]ium el I.ucium Cae^/n;? Monunicntmn A ncyvanum. honoris mei caussa senatus populusqw^ Romanus annum quintum et deci- mum agenti's consulis d^ignavit, ut [^]um magistratum ini'rent post quin- quennium. Et ex eo die, quo deducti junt in forum, ut inter^ssent consilii's publici's, decrevit senaAis. Equites autem Romani universi principem iuentutis utr[;/]mqu[(? eo\r\xra. parm[zj e\t hastfs argentei's donatum ap- pellaverant. Plebei Romanae virltim Hs trecenos numeravi ex testamento patris mei, et nomine meo }K ^uadringenos ex bellorum manibiis consul quintum dedi, iterum autem in consulatu decimo ex [/Jatrimonio meo HS quadringenos congiari viritim /6'rnumer[]vi, et consul undecimum duodecim frumentationes frumento pr[?']vatim coempto emensus sum, et tribunicia potestate duodecimum quadringenos nummos tertium viritim dedi. Quae mea congiaria p[(?]rvenerunt ad homi'\aViVa. millia nunquam minus quinquagin[^]a et ducenta. Tribu[/FS milliens et septing[i?]nti[f;w Ti. Caesaris nomi]x\[c et w]eo detuli. anno qu]o Cn. et P. Lcntuli c[w?.f]ules fuerant, cum def [/Jcerent , centum millibus h[^;;/z]num [ex mcis] o/ibus [cmp]\.o fx\x- mcnto] lUTi . . ia . . . st [dedi]. "lit! 1 i fa " iiiiiillliuiliii ililiyi|qriiiii Momimeiitum A ticyrattum. Curiam ct coiilineiis ei Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in Palatio cum porticibus, aedcm divi luli, Lupercal, porticum ad cir- cum Flaminium, quam sum appellari passus ex nomine eius qui pri- orem eodem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum, aedes in Capitolio lovis feretri et lovis tonanlis, aedem Quirini, aedes Minervae et lunonis Reginae et lovis Libertatis in Aventino, aedem Larum in summa sacra via, aedem deum Penatium in Velia, aedem luventatis, aedem Malris Magnae in Palatio feci. Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensa grandi refecl sine uUa inscriptione nominis mei. Rivos aquarum compluribus locis vetustate labentes refeci. et aquam quae Marcia appellatur dui^licavi fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. Forum lulium et basilicam, quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, coepta profligata- que opera a patre meo, perfeci et eandem basilicam consump[/aw] in- cendio ampliato eius solo sub titulo nominis filiorum m[twr; i]n- cohavi et, si vivus non perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[?-cfi:ci. In privato solo Martis Ultoris temi)lum [y"]orumque Augustum {ex mani- biis feci. Theatrum ad aede[;;/] Apollinis in solo magna ex parte a p[/-]i[7^]atis empto feci, (juod sub nomine M. Marcell[/] generi mei esset. Don[a ex manibiis in Capitolio et in aede divi lu/I et in aede Apollinis et in ae- de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacravi, quae mihi consti- terunt ifS. circiter milliens. Auri coronari pondo triginta et quin- que millia municipiis et colonis Italiae conferentibus ad triumphoj meos quintum consul remisi et postea, quotienscumque imperator a[//cc\taculuiii /I'ljudo \tx\ad>i(i ineo\ nomine et tertium nepot[/j] me[/] no- mine. Lu[(^'Js feci 7)ic\o notninc\ t[uater, alicjrum autem fii\_ai^is- trat]\\{u'\m. ter et vici[t7/i'. I'ro^ conle^^w xv virorum magi[j]i[i'r con- l[j consulcs J\reniiit. Venationcs /']est[/V)'- rum .Vfricanarum meo nomine aut ftlio;7/m meorum et nepo/um in c\\r- co aut [/]ii yijro aut in aui])hil//eatris j)opul[(' (/Jedi scxiens et viciens, (juibus confecta sunt be^liaruni circite/' t;vi (jnilnis rjlassibus pugnavt'- runl ])raeter niniges millia hii[w/;//;/ /rjia circiter. In iLinplis omnium civitatiuni f\lol'illliae^^ y/siae victor orna- mciUa rcp()-.ni, (piae spoliatis tem[///.i- liostis\ cum quo l)ellum gesseram privatini |)i).s.scd(.ra/. .Siatuae [;//r(7<] pedeslres et ecjuc-itrcs et in ipiadrigeis argenleae stetcruiil in url)e XXC circiter, quas ipse su>tu!i exque ea pccunia dona aurea in aede .Vj^ol/inis meo nomi- ne et ilioruni, ([ui nuiii statuannn honorem habuenint, po>ui. g PLAN 01 [E FORUM ROMANUM AND VIA SACRA, IN JANll^ARY, 1876. PLAN OF THE FORUM ROMANUM AND VIA SACRA. A. MoNS Capitolinus. B. Tarpeian Rock. C. MoNs Palatinus. D. Forum Romanum, 1. Capitolium : the ^rarium, with the steps to the Senaculum on the right, leading up to a large hall behind the Tabularium, which is over the ^rarium, and has the Municipium over it. (See the eight Plates at the end of vol. i.) 2. Temple of Concord: the Podium (with a passage under it, which led originally to the steps of the Senaculum) ; in front are seen the sockets of the pivots of the great doors, on the top of a triple flight of steps. (SeePl. III.,IV.,V., andPhotos.,Nos.3i4S,46, 50.) 3. Temple of Saturn : the Podium, with three columns remaining at the corner. Behind it is the head of a doorway, at the foot of a steep flight of steps, which passes under and behind the ^rarium and Tabularium, and goes straight up to the third floor, without any doorway into it. (See PL VIII., IX., X., and Photos., No. 3148.) 4. Porticus of the Dei Consentes, with three shops behind it. These shops are continued under the modern road to the left. (See PI. XL, and Photos., Nos. 914, 2325.) 5. Temple of Vespasian: the Podium and seven columns. (See PI. XII., and Photos., Nos. 897, 929.) 6. Site of the Porta Saturnii, called also the Postern Gate of the Fortress of Saturn. (See PL III., and Photos., No. 3147.) It was a double gate, and the foundation of the wall between the two gates remains. The pavement on the left is of the time of the Republic, that on the right is of the time of the Early Empire. This gate is on the Clivus Capitolinus, and originally was also on the boundary-line between the fortified Hill of Saturn and the Forum Romanum. The ground is on a higher level within the line of the old wall. 7. Remains of one of the Rostra. (See PL XIIL, and Photos., No. 916.) 8. Remains of the Milliarium Aureum, or gilt mile-stone, called also Umbilica Urbis. (See PL XIIL, and Photos., No. 917.) 9. Arch of Septimius Severus. (See PL XIV., and Photos., No. 1209.) PLAN O HE FORUM ROMANUM AND VIA SACRA, IN JANIZARY, 1876, Plan of t lie Forum Roinaimm and Via Sacra. 10. Vestibule of the great Prison. (See PI. XXII., XXIII., and Photos., Nos. 721, 1 1 52.) This is called the Prison of S. Peter, with the church of S. Giuseppe (Joseph), or of the Crucifixion, over it. A stream of water running from it is shewn, meeting other streams from the Quirinal and the Palatine, all now underground. 11. Basilica Julia : the northern and original part built of Traver- tine stone, the walls going from west to east. (See PI. XXXIV,, and Photos., No. 3165. 12. Basilica Julia : the southern part added by Augustus ; rebuilt after a fire in the third century, with the modern brick bases. (See PI. XXXV., and Photos., No. 2289.) 13. Paved street and steps up to the raised platform of the Basilica Julia. And on the other side a row of shops (?) down the middle of the Forum, called liy some bases of great columns, but they are hollow, and are built of brick. 14. Vicus Tuscus. 15. Cloaca Maxima : the part left open where it passes under the south end of the Basilica Julia, and across the Forum. (See PI* XXXVI., and Photos., No. 3164.) 16. Column of Phocas. (See PI. XXIX., and Photos., No. 2959-) 17. Marble Screen, walls in the Comitium. (See PI. XXXI., XXXII., XXXIII., and Photos., Nos. 2961, 2962, 3160.) 1 8. liise of an equestrian statue of Domitian (?) or Constantine(?). (Sec Pliotos., Xo. 1658, 3169.) 19. Site of the Regia and the house of the Vestal Virgins. (Sec Photos., No. 3195*'.) 20. Palace of Caligula. (Sec PI. XIV., and Photos., No. 3170.) 21. Bridge of Caligula. (See Photo., No. 1757.) 22. Temple of Castor and Pollu.x, or the Dioscuri. (See PI. XV., and Photos. , Xo. 3157.) 25. Rostrum of Julius Cxsar. (See PI. XXXVI., and Photos., -"^o. 3159.) 24. 'i'cmplc of Julius Caesar. (See PI. XXXVII., and Photos., Xo. 1686.) 25. Pavement and steps of street to Palatine. 26. Fountain of Juturna (?). (See Photos., No. 3158.) 27. Temple of Vesta. (Sec Photos., Xo. 3 149 3158.) 2S. .\r(h of I'abianus (? . J'). Tem])lc of Ror,iulu>, the son of Maxentius, now part of the < hui< li of .SS. Coina> and Damian. (.^cc Photos., No. 268.) Pla)i of the Foriun Romanunt and Via Sacra. 30. Portico of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. (See Photos., Nos. 298, 824, 839, 1220.) 31. Temple of Roma, now part of the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian. (See Photos., No. 1135.) 32. Wall against which the Marble Plan of Rome was placed. (See Photos., No. 783.) 33. Excavations made in 1867, in search of fragments of the Marble Plan. (See Photos., No. 782.) 34. Basilica of Constantine. (See Photos., Nos. 204, 205, 784.) 35 to 39. Palaces of the C^sars. (See Part I., PI. IX. and X., and Photos., 2224 to 2256, and 2295 to 2303.) 35. Palace of Trajan (?). (See Part III., PI. VIII., and Supple- ment, PI. XVI.) 36. Part of that of Caligula (?). (See Photos., No. 1757.) 37. Passage of Caligula (?), leading to his Bridge. (See Photos., No. 2255.) 38. 39. Palaces of Trajan (?) and Hadrian (?). (See PI. XIV., and Photos., Nos. 2251, 2252.) a a a. Modern houses. b. Monastery and church of S. Giuseppe, over the Prison of S. Peter (.^). The probable site of the Graecostasis is between this and the Temple of Concord, where the sloping path of Michael Angelo now is. (See Photos., Nos. 580, 848, 849, 1152, 1790.) c. Church of S. Martina, with the Academy of S. Luke and Gallery of the Fine Arts. (See Photos., No. 306.) d. Church of S. Hadrian. (See Photos., No. 998.) e. Cella of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, now the church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda. The walls are built of large blocks of tufa taken from the second wall of Rome, which passed near this; the marble casing has been removed. (See Photos., No. 298.) f. Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, made out of three temples. (See Photos., Nos. 268, 418, 1135.) g. Church of S. Maria Liberatrice, on the site of the Regia, after- wards the house of the Pontifex Maximus, and subsequently of the Vestal Virgins. (See PI. XXI. and XXIII.) h. Farnesi Gardens. (See Photos., Nos. 103, 104.) i i i. Streams of water. T H i^: VIA SACRA IN ROME. BY JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. Hun. M.A. 0.\o.\., F.S.A. Lo.nu. ; Kkeper of the A.sii.mole.\n Museu.m ok History and Antiquities IN the University ok O.xkord, etc. OXFORD: jAMKS PAR KKR AND CO. LONDON : JOIIX M rRR.VV, .VI r.i;.M.\RLi;-S TRF.KT 1876. PREFACE. VIA SACRA. At this stage of my work on the Archaeology of Rome it seems expedient to give some further account of its origin, its object, and the causes of the long delay in bringing it out. It originated in the desire of regular employment for my time in Rome, having been sent to spend my winters there by my physicians after a severe attack of rheumatic fever. I well knew how many books had been written on the history of the city of Rome, which is a necessary part of the history of the world and of the civilization of the human race, but that no one had applied the principles of the modern science of archaeology to this subject. I thought it would be an easy matter for me to do this, and put the information I thus obtained into a popular shape for the general reader. I purchased all the most recent and best books on the history of the city of Rome, in English, French, and Italian, and friends translated for me from the German as much as appeared necessary for my purpose, which was to ascertain The true History of the City of Rome. None of these works satisfied me. The writers have in no instance studied architectural history on the principle of comparison with well-dated examples, or made that the basis of their work, which appears to me to be essential. As a younger man, for twenty years of my life my favourite study had been the comparative progress of architecture in England and France, by a careful examination of the construction and the details of dated examples. In England I had the assistance of Professor Willis and the leading members of the Royal Archaeological Insti- tute, in the foundation of which I had assisted materially, by taking all the outlay and risk of the publications on myself for the first five years ; in France I had the help of M. De Caumont * and the French Archaeological Society, of which I have been a member for these thirty years I was therefore well accustomed to the work, and the method of examination of the existing remains, and could readily apply the same principles and practice to Rome. I was also able to compare the remains there with similar buildings in other coun- tries, and Roman buildings are often more perfect in the provinces " Al an International Congress of that was given) was presentetl to mc by Arch.xologists, lield at Antwerp under him, for my services in Rome, his direction, the medal (liie only one b IV PREFACE. than in Rome. But as the chief interest of Roman architecture belongs to a period of which we have few or no remains in Eng- land or the north of France, I had a fresh lesson to learn in Rome, and required the help of the local antiquaries, which I readily obtained. On my first visit to Rome I had been introduced to the Baron Visconti, and his nephew, the Cavaliere C. L. Visconti, from whom I have received much kind assistance ; and his former pupil, Signor Lanciani, now one of the best archaeologists in Rome, and Secretary of the Archreological Commission of the Municipality, has also given me similar assistance. I found that both Visconti and Lanciani adhered to what they call the " Roman traditions," with which I could not agree, as I soon saw that they were only the conjectures of learned men during the last three centuries, and were of no real authority whatever. After the first two or three seasons I became acquainted with Dr. Fabio Gori, and employed him to assist me in that part of my work which relates to the Aqueducts, which he had studied and understood better than most people, from the circumstance of his being a native of Subiaco, the place from the neighbourhood of which all the chief aqueducts come to Rome, Dr. Henzen, the head of the German Archaeological Institute, also allows me to consult him frequently, on the subject of Inscrip- tions chiefly, and has rendered me much service. I also have the use of the excellent library of that Institute, and have frequently attended their meetings, but I cannot always agree with any of my friends ; it seems to me that some are right on one point and others on another point, and that the only safe plan is to compare the exact Avords of the Classical authors {without note or comment) with the ex- isting remains, of wiiich the dates are soon seen by comparison with other similar buildings, by experienced eyes. This is the principle on which my work is carried out, to obtain the best information that I can get either from books or from living authorities, and then form my own conclusions from them after consideration. I have thus explained the origin of my w^ork. The object is to explain in a popular manner the true history of the city of Rome ; the received history, as taught in all our schools, is founded almost entirely on conjecture, because many of the most interesting and important buildings were buried, and had been so for centuries, until the recent excavations were made. Soon after I began my work I saw the necessity of making many excavations, and I spent a large sum upon them (and upon the drawings and photo- graphs necessary to ex])Iain them), having obtained permission from Cardinal Antonelli, on behalf of the Pontifical Government. His PREFACE. V holiness Pius IX. himself took an interest in the matter, allowed me to present him with a volume of my photographs, and to have a private interview to explain them ; he then called me a benefactor of Rome, and gave me his silver medal in remembrance of my visit. Under the Italian Government, H.R.H. Prince Humbert has also honoured me with a private interview to explain my views and objects, and after that interview recommended Signor Rosa to attend to any suggestions of mine, as I was evidently an archaeo- logist of much experience ; and this led to the great and important excavations in the Colosseum. Signor Bonghi, as Minister of Public Instruction ; and Signor Fiorelli, the head of the Department of Ar- chaeology in the Italian Government, have been most kind to me, and encouraged me to go on with my work, of making English and Ameri- can people understand the remains of the buildings of ancient Rome. I make no pretension to know more than other people, but I have often been told that I have the art of explaining antiquities in a very natural manner, easy to be understood and remembered. The late Earl Stanhope frequently said publicly, both to the Society of Antiquaries of London and to the Kent Archaeological Society, that "if other people could teach Archaeology as Mr. Parker docs, it would be far more popular than it is ; the subject itself is most interesting, but it is usually taught in such a dry technical manner that most people are soon disgusted with it, and find that they have not time to learn it in that maimer ; but if it can be learned in so agreeable a manner as we learn it on our excursions, taking a plea- sant walk or drive, and having the architectural history of each luiilding explained to us when we come to it, and have time to see it, we should all be glad to take such lessons in Archaeology." My great object is to explain antiquities by the eye rather than by the ear, for this reason I have had a very large number of photographs taken, wliich, next to seeing the objects themselves, are the best means and way of understanding them. Whenever I can do so, 1 shew the objects themselves, and explain them on the spot. This has been my practice for many years with the various archaeological so( ietics to which I behjng ; I learnt the lesson first in my youth, from tlic late M. I)e Caumont, of Caen, one of the leaders of the ['rench Society, who set the example of making archa-ological ex- cursions, and going to different parts of France for that jjurpose, and afterwards urging his friends and pupils to establish local societies for the study of Arclucology in each place that they had visited. I had been introduced to M. De Caumont by a mutual friend, Dr. Auckland, tlie geologist, at a meeting of the Norman VI PREFACE. Society at Caen, in the year 1834. The late Mr, Albert Way and myself had attended these meetings of the French Society, or Con- gresses as they are called, and we endeavoured to introduce them into England in the annual excursions of the Royal Archaeological Insti- tute ; but M. De Caumont had often three or four such excursions in a year, and in Rome the British and American Archaeological Society, for some years, has had them once or twice a week during the season, when the weather permits. This has enabled me to learn the opinions of all parties, and compare them, and correct any errors into which I may have fallen, for archaeologists are not more infallible than other people; I have now followed this plan for some years, and believe that few have had more opportunity of arriving at the truth. It is certainly a case in which "the mul- titude of counsellors ought to give wisdom," or at least the best information. I have long seen that the best drawings cannot always be de- pended on for the history of architecture. Some of the best archi- tectural draughtsmen of my time have made drawings for me, such, for instance, as the lamented Orlando Jewitt, and Mackenzie before him ; others have given them to me from love of the subject, such as Mr. W. Twopeny, Mr. E. Blore, Mr. R. C. Hussey, and Professor Willis ; but on comparing these drawings on the spot, I have found errors in many of them, and sometimes such errors as would mislead in studying the history of the building. Drawings are usually made in the study, from hasty sketches made on the spot, and perhaps not finished for years after the sketch was taken, when the person who made it has often forgotten part of what he intended to shew ; more often the drawing is made for the engravers by an artist who has never seen the object, and has only a rough and incorrect sketch to go by. For this reason photographs are indispensable for the explaining the history of the building. No artist ever thinks of shewing the thickness of the mortar between the joints of the stones, or the thickness of the bricks ; yet on these two points the date of a building often hangs, at the most important turning-points in the history of architecture. The violent prejudices there would be to contend with in esta- blishing THE TRUTH soon became evident ; no one is willing to believe that what he was taught as true history in youth, and has since taught to others, is almost entirely based upon conjectures, yet this is undoubtedly the case with the history of the city of Rome ; it could not be otherwise, when most of the important historical objects were buried, and had been so for centuries. PREFACE. Vll For this reason also I have adopted photo-engravings'', which are reproductions of nature by the action of light only, not touched by the human hand, instead of woodcuts, which have to be drawn upon the wood, and depend entirely on the accuracy of the artist who makes the drawing. Unfortunately the best scholars are just the most difficult persons to be made to see the blunders into which they have been led by what are called the " Roman traditions," or the '* received interpre- tation of the text," which are in fact nothing but the conjectures of learned men during the last three centuries, as has been shewn. The Forum Romanum and the Via Sacra are the chief battle-fields of the archaeologists, and especially the Summa Sacra Via, with the ruins upon it. Scholars are often annoyed at being told that the two apses there, back to back, are nof the Temple of Venus and Rome, and yet this is danonstrated in the present volume; the facts are undeniable. That name is quite modern, it is only the conjecture of the great scholars of the last century. Palladio, at the end of the sixteenth century, gives an engraving of one of these apses as the "Temple of the Sun and Moon," which is more near the truth, for they are on the site of that temple ; but no temple ever had an apse to it, and the construction of these two is identical with the apse added in the time of Constantine to the great building of Maxentius, on the site of the Temple of Peace, and probably at first intended to be a rebuilding of that temple on a grander scale, but altered into a basilica in the time of Constantine. In one sense a basilica may be called a market-hall ; there was evidently one to each market-place or forum, and as three markets were held on the Summa Sacra Via, three basilicas would be required for them. It is shewn by the records of Dio Cassius and others, that Apollodorus told Hadrian ''he ought to have built his temple of Roma on this spot," but it is equally plain that he did not. This is one of the most consi)icuous and important buildings in Rome, and may be taken as a fair example of tlie rest. Scholars who have never been in Rome frequently confuse the Via Sacra of the Empire with the Via Sacra or Sancta*-' of the ' It is not ]>rol)al)lc tli.it a tenth part and explain it for a shilling each, at of my historical photogra]ihs can ever Charing-cross. he engraved hy any process, hut they ' ' 'J'he \'ia .Sacra, or Sancta, of the are records of what has heen visihle in Popes, was the jirocessional path for my time, very much of which is now visiting the relics of the martyrs, start- huried again or entirely destroyed. Any ing from the I.ateran Palace, where the schouhnaster or college liitur, who P(>]ie then resided, and returning to it wishes to lAjrlain a particidar suliject, after gonig the roui.d on horsel ack ; it can gel the plKUogiaphs to illustrate may he called the "I'ilgiims' uaii." Vlll PREFACE. Popes, but they are quite distinct things. The Via Sacra was a short street full of temples, divided into three parts ; the first part went from the Forum to the foot of the Clivus Sacer, which led up to the Summa Sacra Via. The church of SS. Cosmas and Ua- mian, made out of three temples, one of which is that of Romulus, the son of Maxentius, is at the foot of the clivus, and at the south- east end of the old Via Sacra, strictly so called. This road on the high level, made by filhng up the old foss-way, was probably then a new road, as the lower part of the church of S. Clement was filled up with earth to that level shortly before that time, after the raid of the Normans under Robert Guiscard. The Via Alesandrina, which is a continuation of the same line to the Forum of Trajan, was pro- bably made by Alexander II., a.d. io6i 73. The expression used both in going and returning by this road, when passing near the Colosseum, hj'uxta Colosseum, which correctly states the fact. The church of S. Francesca Romana is on the Summa Sacra Via ; this church was previously called S. Maria Nova, because another S. Maria, then called antiqiia, was close to it, between that site and the cliff of the Palatine Hill, and that part was excavated in 1874 only (see Plates XXXIX., XL.). The Pontifical Registers give us the date for both parts of it : these were issued by Anastasius, the Libra- rian, in the ninth century, who was authorized by the Pontifical Government of his time to pubhsh the Registers of the Bishops of Rome from the earliest period, and although for the time of Con- stantine he has interpolated or forged a long string of very doubtful history'', yet in other parts there was no reason for his doing so. The line of it is described in the Ordo Meta Sudans before the triumphal arch Konianus under Innocent IL, A.D. of Constantine, and turning to the left 1 130 1 143. i^Codcx Urlichs, pp. 79 before the amphitheatre by the Sacra 85.) The procession in going out from Via, and near the Colosseum, returning the Lateran passed by the church of S. to the Lateran, that is, it ascended Clement on the left, and near the Colos- again to the high level, passing the seum, then going through the Forum Colosseum or amphitheatre, which is of Trajan and the I'ia/.za di S. Apostoli one and the same enormous building ; ... to the bridge and castle of Hadrian, the procession passed first along the ascended to the Vatican and S. Peter's front of it, and then along the north church; then, in returning to the (La- side, but the writer avoids the repe- teran) palace, ascends from near the ti'.ion of the same word. Temple of Romulus (now SS. Cosmas '' All those who are acquainted with and Damian) up the pavement on which mediaeval manuscripts know that an Simon Magus fell, that is according to immense number of title-deeds for pro- the Church traditions the Clivus Sacer, perty were forged by the monks, and where the steps in front of S. Francesca even an entire Chronicle by the name Romana now stand, then going under of Ingulphus. This interpolation of the Arch of Titus and Vespasian, which Anastasius gives title-deeds to the pro- is called afterthe seven-branched candle- perty of the great ecclesiastical corpo- slick carved upon it, descending to the rations of Rome, the Vatican, the Late- PREFACE. IX It was an ancient Christian custom for the bishop of each diocese to keep a register, in which each succeeding bishop re- corded what had been done by his predecessor. In England, in the diocese of Lincoln, the bishops' registers have been pre- served from the twelfth century to the present time. Twenty years since I endeavoured to persuade the late Mr. Dimock to publish these, with archaeological notes, explaining what re- mained of each church of the period recorded (which no one could have done better), but the necessary funds were not forth- coming. A similar edition of Anastasius would give the history of architecture from the third century to the ninth, over a great part of pAiroi)e ; and the Lives of the Cardinals, by Ciaconius, would give a continuation of such a history down to the sixteenth. Scholars are too apt to set down the work of Anastasius as altogether worth- less, which is not really the case ; it is valuable for certain purposes, and for a certain period, to which the ruins remaining of S. Maria Articjua belong. The cliviis, or sloping road, which ascends from the triumphal arch of Constantine to that of Titus, must be the Clivus Triumphalis ; the arches are all built over the line of march of the army for the triumphal processions. The divus so called by the Roman authorities, at the north-east corner of the Palatine, must be the Clivus Palatinus. Under the south-east end of the plat- form of the Summa Sacra Via are remains of substructures of the time of the Kings or of the Republic, and not of the time of Hadrian, where Apollodorus told him he ouf;ht to have made a place for the machinery of the Colosseum, which it is quite evident he has not done. There are a few of the old stones of tufa, of the second wall of Rome, remaining there in situ, and marks of many others in tlie plaster on the face of the rubble wall, as is often the case in Rome ; the mortar has become harder than the stone, and often more durable. To explain some of the causes of the long ihiay in bringing out my work, reference must be made to the habitual procrastination of the Italian character, and the general ignorance of the people, and the local prejutlices that are tlie conseciuence of their ignorance. Cardinal .Vntonelli had warned me, in the tirst instance, that I should find the subordinate menil)ers of the (Government extremely jealous of me, and always ready to impetle my researches in every way that they ccndd, both directly and in(lire< tly, wc iiiliTpolntiniis is of the iiinlli ('oii^i.iiitiiir, uIkm !k- ii.-J.U(.il IIIK ccinuiy, ii'.i ,,1 tiic fourth. ri.\Li'. lii 1 111, ( 111 Ki II, l.iu the I.atm X PREFACE. This I have found to be most true, and the change of government has made no change in this respect ; among the subordinates the same stupid local prejudices exist as before. Rome is jealous of Naples and Florence, and these cities return the compliment ; and all are equally jealous of the English, and unwilling to have their antiqui- ties explored and explained. Nevertheless, by patience and per- severance much has been done, and much more may be done if the necessary funds are forthcoming. Before these excavations were begun, the Cardinal had told me that it seemed so extraordinary, at first sight, to allow an English- man to do what the Romans themselves were not permitted to do without special permission, to make deep excavations ; there was some fear of an emeute (Rome being then in a very feverish state of excitement), therefore I had better have it done in my absence in the first instance. This was done. I gave the commission to the Cavaliere Guidi to make the excavations for me in the name of Dr. Fabio Gori, who superintended them, and sent me a weekly report of what was done and what was found. We there found one of the short aggeres of Servius Tullius, the one from the Ccelian to the Aventine, by digging seven pits in a line, each about twenty feet deep, and always finding the agger faced by a great wall of tufa, and with the aqueducts upon it, passing over the Porta Capena, and through the western tower of that ancient gate, the lower part of which remains, with a modern tower built upon it, which noAv forms part of the gardener's house in the garden of the monks of S. Gregory ; this house is made out of an ancient castellum aquce, or reservoir of the aqueducts. These excavations proved an important point in the history of the city of Rome, that the short aggeres of Servius Tullius were carried as high up in the valleys as possible, in order to use the old fortifications on the hills to protect the ap- proaches to his gates, and that he did 7ioi build a continuous wall round Rome across the mouths of the valleys, as has long been assumed from taking a passage in Dionysius too literally, a common cause of the popular blunders in the history of the city. These excavations made a considerable sensation in Rome, and Napoleon III. heard of them from my friend M. Viollet-le-Duc, and directed that in future his excavations in the Farnese gardens, on the Palatine Hill, should be carried on for historical objects also, and not merely to search for statues for the Paris museum, the purpose for which they had been begun. The Emperor had bought the Farnese gardens for that object, but in this he had been entirely deceived, as it was well known to Roman antiquaries that when PREFACE. XI the Farnese gardens were made the whole of that ground had been thoroughly searched for statues, and the greater part of the Farnese collection now at Naples was found there. Soon after this the Italians took possession of Rome as the capital of united Italy, and they have carried on the excavations for historical objects only, on the Palatine, in the Forum, the Via Sacra, and the Colosseum. Simultaneously with these the Municipality have made numerous excavations on the Quirinal, the Viminal, and the Esquiline, and in the Exquilire, the large space eastward of those hills, or colles^ be- tween the inner and outer wall of ancient Rome, from the Porta Maggiore to the Pretorian Camp. Between the engineers of the railway and the authorities of the Municipality nearly the whole of the great agi:;cr of Servius Tullius has been carried away. This was not in the least necessary, and only proves the carelessness of the engineers and architects then employed. There was abundance of room for the new city outside of the great agger^ on the level ground, between that and the outer wall, which varies in width from half-a- mile to a mile, and is at least two miles long. This great agger should have been left as a public promenade, as at Vienna, and many other fortified cities, or used as a boulevard, as at Paris. In making the drains for the new city (which are at a great depth, and very fine drains), they have cut through buildings of the time of the Empire in all directions, and have uncovered the old pavement of the streets in many places, of which fortunately a record is preserved by their Archaeological Commission. Ever since the year 1868, Professor Cicconetti, one of the best draughtsmen in Rome, has had in hand for me a set of plans of the fourteen Regiones of Rome, with the view of making an atlas to accompany this work ''. In these plans we endeavour to indicate and to explain many points not usually understood, the different levels of the hills, and the valleys, and the foss-ways, the lines of the aiiueducts, and of all the streams of water, whether now above ground, or underground only. Many streams of water are now underground, in the great drains, that were formerly visible ami natural boundary-lines, especially those now running in the Cloaca Maxima, which was at the time of the foundation of Rome the natural boundary between the Palatine Hill and the Hill of Saturn ; (^iie of these passes under the .Arch of Janus, or Anus Qiuuf/i/rons. ' I'rnfcsMH- fonlan, of I'.orlin, lias Marlilr Plan of Kdino, .is li.is I)ccn r.irL'stallcl nic in one jjait ni tlii> work, i>(,imc ol the Xll PREFACt. There can be little doubt that there was originally a drawbridge over this stream at that point. We indicate also the principal ancient reservoirs of water, the buildings of the time of the Kings, the Republic, the Empire, and the Middle Ages, are distinguished by different tints, the frag- ments of the Marble Plan of Rome, as far as they can be placed with any certainty, but not following Canina blindly, nor using the conjectural boundaries of the Regiones of Nardini or of Canina, making use of the learned works written about the time the greater part of the fragments was found (these works are collected in the fourth volume of the great Thesmirus of Graevius), but neither always following them blindly ; these authors evidently supposed the plan to have been a pavement, which it was not, and therefore they did not perceive that it was on three different scales, according to the distance from the eye of the different parts of the high wall on which it was placed (see Plate XLIL). We have also traced out the lines from the Milliarhim Aicreum to the thirty-seven gates, as described by Pliny. Of these gates, twenty-five were in the outer wall, or wall of enceinte, which is a necessary part of any fortification. In Rome it was begun by the Tarquins as part of the great earthworks of the Kings, and the aqueducts were carried upon this vallum, (igg^^, or bank ^, before the Wall of Aurelian was built upon it. Several of the existing gates in the outer wall are as old as the time of Pliny. The other twelve gates are in the line of Servius Tullius, the boundary of THE City proper until the time of Aurelian, on the eastern side of Rome. Pliny tells us not to count these twelve inner gates twice over, although in measuring from the centre of Rome to the outer gates it was necessary to pass through each of these twice. This simple explanation of the thirty- seven gates of Rome was first published in the present work. It is now acknowledged by the best-informed Roman antiquaries on the spot, who have every opportunity to go and verify it, that this is the true and the only possible explanation of the passage which has been declared to be inexplicable by all the editors of the works of Pliny, -from the tim.e they were first printed to the present day, because no one had thought of examining the ground. We have also traced the lines of the Itinerant Pilgrims in search of the relics of the martyrs in the Middle Ages, and also the line of the Ordo Romanus, of the twelfth century. All this required a good deal of careful investi- ' This is the high bank mentioned by Frontinus, in his treatise on tlie Aciueducts. See my ChajHer on that subject. PREFACE. xiii gation and research, and examination of the ground, and necessa- rily took time ; the delay has been much increased by the impedi- ments studiously thrown in our way by the jealousy of the half- educated Romans. The great excavations carried on during the last five years in preparing the ground for the new city on the high ground, also gave rise to many questions, and gave new ideas on many points. These excavations are even now, in 1876, not com- pleted, though so nearly that I may go on now with confidence, and hope in another season to complete this work. The lower class of ofiicials, both of the Government and of the Municipality, impede the British archaeologists as much as they can, not seeing the truth that they are the best friends the modern Romans can have. The greater part of them are persons of good education, who have also travelled a good deal, and those who have seen the most ought to be the best archaeologists ; and to under- stand many of the great buildings of the Romans it is necessary to have travelled a good deal. Some of the members of the British and American Archaeological Society of Rome are Indian officers, who have spent several years in India, and have seen the magnificent buildings of the East and of Egypt, from some of which the Romans learned, and where they also have left many of their own buildings. We have also had as members of the Society for a time masters of the public schools, and Professors from the Universities of England, of the United States, and of Canada. We thus have the opportunity of comparing notes from all quarters in a friendly manner, and by having long been placed in a leading position in the proceedings of this and similar societies, I have had more opportunities of ob- taining accurate information than most people have had. The results are, I hope, visible in my work. CONTENTS. VIA SACRA. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Built A.D. 165, and consecrated as the Church of S Lorenzo in Miranda in 1430 The Monolithic Columns stand on a flight of steps* It is represented on a Coin of Antoninus Line of the Via Sacra, Clivus Sacer, and Summa Sacra Via, or Caput (see the Plan) .... House of Ancus Martius and ^Edes, or Sacellum Larium situated on the Summa Sacra Via . Called also Sacellum Strenis; . Three Markets held on the Summa Sacra Via . rrocession of the Augurs .... Temi'LE OF Rome, or Templum Urbis . On the site of SS. Cosmas and Damian . South doorway, excavated in 1868 built by Hadrian Speech of Apollodorus on the occasion Panvinius places it on this site This Church is made out of three temples Marble Plan of Rome .... All the fragments of this were found on the same spot under the east wall of the Church or Sacristy behind it Excavations made here in 1867 by Tocco Tlic work of Professor Jordan on the ^Larl)le Plan The Temple of Roma is represented on a Coin of Hadrian, A. D. Prudentius calls these two Temples the "Twins" The circular Temple is that of Romulus, son of Maxentius Parts of llie Columns of the Portico remain Tins Temiilc deiiicalud to Constantine by the Senate Was made into the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian A.I). 527, by Felix IV. .... The round Church forms a vestibule to the others The other two were under one roof Tlie apse, with the Mosaic Picture, is an insertion Tile church restored aud endowed by Pope Hadrian L A.I.. 772 . . ill II 39, Innocent H. mentions it as y//.v/<; tctnplui Rotuuli, or. as Mime MS.S. say, Roiiur Cluirch i)f SS. Peter and Paul, made A.I). 760, in the B.asilica of Ciin^laiitinc ..... I. cl;cU(1 of Simon Magus PAGE PLATE 65 XXXVI ib. 66 XLIV. ib. ib, 67 XXXIL ib. ib. 68 69 XXX. ib. ib. XXXI. 70 ib. ib. XXXII. ib. 71 XLII. 28 ib. ib. 72 //'. 73 ib. 74 75 76 77 ib. 78 79 80 //'. lb. XLIIL See the Apiicndix to this Chapter. XVI CONTENTS. Templum Pacis and Basilica of Constantine . Originally built by Vespasian Basilica of Constantine, called also Basilica Nova Antiquaries not agreed as to the site of the Templum Pacis Marble Columns removed in the fifteenth century One in 1620 placed in front of S. Maria Maggiore Seven others form the triumphal car of the Farnese in their palace ..... The spoils of Jerusalem were placed in this Temple The Apse is an addition to the building PAOI PLATE 8286 XXXIII. . 83 . ib. XXXIV. . ih. . 84 . ib. 85 XXXV. . ib. . ib. PORTICUS LlVIVE. A fragment of the Marble Plan of Rome has this name upon it, and shews the Plan . . . . .86 XXXVI. The only place in Rome that fits that Plan is the platform on the Summa Sacra Via . . . , . ib. It is mentioned by Strabo . , . . .87 The base shewn on the Plan is for the great Colossus . . ib. This platform is that on which Apollodorus said that Hadrian ought to have placed the Templum Urbis, but he has not done so ib. The building with two Apses back to back was not a Temple . 88 XXXVII. The three Markets held on the Summa Sacra Via required three Basilicce ....... ib. The substructures opposite to the Colosseum are of rough rubble walling, and not of the time of Hadrian . . . ib. XXXVII. A small Aqueduct to supply the Fountains was made upon them . ib. This substructure to lengthen the platform of the Summa Sacra Via is of the time of Vedius Pollio, a libertine and drunkard, who bequeathed his property to Augustus . . .89 his house destroyed by Augustus, and the Porticus Livise built on the site of it . . . . . ib. Division of the Regiones uncertain . . . .90 The old Fortifications are often the Boundaries . . . ib. The Porticus Livice became the Temple of Apollo, or the Sun, when the Colossus of Nero in the character of Apollo was placed in it . . . . . . ib. XXXVIII, The porticus was a double Colonnade . . . .91 The foundation of it was excavated in 1830 and 1874 . . ib. Other excavations made in 1874, between the platform and the Palatine . . . . . . . ib. Three objects found by these excavations : i. Guard Chambers ; 2. The Lavacrum of Heliogabalus ; 3. The Church of XXXIX. S. Maria Antiqua, founded in 800, enlarged in 855 . 92 XI.. Sculpture from the Tomb of the Aterii, of the first century, represents the Summa Sacra Via, &c. . . -93 The Colossiim altzwi is the Colossus of Nero, in the character of Apollo, or the Sun . . . . . ih. This was first placed in the vestibule of the Golden House of Nero ....... 94 CONTENTS. XVII It was moved by Hadrian to make room for the Templum Urbis Roma.' . . . . . .94 The elephants dragged it up the Cl.ivus Sacer to the plat- form on the SuMMA Sacra Via . . . -95 The site where it had stood originally is now part of the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian .... ib. Tlie Marble Plan of Rome was fixed against the east wall . ib. The podium in front of the Colosseum is not large enough for the great Colossus, but was used for a smaller one of Gordianus 96 This great bronze COLOSSUS was destroyed by Pope Silvester in the time of Constantine, as an idol of the Sun . . ib. The smaller Colossus is represented on a Coin of Gordianus, and the brickwork oi ihc podium, or basement, is of his time . ib. The Temple of the Sun rebuilt by Ileliogabalus on this site 97 The description of it in the Mirabilia Urbis agrees with the site, and that in the Graphia Urbis also .... ib. Church of S. Franxesca Romana . . , -99 formerly called S. Maria Nuova . . . ib. is not the same as that of SS. Peter and Paul, nor S. M. Antiqua, remains of which last were excavated in 1873 100 XXXV. - S. Francesca Romana rebuilt A. D. 860 Tcjmbs and Sculpture contained in it . The Campanile is of the thirteenth century - The Cloister was built in 1370 Temple of Jupiter Stator(?), site of (?) . Arch of Titus .... Aqueducts in this Regio Other Churches in this Regio Church of SS. (^)uiricus and Giulitta SS. Doniinicus and Sixtus S. .Maria , ct ll.iminiiis ct ^taUiis aurcis '' l'.il!,i'!''i, An liiiiTtiua. lili. \\. c, <). ct aim'iitiis. " (L'ajuti)liuus in AiUoniiio ' "1 ci lii> aiiiici inii'i-i ii siii I'ausliiiam I'ii), c. ii.) 66 Via Sacra. buried by the fiUing-up of the Via Sacra, until they were excavated again in 1876 by the Italian Government. The crypt is formed by the introduction of the modern floor in the original lofty temple ; when it was converted into a church, this floor was placed at the level of the ground, after the filling-up of the foss-way. The bases of the columns of the portico stand upon the top of the flight of steps, this shews the depth of the original foss-way, as those bases are now ten feet below the level of the ground. The excavations made in 1874, on the opposite side of the Via Sacra, shew the same low level of the ground in that street. This temple is represented on a coin of Antoninus ^ j\Ir. Donald- son observes upon it : "The cornice is of the simplest comi)osition, but noble and imposing ; the frieze is enriched on the flanks with a magnificent series of grifiins and candelabra, superb in design and exquisite in execution. The shaft of each column consists of a mono- lithic block of cipollino marble, 38 ft. 9 in. high by 4 ft. 10 in.*?" The Via Sacra continued from this Temple of Antoninus and Faustina at the south-east corner of the Forum Romanum to the foot of the Clivus Sacer, in front of the round temple, now part of the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian ^\ The Clivus Sacer was a steep incline from that point to the upper level on which stands the Arch of Titus, and the present church of S. Francesca Romana. This large level platform is partly natural rock at its northern end, but as the level space was not large enough for the great porticus or colonnade, it was extended on rude vaulted substructures at the southern end towards the Colosseum. This great platform is on the SuMMA Sacra Via, or Caput Sacra; Vice. From passages in various classical authors we learn that the palace of King Ancus Martius', and the temple of the tutelar gods, ' Donaldson, Coins, 4 ; Photos., Xo. septem Lucernaruni, descoidit ad j\Ie- 487 c, and Plate XXN'I. tarn Sudantem ante triumphalem arcum '^ Canina says43 ft. 3 in., Roman feet, Constantini reclinans nianu leva ante including the base, and 4 ft. 6 in. dia- amphitheatrum et per sanctam viaiii meter. juxta Colosseum revertitur ad Latera- In the life of Felix IV., in Anas- num." (Ordo Romanus, apud Mabillon, tas'us, it is .stated that this church was Museum Italicum, tom. ii. p. 143 ; Ur- cre:ted in the Via Sacra. In the direc- lichs-Codex, p. So.) tions for the Church Processions in tlie The sancla 7iia of the Middle Ages Middle Ages, given in the Ordo Ro- was evidently the prescribed path for manus, the rise and fall of the ground visiting the relics of the martyrs, start- is clearly indicated : ing from the Lateran palace and return- " .Sulointrat aream X'ervre inter tern- ing round the Colosseum back to the plum ejusdem deie [Palladis] et tem- Lateran. It was distinct from the Via plum Jani, asccudit ante Asylum per Sacra of the classical period, silicem ubi cecidit Simon Magus juxta ' " Ancus Martins in summa sacra templum Romuli, pergit sub arcu tri- via ubi redes Larium est." (Solinus, umphali Titi et Vespasiani que vocatur 1. 23.) Stimma Sacra Via. 6y were situated on the Summa Sacra Via, probably on the same site. An (sdes larium^ or temple of the tutelar gods, is mentioned by Solinus "' in connection with this house of Ancus Martius. The Sacellum Larium, mentioned by Tacitus', seems to agree with the same situa- tion. A sacellum is evidently not the same as a temple, though akin to it, probably a way-side altar. It is also mentioned by Cicero, and an altar of Orbona with it, both of which he saw consecrated, so that they must have been erected or rebuilt in his time" ; they are also mentioned in a similar way by Pliny", Symmachus, and others. The Sacellum Strenia^ was on the Summa Via Sacra, according to Varro P and Festus '', who speak of going from the King's house, or the Regia, at the north end of the Via Sacra, under the Pala- tine, and considered as on that hill, to the Sacellum Strenia:, which was near the south end of the Via Sacra, not at the Capitol, which was beyond the north end of it, but near the Carinas. Several markets were held on the upper Via Sacra, especially it api)ears for the use of country people bringing the produce of their gardens to market. Varro mentions apples and honey as sold at the foot of the golden image, which i>roI)ably was a gilt statue of Cupid that stood there in his time, li.c. 200. Ovid also mentions the western market ^ for the people in the suburbs, and on the Via Sacra. This was afterwards called the' Forum Cuj)edinis*, which is believed to have been on the high ground near the Arch of Titus, in the ujjper Via Sacra, a part of which was also called at one period Conida, from a grove of cornel-trees (?), or perhaps from lliat fruit being sold there, as mentioned by Varro ". This '' Sdliiius, c. 2. ad .'vdem Larium ara, ct Malix; Fortunnc ' " Indc ccrtis -^iiatiis intfijccti lapi- in Kxquiliis." (I'linii Nat. Hist., ii. 5.) dc. per iiiia inniiti^ I'alatini ad aram ( )rl)oiia was the special godtless of pa- (Onsi, iiii.x a wlio had lost their children. sacellum I.arimn." (Taciti .\nnaies, " Syinmachus, lil). x. epist. 20 et 28. xii. 24.) P '' . . . .(^uani rem etiam carius in '" " I'lliiis cuiin l''aninii in I'alatin, et sacra via <[iiam sed venit." (Varro, l)e nrlic.n.i- nil .I'.dem I .arum . . . coii^e- Ke Kustica, i. 2.) ( laiain \idinius." (( icero de Natura '' "... I'.tiam a Rcj^is domo ad .Sa- |)ii)nim, iii. c. 24.) cellum .Slreniii'."' (Festus.) " " ld<'Mi|ui' etiani |)ulilice IVhris l'"a- ' \'arro, Dc Re Rusiica, c. 2, and 16. iiuni ill i'al.itio dicatum est, ( )rbon;v ' " Rurc sulnuliano jiotcris tihi dicere niissa, llle lilii in sacra sint licet einpta via."' (Ovidii De .Arte Amandi, lib. ii. 263.) ' " I'.t mcxlo pavoni-^ camhv llahella su]>erl>ie I'.l niauilnis dura IriL^u-^ habere ]>ila I'.t capit iratum lalo^ me I'n^cere elninios (^u.eipie nilent .Sacra vilia dona \'ia." (I'n>l)eMiu> iii. 17, II.) " " \il ('iinieta I^'nrum ( '\i]ie(!iiiis dinis a (U]iidilate llrcc omnia a ('\ipeilii) ipind mulii I'oruui C'upe- ]ii^tcaiiii.un contractu in unum locum K 2 68 Via Sacra. market-place is also mentioned by Terence in the Euriuchus^ . Varro and Festus" treat the Macellum and the Forum Cupedinis as identical. There was from the earliest period of the history of Rome a grand procession of the Augurs on New Year's day along the Via Sacra, carrying branches of verbena from the small temple and sacred grove on the Summa Sacra Via '^, to the Regia or palace of the King on the Palatine. This custom is as ancient as the time of Tatius, as mentioned by Symmachus >', and was continued in the time of the Empire, as recorded by Tacitus ^ in his Annals, by Cicero ", and Lucian ^. The name of strenia was applied to New Year's gifts, which were considered as of good omen. quae ad victum pertinebant, et asdificatus de Verbis Veteribus. ) locus, appellatum Macellum ut quidam * " Itaque ne eatenus quidem ut vul- scribunt quod ibi fuerit ortus. ... Ut gus opinatur sacra appellanda est, a inter Sacram Viam et Macellum editum regia ad domum regis sacrificuli, sed Cornetas a Cornels, qua; abscisae, loco etiam a regis domo ad sacellum Stre- relinquerent nomen. " (Varro, De Ling. x(vx et rursus a regia usque in arcem. " Lat., lib. V. c. 32.) (Festus. ) ' " Ad Macellum ubi advenimus, ^ "Ab exortu pene Urbis Martia? Concurrunt la;ti mihi obviam Cupedi- streniarum usus adolevit, auctoritate re- narii omnes," &c. gis Tatii, qui verbenas felicis arboris ex (Terentii Eunuchus.) luco Strenise anni novi ausjiicia primus ^ " Cupes et Cupedia antiqui lautiores accepit. " (Symmachi Epistolte, x. 35.) cibos nominaljant, inde et IVIacellum et ' Taciti Annales, xii. 23. Forum Cupedinis Romre, Cupedia au- * Cicero, de Legibus, ii. 8. tern a cupiditate sunt dicta." (Festus, '^ Lucian, pseudal. 8. Temple of Rome. This is considered by modern authors to be the building with two apses, back to back % in the garden of the monastery of S. Francesca Romana, on the great oblong platform near the Arch of Titus, in the iniermoniium, or valley between the Palatine proper and that part of it which was called the Velia (in one corner of which the great Basilica of Constantine is built). But it seems that this is a mistake, and that the Temple of the Sun was on this site, and that the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian is on the site of the Temple of Roma, the east wall of which faced to the Forum Pacis (now built over), there is every probability that the great Plan of Rome would be attached to the wall of the Temple of Rome. It was protected by a portico, also of the third century, fragments of which were found with the slabs. This wall, faced with brick **, forms the east side of the celia, the south wall of which also re- mains, and is faced with squared stones of the character of the first or second century. The north wall has been destroyed or rebuilt, when it was turned into a monastery. The Temple of Rome was originally covered with bronze plates, and these remained upon it until a.d. 625, when Honorius I. ob- tained a grant of them from the Emperor Heracleus, on his visit to Rome in that year, for the church of S. Peter in the Vatican, then rebuilding =. The marble columns of this fine portico were probably carried off at the same period, and for the same purpose ; the portico must have faced the east towards the street now called the Via del Tempio della Pace. I'he lofty brick wall before mentioned is car- ried down to a considerable dcjjth, i)rol)ably to the level of the ancient foss-way, from which the flight of steps ascended to the lloor of the temple, below the present level of the ground. In the south wall, a stone doorway of the time of the early Empire, and very probably of the time of Hadrian, was sb.ewn by some ex- cavations made in 1868'. It is in the narrow courtyard between the church and the Basilica of Constantine, and the pavement of an old street was found about ten feet below the present level. There was ])robal)ly another pavement at a lower level, as the proportions of Sco Plate XXX III. ancis f|ii.is Icv.avit do tcnii)k) f\\\o(\ .tp- ' I'liotos., No. S50. pcllatur konia- ox ci)H>en>ii |)ii>siii)i He- " "Ilic [ I loiKiiiu^ I.' cnopL-niil cc- r.ick'i Iinpcratoris. " (Anaslasius, S.) clc^iain oinncin [.S. I'ctii| c\ tahuli^ ' I'liotos., Xos. 7S2, 783. 70 TeDiplc of Rome. the doorway were too wide to have been the original design. The following account of the building of this temple is given by Dion Cassius : ". . . . Tliese he [Hadrian] spared; but Apollodorus the architect, the same who constructed the works of Trajan at Rome, the Forum, the Odeum, and the Gymnasium, he first banished, and afterwards put to death, on the pretence that he had l:)een guilty of some excess. But the truth was, that when Trajan was conferring with him about his works, he said to Hadrian, Mdio was interrupting them by some observation or other, ' Go thou liome and draw pumpkins, for of these matters thou understandest nothing.' Now it happened that at that time Hadrian prided himself upon some drawing of the kind. " When, therefore, he became emperor, he bore in mind the offence, and could not tolerate Apollodorus' freedom of speech. For [on another occasion] when Hadrian sent him a plan of the temple of Venus and Rome, for the purpose of shewing that without his aid a great work could be executed, and asked whether the design was a good one ; Apollodorus replied, that with regard to the temple, it should have been on an elevated site, and excavated underneath ; that owing to its more lofty position, it might have been a conspicuous object from the Via Sacra, and [at the same time] receive the stage machinery into the excavated space, so that it could be suddenly put together, and secretly introduced into the theatre (or amphitheatre) ; and with respect to the statues, they had been made too large in proportion to the height of the building. For if the goddesses, said he, should wish to stand up and walk out, they would not be able to do so. "At his writing in this bold, straightforward style to him, Hadrian was ex- tremely indignant, and greatly grieved that he had fallen into an error which admitted of no remedy . " Cardinal Maii found in the Vatican Library a manuscript in the handwriting of Panvinius, well known to him, but written in a very small hand, and whicli he had considerable difficulty in deciphering and transcribing. This was the Preface to his great work on the Antiquities of Rome, which had not previously been published, and he states that this church was made out of three temples. "The first is round, and is that of Romulus, son of Maxentius. "The second is nearly square, and is more ancient (with the apse added in A.D. 527). " The third is the most ancient of all, and is also nearly square, with a facade on the east side '', and had a portico (under which the Marble Plan of Rome was placed). The travertine was removed from the north side to build the church of S. Ignatius', in the chief establishment of the Jesuits." B Uionis. Cassii, Hist. Rom., lix. 4, giano Topogr. Urbis Romre, lib. iii. and Summaiy by Ziphilinus. c. 6. ) '' " Postrema pars Quadrata est, sed ' Martinelli, Roma Ricercata, giorni oblonga ex saxisque Quadratis. " (Mar- vi. Marble Plan of Romf. "In the time of the Emperor Severus, as is evident from an inscription, a plan of tiie whole city was incised in marble, which was affixed to the wall of the porticus of the temple of the city of Rome for a long period, until it was broken into fragments and thrown down by tiie force of the fire which destroyed the city and the empire. Which marble was three years since in almost minute fragments, and some larger slabs in the ground adjoining to the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, which was the Templum Urbis, according to the authority of writers. I also can bear witness that they were found deep in the rubbish with which they had fallen, by some excavators searching for what they could find for profit ''." Flaminius Vacca writes to the same effect : " I remember to have seen excavations made hthiitd the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, and to be found there the Plan of Rome incised on marble, which rian served as an incrustation on the wall'." (iamucci testifies to the same fact, in his " Guide to the Anti- quities of Rome :" " There were found in our time by means of John Antonio Dosi, of S. Gemig- nano, .... behind the temple (of Roma), a facing on which was the drawing of the city of Rome'"." Du Peyrac", ten years later, bears witness of the same fiict, that the Marble Plan was found behind the Church of Romulus and Remus, now called after the Saints Cosmas and Damian, in the time of Pius IV. Whether tlie destruction of it was caused by fire, as suj)posed by * " Scveri impcratoris princiiiatu, ut "' "Mi ricordo aver veduto cavare ex marmorea inscriptione liijuet, lapidiis dcntro alia chiesa dei S.^. Cosma e Da- taliulis accuralam totius Uri)is ichno- miano e vi fu trovato la pianta di Roma grai)hiam inciderunt, oVAK rosTico jiropilato in marmo e della pianta ser- iiMri.l ikHis KD.MAK i.oNCo TK.M- vlrc per incrostatura ilel muro." F. I'liKi-; Ai IIXA, cum im]ierii ct I'rijis \'acca, aji. Kea Miscellanea, vol. i. \o. I. iuicrilu ij^ni^ vi L()Ilsci^^a corruit. C'u- " S'c ritrovato nei tempi noslri per jus infmita piine marmorea frustula et me//o di M. (Hovan Antonico l)ori du aiii|iiut tal)uia> trie-nnio ante in camiio san himignano .... (i\ntiv al tempio iiui l!a->ilii.ij SS. C'i)>m.e el Damiani (di Roma] una faccala, neile f[uale era ailjacct, i|iuini I'lbis teinplum fuis^e il discgno dilla cilta di Roma." l.c pr.iicr --ii ipiorem aucloritatem es eliam Anlicliita della C'itta ili Roma, I5^5> It^tiniDiiio cDulirrnari pntcst, ruderibu^ (J.unucci, \>. },},. alio igi->ti.s ca^u aliipiot f(>^^ores terr.u " Dielro al dctto tempio [di Romoli vi>ieia hieri cau^a perscrutantes iiive- e Remol fu troNato cavandosi ivi al luro." I'.inviniu^, in the Preface to his tcm|)o di Pio IIII. diverse C'a--tre di ]ir(ijecliil work, Roiiiaiii- Antidula, ap. Marmo sopra le iiuali ere ]KMlilato la M.iii Spiiil. Rom.. I. \iii. |i.i'>54 ; ('odd. ]M:inta ili Roma : (e dotio --ami ("osnii \.it.. No. Ojso. I )< Ro^-i rci)ubli-lu d e I >:imiaiio.'" 1 )u Peyrac. Romano .\n- llii-- in hi-- Hit!.',/!!!,' i.'i .li,ii.,;:','-ii! liilicM, 1S75. | /';, //v, ' In-hind.' is tiie Clnis/iiiimUiy \'S(i~, p. 5. riidil w md ; but (/(////, ,' witiiin,' is Used ' I'.a, Mi^tellama, I. i. n. I. in the ^.ime >cnse by many writers. "Ji Marble Plan of Rome. Panvinius, is more doubtful ; there are no marks of fire on the slabs or fragments, and it seems more probable that the fall was caused by an earthquake. 71ie marble pavement under the portico was also found about twenty feet below the present level of the soil, and there was lying upon it a great mass of the Basilica of Constantine, which had fallen down from an angle of the upper storey, and had turned over in its fall ; it contains the upper part- of a newel, or corkscrew staircase, of which the lower part remains in its place. This must have been thrown down by an earthquake, and the vibration caused by the fall of such a mass through the roof of the portico on to the pavement, would naturally cause such an agitation of the marble plates as to break the bronze hooks, and cause it all to fall to the pavement broken to pieces, and this is exactly borne out by all the fragments that have been found. It is recorded that the Temple of Rome was much damaged by a fire in a.d. 307, in the time of Maxentius, and it was then partly rebuilt. The great height of the wall, and a set-off that is visible a {qss feet below the level of the ground, makes it appear that there had been a subterranean chamber under what was the yard of the monastery, and is now let to a stone-mason ; but the marble pave- ment found about twenty feet below the present level of the ground, does not agree with this. This high wall would be supported by the portico in front of it ; it lias been pierced with modern windows for the convenience of the monks, when it was turned into a mo- nastery, probably in the time of Urban VIII. , a.d. 1638, when the church was last rebuilt ". The cella had stone walls at the north and south ends without windows, and the brick wall at the east end was also originally without windows, which are not required in a cella. The Marble Plan of Ro:\ik, which hung up against the east wall of the temple, under the original portico (facing towards the great Forum of Peace, the largest market-place in Rome in tlie second and third centuries), was of the time of Sei)timius Severus and Caracalla, a.d. 192 217, and the wall of the Temple of Hadrian is faced with brick of that time to receive it. It was excavated Dc Rossi considers tliat tlie larf;e ])uilt in llie fiftli century, was used for chamber liehind tlie altar, orii^nnally tlie tlie same purpose. That aisle has been cella of the Temple of Rome, was then destroyed, but a similar one remains at made into the niatroneiim, or ])lace for the Laleran; this apjlies to the sub- women. He sup]iorts this opinion by teiranean church, and has no reference a passage from the life of .Sixtus III. in tu the>e '\\indows, \\hich are quite mo- tile J./hii- J'onli/icalis, from which it a])- deni, tlioiij^li they may replace earlier pears tliat the aisle l)ehind the altar in and smaller ones. (Dulktincj Cristiano, the church of S. .Maria Ma^^.^iore, a.- re- 1S67. p. 72.) Marble Plan of Rome. 73 in 1867, at the expense of a Roman archaeologist named Tocco. All the fragments of the Marble Plan of Rome that have been discovered, both in the seventeenth century? and also in 1867, were found buried between that mass of building and the wall to which the map was attached 1. The vibration of the marble plates, caused by the fall of such a mass of building in front of them, seems to have broken the metal hooks by which they had been attached to the wall. Remains of the hooks so broken off are still visible in the wall"*, and the fragments of the Marble Plan found there in 1867 are shewn in the photographs ^ The larger number of these fragments were found on the same spot in the seventeenth century, and placed on the wall of the staircase of the Capitoline Museum. This great Plan was evidently intended to display the magnifi- cence of Rome, and not at all to serve as a guide for strangers. 'I'he upper part of it, being more distant from the eye, was made OP a larger scale ; there was also an intermediate part, on a scale between the other two ; and as all the fragments were mixed toge- tlier and buried alike Avhere they fell, and half of them have pro- bably been burnt into lime, any attempt to restore a complete plan of Rome of the tliird century from these fragments is hopeless. The German Archaeological Institute in Rome have tried to do so for years with persevering industry and zeal, but have abandoned the case as hopeless '. I' Sec tlic contcmiiorary witnesses li^licd in i868, No. 850 in Mr. Parker's cilc, from 1869 to 1872, for the A'l^m,,- Kc^iciiiiiii XI 1 1. , edidit llenricirs purpose of niakini^ excavations therein Jordan. Perlin, 1S75, folio, search of more fraymenli of the .Marble " Sec Xos. 782, 816. Plan of Kome ; my plan was to have ' What has been done by Professor made a tunnel from a deep pit in this Jnrdan in Berlin, in 1875, is, perha])s, i^arilm to ilu: jiart under the back all that can be done. lie has re- door of the monastery, where SiL,Mior pinduccil, by lithoirraphy, the jilatcs 'I'occo was not ]iermiited to evcavale, publislied in the first instance at the and where soim- irai^ments (if the maibli' tunc the frai^incnts were originally ]ilan mi-lit be fiiiii\(\-II., have not been continued. in folio. In this valualile work the I" These aie sh, w n in the photo- I'.diloi suggested the Kegio to which giapli, No. 7S',. Thi- photograph, pub- each IraLMmnt probably belonged, and 74 Teuiple of Voins and Rome. That the portions of the Marble Plan of Rome in the sixteenth century were found on the same site as those that came to light in 1867, is evident from several passages in the writings of that period by persons who probably saw them when first discovered. The common opinion, that they formed part of the pavemait of the temple, is evidently erroneous. The Plan was composed of a series of marble slabs fixed against the brick wall, at the foot of which some more of the fragments were found in 1867. These have the lines quite sharp ; they have never been trodden upon or worn in any way, and this is equally the case with the other fragments. A passage from Prudentius" is commonly cited by modern authors in proof that the Temple of Venus and Rome was on the site where S. Francesca Romana now stands, because he mentions them Oi?, gcmini, or twins ; but the temples on the site of SS. Cosmas and Daraian are equally close together, and were probably under one roof He also mentions the lowing of the cattle '^ sacrificed in these temples, and the incense used at their sacrifices. This temple was rebuilt by Maxentius, and completed by Constantine, and is men- tioned by Aurelius Victor >' among his buildings, along with his basilica adjoining. The Templum Urbis [Roma^] and the Forum of Peace are men- tioned together by Ammianus Marcellinus % writing in the fourth century. Cassiodorus, in his Chronicle written in the sixth cen- supported his suggestions by passages added the fragments found in 1867, from the Classics, or what by modern of which Mr. Parker published photo- Roman writers are called, " ft\\/s." graphs at the time, and has reproduced These are adopted by Professor Jordan, Signer Lanciani's drawing of the wall and arranged according to their re- against which the Plan was placed, as spective Regiones. To these he has mentioned above in note r. " "Ac sacram resonare viam mugitibus ante Delubrum Romix; ; colitur nam sanguine et ipsa More Dea.', nomenque loci, ecu Numen habetur, Atque Urbis, Venerisque pari se culmine tollunt Templa, simul geminis adolentur thura Deabus " (Prudentius contra Symmachum, lib. i. 214.) ^ The cattle were probably in the arii>us, c. 40, s. 2^).) hnislied by .Maxentius. (Vide ( )reilii, ' I'.ullctini) C'ri^tiano fi>r 1S67, (pp. Inscriplione-, iVc, n. I".) Constantine (''(^ ~-)- hiIl1^elf, \\rilinL; al nut this temple in ' S.v I'lates WXF., .WXII. his rescript, sav s, " .V.dem Klavi.v hoc '' Slatucs supp()seonie in nilico opeie pi-ifici voluiiuis ea ubser- 76 Church of SS. Cosvias et Damianus. this portico there are ruins on both sides of the door; on the north, remains of the brick vaults and niches ; the marble columns are gone, but are mentioned by the writers of the seventeenth century as then remaining. On the south side of the door the two marble columns remain erect in their places, with a portion of the cornice on one of them ; both are buried to two-thirds of their length, and a modern chapel, called the Church of the Via Crucis, has been made behind them out of the ruins of the Portico *'. Panvinius calls the chambers of the Por- ticus, on the north side, next the Capitol, the Diacoiiia, or the ])lace where flie poor were fed^. Joannes Diaconus, in his Life of Gregory the Great, mentions Felix IV. among his ancestors, and says that " he built the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian the martyrs in the Via Sacra, against the Temple of -Romulus, as we now see it, of the ancient fabric ^" In the Acts of the martyr Pigmenius, mention is made of the " Temple of Romulus on the clivus of the Via Sacra.'" The clivus began just in front of this church, and went up to the platform near the Arch of Titus; it is now (in 1876) all buried ex- cept the upper part, in front of the Basilica of Constantine, where the pavement has been excavated and left visible, and the slope of this leads down in a direct line to the front of the round temple ; the foss- way at the foot of the clivus or slope has been filled up to a depth of about thirty feet. Gregory the Great mentions this church in his Homilies as the Basilica beati Felicis, and in his second letter he mentions that the Litanies of the damsels began at this point \ being the beginning of the Clivus Sacer, on which some martyrdoms took place, and which was the alleged site of the miraculous death of Simon Magus. The church of SS. Cosmas et Damianus is described in Anasta- sius and in mediaeval documents, sometimes as in Via Sacra, in other instances as in Tribus Fatis, said to be from an image of the three vatione perscripta ne a;dis nostro no- The use of the word rantheum for mini dedicata cujusquam contagiose tlie round temple is \\ortliy of notice, superstitionis fraudibus polUiatur. " (De I'antheum is a hall for men, here ap- Rossi, Bull. Christiano, 1867, p. 69.) pl'ed to a vestibule. ' See Photos., Nos. 268, 418,419; *" " Basilicam SS. Cosmrc et Damiani for the situation see the Plan, and the martyrum via sacra juxta templum Ro- view from the Palatine, No. 784 A. muli, sicut hactenus cernitur, ventis- K "A latere ecclesia; versus Cajiito- sime fabricavit." (Joannes Diaconus in lium erat diaconia nunc tota diruta, Vita S. Greg. , i. i.) conjuncta pantheo ... ut de reditu ' " Litanea ancillarum Dei ab eccle- eorum pauperes Christi reficercntur. " sia beatorum Martynim Cosmaa et Da- ( Panvinius, Lib. Pont, in Iladriano L, miani." (Clregorii, Epist. ii.) Ixxxi.) CJinrcJi of SS. Cusvias et Damiamis. yy Fates, or the Sybils, which at one period gave a name to that part of the Via Sacra. It seems (juite possible that fails is an error of the scribe for finis. It is also called in Silice, that is, on the pave- ment of the Via Sacra where Simon Magus fell, according to the apocryphal Roman legend it is so called in the Register of Pope Innocent IV. "^ : and by modern writers, in Campo Vaccino, the modern name of the Forum Romanum and Via Sacra. It was made into a church by Felix IV., a.d. 527 \ and is de- scribed as near the temple of Roma, which was behind or on the eastern side of that of Romulus , the son of Maxentius. The upper part of this circular temple forms a vestibule to the oblong church erected by Felix. The lower part of the temple, now part of the crypt of the church, is vaulted, but the vault to support the floor is a modern insertion. The fine classical doorway, with its columns and frieze and bronze doors", has been removed from its original site on the lower level, where it was buried by the fiUing-up of the street in front of it, and placed above its original site, now forming the fine entrance to the upper church. The apse, which was part of the work of Pope Felix, is filled with very fine mosaics of the sixth century", and the arch of triumph in front of it is also covered in the same manner. This church was repaired by Pope Sergius, a.d. 687, who pre- sented an ambo, a ciborium, and other donations. It was restored by Pope Hadrian I., a.d. 780. Leo III., a.d. 795, gave a silver corona and a coftcr. A ciborium was presented by Innocent II., a.d. 1 130. In the original apse, now part of the cxy\A, there is a good l)lain marble altar of the twelfth century, and some paintings on the walls, of aj)parently as early a period. Below the crypt is a small burial-chapel or cubiculum with the arco-solia on the sides, exactly like one of the cubicula in the Catacombs; this was the place where the bodies of the saints were deposited, when they were brought from the Catacombs in the eighth century, but even this has been rifled of its contents and left a ruin. The pavement of the crypt is a fine mosaic of the twelfth century, and in it is a tomb of the same j^eriod, with a fresco of the Madonna at the back. In the sacristy is a taber- ^ \ idc Mali S|)icilc.L;iiim, tomo ix. Consul on c.ich ; tlicy .ippc.ircil to h.ive ]). ,V' ; Mcz/.idri, I)iM|ui^iti()iics Hist. been on tlic /<'///<('. '442, 1443. '444. '445- 78 Church of SS. Cosinas et Damianus. nacle for the Holy Eucharist, which is of the thirteenth century, and a chahce and paten said to have been given by Pope Felix in the sixth century, but which appears more like the work of the fourteenth or fifteenth. The large central chamber, with the apse added by Pope Felix in A.D. 527, is described by Panvinius '' as the site of a third temple ; the construction of this apse is of the sixth century, and very good brick- work for that period. This chamber is built between the round temple of Romulus, the son of IN'Iaxentius, perhaps originally the Temple of Venus and the square " Templum Urbis." Canina has given a plan of this church divided into nave and aisles by columns, but this is a mistake ; it never could have been so, the width of the apse, with the mosaic of the time upon it, proves the contrary. This plan for a church a wide nave without aisles was common in the fifth century ; it occurs in the Santi Quattro Coronati, where aisles have actually been inserted in the twelfth century (just as Canina has drawn them here), and in other instances. In the present instance side-chapels have been added, instead of introducing arcades and making aisles. The addition of side-chapels was very common in France and other countries in the thirteenth century, when more altars were wanted for relics, generally sent from the Catacombs of Rome. The original plan of this church, and of others of the same period, was a large square chamber with an apse at the east end, in which is the mosaic picture, with the figure of Pope Felix holding a model of the church in his hand. The wall of the apse is, therefore, evidently part of the work of Felix ; the flat wall at the west end is also of his period, but the side chapels have been added subsequently. The vault of the apse, with the mosaic picture upon it, made in the cella of the Templum Urbis, is carried on three arches, as m.ay be seen in what is now the crypt of the church, with the altar standing in front of them on the chord of the apse, as usual. It is also evi- dent that the apse was an addition to a wall previously existing ; the wall of the apse is dated a.d. 526 530, by the inscription in the mo- saic picture, from which it follows that the wall of the square temple is of an earlier period. This mosaic picture was evidently intended to be seen from below, and from a much lower level than it now is. The circular temple was used as a vestibule to the church, and the bronze covering was probably stripped off this at the same time as that of the square temple behind, but the bronze doors were suf- fered to remain ''. These were brought up from their original level, ^ See ante, p. 70. applied to the Emperor Ileraclius for '' The hronze was used to adorn permission to do this. (Anastas. 119.) S. Peter's, tlien rebuilding. The Pope Church of SS. Cosuias et Damiamis. 79 after the foss-way, called the Via Sacra, had been filled up, and the present floor and vault to carry it had been introduced into the church, and into the vestibule to it, to make it level with the present road. The bronze plates were replaced with lead by Sergius I., A.D. 695 \ The word used is truUum, a name given at that period to a round building with a vault upon it, and this tndliitti was covered with lead. The present roof is of the seventeenth century, of the same period as the floor and vault, which divide the original height into two nearly equal parts. All this was done by the Fran- ciscan friars, to whom the church was granted, in 1503, by Julius II. They restored ih^ church in 1626, and to help towards the expense of it, they sold the travertine stone from the north end of the old crlla of the Templum Urbis to the Jesuits for building their church of S. Ignatius Loyola, at the Roman College ^ Pope Hadrian I. not only restored the church, but endowed it also "with land, vineyards, olive groves, labourers, money, and fur- niture, in order that from the returns the deacons might be enabled to supply the wants of the poor Christians \" At that period, a.d. 772 795, also the relics of the martyrs were translated from the catacomb in the suburbs, in which they had originally been depo- sited, and which had been damaged in the Lombard invasion. They were removed to this church, where a small crypt, called a catacomb, was made to receive them, in exact imitation of a ctibiculinn in one of the usual catacombs. This was painted in the same manner, and there are remains of the paintings on the wall of the staircase. The cave itself is made [)artly by excavating the rock, and partly by building brick walls, the character of which is of the eighth century. The relics of l'"elix If., a.d. 355, are said to have been found here in 1582. The catacomb in which the relics of a martyr had once been deposited was always considered as still sacred, and was restored and i)aintcd as before. Tlie same history applies to many other churclics and catacombs in Rome, but in this instance the new catacomb is visible, which is not usually the case. It is in the same miserable {lila])i(lated state as all the other catacombs, strij)ped of all the tombstones antl inscriptions. LiliLT I'oniilKalis, ap. .Vnastasius ct 1111111,1 l)()n.i fecit jicr suani scni]iitcr- 163, in Siri;i(i I., A.l>. ()<)0. ii.iii; niciiioriam, conccdciis ris ai;ros, ' M.uiiiulli, I\(iiiia Kiicrcala, (lion vincas, olivcta, servos, aiKilla> ct ))ecu- vii., ct Koiiia IX itlmica Sacra, p. () 5. lia divcisa at(|uc res mobiles, ut et sane- prolicieiites pau])eres t'hristi ret'iccren- toniiii ( 'o^m.v et Damiani a novo re- tui.'" (I'untif. Rej^. in lladrianul.) staura\it, diaconia-^ coiistituit, in i|uilius 8o CJuircJi of SS. Cosnias ct Dantianns. In a bulla of Innocent II., of the date of 1139, this church is mentioned diSjuxta templum Romuli"^, hterally, agahist the Temple of Romulus ; and in the Ordo Roinanus of Canon Benedict, of the same period '', it is said, " The Pope went up before the asylum, on the pavement on which Simon Magus fell." In the Mirabilia Urbis Roi)iLe^\ the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian is called "the Church of the Asylum." About A.D. 760, "Paul I. dedicated a church to the two apostles Peter and Paul, on the Via Sacra, on the spot where Simon Magus fell "." This church was made in the north aisle of the great Basilica of Constantine, and was separated from the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian towards the east end by part of an ancient street, now a narrow courtyard, towards the western end. It is described in the Liber Pontificalis as juxta templum Roinuli in some of the MSS., 2^\Ajuxta te??iplum Romce in others. Remains of mediaeval paintings and other indications of a church have been found in that aisle ; it was destroyed in the great earthquake in 1349. After this period, in 1375, the site of this miracle was transferred to the top of the clivus, to the church now called S. Francesca Romana, and the stone said to be marked by the knee of S. Paul on that occasion, was placed as a relic in the wall of the south transept of that church ^. This apocryphal legend is of early date, but not earlier than the fourth century, if so early. It is not mentioned by Justin Martyr, nor IrenKus, nor the author of the R/iilosopheumena (usually supposed to be Origen), nor by the classical historians or poets of the period, Suetonius, Dion, Juvenal, and in so central and celebrated a part of Rome as the Via Sacra, if such an event had occurred in their time, they would hardly have been silent about it. " Mail Spicilegium Rom., torn. ix. dum Redemptori nostro funderent pre- p. 399. ces, ])ropria genua flectere visi sunt. ^ " Ascendit ante asylum per silicem, In quo loco usque hactenus eorum genua ubl cecidet Simon Magus, juxta tern- pro testimonia omnis in postremo ven- plum Romuli pergit sub arcu triumphali tura: generationis in quodam fortissimo Titi et Vespasiani, qui vocatur Septem silice, marmore scilicet, esse noscuutur lucernarum ; descendit ad Metam su- designata." (Pontificale Romanum, ed. dantem ante triumphalem arcum Con- V^ignoli, torn. ii. p. 130 ; ed. Bianchini, stantini," I'atres sacravere." of the vault fell down, in which was (.\melius \'ictur de Cicsaribus, c. 40.) a silver coin of Maxentius, with his " See ]>. 82. head on the stone, and the legend " .\s this building is nearly in the M.V.XLNTILS P. 1-. AfU., and on the L 2 84 Basilica of Constantine. ivas the sjyiie as the Temple of Claudius on the Coelian, the name being altered after his death ; but that is not in the fourth Regio, Avhich Augustus called by the name of the Temple of Peace. It is certain that this was on or near the same site, although the present building is not on the plan of a temple, nor of a basilica of the ordinary type i'. In the great earthquake of the year 1349, this great building was much damaged, and the north-east corner of the attic storey fell over on to the pavement in front of the Marble Plan of Rome (as before said). This is described in the Letters of Petrarch 1. The walls were ornamented with fine fluted marble columns of the Corinthian order, some of which were remaining in the time of Poggio the Florentine, in the fifteenth century, under Martin V., A.D. 1420; he mentions one of large size particularly, this was re- moved by Paul V. [Borghese], a.d. 1620, and placed in front of the church of S. Maria Maggiore to carry a bronze image of the Virgin, where it now stands. Seven other marble columns were found during the excavations in the early part of the sixteenth century, and were used to form the triumphal car of Alexander Farnese, in the palace of his family. Colonettes oi giallo atitico, cornices, and other parts of the decorations were also found, but of a bad style of art ; also some paintings, and an altar of the eighth century'". Ammianus Marcellinus ^, who lived in the latter part of the fourth century, and therefore after the present building was erected, calls it " Forum Pacis," which seems to agree with its being on the site of the temple of the same name, and its having been a market-hall. reverse a building said to be the tem- est actum." (Petrarch, lib. x. ep. ii. pie of Roma (?), with the legend p. F. p. 873, ap. Nibby, p. 248.) AVG. CONSERV . VRB . svAE . ' The following inscription is said by P See Photos., Nos. 203, 204, 205, Canina to have been dug up in or near and a set of plates of the restoration of this building, and if this can be depended it in the great work of Canina on the on, it settles the question, that the Tem- Antiquities of Rome. pie of Peace was on the same site : 1 " Ecce Roma ipsa insolito tremore PACi . aeternae . DOMVs . imp. vr,s- concussa est tarn graviler ut ab eadem pasiani . CAESARis . AVG. libero- Urbe condita supra duo annorum millia RVMQ. EIVS . SACRVM . TRIB. SVC. tale nihil acciderit. Cecidit adificio- ivxiOR. And another which relates rum veterum neglecta, civibus stupenda the time of the dedication : DEDIC. V. peregrinis moles. Turris ilia toto orbe R. DEC. L. ANNIO COS. c. CAECINA unica, qua; Comitum dicebatur, ingen- paeto. tibus rimis laxata dissiluit et nunc velut " ". . . inter alia cuncta speral^at, trunca caput superbi verticis honorem Jovis Tarpei delubra, quantum terrenis solo effusum despicit. Denique ut ira; divina pra^cellunt, lavacris in modum crelestis argumenta non desint multo- provinciarum exstructa, amphitheatri rum species templonmi atque in primis molem . . . et Urbis templum, Forum- Paulo Apostolo dicata? a;dis bona pars que Pacis et Pompeii Theatrum et odeum humi coUapsa et Lateranensis Ecclesioe et Stadium, aliaque hrec decora Urbis dejectus apex jubila;i ardorem gelido a;terno2." (Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. horrore contristant. Cum Petro mitius xvi. c. 10, s. 14.) Basilica of Constatitine. 85 The winding staircase, at the south-east end, by which we ascend to the platform on the summit is very interesting ; it is a brick stair- case of the beginning of the fourth century, in very perfect preser- vation, with the central newel round which the stairs wind formed of circular tiles, the edges of which are polished : the stairs and the vault under them are of brick, faced with tiles. The doorways at the top and bottom of the stairs are well preserved, and by the side of the door at the top is a small window of the same period, with a triangular head faced with two tiles. There are remains of another staircase of the same kind at the opposite end, the upper part of which fell over on the pavement in front of the Templum Urbis Romae, in the great earthquake of the fourteenth century, and still lies buried there. It was visible in the excavation of Tocco in 1867. There was an external roof, with a vault over the present brick-vaulted ceilings, with an external roof, as usual. Of this upper roof the piers and springings with the transverse rrches to carry the vaults, are all that remain. The general effect of this ruin is grand and picturesque in the highest degree. The apse in the present building is shewn by the construction to be an addition, but made soon afterwards. It seems probable that Maxentius rebuilt the Templum Pacis, and Constantine added the apse, and made it into a basilica. The plan is not the usual one, either for a temple or for a basilica. It is an enormous build- ing, almost square, divided into three compartments of nearly equal size, with an apse added to the central compartment, and with an attic-storey over the vaults of the three compartments. Canina mentions having found in the cellars under this basilica remains of an earlier building of importance ; these remains may have belonged to the i)epper warehouses built by Domitian * on or near this site. The principal spoils of Jerusalem brought to Rome by Titus were deposited by Vespasian in this Temple of Peace, and repre- sentations of them carved ujjon the arch opposite to it. The ori- ginals were carried into Asia by (lenseric, or at least taken from Rome with that intention, and lost. But the sacred Ark was dei)o- sitcd in the church of .S. John Lateran, and is said to have been of wood, but the authenticity of this is considered doubtful by Nardini " ; it is not mentioned by Josephus, who enumerates the other spoils carried away from Jerusalem. ' " Doniitiamis . . . lionca IMpcra- at one period pre.scrvca noccrc sua est. .Sustinuit tantas operuin subveitere ninlos totquo suas heres peidere C;e>ar ope^. Sic agitur censuia, ct sic cxenipla paiantur ; nr.od inouct, iji^e I'acit." Ovidii fasti, vi. 63S-64S. 90 Sumina Sacra Via. became heir to it he entirely destroyed it. One cause of this offence seems to have been that it was a conspicuous object from the Forum. The objection to this site is, that the Colossus was in Regio IV., Templum Pacis. It is possible that the division of the Regiones crossed the middle of the great platform. The northern line of Regio III. may very well have been the ridge on which the north- west end of the colonnade stood on the rock ; and Xhe portico at the south-east end, on the raised substructure, may have been the only part called Tortious Liviae, and not the whole colonnade on all sides of the platform. It is on this part of the marble plan that the name occurs. The Meta Sudans was in Regio IV. Templum Pacis, which also included the Via Sacra, and this is on the Summa Sacra Via ; but the Arch of Constantine was in Regio XL, also the Circus Maximus, and is much further from that circus than the Meta Sudans is from the Basilica of Constantine. There was also a Tem- plum Soils et Luna, in Regio XL This Temple is close to the Arch of Constantine, and the same Regio may very well have included both. It is certain that the old fortifications were frequently the bound- aries of the Regiones ; some were in the city, others outside of it, and in this instance the cliffs of the Palatine at the south- east comer, and of the Velia opposite to it, were the forts to protect the principal gate, near the Arch of Titus. This is the natural plan of a fortification, and we find the same plan followed at the Porta Capena, between the western side of the Coelian and the Aventine, and at S. Clemente between the eastern side of the Ccelian and the Esquiline, and there can be little doubt that the Porta Mugionis would be protected in the same manner, Regio XL would then extend nearly to the ridge on which the Arch of Titus stands. The boundaries of the Regiones are only the conjectures of the learned men of the seventeenth century; we really know nothing more about them than what the catalogue tells, and this puts the Porticus Liviae in Regio IV. There is no other site in Rome that would fit the plan of the porticus found in 1867, and the place here assigned to it fits all the re- quirements in a remarkable manner. It seems impossible that these can only be accidental coincidences. On carefully examining the ground on which the monastery stands, Signor Cicconetti, the architect and surveyor employed, found what appeared to him to be remains oi i\ie podium, or large basement, on which the Colossus stood. It was large in proportion to the enormous statue. The head of the Colossus, placed on this basement, would then stand up Porticiis Livics. 91 clear against the sky above the great colonnade, and it was quite natural for Martial to say that the head "was in the stars." As the Colossus was that of Apollo or the Sun, this colonnade, with the statue in the centre and an altar in front, would become a Temple of Apollo or the Sun. On the eastern side of this platform is a narrow street, or rather path, the pavement of which is of the Early Empire, and this again agrees very nearly with the Marble Plan : this street, or path, is interrupted on the plan by a portico of four large columns ; and we have now remaining on the corresponding spot four arches of the Porticus of Nero. But the word porticiis has two meanings : the Porticus of Livia was a colonnade, as we have seen ; the Porticus of Nero was an arcade, and a mile long, extending from the vesti- bule in which the Colossus originally stood, on the site where the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian now stands, to the Esquiliae or public burial-ground. There are remains of it at the south end near the Lateran, and at intervals, against the cliff of the Esquiline in several places. Perhaps the most perfect part of it is just that near the great Basilica of Constantine, and in the narrow street, or path, before mentioned. lL\iZ.\. porticus^ like several others in Rome, was a double arcade, one over the other; and there are here four of the upper arches remaining, the construction of which is very evidently of the time of Nero''. It is extremely probable that four large columns stood in front of these, (as shewn on the Marble Plan,) and that this is the reason why these four arches have been preserved, while the rest have been destroyed. There are remains of four marble columns of a larger size than the rest. The back wall of this arcade remains for a considerable distance, and sup- ports the cliff of the Velia ; it has evidently been cut through when the Basilica of Constantine was built, the site of which was cut out of part of the Velia. The foundations of this i)latform were un- covered by the Pontifical government in 1828 and 1830. Near the Arch of Titus some of the marble steps leading up to the platform have been preserved ; they were originally five luunlred feet long in one uninterrupted line on the two sides of the platform, and three hundred at the end next the Via Sacra. On the opposite side of the platform, between the Arch of Titus and the Colosseum, great excavations were made in 1873 and 1874, bringing to light several things that were previously unknown'. They consist of three distinct p.uls. I. Close under the eastern cliff of the Palatine is a scries of guard- '' Photos., \os. 796, 10G2, 3161, 3162. ' ' N.. 2727, 2728. 92 Siiiiuna Sacra Via. chambers, between these and the road which is called the Clivus Triumphalis, similar to those on the western side of the hill, which are of the second century. This was the line of march of the army in the triumphal processions, when they passed through the trium- phal arches of Constantine below , and of Titus ^ above. 2. In front of these are bath-chambers of the third century, con- sidered to be the Lavacrum of Heliogabalus, which was a building for gratuitous washing-places for the poor (corresponding nearly to the public baths and wash-houses of modern times), begun by him and finished by Alexander Severus. These are mentioned by Lam- pridius" in connection with the restoration of the amphitheatre, after the burning of the upper storey, as the temple of the Sun (a name given to the Porticus Liviae after the colossal figure of Apollo or the Sun was placed by Hadrian in the centre of that magnificent double colonnade). Of these baths there are considerable ruins, but they had become ruins before the ninth century. 3. In these ruins a church was made at that time. It was begun under Leo III. p, a.d. 800. At first a small church was built on the plan of a Greek cross, the four arms nearly equal, but with an apse at one end, in which stand (in 1875) the remains of the altar, which is hollow, making a sort of sarcophagus for relics in it, with a marble pavement in the path round it, the walls also lined with marble n. In front of the flat end, opposite to the altar, are remains of a por- tico ; two of the columns have the lower part standing. This small church had a long nave added to it in the time of Benedict III., A.D. 855, and at the further end of this nave is another apse, with another hollow altar similar to the other, or perhaps a baptistery (?). The semicircular structure in the apse being hollow, may be a font for baptism by immersion, made out of an old bath. The construc- tion of the walls of both parts of the church is rough stone-work of the ninth century, but where the brick walls of the third conveniently remained, they were used and adopted by the builders as part of the plan. In front of the portico of the original small church a steep flight of steps descends to a deep well, which is under the nave and " No. 808. No. 303. tiuctDS sunt et ab Alexandre [Severe] " Opera publica ipsius (praiter sedem perfecta;." (Lampridius Antoninus Ileliogabali dei quern Solem alii, alii Heliogabalus, ap. Script. Hist. Aug., Jovem dicunt, et amphitheatri instau- c. 17.) Photos., No. 2727. rationem post exustionem et lavacrum p " Pariter et ecclesiam sanctse I'ci in vico Sulpicio quod Antoninus Sevcri Genitricis semperque Virginis Mari;c filius coeperat) nulla extant: et lava- dominsD nostra?, sitam in Fonticana crum quidem (Antoninus) Caracallus de- quoe per obitana marcuerat. " (Anastas., dicaverat et lavando et populum ad- 362.) mitlendo, sed porticus defuerant, ciuaj 1 This marble lining was nearly all postea ab hoc subditicio Antonino ex- carried away in 1875. Colossus of Nero. 93 near the entrance. There is a holy well in the same position in the church of S. Prassede, which is of about the same period. It is said in that case to have been used as a secure place for some of the most precious rehcs of the martyrs brought from the Catacombs. Both Leo III. and Benedict IV. brought many relics from the Catacombs into Rome for security, and several churches were built at that period to receive them, with crypts under part of them, called Catacombs, because the relics of the martyrs were placed in them \ This church was dedicated to S. Mary ; and as another church, also dedicated to S. Mary, was made close to it a short time after- wards, this was called S. Maria Antiqua , and the other was called S. Maria Nova ; but the name of the latter was afterwards changed to Santa Francesca Romana. A basso-relievo was found at Cento Celle, on the Via Labicana, in 1849, having a representation of an arch with the words ARCVS AD ISIS. ]'y the side of this, on the same piece of sculpture, is another arch, with the inscription SVMMA SACRA VIA. This sculpture is of the second century, it is now in the Lateran Museum, and belonged to the tomb of the Aterii ; it appears most I)robable that it was the tomb of an architect of that family, from the number of buildings represented, and a machine for raising stones and placing them on a high wall, resembling a modern crane or a fire-escape, such as are used in London'. There are also figures of the three Parcce or Fates, which were said to have given the name of In tribus Fatis to this part of Rome, mentioned in Anastasius, when the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian was founded, and by Procopius" in speaking of the bronze Janus. The Colossum altum of the Regionary Catalogue is usually called the Colossus of Nero. This gigantic statue is described as no ft. in height, and it had round the head seven rays of glor)-, each 22^ ft. long; other authorities say 120ft. high and the rays 12 ft. It was erected r. a.d. 65. As this Colossus was dedicated to the Sun, Hadrian ordered Apollodorus to make a second, to be dedicated to the Moon, and a temple of the Sun and Moon is mentioned in ^ Sec Dur Clironolo^'ical Tal)le, A. n. Sec our Cliapter on the Constniction 772 -S16 ; I'liolos., \o. 3248, 3249, of Walls, anil riatc XXIX., and Photo. ami Plate XXX\'I. No. 1 500. ' In the time of Nicolas I., A. D. " Procopius De Bcllo Gothico, lib. i. S58-S67, .\nata-.iui. 592. c. 25. 94 Colossus of Nero. Rcgio XI/ The Colossus is described by Pliny as cast in bronze in his time by Zenodorus. He mentions its dedication to Sol, and gives the height as no ft." "But all the vastness of statues of that time, Xenodorus in our age surpassed, having made a Mercury in a city of Gaul for the Auvergnats, (that engaged him) for ten years, the price 40,000,000 sesterces. After he had proved his skill there, he was summoned to Rome by Nero, where he made a colossus no feet high, in- tended to represent that prince, (but) it was dedicated to the worship of the Sun (or Apollo), (when) the crimes of that prince (met with) condemnation. We admired in the workshop, not only (a striking model) in clay, but also, from very little (studies), what the first sketch of the work was. That statue shewed that the art of casting in bronze was not lost, since Nero was prepared to lavish both gold and silver, and Xenodorus is considered second to none of the ancients in the art of designing metal-work*." This was originally placed in the vestibule^ of Nero's Golden House, by the architect, Decrianus, under Vespasian, and was moved by Apollodorus, under Hadrian, to make room for the Tem- PLUM Urbis. This is particularly described by Dion Cassius^ and Spartianus. "When Vespasian was consul for the sixth time and Titus for the fourth, the Temple of Peace was dedicated, and the Colossus, as it is called, was placed in the Via Sacra, which is said to have been a hundred-and-twenty feet high, and to have been the image of Nero, or, as some say, of Titus '." "Vespasian gave a handsome gratuity to the artist who repaired the Colossus >. " "Hadrian removed the Colossus, standing and suspended or (kept upright) by Decrianus the architect, from that place where the Temple of Rome now stands, an immense undertaking, so that twenty-four elephants were required for the work. And he dedicated the image to the Sun or Apollo, which before had been called after Nero, whose likeness it bore. Another similar to this, which Apollo- dorus the architect had made, he dedicated to the Moon ''. " ^ "Transtulit et Colossum stantem at- ris instar fuit. Ea statua indicavit in- que suspensum per Demetrianum Archi- terisse fundendi aeris scientiam, cum tectum de eo loco in quo nunc templum et Nero largiri aurum argentumque Urbis est ingenti molimine, ita ut aperi paratus esset, et Zenodorus scientia etiam elephantos viginti quattuor exhi- fingendi cailandique nulli veterum post- beret. Et cum hoc simulacrum post poneretur." (Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. Neronis vultum, cui antea dicatum xxxiv. 18.) fuerat, Soli consecrasset, aliud tale >' " Non in alia re tamen damnosior, ApoIIodoro architecto auctore facere quam in redificando. Domum a Palatio l.una; molitus est." (Spartianus in Ha- Esquilias usque fecit, quam primo driano, c. 19) Traiisitoriain mox incendio absump- " Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. xxxiv. c. 18. tam restitutamque Auream nominavit. * "Zenodorus .... Postquam satis De cujus spatio atque cultu suffecerit ibi artem approbaverat, Romam acci- hoc retulisse. Vestibulum ejus fuit, in tus est a Nerone, ubi destinatum illius quo colossus centum viginti pedum principis simulacrum, colossum fecit, staret ipsius effigie." (Suetonius in Ne- cx. pedum longitudine, qui dicatus rone, c. 31.) Solis venerationi est, damnatis scele- '' Dion Cassius, lib. Ixix. c. 4. ribus illius principis. Mirabamur in * Dion Cassius, lib. Ixvi. c. 15, officina non modo ex argilla similitu- (a. U.C.828, A.D. 75). dinen^ insignem, verum et ex parvis '' Suetonius in Vespasiano, c. 18. admodum surculis, quod primum ope- '^ Spartianus in Hadriano, c. 18. Colossus of Nero. 95 The Colossus was moved by Hadrian to make room for the tem- ple of Roma, and on account of the enormous weight of this great bronze statue, the twenty-four elephants were employed to drag it up to the top of the Clivus Sacer, on the spot where the church of S. Francesca Romana now stands, in front of the Colosseum, between that and the Forum Romanum. This is a very lofty spot. The present campanile or belfry-tower of S. Francesca Romana, is nearly on the site once occupied by the Colossus, and is of about the same height, a very conspicuous object"^. This agrees with the notice of it by Martial, and with all the other passages from Classical authors on the subject. To this platform the sloping roads or inclines {divus) ascend both from the north and from the south, and it is on the boundary between two Regiones. There is no authority for the exact line of the boundaries of the Regiones, we know only what the Catalogue tells us. It seems almost certain that the place where the Colossus origi- nally stood was in the vestibule of the Golden House, and that this was, near the south-east end of the Via Sacra '. The third of the three temples out of which the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian was made agrees well with this site. The fact is now thoroughly established, that the Marble Plan of Rome was fixed upon the eastern wall of that temi)le ; that wall still stands, with remains in it of the metal hooks by which the marble slabs had been attached to it^'. The great Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, which stands against the south side of that church, was not built until long after the time of Nero and of Hadrian ; and the arcade of the time of Nero built against the cliff of that part of the Palatine, called the Velia, extends to that Basilica, and is cut off by it. There is no improbability, therefore, in supposing that the arcade or porticus extended to tlie vestibule, in which stood the Colossus and the colossal horses, that were fit companions to it ; these were removed in the time of Constantine to his thermae on the Quirinal, near to where they now stand. Flaminius Vacca ^ observed, at the time they were again moved, that on that part of the base which had been built into the wall of the thermae, there were mouldings of the time of Nero, of the same character as on other buildings well known to be of Ills time. See Plate XXXIV. ' ' llic ulii sydeiius pii)]^riiis videt astra Culossus lit crcscuiU media j)cgniata cclsa via." (Maitiali>, I'.p. de Spcctaculis, ii.) ' Sec p. alla in manu in I.aterano in memoriam fecit poni, ad rejiresentationem totius orbis, ut quod modo palla Sam.sonis Ailso vo- supra dictum est." (Anonymus Maglia- catur a vulgo. Ante vero Coliseum becchiaiuis, ap. I'rlichs, p. 167. ) fuit templum, in quo fiebant cerimoni;e '1 "(./;//<)C()loseum fuit templum Solis pr;vilicto sinndacro." (Mirabilia Urbis mir;e magnitudinis et pulcliritudinis, Rom.v, aji. Urlichs, p. 136.) diversis camerulis adajitaluni, quod to- ' The word atttc was wanting in one turn erat coopertum a-reo celo et de- of the MSS., but there was a (iani.iged aurato, ubi tonitrua fulgura et corusca- part of the jiarchment, with space for tiones fiebant et per subfiles fistulas that word, which is supplied by the l)luvi;e mitlebantur. Mranl ibi pi.vterea other MSS., as above cited, signia supercelestia ct planct;v Sol et 98 Temple of the Stm. that the head of the statue of Phoebus, the God of the Sun, touched the skies, and stood in the middle of it {in medio ejus), this is the true reading. The whole passage may be then translated or paraphrased. *^ Before the Colosseum was the Temple of the Sun, of a wonderful size and beauty, surrounded by various small vaults, all covered with a gilt bronze ceiling, whereby they would make (an imitation of) thunder, and flashes of lightning, and send rain by means of small pipes [supplied by the aqueduct]. There was besides an imitation of the celestial signs, and the planets {Sol ct Luna), who drove their own carriages and four {quadriga:). In the middle stood Phcebus, that is, the Sun- god (or Apollo), who holding his feet on the earth touched the sky with his head, and held in his hand a Pallium, to intimate that Rome governed the world. But after a short space of time the blessed Silvester oi'dered the temple to be destroyed, with many others, that the orators who went to Rome should not go to profane buildings, but should go with devotion to the churches. But he caused the head and the hands of the said idol (or Colossus) to be placed before his palace in the Lateran as a memorial, which, however, the common people called the ' pallium of Samson ;' but before the Colosseum was the temple in which the ceremonials (worship) to the said image were performed." Putting these medieval traditions together, and comparing them with the recent excavations and the fragments of the Marble Plan of Rome, found in 1868, with the name of Porticus Liviae upon it, there can be no doubt that this magnificent double colonnade of the time of Augustus was made into the Temple of the Sun and Moon by the Emperor Hadrian, who placed the great Colossus of Nero in the character of Phoebus, or Apollo, or the Sun, " on the slope of the Palatine, in front of the Colosseum," and ordered another Co- lossus of the Moon to be made. This agrees with the tradition of the Pilgrim. A deep slope would be very inconvenient either for a fine colonnade, or for the house of the time of the Republic that was pulled down by Augustus to erect this colonnade ; the ground was therefore made level by cutting off some of the tufa rock on the summit of the ridge, called the Summa Sacra Via, and by making a substructure of rubble-stone under the platform at the lower end, opposite to the Colosseum (excavated in 1873-4), by which it was brought up to a level, and had an aqueduct upon it to convey water to the four fountains at the four corners. This agrees also with the account given by Strabo, that it was visible from the Forum Romanum ; and with Martial, who says that the head of the Colossus was among the stars. Also with the account of the Pilgrim, that an imitation of rain was made by water con- veyed in small pipes (with holes in them) carried in the bronze vault over the double colonnade. S. Francesca Romatia. 99 S. Francesca RomanaV The Church and Convent of S. Francesca Romana, formerly called S. Maria Nuova, which occupy a part of the site of the great platform between the Colosseum and the Forum, is on a plan very usual in the early churches of Rome, a X cross, with an apse at the east end, and a porch of three bays at the west, and side chapels added in 1615. The walls of the nave are still those of the ninth century, with the double-brick arches over the windows (now blocked up), as at S. Prassede and other works of that period. The transept was rebuilt in 12 16. The campanile belongs to the latter period, and the mosaic pavement in the chancel and transept ; also a painting of the Madonna and infant Christ on a gold ground, in the apse. It was again almost rebuilt and reduced to its present form by Paul V. in 1615, and the carved ceiling is of that time; on it is represented the history of S. Francesca Romana. In the transept there is another painting of the Madonna, of the sixteenth century, inscribed, sinibaldus . perusinus . d. instit. m. d. xxiiii, Sinibaldus was a native of Perugia, and a pupil of Perugino. Some modern writers have considered this church to be the same as that of SS. Peter and Paul, built by Pope Paul I. in a.d. 760, but De Rossi has shewn that this is a mistake; that church was made in part of the great Basilica of Constantine, and near to the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian. Others have considered it to be the same as that of S.Maria Antiqua*, mentioned before the eighth century ; but that older church, built by Leo IV.", was not quite on the same site, though very near to it. The road on the clivus passes between them. The remains of this church of S. Maria, afterwards called Antiqua, when another church of S. Maria RioNE I. MdN'it. ])lacc of martyrdom of these Apostles ' This church, dedicated to S. I'etcr are contradictory. This church was and S. Paul, was made by Poi)e Paul I., made in ])art of the great IJasilica of A.I). 760, as recorded by Anastasius : Constantine. " Hie fecit noviter Kcclcsiam infra hanc " " JAclc^iam autem Dei (lenitricis civitatem Romanam in Via Sacra, juxta scmper(iue V'irginis Maria', 'lua." pri- temphim Romx in honorem Sanctorum niilus Antiqua, nunc autem Nova, vo- Apostohirum Petri el Pauli, ubi ipsi cabatur, (piam domnus Leo quartus beatissimi Principis Ai>ostoIoruni tern- papa a fundamentis constnixerat ; sod ])<)re quo pro Christi nomine martyrio jiicluris cam minime decorarat, istc coronati sunt, Daphnidis, in MSS. ' iidccclvii. in iVotitia. '" Ixxw. in Notitia. 104 ^^^ Sacra. The fourth Regio contains the Via Sacra, and extends from the Area of Vulcan on the eastern side of Regio VIII., the Forum Romanum, and the Forum Transitorium on the north-west, to the Meta Sudans, the Colosseum, and Regio III. on the south, with the cliff of the Palatine (Regio X.) or the foss-way under it for its western boundary. On the east, it includes a part of the Esquiline Hill believed to be the part called by Varro the Oppia, extending to the valley between the Viminal and this part of the Esquiline, and southward to the Suburra. It there touches Regio VI., Alta Se- mita, and Regio V., EsquiHna. It includes the Velia of the Pala- tine, with the great Basilica of Constantine. Porticus Absidata. This is supposed by Canina and the Roman antiquaries to have been an ancient street from the Via Sacra, on the eastern side of the platform on the higher level (the Summa Sacra Via), and passing by the apse. But a porticus is not a street ', it is either an arcade or a colonnade. If this view of the site is correct at all, it is most likely to be the building with two apses {apsidata), which they miscall the Temple of Venus and Roma. This structure is not a temple, but two basilicas or market-halls, standing within the magnificent double colonnade, which seems to correspond with the Porticus Liviae. Area Vulcani. This is supposed to have been a space at the foot of the Capitol or Campidoglio, on the east side of the Forum Romanum, dedicated to Vulcan from the earliest period of Roman history, and the place where probably in ancient times the black- smiths worked. It is mentioned by Dionysius, Plutarch, Livy, and Festus, who says that "A statue was ordered by the senate to be erected in this area in honour of Ludius (probably a favourite actor, called t/w player), who was killed by a stroke of lightning in the Circus, and was buried on the Janiculum ; his bones wei^e believed to work miracles and give oracular answers ; they were therefore ordered to be translated and buried under the base of a statue in this place, A\hich is on a higher level than the Comitiuni ". " A Temple of Concord was erected in the Area of Vulcan by Cneius Fabius, who was ALdilis Curulis, or magistrate of the public temples and games (a.u.c. 303, b.c. 450), which serves to identify the site, with the hel]) of other passages, as being at the foot of the " " Statua est Ludii ejus, qui quon- canale, quod est supra Comitium, ob- dam fulmine ictus in Circo, sepultus est ruta sunt, superque ea columna cum in Janiculo. Cujus ossa postea ex pro- ipsius effigie posita est." (Festus in voce digiis, oraculorumque responsis Sena- Statua.) tus decreto intra Urbem relata in Vul- Area Vulcani. 105 Capitol, just within the boundary-wall of the Forum, but on a higher level than the Comitium". Livy mentions among the prodigies (b.c. 181) that blood fell in the areas of Vulcan and Concorde A statue of Horatius Codes, said to have fallen from heaven, was placed at an early period in the Comitium, and was removed, which caused a riot, and it was eventually restored to a higher place in the Vul- canale, or area of Vulcan ^. The narrow space between the temples of Concord on the east, and of Saturn on the west, is now called by this name. The temples of Vulcan and of Mars made by Romulus were outside of the original city, or the Roma Quadrata, according to Plutarch''. This shews that the boundary of the Roma Quadrata was the foss at the foot of the scarped cliff of the Palatine Hill, but this locality became within the city when the hill of Saturn, afterwards called the Capitoline Hill, was added to it, and this temple is mentioned as in the city by Dionysius '. A lotus-tree is said by Pliny to have been planted in the Vulcanale by Romulus, wiiich grew to so large a size that the roots of it extended into the Forum of Julius Caesar, passing by the stations of the, municipality {fmmtdpium ?). There was also in the Vulcanale a cypress-tree of equal size, which was destroyed from neglect in the time of Nero *, towards the end of his reign. Part of this Area touched the foot of the Capitolium, as the Temple of Concord stood in part of it, which is northward of the Arch of Septimius Severus, and on higher ground, separated from the Forum Romanum by the wall against the lower cliff, or bank, and the foss-way which passed under the Arch, and was subse- quently made into a paved street, on the eastern side of the Forum Romanum (see p. 55). The Church of S. Hadrian, or Adrian, is in the Area Vulcani, which was originally of considerable extent, and must have passed along the whole length of the Forum to reach this Regio; it was gradually curtailed by being built upon. It " " I'.o anno Cn. Flavins . . . adilis ' I'lutaichi (^ucst., c. 47 ; Koimilus curulis fuit. . . . J'jlcin C()iiciinli:L' in 24, and 27. area Vulcani snnmia invidia ncjhiliuni " 1 >ii)n)>.ius, ii. 50; sec alx) vi. 63, diclicavit." (I.isii Ilisl. ix.46.) Sec also vii. 17, xi. 39. I'Driiiii Roniannni, Tcnijilc of Concord, ' "Scrum altera lotos in \'uKanali, in this work, and I'lalcs III., IV., V. ([uod Roinnlus constituit ex victoria de f " In area Vulcani el Concordi.u (Iccuniis, ;vi|u;eva I'rhi intclli^itur, iit saui^uine pluit." (Ibid., .\1. 19.) auctor est Masnrius. Radices ejus in 'I " I'.aui statiiani in locum editum forum umjUc < asaris per staliones nni- siihducendam ati|Ui: ita in area Vulcani nicipiorum penetrant. I'uit cum ca cu- sulilimiori loco statuendam. " (.\ulus jircssus :v(jualis, circa su])renia Xcroiiis (icllius, iv. 5.) Sec also the sculjiture princi]iis prolapsa al<|uo ncglctta." in the Comitium, I'lales XIV., .W., (I'linii Nat. llisl., -wi. 66.) XVI. io6 Via Sacra. was probably named from a blacksmith's forge being there ; and it is a singular coincidence, that there still is a blacksmith's forge and a wheel-wright's factory close to the church of S. Hadrian. Aiireum Buciniim. Probably a bronze horn gilt, perhaps in con- nection with the Porta Mugionia, which was so named from a bronze figure of a bull. Apollinem Sandaliariuni. This is supposed to have been a bronze figure of Apollo with remarkable sandals, mentioned by Suetonius in the life of Augustus ". There was also a Vicus Sandaliarius, which had the statue in it : an inscription relating to the Vicus Sandaliarius is preserved by Panvinius \ This street was occupied by booksellers' shops, as we learn from Aulus Genius'^ and Galen >', and it was a favourite lounge in the time of the Empire. The shops were probably under a porticus, either an arcade or colonnade, and the titles of the books were attached* to these columns. This custom is alluded to by Horace \ On one of the fragments of the Marble Plan of Rome is a portion of a street, with the letters .... dlarivs, which is supposed to be the Vicus Sandaliarius ; it is a short street between two other streets, running across from one to the other. This fragment is placed by Canina to the east of the Colosseum, between the Esquiline and the Quirinal. Templutn Telluris. This is said to have been founded in the early years of the Republic (a.u.c. 268, B.C. 486), on the site of the house of Spurius Cassius \ The senate and people were so furious against Cassius that they demolished his house, and built this temple on the site of it**. A statue of Spurius Cassius, which had been placed here by himself when he strove to obtain the chief power, " " Equites Romani natalem ejus *"... In Sandaliario forte apud libra- sponte atque consensu biduo semper rios fuimus." (Aulus Gellius, xviii. 4.) celebrarunt. Omnes ordines in lacum ^ Galen, De Libris suis, iv. 361. Curtii quotannis ex voto pro salute ejus ^ "Nulla taberna meos habeat neque stipem jaciebant ; item Kalendis Janua- pila libellos. " (Horatii, Sat. I. 4. 71.) riis strenam in Capitolio, etiam absenti: * "Cassius, quia in agraria largitione ex qua summa pretiosissima deorum si- ambitiosus in socios . . . damnatumque mulacra mercatus vicatim dedicabat, ut populi judicio, dirutas publice sedes. Apollinem Sandaliariuni, et Jovcm tra- Ea est area ante Telluris a^lem. . , ." gcedum, aliaque." (Suetonius in Au- (Livii Hist., lib. ii. c. 41.) gusto, c. 57-) *" " Senatus enim populusque Rom. '' (lERMA.MCO. CAESARK = C. FONTEio non contentus capitali eum supplicio CAPlTONE = COS = KAL. JVN.SEIAE FOR- afficere interempto domum superjecit, ut TVNAE . AVG = SACR = SEX. FOXTEIVS penatium quoque strage puniretur. In c. L. TROPHiMVS = CN. POMPEivs . CN. solo autem Kdem Telluris fecit." (Va- L. NiCEPH0Rvs = MAG. vici = SANDA- lerius Maximus.) LIAR! . REG. IIII. =ANN'I. XVIII. DD. = Tenipliim Telluris. 107 was burned by order of Lucius Piso, along with many others round the Forum ; those only were saved that had been ordered by the senate and people '. This probably shews that the early statues in Rome were of wood. The account given by Dionysius and Suetonius of the site of the house of Cassius is, that it was in the street lead- ing to the Carinas **, under the clivus, and outside of the Templum Telluris, which the people had built on part of the area *. The CarinoD are believed by some authorities to have been in nearly the same district that is now called de Pantani, near the modern Suburra^. The cUvus mentioned by Dionysius is said to be the steep road up the south end of the Quirinal, facing the street called Cyprius, which is the same as before mentioned, lead- ing to the Carinas. This incline was called CUvus Ursi, from the figure of a bear. There was a temple of Pallas near the Templum Telluris. This site was the scene of some of the martyrdoms of the early Christian saints, as mentioned in the Acta S. Gordiani. Clementianus ordered his head to be cut off before the Templum Telluris, and his body to be thrown before the temple of Pallas s. The Templum Telluris was restored or rebuilt in the time of Cicero, who mentions it in one of his Epistles to Quintus, and says he has placed the statue of his friend there *'. In one of the fragments of the Marble Plan of Rome are two temples united together with arcades, and the words in TELL[//ri']. One of these temples was probably that of Tellus or Terra, and the other that of Laverna, which is recorded to have been built near that of Tellus, at the expense of some butchers, who had sold meat without the permission of C. Titimus aidilis plebis, which they ought to have obtained. This ai)pears from a fragment of the ancient Pontifical Books published by Dodwell'. In the Plan of Rome by Bufalini (a.d. -1551) an ancient church, now destroyed, is given by the name of S. Salvatore in Tellure, near the church of S. Quirico et Ciullattai. This probably indicates the site of the Temple of Tellus and Laverna, o])posite to the Temple of Pallas, "= riinii Nat. Hist., lib. xxxiv. c. 14. poiticu C'lituli me admones. Fit utrum- '' "l.cnxus.. . . schola sc siist<.-nta- (|uc' dilii^i'iitcr: ad Telluris (niidein ctiam vit, d()cuit(|ue in C'aiiiiis ad 'rrlluiis tiiaiii staluani locavi." (Cicoio ad (Juiii- u'dcm, in (jua rc'i;ionc l'()ni])fiiiruni Uini I'laiicin, lil>. iii. epist. i. c. 4.) donuis fuorat," iS:c. (Siicloniiis de lllus- ' c ririNVs akd ///j j ri.[/A/.'; .MVi.- tris (;iamninticis, 15.) r.wii i.amos (j\t>i> CAKM.M VKNDI- * Dionysius, lil). viii. C. 79. lUsSl.Nl I'ul'XI.o NUN INsl-KiTAM I)K ' Nardini and Nihhy, vul. i. p. 315, rr.cvMA MVi.ci AiniA CKI.i.a KX- Roma, 1818. TRIC lA AD ril.l.VRIS i.avkrnak. f Acta S. Gordiani, and Anastasiiis (hodwell, rrxdicl. Acad., Appendix, in S. C<;rnelio, 22. p. 6O5. ) '' "... In t end of the I'orum Romanum, in osiiis. Itaqiie Civsaris amici, (me dico front of the church of S. Hadrian, the et Oppiuni dirumparis licet) in monu- hasemeiit of some Iar;^e huildint; jiarallel nu'iituni iilud (juod tu tollere laudihus to the front of the church was broujjht siiktias, ut forum laxarenuis, et us- to light, with bases and part of a column (|uc ad atrium Libertalis expHcaremus, upon it. This was chietly medieval, contempsimus sexcenties sestertium." but a]>peared to be on foundations of (Ciceronis Kpist. ad Atticum, lib. iv. llic time of the lunj^ire belonging to . V some irreat building, probablv the l?xsi- ei). 16, s. 14.) ,. ,f' ,. ,. ,,.,,' ',-, - . ' ^' lica lauli .l.nulii (.'). I lus is just at /// medio for.-i (l.)e-> not mean in the ,iie north end of Regio IV., and very middle of the Forum Romanum, but in near to the Forum Transitorium. no Vm Sacra. by Domitian, and probably finished by Nerva ", as it was often called by his name ', (see p. 40). Stiburram. This was the name of one of the four divisions of ancient Rome in the time of Senius Tullius. It is supposed to have been partly on the northern slope of the Ccelian, and partly on the southern side of the Esquiline Hill, with the valley between, which in the time of the Empire was covered with fine buildings, as shewn upon one of the fragments of the ancient marble plan of Rome, but its limits are not well defined ^ The church of S. Peter in Vin- cula is always described as in the Suburra, but it is in the third Regio of Augustus. Probably a part of the Suburra only was in this Regio in the time of the Empire. Suetonius mentions it as the origi- nal residence of Cajsar. It is mentioned also by Juvenal ", and fre- quently by Martial ''. The Suburra is mentioned as in the fourth Regio, both in tlie Curiosum and the Notitia. The limits of this Regio are not very well defined in that direction, but it seems probable that in it is the church of S. Agatha in Suburra. Portions of this church are very ancient, and we have records of a mosaic picture made by Flavius Ricimer, a general in the time of the Emperor Valentinian III,, and consul, a.d. 459, in which are said to have been representations of Christ and the Apostles, with an inscription^. The interior of the church is divided into nave " IMP. NERVA . CAES. AVG. FONT. clamosa, Juvenalis in Subura." (Mar- MAX. TRIB. POT. II. IMP. II. PROCOS. tial, lib. xii., Ep. 18, ii. 17, vi. 66, vii. ' "Cassiodori Cronica," published by 34, ix. 19, c. 38, x. 94, xii. 3, c. 21.) Eccardus, in Domitiano. ^ P^L. RICIMER, V. I. MAGISTER vtri- "Novam autem excitavit cedem in vsqve militia patrionis et excons. Capitolio Custodi Jovi, et forum, quod ORD. PRO. VOTO. svo. adornavit. nunc Nervse vocatur. " (Suetonius in This mosaic was only destroyed in Domitiano, c. 5. lS89i in a restoration of this church, " Statuas colossas vel pedestres nu- and a coloured drawing of it is pre- das, vel equestres, divis imperatoribus served in the Vatican Library ; this in foro Divi Nervte, quod Transitorium was made by F. Penna, and is mentioned dicitur, locavit. " (Lampridius, in Alex- in Doni (Class, ii. n. 157). ander Severo, c. 28.) Muratori (Thes. Nov. Inscript., p. ' " Prima est scripta regio Suburana, cclxvi. and mdccclxvii., n. l) has pub- secunda Esquilina, tertia Collina, quarta lished another inscription found in this Palatina. In Suburante regionis parte church, which was engraved on a cop- princeps est Coelius mons. . . . Eidem per-j)late, with letters of silver in- regioni attributa Subura quod sub muro serted : tcrreo Carinarum, in quo est Argeorum SALVIS . DD. NN. Sacellum sextum. Subura Junius scribit ET . PATRTCIO ab eo, quod fuerit sub antiqua urbe, recimere c|uod testimonium potest esse, quod PLVTINVS subest ei loco qui Terreus murus vo- EVSTATHivs V. C. catur." (Varro de Ling. Lat., lib. v. P. vrb. fecit. s. 8.) Plutinus Eustathius was prefect of " Juvenal, lib. i., Sat. iii. v. 5. Rome, A.D. 470. ^ " Dum tu forsitan inquietus erras CarijKF. Ill and aisles by two rows of antique columns, sixteen in number, of granite of the kind called bigio, with Ionic capitals. In a tomb in this church are the remains of the celebrated Daniel O'Connell, who died in Rome. The bas-reliefs are by M. Benzoni. The Carimc are believed to have been partly in the Suburra. Augustus was educated in a house in the Carinas, as we learn from the scholia of Servius on the ^Kneid of Virgil % and the place was then celebrated for its fine houses. Servius also tells us that carina; were houses built after the fashion of keels (that is, with gable ends). We are told by Livy that Flaccus with the army entered the city by the Porta Capena, and passed through the Carina to the Esquiline * ; that is, the army marched through the street between the Coelian and the Palatine, and through the gate where the Arch of Constantine now stands, into the large square then surrounded by houses called the Carinae. In one corner of this area or place stood the Meta Sudans. There were various other streets leading into this place ; on the south the Via Labicana and the modern Via di S. Giovanni in Late- rano, meeting at the east end of the Colosseum, and carried round the north side of it under the Thermoj of Titus, into this place ; the Via de Santi Quattro Coronati, passing along the south side of the Colosseum ; another street from the north passes under the east end of the Therms of Titus from the Esc^uiline and the Suburra ; both this street and the place itself were called Cari/icc, from the num- ber of gabled houses {keels) in them. This large area or i)lace was in the very centre of the city, and was often called /// Medio Urbis. The south-east corner of this i)lace touched the Ccelian, with the Palace of Claudius ui)on it. The north-cast touched the Ksciuiline, with the Therm;c of Titus upon it. Immediately to the north was the Velia, a detached part of the Kscjuiline, on one corner of which the Basilica of Constantine has been built. On the south was the Palatine, with the clivus or slope up this side of it, against the scarped cliff. The house of Pompey and several other houses of importance are mentioned as being in the Carina; and on the Escjui- line, but as that name seems to be applied not only to this place, but to the streets leading from it, there is some doubt in which Regio they were situated. ' " Laut.-is autcni dixit, aut propter <\\\x craiit infra Teinpluiii Tclluris." clct;aiUiam ivilificioriini, aut propter An- (Servius in .I'.ueiil, viii. 3O1.) : ., , . .1 "In hoc tuiuuitu I'ulvius I'laccus L'Ustuin, r ui natus est m curiis vcteribus, ... . i. '^ ..,.,. i>orta C ai)ena cum exercitu Koiuain in- ct nutntus in lautis Carniis. Carin.v j,,^,, ,,,,iia url.c per Carinas Ksqui- sunt axlificia facta in Carinarum moduni, lias cuutcndit." (Livii Iliit., xxvi. 10.) 1 1 2 Via Sacra. Balneum Daplmidis. The site of this is not known. Dafne is supposed to be the name or nickname of the keeper of the bath- house in the time of Martial'^, and Phny'=, and AureUus Victor, all of whom mention him. Vici viii. The Catalogue of the Ciiriosmti and Notitia gives the number of streets only ; the one attributed to Rufus supplies these names : a. Vicus Sceleratus. e. Vicus Trium Viarum. b. Eros. * /. Anciportus Minor. c. Veneris. ^q. Fortunatus Minor. a. Apollinis. /i. Sandaliarius. a. The Vi'a/s Sceleratus is the same that was previously called Cyprius, and had the name changed in consequence of the murder of King Servius. It must therefore have led from the Forum Ro- manum towards the Esquiline, and is probably the same street which now leads to S. Pietro in Vincoli ^. That church and monas- tery is on the site of an important fortress of the time of the Kings of Rome. It stands on a lofty scarped cliff, with a flight of steps up to it, through an arch, which appears to have been the gate of the fortress in the time of the Kings. This appears to have been the arx or citadel of the Esquiline, when that was a separate fortress, in the early period, before the union of the seven fortified hills into one city. It continued in use as a castle to the time of the Empire, and in the Middle Ages. y^des viii. The Catalogue attributed to Rufus for this Regio enumerates also eight CBdiculcB, that is, small temples, but without any further particulars respecting them, and all traces of them seem to be lost. They may have been merely way-side altars, or niches for images, such as are still common in Rome, or perhaps with altars under them : Musarum. Lucinse Valerianae. Spei. Junonis Lucinse. Mercurii. Mavortis. Juventutis. Isidis. '' "Julius, assiduum nomen in ore meo. * Protinus hunc primre quaeres in limine TectEe ; Quos tenuit Daphnis, nunc tenet ille, Lares." (Martialis Epigram., lib. iii. ep. 5-) * Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. vii. c. 39. Tarquinio fugientem consecuti erant, ^ "Fit fuga regis apparitorum atque interficitur. ... A quo facessere jussa comitum. Ipse prope exsanguis quum ex tanto tumultu quum se domum reci- sine omni regio comitatu domum se re- peret pervenissetque ad summum Cy- ciperet, pervenissetque ad summum prium vicum, ubi Dianium nuper fuit ; Cyprium vicum, ab iis, qui missi a flectenti carpentum dextra in Urbium Aqueducts. 113 Aqueducts in this Regio. We learn from Frontinus that this Regio was supplied with crater from the Anio Vetus, the Marcia, and the Tepula ; afterwards, the Claudia and the Anio Novus united, were distributed here as in other parts. But these different streams of water were always kept separate, being intended for different purposes. The Marcia was always the best for drinking. The water of the Claudia and Anio Novus united was more abundant than any of the others, and was used to supply their place when they failed, which was some- times the case in time of drought. This water was not of equally good quality, and was generally used for washing and for irrigation, excepting when the better water failed. The Tepula was always brought with the Marcia, though in a different pipe or specus. The Anio Vetus was always underground, but not very deep ; it is most probable that one branch of this came straight on from the Porta Maggiore, where it entered Rome, to the great reservoir on the highest ground, where the Trophies of Marius were afterwards hung, and from thence was distributed, one branch going to the other great reservoir, called the Sette Sale, in this Regio. The small branch of an aqueduct under the south end of the Porticus Liviaj, and opposite to the Colosseum, probably came from the Marcia or Tepula from its level, which is considerably below that of the Anio Novus, on the Coelian, and the Palatine, and above that of the Anio Vetus in the Forum Romanum. The levels of the aqueducts were always carefully attended to, so that the continuous nmning streams might always flow along gently. This branch seems to have come from the Thermre of Titus, on the Esquiline, as on that side the platform of the Summa Sacra Via touches the Velia, or the bank on which the road is carried in a line from these great thermre. Towards the Colosseum and towards the Palatine, the space is too large for the aqueduct to i)ass, unless over a bridge or in a syphon, neitlicr of which would have been convenient here. clivum, lit in collcni Ks(]uilianini eve- (lit. Faduni inlnim.Tnunique indc tr.i- licictur, rcstitit p.ividiis .al(|Uf iiiliihiiit ditur scclas, inommiciitixiuc locus est frcnos is, qui jiinicnta .nj;cl)al, j.icintem- (Scelcratuni vicuni vocaiit)," &c. (I.ivii que (loniiiia- Serviuni trucidatum ostcn- Ili>t., i. 4S. ) 114 Via Sacra. Churches in this Regio. Church of SS. Quiricus [or Cyriacus, Martyr] and Giulitta OR JuLITTA^ The first mention that we find of this church is in the time of Pope Hadrian I., a.d. 772 795, who restored it. Bene- dict III., a.d. 855, gave a vestment for the altar in this church. In the Mirabilia of the thirteenth century it is mentioned : " Ubi est Sanctus Quiricus (fuit), Templum Jovis." But nothing is known of this temple of Jupiter, and there is supposed to be some confusion on the part of this writer, who makes many errors. We do not find any further notice of it until the fifteenth century, but the campa- nile is partly of the twelfth. It was restored by Sixtus IV. in 1475, as recorded by an inscription on the lintel of the door ^, and again in 1580, by Cardinal Alexander de Medici. Paul v., A.D. 1606, restored the pavement after an inundation of the Tiber, and also restored the vaults. Urban VIII., in 1680, ornamented it with some pilasters. It was at first a collegiate church, but was given to the Dominicans by Clement XL, a.d. 1680. Benedict XIII. modernized it and embellished it a.d. 1728. There is a good painting over the altar of SS. Quiricus et Giulitta by an unknown hand ; and there are other modern paintings. The interior w^as again restored in 1856. This church is so closely surrounded by houses, and the walls are so carefully plastered over, that it is impossible to see whether there are any parts of the early walls remaining or not ; the only part visible that has any character, is a piece of cornice on the south side, which is of the twelfth century. There is an ancient crypt under the church, but inaccessible, so that the date of it could not be ascertained. There is also the lower part of a tower of the twelfth century, but the upper part is modernized. The church and nunnery of SS. Dominicus et Sixtus, on the cliff of the Quirinal, was established here in 1570 by Pius V., who transferred to this situation the establishment of the same name on RiONE I., Monti. ' INSTAURATA VIDES QUIRICVS CUM MATRE JULITTA QUAE KUERANT LONGA DIRUTA TEMPLA DIE TRINCIPE SUB SIXTO DELUBRIS NULLA VETUSTAS, HIC REEICIT PONTES, MpENIA, TEMPLA, VIAS. ^ PAVLVS v. PONT. MAX. ECCLESIAM HANG TITVLO VACAXTE EX DEPRESSIORI LOCO ET AQVARVM INVN DATIONIBVS EXPOSITO lACTIS FORNICI BVS STRATO PAVIMENTO IN ALTIOREN MELIOREMQ. FORMAM. RESTITVIT ANNO SAL. HVMANAE MDCVI. PONTIFICATVS I. Church of S. Francesco di Paola. 1 1 5 the Via Appia, this being considered a more convenient and more healthy situation. The buildings of the old establishment were then deserted, and are now known by the name of S. Sisio Vecchio. The present one has nothing to interest the archaeologist except the site, which is evidently that of an ancient fortress of considerable extent. There are remains of the upper row of shops of the Forum of Trajan under part of this building, which is now (in 1875) a barrack. The neighbouring church of S. Maria de Monti, was founded by Gregory XIII. in 1580, and therefore has no archaeological features. Its frescoes are esteemed. The church and convent of S. Francesco di Paola was established on this site in 1623, in the palace or castle of the Cesarini, which had been bought for that purpose by G. Pizzullo, a priest. It con- tains nothing archreological, but has some modern fresco paint- ings, said to be of merit. A medieval tower of the castle serves for a campanile. APPENDIX. During the spring of the year 1876, the Italian Government exca- vated the basement of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, with the remains of the steps as described by Palladio ; but the marble had been all carried off as part of the building-material for the great church of S. Peter in the Vatican, as we are informed by Ligorio, who was living at the time, in a work still in manuscript, and now pre- served in the Bodleian Lil)rary in Oxford'. The whole of the building- material for that enormous structure is said to have been taken from the temples, and thermai, and palaces of the Emjjire, considerable ruins of which had remained until that time. Palladio has preserved drawings of some of them ; he had more respect for antiquities than his contemporaries, and wrote a short guide to the anticjuities of Rome, which is printed at the end of a " Guide to the Churches and the Relics of the Martyrs," published under the sanction of Pope Sixtus V.'', and which contains also an account of his aijucduct. Part of the ixivenient of the Via Sacra has been also brought to light; this shews that it went along on the eastern side of the l-'orum Romanum, under the modern road, and that the .\rch of Seplimius Severus was built over it ; the ])aved road down the middle of the I'oruni must therefore be the \'ia Xo\;i, coining from the Porta " 1;. 1;. MSS. (an. .11. Il.il. i,v'^- '' l.c ('.p>i- M.il.lvi_L;lu'.r ikll' .\llli.l (.111.1 . ; remains at foot of Capitoline, //'. ; western part of /Erarium made a reservoir, il>. ; this made in the third century, id. ; remains of bridge of Caligula, ii. ; in this Regio, 1 13. Ara-Cceli, Church of, 59 ; Convent of, A. D. 1250, 62. Arch of Constantine, sculpture of Ros- trum, 12 ; sculjiture of Forum has a row of tall columns, 18. of Titus, 102. of Janus, or Arcus Quadrifrons, in the Velabrum, 27. Area of Saturn included site of Temple of Concord, 6. Vulcani, 104. Alcrii, tomb of the, 93. Atrium Lihertatis, now the site of the churches of S. Martina and S. Ha- drian, 19. Caci, 49. Minerva", 40. Augurs, procession of, 68. Aureuni Ikicinum, 106. lialncum Dafnidis, 112. Itase of an equestrian statue, 19. 15a>,ilica /l'".milia(?), 19. Argcntaria, 46. Julia of Julius C;vsar, 19. Julia of Augustus, 20; early buildings on this site, i/>. ; had the Tenqile of Saturn at one eml, and of Castor and I'ollux at the other, //'. ; tlic celcliratcd three columns belonged to Temple ot Castor and I'ollux, //'. ; the construction of the early part is of travertine, 21 ; this agrees with the Monumentum Ancyranum, tl>. Basilica Pauli /Emilii, 109. of Constantine, 83 ; marble columns removed in fifteenth century, 84 ; one placed in front of S. Maria Maggiore in 1 620, i/>. ; seven form the triumphal car of the Farnese, 85 ; spoils of Jerusalem placed in, id. ; apse an addition to the building, il>. three markets on Summa Sacra Via, 88 ; the building with two apses is not a temple, id. ; substructures of rubble walling, id. ; aqueduct to sup- ply the fountains made upon them, id. ; substructures to lengthen plat- form of the time of Vedius Pollio, 89 ; became the Temple of Apollo when the Colossus was put in it, 90 ; was a double colonnade, 91 ; founda- tion excavated in 1830 and 1874, id. Boundaries often the old fortifications, 90. Brick structures down the middle of the Fonmi hollow, and likely to be wine- shops, 18. Cx'sars, Palaces of, public offices after first century, 27. Caligula, Palace of, 23. Campidoglio, piazzo or place on Ca- pitoline Hill, pavement of, much raised, 33. Capitolinus Clivus, pavement of, 6 ; in front of Schola Xantlii, II. Capitolium, 5, III.; on the slope of the Hill of Saturn, 5 ; at north end of Forum, /'/'. Carinx', the, 1 1 1. Castor and Pollux, Tenq)le of, 23. Church of Ara C(eli on Capitol, 59 ; Ambones, Cosmati-work, 62 ; Con- vent built .\.l). 1250, id. ; favourite buryiiig-place, 60; relicsofS. Helena, 61 ; south porch, mosaics, 60; Tombs of the Savelli, A.n. 1306, of Honorius IV., 12S6, 61. S.S. CoMuas and Damian, 95 ; Marble Plan of Rome fixed against east wall, id. Hi A IpJiabetical Index. Church of SS. Dominicus and Sixtus, 114. S. Francesca Romana, 99 ; formerly called S. Maria Nuova, ib. ; not the same as SS. Peter and Paul, nor S. Maria Antiqua, 100 ; rebuilt A. D. 860, i/>. ; Tombs and Sculpture contained in, id. ; Campanile of the thirteenth cedtury, id. ; Cloister built in 1370, loi. S. Francesco di Paola, 115. S. George and S. Sebastian, or S. Giorgio in Velabro, 55 ; classi' cal portico of thirteenth century, 56 ; Campanile, id. S. Hadrian, or Adrian, 55. S. Maria di Monte, 115. S. Maria Antiqua, on Summa Sacra Via, 91 S. Martina and S. Luca, 54. SS. Peter and Paul, on Via Sacra, made in Basilica of Constan- tine, 80 ; legend of Simon Magus, id. SS. Quiricus and Giulitta, 1 13. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, built A. D. 790, destroyed 1540, 14. S. Theodorus, 58. Churches in Forum Romanum, &c., 5364- Clivus Sacer, line of, 66. Cloaca Maxima drained the Curtian Gulf, 4 ; three streams which now run into it had supplied the lake, 24. Cohors vi. Vigilum, 46. Colosseum, podium in front of, 96. Colossus Altus pedes [m.]xiii. is that of Nero, 93. Column of the Emperor Phocas, 14. Comitium, the open space for the assembly of the people, 14. Concord, Temple of, founded B.C. 303, rebuilt B.C. 26 and A.D. 11, 5 ; there- fore often called the Senate House, 6 ; was the vestibule to the Senate Plouse, ib. ; Emperor Pertinax sits in, to wait for the key of the Curia, 8. Constantine, Basilica of, 84. Cosmas and Damian, Church of, on site of three temples, 95. Cosmati-work in Ara Cceli, 62. Curia in Capitolium, 5. Curtian Gulf, or lake, site of Forum, 4, 24; drained by Cloaca Maxima, 4. Dei Consentes, Temple of, 5- Dioscuri, fountain of, 22. Elefans Herbarius, 47. Equus Constantini, 19. Excavations throw a new light on the history of the City of Rome, 3 ; abso- lutely necessary, ib. in 1874, between platform on Summa Sacra Via and cliff of Pala- tine, 91 ; three objects found by these, I. Guard chambers; 2. La- vacrum of Heliogabalus ; 3. Church of S. Maria Antiqua, id. Fasti Consulares, fragment of, 25. Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars Ultor, 39. Boarium, or cattle-market, 42. of Cupid, on the Upper Via Sacra, 36. of Julius Caesar, 37. of Nervae, or Transitorium, 40 ; figure of Pallas or Minerva there, id., 109. Olitorium, remains of, 36. Piscatorium, or fish-market, 36. Pistorium, or of the Bakers, 36. Romanum Magnum, 44, XIX. ; belongs to earliest period of history of Rome, 3 ; length and breadth, 4 ; the name has a double meanirg, general and special, id. ; steps at south end, 25 ; previous history based upon conjecture, 27 ; extent of, ex- aggerated by these conjectures, id. Sallustii, near liouse of Sal- lust, 36. Suarium, or pig-market, id. Trajan, 42. Vespasian, or Forum Pacis, 41. Fountain of Juturna, 25. of the Dioscuri, 22. Fragment of Fasti Consulares, 25. Gate of Saturn a double gate, 6 ; foundations remain, id. Genius Populi Romani aureus, 46. Graeco-Stadium, or Gracostasis, 7 ; on a platform, on the side of Temple of Concord, 8 ; space exactly suited for the purpose, 9 ; site covered by path of Michael Angelo, id. Guard-chambers on Palatine, 91. Hadrian, House of, near Thermae of Caracalla, 26. and Apollodorus, 87. Heliogabalus, Lavacrum of, 91 ; rebuilt the Temple of the Sun, 97. Honoriiis III., Tomb of, A.D. 1286, 61. Horrea, Germanica et Agrippina,-, 49. Chartaria, 108. House of Ancus Martins and yli^des, 67 ; called Sacellum Strenire, id. Hadrian, near Thermae of Caracalla, 26. Trajan, on the Aventine, 26. Janus had originally two faces, after- wards four, 28 ; one kind made of bronze, id. ; one in each of the four- Alphabetical Index. 119 teen Regionaries, 29 ; these were small structures of bronze, ib, ; one at the junction of the four principal Forums, 30. Julia, Basilica of, 20. Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of, 31. Jupiter Stator, Temple of (?), lOi. Juturna, fountain of, 25. Lake of Curtius, 24. Lavacrum of Ileliogabalus, 91. Line of the Via Sacra, Clivus Sacer, Summa Sacra Via, 66. Livia, Porticus of, 86. Marble Plan of Rome, 71 ; fragments all found on same spot, near east wall of church,?^. ; excavations made by Tocco, ib. ; work ' of Professor Jordan on, 72. Marcus Aurelius, statue of, 33. Marforio, or Mars, statue of, 33, Markets, three held on Summa Sacra Via, 67. Mars Ultor, two temples, the round one in the Forum, 18. Mcta Sudans, 108. Milliarium Aureum, 13, XL and Umbilicum Urbis, 13 ; streets of Rome measured from it, but not the roads, 14. Monumentum Ancyranum, 53. Municipium in Capitolium, 5- Nero, Golden House of, 94. Colossus of, 93 ; first placed in the vestibule of Golden House of Nero, .94 ; moved by Hadrian to make room for the Templum Urbis Romiv, ib. ; clepliants dragged it up the Clivus Sacer, 95 ; the site where it stood is jmrt of the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, ib. ; destroyed by Pope Silvester, as an idol of the Sun, 96. Old fortifications are often the boun- daries, 90. Pacis, Temple of, 82 ; antiquaries not agreed upon the site, 83. Palace of Caligula, 23. Pahices of the C'iFsars, public offices after first century, 27. Palatine, guard-chaini)ers, 91. Panvinius on the site of the Templum Urbis, 70. Ponce, Temple of, 82. PtiDcas, l'jn|ieror, column cif, 14. Pii()l(jgraphy of groat use, 3. Pi.i//a del Campidoglio, pavement miu h raiM-il, 33. Plan of Koine on marble plates, 71. Podium in front of Colosseum not large enough for the great Colossus, 96 ; used for a smaller one of Gordianus, ib. ; basement of the time of Gor- dianus, ib. ; smaller Colossus repre- sented on a coin of Gordianus, ii. Porta Batumi, foundation of old wall, 5 ; ground within on a higher level, ib. ; wall destroyed at an early pe- riod, ib. ; remains of all three periods, ib. ; back wall touches the ^ra- rium, ib. Porticus Absidata, 104. Livise, 86 91 ; this name upon the Marble Plan, 86 ; platform on Summa Sacra Via the only place that fits th\s,ib. ; mentioned by Strabo, 87 ; base shewn on the Plan was for the great Colossus, ib. ; the platform is that on which Apollodorus said that Hadrian oiis^/ii to have placed the Templum Urbis, ib. Regiones, divisions of uncertain, 90. Regio Vin., continet pedes M.XIIII.LXVII., 48, Restorations, probable, 26. Roma and Venus, Temples of, 69, 72. Rostra, three in Forum, 1 1 ; one by the arch of Septimius Severus, ib. ; another near the Temple of Anto- ninus, 12 ; third not yet excavated, ib. Rostral columns, 13 ; that of Duillius, A.D. 14, represented on a medal, ib. Rostrum represented on Arch of Con- stantine, 12. Sacellum Strenia;, 67. Sacra Via Summa, or Caput, 66 ; three markets held in, 67. Saturn, Temple of, 5. gate of, a double one, 6. area of, included site of Temple of Concord, 6. Savelli, Tombs of the, 61. Schola Xanthi, on the lower level, 10 ; discovered in the sixteenth century, ;'/'. ; colonnade restored by Canina, II. Screen walls of marble in the Comi- tium, with sculjiture of the time of Hadrian, 15 ; on the inner side of each wall are the sikk i-litoliuni, 5. .Senate House behind the Temple of Concor TllK INTERIOR, \MTII TIIF. APSK VIA SACRA. PLATE XXXV. BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE. Sections. A B. Longitudinal. C D. Transverse. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XXXV. BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE. Sections. A B. Longitudinal, looking eastward. C D. Transverse, looking north. a a a a. Part of the east wall of the Temple of Rome, against which the Marble Plan of Rome was fixed, b b b. South wall of the same temple. c. North aisle of the Basilica. d. Central part of the Basilica. e. South aisle of the Basilica. ff. TheVelia. g g. Restoration of the vault of the attic storey, h. Excavations made in 1870 by Mr. Parker, in search of the south door of the temple, which was found **. i. Pavement of the Summa Sacra Via. k. Pavement of the Clivus Sacer. 1 L Foss of the Velia. m m. Level of the modern road and houses, n. Level of the pavement of the old road in the foss. o o. The Esquiline Hill. . y. Newel stairs {cochlea) to ascend to the attic storey. ^ See Photos., No, 850. VIA SACRA. PLATE XXXVI. BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE. Plan. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XXXVI. BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE. Plan. A B. Line of Longitudinal Section. C D. Line of Transverse Section. a a. East wall of Temple of Roma. b b. South wall of the same. c. North aisle of the great Basilica. d. Central part, with the apse added. e. South aisle of the Basilica, fff. TheVelia. h. Excavations in 1870, to shew the south door of the temple. i. Pavement of the Summa Sacra Via. k. Pavement of the Clivus Sacer. 1. Foss of the Velia. m m m m. Modern road and houses. o o. The Esquiline Hill. y. Cochlea, or newel staircase. BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE - PLAN \ I I 1 1 'O 3u > o =&. ^' VIA SAOEA. PLATE XXXVII. SUMMA SACRA VIA. Via Sacra. Descri-ption of Plate XXXVII. SUMMA SACRA VIA. 1. Apse, now in the Monastery of S. Francesca Romana, from the north, with the Colosseum in the distance. 2. The same double apse from the south, with the monastery and campanile in the background, and the substructure of the platform in the foreground ; the two apses are back to back, and each has formed one end of a large hall, of which there are remains. The object of these two views is to shew that the construction of the apse agrees exactly with that of the great Basilica of Constan- tine, which is close to this apse (one corner of it is visible on the right of the lower view). The platform on which the apse stands is on the Summa Sacra Via, and it is recorded that three markets were held there. The Basilica of Constantine was long called the Temple of Peace, and is on the site of it ; the present building certainly was not a temple, but a hall connected with the Forum of Peace, in the same manner as the Basilica Julia was connected with the Forum Romanum. The old error, which has been corrected in the case of the Basilica of Constantine, has been continued in the others ; these two market- halls are still, in 1876, called the Temple of Venus and Rome, although they were more usually called by Palladio the Temple of the Sun and Moon, as they are on the site of that temple ; they have none of the character of a temple, and that double temple stood on the site of the present church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, (see Plate XXX.). All the texts of the Classical authors usually cited to prove this to be the Temple of Venus and Rome, apply quite as well to the one site as the other. Both are betiueen the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum. The Colossus of Apollo, or the Sun, was placed on that platform by Hadrian, within the Porticus Livise, which was a double colonnade of the time of Augustus. It was rebuilt by Heliogabalus, and fragments of large columns of Egyptian granite are lying about on the platform in all directions. The apses were built in the middle of that colonnade, in the place of the Colossus, the base of which is represented on the Marble Plan of Rome, of the time of Aurelian, or fifty years before the two halls with the double apse were built. APSIS IN MONASTERIO- S FRANCESCO ROMANS T M')NA:-TK1- l"^yl . :' i-'i M KT .-n H -.-.T!- I'rTl .' HXCAV, IH?-*. VIA SACRA. PLATE XXXVIII. PORTICUS LIYIJE AND COLOSSUS OF NERO. Restoration. SuMMA Sacra Via. Description of Plate XXXVIII, PORTICUS LIVI^ AND COLOSSUS OF NERO. Restoration. The Platform on the Summa Sacra Via, looking east, with steps up to it at the north end, and a substructure at the south end, agreeing with the Plan of the Porticus Livi^, in the Marble Plan of Rome of the third century, with a probable restoration of it. Longitudinal section, and a side view of the Colossus of Nero, placed in the middle of it. A. Basilica of Constantine, south-west corner. B. Part of the Velia of the old Pala- tine fortress, the earth or cliff sup- ported by remains of the Porticus of Nero. C. Porticus of Nero. Four arches of the upper storey seen through the columns. D. The Colossus of Nero, on its podium or basement, as it is shewn on the Marble Plan. E. The Substructure of vaults of rubb'e stone, with an Aqueduct upon it to supply the four fountains at the corners. F. Pavement in front of the Colosseum. G. The Velia of the old Palatine for- tress, a triangular promontory, cut off from the Esquiline Hill by the wide and deep foss, now called the Via del Colosseo. VIA SACRA. PLATE XXXIX. SUMMA SACRA VTA. Church of S. Maria Antiqua. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XXXIX. SUMMA SACRA VIA. Church of S. Maria Antiqcja. The remains of this interesting church were excavated in 1874. It was built in the ninth century on the ruins of the Lavacrum of Hehogabalus, and with much ingenuity the old walls of the third century, which are of excellent brickwork, were used wherever they could be brought into the plan of the church, which was not built all at once, but at two different periods, though the latter was not very long after the former. The original church, of a.d. 847, was a small cruciform church on the plan of the Greek cross, the four arms of the same length, and with an apse in the eastern arm, which remains, and is of the same construction of rubble usual at that period; in the centre of the apse are remains of the altar, with the opening for the relics under it, (the confessio had not then been introduced). At the west end of the cruciform church was a portico, of which two of the marble columns remain in their ori- ginal places, and under the portico, or just outside of it, is a steep staircase descending to a holy well, which is under the church near the west end, in the same situation as a similar well in the church of S. Prassede, of about the same period. This small church was not found large enough, and a large nave was added to it a few years afterwards, in a.d. 855 ^. At the west end of the nave was another apse, of which we have also the lower part of the walls remaining, of the same rude con- struction, and in the centre of it another altar {?), but it is hollow, and perhaps was a font for baptism by immersion. On both sides of the nave the walls are in part the old brick walls of the third cen- tury, wherever they could be used, in other parts the rubble walling of the ninth century. All these walls were veneered with marble, of which there are considerable remains, especially round the altar at the east end, on the wall behind it, and on the floor of the path round the altar, but the greater part of the marble has been stolen, either before or in part since it was excavated. The church was originally dedicated to S. Mary, but another church, also dedicated to S. Mary, having been built soon after- wards very near to it, this church was then called S. Maria An- tiqua j the name of the other has been changed from S. Maria Nova to S. Francesca Romana. ^ Anastas., 592. CHURCH OF S. MARIA ANTIQUA A. EXTERIOK B. INTERIOR OK AFbt VIA SAOEA. PLATE XL. CHURCH OF S. MARIA ANTIQUA, a.d. 847855- Plan. SuMMA Sacra Via. Description of Plate XL. CHURCH OF S.MARIA ANTIQUA, A.D.847 855. Plan. This is in the Lavacrum of Heliogabalus, on that part of the Palatine Hill also called the Sub-Velia, or the Summa Sacra Via; it is between the Arch of Titus and the Colosseum, under the eastern clifif of the Palatine. The history of this church has been given in the text on the authority of Anastasius, the librarian of the Vatican, who was authorized to publish the Pontifical Regis- ters, which in a matter of this kind are excellent authority, and the plan agrees with the history perfectly. The rubble walls of the ninth century are of the rude rough stone walling used at that period, as is seen in the two apses and some of the side walls ; but the old brick walls of the ruins of the Lavacrum were used whenever they could be brought in with the plan of the church, which is evidently of two periods, though one soon after the other. The original small church, of the plan of a Greek cross, is seen on the right of the plan, with the remains of the altar, which has a hollow opening in it for the relics of the martyrs; opposite to this altar two columns of the portico are seen, and a .''^ht of steps going down to a well, passing under the original west front of the church. To this srhall cruciform church a long nave has been added soon afterwards, the construction being the same, and here also the old brick walls are used as far as they could be. At the opposite end is another apse, and what may have been a second altar, or as some say a baptistery, or font for baptism by immersion, which seems not improbable. The brick wall is distinguished by a lighter tint in the plan ; it will be seen that some of the old brick walls do not belong to the church at all, but are suffered to remain where they were found, having belonged to the earlier building. y^ '/'. p: Pi VIA SACEA. PLATE XLI. THE ARCH OF TITUS. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XLI. THE ARCH OF TITUS. This arch stands on the Summa Sacra Via, on the ridge, with a steep incline up to it from the Arch of Constantine and the Colosseum. The Porta Mugionis, the original entrance into the Palatine fortress, or Roma Quadrata, must have been near to it. The remains of a gateway shewn in another Plate are at a short distance behind it, that is, to the left of the present view. The buildings seen in the view are, on the left, part of the Villa Farnese, now the residence of Signor Rosa ; on the right, the small museum built by him to contain and exhibit the statues that were to be found, before they were sent to Paris ; it now contains a small collection of fragments, &c., not without interest. The arch had been built upon by the Frangipani, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, as part of their great fortress on the Palatine ; the remains of this great fortification were destroyed about 1820, under Pius VH., and the arch restored as we now see it with traver- tine, but left plain, so that the restoration can be readily distin- guished from the original work. It was originally erected by Ves- pasian, after the death of Titus, to commemorate the conquest of Jerusalem, and the sculpture under the arch represents the triumphal procession carrying the spoils of Jerusalem, including the celebrated seven-branched candlestick. The inscription seen over the arch- way is : S E N AT V S POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS DIVO TITI DIVI VESPASIANI F. VESPASIANO AVGVSTO. VIA SACRA. PLATE XLII. THE ARCH OF TITUS. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XLII. THE ARCH OF TITUS. Part of the procession of the Jewish captives, under Titus, carrying the celebrated seven-branched candlestick from the Temple at Jerusalem in triumph through the streets of Rome. A priest, with the long trumpet, leading the way. VIA SACRA. PLATE XLIII. East Wall of the TEMPLUM URBIS ROM^, On which the Marble Plan was fixed. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XLIII. East Wall of the TEMPLUM URBIS ROM^E, On which the Marble Plan was fixed. The wall is here shewn with the pit in front of it, as excavated by Signer Tocco in 1868, in which several fragments of the celebrated Marble Plan of Rome, of the third century, were found, and it was ascertained that all the fragments called the Capitoline Plan, because they are placed on the wall of the Capitoline Museum, were found on the same spot. That this plan was made of marble plates of about a yard square is also evident, and that these plates had been broken to pieces by falling on a marble pavement ; there can be little doubt that this was caused by the great earthquake of the fourteenth century, of which Plutarch has given a vivid account in his letters ; nor can there be any longer a doubt that this wall was the east wall of the Temple of Roma, which faced to the Forum Pacis of Vespasian, the largest market-place in Rome, and had behind it, under one roof with it, the Temple of Venus. To this Maxentius added a third, in honour of his son, whom he also named Romulus, and by this means he connected these temples with the Via Sacra, which had not been the case originally, though they were very near to it. This was the mistake of Hadrian, pointed out by ApoUo- dorus, and the emperor was so much vexed at his mistake, and angry at having it pointed out to him rather rudely, that he ordered the architect to be put to death. WALL ON WICH WAS FIXED THE MARBLE PLAN OF ROME ^ IMr '.?*'''^ I* > "f i*--'^^'-^.- -.-.^'**>v ' VIA SACRA. PLATE XLIV. DETAILS OF THE WALL OF THE MARBLE PLAN. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XLIV. DETAILS OF THE WALL OF THE MARBLE PLAN. In this plate the upper part shews a small portion of the wall, with remains of the metal hooks by which the slabs of marble, with the plan engraved upon them, were attached to the wall. The shafts of these hooks can still be seen in the holes in the brick wall of the third century ; the hooks were broken off by the vibration of the marble plates caused by the earthquake, and the shock of the great mass of the Basilica of Constantine falling on to the marble pavement in front of the wall. One corner of that enormous fabric, with a corkscrew staircase in it, remains buried on the pavement where it fell. The lower part of the Plate shews a fragment of a cornice of the third century, with brick-stamps of the same period, and the frag- ments of the Marble Plan then found, the most important of which is the Porticus Livise, with that name upon it. DETAILS OF WALT. OF MARBLE PLAN 1 VIA SACEA. PLATE XLV. TEMPLE OF ANTONINUS AND FAUSTINA, As Excavated in May, 1876. Via Sacra. Description of Plate XLV. TEMPLE OF ANTONINUS AND FAUSTINA, As Excavated in May, 1876. In this view the remains of the steps are now made visible for the first time for centuries past, and the whole height of the building is now also made distinct. The monolithic columns come out in all their grandeur, and the hideous modern church inserted in the fine old temple is distinctly brought to light. On the right is seen the present level of the streets, and the lower part of the columns Avere buried to the depth here shewn for some centuries, until the excavations were made in 1876. A pit had been made in order to look down upon the bases by the French, in 181 2, but no proper idea of the height of the magnificent columns could be formed. The difference of level between the old Forum and the modern streets is also brought out clearly, and there is no denying that the Forum was at the level of the old foss-ways. In the centre is the podium^ or basement for an altar, and at each end one for a statue, no doubt those of Antoninus and Faustina. TEMPLE OF ANTONINVS AND FAVSTIXA AS EXCAVATED IN 1876. PLAN OF THE SUMMA SACRA VIA, ON THE SUB-VELIA. PLAN OF THE SUMMA SACRA VIA, ON THE SUB-VELIA. C. MoNS Palatinus. T. Part of the Palaces of the Caesars, with the house of the Royal Superintendant of Archaeology upon it, in a part of the Villa Farnesi. 2. Basilica of Constantine, cut out of part of the Velia. 3. Pavement of the Summa Sacra Via. 4. Arch of Titus. 5. Site of the Podium of the Colossus of Nero. 6 6. Two Basilicas, with the Apses back to back, now usually mis-called the Temple of Venus and Roma, but called by Palladio more correctly the Temple of the Sun and Moon. 7. A series of Guard-chambers, built against the eastern cliff of the Palatine Hill. 8. Remains of a Tower of the Frangipani, called Turris Cartu- laria, built of large stones taken from a Wall of the Kings. 9 9. Lavacrum of Heliogabalus. 10. Church of S. Maria Antiqua, a.d. 847 855, built in the ruins of the Lavacrum. IT. Church of S. Sebastian on the Palatine. 1 2. Part of the Porticus of Nero, on the Velia. 13. Pavement of an ancient street. 1 4. Portion of the Velia. 15 15. Porticus of Livia, with the Substruction. 1 6 1 6. Parts of the Palace of Commodus (?). 17. Arch of Constantine. 18. Meta Sudans. 1 9. Podium of the Colossal Statue of Gordianus. 20. Flavian Amphitheatre, or Colosseum. PLAN OF li SUMMA SACRA VIA, IN JANUARY, 1876. Wl^. Xm m^ THE ARCHEOLOGY OF ROME. PAET V. THE FORUM ROMANUM, AND PAET VI. THE VIA SACRA. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ROME. BY JOHN HENRY PARKER, CB. Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lond. ; kkeper of the ashmolean museum of history and arch.eology, oxford; vice-president of the oxford architectural and historical society, and of the british and american arch/eological society of rome ; member of the royal architological institute, MEMBRE DE LA SOCIEt FRAN9AISE D' ARCH^OLOGIE, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, AND OF VARIOUS ARCH/EOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. VOLUME n. THE FORUM ROMANUM AND THE VIA SACRA. OXFORD : JAMES PARKER AND CO. LONDON : JOHN M U R R A Y, A L 1 5 1: M A R L E - S T R E E T. i8;6. --M. 5 ."<.. ^ > V ; , v*' -l GETTY CENTER LIBRARY llllllllll mill III mill III mil nil ii 3 3125 00929 3115