Jf m f * Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/exetercathedraliOOwort EXETER CATHEDRAL AND ITS RESTORATION. WRITTEN AND COM PILED BY THOMAS B . WORT H . PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY WILLIAM POLLARD, NORTH STREET, EXETER. 1878. RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, UV HIS KIND PERMISSION, TO THE RIGHT REVEREND FREDERICK TEMPLE, D.D. LORD BISHOP OF THE DIOCESE OF EXETER. PREFACE. With much diffidence I venture to submit this volume to the public, in the hope that, notwithstanding its many defects, it will not prove altogether uninteresting. In all probability I should not have made the attempt, had I not in some degree pledged myself on the day of the re-opening of the Cathedral to put forth a pamphlet, containing a re-print of the account given in one of our local papers, and had I not received encouragement from the Sheriff of Exeter, J. L. Thomas, Esq., who requested me to take the matter in hand. As a preliminary step, I submitted my plan to the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of the Diocese, who kindly allowed me to dedicate the volume to him. To the Venerable the Dean and Chapter of Exeter my especial thanks are due for allowing me freedom of access to all parts of the Cathedral, which has very much assisted me in the work. I am very much indebted to Mr. E. G. S. Luscombe, the Clerk of the Works, for his assistance in my examination of the details of the restoration, and for his careful correction of my statements thereon : To Mr. D. J. Wood for his valuable help in the description and account of the organ ; To Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, Rector of Clyst St. George, for permission to make extracts from his work on the Bells of the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exon ; To R. Dymond, Esq.. for permission to make a similar use of his notes on the Heraldic Discovery in Exeter Cathedral. vi. I have to express ray obligations to the Editors of the Times, the Saturday Review, the Guardian, the Exeter Gazette, and the Western Times, for their kind permission to make extracts from their articles on the Cathedral and its Restoration. I have also consulted and quoted from the following author- ities, viz., Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, Britton's Cathe- drals, Dr. Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, and his History of Exeter Cathedral, Lastly, I beg most respectfully to record my sincere thanks to their Lordships the Bishops of Winchester, Salisbury, Oxford and Bath and Wells, and to the Very Reverend the Dean of Westminster, for their permission to print their Sermons, which will be found at t he end of the Volume. THOS. BURNET WORTH. " Mol's Coli'ec House/' The Close, Exeter. INDEX. Altar Dais in Lady Chapel, beauty of marbles - 2 1 Ancient Crypt in St. James's Chapel - - - 45 Antependium or Altar Cloth, emblematic decorations - 29 Barnes Memorial Window - 47 Bartholomew Memorial Window 43 Bells, History of - 53 Bells in St. Peter's Tower - 54 Bells, the Legends on the - 56 Bells, their capabilities - 58 Bishop Quivil's Gravestone in Lady Chapel - 20 Bishops of Exeter, list of 64 Bishop's Throne, erected 1316 26 Bosses of the Choir - - 25 Brantyngham's, Bishop, Chantry 49 Bratton's or Lady's Altar - 8 Chapter House - 51 Chiming apparatus to Bells - 59 Choir and Presbytery the work of Bishop Bitton - - 7 Choir — ancient Misereres - 26 „ beauty of Bishop Bitton's work 25 „ beauty of design of corbels of the vault- ing shafts - - 24 ,, bosses - " 2 5 ,, new Pulpit - 29 „ new Reredos - 28 ,, old stalls removed - 25 „ pavement, costly res- toration of - ~ 2 7 perfection of newStalls 26 „ restoration of Purbeck marble columns - 24 Clock in North Transept - 48 Coleridge Memorial Window 32 Page. Consistory Court or St. Edmund's Chapel - - 50 Cost of late Restoration - 62 Courtenay Memorial Window 33 Crypt, Ancient, in St. James's Chapel - - - 45 Dean Ward's improvements, 1626 - - 6 Description of the present Organ - 1 7 Diapason pipes of Organ - 1 2 Discovery of Paintings on Screen - - 9 Donors, list of special, in the late Restoration - - 62 Evidence of the transformation of the ancient Norman Cathedral - - 19 Fabric Rolls, importance of 7, 30 Fire, provision against 53 Font erected for the baptism of the Daughter of Charles I. 37 Freeman Memorial Window - 41 Frescoes on walls of Nave 35 Front of Rood Screen origin- ally sculptured 8 George IIFs visit to the Cathedral, 1789 - - 6 German Organ builders - 1 1 Gifts, list of special, in the late Restoration - 62 Golden Gates — entrance to the Choir - - - 8 ( rreat pipe of Organ by Richeau, 1768 - 14 Heberden Memorial Window 47 Holy Ghost Chapel - - 5 1 Improvement of Organ by Schwarbricks and Schrider 1 3 viii. Page. Inscriptions on window in Lady Chapel - 21 J ub(' or Rood loft, when erected 8 Lady's Altar (or Bratton's) - 8 Lady Chapel — dimensions of 20 „ perfection of its late Res- toration - 20 „ reredos in - 23 „ supposed site of the Church of Leofrjc - 19 „ used as the Cathedral Li- brary till 1822 20 „ windows in - 21 La Pulpytte of Choir Screen - 8 Library in Chapter House - 52 Loosemore's Organ - 10 Minstrels' Gallery - - 31 Misereres, ancient, in stalls of Choir - - - 26 Mottoes, Szc, of Bishops on pavement of Choir - 2 7 Mural Decorations, interesting discovery of - 34 Nave, Reopening of, 1876 - 30 Norman Church - 18 Norman Towers - - 6 Norman wall of Nave revealed 36 North Porch, Discoveries in - 35 Oldham's Bishop, Chantry . 43 Organ, account of - 9 „ description of present 17 „ entirely rebuilt by Speechly - - 15 „ former one destroyed during the Great Rebellion - - 10 ,, improved by Willis, 1859 - - 14 „ pipes of, formerly gilded 16 Page Organ, rebuilt by Jordan, 1 74 1 t 3 „ reference to, in Lans- downe MSS. - 10 „ repaired by Lincoln, 1809 - 14 Paintings on Rood Screen - 8 Parcloses of Choir pierced - 25 Patteson Memorial Pulpit - 37 Pavement in Choir, costly res- toration of - - 27 Pedal open diapason of metal 16 Peter, Great Bell in St. Paul's Tower - 54 Pulpit in Choir, new - - 2 9 Proportions of the Cathedral 69 Re-opening, Ceremonial - 73 Reredos in Lady Chapel - 23 Reredos, new, in the Choir - 28 Result of recent Restoration - 6 Rood Loft, when erected 8 Sacrarium, rich marble steps - 28 Sedilia, erected by Bishop Stapeldon - - - 28 St. Andrew's and St. James's Chapel - 44 Statues on western screen, list of - - 67 St. Edmund's Chapel - 50 St. Gabriel's Chapel - - 41 St. George's Chapel or Speke's Chantry - - 43 St. John Baptist's Chapel - 47 St. Mary Magdalen's Chapel - 40 St. Michael's Chantry - 47 St. Nicholas' Altar - - 8 St. Saviour's Chapel or Bishop Oldham's Chantry - 43 Superstitions respecting the statues on western facade - 5 Sylke's Chantry . - 48 Vestry, new, in South Aisle - 46 CORRECTIONS. 3 » J „ 16 for " sedilise " read " sedilia " 8 " Pharoah " y ? -I. 1 lu.1 aUii „ 13 „ 20 after " nason " insert a comma ,, 20 for " or " read " of " „ 14 margin for " Pipe " , , Pipes " „ 16 10 after " metal " insert '* these ' 16 • » 29 for " Christoper " read "Christopher" 27 „ 18 " puce " , , " pace " ,, 28 IQ "8„ "6" ♦> 6 " Mar's " ,, "Mars" »» O u T C "it" "they" f, 42 « 31 »> " English " ,, "Decorated" „ 46 „ 13 >> " Plantaganet " ,, " Plantagenet " „ 51 „ 29 before "opens" insert " and " » 52 19 Note :- —The existence of this foundation charter known. It was kept in the Archive Chamber until its removal in 1870 to the glass case in the Chapter House. ,,65 „ 9 for "1555 " read " 1553 " >» 73 >> " Treasurer " „ " Treasurers » 73 » *9 » "I" „ " W " Vlll. Page. Page Inscriptions on window in Organ, rebuilt by Jordan, 174 1 13 Lady Chapel 21 „ reference to, in Lans- Jube or Rood loft, when erected 8 downe MSS. - tp former one destroyed during the Great Rebellion - improved by Willis, .1859 pipes of, formerly gilded TO 14 16 Oldham's Chantry - 43 Superstitions respecting the statues on western facade - 5 Sylke's Chantry . - 48 Vestry, new, in South Aisle - 46 INTRODUCTION. Before entering upon the subject of the recent restoration of the Cathedral, it may perhaps be useful, and also add to the interest of the reader, to give a brief record of the first founda- tion and earlier history of the fabric. " Whatever may have been the extent of the spread of the gospel in these isles in the early history of the Church, the ravages of the Saxons were the cause of confining its influence to the hills and wilds of Damiionium, the fortresses of Cambria and the wilds of Wales, so it was when St. Augustine landed in Kent, A.U. 597, on his mission from Pope Gregory to convert the Angles, the rites of paganism had superseded the Christian worship in every part of the kingdom which had been overrun by the Saxons."* " Exeter was the capital of Damnouii, or the Damnonian Briton (including both Devonshire and Cornwall), but after it was subdued by the Romans, probably in the first century when it became a Roman station, and was called I sea Damnoniorum. Its British name, according to Simon of Durham, was Cacr-zvisc, or city of waters."")" " There is no question but in a city so famous as this was in * See Britton, p. 7 B t Ibid. 7. 2 the Roman, British, and Saxon times, here were, early after their conversion to Christianity, congregations and societies of holy men and women ; yet it is not certain whether this was the famous monastery of Adestancester, wherein St. Boniface the Apostle in this country, had his education under Abbot Wol- thard about A.D. 690. Mr. Hooker, alias Vowell, who was chamberlain of this city, says " that in ancient times, within the precincts of the Close, were three religious houses : the first was a nunnery, which is now the Dean's house ; the other was a house of monks, reported to have been built by King Ethelred A.D. 868 ; the third was a monastery founded by King ^Ethel- ■ stan A.D. 932." For this last there is pretty good authority, and that it was dedicated to the blessed " Virgin and St. Peter, and endowed by the munificence of that king with twenty-six villages, and filled with Benedictine monks, who not long after forsook the same for fear of the Danes ; but King Edgar, A.D. 968, replaced these religious men here, who were again forced to fly upon the devastation of this city and county by the Danes under Sweyn A.D. 1003. After this King Canute en- couraged the monks once more to settle here, confirming their lands and privileges A.D. 1019. But after the union of the episcopal sees of St. German's and Crediton, and their transla- tion hither A.D. 1050, the eight monks remaining here were sent to Westminster Abbey, and some secular canons placed in their stead by Bishop Leofric."* " Of the original monastery founded by King ^Ethelstan, 932, and dedicated to St. Peter, not any part remains, nor yet of that which is said to have been erected on its ruins and became the episcopal seat under Leofric." "(* "The Saxon church was doubtless of very limited dimensions and very inferior to the cathedral erected by Bishop Warelwast, who, according to the MSS. at Oxford, commenced his building in the year 1 1 12. * See Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanwn, vol. ii, p. 513. f Britton, p. 84. 3 "William of Malmesbury, in his brief notice of Osbert, Warel- wast's predecessor, intimates that his cathedral was but a mean edifice in comparison to those built by the Normans, Judging from the Norman towers, which now form the north and south transepts, Warelwast's church must have displayed much of that national pomp of which the historian speaks, as those towers nearly flanked the western entrance." * " It is to the piety of Bishop Peter Ouivil that we are in- debted for the noble design and commencement of the present cathedral. "f Bishop Walter de Stapeldon, whose spirit and munificence in continuing the work commenced by Bishop Peter Quivil, is testified in "the 'Fabric Rolls,' which attest that he contributed upwards of ,£1800 sterling to the work (a very large sum in those days)/' " He completed the gorgeous high -altar of silver, with its costly canopy and matchless sedilise. He also rebuilt the four higher arches on either side of choir, with the corres- ponding portions of the north and south aisles," | " Grandisson, the successor to Stapeldon, survived to finish the nave in a style of uniformity and good taste, which must ever immortalize his memory." § " Bishop Thomas Brantyngham, successor to Grandisson, may claim the honour of erecting the west front or facade, and the greater portion of the cloisters. Upon the face of this beautiful facade there are sixty-eight statues (including the four em- blematical figures of the cardinal virtues over the west porch of the north aisle)." j| A list of the supposed names of these figures (from Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicauum, vol. ii, p. 525) is appended at the end of this book. They represent the apostles, the kings of England before and after the Conquest, and the bishops up to his accession. * Britton, p. 85. t Ibid. p. 30. % Oliver, 177-178. \ Ibid. 179. || Ibid. 181. 4 Thus this bishop completed the new work of this Cathedral, as originally designed by Bishop Peter Ouivil nearly 120 years NOTE.— E. A. Freeman, in his History of the Norman Conquest, (iv, 154), thus briefly and expressively describes Exeter Cathe- dral :— f< To the left of the east gate, just within the wall, stood the cathedral church of the newly translated bishoprick, which has since given way to the building, whose combined uncouth- ness of outline and perfection of detail, makes it unique among English churches." before. EXETER CATHEDRAL & ITS RESTORATION. The existing cathedrals and abbeys of this country have been handed down to us fiom a remote ancestry, and are the venerable relics of the earliest settlement of Christianity. Through the succeeding ages which have followed, notwithstanding the numerous changes and vicissi- tudes through which they have passed, it is due to the piety and munificence of religious men that they have for the most pait been preserved to our own time. In most cases the original structures have perished, or have formed the basis upon which many of the present and more perfect edifices have been erected. For several centuries these noble buildings were Decadence suffered to fall greatly into decay, and whilst our country was agitated with political and religious dis- turbances they suffered sadly from the zeal and bigotry of the times, and little effort was made to preserve them. It is scarcely more than forty years since a revival Modern took place, and the work of restoring and rescuing V1VaI " those sacred edifices from decay began ; and among the many restorations in various parts of the country none has been more interesting than that of the Cathedral of Exeter. The work of restoration commenced in 1870-71, and occupied some seven years in execution. It was 6 from the beginning in the hands of Sir G. Gilbert Scott. It has been stated that "it is quite two and a half centuries ago since anything had been done to the Cathedral on so large a scale. At that period, about 1626, Dean Ward expended a very large sum in improving the fabric."* Cleansed and Again in 1S03, as we learn from Alexander Jenkins wmtewashed. j n ^ j s History of Exeter, p 292, "the inside has been thoroughly cleansed, coloured, and painted, at a very great expense ;" and previously to this, when King George III, with Queen Charlotte and three of the Princesses, visited Exeter and the Cathedral in 1789, the most exalted idea with regard to the state in which it ought to be kept is perhaps not badly de- scribed in the humourous account of the occasion in a poem by the worthy Dr. Wolcot (" Peter Pindar"), in which his Majesty is represented as saying — Neat, neat,— clean, very clean ; D'ye mop it, mop it, Master Dean — Mop, mop it every week ? Results of re- The result of the recent restoration has been to ation. rSS ° r " place this noble structure more in advance in the ranks of English cathedrals, which a recent writer designates the ' second class,' including those of Beverly, Lichfield, and Wells, to which the term ' elegant' would seem more appropriate than that of ' grand/ which every one unhesitatingly would apply to Ely, Lincoln and York."f XT The distinctive feature of Exeter Cathedral is the Norman Towers. two massive square Norman towers, erected by Bishop William Warelwast, a nephew of William the Con- queror (1 107- 1 136), which exhibit from the exterior a marked contrast in their style of architecture to the Chief feature. * Exeter Gazelle, October 17, 1877. t Saturday Revieiv, October 27, 1877. 7 rest of the building, which is Decorated. In the in- terior they now form the north and south transepts, and are not, as in many other cathedrals, placed flanking the principal facade. At Exeter there did not appear at first sight much Room for new room for discovery ; the history of the fabric seemed discovery, pretty well known, but ere much progress had been made, it was seen that a re-consideration of much that had been positively stated was quite necessary The doubts which arose happily led to a careful investiga- tion of the ancient 'Fabric Rolls,' 108 in number, The "Fabric _ e , t1 Rolls," their dating from 1279 to 15 14. One of the Rolls (1299- importance. 1300) had been printed entire by Dr. Oliver in his History of the Cathedral, but the remainder, singularly enough, were almost unknown. These ' Rolls/ and many other documents in addition, are now numbered and indorsed for easy reference. Proof was found that the beautiful choir and presbytery were the work of Bishop Thomas Bitton (1292-1307), and not as was previously believed by his successor, the murdered Bishop Stapeldon."* u The beautiful exterior of the Cathedral remains Exterior yet as yet undisturbed by any such 'gloss of newness' as undlsturbed ' somewhat troubles us in surveying the famous west front of Wells." " The late Professor Willis once expressed an earnest hope that no attempt would ever be made to recast the figures which adorn the screen of the portals, which, shattered as they are, retain so much that is grand and suggestive." " This famous screen of statues, representing kings, warriors, ecclesiastics, saints, and angels, has been left un- touched, and it has on the whole borne wonderfully well the wear and tear of the elements, and of the various superstitions which have flourished in the * Saturday Review, 27 October, 1877. 8 Superstition we st. To this day it is asserted that country people will occasionally chip off a piece of one of these statues and pound the fragments, which they call a ' Peter stone,' into powder, to make a plaster of it for old sores." * The jube or rood loft, which divides the nave from June or rood screen. the choir, appears from entries found in the Fabric Rolls to have been erected in the time of Bishop Stapeldon. In the Rolls, dated 13 18-13 19, is con- tained the record for the purchase of materials for ' la pulpytte," or, as it is now called, the choir screen. This screen is supported by three arches of ex- quisite beauty, the central one, forming the entrance into the choir, has been fitted with a pair of richly gilded iron gates (these are now popularly known as the golden gates). " On the south side was the Lady's Altar, sometimes called Bratton's ; on the north side St. Nicholas' ; these have now been pierced, and add greatly to the lightness and ele- gance of the effect. Front origin- The whole of the front of this screen was originally ally sculptured. , . beautifully sculptured, from the arches which form the arcade to the top of the parapet, which is divided into thirteen compartments. These at first were decorated with basso-relievo illustrations, but at some subsequent period have been cleanly cut away, and on the surface are painted representations of (i The Creation ; " " The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise ; " "The Deluge ; " " Pharoah and his host crossing the Red sea ; " " The destruction of Solomon's temple ; " " The Angel appearing to Zacharias;" "The Birth of Christ ; " "The Baptism * Vide Guardian, 24 October, 1877. f Oliver, p. 214. 9 of Christ;" "The Descent from the Cross;" " The Resurrection ; " " The Ascension ; " and " The Des- cent of the Holy Ghost," which have been cleaned and remain as before. The exquisite details of the richly sculptured trifolial spaces between the arches below the parapet are well worthy of notice. Curiously enough, these panels and paintings had Discovery of been covered over for many years with a casing of 1 amtings " lath and plaster, some two inches from the surface beneath, and remained thus till the commencement of the present century, when a musical performance was held in the nave of the Cathedral, and in fixing a temporary platform against the screen for the per- formers, a ladder, which had been placed by one of the workmen against the plaster panel, went through, and on examining the damage the paintings were discovered behind. This fact was recently related to the clerk of the works of the late restoration, by the old man who made the discovery. Upon this screen stands the organ, which appears The Organ to have formed part of the furniture of the Cathedral from a very early period, as Archdeacon Freeman mentions an entry for ' mending the organs' (the word was always used in the plural in olden times) in 12S0. Other entries for 'new organs' appear in 1429 and 1 5 13. These instruments were doubtless very diffe- rent from the modern idea of an organ. For instance, the key board : " that of the organ in Magdeburg Cathedral, at the end of the eleventh century, con- sisted of sixteen keys, which were each an ell long and three inches wide. Other early organs had keys as much as five and a half inches wide, which were struck down by the fist of the performer."* * History and Construction of the Organ, Hopkins and Rimbault. TO Former organ Of the earlier organs no particulars have been destroyed. found, but respecting the immediate predecessor of the present instrument — which was destroyed during the Great Rebellion — the following passage occurs in a MS. " Account of a tour made through a great part of England" (A.D. 1634) : — " Exeter — The organ here is rich, delicate, and lofty, and has more additions than any other ; and large pipes of an extraordinary length." — Landsdowne MSS., No. 213, British .Mu- seum. Lai ge pipes. It is very possible that these 'Marge pipes" may have given Loosemorc the idea of the great pipes which were one of the principal features in his new organ ; indeed, they may have been placed in the same position which Loosemore's pipes occupied until the present restoration of the Cathedral. Perhaps it is hardly correct to speak of the above mentioned organ as the immediate predecessor of the present instrument, since there was an organ in use in the Cathedral from 1660 to 1665. This Ave find from the following entries in the Chapter Act Book : "November, :66o. Five pounds to be paid Mr. Loosemore towards the making of a sett of pipes to y e organ wh : is to be used in this church. "Feb., 1661. / 5 to be paid to Mr. Loosemore towards y c repairing of y e organs. " May, 1665. The old organ to be taken down at the charge of the Chapter and delivered to such as Mr. Archdeacon Cotton shall appoint." This organ, however, was probably only a tempo- rary erection, to serve until the completion of the new one which it was in contemplation to build. The wholesale destruction of organs in churches during the Commonwealth created such a demand for new ones at the Restoration that builders were sent for [ I from Germany, there not being a sufficient number of German organ English organ builders to meet the requirements of builders, the time. The German builders erected a great number of instruments both in London and in the provinces. The Exeter organ, however, was entrusted to a native of the city, John Loosemore, who carried Ioose . out tile work with such care and success that his name more - has ever since been remembered as one of the great- est of the English organ builders of his time. He was sent in 1663 (at the expense of the Chapter) to Salisbury, where a magnificent organ, with four sets of keys and fifty stops, had just been built by Renatus Harris, one of the German builders above alluded to, " the better to inform himself to make the new organ of this church," and in 1664 to London, " about the churches business/' doubtless a similar errand to that on which he went to Salisbury — Chapter Act Book, 1663-4. The organ, as built by Loosemore, contained two rows of keys, great organ and choir organ, but no list of the stops can be discovered. Loosemore 's " note of what y e organ cost'' (in his own writing) has, how- ever, been preserved, and is sufficiently curious and interesting to warrant its insertion verbatim. It is as follows : — Lost of Loose- " December the 13th, 1664. £ s. d. more's "The total sum that the organ cost is — 847 07 10 " In not bying tinne in seson there was in every hundred lost 46 shillings, for I could have bought a Httell before the Erie of Bath came downe in the cuntrey for £4 a hundred, 6 score 2 the hundred, and wee paide afterward £5 17s for 5 score and 12 to the hundred, so that tharc is lost 4 score pounde or upward in this. When wee had mesured the wenscot and counted how many thousand foote was in it, wee 12 found it 3 score pounde to deare. Mr. Wriet had the account, then thare's eused in the seats of the Church with the Maior's seate, above £30 worth of this timber which stands yet at the account of the organ. " Then the building in the chimley and the inclosion of the workhouse is all in this account. " So thare is an £170 at least to be subtracted out of this account, which is — £ s. d. 047 07 10 1 70 00 00 677 07 10" Material of The distinguishing features of Loosemore's organ lane tin? were tne excellent material of the diapasons, which was of pure tin, and the double diapason, at that time . a very uncommon stop in English organs. The tone of this latter stop, however, does not appear to have been of a satisfactory character, judging from the following extract from the Hon. Roger North's ac- count of his brother, the Lord Keeper Guilford's visit to Exeter in the reign of Charles II, where he says, alluding to the largest pipe in particular, and the stop generally : — 4i How it is tuned, whether by measure or the beats we were not informed ; and, bating their account of it. which was curious and diverting enough, I could not be so happy to perceive that in the music, they signihed anything at all, but thought them made more for ostentation than for use ; for there are terms in sound which will not be exceeded ; for when the vibratory pulses are so slow as scarcely to be dis- tinguished, sound vanisheth ; which is nearly the case w ith this great pipe." Lives of the Norths, i, 246. This is further confirmed by the recording from time to time of the efforts of various organ builders i3 " to make the two great columns of pipes speak in a proper manner," so that, indeed, it would seem that these pipes never did have their full effect till they were taken in hand by Mr. Henry Willis in 1859. After a perusal of the various documents relating to alterations of the organ, and a careful examination of the instrument itself, there can be no doubt that the only remains of the original work are the case, and some three or four dozen pipes, forming the treble of the two open diapasons in the great organ. Proposals for the improvement of the organ were Improvements 1 1 & by Schwar- made by James Parsons (not dated), and by Thomas brick and Schwarbrick (1708), the latter apparently in competi- 1708-1713. tion with those of Christoper Schrider, with whom an agreement was made by the Dean and Chapter in 1 713 for very extensive alterations, comprising new sound boards, keys, and action, for both great and choir organs, new bellows ; and in the great organ new stopt diapason, principal, cornet, twelfth, fifteenth, nason and sesquialtera oj three ranks or rows of pipes ; and in the choir organ a new stopt diapason, stopt flute, and fifteenth, for all of which he received £389 5s. and the old materials. In 1 741 the organ was again rebuilt by Abraham Tii 1 1111 i Again rebuilt Jordan, who made new sound boards, keys and action by Jordan, to the great organ, and added to it a trumpet, two I/4f# more ranks to the sesquialtera, and a mounted cornet of five ranks, and also completed the double diapason, which before consisted of only the lowest fourteen pipes. In the choir organ he replaced the twelfth by a bassoon stop, and " new worked " the whole of this department. He also added a swell organ (of which he was the inventor) from " fiddle G" to I) in alt, containing three stops, viz.: — Open diapason, trumpet, and hautbois. He further agreed to "make the great 14 pillars of pipes speak as in their first condition," and transposed the whole organ " for the benefit of the choir." In doing all this he undertook "to use only such pipes as are good, which, in effect, is a new organ." The cost of the work was £421 12s. Great Pipe 'by * u 1 7^ ^ au ^ Micheau, a local organ builder, Micheau, essayed to " make the great pipes of the Cathedral organ speak in a proper manner at the expence of thirty pounds," adding, " In case I do not complete the above agreement in a proper manner I do not desire to receive anything for it." And in 1782 the same builder received sixty pounds for cleaning and general repair of the organ. Repaired by ^ n l $ l 9 Mr. Henry Cephas Lincoln repaired and Lincoln, 1819. strengthened the case and frame, new worked the entire mechanism, put in a new horizontal bellows, revoiced and regulated the whole of the pipes, added a dulciana stop to the choir organ, put " Venetian shades" to the swell in place of the old sliding shutter, and applied an octave and a half of pedals " to operate on or play the present double diapason." It is some- what extraordinary that, though organ pedals were invented in Germany in the fifteenth century, they did not come into use in this country till near the end of the eighteenth. The expense of the work done by Lincoln was .£520. Improvements Some time after this the swell was extended down- i85q VllllS ' warc ^ an octave ( to gamut G) by Gray, and in 1859 extensive improvements were made by Mr. Henry Willis. These were, placing the keys at the side of the organ so that the organist might hear the singing equally well, whether the services were held in the nave or the choir, the substitution of a clarabella (which is one of the most beautiful stops in the present organ) for the old mounted cornet, a new trumpet in the great organ, and a new hautboy in the swell. The most important change, however, was in the pedal organ. The lowest fifteen notes of the double diapason were produced by open pipes, each of which had behind it a wooden pipe sounding the octave above, termed a helper, because it caused the sound of the larger pipe to come more quickly. This was a common contrivance in old organs. The re- mainder of the double was composed of stopped pipes. By making the lowest fifteen pipes speak without the aid of helpers, making use of a tower of seven pipes in the front of the case that had not been used, and putting the helpers, where required, to speak their own proper pitch, a complete set of open pipes from GGG to F (nearly three octaves) was produced, and placed exclusively on the pedals (a new set of 2\ octaves, from CC to F), where, by a mechanical contrivance, they could be used either as a 32ft. stop from GGG or a 1 6ft. from CC. or as both together. The stopped pipes of the old double diapason were continued downward to CC, and formed a complete double on the great organ, the lowest 2 J octaves of which were also made to serve on the pedals as a bourdon of 1 6ft. tone. The key- boards, by a reversal of the usual plan, have ebony naturals and ivory sharps — a revival of the ancient cu.stom. The organ as thus constituted remained till the Entirely present restoration of the Cathedral, when it was g 6 ^"^ entirely rebuilt by Mr. Henry Specchly, with very extensive additions, the particulars of which are as follows. The swell has been carried down to CC, with new soundboard and swell box, the shutters of which are placed at both sides instead of the front, so that the i6 sound may be heard equally well in nave and choir. Three stops have been added to this part of the organ. The great organ remains as it was, with the addition only of a harmonic flute. The choir organ is entirely new, except the gedact (stopped diapason), which is an old and very lovely stop. Pedal open The pedal open diapasons, which have been noticed m 5° ns of above, were composed partly of wooden pipes and partly of metal, have been replaced by an entire range of metal pipes, in making of which, the old metal, largely supplemented, was used ; the low G sharp, which was wanting, having been added. The four large pipes are of zinc, and the others of the best spotted metal, of large scale and exceedingly good substance. The large pipes which stood at the sides against the walls of the clerestory, together with those that lay on the floor of the organ loft, have all been removed and placed in the case, which was much enlarged to receive them. The whole of the pipes in both fronts of the organ, being found to be quite decayed and almost falling to pieces, were melted down ; and, with the addition of new metal, remade to the original scales. They are of pure tin, and being burnished, present a brilliant appearance, contrasting finely with the grand old oak , case. There is little doubt that these pipes were Pipes formerly 1 gilded. originally as now, but were gilded in 171 3, as appears from a letter of Christoper Sch rider to Mr. Nicholas Webber "in the Close, Exon," in which he says, "I do mightely approve of having all those pipes in y° front gilded, which will certainly preserve and look well, y e charges of w ch will according to my judgement perhaps amount to about one hundred pound, more or less." 17 A reservoir, connected with the bellows by an auto- matic valve, has been added to the organ for the purpose of steadying the supply of wind. The following is a complete description of the organ Description of as it now stands — new stops being marKed * ; partly organ, new f. Great Organ.— GG to F 3 . I. Double Diapason (CC) wood 16 ft. tone Pipes. 54 f2. Open Diapason (large) tin 8 ft. tone 58 Open Diapason (small) tin 8 ft. 58 4- Stopped Diapason metal 8 ft. tone 58 5- Clarabella (to middle C) wood 8 ft. 30 O. Principal metal 4 it- r Q 7- Harmonic Flute metal 4 ft. tone 8. Twelfth metal 2§ ft. tone 5S 9- Fifteenth metal 2 ft. 53 10. Sesquialtera metal 3 ranks 174 IT. Mixture - metal 2 ranks 116 12. Trumpet - spotted metal 8 ft. 58 13- Clarion metal 4 ft. 58 Swell Organ.- -CC to Fl *i. Double Diapason wood 16 ft. tone 54 2. Open Diapason metal 8 ft. 54 3- Stopped Diapason metal 8 ft. tone 54 *4- Salcional (to Tenor C) \ groved into No. 3. J metal 8 ft. 42 5- Principal metal 4 ft. 54 6. Mixture metal 3 ranks 162 7- Cornopean - metal 8 ft. 54 8. Oboe spotted metal 8 ft. 54 *9. Clarion - spotted metal 4 ft. 54 Choir Organ.- -CC to F\ *i. Gamba spotted metal 8 ft. 54 *2. Dulciana - spotted metal 8 ft. 54 1 8 3. Stopped Diapason wood 8 ft. l one 54 *4. Gem shorn - spotted metal 4 ft. 54 % Wald Flute wood 4 ft. 54 *6. Corno di Bassetto spotted metal 8 ft. tone 54 Pedal Organ.— CCC to F. fr. Open Diapason f^inc (4 pipes)") 32 ft. "j (GGG) 1 and [ I 35 f2. Open Diapason (spotted metal J 16 ft. i 3. Bourdon (borrowed from great organ) 16 ft. tone Couplers. *l. Swell to Pedal 4. Choir to Pedal 2. Great to Pedal (GG) 5. Swell to Great 3. Great to Pedal (CC) 6. Swell to Choir Four Composition Pedals to Great. to Swell. Pedal to bring on or throw off Great to Pedals and Open Diapason, 16 ft. Pedal. Two Ventils to shut off the wind from the Pedal Organ when necessary. Total Draw Stops 37 „ Pipes - - - 1837 For the extracts from the Landsdowne MSS., and the account of the alterations made by Willis in 1859, we are indebted to Hopkins and Rimbault's History and Construction of the Organ. All other informa- tion has been obtained from original documents in the possession of the Dean and Chapter. There have been many interesting questions on which the Fabric rolls throw no light, but which have become clearer in the progress of the late restoration. ormnn « jt j s now known that the Norman church ended Church. eastward in a triple apse, since the foundations of one of the three divisions were discovered in the north aisle at the end of the third bay from the west." " This 19 line corresponds remarkably with a difference in the thickness of the wall of the choir above the main r Evidences ot arches." *' The triforial arcade is much deeper in the its transfor- i_ mation. western than in the eastern bays. 1 he western bays are in fact the old Norman walls transformed." " The eastern bays represent an alteration of and addition to the Norman choir at the end of the twelfth century ; again altered and brought into harmony with the rest of the work by Bishop Bitton." 41 The Norman cathedral thus ended at about half the length of the present choir. It was not, of course, the church in which Leofric was installed by the Confessor and his Queen. But where was that church ? The late Archdeacon Freeman believed that the Norman builders erected their new structure at some little distance from the old, as at Winchester and Ely," " and that the existing Lady Chapel covers the site of the venerable church of Leofric — the church of the monastery refounded by /Ethelstan, but which had been in existence long before his day ; the church of the religious house to which Winfrith was sent from Crediton ; the church which may well have been the first Christian ccclesiola possessed by the English within the limits of Roman-British-Isca ; the mother church then, in one sense, as it became in another, when Leofric was led to his bishop's stool within its walls by the king and the 4 Lady.' Thus this church may have been left standing — partly, perhaps, in reverence for its antiquity — until some time after the completion of the larger Roman building. Then it was determined to unite it to this Norman church ; or rather to take the ground on which it stood within the new walls of an extended structure."* " Saturday Review, p. 513. 20 Lad X, Assuming- the conjectures already set forth with Chapel. j j respect to the ancient church of Leofric to be correct, that fact would naturally invest the existing Lady Chapel with considerable interest and veneration ; and without doubt the utmost skill and taste has been exercised to render its restoration perfect and complete. Dimensions. The interior length of the Lady Chapel is 60 feet by 28 feet broad and the height nearly 40 feet. For many years it had been used as the Cathedral library, which had been removed chere by order of the " Mayor and Chamber" on December 22, 1657. The library was removed in 1822 to the Chapter House, where it now is. Colouring of The revived colouring of the roof of the Lady Chapel is most effective. The handsome western screen has been restored, and access is gained to the Floor. chapel through gates of polished brass ; the floor consists of panels of rich tile surrounded by an elabo- rate inlay of Italian and Ipplepen marble, with borderings of a combination of Devonshire marble ; the side spaces are laid with encaustic tile, local (Pocombe) stone, and marble intermixed. " In the centre of the body of the chapel is an incised Purbeck Bp. Quivil's slab, with a beautiful floriated cross, to the memory grave-stone. of Bishop Peter Ouivil ; in the circumference is this rhyme for an epitaph : — Petra tegit Petrum ; nihil officiat sibi tetrum."* Altar dais. The Communion table is approached by five steps of Ashburton marble, and the spaces between are inlaid with tiles, Devonshire and Italian marbles. The Devon marbles arc here particularly noticeable for their extreme beauty, and some of which no other stone could equal. * See Oliver, p. 143. 21 The magnificent east window, perhaps the finest in East window, the Cathedral, is erected to the memory of the sister of Chancellor Harington. The principal subjects in the window are — Our Lord enthroned in glory as the King of the world, with figures grouped around him, representing the Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, the Arch- angel Gabriel, St. John, Joseph of Arimathea, and Mary Magdalene ; the lower lights of the window are also filled with subjects connected with the life of our Saviour on earth, such as the Annunciation, the Na- tivity, the Crucifixion, the Women at the tomb, &c. The four windows on the north and south sides of North & south windows. this chapel were placed in memory of the late Bishop Phillpotts. The westernmost window in the north wall has the following representations and inscriptions : — 1. Enoch. <( Prophetavit Enoch, Ecce venit Dominus in Sanctis millibus suis." [Jndc, 14.] 2. Abraham. " Deus glorias apparuit patri nostro Abraham." [Acts vii, 2.] 3. Jacob. " Vere Dominus est in loco isto et ego nesciebam." [Gen. xxviii, 16.] 4. Moses. "Apparuit ei Dominus in flamma ignis de medio rubi." [Exod. hi, 2.] 5. David. " Inclinavit et volavit super pennas ven- torum." [Psalm xviii, 10.] The easternmost window : — 1. St. John Baptist. "Vidi, et testimonium perhibui, quia hie est Filius Dei." [John i, 34.] 2. St. Simeon. " Viderunt oculi mei salutare tuum." [Luke ii, 30.] 3. St. Anna. "Anna prophetissa confitebatur Domino, et loquebatur de Eo." [Luke ii, 36, 38.] 4. St. Nathanacl. " Nathanael ait, Rabbi, Tu es Filius Dei, Tu es Rex Israel." [John i, 49.] 22 Window over entrance. The westernmost w indow in the south wall : — 1. Elijah. " Ecce Dominus transit, et vox ad eum dicens, ' Quid agis hie, Elijah ?' " [i Kings xix, 1 1, 13.J 2. Isaiah. "Vidi Dominum sedentem super solium. Seraphim stabant supra illud." [Isaiah vi, 1,2 ] 3. Ezekicl, Max visio similitudinis glorias Domini." [Ezekicl i, 28.] 4. Daniel. " Aspiciebam, et ecce cum nubibus cceli, quasi Filius hominis." [Daniel vii, 13.] 5. llabakkuk. " In Domino gaudebo, et exultabo in Deo Jesu meo." [Habakkuk hi, 18.] The easternmost window : — 1. St. Peter. " Petrus dixit ad Jesum, Domine bonum est nos hie esse/' [Matt, xvii, 4.] 2. St. Andrew. " Erat Andreas unus ex duobus qui secuti fuerunt Eum." [John i, 40.] 3. St. James. " Assumit Jesus Petrum Jacobum et Joannem et transflguratus est ante eos." [Matt, xvii, I, 2.] 4. St, John. " Vidi et ecce sedes posita est in ccelo, et supra sedem sedens."* [Rev. iv, 2.] Above the western archway of this chapel, looking over the roof of the ambulatory towards the great eastern window of the choir, is a triangular-shaped window, richly traceried and filled with stained glass of the same character as the four north and south windows ; it is of pleasing effect, and blends well with the rich colouring of the roof ; it contains ten trifolia- ted panels or openings, filled with devices of angels bearing scrolls with the w r ords " Alleluia," " Alleluia; " also trefoils and quatrefoils, containing emblems of the four Evangelists, the Holy Ghost, and Our Saviour, also the monograms I H C, A Q. In two of the lower *• These quotations Arc all taken from the Vulgate. 23 trefoils arc the arms of the See, impaled with the arms of the late Bishop Phillpotts and the present Bishop Temple. This window gives a quaint but pleasing finish to the west end of the Lady Chapel. The arms of these bishops mark the date of the recent restoration. "The modern glass in the Lady Chapel is cf An ^ n e t r || 1 great interest, as it reproduces, in exact proportion of stained coloured glass to plain or grisaille, the original stained windows of this part of the church. These propor- tions were ascertained from the ' fabric rolls,' whence we learn the ' formeae vitreae ' were ordered from Rouen in pairs at a time, and from a comparison of these entries, with one or two existing windows, figures of saints and prophets are set in a plain ground, the coloured glass being nearly one fourth of the whole."* "Glass and colour were made subordi- nate to the architectural beauty of the edifice and to the delicacy of the window tracery, the forms of which were curiously indicated in the patterns of the ground. Thus a cinquefoil-headed window had a cinqucfoil leaf on the ground quarrels, a trefoil-headed a t re- foiled leaf, and a quatrcfoil a roseleaf." f "The east end of this chapel has been treated Reredos ' somewhat differently; colour is there predominant, and the most important of the new decorative work is the scries of wall paintings which fill the nine re- cesses of the long fourteenth century rercdos, extending from wall to wall. "J The central subject is the Nativity, with adoring angels. Those on the north side, the Fall of Adam, the Murder of Abe), David and Joab, and Job receiving the message of the loss of his goods. Those on the south side, Our Lord * Vide Times, October 19, 1877. f Saturday Review \ ]>. 514. J Saturday Review. 24 ministered to by Angels after the Temptation, the Cure of the demoniac, Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene after His Resurrection, and Our Lord vic- torious over the Evil Spirit ; they are in colours of a deep tone, on a ground of gold, which time will ad- vantageously soften. Hangings of rich but deep- toned brocade bring the colour to the ground. The whole of the new furniture and fittings of this chapel are on a scale commensurate with its general beauty and character. The heaviest portion of the work has been in the restoration of the massive clustered columns which support the arches of the choir. These were thickly covered with colour wash and plaster of pitch and other materials ; but upon these being removed the soft bluish grey Purbeck marble was brought to light. A great deal of the outer face of the stone was decayed in patches, necessitating the removal of large portions, the defective parts being replaced by new stone. This work of repair took upwards of a hundred tons of marble, which, singularly enough, was brought (in barges) from the same quarries which had supplied Exeter Cathedral in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The columns are now of a slight bluish tint, and their appearance is very imposing. The shafts of the triforium avcading have been similarly treated, and the stonework betw r een has been cleaned and repaired. The corbels of the vaulting shafts, the colour-wash and unseemly accretions have been care- fully picked out, and the very beautiful foliage designs are now quite clear. Colour-wash was the prevailing disfigurement cf the whole of the roof, but when this was removed traces of the very elaborate original colouring were brought to view. This colouring 25 was very rich, but the decoration of the roof has been only partly revived. The bosses of the choir vaulting have been touched B choir°* with gold, in accordance with the remnants of the original colouring and with notices in the fabric rolls. The design of many is very beautiful, and some are curious. The bosses most marked in character are those at the eastern end of the roof. The three largest at this end represent the Coronation of the Virgin, the Crucifixion, and Samson slaying the lion ; next is one of four masks, and the remaining main bosses arc representations of foliage and fruit. The smaller bosses represent David playing on the harp, an Angel playing on a musical instrument, the four Evangelists, and Balaam on the ass ; there is also a mermaid just over the centre of the choir, and there are also nume- rous heads of kings, queens, and bishops. The parcloses around the choir, which were filled p arc i 05es with masonry or glass, are now pierced so that the choir * service of the choir can be plainly heard either in the side aisles or transepts. " The removal of the old stalls and encroaching Amoved, pews and of Georgian panelling from the choir, and the substitution of the beautiful new stall work, pro- duces an effect of novelty which at first suggests considerable architectural changes." " The perfect grace and beauty of Bishop Bitton's work is now evident to all ; and those who best knew the Cathe- dral in its former state (before the recent restoration) were hardly prepared for the revelation, as it may well be called, of so much that had been obscured by incongruous accompaniments. All the new work deserves most careful examination. Its most im- portant portions are the stalls, the pavement of the choir and presbytery, the reredos, and new pulpit, the E 26 stained glass and the painted decorations of walls and vaulting-/'* New- stalls. The stalls, forty-nine in number, are of Deco- rated character, well in keeping with the date of the choir. " In the stalls the ancient subsellia or 'Misereres' (of the thirteenth century, and perhaps the earliest in England) are retained/ 'f " The rest of the work is new. The matchless corbels of the vaulting shafts, carved with natural foliage, descend- ing close to the foliaged canopies of the stalls, and the sculptures of so widely separated ages, are worthy of each other. "J " The stalls themselves, from the designs of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, are of very fine and close grained oak, canopied and pinnacled, and are covered with a very minute and elaborate carving, among which the foliage and small projecting heads are especially excellent. At the desk ends of the uppermost row are figures of Angels and men ; Moses and Aaron ; David and St. Peter ; in the second row are birds and quadrupeds ; and below again appear flowers, foliage and fruit. The whole series thus illustrates the Canticle ' Benedicite omnia opera/ the whole creation breaking forth, as it were, into the praise of God."§ Bishop's " The magnificent sheaf of tabernacle work of throne. & carved oak, which forms the canopy of the Bishop's throne, is without a rival in this country. It has been beautifully restored to its true date of erection — 13 16, in the time of Bishop Stapeldon"|| — and now stands a lofty monument to the genius of mediaeval artists, rising to the height of nearly sixty feet. Upon removing the brown paint with which it was coated traces of white and gold colour were discovered. * Saturday Review, 513, 514. f Times, October 17, I&77- % Saturday Review, 514. § Times, October 17, 1877. || Saturday Review, 513. 27 The enclosure — which rests immediately on the foundation and was of old pannelling (of subsequent date to the superstructure) — has been replaced by open canopied work, carved in harmony with the rest of the throne. On cleaning the panels at either corner of the enclosure traces of the portraits of four bishops in their episcopal robes were revealed, and these have been revived. The pavement of the choir has been, for its extent, Pavement of r i i • r . i . • Choir. one uf the most costly portions of the restoration, with a result which well justified the outlay. It con- sists of blocks of Cornish porphyry, red and grey, of various Devonian and foreign marbles, and rich en- caustic tiles. The colouring is varied, but is through- out rich but sober, and the whole is kept in harmony by long lines of Pocombe stone — a local trap of a pinkish tinge, giving much repose to the general mass. On the broad lower puce, extending across the pres- bytery, are the shields of arms, with their mottoes, of the several bishops who were most prominent as the builders of the existing edifice. — GUL. WARELWAST IN CRUCE VICTORIA. HENRICUS MARSHALL MCXCIV . MCCVI AUT VINCAM AUT PERIBO. gul. brtjere DIFFICILIA qlle PULCHRA WALT. B RONES . COMBE. MCCLVII . MCCLXXX VINCIT PATIENTLY. PETR. QUIVIL VINCIT PATIENTLY. THOM. BITTON MCCXCltMCCCVII QD ME DEFT XPS'iO SUFFT. WALT. STAPELDON MEDIOCREIA FIRM A. JOAN. GRANDISSON MCCCXVII . MCCCLIX. HUG. OLDHAM VITA EST VIGILIA. Around these are very beautiful marble panels. The whole are enclosed with bands of Devonshire marble, with the arms of the See, crossed keys, sword and mitre at the intersections. The coats of arms of 2S each bishop arc also within the panels. The pave- ment on either side is of the same design as that between the stalls, marble only being substituted for Pocombe stone. The panels of the higher pace of the presbytery are of porphyry, a very costly granite, which comes from the TrcfTry estate in Cornwall. These panels are in a very rich setting of inlaid work, foliage, and grotesque animals. These are again set in panels of marble, with borderings of tile and Genoa marble. Sacranum. jj lc sacrar j urn [ s approached by two fine steps of Ashburton marble, and the foot-pace between is inlaid with panels of very rich Babbicombe marble. The space immediately within the rail is covered by eight panels of highly glazed elaborate tiles : the four on the left represent the four greater prophets ; and those on the right the four Evangelists. Sedilia. The " sedilia," erected by Bishop Stapeldon (1308- 28), a canopied structure in stone, of the most delicate and surpassing beauty, has also been restored ; no less than 1300 pieces of stone being inserted in the cano- pies, which rise to a height of twenty-seven feet. Reredos. The rcredos (famous from the place it occupies in. ecclesiastical law) is a modern structure, standing thirty feet from the ground, surmounted by an orna- mental floriated cross, with its graceful canopies, pinnacles, and flnials, its beautifully sculptured com- partments of the Ascension, the Transfiguration, and the Descent of the Holy Ghost at Pentecost, all united into one harmonious and resplendent design. Jt is constructed of alabaster, with shafts of Verdi antique marble ; the whole is picked out with rich gilded work, inlaid and gemmed ; the jewels including the amethyst, onyx, cornelian, jasper, bloodstones, ma- lachite, garnet, and lapis-lazuli. The super-altar, 29 attached to the reredos, is of polished alabaster and marble Mosaic, is well borne out by the handsome carved oak communion table, which has a magnificent covering of crimson velvet, superbly wrought in needlework of silk and gold, and richly decorated with jewels, pearls, and crystal drops (manufactured from a design specially drawn by Sir Gilbert Scott, and occupied three years in execution). On the " antependium " are represented the nine A l tar cloth - orders of angelic beings with their respective emblems. Thus, beginning at the north end, wc have repre- sented : — i Cherubim Covered with eyes Ezek. i, 18 ; x, 12. 2. Thrones Carrying a throne Col. i, 16. or tower 3. Towers Carrying a baton Eph. i, 21; iii, 10 ; Col. i, io, "Powers;" 1 Peter, iii, 22, '•' Authorities." 4. Virtues Carrying a crown Eph. i, 21, "Might;" 1 Peter, and censer iii, 22, "Powers." 5. Archangels St. Michael is the 1 Thess. iv, 16; Jude, v. 9. one represented 6. Principalities Holding a lily Eph. i, 21 ; iii, IO; Col. i, 16. 7. Dominions With an orb and Eph. i, 21. a cross S. Angels Carrying a wand or staff 9. Seraphim With six wings Isaiah, vi, 2-6. The " frontal," below the " antipendium," is orna- mented with' " fleur-de-lis " and " roses." Two " stoles " hang on the " frontal;" the one on the north end has a richly embroidered representation of the "Lamb and flag;" that on the south end the " Peli- can feeding her young." The beautiful new sculptured pulpit in the choir is Pulpitin choir composed of a fine mixture of Devonshire marbles ; the base and central shaft are of Plymouth marble and supports, with eight quatrefoil pillars of Ipplepen marble, a platform of marble from Ogvvell ; the super - 30 structure of alabaster is with inlaid spandrils of Torquay marbles ; the subjects of the seven panels being St. Peter with keys and book ; the Saviour receiving little children ; St. Paul before Festus ; the Sermon on the Mount ; St. Peter on the day of Pente- cost ; St. Paul on Mar's Hill at Athens; and St. Paul with a sword. The Nave. After the reopening of the choir of the Cathedral and the completion of that portion of the work (on St. Peter's day, June 29, 1876) the restoration of the nave was commenced, and, like the choir, the whole of the vaulting spaces of the roof, richly sculptured bosses and fine arcade of clustered piers of Purbeck marble have been freed from the thick colour-wash and plaster with which it had been encumbered, u thus bringing it back to the condition in which it was left by Bishop Grandisson, who, writing when it was half finished, asserted that when complete it would rival any building of its kind, in genere sua, cither in England or in France ; and doubtless he Beauty of was correct. There probably is no great fourteenth design. century church more beautiful in design and details than this of Exeter."* " The vaulting spaces of the nave are, as is now revealed, filled in, in an unusual manner, partly with a dark local trap and partly with a yellowish freestone from Beer and Salcombe ; an effect of colour is thus produced, although the arrange- ment of the two materials is not always regular." Testimony of From the testimony of the " Fabric rolls " it Rolls ?> abnc ls gathered that the rebuilding of the nave was commenced by Bishop Stapeldon about 1325, and completed by Bishop Grandisson prior to 1353. In one of the "Fabric Rolls" (1352-1353) is this entry: In the first week after Trinity, May 20th, 1353, was * Times > October 19, 1877. 3i the beginning of the new work of the Church of the Blessed Peter in front (coram) of the great cross (or rood), the expenses of which were altogether £46 os, 1 lid ;" but it would scarcely justify the assumption that this small sum was for building so extensive a work as the nave, and it has been con- jectured that the entry must have referred to that portion of the " new work" called the Minstrels' gallery, which has recently been shown to have bee n a subsequent addition after the completion o the nave. The Minstrels' gallery is built in the north clercs- Minstrels' gallery. tory, and occupies the place of one bay of the triforium arcade. The front of the gallery is of richly sculptured stone, with fourteen floriated, cano- pied and pinnacled compartments, each containing a winged female figure playing upon a musical instru- ment. li The first in front to the west sustains a guitar of six strings ; the second bagpipes ;* the third a hautboy ; the fourth a violin ; the fifth a harp ; the sixth a kind of jew's harp ; the seventh a trumpet ; the eighth an organ blown with the left hand and fingered with the right ; the ninth a guitar with five strings ; the tenth some unknown instrument ; the eleventh a tambour ; the twelfth, cymbals.-f It is evident, since the removal of the colour-wash, Decoration., that the front of this gallery was once painted and gilded, as were also the great corbels of the vaulting shafts, both the figures of the gallery and the corbels being relieved on a ground of red, which as yet re- mains untouched. The vaulting shafts on either side of the Minstrels' gallery arc supported on sculptured * The bagpipe here introduced is an Irish or Brata instrument, having but one chamber. f Oliver, p. 217. 32 Date of erection. Coleridge memorial window. niches, which originally " contained statues of St. Mary and St. Peter, as we collect from the wills of Canon John Germyn, made on 21st February, 1459, and Canon Richard Martin, dated 31st July, 146 1;" the corbels supporting these niches arc sculptured heads representing Edward III and Queen Philippa his wife. The Minstrels' gallery and the niches on cither side, with the sculptured heads, were inserted prior to the royal visit to Exeter in 1357. The theory that the Minstrels' gallery is not con- temporaneous with the building of the nave has been fully established during the recent work, evidence having been found that the gallery and the corbels on either side were inserted after the original work had been completed. The gallery itself is approached by an oaken doorway from the north aisle by a spiral stone staircase, with a handrail carved out of the solid stones of the wall ; the spiial line of the handrail and the soffit of the steps is quite a chef d'eeuvre of art ; the apartment at the back of the gallery is about fifteen feet square. It may be interesting to note, the gallery has been used at a comparatively recent date by the choir of the Cathedral, who were accustomed to sing an anthem at six o'clock on Christmas morn- ing to an assembled throng in the nave below. The most interesting part of the restoration recently effected in the transepts is probably the rich and beautifully stained glass window in the south tower, to the memory of the late Sir John Taylor Coleridge. The colours are warm and bright, and in the different lights effectively treated. It is a " legal window ; the subject depicted in the upper compartments are Moses ; Deborah ; Gamaliel ; Nicodemus ; Alfred the Great ; and Sir Matthew Hale. In the predilla below are represented : Moses delivering the Law ; Deborah 33 administering justice under the palm-tree (Judges, iv, 5) ; Gamaliel's counsel as to the treatment of the Apostles (Acts, v, 34, 35) ; Nicodemus pleading for Jesus in the council (John, vii, 50, 51); Alfred selecting his jury-men ; and Sir Matthew Hale offering to defend Charles I, who declines his assistance. In the traceries of the upper part of this window are represented the shields of arms of the See, and of the Coleridge family. On a panel made of opus sextile (a new material), and placed underneath the window, is the following inscription: — ''This window was placed here by numerous friends to the glory of God, and to keep alive the name of John Taylor Coleridge, Knight, twenty-three years a judge of the Queen's Bench Court, a privy councillor to Queen Victoria, a sound lawyer, a ripe scholar, a wise man, honoured by all men, loved by the good. He was prepared by life for death, and by this world for another. Born at Tiverton, July 9, 1796 ; deceased at Heath's Court, Ottery St. Mary, February 11, 1876." In the first eastern bay of the south aisle of the Com-tenay nave is placed a stained glass window in memory of wmdo T' the Courtenay family, ancestors of the Earl of Devon. The traceries contain the family arms, also the arms of members of other houses who were allied to the family, especially those of Bishop Courtenay, who held the See at the commencement of this century. In the four lights below are figures of Gul. Archips. Cantuar, 1381 ; Richardus Episcs. Norwics, 1413 ; Petrus Episcs. Exon, 1478 ; Henricus Episcs. Bristol, 1794. In the traceries of this window are also four church bells ringing, and the figure below of Bishop Cour- tenay is represented holding in his right hand a bell, which is intended to refer to the tradition recorded F 34 on page 53 that this bishop received our Peter bell from LlandafT in exchange for five bells brought from Exeter. Discovery of On the removal of the lime-wash from the walls, decorations, many interesting traces of the ancient mural decora- tions were brought to light. Under the five lower windows of the south nave-aisle, a discovery was made of considerable heraldic and genealogical interest. There stood revealed a number of circular mural paintings, in oil colour, ranged in a line. Each circle has a diameter of about twenty inches. Many of them are filled in with heraldic bearings in the usual shield form, whilst others are left blank. Although there is no lettering discernible, nor any figures by which to determine the date of the paintings, an examination of the arms and impalements leaves no room for doubt that they were executed between the closing years of the sixteenth century and the breaking out of the civil wars of king and parliament. They all relate to the period immediately anterior to the raising of the Royal Standard at Nottingham in 1642, and the majority display the arms of persons holding civic offices in Exeter, in the reigns of Charles I and his father, and who are known to have been buried in the Cathedral. None of the persons whose arms are displayed are named in the list of commissioners appointed under the Act of 1649, for raising a monthly subsidy in Exeter for the support of the parliamentary forces. In 1657 the Chamber of Exeter ordered the parti- tion of the Cathedral into two churches, called East and West Peter's, by a brick wall, plastered and whitened on both sides, and stretching across the central transept. It remains an unsolved mystery whether the concealment of these paintings by white- 35 wash was effected in connection with this work of dividing the church, or whether it was previously done by the Royalists themselves, with the object of hiding their memorials from the observations of the commissioners charged with the business of demo- lishing all manner of superstitious monuments in cathedrals and other churches. The paintings show no indication of having been mutilated before they were concealed ; but their faded condition is doubtless due to the action of the lime-wash.* There are evidences that the walls of the nave were F f esc< J es °" walls of the once embellished with rich frescoes. From the rem- nave, nants still existing, since the colour-wash with which they had been covered for years has been removed, faint traces of their former brilliancy is still visible. It is not known when these decorations were destroyed. There is a large space upon the right side over the western door where the surface cf the wall has been chipped with a sharp instrument, apparently for the purpose of more effectually oblite- rating the painting upon it. Within the north porch, in the eastern wall, was North i -i i ... Pouch discovered a recess in the stonework containing three discoveries. decapitated sculptured figures of our crucified Lord, and the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist on either side. These had been entirely covered with plaster and rubbish. Over the inside doorway was also found a niche filled up in the same manner, which exhibited a dark outline at the back, and traces of where doubtless had stood a sculptured statue of the Virgin Mary, which had been chipped away. On the centre boss of the quadrilateral vaulted roof a * From R. Dymond's Notes on the Heraldic Discovery in Exeter Cathedral, in Transactions of Devon Association for the Advancement of Science, &c, 1877. 36 beautifully carved " Agnus Dei" was also brought to light. Walls of nave The most important discovery made during the worS° rman restoration was in the nave. It had hitherto been supposed that the former Norman cathedral did not extend beyond the entrance door to the cloisters on the south side and the north porch on the other ; but upon laying bare portions of the walls of the north and south aisles a number of square red stones were observed in the masonry, of a different colour to the rest, on either side of the Cathedral at regular in- tervals apart. Sir G. Gilbert Scott expressed his conviction (upon their being pointed out to him) that they were Norman work, and marked the responds of the arches of the former Norman cathedral ; which was fully confirmed by the subsequent discovery of the actual base of one of the Norman columns under- neath the stone work close to the wall where the red stones occurred, which had been temporarily removed for the purpose. There are also indications that a number of red Norman tiles were used from the debris of the former building in the reconstruction of the present. In the south aisle of the nave, near the transept, is the doorway leading to the cloisters, which is of Late Norman or Transitional work, and is in the centre of one of the bays of the old Norman cathe- dral ; also, on the outside of the south wall of the nave, there are still to be seer, three sculptured consecration crosses of the same period. There is also another of these crosses on the inside at the south-western end beside the small doorway leading to the clerestory above. It appears therefore pretty conclusive, from the evidences adduced, as also from other indications which have been exposed to view, of the antiquity of 37 the masonry, that the nave of the former Norman cathedral must have covered the site of the present, and that the existing walls, or a great portion of them, are in fact the original Norman walls transformed, and form the base of the present Decorated structure. Just outside the entrance door into the Chapel of The Font, St. Edmund (used as the Consistory court) stands the font. Though of no great architectural value, it is possessed of considerable historic interest ; " the material of which it is composed is Sicilian marble, and the style quasi-Classic." " It was specially made for the occasion of the baptism of the Princess Hen- rietta Maria, the fourth daughter of King Charles I, by Maria the daughter of Henry IV, King of France. July 21, 1644. The King was staying at Exeter for a few days while his army was engaged in the pursuit of the Parliamentary forces under the Earl of Essex. After the defeat of the Earl in Cornwall the Queen was delivered of the Princess at Bedford House, which had been fitted up for her Majesty's reception, and about a fortnight after the birth the Princess was baptised at this font in the Cathedral."* In the nave stands the beautiful pulpit erected to Pulpit in nave the memory of Bishop Patteson (Missionary Bishop of Melanesia), who lost his life while engaged in his sacred work at the Island of Nukapu in the South Pacific Ocean, in 187 1. The life of this devoted prelate was taken by the natives in revenge for wrongs which the people of the island had suffered at the hands of persons engaged in the Coolie trade. Some of their people had been kidnapped, and they determined to sacrifice the life of the first white man who came in their power. Bishop Pattesor: happened * Exeter Gazette, October 17, 1877. This princess afterwards became Duchess of Orleans. 38 to be the victim. Bishop Patteson was a nephew of the late Sir John Taylor Coleridge, and cousin of the present Lord Coleridge. He was ordained deacon in the Cathedral of Exeter in September 1853, an( l priest in the September of the next year. Upon receiving priest's orders, he went out to the missionaiy field, in which he continued to labor till his death. This pulpit is a fine work. It is entirely of Mansfield stone, and contains three sculptured panels) exhibit- ing, first, the Martyrdom of St. Alban, the first British martyr ; secondly, the embarkation of St. Boniface, "the apostle of Germany," whose missionary labors were so successful in that country ; and thirdly, in the centre panel, is represented the placing of the body of Bishop Patteson in a canoe by the natives of Nukapu. In the first named panel St. Alban is re- presented as kneeling, with his hands joined in prayer, and the executioner just about to inflict the death blow (he was beheaded). In the same panel are two or three other figures : a woman with a child holding her hand, a soldier, and a figure, representing, as it would seem, an officer superintending the execution. The second-named panel represents St. Boniface on a vessel, surrounded by male and female companions, who have devoted themselves to sharing his journey and his work. It may be noted, in explaining the appropriateness of this panel, that St. Boniface was born at Crediton in the year 689. His secular name was Winfred. He received his education at the Con- ventional Church of Exeter, the site of which is now occupied by the choir of the Cathedral. St, Boniface set forth for Germany in the year 718, and, after a period of thirty-seven years of successful missionary labour, he was slain in the year 755 (at the age of 75), by the heathen, who were angry at his success in 39 turning their countrymen from the worship of idols. During his life he became Archbishop of Mayence. A brief history of both St. Alban and St. Boniface is contained in an ancient volume, drawn up by Bishop Grandisson, in the fourteenth century, used at that time in the services of the Exeter Cathedral. In the centre panel, the body of Bishop Patteson is re- presented as being placed in the canoe by three islanders, and wrapped in a mat of palm fibres. It is in the act of being lowered into the canoe by the three men, who are attired in the costume of the island, and carrying their war implements. The British ship in which Bishop Patteson had sailed to the island is represented in the left hand corner of the panel, and there are specimens of vegetable pro- ducts of the island in the back-ground. The face of Bishop Patteson has been sculptured from the latest photogram of him taken. Across the chest of the murdered prelate is carved a palm leaf, with its five nuts, signifying, it is supposed, that his death was the vengeance for five of the natives. An account of the death of Bishop Patteson will be found in the second volume of his life, by Miss Yonge, pages 569 and 570. The pulpit also contains, in the niches between the panels, carved figures of St. Paul, St. John the Baptist, and St. Stephen. St. Paul is represented standing, with the sword, the instrument of his martyrdom. St. John the Baptist is clothed with camel's hair, and with the camels head at his feet, after the conven- tional fashion. The two or three stones on the figure of Stephen indicate the manner of his martyrdom. Thus there are represented : — The first martyr of the Church, St. Stephen ; St. John the Baptist martyred by Herod ; St. Paul martyred at Rome, together with 40 the first British martyr, the great Apostle of Germany, and the death of Bishop Patteson. Running round the base of the pulpit is a carved inscription—" The noble army of martyrs praise Thee ;" beautiful foliage is carved all round the lower part of the base. The following inscription appears on a small plain panel at the side of the pulpit : — " This pulpit is placed here in memory of John Coleridge Patteson, D.D., Missionary Bishop, ordained in this Cathedral, deacon, September 25, 1853 ; piiest, September 24, 1854 ; consecrated bishop on the feast of St. Matthias, 1861 ; killed September 20, 1871, together with two fellow-workers for our Lord, at Nukapu in the South Pacific Oeean, whilst doing his duty, for which he gave up himself and all that he had."*- S. Mary In the ambulatory, on the north side, St. Mary Chapel. 6 " S Magdalen's Chapel has had if£ fine arcading renewed and the eastern portion of the floor relaid with en- caustic tiles. This part forms a raised dais, the steps of which are of polished Ashburton marble and extend the whole breadth of the chapel. In this chapel formerly stood the altar, called also " of St. John the Evangelist." The first mention of this chapel is found in the " Fabric rolls" of 1284. Here is the splendid alabaster effigy of Bp. Stafford, with its beautifully elaborate canopy, which is well deserving attention. The tomb is richly decorated with shields commemorative of alliances with the family of that nobleman. East window The east window of this chapel has five lights, richly ornamented with ancient stained glass. " In the centre is Bishop Stafford on bended knee, with hands raised in prayer, and a label with the inscrip- * Exeter Gazette, October 17, 1877. 4i tion, ' Sancta Maria Magdalena intercede pro me !' " The armorial bearings are : First, Bp. Grandisson ; second, Courtenay ; third, Bp. Stafford ; and fourth, Charlton of Powis. The north window of this chapel has six lights, and North window appears to indicate in its style the transition from Early English to Decorated Gothic. The beautiful ancient piscina on the left side in the eastern wall has been restored. The bosses of the vaulting are more ancient and considerably less in size than those in St. Gabriel's Chapel. St. Gabriel's Chapel, on the southern side of the St Gabriel's ambulatory, has also been restored in the same way, HAPEL - and the altar-dais laid with ornamental tiles, and approached by a marble step. The vaulting in this and St. Mary Magdalen's Vaulting. Chapel, which open from the retro-choir, have been painted with gold stars and silver half moons, on a ground of blue, after the original design, a fragment of which was traceable. The new east window in East window, this chapel is a memorial of the late Archdeacon of ^.^e* 1 Arch- Exeter. No one had laboured more earnestly for deacon r reeman. the restoration of the Cathedral than Archdeacon Freeman, to whose research during the first period of the operations we are indebted for much certain knowledge concerning the original builders (and from whom the compiler of these pages received many personal expressions of his genial kindness and courtesy, especially in matters concerning the work of the restoration of the Cathedral). He had arranged the subjects for the window (all relating to the ap- pearance of angels) which has now been erected to his own memory. This window is elaborately and artistically worked out in rich designs. The traceries G 42 St. Gabriel's are filled-with the monograms of the four Evangelists Chapel. and with figures of angels. There are five lights, on which are represented — 1. The appearance of the angel zo Zacharias. In the angel's hand is a scroll with the words — " Ne timeas Zacharia," and under the figure the words — " Zacharia - exaudita Est - deprecatio - tua." 2. The Archangel Michael and the dragon. Under- neath are the w r ords — M Michael - et - Angeli - eius Praeliabantur - cum - dracone." 3. The Annunciation of the Virgin. A scroll in the hands of the angel has the words — " Ave Maria/' and under the figure the words — " Angelus - Gabriel - dixit - Dominus Tecum - benedicta - tu - in - mulieribus." 4. The Maries at the tomb. Under the figures are the words — " Surrexit - non - est - hie - ecce locus - ubi - posuerunt - eum." 5. St. John at Patmos. Under the figure are tiie words — " Angelus - habens - thuribulum - ut - daret De - orationibus - sanctorum - super - Altare." There is another window in this chapel, which has been fitted with the glass taken out of the east win- dow and re-arranged in pattern, In the south-eastern wall of this chapel is a handsome Early English piscina and credence table. Bishop Bronescombe, in his Register, p. 97, ex- pressly states, that for the most part this (St. Gabriel's Chapel) had been rebuilt, and that he had chosen it for his place of interment, " fere de novo constructa juxta capellam beatae Mariae ex parte australi, ubi locum elegimus sepulturae." St. Saviours Chapel or Chantry at the south end ST j^™%* of the ambulatory adjoining St. Gabriel's Chape'! was Oldham's restored some years ago by Corpus Christi College, Oxford. This chapel was founded by Bishop Old- ham, and intended to be the repository of his remains after his death, as is seen in a deed belonging to the priest-vicars, bearing date December 30, 15 13. The chapel is redundant with rich sculptured decorations in the walls and vaulting, statues, heraldic devices, &c. The statues in the niches of the facade, and the whole of the altar- screen, which represented the An- nunciation, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Crucifixion, have been cut down and demolished, the effigy of the bishop beneath an arch has not shared the same fate, but its original colouring and gilding were renewed in 1865. He is splendidly attired in his pontificalia, his hands joined in pfayer. In addition to the family arms of the bishop are also the arms of King Athelstan and Edward the Confessor, and of England and France. The pavement of this chapel has been relaid with encaustic tiles. Facing St. Saviour's Chapel, on the south end of St. George's the ambulatory, is St. George's Chapel, sometimes Speke's called the Speke Chapel or Chantry. Under the Chantry, north window is the effigy of Sir John Speke, Knight, a representative of one of the oldest families in Devon- shire. This chapel has had a fine five-light window placed in it as a memorial of the late Archdeacon Bartholomew. The subjects represented illustrate the words, " Come unto Me all ye that labour and are 44 Memorial heavy laden, and I will give you rest." The figure of window to . Archdeacon the Saviour occupies the centre light, and the other Bartholomew c . r TT . ,. lour represent instances of His consoling power ; among them one of " dark skin," responding to the gracious invitation. At the bottom of the window is this inscription : — " In memory of John Bartholomew, Archdeacon of Barnstaple and Canon of this Cathe- dral, who died September 24, 1865, aged 75 ; and of Eliza his wife, who died November 16, 1836, aged 54, and was buried in this chapel." At the east end of this chapel the remains of a window and altar-piece similar to that in St. Saviour's have been found. St. George's Chapel was even more luxuriant in profusion of ornament than St. Saviour's ; but in 1657 l t s east window and decorated altar-piece were swept away to open a thoroughfare " into the great church, or St. Peter's in the East, partitioned from West Peter's by a brick wall erected, plastered and whitened on both sides by Walter Deeble, at the expense of £ 150." This was done in virtue of the act of the Mayor and Chamber, August 1 1, 1657; but after the wall was cleared away, upon the resto- ration of monarchy, the thoroughfare was continued till the recent restoration, when the east window was reinstated. The screen has also been restored, and the floor relaid with handsome encaustic tiles. Chapels of Much care has been bestowed in the restoration of St. Andrew & St. James the Chapel of St. Andrew, and the corresponding Chapel of St. James. The floors have been relaid with new tiles in exact imitation of the ancient paving which was discovered during the recent work. St. Andrew's Chapel, under the Exchequer room, con- tained two altars — St. Andrew's and St. Catherine's — the corbels of which still exist in situ. St. James's 45 Chapel had also two altars—St. James's and probably St. Thomas's. In each of these chapels, against the columns, are two piscinas with credences, one to each altar ; these have been restored, and are well deserving of notice ; those in St. James's Chapel are the most elegant. It may be mentioned that Pugin, in his Examples of GotJiic ArcJiiteccure, has taken special notice of them. In the will of David Hopton, Arch- deacon of Exeter, dated January 17, 1491, he leaves to this altar of St. Andrew a missal, a set of red vest- ments, a chalice, a pax of silver-gilt, two silver cruets, a great portiphorium to be chained there, and eight marks yearly for a chaplain during the space of three years to celebrate at that altar for his soul. It was the opinion of Dr. Oliver that these two chapels formed the transepts of Bishop Warelwast's cathedral. On the north wall of St. Andrew's Chapel is an ancient stone woik sedilia of three bays, which Dr. Oliver thinks may have once served for the reredos of the choir until Bp. Stapeldon erected the present more graceful ones in their place. An ancient crypt of two bays has Ancient crypt, been opened up immediately underneath St. James's Chapel, twenty feet by eighteen feet ; it has a boldly groined roof, and there are traces of a staircase which formerly led to the chapel above. It has been con- jectured, from ancient records, that Leofric, the first bishop, was interred in this crypt ; but search was made by order of the Chapter on April 30, 1847, and also during the recent restoration, yet without satis- factory result. In the south wall of St. James's Chapel is a handsomely canopied and pinnacled monument of a date evidently contemporary with the Cathedral. Passing along the south aisle from St. James's New vestry in Chapel westward, an old doorway has been opened up, as an access to the new vestry which has been 4 6 erected adjoining the above chapel during the re- storation, and fitted up with oak presses and other conveniences for the use of the dignitaries of the Cathedral. In building this vestry, evidences were found of the existence of a former vestry and vestiges of two windows, which have been utilized for the present vestry. St. Paul's In the north transept al tower is the Chapel of Chapel. p au j anc j Sylk e ' s Chantry. These have been thoroughly cleansed and restored ; the former has been fitted up as a vestry for the lay choral -vicars. " Many of the tiles in this chapel bear heraldic de- vices : — The arms of Plantaganct ; Poitou ; Scotland ; Clare ; and also the Eagle borne by the king of the Romans. All these, in the opinion of James Pulman, Esq., clarencieux, have reference to Richard, second son of King John, created by his brother, King Henry III, in 1225, Earl of Poitou and Cornwall, and elected in 1256 king of the Romans ; as also to his son Edmund, who married Margaret de Clare, daughter of Richard, Earl of Gloucester. This Ed- mund flourished during the building of St. Paul's Chapel." * Sylios's " William Sylke, to whose memory the chantry hani ry. ^ eneat j 1 t j ie dock) was founded, was a Doctor of Laws, and for many years a leading dignitary of the Cathedral, collated by Bishop Courtenay to a canonry here on November 20, 1479, and subsequently to a prebend in the church of the Holy Cross at Crediton; and on April 15, 1499, Bishop Redmayne bestowed on him the precentorship of Exeter, which he held till his death, nine years after," (1508.)^ * See Oliver, pp. 186, 187. f Ibid. 213. 47 In the south transeptal tower there was a corres- St -Michael' 1 Chantry. ponding chantry, called St. Michael's, of which there is a particular mention in the :< Fabric roll" of 1397, which inclosed the tomb of Bishop John (who died on September 3, 11 89), but nothing now remains but the tomb. On the east side of the south tower is the chapel of St B j[^{? I s T » s St. John the Baptist, which has been restored and Chapel. fitted up as a vestry for the priest-vicars of the Cathe- dral. In this chapel the three windows have been filled with stained glass in memory of the families of Heberden and Barnes. The north window has two Heberden and lights ; in the tracery is a shield bearing the arms of Memorial Barnes. On one light is represented the high priest windows. Zacharias with a censor ; and below, the angel ap- pearing to Zacharias. On the other light is a figure representing Elizabeth ; and below, represents the birth of St. John the Baptist. The east window is a very fine one with four lights ; in the traceries are represented the " Agnus Dei," surrounded with the emblems of the four evangelists and the figures of two angels. The eight subjects represented illustrate the words (which are written underneath) : " Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me " (the eight cor- poral works of mercy.) The south window has two lights ; in the tracery is a shield bearing the arms of Heberden. One one-light is a figure representing the prophet Elijah, with a scroll, upon which is written the words : " For I only remain a prophet of the Lord ; " below is represented St. John preaching ; on the other light is represented a figure of St. John with a cross and " Agnus Dei " ; below, the baptism of Christ. 4« The chapels of St. Paul's and St. John the Baptist were probably erected by Bishop Peter Quivil. The Clock. The clock over the chantry of William Sylke merits particular attention both from its remote age and from the peculiarity of its mechanism. It was constructed on the now exploded principle of astronomy which regarded the earth as the centre of the universe, and it shows the hour of the day and the age of the moon. On the face or dial, which is about seven feet in diameter, are two circles : one marked from I to 30 for the moon's age ; the ether figured from I to XII, twice over, for the hours. ]n the centre is fixed a semi-globe, representing the earth, round which a smaller ball, the moon, painted half white and half black, revolves monthly, and by turning upon its axis shows the varying phases of the luminary which it represents. Between the two circles is a third ball, representing the sun, with a fleur-de-lis, which points to the hours as it daily revolves round the earth. Some additional works were added in the year 1760 to show the minutes, which are painted in a circle over the ancient dial. This machine is wound up daily ; the hours are struck upon the great bell. This clock has been generally regarded as the gift of Bishop Courtenay ; but this is doubtful. The rude, though strong, workmanship of the present clock, its general design, and the appearance of antiquity which it possesses, seem more particularly to belong to the reign of Edward II than with the more advanced period of Courtenay's time.* There is a reference to a clock in the " Fabric rolls" 1 376- 1 377 ; another seems to have replaced it in 1424, when John Budde was paid the large sum * Britton, 115, 116, 117. 49 of £3 133. 4d. for painting it. The motto now upon it is — " PEREUNT ET IMPUTANTUR." [They (the hours) pass, and are placed to our account.] Of the ornament which formerly ran along the upper ledge only fragments remain. " Nearly facing the north porch was formerly the bishop chantry of Bishop Brantyngham, which he endowed H^ s Tur '" with the rectory of Morthoe, with the consent of the Chantry. crown, on July S, 1379. Izacke laments 'the em- bezzlement of his brass effigy in this sacrilegious age.' This chantry, which has long since disappeared, Oliver believes was dedicated to St. Anne, for whom the founder had a special veneration. From the publica- tion of the bull of Pope Urban VI, dated July 21, 1 38 1, in her honour, the devotion of the faithful to her memory greatly increased in this diocese."* (Brantyngham's Register, i, fo. 108). St. Edmund's Chapel, now used as the Consistory St. Edmund's court, in the north-west bay of the nave has been thoroughly restored, and the old pavement repro- duced in tiles made from the pattern afforded by the remains which were discovered under the wooden floor, and the doorway of the oak-screen from the nave has been restored to its original position. It was long suspected that there was a crypt beneath, but after careful search no trace has been found. Under the east window of this chapel are still to be seen the remains of an old altar slab, on the right side of which is an ancient piscina and credence table above. Contiguous to this chapel there was formerly a chapel called St. Mary, or the Charnel Chapel. It is stated by Oliver (217) that the treasurer, John Ryse, * See Oliver, 215, 216. H 50 on March 18, 1522, founded a mass of the Holy Ghost to be daily celebrated for his prosperity during his life, and of a requiem after his death, which took place in May, 153 r. Before the end of the sixteenth century St. Mary's Chapel had disappeared altogether. . Rade- The Chapel, or Chantry, of St. Radegunde, on ^uncle's Chapel the south side of the great western door, has not, to the present, shared in the general restoration of the Cathedral. Perhaps the earliest mention of this chapel is found in a deed in the possession of the Chapter — ' St Radegunde's within St. Peter's ceme- tery' — wherein it occurs twice, bearing date A.D. 1220, in the mayoralty of William Turbest, and attested by the then Bishop of Exeter, Simon de Apulia. Bishop Grand isson, the great benefactor of the Cathedral, prepared this chapel of St. Kadegunde twenty 7 years before his death, which occurred on July 15, 1369, where, according to his directions, he was buried. This prelate's tomb, according to Hooker in his Histoty, 1599, for the use of the Corporation of Exeter, " was of late pulled up, and the ashes scattered abroad, and the bones bestowed no man knoweth where." And Westcote, in his Survey of Devon, completed in 1630, observes that " he was taken up shrouded in lead, not long since ; the lead melted, and the chapel defaced — an unworthy deed ; and it is to me a marvel that they escaped unpunished. In regard the very heathen had laws against violating or defacing of monuments or sepulchres ."* There are still the remains of a sculptured reredos on the south side of this chapel, which has been much mutilated and defaced. On the western wall, at the springing of the arch over the the window, are sculp- * Westcote, edition 1845, P- l6 7- 5i tured corbels representing on one side a lion and the other a lamb. It was believed that on the opposite side of the western doorway there existed another chapel to correspond with St. Radegunde's, and in piercing the masonry there appeared no evidence of a chapel ; but an important discovery was made, which clearly proved that the existing western screen was added to the structure some years after the completion of the western end of the Cathedral, as the original front, with mouldings and buttresses, is still in existence against which the subsequent existing screen was built. Between the south tower and the Chapter house is HOLY Ghost Chapel. the little chapel of the Holy Ghost. There is no certainty as to the date of this chapel ; some previous testimony has been handed down by Hooker that it may be a relic of Leofric's church. It appears on a seal of the Chapter, and most likely dates from the same period as the Chapter house, which was built by Bishop Bruere, 12 24- 1244. Mention is made in the Tourists Manuscript in August 1635: "this chapel was artificially covered with joyner's work." In 1658 this wainscot was ordered to be taken down and made use of when the Cathedral was divided. At present it has a plain semi-circular arched roof, and is used as a vestry for the choristers. The Chapter house, which is contiguous to the chapel Chapter of the Holy Ghost, opens out into what is still called HouSE * the cloisters, has not undergone any restoration. The lower part, as far as the sills of the windows, is sur- rounded with an arcading of Early English, which from its style and character was doubtless erected 52 during the reign of Henry III in the episcopate of Bruere or Blondy. The upper portion from the ar- cade, with its perpendicular niches, was the work of Bishop Lacy (1420-1455.) The beautiful panelled wood ceiling, which is richly painted and gilded, and bears the arms of Bishop Bothe (as also those of his predecessor), was doubtless completed by him (1465- 1478.) The eastern window is probably the work of Bishop Neville (1458 -1465.) The upper part of the building was in a ruinous condition previous to Bishop Lacy's accession, as it appears from entries in the Fabric rolls of 1412-13 and 1418-19. "In this Chap- ter house it was not unusual for bishops to initiate clerks by the tonsure," * y " It is now used as the Chapter library, and contains upwards of 8000 volumes and many very ancient and valuable MSS. Amongst them the Exeter Domesday Book and the original Foundation Charter of Edward the Confessor, which was only discovered amongst other documents in the year 1870. A full descripton of it may be found in Freeman's Exeter Cathedral, p. 65, and note 86. The proportion of the Chapter house is seventy-five feet long including - the vestibule, isions. J fc. fc> t thirty feet wide, and nearly forty feet in height. In taking a general survey of those parts of the interior which are not seen by the visitor, the work of the recent restoration has been carried out with equal care and efficiency as the rest, and every means used for strengthening the weak parts and ensuring the general stability of the whole. It had long been observed that the immense ribbed frame work of solid oak which forms the roof had fallen very considerably out of the perpendicular, occasioned by the cutting * Oliver, 246. 53 off the tie beams over the vaulting ; this has been securely strengthened with iron girders and struts. In the event of fire, a new and special provision has Provision • r against fire. been made for such a contingency, in the erection ot two large reservoirs for water (supplied from the draining of the roofs of the towers) over the vaulting by the north and south towers, with a good supply of buckets and other necessary appliances. With the view of strengthening the walls of the south tower, in which was observed a fracture, it was deemed advisable to fill up with solid masonry the staircase leading from the transept below to the belfry. " It may be gathered from the Fabric rolls, ex- History of amined by Dr. Oliver and the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, 1HE ELLS from 1285 to 1439, that there were at that early period ten bells. Such an unusual number can only be accounted for by supposing that some of them were provided for certain services, and were hung within the choir or nave, as it appears by Rocca, in his Treatise on Bells (16 12), and Carlo Borromeo, that seven was the number allowed to a cathedral tower. " Bishop Leofric, 1050, found seven bells in the Cathedral. He is recorded to have added six others, and a dozen smaller ones, probably for chimes. — Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicctnmn, vol. ii, p. 527.* " Of the bells enumerated on the Fabric rolls, 1286- 1453, only two are at present known by the same name, viz., Grandisson, which is the tenor of the ring of ten, and Great Peter ; but that Peter must have been different from the present one, which was the gift of Bishop Courtenay in 1484. " There is a tradition at Llandaff that our * Peter ' * Cathedral Bells of Exon, Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, p. I, and fuot note. 54 bell was taken from that city in exchange for five bells brought from Exeter in Bishop Courtenay's time ; and certain it is that the tower of LlandafT was built 1484, the date of the gift of this bell."f Great Peter s« Q n cer t a in occasions 'Great Peter' used to be Bell in St. Paul's or rung, and it appears by entries in the Acts of Chapter, " 01t 1 t0 ^ er " March 11, 161 1, that it was crazed when lung on November 5, 16 10 (most likely in commemorating of the Gunpowder Plot), and in the Acts of March 21, 161 1, it was decreed that it 'should be new cast at the charge of the church,' which was not carried into effect till 1676, when it was cast by Thomas Perdue." " At present there are no wheels attached to this bell, and the curfew and other rollings are pulsed by means of a heavy hammer striking on the outside, and in this way it is tolled every morning for Mattins fifteen minutes, and then doubled ten minutes ; after which the ringer walks away to the south tower and rings out the treble of the ten for five minutes till Peter strikes the hour. The curfew is tolled every evening after the clock strikes eight; the number of blows is regulated by the number of the days in the month, and a pause after eight blows are struck." Eleven bells in In the south or St. Peter's tower are eleven bells, St. Peter's j- en Q f w hich are rung; in peal. or south & r tower. 64 Bishop Oldham, in his Statutes 15 n, directs how the annuelarii (or chantry priests) were to sound a certain number of times with one bell, then a full tolling of all the bells at the canonical hours, after the accustomed manner, at the close of which the service was to begin. " Every person living within the sound of these glorious bells knows that at the hours of service each t Ibid, p. 2, &c. 55 bell is first sounded a few times, and then the whole are sounded or chimed in succession ; may it not, therefore, be fairly presumed that this has sprung from ancient usage ? u Looking at the various dates of the several bells which compose this noble ring (surpassed by none in the kingdom, either in weight of metal or richness of tone), it is a matter of surprise that they harmonize so perfectly together. And so scientifically has the whole ring been constructed, that, besides the ring of ten in B flat, of eight in B flat, of six in B flat, and six in F, which it contains, it is capable of producing (by the introduction of A flat) three other rings, viz. : one of six in E flat, one of eight in C minor, and one of six in C minor. " Risdon, in his Survey of Devon, which is said to have been written before 1640, says, ' There be eight bells serving for daily use, which were escheated in the sixth year Edward VI. ' " Judging from appearances, nothing has been thoroughly done to them from that time to the present, excepting trifling mendings as occasion might require, and therefore it is not to be wondered at that they are not in that excellent order which is so neces- sary for ringing, properly so called, that is half-pull changes, indeed the tenors are too heavy for such use. "For the other services than those already specified, the following is the use : the sixth bell is struck four blows a minute five minutes, and after that it is struck quickly for one minute, then the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, each in succession one minute ; after which the whole ten are pulled in succession or chimed five minutes till Peter strikes the hour, which seems to be in accordance with the extract from Bishop Oldham's Statutes." 56 o CM CM O O o CI CM CM r-i 00 o oo ON o CM >o O CM O V o Q U ec o HOD 3 CO U w W O ; W o H CO • < • U o o £^ £ ° o o O or* £ ••• ~2 Li] < •:*P •••GO W7 3g £ £ "2 ^ CO £ ^ ^ i o x o w w u M <: o ••>x or u p-1 << • • . .u '° © G ^ ' S > * • ■ w go* ..so " O ~ GO 5 73 1) rt "35 >> "H rt 72 V, o UK £^ W H • O >Q o 73 £ c o S2 a S Eh ' _ 2" UO S g..g x o — c c rt o o Pi h Chancellor Harington Chapel ' Stained glass Coleridge Me- morial Window in South Transept Stained glass Courtenay \ Ar • i tit- 1 ( Rt. Honble. Earl of Memorial Window over > south door of Nave / Devon Stained glass Bartholomew ^ The Family of the Memorial Window, Speke I late Archdeacon Chapel ) Bartholomew The four side Windows in ) the Lady Chapel in me- > B Y subscription mory of Bishop Phillpotts ; Two stained glass windows"! in St. Gabriel's Chapel, in ^ By subscripti( memory of the late Arch" deacon Ereeman J Pulpit in Nave in memory of the late Bishop Patte- (By subscription son :ion ■- (By si 64 BISHOPS OF EXETER. Bishops. A.D. 1 Leofric - - 1050- 1072 2 Osbern or Osbert - 1072-1103 3 William Warelwast - 1107-1136 4 Robert Chichester - 1138-1155 5 Robert Warelwast - 1 1 5 5 - 1 1 60 6 Bartholomew - 1 161- 1 184 7 John the Chanter - 1186-1191 8 Henry Marshall - 1 194-1206 9 Simon de Apulia - 12 14-1223 10 William Bruere or 1224- 1244 B re were 11 Richard Blondy - 124 5-1257 12 Walter Bronescombe - 12 57- 1280 13 Peter Quivil - 1280-1291 14 Thomas de Bitton - 1292- 1307 15 Walter de Stapeldon - 1308- 1326 16 James Berkely - 1 326- 1327 17 John de Grandisson - 1 327- 1369 18 Thos. de Brantyngham 1370-1394 19 Edmund Stafford - 1395-14 [9 20 John Ketterick - 14 19 21 Edmund Lacy - 1420- 145 5 22 George Nevylle - 1458-1465 23 John Bothe - 1465-1478 Kings. Edward Confessor William I. William I. William II. Henry I. Henry I. Stephen. Stephen Henry II. Henry II, Henry II. Henry II. Richard I. Richard I. John John Henry III. Henry III. Henry III. Henry III. Edward I. Edward I. Edward I. Edward II. Edward II. Edward III. Edward III. Edward III. Richard II. Richard II. Henry IV. Henry V. Henry V. Henry V. Henry VI. Henry VI. Edward IV. Edward IV. 65 Bishops. 24 Peter Courtenay 25 Richard Fox 26 Oliver King 27 Richard Redmayne - 28 John Arundell 29 Hugh Oldham 30 John Veysey 31 Myles Coverdale John Veysey (restored) 32 James Tuberville 33 William Alley 34 William Bradbridge - 35 John Wool ton 36 Gervase Babington - 37 William Cotton 38 Valentine Gary 39 Joseph Hall 40 Ralph Brownrigg 41 John Gauden 42 Seth Ward 43 Anthony Sparrow 44 Thos. Lamplugh 45 Sir John Trelawny 46 Offspring Blackall 47 Launcelot Blackburne 48 Stephen Weston 49 Nicholas Clagget 50 George Lavington 51 Frederick Keppel 52 John Ross 53 William Buller 54 Henry Reginald Courtenay K A.D. Kings. 1478- 1485 Edward IV. Henry VII. 1487- 149 1 Henry VII. 1492-1495 Henry VII. 1496-1501 Henry VII. 1 502- 1 503 Henry VII. 1504-15 19 Henry VII. Henry VIII. 1 5 T 9- 1 5 5 1 Henry VIII. Edward VI 1551-1555 Edward VI. Mary I. 1553-1554 Mary I. I 555" I 559 Mary I. Elizabeth 1 560-1 5 70 Elizabeth 1 5 7°- 1 5 7^ Elizabeth 1 5 79- 1 594 Elizabeth 1 594" 1 597 Elizabeth 1 598- 162 1 Elizabeth James I. 162 1 -1626 James I. Charles I. 1 627-1641 Charles I. 1642- 1659 Charles I. Protectorate 1 660- 1 662 Charles II. 1662-1667 Charles II. 1 667- 1 676 Charles II. 1676-168S Charles II. James II. William III. 1688-1707 William III. Anne 1708-17 16 Anne. George I. 171 7-1724 George I. 1 724- 1 742 George I. George II. 1 742- 1 746 George II. 1 747- 1 762 George II. George III. 1763-1777 George III. 1778-1792 George III. 1792-1796 George III. 1 797- 1 803 George III. 66 Bishops. 55 John Fisher 56 George Pelham 57 William Carey 58 Christopher Bethell 59 Henry Phillpotts 60 Frederick Temple A.D. Kings. 1 803- 1 807 George III. 1 807- 1 820 George III. 1 820- 1 830 George III. George IV. 1830 George IV. 1 830- 1 869 William IV. Victoria 1869 Victoria 67 STATUES ON THE WESTERN SCREEN. Mr. Davey, in his MS. history, &c. of this Cathedral, gives the following names to these statues, commencing on the left hand, at the north : — I O 1 bamuel 19 C j T ~ 1, bt. John 2 bam son 20 Cj. t i\/r • St. James Major 3 Jepntna 2 1 bt. 1 horn as 4 Gideon 22 bt. James lvlinor 5 T > „ 1 Barak 2 3 bt. bimon O Deborah 24 Pi. T 1 bt. Duke 7 Noah 25 Q o St. Matthew 26 St. Augustin 9 St. John 27 King Ethelbert IO St. Jude 28 bt. Binnus 1 1 St. Bartholomew 29 bt. Bomtace 12 St. Matthias 30 King Kenigils r 3 St. Philip 3i King Quichelm 14 St. Andrew 32 King Kenwalsh 15 St. Peter 33 King Kentwald 16 King Richard EL 34 King Ceadwallo 17 King Athelstane 35 King Ina 18 St. Paul he 1 bwer row he states to be : — i King Canute 8 King Henry III. 2 King Edgar 9 Bishop 3 King Ethelred 10 Bishop 4 Justice 1 1 King Richard I. 5 Fortitude 12 King Henry II. 6 Discipline 13 K ing Stephen 7 King Edward II. 14 King Henry I. 68 15 King; William I. 2 3 King Edward III. i6 Robert Duke of 24 King Edward (bust) Normandy the Black Prince 17 King William II. 2S Godfrey de Bouillon 18 Bishop 26 Stephen Count de Blois 19 Bishop 27 Guy de Lusignan 20 Bishop 28 King Ethel wold 21 King John 29 King Alfred 22 King Edward I. 30 King Edward the Elder Two other statues, in niches, on the flying buttresses, are said to denote King Athelstan and King Edward the Confessor, with shields of arms underneath ; some of these statues are disposed on the returns of the buttresses. Though Mr. Davey, aided by the late Mr. Carter, has thus given names to all the statues, we apprehend that many are very questionable ; indeed he admits that " some are dubious." * * Britton, p. 111. 6 9 PROPORTIONS OF CATHEDRAL.* Feet. Length of nave - - - - - 1 80 „ choir ----- 132 Breadth of transept - . - - 32 Length of Lady Chapel - - - 65 Total length - 409 Breadth of nave - - - - 40 choir - - - - 34 „ aisles - - - - 20 „ Lady Chapel - - - - 35 Length of transept - - - - 140 „ one aisle - - - - 148 „ other - 132 Height of nave, choir and transept • - 68 aisles - - ^ - - 35 „ Lady Chapel - - - 40 „ towers - - - 145 • from J)ugd;ilc's Sluiiasiuon Anglicanum, vol. ii, p. $ 2 5 ! RE- OPENING OF TIIK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. PETER, EXETER, October iSt/i and igf/i, A.D. 1877. RE-OPENING OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH, &c. Thursday and Friday, the 18th and 19th October 1877, were the days appointed for the re-opening of the Cathedral. At the morning service of Thursday (which commenced at half-past ten) the Mayor and Corporatir.n, in their civic robes, proceeded from the Guildhall to the Cathedral, where they were met at the western entrance by the Clergy, the Cathedral Dignitaries, and the seven Bishops. The order of the procession was as follows : — The Mayor (William Cuthbertson, Esq.) The Mayors Chaplain (Rev. Maurice Swabey, M.A.) The Sheriff of Exeter (J. L. Thomas, Esq.) Aldermen. Councillors Magistrates. Civic Officers. The Treasurer of the Restoration Fund. The Architect (Sir G. Gilbert Scott. R.A.) Chapter Clerk (J. Battishill, Esq.) Choristers of the Cathedral. Lay Vicars. The Parochial Clergy (numbering nearly 400.) The Priest Vicars. Rev. E. T. Foweraker. Rev. J. C. Rowlatt. Rev. H. E. Reynolds. Rev. W. David. h 74 The Prebendaries, viz. : — Rev. P. Hedgeland, M.A. Rev. W. H. Karsiake, B.A. Rev. R. H. Barnes, m.a. Rev. A C. Thynne, M.A. Rev. J. Percival, M.A. Rev. J C. Kempe, M.A. Rev. R. B. Kinsman, M.A. Rev. C. F Smith, M.A. Rev. R. R. Wolfe, M.A. Rev. P. L. Dyke Acland, M.A. The Rev. the Hon. H. II. Courtenay, M.A, The Rev. Canon S. U. B Lee, M.A. Archdeacon of Barnstaple (The Yen. Henry Woollcombe, MA.) Archdeacon of Totnes ( The Ven Alfred Earle, M.A.) Archdeacon of Exeter (The Ven. Henry Sanders, M.A.) Treasurer — Rev. John M. Hawker, M.A. Chancellor — Rev. Edward C. Harington, M.A. Precentor — Rev. Frederick C. Cook, M.A. Dean — The Very Rev. Archibald Bo} d, D.D. The Right Rev. Edward Harold Browne, D.D., Lord Bishop of Winchester. The Right Rev. George Moberly, D.C.L., Lord Bishop of Salisbury. The Right Rev. and Right Hon. Lord Arthur Harvey, D.D., Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells. The Right Rev. John Fielder Mackarness, D.D., Lord Bishop of Oxford. The Right Rev. William George Tozer, D.D., late Bishop of Zanzibar. The Right Rev. Edward White Benson. U.D., Lord Bishop of Truro. The Right Rev. Frederick Temple, D.D., Lord Bishop of Exeter. SERMON I. Preached by the Lord Bishop of Winchester, at the Morning Service of Thursday, October iSth. " A man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth." St. Luke xii, 15. "There is an inner and an outer life in man. The one closely related to the other, and yet not all the same. Is there any man never conscious of this ? Sometimes indeed we feel it so, that when we watch our thoughts and actions, we seem to ourselves to be two men in one. The outer man we can almost separate from ourselves, feeling as if it belonged to us but as a character in a play, or a mask at a pantomime. And, still, for all this, the inner man gives its activity to the outer. It is the wizard in the box which draws the strings of the automaton But in the inner man itself there is not absolute unity. Sometimes, perhaps, the strong man armed keepeth the cicy, and so all is at peace. A dead conscience, a paralysed will, slavery to passion and to self keep some people so bound, that there is no conflict within, and so no sense of duality. To this extent the sleep of evil should oppress but few of us in a Christian church, though but few have never passed through a stage in their history when there was not some insensibility, not some apathy, not some reign of sense, and forgetfulness of heaven. But mostly the Christian heart at least is sensible of conflict, sensible that within, in the inmost sanctuary, whither no stranger enters, there are two powers at work — a power great and good, and a power great but evil. Without such conflict there is, indeed, little life. 7 6 " So with most of us— so, in truth, with all of us — there is a twofold history, a history without and a history within ; the events of one intertwined with those of the other, and the two making up the one complex history, the one complex life of our being. And our inmost, our religious life, is our true life. In its ups and its downs, in its conquests and its defeats, it has made us, and is ever making us what we are and what we shall be. Very often in childhood the germ is feeble, little noticed. Very often, when it has shown signs of healthy life, and puts forth buds of hope, there ' comes a frost, a killing frost,' or a storm of passion, or a load of worldliness, chilling, or scattering, or stifling it. Yet often again there is a reviving breath, some showers of sorrow, or some sunlight of love, quickening and restoring it. So it goes on, struggling through many changes, from simple childhood to hot youth and practical laborious manhood, till it reaches its old age ; ever that into which its past history has moulded it, and the character so moulded passes on from the stream of historic life, till it is lost in the ocean of eternity. " It has been often noted, till it has passed into a proverb, that nations have a life, like men. Every nation has had a continuous history, diversified by many changes, but maintaining more or less of unity to the end. Some have had short lives, some long, some feverish with excitement, others quiet and stagnant ; but there has run a thread throughout which it requires but little skill to track. And, moreover, its duality is as true as its unity. A nation, like a man, has an inner and an outer life. They can be distinguished but they cannot be separated ; and the one does and must affect, mould, guide the other. The outer life of a people is social, agricultural, commercial, military, political. Its inner life is its faith, let that faith be what it may. We may limit it here to Christian faith ; but it is true of heathen faith too ; far, infinitely inferior to Christian faith, but yet motive and, in the absence of what is higher, motive for good. The Romans, who subdued the world, said that it was not their ff numbers, their wealth, nor their courage, but their religion which made them great. And so, with all the faults of their religion, it was. Whilst they kept the rude faith cf their forefathers, and the manliness, truth, and honesty which it taught them, they rude forth only to conquer. When they lost it all in their imperial glory, they fell, never to rise. " Probably in no part of modern Europe has this duality, and unity in duality, been so marked, and has exercised such a power, as in England. We know very little about the religion, very little about the history of England, till it became Christian. There are dim records of Druidism and of British princes, savage but sometimes noble, when first Rome discovered Britain. We know something of the Saxons, Angles, Jutes, Danes, and Norse- men, who harassed and invaded British shores ; something of their military and civil, something of their religious customs and manners. But it can then hardly be called a history ; they could hardly be called nations. It was when Britain became Christian that it had a national life. And when the Angles and Jutes had settled here and had driven off the British Christians, it was not till they had embraced the Christianity which they had persecuted that they were by it welded into a nation, with a national history — a national heart and a nation's life. Our Christianity indeed came before our nationality, and produced it. Since then it has lived within the nation and has been the nation's truest life. " I must trace it, but rapidly and briefly. When the Saxons and Jutes and Angles first came among us, they came as separate little tribes, forming little, separate kingdoms with petty princes over them. They had driven the Church of God into the moun- tains of Wales. But it came to them again and penetrated into them. A feeble band of Bishops and priests landed in Kent and spoke of Jesus Christ, of Mis Cross and of His glory, and the little kingdom of Kent bowed before the Kingdom of God. And then another and another tribe accepted Christ as its King. In less than forty years from the founding of the bishopric of 73 Canterbury in Kent, the kingdom of Wessex, too, had its Bishop, and built its cathedrals at Winchester and Dorchester, and its bishopric reached from the borders of Kent and from the Thames in London to the Land's End in Cornwall and the bounds of the wide Atlantic, taking in the present dioceses of Winchester, Chi- chester, Salisbury, Bath and Wells, Exeter, Truro, and most of Ro- chester. And though the kingdoms of Kent, Wessex, and Mercia and Northumbria were all separate kingdoms, yet the churches and the Bishops and the dioceses all belonged to one kingdom, and its King was Christ ; and so, by its influence, and often its example, the many little kingdoms with their many little kings, which we call the Heptarchy, were at length compacted into one kingdom of England, and Egbert, King of the West Saxons, was crowned first King of England at his own royal city of Win- chester, probably A.D. 827. Thus truly, the one Church of God compacted and created the one kingdom of England. It is more than a thousand years since Egbert converted the Heptarchy into a Monarchy. The Monarchy of England has gone through many changes since ; but it is still historically one, notwithstand- ing even the Conquest and the Revolution. It is more than 1,200 years since Augustine brought the Church of Christ back to the people which had rejected and destroyed it. That Church here has gone through many changes, too ; but it, like the Mon- archy, is still historically one. That Church from the first has intertwined its life with the nation's life. Its life has been the nation's own inner life, as much as a man's heart and conscience is his inner life and his truest being. There were times when this was more apparent, times when it was more obscure. Prob- ably in the earliest ages of England's Christianity, of England's nationality, the union and the influence were more apparent than at any time since. In early Saxon days and throughout Anglo- Saxon history there was a constant blending of the Church's with the nation's work. The King summoned his seventeen Bishops and his twenty or thirty earls to his parliament. The Bishop or his Archdeacon sat with the earl or earldoman, or with 79 the sheriff of the county, in the court of the shire. The counsels of the Church mingled freely with the counsels of the State ; the two streams flowed in one channel ; they were but one river, more or less clear, more or less turbid, as the Church stream flowed more freely into the nation's, or the world stream more pervaded the Church. " I am not here to defend all that the Church has done in its 1,200 years of varied and troubled life in England. It came to us late in the sixth century, and even then its early purity may have been tarnished by the world's taint. It may at one time have gained excessive power ; it may not always have used that power meekly. It may have contracted error from the growth of ignorance and the influence of foreign prelates. But evil as is the corruption of what is good (corruptio opt'nni pessima) — evil, too, as it may have been for the Church, when statesmen, and lawyers, and Judges were chiefly recruited from the ranks of Churchmen— even so, in the times of deepest darkness, what light there was, what life there was in our own land and in every other land in Europe was Church light and Church life, and thai: which it kindled up in the souls of men, and which it spread around in the society of men. A nation may often treat its faith much as a man treats his conscience. In its best moods it listens to it, educates it (for conscience needs education), develops it, and so lives by it. In its worst moods it neglects it, stifles it, corrupts it, and sometimes casts it off for ever A conscience is a most delicate instrument ; carefully tuned and strictly guarded it will always speak true. But it can be warped and strained and mismanaged till it only speaks false. Nine-tenths of the consciences in Christendom cannot be trusted because their masters have acted as their masters, not as their scholars and disciples. They have bent conscience to their wills, instead of bending their wills to conscience. The like dealing of nations with their faith has much to do with the Church history of the world. In one sense a nation is the master of its Church, whilst the Church is the teacher of the nation When a nation uses its So Church only to comfort it in its troubles, or to encourage it in its wilfulness, but will not listen when it warns against its sins, the Church is sure to be corrupted, as in the single soul the conscience is stilled. " I have not time to trace the progress of corruption or the struggles against it in every age of our history. There has been no age in which errors on the one side or the other have not threatened the purity of the faith and the health of the Church. There has been no age in which noble spirits have not vigorously resisted the evil, though sometimes themselves not wholly un- tainted by it. Here and there, as we look back over the map of time, we see black spots, marking an age of deadness, or in- difference, or error. Then, again, like volcanoes or hurricanes in geographic charts, we see periods of fierce convulsion, the result of former ignorance or apathy, clearing the atmosphere, but almost disintegrating society and followed for a time by evils even worse than those which they dispelled. The sins of men have been ever countervailing the counsels of God. Yet still the stream flows on. From the first to the last the nation's life has been instinct with her Church's life ; and again that life sustained and vivified by the life of Christ. " To turn once more from a nation to a ruler, we may say, (may we not ?) that the outer life is that we see, and the inner life is often unseen. Yet one who watches carefully can see tokens of inner life and of its workings in each one of his fellows. Some- times not only tokens, but monuments. They are not those which men mostly mark. It is not a man's professional success, nor his mercantile prosperity, nor his public career, his wealth, or his failure, which tells the true tale. We must mostly look nearer home, see him in his village, or his street ; in his house, in his family, in his closet. And yet there are sensible monu- ments too. Living monuments are often the truest. A pious household, children and servants trained to goodness and truth, neighbours blessed by the example and the atmosphere of a Christian life, rise up and call men blessed. Some too, the cSl wealthy and the powerful, can direct their wealth and power into channels which may bring down blessings to future ages. Bear with me if I instance in one, who has not long passed away, and whom many here have known. To the world he may have seemed a rich and prosperous man, sure to have the world's good word, because he had the world's wealth. He lived as became one who was wealthy — kind, genial, and hospitable. All this told nothing of his inner life. It was his outward history only. Yet there are other monuments, and he left them on all hands. Churches built, parishes endowed, schools for the young, homes for the poor, retirements for the disappointed marked his way, go where he would. More than one such he left us in this city. Those who knew him as I did, know well that these were truer tokens of his life within than terraced gardens, or timbered parks, or stately palaces. His life, indeed, consisted not in the abun- dance of the things which he possessed — I speak of William Gibbs ; I might have said much the same of John Dinham. " Now turn we to the nation. We are known abroad for our skill in arms and arts. Our armies have never ceased to conquer, our fleets have swept the seas, our merchants have been the traffickers of the world. Men have wondered after us for all this ; but they have not loved us. These are but tokens of our outer being. " If this were all, when nations must give account, as men must, we should be weighed in the balance and found wanting. Thank God — (let us not boast, but let us be thankful) — thank- God, there arc tokens, monuments, too, of an inner life amongst us. Slaves set free ; prisons turned into reformatories ; laws gradually made more mercifui, many an old endowment, many a living fund by which the wants of body and soul are cared for and ministered to, schools, colleges, hospitals, almshouses, Missions (bear witness the pulpit from which 1 preach, memorial of a martyred missionary), all these come down from our fore- fathers, not neglected by their children. Most apparent arc our churches. Through Christendom a nation's churches are tokens M 32 and monuments of a nation's faith : and no nation has such churches as England. To speak once more of one lately taken away from us, known, too, and honoured by many of us. One who had visited churches throughout Europe, and knew more of the churches of England and of Europe than any man in this country, used to say that England had a greater number of noble parish churches than all the rest of Europe together. This surely speaks the faith of our fathers. This surely is a monument of the nation's life. Indeed their decay was once a witness against us: yet (may we not hope?) their restoration testifies that life is not extinct in us, that with all the struggles, changes, rises, and falls of our religious history, still the life of God is in the Church, and still the Church's life is in the land. I do not know if we can say all of our cathedrals, that Sir Stephen Glynne said of our village churches. Our village churches are, indeed, unrivalled ; but our cathedral churches, too, will well bear comparison with the grandest in Europe. Considering, indeed, the small area of England, and until this century its small population, we may say that our cathedrals are propor- tionately nobler and more numerous than those of any single nation in the world. And a cathedral is a great historical monument of the piety, and the liberality, and the civilization and the art-skill of a nation. " And, brethren, you have one of the loveliest here. It may not have all the grandeur of size, of height and length, which belongs to Westminster and Lincoln, and Ely and Winchester, and York and Canterbury ; but the chaste richness of its detail, its vaulted roof, its clustered columns, its mullioned windows' are, perhaps, unrivalled in Christendom. Every hour you gaze on it, it grows more beautiful beneath your gaze. Only those who have worshipped in it, week after week, and year after year (as some of you, and as once I with you, have done) can know how the sacred stillness of its aisles, the arched glories of its roof, the light of heaven streaming through its storied windows, and then the voice of praise echoing through its 33 arches, can aid the reverence and can warm the devotion of a soul seeking its Saviour and struggling upwards to its Father. Such buildings are indeed the utterance of a people's inner life; and they are its help, as they. are its voice. "Will you come with me for a moment in thoughl, and picture to yourselves a vastly different scene ? Let us suppose a nation with none of these things. Let us imagine Exeter, if its grand minster and its twenty-five churches were all gone. Let us think of England with no one of its thirty cathedrals and its twice ten thousand parish churches, without a house of God, without a parsonage, without a parish priest. Let us suppose them never built and founded, or swept off with one fell swoop, as some would have them swept off now. Look on this picture and on that. What would in this latter case be a nation's history? What would be a nation's hope ? Let us leave its wealth, its commerce, its politics, its wars, its crimes ; and let us erase its Church. What, then, is the voice ot its inner life ? What the utterance of its inner heart ? There might remain its fleets and its barracks, its markets, its prisons, and its bureaus. I do not think there would be its hospitals, perhaps not even its workhouses ; they came of Christian faith and Christian charity. We have sorrow enough, we have sin enough, we have pride enough, we have hatred enough, God knows, now. What would there be if our churches had become theatres, or music-halls, or even schools of art, or science, or scholarship, and our cathedrals banqueting-rooms, and our parsonages stations of police ? I cannot dwell upon the scene. I ask you to picture it to yourself. A nation it might be wealthy, warlike, powerful, proud, but with no re- straint, witli no fear, with no faith, with no hope, with nothing but iron-handed strength, grinding and ground down, till the very grindstones would leave no powder to tell men of their strife. " Oh, brethren, we may be thankful to God, that for the many centuries of our national life, there has been an inner life, a life of faith beneath the rough surface of our island home, and that it 84 has spoken out, and that its voice is yet heard, unsilenced even by the storms that howl around us, storms of sin, storms of worldliness, storms of discord, political and religious. "This day of festive joy is no time for gloomy forebodings. We have had for centuries, we have still, blessings in abun- dance. Well may we rejoice and give thanks for them. This Cathedral Church can tell a history of deep import, if we will listen to it. It tells of the Church of Christ brought here from early times, struggling onward, struggling upward, warmed by the light of heaven, and watered by its dews, yet at times chilled by the frost, or tempest-tost by the wind. Look at its grand old Norman towers, firmly set when all the world around was shaken and convulsed. Look at the marvellous skill with which increasing civilisation found a way to retain these magnifi- cent monuments of a ruder age, and yet to burrow under and pierce through them, so that they should minister to the wants and sympathies of a taste more refined and graceful. If we could look back some four or five centuries, we might, perhaps, see this glorious house, built only for the worship of God in Christ, filled for a time with relics and ornaments, which served a worship of created beings, of the Blessed Virgin Mother of Christ, of the holy Apostles and martyrs of the Church. We look again, and all these are gone : the house is still the same, the same Church of God still lives and prays and praises in its aisles, but that which -desecrated rather than decorated it has passed away. The simplicity of an earlier age is here again. We look once more, and we see a sadder scene. The stream turned 350 years ago ; it swelled till it became a torrent. Wise reform changed into frantic revolution, till men broke down all the carved work with axes and hammers, and almost made the beautiful temple in which our fathers worshipped a desolation, a ruin. Long and slowly have we recovered from that time of rebuke. Faction and party spirit first gave way to indifference and irreligion. For a time all care for the house of God seemed gone, for God Himself was but little in men's minds. But He 85 had not forgotten those who were forgetting Him. There came once more, fitfully, painfully, as when men recover from a trance, a revival of faith. The inner life had flagged, it was not quenched. It flickered up, shot out sometimes strange sparks, and then it kindled into flame. And once again, the outward sign of life is with us. How blessedly have Missions — watered with the blood of at least two martyred Bishops, Patteson and Mackenzie — and schools, and hospitals, and charities of all kinds grown up in the last thirty years ; and churches, most of all, have been built or rebuilt, not least this beautiful church of ours. When the heart trembles, when it fails us in looking after those things which are coming on the earth, let us cheer up and be thankful ; let us believe that God is still in us of a truth. He has not left us ; if we do not drive Him from us, He will never leave us. But we must not forget the more excellent way. Churches built, restored, beautified, are a sign of life, a token of the inner life of a people. Yet sometimes tokens of life are not tokens of health. A tree shooting out fresh verdure gives evidence of life. But there was a tree once so full of leaves as to win the attention, and to raise the human hopes of the great Traveller, which yet was barren, fruitless, doomed to cursing and to death. " God grant that we may not in our care for the outward signs let the inward vigour of our life decay. There is bright hope ; there is great cause for care. Unbelief and indifference skulk in every street, and alley, and lane. Disunion scatters the forces of those who might oppose them. Churches, schools, hospitals, and all like them, are indeed fortresses. If they are to keep out the enemy, they must be manned ; manned by strong, faithful Christian hands and hearts, loyally devoted to their King, lovingly united in one faith, one hope, one body, one spirit, under one God and Father of all. " Our life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which we possess, not even in our best possessions, not in our houses of prayer, not in our monuments of charity. They are the outer 86 signs; but they may be lifeless mummies, not men. Nothing that is good is free from danger. Our danger seems to be that whilst we build, and whilst we meet in public, and whilst we talk and speculate and dispute, we should forget home, personal, private faith, and, what is even better still, humble, patient, Christian love. There was a Church of old, founded by a great Apostle, full of honour, full of zeal, shining in the gifts of spiritual wisdom and spiritual power, whose members and ministers worked miracles, spoke with strange tongues, uttered deep prophecies; but the word of warning told them that there was division amongst them, and so that they were carnal ; told them that all their zeal and liberality and knowledge of mystery would be worthless in the day of trial, if they yet lacked charity. And the long, sad, dreary history of that Eastern Church, of which Corinth was a branch, speaks out with trumpet-tongue the same truth, that a Church's chief weakness is in its divisions, and that its truest strength is love. " If we would keep the blessings that we have, if we would spread them round about us, and hand them down undimmed to our children ; we must learn the lesson and we must teach it to them, the lesson of faith in God, of distrust of self, and of love to all who bear the nature, and who are redeemed by the blood, of our common Saviour and Lord. Even a land desolate of churches and their ministers would be better than a church with no inner life of faith, holiness and love." SERMON II. Preached by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, at the Afternoon Service of Thursday, October 18th. Receive him in the Lord with all gladness, and hold such in reputation : because for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life." Philippians ii, 29, 30. " The Apostle had a message of comfort and encouragement for his children in the faith at Philippi. He could have chosen no better messenger than Epaphroditus, none who would under- stand better all that was in his heart and in theirs. Epaphro- ditus had come to Rome, where St. Paul was a prisoner for Christ, bringing him help from the Philippian Christians. It was not the first time they had sent such aid to him. ' Once and again ' they had sent unto his necessity in Thessalonica ; and now they had heard of his bondage at Rome, and of his peril, with a tender anxiety, such as no other company of his converts felt. So they sent a brother to tend him and minister to him — a man of so gentle and affectionate a spirit that he grieved to have pained his friends, if it were but by the tidings of his sickness. Not for his own sickness, with all its suffering and danger, was he grieved: he was full of heaviness because his friends across the sea had heard that he was sick, - sweet, gracious sympathy of a loving, Christian heart ! Hut Epaphro- ditus was no mere creature of feeling : one meets sometimos with gentle natures, full of such sympathising tenderness, but too finely strung for the rough work of duty. The Philippians would have misunderstood St. Paul if they had sent him such a 88 messenger as this. Epaphroditus had something more than a fine sensibility in him, or he would not have been the Apostle's companion long ; nor would he have gone back to Philippi with such a description of him as St. Paul gave, when he called him ' my brother and companion in labour, and fellow-soldier.' There must have been endurance in work, bravery in action, the spirit of a brother and a comrade, warmed with the glow of Christian charity, which could deserve such words as these. So the Apostle sent him back, loth to lose his service, yet thinking more of his converts' need than of his own ; and bade them receive him in the Lord with all gladness. They were to give him a Christian's welcome, a welcome ' in the Lord,' such a welcome as you and I, brethren, in these cold, careless days, can ill understand. Think how they would ask him again and again of the Apostle's welfare : how he looked and spoke : how he bore his chain : how the rough praetorians treated him : how he made them listen to the Word of life. Would he soon be at liberty ? — might they hope to see him again ? — did he remember them, and talk of them ? — had their gift been of real service to him ? Then they would ask to have the Epistle read again ; that gracious, loving letter, with no such shadow of complaint and censure in it as falls on the page of Apostolic letters to other Churches : and with mingled joy and weeping they would thank God for their calling in Christ Jesus, and for their fellowship in the Gospel with such blessed saints as Epaphroditus and St. Paul. " But observe, brethren, that, the Apostle does not merely bid the Philippians receive his messenger with all gladness. He adds, ' Hold such in reputation ; ' raising, as he ever does, a local or personal obligation into the larger sphere of Christian principle. Private friendship might make them receive Epaphroditus well : St. Paul would have them consider why (apart from all personal friendship) such a person ought to be, not received merely, but had in honour and repute. For indeed, brethren, it is a matter of serious concern to us, whether as men, or as communities, 8 9 what kind of persons we hold in reputation. Tell me who are the worthies of a nation's popular history, and I shall know something of that nation's mind. It will not lay the tribute of its homage at the feet of heroes whose tempers and characters it wholly disapproves. The names that are famous in story have an attraction which generation after generation, to whom the story is told, cannot wholly resist. Let them represent mere selfish ambition ; and the heart of the nation which honours them will be selfish too, inflamed with the lust of conquest, and tormented by a thirst for glory, which know no satisfaction and no peace. Let them recall the thoughts of blameless, true- hearted men, upright and just, pure and stainless; and there will never be wanting some at least who desire to tread in their steps and win their crown of fame. " So it is with us in our private experience too. Unhappy souls they are, who are incapable of loving admiration for what is good and great, — yet more unhappy, whose admiration is perverted to a degrading worship of what is base and untrue. By gazing on what is noble and excellent we are raised above our- selves, learning to love it, and more and more longing to resemble it. We are educated by such homage, trained by loving fidelity and loyal reverence to rise above our poor, personal moods and experiences, and to try to become what our honoured teachers are, or seem to be. Though it were but a seeming, the emotion which it kindles in us is true. If it be but the cloudland, which will lose its glory with the setting sun, yet it is something to have forgotten the dull world around us, while we gazed upwards into the world of light. " But it is no cloudland pf which I am speaking to you to-day. When the Apostle bids us hold such as Epaphroditus in repu- tation, he has a very real standard of truth and virtue in view. He gives this reason : — ' because he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life,' or (as another reading of the original w ould give the sense) ' playing at hazard with his life,' staking it freely on the venture of a noble enterprise. Surely we all recognise, N go — even the dullest and least aspiring among us, — that there is something noble in an unselfish disregard of life. Mere dis- cretion attracts a scanty following even in this prudent age. We hold in reputation the explorer who has not been turned back by peril or hardship in his course — the miner who has rescued comrades imprisoned in the cavernous depth, at the risk of his own life — the fearless soldier who leads a forlorn hope to victory, it may be, but to victory through death. Such as these we honour; aye, and sometimes we honour even the idle daring which has risked life in a vain exposure to some profitless peril for the poor boast's sake. Any way, we are conscious that to disregard life is in itself a noble and generous thing. " But the Apostle does not leave us here. He would have been false to his Master's doctrine, if he had held it wise or right for a man to cast himself down from a pinnacle of the temple in boastful confidence that the angels of God would bear him up. The disregard of life, which he commended, had a worthy object: 'for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life.' When Epaphroditus left his Macedonian home and braved the dangers of a journey to the imperial city, to wait on a Christian prisoner about to be tried for his life, he was moved by something higher even chan friendship for St. Paul. It was the preaching of Christ's Gospel that was at stake. If the great Apostle should languish in his bondage uncared for and alone, the work of Christ would languish too. By other tongues and pens he must speak to the world if his own were restrained ; and they who could minister to him in such necessity must not shrink from dangerous suspicion, or wasting disease, or exhaust- ing toil. For the work's sake they must be ready to do all, and give up all, in the Lord. What a work it was! to leaven that old, corrupt society with principles of purity and truth ; to introduce Christ to every home and every heart ; to teach the slave how to endure his servitude, and the master how to lighten the yoke ; to win the reveller from his midnight orgies, happier now in singing the Christian's hymn at early dawn than in his old debauch ; to 9i banish from the grave the sorrow that had ' no hope,' and to comfort mourners with a sure prospect of being ever with one another and with the Lord ; to bind together distant lands and alien races by the mutual ministries of a new fellowship for good. Surely, if life might ever be disregarded, it would be for such a work and purpose as this. " And life has been disregarded for this work again and again. By such disregard for life was Satan vanquished, and the Cross set up on high. One life of inestimable worth was laid down for the whole world's gain ; and the truth that ' we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren ' was so engraved thence- forth on the conscience of Christendom, that no lapse of ages can ever efface the record. Selfishness has scoffed at it, self- will has refused to own it ; but lives — noble and precious lives — have been offered nevertheless for the work. God has accepted the offering. In every age, and in every Christian land, Christ's servants have suffered and died for Him, and their memory is blessed ; they will be held in reputation evermore.