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THE 
 
 Country Gentleman s Architect; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A VARIETY OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 FARM HOUSES AND FARM YARDS 
 
 OF DrFFERENT MAGNITUDES, 
 
 ARRANGED ON 
 
 THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLES 
 
 FOR 
 
 ARABLE, GRAZING, FEEDING, AND DAIRY FARMS; 
 
 WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS 
 
 SHEWING AT LARGE 
 
 The Construction of Cottages, Barns, Stables, Feeding-Houses, 
 Dairies, Brew-Houses, Mattings, ^c. 
 
 WITH 
 
 PLANS FOR STABLES AND DOG-KENNELS; 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 DESIGNS FOR LABOURERS' COTTAGES AND SMALL VILLAS. 
 
 THE WHOLE ADAPTED TO THE USE OF COUNTRY GENTLEMEN 
 ABOUT TO BUILD OR TO ALTER. 
 
 % R.LUGAR, Architect 4- Land Surveyor, 
 
 AUTHOR OF ARCHITECTURAL SKETCHES FOR RURAL DWELLINGS. &C. 
 
 ENGRAVED ON TWENTY-TWO PLATES, 
 
 WITH GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND FULL EXPLANATIONS TO EACH. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. TAYLOR, ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, N" 59, HIGH HOLBORN. 
 
 1807. 
 
 T. Bejislfy, Printer, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Research Library, The Getty Research Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/countrygentlemanOOIuga 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Agriculture is unquestionably the most ancient and most 
 useful of those arts which have engaged the attention of man. 
 The most eminent and enlightened statesmen, in every nation, 
 have studiously promoted, its improvement; and the extensive 
 effects of patronage and example in our own country, have lately 
 rendered incalculable benefits to the community. The comfort, 
 not to say the existence, of civilized man, depends on suitable 
 returns of produce for the labours and toil of the husbandman; 
 and sound policy regards the improver who facilitates the means 
 of attaining these objects, as the most useful member of society. 
 
 The importance of well arranged buildings to the general pur- 
 poses of a farm, is obvious: the protection of the useful animals, 
 and the economy of their maintenance, are objects of great con- 
 cern to the practical farmer; yet have not, I believe, been duly 
 attended to in any publication by a regular architect. In my pro- 
 fessional occupation I have had frequent occasions to observe the 
 numerous defects and inconveniences in rural buildings, left unre- 
 medied, for want of some proper guide by which the head and 
 hand of a rustic builder might be directed. To supply these defi- 
 ciencies, as far as I am able, I have selected from different sketches. 
 
 N 
 
IV 
 
 and studies, various examples of rural buildings suitable to the dif- 
 ferent intentions of Gentlemen who from philanthropy may wish to 
 build cottages for their labourers, or farm-houses and farm-yards for 
 their tenants. I have also added a selection of houses possessing 
 superior internal accommodations, and suited in their external 
 appearance to the rank and style of a Gentleman farmer, accom- 
 panied by such out-buildings as distinguish the residence of a 
 principal land-holder, living in a way suitable to an extensive 
 domain. 
 
 I beg leave to express, in strong terms, my opinion of the neces- 
 sity for much previous reflection before a Gentleman engages 
 either in building or alteration; upon a strict survey of the situa- 
 tion, the nature, the extent, and the character of whatever building 
 is proposed; with a careful investigation of a variety of drawings 
 shewing the several approaches, connexions, heights, conveniences, 
 and dift'erent views of the structures intended. By a previous dis- 
 cussion of all these points much labour and expence will be saved; 
 and the buildings may be expected to prove satisfactory. 
 
 To render this work completely useful to Country Gentlemen, in 
 addition to the various Plans for Farm-houses, Farm-yards, &c. I 
 have given details of the construction of ordinary buildings, such 
 as Cottages, Barns, Feeding-houses, Brewhouses, Makings, See. 
 on the most approved, and econor^jical principles; and these are so 
 clearl}^ laid down, that a Gentleman, with the assistance of his car- 
 penter, will be enabled to construct, in the cheapest manner, every 
 
building requisite to his rural economy, according to the nature of 
 his farm. 
 
 In explaining the following plates I have occasionally indulged 
 a few practical observations on certain parts of husbandry, which 
 some may think belong rather to the agriculturist than to the archi- 
 tect. In general they are explanatory of my reasons for particular 
 modes of construction and planning, I therefore hope they wull not 
 be deemed intrusive, but lead to a due consideration of the various 
 parts, wants, and conveniences, connected with this important class 
 of buildings. If, in some instances, I have transgressed the boun- 
 daries of my province, my sole motive has Ijcen an anxious wish to 
 render this work extensively useful; and I flatter myself that the 
 real principles of the book will be found of general utility, and 
 the results of experience. I can assert, that no pains have been 
 spared, in studying the several plans, to render them serviceable, 
 without restriction to those local situations, for which some of them 
 may appear to be peculiarly adapted. 
 
 Featherstone Buildings, High Holborn, 
 Jaauary, 18O7. 
 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 AND 
 
 EXPLANATIONS OF THE PLATES. 
 
 OF COTTAGES. 
 
 X HE Utility and advantages of Cottages are every where felt; it 
 is only necessary, therefore, here to offer a few observations on their 
 situation and aspect, on the cheapest mode of constructing ihem, 
 and on the best materials to be employed for that purpose. 
 
 A Cottage should, if possible, stand on a gently sloping 
 ground, natural or artificial, in a sheltered situation and near to 
 good water, it should be open to the road, the ground made hard 
 around it, and properly currented, so that the water from the pro- 
 jecting eaves may run off quickly. To render it cheerful, the house 
 or living-room Avindow should invariably front the south. Gardens 
 in front of Cottages have generally a slovenly appearance: the 
 soil being frequently loosened and disturbed near the house, ab- 
 sorbs wet, and communicates a damp which decays the walls and 
 timbers; besides, a fence or hedge interferes with, and hurts, the 
 general appearance. It meets the eye at one-third, or half, the height 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 of the Cottage, and gives an unpleasant predominance to the roof. 
 Trees standing at a small distance protect the thatch in stormy wea- 
 ther, and greatly contribute to a pleasing and characteristic effect. 
 
 Construction. Where fir of English growth is easily obtained, 
 it may very properly form the tie beams, the principal rafters, 
 purlins, and plates, and being well framed together, the com- 
 mon rafters may be of rough stuff, of the size of the largest hop- 
 poles, which, crossed with slight stuff, will be ready to receive 
 the thatch; the joists and floors of English fir; beech, or elm, may 
 be laid as a substitute for floors. When clay is used for external 
 walls and cross partitions, a few uprights and braces, with a plate of 
 fir at top and bottom, will be sufficient, and the vacancies filled in 
 with thatching stuff placed close together, having three or four 
 pieces at equal distances, nailed horizontally to keep them firm, will 
 be ready to receive the clay, with which a good quantity of cut straw 
 should be incorporated, to make it adhere the better. If the sides 
 of a Cottage are weather-boarded and painted, the inside must be 
 plastered or clayed, to render it habitable. For such Cottages as are 
 brick built, a nine-inch wall, plastered on the inside, will be suffi- 
 cient; provided that the eaves are made to project properly, and 
 that the house stands in a sheltered situation. 
 
 Building of Tise is considered as very proper for Cottages, and 
 when open to the sun and air it will bear a stucco, or colour, but it 
 must not be in a confined, low, or damp situation. For common 
 farm sheds and walls it is used in many counties with the best 
 
3 
 
 effect, and taking the soil into consideration, might be brought into 
 more general use where clay and lime are found upon the spot; 
 but if cartage of these materials be required, the saving in point of 
 expence admits of much doubt. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 Is a Design with the Plan for a Labourer's Cottage. This may 
 be built of brick, rough stone, lath and plaster, or clay; the roof 
 thatch: the appearance is picturesque and suitable for any situation. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 This Plate shews the Plan and Elevation for a double Cottage, 
 which may be built of similar materials as the above. Cottages 
 built in pairs, or double, as this is proposed to be, have several 
 advantages besides that of being more cheaply constructed. The 
 dotted lines across the bakehouse and living-room shew the joists 
 for the bed-room floor. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 Sections of the foregoing Design. The several parts are fully 
 explained on the plate, and the observations on construction already 
 'given will, I hope, fully explain the intention and usefulness 
 of these plates to any person who may wish to carry such build- 
 ings into execution. That the Ldbourer should have a comfortable 
 habitation will always afford real satisfaction to the benevolent 
 mind. 
 
4 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Plan and Elevation of a Cottage to which is attached a Black- 
 smith's Shop. The outline of this building is varied and picturesque; 
 it is scarcely necessai'y to observe that the place allotted for the 
 blacksmith's shop would as well suit a carpenter, or any other 
 business requiring room; if turned into a stable or cow-house, the 
 whole would become a small farm-house. 
 
 OF FARM HOUSES, &c. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 Is a Plan and Elevation of a Farm-House and Offices suitable 
 for a Bailift' on a large estate. The conveniences of this plan render 
 it a proper residence for a farmer or bailiff; the parts lie well toge- 
 ther, and the whole may be built of brick, stone, or lath and plaster, 
 as most convenient to the situation. It is needless here to state at 
 large the particulars of the materials and construction of this kind 
 of buildings, as generally they must, for economy sake, be built of 
 those materials which are nearest the spot, and, usually, these are 
 also best suited to the locality and character of the situation. No 
 person will think of proceeding to the construction and internal 
 finishings, without consulting and employing some well informed 
 surveyor or carpenter, who is competent to direct and estimate 
 the costs of buildings of such consequence. 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 Elevation and Chamber Plan of a Farm-House, of which the 
 Ground Plan is on the Farm-Yard Plan, Flate XIV. The accommo- 
 dations of this house are proper for a bailiff, who has a number of 
 servants under his immediate care, on a large domain. The com- 
 mon parlour overlooks the fanii-yard, and the approaches to the 
 other parts of the concern ; the beds are numerous, and calculated 
 for a large establishment. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 Design for a Farm-House or small Villa. The apartments in 
 this plan lie snug and compact, in character with the exterior of 
 the house: this design is suitable for a respectable family residing 
 on a small estate, or for a villa on a rising spot. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 Elevation and Ground Plan for a Villa. The accommodations 
 shewn in this plan are suitable for a gentleman of rank, or of large 
 estate, who lives in a style of elegance becoming a landholder 
 of extensive possessions, residing on his own domain. The apart- 
 ments are numerous and spacious, the elevation neat and important. 
 
G 
 
 OF FArxM-YARDS, BUILDINGS, &c. 
 
 The construction and arrangement of his farm buildings are of 
 the utmost importance to a tenant; if the offices are improperly 
 erected, he sufters many inconveniences, and even losses; the secu- 
 rity of his grain, the lal)our and value of his horses and other cattle"; 
 the safety and duration of his implements, are all dependant on the 
 perfection or imperfection of his offices. — " To save is to gain." 
 
 The leading principles in planning a farm-yard are, easy access 
 from every part of the estate and roads; that it stands sheltered, is 
 well supplied with good water, and is easily overlooked from the 
 house : the situation should be elevated rather than low, as condu- 
 cive to health ; it also facilitates the labours of the farmer, and affords 
 the best opportunity of arranging every building properly, agree- 
 ably to its particular use. In low situations, the sample of corn 
 is frequently injured by humidity. 
 
 It is always an object to screen a farm-yard, and to obtain an 
 extent of wall at the least expence; single sheds are therefore to be 
 preferre<l, they require only a slight construction, and may be made 
 of rough hewn materials : being extended they give an opportunity 
 of having two or three separate yards, which, according to the nature 
 of a farm, are often wanted. They are extremely beneficial also, 
 for being small they aftbrd better shelter, the litter is better trod, 
 and the facility of making manure is greatly increased. 
 
When a farm-yard is to be entirely new made, the ground in- 
 tended to be occupied should be first levelled, and if the nature of 
 the soil is loose, some clay and chalk should be added to make the 
 bottom firm, for unless this precaution is taken the earth will ab- 
 sorb that moisture which is essential to manure. The bottom 
 of a farm-yard, only, should be a little lower than the buildings 
 which surround it, as shewn by the sectional line on Plate X, 
 Avith drains to take off superfluous water; and if much manure 
 is required to be made upon the spot, litter should be spread fre- 
 quently over the several yards allotted to the different sorts of 
 cattle. 
 
 All the buildings should be sufficiently above the general level 
 to admit drains to convey the liquid manure into the yard ; and it 
 might be prudent, in case of much rain, to be able to conduct 
 the liquid manure, unmixed with rain, to a reservoir near the duno-- 
 hill, and occasionally to scoop upon it in dry Aveather. Some per- 
 sons prefer a dunghill in the centre of the yard, Aviih drains from 
 the stables, feeding-sheds, house, &c. leading into it : but this does 
 not effectually answer any good purpose; for being exposed, the 
 water is frequently forced into it from all parts, and in such quan- 
 tities, that the dung-pit is filled, and the manure is impoverished. 
 When the litter is sufficiently trod, the sooner it is removed and 
 made into a dung heap the better: and if fresh vegetable matter is 
 mixed with it to force the heat, the greater will be the strength of 
 the manure, and the sooner will it be fit for use. 
 
8 
 
 Tliese plans for farm-yards arc constructed on the most approved 
 principles of modern agricultm'e, which are so fully explained and 
 demonstrated by Mr. Arthur Young in his Farmer's Calender, that, 
 lest his book should not be in the hands of my readei", I shall beg 
 leave to give his observations (page 311) on this important subject. 
 They will also explain the principles on which these Designs have 
 been planned. 
 
 " This month (May) being, in general, the period for turning out 
 various sorts of live stock to grass or clover, it is now a question 
 Avhich demands the young farmer's very serious attention, whether 
 he should comply with the more common custom of feeding off cer- 
 tain crops, or whether he should determine to pursue the soiling 
 system of mowing and giving them green in the stables, stalls, yards, 
 &c. Considering the decisive superiority of the latter mode of con- 
 sumption, there is not a fact in husbandry which ought to create so 
 much surprise as the general custom, all over the kingdom, of feeding 
 cows, young cattle, oxen, bullocks, &c. in the fields; and the almost 
 general practice of managing the teams in the same way. En- 
 lightened farmers have in many districts adopted this system for 
 horses, but still reject it for cattle; and it will probably take a cen- 
 tury to render it as universal as it might be, most profitably. The 
 objections to it are not of any importance, even if stated in the 
 strongest manner. It has been argued that the expence is an object; 
 and that cattle will not thrive so well, nor will cows give so much 
 milk as if fed in the field. That the expence is something cannot 
 
9 
 
 be denied, but that it amounts to any thing considerable is contrary 
 to fact. Mr. Mure fed 240 fatting oxen in sheds through a Avhole 
 summer by the mowing of one scythe : if the attendance upon the 
 beasts be added to this amount, the whole will evidently come to a 
 sum which, Avhen divided either per head, or per acre, will be so low, 
 as to do entirely away this objection. As to the question of thriv- 
 ing, the assertion has been made as far as it has come to my know- 
 ledge, M ithout a trial, and, consequently, it is mere theory. The 
 beasts mentioned above were all sold fat at Smithfield, and did as well 
 as similar beasts had done fed abroad in the most favourable seasons, 
 and better than in any summer not remarkably favourable." 
 
 " Every one knows how tormenting flies are to cattle when 
 abroad; ride into a field in summer to look at stock, and where 
 do you find them? Not feeding, but standing or resting under trees, 
 in ponds, in rivers, and if there is no better shelter, in ditches, under 
 brambles, in a word, any where but feeding in the open air. What 
 they graze is in a morning and evening, and, in many cases, they 
 lose in the heat of the day all they gain at those moments of their 
 comfort. To this superiority we must add that of the main object, 
 which is the dunghill; in one case this is accumulated in a degree 
 even superior to what is effected in winter; in the other it is scat- 
 tered about the pastures, and nine-tenths of it carried away by the 
 flies, or dried almost to a caput morluum by the sun. The warmth 
 of the season in summer promotes the fermentation in a mass, and 
 speedily prepares it for use, in whatever state the farmer wishes to 
 have it. The prodigious superiority of thus raising a large and very, 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 valuable dunghill iii one case, and none at all in the other, ought to 
 convince any reasonable man that there is not a practice in hus- 
 bandry so decidedly superior as this of soiling, were there not one 
 other reason for it than Avhat have already been produced." 
 
 " Cattle when soiled upon any kind of green food, as tares, 
 clover, chicory, lucerne, or grass, make so large a quantity of urine 
 as to demand the greatest quantity of litter; the degree of this moist- 
 ure, in which their litter is kept while the weather is hot, much 
 assists a rapid fermentation, and great quantities of carbonic acid 
 and hydrogen are generated. The winter's cold, with supeiiiuous 
 water by rain or snow, has a contrary tendency, the manure is, com- 
 paratively speaking, weak and poor." 
 
 " It is a fact, that stock not in fattening condition make good 
 dung in summer, but they do it not in winter. 
 
 " But there is another equal to this important one; and that is, 
 the food thus given going so much farther than it will do when 
 grazed where it grows. This superiority has, in certain experi- 
 ments, been marked as amounting lo double, thrice, four times, 
 and even five times as far, as when eaten in the field : and when we 
 recollect the old remark, that a beast feeds (or consumes) Avilh five 
 mouths, and it might be said to be with seven, we shall not be sur- 
 prised at those remarks." 
 
 " However, that food thus given goes much farther cannot be 
 
11 
 
 doubted : thus a much greater stock may be supported by the same 
 farm on one system, than there can be on the other." 
 
 Having thus fully, and I hope clearly, explained the principles 
 on which these plans have been formed, I shall not further enlarge 
 on them here. At the end of the book will be found detailed expla- 
 nations of the construction of the several necessary buildings; by 
 attending to which, a Carpenter, Steward, or any other person, may 
 be able to erect all the principal buildings of an extensive farm, 
 whether grazing, dairy, or arable. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 Plan of a Farm-House and Farm-Yard, on a small scale. The 
 different buildings properly attached to a small farm are here well 
 combined; the requisite details of their construction will be found 
 on the following plates. The common sitting-room of the dwelling 
 overlooks the Avhole of the premises, and the domestic accommo- 
 dations are suitable to the size of the concern. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Plan for a Farm-Yard, &c. of an octagon shape. The dwelling 
 occupies one side. The whole of this establishment lies imme- 
 diately under inspection from the sitting-room. The accommoda- 
 tions are ample for an extensive concern. The yards are Avell 
 screened from the winds, and separated by pales, according to the 
 dotted lines, for different kinds of cattle. The line a b shews the de- 
 clivity which should be given to the area of the yard, as explained 
 in the preceding observations on farm-yards. 
 
1^ 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 Chamber Plan and Elevation of the Dwelhng-House on the 
 preceding plate. The accommodations are sufficient for a nvmie- 
 rous family, the elevation is neat and suitable; the exterior of the 
 farm buildings is shewn adjoining the house. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 Plan for a Farm- Yard, proper to be attached to the residence 
 of a nobleman or gentleman. Li the foregoing observations I have 
 given the opinion of a most respectable agriculturist on the ad- 
 vantages of stall-feeding cattle, a practice highly to be recom- 
 mended. In this plan, therefore, I have provided standing for four- 
 teen oxen, with the requisite accommodations, (the particulars of 
 the construction are shewn on Plate XIX), also the other necessary 
 farm buildings, combined with a small dog-kennel, piggery, &c. as 
 is more fully explained on the plate. 
 
 OF DAIPxIES AND DAIRYING. 
 
 It would be difficvdt to construct a Dairy exactly suited to the 
 extremes of Avinter and summer; for in summer it cannot be too 
 cool, nor in Avinter too warm; and, perhaps, where so much im- 
 portance is attached to the consideration of a proper temperature, 
 it might not be a useless expence, in a large establishment, to con- 
 struct one dairy for summer, and (another for winter; but as the ex- 
 pence of two such buildings would prevent their becoming general, 
 I shall endeavour to propose a method of forming one which 
 
though intended to suit the summer, by the help of artificial means, 
 may be rendered equally useful for winter. I suppose the dairy 
 to be more than an ordmary height, ten or twelve feet, with a coved 
 ceilino- up to the collar beams; from these should rise a ventilator 
 about two feet six inches above the roof, similar to the elevation in 
 Plate XIII: the sides of which are boarded, and capable of being 
 opened or shut at pleasure ; before these must be placed canvas to 
 keep out insects, at the bottom of the ventilator canvas should be 
 fixed in slides to be taken down and cleaned occasionally; and, 
 below these, wooden sliding shutters in grooves, to be opened or 
 closed as Avanted. In summer they would be opened, of course, 
 and in winter the luffer boards when closed, with the sliding shut- 
 ters would exclude the cold and damp air; on the north side two 
 glazed windows made to open, having oiled paper blinds placed be- 
 fore them, exactly fitted to the windows, and also canvas on frames 
 for use in summer: these windows would admit light enough for 
 the necessary operations of the dairy in winter, and when opened 
 in summer, they would keep it cool. But to obtain the requisite 
 degree of warmth in winter, I should recommend the following 
 simple method. The scalding-room, which is understood to be on 
 the south side of the dairy, should have a steam apparatus, con- 
 sisting of a worm pipe within the copper, similar to those used in dis- 
 tilleries ; this is conveyed along the dairy in another pipe about two 
 inches larger in diameter; in the larger pipe, at difterent intervals, 
 cocks should be inserted to emit the heated air: this may be called 
 not improperly a steam retort. The pipe being conveyed all round 
 the dairy, or to any part of it, will diffuse a kindly and beneficial 
 warmth, widiout any smell whatever; this circumstance gives ita de- 
 
14 
 
 cided preference over the direct use of fire, which always taints the 
 air, and is prejudicial to the milk: the sides and ceiling of the dairy 
 should be carefully plastered, filling up every crack; the floor may 
 be paved with stone, or with ten-inch tiles, neatly jointed, and having 
 a proper slope with a quick current. If the dairy has a ceiling the 
 roof may be tiled, but if it be plastered upon the rafters, in that 
 case it is better to thatch it with reeds. The outer walls, if brick, 
 must be at least fourteen inches thick. 
 
 The Churning-Room requires a thorough draught of air in sum- 
 mer, but in winter the churning may be done in the scalding-room 
 for the sake of warmth. The sides and ceiling of this room should 
 be carefully plastered, and the roof may be covered like the dairy. 
 The floor should be paved with stone, or with ten-inch tiles. 
 
 The Scalding-Room should be on the south side of the dair}', 
 and should have an outer door, by which the coolers may be carried 
 out for the purpose of being set in the sun as soon as scalded, which 
 dries and sweetens them; but in case of wet or cold Aveather, a fire 
 must be lighted to dry them before they can be returned into the 
 dairy. In this room is a large copper, nearly over which is placed 
 a ventilator, that the steam may not hover about, but instantly 
 ascend: if the plan of Avarming the dairy and churning-room by 
 steam be adopted, a small copper should adjoin the great copper; 
 this might also serve to steam potatoes for pigs, &c. ; and in this 
 case the scalding-room would serve as a pigs' kitchen. A pump 
 to furnish water for filling the copper and washing the dairy, must be 
 fixed as convenient, and water must be conveyed by pipes to the 
 
15 
 
 churning-room. This apartment may have a nine-inch wall, be 
 covered with tiles, the floor paved with brick or stone, and the 
 inside plastered. 
 
 The Store-Room is on a level with the dairy, if used for butter; 
 if for cheese it should be sunk sufficiently low to admit a cheese 
 room over it. 
 
 The lower room should be paved, and the walls and ceiling 
 plastered; it should have no window, and the door should be made 
 to fit close. When the cheese has lain in the upper room, and 
 heated, in due season, it should be brought down and laid upon 
 the floor of the lower room to mellow. 
 
 The upper room should be plastered, its floor boarded, and 
 when spread Avith fine hay it is ready to receive the cheese; this 
 room must have but little air, and therefore a small ventilator, with 
 a slide before it, will be all that is necessary. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 Plan of a Farm-Yard and Dairy-House, with their necessary ac- 
 companiments, according to the maxims adopted in the preceding 
 practical observations, which are principally selected from Twamly's 
 Dairying exemplijied; but are also corrected by information derived 
 from Dairy Farmers. The explanations on the plate mark the uses 
 of the several buildings; the construction of the Barn is clearly laid 
 down on Plate XX, and that of the Piggery on Plate XVII. 
 
16 
 
 PLATE XIV, 
 
 Plan of a Farm-House, Yards, and necessary buildings intended 
 for the fattening of cattle, on an extensive scale. The domestic ac- 
 commodations in this plan are ample for an establishment analogous 
 to the supposed size of the farm. The Chamber Plan and Elevation 
 are on Plate VI : the whole of the buildings lie as compact as pos- 
 sible. The yards are Avell screened from the winds. 
 
 DOG-KENNEL, HUNTING-STABLES, &c. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 Plan for a Dog-Kennel, Hunting-Stables, Coach-House, Cow- 
 Yard, Poultry-Yard, &c. proper for a Nobleman or Gentleman. 
 
 In constructing the dog-kennel great regard must be paid to 
 extreme cleanliness, and to the comfort of the hounds; their exqui- 
 site sense of smelling (on which alone the sport they yield depends) 
 must have no stench or effluvia of a dirty kennel to injure it. 
 Dogs are by nature cleanly, and require air and fresh litter to keep 
 them healthy and vigorous. A situation retired from a road, or 
 pathway, and having an eastern aspect, is to be preferred; the 
 number of hounds must determine its size. There should be 
 two lodging-rooms under the same roof, separated by the feed- 
 ing room, and when the kennel is washed the hounds must be 
 removed into the second room, by this means the injuries attending 
 a damp lodging are prevented; it also serves to draught off the 
 
17 
 
 lioimds intended to be hunted next morning. A breeding kennel, 
 with a feeding room, and another smaller for sick and lame hounds, 
 are highly necessary; also a boiling room, a Hesli room, &c. 
 
 The benches to sleep on should be six inches from the ground, 
 lightly constructed, ^vith hooks and hinges in the wall, that they 
 may be turned up when the kennel is washed; the sides of the 
 benches must be boarded to prevent the hounds creeping under, and 
 the bottom of the benches must be perforated to let off the urine, or 
 the water when washed. The room should be paved with ten inch 
 tiles, with a quick drain. The sides and ceiling are plastered, and 
 the doors are opposite to the windows. The court yards may be 
 neatly paved, and shaded by lime trees or horse chesnuts, with a 
 bason of water in the middle, of sufficient size to admit the dipping 
 of a bucket: otherwise a pipe might convey the water to the kennels 
 in order to wash them; if there is no brook at hand, a large bason 
 of water is necessary as a bath for hounds lamed in the stiffle, or 
 strained. Accommodations for separating the young hounds, and 
 the doos from the bitches, will prevent many accidents. . 
 
 The Boiling-Room. A copper of cast iron proportioned in size 
 to the number of hounds, with a steam hole over the copper; a 
 pump conveniently placed to force the water into the cisterns for 
 supplying the copper; and, in case the situation has not the advan- 
 tao-e of a running stream, a large cistern, with pipes, might supply 
 the basons in the court yards, &c.; the floor to be paved and the 
 sides to be plastered. 
 
18 
 
 The Feeding-Room fitted up with troughs of a size easy to be 
 moved, and cleaned : wide at the bottom, with wooden covers ; tiie 
 floor paved ; the sides and ceihng plastered. 
 
 The Hunting-Stable. The walls and ceiling plastered; the par- 
 titions boarded up to the ceiling, with a door to each for the grooms 
 to range the stable. Small circular hay racks, mangers, and heel 
 posts rounded ; rollers for halters, and ventilators in the ceiling. The 
 floor paved with clinkers, and a gentle current to the gutter; the 
 floor of the hayloft boarded ; the sides and roof to the collar beams 
 plastered. 
 
 The Saddle-Room, paved and fitted up with a small fire-place ; 
 saddle and bridle-pegs, and a closet for brushes, oil, &c.: the stairs 
 lead to corn-chamber, hayloft, and bed-room, over the saddle-room, 
 
 Harness-Room, fitted up like the saddle-room, with fire-place, 
 harness-pegs, and closet. 
 
 Coach-House, sides and ceiling plastered, and floor paved brick 
 on edge, with a current. 
 
 To this plan are added the requisite conveniences of a cow-yard, 
 piggery, and poultry-yard, with a suitable residence for the hunts- 
 man, &c. The elevation in the middle of the plate represents the 
 exterior entrance into the court yard, and offers a simple, yet elegant 
 character, which an establishment so noble and extensive demands. 
 
19 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Plan of a Piggery, Poultry-Yard, and small Dog-Kennel, with 
 an elevation. This plan I consider as suitable to many gentlemen 
 who are desirous of keeping the other parts of their premises neat 
 and clean. 
 
 Poultry. The yard should be enclosed and made secure by anet put 
 across the top, or by lattices. The sheds to be fitted up with perch- 
 ing poles. The yard to be gravelled; a bason of water in the area; 
 a trough for food under the open shed, contrived to be filled from 
 the outside; the hatching shed should have a warm aspect, and be 
 parted off, so that the hens may not interfere, but be free of each 
 other. 
 
 The Dog-kennel to be raised four inches above the area of the 
 room, and boarded. The area is brick paved, with a bason of water, 
 and a trough for food. The back of the kennel to be nine inches 
 thick, the front and sides boarded and tarred; the roof thatched. 
 
 Piggery. The steaming room is fitted up with pump and cistern 
 to wash potatoes in, also a cistern to mix the pigs' meat: a cask 
 placed at A, the contents of which is steamed by the copper in the 
 boiling room while the meat is boiling for the dogs. The stairs lead 
 to a granary containing corn, &c. for the use of the pigs, poultry, 
 and dogs. 
 
20 
 
 PLATE XVI r. 
 
 Plan, Elevation, and Seclion, ofaPiggeiy, shewing the parli- 
 ciilars of its construction, (Sec. 
 
 The sties should front the south, and be kept dry and warm; 
 before thcni is an area, littered, with a trough to hold food; the roof 
 is thatched. The floor of the stye is a little above the level of the 
 area, which must be paved Avith brick, having a considerable de- 
 scent to carry off urine and wet. The back part of the sties is a nine 
 inch wall; the sides and front boarded and tarred. The troushs are 
 made with flaps to prevent the rain from mixing with the food; they 
 extend about nine inches beyond the front on the outside ; a flap 
 lifts up, in order that a man may pour in the pigs' meat, and with 
 a stick force it backwards and forwards, till it be properly dispersed 
 along the trough, which should have as many divisions or flaps as 
 there are pigs in the stye. As the area will require to be often cleaned, 
 water must be at hand, conveniently placed, that when the litter is 
 removed the stye may be drenched, and made thoroughly clean; for 
 although pigs feed coarsely, and frequently wallow in fillii, yet, in 
 the course of fatting, it is well known they delight much in a clean 
 stye and fresh litter. AMiere it is the custom to feed hogs on pota- li 
 
 toes, a kitchen should be provided with a jjroper steaming appa- ■ 
 
 ratus for that purpose. See the next plate. 
 
 PLATE XVIIL 
 
 Plan and Section of a Piggery on an extensive and appropriate 
 Plan. 
 
21 
 
 The sleaming-room is filled up with a small copper, and a 
 barrel placed over it to contain the potatoes. The flue is carried 
 up at A, to give sufficient space lor conveniently admitting the 
 barrel over the copper. The floor is paved; B the cisterns forreceiv- 
 ino- water and for the convenience of mixing the difterent sorts of 
 pigs' meat, to be bricked, and covered with Bayley's composition, 
 or lead. C a covered way, paved, by which the man may feed the 
 pigs, without being wet, the shed also catches the water from the 
 roof of the building, and throAVS it into the gutters of the pigsties. 
 D drains to convey the urine and wet to the dung-pits. E troughs 
 for pigs' meat, and water, with flaps in the feeding-passage to 
 pour in the food and water without entering the stye. Each stye to 
 have an open area, 15 by eight feet, and the stye to be four feet six 
 inches, by l6 feet. The surrounding wall is nine inches thick, and 
 seven feet high. The dung-pits have doors at the back by which 
 the manure is removed. P cistern and pump, adjoining the po- 
 taloe store-house, wherein they are washed previously to being 
 steamed. G a cess-pool, to receive the milk and pot liquor from 
 the dairy and kitchen ; the divisions of the sties are boarded and 
 tarred : the wall to the steaming-kitchen and the granary over it to 
 be nine inches thick: two windows and two doors to the steaming- 
 kitchen: four luffer board windows and one door to the granary. 
 A moveable step-ladder to communicate with the granary, and the 
 inside to be fitted up in divisions, for barley meal, peas, or beans, 
 &c. with a hand-mill fixed to the chimney to bruise them: it might 
 serve also to grind the horse corn, and the malt. 
 
22 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 Plan, Elevation, and Sections, of an Ox-IIouse; shewing the 
 particulars of the construction, &c. 
 
 The divisions should be eiuht feet wide for two oxen. A cistern 
 for water, with a Avaste pipe in the middle, and a box on each side 
 for cut hay and oil cake. A pipe b to conduct the Avater should 
 be laid from a large cistern fixed in the feeding-passage, supplied 
 by a pump. A hole in the bottom of the oil cake and hay-boxes, 
 lets off the water when Avashed. A drain d, to take off the Avaste 
 Avater under the cisterns and boxes. The stalls are paved Avith 
 brick on edge, having a gentle current, and a drain, e, at the heels 
 of the oxen, to convey the urine to a cess- pool, or dung-pit. The 
 feeding-passage, a, is paved. The back aa^II of the ox-house is 
 brick; the roof thatched, that the place may be Avarm: the front is 
 Aveather boarded, and tarred: luffer board AvindoAvs, g, are made to 
 open and shut, Avith a door opposite each stall. The heel posts are 
 shod Avith iron, and inserted by tenons into the stone,/; each divi- 
 sion has tAVO cross rails attached, and a ramp rail, to the feeding- 
 passage, to prevent the oxen from hurting each other. See the 
 Section on the hue A B. 
 
 If oxen are fattened on different food the fitting up of the stalls 
 will require some little alteration: this description relates to oil cake 
 and hay feeding only. The practical part of the construction is 
 fully explained by the plate. 
 
23 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 Plan, Elevation, and Section, of a Barn, shewing in detail the 
 particulars of the construction, &c. 
 
 Where threshing machines are used, low barns only are required, 
 M'ith a granary in a loft, above, to prevent trouble and expence. 
 The advantages attendant on a threshing machine worked by water 
 are many: but when horses are required in the working of such 
 machines, that expence is a diminution of their profit. Inde- 
 pendently of threshing, and dressing the corn, the machine cuts 
 chaff, grinds corn and malt, and conveys the corn when dressed to 
 the granary above. Plate XX represents a large common barn, 
 shewing the naked timbers of the floor resting on brick piers, c, to 
 give air under the floor. The joists may be old ship timber, or fir, 
 and the floor of good seasoned oak, two inches and a half thick. The 
 sides, d, from the floor next the bays, should be boarded to prevent 
 the corn from flying over when threshing. The outside is weather 
 boarded, and tarred. The construction of the roof requires strono- 
 principal rafters, good plates, purlins and collars, and that the tie 
 beams be carefully framed together. The common rafters may 
 be any sound rough stuff"; if the roof is to be thatched: but if it 
 is to be tiled the rafters must be level. 
 
 The method of framing the timbers is fully shewn by the plate. 
 
24 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 Plans and inlerior Elevation of a Brewhouse, Washhouse, and 
 Bakehouse; 
 
 In a space, 18 feet by 12, is arranged the whole apparatus 
 necessary to the domestic concerns of brewing, washing, and baking. 
 The jigger-pump, a, forces the water into the copper, h; the water, 
 when sufficiently hot, is drawn upon the malt in the mash-tun, 
 c; from thence it is let off into the underback, d, and again thrown 
 by the jigger-pump into the copper, to be boiled with the hops; 
 from the copper it runs into the coolers, e, e, and when sufficiently 
 cooled, is let into the working tun, /, under the coolers. The 
 steps lead to a platform, where the fire of the brewing copper 
 is managed, the pump is worked, and the boilings are let off into 
 the coolers, &c. An arch, of brickwork, is turned over the washing 
 copper, g, to support the brewing copper, and to give space for 
 pouring in water, or for stirring the linen, when boiling. The dotted 
 lines shew the form of the coppers; //, /*, are square pieces of iron, to 
 be I'emoved when the flue requires cleaning. The oven recedes so 
 far back as may permit a small flue to pass under the platform into 
 the copper flue. The fuel is deposited under the steps. Steam 
 holes should be made over the brewing copper. The floor is paved : 
 the walls and ceiling are plastered up to the collar beams: a damper 
 i must be attached to the washing copper. 
 
25 
 
 PLAN AND SECTIONS OF A MALTING. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 This plan is calculated for working 100 quarters of malt per 
 week, being l60 feet by 20 feet on the floors, and which, I appre- 
 hend, will be suitable to all places, though certain districts vary 
 in particular parts of the malting process. 
 
 The barley is drawn up from the waggon into the crane-house, 
 and is thence discharged into the barley chamber a, from which, by 
 small sliding flaps and troughs, the barley is let into the cistern h, 
 and having lain there a due time, is shovelled into the couch d, 
 where having lain also a due time, it is shovelled out upon the 
 working floors h, where, being properly spread, it is moved until 
 it reaches the kiln/; it is then conveyed into the kiln and dried 
 into malt, and afterwards distributed for use or sale. 
 
 References. — a Barley-chamber, or store-room ; b cistern; c pump 
 for supplying the cistern; d couch; e kiln-house; /the drying kiln; 
 g the wire work on which the malt is dried; h a door into the kiln, 
 to which the Avorkman ascends by a ladder in the kiln-house to exa- 
 mine the process; i the furnace; k the malt-shop; / Avorking floors; 
 m doors from the Avorking floors into the kiln. 
 
 Fig. A. shews in Avhat manner the timbers of the roof should be 
 framed to prevent its spreading. 
 
 E 
 
26 
 
 Practical Observations. — The outer walls of this building should 
 be of brick or stone; the barrel or cone of the drying kiln should 
 also be of brick to prevent accidents from fire; the bottom and sides 
 of the cistern should be of brick, and covered with Bayley's compo- 
 sition ; a cock lets the water off into a drain. The sides and bot- 
 tom of the couch should be of brick. The floors may be made of 
 thick splents, such as are reft out of poles, or of three-eighths 
 or half inch deal, three inches wide, nailed on with spaces be- 
 tween, as laths are usually done: on lliis is to be laid two coats of 
 well-tempered clay, which makes a good floor; but to make a com- 
 plete floor, a composition of plaister is much to be prefeiTed. The 
 lower floor may be made on the natural earth if the soil be dry. 
 The wire work for drying the malt on, must be supported by cross 
 bars of iron, and iron uprights. 
 
 THE EXD. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
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