ra 
 
 SO CO 
 
 o 00 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 <1 
 
 O 
 
 • r— i 
 
 ri=! 
 
 
 cc 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 OCi 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 3 h 
 
 CO 
 
 OQ 
 
 ) 
 
 
 CD •** 
 
 -4-3 r^: 
 
 ?H <0 I 
 
 p-J "40 
 
 '-CJ <^j 
 
 
 i'-v 
 
 t t, ; 
 
 M •' ? n 
 
 k *v 
 
 \°V 
 
<1 
 
 ! Q y/t-rrZ* 
 
 i 
 
 f % 
 
 I f f 
 
 
 
 
 #/*,**'> /H 
 
 / W' / /.# 
 
 #■■ 
 
 ' 
 
 tf- 
 
 f 
 
SPECIMENS 
 
 OF 
 
 ■r 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 &C. &C, 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/specimensofgothi01cart 
 
SPECIMENS 
 
 OF 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 
 
 AND 
 
 Ancient 33utllitngs in ©nglanti; 
 
 COMPRISED IN 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY VIEWS, 
 
 DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY 
 
 JOHN CARTER, F.S.A. 
 
 DRAUGHTSMAN TO THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY ) AUTHOR 
 OF SPECIMENS OF ANCIENT SCULPTURE AND PAINTING } 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE) ECCLESIASTICAL COSTUME, 
 
 &C. &C. 
 
 IN FOUR VOLUMES. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 L. A. LEWIS, 125, FLEET STREET. 
 
 MDCCCXXXIX 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
SOME 
 
 ACCO U N T 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WORKS OF MR. CARTER, 
 
 Trie present work consists of the whole of the 
 small engravings of ancient buildings in England, 
 and was designed by the author as a pocket com- 
 panion to the Antiquarian. In 1774 , he made 
 drawings for a work, entitled, “ The Builders 5 Ma- 
 gazine,” which consisted of 185 architectural 
 subjects. In 1780 , he was employed by the society 
 of antiquarians, to draw and etch some subjects, and, 
 in the same year, he drew for Richard Gough, Esq. 
 the west front of Croyland Abbey, and numerous 
 
VI 
 
 other subjects, interspersed in that gentleman’s 
 magnificent work — “ The Sepulchral Monuments 
 of Great Britain/’ Mr. Carter’s merit is duly ac- 
 knowledged in Mr. Gough’s preface. In 1781, he 
 was patronised by Sir Henry Englefield, the Hon. 
 Horace Walpole, Mr. Bull, Dr Ducarell, and Mr. 
 Barrett, of Lee Priory, near Canterbury, the Rev. 
 Dr. Milner, and Mr. Soane, the architect. By the 
 flattering attention and recommendation of these 
 learned and eminent men, he was induced to enter 
 upon his first great work — •“ Specimens of Ancient 
 Sculpture and Painting,” in which he received 
 much valuable assistance from Mr. Gough. In 
 1782, he was employed by Mr. Bray. In 1783, he 
 was engaged by the Earl of Exeter, and the late 
 Earl of Grantham ; he was patronised by Sir Richard 
 Hoare, who perhaps has the largest collection of 
 finished drawings that Mr. Carter ever made for 
 one person ; he likewise made for Thomas Lister 
 Parker, Esq. a curious collection of drawings of old 
 
Vll 
 
 English dresses; and for the Society of Antiqua- 
 ries, elaborate, faithful, and beautiful drawings of 
 St. Stephen’s Chapel, the Abbey Church of Bath, 
 the Cathedrals of Exeter, Durham, Gloucester, 
 and Wells. He began a work of great importance, 
 and magnitude — <f The Ancient Architecture of 
 England,” the first Volume of which he only lived 
 to finish. In 1800, he was employed at Oatlands ; 
 a few years after, he made a design for four alms 
 houses, which have since been erected at Wrotham, 
 in Kent, and the great west window at Exeter Ca- 
 thedral, and a chapel near Seven Oaks, in Kent. 
 The drawings of the abbey church of St. Alban’s 
 were made for Mr. Gough, who presented them 
 to the Antiquarian Society ; the numerous highly 
 finished drawings, with descriptions of York Min- 
 ster, crowned his industrious career. He died Sep- 
 tember, 1817. 
 

 
 
 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 CONTAINED IN 
 
 mis WORK. 
 
 BEDFORDSHIRE. Vol. I. 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 1 The Bridge at Bedford . . .2? 
 
 2 An ancient Chapel near St. Paul’s Church, 
 
 Bedford . . . .28 
 
 3 An ancient Building in the George Inn Yard, 
 
 Bedford . . . . 29 
 
 4 The Priory at Bedford . . .38 
 
 BERKSHIRE. 
 
 5 The Nave of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor . 31 
 
 6 The Choir looking east of St. George’s Cha- 
 
 pel, Windsor . . .32 
 
 7 The Herald’s Tower in Windsor Castle , 34 
 
 CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 
 
 8 The Nave and the Aisle (looking west) of Ely 
 
 Cathedral . . . . 35 
 
 9 Thomey Abbey . . , 37 
 
X 
 
 DEVONSHIRE. 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 10 The North Transept in Exeter Cathedral . 49 
 
 11 The Walls of Exeter Castle, &c. . . 53 
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 12 Berkeley Castle, a South West View . . 54 
 
 13 Berkeley Castle, (East View of) . . 55 
 
 HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 14 The Ruins of the Ancient Palace of the Bishop 
 
 of Winchester at Waltham . . 57 
 
 HEREFORD. 
 
 15 The Ruins of the Chapter House of Hereford 
 
 Cathedral . . . .59 
 
 16 A Gate at the West End of the City of Here- 
 
 ford, called the Eigne Gate . . 64 
 
 17 Bye Street Gate, Hereford . . .66 
 
 18 St. Owen’s Gate, Hereford . . .68 
 
 1 9 Widemarsh Gate, Hereford « . ,69 
 
 HERTFORDSHIRE. 
 
 20 South East View of the Abbey Gate at St. Alban’s 70 
 
 2 1 The High Altar of the Abbey Church, at St. Alban’s 71 
 
 22 South West View of the Abbey Church, at St. 
 
 Alban's . . . 100 
 
XI 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 23 East View in the North Aisle of the Choir in 
 
 the Abbey Church, at St. Alban’s • . 103 
 
 KENT. 
 
 24 South West View of Canterbury Cathedral 0 105 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 25 South Aisle of Our Lady’s Chapel in the under- 
 
 croft of Canterbury Cathedral . . 1 
 
 26 The Baptistery on the North side of Canterbury 
 
 Cathedral . . . . 6 
 
 2 7 Our Lady’s Chapel in the undercroft of Canter- 
 
 bury Cathedral . . . 7 
 
 28 St. Augustine’s Monastery, Canterbury . 9 
 
 29 South East View of a vast mass of a Wall and 
 
 Ethelbert’s Tower of St. Augustine’s Mo- 
 nastery . . . .12 
 
 30 Great Gate of St. Augustine’s Monastery 14 
 
 31 North East view of St. Augustine’s Monastery . 15 
 
 32 Ruins of the Church and Ethelbert’s Tower of 
 
 St. Augustine’s Monastery . .19 
 
 33 East View of the Church and Ethelbert’s Tower 
 
 of St. Augustine’s Monastery . . .22 
 
 34 The Cemetery Gate of St. Augustine’s Monastery 25 
 
 35 The Green Court Gate on the North side of 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral . . .27 
 
 36 West View of the Stairs leading to the Register 
 
 Office . . . . 29 
 
XII 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 37 West View of the Cemetery Gate on the south 
 
 side of Canterbury Cathedral . « 31 
 
 38 South East View of Canterbury Castle . 3°2 
 
 39 North East View of Canterbury Castle . 37 
 
 40 West View of Christ ( hurch Gate, Canterbury 3*2 
 
 41 St. George’s Gate, Canterbury . . 44 
 
 4 2 North View of West Gate, Canterbury . 46 
 
 43 Blackfriars, Canterbury . . .48 
 
 44 Gate leading to Blackfriars, Canterbury . 50 
 
 45 Rochester Castle (entrance of) . . 52 
 
 46 Rochester Castle, Inside View . . 68 
 
 47 Rochester Cathedral and Castle . . 84 
 
 48 Rochester Cathedral, West View . . 87 
 
 49 The City of Rochester, Cathedral, Castle, 
 
 Bridge, and the River Medway . . 89 
 
 50 North West View of Rochester Cathedral * 94 
 
 5 1 Ruins of Denton Chapel . . .97 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
 
 52 Roman Wall, Leicester . . . 98 
 
 53 South West View of Ashby de la Zouch Castle 101 
 
 54 Great Court of Ashby de la Zouch Castle . 105 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 54 West View of Lincoln Castle and Cathedral . 107 
 
 56 Hie great Transept at Lincoln Cathedral . 113 
 
 57 South East View of Croyland Abbey . .118 
 
 58 East View of the Grey Friar’s Gate, Stamford 141 
 
 59 West View of St. Leonard’s Hospital, Stamford 144 
 
 60 East View of St. George’s Gate, Stamford. . 147 
 
Xlll 
 
 LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS, Vox.. ITT. 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 61 Transept of St. Bartholomew’s the Great, 
 
 Smithfield . . . . 1 
 
 62 North East View ofLeadenhall . . 4 
 
 63 The Circular Part in the Temple Church . 8 
 
 64 North East View of Ely Palace, Ilolborn . 10 
 
 65 The Undercroft in the Chapel of Ely Palace . 16 
 
 66 An Ancient Building under a House at Aldgate 23 
 
 67 South View of Westminster Abbey, taken from 
 
 Dean’s Yard . . 26 
 
 68 The Nave of Westminster Abbey during the 
 
 Commemoration of Handel . . 51 
 
 69 The Remains of the Gateway, and the West 
 
 end of the Abbey, Westminster . . 55 
 
 70 The Jerusalem Chamber on the south side of 
 
 the Abbey, Westminster . . .59 
 
 71 The East Cloister of Westminster Abbey . 61 
 
 72 Tomb of Edward III. and the Entrance to 
 
 Henry the Seventh’s Chapel . . 64 
 
 73 Chapel of St. John the Baptist, and Part of 
 
 the Tomb of Sir T. Vaughan . . 69 
 
 74 The Avenue leading into Westminster Hall 
 
 from Old Palace Yard . , .71 
 
 75 The North View of Edward the Confessor’s Cha- 
 
 pel, Westminster Abbey . . .74 
 
 76 Gate of Bermondsey Monastery . .77 
 
 77 View behind the Altar of St. Mary, Ovenes . 79 
 
XIV 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 ?8 Remains of the Bishop of Winchester’s Pa- 
 lace, Southwark, (Two Views) . .81 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 
 
 80 Peterborough Minster . . ,84 
 
 81 Interior Part of Peterborough Minster . ,11 2 
 
 82 Tomb of Mary Queen of Scots, in Peterbo- 
 
 rough Minster . . . .115 
 
 83 Castor Church, near Peterborough . .123 
 
 84 Queen’s Cross, Northampton . .127 
 
 OXFORDSHIRE. 
 
 85 All Souls College . . .130 
 
 RUTLANDSHIRE. 
 
 86 Tickencote Church . . .135 
 
 87 South View of the Chancel in Tickencote Church 138 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE. 
 
 88 Outside View of the Bishop’s Palace at Wells 142 
 
 89 Inside View of the Court Yard of the Bishop’s 
 
 Palace at W r ells . . .145 
 
 90 The Deanery at W’ells . . . 148 
 
 Vol. IV. 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 91 General View of Glastonbury . . 1 
 
XV 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 92 North East View of the Abbey Church of Glas- 
 
 tonbury. . . . .29 
 
 93 North East View of the Abbey, Church, Bam, &c. 35 
 
 94 South View of the Abbey Church and Lin- 
 
 guists’ Comer . . . . 42 
 
 95 North View of Joseph of Arimathea’s Chapel . 45 
 
 96 East View of Joseph of Arimathea’s Chapel . 49 
 
 97 East View Inside of a Chapel of the Abbey 
 
 Church, Glastonbury . . .51 
 
 98 East View Inside of the Abbots Kitchen, Glas- 
 
 tonbury . . . .52 
 
 99 North East View of the Abbots Kitchen, Glas- 
 
 tonbury . . . . 53 
 
 100 South West View of one of the Abbey Gates, 
 
 now the Red Lion Inn, Glastonbury . 54 
 
 101 South View of an Ancient Building,, called the 
 
 Library . . . . 55 
 
 102 South View of the Abbot’s Inn, Glastonbury . 68 
 
 103 North East View of an Almshouse for Men, 
 
 at Glastonbury . . .70 
 
 104 South West View of an Almshouse for Women, 
 
 at Glastonbury . . .71 
 
 105 A small Chapel at the entrance into Glastonbury 73 
 
 106 First View of the Torr at Glastonbury . 74 
 
 107 South West View of the Steeple on the Torr . 76 
 
 STAFFORDSHIRE. 
 
 108 Litchfield Cathedral . „ .79 
 
 109 Tamworth Castle . . .85 
 
XVI 
 
 SURREY. 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 110 View of Guildford Castle . . .90 
 
 111 St. Catherine’s Chapel, near Guildford . . 94 
 
 SUSSEX. 
 
 112 Porch of Chichester Cathedral. . . 96 
 
 WARWICKSHIRE. 
 
 113 St. Mary’s Hall, Coventry . . . 104 
 
 1 14 Kenilworth Castle . . .110 
 
 115 Great Hall at Kenilworth Castle . .121 
 
 1 1 6 Kenilworth Priory . . .1 33 
 
 1 17 The Gate near the Castle, Warwick . . 142 
 
 118 The Gate entering into Warwick from Stratford 146 
 
 WILTSHIRE. 
 
 11 9 Stonehenge . . . . .151 
 
 WORCESTER, 
 
 120 The Gate at Worcester 
 
 . 155 
 
ESSAY 
 
 t 
 
 OK 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. THOMAS WARTON, 
 
 POET-UlfRFATE TO HIS MAJESTY KINO GEORGE III. 
 AND STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH 
 COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 VOL. I 
 
 C 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 'l 
 
AN 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 ON 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Did arise 
 
 On stately pillours framd after the Doricke 
 guise.* 
 
 Although the Roman, or Grecian architec- 
 ture, did not begin to prevail in England till 
 the time of Inigo Jones, yet our communica- 
 tion with the Italians, and our imitation of 
 their manners, produced some specimens of 
 that style much earlier. Perhaps the earliest 
 is Somerset-house, in the Strand, built about 
 the year 1549 , by the Duke of Somerset, uncle 
 
 * Spenser’s Fairy Queen, b. iv. c. x s. vi. 
 
4 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 to Edward VI. The monument of Bishop 
 Gardiner in Winchester cathedral, made in the 
 reign of Mary, about 1555 , is decorated with 
 Ionic pillars. Spenser’s verses here quoted, 
 bear an allusion to some of these fashionable 
 improvements in building, which, at this time, 
 were growing more and more into esteem. 
 Thus also Bishop Hall, who wrote about the 
 same time, viz. 1598 . 
 
 There findest thou some stately Doricke 
 frame. 
 
 Or neat Ionicke worke.* — 
 
 But these ornaments were often absurdly 
 introduced into the old Gothic style $ as in 
 the magnificent portico of the schools at Ox- 
 ford, erected about the year 1613 , where 
 the builder, in a Gothic edifice, has affectedly 
 displayed his universal skill in the modern 
 
 * B. v. s. 2. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 architecture, by giving us all the five orders 
 together. However, most of the great build- 
 ings of Queen Elizabeth’s reign have a style 
 peculiar to themselves, both in form and 
 finishing; where, though much of the old 
 Gothic is retained, and great part of the 
 new taste is adopted, yet neither predomi- 
 nates ; while both, thus indistinctly blended, 
 compose a fantastic species, hardly reducible 
 to any class or name. One of its characte- 
 ristics is the affectation of large and lofty 
 windows ; where, says Bacon, “ you shall 
 have sometimes faire houses, so full of glass, 
 that one cannot tell where to become, to be 
 out of the sun, &c.”* 
 
 After what has been here incidentally said 
 on this subject, it may not be amiss to trace 
 it higher, and to give some observations on 
 
 * Essays, xii. 
 
6 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 the beginning and progressive state of archi- 
 tecture in England, down to the reign of 
 Henry VIII. A period in which, or there- 
 abouts, the true Gothic style is supposed to 
 have expired. 
 
 The Normans, at the conquest, introduced 
 arts and civility. The churches, before this, 
 were of timber, or otherwise of very mean 
 construction. The conqueror imported a 
 more magnificent, though not a different 
 plan, and erected several stately churches 
 and castles.* He built more than thirty 
 monasteries, among which were the noble 
 abbies of Battle and Selby. He granted a 
 
 * Videas ubique in villis ecclesias, in vicis 
 et urbibus inonasteria, novo edificandi genere 
 exsurgere.” Will. Malmesbur. Rex. Willhel- 
 mus. De Gest. Reg. Ang. 1. 3. p. 57. fol. Lond. 
 1596, ed. Savil. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 7 
 
 charter to Mauritius, Bishop of London, for 
 rebuilding St. Paul’s church with stone 
 brought out of Normandy. He built the 
 White tower, in the Tower of London. The 
 style then used, consisted of round arches, 
 round-headed windows, and round massy pil- 
 lars, with a sort of regular capital and base, 
 being an adulteration, or a rude imitation, 
 of the genuine Grecian or Roman manner. 
 This has been named the Saxon style, being 
 the national architecture of our Saxon an- 
 cestors, before the Conquest : for the Nor- 
 
 mans only extended its proportions, and en- 
 larged its scale. But I suppose, at that time, 
 it was the common architecture of all Eu- 
 rope. Of this style many specimens remain : 
 the transept of Winchester cathedral, built 
 1080; the two towers of Exeter cathedral, 
 11 1*2 ; Christ church cathedral, at Oxford, 
 1180; the nave of Gloucester cathedral, 1100 
 
8 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 with many others. The most complete mo- 
 numents of it I can at present recollect are, 
 the church of St. Cross near Winchester, 
 built by Henry de Bloys, 1130; and the ab- 
 bey church at Rumsey, in Hampshire ; espe- 
 cially the latter, built by the same princely 
 benefactor. Another evidence of this style, 
 is a circular series of zig-zag sculpture, ap- 
 plied as a facing to porticos and other arches. 
 The style which succeeded to this was not 
 the absolute Gothic, or Gothic simply so 
 called, but a sort of Gothic Saxon, in which 
 the pure Saxon began to receive some tincture 
 of the Saracen fashion. In this the massy 
 rotund column became split into a cluster 
 of agglomerated pilasters, preserving a base 
 and capital, as before ; and the short round- 
 headed window was lengthened into a narrow 
 oblong form, with a pointed top, in every 
 respect much in the shape of a lancet ; often 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. Q 
 
 decorated, in the inside, with slender pillars. 
 These windows we frequently find, three 
 together, the centre one being higher than 
 the two lights on each side. This style 
 commenced about 1200. Another of its 
 marks is a series of small, low, and close 
 arch-work, sometimes with a pointed head, 
 placed on outside fronts, for a finishing; as 
 in the west end of Lincoln and Rochester 
 cathedrals, and in the end of the southern 
 transept of that of Canterbury. In this style, 
 to mention no more, is Salisbury cathedral. 
 Here we find, indeed, the pointed arch, and 
 the angular, though simple, vaulting; but 
 still we have not in such edifices of the im- 
 proved or Saxon Gothic, the ramified win- 
 dow, one distinguishing characteristic of the 
 absolute Gothic.* It is difficult to define 
 
 * They then seem to have had no idea of a 
 great eastern or western window. 
 
10 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 these gradations ; but still harder to explain 
 conjectures of this kind in writing, which 
 require ocular demonstration, and a conver- 
 sation on the spot, to be clearly proved and 
 illustrated. 
 
 The Absolute Gothic, or that which is free 
 from all Saxon mixture, began with ramified 
 windows, of an enlarged dimension, divided 
 into several lights, and branched out at the 
 top into a multiplicity of whimsical shapes 
 and compartments, after the year 1300. The 
 crusades had before dictated the pointed 
 arch, which was here still preserved ; but 
 besides the alteration in the windows, fan- 
 tastic capitals to the columns, and more or- 
 nament in the vaulting and other parts, were 
 introduced. Of this fashion the body of 
 Winchester cathedral, built by that munifi- 
 cent encourager of all public works, William 
 of Wykeham, about the year 13t}0, will afford 
 the justest idea. But a taste for a more 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 1 1 
 
 ornamental style had, for some time before, 
 began to discover itself. This appears from 
 the choir of St* Mary’s church at Warwick, 
 begun,* at least, before Wykeham’s improve- 
 ments at Winchester, and remarkable for a 
 freedom and elegance unknown before. That 
 certain refinements in architecture began to 
 grow fashionable early in the reign of Ed- 
 ward III. perhaps before, we learn from 
 Chaucer’s description of the structure of his 
 House of Fame. 
 
 And eke the hall and everie boure. 
 
 Without peeces or joynings. 
 
 But many subtell compassings 
 As habenries and pinnacles. 
 
 Imageries and tabernacles, 
 
 I sawe, and full eke of windowes.f 
 
 * Viz. 1341. finished before 1395. Dugdale’s 
 Warwick sli. p. 345. 
 f B. iii. fol. 267. col. 2. edit. Speght. 
 
12 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 And afterwards, 
 
 I needeth not you more to tellen, 
 #*#****# 
 
 Of these yates flourishing’s, 
 
 Ne of compaces ne of carvings, 
 
 Ne how the hacking 1 in masonries. 
 
 As corbetts and imageries.* 
 
 And in an old poem, called Pierce the 
 Plowman’s Creede,f written perhaps before 
 Chaucer’s, where the author is describing an 
 abbey-church. 
 
 Than I munte me forth the Minstre for to 
 knowen. 
 
 And awayted a woon, wonderly well ybild $ 
 With arches on everich half, and bellyche 
 ycorven 
 
 With crotchets on corneres, with knottes of 
 gold. 
 
 * lb. fol. verso, col. 2 . f See more of this below. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 13 
 
 Wyd windowes y wrought, ywriten full 
 tliicke. 
 
 Tombes upon tabernacles, tyld upon loft. 
 Housed in homes, harde sett abouten 
 Of armed alabaustre. — 
 
 These innovations, at length, were most 
 beautifully displayed in the roof of the di- 
 vinity-school at Oxford, which began to be 
 built, 1427* The university, in their letters 
 to Kempe, Bishop of London, quoted by 
 Wood,* speak of this edifice as of one of the 
 miracles of the age : They mention, par- 
 
 ticularly, “ Ornamenta ad naturalis coeli ima- 
 ginem variis picturis subtilique artificio, cae- 
 lata : valvarum singularissima opera : Turri- 
 cularum apparatum, &c.” Yet even here, 
 there is nothing of that minute finishing 
 
 * Hist. Antiq. Univ. Oxon. lib. ii. pag. 22 . 
 
14 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 which afterwards appeared : there is still a 
 massiness, though great intricacy and variety. 
 About the same time the collegiate church 
 of Fotheringay, in Northamptonshire, was 
 designed; and we learn from the orders* of 
 Henry VI. delivered to the architect, how 
 much their notions in architecture were im- 
 proved. The Ornamental Gothic at length 
 received its consummation, about 1441,f in 
 the chapel of the same king’s college at 
 Cambridge. Here, strength united with or- 
 nament, or substance with elegance, seems 
 to have ceased. Afterwards, what I would 
 call the Florid Gothic arose, the first consi- 
 
 * In Dugdaie’s Monasticon, vol. iii. pag. 163. 
 f It was not finished till some years after : 
 but a description and plan of the intended fabric 
 may be seen in the King’s Will.— Stowe’s 
 Annals, by Howes, 1614. pag 479. seq. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 15 
 
 derable appearance of which, was in the cha- 
 pel of St- George, at Windsor, begun by 
 Edward IV. about* 1480 ; and which lastly 
 was completed in the superb chapel of Henry 
 VII. at Westminister. 
 
 The Florid Gothic distinguishes itself by 
 an exuberance of decoration, by roofs where 
 the most delicate fretwork is expressed in 
 stone ; and by a certain lightness of finishing, 
 as in the roof of the f choir of Glocester, 
 
 * Aslimole’s Order of the Garter, sect. ii. ch. 
 iv. pag. 13G. 
 
 f About the year 14/0. The words of the 
 Inscription, on the inside of the arch by which 
 we enter the choir, are remarkable. 
 
 Hoc quod digestum specularis, opusque 
 politum, 
 
 Tulliiheec ex onere Seabrooke abbate jubente. 
 
 The tower was built at the same time. The 
 lady’s chapel soon after, about 1490. 
 
ESSAY ON 
 
 where it is thrown, like a web of embroidery, 
 over the old Saxon vaulting*. Many monu- 
 mental shrines, so well calculated on account 
 of the smallness of their plan to admit a 
 multiplicity of delicate ornaments highly 
 finished, afford exquisite specimens of this 
 style. The most remarkable one I can re- 
 collect, is that of Bishop Fox, at Winchester ; 
 which, before it was stripped of its images 
 and the painted glass * which filled part of 
 its present open work, must have been a 
 most beautiful spectacle. How quickly tomb- 
 architecture improved in this way, may be 
 seen by two sumptuous shrines in the same 
 church, which stand opposite each other ; 
 
 * It was broke and destroyed by the Presby- 
 terians, 1 6 i 3, as appears by a passage in Mer- 
 curius Rusticus, pag. 214. It is not commonly 
 known or observed that this shrine was thus 
 curiously glazed. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 17 
 
 those of Bishop Waynflete, and Cardinal 
 Beaufort. The bishop’s is evidently con- 
 structed in imitation of the cardinal’s : but 
 being- forty years later, is infinitely richer 
 in the variegation of its fretted roof, and the 
 profusion of its ornamented spire-work.* 
 The screen behind the altar, in the same ca- 
 thedral, built 1525, far superior to that at 
 St. Alban’s, is also a striking pattern of this 
 workmanship. We have some episcopal 
 
 * Waynflete died I486. How greatly tomb- 
 architecture, within 150 years, continued to 
 alter, appears from an expression in Berthe- 
 lette’s preface to his edition of Gower’s Con- 
 fessio Amantis, 1554. “ Gower prepared for 
 
 his bones a restynge place in the monasterie of 
 St. Marie Overee, where somewhat after the 
 old-fashion he lieth right sumptuously buried.” 
 Gower died 1402. 
 
 YOL. i. 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 thrones highly executed in this taste. Such 
 is that at Wells, built by Bishop Beckington, 
 1450: and that at Exeter by Bishop Boothe, 
 who succeeded to the see, 1466. The first 
 is of wood, painted and gilded ; the latter is 
 likewise of wood, but painted in imitation, 
 and has the effect, of stone. They are both 
 very lofty and light. Most of the churches 
 in Somersetshire, which are remarkably ele- 
 gant, are in the style of the Florid Gothic. 
 The reason is this : Somersetshire, in the 
 
 civil wars between York and Lancaster, was 
 strongly and entirely attached to the Lancas- 
 trian party. In reward for this service, Henry 
 VII. when he came to the crown, rebuilt 
 their churches. The tower of Glocester ca- 
 thedral, and the towers of the churches of 
 Taunton and Glastonbury, and of a parochial 
 church at Wells, are conspicuous examples 
 of this fashion. Most of the churches of 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 19 
 
 this reign are known, besides other distinc- 
 tions, by latticed battlements, and broad 
 open windows. In this style Henry VIII. 
 built the palace of * Nonsuch ; and Cardinal 
 Wolsey, Hamp ton-court, Whitehall, Christ- 
 church in Oxford, and the tomb-house, at 
 Windsor. 
 
 I cannot more clearly recapitulate or il- 
 lustrate what has been said, than by observing, 
 that the seals of our English monarchs, from 
 the reign of Henry III. display the taste of 
 architecture which respectively prevailed under 
 several subsequent reigns ; and consequently 
 convey, as at one comprehensive view, the 
 
 * See a cut of its front, perhaps the only 
 representation of it extant, in Speed’s Theatre 
 of the Empire of Great Britaine, 1614 . fol. 
 pag. 11. Map of Surrey. In the same is a cut 
 of Richmond Palace, built by Henry VII. 
 
20 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 series of its successive revolutions ; insomuch, 
 that if no real models remained, they would 
 be sufficient to shew the modes and alterations 
 of the building's in England * In these, each 
 King is represented sitting enshrined amid 
 a sumptuous pile of architecture. Henry III. 
 1259, appears seated amidst an assemblage 
 of arches of the round Saxon form.f So are 
 his successors, Edward I. and II. Edward III. 
 1 3 SO, is the first whose seal exhibits pointed 
 Saracen arches ; but those, of his first seal at 
 least , X are extremely simple. In the seals of 
 Richard II. 1378, and his successor, Henry IV. 
 we find Gothic arches of a more complicated 
 construction. At length the seal of Henry V. 
 1412, is adorned with a still more artificial 
 
 * See Speed’s History, &c, fol. Lond. 1()27. 
 f See his second seal, Speed, pag. 547. 
 
 J See his second seal, Speed, pag. 584. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 21 
 
 fabric. And lastly, in the seals of Edward V. 
 Richard III. and Henry VII. we discern a 
 more open, and less pointed Gothic. 
 
 I subjoin some general observations. The 
 towers in Saxon cathedrals were not always 
 intended for bells. They were calculated to 
 produce the effect of the louver, or open lantern, 
 in the inside ; and, on this account, were ori- 
 ginally continued open almost to the covering. 
 It is generally supposed that the tower of Win- 
 chester cathedral, which is remarkably thick 
 and short, was left as the foundation for a 
 projected spire : but this idea never entered 
 into the plan of the architect. Nearly the 
 whole inside of this tower was formerly seen 
 from below; and for that reason, its side-arches, 
 or windows, of the first story at least, are arti- 
 ficially wrought and ornamented. With this 
 sole effect in view, the builder saw no neces- 
 sity to carry it higher. An instance of this 
 visibly subsists at present, in the inside of the 
 
22 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 tower of the neighbouring Saxon church of St 
 Cross, built about the same time The same 
 effect was at first designed at Salisbury ; where, 
 for the same purpose solely, was a short tower, 
 the end of which is easily discerned by critical 
 observers ; being but little higher than the roof 
 of the church, and of less refined workman- 
 ship than that additional part on which the 
 present spire is constructed. Many other ex- 
 amples might be pointed out. This gave the 
 idea for the beautiful lanterns at Peterborough 
 and Ely. 
 
 Spires were never used till the Saracen mode 
 took place. I think we find none before 1200. 
 The spire of old St. Paul’s was finished 1221.* 
 That of Salisbury, as appears from a late sur- 
 vey^ and other proofs, was not included in 
 the plan of the builder, and was raised many 
 
 * Dugdale’s St Paul’s, pag, 12. 
 f Survey, &c. by Price. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 23 
 
 years after the church was completed. The 
 spire of Norwich cathedral, about 1278.* Sir 
 Christopher Wren informs us, that the archi- 
 tects of this period “ thought height the great- 
 est magnificence. Few stones,” adds he, “ were 
 used, but what a man might carry up a ladder 
 on his back, from scaffold to scaffold, though 
 they had pullies, and spoked wheels upon occa- 
 sion ; but having rejected cornices, they had 
 no need of great engines. Stone upon stone 
 were easily piled up to great heights ; therefore 
 the pride of their work was in pinnacles and 
 steeples. The Gothic way carried all their 
 mouldings perpendicular; so that they had 
 nothing else to do, but to spire up all they 
 could.” He adds, they affected steeples, 
 though the Saracens themselves used cupolas.f” 
 
 * Willis’s Mitr. Abb. v. i. p. 279 
 f Wren’sParentalia, p. 305. 
 
24 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 But with submission to such an authority, I 
 cannot help being of opinion, that, though the 
 Saracens themselves used cupolas, the very 
 notion of a spire was brought from the east, 
 where pyramidical structures were common, 
 and spiral ornaments were the fashionable de- 
 corations of their mosques, as may be seen to 
 this day. What the same celebrated artist 
 immediately subjoins, that the use of glass 
 introduced mullions into windows, is very 
 probable. At least it contributed to multiply 
 the ramifications ; especially the use of painted 
 glass,* where the different stainings were by 
 this means shewn to better advantage, and dif- 
 ferent stories and figures required separate 
 compartments. 
 
 Soon after the year 1200, they began, in 
 England, to cover the facades, or west ends 
 of cathedrals, with niches and rows of statues 
 large as the life. The first example of this; 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 kind is, I think, at Salisbury; for that of 
 Litchfield is too rich to be of equal antiquity.* 
 The west end of Wells cathedral was perhaps 
 intended to vie with that of Salisbury, in 
 the same decorations ; being in a bordering 
 county, and erected after it, 1402.f It is 
 in fine preservation, and exhibits a curious 
 specimen of the state of statuary at that 
 time. The west front of Exeter, adorned in 
 this taste by Bishop Grandison, 1340, is far 
 inferior to any of the other three. That of 
 the abbey church at Bath, is light and elegant ; 
 
 * It was built at least before 1400. For the 
 spire of St Michael’s church in Coventry, 
 finished about 1395, is manifestly a copy of 
 the style of its two spires. Salisbury church 
 was begun in 1217, and finished in 1256. 
 
 f This date is on the authority of Willis, 
 Mitr. Abb. vol. ii. 3 75, 
 
26 
 
 ESSAY ON 
 
 but is much more modern than those I have 
 mentioned; being begun and finished but a 
 few years before the dissolution of the abbey.* 
 
 These hasty remarks are submitted to the 
 candour of the curious, by one who, besides 
 other defects which render him disqualified 
 for such a disquisition, is but little acquainted 
 with the terms and principles of architecture. 
 
 * The whole church was rebuilt in the time 
 of the two last priors, after 1500 . Leland. Itin. 
 vol. ii. The abbey was dissolved, 1534 . 
 

 
 
 V 
 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 27 
 
 VIEW OF THE BRIDGE AT BEDFORD. 
 
 This bridge stands on the river Ouse which 
 runs through and almost equally divides the 
 town. Roger Hoveden, in his chronicle, says, 
 that that part of the town on the southern 
 bank of the river was built by Edward the elder, 
 in the year 9 12 , the bridge is believed to have 
 been built with the materials of the ruined 
 castle, which was destroyed in the time of 
 Henry III. The town is considerably improved 
 both in size and population ; many buildings, 
 public as well as private, have lately been erec- 
 ted ; indeed few towns have so rapidly increa- 
 sed. The inhabitants may be estimated at 
 4000 ; the principal street is near a mile in 
 length; twenty additional alms-houses have 
 lately been built by the trustees of the Harper 
 charity. 
 
28 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 VIEW OF AN ANCIENT CHAPEL NEAR ST. 
 
 Paul’s church, Bedford. 
 
 St. Paul’s, which stands on the north side 
 of the river, is a principal ornament of 
 the town, and is adorned with an octagonal 
 stone spire. Before the conquest, it was col- 
 legiate, afterwards it was changed into a priory : 
 near this also was an hospital dedicated to 
 St. Leonard, and a house of Franciscan 
 Friars: a Roman road crosses this county, and 
 passes on to Sandy, from thence to Bedford, 
 where it crosses the Ouse, and proceeds to 
 Newport Pagnell, in Buckinghamshire. This 
 building has latterly been used as a storehouse 
 for beer, and a doorway has been cut through 
 the wall, below the window, (the site of the 
 altar) for the purpose of entrance therein. 
 
V 
 
 I 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 29 
 
 VIEW OF AN ANCIENT BUILDING IN TEIE 
 GEORGE INN YARD, BEDFORD. 
 
 The Gothic building’ in the yard, Mr. Lysons 
 observes, is nothing more than a part of the 
 original structure of that ancient inn which is 
 spoken of by the same name in a record of the 
 year 1481 ; in the centre is a large gateway, 
 and on one side the figure of St. George under 
 a Gothic niche. 
 
 Sir William Harper was a native of this 
 town, and bred a Merchant Taylor in the City 
 of London, of which he was Lord Mayor, in 
 1561, and in gratitude to God and the place of 
 his nativity, endowed the free-school before- 
 mentioned, and was buried here. 
 
SPECIMENS OF 
 
 SO 
 
 EAST VIEW OF THE PRIORY AT BEDFORD. 
 
 This priory or hospital is in the south 
 part of the town, was built and endowed by 
 some townsmen as early as Edward the Second’s 
 reign, to the honor of St. John the Baptist, it 
 had, 26 th of Henry VIII. a yearly income of 
 twenty-one pounds and eight pence, which still 
 continues, consisting of a master who is rector 
 of the parish church of St, John adjoining, and 
 ten poor men. 
 
< 
 
Mst u itllS rtxy <U> cl^ajiil , l/tVr^e£s (rC. 
 
 Sk/d-^l^ tyfe) Cfi^rc!ijvrj^^§t^ ■ S^jo f'l f f-ll*6t. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 31 
 
 WEST VIEW IN THE NAVE OF ST. GEORG E ? S 
 CHAPEL, WINDSOR. 
 
 This chapel forms as perfect an example of 
 beauty, elegance, and unison of parts, as any 
 edifice in the kingdom, the mode of obtaining 
 workmen was, a person employed to superin- 
 tend the building, being empowered to impress 
 artificers, to labour at the king’s wages under 
 the pain of imprisonment ; it was very consi- 
 derably enlarged by King Edward IV. but the 
 improved and highly elegant state in which it 
 now appears, is owing to the chaste architectural 
 taste of Mr. Wyatt, and at this period may be 
 regarded as the most complete specimen of 
 what Mr. Warton termed the Florid Gothic in 
 the kingdom. 
 
32 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 VIEW IN THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST OF ST. 
 
 George’s chapel, Windsor. 
 
 The choir may be regarded as a pattern of 
 most admirable workmanship, it was built by 
 Edward III. greatly improved by Edward IV. 
 and Henry VII. ; it is appropriated to the more 
 immediate worship of the Deity, to the instal- 
 lation of the Knights of the Garter, and to the 
 preservation of their names and honors ; the 
 stalls of the sovereign and companions of the 
 order are ranged on each side the choir, the 
 curtains and cushions are of blue velvet, 
 fringed with gold, on the pedestals is a profu- 
 sion of rich carved work representing the 
 history of the Redeemer, and in the front of the 
 stalls the actions of St. George are pourtrayed, 
 and at the back of each stall are the titles of 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 33 
 
 the persons to whom they belong*, with his 
 arms engraved and blazoned on copper ; the 
 choir abounds with a variety of imagery most 
 beautifully carved, being figures of saints, 
 patriarchs, and kings ; the altar is embellished 
 with a painting of the Last Supper, by West; 
 the beautiful carved wainscoat surrounding the 
 altar was designed by Mr. Thomas Sandby ; it 
 contains the arms of Edward the Black Prince, 
 and those of the original Knights of the 
 Garter. 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 VIEW OF THE HERALD’S TOWER, 
 WINDSOR CASTLE. 
 
 The Garter Principal King of Arms has, in 
 right of his office, a Tower in the lower ward 
 of Windsor Castle. John Wightwick, Esq. in a 
 letter to Mr. Carter, says, it ought to he called 
 Garter’s Tower; it is situated at the north-west 
 angle of the walls of the castle, this view is 
 taken from the inside of the walls. The castle 
 is divided into two courts, called the upper 
 and lower ward, which is separated by the keep, 
 built upon a lofty, artificial mount, surrounded 
 by a moat ; the curtain of the tower is the only 
 battery in the castle, it contains seventeen 
 pieces of ordnance, which are more objects of 
 ornament than utility. The chief curiosities 
 within the castle are the arms deposited in 
 the guard chamber, and the two coats of mail 
 said to be wore by the kings of France and 
 Scotland, who were prisoners here. 
 

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 35 
 
 VIEW OF THE NAVE AND THE NORTH AISLE 
 (LOOKING WEST) OF ELY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Hervey, on liis appointment to this bishopric, 
 did much to augment its dignity ; he made a 
 way through the fens for near six miles, and 
 purchased several estates. His successors re- 
 duced the number of monks from seventy to 
 forty, and they abounded so in plenty and 
 wealth, as to surpass all the monasteries in 
 England ; they rebuilt the church and brought 
 it to its present magnificence ; it is a large, 
 lofty, and beautiful structure, but the ruinous 
 state of the monuments of the nobles and 
 bishops in it, is no small disgrace to it : four 
 things are commonly celebrated about this 
 church ; the lantern on its top, over the 
 choir, raised on eight pillars with singular art ; 
 
36 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 the chapel of the Virgin Mary, near the church 
 on the north side, built in a most elegant 
 stile ; a high artificial hill on the south side, 
 called the Mount, with a windmill on it; and the 
 vineyard formerly so fruitful, but now decayed. 
 In the year 970 , Ethelwold, Bishop of Win- 
 chester, introduced an abbot and regulars, and 
 nobly re-edified the monastery, and amply 
 endowed the same, partly by his own pur- 
 chases, and partly by the munificence of King 
 Edgar and other benefactors, a. d. 1108 , the 
 see of a new bishopric taken out of the diocese 
 of Lincoln, was established here, which occa- 
 sioned a division of the lands of this rich 
 abbey, between the bishop, who was to be in 
 place of the abbot, and the prior and monks ; 
 the share of the bishop was valued 26 Henry 
 VIII. at 2134 /. 185 . 6d. and what remained to 
 the convent was reckoned at 10841 . 6s. gd. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 37 
 
 WEST VIEW OF THORNE Y ABBEY. 
 
 On the north-west of Ely was a famous mo- 
 nastery, called, from the thick thorn bushes, 
 Thorney; founded by Sexulfus. This being 
 destroyed by the Danes, Ethelwold, Bishop 
 of Winchester, rebuilt it, filled it with monks, 
 and planted it with trees. Malmsbury says it 
 was a picture of Paradise, and for pleasantness 
 may be compared to heaven itself; bearing 
 trees in the very fens, towering with their 
 lofty tops to the clouds, while the smooth, 
 watery plain below attracts the eye with its 
 verdant dress. This vast solitude was given 
 to the monks to fix their affections more on 
 things above, and to make them holier men. 
 A woman would be deemed a prodigy here, 
 but men are as welcome as angels. It may 
 
38 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 be justly said that this island was the abode 
 of chastity, the residence of virtue, and the 
 school of divine philosophy. The following 
 account of this abbey, is by Brown Willis, Esq. 
 of W 7 haddon Hall ; with notes by Thomas 
 Hearn e, M. A. 
 
 This place* was formerly called Ankerige, 
 from the Anchorites dwelling there, when 
 Sexulfus a religious and devout man founded 
 a monastery with hermites cells, which was 
 afterwards ruined by the Danes, and continued 
 desolate till Ethelwoldf Bishop of Winchester 
 rebuilt it anno 973. It was dedicated to St. 
 Mary and St. Botulph, and valued 26 H. 8. 
 at 411/. 1 2s. 11 d. per an. Dugd. 508/. 125. 5d . 
 Speed. 
 
 * Lelandi Coll T. I. p. 8. & 28. Camd. Brit, 
 p. 3 63. Ed. Lat. fol. + Godwin de Prses. p. 
 265. Tanner’s Notit. Mon. p. 21. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 39 
 
 In this place were buried these Saxon 
 saints,* viz. St. Botulph, St. Athulf, St. Huna, 
 St. Tancred, St. Torhtred, St. Hereferth, St. 
 Cissa, St. Bennet, and St. Toua, or St. Tona. 
 This last gave namef to a fair chapell (called 
 Thoueham) in the wood half a mile from the 
 abbey ; and at this place (says LelandJ) was 
 the oratory of the lieremites. 
 
 Here was likewise buried Baldewinus de 
 Wake|| founder of Deeping in Lincolnshire, a 
 cell to this abbey, and distant from it seven 
 miles by land, and nine by water. He lay in 
 the chapter-house in an high marble tomb. 
 Though others say he was buried at Deeping. 
 There is no question but many excellent and 
 very eminent persons were buried here besides. 
 
 * Dr. Hickes’s [Dissertatio Epis tolaris, p. 
 119. Lelandi Coll. T. I. p. 10. f Lelandi ColL 
 ■T, I. pag. 28 . % Ibid. || Ibid. 
 
40 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 especially such as had a particular veneration 
 and honour for the memory of the before-men- 
 tioned saints, and could not therefore but desire 
 to have their bones laid in the same church 
 where they had been certainly informed they 
 had been interred before. Their monuments 
 to be sure were equal to their dignity ; but 
 whatever they were they underwent the same 
 fate that most things of this kind did at the 
 dissolution. And yet the abbey-church it- 
 self had the good fortune not to be quite de- 
 stroyed. For part of it being, after the abbey 
 was suppressed, made parochial, it hath by 
 that means been preserved, and hath escaped 
 sacrilegious hands. This is the western front, 
 which is about ninety feet in height and length, 
 and is adorned with two round turrets at each 
 end, erecting themselves near twenty feet 
 higher. There is a bell (of about sixteen hun- 
 dred pounds in weight) in that on the north 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 41 
 
 side, which was hung up anno 1636, when this 
 building was appropriated (as some say) to 
 divine service, and the middle isle or nave of 
 the church repaired for that purpose. When 
 this church was in its glory, it was at least five 
 times as large as at present, and had no doubt 
 a great cross isle with a tower in the middle 
 and a choir beyond it, and even that which 
 now remains was much more magnificent, as 
 being higher and better roofed, and the front 
 being also beautified with several effigies placed 
 over the west window (under which is the 
 entrance into the church) all which are gone 
 except nine, and the two side isles are likewise 
 destroyed, and now nothing remains save the 
 middle one or body, which is in length sixty- 
 six feet and twenty-eight in breadth, the sides 
 whereof are supported by walls built between 
 the pillars, under the centres of which are win- 
 dows under those above. But there are no 
 
42 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 inscriptions or monuments extant (as I liave 
 already hinted ;) and as to the abbey, if any of 
 it be remaining, it is obscured by other build- 
 ings, and swallowed up with divers tenements 
 erected on the ground thereof, and nothing is 
 now to be discovered except a little piece of 
 the cloysters, in length twenty-four feet, and 
 ten in breadth, patched up into a school-house. 
 Nor could any thing farther be learned of the 
 inhabitants, who being chiefly Frenchmen, 
 could give little or no information of other 
 buildings, &c. except that not far from, the 
 church they shewed a piece of ground, where 
 many urns and coy ns have been digged up, 
 and amongst the latter divers of Trajan, verj 
 fail* and well preserved. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 43 
 
 ABBAT9. 
 
 1. Godemannus* * * § was appointed the first ab- 
 bat anno 970. by Ethelwold himself when he 
 was about to restore the abbey. The next 
 that I meet with is 
 
 2. Leofsius, who oecurrs abbat anno 1018. 
 in which year Ralph de Diceto saysf he was 
 made Bishop of Worcester. He was a very 
 modest and religious manj. After him I find 
 
 3. Os wins, who occurrs§ abbat anno 1031. 
 Then I meet with 
 
 4. Lefwinus|| in the year 1051. After whom 
 
 5. FulcardusIT was appointed abbat by king 
 
 * Lelandi Coll. T. I. p. 8. Angl. Sacr. vol. 
 
 I. p. 218. f Apud X. Script, col. 46?. J 
 
 Godwinus de Prses. p. 505. ex Hovedeno. 
 
 § Vide Ingulph. p. 59. || Rerum Angl. 
 
 Script, ex Edit. Savilii, p. 914. Mon. Angl, 
 Vol. I. p. 243. 
 
44 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 William the Conqueror, tho’ we are told that 
 before this time, about the year 1063, Leofric 
 Abbat of Peterborough held this and several 
 other Monasteries in his hands at the same 
 time, as I have before noted in my account of 
 Peterborough. Fuleardus having governed 
 almost sixteen years surrendered, and was 
 succeeded anno 1085. by 
 
 6. Gunter* archdeacon of Salisbury, who 
 pulled down the old church founded by St. 
 Ethelwold, and built a very fair one from the 
 foundation with new offices for the monks, and 
 dying anno 1112. was here buried He is called 
 Gaiter by Peter Blesensis.f He was succeeded 
 by 
 
 7. Robert* a monk of St. EbrulPs who was 
 brother to Joffrid Abbat of Croyland. Anno 
 
 * Mon. Angl. Vol. I. p. 243. f Apud Angl. 
 Hist, a cl. Fulmanno editos, pag. J Mon. Angl. 
 Vol. I. p. 251. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 45 
 
 1 128. he new dedicated this church built by 
 his predecessor, and having 1 governed many 
 years he died anno 1151. and was succeeded by 
 
 8. Gilbert,* who died anno 1154, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 9. Walter, f who died anno 1159* and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 10. Herbert, J who died anno 1162. and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 11. Walter, § Prior of Ramsey, who died 
 anno 1170. After which the abbey was vacant 
 for seven years, till 
 
 12. Salomon, || was elected abbat anno 1177. 
 He died anno 1193. and was succeeded by 
 
 13. Robert, IT who resigning, or, as some 
 say, being deposed anno 1 195. there w r as a 
 vacancy of four years, and at length, anno 1 1 99 * 
 
 * Ibid, et Reg. Thorney. f Ibid. J Ibid. 
 § Ibid. IT Ibid. 
 
46 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 14 . Half* was admitted abbat, and dying 
 anno 1215. was succeeded by 
 
 15. Robert, f wlio being deposed anno 1220. 
 was afterwards either restored, or else another 
 Robert was substituted in his stead. For I 
 find that Robert (whose sirname occurrs not) 
 dying anno 1237. was succeeded in the same 
 year by 
 
 16. Richard de Stanford,^ who died the same 
 year, and was succeeded by 
 
 17. David, § who died anno 1254. according 
 to Matth. Westm. or rather anno 1256. accord- 
 ing to the register of Thorney, and was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 18. Tho. de Castre,|| who died anno 126 1. 
 and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 19. Will. Yakesley,^T who died anno 1291. 
 and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 * Ibid, Registr. Thorney. J Ibid. § Ibid. 
 
 II Ibid. IF Ibid. 
 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 47 
 
 20. Odo de Witlesey,* who died anno 1305. 
 and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 21 . Will. Clopton,f who died anno 1322. 
 and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 22 . Reginald de Water Newton,! who died 
 anno 1347. and was succeded the same year by 
 
 23. Will. Haddon,§ LL.D. who died anno 
 1365. and was succeeded by 
 
 24. John de Deeping||, LL B. who died 
 anno 1396 . and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 25. Nicholas Islip,^T LL.B. who resigned 
 anno 1399. and was succeeded by 
 
 26 . Tho. Charw,** Prior of Deeping, who 
 was succeeded anno 1425. by 
 
 27. Alan Kirketon, LL.B. ft who was suc- 
 ceeded anno 1450. by 
 
 * Ibid, + Ibid. X Ibid. § Ibid, et Pat. 39 . 
 IT 3. || Mon. Angl. Vol. I. p. 251. Pat. 20. R. 2. 
 IT Ibid. Mon. Angl. Vol I. p. 251. ** Ibid, 
 
 f | Ibid. 
 
48 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 £8. John Kirketon,* who was succeeded anno 
 1540 . by 
 
 29- John Ramsey, f who died anno 1-157. 
 and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 SO. John Ryal,J I do not find when he died. 
 Rut anno 1485. 
 
 31. Richard Holbech,§ was elected abbat. 
 After whom anno 1529- 
 
 32. Robert Rlytt or Blith occurrs abbat. But 
 when he was first made so appears not. Dr. Tan- 
 ner (to whom 1 am obliged upon many accounts) 
 says, that he was also Bishop of Down, if so it 
 must be between 1526 and 1541. For Ware 
 tells us not who was bishop in that interval. I 
 suppose he held his bishoprick in commendam 
 with his abbey He was the last abbat, and 
 surrendering]! his abbey anno 1539. had a very 
 large pension of 2001. per an. assigned him. 
 
 * Ibid, f Ibid.- J Pat. 1G H. 6. §Pat. i. II. 7. 
 
 || Herb. Hist. H. 8. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 49 
 
 VIEW OF THE NORTH TRANSEPT IN 
 EXETER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 This venerable and magnificent cathedral is 
 singularly interesting to the admirer of ancient 
 English architecture ; its high embowered roofs, 
 storied windows, clustered columns, spacious 
 aisles, sepulchral tablets, and numerous statues, 
 must excite interesting emotions in the mind 
 that has a taste for architectural grandeur. 
 The variety of styles discovered in this edifice, 
 have been fruitful themes for various and oppo- 
 site opinions; many have stated that St. Mary’s 
 chapel, at the east end of the choir, was an 
 ancient Saxon church, and that the whole of 
 the present fabric was 500 years in building. 
 There are now belonging to this ancient cathe- 
 dral, a bishop, dean, and twenty-four preben- 
 
 VOL I. E 
 
50 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 daries, whereof nine are residentaries, viz. the 
 dean* precentor chancellor, treasurer, and five 
 others ; four archdeacons, four priest vicars, 
 eight lay vicars, whereof one is organist; five 
 secondaries, ten choristers, besides vergers, 
 sextons, and other officers. 
 
 Leland says, the cathedrale chirch of Excester 
 remaynid after the tyme of Leofricus, the first 
 bishop of Excester, after one rate to the tyme 
 of Peter the first, that began the cathedrale 
 chirch, now standing in Excester, and levied 
 a subsidie of the clargie of his diecese to the 
 setting forward of it. 
 
 Joannes de Grandisono Bishop of Excester 
 enlargid the west part of the chirch, making 
 vij. archis wher afore the plot was made but 
 of v. 
 
 This Joannes voltid the body of the cathe- 
 drale church of Excester. 
 
 This Joannes Grandisonus eonvertid the 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 51 
 
 iandes and frutes of S. Marie Oterey to a 
 oolleigate ehirch. 
 
 Sum think that ther was a celle of French 
 monkes at Oterey : or an house of religion yn 
 Fraunee * at Iandes there. The which celle 
 or Iandes Graunson convertid to the use of the 
 college now beyng in Oterey. 
 
 This Joannes Grandisonus chaungid an hold 
 fundation of an hospital of S. John’s in Ex 
 cester and meliorated it, putting crossid bre- 
 thren in it. 
 
 This Joannes Grandisonus turnid an old 
 Almose house of xij. poor menne, and as many 
 women, to whom nomination was given fratres 
 calendarum, to the use of the logging of the 
 vicares chorales in the cathedrale chirch of 
 Excester. 
 
 Brentingham bishop of Excester finished 
 this college in building. 
 
 * Lege had cum B. 
 
52 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 Hugh Oldham Bishop of Excester gave and 
 procured a little celle [of Freres] Ordinis S. 
 
 Trinitatis at Totenes 
 
 ^ . . . [comune tablinge in the] . . . . 
 
 «•*••••• 
 
 Joannes de Grandisono collectid the Le- 
 gendes as they be now redde in divine services 
 in the diocese of Excester. 
 
 Bishop Stapleton of Excester voltid the 
 Presbyterie. 
 
 Bishop Stapleton made also the riche front 
 of stone wo ike at the high altare in the cathe- 
 drale chirch of Excester : and also made the 
 riche sylver table in the middle of it, sum say 
 that Bishop Lacye made this silver table ; but 
 ther is no lykelyhod yn it. 
 
 Bishop Neville, as I hard say, made the 
 chapitre house as it is now at Excester. 
 
 Syns I hard that Edmund Lacy began the 
 chapiter house, and Neville performid it. 
 

 
 V. 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 53 
 
 VIEW OF THE WALLS OF EXETER CASTLE, 
 THE SALLY-PORT DITCH, WHICH BEING 
 PARTLY FILLED UP, FORMS A WALK 
 CALLED THE NORTHERN WAY. 
 
 In the reign of the usurper Stephen, Exeter 
 was garrisoned for the Empress Matilda : in the 
 contest between Edward IV. and Henry VI. it 
 again became the scene of hostility and domes- 
 tic calamity ; it was beseiged in the reign of 
 Edward VI. and again it was beseiged, and 
 surrendered to Prince Maurice, brother to 
 Prince Rupert. In 1643 Queen Henrietta Maria 
 was delivered of a daughter here, who was 
 afterwards married to the Duke ol Orleans, 
 from which marriage the present Sardinian 
 royal family is descended. 
 
54 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF BERKELEY CASTLE, 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 This ancient baronial residence of the Earls 
 of Berkeley, appears to have been founded by 
 Roger de Berkeley soon after the Conquest, 
 but owes some portion of its present form to 
 Henry II. when Duke of Normandy ; the form 
 of the castle approaches nearest to that of a 
 circle. During the civil wars, this castle was 
 held for the king, and frequent skirmishes took 
 place in the town and neighbourhood. In 1645, 
 it was besieged and surrendered to the parlia- 
 ment after a defence of nine days 
 


GOTHIC ARCHITE HCTURE. 
 
 55 
 
 EAST VIEW OF BERKELEY CASTLE. 
 
 Berkeley Castle is situated in the county of 
 Gloucestershire. In this place the unfortu- 
 nate King Edward II. was murdered, Septem- 
 ber, 1327, by the subtle device of Adam Bishop 
 of Hereford, who sent these enigmatical words 
 to his keeper, without either point or comma : 
 
 Edvardum occidere nolite timere bonum est. 
 
 <c To seek to shed King Edward’s blood 
 “ Refuse to fear I think it good 
 so that by the double sense and construction 
 of the words, they might be encouraged to 
 commit the murder, and he plausibly vindicate 
 himself to the people, for giving any directions 
 in it. When the death of this unfortunate but 
 weak sovereign was resolved on by the queen 
 and Mortimer, her infamous paramour, he was 
 
56 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 removed from Kenilworth to Berkeley castle, 
 by Sir John Maltravers and Sir Thomas Gour- 
 nay, to whose keeping he had been previously 
 committed. 
 
 (€ Mark the year and mark the night. 
 
 When Severn shall re-echo with affright. 
 The shrieks of death, through Berkeley’s 
 roofs that ring 
 
 Shrieks of an agonizing king/’ 
 
 gray’s bard. 
 
 The room is still shewn were the murder was 
 perpetrated. The parish in which it stands 
 gives title to the Earls of Berkeley. 
 
c^Xurr^ yjjA, j fut l,ly$ fa/>W l(* o£f crN 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 57 
 
 VIEW OF THE RUINS OF THE ANCIENT 
 PALACE OF THE BISHOP OF WINCHES- 
 TER, AT WALTHAM, NEAR WINCHESTER. 
 
 It stood in the middle of a large forest of its 
 own name, and was the favorite residence of 
 Wickham, who repaired it, and died here 1404 ; 
 it was demolished in the civil war. Waltham 
 Chase belongs to the Bishop of Winchester, 
 and contains two hundred acres ; it adjoins to 
 the Forest of Bere, divided into two walks and 
 sixteen purlieus, containing sixteen thousand 
 acres ; part of it is enclosed, and the other is 
 open forest land, and has upon it about one 
 hundred head of deer. 
 
 Lela :d says of Winchester palace, here the 
 Bishop of Winchester hath a right ample and 
 goodly maner place motid aboute and a praty 
 brooke renning hard by it. 
 
58 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 This maner place hath beene of many 
 bishops building*. 
 
 Most part of the 3. partes of the base court 
 was buildid of brike and timbre of late dayes 
 by Bishop Langton.* 
 
 The residew of the f inner of the house is 
 al of stone. 
 
 The hedde of this brooke for the most parte 
 risith within a mile of the town of sundry 
 springes in the way to Winchestre. This 
 brooke goith toward Budley and Hamelrise 
 Creke. 
 
 * Sic in Autogr. sed in ora Apographi Bur- 
 toniani, Tho. Langton Bp. of Win. dyed 1500. 
 t Adde part, cum B. 
 

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 09 
 
 INSIDE VIEW OF THE RUINS OF THE 
 CHAPTER HOUSE OF HEREFOFD CATHE- 
 DRAL. 
 
 Here was a Bishop’s See, erected as early as 
 680, but Milifred, King of the Mercians, 
 founded the first Cathedral Church, a. d. 825 , 
 to the honor of St. Ethelbert, who was here 
 buried, which being decayed, it was rebuilt by 
 Bishop Athelstan; the third and present ca- 
 thedral was begun by Bishop Losing, temp. 
 William Conqueror, and finished by the cha- 
 rity of several benefactors, it was so well en- 
 dowed as to maintain a bishop, dean, two 
 archdeacons, a chancellor, treasurer, twenty- 
 eight prebendaries, twelve priest vicars, four 
 lay clerks, seven choristers and other officers. 
 The revenue was valued 2 6 Henry VIII. at 
 
60 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 eight hundred and thirty-one pounds. Here 
 were also seven hospitals and two friaries. 
 
 It derives its name from the Saxon word 
 Heafford, which signifies here is the ford, and 
 it was the ford of the army under the Heptarchy. 
 Hereford was the principal town of Mercia ; 
 the palace of Offa, the most powerful of the 
 Mercian princes, was about three miles from 
 hence. About the year 999, the town was 
 probably enclosed with a wall under the au- 
 spices of King Athelstan. 
 
 The gates were six in number, viz. the Wye 
 Bridge Gate, which stood near the south Bridge. 
 
 Friar’s Gate, on the south-west. 
 
 Eigne Gate, on the west. 
 
 Widemarsh Gate, on the north. 
 
 Bishop’s Gate, on the north-east. 
 
 St. Andrew’s, since called St. Owen’s Gate, 
 on the south-east. 
 
 Fifteen embattled Watch Towers projected 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 6l 
 
 from the walls ; the distance between each tower 
 being* seventy-five to one hundred yards; 
 height of the walls sixteen feet ; of the towers 
 thirty-four feet ; the circumference inclosed by 
 the walls and the towers, was two thousand, 
 three hundred, and fifty yards; thus fortified it 
 became a post of considerable consequence. 
 In the 1 ith century, the Britons making an 
 inroad into the Marches, were opposed by the 
 garrison, which at that time saved the town 
 and country round from plunder and desola- 
 tion ; but Algar, Earl of Chester, three years 
 after, with Gryffyth Prince came with a hostile 
 army, and Earl Ranulph the commander at 
 Hereford was induced to quit the town and 
 give him battle; the contest was long and 
 doubtful, but victory declaring for the Britons, 
 Ranulph and his forces attempted to regain 
 the town ; a tumultuous pursuit took place ; the 
 two armies entered the town together; the 
 
62 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 whole became a scene of pillage and slaughter ; 
 the cathedral was burnt ; the bishop and 
 seven canons slain, and they carried away 
 many worthy persons and rich spoils, leaving 
 the town in blood and ashes. 
 
 At the battle of Mortimer Cross, in 1461, 
 Owen Tudor, husband of Queen Catherine, 
 was taken prisoner, and with nine other offi- 
 cers of rank were put to death here. In 1643 
 Sir William Waller took this city without 
 the loss of one man on either side : Sir 
 
 William with the parliament army quitted 
 it shortly after the surrender, which was 
 immediately occupied and garrisoned by the 
 royal party under B. Scuddamore, Esq. In 
 164.% after the fatal battle of Naseby, Prince 
 Rupert retired to Hereford; the prince re- 
 treated soon after into Wales : it was soon after- 
 wards besieged by the parliament army, and 
 was bravely defended by Scuddamore, but on 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 63 
 
 the king advancing from Worcester it was 
 relieved. 
 
 This city gave birth to the celebrated Mrs. 
 Eleanor Gwyn, who was born in Pipewell 
 Street, now called Pipe Lane ; she first entered 
 the service of a fruiterer, who attended the 
 playhouses. She was the best speaker of 
 prologues and epilogues of her time, many of 
 which were wrote expressly for her, by Drvden. 
 Her son was created Duke of St. Alban’s, 
 and her grandson. Lord James Beauclerk, 
 became bishop of this see, and remained so 
 forty-one years. Ob. 1787. As a mistress of a 
 king, she neither betrayed avarice, pride, nor 
 ostentation ; she was a warm patroness of 
 Dryden, Otway, and Lee ; she, by the advice of 
 Sir Stephen Fox, instigated the king to erect 
 Chelsea Hospital. 
 
SPECIMENS OF 
 
 6l< 
 
 OUTSIDE VIEW OF A GATE AT THE WEST 
 END OF THE CITY OF HEREFORD, CAL- 
 LED THE EIGNE GATE. 
 
 This was one of the six gates ; the embat- 
 tled watch-towers projected from the walls, 
 having embrasures in the shape of crosses 
 in the centre and sides, for observation and 
 the discharge of arrows ; near this gate stood 
 a house of the Grey friars, which was found- 
 ed by Sir William Pembrugge, Knt. in the 
 reign of Edward III. The Worcester an- 
 nals mention that it was flourishing as 
 early as A. D. I2()3. The donation of a bishop 
 of Hereford, which comprised lands of consi- 
 derable value formed part of its endowment. 
 
 In this street is an almshouse for four poor 
 
Gtctscd \r\jujj 'dzsfjZo JfIawj? (Loa£^ <^L u/aj&t q/vl dt 
 
 ttrui cti^ ^ rofl> - 
 
 O^^Ju£f7 8 - 4 -. Soj^rnAxib i J^SU 3 \ /Si/tS/t 
 
 =%dj oorr^lQXxyy^ j* p^L <*& \?al& <^Wi&y_ 
 
 7 ' 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 65 
 
 women, founded, in the year l6il, by Mr. 
 Richard Weaver, which is maintained out of 
 the rent of the Broad Meadow in the parish 
 of All Saints : another endowment was made 
 in 1679, by Mr. James Ely, for four persons, 
 now extended to five, which is supported from 
 an estate in Bullingham ; and another endow- 
 ment was made in 1681 by Mr. Roger Boulcott, 
 Mercer, for five poor women, to be paid out 
 of the rent of his house in Bye-street. When 
 Hereford was besieged by the Scotch army, in 
 1645, a strong parapet was thrown up at this 
 place, across a neck of land, from a point of 
 the River Wye, in the Belona Eigne suburb, to 
 another point of the river, about three hundred 
 yards below the castle. 
 
 VOL. 1. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 OUTSIDE VIEW OF BYE- STREET GATE, 
 HEREFORD. 
 
 This gate is the only one now remaining, it 
 is greatly mutilated. The name of Bishop’s 
 Gate and Street, now abbreviated into Bye 
 Street, and Bye Street Gate, seem to allude 
 to the episcopal jurisdiction in that district. 
 The street from hence extends easterly to 
 the Shire Hall, one side of which is used as 
 the city prison : two human figures, rudely 
 represented in stones, chained in niches, seems 
 to imply its original destination. In this 
 street is an hospital for three unmarried men 
 and twelve widows, founded in 1(301 by Mr. 
 Thomas Kerry, a native of this city. Beyond 
 this gate was an opulent priory dedicated 
 to St. Guthluc, of Croyland, in Lincolnshire, 
 who lived about the year 730, and who in his 
 youth distinguished himself by the profes- 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 67 
 
 sion of arms ; but at the age of twenty-five he 
 engaged in the life of an hermit, with great 
 austerity : many miracles have been wrought at 
 his tomb, and his body is said to have re- 
 mained uncorrupted for twelve months after 
 his decease. 
 
 The original founder of this fraternity was 
 Walter de Laci, who, with his brother Ilbert, 
 attended the Norman Conqueror, and was 
 sent by the king into these parts soon after 
 the conquest, in order to restrain the incur- 
 sions of the ancient Britons ; in this service 
 he distinguished himself on many occasions, 
 and was rewarded with grants of various manors 
 and lands in this county 5 he built the church 
 of St. Peter’s in this city, and founded a reli- 
 gious community in it to the honor of St. Guth- 
 luc ; he was succeeded in this property by his 
 son Roger, consisting of sixty-five lordships, 
 and four corucates of land. 
 
68 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 INSIDE VIEW OF ST. OWEN’S GATE, 
 HEREFORD. 
 
 Near this place was a church, which was de- 
 stroyed during the siege, by the Parliament 
 army, 1645; the gate was formerly called 
 St. Andrew’s Gate ; it was taken down by order 
 of the corporation, 1786 ; it was then falling 
 into decav. 
 
 j 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 OUTSIDE VIEW OF WIDEMARSH GATE, 
 HEREFORD. 
 
 In the street leading* from this Gate was born 
 the celebrated David Garrick, who was baptised 
 at All Saints, in this city, 6 28tli Feb. ! 7 1 6 ; 
 Mr. Garrick’s father was a French refugee, 
 and had a lieutenant’s commission in a regi- 
 ment of horse then stationed in Hereford,* 
 his quarters were at an inn called the Angel, 
 where his son David was born ; it is situated 
 on the north end of the bridge, Widemarsh is 
 one of the five wards of the city ; this gate 
 was taken down by order of the corporation, 
 1798. Its appearance was venerable, and ex- 
 hibited no symptoms of decay, and would pro- 
 bably have endured many centuries. 
 
70 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF THE ABBEY GATE, 
 AT ST. ALBANS. 
 
 St. Alban was a native of tins place ,• be was 
 eminent for bis sanctity, and for singular 
 steadiness in tbe Christian faith, who when 
 Dioclesian, by torture, laboured to extirpate the 
 Christian religion, was the first who, with 
 invincible constancy, suffered death for Christ, 
 in Britain. 
 
 Hard by here, is Sopwell Nunnery, where 
 they say Henry VIIL was married to Ann 
 Bullen : in the heart of the town stood one of 
 Queen Eleanor’s Crosses. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 71 
 
 VIEW OF THE HIGH ALTAR OF THE ABBEY 
 CHURCH OF ST. ALBANS. 
 
 The following’ account is by Brown Willis, 
 Esq. of Whadden Hall, with notes by T. Hearne, 
 M. A. 
 
 The story of St. Alban’s martyrdom in this 
 place, over which the abbey church is built, 
 and his having the honour to be the first person 
 in this island who laid down his life for Chris- 
 tianity, the miracles wrought at his suffering, 
 &c. being so faithfully particularized and trans- 
 mitted to posterity by Sir Henry Chauncy in 
 his elaborate account of the antiquities of 
 Hertfordshire,* I shall refer the reader to him, 
 and only briefly mention, that in honour of 
 St. Alban this church, or monastery, had the 
 precedence of other abbeys given it about the 
 
 * See pag. 420. 
 
72 
 
 SPE C1MENS OF 
 
 year 1 15 4, by Pope Adrian the Fourth, an 
 Englishman born near this place, viz. That 
 as St. Alban was the proto-martyr in England, 
 so the abbat of this place should be the first 
 abbat in England in order and dignity. After 
 which Pope Honorius, Anno 1218, confirmed 
 to the abbat and his successors episcopal 
 rights, and exempted them from the jurisdic- 
 tion of the Bishop of Lincoln their diocesan. 
 They had likewise allowed them their seats 
 in parliament till the dissolution, and accord- 
 ingly very often subscribed before the other 
 abbats, notwithstanding some were elder in 
 creation. 
 
 The privileges of this monastery being’, as 
 before mentioned, very great, the monks 
 took no less care to adorn magnificently 
 their building, which will be seen more par- 
 ticularly in the lives of the abbats, who 
 were the chief promoters of this grandeur. 
 The structure of the church still remains. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 73 
 
 being* the chief ornament of the town, and owes 
 its preservation, no doubt, to its last abbat 
 Boreman’s purchasing* it ; and pity it is that 
 the cloysters, chapter-house, and other offices 
 were not likewise preserved from the sacri- 
 legious hands of those persons who have 
 intirely demolished them. As to the monkish 
 verses and historical paintings in the cloysters, 
 library, &c. taken from the Bible and portrai- 
 tures of famous men in the windows, they may 
 be seen in the Monas tie on.* which I shall there- 
 fore pass by, and only take notice that those 
 buildings seem to have been of a newer and 
 more elegant structure than the abbey-church 
 itself, as were, no doubt, the abbey and other 
 offices, whose gate is now standing, and is very 
 large, leading to the town goal, which, with the 
 church, are the only remains of the abbey. 
 
 Vol. I. p. 182 . 
 
74 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 The shrine* of St. Alban was also very 
 sumptuous, as were the altar and brass font 
 brought out of Scotland and scarce to be 
 equalled in any church. The first is entirely 
 gone, and there is only this inscribed on a 
 modern black marble : Sanctus Albanus Vero- 
 lamensis Anglorum Proto-martyr, 17 Jun. 
 ccxcm. The stone work of the altar is yet 
 remaining, and is very stately, and well 
 wrought ; but all the golden and silver orna- 
 ments are gone. As to the latter, there is one 
 preserved in wood which represents the fashion 
 and make of the brass one. I shall not here 
 mention the epitaphs of those noble persons 
 that were slain in those two famous battles 
 between the houses of York and Lancaster, 
 and here buried ; but rather desire the reader 
 to consult Chauncy and Weever, and instead 
 
 * Chauncy’s Antiq. of Hertfordshire. 
 
* GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 7 5 
 
 of enlarging on the account, I will beg leave to 
 observe, that this is one of the religious houses 
 restored by Queen Mary, though it continued 
 not above a twelve month after. 
 
 As to the antiquity of the abbey, it was 
 founded by King Offa,* a.d. 7Q4, and dedi- 
 cated to St. Alban. It was valued at the disso- 
 lution at 21021. 7s. id. ob. q. Dugd. 25101. 
 6s. Id. ob. q. Speed. The first abbat, ap- 
 pointed by King Gffa, was 
 
 ABBATS. 
 
 1 Willigod,f who dying anno 7c6. was the 
 same year succeeded by 
 
 2. Edric,I nearly related in blood to king 
 Offa. Upon his death he was succeeded by 
 
 * Tanner’s Notit. Mori- p. 88. f Matt. 
 Paris, in vit. viginti trium Abbatum S. Albani, 
 ad finem Editionis Watsianse, p. 36. J Ibid 
 pag. 37. 
 
76 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 3. Uulsig, or Ulsin,* descended of the royal 
 family, who wasting- the church revenues died 
 in the reign of king Edward, Otis said by 
 poyson) under the hatred and curse of the 
 convent, and was succeeded by 
 
 4. Uulnoth,f who was created abbat in the 
 time of king Ethelstan. While he governed 
 this church the Danes raged in this isle in a 
 hostile manner, and came to St. Alban’s tomb, 
 where finding his bones, they carried them 
 into their own country, and there reverently 
 laid them in a precious coffin in a certain reli- 
 gious house of black monks ; that as in Eng- 
 land, so they might be worshiped in Den- 
 mark. When this abbat had governed about 
 eleven years, he died, and was succeeded by 
 
 5. Eadfrith,]; or Ecfrid,§ the Prior, who 
 
 * Ibid, f Ibid. p. 38. 
 Coll. T I. p. 59 6. 
 
 X Ibid. § Lelandi 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 77 
 
 being* elected abbat governed here in the reign 
 of Edmund the Just. He was descended from 
 the Saxon nobility. In his time Ulpho, Prior 
 of St. Alban’s, built a famous chapell to the 
 honor of St. German, a venerable bishop ; and 
 another chapell was built by his licence where 
 Ulpho a Dane and relation of the abbat’s, a 
 monk of the cloyster and a man of great sanc- 
 tity, had for a long time like an hermit tilled 
 gardens, and was admirable in abstaining from 
 wine. When this holy man died, upon account 
 of his eminent virtues he was reverently laid 
 among the abbats ; which Eadfrith seriously re- 
 flecting upon, he laid aside all state, and aban- 
 doning the pleasures of the world, and forsaking 
 that riotous way of living he had before ac- 
 customed himself to, he resigned up his pas- 
 toral staff, and betook himself to a solitary 
 life, by virtue of which the abbatship became 
 void, and continued vacant for a year, after 
 which time 
 
78 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 6. Ulsin, or Ulsig,* was elected abbat. He 
 governed in tbe reign of King Etheldred, sur- 
 named the most Pious, anno 960. He honoured 
 his predecessor, reverencing him for his strict 
 and holy life, and buried him at his death 
 among the abbats. He built another chapell 
 near to St German’s and dedicated it to St. 
 Mary Magdalen. He died in a good old age, 
 and was succeeded by 
 
 7. Alfric,f who for a great sum of money, 
 the precious cup wherein the body of our Lord 
 was kept, and divers other valuable gifts, pur- 
 chased of King Edgar a large and deep fish- 
 pool, lying betwixt Old Verulam and this 
 village, whereby the abbats and monks were 
 molested by the king’s officers resorting thither 
 to fish. This purchase being made by this ab- 
 ba t, he drained the water, and made it dry 
 
 # M. Par. p 39. f Ibid. p. 40. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. JQ 
 
 ground. The name of the pool still remaineth 
 here in a certain street, called Fishpool street. 
 
 8. Eldred* succeeded next. In the reign 
 of King Edgar he searcht for ancient vaults 
 under ground at Verulam, and finding several 
 passages artificially arched over, he stopped 
 them up anno 960. because they were lurking 
 holes for whores and thieves, and levelled all 
 the ditches of the city. He laid aside all the 
 tiles and stones, which he found fit for build- 
 ing, with a design to have raised a new church 
 out of the ruins of the old one ; but he was 
 hindred by death. He was succeeded by 
 
 9. Eadmer,f who carried on the work that 
 his predecessor Eldred had begun. As his 
 pioneers were overthrowing the foundation 
 of a palace in the middle of the old city, in 
 the hollow place of a wall, as it were in a 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
 f Ibid. 
 
80 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 little closet, they found several books covered 
 with oaken boards, and silk strings fixed 
 to them, whereof one contained the life of 
 St. Alban written in the British tongue, the 
 rest the religious ceremonies observed by the 
 heathens of this place. And when they delved 
 into the ground they found old tablets of 
 stone, tiles, pillars, pitchers, pots of earth and 
 vessels of glass containing the ashes of the 
 dead, &c. Out of the remains of Verulam 
 Eadmer built anew the greatest part of his 
 church and monastery, with an intent to have 
 finished the whole, but death disappointed 
 him. Upon which 
 
 10. Leofric,* son of the Earl of Kent, was 
 elected abbat. While he was a secular he 
 gave his inheritance to his younger brother, 
 and taking upon him a religious habit, his 
 
 * Ibid. p. 42. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 81 
 
 great merits advanced him to the see of Can- 
 terbury. He died anno 1 04(5. leaving his mo- 
 nastery very rich, and was succeeded by 
 
 11. Alfric* his younger brother, who com- 
 piled the life and death of St. Alban. While 
 he was a secular he was chancellor to King 
 Ethelred, and pers waded him to renew the 
 charters, and confirm the gifts of his prede- 
 cessors, and to bestow an onyx stone on this 
 church. He purchased Kingsbury mannor, 
 parks, and woods of the king which he gave to 
 the abbey. Besides which he likewise purchased 
 Oxonage and Adulfinton for one thousand 
 marks, Northton, Upton, Becces and Wartham 
 for 50. li. &c. 
 
 12. Leofstan,f who was of the family of 
 King Edward the Conf. and his counsellour. 
 
 * Mat. Par. p. 43. f Ibid. p. 45. Chauncy, 
 p. 432. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 G 
 
82 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 was next advanced to the government of this 
 monastery, and prevailed with the king to 
 confirm to it Stodham, Redburn, Langley, 
 Greenburrow and Thwancton, &c. He caused 
 the thick and shady woods near the edge of 
 the Chiltern by.Watling street to be stocked 
 up, the rugged plains to be levelled, bridges 
 to be built, the uneven ways to be made plain 
 and safe for passage, and gave to a certain 
 knight called Thurnoth and his two souldiers 
 Waldef and Thurman the mannor of Flamsted, 
 for which Thurnoth gave him five ounces of 
 gold and a fair palfrey, upon condition that 
 he and his two souldiers should indemnify all 
 travellers from thieves and beasts, (with which 
 these parts were very much infested) and use 
 all their diligence in time of war to preserve 
 the safety of this church, which they performed 
 till King William, after he had conquered 
 this island, took this mannor from them. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 83 
 
 and gave it to Roger de Thoni, who willed 
 that right should be done to St. Alban, and that 
 the same service should be strictly performed. 
 He gave ornaments to the church, and died 
 soon after the death of king Edw. the Confes- 
 sor, and was succeeded by 
 
 13. Frederic,* (kinsman and next heir to 
 Canutus King of the Danes) who was elected 
 abbat in the reign of King Harold. He op- 
 posed the conqueror, who thereupon deprived 
 this church of all its lands lying between Bar- 
 net and London, and, after the abbat’s death, 
 he seized it into his own hands, destroyed the 
 woods, and impoverished the people; and 
 had not Lanfranc the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury interposed, he had destroyed the monas- 
 tery; but at length he prevailed that his kins- 
 man called 
 
 * M. Paris, p. 46, 
 
84 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 14. Paul,* or Paulin us, f whom lie brought 
 with him into England, should be made abbat, 
 who was accordingly elected 4. Cal. July anno 
 1077. He rebuilt the church and all the other 
 structures (but the bakehouse and pastry) out 
 of the stones, tyles, and wooden materials of 
 Verulam which his predecessors had preserved. 
 He recovered divers mannors for this church, 
 rebuilt the tower for a bell, and was at the 
 charge of having many choice books tran- 
 scribed. He died 3. Ides of Nov. 1093. J after 
 he had governed this church 16 years and 
 four months. After whose death this church 
 was vacant four years, and then 
 
 15. Richard§ was elected anno 1097. He 
 obtained divers grants of lands for this monas- 
 
 * Ibid. p. 4p. f Lelandi Coll. T. I. p. 41 7- 
 et T. II. p. 200. 269. 390 . I Lelandi Coll. 
 T. II p. 356. § Mat. Par. p 54. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. c5 
 
 tery. Anno 1115. this church was new dedi- 
 cated in a very solemn manner, the king him- 
 self, the queen, and a vast concourse of other 
 eminent and illustrious personages being pre- 
 sent at the ceremony. After he had governed 
 twenty-one years he died 17 Cal. of Jun. 
 anno 1119. and was buried in the chapell which 
 he had built near the church dedicated to St. 
 Cuthbert, with a Latin Epitaph. 
 
 16 . Geffry* succeeded. He gave divers 
 lands to this church. He built a large and 
 noble hall with a double roof to entertain 
 strangers in, near to which he built a fair 
 bed-chamber. He built another house like 
 a hall, with a chapell towards the east. He 
 gave many rich ornaments to this monastery, 
 with a chalice and cover of massy, pure, gold, 
 which he afterwards sent to Pope Cselestine 
 
 * M. Paris, p. 56. Chauncy, p- 435. 
 
SPECIMENS OF 
 
 86 
 
 the second, to mitigate his covetousness who 
 would have impropriated this church* When 
 he had governed twenty-six years and some 
 months he died on the fifth of the Cal. of Mar. 
 1146. and was buried in this church with a 
 Latin inscription upon his stone. 
 
 17. Ralf* succeeded. He built the cham- 
 bers of the abbats adjoyning to the church, 
 and gave divers rich coats and vestments for 
 the orders of the church, which he governed 
 between four and five years. He surrendered 
 a little before his death, which fell out anno 
 1151. and was succeeded the same year by 
 his nephew 
 
 18. Robert de Gorhamf the Prior. While 
 he was secretary here he covered the greater 
 part of the church with lead. He procured 
 
 g *— i m i i m 
 
 * Matt. Par. p. 64, f Matt. Par. p. 66. et 
 Lelandi Coll. T, III. p, 1 15. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 87 
 
 divers privileges and lands for this monastery, 
 and died 10. Cal. Nov. anno. 11 66 . and was 
 here buried at the feet of abbat Paul. His 
 successor was 
 
 IP. Simon* a learned and virtuous man. 
 He caused many books to be written for the 
 use of the convent. At his request the Bishop 
 of Durham dedicated St. Cuthbert’s chapel! 
 to St. John Baptist. This abbat gave a great 
 chalice of most pure gold, adorned with in- 
 comparable gems of divers kinds, and a little 
 cup curiously set with gems, to lay up the 
 eucharist in, ordering them to be set upon 
 the great altar of the martyr; and King 
 Henry sent another noble cup in which the 
 body of Christ might be contained. This 
 abbat gave three other small chalices of gold, 
 and a noble cross of golden plate, with a 
 
 * Matt. Par. p. 91. 
 
88 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 golden jewel placed in the middle of it. He 
 died anno 1188. ult. Hen. II. and was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 20. Garine,* who caused a coffin and shrine 
 to be made, wherein he put the reliques of 
 St. Ampliibalus. He died 3. Cal. Maii anno 
 1195. and was succeeded by 
 
 21. John de Celia, f who purchased the 
 church of St. Stephen with certain lands 
 thereto adjoyning for one hundred and twenty 
 marks, which he assigned to the officers of 
 the kitchin. When he had governed this 
 church eighteen years he died anno 1214. and 
 thereupon 
 
 22. William de TrumpingtonJ was elected 
 on the day of St. Edmund the king and mar- 
 tyr. He rebuilt St. John’s cliapell and dedi- 
 
 * Ibid. p. 94. f Ibid. p. 103. J Ibid. p. 
 1 14. Pat. 19. Hen. III. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 8Q 
 
 cated it to St. Cuthbert, St. John Baptist, 
 and St. Agnes, and when he had governed 
 this church almost twenty years, three months, 
 he died on St. Matthew’s day. anno 1235 . and 
 was the same year succeeded by 
 
 23 . John of Hertford.* He gave a cap well 
 embroidered with a bushy robe to wear in the 
 choir, and a cup gilded with silver. He built 
 a noble hall (which he covered with lead) for 
 the use of strangers, adding many chambers 
 to the same, with an inner parlour, and a 
 chimney, and a noble picture, and an entry, 
 and a small hall ; also a most noble entry, 
 with a porch or gallery, and many fair bed- 
 chambers, with their inner chambers and chim- 
 neys to receive strangers honourably. 
 
 24 . Rogerf succeeded him in the time of 
 
 »E» r ■ ■ ■ 
 
 * M. Par. p. 133 . Pat. 19 . Hen. III. Cliaun- 
 cy, p. 441 . f Chauncy, p. 442 . 
 
90 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 Edward I. He laid out great costs and charges 
 on the repairs of the church. He gave three 
 tunable bells to the steeple, whereof two 
 were dedicated to the honour of St- Alban, 
 and the third to St. Amphibalus, which last 
 he commanded to be rung at nine a clock 
 every night, and every one at the ringing of 
 it was bound to cover the fire. He died* anno 
 logo, and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 25. John of Berkhamsted,f who died 15. 
 Nov. anno 1301, and was succeeded the next 
 year by 
 
 26. John de Marines. J He died anno 1308. 
 and was succeeded by 
 
 27. Hugh de Everisden,§ who enlarged the 
 revenues of the church, and obtained from 
 King Edward divers great gifts, with a crucifix 
 
 * Pat. 19. Edw. I. f Chauncy, p. 442. 
 J Chauncy, ibid. Pat. SO. Ed. I. § Pat. 2. 
 Edw. II. Chauncy p 443 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 91 
 
 of gold beset with precious stones, a cup of 
 silver gilt, and many Scotch reliques, as well 
 as timber, to repair the choir, and one hundred 
 pounds in money. He died* anno 1326. and 
 was here buried with a Latin epitaph. 
 
 28. Richard de Wallingford f succeeded the 
 same year. He gave a clock to this church, the 
 like of whereof was not to be seen in England. 
 He died anno 1334. the patents^ say anno 
 1335. and was succeeded by 
 
 29. Michael de Mentemore,§ who died anno 
 1342. and was buried in this church with a 
 Latin inscription : he was succeeded by 
 
 * Pat. l.Edw. 3. Chauncy, p. 443. etLelan- 
 di Coll. T. III. p. 27. ubi tamen pro Computus 
 Rogeri reponend. Computus Richardi, ut 
 monuit amicus noster in notis ad hoc opus. 
 X Pat. 10. Edw. 3. § Ibid, 
 
92 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 30. Thomas de la More* Prior of Tinmouth, 
 who adorned this church more richly than any 
 of his predecessors had done, and paved the 
 west part of the floor. The several gifts he 
 gave to this place cost him above four thou- 
 sand pounds. He diedf anno 1396 . and was 
 buried in the church with a Latin epitaph. 
 
 31. John Moot,]; succeeded. He erected 
 a fair house for himself and successors at 
 Tittenhanger, but d.ied§ before he had finished 
 the same anno 1405. and was buried here with 
 a Latin epitaph. 
 
 32. Will. Heyworthll succeeded. Anno 1420. 
 he was made Bishop of Lichfield and dying 
 anno 1434. he was buried here (and not at 
 Lichfield) with a Latin epitaph. 
 
 * Weever, p. 56 1. Chauncy, p. 444. f Pat. 
 20. Rich. 2. J Chauncy, p. 445. § Pat. 20. 
 
 Rich 2» |] Chauncy, p. 445. ^Godwin de Praes. 
 p 377. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 93 
 
 33. John Whethamsted* succeeded upon 
 Hey worth’s promotion to Lichfield anno 1420. 
 He causedf our Lady’s chapel to be rarely 
 painted with stories out of the sacred history. 
 He built a small chapell on the south part of 
 the church for his own burial place, and caused 
 new windows to be made and glazed in the 
 north part of the church which before was too 
 dark. And for the same reason he caused a 
 large window to be made in the west end of 
 the north aisle. He made an embroidered ves- 
 ture for himself and successors to use when 
 they entered into the Sanctum Sanctorum; a 
 new mitre, and a pastoral staff, a chalice of 
 pure gold, a pair of silver censers and a pair 
 of silver flagons gilt. He likewise trimmed 
 up his monastery with curious painted image- 
 
 * Pat. 8. Hen. 5. f Weever, p. 562. et Chaun- 
 cy, p. 445. 
 
g4 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 ries, He gave a great bason of silver double 
 gilt, and built a chapell for the convent. After 
 he had governed this monastery about twenty 
 years he resigned it anno 1440.* and was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 34. John Stock, or Stoke, f Prior of Walling- 
 ford. He was;j; a stout defender of the lands 
 and liberties of his church. He adorned the 
 tomb of Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, who§ 
 after he had built that stately fabric, the di- 
 vinity school at Oxford (and the library over 
 it) and had been an especial benefactor to 
 this abbey, and performed many other acts 
 of charity, was at last strangled by the envy 
 and malice of Margaret of Lorrain, wife to 
 his nephew Henry VI. and here interred in 
 the choir. This abbat|| also gave money by his 
 
 * Pat- 19. Hen. 6. f Weever, p. 567. Ckaun- 
 ey, p. 445. J Weever, p. 556. § Ibid. p. 554. 555. 
 
 || Weever, p. 556. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 95 
 
 will to make a new bell, which after his own 
 name was called John, and likewise to new 
 glaze the cloysters. He died anno 1462. and 
 was buried here with a Latin epitaph. Upon 
 this 
 
 35. John Whethamsted* succeeded him again 
 and dying on the 20tli. of Jan. anno 1464. he 
 was buried here in his own chapell, which he 
 had provided in his life-time, with a Latin epi- 
 taph, made by one of the monks. 
 
 36. Will. Alban LL. D.f was elected 31. 
 Jan. 1464. and dying l July 1 476. 16 Ed. 4, 
 he was succeeded by 
 
 37. Will. Wallingford.*; He built the rich 
 
 * Weever, p, 567. Chauncv, p. 447 . Quin 
 et de isto abbate (viro plane eruditissimo omni- 
 que laude dignissimo) non pauca legi possunt 
 in notis quas huic operi subjunxit editor. 
 X Chauncy, p. 448. § Ibid. p. 449. 
 
96 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 and costly front of the high altar which cost 
 1 100 marks. He paid 100 lib, sterling for his 
 chapell, and a tomb in the south part of the 
 church near the high altar. He laid out much 
 money in repairs and purchases. Weever* 
 says his gifts amounted to 8060l. 7s. 6d. He 
 died 8. Aug. anno 1484. and was buried here 
 with a Latin inscription. 
 
 38. Tho. Ramrigef succeeded anno \ty2. 
 He died about the year 1524. and was here 
 buried under a noble monument. He was suc- 
 ceeded by 
 
 3Q. Tho. WoolseyJ; who was elected abbat 
 30. Nov. 1526. He was a person of ordinary 
 extraction, but of vast abilities. By his ex- 
 cellent natural parts, exquisite learning, pro- 
 found judgment, indefatigable industry, gen- 
 
 * Weever, p. 556. f Ibid. p. 557. Chauncy, p. 
 419. Chauncy, p. 449. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. Q7 
 
 / 
 
 teel behaviour, and undaunted courage and re- 
 solution he acquired such a reputation as made 
 him taken notice of by the king and others of 
 the highest birth and quality. So that in a 
 little time he was advanced to the most con- 
 siderable posts of honour, and the whole ma- 
 nagement of the public affairs was entirely 
 committed to him; which created him so 
 many enemies (who all envied his glory) that, 
 notwithstanding his eloquence and policy, he 
 was at last deprived of all his places, which 
 conduced in no small measure to the shorten- 
 ing of his days. We have very few, if any, 
 
 amongst all our British Worthies that may be 
 
 * 
 
 compared with him for generosity and hospi- 
 tality. He was of such an heroic and public 
 spirit, that it was his constant endeavour that 
 his benefactions should be equal to the gieat- 
 ness of his income. Posterity stand amazed 
 when they view the buildings he erected; 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 H 
 
93 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 which however are only an earnest of what 
 he intended, had he not fallen under the dis- 
 pleasure of his royal master, who took from 
 him all his riches and preferments, the history 
 of which being to be met with in other writers, 
 I forbear any farther account, and will only 
 remark that he held the archbishoprick of Y ork 
 in commendam with his abbatship, he being 
 at that time a cardinal, to which dignity, by 
 the title of St. Csecilia, he was promoted by 
 the pope on Sept. 7th 1515. Besides other mag- 
 nificent and stupendous piles of building he 
 founded Christ Church College in Oxford, 
 laying the foundation stone thereof himself, 
 on which was engraved a Latin inscription, 
 published jn the IXth. VoL* of Leland’s Itine- 
 rary. He died in the 5gth.f year of his 
 
 * Pag. 127. f See at the end of Cavendish’s 
 Life of Cardinal Wolsey. in MS. in bibl. Bodl. 
 I. 66. Laud. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 99 
 
 age on St- Andrew’s eve at Leycester, A. D. 
 1530. and being buried there he was succeeded 
 as abbat by 
 
 40. Robert Catton* who was deprivedf in 
 the year 1538. and was succeeded by 
 
 41. Richard Stevenache or Stevenage, alias 
 Boreman,;j; Batchelor of Divinity, lately§ prior 
 of this place, and now Prior of Norwich. || 
 But he enjoyed it but a short time. For on 
 the fifth of Dec. in the following year, it was 
 surrendered by him to the king, who in consi- 
 deration thereof allowed him a yearly pension 
 of 2661. 13s. 4d. He was instrumental in 
 saving his church of St. Alban’s by purchasing 
 it. When the abbey was restored by Queen 
 Mary, he was designed by her abbat again. 
 
 * Chauncy, p. 450. f Ryiner’s Foedera, 
 Vol. N1V. p. 587. X Chauncy, p. 450. § Ry- 
 mer, loc. cit. || Chauncy, lac* cit. 
 
100 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF THE ABBEY OF ST. 
 
 alban's. 
 
 ( 
 
 This Abbey was founded by OfFa the pow- 
 erful King of Mercia, between 756 and 795 , 
 according to the words of the charter of our 
 Lord Jesus Christ, and St. Alban the Martyr, 
 OfFa obtained a license from the Pope for the 
 church of St. Alban’s. The revenue called 
 Romscot, to be collected through Hertford- 
 shire, and applied to this Abbey. Pope Adrian 
 the Fourth, who was born in this neighbour- 
 hood, ordered that the Abbot should always 
 hold the first rank among the Abbots of Eng- 
 land. This church remains remarkable for 
 its size, beauty, and antiquity. After the 
 monks were turned out, the townspeople 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 101 
 
 gave 4001. to save it being pulled down, and 
 made it a Parish Church* in it was a most beau- 
 tiful brass font, in which the children of 
 the Kings of Scotland used to be baptised. 
 Sir Richard Lee who was with the army that 
 invaded Scotland in the time of Henry VIII. 
 brought it here as part of the spoils. 
 
 This is one of the earliest productions of the 
 Saxons, and was built out of the ruins of the 
 City of Vend am, which once stood in the 
 adjacent meadows; the materials are bricks and 
 tiles of various dimensions, and some few dress- 
 ings of stone, since that time it has undergone 
 many alterations and various stiles of archi- 
 tecture meet the eye, however, much of the 
 original design remains. Among the various 
 works exemplifying the architecture of the 
 structure, is found the early Saxon, the 
 pointed stiles of Henry III. Edward III. 
 Henry VII. &c. ; there is much regularity in 
 
W2 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 the design, and a due distribution of the 
 several parts consonant with the arrangement 
 of a religious pile raised on a scale so grand 
 and interesting. 
 
cf fetc/tii/ !J go. ( $}Ij fUj> rtlt*ij<?6 .Gy'S (ajrtsJr Wooi, f 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 103 
 
 EAST VIEW IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE 
 CHOIR OF THE ABBEY CHURCH AT ST. 
 
 alban’s. 
 
 Bede says that this church was of admirable 
 workmanship. Many are the monuments, 
 brasses, tombs, and inscriptions in the abbey 
 church. The vault of Humphrey Duke of 
 Gloucester is here ; the high altar is a curious 
 piece of Gothic work ; infinite are the antiqui- 
 ties of all sorts that have been and are fre- 
 quently dug up here. 
 
 As antiquity consecrated this spot for reli- 
 gious purposes, it seemed also to have been 
 made a scene of war, for here in 1455, was 
 fought the memorable battle, in which the 
 Yorkists were superior, and without suffering 
 any material loss^ slew about 5000 of their 
 
104 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 enemies* amongst whom were the Duke of 
 Somerset* the Earl of Northumberland, the 
 Earl of Stafford eldest son to the Duke of 
 Buckingham, and Lord Clifford and many 
 other persons of distinction, the king himself 
 fell into the hands of the Duke of York, who 
 treated him with great respect, but obliged 
 him to commit the whole authority of the go- 
 vernment to his hands* In 1461, a second 
 battle was fought here between Queen Mar- 
 garet’s army and the Earl of Warwick’s, in 
 which the Yorkists were defeated with the loss 
 of about 2200 of their forces in the battle, and 
 in pursuit the person of the king fell again 
 into the hands of his own party ; the Queen 
 made no great advantage of this victory, for 
 Edward joining the remains of Warwick’s army 
 advanced against her with superior force and 
 obliged her to retire. 
 
 i 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 I Ob 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The following account of the above is given 
 by Brown Willis, Esq. with notes by Thomas 
 Hearne, M. A. 
 
 King* iEthelbert and St. Augustine A. D. 
 605. founded a monastery here, and commended 
 it to the patronage of St. Peter and St. Paul. 
 This was afterwards called St. Augustine’s 
 Abbey, and was endowed at the suppression 
 with 1413/. 4s. 1 id. ob. per an. 
 
 The aforesaid St. Augustine ordained this 
 abbey to be the burial place for himself and his 
 successors, and the Kings of Kent; and in 
 succeeding times it arose to that great emi- 
 nence, that f its privileges were equal, if not su- 
 
 * Tanner’s Notit. Monast. p. 9 6 . f Battely’s 
 Antiq. of Cant. 
 
jOD 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 perior, to any in England : the abbat having 
 allowance of a coynage * or mint by the grant 
 of King Athelstan, and a place in the general 
 council at Rome by the gift of Pope Leo, and 
 exemption from episcopal jurisdiction, being 
 under the immediate protection of the Pope, 
 and presiding over an whole lath of 13 hun- 
 dreds, &c. 
 
 Neither were the revenues less considerable. 
 For as Thorne records it, the members of this 
 abbey were possessed in their several manors 
 of 98 62 acres of land, a more particular account 
 of which, and other matters, may be seen in 
 Lambard’s Perambulations of Kent, Weever ? s 
 Funeral Monuments, and especially in Battely’s 
 edition of Somner’s Antiquities of Canterbury. 
 
 Amongst other illustrious persons that were 
 
 * Lambard’s Perambulation of Kent, p. 312 
 Ed. Bond. 1596*. 
 
GOTHTC ARCHITECTURE. 107 
 
 interred in this famous abbey, I cannot but 
 here take notice of those that follow. 
 
 Ethelbert, * King- of Kent, who died anno 
 0 1 o, thirteen years after he had received the 
 Christian faith, and was buried on the north 
 side of the church, with a Latin inscription, 
 ingraven on his monument : 
 
 Near whom was likewise interred Berta, f 
 his queen, daughter of Chilperick King of 
 France, with a Latin distich. 
 
 To this Ethelbert succeeded Edbald his son, 
 who built X a chapell here in honour of the 
 blessed virgin, wherein he was buried anno 640. 
 And afterwards his wife Emma,§ the daughter 
 of Theodebert, King of Lorraine, was buried 
 by him. 
 
 In this monastery were also buried. 
 
 * Weever’s Fun. Mon. p. 241. f Weever* 
 Ibid. X Weever, p. 242. § Ibid. 
 
108 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 King Ercombert * and Sexburg his queen. 
 I his king died anno 664, and was succeeded 
 
 by 
 
 Egbert his son, who dying anno 673, was 
 buried f here by his predecessors, as were 
 Lothair, ^ 
 
 Withred, f all kings, as is observed by 
 
 Edelbert, and | Lambard. 
 
 Mull. 3 
 
 To which must be added these Archbishops 
 
 of Canterbury, (yet with this request, that the 
 reader would be pleased to compare both this 
 catalogue, and that which goes before with 
 what Leland hath observed upon the same oc- 
 casion in his X Collectanea.) 
 
 l. St. Augustine their founder, who died 
 anno 614. His body being moved with several 
 
 * Weever, p. 212. 
 
 P- p * 
 
 f Ibid. % Tom. III. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 109 
 
 of his successors, out of the porch (it being not 
 usual in the primitive times to bury in churches) 
 was placed, by the care of Thomas Fyndon the 
 abbat, near the high altar in a sumptuous mo- 
 nument with a Latin inscription. 
 
 2. To this Augustine succeeded Laurence, 
 who died* anno 619, February 3. For whom 
 a Latin epitaph was composed. 
 
 3. Mellitus,f sometime Abbat of Rome, 
 succeeded him. Fie was first consecrated 
 Bishop of London. He died 24th April, 624. 
 Upon his tomb was ingraven a Latin epitaph. 
 
 4. Presently after his death, Justus, J Bishop 
 of Rochester, was preferred to this Archbi- 
 shoprick. He died 10th November, 631, and 
 was buried by his predecesssor with a Latin 
 epitaph. 
 
 t ®.ef. 
 
 * Weever’s Fun. Monum. p. 246. f Ibid 
 p 246, 217. X Ibid. 247. 
 
110 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 5. Honorius,* the next archbishop, dying 
 28th February, 653, had a Latin epitaph be- 
 stowed upon him. 
 
 6. One Frithonaf succeeded him, who, upon 
 his consecration, changed his name for Deus 
 dedit. He died 14th July, 664, being the 
 same year in which Ercombert, King of Kent, 
 deceased. He was the last archbishop buried 
 in the church porch. His epitaph was in Latin. 
 
 7. Theodore X succeeded him. He was the 
 first archbishop buried within the church. He 
 died 29th September, 690, and some Latin 
 verses § were engraven on the wall in the 
 church to the memory of him and his six prede- 
 cessors. 
 
 8. Brithwald || Abb at of Reculver, succeeded 
 
 * Weever, p. 247. f Ibid. p. 247, 218. 
 X Ibid. p. 248. § Godwin de Pnesulibus, p 6 2 . 
 [] Ibid. p. 248, 249. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 1 J l 
 
 two years after his death. He died January 
 9 , anno 731, for whom a Latin epitaph was 
 framed and engraven on his monument. 
 
 9 . Tat win * succeeded, and died July the 
 last, anno 735, to whose memory a Latin 
 epitaph was engraven on his stone coffin. 
 
 10 . His successor was f Nothelme, who 
 died 17th October, anno 740, (Godwin says 
 741.) and was buried here with his predecessors. 
 He had a Latin epitaph. 
 
 11 . The next archbishop! was Cuthbert, 
 who procured of the king that the bodies of the 
 archbishops should not be buried at St. Au- 
 gustine’s, as they had been heretofore, but at 
 Christ-Church ; and so, according to his de- 
 sire, the funeral of himself and his successor 
 Bregwin was solemnized there. But the next 
 archbishop 
 
 * Weever’s Fun. Mon. p. 249. f Ibid. J Ibid. 
 
112 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 12. Janebert* having been Abbat of St. 
 Augustine’s, and translated hither, upon pros- 
 pect of his death (which happened 12th Au- 
 gust, 790.) ordered his body to be entombed 
 here in the Chapter-House, which accordingly 
 was performed, and a Latin epitaph ingraven to 
 his memory. Fie sat archbishop 27 years, and 
 lived Q4, and was the last archbishop here 
 interred. A farther account of him and his 
 predecessor may be seen in Godwin and 
 Weever. 
 
 Here were also buried Julian Countess of 
 Huntingdon, who died anno 1350, and 
 divers of its abbot, but of all these (says 
 Mr. Weeverf) and thousands more here in- 
 terred (this abbey having been the ancient 
 place of interment belonging to the city, as 
 
 * Weever’ s Fun. Mon. p. 240, 250. f Ibid, 
 p. 240, 259. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 113 
 
 situate without the walls, agreeable to the cus- 
 tom of the primitive times of Christianity, when 
 they were not permitted to bury within cities) 
 not one bone at this time remains near another, 
 nor one stone almost of the whole fabrick 
 stands upon another, the tract of that most 
 goodly foundation no where appearing; only 
 Ethelbert’s Tower, having escaped the verdict 
 and sentence of destruction, was to be seen 
 when the said Mr. We ever lived, and he 
 judged, that though its beauty was much de- 
 faced, it would be nevertheless a witness to 
 succeeding ages of the magnificence of the 
 whole, when all stood eompleat in their glory 
 together : but this tower since Weever’s time, 
 and the publication of the Monasticon, (in 
 which the draughts of the said tower and 
 of other remains of the monastery are 
 delineated) is intirely destroyed, and nothing 
 is now to be seen of the abbey except one side 
 
 VOL. i. 
 
 i 
 
114 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 of tlie walls of the said tower and some other 
 few ruins, the whole site being converted into 
 a cherry orchard, (to which the gate-houses 
 and outward walls serve for an inclosure) inso- 
 much that no judgment is to be made of the 
 bigness of the fabrick of this church, or where 
 the chapells of St. Mary and St. Anne adjoining 
 to it stood. What else occurs in relation to 
 this monastery is included in the following 
 list of abbats 
 
 ABBATS. 
 
 1. Peter* first abbat of this place being sent 
 
 * Chron. G. Thorne de reb. gestis Abbatum 
 S. Augustini Cant, apud X. Script, col. 176l. 
 W tever’s Fun. Mon. p. 250. Bat. Antiq. Cant, 
 pag. l()3. Vide quoque Chronologiam quon- 
 dam spectantem ad coenobium hocce Augusth 
 nense, et ad calcem Thornii ap. X. Script, 
 editam. col. 2230, quamproinde in sequentibus 
 sub Thornii etiam nomine citabimus. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 115 
 
 legate into France by King Ethelbert, was 
 drowned about the year 607 , in his return to 
 England, in a creek called Amflete. His body 
 was taken up and buried by the inhabitants 
 there ; but it was afterwards removed and 
 buried in St. Mary’s church in Boloyne, and 
 an honorary monument was erected to his 
 memory in this abbey, bearing a Latin in- 
 scription. 
 
 2. John* a monk of this house succeeded 
 him anno 607, He died anno 6 18, and was 
 buried here in our Lady’s ehapell, with an 
 epitaph in Latin. 
 
 3 Ruffinianf succeeded John, and dying 
 anno 626, was here interred, with a Latin 
 epitaph. 
 
 4 . Gratiosus^; succeeded him, anno 626, 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1766, and 2230 . f Thorne, 
 col. 1768 and 2230 . J Thorn, ibid. Weever, ibid. 
 
SPECIMENS OF 
 
 1 l6 
 
 and died 640, (Thorne says 638 ) and was here 
 interred with a Latin inscription. 
 
 5. Petronius * was the next abbat, being- 
 chosen anno 640. (Thorne says 638.) He died 
 anno 654, and was buried with a Latin epi- 
 taph. 
 
 6. Nathaniel f was consecrated on the de- 
 cease of Petronius, anno 654. After he had 
 governed 13 years, he died anno 66 7, and was 
 here interred with a Latin distich. 
 
 7. Adrian J born in Africa (Abb at first of the 
 Monastery of Niridia near Naples) succeeded 
 anno 669, after there had been a vacancy for 
 about two years. He was very expert in the 
 liberal sciences of astronomy and musickj and 
 
 mi 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1769 and 2730. Weever, loc. 
 cit. f Thorne, col. 1769 and 2231. J Thorne, 
 col. 1/70 and 2231. Godwin, de Prees. p. 60. 
 Weever, p. 251. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 117 
 
 was the first that with Theodore* brought into 
 fashion the tunes and notes of singing in the 
 church. He died anno 708, and was entombed 
 here in our Lady’s chap ell with a Latin epitaph. 
 
 8. Albinusf scholar and successor of Adrian 
 anno 708, died in the 24th year of his abbatship 
 anno 732, and was buried by his master with 
 a Latin epitaph. 
 
 9. Nothbald,J a monk of this fraternity, was 
 (shortly after the decease of Albinus) chosen 
 abbat anno 732, in which office he continued 
 about 16 years, and died anno 748, and was 
 buried near his predecessors with a Latin 
 epitaph. 
 
 * Vide Lelandi Coll. Tom. II. p. 144. ubi 
 quaedam hac de re e Beda. Vide etiam ejusd. 
 Coll. Tom. III. p. 158. f Thorne, col. 177L 
 and 2234. Weever, p. 252. + Thorne, col. 
 
 1772 and 2236. Weever, p. 252. 
 
118 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 10. Aldhumus, or Aldhunus,* succeeded 
 anno 748, in whose time the burial of the 
 archbishops was taken from this church, as is 
 observed before. His brethren imputed it to 
 his supineness. Whereupon about twelve 
 years after his death, which happened anno 
 ?60, they fastened a Latin epitaph upon a 
 pillar near the place of his burial. 
 
 11. Lambert, or Janibert,f succeeded anno 
 760. He was chosen Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, anno 762 , or as others say, anno 764.J 
 He procured six plough lands of ground to this 
 abbey of King Edbert in Little Mongham. 
 
 12. Eihelnodus§ succeeded anno 762 , or, as 
 others,764, and died anno 787 . His successor was 
 
 * Thorne, col 1772, and 2286. Weever, p. 
 252. f Thorne, col. 1775, and 2231). Weever, 
 p. 252. X See more of him in pag. 1 12 of this 
 Account. § Thorne, col. H75 and 2236. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 1 IQ 
 
 13. Guttardus,* who died anno 803, and was 
 succeeded the same year by 
 
 14. Cunredus,f who died anno 122, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 15. Wernodus.J He§ and his predecessor 
 Cunredus, the first being' near of kin to OfFa 
 and Cuthred, the latter to Kenulph, (all three 
 Kings of Kent) procured of them 40 plough 
 lands of ground for this monastery. He died 
 anno 844, and was succeeded the same year by 
 
 16. Diernodus.|| He died anno 863, or, as 
 others say, 864, and was succeeded by 
 
 17. Wynherus,^ who died anno 866, and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 18. Bewmundus.** He died anno 874, and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1775, and 2238 f Ibid. 
 X Ibid. § Weever, pag. 252. || Thorne, coL 
 
 1?76, and 2240, % Thorne, col- 1777 ? and 
 
 2240. * Ibid. 
 
120 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 19. Kynebertus.* He died anno 879. and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 20. Elans, or Etaus,f who died anno 883. 
 and was succeeded by 
 
 21. Degmundus.^ He died anno 886. and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 22. Alfrid.§ He died anno 894. and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 23. Ceolbert.|| He died anno 902. and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 24. Bectane.1T He died anno 907. and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 25. Athelwould.** He died anno 9 10 , and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 2d. Tilbert.ff He died anno 917, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1777 and 2 $40. f Thorne, 
 
 col. 1777, and 2242. J Ibid. § Ibid, || Ibid. 
 IT Ibid. ** Ibid, ff Ibid. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 121 
 
 2?. Eadred.* He died anno 920, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 28. Alcherind, Alcherund, or Alchmund.f 
 He died anno 928. and was succeeded by 
 
 29. Guttulfe.J He died anno 035, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 30. Eadred. § He died anno 937, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 31. Lulling || He died anno 939, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 32. Beornelm.^T He died anno 94?, and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 33. Sigeric.** He died anno 906, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 34. Alfric,f f who in Thorne's Chronicle^ 
 
 '** Thorne, col. 17 77, and 2242. f Ibid. 
 X Ibid § Ibid. || Ibid. T Thorne, coll. 1777* 
 and 2243. ** Ita. in Chronologia ad finem 
 
 Thornii, col. 2243. ff Ibid. col. 2243. tt Col. 
 1778. 
 
122 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 is confounded with his predecessor Sigeric. 
 He obtained of King Edmund* two plough 
 lands for this monastery, and dying anno 97 1 , 
 was succeeded by 
 
 35. Elfnoth.f He died anno 980, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 36. Siricius, or Siricus,t a monk of Glaston- 
 bury. Anno 986, he was made Bishop of 
 Wiltshire, and anno 989, he was translated to 
 the See of Canterbury. He died anno 993, 
 and was buried here, and was succeeded in his 
 abbatship by 
 
 37. Wulfrike Elmer,§ who was from hence 
 advanced to the Bishoprick of Shirburne, and 
 after some years falling blind he returned 
 hither. He was constituted abbat annG 989, 
 
 * Weever, p. 252. f Thorne, col. 1779, and 
 2243. $ Thorne, Ibid. Godwin, de Frses. p. 
 
 75, and 387* Weever, p. 253. § Thorne, col. 
 
 1780, and 2246. Weever, Ibid. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 123 
 
 and dying* anno 1006, was succeeded tlie same 
 year by 
 
 38. Elmer.* Anno 1022 lie was elected 
 Bishop of Shirburne, and was succeeded by 
 
 39. Els tan, f who died anno 1047, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 40. Wulfrike the Second, + who dying anno 
 1059, was succeeded by 
 
 4 1 . Egelsine,§ who fled out of the kingdom, 
 anno 1070, for fear of the Conqueror, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 42. Scotland, || a Norman. He recovered 
 much land unjustly taken away from his mo- 
 nastery. He pulled down the oratory of the 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1781, and 2246. f Thorne, 
 col. 1783, and 2246. Weever, p. 253. t Thorne, 
 col. 1784 and 2247. Weever, ib. § Thorne, 
 
 col. 1785, and 2247. Weever, ib. |j Thorne, 
 
 col. 17 87, and 2250. Weever, ibid. 
 
124 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 Virgin Mary, erecting a new church more 
 noble and stately than the former. He re- 
 moved the bones of Adrian and other abbats, 
 with the bodies of four Kentish Kings but 
 obscurely buried, and entombed them in the 
 choir of the Church under princely monu- 
 ments. He died on the third of the nones of 
 Sept, anno 1087, and was buried in a vault 
 under the choir in St. Marie’s chapell with a 
 Latin inscription. 
 
 43. Wido* succeeded anno 1087, He hn- 
 nished the church his predecessor had begun, 
 and repaired the shrine of St. Augustine. He 
 died on the 8th. of the Ides of August anno t 
 3 091, and was buried in a vault under St. 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1793, and 2250. Weever, 
 p. 253. t Ita quidem in Thornii Chronica, 
 non 1099, ut in Chronologia August, an 
 calcem. 
 
HM- 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 125 
 
 Richard's altar, with an epitaph in Latin en- 
 graven on his tomb-stone. 
 
 44 Hugh Florie* * * § succeeded. He was kin to 
 William Rufus. He built the Chapter-House, 
 Dormitory, and part of the Abbey. He died 
 the 7th Cal. Apr. 1 124, and was buried on the 
 north side of the Chapter-House built by him- 
 self from the foundation, for whom a Latin 
 epitaph was made. 
 
 45. Hugh de Trottiscleve,t a monk of Ro- 
 chester, succeeded anno 1125, and dying anno 
 1151, was succeeded by 
 
 46. Silvester . t He died anno 1 i6l, and was 
 succeeded by 
 
 47. Clarembald,§ who was deposed by the 
 
 * Thorne, col. 794, and 2250. Weever, p. 254. 
 
 t Thorne, col. 1798, and 2251. Weever, ibid, 
 
 Thorne, col. 1811, and 2254. Weever, p. 255. 
 
 § Thorne, col. 1815, and 2255. Weever, ibid. 
 
126 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 monks anno J 176., (lie having been intruded on 
 them by the king) and was succeeded by 
 
 48. Roger,* a monk of Christ Church, who 
 being a favourite of the king’s, had all the 
 lands restored to him which Clarembald had 
 wickedly wrested from this monastery. He 
 died anno 1212, on the 13th Cal. Nov. and was 
 buried here with an inscription in Latin. 
 
 49. Alexander,! succeeded anno 1212, and 
 died 4 Non. Octob. anno 1220. He was suc- 
 ceeded the same year by 
 
 30. Hugh,! Chamberlain of this house. He 
 died 3d Nov. anno 1224, and was buried by the 
 altar of the holy cross under a flat stone, with a 
 Latin inscription. 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1319, and 2255. Weever, ibid, 
 t Thorne, col. 1864, and 2260. Weever, p. 256. 
 + Thorne, col. 1873, and 2260. Weever, 
 ibid. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 127 
 
 51. Robert de Bello, or de Battail,* suc- 
 ceeded 8 Cal. Dec. anno 1224. In his time 
 were the high altar, and the altars of St. Au- 
 gustine and St. Adrian dedicated. He died 17 
 Cal. Febr. anno 1262, and was buried here with 
 a Latin epitaph. 
 
 52. Roger of Chichestert succeeded 3d Non. 
 Feb. anno 1253. He built the new refectory, 
 and founded the chapell of Kingsdowne in this 
 County, and sumptuously enshrined the re- 
 liques of St. Mildred. He died on St. Lucy’s 
 day, 1272, and was buried before St. Katherine’s 
 altar under a marble stone, with his portrai- 
 ture engraven thereon and a Latin epitaph. 
 
 .53. Nicholas Thorne^ succeeded anno 1273. 
 He resigned anno 1283, and was succeeded the 
 same year by 
 
 * Thorne, col. I896, and 2262. Weever, ibid, 
 t Thorne, col. 1899, and 2268. Weever, p. 257 
 X Thorne, col. 1910, and 2272. 
 
128 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 54. Thomas Fyndon.* He begun the new 
 kitchen anno 1287, which cost 414/. He 
 leaded the dormitory, and made the stalls in 
 the choir anno 1 293. He made a great feast, 
 at which were present all the prelates and 66 
 knights, besides a great many other persons of 
 note, the whole company amounting to 4500 
 men. He enshrined the bones of St. Augus- 
 tine, and dying 14 Kal. Mar. 1309, was buried 
 under a marble stone inlaid with brass, after 
 the manner of a bishop, with a Latin epi- 
 taph. 
 
 55. RalfBournef succeeded him. He made a 
 a most sumptuous and magnificent feast at his 
 installation, a full account of which may be 
 found in Thorne. In his time many altars were 
 dedicated here, the particulars of which I forbear 
 
 * Thorne, col. 1Q38, and 2274. + Thorne, 
 
 col. 2000, 2278. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 129 
 
 mentioning. He died anno, 1334, 3 Non. Feb. 
 and was entombed in tbe north wall near the 
 Altar of the Annunciation, with a Latin epi- 
 taph. 
 
 56. Thomas Poucyn, or Poncy,* D. D. suc- 
 ceeded first Mar. anno 1334. He died anno 
 1343, and was buried near his predecessor with 
 an inscription in Latin. 
 
 57. William Druleghf succeeded anno 1343. 
 He died 1 1th Sept. 1346, and was buried in the 
 chapter-house with a Latin epitaph upon his 
 monument. 
 
 58. John Devenisshe,| monk of Winchester, 
 succeeded anno 1346, by the Pope’s election, 
 though the convent chose William Kennington. 
 He died at Avignon on the vigil of St. John 
 
 * Thorne, col. 2067, and 2282. Weever, p. 
 258. t Thorne, col. 2081, and 2282. t Thorne, 
 col. 2081, and 2283. Weever, p. 259. 
 
 VOL. 1. 
 
 IC 
 
130 
 
 SPECIMENS OF 
 
 Baptist, anno 1348, and was there buried, being 
 succeeded by 
 
 59 . Thomas Calwelle.* He died 4 Cal. Jun. 
 anno 1375, and was buried in St. Ann’s chapell. 
 He was succeeded by 
 
 60. Michael Peckham, or Fecham,t who 
 died Feb. 1 1, anno 1386, after which there was 
 a vacancy ’till the year 138g, when 
 
 61. William Welde J was elected on the last 
 day of February. In his time died Thomas 
 Jeckman Sacrist of this monastery, who had 
 expended no less than 3251 marks in repairing 
 the church, chapell, and chapter-house of this 
 monastery. This abbat died [on the vigil of St. 
 Mildred, anno 1405, and was succeeded by 
 
 * Thorne, col. 2117, and 2283. t Thorne, 
 col. 2151, and 2286. Weever, p. 259. 
 X Thorne, col. 2184, and 2286. Weever, 
 ibid. 
 
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 131 
 
 62. Tho. Hunden,* who continued abbat 
 ’till the year 14 19, according to the account in 
 the chronology at the end of Thorne, at which 
 time it ends. 
 
 63. Marcellus Dandelyon,t occurrs abbat 
 anno 1426. He was succeeded by 
 
 64. John Hawkherst, or IJawlherst,t whose 
 successor was 
 
 65 ,. George Pensherst,§ who was succeeded by 
 
 66. James Sevenoke,|| being elected anno 
 1457 . He was succeeded by 
 
 67. William Selling,^ who was succeeded by 
 
 68. John Dunster,** who was succeeded by 
 
 69. John Dygon.ff He was elected abbat 
 
 * Thorne, col. 2290. Weever, p. 2o[). 
 f Weever, p. 2 59. $ Ibid. § Ibid. || Pat. 36. 
 
 IT. 6. Weever ibid. % Weever, ibid. 
 
 ** Weever, ibid. Batt. Antiq. Cant, f f Weever, 
 p. 209. 
 
132 
 
 SPECIMENS OF, &C. 
 
 17 Feb. 12 H. 7. and dying anno 1509, was 
 succeeded by 
 
 70- Thomas Hampton,* 21 July, 1509* 
 
 71. John Hawkins occurs abbat, anno 1511, 
 in Ant. a Wood’s MSS.f 
 
 72. John Sturvey, alias Essex,:}: occurs abbat 
 anno 1523. He was the last abbat, and sur- 
 rendering his abbey, 4 Dec. 2g Hen. 8- had a 
 pension allowed him 200 marks per ann. He 
 was admitted§ Batchelor of Divinity at Oxford, 
 anno 1515, 7 H. 8. 
 
 * Weever, p. 259. t Ita e literis ad me scriptis 
 Tannerianis. J Weever, p. 25g, and cl. Tanneri 
 ad me litt. § Ath. Oxon. vol. I. col. 657. 
 
 END OF VOL. I. 
 
 T. White, Printer, 
 
 2, Johnson’s Court, London. 
 

 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
 3 3125 01034 7702