THE PRACTICAL HOUSE CARPENTER; OR, YOUTH^S mSTRUCTOIl CONTAINING A GREAT VARIETY OF USEFUL J>£SIGMS IK CARP EJ^TRY AKD ARCHITECTURE: As Centring for Groins, Niches, &c. Examples for Roofs, Sky-Lights, &c. The Five Orders laid 'down by a new Scale. Mouldings, &c. at large with their Enrichments. Plans, Elevations, and Section of Houses for Town and Country, Lodges, Hot-Houses, Green-Houses, Stables, See, Design for a Church, with Plan, Elevation, and Two Sections; an Altar Piece, and Pulpit, Designs for Chimney-Pieces, Shop-Fronts, Door- Cases. Section of a Dining-Room and Library. Variety of Stair-Cases; with many other important Articles and useful Embellishmenls. THE WHOLE ILLUSTRATED, AND MADE PERFECTLY EASY BY ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHT COPPER-PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS TO EACH. By william PAIN, AUTHOR OF THE PRACTICAL BUILDER, BRITISH PALLADIO, &:C. THE EIGHTH EDITION. Ilontion *, PRINTED FOR J. TAYLOR, AT THE ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, No. 59, HIGH HOI BORN; By W. Stratford , Crown Court, Tsmple Bar, 1815. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/practicalhousecaOOpain CONTENTS. Plate 1, 2, 3 Centring for Groins, Arches, and Use of the Trammel. 4 Groins, Sky-lights, Niches, Polygons, Roofs, Sic. 5, 6 Domes, Circular-circular Soffits. 7 to \5 To find the Length and Backing of Hips, square or bevel. Curb Roofs, Sections of Floors, Trussing Girders, Roofs in Ledgment. 16 ^6) 18 Ionic Volute, glueing up Columns, and diminishing. 19 to 28 The Five Orders, showing the Measures and Proportion , to any Height required. 29 ^0 31 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Cornices, with Part of the Pediments to a large Scale. 32 to 35 Planceers of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders, glueing up Caps. 36, 37 Cormthian and Composite Caps. 38 to 44 Frontispieces for Outside and Inside Doors. 45 to 63 Mouldings, Frize, and Cornice for Practice. Some of them full Size, and some half Size, with their proper Fmbellishments. 64 78 Stair-cases. 79 to 88 Designs for Chimnies, Doors, Sic. 89, 90 Mouldings, ivith their proper Embellishments. 91 Vine Leaves and Grapes, Oak Leaves and Acorns. 92 to 94 Ceilings. 95 r B CONTENTS. Plate 95 ^ 0 * 116 Plans, Elevations, and Sections for Town and Country Houses ; drawn by a Scale fixed to each Design, 117 to 120 Sections of a Library to Plate 112. 121 124 Sections of a Dining-room to ditto, 125 to 127 Designs for a Green-house, Hot-house, 8(c, 128 Coach-house and Stable. 129 Farm-house, Brew-house, and Laundry, with Farm- yard and Barn ; adapted to a Noblenian or Gentle- mans Country Seat* 132 Design for a Timber Bridge. 133 to 135 Design for a Church, with Sections two Ways. 136, 137 Designs for a Pulpit and Altar-piece. 138, 139 Vases and Pedestals for Sun-dials, 140 to 145 Designs for Shop-fronts. A Table of Scantlings for cutting Timber for Buildings, / do not insist that the Scantlings of Timber ought to be exactly as by this Table, they must be varied, in many Instances, as the Workmen shall see needful. Bearing Post of Oak Scantling. Height, 10 feet _ 6 inches square 13 8 bottom, 7 top 14 10 — 9 16 12 11 18 14 12 20 16 14 Bearing Post of Fir Scantling. Height. 8 feet 8 inches square 12 10 8 14 12 10 16 15 12 Girders of Oak Scantling. Bearing. 16 feet 12 by 10 20 11 - 13 24 ' 16 — 14 Girders of Fir Scantling. Bearing. 16 feet 11 by 13 inches 20 12 — 15 24 14 — 16 Joist of Oak Scantling. Bearing. 6 feet 5 inches by 3 9 3 12 12 3 Joist of Fir Scantling. Bearing. 6 feet 6 by 3 inches 9 9 — 3 12 12 — 3 Bridging Joist of Oak Scantling. Bearing. 6 feet 4 inches by 3 8 5i 3 10 7 3 Bridging Joist of Fir Scantling. Bearing. 6 feet 5 inches by 3^ 8 6 3i 10 8 3J principal Rafters of Oak Scantling. Length. 15 fePt i bottom, 5 top lo leet ^ 1 6 inches thick f 8 bottom, 6 top \ 7 inches thick ort X 10 bottom, 8 top \ 8 inches thick Principal Rafters of Fir Scantling. Length. , t- 4 * 4 . f 8 bottom, 7 top j 6 inches thick 2 Q \ 9 bottom, 8 top 1 7 inches thick r 10 bottom, 9 top \ 8 inches thick Beams or Ties of Oak Scantling. Length or Bearing 20 feet 7 inches by 8 30 8 10 40 10 12 50 11 13 Beams or Ties of Fir Scantling. Length or Bearing. 20 feet 8 inches bv 9 30 9 ‘ 10 40 10 12 50 H 13 Small Rafters of Fir or Oak Scantling. Bearing. 8 feet 5 inches by 3 10 7 1 3 13 9 3 Purlines. Scantling. Bearing. 8 feet 8 inches bv 6 10 9*7 12 10 8 i uiXU'T. V ‘.ol >’^^.n{L^r.r-vxi'' \ O i}t^ i'. ''-.v U ,4: .. '':"‘\:Ji. i^.: ' . , , _;s^ ♦ , .- • i r' H " V- / j- Si- ■ ■■ 'naj- ■ . ' ^ I ''I ■ X ’ i IC:""r r:c-^ XXr fti - ^ ,rjr 4 i' .•?; ^ q:':' B ,01(1 ','■ ; B - i :-£i J OB' ' ‘ ‘ ■ L V0 .c.;kO - ' H or X-* ■ "" ■1 ••( • J' ■ :>v.O '\u , 0 - i ;tx S'..' i' ..a 3 . Fi,g TT Certtei'uuj for' Oroi/u'. Z t[f a- htilf' (hvin^ rutting u/ider pitrA. foj' /)oo? o/ TVindou'. (r u a weMi- Oi'om cuftzfip undej' pitrh.fip M u the methed^ of tracy ' f/ie Hibj and Stpj' fo/' oo Oi'oin. CeUinp. pp If is co Mould to bend ovef' tlce Jiod^' tpjipe. Kto pet tho lines to Set die ^7dolc Bibs by . \ ,t I s' 'VX N Tlate^. To face Plate III. The Construction of Arches, Groins, iCc. Ipig.A is a circular arch in a circular wall ; first make a centre to the soffit of the arch and to the curve of the wall on the plan, set the centre level, and fix two standards as 1.2 upright; then make two moulds to the curve of the wall as a, one of them to be fixed as d, the other moveable up and down at pleasure as b ; when the spring- ing course is cut, lay the next course on that, and with a long scriber as r, draw it by these circular moulds, which will mark what is to come off the top part of the brick ; then mark the under side by the top edge, and it will shew how much is to come off the face of every course. By proceeding in this manner it will answer for any arch in a circular wall. Fig. jB is a Gothic arch with the centres shown. ^ Fig. C is a semi-ellipsis, which is best drawn by the tramel in .practice, as fig. /, where the tramel is shown; take a rod as a, and ‘make, a hole for a pencil as at b, then take half the transverse dia- meter as c d, and put in a pin in the rod as ?t e ; then take half the conjugate diameter as cf and put in another pin as at^; and moving the rod round with the pins in the groove, the pencil at b will describe the arch. Fig, D is a segment of an arch. Fig. £ is a circular arch on fluing jambs; the courses are dropped to the plan, which shows what is to come off the face of each course. Fig. £ is a scubackarch, which cambers one eighth of an inch in a foot on the soffit. Fig. G shows the method for drawing an oval or ellipsis; take half the conjugate diameter a b, and set it on the transverse diameter a 1, from 1 to the centre a, divide it into three equal parts, and turn one of them out to e, than make a /'equal to a e, and with the radius e/ describe the ox-eye bfge, draw the lines b g, f g b, and e will be the centres for drawing the ellipsis. Fig. Ff is a tramel for drawing a flat segment, A To fact Plate IV» Fig. A is a centring for groins; divide the base line of the given rib b into equal parts, and the base line of c into the same, and transfer from 6 to c as the figures direct. Fig. B shows how to draw an oval to any given size: take half the con- jugate, as a by and set it on the transverse diameter, as a d, divide d a into three equal parts, and turn one of them to es make af equal to e a, and draw the lines bfg and beg, which show the centres bfg for drawing the oval. Fig. C is a dome on a circular plan ; a and b shows the section of the ho- rizontal rib. d is a mould to lay out the angles over the body range, when boarded in, to set the jack ribs by. « Fig. E shows the method for tracing the hips for a groin ceiling: the rib h and hips d d are traced from the rib a. The plan shows the manner of the jack ribs cutting between the hips, when the hips are set. Fig. F is 2 L conical sky-light, showing how to bracket the angles of the ceiling under the curb; the hip mould g at the angle is traced from the rib by and that mould would do to cut all the ribs at the angles, as shown at the angle a. Fig. G is an ogee roof, whose plan is a pentagon, and shows the method for drawing any polygon figure to a given side; make a radius of the side, and draw the arches 2.6, divide one of those arches into six parts; turn them to the centre line, as shewn by the letters and figures 5 dy ^ Cy &c.; the cen- tre € will dravy a circle to receive the side five times, 6 is the centre to receive six times, d seven times, and so on to f, which is the centre to draw the circle to receive the side twelve times. Fig. iET is a dome, whose plan is a hexagon, and shows how to divide a circle into any number of parts: divide one fourth part of the circle into the number of parts you would have the circle, as 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6; and always take four of them; to find the backing of the curve line hips, lay down the plan of the hip at the angle, as cr, then take the distance 1.2 from the plan of the hip, and set 1.2 at bottom, tack in a nail, and shift the hip mould, and marking by it as 1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 7 8, 9, 10, will show the wood to come off. Fig. I to draw a perpendicular at the end of a line as ^ r/ c; at any opening of the compasses, as suppose d by draw the line d c, from a draw a line through the centre by and where it cuts the curve line dc will be perpendicular to a d. Fig. K is another method; from the point a draw the circular line be, on which set the same radius twice, as de, from de draw the lines ef, dg, their point of intersection will be the perpendicular to a h. ' Fig. L segment; draw the line a b, from d draw the curve line acb, which divide into four equal parts, and draw the dotted lines de, dc, d g, set the compasses in a, open them to cross the line d c, and draw the curve the same in bs with the same radius draw the curve efg. 2*late.4. Xet f'aU the rerpendicuUir / , / \ 1 f i « To face Plate V. Fig. B the plan of a circular wall, wherein a circular door or window is to be fixed ; to make a soffit to fit or stand on the plan as fig. D ; draw the base line of the arch or soffit to touch the bow of the wall, divide the arch line into twelve parts, and drop them down to the plan across it, then stretch out the arch as 1.12, and draw the divisions at right angles from it; then take them from the base line to the wall as 1. 2.3.4, &c. and transfer them on the parts of the line stretched out, that will give the edge of the soffit D. Fig. E is a soffit in a straight wall on fluing jambs. F. the soffit stretched out; stretch out the arch as 0 to 8, and draw lines from those divisions parallel with the jambs, then draw the lines from the divisions from each side of the plan, the angle of meeting will give the edge of the soffit. Fig. C is a circular soffit in a straight wall on fluing jambs. Fig. a the soffit stretched out, which is plain to inspection. B To face Plate VI. Fig. A is a dome on an elliptical plan; the centres for the mould for the horizontal ribs d d, are aa,bb, cc, dd, the place of that rib on the plan is found- by dropping dot lines from the sections dd‘, cc on the top is designed for a sky-light, b and d are curve line roofs, supposed to stand on a hexagon, octagon, or any polygon figure ; c and e are the given ribs which the hips are traced from. To find the backing of the hips; suppose the angle A to be one of the angles the hips are to stand on, lay down the plan of the hip just far enough for the outer edge to touch the angle, as at a, than the distance 1 .2, from the side of the plan, is the wood to come off; take that distance, set it at the bottom of rib b, as 1.2, take in a nail at 1, shift the hip mould to it, and out to nothing at top, and marking by it, will shoAv the wood to come off; on the ogee hip set on at bottom and top, as 1 .2, shift the hip mould, and marking by it, there will be but little to come off in the middle part "of the hip, as appears by the lines. -\ JF^ A JVu'irs /ujit' /h/f/ l/u' leTi^ih am/ Aii^uA'inx/ ff/ ‘an^' /up S yiarae or Jiei^r/, a, /j //a- pi/r// or he^/U of thr Aoo/'fs 5 c/,c/, a ] So/uare pi/r/i f/u /af//// e^/ua/ to h/j//' t/?e iif/t// a,r; f moan /jrtiroc'n /a rot o/J/ir /enpt/? of t/(r J/rps f/ro go'en to t/ir pih /t a.c, cmF Jiarlcin/j ofd/tlo the longih oft/u ///p eJi.u rrp -uaJ to f. c and t//r Zc/n/d) o/ 'tJir //ip / , /c, if rgno/ W c.p;tr> fui/Z f/icJiao/:- -ing oftlic /ufjs .djyni' t/ir li/w*’ /pan and n.p,o, at Jig/itAna/of ind a.LOJtd a, e, then set die Oon/jqfsef at , p . ayid drair a rhr/r toudwig thr hip line at rd/mt f om the peinr s djvny the li7hy j\ ni.o'. /. emd e. n. s. » ’ n/in/i gdo' t/ie /do Jen in ef do" /dp . FipM. Circs the ini/er fo7' die A n/de sti/es of a piteh S/sd/edd and Ido - -jrere the /ioe/ o/ the hi t/ /Jar or pur /ine to die hip in Hoof y . \'e . — I I I m I I I I / ( ■ fim Sketc/2df /br /7 P vjsm^ &// 'cie/:t' n^'/h t/ vi/s rrw/ tised m with an Iron boh and Screnv t/ie rmt/tod fo/' Jeaz/in^ a/td Cochbi^ irad p la tor wide/' /loozj, J(oo/lf Ac. the Scantlings all figurcS for pmcticcrymp / n % 1 IJ Li U ^ !t u Ll 1 X - ^ . ScctioTL of a Single floor Sedzon of a Brieve floor the binding Joist '2 inch undo' die dinl '.y -» » i V s, \ / t FUiteii To face Plate XI. Is the plan of a bevel roof ; the tie beams lie at right angles with the sides, which saves much labour in the performance of the work, and renders it much stronger; the sides and ends laid out in lodgement, the backing of the hips explained at the angle a ; draw the line dad ot right angles with the base line of the hip aac, set the compasses at a, and extend to touch the hip ab, and turn it round to c, on the base line of the hip; draw the lines cd, cd, which gives the backing of the hip ; see the plan and the wood come off each side ; this method 'w'ill give the backing of any hips, square or bevel. To find the length of the hips, take the perpendicular of the principal rafters ce, and set it at right angles with the base of the hips at c e, draw the line e a, which is the length of the hip, and so on for all the rest, as is plain by the dot line top of the hips : there is a defi- nition for finding the pitch of roofs in Plate VII. which will do for all. To face Plate XII. Fig. ^ is a bevel roof ; the sides are parallel on one part of the plan, the other bevels ; to frame this roof in lodgement, the principal rafters must be framed to a level base, that is, the ends of the beams all of one height from the face of the plate ; when you come to lay them the other way to frame in the purlines, there must be winding sticks held to the bases of the rafters, which winding sticks must be all out of winding, and as the width of the building diminishes, the backs of the rafters wdll lay in winding, as they will be when in their places ; and mind that they are backed according to the bevel of the plan, for turning them up to tumble in the purlines, by this method the business may be well compleated. Fig. BC trussing girders; mind, the wood at the end of the stitches must cut short of the end of the truss, that the force of the wedges may spring the girders. D and E scarfing plates,' &c. Note, The length of the hips and backings is found the same as in Plates VII. and XL r/fiu> 12 1 s/ie*i's lAe melhod Cuffing Boards to oo)’er''a Dame, ditdde the Dome into as many parts as you think d teili take boards-, and dmiv lines to thtthe edpes eadh Dom'd ^ and where they meet the tenter Jiiney that is the thilet the ee^e of eac/iJiom'tly this is dramt oneTnch to aJbot. \ L / \; I Clewing tip and veneetinp aj ft^ E 0. If. Fuj ^iM.C.D.widi Cbuerin^ stretched out . Driide tkeCicryeXmeofeae/i Ri/t a,l\ i/tho drqita/ ptzt'df cmd d/vp dtem to dtoJituo /mroi ' ikeRilt, dio/t diuw dto doPodXi/ios oo/md to t/to/ioie doe opdioRd dtt'etie/ted out, t/o vt dtrrrr oneeft/iosedpar'X tcni/i dtem on the tnie ed.aldnde d/Wf /mee ntnpht (mptej oy/h the t/ne Cd then take t/ienijdonh the pltm Of jj. 3, 2,33, 4 . t'hjJiXdet the/t? edeh irav/feo/ the h/re c,d,aj‘442,2,3.3,4,4f ^yhieh pu^'et t/ie edpe of thetdeefit^ .TheJtd^ Fuydkts dtt7dtd thte Fp. tt. \ Plaiei^ To face Plate XV. Fig. A is the plan of an L roof with hips and valley ; the length of the hips and backing is the same as before in Plate XI 1. there is another way to find the length of hips, but that does not give the backing : if you take the base line of the hip a b, and set it on the base line of the principal rafters as a b, then draw the line c b, which is the length of the hip c 6 ; on the side a is the plan of the king-post, showing how the hip, valley, and two principal rafters come to it ; they are marked, on the ends of the beams they stand on, on the plan. . Fig. B is an angle bracket for a cove, which is traced from the given rib C, as the figures direct, 1.2,3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10. D To face Plate XVI. The Ionic volute, with all the measures figured for practice; to draw it, *set the compasses at the angle a in the profile, and draw the arch from 4 to « on the back of the list, then draw the. list from a down to the ovolo in the centre ; to draw the other part of the volute, set one foot of the compasses at 1, on the side of the square of the eye, and extend to 4 under the fillet of the abacus, and turn round to 1, opposite 1 on the side of the square where your compass is first set, then set the compasses on the other side of the square a 2, and draw the arch 1 .2 ; then set the compasses on the other side at 3, and draw the arch from 2 to 3, then set> the compasses at 4, and draw the arch line 3.4; which is one revolution; then take the centre 5, and draw the arch 4.5, then the centre 6, and draw the archline 5.6 ; next the centre 7, ^nd draw the arch line 6.7 ; then the centre 8, and draw the arch 7.8; and so on for the rest. You see in the eye at large fig. a the small lines within the first centres, these are the centres for the inside of the list, to give its diminishing ; the volute of the antique cap is drawn by the same method : the measures all figured for practice. Jloclejyi JoTtic Oxp , />■/// V :v ] 'lately To face Plate XVII. Fig. ^ shows the diminishing of the shaft of a column: divide the diameter into 12 parts, each part is 5 minutes, which is the diminishing of the shaft, as shown by the dot lines 1,2, and when they touch the arch at 1, divide that part of the arch 1.3 into 4 equal parts, and draw them cross to 1. 2.3.4, on the op- posite side, then divide the height of the shaft into 4 parts, and draw them cross the column to meet the dot 2.3.4, at which points of meeting tack in nails, and bend- a slip to mark by it this gives the profile or swelling of the column : — ^To set out the flutes and fillets oh the column, take the girt at bottom, and extend it from a to h on fig. E, likewise the girt at the neck, and extend it frohi c to d, and mark the flutes and fillets, as from a to h, dh a Mip of strong paper or vellum, fix it tight round the column, and mark them on the column ; run 96 parts on a right line, as ef, which must be less than the circumference of the column ; to set out the flutes and fillets on the pilaster, run 29 parts on the line 1.2, fig. tD. greater than the diameter ; make the triangle 1.2.3, by setting the compasses 1,2, and turn- ing them to 3, draw the lines to 3, than the pilaster ab \s di- vided from the flutes and fillets ; give 3 to a flute and I to a fillet ; C shews the manner of fluting and cabling : the cable is one- third of the shaft of the column in height. iJ is a plumb line, which also shows the diminishing of the shaft from the outside. E To face Plate XVIII. Of gluing up columns : they must be glued in 8 or 12 parts ; if glued other ways, the joints will fell in the flutes, which must not be. Fig. C is the plan of a column in 8 parts, with the flutes and fillets laid out to show how they are done ; is a joint hook for jointing the staves; B the backing mould to prove the joints; D plan of the shaft at top : the best way is to diminish the staves before glued together, the column diminishes 10 minutes, that is, 5 of a side as is shown by the scale. J'lilte /f) \ ( I / ■ V \ / ■ / I J r .1 V -/r- Tlate Fublishd July S.Ljdff ,by . To face Plate XIX. To proportion the Tuscan order to any given height on a pe- destal ; suppose the rod a ^ to be the height given, divide it into 1 1 parts, I is the diameter of the column ; give 2 to the pedestal, and 2 to the entablature ; the remaining 7 are the column, in- cluding the base and capital ; divide the scale a 6 in 12 parts, and 1 of them into 5; then the scale a i is divided into 60 parts, and those parts are to be disposed to the mouldings as figured in height and projection; the projections are set from a plumb line, as a b at the pedestal ; the column diminishes one fourth part of the diameter at bottom, which gives 45 minutes to the column at top ; on a sub-plinth, divide c d into 10 parts, 1 is the dia- meter of the column ; on its own plinth divide c/ into 9 parts, 1 is the diameter of the column, to be divided as the scale a b ; a, plinth of pedestal; b, base of ditto; g, die of ditto; c, cap of pedestal; d, plinth of column; e, torus;/, cincture; h, shaft of column,, F I To face Tlate XXr ^ ^ « . , r- The Tuscan cap and entablature* with all the measures figured from the scale a b, the projections set from a plumb line dropped from the extreme of the mouldings, as the line ab; a plan of the capital ; b, neck of the column ; c, astragal ; d, neck of cap ; e, fillet ; /, ovolo ; g h, abacus ; i, first face qf an archi- trave ; k, second face of ditto ; , tenia ; m, frieze ; n, cavetto ; 0 , fillet; p, ovolo; y, corona, or sima recta ; list, or fillet; the height of the entablature two diameters of the column at .bottom; the base of the column half a diameter; the.cap half a diameter; the architrave 35 minutes; frize 42§ minutes; the cornice 42i minutes. / 120 j w -20 ^ 26 -fo »v <’<' J^tHiy/ti-/ Ju{] ’ fi ijy^p . by-Tl’Ptiirt 42 <1 # i ' V' T/afe 21 aum I I I I I I I I I I il? To face Plate XXI, To proportion the Doric order on a pedestal to any given height; divide the rod ab into 13 equal parts; 1 is the diameter of the column, to be divided into 12 equal parts, and 1 of those parts into 5, as the scale a b, and those parts disposed to the mouldings in height and projection, as figured. To proportion on a sub-plinth, divide cd into 11 parts; 1 is the diameter of the column, to be divided as the scale ab: to proportion on its own or proper plinth, divide ef into 10 parts, 1 is the diameter of the column ; the height of the pedestal 2 diameters, 40 mi- nutes ; the height of the column 8 diameters, 20 minutes, in- cluding base and cap ; the entablature 2 diameters ; a, plinth of the pedestal ; b, sima recta ; c, cavetto ; d, die of the pedestal ; e, cavetto; /, ovolo; g, corona; h, plinth of the column; i, torus; scotia; I, upper torus; to, shaft of the column. G To face Plate XXII. The Doric entablature and cap of the column, with all the mouldings figured for practice, in height and projection ; the shaft of the column diminishes one sixth part, that is, 60 minutes at bottom, and 50 minutes at top, as figured ; the height of the column’s base 30 minutes ; the capital 30 minutes, architrave 30 minutes, frize 45 minutes, the cornice 45 minutes in height, the width of the triglyphs in the frize 30 minutes ; the distances from centre to centre 75 minutes, the interval between the tri- glyphs 45 minutes ; the width of the tryglyph 30 minutes, is to be divided into 12 equal parts, each part is 2| minutes, that is, minutes to each semi-gutte, and 5 minutes to each fillet, as figured ; the profile or thickness of the triglyph is 3 minutes, that is, 2|- minutes the depth of gutte, and half a minute the bot- tom, as figured: a, plan of the capital; b, neck of the column; c, astragal ; d, neck of the capital ; e, amulets ; /, ovolo ; g, abacus ; h, first face of the architrave ; 2 , second face ,of ditto ; A*, tenia; /, frize; m, cap of tryglyph ; 72, ovolo; o, block fillet ; p, cap of modillion; q, corona; r, sima reversa ; s, fillet; t, sima recta; u, list or fillet ; o, modillion. In intercolumniations for porticoes, colonades, arcades, &c., due regard must be had to the number of triglyphs and modil- lions between the central lines of columns in the Doric order. Two diameters 30 minutes between the central lines, take 2 triglyphs ; 3 diameters 45 minutes take 3 triglyphs ; 5 diame- ters take 4 tryglyphs; 6 diameters 15 minutes take 5 triglyphs; 7 diameters 30 minutes take 6 triglyphs, &c. To divide the line ab into any number of equal parts, make a d and b c equal distance from ab^ set the compasses at any dis- tance, and run them on the line a c and b d, then draw lines from the lines ado the line b rf, and that will divide the line a b equal. FlaiR 22 hthliflui July hy-TU-Ktiu . I I \ ,\ 1 lllf^ p c Plate 23 eubHyli'd bv Tltl^am Jidy 1-3 To face Plate XXIII. To proportion the Ionic order on a pedestal to any given height : divide the rod a b into 14 equal parts ; one is the dia- meter of the column or bottom, to be divided into 12 parts, and one of those parts into 5 parts, as the scale « 6 at top, and those parts to be disposed to the mouldings in height and pro- jection, as figured ; the height of the pedestal is 2 diameters 48 minutes ; the height of the column, including base and capital, 9 diameters 12 minutes; the height of*the entablature 2 dia- meters : on a sub-plinth ; divide c d into 12 parts, 1 is the dia- meter of the column; give 1 to sub-plinth and 2 to the enta- blature ; on its own plinth, divide e f into 1 1 parts, 1 is the diameter of the column, to be divided into 12 parts, and 1 of these into 5 as before ; a, plinth of the pedestal; ^sima recta ; bead ; d, cavetto ; e, die of the pedestal ; /, cavetto ; g, bead ; h, ovolo ; 2 , corona ; k, plinth of the column ; /, torus ; m, scotia \ w, upper torus ; shaft of the column. H To face Plate XXIV. The Ionic capital and entablature with all the mouldings, figured for practice, in height and projection ; the height of the capital 30 minutes, the base of the column 30 minutes, the co- lumn, including base and cap, 9 diameters, 12 minutes ; the fieight of architrave 35 minutes, frize 40 minutes, cornice 45 minutes; architrave, frize, and cornice together 2 diameters; a, the modillion at large ; b, cap of modillion ; c, plan of the capital; d, neck of column; e, bead; /, ovolo; gh abacus; /, first face of architrave ; k, second face of ditto ; /, sima reversa; TJiy tenia ; 7^, frize ; o, cavetto ; p, ovolo ; y, block sills ; r. co- rona ; s, sima reversa ; t, sima recta. To draw the soffit of the modillion, divide the profile into six parts ; give 1 to the nose and 1 to the heel ; set the compasses at 4, and take one part and half, turn down to a, again set the compasses at 1, and turn np two parts and half to />, and draw the dot line a b, the centres 4 a and h will describe the soffit of the modillions ; from centre to centre of the modillion 31 mi- nutes ; the width in front 10 minutes, the interval 21 minutes. Intercolumniations in the Ionic order from centre to centre of modillions is 31 minutes, the interval or space between 21 mi^* notes ; 3 diameters 37 minutes from centre to centre of the co- lumns, take 7 modillions ; 4 diameters 8 minutes, take 8 mo- dillions ; 5 diameters 10 minutes, take 10 modillions ; 6 diame- ters 12 minutes, take 12 modillions ; 6 diameters 43 minutes, take 13 modillions ; at 31 minutes from centre to centre of mo- dillion, if dentels are used instead of modillions, the space from centre to centre of dentels is 7f minutes, and the interval be- tween 2 minutes, and half the dentel, in front 5 minutes. 2 - ricuc 2^/. To face Plate XXV. To pfoportion the Corinthian order on a pedestal : suppose the rod a b to be a given height, divide it into 15 parts, give 3 to the pedestal, 2 to the entablaturef and 10 to the shaft, including the base and capital, each part is equal to one diameter at the base; to proportion on a sub-plinth, divide cd into 13 parts each part is equal to one diameter of the column at bottom, which is to be divided into 12 parts, and one of these into 5 parts as the scale ab; to proportion on its own plinth, divide ef into 12 parts, one. is the diameter of the column to be divided into 12, and one again into 5, as before, and those parts disposed to the mouldings in height and projection, as figured on the plate. I To face Plate XXVI. The Corinthian entablature and capital, with the plan of cap, and measures figured for practice : to draw the capital, divide the shaft of the column into 8 parts as in the plan, and draw them up to the cap, this gives the centre or stem of each leaf; the Corinthian modillion is 1 minutes in front, and 35 minutes from centre to centre of modillion, the interval between 23^ ; the height of the capital 70 minutes, the projection 20 minutes, the height of architrave 35 minutes, the frize 37 minutes, the cornice 48 ; the column diminishes one sixth part of the dia- meter. Intercolumniations in the Corinthian order, 3 diameters 30 minutes, from centre to centre of the columns, take 6 modil- lions ; 4 diameters 40 minutes, take 8 modillions ; 6 diameters 25 minutes, take 11 modillions ; 7 diameters, take 12 raodU- lions. riate 2^ to .75 -w JO jfi ^ 5 (fo - ^ ( N L df r///y/ur/(clj^ fvra/u .fidyi lydp Jj ptn't3‘ To face Plate XXVII. To proportion the Composite order: suppose the scale ab io be a given height, divide it into 15 parts, give 3 to the pedestal, 2 to the entablature, and 10 to the column, including base and capital, each part equal tO one diameter, and that to be divided into 12 parts, and one of those parts into 5, and dispose them to the mouldings in height and projection, as figured. To proportion On a sub-plinth: divide cd into 13 parts, one is the diameter of the column, give one to sub-plinth, 2 to the entablature, and 10 to the column, including base and cap; sup- pose e/ to be a given height to stand on its own plinth, divide it into 12 parts, one is the diameter of the column at bottom, to be divided as before for a scale to work by. K To face Plate XXYlll. The Composite entablature and capital, with the plan of the cap, the column diminishes one sixth part of the diameter ; the height of the cap is 60 minutes, or one diameter of the column ; the height of the architrave 34 minutes; the frize 44^; the cor- nice 4 I 5 ; the profile of ditto 48; the width of the modillion 10 minutes; from centre to centre of modillion 31 minutes, the interval between 2 1 minutes. For setting out the flutes in the architrave; divide from the central line to the face of architrave into 14 parts, give 2 to a flute, and one to a fillet. 2d- delate 2 S Viibb'sh'd Juh '20.ijdi).h\ ' KPovi . 1 / I I, I » ) / '■.v I V / ' .. ■ /■ f I I - V, ' V \ k \ i \ /7 1 \ ) \ /. / t .\i ' . . y '« • Ptan-trer of ih^ fb/vifhian thrm'ro 3^- -Plan-cftT of iJio Toriu'k foT'riinr 1 t V'.'> ( 'Y' ■ i ; i 7//f^ ntef/wf/ /dr (i/rrr/'nr/ ///> f/n' (hrinth/nr O/p. ■ ^ J'7ir {hriff///inn thj[> /n ^ /f7rfyrJ' j(i ^ i \ i c J \ 4 I 1 \ , / r/c//e j/. I hi' Compo.riU' Cap a I harrje xo , 20 ^ 4.^ />!' IVJ^atn ^uat/,rf C . . .ijpiainQ / o/ ipiKt' y/.ivJ IT Plate a D. ^5 in . .5 .M{^^/l/ions. a he V rfdtifh'd July ooyjSp. hy t€Pnin . To face Plate XXXVIII. Doric front dr9,wu half an inch to a foot: the clear passage 3 feet 6 inches, the height 7 feet 2 inches, the height of the co- lumn 7 feet 4 inches, to be divided into nine equal parts, one of which parts will be the diameter of the column at bottom ; give one of them to the sub-plinth, half a one to the base, half a one to the cap of the column, and 2 to the entablature, that will be 30 minutes to the architrave, 45 minutes to the frize, and 45 minutes to the cornice; the distance from centre to centre of the columns is 6 diameters 15 minutes, which will take 5 modillions ; to find the pitch of the pediment set the compasses at a in the tympan of the pediment, and draw the circle bee, then set the compasses at c, and draw the arch b, d, e, which gives the height of the pediment at d ; this method will give the pitch of any pediment. L To face Plate XXXIX. Ionic front, drawn half an inch to a foot : the clear passage of the door 3 feet 8 inches, the height 7 feet 7 inches ; the height of the column 7 feet 9 inches, to be divided into 10 parts; one is the diameter of the column at bottom ; give one to the sub^ plinth, half a one to the base of the column, half to the cap of the column, and 2 to the entablature ; that is, 35 minutes to the architrave ; 40 to the frize ; and 45 to the cornice ; the dis- tance between the central lines of the column is 6 diameters 43 minutes, which takes 13 modillions ^t 31 minutes, from centre to' centre of modillioh; the interval between the modillions 21 minutes; the breadth of themodillion 10 minutes; the pitch of the pediment found the same as in the Doric front. ijjoj Pfrr/e^j). n i “ 1 1 — 1 1 j i tT' -1 i 1 V 1 n ■ ! i !• rn ( - 1 i - -3; ..fi 6 JX nm -. 12 Modillion.i Tf: :-I“7T3T 2 rnhfultifJith ' ■ H7hin . 4 V, ' im I ) 2 t 7r/,f each part / Diameter 40, tiJJ. '2^m . jj/Mpdiltion^ . 'j2Jiam efety, j^Mbdi/iio/u . d? ^ 3 iPuhlith d duly W; fydp. hy I idFciin To face Plate XL* Corinthian front drawn half an inch to a foot ; the clear pas- sage of the door 3 feet 9 inches, the height 8 feet 3 inches, height <3f the column 8 feet 5 inches, to be divided into 1 1 parts ; one of those parts is the diameter of the column at bottom ; give one to the sub-plinth, one and one sixth to the cap of the column, which is 70 minutes: and 2 diameters to the entablature, that is, 35 minutes to the architrave, 37 to the frize, and 48 to the cor- nice ; the distance from centre to centre of the column, which is 7 diameters of the column, which takes 12 modillions, at 35 minutes from centre to centre of modi! lion ; the breadth of mo- dillion 11| minutes, the interval between 23§. ■ Note, Front doors, that have any of the orders for their dress- ing, should not be less than 3 feet 6 inches wide, the height twice the width and one sixth part or thereabouts, and that may be the height of the column, then the abacus will be taken out of that, to part the door and fan-light, &c» M To face Plate XLI. Door and dressings with architraves and side pilasters ; one side an open pilaster and truss, the other a plain pilaster, quarter cap of the antique Ionic ; the pilaster may be fluted with three flutes on the face, or four if required ; the clear passage of the door 3 feet 7 inches, the height 7 feet 6 inches ; the impost be- tween the door and fan-light Sj inches, the fan-light a semi- circle; the width of the architrave one seventh part of the width of the door ; the side pilasters two thirds of the architrave breadth ; the frize equal to the breadth of the architrave ; the cornice may be three fourths or five sixths of the architrave’s breadth ; the truss I foot 8 inches ; the profile or projection of the truss may be 3 inches or 3j ; the height of the quarter cap about 5 inches ; the measures to be taken from the antique cap, Plate XVI. riaie/n. Inside Door cuid Dr^sin^ . S part.'' 3>'/‘r(irl/re \ y \ / 12 mrte fS. To face Plate XLVIII. The proportion of architraves to doors, windows, &c. Give the width of the architrave, one seventh or eighth part of the door, divide that into 12 parts, and dispose the parts to the faces and mouldings, as figured; if frize and cornice to the doors, give the frize equal to the width of the architrave ; but if any particular ornament is to be put into the frize, it must be one fourth or one eighth part wider than the architrave ; the cornice three fourths or five sixths of the architrave s breadth ; the side pilaster two thirds of the architrave’s breadth ; to pro- portion impost to arches, for the height of the impost including the necking, divide from the floor to the springing of the arch into 20 parts, take one for the impost, including the necking, and divide the height into as many parts as in the impost you make use of, and dispose those parts to the mouldings in height and projection, as figured. N To face Plate XLIX. To proportion base and surbase mouldings to the pedestal part of rooms: the height from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 10 inches from the floor to the top of the capping ; divide that height into 9 parts, give one to the surbase, and one half or two thirds to the base, and give one and one third to the plinth ; the ninth part to be divided into as many parts as are contained in the surbase you make use of ; likewise the two thirds, or the one half, to be divided into as many parts as are contained in the base moulding you make use of, and those parts to be dis- posed to the moulding in height and projection, as figured. Note, That the base and surbase mouldings are full size for practice : but, if required to be larger or smaller, the above di- rections will answer, ' 4 l^late 40- ‘ / '4 yVf/^c A',s'tfr//ase Full size / JViite atid Siirifax' fullSlx^ '"i ■ J ■ \ / , r /• \ \ I 't' ( / v j I To face Plate LIV. To proportion the cornice and frize to rooms, or any place required: give them three fourths of an inch to a foot, including the frize and necking; suppose them to be 14 feet, more or less; at 14 feet the cornice and frize, including the necking, will be 10§ inches; divide that into 12 parts, give 5 to the cor- nice, 6 to the frize, and one to the necking; if cornices are used without frize or necking, give them three eighths of an inch to a foot, or half an inch to a foot, suppose 14 feet as before, at three eighths of an inch to a foot, the cornice will be 5i: inches ; at half an, inch to the foot, the cornice w ill be 7 inches; whatever the given height is, that must be divided " into the same number of parts as the cornice you make use of, and dispose them to the parts in height and projection, as figured on the cornices. This direction will be sufficient for the proportion of cornice^ in any case required. 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Three Deyujus , for Tru ze,f and Cor nirej^ . Ptt/tiis/tii .1u) L- ’A >4 ' t I { >• N /'/nh' (/// ^>/ (At JJamf J{,u/ a/ui Ciii-tai7 S/i’p,shetV 7 ntr tAu’ meiAwd for dacAjur /Alt' A(t>7tnff mould o/id /tdAuuf mould fin- /iraOux’.drmvrt bvJcoAejA.BJix-AnoAuiftoafbot, lAio uAddi o/ tAtc pivrcf /or fAu’ hvul pai-t of tAio AtaAA 4 AiuAire oruA AiaAf’ oj a, to b tAiuA-Jio/j- 0 / the JihcAc to jituA, cd. and HAthin that ,(ipiiare 1 " ' i ] The D mis of Aiie piettp eat Ate the/riAh-^ JSoatd i>i/iire aienAf To dmtr theO'eroIloflheAtttii.aee dte (oat/uyaet at I ir('/r4'r' ,tr/fitVr /.f pAurt fi> huprrtti ) riatt' 77 . 1 I I I I I I I T I I ( I I I I I fr \ I / 'r / ■ -TV' ■/..I .. ■ 1 . \ I 1 1 i 1 r ’ ' \ ■ ' ^ ^ ‘ ' ■ ^ . ■ ' t' • , ■ <., ■ ' /. ■" j:: » V:"ti.,.-; ') ' - V' ■ , ^ ' .. ■■ 1 J */atc. pj . -Baft to tho Desi{;n l*taJo j6^. Jhifui'n a qi/orter of ao^ Inoti to a- Foot. I I i ^;.5 Plate ThrKail emti^ bont d ^It'elchecf, oitl lo /‘l/ile jo^. r ’ \ \ V,- I / .7 ! i I /jV.V t’/' /fit' t/tM/Yno' \ V .A. » (» \ 7 ^/a/e. 77 ,' /; <7 7 o ~o ^ ^ ' A' ^ ■ ■ A ( \ I / foj' a Chbwicy Teice , dj'ami one ineJi bo a foot. I Plate . f'nhk.h. i Chmincy- ^iece drami one meh to a Foot J*lalF So. />,M. /,/ ',\"o 6 rot /- / Jiu/e'Si. ( 1‘Inte . S 2 . ^4/'c'/i//7'tivdr tv jt)oo/:i' a//<7vWv t/io J'u/o % of D it ti^-, t/io Frio zo ' o/ioiif of t/io J/r/iifyw 0, t/iotV/uo' of ditto; t/ioJJooro' of av Fio/i to (I Foot; t/io (Y/i/rvoi'S ofa/rY/h'ii too Foot. II : :l| /'IrUe 83 1 r-J 2 v ■\ !. / (j077iux^ d'izt'. jB . of /l izeD? Q.t7ieJ3a^e of X) . the J/bi/hl-f ^ J'/hh/hf of I^i7a.efi'f' 1)^ I 1 1 1 iiSi ii 1 K Hffl ■■ i b .r/y>7 l^or f^-JOP,nfi 4 3 I Si'prruj’fii in’n.Ptfi/i. I ( ' /■ / 7 \ i; ■■ ' ■• r.. I 2 I\l'//[fhW .Cy*'//-)/ hvl^./'',un . 12' J 1 -7 :\ K t II illlllll Sfpriaj^tt.by TKPain. I ruiic ,i'r\rn (. p/. Tui^ leaves a/i/f (frop't p om the face o/'g Filaster Of' any p/ar r i erj.i~o; A. - rrT.u.-i s -f- 72 riaTe.j:/^:y. Tlan mid Ulevation of a CeTdle/ruuLc Jloui'e , Had ad die Ifeafiire}' f^uj'ed; die Jf/ddieo and odier O/ficef in die JJa^ernent dtor v . Q l*nndp(d Jinn 2*(U'iaw'. D, JJmiru; /loom . A ,Jiad /loom . i’, Slamnfo. E , Pqjmpe . \l,Jsn to TYiTA I J'iibhj'fi J Jlay b> B' r,nn or. /i./'/AWt ,/ .f/.ri - 1 fj ~>>l /»' H’ Pin'fl. / i J,. 71' /^/r n / / \- \ ! 1 1 7 "/a/e /04. Jif One Tazr of S^aiKT Plan & Section ^ ^jtPc plan, and Jloof to /dale jcp . Itt/r r/an l\iblLi'h\llSTayj.\^:2';f» brJrJiv/: . J'nh/i.tfi.f .\f.t\- ii.i ;,n h\ U r,tin Jiale no. I'lthlifh'cl byT^'Ptnn . $ 3 20 20 L PttUufh W Min-t f i -pi h\ WP, jin . / r/a/c u/i. I / \ J^latci.u§. M.tv J4^,r;-oi tn . I II -li 1 ! i I Plaie u6. I A Sio'basc J\foM ijuiirfp/' 13 Biue 2fo/d (b'tro C AnypitJ/oM of S/n’/i'c\f to Bookca^'e -'j ^ 'i m: '}] V i ■J jS- Tt72\frn I \ t 7 / j I ( ■I , Side SecdoTi to Diftin^ room u 1 ■ Ll- j-l M b s< Mouldi/t^ Qtiaita' Sixe D t/ie Ai'chitim’e to dooi' Sz Jimc/oiv E E , iiu^base ti* boj'e moldmg to Room G Molding on SfuittortS Sc Door xi JO VJ QO Room- ^Ivldijt/js r/fui/V/v jYtr A (hnilne foi' iJoor (hp &■ CJtutvi/rx A* ^idcpUl/jiAtiJ' /Of' /Joonvay 13 ArchJtJ'ni’c nwMjJi/j t/^ CJumny C Mold for thr Mrarno on .n'dr wo/I J J^/uf Set-^/orv of ffye/)/oi//n room l'liMK<'h*sI Ik\- -i0.t-0i />• ' ' V.v; Plate 124. Pt/rl .>'(r/io/t te> /Ji/u/uj Jloorrt i \ 0 /(7n, S^/evatw7L L'Sec'lioiv Of a HotMoiof'e P. 126 . ^1, 6ie FUw 7 'oun6 thePit.B,6ieFle*2 wuIpj- Uvp Front u-alL . 0,WcUl. round thsFit.F.the^Pit . Ejleuif antnnrt (Jie liarJc gro und Xine DiMi-'hl Mty i4:i~;u nFun ?;'r* s. . 'Jk i ' v-r-.ti'j ' V ,:■ f' riale jzj. P/(Uc n8. P/tUCJQ.^ i i \ j i i t e* ■ { Dif'/u/h/ iVi ! i~iu / m ' n'/\rt/i . / V//.//;.// ;/ ( >, /. ,, /,, . n 7 I ' ” h/. i \ \ \ Ot'f.i.tTiH f>y' Tl~2\nn . M, .f,-/ >A'rr^/// ///f • f V v/A V > // finr. 1 ry'Z poi-Af / /tr /‘ri>/}/nf (ttr /iputrt/ /ri>ni f/tf n'/if, rn/ ////fir />/' ///f JJcj'igii jbr a SJiop ITi oiit ! l^/a/r J40 / . ■/ 'I 1 / ..o Fro/2t tVf f’y tr/\itn I f i Piihlfs/M/ Af. -Y'. /-f// by br/'fUM. /Jtc -jO. r\i» /;r H'Dttn Shop Fjvnt r/atcjAj . ( 9 ^ ^ ^ 3 ' '2 ^ ~t j fT I'ivnt arid, pivfrle op' ('o In /rim' A' rilastvfu' for .^Tvy' Fivnr^' J