ROYAL PANORAMA, 
 
 VIEWS OF THE FALLS OF NIAGARA, 
 
 LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
 AM D THE CITY OF JERUSALEM. 
 
 1. Table Rock. 
 
 2. New Staircase 
 
 3. Guide’s House 
 
 4. Old Staircase. 
 
 6. Ferry. 
 
 11. American Fall. 
 
 16. Lunar Fall. 
 
 21. Column of Vapour. 
 
 7. Part of Table Rock, which fell in July 1818. 
 
 12. Niagara Village. 
 
 17. Biddle Staircase. 
 
 22. Horse Shoe Fall. 
 
 8. Niagara County. 
 
 13. Manchester. 
 
 18. Goat Island. 
 
 23. Cavern. 
 
 9. Observatory. 
 
 14. Cataract Hotel. 
 
 19. Terrapin Rock and Town. 
 
 24. Pavilion Hotel. 
 
 10. Descent to the Ferry. 
 
 15. Prospect Island. 
 
 20. Rapids. 
 
 
 25. Pathway from the Guides House to the 
 Pavilion Hotel. 
 
 A. Clifton House. 
 
 P». Victoria Point,' and Suspension Bridge. 
 
 
 1. Chapel of the Crown of Thorns. 
 
 2. Pool of Bethesda. 
 
 3. "Where the Angels appeared. 
 
 4. Minaret, Ben Israel. 
 
 5. Convent of St. Pelagia. 
 
 6. Church of Ascension. 
 
 7. Where the Prayer was taught. 
 
 8. Grotto of the Creed. 
 
 9. Where Christ wept over Jerusalem. 
 10. Garden of Gethsamene. 
 
 11. Burial Place of the Virgin. 
 
 12. Throne of Solomon 
 
 13. Praying Place. 
 
 14. Little Sahhara, 
 
 15. The Haram ScherifL 
 
 16. Golden Gate. 
 
 17- Graves of the Proplietg. 
 
 18. Road to Jericho. 
 
 19. City Walls. 
 
 20. Mountains of Arabia. 
 
 mi mmmmmm —aUftgi Wi&&?■~ V ^rrr^fimr 
 
 21 . 
 
 22 . 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 26. 
 
 27- 
 
 28. 
 
 29 
 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 Invisible Bridge. 
 
 Judgment Seat of Solomon. 
 
 Stoa Sahhara. 
 
 Gate of Heaven. 
 
 Praying Place of Fatima, Daughter of 
 Mahomet. 
 
 Mosqiie of Omar. 
 
 Mosque of El Aksa. 
 
 El Mirage, Place of Ascension of the Prophet. 
 
 30. Fountain. 
 
 31. Mount of Offence. 
 
 32. Mosque of the Mogrebins. 
 
 33. Minaret of the Seraglio. 
 
 34. Potters’ Field. 
 
 35. Hill of Evil Council. 
 
 36. Habitations of Dervishes, 
 
 37. Mount £ion, with David’s Tomb, and 
 House of Annas. 
 
 38. Armenian Church and Convent. 
 
 39. Ruins of the Church and Convent of 
 
 the Knights of f$t. John. 
 
 40. Castle of David. 
 
 41. House of Uriah. 
 
 42. Ancient part of the Temple of the 
 
 Holy Sepulchre. 
 
 43. Dome of the Temple of the Holy 
 
 Sepulchre. 
 
 44. Latin Convent. 
 
 45. Mosque in the Via Dolorosa. 
 
 46, Minaret on the Site of Pilate’s House. 
 47- The Via Dolorosa. 
 
 48. Palace of Pontius Pilate, or Aga’s 
 
 House. 
 
 49. State Prison. 
 
 A. New Protestant Church. 
 
 
 
 
 Printed !>y W< J. Golbovrjt, 6, Princes Street, Leicester Square 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 <D 1? »JP 3££ 12 
 
 FALLS OF NIAGARA, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 CITY OF 
 
 JERUSALEM, 
 
 NOW EXHIBITING 
 
 IN THE LARGE CIRCLE 
 
 OF 
 
 ^nnonmni, %nmin IpuiT. 
 
 ip a a m t n © thu p&® p&a ht® 
 
 ROBERT BURFORD, 
 
 ASSISTED BY H. C. SELOUS. 
 
 Hontion: 
 
 PRINTED BY W. J. GOLBOURN, G, PRINCES STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
 1851. 
 
 PRICE SIXPENCE. 
 
Mr. ROBERT BURFORD , anxious to sustain the universally 
 acknowledged pre-eminence and well-established reputation of the Royal 
 Panoramas , and at the same time , during the present unparalleled season , 
 when the metropolis will he visited by thousands of foreigners from all parts 
 of the world , being desirous of producing tcorks at once worthy of the great 
 period, as well as of the exalted patronage with which he has been so long 
 honoured , has on this occasion divided the large circle of the exhibition , so as 
 to be able to present at the same time tioo distinct and unconnected views , 
 both possessing extraordinary interest , and from the circumstance of their 
 having their principal and most remarkable features confined almost 
 entirely to about one-half the usual circumference, being peculiarly well 
 adapted for exhibition in a semicircle. Both subjects also being of such 
 grandeur and imposing majesty , that the vast extent and appliances of the 
 Panorama can alone present them with fidelity and proper effect , and offer 
 them on a scale of sufficient magnitude to do them justice. * The one, the 
 Falls of Niagara , the most wonderful and magnificent of Natures 
 works ; the secondJerusalem , a city celebrated and beautiful even in its 
 ruins , and intensely interesting to all denominations of Christians, as the 
 scene of most of the principal events in the life of our Blessed Saviour , as 
 well as of his humiliation and death. 
 
THE FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 “ The roar of waters ! from the headlong height, 
 
 -cleaves the wave-worn precipice; 
 
 The fall of waters ! rapid as the light, 
 
 The flashing mass foams, shaking the abyss ; 
 
 The hell of waters ! where they howl and hiss, 
 
 And boil in endless torture; while the sweat 
 Of then - great agony, wrung out from this 
 
 Their Phlegethon, curls round the rocks of jet 
 That gird the gulf around, in pitiless horror set. 
 
 And mounts in spray the skies, and thence again, 
 
 Returns in an unceasing shower, which round 
 With its unemptied cloud of gentle rain, 
 
 Is an eternal April to the ground, 
 
 Making it all one emerald. How profound 
 The gulf! and how the giant element, 
 
 From rock to rock leaps with delirious bound, 
 
 Crushing the cliffs, which downward torn and rent 
 With his fierce footsteps, yield in chasms a fearful vent. 
 
 “ Horribly beautiful ! but on the verge. 
 
 From side to side, beneath the glittering morn, 
 
 An Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge, 
 
 Like Hope upon a death-bed, and unworn. 
 
 Its steady dyes, whilst all around is torn 
 By the distracted waters, bears serene 
 Its brilliant hues, with all their beams unshorne ; 
 
 Resembling, ’mid the torture of the scene, 
 
 Love hatching madness with unalterable mien.” 
 
 Bi’ron. 
 
 The mighty cataract of Niagara is one of the most wonderful of nature’s 
 works, immeasurably surpassing all of the same kind that has ever been 
 seen or imagined, and baffling alike adequate description or correct 
 analysis of feeling, in regard to the impression it creates. The wildest 
 revellings of imagination can by no possibility conjure up any object, 
 serving in the least degree as a standard of comparison whereby it may be 
 measured. There is but one Niagara ; it has no compeer or rival in 
 nature : nothing can equal its beauty, nothing surpass its sublimity. The 
 Panorama, from its vast size, can alone hope to convey an intelligible idea 
 of the matchless extent, prodigious power, and magnificent appearance of 
 this stupendous phenomenon ; a sight once seen never to be forgotten : 
 awe inspiring and overwhelming. 
 
 The view is taken from the Table Rock, a most commanding situation, 
 affording not only the finest, but most comprehensive view of this 
 imposing scene. Immediately in front of the spectator, the whole extent 
 of the falls is seen at one glance, in all their simple yet sublime dignity ; 
 
4 
 
 an ocean of water three-quarters of a mile in breadth, precipitated with 
 astonishing grandeur in three distinct and collateral streams, unbroken 
 and continuous, down a stupendous precipice more than 150 feet in height, 
 on the rocks below, from which they rebound, converted by the violence 
 of the concussion into a broad sheet of foam as white as snow. 
 Pyramidical clouds of vapour or spray are seen rising majestically in 
 misty grandeur from the abyss, encircling, and even at times obscuring 
 the falls, and hovering in the blue sky above like a cloud sparkling here 
 and there in the sunshine with rich prismatic colors. An Iris of 
 extraordinary beauty and peculiar brilliancy heightens the scene, by 
 spanning the great fall; above which are seen the agitated billows and 
 white crested breakers of the rapids, tumultuously hurrying towards the 
 precipice. 
 
 The adjuncts of this wonderful scene are by no means on the same bold 
 scale. There is no mountainously grand scenery ; the banks are 
 picturesque and varied, especially on the Canadian side; and Goat Island, 
 which divides the falls, is luxuriant with finely tinted foliage, but they 
 are by no means commensurate with the cataract—it is the falls, and the 
 falls alone that fill up the view : there is no rival to share the admiration 
 of the beholder; it is itself, as it ought to be, the only object seen or 
 thought of. 
 
 Below, the river is seen at first tumultuously boiling, but very soon 
 subsiding from its state of agitation, calmly winding bright, clear, and 
 remarkably green, between lofty and rugged banks, richly coloured by 
 both wood and rock ; thus closing a glorious scene, in which sublimity 
 and picturesque beauty are enchantingly combined. 
 
 The Niagara River, which forms the boundary between the British 
 possessions and the United States—the stupendous cataract being partly 
 in the State of New York and partly in Canada—may be considered a 
 great natural canal, by which the waters of Lake'Erie are poured into 
 Lake Ontario. Its length is 33 miles, varying from half-a-mile to two 
 miles in breadth, and sustaining in its course a fall of 322 feet, above 
 200 of which are at the rapids and falls. In the early part of its course 
 the river is broad and tranquil ; at Chippawa, two miles above the falls, 
 where the navigation ends, it first becomes disturbed, and as from this 
 place the shores contract, and the bed of the stream begins to slope, 
 the water shortly becomes greatly agitated, and the rapids commence ; 
 rock after rock chafes the stream, until it becomes perfectly white with 
 foam, and rushes with frightful velocity to the edge of the precipice, over 
 which it plunges in an unexampled volume, being unquestionably the 
 greatest mass of water that is poured down any fall, either in the old or 
 new world, being computed at not less than one hundred millions of tons 
 per hour.* However large this quantity may seem, yet probably it is not 
 
 * The following calculation was made at Queenston. The river here is half a mile 
 broad, averages 25 feet deep, and has a current of three miles per hour ; consequently 
 in one hour it discharges a column of water three miles long, half a mile wide, and 
 twenty-five feet deep, containing 1,111,440,0*K) cubic feet, being 18,524,000 cubic feet, 
 or 113,510,000 gallons of water each minute.” 
 
5 
 
 over-rated, for it must be remembered that four great lakes—that from 
 their vast size might be termed inland seas—together with all the large 
 rivers that flow into them, covering a surface of nearly 150,000 square 
 miles, and containing almost one half the fresh water on the face of the 
 globe, have only this one outlet for their superabundant waters. The 
 tremendous roar of this vast body dashing on the rocks beneath, is of a 
 most extraordinary description, difficult to explain ; deafening and 
 monotonous, still not unpleasant. It has been distinctly heard at 
 Toronto, 4(1 miles distant. 
 
 From Lake Erie to Queenston is one level plain, with the exception 
 of the space between Chippawa and the falls, where there is a rise of 
 about 50 feet. At Queenston the table land abruptly terminates, and 
 sinks to a plain level with Lake Ontario ; over this precipice it is evident 
 the river in remote ages poured its waters, and by its continued action 
 has worn away the rocks, and carried back the falls to their present 
 situation. The same geological appearances are traced throughout the 
 whole distance, being lower limestone shale, having carboniferous 
 limestone superincumbent, with the common diluvium of the country 
 above. At the falls, the limestone rock is 70 feet in thickness, and the 
 loose shale which crumbles under the touch about 80. By the continual 
 action of the water, and the wind from the abyss, the shale is worn aw 7 ay, 
 and the limestone being left without support, falls in enormous masses, 
 especially after severe frosts. It is difficult to form a reasonable 
 calculation as to the period which has elapsed since the water first began 
 to open the gorge ; the rate of recession is now about a foot per year : 
 if this has never been exceeded, it must have taken about 40,000 years to 
 ■wear its way from Queenston, and will take at least 100,000 to reach 
 Lake Erie ; but it is probable that when the river was confined to a 
 narrower channel, the operation was much quicker. 
 
 The falls were but little known at the commencement of the last 
 century : the Americans say they were discovered by two of the earliest 
 missionaries, Joseph Price and Henry Wilmington, who were sent from 
 Boston in search of the great lakes, of which vague reports had been 
 heard from the natives; and it is very doubtful whether the Indians 
 themselves had ever seen the “ Oniawgara,” or “ the Thunder of Waters," 
 the expressive Indian name they gave it, being deterred from approaching 
 by a superstitious dread of the tremendous roar : even towards the close 
 of the century they were but little visited ; the red Indians still lingering 
 in the neighbourhood made the approach dangerous. 
 
 The immediate neighbourhood of the falls, and the banks of the river, 
 were the scenes of a succession of actions, attended with all the horrors of 
 civil war, between the British and American troops, in 1812-13-14. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 No. 1.— Table Rock. 
 
 A broad flat rock, being a section of the ledge over which the torrent is pre¬ 
 cipitated, and in immediate contact with its western extremity. It juts out about 
 .50 feet, overhanging the terrific gulf; and being 100 feet below the upper bank, is 
 undoubtedly one of the best, if not the very best point for viewing the magnificent 
 scene, as the eye commands at once the whole of the majestic amphitheatre of 
 cataracts, as well as both banks of the river for a considerable distance. Visitors 
 possessed of strong nerves, sometimes lay themselves flat on the rock, with the 
 face over the edge, looking into the roaring abyss below. This rock has many 
 considerable seams and fissures, and is continually breaking away in large masses ; 
 the whole will some day, without the least notice, be precipitated into the depths 
 below. The whole of this, the Canadian side, is bold and lofty, the ground gradually 
 rising from the margin of the rapids to a height of nearly 100 feet. 
 
 No. 3.— Guide's House. 
 
 The residence of the guide, who provides visitors with suitable dresses, and 
 attends them to the cavern under the great fall. From the rear of the house, a 
 spiral staircase descends to the water below, and a rough slippery path, over huge 
 fragments of rock, conducts to the foot of the fall; here the view is acknowledged 
 to be much finer than on the American side, and looking upwards, the fall presents 
 a most extraordinary appearance ; no part of the rapids being seen, the water 
 seems to descend at once from the clouds. The Shantee in front of the house, is a 
 favorable spot for ladies to view the scene without inconvenience; here is also 
 kept the book in which -visitors record their names. 
 
 No. 6.— Ferry. 
 
 About half-a-mile below the falls, the river, which is here about 400 yards in 
 width, is safely crossed in a small boat; although the water is considerably agitated, 
 the ferry men, from their knowledge of the various currents and eddies, cross it 
 without danger at any hour of the day, but the passengers seldom escape without 
 a good soaking from the spray, which descends like rain. The comparative 
 smoothness of the river so immediately after the fall, is accounted for by the 
 great depth of the pool, into which the cataract is precipitated, and the sudden 
 contraction of the river; the descending water sinks down and forms an under¬ 
 current, while a superficial eddy carries the upper stratum back to the falls. A 
 small steam vessel has lately been employed to bring visitors quite close to the falls. 
 
 No. 9.— Observatory. 
 
 A tower forty feet in height, erected on the Terrapin rock, in the very midst o i 
 the rapids of the great fall; from the top is a fine view embracing the rapids, the 
 river, and a vast extent of country. 
 
7 
 
 No. 10 .—Descent to the Ferry. 
 
 A stair of 257 steps descends to the water’s edge, the upper portion is roofed 
 over, but the last three flights are not, and being constantly wetted by the spray, 
 are slippery and unsafe. 
 
 No. 11 .—American Fall. 
 
 The American, or as it is sometimes called Fort Schlosser fall, does not exceed 
 375 yards in curvilinear length; its perpendicular height is 162 feet, or 13 feet 
 higher-than the great fall; this, however, does not appear to be the case when 
 viewed from the Table rock, the effect of the perspective and the vast accumulation 
 of rocks below, giving it a quite contrary appearance. The fall is hold, nearly 
 straight, and the water is chafed to snowy whiteness in many places by projecting 
 rocks, to nearly two-thirds of its descent. The whole is grand, but it does not 
 approach in extent, sublimity, or awful beauty, the Canadian fall. 
 
 No. 12 .—Niagara County. 
 
 The hank? cf the river for nearly its whole course on the American side, are in 
 the county of Niagara ; they are here remarkably wild and striking, and the whole 
 county is extremely beautiful, being a succession of fertile fields, orchards, and 
 gardens. 
 
 No. 13.— Manchester. 
 
 A small town of no very great importance ; it was burnt by the British troops 
 in 1813, and rebuilt immediately after the peace. In the neighbourhood is a small 
 settlement of the once powerful tribe of Tuscarora Indians, or rather of then- 
 descendants ; they originally emigrated from North Carolina, in the beginning of 
 the last century, and formed one of the “ Six Nations.” 
 
 No. 15 .-—Prospect Island. 
 
 A considerable rock called Prospect or Luna Island, standing on the very verge 
 of the precipice, and dividing the American fall from the centre cascade. 
 
 No. 16 .—Lunar Fall. 
 
 A cataract that anywhere but in the very centre of such vast and magnificent 
 scenes, would be an object of attraction and gratification ; here, although it has 
 a perpendicular fall of 162 feet, it appears insignificant. 
 
 I 
 
 No. 17 .—Biddle Staircase. 
 
 Constructed in 1829, at the expense of N. Biddle, Esq., of Philadelphia, to 
 facilitate the descent to the rocks below, where a magnificent and much admired 
 view of both falls is obtained. The upper part of the steps are cut in the 
 solid rock, and the lower part is formed in three directions over immense fragments, 
 which occasionally break off and fall from the ledge above. The notorious Sam 
 Patch leaped from a ladder 125 feet high, into the gulf at this place, and escaped 
 unhurt. Fine fish are caught in great numbers here. 
 
 No. 18 .—Goat Island. 
 
 Goat, or as it was named by its proprietor, Iris Island, a name to which it is well 
 entitled, from the numerous spray-created rainbows that play in its vicinity, is 
 about half a mile in length, inserted like a wedge between the falls, presenting its 
 broadest end, which is 330 yards across, to the precipice. It contains about 70 
 acres of land thickly wooded, displaying a variety of picturesque and romantic 
 
8 
 
 scenery, intersected by walks leading to the most advantageous points for viewing 
 the rapids and falls. There is also a house where refreshments can be obtained. 
 The Island is gained by a wooden bridge of singular construction, thrown across 
 the American branch of the river, about 50 yards from the fall, and in the very 
 midst of the rapids ; how it could have been constructed on such a spot almost 
 baffles comprehension; during the season two or three hundred persons pay daily 
 the shilling toll to cross to this beautiful spot; it is, therefore, a source of con¬ 
 siderable profit to the wealthy family of the name of Porter, to whom the Island 
 belongs. A bridge of similar construction has also been projected over the rapids, 
 to what is called the Terrapin rock, where a single piece of timber actually over¬ 
 hangs the edge of the great fall about 15 feet, from which the view is terrific and 
 appalling. 
 
 It is said that the Island was first visited, during the Canadian war of 1755, by 
 General Putnam, who, for a wager, dropped down the river for a considerable dis¬ 
 tance in a boat, strongly secured by ropes to the shore, by which means he was 
 safely landed, and secured his return. 
 
 In 1829, a young Englishman named Abbot, 28 years of age, of respectable con¬ 
 nexions, cultivated mind, and an enthusiast in the arts, either from misfortune, 
 or a morbid state of mind, took up his residence on the Island, where he remained 
 in almost perfect seclusion for two years, so fascinated with the solitude, and 
 infatuated with the scenery, that no inducement could divert his thoughts, or induce 
 him to quit the spot. His body was one day found in the rapids, hut whether he 
 committed suicide, or was drowned by accident was never discovered. 
 
 No. 20.— Rapids. 
 
 Before approaching the precipice, over which the water is tumbled, the river 
 sinks in less than a mile about 57 feet; the stratum of limestone which forms its 
 bed, is also intersected with seams and patches of dark colored chert; through this 
 channel of rugged rocks the water rushes with fierce and ungovernable impetuosity, 
 converted by the resistance with which it meets, into a broad expanse of foam as 
 white as snow, bearing a strong resemblance to the breakers on a rocky shore during 
 a gale. It is considered certain death to get once involved in the rapids, not only 
 because escape from the cataracts would be impossible, but that the force of the 
 water amongst the rocks would dash the body to pieces before it approached them. 
 Numberless instances are on record of persons who have thus fearfully perished. 
 The Indians had a superstition that the genius who presides over the falls, required 
 the annual sacrifice of two human victims, at least two have yearly passed into 
 eternity here, as far back as any annals of the cataract exist ; and certainly the 
 number does not diminish in the present day, if the harrowing accounts recorded 
 in the guide books are to be believed. The celebrated Chateaubriand nearly lost 
 his life here by his horse taking fright at a rattle snake. 
 
 No. 21 .—Column of Vapour. 
 
 Mighty columns of infinitely divided spray-like vapour shoot up from the centre 
 of the great fall, and float gassamer like with the wind, over the tree tops of Goat 
 Island, descending in a misty shower of rain ; they may be seen from a great 
 distance, and when the sun and the position of the observer is favorable, present a 
 remarkably beautiful appearance, sparkling like diamonds, with occasional flashes 
 of the most brilliant colors. 
 
 No. 22 .—Horse Shoe Fall. 
 
 The main body of the Cataract on the Canadian side, is called the British or 
 Horse Shoe fall, from the precipice having been worn into something like that form 
 by the water. The curvatures of the fall have been geometrically computed at 
 700 yards, which great breadth gives it fit first sight the appearance of being 
 wanting in altitude ; yet the height taken with a plumb line from the table rock is 
 149 feet. In consequence of its shape the water converges to the centre, and 
 
9 
 
 descends in a solid mass, at least 12 feet in thickness, and with an impetus that 
 hurl8 it into the gulf below, 50 feet from the base of the rock. At the extremities 
 of the fall the water is dazzling white, but in the centre or deepest part of the bend, 
 where it falls in one vast unbroken mass, smooth and unruffled, it is for two-thirds 
 of the descent of a beautiful sea green color, streaked with white, like the veins in 
 marble ; the remainder is hidden by the vast body of vapour rising from the abyss ; 
 below the whole surface of the river is a body of foam, differing essentially from 
 anything of the kind produced in a similar way ; the bubbles of which it is com¬ 
 posed, are always ascending by millions, and spread over the water in one continued 
 and apparently solid mass. The water is also projected upwards, sometimes to the 
 height of 120 feet, by the force of the air below, in an immense number of small 
 white cones with pointed heads and tails, varying from one to twelve yards in 
 length, which are continually starting from the cloud of spray. During the 
 afternoon, a splendid rainbow is generally seen spanning the fall. 
 
 In 1827, the schooner Michigan, with a number of animals confined on the deck, 
 was sent down the rapids ; she struck a rock and filled, and went over the cataract 
 without being seen. A second schooner, the Superior, shared the same fate in 
 1829 ; she struck a rock, where she remained, until the force of the current broke 
 her up. The Detroit, the flag-ship of Commodore Barclay, abandoned at Buffalo 
 in 1841, shared the same fate. The steam ship Caroline was, during the disturbances 
 of 1847, cut out from Navy Island by a party from the Canada shore, set on fire, 
 abandoned, and cast loose at midnight to drift dowm ; as she went blazing over the 
 fall, the fierce but short contention of the rival elements was indeed a splendid sight. 
 
 • 
 
 No. 23.— Cavern. 
 
 On the Canada side, the violence of the impulse causes the water to incline con¬ 
 siderably forward in its descent; the continued action on the shale, has hollowed 
 out a sort of cavern into which daring travellers are able to penetrate as far as 
 termination rock, 153 feet from the entrance; a perilous path over rugged and 
 slippery rocks, a difficulty of breathing, and the furious blasts of air, making it 
 both unpleasant and dangerous. 
 
 No. 24 .—Pavilion Hotel. 
 
 A large and commodious house, capable of accommodating 150 persons. From 
 the top of the house, and from the galleries in the rear, fine views of the 
 course of the river, the rapids, and the surrounding country are obtained ; but 
 the lower part of the falls cannot be seen. It was proposed to build a city in this 
 neighbourhood, but the plan has been some time abandoned. 
 
 A.—Clifton House. 
 
 Clifton House Hotel, on the Canadian side, is built on a point of land facing the 
 American fall. It is one of the best hotels to be found in any country. From the 
 commodious and elegant belvedere on the top, a fine view of the river and rapids 
 is obtained, and the whole 70 window's and colonnade command a full view of both 
 falls. It is a matter of surprise how so many and such splendid establishments can 
 be maintained by the short season, which extends to little more than three months; 
 but it may be mentioned that there are frequently on the Canadian side alone more 
 than a thousand strangers at one time. 
 
JERUSALEM 
 
 Oh! fair and favour'd city, where of old 
 The balmy airs were rich with melody, 
 
 That led her pomp beneath the cloudless sky, 
 
 In vestments flaming with the orient gold; 
 
 Her gold is dim, and mute her music’s voice; 
 
 The heathen o’er her perish’d pomp rejoice. 
 
 How stately then was every palm deck’d street, 
 
 Down which the maidens danced with tinkling feet; 
 
 How proud the elders in the lofty gate ! 
 
 How crowded all her nation’s solemn feasts, 
 
 With white rob’d Levites, and high mitred priests ; 
 
 How gorgeous all her temples’ sacred state ! 
 
 Her streets are razed, her maidens sold for slaves, 
 
 Her gates thrown down, her elders in their graves ; 
 
 Her feasts are holden ’mid the Gentiles’ scorn, 
 
 II v stealth her priesthood’s holy garments worn. 
 
 Milman’s “ Fall of Jerusalem.'’ 
 
 The ancient and holy city of Jerusalem, once “ the perfection of beauty, 
 the joy of the whole earth,” stands at the southern end of a plain of 
 considerable extent, on part of a range of hills with precipitous ascents on 
 three of its sides, below which lie the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, 
 or Gihon, the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and the Brook Kedron. Hills of 
 hard limestone rise beyond, encompassed by other hills and mountains, so 
 that the city seems to form the centre of a vast amphitheatre shut in 
 from the rest of the world. “ As the mountains are about Jerusalem, so 
 is the Lord round about his people.”—(Psalm cxxv. 2). 
 
 The drawings for the Panorama were taken from the terrace of the 
 A ga, or governor, the ancient palace of Pontius Pilate, and the view from 
 the height of the building, as well as from its position, is most 
 comprehensive and intensely interesting, embracing nearly the whole of 
 the important stations mentioned in scripture, and a vast assemblage of 
 monasteries, mosques, minarets, domes, &c., which being mostly of white 
 stone, every cupola and building stands out distinct to the eye ; the whole 
 mass absolutely glittering against the clear sky : even the narrow 
 winding streets being distinguishable by following the lines of flat roofs. 
 Immediately in front of the spectator, stands boldly prominent, with 
 most imposing effect, the beautiful Mosque of Omar, occupying the site 
 of the Temple of Solomon on Mount Moriah, resembling, from the 
 variety of its gay colours, a vast piece of mosaic work. Behind it rise 
 the summits of barren and unfruitful hills, that once “ teemed with corn, 
 wine and oil beyond which is seen a portion of the Dead Sea, and the 
 distant mountains of Moab. On the left, towards the east, the most 
 
11 
 
 interesting portion of the view, is a long line of the city walls, beneath 
 which lie the Valley of Jehoshapliat, and the Brook Kedron ; the 
 Mount of Olives rising magnificently in full view, presents on its three 
 summits the Mount of Ascension, the Village of Olivet, Mount of 
 Offence, Garden of Getlisemane, and other holy stations, relieved by 
 occasional patches of verdure, and a few scattered olive trees. Towards 
 the right or west, immediately beneath, commences the Via Dolorosa, 
 which may be traced all its length through the thickest parts of the city, 
 towards the temple of the Holy Sepulchre and Calvary, whose vast 
 domes rise conspicuously above the other buildings. On this side are 
 also the castle and tomb of David, and the Armenian convent on “ God’s 
 holy hill of Zion,” completing a most magnificent view, in colour, form, 
 and composition of the finest order, and of intense and unexampled 
 interest. 
 
 Jerusalem, long since stripped of her ancient splendour, and now but a 
 remnant of the u city beloved by God,” desecrated by false creeds, her 
 walls covered with shame, and peace no longer within them, is yet a 
 noble city even in her decay; and he who looks over her can still 
 sympathise with the exultation of David, the mourning of Nehemiah, 
 the generous concern of Titus, the pride of the Saracen, and the enthusiasm 
 of the Crusaders. The general aspect of the city and the vicinity is 
 blighted and barren ; many unoccupied places now lie waste where there 
 was once prosperity within her palaces. The cedar and sycamore are 
 gone, and bare rocks present their rugged points through the scanty 
 verdure. The vineyards are no more, the vine cut off, the Holy Temple 
 destroyed, and the sons of Jacob, favoured as no other people ever were, 
 are driven out and scattered over the face of the globe ; the glory is 
 departed, and ruin and desolation alone remain to mark the tremendous 
 power and righteous judgment that has smote, and so fearfully laid waste. 
 Yet no spot in the Holy Land can be more interesting; nothing in 
 antiquity more impressive and wonderful: each mouldering ruin recalls a 
 history, and every spot, both within and without the walls, has been the 
 scene of some miraculous event, associated with the great plan of human 
 redemption. Here, in the early days of the world, the dread voice of the 
 Almighty has sounded; here He made His glory visible. Here is the 
 scene of much that is venerable in holy writ: the cradle of our religion, 
 and the theatre of its most grand and important miracles. Here may be 
 traced almost every striking event in the pathetic history of the blessed 
 Redeemer, to the spot where he shed his blood for the sins of man, and 
 where he took his leave of his weeping disciples, and ascended once more 
 to heaven. There can exist no doubt whatever, even in the minds of the 
 most sceptical, that all the various incidents recorded took place; they all 
 admit of proof from the scriptures, and other authentic sources. It is a 
 narrative that could not have been written but from life, and although the 
 over zealous may, by minute details, and attempts at precise identity, 
 endeavour to prove too much, yet although the exact spot may be 
 unknown, the events must have taken place in the immediate 
 neighbourhood, for the city stands upon the same ground and the same 
 
12 
 
 hills surround it. All that was most sacred and hallowed is indeed a heap 
 of ruins, and the crescent alone, in haughty derision, glitters amongst the 
 pinnacles where our Saviour taught and died ; yet how greatly inferior 
 must be all other sensations, to those of awe, reverence and love, with 
 which a Christian views a city, the scene of transactions of so awful a 
 nature regarding his eternal welfare. 
 
 Jerusalem is immortalized by revolutions more various and destructive 
 than have occurred in any other city in the world. Seventeen times it 
 has been sacked and partially destroyed, and it has been the field of the 
 most brilliant exploits of the Jewish, Roman and Saracenic arms, as well 
 as those of our ancestors in the romantic ages of the crusades. The city 
 is supposed to have been founded in the year 2023 by Melchisedec, and is 
 first mentioned in scripture by the name of Salem. (Genesis xiv. 18.) 
 Fifty years after it was called by the Jebusites, Jerusalem (vision of 
 peace). David took it from them, “ and dwelt in the fort, and called it 
 the city of David,” (2 Samuel v. 9) and Solomon his son built the 
 “ Temple of the Ark.” After passing through various hands, it was 
 entirely destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, who led the Jews captive to 
 Babylon. After many vicissitudes, it came into the possession of Herod 
 the Great, who rebuilt the temple, and in whose reign the awful events 
 connected with the birth of Christ occurred. In the year 71, the Jews 
 revolted against the Romans, and the city sustained one of the most 
 remarkable sieges in history, being finally taken, plundered, and burnt. 
 Being the Feast of the Passover, the city was very full, and Josephus, 
 who was present, relates that 600,000 Jews perished by famine, 
 1,100,000 by the sword, and 97,000 were sent away prisoners; the 
 young with the women being sold as slaves, and thirty might be bought 
 for a piece of silver. “ Ilis blood be upon us and upon our children ” the 
 Jews cried to Pilate ; the imprecation was heard, and granted in a most 
 fearful manner, and thenceforward God turned his face from the land. 
 “ Zion became as a ploughed field, and Jerusalem heaps, and the mountain 
 of the house as the high places of the forest.” (Micah iii. 12.) 
 
 In the reign of Constantine, the city, which had been almost unknown, 
 renounced Paganism. Christian temples were erected on the sepulchre 
 and other holy spots, and Helena, the emperor’s mother, sought in person 
 the holy relics. But Jerulsalem was not destined to flourish. Persians, 
 Saracens, and Turks were in turn masters, and were in 1099 driven out 
 by the Crusaders, who founded a kingdom that lasted 88 years, under 
 nine Latin kings ; after whom, Saladin, king of Egypt, obtained the 
 ascendancy. The Turks gained possession in 12J7, which they have 
 retained. But her trials are not yet over, nor her warfare finished, whilst 
 the Infidels dwell on the holy mount, “ the time of the Gentiles is not 
 yet fulfilled.” 
 
 Jerusalem from a distance appears a well fortified c'ty, “compact 
 within itself,” but the interior is a sad scene of ruin. The site is 
 unequal ; the form an irregular oblong square, about three miles in 
 circumference : it is surrounded with embattled walls, having towers at 
 intervals, and has six gates. The streets are narrow, more or less steep, 
 
13 
 
 ill paved, and dirty. The convents, which are its principal support, are 
 twenty in number, large, and of considerable wealth and influence. Besides 
 the Mosque of Omar, there are ten other mosques, and five public baths. 
 The houses are heavy square masses, two or three stories high ; some few 
 are very large. They are mostly of stone, without architectural ornament, 
 having a door and one or two latticed windows towards the street, the 
 principal opening into a small interior court. The roofs being flat, form 
 agreeable terraces, much frequented by the inhabitants ; most of them 
 have one or more small domes, which imparts an air of grandeur, breaking 
 their uniformity, and relieving their otherwise monotonous appearance, 
 which is rather that of prisons or tombs. The Bazaars or Bezesteins are 
 neglected and decayed, and the shops and stalls ill provided. 
 
 Jerusalem, forming a centre between Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, is much 
 frequented by the inhabitants of each, as well as by pilgrims of every 
 faith, and visitors from all parts ; it is therefore difficult to ascertain 
 precisely the population : it is, however, supposed to be about 30,000, 
 consisting of Turks, Arabs, and Christians of the Armenian, Greek, 
 Latin, and Coptic churches, and Jews. The Mahomedans number about 
 13,000, and reside principally near the Mosque of Omar. Of the 
 Christians, the Armenians are the richest, the Greeks the most numerous ; 
 they inhabit the western quarter, in the vicinity of their respective 
 convents. The Jews are estimated at 5,000 or 6,000; they dwell at the 
 foot of Mount Zion, and in the lowest parts of the city, strangers in their 
 own patrimony : they are in general very poor, and are oppressed in every 
 way, and treated with the greatest contempt, yet their numbers do not 
 decrease ; they are reinforced from Europe, the old coming to die in the 
 city of their fathers, the young remain in the hope of seeing that city 
 again their own. 
 
 During the festivals from Christmas to Easter, the city is more full 
 of strangers than at other times, and exhibits a strange mixture of 
 persons, dress, and tongues; Christians, Mahomedans, and Jews, all 
 assembled to adore the same beneficent creator, and performing within a 
 few yards of each other their separate rites and ceremonies. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 No. 2 .—Pool of Bethesda. 
 
 “Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the 
 Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches this is evidently the most ancient work 
 in the city, it is 120 feet long, 40 wide and 8 deep, lined with large stones and flints, 
 but the porches are walled up. Here the lambs were washed for sacrifice, and at certain 
 times it was supposed to possess great healing powers. It was here our Saviour said to 
 the paralytic—“ Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.”—(John v. 8.) 
 
 No. 3.— Where the Angels appeared. 
 
 After the ascension of Christ, the apostles stood on this spot looking steadfastly 
 towards heaven : when behold two Angels suddenly stood by them and addressed them, 
 “Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing, &e.”—(Acts i. 11.) 
 
 No. 5.—Convent of St. Pelagia. 
 
 The ruins of a Cnvent, erected on the spot where the Virgin Mary received from 
 an angel, three days warning of the time of her death. 
 
 No. 6.— Church of the Ascension. 
 
 The Mount of Olives “ a sabbath day’s journey from Jerusalem,” was the scene of 
 David’s sorrow and humiliation, when he fled with the Ark of the Lord before Absalom. 
 It was also sanctified by the frequent presence of Jesus. The small Mosque, with a 
 minaret, on the summit, is the remains of a church built by Saint Helena. It is open 
 to both Christian and Mahomedan, In the centre is a portion of the bare rock 
 defended by a low enclosure, said to have been the scene of our Saviour’s last appearance 
 on earth and ascent to heaven.—(Luke xxiv. 50.) The print of one foot is visible, and is 
 much revered ; the other is in the Mosque of Omar. Mass is celebrated here on the 
 anniversary of the day, and the Turks and Arabs pray within the Mosque. The Greeks, 
 Armenians and other Christians have altars in the open court. The surrounding 
 village of Olivet consists only of a few stone huts. On the opposite side of the 
 hill is the village of Bethany, the chosen and beloved place of resort of Jesus ; it 
 contains the house of Mary and Martha, the family whom Jesus loved, and the tomb of 
 Lazarus. At a short distance is the village of Bethphage, where are vestiges of the 
 house of Mary Magdalene. 
 
 No. 7.— Where the Prayer was taught. 
 
 Here our Saviour is said to have stood when he addressed to his disciples the 
 universal prayer, saying “ When ye pray, say, Our Father, &c.”—(Luke xi. 2.) 
 
 No. 8 .—Grotto of the Creed. 
 
 A ruined building with a subterranean apartment supported on twelve arches, where 
 the Apostles are said to have compiled their creed. 
 
15 
 
 No. 9.— Where Christ ivept over Jerusalem. 
 
 A small square tower marks the spot where our Saviour turned weeping towards the 
 noble city, and pronounced the fearful doom which has been so strikingly and awfully 
 fulfilled to the very letter. “ Seest thou these great buildings ? there shall not be left 
 one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.”—(Mark xiii. 2.) “ For the days 
 shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass 
 thee round, and keep thee in on every side, and shall lay thee even with the ground, 
 and thy children within thee.”—(Luke xix. 43,44 ) The tenth legion of the army 
 of Titus was encamped on this spot. 
 
 No. 10 .—harden of Getlisamene. 
 
 It was the custom of Jesus to spend the night out of Jerusalem at the time of the 
 feasts (Luke xxi. 37) ; this was the place to which he resorted. It is an enclosure about 
 200 feet each way, containing eight extremely ancient Olive trees ; there is a desire to 
 suppose them to be the very trees under which Jesus sat; but that cannot be, for Josephus 
 says, that Titus cut all the trees down within 100 furlongs of the city; they may 
 however have been suckers from the identical roots. In the garden is a ledge of rock 
 where Peter, James and John slept, when “ their eyes were heavy ” and a grotto where 
 our Saviour underwent the bitter part of the agony, and sweated blood—“ Then cometh 
 Jesus with them to a place called Gethsamene, and saith unto the disciples sit ye here, 
 while I go and pray yonder. And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee.” 
 (Matthew xxvi. 30,37.) A small piece of ground is also separated as accursed, called 
 “Terra danmata,” where Judas walked up to Christ and betrayed him with a kiss. 
 Two flat stones near are called the prisons of St. Peter and St. Paul. 
 
 No. 11 .—Burial place of the Virgin. 
 
 Of the church erected here by St. Helena there remains only a small square building, 
 the door of which conducts to the subterranean chapels containing the tombs of the 
 Virgin, who was miraculously conveyed here at her death, and of her mother St. Anna ; 
 also those of St. Joseph and St. Joachim. 
 
 No. 12 .—Throne of Solomon. 
 
 A hall 21 feet long by 14 feet wide, in which the throne of Solomon stood. 
 Immediately against it is a small frontispiece of marble, called the Gate of Mercy. 
 
 No. 14 .—Little Sahhara. 
 
 A small round Mosque containing one of the pieces of the Holy rock stolen from the 
 Mosque of Omar, when it became visible to the Mussulmans it was firmly fixed in its 
 present situation. The second piece was found on the Stoar Sahhara, and is covered by 
 a similar but smaller building. 
 
 No. 15.— The Haram Scheriff. 
 
 The noble retirement or outer enclosure of the Mosque : it is planted with orange, 
 olive, and other trees, and ornamented with fountains : it is upwards of 1,500 feet in 
 length, and more than 1,000 feet in breadth, forming an irregular square. The eastern 
 and° southern sides are enclosed by the walls of the city, the western by a row of 
 buildings used as schools, &c., and the northern is partly enclosed by houses and partly by 
 a wall with three gates. There are four minarets—one in each of three of the angles, and 
 one in the centre of the western side. 
 
16 
 
 No. 16 .—Golden Gateway. 
 
 The Dorean gate. The gate by which our Saviour entered the city from Bethphage 
 riding on an ass, and having branches of palm strewn before him. This gate has long 
 been walled up, the Mahomedans having a tradition, that if ever they are driven out 
 by Jews or Christians, it will be by armies entering at this gate. 
 
 No. 17.— Tombs of the Prophets. 
 
 Caverns and excavations in the solid rock, evidently in ancient days used as places 
 of sepulture ;some are named the Tombs of Jehoshaphat, James, Zacharia, and Absalom. 
 Near is the fountain of Siloam, where the blind man received his sight. (John ix. 7.) 
 
 No. 19 .—City Walls. 
 
 The walls are generally about 50 feet in height, in some places more ; they are well 
 built of reddish stone, and are in good repair; a great portion of them having been 
 erected and the whole repaired by Solyman the magnificent in the 16th century. The 
 eastern wall, here seen, runs along the brow of Mount Moriah, beneath it is the deep 
 valley of Jehoshaphat, sometimes styled Tophet Shaveh, the King’s valley and the 
 valley of Slaughter ; the brook Kedron, or rather its dry channel, runs through the 
 centre. This has been the burial place of the Jews from the earliest ages ; here they 
 expect the last judgement to take place. “ Let the heathen be wakened and come up 
 to the valley of Jehoshaphat, for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about." 
 (Joel iii. 12.) In the south east angle of the wall, are several immense and very ancient 
 hewn stones, presumed to be part of the ancient Jewish wall; some are more than 
 twenty feet in length. 
 
 No. 21 .—Dead Sea. 
 
 The Salt Sea of Scripture, also called the Lake Asphaltites, from the quantity of 
 bitumen found in it. The water is nauseous, and so salt that the highest winds scarcely 
 ruffle it. This spot, famous for the benedictions and curses of the Almighty, is now a 
 scene of frightful desolation and sterility: it lies deep in a vale, hemmed in on the east 
 by the high and woodless mountains of Arabia, and on the west by those of Judea. 
 
 No. 22 .—Invisible Bridge. 
 
 A narrow staircase leading to an opening in the outer wall, where a piece of a column 
 projects over the precipice, on which Mahomet is to sit on the last day, whilst God 
 executes judgment in the valley below. At this place also commences El Serat, the 
 Invisible Bridge, sharper than the edge of a sword, over which believers will pass into 
 heaven, but from which infidels will fall into the bottomless pit of hell. 
 
 No. 23 .—Judgment Seat of David. 
 
 A handsome building, the dome of which is supported by eleven antique and very 
 precious columns of reddish grey calcareous stone. In the centre is a small cupola on 
 six similar columns. It is held in great veneration, having, according to tradition, been 
 the actual tribunal of that great King. 
 
 No. 24.— Stoa. Sahhara. 
 
 The inner enclosure of the Mosque of Omar. It is 450 feet in length by 399 in 
 breadth, and is raised 16 feet above the outer court. It is entirely paved with white 
 marble, many pieces of which, evidently of great antiquity, are curiously carved. It is 
 approached by eight flights of steps, two on the south, crown by isolated frontispieces of 
 
IT 
 
 four Saracenic arches resting on slender pillars ; one on the east, crown by five arches, 
 two on the north with three arches, and three on the west, two with four arches, one 
 without any. There are several small houses for Santons and Doctors of Law, and 
 raised places for private prayer. 
 
 No. 27 .—Mosque of Omar. 
 
 This beautiful building stands on the site of the temple of the wisest of kings, on the 
 threshing floor of Oman, on Mount Moriah, where the Lord appeared unto David, and 
 where the visible glory was seen. It was erected by the Caliph Omar, and is next in 
 sanctity to the Mosque of Mecca. During the Crusades it became a Christian church; 
 and when they abandoned the city, Saladin caused it to be washed with rose-water before 
 he would enter. 
 
 This Mosque is the finest piece of Saracenic architecture in existence. It forms a 
 regular octagon, each side being 70 feet in width ; four of which, those facing the 
 cardinal points, contain spacious doors with porches of timber, excepting that on the 
 south, which has a portico of eight Corinthian pillars of marble. The lower parts of the 
 walls are faced with marble, evidently very ancient, of a white colour, with a slight tinge 
 of blue, intermixed with pieces wholly blue. The upper part is faced with small square 
 tiles of various colours, blue the prevailing, with passages from the Koran on them, 
 forming a singular and beautiful mosaic work. The lour sides of entrance have each 
 six windows, the other sides seven, filled with stained glass. The roof gently rises to 
 the perpendicular part beneath the dome, which is also covered with coloured tiles in 
 elegant devices. The dome is spherical, covered with lead, and crowned by a gilt 
 crescent which is 90 feet from the ground. The interior is paved with grey, and the 
 walls are covered with fine white marble. Twenty-four pillars of marble of a brownish 
 tint form a concentric nave, the eight opposite the angles being square, without ornament, 
 the other sixteen, being two to each face of the octagon, are round, well proportioned, 
 and about 20 feet in height, with composite capitals gilt. Above, is a plain plinth and 
 twenty-four arches supporting the roof, which is gilt in exquisite taste. A second 
 circle of sixteen pillars, four square and twelve round, based on an elevation on the 
 floor, to which there is an ascent of four steps, supports the dome, the interior of which 
 is finely painted and gilt in arabesque, and from which are suspended many pious 
 offerings of gold and silver. Immediately beneath the dome is an immense mass of 
 limestone, probably part of the rock on which the Mosque stands: it is named El 
 Hadjera el Sahhara Allah, the locked up stone of God, and is held in hiuh veneration. 
 Its tradition is, that it fell from heaven when the spirit of prophecy commenced, that 
 the ancients prophesied from it, and that on it sat the angel of death, who, upon David’s 
 inconsiderate numbering of the people, slaughtered until God commanded him to put 
 up his sword. At the time the prophets fled from Jerusalem, the stone wished to 
 accompany them, but was prevented by the angel Gabriel, who forcibly held it (the 
 marks of his fingers still remain) until the arrival of Mahomet, who fixed it for ever. 
 From hence Mahomet, after his celebrated night journey from Mecca, on the beast, 
 El Borak, accompanied by the angel Gabriel, as described in the 17th chapter of the 
 Koran, ascended to heaven, leaving the print of his foot, which is an object of great 
 veneration to all true believers. Some years back, a portion of the rock was stolen by 
 the Christians ; but when they got it out of the Mosque it became invisible, until it was 
 discovered by the Mussulmans. Beneath the rock is a natural chamber, called the 
 “ Ennobled Cavern of God.’’ Above the cavern is a hole called “ the Hole of Mahomet,’’ 
 and around are five cavities inscribed, the places of Solomon, David, Abraham, Gabriel, 
 and St. John. It also contains the well of souls, or entrance to the infernal regions. 
 The .Mosque contains the praying place and footstep of our Lord Idris, the sword and 
 standard of Ali, nephew of Mahomet, the scales for weighing the souls of men, the 
 shield of the prophet, the birds of Solomon, the pomegranates of David, and the saddle 
 of El Borak ; and on a wooden desk, an original copy of the Koran—the leaves of which 
 are four feet in length. A slab of green marble, forming part of the floor, has the marks 
 of having been pierced by 18 nails of silver—three and a part of a fourth now remain, 
 the others having disappeared at the completion of certain great epochs : when the last 
 -takes its departure the fulness of time will be complete, and the world end. 
 
18 
 
 The Mosque belongs to the principal sect called Hanafites. Here and at Mecca, the 
 Mussulman believes his prayers to be more acceptable to God than any where else ; and 
 it is believed that the prophets, since the time of Adam, still come here to pray on the 
 Sahhara,—the usual guard of which is 70,000 angels, who are relieved every day. 180 
 lamps are nightly lighted in the Mosque. 
 
 No. 28 .—Mosque El Aksa. 
 
 This handsome Mosque, also on part of the site of Solomon’s Temple, is S00 feet in 
 length, and, including the Mosque of Abou Beker, 400 in breadth. It is very ancient, 
 and was formerly the church of the presentation or purification. The front has a piazza 
 of seven slightly pointed arches : the ceiling is flat, and is supported by six rows of 
 pillars of brown marble, forming a nave, above which the roof rises and displays two 
 rows of windows, arid three naves on each side surmounted by arches. At the extremity 
 of the nave is a spherical cupola ornamented with painting, gilding, and stained glass. 
 The interior contains an enormous octagonal pillar dedicated to Sidi Omar ; a nich called 
 Bab Arrahma, probably the site of the ancient seat of mercy, and two granite columns 
 dedicated to our Lady Fatima, which have replaced the celebrated brazen pillars called 
 Jachin and Boaz. The place of the presentation of Our Saviour is also shewn. The 
 Mosque belongs to the sect Shafei, but all sects pray in it. 170 lamps are lighted in 
 it nightly. Beneath the Mosque is a vast range of vaults of high antiquity. 
 
 • No. 31 .—Mount of Offence. 
 
 Where Solomon, when his strange wives turned his heart in his old age to idolatry, 
 built the high places for Chemosh and Molech (1 Kings, xi. 7). The village of Siloa 
 below, now only a few huts, is where he kept his 700 wives, princeses, and 300 con¬ 
 cubines. 
 
 No. 32 .—Mosque of the Mogrehins. 
 
 A Mosque of a single nave, 30 feet in length, belonging to the Mogrebins, or western 
 Mussulmans. 65 lamps are lighted in it nightly. 
 
 A T o. 34.— Potter's Field. 
 
 Akel Forar, or the field of Jars ; the Alcedama, or field of blood, purchased with the 
 thirty pieces of silver, the price of the blood of Christ—a place of gloomy and awful 
 interest; a part is used as a charnel house, by the Armenians. At a short distance is 
 the Well of Nehemiah, and the place where Isaiah was sawn asunder with a wooden saw. 
 
 No. 35 .—Hill of Evil Council. 
 
 Ruins, the remains of the House of Caiaphas, where “ the Priests, Scribes, and 
 Pharisees took council against Jesus to put him to death.”—(Luke xxii. 2) 
 
 No. 37 .—Mount Zion, with David's Tomb, and House of Annas. 
 
 A Mosque on Mount Zion which is held in great veneration, as it is said to contain 
 the tomb of King David, which neither Jew nor Christian is allowed to approach. It is 
 the ancient church of the Ccenaculum, where our .Saviour instituted the last supper,—a 
 large, dim, and cheerless room in which it took place, and a subterranean chamber, said 
 to have formed the part of the house of the father-in-law of Caiaphas, where Christ was 
 first incarcerated, are shewn; here also Peter denied him. The Gate of David is adja¬ 
 cent, near to which is the spot where our Saviour appeared to the two Marys. 
 (Matthew xxviii. 9.) 
 
19 
 
 No. 38. — Armenian Church. 
 
 On Mount Zion, in the cleanest and best part of the city, a large establishment, sup¬ 
 plying every comfort for both pilgrims and travellers. The church is a handsome edifice, 
 with a dome 100 feet in height. It is built on the spot where James, the brother of 
 John, was beheaded by Herod, and is most splendidly ornamented with sculpture, gilding, 
 painting, and silver lamps ; and the sacred vessels of gold and silver are most costly. 
 Near the altar are three stones: one is that on which Moses broke the tables of the 
 law; another is that on which Jesus stood when baptized in the Jordan, and the third 
 is from the Mount of the Transfiguration. This establishment has lodged and fed 2,000 
 pilgrims within the walls at one time. Near it is the cemetery of the English who die 
 in Jerusalem ; amongst others that of the unfortunate M. Costigan, who perished in his 
 endeavours to explore the shores of the Dead Sea in a boat. 
 
 No. 40. — Castle of David. 
 
 The castle of the Pisans, erected on the ruins of the ancient castle of David on 
 Mount Zion. It is a large fortress surrounded by a ditch, the upper part of Saracenic 
 architecture, the lower very ancient. The window where David saw Bathsheba bathing 
 is pointed out, also where he prayed to avert the pestilence. Near is the house of 
 Uriah, and an old tank adjacent is named Bathsheba’s bath. 
 
 No. 42. — Holy Sepulchre. 
 
 The tomb of Christ was enclosed by the early Christians forty-six years after the cru¬ 
 cifixion, and was for a long period the most honoured sanctuary of the church: it was 
 afterwards a pagan temple dedicated to Venus. St. Helena erected the temple, of which 
 many portions still remain. It has been twice plundered, and was ransomed from the 
 Mahomedans for a vast sum, since which it has remained in the hands of the Christians. 
 In 1808, a great portion was destroyed by fire, but the sepulchre remained uninjured. 
 The present church was rebuilt by the Greeks in 1810, at a cost of sixteen millions of 
 piastres. The front of the temple is obstructed by the Greek Monastery, and presents 
 only a door of entrance, over which is a curious carving of Christ’s entry into Jerusalem. 
 The building is necessarily irregular from the many places it comprehends. Imme¬ 
 diately on entrance is the stone of unction on which the body of Christ was washed and 
 anointed by Joseph and Nicodemus. That part properly denominated the nave is sur¬ 
 mounted by a dome 150 feet in height and 58 in diameter, which is supported by slender 
 square pillars of masonry placed so thickly as to spoil the effect. Immediately beneath the 
 dome rises a building 20 feet long by 10 wide, with a small cupola: this contains the holy 
 sepulchre. It is divided into two apartments—in the first, called the chapel of the 
 angel, is the stone on which the angel sat who announced the resurrection to the two 
 Marys. The inner chamber contains the actual tomb, a pRin sarcophagus of stone 
 encased in marble to preserve the original rock, which, from the surrounding parts 
 having been cut away, is now above ground : the whole is hung with drapery of green 
 and gold, and is lighted by 44 silver lamps- Other holy spots under the same roof are, 
 where Christ appeared to Mary Magdalene, the chapel of the apparition to the Virgin 
 Mary, and where she stood at the entombment; the prison of Christ whilst the cross 
 was preparing ; where his garments were divided ; theplace of the stocks, and part of the 
 pillar at which he was scourged ; also where the soldier, Longinus, was converted, and 
 the tomb of Nicodemus. In the rotunda are chapels for the three principal sects, and 
 cells for some monks who constantly reside there. 
 
 The rock of Calvary is 110 feet south-east from the sepulchre, and is a levei platform 
 about 47 feet square, approached by a flight of 18 steps : it is entirely cased in black, 
 white and yellow marble, holes being left where the crosses were fixed ; also for the 
 rent in the rock caused by the earthquake, where the skull of Adam was found. A 
 piece of mosaic marks the spot where the nailing to the cross took place, and a descent 
 of 30 steps leads to where St. Helena prayed whilst the cross was sought; 11 more to 
 where it was found, together with the crown of thorns, nails, spear, &c. The choir of 
 the Greek church faces the sepulchre : it is very rich in altars, decorations, and silver 
 
20 
 
 lamps, and is surmounted by a capacious dome, under which is a pillar said to mark 
 the centre of the world. In a small chapel in the convent a silver plate marks the spot 
 where Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, Isaac, on Mount Moriah. The tombs of 
 Godfrey de Bouillon and his brother, as well as the sword and spurs of the former are 
 shewn. All the festivals of the several churches are kept here with great solemnity, 
 especially those of Christinas, Easter, and the distribution of the Greek fire, which 
 annually comes from heaven on the anniversary of the burning of Elijah’s sacrifice 
 (1 Kings xviii., 24), on which occasion the greatest disorder prevails, and lives are lost. 
 
 No. 44 .—Latin Convent. 
 
 The convent of Terra Santa, near the south-west angle of the city ; a strong, fort¬ 
 like building, with its courts, gardens, &c., covering several acres of ground. The 
 chapel is small but is much embellished, and has a good organ. This is the head 
 catholic convent in the Holy Land: the complement of friars is 40, but there are 
 seldom so many—they are of the Franciscan order. 
 
 No. 47 .—Arch of Ecce Homo in the Via Dolorosa. 
 
 Harat el Alla, or Dolorous way, a narrow, steep, rugged street, commencing at the 
 gate of St. Stephen, passing the Palace of Pontius, and terminating at Calvary. The 
 ruined arch of Ecce Homo crosses the street, where, crowned with thorns and dressed in a 
 purple robe, Christ was presented to the Jews by Pilate, who exclaimed, “ Behold 
 the man” (John xix. 5): the other stations in this st: eet, marking the afflicting incidents 
 which preceded the last awful scene, are where he was mocked and scourged, where he 
 saluted the virgin “ Salve Mater”; a stone in the wall where, fainting from the weight 
 of the cross, he leaned to prevent himself from falling ; where Simon, the Cyrenian, was 
 compelled to bear the cross ; where Jesus exclaimed, “ Daughters of Jerusalem, weep 
 not for me (Luke xxiii. 28); where Veronica or Bernice wiped his bleeding face; 
 and a fragment of the gate of Judgment; also the houses of the rich man and Lazarus. 
 
 No. 48 .—Palace of Pontius Pilate , or Aga's house. 
 
 An irregular building standing on the ruins of Pontius Pilate, now the residence of 
 the Aga, or governor. The hall of judgment, two of the steps leading to it, called the 
 scala sancta (the others having been removed to Rome), and the place where the cross 
 was kept are shewn. The roof of the palace (whence the present Panorama was taken) 
 is very extensive, and being covered with hard cement forms an agreeable promenade. 
 These terraces, when the heat of the sun will permit, are much frequented ; here, as of 
 old, the inhabitants perform their private devotions, receive company, and enjoy the 
 fresh air, and in hot seasons frequently pass the night. 
 
 A.—New Protestant Church. 
 
 The foundation of this church was laid in 1842—a costly and laborious process; for 
 so great have been the accumulations of soil since Jerusalem has become heaps, that the 
 strata of four cities had to be passod through, before the rock, at a depth of 40 feet, 
 was reached ; so that the foundation may be truly said to be fixed on Zion's rock. The 
 church is a small but very handsome structure, built of a fine white stone from a quarry 
 near the ancient city of Anathoth. The summit presents a fine view. The church 
 will hold about 500 persons—a number far exceeding the Protestants at present in 
 Jerusalem—the family of the Bishop and the Missionary establishment, with a few 
 occasional visitors, forming but a small congregation. The church was consecrated 
 and opened by the Bishop of Jerusalem, January 21, 1849. 
 
 Printed by W. J, Golbourv, 6, Princes Street, Leicester Square. 
 
A CLEAFv COMPLEXION 
 
 ODFREY’S EXTRACT OF ELDER FLOWERS is strongly recommended for 
 
 u softening, improving, beautifying, and preserving the SKIN, and in giving 
 it a blooming and charming appearance, being at once a most fragrant perfume 
 and delightful cosmetic. It will completely remove Tan, Sun-burn, Redness, &c., 
 and, by its balsamic and healing qualities, render the skin soft, pliable, and free 
 from dryness, Scurf, &c., clear it from every Humour, Pimple, or Eruption ; and, 
 by continuing its use only a short time, the skin will become and continue soft, 
 smooth, and the complexion perfectly clear and beautiful. 
 
 Sold in bottles, price 2s. 9d., with directions for using it, by all Medicine Vendors 
 and Perfumers. 
 
 REMOVE THE CAUSE, AND THE EFFECT WILL CEASE. 
 
 INDIGESTION 
 
 I S the cause of nearly all the diseases to which we are subject; and the most 
 certain and safe remedy for Indigestion and all Stomach Complaints is 
 “NORTON’S CAMOMILE PILLS,” a Medicine so uniformly grateful and 
 beneficial, that it is with justice called the “ Natural Strengthener of the Human 
 Stomach.” They speedily remove all the distressing symptoms attendant upon a 
 disordered state of the Stomach and Biliary Organs, and are infallible for Sick 
 Headache, Flatulent Distensions and Acidity of the Stomach, Depressed Spirits, 
 Disturbed Sleep, Violent Palpitations, Irregular Appetite, General Debility, Spasms, 
 Costiveness, &c. 
 
 Sold in bottles, price Is. lid., 2s. 9d., or 11s. each, in every Town in the 
 Kingdom. 
 
 CAUTIOJT.-Be sure to ask for “ NORTON’S PILLS,” and do not be 
 persuaded to purchase any of the various Imitations which have sprung up in 
 consequence of the success of “ NORTON’S CAMOMILE PILLS.” 
 
 INFLUENZA, COUGHS, AND COLDS. 
 
 OIMCO’S ESSENCE OF LINSEED is the most efficacious remedy ever dis- 
 covered for the relief of persons suffering Influenza; the two first doses gene¬ 
 rally arrest the progress of this distressing complaint, and a little perseverance 
 completely removes it. Children’s Coughs, as well as recent ones in adults, will 
 be removed by a few doses (frequently by the first), and Asthmatic persons, who 
 previously had not been able to lie down in bed, have received the utmost benefit 
 from the use of SIMCO’S ESSENCE OF LINSEED. 
 
 Sold by all Medicine Vendors, in bottles, at Is. lid. or 2s. 9d. each. 
 
 FOR GOUT, RHEUMATISM, & RHEUMATIC GOUT. 
 
 SIMCO’S GOUT AND RHEUMATIC PILLS are a certain and safe remedy; 
 they restore tranquillity to the nerves, give tone to the stomach, and strength to 
 the whole system. No other Medicine can be compared to these excellent Pills, as 
 they prevent the disorder from attacking the Stomach or Head, and have restored 
 thousands from pain and misery to health and comfort. 
 
 Sold by all Medicine Vendors, at Is. l|d. or 2s. 9d. per box. 
 
LUXURY IN SHAVING. 
 
 JOHN - GOSNELL & Co’s AMBROSIAL SHAVING CREAM (patronised by Prince 
 Albert). This inestimable cream possesses all the good qualities of the finest Naples soap, without the 
 disagreeable smell inseparable from that article in a genuine state. It is of a white, pearly, silvery 
 appearance, produces a creamy lather which will not dry on the face, and emits, in use. the delightful 
 flavour of the almond. In pots, price 2s., 3s. 6d., &c. Perfumers to Her Majesty, 12, Three King- 
 court, Lombard-street, London; and 18, School-lane, Liverpool. Fancy brush manufactory, 68, Upper 
 Thames-street. Merchants and Captains advantageously supplied for the East and West Indies and 
 China markets. 
 
 *** Agents for the sale of Hopgood’s (of Ryde, Isle of Wight) Nutritive Cream for the Hair. 
 
 SIR JAMES MURRAY'S FLUID MAGNESIA 
 
 Prepared under the immediate care of the inventor, and established for upwards of thirty years by 
 the Profession, for removing BILE, ACIDITIES, and INDIGESTION, restoring APPETITE, 
 preserving a moderate state of the bowels, and dissolving uric acid in GRAVEL and GOUT; also as 
 an easy remedy for SEA SICKNESS, and for the febrile affection incident to childhood it is 
 invaluable. On the value of Magnesia as a remedial agent it is unnecessary to enlarge ; but the Fluid 
 Preparation of Sir James Murray is now the most valued by the profession, as it entirely avoids the 
 possibility of those dangerous concretions usually resulting from the use of the article in powder. 
 
 Sold by the sole consignee, Mr. WILLIAM BAILEY, of Wolverhampton ; and by all wholesale 
 and retail Druggists and Medicine Agents throughout the British Empire, in bottles, ls„ 2s. 6d., 
 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 1 Is., and 21s. each, 
 
 93T' The Acidulated Syrup in Bottles, 2s. each. 
 
 N.B.—Be sure to ask for “Sir James Murray’s Preparation,” and to see that his name is stamped 
 on each label in green ink, as follows:—“James Murray, Physician to the Lord Lieutenant.” 
 
 COLES'S ALGA MARINA, 
 
 A CONCENTRATED ESSENCE OF THE SEA-WEED, is an invaluable external 
 remedy for Rheumatism and Rheumatic Gout, also for weakness, contractions, 
 scrofulous swellings, &c. 
 
 Testimonial. —“ Having been for six months suffering severely from Rheumatism, for which 
 various kinds of Medicines and Liniments had been employed without benefit, I was induced through 
 reading a pamphlet upon the medicai virtues of* COLES’S ALGA MARINA,’to try it in my own 
 case, and in justice to that excellent remedy, I have much pleasure >n testifying that after using it for 
 only a few times, all pain left me, and a continued application of it entirely restored me to health.” 
 
 (Signed) “ WILLIAM PIPER, 
 
 “ Publisher and Bookseller, 23, Paternoster Row, London." 
 
 Sold in Bottles, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s., by THOMAS KEATING, 79, St. Paul’s Church Yard, 
 and all Chemists. The Pamphlet gratis. 
 
 KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES. 
 
 A CERTAIN REMEDY for disorders of the Pulmonary Organs —in Difficulty of Breathing—In 
 Redundancy of Phlegm—in Incipient Consumption (of which Cough is the most positive indication) 
 they are of unerring efficacy. In Asthma, and in Winter Cough, they have never been known to fail. 
 
 Prepared and sold in boxes, Is. ljd., and tins, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 10s. Gd. each, by THOMAS 
 KEATING, Chemist, &c,, No. 79, St. Paul’s Church Yard, Loudon. Sold retail by all Druggists. 
 
 Important Testimonials. 
 
 Copy of a Letter from Col. Hawker (the well-known Author on Guns and Shooting.) 
 
 Longparish Hoi se, near Whitchurch, Hants, Oct. 21, 1846. 
 
 Sib, — I cannot resist informing you of the extraordinary effect I have experienced by taking only 
 a few of your Lozenges. I had a cough for several weeks that defied all that had been prescribed for 
 me; and yet I got completely fid of it by taking about half a small box of your Lozenges, which I find 
 are the oidy ones that relieve the cough without deranging the stomach or digestive organs. 
 
 I am. Sir, your humble Servant. 
 
 To Mr. Keating, 79, St. Paul’s Churchyard. P. HAWKER. 
 
 IMPORTANT TO SINGERS AND PUBLIC SPEAKERS. 
 
 St. Paul’s Cathedral, 30th Nov. 1849. 
 
 Sir,—I have much pleasure in recommending your Lozenges to those who may be distressed with 
 hoarseness. They have afforded me relief on several occasions wheu scarcely able to sing from the 
 effects of catarrh. 1 think they would be very useful to clergymen, barristers, and public orators. 
 
 To Mr. Keating. I am, Sir, yours faithfully, THOMAS FRANCIS, Vicar Choral. 
 
 Copy of a Letter from Dr. Locock to Mr. Keating. 
 
 26, Hertford Street, May Fair. Feb. 17, 1851. 
 
 Sir,—In reply to your inquiry, I have no hesitation in assuring you that the Pulmonic Wafers, 
 Female Wafers, Antibilious Wafers, or Female Pills, that have so often been advertised with my name, 
 are not mine, nor do I know anything of their composition, nor have I anything whatever to do with 
 them, either directly or indirectly. Your obedient Servant, 
 
 To Mr. Keating. CHARLES LOCOCK, M.D. 
 
 HOLLOWAY’S OINTMENT AND PILLS. 
 
 HOLLOWAY’S OINTMENT AND PILLS HAVE CURED A BAD LEG AFTER EVERY 
 OTHER REMEDY HAD FAILED.—John Eastman, Esq., of Buenos Ayres, states to Professor 
 Holloway, in a letter dated September 11, 1850, that a native gentleman of that place hurt his instep 
 some time ago, in consequeuce of which a wound soon formed and gradually increased, until it spread 
 from the foot to the knee. He was under the medical attendance of a native doctor for several mouths, 
 but his remedies had no good effect whatever. He therefore deemed it advisable to have recourse to 
 Holloway’s Ointment and Pills, which have effected a perfect cure of his leg, and he now enjoys the 
 best ot health Sold by all Druggists, and at Professor Holloway’s Establishment, 244, Strand, 
 London, and riot 240, Strand, London ; and observe that there is no initial as “ H ” or any other letter 
 before the name *• Holloway,” nor is the word “ genuine” on the labels. 
 
MODERN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 It has often furnished material for discussion in the philosophical world, whether 
 communities in increasing their means of enjoyment have not proportionally multiplied 
 their ills : if they have discovered more curative processes, have they not, in other 
 directions, increased in a similar ratio the “ ills that flesh is heir to.” If this question 
 cannot be satisfactorily settled, there is a fact nearly related to it which claims our 
 attention. It is, that while the personal appearance of the majority is fully equal, if 
 noi superior, to that of our barbarous ancestors, the artificial appliances for improving 
 it are far better understood. The cultivation of the Hair may be cited as an instance 
 in point, even if the proposition just advanced should be disputed. The immense 
 patronage obtained by OLDRIDGE’S BALM OF COLUMBIA for strengthening, 
 renovating, and embellishing the Hair, and the admirable effects known to be produced 
 by it, and attested to by so many thousands, forcibly illustrate the position above 
 assumed, and afford the strongest evidence of its correctness. 3s. 6d., 6s., and 
 11s. per bottle. No other prices are genuine. When you ask for “ Oldridge’s Balm,” 
 never let the Shopkeepers persuade you to buy any other article as a substitute. 
 
 Sold by the Proprietors, C. and A. Oldridge, 13, Wellington-street North, Strand, 
 London ; and by all respectable Chemists, Perfumers, and Stationers. 
 
 For economy, brilliancy & appearance, the Spermazine, or 
 
 Freemans’ new Wax Candles 
 
 Excel all other imitations of real wax; they are made 
 without any injurious mixture, and need but oue trial to 
 recommend them, for which a Sample will be given on 
 sending Name and Address. Sold only in small con¬ 
 venient packages, 
 
 241bs. & Box, 23s. Cash, 
 
 At 3, WIGMOEE STREET ONLY. 
 
 To Her Majesty by Warrant. 
 
 Freemans also subriiit to the Nobility and Gentry their 
 Best Stamped Wax. Pure Oil at 4s. del. Si 5s. for Patent 
 Lamps, and other Goods in the CANDLE, SOAP, & OIL 
 TRADE. Having Manufacturing Premises adapted for 
 each branch of their business, they can supply pure and 
 superior quality at lowest prices. Detailed Lists posted, 
 and Goods delivered tree at any Station in London. 
 
 Orders to FREEMANS, 3, Wigmore Street, London. 
 
 Handsome Wedding, Birthday & Complimentary Presents, 
 
 AT MODERATE PRICES. 
 
 J. W. SHERRIFF, No. 11. Ludgate Street, near St. Paul’s Cathedral, has completed his exten¬ 
 sive assortment of Papier Mach£ and Fancy Goods, in the selection of which he has endeavoured to 
 suit the tastes and pockets of all classes of v’sitors and residents in London. 
 
 The PAPIER MACH'S Department comprises elegantly Inlaid with Pearl and beautifully 
 Painted Tables, from 35s. to 5 Guineas each; Ladies’ Work Boxes, empty or fitted; ditto Knitting 
 and Crochet Boxes, empty, from 10s. fid. each; ditto, fitted, from 17s. 6d. each; ditto Papeterie 
 Desks, from 20s. each ; Envelope Boxes ; Tea Caddies ; Inkstands, from 3s. 6d. to ^3 3s.; Blotting 
 Books, large size, from 8s. 6d. to ^ J 3 3s.; ditto, Note, 4s. 6d. to 21s.; Tea Trays, singly or in sets, 
 from 20s. the set of three; Card Plates, Card Cases, Card Racks, Hand Screens, &c. &c. 
 
 Elegantly Painted Fans, with Ivory stubs, from 3s. fid. to 3 Guineas ; ditto ditto, with Pearl sticks, 
 from 21s. upwards; Feather Fans, from 7s. 6d.; Pompadour Fans, from 20s.; Silk and Paper ditto, 
 from Is. Fans Repaired and Re-covered. 
 
 LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S DRESSING CASES. 
 
 LADIES’ ROSEWOOD WORK BOXES, LINED WITH SATIN, IN GREAT VARIETY. 
 
 TOURISTS’ CONI PAN IONS, 
 
 combining either Ladies or Gentlemen’s Travelling Dressing Case and Writing Desk, with all 
 
 the essential fittings, from Three Pounds. 
 
 STATIONERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 requisite for the Counting House or Library use. 
 
 J. W. SHERRIFF, 
 
 No. 11, LUDGATE STREET, LUDGATE HILL, 
 
 Next Door to Everinglon’s. 
 
ROYAL VICTORIA FELT CARPETING. 
 
 The public attention is particularly directed to this Manufacture. The Carpeting combines beauty 
 of design, durability, imperviousuess to dust, and economy in price, costing half that of Brussels. It 
 has uoiv been in general use many years, and become well established with the trade and the public, 
 and can be purchased at all respectable Carpet Houses In London, and in nearly every Town in the 
 United Kingdom. The PATENT WOOLLEN CLOTH COMPANY, 8, LOVE LANE, ALDER- 
 MANBURY, also manufacture Printed and Embossed Table Covers in the newest designs. Window 
 Curtains, Cloth3 for Upholsterers, thick Felt for Polishing, &c., &c. 
 
 Manufactories at Leeds, and Borough Road, London; Wholesale Warehouses, 8, Love Lane, Wood 
 Street, London. 
 
 ALFRED ERBY, SHIRT MAKER, 338, Oxford Street, 
 
 (BETWEEN REGENT STREET AND THE PANTHEON.) 
 
 List of Prices for good Long Cloth Shirts, fine Linen Fronts, &c. 3s. 6d., six for 20s.s 4s. 6d., six 
 for 25s 6d.; 5s. 6d., six for 31s. fid.; 6s. 6d., six for 37s. 6d. Every Shirt made and cut on the 
 premises—work and fit warranted. Gentlemen can save money by ordering their Shirts at the above 
 Establishment, a fact well known to those who have already patronised it. Gentlemen sending the size 
 of neck, wrist, and chest, may depend on receiving a good fit. Post-office Orders promptly attended to. 
 
 BOND S PERMANENT MARKING INK. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL, REQUIRING NO PREPARATION. 
 
 For writing Initials, Names, or Cyphers, upon Linen, &c., for the purpose of Identity. 
 
 This composition unites every requisite for marking towels, sheets, table-cloths and wearing apparel, 
 and is admitted to be the only article similarly used which has given satisfaction to every purchaser, 
 for its fixity and neatness of impression. Prepared by the Inventor, JOHN BOND, Chemist, 
 28, Long Lane, West Smithfield, and sold by most Stationers, &c. Price Is. a Bottle. 
 
 STAYS SUPERSEDED. 
 
 MARTIN’S ELASTIC BODICE is worn and approved by ladies of rank and fashion. Thefaculty 
 recommend it. It furnishes a good support, is perfectly elastic, will wash, and has a simple fastening 
 in front. A prospectus in return for a postage stamp. 
 
 E. & E. H. MARTIN, Surgical Bandage Makers, 
 
 504, OXFORD STREET, near the British Museum. 
 
 READ’S DOMESTIC MACHINES, Ac. 
 
 It is presumed that few persons will be misled by specious announcements in ENEMA FOUNTAINS 
 and SYRINGES. The established reputation of READ’S Instruments is a sufficient guarantee of 
 their superiority over all others hitherto invented for the same purpose. 
 
 GARDEN ENGINES, MACHINES, and SYRINGES of every description, upon the newest 
 principle. Manufactured only at 35, Regent Circus, Piccadilly. 
 
 Descriptions sent post free upon application as above. 
 
 VISITORS TO THE GREAT EXHIBITION 
 
 Are respectfully informed that 
 
 MADAME TUSSAUD & SONS’ 
 
 HISTORICAL, GALLERY, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 TWO HUNDRED PUBLIC CHARACTERS, 
 
 ALSO THE 
 
 COLLECTION OF NAPOLEON RELICS, 
 
 Is recognized as the largest collection in the world, and has been established fifty years, 
 and continues to meet with general satisfaction. 
 
 THE NEW ADDITIONS 
 
 Are the Hall of Kings, consisting of Magnificent Portraits, the full lengths of 
 Her Majesty and Prince Albert, taken from life. 
 
 THE NAPOLEON ROOMS, 
 
 Now Contain Three Carriages used by the Emperor, besides various interesting objects, 
 
 PICTURES, SCULPTURE, &, c . 
 
 “ This is one of the best sights in the metropolis.”— Times. 
 
 Admission Is. Napoleon Rooms and Chamber of Horrors, 6d. Open from Eleven in 
 
 the morning till Ten at night. 
 
RAILWAY TRAVELLING BOXES 
 
 G. HARROW 
 
 In returning thanks to the Nobility and Gentry who have kindly bestowed upon 
 him their patronage for many years, begs to call their attention to his 
 
 NEWLY-INVENTIS 
 
 RAILWAY TRAVELLING BOXES, 
 
 the principle of which is so superior to any thing yet produced, that the manufacture r 
 invites the honor of a visit to inspect them. 
 
 They are well appointed with every convenient requisite for railway travelling, and 
 far exceed the old style of trunks K known by the title of “Imperial,” which were in 
 every respect badly adapted to the present mode of conveyance, being too cumbersome 
 and unsightly, whereas the new invention is light, portably convenient, and perfectly 
 impervious to water. 
 
 G. H. also calls the attention of gentlemen to his stock of 
 
 SOLID LEATHER PORTMANTEAUS, 
 
 which are fitted up on the newest and most approved plans, and respectfully announces 
 that in consequence of the increased demand for this article, he has prepared an 
 extra supply for the season, which he strongly recommends, being made of the 
 very best materials. 
 
 G. H. further recommends to the notice of his customers and the public a 
 
 large stock of 
 
 IMPROVED COAT BAGS, HAT CASES, 
 Carpet ISags, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 as also to gentlemen about to proceed to India, an assortment of 
 
 BULLOCK AND CAMEL TRUNKS, 
 
 which he can confidently warrant proof against any climate, and which have attained so 
 much celebrity, having afforded perfect satisfaction to the many who have heretofore 
 favored him with their orders. 
 
 MILITARY GENTLEMEN will find it to their advantage to purchase at this 
 
 Establishment their 
 
 CAMP EQUIPAGES, 
 
 which are manufactured of the very best seasoned timber, protected from the weather by 
 a new waterproofing process, which renders them in every respect more durable than 
 the ordinary articles of the kind. 
 
 G. HARROW, 
 
 Ctest, 13o.r, anti packing Case Jftafccr, &r. &r. 
 
 38, OLD BOND STREET, 
 
 OR AT THE 
 
 MANUFACTORY, 5, SWALLOW STREET, PICCADILLY. 
 
UNDER THE ESPECIAL PATRONAGE OF 
 
 EBB BA3SSTT SEE QUESH, 
 
 H.R.H. PRINCE ALBERT, 
 
 AND THE SOVEREIGNS AND NOBILITY THROUGHOUT THE 
 EUROPEAN CONTINENT. 
 
 ROWLANDS’ MACASSAR OIL 
 
 Isa delightfully fragrant and transparent preparation for the Hair; and ns an invigorator 
 and purifier is beyond all precedent. Its operation in cases of Baldness is peculiarly 
 active; and in the Growth of Whiskers, Mustachios, and Eyebrows, it is also an unfailing 
 stimulant. In dressing the hair, nothing can equal the effects of Rowlands’ Macassar Oil, 
 rendering it so admirably soft that it will lie in any direction, producing beautifully flowing curls, 
 and imparting a transcendant lustre Price 3s. 6d., 7s., Family Bottles (equal to four small) 
 10s. 6d„ and double that size, 21s. 
 
 ROWLANDS’ HAIR WASH, 
 
 A Preparation from the choicest Oriental Hekbs. It pleasingly and effectually cleanses the Hair 
 and Skin of the Head from Scurf and everv species of Impurity, and imparts a delicate fragrance. 
 It is particularly recommended to he used Hirer Bathing, ns it will prevent the probability- of 
 catehing cold in the head, and will render the hair dry in a few minutes.—Price 3s. 6d. per Boitle. 
 
 ROWLANDS’ KAIYBOR, 
 
 For the Skin and Complexion, is unequalled for its rare and .inestimable qualities. The radiant 
 bloom it imparts to the Cheek ; the softness and delicacy which it induces of the Hands and 
 Arms ; its capability of soothing irritations, and removing Cutaneous Defects, Discolorations, 
 and all unsightly appearances, render it indispensable to every toilet. Gentlemen, after shaving, 
 will find it allay all irritation and tenderness of the skin, ami render it soft, smooth, and pleasant. 
 As a renovating and refreshing wash during the luat and dust of summer, and in cases of sun¬ 
 burn, stiugs of insects, or incidental inflammation, its virtues have long and extensively been 
 acknowledged.—Price 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per bottle. 
 
 ROWLANDS’ 0D0NT0 
 
 OR PEARL DENTIFRICE; A WHITE POWDER, compounded of the choicest and most 
 recherch6 ingredients of the Oriental Herbal; of inestimable value in preserving and beauti¬ 
 fying the Teeth, strengthening the Gums, and in rendering the BREATH sweet and pure. It 
 extirpates all tartarous adhesions to the Teeth, and insures a pearl-like whiteness to the 
 enamelled surface. Its Anti-Septic and Anti-Scorbutic Properties arrest the further progress 
 of decay of the Teeth, induce a healthy action of the Gums, and cause them to assume the 
 brightness and colour indicative of perfect soundness.—Price 2s. 9d. per box. 
 
 BEWARE OF SPURIOUS IMITATIONS!!! 
 
 The only GENUINE of each bears the name of “ ROWLAN DS’ 11 preceding that of 
 
 |||: Kli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 liPjl 
 
 llfl 
 
 W. J. Uolbourn, Printer, fi, Princes Street, Leicester Square.