! i vi . ; 'a. h a : o -ofliR rd ' THE RIGHT HONOURABLE, THE COUNTESSE of Arundell and Surrey, my Angular good Ladie and UMiprejfe* ■ Ma d a m E h S the fweet and glori- ous harmony of your heroicall vermes ., in fohigh abirth, moft happily conjoyned and matched with the moft illuftrious Lord your husband, the very patterne of A 2 true Th e Epistle* true Nobilitie., enforceth the world farre and neere with honour and admiratioiKo behold and renowne you:fo doth my con- dition require^that I within this little Bri- tain worlds in which wee live^ ftiould unto your publike glory adde my particular te- ftimony of your bountie and ftiunificence; whereby I am engaged., above any other of your fervants > to fecke any means both to intimate my humble dutie, and to pro- feffe my thankfuli mind to your noble fa- milie. Neither needed I goe farre to find my occafion and futyed \ but even to make ufe of that^ which in your fervice^and with- in the walls of your own houfe, I had pro- duced : I meane my obftrvations of the manner of painting in ufe among the anci- ents. For feeing your Ladiflhip upon the firft fight of my Latine copie, was pleafed toexprefleymwrdefire of having itEngli- &ed;there feemeda way t6be:opened un- to D E D ■ i i I C A T O R Y. tome,ofefFe&ing that my ftrviceable in- tent: and the rather, becaufe fbme things having paffed therein, which (as one day teacheth another) in the review and more mature cogitation I wifhed might be alte- red, I thought beft to begin that correcti- on in this prefent Edition. Nor dee I fo much over-ween, but that I feeandcon- fefle, that this trartflation befitteth rather the native fluency of one in-bred, than the forced ftile of aforrainer; and therfore un- to fevere eyes it might feeme an unpardo- nable prefumption,to have taken upon me a burden io unfit for my flhoulders to beare, and therewith to interrupt your higher conceits ; yet feeling my felfe infpired with courage by the fignification of your noble defire ( which wrought in my heart, what an abfolute command ufeth to worke in o- thers';Iftoutly fell to my taske. Wherein I doubt not,but that ; if your Honor by a A 3 favou- The Epistle Dedicatory * * favourable conftru&ion fhall judge me not altogether undurifull, though not precife- ly officious^others alio will think that this my forwardnefle in accomplishing your defire, may make all pardonable, if not in Ibme degree acceptable. Howfbever theft rude and imperfed attempts ofyour duti- full fervant, fhall finde their chiefeft pro- tection and perfe&ion in wearing the faire and glorious livery ofyour moft noble and worthy name. And thus humbly lay- ing both my felfe and my endeavours at the feet ofyour Ladiflhip, to whom I wifli all encreafe of honor and happineflej ever remaine From Amn'deU-houfti AnnQ\6$%. Msrt,i%. Tour Honors humbly devoted Servant s Franciscus Junius F.F. 4$*' 4 $* PEilegihunc TraUatumjui titulu* eft } QThe Painting of tie Antients 8cc] in quo nihil reperio, quo minus cum ntilitae publico, imprimatur : it a tamen utfi non intra tret menfesproxime fequentts typis mandetur^ %*c U ' centra Jit omnim irrita. Ex .fidibus Lamkthanif Vhrt.28. 1638. R "° in Chrijlo Patri, ac V n D* Arch. Cant. SaceUanm Vomejlicw. Guil. Bray. %(£Of E R R. A T A. PAge 1 2 , tine 3 1 . read haftcp. 79>l-7« *• H&*rt*'-F-*4jl-*5- t.cbeck$r-n'ork£»Hke. p.ioj y \.6,T. Eupborion. p, ,1 oj y \.7»l.fche~ Ifoji. p. 1 3 S. 1. 1 . r. Oppianus. p. 1 77, L 1 7- paratmiograpberx. p.2 02, 1. 1 2 . r. Agatharcbuf. p. 21 4, 1. 1 7. r. expofed. p. 2 1 7, 1. 1 9. r. Ciliet. p. 286. 1.5. r. too. p. 286,1. 15. r. ingen*oM*ip.2%7j\*it.z&dec*t. p. 3 1 1 , 1. 8. t* accompting. p. 3 2 2, 1. 2 o. r./<«V*. p. 3 2 4* L6.t>ftt deufu vertuousdefire of glory. This opinion was of old grafted P aTt } Hrn &* in the hearts of good men $ neither doe the learned onely, P° m ^ ma *i- but the vulgar fort al(b efteem the way of vertue to be the j Xi^S true way by which our mortal) and tranfitory condition hominh.J^i. attainethto an everlafting fame. But among fuchanum- Firmkusm ber of vertuous courfes as may (erve to get a great and du- pr*fat. librl rable renowne, every one doth raoft commonly deliberate Tertti Ma~ with his own naturall inclination. The one by a praife- -$ worthy boldneffe undertaketh to compafle with his under- standing the unmeafurable meaftires of heaven, leaving unto the following ages a full account of the innumerable number of heavenly lights^ as a moft certain and fure inhe- B 2 ritance, The ancient Art *L b.ILnat. ritance, fayth Plinie * 3 if peradventure afterwards any one kijl.cap.26. would take upon him to be heire thereof. Another doth not ftick to prie into the moft profound myfteries of Na- ture^ neither will he give his mind any reft till he hath in fome meafure conceived the nature of the rioting clouds, thecaufe of thunder, lightning, and of all thofe things that above or about the earth doe terrific the heart of man. He goeth about the (earch of tho(e things with a very great confidence,as knowing himfelfe to be placed in this (lately theater, to view and to confider all (uch wonders of God. Anaxagoras being afked to what end he was brought forth, anfwered 5 To behold the Sunne, Moone, and Heavens 5 fee Diogenes Laertius, lib, II, in the life of Anaxagoras. Yea what is man, I pray you, but a creature approaching nez- * Veclamat. r e fl m f God, as guintilian * (pea keth, and ordained to the CCLX. contemplation of the things contained in the world $ fee a!(b Amani Epiti. lib,\, cap.6. Dionyf, Longinus de fublimiorat. §31. lamblichus in Protnpt, cap. 3. Although now<>)ui#- tilian and all the other Authors (peak very well to the pur- pofe 5 Tulliefor all that commeth a great deal neerer to the * Lib. II. de point we have in hand • man himfelfe, fayth he *, is borne to Natural) co- contemplate and to imitate the world ^ not being any manner mm * of way perfe& but onely a f mall parcel! of what is perfeff. § 2 . As many then as are taken up with this kind of me- ditations, might feeme togoe rarre beyond the ordinary fort of meu, if they likewife were not left behind by them that doe not onely view but alio imitate the wonders of * HomiKa in Nature. The painters, fayth S. Chryfoflcme *, after themix- Ffafowm L. ing of their colours, endeavour tofet forth a livety fimilitude of diverfe vifible things : thus doe they paint reasonable and un- reasonable creatures, trees warres, bat t els ^flreames of blond, ftfys. Kings } ordinary men $ they makg alfo a roy all throne, the of P MUTING. < s the King fittings a barbarous enemy throw ne downe under hk feel, the points of fpeares, running rivers^ goodly medowes : tfr be JJjort, they prepare unto thefpeffators a very, pleafant fight ywhikfl they fiudy by the force of thiir Art to exprefjeall mannzr ofvifible things. The words o£l(idorus PelufoU are likewife worth noting $ the Painters, fayth he % when they * Lib. HI. <- make bodily fijapes of things without bodie, ufe fometimes to pi ft. 1 6i. paint a lone hand which fetteth a crovpne upon the head of the Princes of this world ^fignifying, that this foveraign power n given them from heave n.Socratestoucheth alfb the large ex- tent of this Art, when he fayth*., the Painters fludie with *jh H dXeno- their colours to exprejfe, hollow andfwel/ing y darke and light- phonum lib. fome y hard and f oft, rough and fmoath, new and old bodies. IH> Apo- Flowers, among all other vifible things, fliew the greateft mmm - varietie of colours 5 yet have the Painters attempted to ex- prefle the fame, as appeareth in the famous painter Paufias, who being in love with his Country-woman Glycera, was the firft that aflayed to bring the Art to fuch awonderfull varietie of colours as there is to be feene in Sowers : for be- holding fometimes how neatly (hee did make garlands,and being no leffe ravifhcd with that dexterity of hers then with her beautie, he could not but take the pencil I in his hand to ftrive with Nature it felf^fce Plinie xxxv^i o.Apetles like- wife painted things that can not be painted ^ Thunder and Lightning : fee Plinie in the fame place. It may feeme then that Theophyla&us Simocatus did cafl: his eye upon fbme fuch like relation, when he * maintaineth that Painters un~ * ty*fi 37* • dertafy to exprejfefuch things as Nature h not able to doe. § 3. It remaineth how(oever,that among fb many Arcs as doe procure us everlafting glory, this Art is none of the meaneft. And as it is-a very great matter to carry in our mind the true images both of living and lifeleffe creatures, B.3. , fa The ancient Art lb is it a greater matter to worke out a true and lively fimi- litude of thofe inward images 5 efpecially if the Artificer doth not tie his imitation to feme particular, though never fo faire a body^but folio weth rather the perfection of an in- ward image made up in his mind by a moft earned: and ar- duous observation of all fuch bodies as in their owne kind are moft excelling. Such as carve images \ fayth Maximus *Vi£ert.VII Tyrius*) having gathered all that in fever all 'bodies k reputed to be f aire > bringit by the means of their art Inonefingulari- mitation of a convenient^ pure, and well-proportioned beautie to pajfe ^ neither jhallyou find in hafte a body fo accurately ex* a& as to compare it with the beaut ie ofaftatue : For the Arts doe ever feeie what isfairefi. vid feemeth to point at this, when he doth describe CyUaws^ the fdreftofall theCen- taures, he had apleafng Uvelinejfe in his countenance, fayth * XII M*> h e * ? and for as much as he was like a man, fo came his nec^e^ tam - hisfljoulders, his hands , his b reft, neerefi of all to the praise- worthy images of theArtifts. Wee are like wife to obferve-j that Philoftratu* doth very often compare the beauty of the ancient heroicall Worthies with the beautie of artificial! Statues, as you may fee inhisdefcription oiProteftlaus Eu- phorbus, Neoptolemus, and elfewhere. If you doe take a man * Lib. II in brought forth by Nature, fayth Proclus * 3 and another made by Timsum fa arf f carving '^yetfhall not he that is made by Nature whol- atoms ' ly feeme ftatelier ; For Art doth many things more exa&ly. * Met am. o^cxprefleth the fame, when he witnefieth*, that Pig- malion did carve thefnow-white ivorie image with fuch a luc- kie dexterities that it was altogether impoffiblefuch a woman fhould be borne. Such Artificers therefore as carry in their mind an uncorrupt image of perfect beautie, do moft com- mon lypowre forth into their workes fbme certaine glim- mering fparkles of the inward beautie contained in their minds: of? AINTING, f minds: neither may we thinke this to be very ea fie $ for, according to ApoUomusTyaneus * his opinion, that which is * Ep*ft* *9- btft} is alway bard to be found out^ hard to be judged. 1 1 is alio well obferved by an ancient Orator*, that the imitation of a *ln Pamgyr, m oft absolute beautie is ever moft hard and difficult ^ and as it Maxim. & p an eafie matter to fet forth a true fimilitude ofdeformitie by Cm fi' ^"°* her&wne mar^es Jo on the contrary the fimilitude of a perfect beaut k is as rarely feene as the beautie it felfe. It was not un- knowne unto Zeuxis (ay th TuUie*^ that Nature would ne- * 2& tyfi ft** verbeftow upon one particular bodie all the perfections of tim m*nal&. beautie^ feeing that nothing is (b neatly (haped by Nature, ILde Invmt - but there will alwayes in one or other part therof fbme no- table di(proportion be found $ as if nothing more mould be left her to diftribute unto others, if (he had once conferred upon one all what is truely beautiful!. Wherefore, when this noble Artificer intended to leave unto the inhabitants ofCrotona a choice pat terne of a moft beautifull woman, he did not thinke it good to feeke the perfection of a fault- leue formofitie in one particular body ^ but he pick'd out of the whole Citie five of the well-favoured ft virgins, to the end he might find in them xh?xperfi& beautie, which, as Lucian fpeaketh * 3 , ofnecejjitie muft be but one. So doth Ze- * I n Hermo- nophon very fitly to thispurpofe bring in Socrates his diA tmo * courfe held with the Painter Parrhafius^ feeing it is notfo ea- fie > (ay th Socrates* : \to meet with any one that doth altogether *JpudXe??o- conjiflofirreprehenfihleparts^fo is it, that youhavitigchofen pbonum lib. out of every part of jeverall bodies what isfitteftforyour turne^ HI- 4j>o- bring topaffe that the whole figures made byyourArtfeemeto mmm% be moft comely and beautifull. 6 4. Out of this moft ab(blute (brt of imitation there doth bud forth the Art of deftgning, the Art of painting, the Art of catting, and all other Arts of that kind. So doth Pht4 8 The ancient Art * Inproamio Philofiratus * alfo call this fame Imitation an ancient inven- lconum. tj # ) and altogether agreeing with Nature. The proofe of which point could here moft readily be drawne cut of that bufie eagernefle we do fee in almoft all young chiidren 3 that follow the tender imaginations of their rude and unexerci- fed conceits in making of babies and other images out of clay or wax 3 but that we thinke it better not to trouble our (elves too much with the proofe of a thing which is cleare enough in it felfe 3 leeing every one may fufficiently informe himfelfe concerning this point, who will but caft an eye up- on the daily paftimes ufed among little ones. Let us onely *Orat. In- obferve out of guintilian * 9 that all fuch thing? as areac- Jiit. lib. II. complijhed by A?t> doe ever draw their firfi beginnings out of cap. 1 7. mature: as alfb 3 that the greater part ofJrts,to ufe the words * Lib.X. c.2. of the fame Author *, doth confifi in Imitation :fois it lihg- wife an ufuaU thing in the whole courfe of our life, that we our f elves fudy abwayes to do what we likg in others : children fol- low the copies which arefet them,untill they get aperfeft habit of writing : Mujlcians exprejfe the voice of their teachers ' Painters imitate theworkes of their ptedecejjbrs : husbandmen doe frame themfelves after the profperous experience of them that tilled their ground wit h goodjuccejfe : and&e doe alwayes in thefirfi entrance of all Iqnd of learning, order our labours after an ex ample propounded unto us. § 5 . N either may the great multitude of naturall things that our Imitation buiieth it felfe withall, put us in fuch a fright as to hinder our good endeavours $ feeing it is no more requifite in this Art then in many other Arts, that we mould after a moft troublefbme manner goe over every lit- tle thing 5 asif it were not poffible to attaine to perfection;, unlelTe we did learn to imitate all things that are in Nature. Certainly 3 the large diffufed nature of things cannot abide that 1 / of P A I N T I N G, that a teacher (hould weary his fchollars with fuch an infi- nite number of figures $ and whofbever doth undertake a- ny fuch thing., fiall undergoe theft two inconveniences 7 fayth guintilian* ^as to fay alway too much andyet never to fay all. * Lib. V. Thus may we very well be fatisfied with the Imitation of ca $* *°» the chiereft things, afTuring our felves that lefier things will follow of themfel ves. Polycletus, having made Hercules^did not finde it a difficult matter to make the Lyons skinne, or the many-headed water-make. Phidias likewife, having made the image of Minerva fi\d not thinke it much to make Up her fhield. No body dothfo excel/ in greater matters, fayth glu:ntilian* } as1ofaik in lejjer-i unleffe Phidias by chance * Lib. IL piadejwpitex befl ofaUjbut thatfome body els fiould have been ca h 3- better at the making of fuch things as the worke was to be gar- nified withall. The words of the incomparable Orator are remarkable 5 as in other Arts, fayth Tullie *, when the hardeft * Lib. Il.dc things are propounded, there if no need that the refifhould be Oraton, delivered after a laborious andtoilefome manner ', as being now eajte and refembling the things taught afore 5 fo in the Art of Vawlingjifany one hath throughly learned how to paint a man, the famefhall likewife know how to paint a man ofwhatfiape and age he himfelfe lifieth^ although it may be he never learned to make any fuch figures apart by themfelves : neither is it to be feared \ that he who can paint a Lyon or aBullpajfingwell^ [hould not be able to doe the fame in many other beafls that walks upon four feet. This point is alfo confirmed in the fol- lowing words of the moft learned ^uintilian^aMaftermuf every day, fayth he * } by fever all examplesfiew the order and * Lib. VI I, connexion ofthings^to the end that by a continuallpra&icejve ccl b l °» fhouldflillpaffe on to things of the like nature :for it is impof- fible to propound all what may be imitated by Art : neither is there any Painter that hath learned to imitate all n at u rail C things^ io The ancient Art things ^ hut having once perceived the tr*emattmrofmUa- ting 3 hejfjalleajily IntthefimilitHk of fitch things asjhall be ojferedhim. § 6. The firft principles then ofthefe Artsofimitatiorij do< not demand an endleffe labour^ but rather contenting thcmfelves witii a few very moderate and eafie documents of meet propor ions,doe forthwith prefent us an open and ready accefle unto the moll: inward fecrets of Art. And ve- rily, the whole Art ofpawtingjnzy wondrous well be com- prifed in a fmall number of precepts, which as they are in a* ny wife neceflary 3 fo are they for all that to be delivered af- ter a (hort and plaine way. When there is on the contrary a great ftirre kept about the firft rudiments of thefe Arts, it is very often ieene, that young beginners are alienated from the Art, by reafbn of (b diffufed and intricate a man- ner of in ftitutionrtheir wits alio, that had more need at the iirft to be chcriftjed and encouraged, grow dull and fottiih, being overwhelmed with a dry and barren multitude of far re fetch'd inftm&ions : they doefbmetimes alio, to the great hindrance of their good proceedings* foolifhiy per- fwade themfelves,, that they are already as good Artificers as the bed of them, though they have done no more but flenderly learned by heart,and pra&ifed but groflely,fbme diforderly precepts, that are boafted to conteine the very pith and marrow of the whole Art : Many lively fpirits at length are moft pittirully turned away from their forward courfe, after they have enthralled themfelves into fuch a mif-leading labyrinth ofconfufedand intricate precepts, and having once loft that freenefTe of fpirit, by which the Art is moft of all advanced, they give over all good endea* vors, they doe ftagger at every little occa^on, not daring to depart one inch from the much admired and highly e- fteemed o/Pa I N T I N G. II deemed rules of Art. It is then expedient that wefhould not wander 3 but rather follow a fetied (hort way 3 ea(ie both for learners and teachers. Neither is it amifle, a beginner fhould ftrongly be pofTefled with thisopink)n } that there is a certain good way in which Nature muft do many things of her owhe accord without any teaching ^ (b that the grounds of Art may feeme not (b much to have been found out by teachers, as to have been observed onely by them, when excellent Artificers that followed the unpremedita- ted and unreftrained motions of Nature pracliled them. To what we have hitherto rkopouded out dlguintillan*) *Exproamia thewot&sdfAquild Romanus may very well be applied, all l ' lhr ' 1 °tt*vh things almsft fayth he * 3 that an contained in thefirftpre- * VcFiguHf ctpts are put inpra&ke by quu knitted 'men^not fo much out M"'" w ' of knowledge as by chance.lt is leftonely that tve bring to their rvorkgsfome kind of learnings and a great deale of attention Jo the end that we might not onely perceive fuch virtues as una- wares they have imparted to us^ but that wee alfo might have them afterwards at commandos often as occajionfoall require. It 5s then a very poore and filly fhift, to lay the fault of our owne fluggifhnefle upon the difficultie of the nYfr princi- ples : thispretence can avail us nothing at all : feeing thefe Arts do indifferently without any regard of perfbns 3 invite all ftudious hearts to take their fill of that fweetnefle they "doe afrbord. It is likewife a very unnoble and faint-hearted lithemefle, tofuftertheheatofourmoft fervent defireto be cooled, by reafbn that fbme have to very fmall purpoie taken a great deale of paines about thefe Arts • feeing the knowledg of all fuch kindofArtsfehth Sidoniw Apollinaris*) * Lib. 11. is by nature more gorgeoujly precious ^ how leffe common. fy' 1 ?' I0 * $ 7. Befides all this, there is yet another mainc reafbn why fbme are fo loath to meddle with thefe Arts ; for they C 2 can 12 The Art of can never fee them brought to men a perfe&ion, but that there is alway fomething left, which requireth, if not men- ding, at lead: trimming and polifhing. Thefacultie of Vain- * LikVJ.de ters , fay th Plato * knowethno end inpaintiugy but findeth Ltgib. fiill fomething to change or to adde $ and it is altogether im- poffible that beaut ie and ftmilitudejbould receive fuch an abfor lute confummation^as not to admit any further encreafe.Thxxs doe they decline the fuppofed toilefomnefle of this Art be- fore the lead: experiment ^ and they will not refbl ve to doe any thing., becaufe they doe forfooth defpaire to doe all. Neither is there any poffibilitieto cure this overth wart hu- * Lib. II. Je mor of theirs, unlefle they doe firft learne out o$Vegetius\ Re milit'ari, that all tynd ofworkg feemeth to be hard before we doe try it. cap. 1 8. * ViJJ'ert. win. * Circa ini- tium libri primi de F'mibw. They muft fecondly, confider what a vehement efficacy there is in mans wit ^wherefoeveryou doe bendy our »>//,fayth Salufi^ it will prevaile. Maximus Tyrius likewife, what is there> fayth he *, which the all-daring foule of a man cannot cunningly find out ^ whenfiee hath but a mind to it .«? They are thirdly, to marke how great a matter they goe about. The reward of their labour, if they doe not fhrinke and play the cowards, (hall be an Art of Arts, an Art no leffe profitable then glorious. It h a mofijhamefull things fayth Tullie *, to grow weary ^when the thing wefiudy to obtain is of great worth. The which if we doe rightly conceive, wee (hall alfb more readily entertaine this opinion, that the way is not unpaya- ble nor dirficulc.For the firft and greateft ayd cometh from our will j and if we can but bring an unfeinedly willing mind tothefe Arts,the worft will be paft^feeing the things we are to learne, may be had by a few yeares ftudy* The onely reafbn that maketh the way to feem long and tedious, becaufe we doe nothing but hafte and draw back at the is leaft fhadow of difficulties, fuffering our courages to be daunted of Painting. daunted with the imagination of a wrongly conceived hardnefle. Let us but thinke the inftitution ihort and eafie, andwefhallfindeit eafie enough. And if we doe perhaps by the way light upon ibme hard and difficult matter, it may quickly be made eafier by an orderly and difcreet way of teaching. But now is the firft and greateft fault in the tea- chers, that doemoft willingly detaine their difciples about the firft principles : partly out ofcovetoufhefle, that by (b doing they might the longer enjoy their gaines: partly out of ambit ion, that fb it might (eeme the harder what they thernfelvesprofeffe : (bmetimes alio oat of meere ignorance and negligence. The next fault is in the fchollars them- iel ves, that had rather ftay and dwell upon thoie things they doe know already, then to proceed further to what they are as yet ignorant of. We doe moreover (horten our own time, fooling the greateft part of pur beft houres away a- mongacompanyof pratlingvifiters 5 befides that ftage- playes, banquets, cards and dice, unneceflary journeys, the immoderate care of our pampered carkafles, rob us alfo of a good deale of time that,might be better hufbanded : not to fpeakeofwantonlufts,dmnkennefle, and other fuchlike beaftly vices, by the which our diftempered bodies waxe altogether unfit to make good ufe of (bfmall a remnant of our time. This then being our daily pra&ice,yet are we for all this waftfull layimnefle ofour youthfull dayes not aflia- medtocomplaine that the Art is long, the time (hort 9 the experience hard and difficult- three lives, in our opinion, are too little that we mould in them attaine to a perfect knowledge of thefe moft copious Arts: wheras on the con- trary, if we would make good ufe of our good leifiire, wee fhould rather thankfully confefTe that we are not in want of time 5 and if we doe lacke any, that it is long of the idle pa- C 3 ftimes !J i4 -The ancient Am dimes and brutilh lufts we are given to^feeing not the daies onely doe affoord us time enoughybut the nights alfo- whole length is abundantly able both to quench our defire of (leepirig , and alio to ftirre up our phantafie by a filent quietnefle. Even as in travelling fuch men as goe their way readily without any delay, come to their Innes as (bone a* game as others that fetting forth at the lame minute doe by the way wander up anddowneto meet Ibmewherewitha refrelhing fhade ; or a delegable water-lpring^ fo is there in matter of Art an unfpeakable difference betweene lazie lin- gerers and a&ive Ipiri ts. Let us then take heed of lb grofle an error ; as to ) udge of the'^rficultie of thefe Arts by the time of mi life, and not by the time of our ftudy : for if we doe but order the time of our youth wifely^ if wee doe not turtle afide unto any idle and time-walling (ports 5 wee fhall find time enough : neither may we pretend any want ofmeanesj that Ihould helpe us to attaine to the perfection of thefe Arts, for if we do conlider it right, we fhall be for- * Lib. X1L ced to acknowledge with g>uintilian *,that antiquitk hath cap. 1 1 . fumifiedus withfucha numb er ofMafters and examples ^that no age mayfeem happier in condition ofbirth^ then this our pre- fent age ij feeing all the former ages did not thinke it much to fweat for our inftruBion. §8. For as much then as it is molt evident that the prin- ciples of thele Arts are not too hard, and like wife that we ' are not in want of time^fbme do for all that play the modeft men, alleadging for an excufe the perfection of thefe Arts to be fuch, that they may not without a great preemption hope to atchieve them^yeathat it is wholly impolTible to be perfect in them • Serveth for anlwer : that it is notrepug- \ nam with the nature of things that lomewhat Ihould be done now ; which in former times as yet was never doney feeing Of P A I N T I N.G. 15 feeing all fuch things as now are great and notable,have had alfb a time they were nor. Neither is there any reafon why wefhouldflackeour endeavors, having beiides the helpe of a reasonably good wit the advantage of a healthfull bo- dy, as alfo the guiding ofatrufty teacher : an^jrhoughwe siuinot mount up to the higheft top of perfections yet it is (bmething for z\\ that to fticke out above the reft in the, (e- cond and third place. It h no fmaUglory y foyt\iColumella\ * Lib. XLdc to be madepartaker of a gnat andworthy matter^ howfoever it K* rnji.c.u be hut-4 link you do poffijfe.lt doth then appeare how weak- ly ^pjepofterouJflythe^^^ argue> t.hatefteemeit idle- nefle in a man to beftow great paines, where he knoweth a- forehand that it is impollible toattaine to the higheft per- fection. This is a poore and (lender argument I (ay., (eeing that (uch as heretofore in \%be opinion of all the world D have been the beft and ropft renpwned Artificers., mould never have obtained the, glory of that name, if taking courage they had not hoped ftill to doe better then the beft oftheir predeceflbre | and -though by, chance it were not in their power tooveJtakeand,tooutK^i}■]Gfeie^ft Artifts, yet did they al way ftrive to come io ncere as to tread upon trjsic hecles : besides that wc mav daily fee how an indifferently good practice of thefe A rts 19 very neere as profitable as th t moft perfect Art it felfe. Though now it were an eafiemat- ter for us to fjiew that rhe(e $ rts almoft in a}| ages havecar- ried the chiefeft fvvav in the favour of great Kings and Po- tentates ; thatlikewif?bvthis means befides the due reward pf glory 3 they^ve got rhcmfelves an infinite made of wealth $ yetxio\w.s eftecime' the mention of (uch reward? to come far fhort of the worthinesof the(e Arts,and of the (iiffi- cient contentment, theydoefindein themielves, But of this we (hall (peake eMewhere at large, It is left onely that all (uch - as 1 6 The ancient Art as thinke well of thefe Arts, mould afpire unto the excellency of the ineftimable Arts themlelves, without any by-refpe&s : which doing, they (hall undoubtedly reach the higheft ftep of perfe&ion, or at lead be lifted up to fuch a height as to fee a great many left underneath their feet. §' 9 . It is an ordinary practice among Poets to call in the firft entrance of their workes upon the Mufes> craving of them fuch a readinefle of invention and utterance, that their Poems guftiing forth as out of a plentiful! water -fpring, might with a gentle uTearherefrefh and charmcthe heartsand eares of aftonimed men* The Artificers may likewiie,before they doe goe about this worke, very fitly falute the fweet company of the nine learned Sifters^ not fo much to afke of them a good and proiperous-fuccefTe of what they take iri hand, aswelltoobferveoutof the proper fignifica donor 1 their names the (everall fteps that lead a Novice into the right way of perfection. Thefirft ofthUufes^ fay th Fulgen- * Lib. I. My tins *,#• named Clio^which name Jhe hath out of a Greekjpord^ thol figrifyirtgfame : and by this name there is insinuated unto us thefirft andgreateft motive thatftirreth in us a defire of tear* ning : feeing th knowledge of good Arts and Sciences doth ex* tend our fame to the memory oflatepofterities. Thfecondis Euterpe, that is, full of delight 5 for as we doefirftfeeke hpsw^ ledge j fo do we afterwards delight infeeking. The third is MeU pomene, that is^fetling of meditation • for as there followeth upon our fir ft resolution a defire to effect what we have refoheA npon^fo doth there upon this refolutionfollow an attentive ear] neftneffe to obtaine our longing. The fourth is Thalia^ that is; apprehenfionrfor it is everfeen thdt the apprehnfionjn that wee doe invent fomethinglikg unto the remembred apprehenfi- ons : thefeventh, that wee examine and difcerne our inventi- ons : the eighty that wee choofe the befi ofthofe things we have judged and difcerned : the ninth, that wee doe well exprejfe the things well chofen. Chap. I I 'Elides this newly-mentioned imitation of na- turall things^by whole meanes Artificers doe expreffe all kinds of vifible things after the life, we are alfb to marke another fort of imi- tation, by which namely the Artificer embol- deneth himfelfe to meddle alfb with fuch things as doe not D offer 18 The ancient Art ■ offer themfelves to the eyes of men: and although the chie- feft force of this Imitation doth coniift in the Phantafie, (b muft wee for. all this thanke our eyes for the firft begin- nings as well of the Phantafie as of the Imitation it feife. For the inward Imaginations that doe continually ft irre and play in our minds, cannot be conceived and fafhioned therein j itnletfe our eyes fbme manner of way are made act qnaintedwiththetrue'mapeofthe things imagined, or at lead: that wee have felt them with fbme of our fenfes. our * Lib. I L mini, fayth Strabo *, maketh up the conceivable or intelligi- Geogr. bk-tliin^i out oftliefenfibte .* for as our fenfis doe cert i fie us of the figure^ colour y bignef[e^ fmell y feftneffe, and tafie of an ap- ple ^fo doth our mind out ofthefe things bring together tJx true apprehenfionof an apple : fofalleihit likemfe out mth great figures^ that ourfe»fefeeth the parts of them .but our mindput- teth f he wfole figure out ofthofe vifible parts togetlxr. Themi- ftiusdoth wonderfull well exprefTe all this; the phantafie^ * Paraph.in fay tn he *, is like aprint orfootftep offenfe : for as a leaver lib.Ill Aiifi. wooved by the hand mooveth aflone y and as the feaftirred by the L^wuT'c- n '*^ e 'fttrretktfffiip) fo is it no wonder at all that our fenfe jufdemTbe- fiwldbefubjetf to ik fame : for our fenfe being ftirred by out- mipi pump. Tpardfenfble things \ and receiving the ft ape offuch things as in Arifi. dc doeftirre it, fimeth alio ifrperfeft creatures another power of JUcmoria & thefoule, commonly called phan tafie : whofe nature is to lay up remwi;centia the prints delivered 'hkr 'by fenfe ', andtyfeah them up after fo Mrxtme ta- r Hreamamer as to &epe ftill the footfteps of the Came, after men Alexan- J . r . _, . r n «{ • J Izr /* i ■ d Abhro- " ja t mn> 'thevtjiole things are gone out of our fight, difienfcn lib. § 2 * So doth then this fame moft fertile power of our Ide Anima. ' foulc, according to Plato his opinion, yccld two forts of I- mitation^the firft medleth onely with things feenej whileft they are fet before our eyes $ the other on the contrary ftu- dieth alfo to exprefle things prefigured only and represen- ted ofV AIN.T.ING, ted' by the phantafie. Some Artificers D fayth Proclus *., can *Lib. 1 J. in imitate theworkgs of others mofi accurately -^whereas otktr Tim£um workmen have rather an inventive qualitie to device wonder- P latonts * full worses for the ufe of man : fo hath hethatfirfi made afhip, phantafiically conceived a platform of what he means to make. The fame Author goeth yet further $ tvhatfoever is made af- ter a conceived or intelligible thing, fayth he * 9 is faire .-what- * Ibidem, foever on the contrary is made after athinggeneratedj is not faire. Forhethatmaketh any thing after intelligible things, muft needs make it like the conceived things, or elfe unlike .• if he doth makgit like byimitation^ fo is it that the imitation of tK'ceffitieJhaU be faire 5 feeing there is in the conceived things aprincipallbeautie : but if the Imitation be unli/^ then doth he not make it after the conceived things 5 feeing he doth more and more fivarve afidefrom the fimilityde ofwhatistruely faire. Lifiewife he that makgth any thing after the example of things generated j fijal/ never, as long namely as he doth fix his eyes upon them^ attains to what isperfe&ly beautifully feeing the things' generated are full of deformed difproportions, and far remoted from the principall truebemtie. Hence it is that Phidias., when he made Jupiter, didnotcafi his eyes upon any thing generated \but he fetched the patterne of his workeout of a Jupiter conceived after Homers defcription. Other famous Writers, befides Proclus^doe alfb very much harp upon this ftring,urgingaIwayesP/?/V/Vj*his example as an infallible rule of Art : and it feemeth by their words, that they held Phidias to be fo excellent an Artificer, becaufe he had a lin- gular abilitie to imagine things in vifible after a moft ma'je- fticall manner. Nothing is in my opinion fo- beanUfull, fayth Tul/ie* but we mnfl alwajes conceive that to be fairer fiom * I)c pcrfitfo whence the former, even as an image was wont to be made after * raton » a face, is expre(jed- which cannot be perceived by our eyes, nor D 2 eares* 2o The ancient Art eares 7 nor any ofourfenfes^ face we doe -apprehend it onely by thought andminde. Hence it is that wee an imagine Something fairer yet then Phidias his images .although our eyes cannot be- hold any thing fairer in that kinde. Neither did that fame Ar- tificer^ when he made the images of Jupiter and Minerva, fixe his eyes upon one after wlww hefljould draw fuch afimilituie - but there did abide in his minde an exquifite forme of beaut ie^ upon the which he flaring, dinfted both his Art and his hand to the ftmilitude of the fame.There is then in the forme andfhape of T things a cert aim perfe&ion and excellency unto whofe con* ceived figure fuch things by imitation are referred as cannot be feene. Plato ; a moft grave Author and teacher, not of knowing onely ^but alfo offpeafyng, doth call the fe figures Ideas. To this place of Tullie, wee muft byallmeanes adde the words of *Ub. X.Con- Seneca the Rhetorician ^ fhidias faw not Jupiterfoyth he*, trover. 5. j, et fo at fo fc ma j e f$ m ^ thundering. Minerva flood not before the eyes of the Artificerxfw mind for all that ^worthy of fuch an Art^ hath rightly conceived the Gods and exhibited them. We may leame alfo out ofthe fame Author how great a differ rence there is betweene the Artificers that doe worke after this manner .,and the others that doe but imitate things pre- fent. This fame ma)efly can then onely be exprejfed } fayth he* 3 * Lib, Fill vt>he& our mini foreteeth and fore- c aft eth th? whole worke. Contro.2. Philofiratus propoundeth all this more at large in that fame moft learned difcourfe 3 betweene Apollonius Tyaneus and Thejpefion, the chiefeft: of the Gymn'ofophifts. The words of Lib. VL de Philoftratus * are worth rehearfing. It is fa fayth Thefpefi- vithApollc- on ^ that Phydias and Praxiteles climbing uptoheaven t and un > ca ?' 9" there expreffmg the fever all fh apes of the Gods, have afterwards applied them to the Art, or is there fomething elfe that hath taught the fe Artificers to counterfeit. Something el fe, replied Apollonius. and that full of wifedome. What is that / fayth Thefpefion 3 of P A I N T I N G. 21 Thefpefion againe^feeingyou can befides the Imitation^name nothing* Phantafie^ anfwered Apollonius 3 hath accomplifhed the fe things^ an Artificer f arte exceeding Imitation in wife- dome :for Imitation doth worke out nothing but whatfiee hath feene;Phantafie on the contrary doth take in handalfo whatfiee hath not feene $ for Jhee propoundeth unto her felfi 'unknoirm things with a relation tofuch things as are. A cert aim kinde of aft onifl) went doth alfo often hinder onr Imitatiomwhereas no- things an diflurbe the Phantafie, being once refohed to follow undauntedly what fi?ee undertaketh. As for an Artificer that medneth to conceive in his minde an image not unworthy of]xx- piter, the fame muftfee him accompanied with the fourefea- fonsoftheyearej with the conftellations^. with the whole hea- ven fforfuch a one did Phidias then imagine. He likewife that doth intend to make an image wherein there might be perceived fome refemblance ofPaWis^muftfee her with the lookefiee hath at the marfiialling of great Armies ^or whenfie bufieth her f elf e about devices of counfell and inventions of Art ^ yea hemuft propound her unto himfelfe asfijee came gallantly leaping forth out 0/Jupi ter his braine. § 3. We doe fee then plainly that the Artificers ftand very much in need of the mentioned Imaginative facultie : and although wee muft ingenuoully confene that they doe not. fo much want ir, who content themfelves with the I- mitation ofvifible things., following ftroke after ftroke} for the exercife of this fame faculty doth more properly be- long unto fuch Artificers as labour to be perfeft, ftudying alwayes by a continuall pra&ife to enrich their Phantafie with all kinde of perfect Images^ and defiring to have them in fuch a readinefle, that by them they might reprefent and refemble things abfent, with the fame facilitie others doe expreffe things prefent : yct-fhall we more ftrongly be con- D 3 victed 22 The ancient Art yi&ed of the ncceflkie of this fame exercife, if we- take this into our confideration^that Artificers are often toexprefle fuch things as can but feldome, and that onely for a little while be feene h as namely, the burning of a Citie, of a vil- lage, or elfe of a company of fcattered cottages $ the refe- rable confufion of them that run their (hip againft a rock 5 thebloudy (kirmidi of a drunken mercilefTe crew, dying in a mod horrid hurlie burlie on heaps. It is moft certain that we doe but feldome meet with fuch (pe&acles, neither doe they flay our leifure to let us take a full view of them 3 all is but a flurt, and away. It is left therefore that our Imagina* tion mould lay up carefully what (he hath feen, (till increa- fing her (lore with Images of things unfeene, as farre forth as it is poffible to conceive them by a relation of what wee fometimes beheld. Whatfiallwe doe, (ay th Seneca the rhe- *£%X Con- torician *; if me are to paint a battle ? /hall wee arme twofe- troverf. 5. . vera u parties, to fee them difcomfit one another . as prodigious and mon- ftrous bodies $ but thefe are veryfevp. It ferveth for proofe^ that there is moft commonly in children afweet-promifing hope of many things perceived -^the which inprocejfe of time decay- ing andperifiingj doth manifeflljfloew that there was no defect of nature in them, but onely want of care. It is then very well agreeing with nature, that we mould cherifli and turne to the beft that fame aptneffe which is in us to imagine ftrange things: and we fhall better be able to follow this exercife, if we doe now and then, having firft bammed our ordinary cares, afreet retired and folitary places 5 becaule Phantafie beftirreth it felfe mofr 3 when round about us there is no o- ther (Hire to hinder our Imaginations : but feeing it is not alwayes in our power to meet with fuch a retirednefle as is moft of all, belides the quietnefTe of our minde, to be wim- ed 5 yet are we not upon the leaftdifturbance inftantly to give over the exerciiingofour Imaginations: for how mail we be able publikely in a crowd of many fpe&ators., and a- mongthenoiieofmany forv/ard cenfurers to maintaine the finceririe and cleereneffe of our judgement, if any little ' thing putteth us out ? Wherefore we fhall doe well at the firft toftrive again ft all fuch inconveniences , as Quintilian fpea- keth *, accuftoming our minde to fuch aftedfaft conftancjof -kQ rat j n n; ti conceiving? as to overcome all other impediments by the ear- Jib.x. ca.r; nefineffe 24 The Art of mflneffe of our intention: for if we do altogether ben } d 'this fam •■? intention upon the things conceived^ our mind fl? all never take notice of any thing the eyes doe fee y the cares doe heare. Doe not cafuall and ordinary deep thoughts bring many times topaffe that we cannot fee them tlmt ■ run full but upon us 3 and that we doe fometimesftrayfrom the way we are very well acquainted with i So is it then more likgly that a purpofedrefolution may doe the fame. Neither are we to give way to allfuch occafions as majferve for an excufe ofjlouthfulneffe : for if we begin once to think?, that there is no time offtudying^ but when we arefuf- ficiently refrefijed^merrily difj>ofed,and free from all other cares > nejhall ever find fome pretences oflazinejfe. Let our Imagina- tion therefore among multitudes of people y in journey s^ in ban- quets withdraw itjelfe to fome fecrecie. § 5. As many then as will not fpend their labour and timeinvaine, muftnotthinke it much to take fome care andpaines about the fumifhing of their mindes with all manner of profitable Images, our wardrobes, when they are * Vt Anima. once filled up ^ can takg no mote, fayth Caffiodorus * 3 this trea- cap. 12. fury of our minde is not overhaden in hafte 5 but the more it hath put up) the more it cravelh : (b is it alfb 3 that all filch as have filled this fame ftore-houfe of theirs, finde upon any fudden occafion all kinde of Images ready at hand 5 where- as ethers, that have not made provifion of them, are then firftwithantmfeafbnable and mod unprofitable ftudy to feeke them when it is time to ufe them^beingmoft like un- to thofe unprovident un thrifts, that are fainc tofhiftfor • themfelves from time to time with fcraping and raking,be- caufe they never tooke any care how to attaine betimes to afure and fetled patrimony to live by. Philcptmen, a very famous and wife Generall of the Ac'baaxsjbemg eftee- [. raed a moft experienced Captaine in martiall affaires^ hath by AC, C. °f P A I N T I N p. 25 by his, own daily prafiiie propounded unto the Students of a,ny iiberall Arts wjaatfaeyer a moft forcible example of this fkne provident care. Flnlop&men hadfmgular sk^U in had- ing of an Army andchoofing a fit place where to pitch the camp, lay th L\vie * 3 neither had he in times of warn onely exercifed * Lib.xxxv, his minds t0/p bift^4fo in times of peace. Ifhe amonglm tra- vels did. chance to meet with a fo'"eft wherein hefawfome difft^ chlftey haying-viewed on all fides the nature of the place, he would forecaftwithinhimfelfe ifhe went alone , or enquire of 0- \ tlxfsifhe had any company about him,what if the enemy flwuld appear e in that fame place aJJ ailing his forces at the forefront 7 \ 4t either fide^'or from ibehinde.yWhdt courfe were then befi for him'h take? He didlitywife bethinkg himfelfe that his enemies might come upon him in a bat tell dray ready to fight a or elfe meet him/tfter a confufed. a#d are rwt -toge- ther . . ■ ' " Of P A IN TING. 29 the?w{h <^_mlwlsfertfwthm& qf she.im&e#Ly.ptetes but attofthewanfoutidmthereMwrthy^^ £ ^ time f of t and f aire forced by 4 contimall meditation. Ourpoox and needy (ife,perckvii^fom^afu4l^ things 4^, fall tmtpva- fperoufly^ wfolefi ff dotkinid%^aipn^t y an4 try^ whilefi.^ doth flip, rc£arwfyit^tha&ge$\h*th avi^ftJ^famA^MkQ)iv fepreheAifaff y w4^p'fm tk whtehit bath afterwards by fludy hrougbt to fomeperjeUion. \ § 2 . Seeing then-it cannot be denied, but that the firft beginnings ^fArt have heen very poore and imperfect, it appeareth jikewiie that they could not mu^be advanced J^yabatejmitation ; .for although Jmitation c was abb to .brings ftudious Novice to inch grounds of Art as had been put in practice by them that were before him ^ yet for all that never could any .Student, , t-haC did profeflehimleife a meere Imitator^goe flirihertWn Jbispredd:efforiLhad gpne alreadie: And lure it is that theie Arts \vo«y always have been at a ftay,or rather growne worfe and worfe 3 .if Phan- tafie had not fupplied what Imitation could not performe. Wherefore it cannot bviamifle- to confider. here alittle how unprofitable and huttfpjj4t is thattfve fllould tie our endea- vours to a kinde of Icrvile Imitation, without raifing our thoughts to a more free and generous confidence. Such as nevefendeaveur.toftand upon their/own kgges fiyth Seneca\ * Epijl. 33. fotiow^lieit pre.de c^jfor Si fir ft in, fitch things as wire never sal* ledinqueftibn^afierwards ihfuch things as doe're^uirefifrth&f[ fearth. It is in the meane time certaine thai we'fh all fittie no- thing, if we doe content our f elves with what was found alrca- die y Heli^ifetharfolfoweth ttmfttppes.ofdnj other man, doth eask$ after I know nottihat Mope*, 'they havefor- faken fhefureft md **• * V ' and Mother Sciences are gone forward^ foythlfocrates, not by lx*J,c.io, their means that tonfcine themfelues witUn [ the compaffeof things once fit led y but by tlk means offwh as goe about to mend fome things ftir ring alw ayes what in their opinion is not yet righu Time hath found out and mended many neceffary things, fay th Synejius*. All things >are not made after a patter ne * nay * E0. 57. atltUngs that are made^ have had their beginning • and before they were made^thywere not at all: whatfoever is more pro* fiiabk) mvft alwayes be preferred before the things accuflo- med. 44. Others perhaps may more be taken with fbme other of theft alleadged places, the words ofsjnejius run moft of all in my mind, where he urgeth that things done by courfe of yi The Art of I ofciiftomemullalwayesgive.place when there are found out. things momprofitable. Neither can I foricare upon, thisocealon to; follow a little the fteppes-pf the moft -wife and dikreet ggfmttefy feetng;hedifputeth in fundry pa£ fages very rnucluoour purpofe. Some doe alwayes creepe neere the ground., forfeaijecif .tailing $;they do (hunpe^nd loath all deli^hffuJaeue in paintings allowin g of nothingf but what isplaine 3 meane, and wif bout any endeavor. Nei- ther can thefe Ayeake and miserable Artificers giv e theleaftl reaibn why fuchdainties doe not agree with their palate $[ for whatcrknefis there 3 I pray you, in a good Pi&ure?dotri it not advance the Artfdoth it not commend the Artificer* doth it not .move the fpeftator ') A 11 this cannot be denied : and therefore do they not plead any thing for themfelves^ but thac it is a way. of painting not u(ed by the Ancients. Wh^tfoe.v v er k nofr don§ after , the example of Antiquities goeth againft their ftomackes. .'This pretence might feeme: plaufible enough, if they did exprefie what Antiquitie it ist they appeale to:for it is not to be beleeved that they mean^ the firft times of the newly invented Art : it being moft certaine that Phydias and Apelles have brought ma#y things talight 3 their predeceflprs knew nothing of: neither car* any man think well of Praxiteles and Protogems his works^ that would have us follow the Art diCalamis and Polygno* /^without varying ton them in the Jieaft ftroke. And al-t though fbme of the ancient Matters that came neerer thg firri times have followed a commendable kind of plain anc) fure worke 3 yet have the following added unto this plain- nefTe of theirs diverfe ornaments that did fticke out in their workes 3 even ascleere mining eyes ufe to do in a fajre face : but as bodies that are every where deckt with eyes 5 obfcur$ the beautie of the other members $ fo doe many Artificer^ now 0/ Painting. 33 now adayesdrowne the pure brightnefle of their Pictures with too much braverie : if then wee muft needs follow ei- ther of both, it is fit that we mould preferre the drinefle of the Ancients before that fame new licence our times have made choiceof. But now need we not come to this, as to tie our Imitation to either of thofe 5 feeing there is a certain middle way to be followed 5 even as to the firft fim- plicitie of food and apparell there hath been added an un- reproveable kindeofneatnefle. The firft for all that we are to obferve, is, that wee ftudie to avoide grofle faults 5 leaft in ftead of being better then the Ancients, we mould onely fee found unlike. g)uintil. lib* VIII^ cap, 5. § 5. As many then as defire to exprefle the principall vertucs of the bell: and moft approoved Artificers,muft not content themfelves with a (lender and fuperficiall viewing oftheworkes theymeane to imitate, but they are to take them in their hands againe and againe, never leaving till they have perfectly apprehended the force of A rt that is in them ? and alfo thoroughly acquainted themfelves with that fpirit the Artificers felt whileft they were bufie about thefe workes, it is not poflible that out ofarafh and raw obferva- tion, there (hould ever arife a good and lively Imitation : even as we never ufe to fwallow downeour meate,before it be fufficiently chewed and almoft melted in our mouthes, feeing this is the way to helpe our digeftionj and to have it quickly turne into moft wholelbmebloud. Wee muft aho for a great while imitate onely the heft, and (uch other Ar- tificers as are like leaft of all to deceive our truft repoled in them: but we are to doe it moft advifedly and carefully; becaufe it isoften feene that the beft Mafters doe purpofely hide and conceale their owne vertues : neither may we pre- fently thinke that all we do find in great Mafters is perfect : F for 54 The ancient Art for they flip fometimes unawares, they yeeld and (loop un- der the burthen, they cocker their forward wits too much, they ar~ not alwayes attentive, otherwhile they grow wea- ry alfo : they are the greateft Artificers, but yet men : and it faileth out very often that luch as relie too much upon them, imitate for the mofr part what is worft in their workes 5 thinking themfelves to be like enough, when they have onelyexprefTedthe vices of their much admired Matters. Many things might be added to this point, neither fhould we leave it fo 3 if we did not efteeme it more needfull to re- peat a little what we have touched before $ to wit, that fuch things as doe deferve to be moft highly efteemed in an Ar- tificer, arealmoft inimitable ^ his wit, namely, his Inventi- on,his unftrained facilitieof working 3 and whatfbever can- * 6>xfotil.x.2 not be taught us by the rules of Art * 1 fo doe we alfo re- ceive nofmall benefit out of the hardnefle of this matter, feeing the confide ration of this fame difficultie doth advife ustolookefomewhat neerer into the workes of excellent Artificers 5 neither can we refolve to run any more with a quick eye carelefly over them, after we have once perfectly under ftood the great force of their vertues by the pains we are to take before we can either underftand or imitate them aright, guintil. X. 5. § 6 . We are then to obferve here two things : the firft is that we make a good choice of the Artificers we meane to imitate $ feeing many doe propound themfelves the exam- ples of the worft : the fecond is that wedolikewifeconfider what we are moft of all to imitate in the chofen Artificers $ feeing we doe meet alfo with fbme blame- worthy things e- ven in thebeft Artificers : and it were to be wifhedjthat we did as well hit their vertues better, as weeufe to expreffe rheir vices a great deal worfe. As for them that want no judge- of P A I N T I N G. 35 judgement to difceme and to (nun the faults of great Ma- tters, it is not enough they mould exprefle a vaine and forcelefle fhadow of fuch vcrtucs as are moft of all admired in others ^ for our Imitation is then onely to be commen- ded, when it doth after a moft 1 i vely manner fet forth in e- very particular the true force of the work imitated: where- as rafh and inconfiderace beginners fall to worke upon the firft fight,before everthey have founded the deep and hid- den myfteriesof Art,pleafing themfelves wonderfully with the good fuccefle of their Imitation,when they (eeme one- ly for the outward lines and colours to come fbmewhat neere their paterne: and therefore doe they never attaine to that power of Art the originalls have, but they doe ra- ther decline to the wor (^embracing not the vermes them- felves, but their neighbour vices : they are puffed up, not ftately$ ftarved, not delicate^ temerary, not confident 5 wanton, not deledable^ negligent, notplaine : the pra- drifeofthem that goe about to imitate the moft ancient pieces by a dry and hard manner of painting, may ferve us here for an inftance^ feeing they doe onely exprefle the outward (hew of fimplicity,never regarding what treafures of Art there lie hidden under this (ame fbber and temperat way,ufed by the ancient Mafters.,gw0//7.X',2 .To be (nort$ a good Imitator ftandeth in need of learned and well exer- eifedeyesmot onely, becaufe hidden things cannot be feen unlefTethey are firft fearchedout 5 but aifo, becaufe the things apparant are very often fo cunningly contrived and joyned, that none but quick-lighted Artificers and tea- chers can perceive them. And this is the true reafon why thefe Arts doealwayes at the firft require the helpe of a faithfull Mafter, who may fincerely acquaint us with (uch things as deierve to be imitated, who may teach us, who F 2 may 3 6 The ancient Art may mend what is done amifle^who may direct us, who may informe us by what (hew ofdiflimilitude the fimilitudeof things heerely refembling is to be concealed : for a good I- mitator muft by all meanesbe a concealer of his Art, and it is fomewhat too childifh to follow the fame ftrokes and lineaments in all things. Though now in theopinionof fame it may be held a praife- worthy thing to exprefie Apel- les his Venus ^Anadyomene or Protogems his Satyr, & though intheirjudgementitdefervethnoblameto fit ourworkes fb accurately with the fame colours and fhadows, that they may feeme to come neereft unto the fimilitude of fuch ab- (blutely accomplifhed patternes^ it is for all that a greater matter to exprelfe in Achilles his picture the very lame Art Which was by Apelles reprefented in the picture of Alexan- der. Wee muft therefore endeavour firffc of all that there feeme not to be any fimilitude^ and if there appeareth any, our fecond care muft be that it may feeme to be done pur- pofely : whichis the worke onely of learned and well-ex- perienced Artificers : and is then chiefly to be done, when by a moft laudable contention they doe hunt after a certain grace ofhidden fimilitude in fuch things as fhould be like in nothing but in the manner of handling. v . § 7. ft is then required here that we .(hould not onely bend our naturall d£fire of Imitation towardes the beft things, but that we fhould likewife ftudy to u.nderftand wherein the excellency of the fame things doth confifr: the which having diligently performed, we fhall by the fame meanes perceive how neceflary it is that we (hould duly ex- amine our owneabilitie and ftrength ; before we undertake the Imitation of fuch workes as doe excell in all kiride of rare and curious perfection s.There offer themfelvesalmoit in every good Picture many things hard to be exprefled^ not of? AINTING, 37 notonelybecaufe they are beyond our power, but (bme- times alio becaufe there is in us a certaine unablenefle of i- mitating fuch things as do not very well agree with our na- turall difpofition : for every one hath within his own breft a certaine law of nature, the which he may not neglect $ fo are alfb the rnoft ill-favoured and graceleflePidtures rnoft commonly wrought by them that venture upon any thing .without considering to what their naturall inclination doth lead themmoftof all; neither can it be other wife but noto- rious groffe erroursfhall be committed by him that having but an ordinary wit 5 meaneth tobufie himfelfe about the imitation of things onely commendable for the ftrength of , wit contained in them : contrariwife fuch'ashave an unta- xed force of wit, and confequently a bold and audacious readinefle of hand, are like tofpoyle both themfelves and i their worke, if they endeavour to imitate pieces done by them that bring a foft and gentle hand to the inventions proceeding out of a milde nature; fbfr things are fb warily to be mingled with diings that have a certain kind of hard- nerte, that we doe not over thro w both the vermes by an linadvifed confufionrand it hath ever been efteemed an un- feeming and fbule miftake 3 to exprefle tender and delicate ^things after a harfh and araghf manner. Out of all this are We moreover to obferve that.it is an unadvifed thing to tie tnir Imitation to one Mafter alon e, thoughnever fo great : feeing there is not one among a thoufand whofe conceits f nd manner of worke doe altogether agree with our incli- nation and temper. Apelles was queftionlefle the rnoft com- pleat among all the other Artificers, yet have fbmeof the old ones excelled him in one or other particular qualitie; and although in his workes is to be found what is rnoft lau- flable, never thelefle did not the ancients judge that he who F 3 moft $ The ancient Art mod of all was to be followed, was alfo to be followed alone and in all things. What then ? is it not enough to doe all thingsas^/Z^did? certainly, there is good reafbn why we fhould thinke it fnfficient ifwe knew how to attaine to it; but feeing it is not poflible that any one man mould come (b neere him as to expreue all fuch vertues as by a peculiar inftincl: were proper unto him, (b can it doe no hurt to adde to that lame highly efteemed grace of his theluccerTe- full audacitie oizeuxis^ the infatigable diligence ofProto- genes % the witty fubtiltieofT/^^/^thefrately magnifi- cence of Nicophams. For as it is the part of a wile man to borrow of every one what he knoweth bell: to agree with his own naturall inclination, lb is it leldome or never feene that the workes of one man fhould Rt our humour in all things^feeing alio that it is not permitted us to exprefle one Mailer in every particular, it feemeth to be a very good courfe that we fhould fix our attend veneffe upon the ver- tues of feverall great Matters, to the end that fbmething out of the one and fbmething out of the other might tticke to us. guimlh X.2. § 8. What wee have propunded already is of luch im- portance, as that it deferveth to be repeated againe and a- gaine : neither doe we care what others thinke on it,feeing we are upon good grounds perfwaded that the true follow- ing of a rare Matters Art, doth not conlift in an apifh Imi- tation of the outward ornaments, but rather in the expre£ fing of the inward force. Itconcerneth us therefore not I little to marke narrowly what a lingular Grace the old Ar- tificers have exprelFed in their works, what hath been theid intent, what cunning and circumfpeft difcretion they dot fhew in their difpofitio, how likewife the very fame thing* that might feeme to be oncly for recreation, prepare thei areadi \ . „ « . II. . . .. ■ 1 - ■• I • ■■-... » )••" -- I - I • il ■■■• of Painting. j) a ready way to an everlafting fame : till wee have rightly fearched and underftood every one of thefe things it is i to very (mall purpofe that we mould goe about any fach thing as to imitate the old defervedlyrenowned matters. If any one on thecontrary can ad fb much to thefe obferva- tions, as to make up what lacketh in the ancient Artificers) andlikewife todetradf. what is fuperfiuous in them, him fhall wee efteera to be that fame long looked for , and per- fect Artift, the which befidesa great many other commen- dations, fhall not only be laid to have deprived the former ages of the enjoying of fuch a glory , but he fhall feem alfb to have matched away from the following ages the very hope of fb glorious a title. * Seeing then that this is a main * QuintiU point of Art, wee have alio ftood a little longer upon it, X>2. not doubting but all reafbnable and judicious Readers will not diflike the fame digrefiion drawneout of feverall pa£ fages wee finde in Quintilian. §. 9. Having therefore underftood out of the former words of guintiHanj that a perfect Artift is to joyne to this care of Imitation all the vertues hee hath of his owne, wee are by this warning, as by a hand brought back againe to that point from which we did fomewhat digrefle , fin- ding our felves in a manner compelled to approve of the moft learned Varro his judgement. Apellts^ Pyogenes, and other excellent Artificers deferve no hlame^ faith he, * fir * Lib. VJ1L refttfngto follow the fteps of My con , Diores, Arymnat^ and de LL. fome at her f their predeceffors ^ Lyfippta alfo hath notfo much foUomdthe errours of the former makers , as the Art it felfe : neither is this to be marvelled at ^ feeing their Phantafie conceived without any example did fill them with more accurate Images of things, then ever hadbeen invented by all the raafters before them 5 fb would' all the world alfb have ■>.,.— ,,. — . ■-■- .,.« ■!■ ■— ■ «■ ■ ■■— ^w — — —.. — ■■ — I- ■■■■■■,.■■■ , ■ . - , , , ■ T — . - . 40 Tfe -<4r* 0/ have judged it in them a renouncing and forfwearing of witteanddifcretion, if the prime fpirits of the world had preferred the love of a blame- worthie confuetude before better inventions. It is cleere then , what lingular bene- fit wee doe receive, and how much thefe Artes are advan- ced by a well-ordered Imagination ^ for it is -brought to paflebyher meanes that the moft lively and forward a- mong the Artificers, leaving the barren and fruitlefle la- bour of an ordinarie Imitation, give their minds to a more couragiousboldnefle $ and fcorning themfelves any more to be tied to fuch a flavifh kinde of Imitation ? they ftirre up their free 'd fpirits to goe further then others have done * j„ r i an i £. before them : every Arte^ faith EpiUetus^ * hath a certaine pill. lib. Hy fyndofftedfafinefie and hardinefie in fuch things as doe con-* cap. 13. c erne her. §. io. There is then queftionlerTe feme Perfection of Arte to bee attained unto 5 neither may wee thinke it un-* polfible but that wee as well as any body elfe can attaine to it ^ and although the higheft ftep of perfection were de- nied us^yet are they likelyer to lift themfelves up higher whorefblvetoftrive'and to take paines, then filch as ap the firft beginning are driven backe by a faint-hearted de? * Or at . injilu fpaire : an op en field is fitter for Art> faith gtdntilianj * the* Lib, V, cap. a firaigfa foot-path .'fioeefhouldnot be colle&edout of narrow *#• pipes 3 as fount aines ufually are 5 but rather over-flow e whol$ valleys ^after the manner of broad rivers 3 making herfelfe a way where fie findeth none : for what is there toon miferabl% then to be alwayes tied to a fit kivdc of imitation ^ even as chit* drcn doe follow the preferred Letters jf a right Artificer muff therefore banifh all unfeafonable feare 3 and goe on ftoutljf F , in his worke : a fur e way , deferveth to bee commended only • tihromm,' ' ^^ p to tarc hi * what on the contrary runneth hazard > H more* ofV A I N T I N G. 41 moreover admired : the younger Plinius fpeaketh of this point more at large : a great many Arts, laith hee, * are moft * t$>* IX, of all commended for things dangerous :fo do we daily fee what 'ftf* 2 ®* great flouting rope-dauncers put jpetfatours to 3 when they handfomly recover themfelves after aperillousfiaggcring and reeling : whatfoever isfubjeB to many dangers 9 andyet fcapeth beyond expectation , feemethalwayes to deferve admiration : fo hath not the vertue of a pilot an equal/ efteem^wfon hee fai- leth in a calme* and in a boifterousfea : then } being admired by no body < y hee putteth into the haven without praife or glorie : but when the wind-ftakgn ropes rumble and ruftle, when tide mafl bendeth) when thefterne groaneth, then is he extolled and judged to come neere the Gods ofthefea, §. 1 1 . Although now in the former exhortations wee haveftudied to bring the Artificers to a forward and ge- nerous boldnerTe , it is for all that required here, that great witts (hould moderate (bmthing the hot furie of their fi- ne fpirits^ feeing young beginners verie often are ib ta- ken up with the love of their Imaginations, that they en- tertaine them with greater delight then judgement.- the xoitts now a dates ^ faith Dyonyfius Longimts 9 * runne cory- * D* JhM* 1 ** bant-like madie after all kjndofnew-fangled conceits: for of oratw " e A4' whom wee have the beft things ' , theworft alfo love moft com- monly to be brought forth by them : and this is doubtlefle the true reafbn why meane and ordinary witts doe very often follow their intended purpofes with a great deal of con- francie :, feeing they are not fb eafiiy drawne afide by the fweet tickling of agy fiidden and unexpected Imagination: thusfalleth it out > faith Seneca^ * that hard-favour^ ill- *ub.H.i countenanced damfels are very often chafte and l undefikd\ not trov.u fo much for lackjrfwill) as for want of a corrupter :h isiike^ wifeagoodobfervation the fame authonr maketh elfe- G where, 42 The ancient Art * In preee- wne te> * that namely /**/ an infallible marks of an excel- mioiecmdi &** ***) n0t to & s carried awayfo much by the goodnejfe of it> Con trov. as to ufe it amijfe. §. 12. An Artificer therefbreisto take good heed that he doe not by a malepart wantonnefleof his vainly con- ceited wit dcvife all kind of monftrous and prodigious Ima- ges of things not knowne in nature $ for it fitteth him bet- *T>t co?jfciib, ter to have his mi»dt. t as hucian (peaketh, * like unto ap*re 3 biftorti. bright k-ok$ng-gla(Je , the which alfo being of an accurat cen- ter foemth tlie true images of things even as it recerveth them, not admitting any diflorted^ falfe-coloured , otherwife fhaped figures : whatsoever then hath been fpoken in the former, and alfb in this prefent chapter, about the ratting of our thoughts and conceits 3 may not be underftood of all forts of idle and giddie-headed Imaginations 3 but only of fuch Phantafies as are grounded upon the true nature of things : * ApudXen. the 4rt of Painting, hhh Socrates, * is a refemhling of vi- lib. 111. Ap- Jible things : neither doth our Imitation at any time faften pomnem, upon things invifible, but ( as it hath been (aid before) with a relation to what is really exifting and vifible : the * Lih 1 V auncients^ faith Vitruviuf, * did judge that fuch things could cap.*. notberefembledwithanyfhewoftruth, which w ere dif agree- ingfrom the true nature of things • for they were wont to draw every thing to the perfeUion of their workgs out of one or other undeniable propertie of 'Nature-^ approving only of fuch Images as after a ripe debate were found to admit an explication con- fenting with Nature : the fame Author hath prefJed this ve- ry point in another place with a great deal more eameft- * Lib VII nc ^' *** *^ e p *& Hre he ** image , faith hee , * of a thing csp. 5. &** **-> or at leaft can bee ^ of a man namely > y of a houfe , of a fhippe, and fuch lik§ things , out of who fe limit edjhapes our Imitation proponndeth it felfe an example ; the auncknts there- o/ Painting. 43 therefore were wont to adorne fuch parlours as were for the fpring andharveft time, fuch porches alfo and long entries as weref or Summer, with aliunde ofPi&ures drawne out ofth certaine truth of things naturalL But t/jofe examples taken by the Ancients out of true things ^are now by reafon of our corrupt manners utterly difliked : feeing in our plaifterings there are rather monfterspaintedy then any certaine images of limited things ; andyet doe not men, when they fee fuch falfe things, re- buk§them, but they doe much more ta%e delight in them : nei- ther doe they marine whether any fuch thing can be, or not: the weak&effe of their judgement liath fo darkenedi 'heir wits, that they cannot examine what the author itie and reafon ofdecencie demandeth : for fuch Pi&ures are not to be liked, as doe not re- femble the truth : and if they are made neat and fine by Art,yet muft wee not inftantly approve ofthem^ unlejfe wee doefinde in them fome certaine kinde of arguments fee from all offence* Now as the Artificer may not abulethe libertie of his Ima- ginations, by turning it unto a licentious boldnefle of fan- cying things abhorring from Nature $ (b muft alio aright lover of Art preferre aplaine and honeft worke agreeing with Nature before any other phantaftically capricious de- vices. Plutarch h ath very well obferved this 5 There are ma- ny at Rome, fay th he *, which doe nothing at all care for good * D* Curio fi- PiUures and Statues, but a man mayfinde them alwayes upon tatt * the monger-market, where they ft and and ft are upon fuch mai- med creatures as want either legges or armes,as have three eyes or heads of Oft riches ^and 'ij -there be any other hideous deteftable deformitie : but although at thefirft thyfeeme very much to be taken with fuch kindoffpe&acles$et will they foone have their fill on them, yea they will loath them, if you bring them often before their eyes. §15. It is then a very grofle errour to deeme with the G 2 vulgar 44 * J)ivm. hi" fit. lib. I. cap. i r. The Art vulgar fort that Painters as well as Poets have an unlimited libertie of deviling ^ for if we doe but marke what Horace telleth us in the firft entrance of his booke written about the Poetical! Art, wee (hall confeffe that neither Poets nor Painters may take mch a libertie as to ftufFe up their workes with all kind of frivolous and lying conceits. Ladtantim al- io hath obferved this point very well $ men doe not know, lay th he *, which be the meafxres of poeticall licence, and how farre we may give way to our fancies • feeing a true Poets part doth confift chiefly in this D ihat byfome crooked and wandering kjnde of conceit he doe decently turne the deeds of Gods and men into a fabulous tale :for to devife the whole related matter ; is the workg of an idle braine, and it becometh a lyar better then a Poet. The mention we made here of Poets and Painters, feemeth now to lead us to confider a little wherein they do chiefly agree^the more 3 becaule it is diffidently known that the Imaginative qualitie, of the which we have handled, is alike necefTary to them both. Thus doe we then in the next Chapter goe about this point : once for all admonifhing, that under the name o£Painters,a\[ fuch Artificers are com- pelled, as doe any manner of way pra&ile any of the other Arts of that nature.. < $ m # , 4t $ y ^^^^^ 4 r 4 , $4 , 4 , 4 , 4^4 , 4 i 4 , 4 i 4 i 4' 4?$ 4"$ ! r $ , 4"$ , 4^''4''4 , ^ , 4"l"i ;> c H A P. I V. * Pro Arcbia potta. *Deldololj- tria. LL Arts 3 faythTvllie*, that doe belong to bu- rn anitiejoave a common band^and are ally done to anoiher^as by a kind of parent age. Tertullian fpeaketh to the lame effect, when he layth * $ there is no Art y butfhee is th°. mother of another Art) oral kafl of a nigh kindred: feeing then that the con- nexion of P AINTI'NG. 45 nexion of the workc in hand enticeth us to prove the truth of theJe layings by a mutuall relation there is between Poe- Jte and Pi&nre } it followeth alfb that wee fhould propound fome properties of them both,out of which it might be per- ceived that they are very neere of the felfe fame narureJ Both doe follow a fecret inftinct of Nature : for we do dai- ly fee, that not Poets onely r but Painters alio are pollened with the love of thofe Arts,'not lb much by a fore-determi- ned advife, as by a blind fit of a molt violent and irrefiitible fu ry . A s for Poets , there is a God in u4^ lay th eb$t by whofe * Circa initU t offing of us we are enflamed : this fame forwardnejfe hat bin it *» Mri Sex- felfethe feeds of afacredminde. As for Painters, Nicophanes ^ F ^orxtm- had a mft forward mind &y th Plinie* and there are but a *Lil>.xxxv, few thtt may be compared with him in this. The fame A uthor nat. bifi. (peaking olvrotagenes, fay th againe in the £«me place, the ca P- l0 * firwardnes ofhkMnd,anda certain inclination orpronenejfe to the Arty have carried Protogenes to thefe thing*. And it is very aptly put in here,thata cerratne forward pronenefleto the Art made Protogenes fo excellent an Artificer $ feeing they do al waves with the greateft eafe and heft fuccefle ex- ercife an Art, who out of a free defire give themfelves fb readilv to it, that they cannot fb much as give an account ofthis fame moft forward defire. The Peripatetike Philo- fbphers feeme to have underftood this perfectly when they doe maintaine,that no body tan doe any thing neatly andfine- ly y unleffe he haih a 'very good mindeto it, layth Tnllie *. It is * jj^ j y^ required therefore 3 thatall fuch as would willingly attaine ThJc*L to thefe A rts, doe find in themfelves fome fwiftmotions of qurf. their wits and mmds,both qmcke to invent, and copious to exprelTe what is found : neither may we thinkethatthe firft beginnings' of the le A.rts proceed from Art, feeing itisa gift of Nature that any man findeth this fame aptneflTein G 3 hnr.fcifey 46 The ancient Art himielfe^tnd our cafcftandeth well enough, if Art can help - fuch tender feeds to a foil growth 5 for that Art (hould in- fufe them into us, is altogether unpofiible. Out of this ob- fervation there doth arife a queftion propounded and an- (wered by Horace: it hath been very much queftioned 9 feyth * De . , he *> whether Nature or Art doth accomplifh a Poeme. J can- potnea. no ^ j ee ^ at ^ e ^ e f ^ re ^ fojfxjj without a rich veine y or elfi in a rude wit $ Jo doth one of thefe two alwayes require the 0- thers helpe, and they doe both very lovingly confpire. guintili- an doth both propound and anlwer the fame queftion more * Om.injtit. at large 5 J doe know well enough, % th he *, that many ufeto tib.lLc.19. asfy; here whether Art receiveth more helpe of Nature or of Do- ctrine ■: the which although it be not much appertaining to our purpofi, feeing a campleat Artificer cannot be made without both ;yet doe I take it to be a great matter how the queftion is propounded :for if you divide the one from either of both parts, Nature can doe much without Do&rine, where Dotfrine on the contrary cannot be without Nature: but if there be an e quail meeting of them bothjfojfjall I thinks that, both being but rea- finable. Nature is yet of greater moment^ and that accurate Artificers notwithstanding owe more unto Doti rim then unto Nature : the befl husbandman can doe no good upon a dry and barren ground^ out of a ranckjground willfometking grow up^ though no body doth till it $ butinafertillgroundfhall the la- borious husbandman prevaile a great deal more then the good- nejfe oftfo ground itfelfe : and //Traxiteles had endeavoured to carve an image out of a mill-ftone, I had rather have a good piece of rough Parian Marble J hen fuch an halfe-finifhedwork: but if the Artificer hadaccompliJhedit,lfhould more efteeme in that fame works the Art of his hands, then the coftlineffe of the Marble. Compare therefore Nature with the materially and Art with Do&rine : the one doth works, the other is wrought upon : Art of P A I N T I N G. 47 Art can doe nothingwiihout the materially whereas the mate* riall without Art hath her own worthineffe.So is then the high* eft Art together with the be ft materiall to be de fired. Tfk(e words of g^int Man (hould content us here, if the fame judicious Writer did not urge in another place a point more to be marked $ for feeing that in the workes of excel- lent Artificers, their decent Grace is moft of all to be had in admiration,fo are we moreover in this (ame Grace toad- mire a great difference ofNaxarcsiThere is in this pint fame hidden and unbeatable reafonfiy th guintilian * 3 and as it is * S*b fnem truely fayd^that it is the principal point in Art to be comely in ^-tiundc- what we doe-Jo can this comelinejsfor all that not be had with- c . 1 ™* orat * cut Art, neither can it altogether be procured by Art : in fame m J lH ' Artificers vertues are notpleafing ^ infome on the contrary vi- ces themfelves are grace^ull. Wee have feene Demetrius and Stratocles, great aUors of 'Comedies , how they were liked for feverall vertues. tut this was not fa wonderfully thai the one bpew better how to a& Gods, modeft young men, good fat tiers, fiber fervants, grave matrones and old women: the other got greater commendations by atfingftarpe old me*> Jhrewd fer- vants^ insinuating parafites^ wily bawdes 1 and all fuch parts as did require fo me noife and ftirre: this then was notfoft^ange I fay-, feeing Demetrius hadalfi afweeter voice,whereas Stra- tocles his voice was more vehement. Such properties are more to be noted in them^ as could not be tranffe>red from ihe one to the othef. Tt became Demetrius exceedingwetl to threw his hands,to prolo ngfweet exclamations in the behalf e of the thea- ter, to fill up his garment with the winde gathered by his flir- ting, to make fome gefures with his right fide \for he had in all this the advantage ofhis flature^ and of a wonderfullfeature r hut Stratocles rvas admired For his runuing.forhisnimblenes^ for the pulling in of his neck^for laughing fometimes more then eccajionr 4§ The ancient Art occafwns of the fart heplayed did require feeing he did this al- fo togratifie the people, as knowing well enough how the vulgar fortwastakenwithit; and //Demetrius had gone about any fuch thing, it wouldhave made a moft iU-favouredfliewWher- fore let every one kftcw hip;felfe 5 and let him then deliberate a~ hut the framing of his n>orkg % not onely with the common pre- cepts of Art > but alfo with his owne nature : neither is it for all that impoffibk,but that a man may doe all things or at leaft the greatefipart of them after a decent manner. Ash is then mani- feft that every Artificer hath a peculiar Grace in his works, agreeing with theconftitutionof his nature 5 fbmay wee further out ofguintilians words draw this conclufion 3 that we are not inftantly to condemn e every Artificer that fee* meth to follow another way then fuch an one we doe de- light in ^ for it may very well be, that feverall Matters in the feverall waves their owne nature leadeth them to, fhoulc not mifle for all that the Grace they doe aime at Jn my opini- * Lib. UI.de on^ fayth Tullie *, there k no kinde of nature, but wee fh all ob- Oratore. ferve many things in the fame, the which though they' differ vei ry much 9 yet are they alikp praife-wortfy. There if but one Art of rafting in Braffe, in the which Myro, Polycletus, Lyftppus have been excellent 5 and although the dne did very much differ from the ether yet xvouldyou not have wijhed that any one of them Jhould have differed from him felfe. There is but one Art & way ofPaintrng,in the which although Zeuxis, Aglaophon ) A pe\\€S,differ very muchyet is there none among them all thai feemeth to lachg any Art. A s for the particular nature of tta Artificers, it hath ever been fb, that the livelinefTe ofgreai fpirits cannot containe it felfe within thecompafle of an or- dinary practice, but it will alwayes iflue forth, whileft eve-j ry one doth moit readily exprefle in his workes the inwarc motions of his moft forward minde: fbdoe we alfo findc th; ofP A I N T I N G. 49 that the braveftArtifts have fpent their labour moft prof- peroufly about fuch things as they did much delight in by a violent driving of their paffion 3 or elfe by a quiet gui- ding of their Nature. Paujias, being exceedingly in love v/ithhis countrey- woman Glycera^ left a moft famous Pi&ure^ knowne every where by the vamtoisuphanoplo- cos } that is, a woman Garland-maker $ and this hath ever been efteemed his beftworke, becaufehee was enforced thereunto by the extremitie of his Paffion. ?//#./#. xxi. ttat. hifi. cap. 2 . Androcydes got a great deal of credit by thelivelie fimilitude of the fifties painted round about ScyUa^ but feeing he was a great devourer of fifh, it hath been alio thejudgementofthefe times in the which hee li- ved, that his untenable and greedy longing after fifh did helpehimno lefle then any great Art he had. Plutarch Sympof. lib.™, qu£ft.2. as Parrhafius did profefle by the whole courfeofhis life j that hee was mightily given to fumptuous cloathes and luftfull pleafares., (b were there al- fb in his works evident markes of fuch a wanton luxurious mind to bee feen : witneneth that fame bale piece of worke mentioned by Suetonius in the life of Tiberius*. Wee *C a p- 44. could relate here many more examples of excellent work- manfhip , in the which luft might feem to have had a hand as well as fkill $ if wee did not flatten to the confederation of fuch propel ties in feverall artificers, as arofe out of a well-ordered inclination of their mindes to one or other fpeciall way and manner of Art : leaving therefore the ma- nifold effects of inordinate lufts 3 wee (hall infill: only upon the fol lowing examples. • Although Callicks was renowned for little Pi&ures that did not exceed the bignesof 4. fingers,yet could hee never reach the height dtEupbranor. Varro de vita populi Komani. H ijft. 5° The ancient Art Lyfippvs is moft of all to be commended for fine 8c queint workmanfhip^ feeing heeobferved in the lead things a cerraine kind of flibtiltie. Vilnius vat. hift. lib. xxxiv, cap. 8. Polycletus had this propertie , that his ftatues moft commonly did ftand upon one legge, Pi fa. xxxiv.,8. Apdks had a certaine grace of Art proper unto him- felfe alone, to the which never any other Artificer at- tained. JV/#.xxxv.>io. Theosamius did ex cell in the conceiving of. virions, the which are called phantafies. guintiL orat. infttt. Nk xYl capAC. Dioayfius painted nothing elfe but men * and for this reafbn hce was called dnthropographvf. Plin. XXXV; 10. Zevxis did furpafTe all other Artificers when it came to the picture of bodies of women. Cicero lib. n.deln- ventione. VolygHotus hath moft rarely expreffed the affe&ions and paffions of man. Atiftot.de Art. poetica. ■ Antimachu* and Athenodorus made Noble women. ApeU les made women devoutly praying. Plm. xxxiv, 8. Hicias hath moft diligently painted women : all crea- tures that walke upon foure feet are attributed unto him 5 yet hath hee moft profperoufly expreffed dogges. Tlfn.xxxVjti. Calamk made chariots drawne with foure or two horfes^ thehorfes were done fb exactly that there was no place left for emulation. Propertius lib. u'^Eleg. 8. Plin. xxxiv 3 8. Euphranor ieemeth fir ft of all to have exprefled the dig- nities and markes of Heroicali perfbns, faith flinh \ xxxv 3 1 1 . ob- of P AINTING. 51 jr. obferve herein the mean time, that thefe Worthies or Her oicall perfbns were wont to wearefkinnes ofwilde beafts ^ fee the old Scholiaft upon Apollonins Rhodius : * Statins Papiniusdoth attribute a Lions fkinne unto Ty- +., e Cmi ^^andawildBoaresikmneuntoP^/^/^ fee him lib. ^.likl, 1. Thebaid.verfiyj. yet becaufe Hercules among all the Argonaut*. other Worthies was mod frequently made in a Lions fkin, hence it is., that Tertullian * calleth him Scytalofagittipel- " //g% not onely for bearing a club and arrowes, but alfo for wearing of the fkinne. Hercules is made in a Lions sh^me, faith Feftus , /to we# might be put in mind of the ancient ha- bit ;obfevve moreover that the ancient Worthies were moft commonly painted bare- footed \p ant ofles, flippers, patens ,faith Philoftratus*areforfick andoldfolkes. Philo&e- * j«

faith Valerius^ * becaufe he had fomtimes ufdit, * Lib' III, Apolloiorus^Androbulus^Afclepiodarus^Akvas have pain- ca P*6* ted Philofbphers. Pli». xxxiv, 8. and in their Pictures they took alwayes fpeciall care that every one ofthefe Phi- tofbphersmightbedifcernedbyhis proper marke : m the Areopagetick^fchooleS) and in the Councell^houfe 3 faith Sido- nius Apollinaris, * there are painted Zeuftppus with a crooked * jjy m j% necke , Aratm wi'h a necke bowed downward Zenowithd epift. o. wrlnckled forhead) Epicurus with afmooth skinne, Diogenes H 2 with 52 Tbe Art mth a hairie rough beard^ocrates with whitijh bright haire> Ariflotlewith a fl retched out arme^Xenocrates mth a leg fom~ what gathered up ^Heraclitus with his eyes ffmt for crying^ De- mocritus mth his lips opened for laughing^Chryfippus mth his fingers preffed clofe together , for thefignification of number s^ Euclides with his fingers put ajfunder for the (pace of mea- fures , Cleanthes mth Ids fingers for both re ifons gnawne a- bout. Arefiodemus made wreftlers. Plin. xxxiv, 8. Seapion painted Scenes beft of all. iV/^.xxxv, i o. Calaces got himfelfe a great name by making of little comicall pi&ures. Plin* xxxv, i o. Pyreicus^ although he was in his Art inferiour to none, yet hath hee painted nothing but harbours and coblers (hops. />/«*. xxxv,io- Ludio did in the timeof Auguftus firft of all infttute the moftpleafant painting of walls with rarme-houfes, galle- ries, arbors , confecrated groves, forrefts, hillocks, fifh- pondsj inlets of waters, rivers , and upon their banks hec was wont to paint fuch things as heart could wifh} as name- ly,di vers companies ofthem that did walke at the river fide, or goe in boats , or elfedid ride to their countrie-houfes with little affes or with carts : (bme (pent their time in (idl- ing, fowling, hunting, gathering of grapes for the prefle : there were alfo in his Pictures farme-houfes notable for a moorifh comming to, and men ready to flippe whileft they carried upon their, (houlders fearfully fhrieking wo- men, with many more wittie and merrie conceits of that nature. This (ame Ludio hath alfb firft oPalf devifed to paint (ea-Cities in open galleries, making a very fine and uncoftly (hew. Plin. xxxv, i o. ^. 2. Both bufie themfelves about the imitation of all fotts ofV AINTIN6. 53 (brts of things and a&ions : we fee it daily how Poets and Painters do with a bold hand defcribe not oneJy the fhapes of their deviled Gods 5 demi-gods, Worthies, other ordina- ry men, but they ftrive alfo by amutnall emulation to (et forth the manifold aftionsofmen: they doe reprefent the lafcivious mirth of banquets,the toilefome pleafure of hun- ting, the bloudy outragiouftefle of fighting,theunevitable horror of fhip- wrack, the lamentable and rufull (lut^feics of them that lie chained up in the deep night of a cHEdly dungeon. As for the Poets a\one>Poejiefayth*Hermogenes, * Lib. II d* is animitation of all kindeoftlnngs .* and he is the befl Poet, Idas,?. 10. that can with a ready and full utterance of words imitate fpea- king Orators^ finging Muficians^ with all other perfons and things.Ot Poets and Painters both together are the follow- ing words of Philoflratus*^ Who foever doth not embrace Pi- * Inprocemh Bure^ fay th he, wrongeth the truths he wrongeth alfo the wife- lconum. domeoftheVoets ^ feeing both are a li^e bujte about the 'ft hapes anddeedscftke Worthies. Dio Chryfoflomus fpeaketh like- wife of both together ^ Painters and Carvers^ fayth hfc*> *Orat. XII. when they were to refemble the Gods departed not one inch from the Poets : not onely tojhunthepunijhm *nt offenders in fuch a kinde undergoes but aljo becaufe they f aw themselves prevented bythe"Poets and that now the manner of Images made after their conceit went currant -, as being upholden by antiauitie: neither would they feeme to be trouble fome and imp leaf ant by lying novelties ^but they have for the mofipart made their Ima- ges after the example of Poets : Sometimes for all that have they added one or other thing of their ownjrof effing themfelvet to have an emulation with Poets about the fame Art of imita- tion^ endeavouriKgtikgmfe to 'ay open before the eyes of more And poorer fyeft at ors^ what Poets have plainly rehesrfedto the tares of men. h lthough now the words oiPhilofratus and H'3 Dm 54 The ancient Art Dio Chryfoflomtts may ferve us for a fufficient proofe of that fame great affinitie there is betwixt Painting and Poe'/ie, yefchath Simonides expounded this point fbmewhat ntatlier when he affirmeth that Viciure is ajrlent Poefcytf Poefie k afpealyng Picture .• andupon occafion o thefe words (ay th * $ellotie an Plutarch *, the things represented by Painters as ifihywere as pace chrio- ^ adoing before our eyesore propounded by Orators as done ai- res fuerint rea jA^r ee ^g a if that Painters doe expreffe w ith colours what Athemenjes. yfljfi s dQ( . ^fa-ifo ^ t / } wor ^ s . fi j, ~ lt t ] m t f dey J oe b ut fcf. fer in the matter and manner of Imitation, having boJthjt.he fame end: and he k the heft Hiftorian that can adorve hk Nar- ration withfuch forcible figures and lively colours ofRheto- rikgiOStomakettlilteuntoati&ure, • , ^ 3. Both doe wind themfelves by an unfenfible delight ofadmirationfoclofely into our hearts., that they make us in fuch an aftonifhment of wonder to frare upon the Imita- tion of things natural^ as if we faw the true things them- fel ves • in fb much that we doe not love, though we finde our felves mif-led., to have this our joy interrupted^ut we doe rather entertaine it with all poffible care and ftudie. It would be an eafie matter to fhew this m all kinde of Poets, if Comicali and Tragicall poefie did notyeeld us a fufficient proofe of the certaintie of this point: for what are Comedies * Comment, elfe, fay thone *., but an Image of the life of man it of Trage-* vetwinHo- dies doth G^g^/ alfb fay very properly % that they are a rat. dt '™*e. fende of deceit^ by which the deceiver k more juft then he that b- "le ^ 0t ^ no * "fefah deceit ^ and the deceived likewife is ppifer then Poetis and. fa f ^ at * s not deceived. Of the fweet allurements ofPi&ure, and how we fuffer our hearts wittingly and willingly to be feduced and beguiled by the fame, many examples might be alleadged hereof it were not generally knowne that a good Pidure is nothing elfeinitfelfebutadelufionofour eyes. This of Pain t in g. ^5 This deceit fay th. Philoftratus*^ as it ispleafant^fo doth it not * Phihftr.ju- deferve the leaft reproach: for to befopojfejfedwith things that nio '\ in P ro " are not^ as if they were 5 and to befo led with them^ arthat wee {£mi ° Ico " ( without fuffermg dny hurt by them^fwuldthink^them to be ^ mm * cannot but be proper for the reviving of our minde^ and wit hall free from all manner of blame. The reafon* why we doe fo much delight ft the falfefimilitude of natural! things, is fee downe by Diogenes Laertius: The Cyrenaik^Philofophers af- firme fay th he * J hat plea fur es are not engendredin our hearts * Lib. 1 1. in by the bare feeing and hearing of things: and that we love there- ^ ri MP°* fore to heart the outcries and doleful I how lings done in Imita- tion of a mofl heavie griefc • where on the tontr arte wee doe de- teftfhe fruegronesofa moumfullhart. If any one defirech further opening in this point 3 let him read in Plutarch a ve- y faire paflage concerning this matter ; as it is (et downe by that learned Authqr^Sympof. lib. fc, problem. 1 . '§ 4. Both doe hold the wines of our hearcs 3 leading and guiding our Paflions by that beguiling power they have, whitherfbever they lift. Of the Poets fayth Horace * 3 it fee- * i .' * ! ' meth to me that fuch a Poet is mofl like to walkg upon a ft ret- M ' x * eked out rope^tJx which doth torment and 'vex my thoughts a- bout matters of nothings in c haunterlike angring : tppeafing^ tind terrifying me with idle fares • conveying and at his plea- lure transporting me fometimes to Thebes, fometimes to A- :hens. Saint # fuch a thing might feeme to have been done-^ if by chance any om filler o/P A I N T I N G. 57 filled with unlaw full hopes might Mnk$ in innocence bf his eyes when he Jh all fee the monuments of thefe our times. It is well (aid of Pacatus^ that by looking upon fuch a pi&ure ambitious men might through their eyes drinkg in innocence 5 for Seneca doth molt truely affirme * 3 that a horrible pitfure * ***• H' ^ of the fad event of j uft pimifhments doth very much move and lra * Cd r 2% trouble our minds.-neither doth the pi&ure of a juft revenge onely touch our hearts, but many other kindes bf pictures will alio fearch them after a moft (iidden and unexpected manner : witnefle that perplexitie Alexanderthe Great was in * when at Ephefus he met by chance with a picture of the * Tbothu in falfly accufed and wrongfully executed Valamedesi for upon e * ce j1? tu . ** the fight of fiich a picture it was not in his power to refift, J^X^ fZ but Ariflonicus would run into his troubled mind, as being a or ti. likewife falfly and unjuftly put to death. Saint Gregory Nyfi fen after an ample and moft patheticall relation of Ifaac his facrifice, hath added thefe words 5 Jfaw often in a pi&ure 7 (ay th he *, the image ofthisfaft^ neither could 1 lobkg upon ft * In oratione without tearesj fo lively did Art put th hiftorie before my eyes. deDeitateFi- Valerius Maximus having (poke of thepjetie ofPero to- li *& s W at * m wards her old decrepit father^ whom fhee entring into pri- u (on fuckled with her own breft , addeth thefe words -*, men * Lib.V. c.4. are driven into a dump^ when their eyes doe behold the painted cx ' ext * l% image of this faff, renewing the condition of the old adventure by an admiration of thk pre fent fpe&acle^ and bekeving that in thefe filent lineaments of members thy doe fie living and breathing bodies. There was at Athens an unthrifty and riotous young man, named Polemo, iayth the fame Valerius *, who did not one- *Lw.VI.c. 9 ly take his delight in the flickering enticements of lu(r,btit cx * €Xt ' u he did glory alio in the infamie that followed fuch a luxu- rious and wanton courfe of life: this fame Polemo ashe went I home- 5* The ancient Art hoto^^4mromingfr<^a4nnk-feaft,arid that not at the fettjBg, but arthediing of the Sunne, (mX^mc rates the EhiJofopher his doore open : and though he was deepe in drifikevWinearcclwkhoyntm.entSj having his head befet withgarJand5»dad in a thin and (oft garment, yet did not he fticke to enter into the Philosophers fchoplCj that was fil- led with a multitude of learned men : neither contenting himlelfc with fuch a fonie entrance, he fate downe alfb, to theen<^thach^raight mocke that fame rare eloquence arid the moil wift Precepts, with the fbttifh fopperies of drun- kennefle. Wherefore when there arofe, as it was meet there fbould, a great chafing and fuming of all them that were ipreCznt^X execrates changed his countenance nothing at zWy but leaving the things in hand, he began to make his di£- courfe of modeftie and temperance 3 to that Pokmo, forced by the weigh tinefle of his fpeech, could not but recall him- felfe by little and litde • for he firft threw the garlands away • having pulled them from his head, he afterwards drew his hand within his mantle,and in procefle of time he quite left thecheerfulnes of a banquetting countenance,till at length having put away all his luxury,& being cured by the whol* ibme phyficke of one difcourfe,he became a very great phi- lofbpher out of a fbamefully deboift ruffian. In this relati- on Valerius maketh of the changed Polemo, it might ieeme wonderfull that he could fo quickly leave the cheerful- nefle of his banquetting countenance, if it had not been noted in this change of his by Nazianzem that there did al- waves afterwards appeare in his face fuch a reverent (hew of gravitie, that a naughty-packeby the fight of his piclure onely hath beene touched to the quicke, giving over her *Carm.Umb l ewa * and wanton pleasures. A diflblute young man, fayth XVIUtfHod Na*,ia0ze»e*,h3id appointed a quean to come to his houfe ^ eftdtvirtutt. but •/ Pa I NT I N,(/*• 4*« fiethediflribntingofagloriotfsrenovpne. Osw/likewife fpea- king of the lame, cloathes doe vpeare outfiy th he*., jewels da? * Amort lib. I breake ^ hut the fame Poefiegiveth m flail be of a perpetual/ Ekg. ro. durance. And again e 3 vertue is prorogated by Po'ejk, foyth he * 3 neither needs itfeare the fepnlcher, having once deferred * Lib. IV.de thememorie oflatepofterities. Gods alfo^ if we might fay H fonto i E- are made by Pocfie, andfuch a majefiiejiandeth in need of a fn^ k & 8 * ger. Of the Painters fayth Latinos Pacatus*, the Artificers * InFanegr* are next unto the Poets allotted to give an everlafiing fame. ™°* P/MvVdothfpeake in the like manner of the Art of feti- tingyitistobewondredinthisArt^kythh?*, thatfiefrlmh *Lib.xxxiv. made famous men more famous. Ovid goeth fornewhat for- nat.biJL ther, ifApelles had not painted Venus for th Inhabitants of ca P- 8 - Coos y fayth he *,fieefiovld as yet He drowned under the Sea- *Lib. Ill water, the EmptrotitAugufius fattened into the Wall of JeArtc theCouncell-hcufeat Rome a piJtiire done by PhilbcMvs • the admirat ion oftftat fame piece did chiefly confift in that wonderfull fimilitude which was between a young tripling and his old Father $• for they were fo like one another, the difference of their age for all that remaining,as h coutcf hot bepoflible to imagine a neerer fimilitude between father 2nd fbnne. So k thn the power of this fame Art exceeding * Lib. xxxv. gre#t 9 faythPlivie*,thougk*>ee doe buteaflour eyes uponthh naU hl P- 6o The ancient Art one piece one ly :for by Philochares his means doth both the Se- nate and 'the people of \\.ome look? fo many ages upon Glaucio 4nd hisfonne Ariftippus^&e which elfe would have been a moffl ignoble and obf cure couple* § 6. Both are moft of all advanced by the ready help of a ftrong and well-exercifed Imagination : the Art ofPainthg, * Inptoamh fay th the younger Philoftratus*^ found to be a kin to Poejie$ Iconum, feeing both do therein agree, that an well the one as the other re- quireth a forward Phantafie.The Poets bring the pre fence of the Gods upon afiage y and allrrhat is pomp ous^grave^and delight- full. The Painters likewife doe dtjigne as many things upon a boord, as the Poets pojpbly can utter. So doth then the Art of fainting as well as Poefie relie upon a generous and bold ftrength of Imagination, (b that they will no more creepe and erawle tofeele and tofollow the fteppes of them that are gone before, but they take upon themfelves to trie it fbmewhat further, if by chance they might be efteemed worthy to lead others the way. The Poets impelled by the fudden heate of a thoroughly ftirred Phantafie, or rather tranlported asbyapropheticalltraunce, doe cleerely be- hold the round rings of prettily dancing Nymphs,together with the ambufhes of lurking lecherous Satyrs : they fee all kinde of armour and unbridled horfes with their tofled and tottered waggons^the fhape of one or other God doth fbm- times runne in their minde, yea they doe very often efpie the fhaky-headed Furies tearing their own heads and thru- fting a hand-full ofhiflingfcrpents into the faces of ill-min- ded bloud-thirftie men. The Poeticall phantafies, faythone * In Erotico * n p ^ utarc ^ *> in f e g a ^ of their per fpicuitie^ are like dreames ' ofthem that are awake. WithfWArhowfbeverfbkis, that their mindsbeing once in agitation cannot containe them- felves any longer, but out it muft whatfbever they have con- ceived 5 of Pa INTING, 6l ceived^itisnotpoffibleforthemtoreftj untill they have ealed their free fpirit of fuch a burden, powring out the rulnefle of their jolly conceits by ftrange fetches of by- way es, by the unexpected miniftery of a favourable God, and a thonfand other fabulous inventions.When Ovid doth *defcribethat lame temerary ladde that foolifhly longed to ' tread upon his Fathers fiery chariot, would you not thinke then that the Poet ftepping with Phaeton upon the waggon hatlfnoted from the beginning to the end every particular accident which could fallout in fiich a horrible confufion > neither could he ever have conceived the leaft fhadowof this dangerous enterprife, if he had not been as if it were, prefent with the unfortunate youth : he beholdeth firft the impatient horfes (handing as yet within the barres, how by treading and trampling they dolpend before the race thou- fend and thoufand fteppes to no purpofe : afterwards doth he fee the vaine {tripling skip upon the waggon, and with a brave undaunted looke drive on, till the fierce winged ^ beads perceiving the impotency of their new Mafter throw hhe unexperienced waggoner headlong downe with wag- : gon and all.But feeing it would be a very hard tafke for me, yea and too much arrogancy in me that I mould ftrive to \ expreffe any part of the abundance of conceit the ancient , Poets had, I muft needs remit the ftudious Reader to Ovid himfel% for whofbever doth but marke how Ovid goeth a- *' bout the fable of 'Phaeton, and how other Poets likewife do handle other matters in that kinde, he (hall queftionleffe 'both withpleafure and profit underftand what vehement and fenfible Imaginations they have followed 5 and that without fuch a force of phantafie the wholelabour of their braines will be but a heavie, dull, and life-lefle piece of ' worke. Painters in like manner doe fall to their workc I 3 invited 62 The ancient Art invited and dravvne on by the tickling pleafure of cheii nimble Imaginations ^ for lighting upon fome Poetical or Hiftoricail argument, (bmetimes affo upon an inv«n* tion wrought out by their owne Phantafie , they doe firfi: of all pafle over every circumftance o.f the mattei in hand, confidering it ferioufly, as if they were pre^ fent at the doing 3 or iaw it acted before their eyes I whereupon feeling themfelves well rilled with a quick anc lively imagination of the whole worke, they makefcafte to eafe their overcharged brain es by a fpeedie pourtraying of the conceit. It is then in vaine an Artificer fhould hope to be both powerfull and perfpicuous , unleffe he dod alwayes propound unto himfelfe the worke in hand as if al| were prefenr 3 and that principally when he is to exprefte any thing wherein he meeteth with fbme notable Affecti- ons and Paflions of the minde : for feeing that thefe arefome* times true^fon^etimesfained 'and imitated, faith r # . • >r "H cap 2. ** me l ee m t" 6 Vtjjwtf of them that conceive anygneje, ot anger ^ or indignation $ but they want Art ^ and therefore an thejtobefajhiontdand direfted by difctyline : contraryvrift the Pajponf imitated have Art , but want nature ^ and them fire is it here a maim point , to have a true feeling of them, rightly to conceive the true images of things , and to be mcovea with them, as if they were rather true then imagined : (b an then thefe commotions of our mind by all means to b< drawne out of the truth of nature : and it ftandeth an Arti- ficer upon it, rather to trie all what may be tried 3 then tc marrethe vigorous force ofafrelh and warme Imaginatii onbyaflowandcoole manner of Imitation : the play ei Polus pra&ifed this in another occafion very fitly , for be- ing to aft at Athens a tragedie oisophocks^m the which he< fhoulc <>/ Pa j,n t i $ <5. 63 hould reprefent the diftrefled Zle&ra, as ihee was carrying inanurue the dead bones of her brother Qrefies^whom Piefuppoiedtobc departed $ he deviled how to fill the theater, not with an affe&atjon of weeping and wailing, but withjtrue and naturall teares^ for havingdigged up the fconesofadeare Tonne of his that was lately dead^ md jringing them upon the ftage in ftead Qfynfies his bones, hee found himfelfe forced to pjay theoiourner after a moft con,p!eie and lively manner. Agell#o&. Attk4ibm\s,ap.%. 5fetmuft not the Artificers here give too much icope to their own wittes^but make with Dionyfas Longims * lome * -^ n^n^ difference between the Imaginations of Poets that doe in- ratiw §.2. .tendonely an aftoniJJoed admiration , and of Painters that Jiave no o ther end but Perfpicuitie, Wherefore faith the fame author in another place, * what the Po°ts conceive tj hath * §• 1 3* fnoffl commonly a more fabulous excellence and altogether f»r- ptjfiug the truth $ but in thephantafies of Painters 3 nothing if fo commendable as that there is both pofflbilitie and truth in them. Seeing then it hath been proved in our former di£ courle, that not Poets only 3 but Painters alio receive great fcenefit by a continuall exercife of their Phantafie, it may like wife be gathered from thence what need both have t® cherilh (uch a good and truftie nourfe of -profitable con- ceits : for although it be a very hard things faith Dh Chryfoflo- fttus * 3 yet is it very often required that the fame image Jhould temaine in the minde of an Artificer ', and that fometimes for fttanyyeeres y untill the whole vcorkg be finifhed : Co may wee alio gather from thence the true reaton why Dionyf Longi* fius affirming * that Perfpicuitie is the chiefeft thing our * $ ,, Phantafie aimethat, doth furthermore addc 3 that Art by jlhehelpeofthat fame Perfpicuitie doth feeme to obtains eafilyofamanwhatfheeforcethhimto^ and though fhee doth 64 The ancient Art dothravifh the minds and hearts of them that view he workes, yet doe they not feel themfelves violently earn ed away, but thinke themfelves gently led to the liking o what they fee : neither can it bee otherwife : for as the Ar tificers that doe goe about their workes filled with an ima gination of the prefence of things^ leave in their workes certainefpiritdrawne and derived out of the contemplati on of things prefent $ fb is it hot poffible but that fame fpi rittransfufed into their workes, fhould likewife prevails with the fpe&atours., working in them the fame imprefliot of the prefence of things that was in the Artificers them felves. And this is queftionlefle that fame Perfpicuitie, th< brood and only daughter of Phantafie, fb highly commen ded by Lomimts ^ for whofbeverrheeteth with an eviden and clear fight of things prefent, muft needs bee mooved a w ith the prefence of things. Having now fpoken at large of the manifold fruits thi Artificers reape out of thecontinuall exercife of their Ima} ginative facultie 5 it remaineth that wee fhould fhew ho^ they have need to ftir up all the powers of fancie that are \t them^that would view the works of excellent matters witj the contentment of a found and well-grounded judgment. HAP. V. O man hath ever beene able to conceive thj miracles of thefe Arts that doe meddle witl the imitation of all things r; unletfe hee enjoyi inghis hearts eafe, hath likewife now and then holpen this fame delicate ftndie of a mofl bufie contemplation by the fecrefie of a retired and more fa litaric of P A I N T I N G. 65 litarie place. None are more curious then fuch as are at Id- fure y faith the younger Vlinius fa Po'efi? doth require retired- * Lih, 1 X. nefjcofibemiter andkifure % faith Ovid* : wee may adde C /*J\3 2 ' very well 3 that not Poetsonly 3 but fuch alfo as meane to * L * '.' reade Poets with good attention ; and fuch likewife as de- n * ' *^ % u fireto lobke upon choice Pi&ures, and excellent Statues with a found judgement ( to adde this fame propertie alio to the comparing of Poets and Painters handled immedi- ately before) have great need of retirednene : the multi- tudes, of neceffary duties and affaires doe witbdrawe and turn all men from the contemplation of fuch things , faith Pli- me* jb.ee aufe fuck anadmiration is onfy agyieabtewith lei* *Likxxxvi. fure and a great ftUneffe 0/jp/^^thercafonisathand., and tut. hlfiou may bedrawne out ofour former difcourfe, where we doe - cap.$. (hew that (blitary and filent places doe mightily helpe and notirifh our Phantafie, the only means Artificers doe. worke, and lovers of Art doe judge by : feeing alfo that a perfed and accurate admirer of A rr is firft to; con- ceive the true Images of things in his minde, and after- wards to applie the conceived Images to the examination of things imitated , it is cleare that neither of thefe can bee performed Without the Imaginative facultie, that likewife the framing and fafhioning of Imaged advanceth very lit- tle when it is every day interrupted by ordinary bufineffes and the noife of them that doe runne up and downe : wee fee therefore that many grave and ferious well-willers of Art, when they can obtain fome dayes free from importu- nate vifits, doe never leave to employ their fpare-times a- bout the concei vin g and gatherin g of moft abfolu te Ima- ges of things naturall. Phantafie } faith Michael Ephefius, * In Arijbu is life a regifier unto our minde: meeting then with one ™Memori* orothermafterpeece that feemeth to deferve their care re ™ ini f- K and 66 The ancient Art and confideration, they findalwayes in thisregifter of theirs a true Image of the thing imitated : fuck as dot con" template the worlds of the Art of painting? faith Apdlonius, * have great need of the imaginative facultie ^ for no body can with any good reafonyraife a painted horfe or bull, unlejj'e Ixe doe conceive that fame creature in his mind , whoje fimilitudc the Pi&nre doth expreffe. Although now the alledged rea- fondoth abcundantly commend retirednelTe unto them th.t would willingly fit themfelves to this exercife, yet is there another reafon alike important that doth perfwade us to the fjime ; for as Phyficians are not only to raarke ap- parant infirmities 3 r^ut they are alfo to find ou r fecret dik tempers, the nature of the dheafed being fo that they doe lometimes ftudie to hide them $ fo muft he that is to judge of Pictures efpie and fearch into many things that do not mew themfelves at the firft view t now it is moft certaine that.retiredneue'doth nbofbbf all'helpe our judgement^ and that our. Judgement in a multitude of lcokerson is very of- ten fhakcn and weakened by the favourable acclamations of them that praifeand extoli every indifferent worke^fee- ing weeareforiaetimes afhamed todilagree with them that very confidently pretend to know it better ^ whereas in the meane timefaultie things are moft liked • befides that flat- terers prahe alfo what riiey doe not like at all • perverfe judgements at laft will not commend what delerveth com- mendation. ■<■■ §. 2 . As manie therefore as refblve to follow this fame contemplation earneftly , doe fbmetimes purpofely take certaine Images of things conceived , and turne them ma- ny wayes, even as one lumpe of waxe nfeth to be wrought and altered into a hundred (everall fafhions ^nd fhapes: but principally do they labor to ftore up in their Phantafi> the of V A I N T I N a. 6j the moft compleat Images of beau tic. Such Artificers as worke in brafle and colours receive out. of the naturall things themfelves thofe notions by the which they do imi- tate the outward lineaments, light, fhadows ,- rifmgs, rai- lings $ they pick out of every particular body the m oft ex- cellent marks of true beautie, and beftow them upon (bme one body : (o that they feem not to have learned of Nature, but to have ftrived with her, or rather to have let her a law. For who is there, I pray you, that can (hew us fuch a com- pleat beautie of any woman, but a quick-fighted Judge will ealily find in her (bmthing wherein (he may be efteemed to come (hort of true perfe&ion > For although the whole ab- foluteneneofperfe&iondoth confift in the rules and di- menfions of Nature 5 yet doth the commixtion of both parents , the confticution of theplace, aire, and feafon ve- ry Often detract f >mthing from the naturall forme : feeing then that Artificers themfelves doe not borrow the Image or paternofamoft excellent beautie from one particular worke of Nature $ (bis it likewife requifite , that Lovers and Well-wiilers of Art (hould not content themfelves with the contemplation of any one particular body, but that they mould rather caft their eyes upon feverall bodies more exa&ly made by Nature, obferving in them the diffe- rences of age, fexe, condition : and you (hall (eldomefee them reft here, but they will fixetheir eyes alio upon many other naturall bodies, ftudying alwayes to enrich their Phantafiewith lively impreflions of all manner of things. They doe marke the wide heaven befet with an endlefle number ofbright and glorious ftarres • the watery clouds of (everall colours, together with the miraculoufly painted raine-boW} how the great Lampe of light up-rearing his flaming head above the earth, caufeth the dawning day to K 2 fpread 68 The ancient Art fpread a faint and trembling light upon the flichering gil- ded waves ^ how the fiery glimmering of that fame glori- ous eye of the world, being ldTened about noon-tide , lefc neth the fhadowes of all things ^ how darkfome night be- ginneth to difplay her coal-black curtain over the bright- eft fkie,dimming thefpacious reach of heaven with a (hady damped they obferve likewife the unacceflable height of the mountaines, with their ridge' fbmtimes extended a good way , fomtimes cut off fuddenly by a craggie and fteep abruptnefle 5 . pleafant arbors and long rowes of lofty trees, clad withfummerspride, and (preading their ciafp- ingarmes in wanton intricate wreathings^ thick woods, graced between the ftumpes with a pure and graffe-greene {bile, thebeamesofthe Sunne here and there breaking thorough the thickeft boughes, and diverlly enlighming the (hadie ground : gently (welling hillocks - ? plaine fields- rich rheadowes ^ divers flowers mining as earthly ftarres 5 fountaines gufhing forth out of a main rock 5 fweet brooks running with a foft murmuring noife, holding our eyes open with their azure ftreames, and yet feeking toclofe our eyes with the purling noife made among the pebble- ftones 5 low and fmoakie villages ^ ftately cities, takingv pride in the turrets of their walls, and threatning the cloudes with the pinnacles of their fpear-like fteeples. They doeconfider in Lions, horfes, eagles, fnakes, and all other creatures, wherein the abfolute perfection of their fbapesdothconfift : propounding unto themfelves like- wife parliaments, facrifkes, feftivall meetings and daun- cings, hufbandrie-workey finiths forges, fcot-men run- ning a raca, rimers, (afters putting offfrom the fhore^or elfe landing, faire and foul weather, the tea calme and boifterous, great armies of men , depopulations cf the coun- o/Painting. 69 fcountrie, furprifings of cities, and whatfbever ufeth to fall out in an expugnation of a great and populous towne: to leave them to , there being everv where nothing elfe to be feen but cruell defblation, griefe, feare , and a certaine image of prefent death and deftru&ion :the fight of the 'publike calamine is of feverall forts, uncertaine, foule, ho- rrid: the conquerers (hew thernfelves to be conquered by •feverall lufts, every one thinking it lawfull whatfbever fhee hath a mind to, and none of them all holding any thing unlawful] : no dignities no age can hinder them but that Ithey will adde rapes to murders, and murders to rapes: 'the arrred men, and all fuch as be of age to beare armes, K 3 arc -■ ■ ■ ■ ■' ' J" 70 The ancient Art are cut in pieces: brothers and fitters are pulled afiinder whilft they doe ruin to cake their leaves by a mutuali and never more looked for embracement : aged men unto whom it had been happier to have met with a timely death, old decayed women alfoin whom there is left nothing a greedy and luftrull enemy mould prey upon,are haled and pulled for rneere fport : and if there falleth by chance a ripe virgin into the hands of the infblent conquerours,(hee is in danger to be torne in pieces by them, till they among them- felvesby the eagernes of driving fall together by the eares, not (b much as perceiving that another company of ravifli- ers cometh upon them readie both to difpatch them and to carry the maid violently away : fbme defpifing the things that are alreadie in their power, goe about to finde out by wounding and tormenting the owners what they fiippofe to be concealed 5 theyfearch every darkehole and fecret corner, with burning torches in their hands - lead, having] carried out all the fpoile,they mould want ready meanes toj fet the emptied houfes a-fire.You cannot caft your eyes anw where, but you (hall meet with whole droves of chained captives: theftreets are every where ftrawed over with packes contemned by avarice in companion of fbme better thirgsitmetwithallbytheway: armed, unarmed, boyes, horfeSj weapons, men, women, houfhold-ftuffe, enemies, citizens, all are mixed together : nothing is done by advice andcounfell. Fortune carrieth thegreateft fway : the fad afped of the fatall houre cannot but moove the hearts o^ fome angry conquerors to companion 5 whileft others wea- ried with daughters fet themfelves downe, the occafions td exerdfe their anger upon,and not their anger,failing them 1 for they doe frill looke about with a fterne countenance, ii they could efpie any frighted fbules come neere them by an unpro-< (jf P A I N T I N G. 71 unprovident flight : hut the greater pact of them being grownc fenfelefTe by the horrible fightofiire and murder^ can neither fee, nor heare, nor forecafl any thing^their pri- vate agonies alio being ftupified by tlie publike calamities, they exfpedhhe enemy in their ownehoufes, being obfti- nately refolved todie in the middeft of the deareft delights of their life: the moll valiant in the mean time having con- firmed their courage with a generous defperation doe pro- voke the thickeft throngs of the incenfed enemies by fhew- ing and offering their own naked throats unto them ^ and being once thoroughly enraged with the laft madnefleof dying men, wherefbever the fight taketh them, there they do refift,contentyea defirous to die in the reverige of their ruinated Country : fbme that meane to (cape, runneinto their own death and deftrudrion : others that would faine renew the fight, are againft their wills carried away by the violence of a flying multitude. Thus leaving their fweet home where they were borne and bred, they cannot but Sometimes fray a little and look about, very loath to part 5 neither fhoufd they have any power toftirre one foot from the place, unlefTe feare of havingtheir throats cut did make them underftand that they had beft, the publike miferies being paft redrefle, fteale away and follow their own ad* vice, their private hopes, without looking after any guide or any content of defolate multitudes : they meQt at length In the gates, where they are heaped one upon another, a great number of them beingthrowne downenotonely by Slaughter andafaintwearinefleof righting and running, bur alio by crowding and driving to fret our firft:men and frories, wounded and un wounded Jiving and dead, 1 words and pikes,bund'es alfb of precious things make al! hut one heape flopping up the gates: neither doe the others that follow, j2 The ancient Art follow, beare Co much reipecl: eicher to the living or dead, but that they tread and trample upon them to make them- (elvesaway: without the gates there is a lad and rrriferable company of them that are leaped to befeen,filling the wayes with a dolerul lamentation^ if but now they had got fbme leifiire to bewaile their own miftbrtunes,the fight of fo ma- ny afflicted ones provoking teares by a mutuall migration. But here alfo prefenteth it felfe in the open fields a great and fearefulllpectacle: fbme fierce conquerours, not abiding any mould fcape 3 are inftantly at their heeles, perfecuting, woundingjtakingand killing them they tooke when others were offered :there lie every where fcattered upon the blou-, dy ground all manner of weapos ? dead bodies^whole joynts cutoff: and wherefoever valour and anger reentring into the minds of fome of the conquered, caufe them to difaainej that a few by fbhot a purfuic thould drive them like fheep^ there is for a fhort while a deiperate figbt manfully maintai- ned^ till they fee more and ftronger bands of enemies ap-; proaching : for then do they begin to leave their anger,and remembring their prefent fortunes they do take their flighty- running with one breath unto remote and unacceffrblepla-r ces 5 not in great troupes, as before, but every one by him-* felfe alone, yea purpofely (hunnin gone another, leaft theiif flocking and running together mould (till draw theene* mies after them. § 3. Itappeareth now what care the well-willers of Art ufe to take about the exercifing 8c preparing of their phan* tafie^feeing they do by amoft accurat Imagination defignqj and make up in their mindes thecompleat pictures of all kind of naturall things 5 and being thus provided, they do$ very often examine the works of great Artificers with beo terfuccefle then the Artifts themfelves, the leveritie and! ^ integritiq ^/Painting. 73 integricie of whofe judgements is often weakened by the Jove of their owne and the diflike of other mensworkes. As for the common fort of people, of them faith a certaine Painter very well in Plutarch * 3 that rudejpetfators and fuck * ln jtfi. f a f as are nothing at all acquainted with matters of Art ^ are like y „. \ „ cr ^ them thatfalute a great multitude at once ^ but that neatfpe- thffemo ftators on the contrarie, andfuch as are fludious of good Arts, may he compared with them that faint e one by one : the fo ft namely doe not exaftly looke into the worses of the Artificers > but conceive onely a groffe and unfiapen image of the worker ^ where the others going judicioujly over every part of the worke^ look? upon all andobferve All what is done well or ill. *Tullie * De Optima doth call this fame facultie of our mind intelligens judicium^ gmm orato- that is, an intelligent judgement. We learne likewife out or ™ m - the fame Author* that Lovers and well-willers of Art were * Lib. IV. in named elegantes jfoix. is^neat anipolifhedmen ^ and that they Vwre p of Painters by Art exercifedto difcerne beautie in all kinde of apud Stobxu fijapes and figures. N icomachus therfore hath very fitly anfwe- Serm * & Ve ~ redan idiot ', that could fee no beautie in that fame famous He- ntn & am °~ Jena painted by Zeuxis, Take my eyes, faydNicomzchus, and >e ' youfhal thinker to be a goddeffe. ASlianu**doth attribute this * v **> kiftor. fame apophthegme to Nicoftratus : it doth then appeare that llbm XIF * 74 The ancient Art it is not enough wee (houid have eyes in our head as other men have, but it is alfb required here that we (hould bring to thefe curiofities eruditgs oculos •, that k, learned eyes, as fuJlie termeth them, Para J. 5. §. 4. A lthough now a man doth not at the fir ft bring to thefe Arts fufficiently exercifed eyes, yet is he not inftantly to be excluded from the moft delicate contemplation of Art j feeing a man altogether unfkilrufl ircfiich curiofities* may very well feel the delight of them, though he cannot give an exaft account ofhis liking. The vertut andgracefhU * In Ljjza. ning in all the worfe foyth Dienyftus Halicarnafftnfis *, k a moftwonderfull thing, and furp effing the power offpeafyng. What is beft> k eafie to befeene, and lieth open at well to the Art ift as to the idiot : but tojhew the reafon thereof k very hard) and unease alfo to them that are very eloquent. If there- fore any one def/re to be taught bywords wherin this fame power oftlxworkgdothconfifl, doth not he goe about to as kg a reafon vf many ether f aire things that are hard to be uttered? as name- ly,in the beautie ofbodiesjvhat it is we call comelinejfe : in the turning and winding of a melodious voice, what it k we call a perfect harmonie : in thefymmetrie orjufl commenfuration of time, what itkwe call an orderly concent of voices : and gene- rally in every worfa and in everything, what it k we call a well-moderated and jeafonableopportunitie oftime:fer every one of thefe things k apprehended by fenfe, and not by talfy. g)uintilian propoundeth the fiimme of all this in fewer * Of at. inJHt. word s ^ the learned, fay th he * , underhand the reafon of Art;, Mb* JXc.4, the unlearned fiele thepleafure : hence it is that both are alike affected with copioufneffe anddefe&s^bothare alike offen- ded with abruptnefTe^ foftneffe doth take them both, and fbrcibleneffe doth flirre them both alike $ both approve of fteadinefle, finde out lameaefle, and loathe all manner of ex- 0f Painting. 75 exoefTivenefle.i* is (Irange, fayth Tullie*, there befog fo great * Ub.lllM a difference of working between the skUfull andunskilfulljbat Orator*, therefiouldbefofmalla difference of judging. The fame Au- thor iayth againe in the fame place $ All do by a f lent feeling without any art or reason difcerne what there is well or amiffe in the Arts : they doc the fame alfo in Pictures andstatues^and other workes 7 to the which by nature they are not fufficiently in- ftru&ed. §. 5 . It is then moft cleare and evident that fuch men al- fo as *re altogether unskilfull in tiufe Arts, may admire the workes of rare Artificers, although they cannot exactly judge of them. As for the firftyevety one fay th Symmachus * y * Lib. I. E- may confider the vertues of other men: for Phydias hk Olym- f*P* 2 3 • pian Jupiter, and Myron hk heyfer, learnedy&ythhQ*^ mofl populous Theaters filed with * VeContpo- great multitudes of them that had no skill in Muficke, how all fitjnomimim have 1 naturall proneneffe andaptnejfe to that fame proportion nabk concent wefinde in a melodious bar monk, ihe people cry- ing out upon a very renowned Mujician wlxn he did fpoile his fong tyflirring but one firing that was not well tuned ^ a mofl sfylftll piper alfo fuffering the fame, when piping untunably y or pnffinghis mouth carelefly, he didfeeme to fall into anun- pleaflnt kinde of play :for if any one fhould bid an idiot tak$ the irflruments and mend what he hlnmeth in the Artificers, he L 2 fhould 7 6 The ancient Art * Lib. I. de VitisFbilf. fkould never be able to doe it $ feeing that is theworke of skill, wkuh allhave not $ whereat the other is the woi ke ofpajfion or feeling, and Nature hath denyedthat to none. As for the fe- cond ^ A&acharjish&d. goodcaufe to wonder,as£^>//»/re- porceth * 3 how the Artificers mGreece&A ftrive, and fuch as were no Artificersdid judge. It is true that he did fpeake this about their gymn ike exercifes, neverthelefle 3 it hath place ai(b In thefe Arts of Imitation^feeing there is very of- ten in the fame fbmethingof deeper confederation. Mecho- panes was liked for a certain kinde ofdiligenc^ that none could underflandj but the Artificers alone 3 fayth Plinie*. To makgup aflatue as is fit, fay th Epi&etus * a whofe worke doeyou take it to be .f a player find did main- *D* Oratm. taine that he cannot give fatisfa&ion in his geftures without fome skill oj well-behavinghimfelfe and dancing 5 there is no need that I my fe'lj 'e^for jaying fijjhould be a player - 7 but it is e- noHgh that 1 doe pew myfelfe a dijcreet cenjurer of another &/answork.Plutarchdoth attribute unto the great and good Aratusoi Sicyon a learned judgement in- Pi&ures. Vindex likewile, a moft noble Romane is highly commended by Statins Papinius for his rare judgement in all kindeof Art, who dareth ever ft rive with Vindex } fay th he, *, to difcerne the * Lib, I V, old drawings of the Artificers ", and to rejiore his Author unto $r v% fuchftatues as have no infcrfytionfhefiallfliewyou what brajfe Myron belaboured with awatchfuU diligence :what marble got life by the carving-iron of the laborious Praxiteles : what ivc- rie w as f moot bed by Vhydhs : what ftatues doe as yet nt aim • the breathing infufed into them by Polycletus his furnaces : what line doth a fane off cQnfeffethe ancient Apdllzsifor V\n-> dex doth follow this paftime, as often as he layeth downe his Lute : the love offuch things doth call him fometimes a little t . afidefrom the habitation of the Mutes. § 6. There are every where in our age alfo a great many of noble defcent and eminent places, who having made an end of their urgent affaires, doe after the example of this fame Vindex recreate themfelves in the contemplation of the divine workes of excellent Artificers, not onely weigh- ing and examining by a fecret eftimation what treafares of delight and contentment there are hidden in them, but fometimes al(b viewing and examining therein every little moment of Art with fueh infatigable though fcrupulous care that it is eade to be perceived they do not acknowledg any greater pleafure. I doe not count him free, that doth not fometimes doe nothing 3 and the true fruit ofleifure is not a L 3 con- 7 8 The ancient Art, cotftinuall bending of the minde, but a relaxation, faythT*/- *Lib. ll.de fa* -yet are thewits worne out by a daily toile about civillaf- Oratore. f aires, moft of all repaired by the fweetnefje offuch like things * Orat.injlit. fayth guintilian*. Even as men that are ufed to a daily courfe Ub.Xicap.x. of ■ labour ; when they are Bnired from following their Works by reafonoftempefluous we at iter, doepaffe their time with a ball^ cock#U) dice, or elfe devife themfehes at their owne lei fare fome other game $ fo doe they that are excluded from the works of publike affaire s, either by the iniquitie of times, or elfe by granting unto themfehes fome holy-dayes, follow altogether the delight of Poetic, Geometric Muficke, fometimes alfo * Lib.III.de finding out feme new flu die and play, fayth Tullic* •• for as Oratm. grounds are much the better for the change of fever all feeds, * Lib. VII. fayth the younger Plinie *Jo are our wits refrejhed femtimet Epifi. 9. with one, fometimes with another meditation. §. 7. That the lively fpiritsof eminent men are mod of all drawn by the fweetrefle of this delight,doth deferve no admiration. Whatfoeverisfaire, frablealjo toflirreaftone, * Arriani E- fayth Epi&etus *. The beautie of the bodie moveth our eyes by a piB.hb. III. decent compofition of the limmes 7 fayth Tullie * 3 affoording us •kT'h^i A *^ e & reate P 'delight^ becaufe all parts doe agree among them- OWiciU vide fel ves w ^h a pleafant comelinefa. Ariflotle being asked quoqut Ifi- ' wherefore men doe love faire tnings, anfwered 5 This is a crate m in blind mans queftion *. A Ithough now fairenefle of beauti* Helena tn» full bodies doth very much take our mindes, yet are wee comio. more ravifhed by an accurat Imitation of this fame beauty : *LaertMb.V. f or our tn oiights cheered up and elevated by thecontem- & Stojtui pj at j on f an a bfblute Imitation of perfect beautie. cannot de pulchritu- tontame themielves any longer, they doe leape as it were dinis. for joy,being extolled with the gallant bravery of what the eye beholdeth $ nototherwilerejoycing in the good fuc- cefle of Art, then if all we doe fee were theworkeofour owne 0f?A I N T I it 6. 79 owne hands. Whosoever maftkth with brajje or rron 3 taming Nature by Art) doth beftow the discipline upon the lovers of Arty teaching them by what methods bra/fe is made vbnoxiom toourwills, faytb Saint**//*. Suchasdoe view thebeautie jjff™^ offtatues feele their eyes held by what theyfawfirft : but other- T^wVlrtv. while turning their fight uponfome other parts ^ they btginne to t ' doubt what they had beftconfiderfirft, (aythHiemerius*, Our *j4p H dP bo- fight viewing cap-works*, piUures^ carvedworkefj and fitch tinm. likg things made by tfahand of men> when itfindethtkefweet- nejfe and beaut ie that is wthem^contenteth itfelfeanddefireth nothing mo e,fayt\\Dhnyf Halicarnafienfis*. Seeing then *z> e Compof. jCjiat in thecpntemplation of the rare workes of Art, we are nominum. not fo mucri taken with the beautie it felfe, as with the fuo ceffull boldnefle of A rt provoking Nature to a ftrife. it fal- leth out that not onely the Imitation of faire but of foule things alfo doth recreate our mindes, We love to fee apain- tedLizard, fay th Plutarch *- y or an Ape or the face of Therfi- * J) j. Fo ^ tes 5 not for any beautie there is in them^ b ut in regard ofthefi- alidm du. militude: for though every foule thing by nature is kindred from feeming faire 5 yet is the Imitation alwayes commended) whether Jhee doth exprejfe thefimilitude of things foule or j ? aire. Se e alfo the fame Plut.lib.v* Sympof.probU 1 . where he doth infhnce more upon this point. §. 8. Idiots then and fuch as never felt the power ofthefe Arts ? may very well ceafe to wonder what maketh great and vigorous wits fticke fo clofe to the contemplation of Pi- ftures and Statues 5 feeing it is moft certaine> that thefatie- tie of good things is not jo eafilj attained unto , fayth Symma- ehus* j and things delight full doe thenmofi of all folli cite our * j.y -.« minde when theyfeeme to fill it. Teaftie and ambitioufly fe- £ pi 'n z 6 [ vere cenfurers alto have but fmall reafon to finde fkalt with luch great and wealthy men as with an exceiEve coft-do buy for 80 The ancient Art for ftrife all manner of A rr, valuing the rare works of great Mafters according to the delight 8c contentment they find *Lih, IV.in | n them. lamtfopinionfoyth Tullie*, where he fpeaketh of Vtmm. tne wor | ces Q f ^ r ^ t h at ppearc to confider thofe things as they areefteemedin their judgments that arefiudious offuch things. Neither is it unlikely that braye and generous men feme- times might refolve of their owne accord toraife the pi ice of Pi&ures and Statues, becauie they could not endure that fiich honeft and innoxious delights fhould be generally con- demned and contemned $ it (eemeth therefore that they have followed die praife-worthy courfe taken by Apelles, when it did grieve him to fee how little the rare workes of Protogenes were regarded at Rhodes. The Rhodians^ fiyth * Nat. hip. Plinie *, made veryftnall account of Protogenes., as domefti- lib. xxxv. Mil things ufe aim ayes to be flighted. Wherefore when Apelles c *h l °' askgdhim the price of Us worlds, he jet them upon a verypoore price \ but Apelles offered him fiftie talents, noifing abroad that he bought them to fell them for his owne worses. This fame fa& made the Rhodians to underfland their owne Artificer. Neither would Aipeltesyeefd unto them^ till they had raifed the price. § 9 . Whofbever therefore had rather lay out his monies upon honeft and harmlerTe occaftons, then to wafte his pa- trimony with the mad (port ofdicing and all other kind of luxury, doth not deferve any blame. The great Captaine MarceUuS) as it is reported by Plutarch in his life, having conquered Syracufe, filled the Citie ofiRome firft of all with the knowledge of Greeke delicacies : and when others did reprehend him fordoing fa, he thought it better to flight their reprehenfionsand reproches^lorying in what he had * Schga 2. done. Every one is drawn by a peculiar delight ? layth Virgil*: they commit therefore a grofle error 3 which mealure the in- clina- of P A I N T I N G. 8l dinations of other men by the recreations they themfelves have made choice of by a particuiar inftinct ofnaturer^v all things doe not fe erne fair e unto all men • neither doe all men judge all things te be worth their paines y fay th &lian *. Let us *lnprff*t^ therefore beare with the recreations of other men* fay th the n f ^ ri . mt younger Plinie *, that they likewife may beare with ours. The yj % following words of Seneca doe coniaine a very grave and * £$, jx fpber admonition ^ what canyou alleadgefayih. h.Q*fvhy that Epifi. 1 7. man is not as well to be pardoned thatfeek$th a great name by * Cap. 9. dt marble andi'vorie^ as any othr that gathereth up the workgs of TranquiB, unknown? yea fometimes alfo di fallowed Author s> whilefihe ammu him f elf e fitteth gaping among fo many thoufandBookes^ de- lighting in nothing fo much as in the out-fide and bare titles of hk Volumes $ But by chance (hall any one grant mee now that men of great meanes and of a greater minde may pleafe themfelves in the fruition ofthefe honed recreations, and yet (hall they not ceafe to blame other men of meaner fort and condition, who not considering their ownepooree- ftate, run moft greedily after fiich barren and unprofitable delights as cannot be maintained without an exceflive ex- pence ofmoney and time. To anfwer them therefore that can fpare fo much leifure from their owne affaires, as to meddle with the doings of other men ^ let them firft under- ftand, that they mi flake the whole matter grolly^ feeing men of ordinary eftates need not fpend themfelves that way as to undergoe the charges ofbuyine^ fince great and generous fpirits^furnilh their houfes with fiich things not onely for their owne private contemplation, but alfb for the free ufe of fuch as doe profefle themfelves to be Lovers and well-willers of Art, thinking their coft well beftowed when many doe daily refbrt to their galleries. Let them fecondly know, that they are not well ad vifed when they M goe 8a The ancient Art goe about to brand thefe rroft commendable recreation? with the nick-name of barren and unprofitable delights ; for how can that fame contemplation delerve the opinion of an unfruitfull and idle exercife, by whofe meanes wee doe underftand the true beautie of created bodies, a ready Way to the consideration of our glorious Creator ? befides mat this fame exercife,like a moft fweet Mufick to the eye, doth cleare up all hcavineffe and fallen drowfinefle of the mind : it worketh in us alfb, by thz examples of things pail:, a perfect love of innocence : it doth bridle the moft vio- * Uh. II L lentpaffions of love and anger. So is it tha^frapertitfs Eleg. 20. propounding diverfe wayes how to be rid of love, maketh mention alfb of this fame delighf. Plutarch likewifetea- cheth us that malice and revenge cannot fettle their feate in fuch hearts as doe delight in thefe delicate elegancies. I know well enough that there may be fbme who making a (hew of following fuch harmleffe paftimes, doe in the meane time under that pretence entertaine all manner of harmfull and moft dangerous plottes : of them I doe not fpeake .: my difcourfe meaneth them onely that doc not faine. Looke well into them., and you fhall take them to be fbme remnant of the golden age : for who is there whofe heart hath been once rightly porTefTed with the fweet huma- nitie of fuch liberall delights, that doth flavifhlf ftoope un- der the tyrant love, or that fuffereth himfelfe to be driven whither fbeverdelperate Ambition pufheth him?They en- vie no body, they defpi£ no body ? they doe not lend their eares to backbiting and flanderous tales, they doe but ima- gine well-hung chambers and well-furnifhed galleries : this doe they make the height of their cares, the height of their wifhes , propounding themfelves hereafter an innoxious and a happie life : and if perchance they fall outwith fome bodie 3 ojf Painting. 85 bodie ? yet is there nothing fo eafie as to bring them inftant- \y to a true and hearty reconciliatiou ? chiefly if they can but learne that he agairift whom they have aquarrell, doth not altogether abhor from the love of thofc things they then> felves doe like. PolemoMobfervQd this very well: for when acertaineman that.^ whileflhedoth mi ' hifls y Pi- l^num. &xxq is an invention of the Gods ^ as well for that fame fainting which the feverall jeafons of the yeare doe faint the meads withall, as for thofe things that doe appearein the skie. Would not you thinke the Sophifts to be quick- witted and wonderfull eloquent men, feeing theycleare fuch a great point in a few words? The medowes forfboth garnifhed with flowers, and the heaven diftinguifhed with feverall figures made up of ftarres and clouds are a fufficient proo fe of what they fay ^ though it be very certaine, that the moftpleafant tapeftriesof the fields doe not fb much helpethe Art 'as they doe delight thefpectetor^ that the wit of man hath fet forth the conciliations after the image of living and lifelefTe things^ that the uncertaine fhapes of clouds moft commonly are likened unto any thing our wan- dring minde conceiveth. The image of Pallas alfb,knowne by the name of Palladium, and all other Statues celebrated by antiquitie, as if they were fallen downe from heaven, are no warrantable argument toreferre thefe Arts to the N Gods: 90 The ancient Art Gods : none but vaine men 5 tell fuch tales $ none but fooles 3 entertain them : fince it is evident that mighty Kings have taken a fingular delight in preparing fuch falfe miracles to deceive their miferable pofterities withall. How odioufly tedious was the Citie of Ephefus in vaun- ting her felfe to bee the keeper of the great goddejje Diana,and *4£i ' of the Image which fell down from Jupiter-^ * and yet was ; *?35. ^ ee f or a jj j ier crac kling and boafting , abufed by a ftatue brought from Alexandria : for Ptelem£us the King having fent every where for the moft famous carvers to make fe- cretly an accurat image of Diana , when it wasfiniftied, hee prepared a royall banquet for the Artificers 3 the banquet- ting-houfe being firft undermined - wherefore none of them could efcape , but all were in the midft of that fatal! feaftfwallowedupbytheruineofthe place t, and Co, the true authors of the noble worke-manmip being taken a- way, it was eafie enough for the King to make any one beleeve that fuch a compleat worke was fent down from heaven : fee Suidas , or rather Ifidorus Pelufiota * , for Shi" * Uk * v - das t hath borrowed this ftorie from him. W« 2 °7- §. 2 . Seeing then that both the Sophifticall and Hifto- ricall proofes come to nothing, it mayfeem befl: that we mould returne to tht firft men, the which ',as Cenforinus (pea- *2>J" nata- keth* , were created out of 'Prometheus his foft clay : for fo licap.4* did Democrittts Abderita firft of all hold, that men are made out of water andflime : this is queftionlefie our fafeft way .• feeing no wile man doth acknowledge any other Promt- them, befides that power of Divine Providence exprefled by Uofes in thehiftory of the creation : fee Genef. 1 1 5 7. compared with Latlantim divin. inftitJib.il, cap. 1 1. fee 'AtoTertuilian.deRefurr.carnis. Fnlgentius lib. II. Mjthol. Baft lias Sekutit epifcopus or at. II. Gregorius Nyffenus de Ho- mink of Pa INTING, 91 mink opificio^ cap, 2 2 . whence it is that the fame Gregori- us in another place * calleth man an earthnftatue: and 8ui*> * Out. 1. 40. thebrafen (erpent made by Mofes accor- ding to Gods exprefle command jj iee Numb, xxi, 9. the patterne of the Temple of Jerufakm delivered unto Solo- monhy his father David after the prefcript God had made withhisownehand 3 leei.C^».'xxviii 3 19. the Prophet N 2 Ezcchi** ^2 The ancient Art Ezechkl^ to the end he might propound more lively unto the inhabitants ofjerufalem what dangers there did hang over their heads, received a command from Cod to pour- tray the citie of Jerusalem upon a tile , and lay (lege a- gainft it, and build a fort againft it, &c, fee Ezechkl I V, i . but mod of all are BezaleU and Aholiab to bee mentioned here, of whom God h'mfelfe witnefTeth, Exod.xxxu and xxxv, that hee called them by name to make the Ta- bernacle , and that hee had not onely filled them with the (pint of God to devile curious workes to worke in gold, and in (liver, and in brafle, but that befides all this (kill hee put in their hearts to teach others i the picture alfb of our Lord and God Chrift Jefus, made without hands, may bee alledged here in this place as it is related by Dama-> fecnus^ Cedrenvs and other writers of Ecclefiaftkall hi- storic. Atfgarus the King ofEdeJfa having wraftled many yeeres with a very grievous and moft troublefbme dtfeafe, heard fbmething of the divine miracles of our BlefTed Savi- our : hee took therefore a refolution to invite him friendly by letters to come to his Citie $ and having (ent Ananias^ one of his footmen , that had fbme (kill alfb in painting, hee charged him that, if hee could not bring along Chrift himielfe , hee mould at leaft bring back his picture drawne after the life. AnaniM having delivered the letter \ began tofixe his eyes upon Chrift, that hee might obferve and put up in mind the true lineaments of his face and body; but being hindered by theimportunatenefle of a crowding multitude, hee betooke himfelfe to a ftony place of a rea- sonable height, to note from thence, and to draw quietly the true fimilitudeofhim, whom the King his mafter was fo defirous to fee : yet all to no purpoie : feeing our Savi- our ■ —-■■■ ■ of? AINTING, 95 our did change his countenance as often as Ananias , ha- ving begunne to draw, meant to obferve hira further : howbeit our Ble/Ied Lord at length granted him his defire : for having called for water to wa(h his face, and having wiped his face with a foure double lin- nen cloath, hee fent unto Augarm by the hands of Ananias hisowne image exprefled in the towell, together with an anfwere to the letter. Aflerius bilhop of Amafa and the other writers which wrote Church hiftories betides him, make mention of our Saviours brafen ftatue e- re&ed by the woman hee had healed of abloody iffue.. See Fhotius. §. 3. Forasmuch then as Almightie God hath vouch- fafed us fb many examples of the Art of painting and caft- ing , commending thele A rts not onely by his own exam- ple and command unto us, but enabling alfo the Artificers thereunto by his Spirit 3 wee may very well affirme with Theodoretus * ; that God is the author and fupporter of thefe A r ts : neither were the heathen men ignorant of the truth p^ r '"l t * of this point : the feeds 0* all Arts are deeply graffe din us 7 and God by afecret maflerfhip doth bring the witts to light 3 faith Seneca *: there is an humane reafon ^ faith Epicharmus * 3 *Lib. IK at there is alfo a divine: the humane reafon bufteth her fclfe a- Bencf.cap.6. bout our life and necejfaryprovift on : the divine on the con- *^?/ > »^* trary accompanieth us when wee doe go e about thjpra&ijing of Arts j teaching us aim ayes what is fit to be done : for man hath not found Arts> but God bringeth them forth : and h umane rea- fon it felfeprocee doth from divine reafon : Julianus the En> perour fpeakethalfb very neately tothisparpoie 3 even as birds being made tofl?e fifies tofwimme, and harts to runne faith hee * , need not bee taught any of thefe things \ for 'though * 0,at. VII A manjhouldgpe about to tie them andu pinm them up > yet N 3 will 94 The ancient Aft will theyfor all that ft rive Uufe tfiofe parts which they knew them f elves to prevail in : fo is mankind li Strife (tohofe JW feemeth to be nothing elfe but a reftrained reason and Jcknce, or rather facultie , as wife men terme it ) defirons to learne, to fee\y andcurioufy to dive into all things , efteemingfuch an employment to be moft proper unto his nature: and unto whom- foever a favourable God doth fpeedily releafe theje bonds ^bring- ing the facultie to fomeoperation^the fame doth inftantly at" tain to the fcience : fee alfo Maximus Tyrius Dijfer- Ut. XL. $.4. Naturein the mean time, amoftfertil Artificer of good and bad j hathnotbeeneidle^ but (he exercifeth the right of her moft powerfull government after lb licenti- ous a manner 3 as if (hee would have us know that it fit- tethherbeft to delight her felfe fbmewhat in the varietie of things , feeing the labour of bringing forth all things is chiefly hers: although , what is Nature elfe^ faith Sene- * T>e Benef. £#*? but God and adrvine power infufed into the whole world lib.ivjap.y. and every p art of the world : to fpeakethen fomthing about qmmadm. & the miracles of all-atchieving Nature , I Hull not ftudie to Natural'mm ^^^\nv?oxesupcnLycophronh\iCaj(fdndra : but above ail the reft, doe the words of Plutarch deferve to bee remembred here- the warts ^ moles and bltmifliesinthe eye of parents 3 faith *Veiuqffos hee*, not appearing in the children y do fomtimes breakout divina vin- again c in the Nephewcs : and a Grecian room an being accufed ditto, tardc ^ adultery^ becaufejloe had brought forth a blach^childe , was ajjeymttir. f mn( i t0 & e the fourth generation of an ./Ethiopian. Python being one of the Sparti 2 who died but a little while agoe y had a Jonne that brought forth in his body the figure of a fie are ^ the fimilitude of thk fame generation after an inter miffion of fo many yeeres ftarting up afrefh in him y as out of a deep gulfe. §. 6. Thefe pi&ures of bufie Nature might feem won- derfull , if (hee had refted here , and not proceeded fur- ther to a more admired attempt of making ftatues : thus is it that many high mountaines and promontories draw their name and fame from the refemblance of living and lirelefle creatures : fee Euftathius upon the 89. and 1 57. verfes of Dionyfus his description or circuit of the world : many plants alfb are knowne by the name of thofe things whofe fimilitude Nature reprefented in them$ asiscleare- ly to bee perceived in that fame never enough admired Mandrake : fee Theophraftus^ Diofcorides } Plinie , ColumeU la : yea Nature hath fbmtimes brought forth out of her rich o/Pa I N T I N G. 97 rich bofbme perfect patterns of Art, if it be true what Car- #frfc&/*reporteth, that namely in the ftone-quarreys of *ApudCk+. /?/>/0/ ? a ftonebemg deft in fonder, there was found in it rwemlib.L the head of a little Pan, Plinie doth alfo relate * how in t?! vtnat ' , the Parian ftone-quarreycs ; a great ftone being fplit by the 9 J^faJ^ J wedges of the worke-men ; there did appeare within an image of Silenus. Tzetzes Chiliai. Vll^ Hift. 144. and ChiLvill) Hifl. 213. fpeakethof the dracontian (tones. HAP. II [He earneil: care of good and loving Parents did follow upon the laid introduction af- forded by God 3nd Nature $ feeing Pa- rentscould never give any farisfadtion to the tendernefle of their affection , untill they (aw the comfort of their life and pQ hope of tht ir decaying y eeres fetled into a good courf • of breeding : fo was this fame duty of Parents much urged by the moft grave and continent Philofbpher Crtfes , who was often wont to (ay, as Plutarch * reporteth, that a man * ^ e L jb&. (houlddoeverywelltoclimbeupto the top of the moft **$****»»**•' eminent places of the towne 3 and to cry out continually untotheearesofall^ Foolijhmen^ what aileyou, that you .. ar ' *"' tafyfo much paints topojjejje riches , and care fi little for your *i~iiy yj % children^ unto whom you mean to leave them . if they would be content that the endeavours of their children fhouldgoe on by degrees , that the fiudious ladsfiou/dbe hgpt in by aftritf courfe of exer citation, that thy fhould prepare their mindes by the precepts of wife- dome, that theyjheuld notfticke now and then with acruell pencil/ to deface plea/in? lineaments , that they fiould view and confider a great while what may be worthy their imitation, if they did not infant ly thinke all magnificent whatfoever they fee lilted by their children, this fame mightie Art could never want th weight of her may: fie. Now on the contrary, as boys doe but tr/fle and play in theft hooles,fo are they nothing but laugh at^ when they fiep forth unto the publike : and, which is worfe then both % what fo ever any one beingyoung hath learnectdmiffi> he is loathe to confejfe it when he groweth older. O 3 Chap. 102 The ancient Art HAP. III. Ood and vigilant Matters did never deceive thetruftrepofed in them, ftudying alwayes to anfwer the expectation of timorous Pa- rents with amoft carefull diligence in tea- ching. ?/*#/> noteth two things in Pamphi- luS) out of whole fchoole Apelles and many other famous * L ^'u? V> Pa *#ten came forth, he taught no bodiefoyth Plinie K under Tap o a ta ^ nt -> a *?dthat tenyeares. He would not teach a-iy fchol- ca *' lar under a talent \ to maintaine the Authoritie of the Art the better ? ifthe (amemould not be frankly beftowed upon anyone. Protagoras was ihefirfi that made jpeecbesforare- * Lih. 1. dt ward^fayfcPhiloflratus*! he brought in among the Grecians vitU Sopbi- an irrcprehenfible cuftome xfor we do alwayes more efleeme and flamm. embrace things wrought out with no {mall coft of our own 7 then things had for nothing.UQ taught them afterwards tenyeares, to keepe the credit of his fchoole by exercifing his fcholars fufficiently in the neceflary rudiments and continuall pia- ftice of defigning before he would fuflfer them unadvisedly and premmptuoufly toworke in colours. It would have been frperftuous to touch this points if many Matters now adayes did not confound all, beginning by an ambitious haft *°f at ' in P iu with thofe things that fhould goe laft fayth g>uiniilian *, and hb.I. cap.q. wfjjfej} ffoy mean te ma fy a fr oa jf of their fcholars about things Jpccious and f aire injhew^ they doe nothing elfe but flop their progreffe byfuch aperverfe andunfeafonable compendioufnejfe. Seeing then that this courfe of teaching maketh young men felfe- conceited and proud, wefriall doe better to give eare to the words ofLycon, a mott eloquent man and an excel- * LA V. lent breeder ofchildren/or he was wont to foy^Laertius repor- of? AINTIKG. IO^ reporceth, that ir is fit we mould endue children with mamefulnefie and defire ofglorie^ven as we do ufe about ourhorfes the fpurreand thebridle. § 2. Seeing then that the prefurr.ptuous forwardnefle offome is often to be flayed as with a bridle, andthebafh- full backwardneue of others is now and then to be ftirred up as with a fpurre, it hath been ever feene., that good and trufty Matters have handled their fcholars differently,, ac- cording as they found the temper of their wits to require. Wee doe fee, fay th Tnllk * 3 t h« t out ofthefchooles offuch Ma- * #*• HI fters and Artificers as were mo ft excellent in their fynde, there ^atoru are come forth difciples y the which although thy were alihg praife-worthy t yet did they differ very much among themselves: because the in ft it ut ion of the teacher was accommodated unto every one his nature. We have 3 not to fpeakjyf other Arts ? a ve- ry notable example in liberates, a fwgular good teacher ^ who fayd) that he was wont to apply the fpurre to Ephorus, but on the contrary the bridle to Theopompus :for he did repreffe the one, that was apt to run out unto a moft wanton boldnefie of words ^ and he didprichjn the other ', that would ever ft ay be- hinde by reafon of a bafiifullfiowneffe there was in him : yet did he not make them like^ but he added onelyfomething to the one^ and toofy away fomething from the other, to confirmeinboth what their natures could beare. It is then very well fayd of gvintilian * $ though vertue borrow eth fo me forward fits of * Orat.inflit. Nature^yet muftjhee attaim toperfe&ion by Dotfrine. Ub.XH.ca, § 3. A IthoU^h now in fbme regard they tooke fpeciall notice of the difference of wits, ;yet did they propound e- very day promifcuouffy unto all their fcholars manifold examples of a true and uncorrnpt way of Art : // is not e- nough Painters and Statuaries fijould fay that the colours muft befuchy and the lines fuch , but the great eft profit comethfrom thence^ 104 The ancient Art thence } if any one feeth them go e about their worke, faith Dio *Orat.xviii. Chryfoftomus * : nothings righil) taught nor learned with- qux efi de 0Ht example/, faith Columella *• ; m e are eajier taught by ex- LxcuitatJir- am pi e what me are ^ follow ^ and what wee are tofhun 3 fai th * Lib xl dc Seneca the rhetorician * : there is never any labour lofty when R e rttfiica, experiments are found to agree rrith precepts 3 faith Quinti- cap.u lian. * Examples ft and 'for ttftimomcs $ faith the author of * Lib. 1 X the rhetor ick infcribedunto Herennius * ? and nhatfoever Cotitrw.2. An and rcafon doe advertife and propound unto us but flight - *M at, wjut. iy j fc n i a ^good by the teftimony of examples : and againe a ^CWca^'it '- ^ e a ^ ter 3 Chww learned not ^/Lyfippus to makgftatues by um libr'i * Lyfippus his flawing him the head of Myron, the aims of guarti. Praxiteles, the breft 0/Polycletus ^ but heefaw his Uafter doc all thefe things before his eyes ^ and as for the works of other MafterSj hee could confider them well enough by himjelfe. G al- * Lib. V. d\ len * mentioneth that Volydetits hath not only fet down in Hippocrati* wri ting the precepts of a moft accurat pattern of Art 3 but & piatonis triat h ee a ifo mac j e a fl- atue a f ter trie rll ] es of Ait contained gmati us. .^ ^ e ^y precepts. Volycletus made apiece ofworfa faith *Lib.xxxiv. Plinie *", named Canon among the Artificers 3 becaufe nut. biji. they doefetch the lineaments of Art fiom thence, asftomacer* ca p$. tain law 5 and no manbut hee is judged to haveperfeUed th Art by a worke of Art. §.4. Yet may not all thfs be lb underftood , as if thefe ancient and famous Artificers did ever detain their fcho- lars about the imitation of their workes , without giving them leave to trie their owne wittes at any time 5 for guin- * Orat.infiit. tilian telleth us otherwife : it is fit , faith hee * , that difri- bb.ll.cap.6. fits fhould fometimes be fet upon their owne legges^ left by an evitlcuftome of alw ayes following the labours of other menjhey jhould never leame to endeavour and to find out any thing of themfehes : it is likewife knowne that tyfippm being at the firft of Pa I N T I N G. lO^ firft but a Copper- fmith, took a more bold and confident refblutionbyananfwcre of the painter Eupompus^ who beingaskgd which of the former 'Artificers a man had kfi to follow y anftvered pointing at a multitude of men , that Nature it felfe was rather to be followed then any Artificer. Plin. xxxiv, 8. as therefore they did moft carefully put their hands under the chin neoffearfull beginner? 3 lb did they leave them to themfelves, when it was time for them to {wimme without the helpe of fupporting hands., or childifh rufhes : although they never did give quite over the labour of the inftkution once undertaken , but they were (till mindfull of their fcholars after they were gone, and thinking the perfe&ion of a fcholar to bee the greateft glory of the Matter , they provided moft commonly for them they had taught Come Precepts of Art in wri- ting;, which might ever accompany them whitherlbever they went : hence it was , that ApeUes 3 not being content with the teaching hee had beftowed upon his difciple Per- feus 9 wrote alfo unto him concernin g the A rt. /'//a.xxxv, 1 o. wee doe likewife find that befides Polycletus and Apel- les? many other Artificers and famous men have ftudied to illuftratethefe Arts and Artificial! workes 3 by their wri- tings and difputations: not to name therefore Calliftratuf his defcription of ftatues, the Images of the old and young Philoftratus, the xxxi v. and x xxv. bookes otPlinie, and o- ther authors extant , I fhall reckon up only fiich authors whofe records of Art and Artificial! things are loft and gone. AcUus Mitylen&us , his bookes of Statuaries are quoted by Athen£w /i£.xiii, Deipnofoph. cap. 8. Aketas hath written of the donaries or gifts offered unto Apollo in his Delphik temple. Athemns }ib.x\\\.cap. 6. P Alex- % io6 The ancient Art Alexis the Poet made a Comoedie intituled Picture : and the argument of that Poeme feemeth to agree with the argument of the writers here named,if wee may mase con- jecture of the whole Poeme by the place alledged out of it in Athenawshis Deipnofophifts 3 lib, xiii. cap. 8. wee may judge the fame ofPherecrates his Painters , quoted by the fame Athenmis^ lib. ix, cap, 1 1. as alfo of Diphilus his Painters , mentioned by the fame author , lib. vi, cap. 4. Akxandrides his Painters are quoted in Pollux his one-map. lib. x 3 cap.i^. No#ius Marcellusbrmgeth forth many pla- ces out of Pomponins his Painters. Anafimenes hath written of the auncient Pictures: See Fnlgentius Placiades 5 lib. 1 1 1. Mytholog. in A&eone. Antigenm the ftatuarie madebookesof his Art, faith Plinie y lib. xxxiv., cap. 8. and there feemeth al fb to have been another Antigonus^ whom the fame Plinie, lib. wiv,cap. io.reportethtohave written a treatife of Picture. Ariftodemus Carius hath perticularly fet down the ende- vours of all them that have advanced the Art of Painting, reckoning up alfb what Kings and Republikes have been well affe&ed towards the fold Arts.-fee Phihftratus inproe - mio Iconum. Artemon his book of Painters 3 is quoted by Barpocraii- on^ where he fpeaketh dLPolignotus. CaUixems hath written a Catalogue of Painters and Sta- tuariesj, and Photius telleth us, that the twelfth booke of Sopater his choice hiftories was colle&ed out dtCallixemts hiswprke. Chriflodorus his defaiption of the Statues that were at Confiantinoplejxx a publike place named Zeuxippus^ is men- tioned by Smdas. Demo- of Painting. 107 Demecritus Zphefius hath defcribed the Temple of Dia- na ofEphefus : fee Laert. lib. ix 5 -in Democritus : and hthe- ntitts^lib.y&jap.^. Duris of the Art of Painting, is quoted by Laert. lib, /, in Thales. Eupherion hrs Comedie intituled Graver ofcups^is allea- ged by thocritus his fcholafi, Enphranor Iflhmius , a moft famous Painter , hath written of Symmetric and colours : feePlinie lib.xxxVi cap. 1 r . Hegefander Delphicus his commentarie of Images and Statues is quoted by Athen. 8. and againe, /#. xxxv 3 cap. 10. Atttigonus and Xenocrates^ faith hee., tee written of Pi&Hre. C H A P. I V. E E have feene how God and Nature by their example ftirre our inclinations to thefe Arts of imitation D how likewife carefhll Parents cheriftring that pronenefle perceived in fbme of their children , put them betimes to good and truftie Matters : but feeing ma- ny forward wittes were wont after a (ufficient time of ap- prenti(hip,to (hake off that refpedt they did owe unto theirmafters, there was alto by wife and provident anti- quitie a very good courfe taken to with-holdmch pre- (umptuous perverters of diicipline from this unadvifed temeritie by the feare of moft feverc and Ariel: lawes made againft the corrupters of Artes and Sciences : neither was there only fuch care taken about needflill Sciences , but al- io about rhe Arres that were more for recreation then ne- ceflary ufe. As it cannot be denied that the Artes of til- ling the ground, and building of houfes are mod: ufefull for our poore and needy life , 10 doe wee find that the true knowledg^and fincerepraftiie of thefe Arts hath been up- holden by moft fevere lawes. Agellins teacheth us con- P 5 cer- no The ancient Art cerninghuflbandrie 3 that the Romanes were very carefall * Lib. I V. to maintain it 5 if any om by flothfulneffe 3 faith hee *, fuffe- voB. Attic* re jfo s ground to grow foul and full of weeds , never plopping CJ P' ' 2 * nor weeding it ^ if any one likewife didnegleti /m vine or tree, he waspunijhable and obnoxious unto the cenfures offuch con- trollers or mafiers ofdifcipline, as at Rome were called r Cen- fbres 9 who did disfranchise juch acarelejfe man > putting him from his freedom e : as for Archi te&ure , it was likewife up- iiold< n by the rigour of Law : in the Noble and great citie of Ephefus there was an ancient law in force 3 faith Vitruvius. * In pfsfa* * which though it might feemjomwhat harjh 3 yet was it not to tlone^ libri be efieemed unjufi :for an Architeft^ when he undertakgth a Vccmt. publikgworkt-i agreeth upon the price thereof \ and his rate given up) all his goods are engaged to the Magiftrates till the worke befinijhed $ that ended> if the whole charge agree with the ratefet downe ? hee is honoured with publicly decrees and dig* nities • if it exceed but by one fourth part onely, fo much is to be added tothe former rate ) and to be answered by the publicly treafurie^ and the architect is free from tax orpunifhment^but if more then one fourth part, above the price agreed f or Jefyent in the worrit if exa&ed and payed out of the goods of the un- dertaker. Wee doe fee by thefe examples how peremptorie the ancients were about fuch neeedrull Sciences- and yet were theyasrefblutetoprefervethe Arts chiefly intended for the recreation of man. A Mufician was put to a fine at Ar- *De Mtfich. gosfiy th Plutarch*, for augmenting the number of ftrings 3 whereas others before him did content themfelves with fe- ven. The Lacedaemonians alio thought it good to banifh Timothetts Milejtus out of their Citie, when he wen t about to corrupt the A rt by innovation^and as for the very words of a moft vehement decree made by the Lacedemonians a- gainft 0/-P A I N T I N G. Ill gainft this fame Timotheus^ they are very remarkable as Boc- /to/fetteththemdowne lib. I. Mufic^ cap. r. Alexander the Great having made choice of the poet chcerilttsxo write his deeds, made withall a contract with him, that for every good verfe he mould have a piece of Byzantian golden coine, and for every bad one he 'mould have a box on the care : but writing more bad then good verfes, he was at length buffeted to death, as it is reported by the old Com- mentator upon Horace his Art. There was at Thebes a law, by the which Artificers and Painters were bidden to ex- prefle the forms of images after the bell: manner they could: and all fuch as made them worfe, were put to a fine : fee &- lianus var. hift* lib. I V. cap. 4. § 2 . A s it was then a very brave enterprife, and relifh- ing the ieverity offtich an uncorrupt age^to (ecure the Arts ■ by punifhing the tranfgreflors 5 fb was it for all that a grea- ter matter and more futable to the humariitie of the fame times, to prevent all depravations Co carefully by good and wholeibmelawes, that there mould be no need of any pu- nifhment. Sloathfutt and languishing idleneffefayth. Valerius Maximus * 3 » at Athens drawm forth out of her lurking holes * Lib. 1 1. unto the publikview ^and k judged guilty of an ungracious and cap, 6. ex- fhamefuil offence. Tlxfame Citie hath alfo a mofi facredcoun- cm ^° 3- fell 3 called Areopagus, where a very diligent fear ch was wont ^ 4- to be made what every Athenian did, and how he got hk li- ving : thus men were forced to live honeftly^ knowing that they were to give aflriti account oft heir life.SQQ alfb J? lianus var. hifl. lib. 1 V. cap. 1 . and La'ert. lib. 1 . in Solon. There was yet another excellent law at Athens, that youths beingnow thir- teene orfourteemyeares of age flmtld be brought unto the Aris y . and that after tkk manner : the inftruments of every kinde of Art beingproponndedpublikely > the youths were brought mere 5 and v 112 The ancient Art and as they did run to one or other oftheU instruments with an eager delight^ fo were they taught that Art whofe infiruments theyhadjnatchedup : becaufe juch things mofl commonly doe Succeed well } to the which our nature kadeth us-^andfuch things on tly. contrary doe deceive our hopes 3 that are undertaken with an unwilling minde fay th Gregorie Nazianzene Epifiola 6 5 . ^Inpfifjtio- Alexis commendeth the A thenians,/^//j Vitruvius * 3 becaufe m Ubrijex- where thdawes of all other Grecians goe about to conftraine tu child en tl.attheyfwuld maintaine their old parent l s } the A- thenian lawes command Juch parents onely to be maintained by their children, which had taught their children good Arts : feeing all things fortune befloweth upon us^ are eajily tak^n a- way by the fame Fortune :, but disciplines , being oncefunkp deep into our minds ,doe never faile us to the laflgafpe. See alfo Ga- len in his Exhortation to the Arts: but Plutarch moftofall in the life of iW<7# 3 where-he reacheth us what moved Solon to make this law. When Solon perceived, fay th Hutarchjhat the City was more and more filled with a multitude of men that flocked to the Attire Countrey by reafon of the libertie they en- joyed there, and f aw that the great eji part oftheCountreywas naught and barren^ that the fea-faring men alfo brought no- thin? in j as having nothing in their Country to give for the commodities of other Countries^ he turned the Athenians to all manner of Arts ^ making a law withall y that afonnefhouldnot be bound to maintaine his father that had not taught him any good Art to live by. Upon this confederation therefore may we very well conclude, that the Athenians by the force of thefe Jawes have deferved fuch a commendation as Plutarch * Mom an giveth them ^ the Citie fayth Benef. c. 36. Ovid * 5 when he is in the company of other horfes which he may * Lib. III. l e ave behinde him or follow* It was bravely fayd ofsripio A~ *ApudLivi- f ricanus > Iam fare^ fayth he+^that every magnanimous fpirit nmU.xxvlii. ^ mt com P are htMtfelfe onely with them that are now at this *b v. e. ' P/ e f efit alive> but alfv with the famous men of all ages. It be- ing therefore manifeft enough that the greateft wits are e- ver by the prickes of emulation driven forward to greater matters, itappearethlikewifethat it isalwaycs acertaine marke of P AINTING. 115 markeofamoftbafe and dull (pint not to be ftirrcd up to emulation by the earneftnefle offb many competitors as doe drive to attaine to the fame perfe&ionof Art : fo is it all© moft commonly feene 3 thatfuchas doe ftrive wkh no body, deceive thenafelves wkh too much love of their owne workes ^. and whileft they compare themfelves onely with themfe'ves, it is unpollible but they mult needs fall into a foolilh liking and amoft vaine admiration of what they have done. He muft needs attribute too much unto himfelfe } fay th guintilian * that doth compare himfelfe with no bodie. * Lib.I.orat. We ftand therefore in need of Emulation^ and that not a hflit.ca^.2. vulgar one ^ Doeft thou defire the glory of fwiftneffe ? fayth Martial* 7 ftudie togoe beyond th tyger and the light Oft rich, * Lib. XII. It is no glory at all to out-run affes. Epigram.36. § 2. r^/Zifgivethusaverygoodleflbn^z/^f^e^fayth he * 3 that att fetch as doe long with a fervent defire after great * Circa biiti. matters 3 Jhould try aU : and if any one hath not the ready helpe um Ubri de of his owne nature , i f he lachjhe force of a pier cing wit , if he ? er fitto °- thinke himfelfe but flenderly furmfied with the disciplines of faton ' great Arts let him for all that hold the be ft courfe he may 5 fee- ing it is honourable enough that they which doe ft rive for the firftplacejhould befeene inthefecond.orthird: neither have workpien inftantly withdrawne themfelves from the Arts tfiey did prof effe, becaufe they could not imitate thebeauiie of that Venus at Coos, or of that Jalyfus wee faw pmetimes at Rhodes ^ neither hath the image 0/Jupiter Olympius, or the ftatue ofDoryphorus amazed them jo much^as that theyfhould not try what they could performe^and how farre they might goe: yea the re hath rather beenfuch a multitude of them ^ and every one hath defetvedfo much praife in hiskinde, that the heft of their works cauftng admiration , the meaner neverthekffe have obtained approbation. SeeColumlla in the preface of his ffrft Q_ 2 Booke u6 The ancient Art Booke of Husbandry, where he maketh a large difcourfe upon thele very words of Cicero, But moftofall doe the words oiVelleivs Paterculus demand our attention : for af- ter he hath exprefled his admiration, that Co many brave wits and Artificers within a fmall compafleof time ihould at once rile and foll,he ftaggereth at it,not knowing what rea- fbn to give of fofudden an encreafe and decreafeof Arts, til! at length he contentethhimfelfe with this conjecture : * Sub fntm Emulation^ faythhe*, is anourceofwits : and while f our libri frimi imitation is provoked fometimes by envie,fometimes by admi- bift* ration, itfalleth out that the thing earneftly fought after, is quick}y brought tofome height ofperfe&ion : but then is it a 'very hard matter that any thing fliould continue long in that perfection ^ feeing naturally, what cannot goe forward, goeth backward; and as at theprfl x*e are very well difpofed, to over- take them that run before us ^fo,when we doe dejpaire to goe be- yond them or elf e to kgepe an even pace with them, ovrearnefi- neffe together with our hope groweth cold, andceafeth to follow what it cannot overtake: leaving the e fore the whole matter, as being afore- hand feafed upon by ethers, weefeeke a new one 5 andpaffing by that, wherein we cannot ex cell we doe locke a- bout for fomething to worke upon : whereupon itfol/oweih that afreauent and wavering change turneth to be the greatefl hin~ drance of perfection. § 3. Although now the ancient Artificers were quefti- onlefie by the heat of Imitation and by the unfufFerable prickings of Emulation forcibly driven to a more earned and accurat ftudy of Art, yet doe we not thinke that thefe Arts have been onely advanced by the mutuall Emulation there was betwixt the Arcificersthemfelves,but we do hold that the great fame of many moft eloquent men in thole times hath alio ftirred up the lively fpirits of the Artificers, not of? A I N T I N G, 1*7 notfuffering them to reft till they had wrought tfbmething that might deferve the like fame.This may be farthered out of the words ofPlutarch alleadged before * : fbhath it alio * Lib If. 4. been obferved in latter times that the ages excelling in elo- % 2 * quence, have alio excelled in thefe Arts. aU manner offch ences and eloquence have been revived in Germanie J^ */? Fe- lix Faber*, W consequently aliunde ofwittie Arts, as Pain- *^- lht l i f m ting <*#comwon- *Nat. bifl. lj with Jkpzrftuous, fayth Plmie*. Apelles, Ecbiou 9 Melau- Ub. xxvi. thiuf) Nicomachus moftfamsus Painters, iayth the fame P/j- Jtf',^ nie*, have made theft immortall works with foure colours cap 7 * 0ftc f 3 audyet was everyone of their workes fold by itfelfe for the wealth of whole Cities. Now on the contrary k there never anobk pi&ure made^ though purple fettkih it felfe upon our waUs y though India briugethin the mud 'of her rivers , as alfo the corrupt blond of Dragons and Elephants : lee Plink him- felfe 3 for he fetteth downe in the fame .place the particular names of thefe foure colours ufed by them, it will not be a- * Lib. V IT. m jjf e to expoundfxyxh Vitruvius* ,wly the integritieofworh? cap. u mattflyipfc now adayesput downbyfalfe and adulterate wayes • for what laborious and indufiricus antiquitie didftudy to have commended for the Art, the fame doe our Artificers obtaine by the fine fiew of rare colours^ and the coft beftowedupon the workg by the patron of the werke, bnngeth topaJfe y that the au- thoritie ancient works drew out ofthefubtiltie of the Artificer, is not fo much as de fired. Who was there among fix ancients buthedidufevermi/ianfparingly } and even after the rmmter rfamedicament? but now are there every where 'whole walls daubed over with it^as alfo with Chryfbcol^Oftrum, Arme- nium : which things, when they are ufed in painting, draw the tyes by their gUperingbrightneffey though they be never placed by any art : andbecaufe they are very chargeable andcoftly, the law hath excepted them , that namely thepatrone of the works Jfjouldexhibite andprovide thempot the Artificer. There was alio another wanton device of chargeable Art, tending to the undoing of this fame fimplicitie we lpeake of, yea cau- fing of Painting. fing the uttermoft mine of the whole Art it felfe. Pitfure, an Art noble in times paft, faythPlinie*, is now altogether *Likxxxv. thruft out by marble andgold : notonely that whole walls are naU ^fl' covered with it, but that marble alfr isfcraped and filed fir to ca %' u taake party-coloured crufls representing feveratt things and hafts : the lower fquares of pillars have loft their eftimation they were in ; no more are whole fpaces ofhils that lie hid in our prime chambers liked of : we have begun to paint fiones alfo : this was found out in the / im.es of Claudius his government : as itwasfirft inftitutedin Nero his times to vary the unitie of a ft one by /nfertingfuchjpots into thecruft as were not by na- ture : that namely the N utmdnnftone might be filled with o- vails ^ and the Synnadhnjhouldfeeme to be diftinguifijedwith purple 5 even as waiward delicacies would have them grow, $ 2 . The ancient Painters of better fort, did confrantl y follow this fame ftudy of fimplicitie l neither did they (pare thofe that durft (hew themfelves addicted- to an effeminate- ly remifle and amoft corrupt kinde of fumpruous work- manmip:fbwasitthat^/e#e/ 3 as* Clemens Alex andrinus * Lib. II reporteth, feeing one of his fcholars bufie with the picture P*dagog. of Helen, the which was afterwards named the golden Hs- ca b 1 2 * ten, fayd unto the youth, Becaufe you knew not how to paint her faire, you have made her rich. Although grea$ Matters in old times did labour mightily to recall fuch de- praving of Art to the uncorruptn efk oFfevere judgements, yet could they not prevaile fomuch, but that the fophifti- cated Art, abounding with many fweet vices,drew fell the eyes and minds of unadvifed fpedtators • and fb were after- wards the greateft part of the Artificers 'by a heardefleluf- kifhnefle perfwaded to (often fuch things as els would have been foil offtrength, yea they did not fecke to change the manly countenance of Art by an affe&ation of afeeming grace 5 ^ ISO The ancient Art * Lib. VI Sympof.pro- blem. 7. *Lib.XIL cap* i O. *Lib. V. cap. 12. grace $ little regarding what ftrength there was in their workes, if they were but (raoothly trimme and well liked of by the vulgar fort. There is a wonderfull great difference between pure neatneffe and curious affeUation^ fayth Plu- tarch*, 'things more hontfi are alfo more Jpecious in abodie that doth not ft itfelfefor luxury andluf, l ay th guintilian*. So fayth aifo the fame Author in another place* 5 ff hen 1 look upon Nature it Jelfe^ an) man is fairer 7 in my opinion, then an £ if nut h:fo cannot Providence dijdain her own workefo much, as to fuffer dehilitie to be reckoned among the beft inventions ^ neither can I thinks that any thing is made fairer by cutting^ which if it ipe ere brought forth Jo y Jhould be counted a monfter. Let tup therefore glory in the counterfeit effeminate neffe of the maimed fex £ yetfloallnotevill cuftomes get fo much mafet- Jhip, as to make it good alfo, what they have made precious. HAP. VII / pnftant Emulators in the meane time, expref- fingproiperoufly the fayd firnplicitie of the ancient Art, felt their mindes withall filled with the fweet contentment of what they did : wondering therefore at the ftrange e£ feftsoffiich plaine workmanftrip, they could not choofe but chearefully purfue the fame way of Art. // // more de- * Epiflola p. light full to an Artificer, fayth Seneca * 3 to paint ', then to have done painting : our foliicitude, as long asfiee bufieth her felfe about the worke^ taketh a Jingular great plea fure in the occupa- tion it felfe : he is nothing neerefo much delight edytkat hath al- k readie of Painting. 121 teadk accomplished the worke :for he doth vow enjoy the fruit ofhis Art -^whereas before ,whi left he did paint, he enjoyed the Art itfelfe. The youthfully eares of our children are more bene- ficiall and profitable^ but their infancie for all thatisugreat deale jweeter. Plutarch giveth us a lively example of the pleafure a working Artificer enjoy eth $ as many as love to painty (aythhe*, are fo tak$n with the goodly fiew of their * lnlibcUo cut wrkes in hand^ that Nicias 3 when he made a pi^ure famous by t*t*k* » Non the name Necya, did often asb$ his fert fiiUencreafe &ith thtir ages. It is then evident that voe are borne to doe alxvayes fomething : fee alio Seneca^pift. 39. ■§ . 3 . And in good truths what (ball we (ay to this ? can there be any fo great contentment in the poffeflion ofa vaft and endleffe eftate, in the en joying of all kinde of pleafures and delights, as to fee men of great places and authoritie, that live in great abundance and plentio, and doe not want the good will of the world ; aflemble themfelves together and make a 1 ing about the aftonifhed Artificer ? who being thus graced by moft eminent perfbns,how do all other men upon any occafion accompany him ? What (hew doth he m ke in publike places } what veneration do:h he finde in the aflemblies of men of good note > how fenfible is he of the joyes that doe tickle his heart when he feeth the eyes of all men with a fiknt admiration fixed upon him alone? when he perceiveth that his name is one of the firft names parents acquaint their children with ? when he findeth that the unlearned and careleffe multitude hath got his name, and telleth it one to another at his going by > country peo- ple alfb and ftrangers having heard of him in the places of theirabode, asfboneastheycorre to Towne^ enquire for him firft of all, defiroustofeetheface of him they heard titib. Ill (b much of: any mt almofl may be enflamed> fayth Ovid*, de Tmito , by the applaufe and cfaer full favour of the people. Ekg. 4. § 4 . But why fhouid I reckon up thefe ordinarie joyes, that lie open alfo to the eyes of ignorant men, feeing there are fecret delights of greater moment, felt and knowne by none but the Artificer himfelfe? for when he publifheth an accurat and well belaboured worke, the found and folid /joy conceived out of the abfblutenefle of the wotke hath as well of Painting. 123 well a certaine weight and durable conftancie, as the work it felfe • when he bringeth on the contrary a Ifadden and halfe polifhed worke to the view of the world, the anguifti and perplexitie of his timorous minde doth coimmend the good foccefle the more unto him, fo that he doth moft heartily embrace the pleafure of his fortunate boldnefle. And how is it pofiible, I pray you, that fuch a a Artificer fhould not thinke himfelfe a moft happie man, which upon a Jufl affiance of his vertues knoweth himfelfe to be lifted up above the reach of envie, where he fbndeth fecureof his fame 5 enjoying in this life, as if he were now alreadie eonfecratedunto eternirie, rhe veneration that is like to follow him after his death : it is a moft comfortable thing to have a fore- feeling of tr hat we hope to att aim unto t fayth the yotmgefP/*>&*:fo fayth a\foLatinusPacatus y the flitting * Lik IV. pleafufe offuddenfuccejfes> fayth he * , as it takgth us, fo doth e P- x 5« it leave us : it is a logger felicitie when wj; arefecure of what E-T^jT' xse expetf : neither have fome great Mafters in old times de^ ^ V# dicated their beft Workes at Delphk in the temple of Apollo ^ ' with any other inten t,but that they mould in their life time preoccupie a lively feeling of an everlafting name. Thofe that have hung up unto the Gods great donaries \ fayth Libdni- m *, paffe the reft oft heir time with a great deale of pie of dm- * In Antio* netfe, as having now m their daily converfation fame fine thing c ^ co * of their owne to relate: yea if they had many other things to fay that might make them famous, yet would thef goe by all the reft , and boa ft moft confidently that they doe not feare to be buried in oblivion 3 feeing their worke nwaineth in the fineft place under the Sunne : neither doth this confidence de- ceive them • for whofoever doth {hew theftudy of his minde in places of great re fort % procureth unto himfelfe an ever- y lofting glorie : fuch is , in my opinion, the cafe of thofe J K 2 Painters, 124 Tb e anc ^ ent -Art Painters 3 who have confecrated the wifdome of their hands at Delphis. Chap. VII I. S then the fweetnefle they felt in ahappieex- pretfing of that ancient fimplicitie made them dill to advance thefe Arts with an undefati- gable ftudie 3 (b was likewife the manifold and every where obvious ufe of thefe Arts a great caufe of their augmentation $ feeing men love alwayesto take the greateft paines about fuch Arts and Scienees^as are in greateft requeft : the provocations of vices have alfo aug- ment edtke Art : it hath beenpleafwg to engrave vpanton lufts upon the cups^ and to drinke in ribauldrie abominations y fayth * inproeemio vlinie *. Dddalus made a woodden Cowe, to accomplifti libri xxxiii. the fhamefull defire ofPaJiphae withall 5 fee Higynus *. But *Fabula^o. wearerefolvedtoinfift onely upon more honeft caufes: and certainly 3 all mankinde hath beene very much wronged by thern, that would goe and fetch thefe prodigious mini- fteries of bafe luft from fb noble Arts^ even as we have good reafbn to deteft their importunate wits^that have tur- ned the human itie of fiich gentle Arts totheinftruments of crueltie. Medea went about to overthrow Velias by a hol- low image ok Diana 5 fee Diadortts Siculus lib. IV. BibliotL Perilau-shisbraCen bull is knowne by the Epiftle Phalaris wrote to the Athenians concerning Perilaus his execution. Agathocks his litter is mentioned by Diod. Siculus lib. xx. Nabk the tyrant 3 his tpcga is deicribed by Polybius lib.xviiu i r t* Ovid* remembreth a horfe made of maple tree, wherein the k zerf ' 569 ' throat (jf Painting. 125 throat of miterable men was broke. The Carthaginians had a brafen ft atue ofsatwwfimchmg forth his hands toward the ground after fuch a manner, that the babe offered him for facrifice might roledowne into the flaming fire that was underneath $ fee Dfad. Siculus lib. xx. Some of the French have huge images, whofe great limmes made of twigges they doe fill with men chat are to be burned alive ^ lee Ce- farlib. VI. debello Gall, cap.i 6. asalfoTulliepre MamoFon- teio, and Strabo lib. IV. Gcogr. There was in a cave at Rome a wonderful! great dragon made by mechanicall art, carry- ing a (word in his mouth, wi th eyes of precious ftoncs fear- fully gliftering : unto this dragon there was yearely offered a facrifice of devoted Virgins handfomly trimmed up with flowers : and when thefe Virgins, being ignorant of the danger, meant to goedowne to offer their gifts, as (bone as they did but touch that ftep of the ladder at which the dragon by a diabolical! art did hang, their innocent bloud wasinftantly fried by the (word they met withall. A cer- taine monke at length,which for his merits was well known unto Stilico, deftroyed him after this manner : trying eve^ ry ftep at his going down, he found out thedivelifh deceit^ and warily fhunning that (ame falfe ftep, he camefoneere as to cut the dragon in pieces $ (hewing here alfo that they are no Gods which are made by the hand of man: fee D, Profier.part III. de Pw/iiJf.&pr*diftionib. Dei^pfomiJf.^S. Ungodly Kings and Princes alfo were wont to trie the mindesofthetrue worfliippersofGod, by expofing their ©wne ftatues and the ftatues of other falfe Gods publikely to be adored ^ and that with no other intent, but that the fervantsof the living God might befound out and deftroy- ed : (owe read that 'Nabuthodonofar^ puffed up by profperi- tie, made an exceeding great golden ftatue, tobe adored of R3 all 126 The ancient Art / all them that had their mindes depraved by flattery, none but shadrachyMefiach, and Abednego were found to have abftained from that profane office,wherefore they were by the Kings command immediately bound and caft into the . firie furnace: fee the prophecie of Daniel cap, ^.CeePanius junior lih.x.epift. yj. and 98. Licinnius hath even alter the fame manier gone about to exercife crueltie upon Attxen- tius: feeSuidas where he fpeaketh otAuxentius. Let us now leave the examples offlich abeaftly fiercenefle, feeing they doe not defer ve to be related among the caufes of the encreafe of Art 5 as on the contrary we may very well judge that they have deferved a great deale better of the whole world, who ftudied to advance thefe Arts by tranfFerring them unto all kinde of things honeft or at leaft not difhth- neft. § 2. But here feemeth the greateft encreafe of Art at the firft to have been occafioned by neccflitie^feeing it is gran- ted that inventions to fupplie our wants ^ are more ancient - y then thofe that ferve onely tojatisfie our pleafure, iayth T»A- *T*ePerf.o- fa*. Whatsoever is ufefull, hath his turne before any other rat ore. t y n g ont iy delightfully fay th Varro *. Man, a fociable crea- *v T 'a ture ? not knowing how to fpeake to men of another lan- e T ' g ua g c 3 ror to tnem tnat were abfenr, or fhould live a good a ^ while afrer him, was forced (before the invention of let- ters and wrking)tomake ufeofcertaine figures tasen from the fimilitude of divers beafb, plants, and other artificial! things : and fb doe we finde that the induftry of the moft ancient times expreffed the inward and fecret conceits of any mans minde by the helpe of fuch markes. Diod. Sicnlus (peaking of the Ethiopians \ the moft ancient of all Nations - in h is opinion, their letters > fayth he, refemble divers living creatures^ as aljo extremities ofmen 7 andmofi of all artificers i»~ of Pa I N T I N G. I27 inflrumenis : for their words art not expreffedby the compofi- tion of fy liable s and ktters y but they are under the forme and ftgnijication of images printed into the memory of men by ufe. Com/Tacitus alfb fpeaking of the Egyptians, the ^Egyptians did firfi of all } fay th he *, jet forth the meaning of their minde * Annal lib, by figures of living creatures: and the m ofi ancient monum ents XI, cap, 1 4. of humane memorie are as yet feene printed in flones after fuch a manner. Neceflitie did alio drive Philomela to expreffe by a woven piclure the grievous cafe fhee was in 1 fee Ovid lib. VI. Metam. as alfo Aufonius epifl. 2 3 . but moft of all A- chilks Tatius, Philomela, f ay th he *, found out afilent voice 5 * Lib. V. de forjhee weaveth a long veflure^ deferring therein the tragic all amorib. Cli- fa& a her hand perfrr met h the office of her towue, andjhee doth topbontit & difcover unto the eyes of Progne things belonging to her eares, Lctic ipp es * telling her by themeanes of aflrittle what fhee hath fuffered ^ Ptognefrom the vefture underflandeth the rape. It feemeth alfb that principall men at Rome upon confederation of this neceflitie, perfwaded g^Pedius to pra&ife the Art of pain- ting. ghPedius , fayth Mime * nephew to that confular and * Lib. xxxv. triumphallQ/Ped'ms, who by CxCar the Dilator was made ***w* bifi. co-heire with A uguft, being dumbe by nature 3 Meflalla the 0- ca h 4- ratcr^out ofwhofefamilie the boy s grandmother was^didthink^ it fit to have him taught the Art of paintings Auguft himfelfe being alfo of that opinion: he died a boy, having profited very wellintheArt. Although fpokea, it feemeth but a flight matter ^ yet, being well con fidered, it is a mightie thing, that Pi&ure fpeaketh the language of all men 5 whereas a- mong feverall Nations there is fuch a wonderfull di verfi ty of fpeakin g, that a forrainer doth hardly kemc a man unto them that are of another Countrie. § 3. The nfoall way of Sciences giveth us alfb an evi- dent proofeofthe neceflitie of thefe Arts i feeing it ispra- cTifed 128 The ancient Art difed almoft in all Arts and Sciences, tti3t the cleereft grounds anArtiftis able to propound, areyetilluftrated and cleered by Pidure : how often chanceth it in the natu- rallfcience that, when words come fhort, a little picture , bringethus to the knowledge of beafts, birds, fi{hes,and all forts of verminewee never faw before? this is very often * Lib. x VM confefTed by JElian * in his Hiftorie of beads : neither may Animaiib. & we doubt but that all mankinde (hould be overwhelmed *®* u with a thicker mift of ignorance then it is now,if this gene- rous Art did not fometimes ftep in and fet forth in a (mall image what many word scannotdefcribe: fo doelikewife all Artsofwarre and peace lacke the aide of Pidure. A Tadike fhall never know how to fet his men in aray,unlene he doe firft trie the cafe by defigne or delineation : (b doe * Apud Ovi* we read that Penelope* doth attribute this fame skill to the dmmjneptf. ancient Worthies, faying that they being returned home Hemd. f rom tne Trojan warre, did paint in their feaft%the whole befieged Citie and all the manner of warre with a little wine * Lib, I I. u P on tne noord. Like wife doth the fame Author elfwhere * di Arte. mention that Mneas at the requeft otCalypfo did paint the fiegeofThy with all the circumftances that might be ob- * Likil.de fervedinfuch afiege. Vegetitts* at length when he recko- Ke military neth up all fuch kinde of workmen as are of neceflitie to be cap. 1 1 . added to every legion, placeth Painters among the reft of thefe Artificers that might not be fpared in an Armie. An A rchited alfo had need to have fome (kill in drawing, that he may the eafier pourtrapn hk y tinted plat formes anyfaflmn of worke hk minde puttethhimupon^ fayxhvitruvius, lib. I. Architect, cap. i . Although a cunning Architect muft not onely know how to delinearethe worke he taketh in hand, but he muft know alfb, if need be, how to worke out the patceme of his intended worke in wax or clay. Doeyee not M ofV A I N T I N G. I29 fee the Architects, fayth Greg. Nyjfenus * , how tky doeworke * Or at. Ill, out the patterns of huge and might ie buildings in a lit tie wax, in s^tfmr. and how the proportion offofmall an example kgepeth the fame c ^ ri fi h force in a greater fir uUure ? In many other Arts we doe find the felfe- fame necefiitie. Geometric and Jftrologie goe fane beyond A pelles and Polydetus $ for thy doe counterfeit every thing fo lively 7 asifthe Labyrinth-mak§r Dxdalus had contri- ved them, fayth Martianus Capella *. Archimedes sicu/us did * Lib. VL dc cunningly maty the fimilitude and figure of the world in hollow fhiloL & brafje, painting aljo the cekfiiall fignes on that fame braffe, Macuni fayth La&antins *. the Greece Authors ofPhyfic^ Cratevas, * p{^, e Diony fius,Metrodorus, have after a mofl pleafant way pain- erromcT.-. tedthejhapes ofhearbs, writing their effefts underneath, fayth Pllnit*. Many forts of birds were painted in the Hetrurian * Lib. xxv. difcipline, fayth the fame Plinie*. Such as wrote the Jives CJ P; 2 * of great and famous men, were wont alfb to joyne their Llb% X ' painte^f images unto the relation made of them 5 that po- ca ?' 1 5 " fteritie might as well view the picture of their bodies as of their mindes. T. Vomponm Atticus expreffed in verfe who they were among the Romanes that did excell in honour and great deeds, J0 that their deeds and honours are defcribed under every one his image with no more butfoure or five verfes, fayth Corn. Nepos*. Varro likewife fhidied to extend the * In vita At- fame ofilluftrious men after the fame manner. Plinie fpez- tici - < keth of rhem both at once 5 that the love of images hath been much in requeft, fayth he*, is witneffed by \tt\cus,that friend * Lib. xxxv,. of Cicero, feeing he pub lifted a 'volume of images : it is wit- CJ p' 2 - neffedalfo by M. Varro, who by a mofl bountifull invention in- fertedinto thefertilitie of his volumes not the names ont ly y but infome manner the images alfo of feven hundred illufirious Worthies ^ not fuffering their fijapes toperifi), nor a?e to pre- vaiie againfl men ^ deferving the envie of the Gods themfelves S by \ 130 The ancient Art * Ve D'ninii kUionib.C). * lbidem 3 cap. 30. / by tk invent ion of fuch a gift $ fince he did not onely befiow ?m- mortalitie upon them > butfent them alfo abroad into all Coun- tries j that they might be prefent every where and carried about. The interpreters alfo of facred hiftories are likewifenow and then forced to make ufe of thefe Arts , thepi&ure of the tabernacle s of the temple ofGod^made after the likenejfe of hea- ve n y layth Cajpodorus*) as it was cunningly drawne in his proper lineaments^ hath been fitted by me inthehatinepan- de&s after a mofl competent manner.The fame Author fpea- keth alfo of painted patterns for Book-binders 5 / have ex- preffedfor the Bookbinder v a fayth he * 3 fever all w ayes of bin- dings ^ painted all in one volume^ to the end a fcholar might choofefuch afafhion of covering as hefhalllikg befl. The mofl: ufefull ftudie of Geographie at length, without fbme helpe of Pi&ure, will be nothing elfe but a temerarie error of our wandringminde- and every one of us muft fay with Pro- per tius *, lam compelled to learne the painted worlds out of a mappe. The poet fay th very well^ lam compelled '^feeing the moft induftrious ftudie of perufing all the laborious com- mentaries of Geographers can give us but a confuted and obfcure view of what one painted fheet of paper propoun- deth unto our eyes mofl: clearely. And as the fludy of Geo- graphy is found to be upholden by Picture, fo muft travel- lers alio that would have their travels knowne,not be alto- gether ignorant in this Art ^fuchashave travelled by fea and by land \ fay th Macro bius *, re Joyce when they are asked about the Jit uat ion of an unknowne Country or about one or other bay of the fea ^ they doe anfwer therefore mofl willingly, defcribing the places fometimes with words^ fometimes with afticke 5 e- fteeming it no fm all glory to represent to the eyes of others what they tfomfelves have feene. It would be an eafte matter to fhew here the like ufe of Picture in many other Sciences, if *Lib. IV. Eleg. 3. "* SdtttrnaL lib. V 11, cap. 2. o/Painting. 131 ifwedidnothaften to greater benefits famous Generalls have enjoyed by the means of thefe Arts both in warre and peace. ^ 4. Hidal meaning to fave her hufband David from the perforation of her father £^//,fained him to be fick 3 having muffled up in the bed an image in ftead of her hufband Da~ vids who had leilure enough to get away whileft the Kings meflengers were fo deceived : feei Saw.xh. 1 3 .The corpfe 0$ Alexander the Great did lie a great while unburied., the Princes quarrelling moll: eagerly about the fucceffion to the crowne^ neither would they in haftehave minded any fuch thing, \iAriftanderhad not foretold them as by a prophet!- call inspiration, that the Country which fhould receive the bodie of fb fortunate a King, mould have no need to feare any invafion^ whereupon every one ftrove to enterre the Roiall corpfe in the Country where his government chan- ced to be. But when Perdiccas perceived that Ptokm£us ha- ving prevented him made all poflible hafte to bring the Kings dead bodie into &gyp } he made likewife after him with an armed force, and a great deal of bloud would have been fpilled that day between them two, if Ptokm Oebares filled the ground round about with woodden ima- Hum, fi;es of Pet \(ians , and that the townfmen frighted with fuch a multitude of enemies, yeelded the citie : fee alio Theonfi- phiflapogymn. cap. XI. Jtd.Frontimslib.in.Stratag.cap.S. Ts^t&es Chiliad. I>hift. 1 . Such another ft ratagem hath been 1 S 2 ufed i 152 The ancient Art ufed by Semiramk : fee Diod. Siculut lib.I 1, asalfb Tzetzes Chil. XII) hifi. 452. Spartans did likewife by the fame means efcape his enemies that had befet him on every fide ; fee Front inus lib, I. Stratag. cap, 5 . The Lacedamonians to- gether with their con federates having gathered an Armie of forty thoufand men, made an invafion into the Country of the Thebanes, Fpatninondas perceiving that the The* bams were much frighted with (uch a multitude, would not lead them forth to meet the enemy before he had leflened their feare and rilled them with a moil refblute courage. There was at Thebes an image of Pallas holding a pike in the right hand, and a (hield downe at the knees : this image he caufed to be altered in the nighttime, and opened in the morning about the time of his letting forth all the churches that were in the Citie, wifbing his Country-men to pray to the Gods for good fliccelTe : but they, having found the GoddefTe her pofture quite altered from what it was before, were much amazed, as if the GoddefTe did itretch forth her weapons againft the enemies $ whereupon Epaminondas bid them be of good chcare, fince the Goddefle (hewed her (elf readie to meet the enemies. This plot of his did prevaile (6 much with the Thebanes^ that they had the better of the day . Poly&nns lib, 1 1. Stratagematutn. L.Sylla plotting how to make his Souldiers more forward to fight, made a (hew as if the Gods did foretell him things to come;and at length in the fight of his Armie, that was new readie for the bat- tle,he brought forth a little image which he had taken away from Delphi* ,be(eeching it to haften the promMed vi&ory : (ee Frontinus Stratag Jib. J, cap, 145. Valer.Maximuslib, /, cap, 2 . exemplo 2, . Plutarch * adder h that this image ufed by sylla was a golden image of Apollo. Theagenes alfb inten- ding to goe any whither, was wont to conftlt an image of of Pa I N T I N G. I33 of Hecate, which he had ever about him : lee Suidas. Jupi- ter recalled Juno from an intended divorcement by the means of a ftatue : fee Paufanias lib. IX. Amafis abolifhed the unnaturall cuftome of humane facriflces, ufed ztHeli- epo/jfyZ citie of&gypt :, commanding there mould be made three images of wax, in the place of three men that were to be offered unto Juno : fee Porphyrin lib. II. de Abjiinentia : fo doth Servius fay very well to this purpofe: Jfie muft h^ovp^ faythhe*, that things fained in Sacrifices are taken for true things : wherefore, when afacrifice is to be made effuch crea- , 1 * & tures as are hard to come by, they are made ofpafle or n> axe, and jgndd are taken fir true ones. The Egyptians did contemne their King Amafs at the firft beginnings Of his governmen t ? be- cause he was but of an ignoble and meane parentage .-till he made them by a fine way remember the veneration due to that height of glory he was come to. There was among the royallhoufholdftuffe a golden bafen wherein the King his ftet were daily warned, as alfb the feet of them that fate with him at meat : breaking therefore this bafen, he turned it into an image, and fet it up to be adored publikely : and when he was afterwards informed that the Egyptians did wormipitmoftreligioufly, he told them that image was made out of the bafen in which they were wont to waft their feet, to vomite, and to make water in 3 wifhing them withall, to efteeme of him accordingly $ faying that it was true, he had been one of the common fort, nothing diffe- ring from the fordid multitude, but that he had now very goodreafbn to looke for that dreadfull veneration Kings have in the hearts of all them that are touched with a lively feeling of their power and might : fee Herodotus in Euterpe. The Prieft of Canopus confuted with a pretie device the great boaftings the Chaldeans made of their much honoured 1 S 3 God: 1 134 The ancient Art God : for when they went braggingly about to trie the ftrength of other Gods with the force of the all-devouring fire worfhipped by them, there met them among the reft a Prieft otCanopw, who having taken an earthen water-pot full of holes, filled it with w ater, the holes being firft (top* ped up w ith wa> e ^ having afterward fitted this deceitfull wat-.r- pot with ahead arid ether limn cs taken from ano- ther ftatue, and having coloured all alike, he quickly made an end or their vauntings^ for in this conflict of Gods, whereas the Chaldeans did thinke that this ftatuelhouldbe cenfun cc by the fire as others had been, it fell out other-* wife 3 for the waxe melting, let out the water $ and fb was the Chaldean God moft ridiculoufly put out : fee Cedrenus^ and Suidas, where he fpeakethofGaw/wj. Annibal after that the Romanes had vanquifhed Antiochwfied to the Gor* tintans in Crete, to confider there which way he might bell: fecure himfelfe : but the moft wary man perceived inftant-. ly that he was there in very gi eat danger, by reaibn of the Cretenfans avarice, unleile he could find outfbmefiidden fhift $ knowing full well that it was noifed abroad how he had a great fumme of money about him. He filled therefore a great many pots with lead, laying fb much gold on the top as might cover the lead : then did he put thefe pots in the temple of Diana, the Gortynians being by, making a (hew as if he did put them in truft with all he had After he had tl us gulled the Gortynians, he filled the braien ftatues he had about him with his money, throwing them carelefly downe in publike roomes of his lodging : the Gortynians in the mean time doe watch the temple with very great care^ not fb much for feare of others, as of Annibal himfelfe, leaft hefhould privily con v ay away fbmething : but Annibalha- ving deceived the Gortynians^ and faved all his wealth by fuch ofV A I N T I N G. I35 fucha craftie fubtiltie, got from thence to King Vruftas in Pontus : lee Corn. Nepos in Hannibal his life. When Alcibia- des meant to take great matters in hand, and (aw that many things could not be effected without the helpeofa truftie friend that mould be privie to all his plots, he tried his friends out of whom hemeant to mike his choice after this manner. Having laid a ftatue made after the likenefie of a dead man in the darkne0e of an obfcure corner, he brought in his friends one by one 3 (hewing them, with a great deale of horrour and feare the man whom he pretended to have been murthered by himfelfe, craving alto filence and help : but when every one drew backe, fearing to meddle with fb dangerous a matter, Callias alone readily and faithfully un- dertooke the (bcietie of the danger his friend would put him to ^ and hence was it that Alcibiades afterwards made moft u(e of Callias ^ as of a moft truftie inward friend : fee <. . Poly mm lib. I. Stratagem. There is goodcaufe alfo why among the manifold ufe of Statues the woodden horfes Ve- getius fpeaketh of (hould be mentioned here : not the frefi- water fonldiers 0#e/y 3 faythhe* ' 5 but the fiipendiarie alfo were * Lib. I. de flri&ly enjoyned topra&ife the vaulting art : which cuftome^ %- e f»thtari 9 although now with [ome diffimuhtion^ if come downe to this ca P' ! prefent age. Woodden horfes were put under th e roofe, when i t was winter $ in the openfield^ when it wasfommer : and young men were compelled to get upon them \ fir ft unarmed^ till they were n fed to it 5 and afterwards in their full armour :yea they went about it fo carefully^ that they did get up and downe in" differently at the right or left fide •, holding alfo drawne fwords or long fpeares in their hands : no wonder then that theyflwuld doe it in the tumult of a battellfo readily } who didpra&ife it in the auietnejje of peace foffudioufly. The Perfians did not one- ly ufe their horfes to the tingling (bund of glattering ar- mour. \ i 3 6 The ancient Art y mour, and to the hoarfe humming noueof an armed multi- tude^but they threw alio at the feet of their gallopping hor- fes the images of dead men ftnrTed with chaffe, leaft. they (hould lofe the ufe of their horfes,if in the heat of the fight they mould ftart afide, afrighted at thofe that lie flaine up • on the ground : fezJElianvs de Animalib, lib, XVI y cap, 2 5. The Macedonian King Perfeus preparing himfelfe againft the Romanes^ was informed that both Libya and their late viftory over Aniiochus had fiirnifhed them with elephants: leaft therefore iiich a huge beaft (hould fright the horlesat the firft fight, he gave order that fome cunning workmen (hould make woodden images refembling elephants in (hape and colour,that like wife a man (hould get upon this wood- den frame and (bund the trumpet thorough his fnout^ in imitation of their lowd and dreadfull braying : the horfes therefore having often feene the fight and heard the noife, were taught by this means to contemne the Elephants* Po- lymus lib, IV. Stratag, But among (b many feverall ufes of Statues, the inaugurated Statues may not be forgotten - y which being fet up by (kilfull enchaunters in (bme unaccefc fible chauncell of the temple, or elfe (ecretly digged in the ground, were thought to appeafe the wrath of the God s> and to protect the Country from hoftile invafions : fee Pho- tius in Excerpth ex hifi. Olympiodori, Such a one feemeth that feme talus to have been,mentioned by Apolfanius Rh&~ * Lib, TV. dius *, and many other Authors. A fins the Philofbpher ak; Argonaut, (b made an imaee of Pallas by a certaine obfervation of A - v. 1638. ftronomicall influences, tying the deftiniesofTV^tothe prefervation or loffe of that Palladium : (ee Tzetzes in Ly- cophronk CaJJandram, But of this, God willing, fhallwee (peake more at large in our Catalogue of Artificers. If any ©ne in the mean time deiire to know (bmething more con- cerning ofV A I NT IN G. 137 ccrning the inaugurated ftatues, which now adays by them that are curious of fuch things are called Talifman> let him readethe fixth Chapter oft G afar ellus his Curiofities un- heard. § 5. What an endlefle labour it would be, to reckon up the feverall forts of ftatues and Images made both for ufe and ornament , not to alledge many authors, may bee knowne oatofCajfiodorus alone. The Tufcanes are Jayd to banc firft found out ftatues in Italy ^ faith hee, * andPofteritie * Fariamm, having embraced this invention of theirs, hath very neer filled lib, V1L 1^. up the city with a number of people equall unto them that were begotten by Nature* A s therefore it might feeme a moft te- merarie unadvifedneffe, if I mould undertake to mention all that ancient authors relate of the workes of ftatuary and picture ^ (bis it more agreeable with our meane wit , and otherwife employed induftry, to promife but a little more than we have fayd alreadie : not mentioning themajeftical ornaments of Churches,of market places,and publique gal- leries, feeing it is better to fay nothing at all of them, than toleffen their deferved admiration, by a dry and homely expreflion. Infiftkig therefore onely upon fbme other ex- amples of the ufefalnefie of thefe arts, it may not feeme a- mifle tothinke, that m my of the ancients perchance have ftudied to fill publique and privat olaces with all kinde of rare pictures and ftatues, for the fame reafbn for which the Lacedemonian s(otherwife a blunt and courfe people made much of their. For beins: a warrelike Nation, and know- ing well-fhaped proper bodies to be moft fit for war, they were alfb moft defirous to beget handfbme children,repre- fentingunto their great bellied wives, the images of Apollo and "Bacchus y the faireft among the gods^as alfb the pi&urcs of C^rand Pollux ^Nireus^Narciff us ^ Uiacynthus^ young T men i 3 8 1 he antient Art f. 12. men of perfect beauty. Appianus in his firft booke of Hun- ting defcribeth this cuftom of theirs : adding withall, T hat fuch as bred hoife-colts and pigeons, did moft commonly life fome fuch like meanestohave their horfe-colts and Pi- geons fpecklcd and painted after their own phantafie. The praclife of the Patriarch Ja?ob agreeth very well with this. See Genef.xxx. and B.Hieronymus his Queftions upon Gene- A7 ■ ' ft fi s% Thefl ja P eso fbodks brought forth, faith Pliny, * are repu- ted to be futable to the mtndes of the Parent s y in which many cafuall things beare agreatfway ^ things feene, heard, re mem- bred, phantajies alfo running in the mind at the very inflant of conception: a thought likgwife running in the mind of either of both the Parents ) is conceived either to giue the whole foape to the childyOr els to mix it Whence it is that more differences are in man,than in any other creature whatfoever $ feeing the nim~ bleneffe of his thoughts, the fwiftneffe of his minde y andthe va- rietie of his wit, do imprint in him images of many andfeueral fajfiions : whereas all other creatures haveunmoveabte minds, and in their owne kinde alify. Heliodorus groundeth the whole argument of his MthU * Retrattat. opicall hiftory upon fuch an accident, as is to be feen in his fourth and tenth booke. Saint Auften * likewife relateth out of s or anus j That a certaine deformed King of Cyprus was wont to fet before his wife when hee meant to know her, a moft faire picture $ hoping to effeft by this meanes, that (he mould bring him forth faire children. Galen alio inhistreati(eulamm - wife doth not fb much follow the condition of our birth,as the vermes of our 1 ife. "Berofus 142 1 be antient Art I Berofttf did excell in Aftrologie, wherefore the A theni- ans for his divine prognostications erected him a Statue with a golden xongue, let up in their publique Schools. See Pliny, Nat. Lift, lib.vn. cap.?, 7. Jofephus } thzt famous wri- ter of the J evvifh antiquities, beeing brought to Rome a- mong other Captives., offered unto the Emperors Veftafian and Titus, feven bookes he had written about the taking of Jerufalem. Wh ich books being carefully put up in the pub- lique Library., there was moreover a ftatue erected him for the fame of that Worke of his. SeeSuidas. The noble Captain Chabrias was the firft that taught the Athenians, how to breake the furious aflault of a forward Enemy by holding vp their fhields ., and with a ben t knee levelling their pikes. This invention of his was fb much celebrated in all Greece \ that Chabrias would haue his fta- tue made in fuch a pofture \ and the A thenians erected him fuch a one publiquely in the market place.So did alfo cham- pions afterwards 5 and all other Artificers, when they had obtained the victory, make their ftatues in this very po- fture. Corn.Nepos in Chabria. The ftatues of the Embaffadors * Lib. IV. sb Jlaine at Fidena, faith Lrvy, * were jet up at Rome in a moft v « c » frequented place , kpowne by the name Roftra. Florus adderh, Becaufe they died for the Republique. The Athenians alfb erected a Statue to Anthemocritus, who ypon the like occa- fion was pulled in pieces by the Megarians. See Harpocra- * Lib.1. biji. tion in Anthem ocitus, Velleius Pater cuius * reporteth, cap, 1 1 , that Alexander the Great ; equefted L y fippus a fingular toorh^ man in fuch things , to make the ftdtues of tfa h or ft: men of his troupe that veereflaine at Granicum, as like them as could 'bee, andthatheft)ouldfet his ftatue among them. See alfb Arria~ nus 9 tib.\,(k Exped.Alexandri. When King Porfena was come to Janiculum, he v/as hindred by the vertue of Codes Horatius v.c. ^Painting, 145 Hor alius to march over the Tybcr : for Horatius fuftained the whole hoft of the H etrurians, whileft others in the meane time didbreake down the timber bridge: which be- ing done^he leapt with his full armour into the TyberfoAm- ming over to his other countrymen fafe,in rpite of a world of arrowes (hot vpon him ^ attempting a thing of greater fame with pofteritie , than credit , faith Livy,* and the city * Lib XI. ah thankfully acknowledged fuch a vertue, ereUinghim aftatue in aplace of great refort kpowne by the name Comitium. Vertue therefore being thus honoured in men , women alio were ftirred up to great attempts for the publique glo- ry of the Romane ftate : So when delta was giuen in ho- ftage to Verfenna, with many other noble Virgins , fhee made her felfe Captaine of the reft, and hauing deceived their Keepers, got on horfebacke and (warn over the river Tyber. the Romanes rewarded f& new a vertue in a woman y with a new kjnde of honour, faith Uvy in the fame place, for in memory of her ^ in the mofl eminent part of 'Viafacra they fet up aftatue of a maid on horfebacke. We finde alio, that unto Caja or Suffetia^ a Veftal Virgin, a ftatue was decreed, to be (et up in the place (he her felfe mould make choice of : which addition was no lefle honourable, than that it was decreed unto a woman. Her defert was,That (he had free- ly given unto the people that ground which was afterward called Campus Tihrims. See Plrnyjlib.XXXiv.Nat hi ft. ca&. The Soothfayer Accius Navius his f latue, who ait a whet- ftone with a Rai(br in the pretence oi'tarquinius, to (new unto the King an eflfecl: of his profeflion, was placed on tire left fide of the Counfel-honfe, upon the ftcps where the thing was done : the whetf tone alfb was to be feene in the ftme place, to be a monument unto po(teririe,ofthat mira- cle, faith Livy, lib,i.abv.c. So were there alfo very often (tames 144 The ancient Art frames ere&ed to preferve the memorie of fome miracu- ous accidents. Such was the ftatue ofArion 5 of the which fee Agellit/t) lib. xvi. Netf. Attic, cap. ultimo. And the An- thologie of Gi eeke Epigrams, lib.iv.cap. 1 4.where you may findedfo the ftatue of the Mufician Eunomus mentioned. The Afpendian Harpe-players ftatue is mentioned by Tul- lyjib.'w. in Verrem> where fee what Afconim Vedianus faith concerning that matter. Antonius the Triumvir mixed iron amongftthecoync called at Rome Denarius :\t was therefore made an art to eflay that kind of mony 3 and this law of trying the coyne was fb well liked by the people, that ftreetby ftreet they did ered whole ftatues untoG^- tidianus. SeePtiny, lib.xxxnuNat.hift. cap.y. A&ions proceeding out of the Hidden commotion of a forward minde , have been fbmetimes alfo efteemed worthy of the honour of a ftatue : for when the menage that Babylon had revolted, was brought unto Semiramk , whileft fhee was drefling her head ; fhe did inftantly runne to recover the ci- ty, one fide of her haire hanging as yet downe : neither would fhe fuffer her haire to be medled withall , as long as the city did hold out againft her. And there was upon this occafion a ftatue erected her at Babylon , in the fame habit fhe did haftily run in to revenge her felfeof the Rebels. See Valerius Maximus^ lib.\x.cap. 3 . ex ex t£. 1 Bupalus and Anthermus, to fport themfel ves and the fpe- c"tators 3 made the ftatue of HipponaUes the Poet, who was halfe a Dwarfe,and of an hard favoured countenance. But when they had moft contumelioufly publifhed this worke of fheirs in great companies of fcoffing and bufie mockers 5 Hipponaftes, as fbme doe report, fell upon them with fuch bitter invefti ves of lambichg verfes, that they made rather 1 f choice of an halter, than to endure his revenge any longer. I Suidas r ^Painting. 145 Suidas in Hipponax. Acron. in vi Epod. See alio Pliny f xxxvi. 5. TheQueene Artemifta having conquered Rhodes^ ere- cted a monument of her vidorie in the city, making two brafen flatties, whereof the one reprefented the city, the other reprefen ted her (elf 5 branding the city with reproch- full markes. Religion afterwards hindering the Rhodians to deface this monument,becau(e dedicated tropa?es might not be removed, they built a houfe about it , covering it with a Grecian roofe, to hide it from the view of all men $ commanding the place to be called Abaton, that is, an unac- ceffibk phct.Fitruvius lib. II. architect. cap.3. There have been very often ftatues erected unto thofe that by the fa- vour of Kings and Emperours were lifted vp above other men. So doth Suetonius * report, that Sejanus his golden * in liberie images were fet up every where. Andjfozw^/teachethus cap. 65. againe, by the example of the fomQSejanusjThat there was moft commonly the fame earneftnefle ufed in pulling them downe, thathadbeen ufed in creeling them, when the Em- peror did but begin to frown a little upon the much admi- red and flattered Favourit. See Juve#al t Satyrs, verf. $6. Claudius the Emperour erected a ftatue unto Simon Magus^ adding this title, Simoni Deo Sancto. See Tertul- lian\\\% Apolog. adverj.Gentes, cap. 1 3 . The importunate curiofitie of forae men at Rome brought topafle, that for- mer ages have feen the ftatues otAnnibal within the wals of the city. See Pliny ^ /M.xxxiv. Nat.hifi. cap.6. King Ptolo- ^einmemoryofaninceftuousaffedion, commanded £>/- nochares to hang up his fifter Arfinoe in the ayre : he thei e- foreplacedaLoadftone in the Vault of the Pharian Tem- ple, which drew up the miferable woman by her iron haire. V See Avfonws in Mo fella. Pliny ^ Z^.xxxiv. 'Nat.hifl. cap.\\. \ V Suidas 146 The ancient Art Suidas in Magnetic. Cedrenus^ ad annum undecimum Theodo* fiilmp, A ittv ugh it appeareth now in all thefe alledged examples. That ftatues were erected upon (evcrall occafi- ons 3 yet was this alwayes the chkfeft motive y That gene- rous Ipirits feeing Vertuefo mucnhonoured 3 mould like- wife be provoked unto vertuous aclions. There k goodrea- fonjxhy tfo memory of great vertuesfhould b thn in the rude ft times ofantiquitiejhofe that excelled in vertue^ be- ing exprefjedby the handofArtjvere tranfmitted io the memo- rie ofpofteritie. ^nd it were to be wifhedjhat the bafe remif- neffe of flatterers had not afterwards any thing derogated from that glory 5 although thofe honours are not to be efteemed ofe- quail value jhat are obtained by uneqall meanes. Symmachus lib.x. Epift.25. * Lib.xxxh. Images of men werefeldome expreffed, faith Pliny ^ * but of Nat. hifi. fjfc}) om iy asforfome noble a& had deferred perpetuitie . Firft. w ca h 4- for viUory in one or other of the f acred Games > but mo ft of ail <>/ Painting. 147 of the Olympian games, where it was thecuftom to connect ate the ft at ues of all them that had overcome : and if any had over- come thrice in the faid Games ^ their ft militude was exprejfed outof their very Urn me s-^whkh kinde of ft at ues were called Iconioe ftatux. This cuftome hath afterwards beene received in the whole world by a mo ft curteous ambition ^ for ft atues have now begun to bee an ornament of the marketplaces in all municipall townes : ftok it alfo an ordinary thing to prorogate the memory of men 3 and to write upon the bafesfuch titles of honours ', that all Ages might reade them there \ left they Jhould be read only upon Sepulchres. Priva't houfes likewife and their halls afterwards became h : fo market places : the reff>e& Clients bore their patrons fir ft inftituted to worfl'ip them after thk maner. The publique libraries were alfb furnifhed with the golden, (ilver 3 and braffe Images of thofe whofe immortall foules did fpeake in thefe places. This was at Rome the in- vention ofk finius PolliOjfi ith Pliny t * who when he diddedi- * Ltf.xxxv, catea Library, made a commonwealth of wits. Tetk it not N (t - hift. eafiiformetofay, whether the Kings of Alexandria and Per- ca b 2 - gamus,tv/v? ere&ed libraries for ft rife,did it before him or not. See the younger Pliny, lib.lV . cap.i%. And although the Images of the deceafed wereonely dedicated in publique Libraries, yet hath the veneration of learning prevailed fb much 3 that the image of Af. Varro alone before his death,, fhould find a place in the Library publifhed by A finite Vol- Ho. See Pliny Jib.v'u. Nat. hi ft. cap. %o. As for private Li- braries, Martial* teacheth us 3 That in them the Imaees of ^jfir*' fach Writers aswere as yet forgiving, might bee admitted. mtt ? Our forefathers had images in their halls , that defcrvedtobee looked upon y (ayth Pliny ^ * not theworks offorrein Artificers, * Lib.xxxv. notabk for the braffe or the marble. Faces exprejfed in waxe ttm " l y* J were orderly placed in every hollvwmffc fitted for fuch uje, that c ™' * V 2 there . ' i 4 8 The antient Art % there might not want Images to accompany th: funerals of eve* ry family ^ undalwayes when any one was dead^ the whole people of that family y as many as ever 'had ' beene famous } were present there. The degrees alfo of Kindred ft forth in garlands 3 did reach unto the painted Images : and the roomes mer the Court- yard, where their records and evidences were kept , did abound with booths and monuments of noble deeds performed when th?y were in authoritie. Without doores about tlw haunfe or frontier there did appeare other Images of great ffiritsjheffoyles taken from their enemies being faftned there ^that the buyer might not breake them off. The houfes themselves did triumph ^ though their mafters were changed : fo was this alfo a great pricking of their mindes, thehoufes dai'y upbraiding them, that an un- warlike mafier didfiep into another mans triumph* We n:uft needs bring in here the words of Salluftius • I have often * Ve BeBo heard, faith hee, * that Q. Maxumus, P.Scipio 3 and other Jugmtk great men of our city , were wont to fay ^ That they felt their mindes mightily inflamed to vertue when they did but lookg upon the Images of their Ancefiors:not that there was anyfuch force in that wax and figure ^ but that the memory of their fa- mous atts did kindle this flame in the brefls of brave men which could not be quenched^untill by a vertuom courfe they had attained to their fame andglory. See alfb ValerMaximus lib.v. cap.8.Exemplo%. *Lib.xxxvii Julius C£far> as iris reported by Dio Caffius^ * feeing a ftatue of the Great Alexander in Hercules his Temple at . GadeS) fetched many a deepe figh 3 pittifully bemoaning his owne condition,That he had not yet by any noble ad con- fecrated his memory unto eternitie. A s they had now the images of their noble anceftors in their halls, Co did they very often carry them about in their rings. Lentulusdi, mod defperate companion ofCateline, had ^Painting. 149 had -Ms grandfathers image ingraven in the ring hee did weare, and fealed his Letters with ic. I havejhewed t/oe Ut- ters unto Lentulus, faith Tully, * asking liimwhther hee * Or at. 3. in knew thefeale ; which being confejffed by him^ It is truly ^ fayd ^ Ctihnam / 3 afeak very well knownejbeing the image of your mo ft famous grandfather ^ who loved his count rey and count rey men dearely • and thisfyeechleffe image might very welhaue recalled you from fuch wicked attempts. Left therefore any fuch reproches fhould light upon aay noble branch of an ancient ftocke^all fuch as were allyed to great houfes ? did by a juft (everity refiafeto acknowledge fuch noble monfters as began to dar- ken the brightnefle of their anceftors. The fbnne ofsripto Jfricanus was fet upon by the whole kinred, when (hame- fully degenerating,he did nothing but difgrace the images of his glorious father and famous Uncle. His kins folks pul- led the ring from his hand 3 faith Valerius M aximus, * in which * Lib.iii.c.^ Scipio Africanus his head was ingraven. Exempli 1. § 8 . Vi&ure in my opinion was moft of all brought in re- queftat Rome, by M. Valerius Maximus Meflala, who being then Generally placed at a fide of Curia HofKIia thepi&ure of that bat tell wherein he overcame the Carthaginians and Hie- ron in Sicily 3 the foure hundred foure f core and tenth yeere of the founding of the city. Pliny xxxv. 4 . The glory of the Scene made the Art more famous at Rome. Tor the Scene of Claudius Pulchcv his Playes was very much Wondered at for the excellencie ofpitture -^feeing Crowes deceived by the image } came flying to thsjimilitude of the painted Tiles. Pliny, Lib. xxxv. cap. 4. There is in the mention of Pi&urc apretre tale divulged of Lepidus,r*7:»0 m the time of his Triumvir at being lodged by the Magiflrates of a certaine towne in a thicke woodded place 3 he ~ expoflulated the next day with them after a threat King man- * ner 150 The ancient Art ner^ becaufe his jleepe had been broke by the paging of birds : but they having hung round about the Place a dragon fainted upon a long role of parchment made the birds hold their peace : andfo was it afterwards knowne that- this was the way to re- ftraine them. Plin. xxxv, 1 1 . The two following examples, although they doe not directly appertaine to this place, waere we doe reckon up the manifold ufe of Fi&ure, yet may we rehearfe them here by the way, fince by them we are taught that unreafonable creatures are fbmetimes as well mooved by their owne image repreiented in the water or in alooking-glafle, as thefe birds were frighted by the likenefle of a painted dragon. A horfe knowing what a lin- gular ornament his mane is unto him, ufeth to be proud of it: thole therefore that goe about to have their mares cove- red by he-afles, when they finde them after a fierce manner fcorne fuch an unequall match, ufe to clip their manes and fb to drive them to the water: whereupon is it anuluall thing that the mare feeing the pride of her necke gone, groweth more tractable and admitteth the afle : fee Mlian. lib. XII, de Animalib. cap. i o. as alfo Jul. Pollux \ onomaQ* lib. I, cap. 1 r . A parret is by cozenage taught to imitate : for they that will teach her, doe hide themfelvesbehindea great looking-glafle, fpeaking there what they would have her learne:the parret therefore weening to fee another pra- ting parret in the glaffe, maketh hafte to fpeak the language of a bird of her owne feathers : fee Photius in Excerptis ex lib.V. Theodori epifcopiTarfi contra Fatum. What we have asyetfpoken concerning the manifold ufe of thefe Arts of imitation, might very well fuffice, if we had not met in di- verfe good Authors with many more parages of this na- ture. Wherefore I cannot forbe ire, but I muft needs adde fbme examples $ being fully perfwaded, that as all of them doe of P AINTING. Ie M# fignes ofMagiftratesfrom the Tofcanes. Macrobiut doth con- Catilin. firme the fomzftuttus Hoftillusjhefonne of Hoftus,and third King of the Romanes, fayth he*, did firft of all inftituteat *Lt£.I7.S*- Rome the ufe of the Chariot of ft ate, called Curulis fella $ the 'ws*/. c. 6. Sergeants, called Lictores 5 the Gownes, called Toga pi&a 3 rfWToga prsetexta 5 b?/w& were all ornaments ufed by the E- trurian Magiftrates : fee alfb Silius Jtalicus lib. VIII. and to be fhort, to e- very place and corner of the Citie there did belong many a thoufmd Geniuffes, asAurel. Prudentius reporteth lib. II. contra symmachum.Eponadfo and fbme (iich like faces wefe painted neere the rank-fented mangers : (ee Juvenal. Satjh rh VIII. Theuddinda Queene of the Longobards built her pallace in Modicia^xxd caufed therein (bmething to be pain- ted of the deeds of the Longobards : it is clearely perceived in thispicture how theLongobards in thofe times did cut the haire of their heads., what manner of cloaths and habit they went in : for (having themfelves^hey did make their necke bare to the hinder part of the head 5 whereas their other haire did hang; downe as low as their mouthy being on both fides divided by the parting of the forehead :they had loo(e J ♦ and for the moft part linnen garments, mch as the Anglo- Saxons doe weare ? adorned with broad lace woven of di- vert o/Painting. 155 verfe colours : t.hey had flioes open almoft to the upperpart of their great toes ; ftretched with latchets from the one fide to the other : they afterwards begun to ufe hofe, drawing over them fbme thicker kind of ftock-hofe 3 when they were to ride 5 but in this have they followed the cuftome of the Romanes ; fee Paulus Diaconus degefiis Longobardomm^ lib. lV y cap.2^. The monuments of Martyrs were adorned with paint- JngSj letting forth all the circumftances of the butcherlike crueltie ufed againfl: the Saints of God :fee Prudentius in the pa/lion of Cajfiavus the Schoolemafter, who was by his own jchool-boyes, the tyrant forcing.them thereunto, prickt to death wjt(i the fharpe points of their writing bodkins : fee the lame Prud. alfb in the paflion ofHippoljitus : and Paulus Diaconus lib. IV. degefiis Longobard. cap. 1 7. Such as had efcaped a dangerous ^ckneflej were wont to have jEfculapius painted in the rooms they did moft fre- quent $ profeffing their thankfulnefTe by a continuall wqr- (hipping of fo favourable a God : fee JJbanins Declam. xxxix. The pictures of them that had fuffered fhip-wracke, or were egregioufly injured by other men,have been mentio- ned alreadie, lib. ^cap. IV, § 4. The ftiips-caftle behinde was moft commonly adorned with the picture of one or, other God,upto whofe protecti- on and, patronage the whole (hip was committed $ and this Patron ofthe (hip was for the moft part fet forth in gold and, glorious colours : fee Virgil. lib.X. Mneid. and Valer. Flaccus lib. VII I 3 verf. 292. When Painters did imitate in their pictures fuch things as thole that had an entercourfe of mutuall hofpitality were wont to fend one to another, they did call fuch pictures X 2 Xe»ia 7 i 5 <5 The ancient Art Xenia, fay th Vitrnvius> lib. V I. Architeft. cap. i o. Vhiloft ra- ins at the end of his firft booke of Images defcribeth fach a pifture. Ms antrum is a kinde of painting named after the Cmili- tude of the manifold turnings and windings made by the river Meander : fee Pompeius Feftus. W hen Mm&na and Varro were ./Ediles, they cut at Lace- ddmon out of brick walls a certain kind of plaiftering work for the excellency of painting, and brought it to Rome in woodden frames,to adorn the place called Comitium with- al 1 : fee Plinie lib. xxxv. nat. hifl.cap. 1 4. and Vitruvius lib* II. Archit. cap.B. M.Agrippa fet up in the hotteft part of the Baths little pictures, fitting them in the marble. Plin. lib. xxxv. nat. hip. cap. 4. Pavements ofcheckerwork had their originall in Greece by an art much laboured after the way of pi&Ure, till they have been put out by another kinde of workmanfhip called Lithoftrota, that is, ftrowed over with (tones : and this fee- meth to have been that worke we call Mufaike-worke. So- *Lib.xxxi $ fas was mop famous in this kinde ofworkefityth. Plinie * , r»ho Nat. bifi. paved at Pergamus the houfe they did call Alaroton oecon, cap* 25. that is 3 the uvjwepthoufe: becaufehe had counterfeited out of little anddivnfly coloured ft ones the f craps of broken meat that nfe to befwept away even as ifcarelejly they had been left upon the groundrthe drinking pigeon is there moft admirable^ darke- ning the water with thejhadow of her head^whilefi another fnat^ cheth array the meat : you may fee other pigeons play upon the brim me of the pots mouth: others fit a funning^and doe nothing but claw andpickjheir own feathers. The ciprefle tree alfb is drawne into paintings in hiftoricall worke,overfhadowing 5 huntings, navies,and other images of things with a thinne 3 fhort, and greene leafe. Plin. lib.xvi. nat. hift. cap. 3 3 . Among ^.^ ** ■ i ■ ■ ■ " **— ■ i m n , ■„■ . w ,^ ■■ ■■ ■ ! 0/ Painting. 157 Among the principal! fbuldiersthey were called imagine ri i or imaginiferi, which carried the images oftheEmpe- rours : fee Vegetius lib. II. de Re military cap. 7. "Egypt dyeth filver alfb,that it may behold its Anubis up- on drinking- veffels ^ and doth not grave filver 3 but paint it. That filver afterwards is applied to the making of trium- phall ftatues $ and, which is a wonder, that dimme bright- nereis highly efteemed : fee Plinie lib.XKXlU. nat. hift. cap. 9. Glaflei's moft proper for picture, fay th Plinie^ lib. xxxvi, cap. 2 6. Tortoife (hells, though they were never fb full of fpots, yet did they Ibmetimes paint them. Seneca de Benef. lib.viij cap. 9. Bufkins painted, are mentioned by Ovid. Amorum lib. ii. Eleg. 18. as alio Amorum Jib* vk.Eleg. 1 . Calendars p3.iDX.edj Ovid, circa initlnmlibri primi Fopo- rum* Belts painted, Apukius lib. X. Metamorph. Painted bridles, o vid. IV. Metam. Painted quiver s y Ovid I 1. Metam. &paffim alibi. Painted tents, Claudi anus lib. \. de Stiliconh laudib. verf.i$j» Painted fhields were at the firft proper onely to valiant men : inthe times of our ancefiors^ fayth Servius * 3 theflields * I» '& v ". of valiant men were painted 5 the fluids' offrefl- water fouldi- &™*d. erson the contrary and of unmanly cowards ,were unpainted. But it feemeth chat all had afterwards promifeuoufly fbme kinde of painting : leaflthefouldkrsjhwldat any timein the tumult of a batteltrpander from their feHow-fouldiers, fayth Vegetius*, fever all cohorts had {ever ail mar }q painted on their * !**• N • &% fiields^caikdd\gm2.tai > and this cup me doth as yet hold: the ^*g' X 3 name c ? " 158 The ancient Art name ofthefruldiernoas likgwife written en the infidepf every one hisfiield, as alfo io what exhort and centuriethe owner did belong. As for the primitive times under the firft Chriftian Emperours, Prudentlus teacheth us, that fhields were then marked ocherwife$c/.vi/? beingwoven in gUflering gold fi.yt\\ * Db. 1. con- he *, didadorne the purple Church-flagges^ Chriflwas drawne trs Symma- f or an er ^g^g u p on ihefaieldt, and a crojfe added to the higheft crefts y didjhine after the manner of flaming fire. Marke here by the way 3 that as thecrefrsof their head-pieces werea- *Lib.U.E- domed with the crone, fb^ayth Saint Hkrome* that the pft.fan iU picture of the crone did adde a great deale of grace to the 1 5 • purple robes of Kings, and to the brighteft gemnaes of their diademes. Statues were fometimes alfb painted over : not after that *Likxxxm, manner /V/*e fpeaketh of, when he fay th* that they were Nat. hip. painted with vermilion jbqp they were now and then pain- ca b 7* ted with all fuch coloursas are ufcd about pictures : fb doth * Lib. IX. Paufanias * witnefle, that there was at Creufts an image of Bacchus made of plaifter-ftuffe, and all over adorned with picture. The Egyptians alio in their banquets ufe to carry about a dead bodie made of wood,but fb well wrought and painted over.> that it can hardly be difcerned from. a true dead bodie : fee Herodotus lib. II. hifl. The fame Author mentioneth fuch another ftatue in the famebooke, where he fpeaketh of a v/onderfull cuftome of burying the dead, anciently ufed among the Egyptians .-and in his third book he doth relate the like of the Ethiopians. Although Statues might fometimes be painted over after the manner of Pi- ctures, yet were unpainted Statues molt in ufe- becaufe they were more fit to endure the open aire, and the neat- 5 neffe of workmanfhip could be a great deale better percei- ved in bare Statues then in the painted ones,feeing the true ftroke o/P A I N T I N G. *59 ftrokeof Art was blotted out or at leaft dulled in them by the deccitfulnefle of gallant colours. Wherefore I now proceed to the ufe of fuch kinde of Statues, and all for ts of workmanihip appertaining unto them. §n.I know very well how great a matter I undertake, and that it is not very eafie to fet downe in a few leaves the infinite varietieofthe ancient Statues, together with the manifold ufe of them,I fhall therfbre contract my difcourie, not describing every one of thefe things accuratly,but con- tenting my felfe to mention fbme of them onely. ^ ^g*r,was the breft-plate of /W/ as we fee in the ancient ftatues ofEmperours^ tt goeth by the name of Lories Minerva is conceived to have that headupon her breft^ becaufe that is the feat of her TPtfedome^ by vphichfhee confoundeth her adverfaries^ making them fottifl) and no leffefenfeleffe then any cold ft one, Agoraius Hermes •, was abrafen frame of Mercurie ^retted upon the Market-place,neer the porch commonly knowne by the name Poecile $ thisfhtue was round about written with letters : fee Lttcian in Jove tragcedo : fee alfb Paufanias ttidAriftophanes. Agjieus or Agyllem^ was the name of that coxxxmy- Apollo whofe ftatues were erected in villages. Comment, vet. in Ho- rat. lib. IV. Carm. Ode 6 . Macrob lib, I. SaturnaL cap. y.Ste- phanus deVrbi' us. Hefychinr. Harpocra*ion. Suidas. Antefixa, were artiftciall things made of clay and fatte- ned under the eaves ofhoufes : fee Feftus Pompeius in Ante- fixa, with Jof S cadger his obfervations upon that place. Antelii 160 The ancient Art Anteliidii were the Gods fet up abroad without the doores. Hefychius^ Aries^ teftudo mufculus, and other en- gines of warre made and named after the flmilitude of (eve- rail beafts, are every where mentioned and defcribed in ancient Authors. Bafcania were called the ridiculous figures fmiths ufed to hang before their furnaces, to divert envie : fee Pollux lib. * Adverfum VII, onomaft. cap. 24. So doth huftathius * alio teach us 45 5 • Odyjj\ that there were in old times neere all chimneys almoft fbme **• earthen Vulcans fet up, feeing that God was theprefidenc of thefe Arts wrought by fire. Bulla aurea y was a childifh ornament none might weare butfiichaswere&ge/w*, that is, fuch as were free-borne. As for the Ubertini , or fuch as came from a race that had fbmetimesbeen bond-men, fcortea bulla, fuch an ornament *VidtAfcom- of leather was their weare*. Itfeemeth moreover to have um Ycdiamtm b een a priviledge of the ingenuous or free- borne ladsone- m orat.iu. ] v?t h at t hey had in this ornament the figure of a heart hang- re m. ing upon their breft. Some doe beleeve ) fay th Macrobius*, * Lik\. $<*- that it hath been appointed unto the ingenuous children to hang turnal. the figure of a heart in the golden ornament that hung upon their cf. 6. breft y t hat looking upon thefe ornaments theyjhould thinkjhem- f elves then onely to be men, when they did excell in things ari- **"* fog ou * °f a w tf e an d under ft anding heart: they doe beleeve alfo that there hath been given them agowne garded about with purpk filke^ that tythts ornament of a purple ft itch theyjhould be put in minde hovp well a modeft bafhfulneffe doth become them. Caduceus. Servius his words are worth noting ^ The rods * aa r °f am baffadors or heralds were not without caufe tyed about ^mZi vithtvofWt'fiyth he*,feeingtheyarefenttodifpofetwo Aiml hoftile armies to a mutuall reconciliation^ making thmfor- .1 ,.....■ fn f ttVt \\\ "f''i if' trl'i'i »'. o/Painting, 161 g?/ //;e ranckgur of their inveterate malice and to become one $ even as two venemousferpents 3 notwithflanding the deadly poi- fon which is in them, couple themselves mofi lovingly together. Some interpret it otherwiie 5 the ambajjadors rod, fayth an- other * 5 is apraightfiickjvith twofnafys winding themselves * Schlhjlir from two contrary fides one about another, and holding their in $*• !• heads oppefite one againft another : the meffengers of peace u[e *w*9«™**. to carry fuch a rod $ and it is heldunlawfull to hurt/them whe- ther foever theygoe : the ftraight picfafigritfiethihe force of l m ingenuoujly free fpeech : the image of tlxfnakgs at either fide, fignifieth the contrary parties : forfo doth an upright andrefo- lutejpeech goe thorough both the armies-: fee alfb Velybius lib. Ill, hifi. and Suidas. Fulgentius giveth Us a peculiar reafbn why fuch a rod was moft commonly attributed unto Mercu- rie : a rod tyed about with ferpents fayth he* D is attributed * Lib.l.Mj- $000 Mercurie - becaufe he giveth the Merchants fo me times an f ^- txtraordinariehugepower^ which is fignified bythefcepter- 7 fometimes afore hurt, which is infinuatedby the ferments'. Canes aurei atque argentei^Alcinous his palace had at both fides of the entance golden and filver dogges, that feemed to keepe' the watch there : lee Homer Odyff. H verf. 9 1 . Charila^ achildimimagementioriedby Plutarch in g>u<£- flionibm Greek, ^12. Cicada aure£, the Athenians did anciently weare golden grafle-hoppers in the curled lockes of their haire,(ay th Thu- cidideslib. I. hifl. and the old Scholiafl oMerveth there., that they did fb 3 becaufe the grane- hopper is a mdficall creature^ or elfe, becaufe they would feeme to be Autochtones^ boa- fting themfelves not to be brought into that countrie from any other place, but that the place of their abode was alio the place of their breeding, even as grafle-hoppers come of the earth. The Ioniansalfo, as being but a colonie of the Y Athe- ■» 1 62 The ancient Art Athenians^ kept this cuftome a good while : fee ThuciJ, in the fayd place. The inhabitants of Samos did the like : £ee Afius his verfes allcdged by Athen&us lib.xn. Deipnefoph. Citevii ^ this was the name of a fine and pratling image carried about in the pompe of great (blemnitics, to make folkes laugh : fee Feflus Yompeius. Cubicnk falutatoria-^the chambers where they did waite, which after the old Raman* fauYion would falute great no- ble-men in the morning,were filled with all manner of ima- * In Af/gufto, ges : feePlinie lib. xv T . nat.hifl. cap. 1 1 .Suetonius * feemeth <*/>. 7- to call thefe images Cubicnkres imagines : fee CaJ suborns hisobfervations upon thefe words. Currus Darii regis $ King Darius his chariot was adorned on both fides with images wrought of filver and gold : the yoke, as it was diftinguifhed with precious ft ones, fb did it fupport two golden images a cubite high, whereof the one offered to fight with the other : there was alfb between thefe an Eagle, that did ftrctch forth her wings, confecra- ted : fee gjZurtius lib. iii, cap. 3. Delphmes 5 fbme artificial! drinking-veflels made after the manner of a dolphin, were called delphines:m& Co fayth *,Lib.xxxiii. Vlinie* thzt C.Gracchus had delphines that cofthim five cap. 11. thoufand feftertios a pcund. vitrwvius * doth mention * I f?'n' J * r ~ brafen dolphines among the parcels that make up water- ' c ' 1 2 workes. Ships of warre carried alfb engins of iron,made af- ter the fimilitude of dolphins : fee Thucydides lib. vii. hift. and his Scholiaft. Dracones militares-^AiXitaxie. banners made after the like- neffe of dragons, are mentioned by S. Auflin ^ thefiandards * Lib. 1 7, dt wd militarie dragons , fayth he *, infinuate unto us the Gene- Jattr.Chift. rails will by the means ofcurejes.SeealfoNazianzenecrat.i. cap. 2. As for the enfignes ufed in warre a feverall Nation s had fe- verajl of Painting. 163 verall forts of them$ yea one and the fame Nation did often alter banners:the Boeotians made the image of Sphinx their ftand ard, as it is reported by Latf ant. upon Stat. Papinivs*. * Ad verfum The Indian troupes of horfemen carry upon long fpeares 252 Hbri golden and filver heads of gaping dragons, with a thinne fepimi The- filke ftreamer doubled and ait in length 3fter the fhape of *•***"• a dragons body t Co that the winde entring at themouth, fillcth the filke and maketh it ftirre, and winde, and hide as living and raging dragons ufe to doe : fee Suidas^ where he fpeaketh of the Indians. So doth the fomeSuidas alfo attribute fuch enfignes unto the Scythians. The ancient Romanes have had feverall en- fignes at feverall rimes ^ as namely the image of a hogge 3 the image of Af/w/^r*j",of an eagle,of dragons ; of the hogge, fee F eft us Pompeius in Porci effigies: and Plinie lib.x.nat\hift* cap, 4. The Minotaurus is mentioned by Vegeiins^ it hath e~ verbeenefteemedamoflfafe thing in wane, fay th he % that * Lib. lll.de mnefhould know what is to be done: and therefore have the an- Re milit. cients ufedthe image a/Minotaurus/pr an enjtgne of their le- c ^ &• gions ^ tojtgnifie^ that the counfell of a Generall muft be k$pt feiret, even as this Minotaurus was privily fl)ut up in the mo ft inward and retired parts of the labyrinth .-fee alfb Feftus Pom- peitts in Minotaurus. Of the eagles, fee Dio Cajjius lib. X t. of the dragons, fee Ammianus Marcellinus lib. XVI. hifl. where he doth defcribe the triumphant pompe of Conftan- ttus the Emperour entring into the Citie : fee alfb Claudia- nut lib. II. inRrfnum^ verf. 365. and in his Paneeyrihg de III. Confulatu Honorii, verf. 138. Eprtrapezii dii : great feafts and banquets were inolde time fblemnizedby placing the image of one or other Cod upon the table » not onely to put their guefts in minde, that the religion ofthe boord, by reafbn of thb fame Epitrape- Y 2 zian 164 The ancient Art zianGod, was to be refpecled and reverenced- but alfo, that all fhonld as well feed their minde and eyes with this moft pleafing fpeclacle, as their body with cxquifit dain- ties ; avoiding importunate and troublefcme talkeby draw- ing feme geed diiccurfes from thence to feafbn the meat witl.all. Amobius pointeth at this fame cuftome ? when he 1 lib. f Lad- fay th * 3 you doe confecrate your tables ', by fating [alt -fillers zerftij gen- and images of Gods upon the boord. Wee have alfb an excel- ut, lent example of this old cuftome in Statius Vapinius where- he doth relate bow he was feafted by the moft noble Vin- deX) and feeing all his honfe filled with rare monumentsof antiquitie, was taken with nothing fo much as with a little Hercules (landing upon the tabJe. Among fo many things > fayth Statins * 3 Hercules^ the Genius and p rot e& or of the pur ^ table ^ pofjeffedmy heart with a great deale of love, and hath not been able to fat is fie mine eyes by looking never fo much upon him : fuchdignitie is there in the w or kg ^ 'and fuck a majeftiek there included in his limmes : hers aGod^ a very God \ and he indulged unto you ^ Lyfippe, to cone eive him great ^though he be but little infhew : the whole meafure of this wonderfull i- mage doth not exceed 'a foot \, and yet within fo little afpacejf you doe view it well^ there is fo great a deceit fulneffe of the forme -jhat you fiall be dijpofedto cry out Thewafier of the Ne- msanferref} waspreffed to death by this brefi 5 thefe armes did carry the deadly club and brake, the oares of Argo. What a ftrange. power was there in this hand^andwith how great an ex- perience was the care of that learned Artificer accompanied^ to ma^e at once an image fit for the table^ and to conceive huge Colcffes in his minde $ Read the words of Statius himfelfe* and he will tell you that Alexander the great> Hannibal^nd Sy Ha .three great Captaines, made fbmuch of this Hercules^ that they carried him every where along as an indivifible com- ^/Painting. 165 companion, both in the hazard of bat tells, and in the fccu- ritie ot feafting} fee Martial alio lib. IX , Epigr. 44. where he confirmeth the fame. Eumnoflos. This was the name of a little and Height fta- tue erected in the mills , to fee how the millers went to work. SeeHefych'us. Galea Bellatorum. The helmets of great Warriourshad moft commonly heads of gaping wild beafts upon the top^ as wel for terror of the enemies,as for ornament.Theexam- plesare fo frequent in all authors, that we have no need to bring any inftances. It is pretty only what Feftus * obfer- * j n Reiia- veth in the Armor of the Mirmillones^ That they had the no pttgnmi> image of a fifh upon their head-piece - and therefore when the Ketiarius was to fight with a Mirmilio^ this was woont to be lung, No# tepeto^pifcempeto : quid me f ugh Galk ? Gf/wnvasthenameofadiftaffe made with hands, after the manner olMercurins quadratus^ but moft of all for the old mans head it had, whereof it drew this name. Pollux Onom&fl. lib.vii. cap. 1 6 . Gymnafiorum prsfides dii. Places appointed for all forts of bodily exercifes were called Gymnafia^ and in them the frames oi' Mercury y Herculej^nd Thefeus were feldom wan- ting, as having beene excellent Wreftlers, and confequent- ly fit patrons for fuch a place and exercife. See Paufan.li.\v. Hecatara were certaine images of Hecate confecrated without the doores 5 orelfe in places where three fiindry wayes doe meet. See Hefychius. Thefe ftatues of Diana or Hecate-) fet up at the meeting of three feverall ways, had moft commonly three heads. See Ovid.lib. 1 .Faft.verf.j^i . Paujanra* lib. 1 1 . The reafon why fhe was made with three heads is let downeby Ckomedes^ lib.ll.cap.'y. Herm& were ftone ftatues of Mercury. Amobius ipeaketh Y 3 of 1 66 -The ancient Art * LJb.su ad- of them when he faith, * Who is then' that doth not know the terf. Gmtes. jthewa* Hermae were made after theftmilitudt of Akibiades his bod) ? Hermes Jlroph one day. But thou my friend, eate, drinke^ play, feeing all otfser humane things are notfo much worth. Signifying the rejoycing noy fe made by fuch a clap- ping of hands. See Arriams, UbW.de Expedit, Akxandrt magni. The Corinthians fet upon Diogenes Cynicvs his grave a Dog of Parian marble. SQeLaertivsJib.vii. Thefirft>4- fricanus appointed, that the ftatue ofgKEnnius fhould bee put upon his monument $ defirous to joyne his fb much re- nowned name with the name of the Poet. See Vlinyji.'vii. Nat.hift. cap.%0. The Syracufians fet upon Archimedes his tombe a Sphere with a Cylinder. See Tully lib.v. Tufc. gueft. The Longobards in later ages had this cuftome^if any one died in the wars^or any other manner of death ; his kinfemen did fticke among the fepulchres a pearch in the ground jputting upon it a wooden pigeon, the which was turned 168 The ancient Art turned towards their beloved friend 3 that by this meanes it might be knowne where he did reft. See Paulus Diaconus lib, v. degeftk Longobard. cap 34. Locorum facrorum profitnatio. The Geritiles were wont to fet up fome of their ftatues in holy places , to make the Chriftians leave the veneration of fuch places 3 as being now profaned by their idols : this was pra&ifed by Aniiochus : fee Mac ha b. lib, II y cap. 6. Caligula did the fame : fee Gro- J?us> lib, vij 3 cap. 5 . From the time of Hadrian the Emperow\ *Zib.H. E- to the times of Conftzmm, fayth S.Jerome * 3 very neere one pij}. faviil hundred andfourfcoreyeares^ there bath been animate o/Jupi* 1 \ ter fet up and vrorjhipped by the Heathens in the place of the Re^ furre&ion, and another marble ftatue ofVemisupoatherccke oft he cro(fe:tbe authors of per fecutionweening that theyfiould lejjen in us the faith of the Croffe and Refurredtion, if they had defiled the holy f laces by their idols. Manducus was an image that went anciently in the fblem- nitie of a pompous (hew among other ridiculous and terri- ble images ^ it had huge jawes, and it did gape fearefully, making a foule noiie with his teeth : feeFeftus Pompeius. Manes^ little image mentioned by Suidas 3 where he doth deicribe the manner of playing at Cottabus. Marfyas, aminifter of Liber pater, is a figne of the libertie of fiich Cities as have his ftatue in their market-places ^ he fheweth by his hand lifted up 3 that the Citie doth want no- thing, fay th Servitrsxvpon I V Mn. verf 58. So fayth hea- gaine upon IllJEn.verf. 1 o, all Cities in the times of our anceftours were ftipendiarie, or confederate, or free : the free cities had a ftatue ofMarjyas publikely fet up 3 who was in the protection diUber pater } unto whom they did Sacri- fice for their libertie. Neurojpajia^wae puppets that by the means of fbme hid- den of P A I N T I N G. * 169 den firings could move every joint with ahandfbme and* gracefall cpmelinefle. See Ariftoteles de mundo> as 'tis inter- preted by Apuleius. As alio Herodotus in Euterpe ' } Xenophon inSympofio. Oppidorum captor urn imagines . The images of conque- red cities were carried about in tbe fliewes made by them that did triumph : thefe images were lometimes of filver. See Ovid. lib* II de Ponto Eleg. 1 . Sometimes of ivory . See the fame Ovid lib. 1 II. de Ponto, Eleg . 4 . Sometimes alfb of wood. Seeguintil. lib.vi.Orat. In/lit. cap. j. where it is reportcd^T'hat chryfippus, when he had feen filver cities ca- jied about in Cafar his triumph., and faw fome few dayes after woodden ones carried about in Fabius Miximus his triumph, affirmed thefe woodden cicies to be nothing elfe but the cafes of Cint :) avpilde~Boore,a fly- * ingGoofe, aMirmillo fintyngdovene inhis armour ^ a Hunt f- man, a barking Dog, a Tower alfo, a Tankard, and an infinite number of other figures , more cunningly varied by one than a- nother : fo that thefleight ufed by the skilfull is miraculous • and the beft endeavor of the unskilfull is ridiculous. See what Jof.Scaliger hath obferved upon Aitfoniuv. PdUftrt. The wreftling places were adorned with the fktues of great champions. See Pliny Jib.xxxv cap 2. Paladia were woode images on the fbrpart ofthe (Trip con Z fecrated 170 The antient Art Jecrated to Pallas. They made very much of thefe images when they meant to go to lea. See Suidas ^ as zKoSchol. ret, in Acharnenfes Ariftophants. Vat aid were likewife little images like Pygmies. Thefe were alfbby the Phoenicians (et upon the forepart of their fhips. Herodotus ^ libjlljhift* Hefychius^uidas. Penates were a certainekinde of houfhold gods. SeeSer- vius^adverf 12 ^148. libri 3 . Mneid. 'the houffiold gods, * In Perfii, faith Cornutus,* were made in the habit tf/Cinttus Gabinus, S^.5. their gowne being throwne oner their leftjhoxlder, with their right ftoulder bare. Portis urbium adftabantftatu lib. xxxiv^cap.S. Termini^ox bound-ftoncs 3 fignified diuers things,accor- ding to the feveral figures ingraven upon them.The bound ftone when it hath the claw of a Wolfe engraved -jflgnifieth aftrange tree. The bound-ftone when it h3th a Beares Z 2 claw ij2 The ancient Art *flaw engravedjfignifieth a Grove.The bound-ftone when i t hath a cloven footed figure ingraved^fignifieth-thac th ere is a water (pring iffuing forth from undecneath the drone. The bound-ftone when it hath a Calfs head engraven, fig- nifieth. that the waters come forth out of two mountaines$ as alfo that the plough-men of the next villages were wont to lacrifice upon that ffone. The bound-ftone when it hath an horfes hoofe engraved 5 figmfieth a race-marke^and (endeth us to a fountaine. Vide auUores vett. de Limitib, a- grorum. Tritones ecial/y,who for example and proofe thereof \ raifedat KxtewsaTower of marble eight fquare ^ and he made in each fat fide of the fame the image of each wind direUly oppofit to the point from whence it blew^andon the top of the f aid marble tower hee made afhort Pifaandfet thereon a Triton ofbraffepith the right hand hoi- ding fort ha three toothed rodsfo framed^ that it was carried a- bout by the winde ,and ever flood dire&ly againft theblaft 7 and held out the rod pointing at the wind that blew over the Image of the fame, Tfare are thereforeplaced betweene the E aft and Souths at the $ unne rifing in the winter feafon, the South-Eaft winde : betweene the South and Wefl at the funne fetting, in the Winter feafonj he South-Weft winde : betweene the Weft and of P AINTI N G. I73 and North, the North-Weft wind: between the North andEaft^ * the North-Eaft wind. VeUus aureum. That honourable badge of the golden fkei e, firft inftituted by Philip Duke of Burgondie 3 (econd of that name 3 is wont with much earneftnefle to bee deftred and fought by the nobleft Peers of a moft flourifhing king- dome : even as long fince the FJowre of Greece with Jafon their leader ? underwent great labours and dangers 3 in hope to poflefle that Fleece : although,as it evidently appeareth, this later fleece caft or graven by Goldfmiths art., is far dif- ferent from the former, which that daring Youth caried a- way from Colchos : for that golden fleece is thought to have been nothing elfe but a booke written in parchment^ teaching how by the helpe of Chymicall art gold is to bee made . See Suidas in (everall places. Euftathius alfo ad verf. 689 Dionyfti defitu orbk> where Char ax a moft antient Au- thor of this opinion is alledged. It (eemeth therefore that the Antientsnot without reafbn derived the deferent of JEetas from the Sunne, the onely nourifher and fountaine of mettal-breeding heate. Diogenes alio in Stobaws * wit- *$ e rm. de nefleth Medea to have been not a fbrcerene 3 but a woman of Ajpduitate. knowne wifedome, who with laborious exercifeshardned (oft and effcerfiinate men, and as it were with boiling refto- red them to the vigor of their former youth. PaUphatus addeth 3 That (he had (ingular skill in colouring of hair^and that by a certaine decoction found out by her, (he v/as wont tocure the infirmities of many by the benefit of this hot bath. See PaUphatus de Fabulofis narrationibus. Vertnmnus was a god that did turne himfelfe into all (hapes. See Propertius, lib. iv^Eleg .7 . H is ftatues were ere- cted in many (everall places of the city of Rome^nd almoft in every municipall towneof Italy : his countenance was made 175 7 he ancient Art - madeuncertaine, and he turned himfelfe into the (hape of divers gods D according to the diverfitie of the habit that was put upon him. See Acron in Horat -Mb.il. Sat.y. Veritatis fwmlachrum. The ^Egyptian priefts had the image of Truth cut in a pretiousftone, hanging about their neck. See&lian Ub.xivjvar.hift.cap. 3 4.and Diodo- rus Siculm lib.I. Compare thefe places with the facred hi- ftory . But obferve here in the meane time, that jElian and T>iodorusja ftead of what we have tranflated, an Image of Truth, ufe a word fignifying a ftatue of Truth. So doth Pli- *Lib.xxxm ^ Hkewife fpeake after the fame manner when hee faith, * nai.bif.ca. 3 . ^ Jm a ^ Q ^ n iQ cafJf y jjarpocrate 9 , and theft atues of other /Egyptian gods on their fingers. Seeing then it could not be, that frames fhould hang about their neckes, and that they fhould weare ftatues on their fingers , wee do perceive by this confufion of names, that there was but (mall difference madebetween the art of graving and ftatuary 5 and we may upon this occafion very well digrefTe a little to the confide- ration of fuch things as were engraven. § 12. Things engraven were of feverall forts: Bait hew c&latm , an engraved Belt. Ovid. IX, Met am. verf.189. Capuli militum. The hilts of fbuldiers fwdrds are engra- ved with filver 5 ivory beeing fet light by : fayth Pliny^ lib. xxxiii y cap.\i> Thefeus efcaped prefent death by his en- graved ivory hilt. See Ovid Jib. vii Metam. verf.^i 3 . Pau- fanias his fword, famous for the waggon with foure horfes it had engraved in the hilt, was fatall unto Philip the King of Macedonia. See Mlianjlib.ni^ var.hift.cap.^$.md Va- kr.Max.lib.I^cap.S^ex ext.y. Carruc£> Carts engraved. See Plinyjib.xxxiii> cap.i r. CryfitUa. Some Cryftall hath a flaw in it like unto a breach $ of? A I NT I NG. I 7 4 breach^which is hid by the artificers when they do engrave fomething upon the Cryftall. See Pliny Jib. XXXV 71, Cap. 2. Cun£ fegmentat^ cradle inlayd with wood of feverall colours, graved and carved in diuers (hapes. Juvenal, Saty- rk vi^verf.S^. £Jfeda Britanna, an engraved chariot ufed by the ancient Brittonsin their wars. PropertJibM^Eleg.i. FigHlinavafacakta^ earthen veflels with fbme engra- vings upon it. See MartialJibJv, Epjgr.4.6 . Cotjs the king being by nature eholericke, and very much given to cha- ftife them feverely, that did commit fbme offences in their ordinary kinde of lervice^when aftranger brought unto himthinneand brittle earthen veflels, but neatly wrought with fbme carved and turned works^he rewarded the ftran- gerund brake all the veflels 3 Left 5 faid he,I fhould in an an- gry fumepunifh them coo feverely 3 that might breake them unawares. See Plutarch^ Apopht. Regum & Imperatorum. Gale* cxxx 176 The ancient Art JJjould be expreffedin every one his fhield. The Carthaginians made both thtflnelds and the images of goldjbringing them in- to their campe. So that their campe being taken^ QJVlartius the revenger of the Scipio's in Spaine ? found fuch a one : and that fhield was fa fined over the gate of the Capitoline 'temple^ till thefirfl burning of the Capitol, Achilles his fhield is defcri- bed by Horner^ Hiad^.verf 474 &fequ. See alio the yon- ger Pkilofiratusjn Pyrrho. &neas his ihield is defcribed by Virgil, lib.viii^Mmid. Stefichorus and Euphorion relate^that Zlyjfes carried the image of a dolphin in his fhield. See Tzetzes in hycophronts Caffandram. Alcibiades did ever ftudy to (eeme faire P but moft of all when he led an Army : fbwashethenwoont to have a (Yield made of ivory and gold, and he had in it the enfigne of Cupid embracing the Lightning. See Plutarch jn Alcibiade : and Athen&us^ lib, xiiDeipnofophifl.cap.y. The fhield ofO^&e/^engraved with a moft wonderfull art 5 is defcribed by Statius Papinius, lib iXyChebaid verf 333. Nileus vainely boafting himfelf to iflue forth from the N ile, had the (even mouths of that noble river engraven upon his fhield, partly of gold, partly of filver. See OvidJib.v^Metamorph. verf. 187. Sc had the image of his refblute fore-father r JMutins Saevola engraved upon his fhield. The fame Stilus, lib. xvii, relateth, that the fhield of Scipio Aficanus had the images of his father and his un- cle engraved upon it. Vehicula c^lata, (b fayth QXurtius^ lib. III } cup. 3 . that there did follow the camp of Darius, ten waggons engra- ved with a great deale of gold and filver. Vitrum cslatum. Of the engraving of glafleare thefe words o^Pli.lib.xxxvijC. iG.fomeglaffe kfaflvonedbyblove- ing^fome k turned,fome is ingraved after the maner of filver. § 13 After ofJ> AINTI-NG, 177 §13. After a fufficient relation of many vvorkcs of Art, wee may not forget here the frverallcoines of money ; a thing moftneedmll for the commerce of Nations. And vyhat is money, I pray, you, but fiver cut in f mall faces and titles , 4 s Jttvettal (peaketh Satyr* xiv, verf.2 9 1 . Thofe that know how todifcerne the (everall forts of coines judicionf- ly, finde a wonderfull difference between the monies coi- ned in the times when thefe Arts of imitation did flouriih, and when they were neglected : and they doe efteeme it a moft eafie thing to know by the money ,what forwardnefle or back vvardndTe of Art there was in the times that money wascoined. But among many moft, accurat forts ofcoine anciently famous, the Cyziceniftateres were moft of ail re- nowned,as being well (lamped : they had a womans faceon the one fide, and the fore-part of a Lion on the other fide : fee Hefy chins and Suidas^ as alio Zenehius and Diogewams parmiographers* § 1 4. That the moft ancient Hebrewes ha\% had the ufe of leafing rings, is prooved by the ring jM* gave unto Thamar for a pledge till he mould performe his promife : fee Gettef. xxxviij. So doe we likewiferead E*W.xxxix, 6. that among other ornaments of the Prieft, they wrought onyx ftones enclofed in ouches of gold, graven asfignets are graven, with the names of the children of ifrael. ]!phe Grecians feerne to have attained agreatdealelatejrcqthe knowledge of fealing-ringsrand rhat,either for ignorance, as no t knowing how to grave ftones 3 or elfe, becaufe they did reipe&gemmes more then to mangle them with cut- ting. Their ignorance is detected by Hefj>chin*> Theophraft. hift. plant. lib.v,cap. 1. Tzetzes adverfnm 508 Lycophronh Caffandra 5 for thefe authors doe teach us, that the moft an- cient among them, for want of other means, were wont to " A a fcale i 7 8 The ancient Art * Lib.xxxiii, feale with worm-eaten pieces of wood : fo doth Blink * al= cap. i. (o witnefle that the greateft part of the Nations that were under the Romane Empire had not yet in his age the ufe of rings $ and the Eajierne Countries or ^gypt doe notyetjtgne, fay th he, being contented with bare letters* Their venerati- on is mentioned by the fame Plinie in the preface ofhis 3 7 bookc, where he fay th that they did thinke it unlawful! to violate gemmes : and afterwards in the fifth chapter of the 7 lay d bookc, where he doth fpeake of Smaradgs, they are for the moftpart hollow fay th he, as to gather the fight • wherefore . they are feared by the decree ofmen^ it being forbidden that they *LiMII. fiouldbe cut. Herodotus * for all this relateth that the fa- hifi. mousfealing- ring olBolycrates was aSmaradge graven by Theodorus Samius^ quite contrary to the opinion of Blink lib. xxxvij,^p. 1. But of this, God willing, more at large in our Catalogue of Artificers. Chap. IX. - tfJe ufe of thefe Arts therefore extending it felfe generally to all employments both in warre and peace, it may not feeme ftrange that all forts of men did honour them very much, and that the fpirits of the Artificers likewise finding themfelves fo much honoured for their Art, did ftill endeavour toencreafe this enjoyed favour by daily advancing thefe highly efteemed Arts. Industrie is fed by glorie, % th salufi. or at. 2 . de Rep. ordinandi : as many as are led by the hope of glory and fame, are wonderfully taken with thepraife and approbation proceeding from the inferior fort of men ofP A I N T I N G. 179 men alfo (ay th the younger Plinie lib. IV, epifl. 1 2 . Honour doth nourifh Arts> fay th Tullie * 5 andwttart all drawne by *Circj4mt$~ glory to take paines 5 fo are alfo fuck things ever negle&ed^ as w »hbnPn- #te little regarded in the opinion of men. All things certainly ™1 doe fo much (land upon this reward, that Picture alfo ' ( though fhee doth pofleue a great deale of pleafure and contentment in her owne felfe) is very much encouraged by the prefent fruit of praife and opinion :for what elfe meant C. Fabius a mofl noble Rom Ant ) layth Val. Maxim *fi * Lib. VIIL who when he had painted the walls of the temple tf/Salus, before cap. 14. ex. dedicated ly C. Junius Bubulcus, hefet his owne name to it : 6 - as if a confular^factrdotall^ and triumphall familie ftoodyet inw ant of this ornament : following herein the example of Phydias D who fo placed his owne image in the flrield of 'Miner- vzfhatit could not be taken away 3 without diff'olving the whole joynture of the works, guintilian therefore fayth very well *, * Ll ^'}^: °~ wee dot all depend uponpraife, thinking it to be the nttermofl TJt ' m P u ' end of our labour. Sauros and Batrachos may fevvc form ex- v' ample^ who being Lacedaemonians by nation*, made temples withm the porches ofO&svh 9 faythP\mie*,fomehold alfo ^Lib.xxxvi^ that being very wealthy they built them on their owne charges ', nat » ^p. hoping for the honour of an infcription 5 which being denied ca P* ^ them > they found meanes to fleale it another way ^ for on the lower fquares of the pillars are yet engraved a lizard and a frogge, by which their names arefignifed. The fame Plinie al- io had good reafon to fay in another place *, Plfture was a * Lib. xxxv 9 noble Art in ancient times jrhn it was fought for by Kings and Cap ' u Nations. And Plutarch doth fhew at the firft beginning of his Second booke o£ Alexander h\s venue or fortune., that in the times of this great King there was fo great an encreafe of Arts and Artificers, becaufe the rare wittes of excellent Artificers forefaw that they could not want the favourable A a 2 eftima- 180 The ancient Art eftimation of fuch a Judge, if they did any thing worth his fight. ^ 2. That great and eminent men in ancient times were very (kilfull in thefe Arts P may be gathered out of that love and refped the Artificers enjoyed. It is by a natur'all vice grafted and rootudin the brefis of men, thatjuch as doe not un- derhand the Arts.) doe not admire the Artificers \ lay th Si dent- in Apo dinar is lib, v ? epifi. I o . Veriues are obscured by reason of the ignorance of Art ; fayth Vitruvius in procemio libriTer- tii. Seeing then that excellent Artificers thinke themf. Ives to be placed upon a Thea*er, where nothing heateth their forward fphits Co much as theaftonifhed acclamations and applaufesofall forts of men 3 it was no wonder th t many did excell in thole times when Kings with their Peeres re- ferred to the (hops of Painters., kindling in the hearts bfthfc Artificersan unfpeskable defire to have this glory (till con- tinued and encreafed. Demetrius furnamed PoliorceteSj whileft he was at the fiege of Rhodes^ did not flick to come to Protogenes^ who was ihenhulie with the pidure ofj'aly- fus, and leaving the hope of \his vi&ory, he beheld the Artificer in the midft of hofiill weapons and batterings of the w a 7/> as itinie (peaketh, lib, xxxv, cap. 10. fee that copious Au- thor himfelfe. The greatmonarch Alexander cams likewife to^^/hisfhop-, very often accompanied with a good many Princes : and although it was the greateft honour mans heart could wifb, that the monarch of the world 3 whofe judgement was efteemed to be the judgement of the wprld, fhould exprefTe his favour after fb loving and fami- liar a manner • yet hath this magnanimous King found ano- ther. way a to grace the Artificer a great deale morerjfw- * ZiKxxxv when he had commanded, fayth Vlinie * 3 that Campafpe, one cap, io. rf his moft beloved Concubines, in regard of her wonderful! beautie 3 of? A I NT I N G> i8l beatttie^ jhould be painted naked by A pelles 5 he gave her unto Apelles 5 8fc? he perceived him to be as deepeint angle din the love of the wow an as he found him f elf e to be : great was his minde and yet was the conquering of Us onne luft greater ; wherefore hath he likewife been as much cftcemedfor this deed^ as fir any other vi&orie 5 feeing he overcame himfelfein thfc. Neither did he give his bedonely to the Artificer Jul his affecti- on aljo : notfo much as [ufferinghimfelfe to be moved with the ref\>eB of his beloved^ bnt rather giving way that fijeewho had beene a Kings concubine } Jbou Id noiv be the concubine of a Pain- ter. Out of the like refped: of Art came it to pafle, that the fame Kingy to leave a truer image unto pofleritie^ would not have his image by many Artificers ' promifcuon >Jly defiled '• ma- king a proclamation 'thorough all his Dominions \ that no bo die fhould unadvifedly undertake to expreffe his image in braffejn colours^ or in an f engraved work^ • but that Poly clems alone fiyould cdfte him in braffe* A pelles alone fiwuld paint him in colours^ Pyrgoteles alone fhould engrave htm : beftdesthefe three j who were'meft famous fin- their workpianfinp^ if anyone was found any wfjere to meddle with the facred image of the Kivgjiejloouldbefeverely punifliedfor his Jacrilegic w attempt. The fare therefore of this edict brought to pajfe, that Alexan- der his image was every where tfa prime image [ and that in all ftatues: pictures^ and engravings there was to hefeerie the fame vigour of a mofi vehement watrier^ the fame markgs of the greateft dignitie/hefame livelineffe of hk frefi youth jhe fame grace of his highforehead.Afukimin Floridfa. Obferve here by trie-way , : that Horace nameth Lyfippux in ftead otPolycle- tus : fceh^lib. U,Epift. 1 . § 3. As wee fee inthe former relation how much Artifi- cers were countenanced in olde times, (b doe we likewife underftand the great efteem they were in by the high rates A a 3 their 182 The ancient Art their workes were prifed at. It is knowne that a picture of Bulanhm the Painter was valued at the weight of it in gold by Candauks King of Lydia : fb much was the Art even in thofe times efteemed, Plin. lib. xxxv, cap. 8. Ariftides the Thebane painted a battell fought with the Perfians, where- in were an hundred figures, and he agreed with Mnafon the tyrant of the'Eleatenfes to receive tenminas for every figure. He was fbpowerfuil in his Art, that King At talus is reported to have bought one of his pictures for an hundred talents ^ Plinie xxxv, 10. Pelycktus made Diadnmenon ten- derly you chfull, which was famous for the price of an hun- dred talents $ Plinie xxxiv, 8. WhenL. Mummius few that Attains the King bought out of the prey of Corinth pne piece done by Arifiides for fix thoufand fefterces, he could not but wonder at the price therefore fufpe&ing that there was fbme unknown e vertue in that picture., he called itbacke, not without great complaints of Attalm^ Plinie xxxv, 4. Addles having painted Alexander the great jn the temple of Diana EpheJ/a,ho\ding a thunderboltin his hand 3 at the price of twentie talents of gold, the reward of his workmanfliip was given him in golden coin by meafure not by number 5 Plinie xxxv 3 1 o. LucuUm agreed with Arcefi- law a worker in clay to make him an image of Felicitie for xliiii fefterces : the death of both hindered the worke. And when oftavius a Romane knight would make a fine drink- ing-cup, Arcefdaus had a talent of him for making a pattern ofplaifter-worke. P/hp&xxxv, i 2. Mnafon the tyrant gave unto Afikpiodoms for the images of twelve Gods three hundred minas a piece : the fame Mnafon gave alfb unto Theomnefluf an hundred minas for the pi&ure of every one of the Worthies painted by himPlinfe xxxv,i o. Hortenfius the orator bought Cjdiashis Argonauts for xliiij fefterces, and Of P A I N T I N G. 185 and made a chappell for this picture'in his Tufculan coun- try-houfe • Vlink xxx v, 1 1 . Timomachus Byzantius in the times of Ctfarditfator made for him the pictures of Ajax and Medea $ Gep/* payed fourfcore talents for them P fetting thenvup in the temple of Venus genetrix. Plin. xxxv, It; In the mention of Statues there is one neere the Roflra that may not be forgotten, although the author of it be not knowne^the Statue of Hercules cloathed in an Elean habit; he hath a lowring countenance, and feemeth to feele his laft agenie in his coat.Th^t this Statue was judged to be worth a great deale of ftrrfe, may be gathered out of the three ti- tles it fheweth : the firft is, thatit was L.Lvcullus the gene- rail his booty taken from the enemies : the fecond is, that L«^//»/hisfonneapupill did dedicate it by the decree of the Senate : the third is, thatT. Septimus Sabinus^when he was yEdilis curulis, reftored it to the publike out of a privat poneflion $ Plin. xxxi v, 8 . M. Agrippa } though he was a man that might feerae to be more given to ruftickie then to fiich kinde of delicacies, jet did he buy from the inhabitants of Cyzicus two pictures of Ajax and Venus for twelve thou- (and fefterces. P/z#.xxxv, 4. Tiberius the Emperour was ta- ken very much with Parrhafius his Archigallus, and kept this pi&ure, valued LX fefterces, in his bed-chamber. Plin. xxxv,i o. Itis reported that hundred talentsof the tribute enpyned were abated to the inhabitants of Coos, to make them willing to part with the piclure of Venus anadyomene* Strabo lib, XIV. Geogr. Nicomedes the King would have bought Praxiteles his Venus ofthe Gnidians, offering for it to pay ail their debts, which did amount to a great famine of money : but they chofe rather to endure any extremitie. then to part with fuch a rare piece of worke : neither was it without caufe that the Gnidians did fhew themCelves fb re- folute. 184 The ancient Art , folute, Ceing Praxiteles made Gnidus renowned by this piece of worke. P/i/?/Vxxxvij$. Lyfippvsnude the (fatue of one rubbing of himfelfe, which Marcus Agrippa dedica- ted and fet up before the entrance into his baches Tiberius the Emperour was fo much taken with this ftatue, that, al- though in the beginning of his raignehe had his affedions in his power, he could not long command himfeife in this, bit tooke it away and fa it up in his bed-chamber, placing another in the roome of it, which the people of Rome took (bhainoufly, that in the publike theaters with one voice they often and with much importunitie requiied it might be r eftored • never ceafing till the Emperour, though much againft his will, Caufed it to be fet up in the former plate &J gaine. Plinie xxxiv, 8. Our age (aw in the chancell of Juno in the Capitoll adogge of brafTe licking the hinder partsof (wine : the lingular miracle and neere refemblance unto truth of which ftatue is not onely tmderftood in that it was dedicated there, but by anew kinde of furetiftrip taken for it alfo 5 for it being valued at (b high a rate, that no famme of money was thought fufficiently anfwerable for the lone of it, it was refolved by publicke advice, that thofe which undertooke the cuftodie of it,fhould binde riieir owne bo- dies for the performance of their undertakings. P//#. xxxiv, 7. It is much queftioned who were the makers o^Olympus^ Pap^cBro^nd Achilles^hkh. are let up in a place knowne by the name of Septa 5 much the more, becaufe fame hath delivered them worthy to be anfwered with the lives of them that undertook their keeping.P/wwxxxvi, 5 . The ex- ample oickfu made famous by the injurie done to Queene strat&mce is very remarkable : for much difdaining the (lender entertainment he received from her, he painted her in the wanton embracements of a fi(her-man the Queene was Of P A I N T I N G. 185 was fayd to be in love vvithall 5 and leaving this pidture ex- port d to the publike view in the haven ofEphefvs, he took fliipping and efcapcd away : the Queene, for the excellen- cy of the A rt and rare expreffion of the perfbns, would not differ the picture to be removed 5 fo beftowing upon the art, though in a fubjed moft contumelious and fpightfull, the honor (he had denied to the Artificer, />/*#/? xxxv, 1 1 . § 4. It appeareth by all thefe examples what care great Kings and mightie Common- wealths tooke to cherifh the brave fpirits of excellent Artificers 5 and there was good caufe for it ^ feeing it moft of all concerneth thofe that are vertuous, for the upholding of Arts invented, to make fbme difference betweenedeferving and undeferving men. Whofoeverperformeth deeds worth) ofverfcsfiyxkfClandian^ r ,^J r4e (fj is alfoaloverofverfes : even Co muft they needs love Sta- ! Mef-il tues, who know themfelves worthy of that honour. The ^nit! * ■ Artificers themfelves did likewife reape great profit out of this refpeft the flower of the world gave them ^ neither was it poffible they mould thinke meanly of themfelves, feeing they could not but judge their Arts worth fo much as they faw them valued at by the matchlefle moderators of earthly things t having therefore once drunke inthisperfwafion, they were inftantly pollened with the love of a ftrange mag- nanimitie. Nicias refuted to fell his picture called Necyia to King Attalus y who offered for it L X talents:but being him- felfe very rich, chofe rather to beftow it as aprefentupon his Country. iV/»/Vxxxv, 1 1. Zeuxk firft began to make prefents of hisworkes, faying that no price could be an- fwerable to their worth ^ fb he beftowed Alcmena upon the inhabitants of Agrigentum, P*# upon Arckelavs^Tlink xxxv, 9 . Folygnotns painted at A thens the porch called Poe- cile freely -whereas My con did paint a part of it for a reward: Bb no i86 1 he antient Art no wonder then that P&lygnotm was of more eftoeme and authoritie: and the Amfhi&yones, a pnblike councell of Greece O beftowed upon him lodgings rem-free^Plinie xxxv 3 9. It was then difcreetly done of tliefe Artificers, that they would not leflen the authoritie of their Art: feeing many * Lib. XII, things lofe their worth for nothing fo mmhfi.y\\\ guintilian*, ca P- 7» as that they may beprifed at a cert aim rate, § 5. By the confideration of the honour given to thefe Arts, the Artificers themfelves were admonifhed to ufe them with more refped, and being afhamcd to confine Arts of fb large extent within a narrow compafle, they would not employ them in adorning the walls of private boufes for the delight ofparticular land-lords onely, nor of fuch places as could not be defended from the danger of cafqall fires. Protogenes was contented with a little cottage in his garden. In the plaifierings of Apelles his houfe there was ne- ver any piBure to befeene : no body as yet tooke a plea fur e in painting whole walls over : all their art was for Cities, and the Painter was a publike thing for the benefit of all Countries, fay th Plinie xxxv 3 1 o. There is extant a moft magnificent * X^-xxxt, andworthy oration of M.Agrippa, fay th the fame Author *, cap. 4. concerning thepublifhing of all Pi&ures and Statues ^ which were better it had been done^ then that they Jhould be banified and confined tofome private country- houfes. The old A r tifi- rers therefore as they would not have their workesfmoo- thered up in fbme private corners, fb were they very care- full in publiftiing them 5 and it proceeded out of this fame veneration of the Art, that the founders of painting andca- *Inpr*fatio- p in - &yth Plinie*,infcribed their accomplifiedworkes, and opens, J ** #ever jattsfie our admiration^ with an uncertame title paying, Apelles faciebataut Polycletus^/?f//r/tfr Poly- cletus made it : to make the world think* that the Art was but begun of Painting. 187 begun and left unperftcH^ that the Artificer. Hkewife by this means wight lookeforpardon^ even as ifhefioM have men- ded all, unlefie he had been intercepted by an untimely death. So was it then a cufyomefull ofmodefiy, and it didfhew in them a wonder full veneration ofthefe Arts that they would have po- fieritie looke upon all their worlds as if they were their laft workesj and that the fat all houre had taken them away before they could make a full end. It k reported that there have beene but three pictures which were abfolutely infer ibed^ Apelles fe- ci t, Apelles hath made it : ' whereby it did appear e that the au- thor would have the Art above all things fecured : and for this reafonwere all fuch worlds fubjeU to a great deale of envie. That now they (ped well with that tender care they had of the credit of thefe Arts, ismanifeft out of the following words of Plinie, It is a very rare and moft memorable thing, layth he*, that the lafiworkes of Artificers and their unper- * j^ xxxv fe& pictures have been in greater admiration then theperfeft •■ ca * x x # as namely ', Ariftides for Iris, Nicomachus for Tyndar ides, Tioiomachus his Medea, Apelles/w Venus-Jeeing there are in fuch kinde of Pictures tobefeene the remaining lineaments and the very thoughts of the Artificers : fo doth our grief e alfo commend the worke unto us, whilefi we cannot but love and de- fire the hands which perifhed in the midfi of fuch a worke. But here ranft we needs note by the way that when the ancient Artificersarefaydtohave been (purred on by the hope of glory, it is meant of the true and (olid glory, and not of a falfe and momentany ftiadow of thefame.Many that moun- tebank-like onely brag of their Art y miftake themfelves herein very much ^ for whileftthey doe by aprepofterous ambition make hafte to attaine to the much defired glory and prai(e,they doe thinke themfelves very well if they can but make their pictures faire to the eye of unfkilfulKpetta- B b 2 tors, 1 88 The ancient Art tors., fetting forth as in a (hop whatfoever may trirrtme and garnith their worke : it is their owne credit they (eeke,and not the credit of the Art. But Art on life other fide doth laugh them to [corn that arefo contumelious againfl her fiyth g)uin- tilianlib. X } cap, 7. And whileft they would taine bring to pafle that the unfkilfull mould thinke them fkilfull ? the fkil- full doe in the meane time find them to be altogether un- fkilfull : topkafe the vulgar fort of people onely, iayth P/«- * Ve Educ' tarc h *? *" to dffi ea f e the wiferfort : but of this care procee- l t h J ding out of a venerable refpecl: of Art (hall wee fpeakeat large by and by in the eleventh Chapter. § 6. This generous love of an everlafting renowne con- tinued in the Artificers as long as thele Arts were had in e- fteeme by Kings and Nations : but after that the love of money began to thruft this veneration of Art out of the hearts of men, Artificers alfo grew thinner and thinner till none at length were leftrthis was the obfervation of Arbiter *In Satjrico. a ^qq^ while fince : I did asfa (ay th he V moft styfuU man concerning the different ages and times ef diver fe pi&ures, as alfo concerning fome other arguments obfeure unto me^exami- ning withall the caufes of our prefentfloathf nines, by the which [0 many brave Arts are utterly loft, and how itcametopaffe that the art of painting among fuch a number of decayed Arts had not retainedfo much as the leaftfhadow of her ancient beau- tie. Hh anfwerwas, that the love of money made this change. For in old time, when nakgd vertue teas yet in efteem, faydhe, aliunde of ingenuous arts didflourifi $ andthegreateftftrife amongfi men r»as y that nothing might be long hid what might be for the profit ofpofferitie. Tofteake then fome thing of Sta- tuariestfovertie hath undone Lyfippus whileft he didhanga- bout the lineaments of one ftatue ^ and Myron, who did in a manner enclofe the Joules of men andwilde beafts in braffe^ could of Painting. 189 could 'fade no hire. But fee now, lying deeply plunged in drun- kennejje and lechery ' 3 dare not fo much as try any arts : and ta- king upon us to be accufers, rather than followers of antiquity y we teach and learne nothing elfe but vices. Doe not wonder therefore that pitture is loft, feeing all the gods and men thinly a lumpe of gold better than all that Apclles *#*/?. 10. faith he, * is very profitable rfor thereby our life k formfeed with good arts , cities are inhabited^and mutuall contra&s are performedwithagreat deale ofeafe. To be briefejhe inhabited worldfiould be deprived of all decencieof order, if for the in- ter courfe of gold men flood not in need of one the other, A mari- ner would not put to fe a 7 a traveller would not undertake a journey , husbandmen would not be troubledwith the keeping of plow-ox en^the foveraignty of Royallfcepters Jhould want re- fpeff) thefubje&s could not be honoured with dignities and re- venues Jtjhould not be in the power of a General to lead An Ar- my. Andi f you will learne a great fee ret> Gold is put in trufl with the reines of vertue and vice • the appetite ofourfoule is tried by it^ feeing it may very well be compared with the Celtick^ River , in that it yeeldeth an unfallibleproofe of counterfeit vertue* * Chap. Of P A I N T I N G. I9I HAP. X Pon the enjoying of glory followeth a confi- dent boldneffe of art. The A rt hath been in- credibly advanced, fay th Pliny ^ by fucceffe firft 3 and afterward by boldnefle.Underftand here by Succejfe nothing elfe, but that fame *Lib.xxxiv, cap. j. veneration Art enjoyed as long as Kings and Nations made much of it. /4fterwardsbyboldnej(feyQ\thhce> to infinuate unto us, that this fucceffe made the artificers more prompt and ready to venture upon greater matters. The huge Co- lorTesoftheAntientsmayfervehereforan example \ and Pliny in the fayd place bringeth infbme of them for a tefti- mony of their moft confident boldneffe. Zeuxk hath bin above all the reft admired for this boldnefie, feeing >W did firft enter into the gates opened by Apollodorus,p#/> Pliny*, and brought the pencil^ after it durfl now doe fomething y to a great glory. Ofthe boldnefle of this excellent A rtificer,fee ca ^"" J Lucian in his little treatife intituled Zeuxis. Dinoc rates hath alfb given us a notable example of confidence, which, God willi ng,fhall be related in our Catalogue. It was then very well avouched by Uelanthim the Painter.in his books written ofthe Art of painting, that it is not amifle there fhould be perceived fbme kinde of felfe-liking &: hardnefle in the works of excellent Artificers. See La'ert. lib. iv* in Voktnone. There is a The feus done by Euphranor? of whom he fayd, that Parrhafius his The feus was fed with roles, but that his Thefem was fed with flefh. See Plinyjib.xxxv.cay. 11. So *Lib.xxxiiii _ i n — ' — ■ ■■ ' ■ - ... ■■ ■ ■ ■-- 192 The ancient Art 11. So did thenthe Antients boldly follow the motions of their ftirred (pirit 5 whereas we on the contrary 7 as if now all were perfect dare not bring forth any things fayth Quint i- * li.vtii. 0- ija^ *yea we faff er aljo many things invented by the nntients rat. Inftit. to fc cay% ca ?' 6 ' § 2 . Much then doth that excellencie of fpirit availe, that will not fuffer it felfe to be daunted by the authorise of them that are like to cenfure our worke. For as the con- trarie vice ofatemerarie and arrogant confidence is verie much to be detefted 5 fo is it not poffible that art,ftudy,yea advancement it felfe,fhou!d helpe any thing, without adi- (creerand conftant confidence $ even as an unwarlike cow- ard (hall not be much the better , though you fur n'ilh him with all manner of exquifit armor. We are therefore above all things to avoid this prepofterous fhamefaftnefle, which is nothing elfe but a certaine kinde of fear e^ fayth Quintili- *Li.xii.orat. an ? * drawing backe our mindefrom thofe things that are to be Inji it.ca.5. j om ^ whereupon followeth mofi commonly confufion and loa- thing of what we have already begun :fo that no body doubteth to referre thatpaffion among the number of vices > that maketh m afiamed of doing well. J am almofl loth to fay it, becanfe it may be miflakenjhatfoamefaftnejfe is a vice, but a lovely one b yeafuch a one as doth mofl eafily ingender venues :Jhee doth in the mean time great hurt , caufing all that k good in our wits andjiudiesjfor want ofpubliflringjo be confumed by the rufi of too much fecrecie. Howfoeuer^ confidence is the be ft way to a- mend this Jhamefaftnejfe : and though a man bee nevrfofhame- ftcedjyet may hefupport him felfe by the helpe of a goodconfci- ence^ if he be but privy unto him felfe that hee wanteth no art. Although a forward boldnefle be all in all, yet may not the Artificer be fo fecureas not to underftand the danger, pro- vided that it bee an underftanding of the worke , and no feare o/Pa I N T I N G. m feare^he may be moved with it, though hee mutt not yeeld and fall downe under it. For how great danger is there in this worke, wherein wee are very often deceived by a Ihev/ of goodnefle } Whomever doth affe&fmooth things Jzith Ho- race %wantethfinetyesandjp iritfor the mofi part. Hee that *Vt Arte profeffeth great things is very often puffed up. He that mike Foct * too fecure^andflandeth dwayes infeare of aflorme t ufeth to creepe along thejhore. The veiyfhunning ofvicejvheu it wan- teth art) leadethus unto vice. We are alfb lead into errour by the great multitude of them that judge amide , feeing unskilrull artificers doe al- wayes in their opinion paint with more Force. And it is ever feene,that theunlearned dobeleeve thofe things to be of greater force, which want art : even as they ufe to think k a matter of greater ftrength to breake up, than to open 3 to teare afunder,than to unty $ to draw, than to leade.They doe moft frequently judge alfb, that there is more greatnes in rude things,than in fuch things as are polifhed : yea,that there is more copioufnefTe in things wildely fcattered,than in things well and orderly digefted. As many then as are beft experienced in thfe arts,doe moft of all feare the dim*- cultieof the work,the feverall events of the Ait, the doubt- full and uncertaine expe&ation of men. It is not fafe to do any thing foolifhly before the face of the world, when wee begin to try the hope of a durable name: neither is it a fmall matter to undergoe the cenfure of the whole world:fb doth an invited gueftalfb expect a £reat deale better entertaine- ment, than one that commeth of his own motion mddenly upon us. Such as are provoked, judge more nieely.-neither will they be (atisfied with meere allurements,and a kind of pleaflng noveltie, where they do look for the true force of Art. It falleth out very often alfb, that we fpy the vices Cc fboner in ' ' " ' " '" 194 Tie? ancient Art (boner in the workes of others , than their vertues : and whatlbever dpcii juuHy oitend the fpectator ? ufeth alfo to exttnguiih the glory of praife- worthy things : in thefe arts chietely, which are not lb much for neceflarie ufe 5 as a free recreation of the minde 3 how nicely doe men cenfure. As in a mofi pkafing banquet, a confuted harmony, grojfe ointments ■, and Poppy with homy of Sarins do offend us % fay th Horace * 3 because thefeaft might be very mil without them-Jo is it with Pcemes, which being invented to delight and recreate the miad^ are efieemed mofi bafe if they doe butfwarve a little ajide from that height of gwce tlxyfljould have. What Horace faishhere of Poet^may alio be applied to painters and ftatuaries,fee- ing their induftry doth intend nothing elfe but therecrea- tioh of our eyes, as Max, tyrhts fydk£th y DiJfertat.*> . § 3. An artificer therefore is to take care, that hee doe notonely give them content wftomuft of neceifity con- tent themfelves with his worke : but that he may alio feem admirable unto them* which may judge freely of what hee doth. It is not enough an artificer flbould paint; well after his ownelikingj but after the liking of accurate and jqdkjhf o«s fpe&ators^ neither may hee think e himfelfe 50 have painted well 3 unlefle skilful] men thinke him to have done ib. W hatfoever is to be dedicated unto poft e ritie^ and to remains for an example unto othei.% hafd need be neat., po- lifhed^andmade according to the true rule andi law qf art >$j becaufe it is likely to come into the hands of skilfull eenfu~. rers^and fuch as are arti ficers mall judge of his art. Whom- ever therefore is not able to make workes worthy of the eyes of men 3 nor to deferve the name of an Artificer,& yet is not touched with that reverend refpeel: due to tfre art he defileth^though he ftudy never fo much to decline infamy, may juftly beefteepaed impudent : feeing wee are tojhun the name of? AI.NTING, 195 name ofimpudence^ fay th Tully * 3 # med of. We are therefore to ufe here fo much moderation as not to lay over-haft ily afidc alljloame^ and topublifh our raw and unripe ftudies s mfaQmna\hn * - O for by thus doing y there *Llxn.ofat. is ingendrtdin us a contempt of the workg, wee doe lay the ln r ih ca P' 6 ' grounds of impudence, and (which is every where mofi pernici- ous) a.fbok-hardy confidence prevmteth ourftrength' Neither wghtwe to delay our firft triall till wee waxold^forfeare en- creaft'th daily, and what we are to attempt feemethftil to grow harder and t/iore difficult, and it growelh too late to btgnne, whileft welofe time in deliberating when to begin. It behoovetk us therefore to bring forth the greene and fweet fruit of our flu- dies, whileft pardon, hops, and favour readily attend us .'neither doth it mif- become us to attempt fomething boldly, feeing age mayfupply what there is wanting in theworkj^ and if any thing fetmethto be painted fotnw hat youthfully, it is efteemed to pro- ceed out ofapromijtngforwardneffe of our naiurall inclinati- on. A youth therefore in my opinion } that doth as yet rely upon his tender ft rength, is to begin with an eajie andpleajing argu- ment, even as dog-whelps areflejhed with a more gentle prey of wilde beafts; neither it he from this beginning to continue his labour and to harden his wit y which is rather to be cherijhed. So Jhallhe be ft overcome the f ewe ofbeginningjwhileft it is eafier for him to adventure -^and yet Jhallthis facilitk of daring not bring him to a contempt of the workjt. 'Let him for all that, at the firft follow the fteps of a wary leader, till he find it fafe to refblve with Lyftppus, unto a further boldnefie upon 00 cafion of Eupompus his anfwer,as we have related the fame in the third chapter of this booke, [§ 3 . Cc 2 > Chap 196 The ancient Art &zk J^db&db&ti* i d&^h&&££h& HAP. XL L though Artificers might juftly feeme to bee emboldened by the fiaccefle of Art, yet did they never runne on with fuch a confident rafhnefle^as to forget the care due unto thefe Arts. It is a good faying ofFabiw Maxi- * AvudLivi- mus * ^ All things JhaU bee fttre and clean unto him that doth um lib.xx ii not mah$ too much hafie : rajhneffe is improvident and blind*. ab v, c. An artificer therefore cannot be without diligence , a gnat help * InpfoaLmio of a meanwit alfo fay th Seneca the Rhetorician *. Metrocles Vibti Tertii was wont to fay. That houfes and foch like things were to Contwverf. be bought with filver, but that learning could not bee had *ApudLaer- without the expence of time and care *. Pamphilw his tium lib.\ I fchoole,as we have fhewed before out of Pliny ^did not difc mifle the difciples,unleffe they had pafled their ten years in an orderly courfe of learning. This was a moft laudable cu- ftom, feeing advancementdothmoficf all cenfifi in diligence^ *Li.U.orat, fohhguintilian *. Neither did the Ancients when they Injlit.cap.j. came forth out of the fhadow of the fchooles to the pub- lique light, inftantly forfake that diligence ufed about the firft beginnings of Art $ but they did rather refblve to fol- low with a conftant perfeverance, what they had begunne withaftudiousinduftry. Nicias his diligence hath beene mentioned before out ot Plutarch Protogenes when hee was about thepi&ureofJalyfuSyisfaidto have lived by moift* ned lupines as being able to fatisfie hunger and thirft both at ence 5 lefi hejhoulddull his fences too much with the fweetneffe o/Pa I N T I N G. I97 cfmeat. He laid his colours four e times ever this piftttre \for a de- fence againfi all injuries and age ; that the lower moft colour might fucceedwhen the upfermoft (houUfa'tle. Pliny xxxv.i o. Asci- tes had this cuftome> faith Pliny in the fame place, that hte ne- ver would juffer him felfe to be jo much imployed a whole day, but that he remembredever to exercife the art by drawing of a line: and this cnjlome of his became a common proverb e. Yea, we may learn out ot the following words alfo,that Apellcs by the meancs ofthis diligence put downe Protogenes in that moft: famous ftrife of drawing fubtill lines. It is pretty, what fell out between Protogenes and Apdks ? faith Pliny. Protogenes did live at Rhodes 5 whither when Apelles was come , deftrous to know the mrkes of him whom he knew onely by fame, he made hafletogoeto his jhop. Protogenes himplfe was ahpnt, but an old woman kept a large boord,alreadiefrted upon the Ajfe orfiaffold, to have fimethingdrawne upon it. The old woman having anfwered, that Protogenes was gone forth, asked withall, whom jheejhovld fay had looked fir him. Tell him , pud Apelles , that this is the man that fought him : and taking a ptncill, hee drew an ex- ceeding thinne line with one or other colour upon the boor J. The old woman at Protogenes his rjurne fhewed him inflwtly what was done. And it is repot ted that the artificer , having considered tbefineneffeofthe line, did forthwith p ofeffe himfeife to know that Apelles was come ; feeing hee held it impoffible that fuchan abph lute workjhouldbe done by any body elfe. It is added alfo,that Pro- togenes drew a thinner line with another colour over the f aid line, bidding the oldwomanat his gon? forth , that fie (hoaldjhew this unto him that had asked for h t m andte/l him that this wis the man he didlooke fir. It fell out fo. A pf 1 1 es retumeth : but bei ng afha- medto be overcome, he divided the lines with at hird colour, not leaving any further place for (ubtilth. Whereupon Pi orogenes confejfwg hi wfelft overcome > did hafilyrunne to the haven , fee- king 8 The ancient Art kjng the fir anger : thk fameboord to as left unto the following ages without any change, to the afioniihment of all men, but of ■ Artificers chiefly. Wee have greedily viewed it before the fir ft firing ofCxfar his Iwttfe in the pal/ace, where it perifl)ed y con* t aining in a more fyacious voidenefje nothing elfe 7 but fnsh lines at conldhardly be difcernedby the eye : fo that this boord among the brave workg of many Artificers didfeemeto be emp- tier al/uring thejpe&ators therefore and being indeed more no-* ble then any other workg. I know well enough that many wili not underftand thefe words otPlinie after that plaine mea- ning the alledged place urgeth $ yet doe they not perfwade usto take thefe words otherwise, then of the frrife of lines moll: fubtilly drawne with alight and gentle hand, But of this, God willing, fbme where elie : feeing it is better wee mould purme our intent, by comparing that careful! dili- gence of the ancients with the carelefle negligence of thefe our times. § 2. And firft we thinke good not to hinder the per- fwafion of them who efteeme our inbred abilities to be a- lonemfficienttomake us Artificers: let them onelygive way to our labours, feeing nothing in our opinion can be *§uint.orat. perfect, but when Nature isholpen by care*. Neither can injlit. xi, 3. we conceive it otherwife ^ becaufe we doe find that among fo many rare wits none have anciently obtained thehigheft fame of Art, but fuch as not contenting themfelves to fa- lute the fchooles of Paint ersafarre off, and tofpendavery fmal) time of apprentifhip in them, thought it rather need- full to be a great while a learning what they would after- wards teach others, leaft they fhould be forced to learne a- ny thing at the time of teaching: fbdo we likewife perceive thatthemajeftieof thefe Arts was troden underfoot, as foone as the love of too much eafe made men negle&the care o/Pa I N T I N G. I99 care due unto the firfi: principles of Art. Such things as doe grow up without any foundation fayxh Seneca\arefubjeB un+ * Lib. J. de toruine : it is therefore a groffe error, when many by a falfe M 3 cap. perfwafion of their teachers go about to fever this A rt from ***"*• the elegancy of a more grave and fevere kinde of learning 5 as if the whole excrcife of Art did chiefly confift in an eafie and readie praclxfe without any further care : Such as mak§ great hafte^ fay th guintilian *, mufl needs thinke flight ly ofe- * Lib. IV. 0- very thing that is to be done before they tome to what is loft. rat. in flu Hence it is that they forftke things indeed neceflary for the cap. v love of things feeming more fpecious^ yea they neglect and loath fuch great helps of A rt, as cannot be wanted^not loo- king for any commendation of their wit from things farre remote from oft entation, feeing the tops of high buildings are notedj the foundations arehid y foythg>uintilian** Befides * foproistma thefe there are others of a more lazie arrogance, defpifing Mri Primi. all precepts of Art after they have (pent but a little time in the fchooles of Painters, and feeking to gaine authoritie by the con tempt of them that ftudie to bring to thefe Arts not their hand onely>> but all fuch things alfb as may conduce to Art. Thefe are they that doe fmall things with a great deale ofeafej fayth guintUian *i and being thus emboldened^ they *S^^ Jfiew inftantly what fever they know themfehes able to doe • tK J l ,ca r? m though they an doe notUngjbut what is mere at hand: they doe not wttch but qui kly : there wanteth true force in their worfa feeing it hath not takenadeepe root • even as feeds caflupon the upper pfoft ground doe fpring up more readily > and likeblafied tares of come make afiefo ofripeneffe before harveft. Thefe things compared with their yeareS) arepleajtng at thefrft 5 but the advancement afterwards being at aftayjhe admiration al- fodothdecreafe, § 3. Wholbeveftheteibredefirethamorecompleatand abfb- 200 The ancient Art abfblute knowledge of theie ArtSjtnufl: by all means beleeve that all fuch things doe belong unto his care, which are able toperfitan Artificer 3 and that it is notpoffible toattaine to the height of any thing, but by the means or fbme fore- running beginnings 3 yea that he may not looke for grea- ter matters, unlefle he firft ftoope downe to the lefler. stu- * Lih.l. erst, dies have alfo their infncie, fayth gtuintilian * : and as the injiit.cap.i. education of fuch bodies, as at any time (hall be the frron- geftj beginneth with milke and cradle $ even Co doth he which may in time be a moft conlummat Artificer, hang a great while about the firft lines, {landing in need of a hand to lead his hand, until! he ule himielte a little to the right ftroke : as it if impojpble to at tame to the height of any things but lyfome beginnings ^ fo doe the firft things, when the vporkg * Lib. X. 0- goeth on^feeme to be the leaftfoyth guintilian * : the height of rat. injlit. ^// Artf^as of trees ^delight eth us very much^fo do not the roots : *nv * r n an ^y et ca * *h ere & e m height without the roots , fay th Tullie * : orltorl ° umx V er ^ nce ^ } children doe firft apprehend 'the figure and name * Lib. 1 1, rflettersfoyth Manilius* jheir ufe k afterwards taught them Aflron. by the making up ofjyllables • words follow ^ the force of things and the ufe of Art doth laftly arife out of them: it makgth much for our maine end to have learned the firft rudiments in order : yea theprepofterous labour of over-haftenedpreceptsjhall come to nothing, unleffe learning be grounded upon his proper ele- ments. The ancients therefore not defpifing fuch fmali things ( although in ftudies nothing may be countedlmall, that doth advance our principall intent) have made thefe Arts great 5 rather contenting themfelves with a flow then with an uncertaine^vent. § 4 . How much doe the cuftomes of our young men at this time differ from the fayd pra&ife of the ancients ? for who is there among many thoufands that cenfejpng himftlfe in- firtour of? A I N T I N G. 20I feriour giveth place to the age or authorise of a better Mafter ? ftyth the younger Plinie * 5 they are wife at one infant 5 they * Lift.vui.JSi are forthwith jilkdwith all knowledge 5 they ft and in awe of no P l P> 2 3* £ft//? • they imitate no bo die 5 f /> if he doe not applie it toivork and gold? nit fay th Max. Tyrius *. // profiteth very little , fay th Tlteofophi- * Vijjert. V. ft a *, that fitch as me am to paint jhottld conjider the worlds of * Trogymn. Prctogenes, A pelles, A ntiph i lus, unleffe they themfelves al- cap. i. fofall to nror^e. Nature certainly would never give way, that any thing fhould grow great upon afadden, yeafhee doth obferveit in the common courfe of generation, that the greateil: creatures fhould be longeft of all abi eeding - and as the ground thoroughly ftirred is moft apt to beare and to augment hearbs, (b doth a well grounded advance- ment bring forth the fruit of ftudies after a more plenteous, * §mnul. and keepe them after a more truftie manner *. Art is able lib. Xycap.3. to (hew the way to all them, who of their owne accord are given to it 5 and yet doth fhe enough., when (hee propoun- ded! her ftore 5 Wee mufl: know what ufe to make of the * Quint, lib. things propounded*. Diligent exercife howfbever will vii, cap, procure us lb much ftrength, as may be able to maintaine ultmo* the dignitie of Art^provided onely that our exercife be not too rafb and forward at the firft : feeing in our beginnings we mull: once forallrelblve of this, yea wee may not reft till we have obtained it,that we do well^alTuring our leJves that the cuftome of doing well, (hall bring us to areadie quicknefleiaffiduitie of practice bringeth by little and little to palTe 3 that everything doth both (hew and offer it lelfe with more ea(e$ yea that all things, as in a well ordered fa- milie, are at command. Tobelhort: By doing quickly, wee (hall never learne to doe well 3 but by .doing well, it is more of P A I N T I N G. 205 more 1 ikely wee (hall learne to doe quickly. Quintil. lib. x, cap. 3. § 7. Wee have fayd enough concerning them who by a temcrarie rafhnefle banifh all care : it is left we mould alfo fpeake fomething of thole, whofe over-curious care beareth the blame of flowneffe. For when I undertooke to ftop the Students of thefe Arts in their temerarie forwardnefle, my meaning was not to tie them to the unfortunate toileof finding fault with every thing done alreadie^feeing it is im- pofliblethat they mould ever bring this great andmightie A rt to an end, who doe cont inually ftay and ftagger about every little experiment. Artificers therefore muft take great care, leaft their care be perceived ^ principally ayming at this, that an excellent argument may be exprefled excel- lently 5 for he doth queftionlefle paint well enough, whofe workc anfwereththe weightinefleofthe matter .whatfotver is ferfe& in his owne tyvdejkj th guintilian* y is well enough. * Lib. VIII, It is in the meane time not onely tolerable but commenda- CJ P- h ble alio, and it addeth a Angular grace to the worke, that there fhould fbmetimes appeare acenaine kinde of neglect in moft excellent Pictures : a little fburenefle is otherwhiles pleafing in exquifite meats $ and it doth not milbecome great wealth, to fee fomething in it here and there carelefly fcattered and negle&ed. Some for all this doe never ceafe troubling of themfelves} they fulpecl every invention^they dwell upon every line • and having met with what is beft, yet doe they feeke fomething better : whereas they have more re.ifon to confider, that it is a naughtie kinde of affe- ctation to de (ire any thing better then what is fufficiently good, when our wit wanteth judgement, and fufferethit felfe to be carried away by a meere (hew of goodnefle : there is in the whole Art no vice more dangerous 5 feeing D d 5 other oo6 The ancient Art * Lib. Vlir. other vias, as Quintilian fpeaketh*,*;-*: loath td, but this defred. ca f" 3 - So fay th the fame grave anthor againe* s There arefome that ne- * Lib* X. ver fa cQjttem themfelves t they will charge every thing and make it ca P'3* othirtv/fethw it was conceived at th: prf. Others are mtjlruft- full^and cio deferve very ill of their owne wits- 3 efteeming it dili- gence^ make the worke hards unto themselves. Neil her is it eafie to Jay , whether thofe ojfendmore that Uve all they doe , or that love n othing. For gen, rous Youths alfo do very often f^end their fpirits with too much labour ^and fat into acettatnc kinde of dulneffc by too great a, dejire of doing well. The cafefandeth thus : We must doe our beH^andyet according to our abilitie^ feeing it tsfludy, and not indignation that doth advance us. Wherefore if the wmdefc rveth y we are to make faile^ and we arefomctim. s alfo to follow our fined p*frons y inwhich heate doth for the mo/i fart more tLtn diligence. Provided onelyfThti this indulgence doe not deceive us : for it is moHn.\turall unto us ,to love every thing wee doe, whileftitis a doing. § 8. Wherefore befides that fame flownefTe urged a little before, and befides thaflftay our hand givethus, not being able in the moil: forward exercifeofdefigning, to overtake the quicknefle of our minde, we (hall doe well to breath our (elves now and then purpofely s 8c to review our (ufpetted fbrwardnefle^by unbending the intention of our thoughts. For as we fhall by this meanes bee more able to make a handfbme connexion of things.,(p (hall wee likewife avoid that wearinefTe that might hinder,our further dili- gence : for the wearineffr of our minde,though it be not fb apparant at the firft, is no lefle tirefome than the wearinefTe of our body, weakening our mind not for the prefent one- ly, but alfo for the time to come. The firft heate alfo brought to the work, when it waxeth cooler,receiveth new (trength 3 and is revived by fuch a delay ^ even as we fee, that they ^Painting. 207 they who leape for ftrife life to go backe a great way , and fetch a runncjtoliftand throw themselves wiih more force over the intended fpace : by putting backe our arme wee throw the further forward 3 .and the more we draw the (haft backe,we (hoot farther and with greater ftrength *. They *§uinM.x, crre al(o,but in a different kinde, who following their firfl: ca ?' 3* heate, doc with a full (peed runne through the whole mat- ter,pleafingthemfelvesin an extemporaldelineation.Thefe are forced to go over again,what they have haftily brought forth ^but whileft: they mend the erroursoffome parts,the firftlevitie remaineth in the things unadvifedly heaped up • the whole compofition is never a whit the better for it. It were then much better, according to guintilian his opini- on *jfooner to have taken care,andfo to frame the workat the * Lib. X , firfl beginning, that it need trimming onely y without altering Ci p- 3- the defigne of the whole worke. § 9. Next unto this relaxation (hall follow the profi- tablecare of a mod Ariel: emendation 5 feeing the weighti- nefle of our work is by this meanes maintained^and the for- ward facilitie of our firfl conceits is made to take deeper root,Even as husbandmen prune the roots that lie (hallow- eft, that the lowermoft might faften deeper. The firfl de~ fignesofart,foyth Plutarch*, are grojfe and iwpcrfeti ^ but * Symp»f.pr^ every part receiveth afterwards a more particular perfection. bkm.Il, 3. Which ^///^/Polycletus to fay ^ That the worke is thenhardefl when it commethto the naile. I may not omit the words of i^£w/>mhePhilofbpher, whofayd*, Virgils friends re- *4pud.Agel. ported that he was wont to fay of himfelf, that he brought #*• XVII. forth his verfes after the manner of Beares., which bring mSim A l tic : forth their young ones without fhape or beauty, and after- ca ^' l °* wards by licking, falhion what they have brought forth ^ that fach were the new births of his wit,rude and imperfect to 208 The ancient Art to lookeon^untill he by handling and polifhing gavetheni perfecl lineaments. Emendation therefore being the onely way to perfe&ionp it hath bin fayd upon very good ground that the pencil doth fbmetimes help the art^aswellby rub- bing out what was painted;, as by painting. There belongeih *Z^.x,cj.4. to this ve or ke^^yth Quintilian*, Toadde. to detract, to change. To adde or detradt , requirethleffe labour and Judge- ment ^ but to allay thofe things that [well 5 to rarfe thofe things that fa ke y to tie clofe thofe things that flow luxurioujly^ to di- gest things that are without order , to compose things that are loofedjo reftraine things that are infolent 5 requireth double Raines :for thofe things are to be condemned which did pleafe, and what we thought not of is to bee invented. Now it is no doubt Jut that the beft way for emendation is to lay by thi de- figxefor a time Jill it may fern unto us a new or another mans invention : left our owne^ like new births \ pleafe us too much. Certainly fo it is 5 our mindes being caried away by the cur- rant frreame of a ready invention, ufe to judge then more readily and warily 3 when our running thoughts being ftaid, give us time to confider what we have to doe. Hence it is that Painters ? who after areafonable paufe, returne to their difcontinued workes as meere rpectators 3 doe more advance . the art^than others that doe not care what hafte they make to finifh the worke. Thofe painters do very well 3 faith Plu- * Ve cobiben- tarch * 3 who lookg upon their workgs before they accomplijh da ira. them^ after fome delay -^feeing they do renew their iudgements^ by turning their eyes now and then off from the worl{e. It is on- ly requred here, this refpitebe not too long ^becaule it is moftcertaine,that nothing is eafily remmed after a great dilcontinuance. For who doth net know^ that all arts and ar- * Uk I X, Officers recekte the greateft benefit by ufe fey th Sidonim *, %nd EpiJI. 12. that upon the ncgletf of ufuall employments our armes waxc heavy of Painting. 209 heavy in our bodies^ and our wits grow dull in the Arts? From whence it arifeth alfo, that a bow doth withfand our hand t an Oxe doth withftand theyoke^ and a horfe doth wilhflandthe bri- dle f* hen they are late or veryfeldome taken in hand, \ \o. Though, wee have as yet (bmewhat diffufedly commended a flow and wary care unto the diligent Stu- dents of art 3 yet may every one follow a fhorter way to put himfelfeinmindeofthisdutie- if Auguftus the Emperour his motto Feftinalente found daily in his earesrandas we havealreadie fpoken of diverfe things whereby the warie care of a leifiirely hafte is quite over-throwne, fo may wee not forget to mention what hurt the art receiveth by them who not contenting themfelves with an ordinary hafte, have ftudied to finde out compendious wayes of painting. When Arbiter doth reckon up the Arts loft by thecarelefc neffe of a moft lazie age , a magnificent and ( tofpeakefo ) a chafteflykyfeythhc*, is neither ftained nor puffed up, but it *JuSatyric\ waxeth greater by a naturall beautie : that windie andunmea- fur able babbling was not long jince brought to Athens out of Afia, and having blafied the hopefull fpirits ofyeung men as with a peftilentftarre, the rule of eloquence being once corrupt tedwasftrooke dumbe ^yea there did not fo much as one Po'eme appeare of a whole fome colour ^ nothing could attaine to matu- ritie of age ^ feeing all Arts were fed as it were with the fame meat, Pi&ure alfo had no better end, after theboldnejfeofthe ^Egyptians found out a compendious way to fo great an Art, Wee (ee then how much thefe excellent Arts have beene wronged by them that ftudied compendioufheffe 3 although it be hard to explaine what manner of compendioufnefle Petronius (peaketh of: feeing it cannot be underftood of that manner of writing ufed by the ancient iEgyptians^and mentioned in this Second booke cap, viii. § 2. Neither can Ee it . aid The ancient Art it be underftGod of another way of painting or rather ftai- ning cloathes, ufed by the Egyptians. Cloathes are alfo * I#.xxxv, fainted in M%y pt^fay th Vlinie*, after a rare and grange way: Sub jinm they takg white vailes^and having rubbed and chafed them very capitis «»- much) they befmeare them y not with colours jbut withfomejuy- deaxni. cgs a p l0 d r i n }^ colours : which appeareth not in the vailes af- ter it is done: but being dipped in a vatte of feething aye, they are after a little while tak^n forth all painted. The wonder ir that though there is but one colour in the cauldron, there are di- ver fe made out of it in tlie cloathe^the colour altering according tothequalitieofthejuycethatreceivethit: neither can it be wa fifed out afterwards : fo the cauldron,whkhJI)ouldqueftion- leffe confound the colours, if it didreceive them painted, doth digeft them out of one colour, andpaintefh the vaile whilefl it is a boiling : an dt he finged cloathes are fir onger^ then if they were not boiled at all But I rather thinke that the ./Egyptians had fbme other abridgement of painting, unknowne to us : for nothing could hinder them to find out amort way of pain- ting as well as Phi/oxenus Eretrius a fcholar of the moil: (wift painter Nicomachus : feeing this Philoxenus,ss Plinie repor- *cat >o XV> tet ^ *> hMM&foHwtdtfofoffiwJfetftet Matter, did invent *' * . certainefiorter and more compendious wayes of painting. H A P. XII. ■He former care did not as yet (hew it felfe more in the ancient Artificers, when by a praife- worthy Ingenuitie they called both upon Artifts and Idiots, d-firous that all men mould examine and cenfure the worke in hand. Hefodus hisobfervation is well expreuedby CM mu- cin* of P AINTING, ' 211 tins : J have often heard, foythMinucius*, that he is the be ft *ApudLivi- man. f that can advife himfelfe what is fit to be done • and that um ^xxii, he is in the next ranke of goodneffe, that is content to receive v ' c * good advice ^ but that on the contrarie fide, whomever cannei- ' ther advife himfelfe ^n or will be directed by the advice of other s y is ofaveryill nature. The naturalift Her adit us prefleth this point fbmewhat neerer^ and applieth it to the liberall fen- ces, when he fayth * that it is a great hinderance of our ad- * ^ u ^ ^^ vancement if a man begin to have a good conceit of him- xirmtm Scr. felfe. lam of opinion^ fayth Seneca * 3 that many fhouldhave xxxi /. attainedunto wife dome y if they had not conceived themselves * D* Tran- ' tp be wife alreadie : fee alfb Arriani Epift. lib. 1 1 3 cap. 1 j. 1"*™™* No man is able topafje though thefecrets of Art fayth Fulgen- Ca ^ % l ' tius \ nnlefje hefirft overcome thepompe of v aim glorie : fee- * j) e VirgilU ing the appetite of an idlepraife doth never fear ch out the truth ^ ana contt* but ta^eth all to itfelfe whaifoever is offered by way o\ flattery. nentiiL Contrition extinguish all manner of prfumption : and for thk reafon h theGoddeffe of wife dome calledTrkomxbecaufe all contrition breedeth wifdomeizad verily, none can be worfe than thofe who tickle themfelves with a falie perfwafion of Art, though they are not very much paft the firft lines : for (corning to give way to them that are more fkilfull, they betray their owne foolifhneffeby the fecuritieof a wrong- fully ufurped authoritie. The ancients were quite of ano- ther minde 3 they followed another way. Painters, andfuch as mak^flatues^yea Poets alfo, fayth Tullie * 5 will have their * Lib. \ y dt worke conjtdered of the multitude ^ to the end it might be men- Off* dedjn what they fee reprehended by many : thy fear ch therefore mofl diligent'y by themfelves and with others what faults there are committed in the worke. The younger P//>*Vurgeth the fame upon another occafion, nothing can fatisfiemycare, * Li y ^rj fayth he * 3 J thinkepill hevp great a matter it is to pnblifh a- -g^'n , 7# * Ec2 ny a 1 2 * The antient Art ny thing : neither can Iperjwade myfelfe otherwife^but that we art to perufe often and with many y what wee wifh might pleafe all wen and alt* 'ayes. § 2. Befides thofe there is another fort of men, who, though they doe not out of a prefumptuous arrogance re- ject this Ingenuous care of mending their workes, yet doe they decline it out of a timorous bafhfulnefle ^ they want courage and conftancy to provoke & to exfpect the judge- * IJb* I y ment of the world. A naughtiefiame, (ay th Horace *, doth efifi. 16. conceak the unhealed foares of fooles : neither is it without reafbn that the Poet brandeth them, that doe fa, with the name offooles-^ feeing every vice is nurtured and quickened by * Lib. III. hiding ofit y fay th firgil *. As many therefore as by fmoo- Georg. thering of their imperfections will not encreafe their faults and fhame both at once, muff firft ftudie to finde out and to amend of themfelves what is amine : which if they de- fpireto doe, let them remember at leaft that//>6ve isexcee- dinggreat wifdome in a confeffed ignorance^ Minutius Felix *ln Ottavis. fpeaketh*;and that ordinarily 3 accord'ng to M.Porcius Cato *Jpud. Uvi- n * 5 fty* in g *y Suc h ** are a fl J *wed without caufe,fiaU not be a- »w/i.xxxiv foamed when there iscaufe. But of this fame prepofterous ah v. c ihame fbme thing is fayd alreadie, cap. x, § 2 . of this fecond Booke. § 5. All of us naturally are too much in love with our owne workesj and felfe-lovemaketh that feeme gorgeous unto us wherein we our felves be Actors, iknvw not how e- very man maketh very much of his owne doings. So it is : you loveyour owne^anctl love mine, fay th Tullielib.v.Tufcquafi. Wee looke upon domeflickg things after a familiar manner, *T)e Tran- fayth Seneca*, and favour doth then mofl of all hinder our fjHammi, judgement : neither may you thinkg othcmife, but that wee are cap. r. fooner overt hrowne by our owne flattery \ then by the flattery of others of Painting. 213 others. This was underfrood by thofe that were to dedicate the ftatues o£ Amazons in the temple of Diana at Ephefus • for when they were to dedicate them there, they revived to choofe that piece of worke that mould be accounted the bell: by the judgement of all the chiefe workmen there, which appeared to them to be that, that every one commen- ded to be thebeft next his owne. P//>..xxxiv, 8. Seeing thenitisnaturalltoallmentobetoo mifch in love with what is their owne, there is great caufe why wee mould (hake ofFthis importunate preemption that will not give us leave to looke impartially upon our owne workes. The ancient Artificers therefore, that have been and are as yet moft famous, did relie more upon the judgement of other Artifts, then upon their owne liking. So doth Synejius * re- *Epij}.prhti port that lyfippus made ufe ofApelles, and Apelles likewife made ufe ofLyfippus. Praxiteles alfb being afked which of hismarble-workeshedidlikebefr, anfwered, Thofe that Nicias hath put his hand to : fee Vlinie xxxv, 1 1 . § 4 . Nether did they content themfelves with Artificers alone, but they did moreover defire a confluxe of envious and favourable fpefrators, yea of all forts of men, fuffering their workes indifferently tobecenfared by them all :. fee the younger Vlinie lib, VII, epijt. 17. It h reported, fayth Li/dan*, that Phidias, when he made Jupiter for the Eleans, *?rolma2i. andfiewed it the fir fi time ^ flood behinde the doore lifiening nib. what was commended and discommended in his worke : one found fault with the grojfenejfeofthenofe: another with the length of the face: a thirdhadfomethingelfe to fay ; and when all thejpe&ators weregone, he retired himfelfe againe to mend the works according to what was liked by the greater part :for he did not think^ the advice of fuch a multitude to be afmall matter, efleeming thatfo manyfaw many things better then he E e 3 alone -^ 214 Tb* anc ient Art alone * though h could net but remember -him filfi to be Phidi- as. Obferve here in the meane while., that, when they gave untoabjedfc and contemptible men fuch power over their workes, it was not becaufe they hoped to learne fomething by them that might advance the perfection of Art, feeing *L$.V.T«/- it is a moft idle things fay th Tttllie *, to exfpett great matters ml. quxfl.vi- f r om an afjemhly ofthofe whom we contemne one by one as h an- tic qftojue 3L- dy-crafts-men and barbarians. Polycletus, as we reade in J?- 7*hi1i t ****** t0 °kea fine courfe to make vulgar wittes underftand V \&6. '*"*' themfelves, mewing unto them by a lively example that they were more likely to fpoile then to helpe the Art, if an * Artificer fhould follow their judgement in all things: fee Mlianus var. hifi.lib. xiv, cap. 8. The Artificers therefore did not admit their directions generally in every thing,buc they followed their motions onely in fuch things as did be- long to their profeflion. When A pelles had made any workes y * Lib.x xxv, % th Plinie* t he expofeth them in a place , where all that pajfed cap. i o. by /night fee them : hiding himfelfe in the meane time behinde tlxpi&nre y to hearken what faults were noted in his works '■> preferring the common people, a mo ft diligent Judge, before his owne judgement : and he is reported to have mended his worke - upon the cenfure of a shoo-maker z who blamed the Artificer for having made fewer latchets in the in fide of one of the p an- toffies then of the other. "The S bookmaker finding the worke the next day mended according to his advertifement^ grew proud and began to find fault with the legge alfo. Whereupon Apelles could not containe him felfe any longer, but looking forth from behinde thepi'&ure^ bid the Shoo-maker not meddle beyond the pantoffe : wUch faying of his became afterwards a Proverbe. Chap. Of P A I N T I N G. 21 5 Chap. XIII. He publike felicitie of times muft needs be put in among the caufes of the advancement of thefe Arts, feeing it cannot be conceived how the heat of Emulation, thedefire of glory, the diligent care, and a great many more of the caufes alledged could doe any good without this Felicitie of times : neither doe wee hold that the biifTe- ' fulnefle of the ancient times did principally confift in that, that the wittes of men in thole times were more quicke and fertile then now they are $ though fome would have it fb : it is not to be doubted, fayth Seneca *, but that the world not yet decayed brought forth better things, and that men were then high-fpiritedy as being a f reft) offering of the Gods. Sidomut Apollinaris urgeth the fame after a more peremptory man- ner 3 the governour of times, fayth he*, feemeth to have be- flowed the vertues of Arts moft of *all upon the ancient genera- tions 5 which now having fpent their pith and marrow by the age of a decaying world, bring forth very little that may be e- fleemed admirable and memor able % and that infomefewonely. Thcfe words of Seneca and Sidonius'sxe, in our opinion, fbmewhat too harfti and able to kill the generou c kope of emulating the ancients. The words of the RhodianEm- bafladonr are lefle partial! and more comfortable $ wee makg bold j fayth he *, to maintaine a pious firife with ouranceftors *ApudLivi~ about every good Art and vertue. The younger Plinie is alio ww&.xxxvii very refblute in this point :, I am one ofthem fayth he*, that *?', c ' v T doe admire the ancients, and yet can Inotfindt in my heart to g1j a ' f 3 defpife the wits of cur age ^ as fome ufe to doe :for Nature is not fo much wearied andwome out,thatfheeJhoHldno$> bring forth no 'Epifiolapo. *£/£. VIIJ, ep. 6. ep.2l, ?I 5 The ancient Art nopraife-wortlyyihfrg. See alfo Tacitus lib.uuAnnal.cap. $$. uBantius deOrig. erroris, cap. 8. Gaknus in hisTreatife, rhatagoodvhficianmuft be dvhilofopher alfo. Other Au- thors go fomewhat further, and ftudy to give a reafon why fome are fo apt to embrace that unprofitable opinion of the barrenneffe of our age. There is a malicious humour in man- *Autordido~ fynde, faythone*, by which nee doe alwayes praife things gi de caujJs paji^aud loath things prefent.PaterculuscomcthnQerQ^whea cor. eloquent- ne £y th * 3 Naturally we had rather praifi things heard of, then tu ? c ap. 18. £ eemt Wee enterta i m things prefentjvith envie ^ things abfent, * wa l *' ^th veneration : feeing we doe thinkg ourfehes overwhelmed "' ° r ' by the one ^ andinftrutted by the other. As wee may therefore upon good ground deny the wits of men to have been bet- ter in old times, fbmuft wee for all this confeue that it was a great happinefle of the faid ancient times that vertues did more abound in them then in the latter: for vertues being then more frequent, thefe Arts were then alfb more fre- quently ufed for the rewarding of vertues. Surely, fo it is, * Ub.xxxv fay th Plinie *, Arts were overthrow ne by idleneffe: and becaufe cap, 2. there are no images of our mindes 7 the images of our bodies are alfo neg}eUed. § 2. But to let this complaint alone, though ne^verfb juft>we do underftand here by the Publike felicitie of times nothing elfe but that ftable tranquillitie of an unfhaken peace the ancient Artificers enjoyed.Pe^e is a gracefull mo- * Variurtim, ther of good Arts, fay th Caffiodorus * . Solinus (peaking of the lib. 1. peaceable times of the Emperour Auguflus ^ thefe times were * Cap. I mo fi wtob&j % r ^ h e % f eei *& weapons ceafed andwitsflou- Polyhifi. rified in them : leaft all manner ofvertuous workesfhouldlan- guifhjhe exercife ofwarre beingintermitted.ThefataWftmes of Kingdomes and Republikes doe mightily dafh that con- ftancyofourmindes 3 whereby Arts are brought to perfe- ction. of Painting. 217 . 1 s ftion. x\ndhow is it poflible that any mortall man (hould follow any intended vvorke quietly, when befides the pre- lent calamities that aiflicl: us alreadie, there ieeme to hang more grievous misfortunes over our heads. Beleeve me y fayth Ovid*, Providence doth fir ft of all forfake wretched men ; * Ub. IV, and their means failing them, they remaine without any feeling de Pvnto 9 or council. The fecure pleafarttnefle of flourifhing times £ ^- * 3. doth on the contrary feed and encreaie heat of Emulation, and defire of Glory s the ft rife of a vertnotts contention, and the earneft defire ofglorie , (ay th Tacitus *, are paffions inci- * Lib. X V, dent onely tofuch men as live in profperitie. Diodorus Siculus AnnaU confirmed! this point with a notable example -, Xerxes his ca h 1 6 * expedition into Greece, (aythhe*^ by reafon of the wonderfull * Lib. XII. greatMeJfe of his forces, did mightily terrifie the Grecians, who did thinks themjehes of ' nothing [c >fure as of an utter mine and a moft miferablefiaverie, Butwhn, beyond the exfpeUation of all men y there was made a fortunate end of thewarre^the Greeks Nation being free' d from fitch a danger, obtained great glorie :yea every one of their Citie, grew fo wealthy and rich, that all the world didwonder atfuch afudden change of for- tune: for Greece did for fome fifth yeares after that timepro- fperfo much, that in thofe times all good Arts were very much advanced by reafon of fuchplentie of riches ; and many moft fa- , mous Artificers ^ among whom Phidias was one, did augment the glorious efteeme of thofe times. It apper tai neth alio to the Publike felicitieof the times when whole Countries are the better for the misfortune of fome of their neighbour coun- tries. Ml manner of difcip lines, fayth Atkn filled all the Cities andlkswith Gram- pi avians ^ Philofophtrs^ Geometricians^, Mujicians, Painters-; SchoolmafierSj Phyjicians^ and all other kgnde of Artificers, Tlxfe, to fupply their wants, tattght what theykgew, and made many famous and excellent men. Chap. XIV. ,He private fortune of the Artificers themfelves worthily challengeth the laft place, feeing the divine gift of a prone and capable nature, the diligent care of parents and Matters, the feare of wholefbme lawes, the earneftnefle of emulating, the flmplicitieandfweetnefle of thefe Arts, with all what followeth, doe as yet require the private for- tune of the Artificer : not fuch a fortune as ayded Protoge- nes when he was about the picture of his dogge 3 and Neal- ces^ when he was about the picture of his horfe • but a For- tune which maketh the Artificer her only dearling, by put- ting him forth and bringing him acquainted with Kings and Prince?, that by their means he may obtaine the good opinion of the world. The timt wherein every mans virtue * Lib. VII, Jheweth it felfe^ is very materially fay th the elder Plinie *. For nat. bift. no man hathfo excellent a wit as to mahg himfelfe immediate- cap, 28. iy l^nowne^ unleffe hemeeteth with matter ', occafton^ and of- vouraflecommenderfoyth theyounger Plin.lib. v'^epift.2^. Although the particular and private fortune of Artificers carrie here a great fway, yet doe wee not thinke that their whole fame dependethmeerely upon Fortune 5 feeing it is needfull of Pa INTING, 219 needfullchat an Artificer mould firft open the doore of fame unto himfeife, before he may looke for any prefer- ment. We doe not judge of Statuaries, fayth Socrates * 9 ma- *jpudXeti. 2 4. The works otZeuxis, Polycletus, and Phidias were much holpen by the fore- conceived opinion of the great fkill thefe Artificers had : fee MaximusTyriusDiJfertat.xxxix.Thefelfe'famepaf' Sympof. fionofourfenfe, faythPlutarch* y doth not alike moove our probUib.v, minde^ whenit is not accompinied.with an opinion that the %u t'Jl. 1 . work? ** m H and fludioufly performed. See Plutarch himfelfe in the fayd place, where.,among many other things belong- ing to this prefent difcourfe, he bringeth in a merry tale of Parmenohispigge. T H P* 221 THE THIRD BOOKE. The Argument. \Aving confdered alreadie how Phantafe did help and fine up our firft defire of imitating all manner of things, and how many other caufes did mistily chenjh and advance the fay d eager nefje of our forward nature s, it followeth that weefhouldlafl of all propound how this fame inclination rightly inflamed and ordered did attain to the height of a perfect and accomplifhed Art. The ancients obferved in PiBure thefe five principal! points. Inventi- on, or Hifloricall argument. Proportion, or Symmetrie. Colour > and therein Light and Shadow, as alfo Brightneffe and Darhtejfe. Motion or Life, and therein A&ionand Paf fion.T)ifpofition, or an Oeconomicall placing F f 3 and 222 The Argument. and ordering of the whole worfy. The foure firfi were carefully obferved in all forts ofPi- UitreSy whether they did confifl of one figure >or ofmany.Difpofetion alone was obferved in Pi- ctures that had many figures : feeing a piece wherein ihere doe meete many andfeverdl fi- gure sfhall be nothing elfe but a fynde of min- gle-mangle or a darkfome and dead confufion of difagreeingthings y unleffe they receive light and life by a convenient and orderly difpofiti- on. Tet did not the ancients thin\\that the per- fection of Art confined in ameeteobfervingof thefe five points .except the whole worJ^edid breath forth a certaine tynde of Grace procee- ding out of a decent comelineffe of every point by itfelfand out of a mutuall accord of all five. Wherefore wee could not but enter a little into theconfideration of this fame Grace:the rather becaufe without a full underfianding of this Grace > it is impoffible that any man Should ex- amine the true force and value ofthefe moji fertile Arts aright. L i b. 223 I B. III. HAP. I. gNvention doth juftly challenge the firft ™ and principal! place, feeing w manjhough he hath all his colours at hand, fayth Sene- ca * 9 can make afimilitude, unleffe he be re- ifolvedvhat to paint. And whatfoeveran i Artificer worketb, tnufi, according to the opinion of 'Zeno, bedyedwith thedyeoffenfe, Quintil. I V, 2 . Thepi&ure ofcompleat harneffe, fayth .W4/W *, /jb#g& i/ £e dclightfi/ll, yet is it altogether unprofitable. Aufonius (pea- keth to the fame purpofe., a painted forge, fayth he*, ^%/&- tethusno longer then it is feene. Except it befuch a painted mift as is defcribed by the fame Aufonius in another place % where the Painter dothreprefentthedimmefhadeofhel- liftiblackneiTe by a painted mift, and de%neth in it how the ancient Ladies torment the crucified Cupid in hell for having dishonoured them in the times of the Worthies. A n A rtificer therefore muft propound unto himfelfe what he meaneth to imitate : the which in fuch an infinite varie- ty of things cannot be hard to a man that hath a ready Phan- tafie : yea wee have good caufe to feare that he (hail rather loofe himfelfe, not knowing what to choofe among fo ma- ny moft worthy things. The thoughts of our minde 'can con- ceive the images of any thing, ft ythTullie* . Our thought can 1 conceive Epift.yi. * Apttd Sto- b£um Scrnt. de Adulati- one. i]t.i 7 . * Edjliio 6. *Lib.I,de , Nat, Vco- rum. .24 The ancient Art * Attctor conceive any Country^ fayth another *, andfafhion in it fitch Khet. ad afituation of place as may befl agree with our liking. Maxima* Herentmm, 7^/^ preffeth this fame point fbmewhat neerer, when he hb. III. maintaineth that In vention is proper and naturall unto the minde of man : fee Max, Tyriur Differ /.xxviii. Although then a man, for as much as he is a man, cannot but be full of Invention ^ yet fttch men as have ftudied do excel! in their * InBmto. Inventions. Nothing is fo fertile, fay thTullie*, a* thofervitt that are furmfhed 'with all manner ofdifciplines. § 2 . An Artificer for all that (hall not follow the facili- tie of apleafing Invention Co much, as to forget a judicious triall or his own abilitie : he is notonely to invent what he would paint, butheisaHbtoconfiderhis owne ftrength, whether he be able to compafle his Invention with his Art. * LiK XII, Whofeever weigheth his burden, (ay th Martial * , can carry it . Efri&ramm. pUnk giveth us an inftance in Paujtas } who repaired the 100. walls (bmetimes painted by Volygnotus, and was efteemed to come farre (hort ofPolygnotus, becaufe he would prove mafteries in another kinde of pidrure then his owne, Plinie xxxv, 1 1 . Befides this fame warinefle, there is another ge- nerall rule for our Invention propounded by Tullie. We are * j n EMto. to choofe fuch things, fay th he*, as are mofi excellent for their greatneffe, chief eft for their noveltie fingular in their owne k£nde : feeing fmall, ufitall, and vulgar things, doe not deferve any admiration or praife. Things paffing great are placed firft, feeing it is certaiae that vertue tempereth her courage according to the meafure of the bujineffe in hand: fine is in f mall things fo remiffe andflacke, thatfiee doth hardly avoide the o- pinion of fecuritie : fheeflraineth her felfe fomewhat more in things indifferently great : but when there are offered things that are great indeed^ Jhee raifeth her felfe to the height of the wor^inha»d,fd,yth Nazarius Panegyr.ConflantinoAug.di&o. Ji of? A INT I NG. 225 Jtgoeth with Art, fayth another*, as with the fame ^ which is" *Au£for dia- maintainedwith good fore of fewtll^ it is increafedwithflir- tyidecmfit ring, anditwaxeth cleerer with burning. The greatneffe of Corr ' . things addeth force to our wit, neither can any man make a fa- 3 uentu * mons und excellent wor%e } except he doefindeftuffe anfwerable to the worke intended, Ariftoteles the Philosopher therefore wiflred Protogenes to paint the deeds of A lexander the Great , fy reafon of the eternitie of things, fayth Plinie xxxv> 10. Lyfippus alfo wade Alexander the great in many worses $ be- ginning from his childhood,P\\ruc xxxiv, 8. Things unufuall and commendable for their ftrangenefle were let up in the Theater ofPowpeius ^and it is remarkable what the fame Plinie fayth of them - Po'mpey the great, fayth he * 5 e retted a- * Natur.biji. mong the ornaments of histheater fuch images as were of an **• VII. admirablefame^ and for this reafon have the wits of great Ar- c *$ % 3; tificsrs kfl owed more labour upon them : fee Plinie, Things moll: exquifi re in their kinde were reprefented in the (even and twentie Pictures Verres tooke out of the temple of M/- nerva-^the images of the Kings and tyrants of Sic'iMewerere- prefented/nthem y foythTullie*) neither did they delight tfo *I-*b. IV, fteftators onely for the Art of painting that was in them, but m Vcrre **' alfo for the commemoration of the men, and the remembrance of their countenance A nd here it falleth out very often that fome doings or fayings of great men fuggeft unto us in this Picture areadie way of Invention. So did Galaton paint the wholecompanie of Poets round about Homer, a% if they were moil: greedily fucking up the pure waters that flowed outofhis dreaming mouth ifeeAElian.var. />//?. XIII, 22. Tiwotheuf, a moft noble General 1 of the Athenians, having done great deeds with very good fuccefle, would not differ any man to attribute the glory of inch a&s unto him ; but he was wont to fay that Fortune had a hand in it. : the bufie «• G g wits 226 The ancient Art wits th ere fore of fbme (coffing Painters made him fleeping in his pavillion, whileft Fortune ftand ing at his head drew Cities to the net : fee &lian.var.hift. xiii, ^.s'uidas. Schol. vet. in Vlutum Ariftophanis. § 5 . But as there is alwayes fbme piece of hiftori&in the Piduresofthis nature, which maketh up the Invention, fo doth a continued hiftory affcord our Invention (ufEcient matter to work upon : provided onely that our Invention be not dry and barren,but rather aboundant,over-flowing, and more diffufed then the prefent cccafton feemeth to re- quire: totheendourcheerefull minde having attempted fomething more licentioufly., might range about, and of- fend rather in too much plentecufhefle, than languid) and pine away for lacke of good matter. For what availeth, I pray you,Invention without matter "> where (hall it begin > whither (hall it turne ic felfe ) the lively fpirits of the Arti- ficers difclaine to be fo flrraightened : it is worfe than death unto them to fpend the ftrength of their wits about a fpare and unprofitable argument. 1 doe not ftudie to induce any man to fiich an unadvifed and temerary liceutioufhefle, as ufeth to follicite and to corrupt many brave and lively witsj but I doeiiolcf that free and forward fpirits are not to be re- ftrained within the compafle of a narrow cariere, but that wee mufr rather give our Invention the fullraines: for as mettled horfes are Deft knowne by a fpacious race 5 (b muft Artificers have an open field, as it were, to runne in, with a loofe and unreftrained libertie, feeing the forwardnefieof this fame mod: generous Art is weakened and broke when a man goeth about to contain it within the limits and bounds of a ftraight running-place, Tou that meane to imitate^ fay th Horace*^ muft not leap dovene into a narrow andflraight place •, from irkencefhame cr elfe the condition of the workemttnot fifer ef p A I N T I N G. 22J fufferyou to come forth againe. Whatsoever doth fuperabound y ijjueth out ofafullbreft. But as there is an eafie rernedie for ranknefle, (bis there no labour can overcome barrennene. What may be cured by detra&ion, fay th Seneca* y is ever merer * jay, \ x. unto health, Reafon (hall make fbme wafte of the immode- Controva* ratlyexceffive Invention, care (hall file away fbmething, and the working it felfe will weare away fomethingrit is re- quired onely 5 that there be fbmething which might be cut out and taken away^the which will be,if at the firft we doe not make our plate fb thinne as to breake it and to cut it quite thorough with engraving fbmewhat deep.lt feemeth alfo thatyouthfullyeares for this very fame reafon are not inftantly to be recalled to a fbber and fevere law of Art, when by the luxurie of an unexperienced wit they delight therafelves in the plentifulnefleof a rich and fupeifluous In- vention : there is more dilcretion, to ufe them with fome indulgence. Accius a Tragike-Poetfpeaketh very well to thispurpofe • What falleth out in apples, faythhe *, the fame *j puc i ^^ is alfo to be perceived in wit tes, which being brought forth hard JoEl. At tic. andjharpe 1 grow afterwards ripe andpleafing : butfuch on the XIII, 2 . contrary as inftantly waxe mellow andfoft, hiving at t he firft fome moiftneffe of favoury juyce, the fame afterwards doe not grow ripe but rotten : there is therefore fomething to be left in our wittes, which time and age mitft mitigate : fee alfo Seneca Hippolyto^ A&u II, See. 1. § 4. As for the things an Artificer fhall judge to be worth his pains,he fhall not onely invent them after the bed way, but alfo after the eafieft way$ feeing the higheft force of in- venting deferveth no admiration, if an unluckiepenfivc- neflTe doth trouble and difquietthe Artificer from the be- ginning to the end of his worke. A neat, and loftie,and co- pious Artificer hath ever round about him great flore of Gg 2 In- 228 1 be antient Art Invention ^ he needs not beate hisbraines with irke/bme (Indies^ all fhndeth readieat his command. Wholoever climbcth, laboureth moil of all about the nether part of the hill} in the meane time the ground he gocthon^ groweth more rich and fertile : fruits unlaboured doe afterwards of- fer them&lves,and all things ijpring up of their own accord^ the which for all that doe wither away, if they are not ga- thered every day, Plcntie for all that muft have a meane, feeing nothing can be praife- worthy andwholfbme with- out mediocritie • neatnefle likewife muft have a manfull at- tire 5 and a high-ftately Invention may not want judge- ment: fb mall the invented things be great, and not over- great ^ haughtie, not abrupt 5 full of force, not temerarie • fevere,notfad} grave, not flow 5 lively, not luxurious- delegable, not diflblute • full, not puffed up $ and lb forth. It is ever the (afeft way to keepe in the middeft,becaufe the uttermoft on either fide is vicious. guintil. xii, 1 o. The words of the younger Pliny are worth noting,as being moft *-Lib. I, E- proper for this place ^ a meant indeed k befi 7 fayth he *, uei- pift. 2o. ther doth any man doubt of that : but he who doth lejfe then the matter requireth keepeth themeane as little as another who doth more, Tteone may be fay d to have exceeded the matter, the other on the contrary may befayd not to have anfweredit to the full : both are too blarney but the one ojfendeth ofiveaknejje^ the other of too muchftrength : which though'it be no figne of a t0orepolijhed ? yet is it a mar kg of a greater wit. A s many there- fore as doe lack that fame confidence of a great (pirit^grow inftan tly faint-hearted 5 they dare not raife their thoughts, but creepe along the grounded, which is worft of all, they doe not Co much as endewour any thing, whilefl: they are * Lib. 1 1 afraidof every thing: they embrace lednnejfe infteadofkalth^ cap. 4. infirmity fteppeth in the place of judgement fe]ti\* guintilian, and of Painting. 229 andwhikfi they think # enough to be without viccjhey fall in- to that* fame maine vice to lack$ vertues. # Thefame Author faith ih another place *, Thofe that are Lz.xn- dry/aw boned 7 andbloudleJfe y ufe to cloaketlxir imbecilitie by **-W the pjofi contrary appellation of foundneffe : and bccaufe they cannot endure the cleare beanies of a qui eke lights as of a bright Sunne-fhine , they lie lurkingunderthefiadeofagreat name. Health procured by fading & abftinence was never eftee- med true and found. NomoredoPhyfitiansapproove of fuch a health, faith one *,• asproceedeth out of the anxietie of * A-Mor M- ourminde. It is not enough that a man be not fake 5 heemuffl *h de Outfit be pong and lively, and lufy. Yea, that man draw ethneerefi ^J' [T' unto infirmities who -hath no other commendation but of his *' * ' health. . • n.a n § 5. Seeing then that our invention mult flow eanly, and that nothing marreth the life and fpiritof^ the inven- ted things fo much, as to force and ftrain them to a fore-cje- termined purpofe, it can never or very feldom make any in- vention good and commodious, when wee doe very much andagreat while, perlift in forging and fit ting the inventi- on to what wee have propounded unto our felves. Much handling foilcth things ; and maketh them lofe their bright- nefTe. The edge of our piercing wits is likewife turned and made blunt, byafuperfluousandunnecelTarytoyle of pa- ring and mincing the matter in hand. Befides that, The fab- tiltieiffelfe, zsgumtilian fpeaketh*, doth con-fume -and * Lkx»,c.i* bring to nought every thing which is cut toothinne. Itchan- ceth therefore very often, that an extemporall and tenter ary boldneffe bringeth along with it a fwgular delight^ faith ano- ther , for inour wits, as well asinourfidds , though many. J 1 ^*^} things are carefully planted and laboured , yetufethofe things c ^ tth ,J^ 6 to be more acceptable unto us which doe grove, of their owne ac- cord. 230 The ancient Art cord. Phi'oftratus giveth a fine reafbn, When a manftudieth *Lib.n. At to bring forth every thing by peculation , fay th he % his minde lititSopb. in fa f^pt too much bujie^ and turned afide from the readineffe of A: ijtide. inventing. Since then too much ftudy hindereth and quai- leth that fame ready forwardnefle of our mindes, wee hold themtobeebeft advifed who content themfelveswith an invention when it is brought to the height of conceit, ne- ver tarrying fo long about the worke till the heate of their fpirits be cooled and gone. For, whatfoever doth not adde * Llvi.ca.i. fometUng to the former fayth Quintilian * 9 feemethalfo to detraff. It is in the mean while a figne of fmall courage, to be troubled with every light occafion. A nd this fame fear muft needs flop the forwardnefle of our minde } by with- drawing our thoughts from fuch things as are more conjidera- *j£r.?. ca.^. fri^ (ay t h the fame Author *, He wondereth therefore at it in another place, that many do hang fuch a while about eve- ry particular, whileft they invent, whilefr they weigh and confiderthe invented things, The which though it were done * Lib.vii'hin with this intent , fayth he *, that they might ever make ufe of proczm. what is befl , yet were this fame infelicity very much to bee de- teftedjywhofe means the fieedy courfeof our minde is pulled backg) and the h:ate of our thoughts is quenched with lingering andmijtruftfulnejfe. So that fbmtimes it were better to en- tertaine extemporall thoughtSj and to follow the firft heate of our forward minde. Do you not obferve how brooks do mofi fwiftlj run from a fount dine ^ whereas they do butjlowty creepe from a flaniingwater? Whatfoever is in agitation is lively * Li'j.zii, a?;d quicke> fayth Symmachus *, whofo meaneth to direft the Epiji' 6o» courfe of running horfes , lejfeneth it ^ and whofo ftudieth to * Li.ix.ci.q. ' make equa 11 paces hindereth his ownejpeed ,fay th Quintilian*. Even as Torches keep fire by acontinuall fhaking,and ha- vinglet it go out, can hardly recover it$ fo is the heate of our ofV AINTING. 23I our invention preferved by continuance, and it langui- fheth by intermillion. For all manner of rightly conceived paffions,as alfb the frefh images of things, run on ftill with- out any ftay, and doe very often not fo much as expect our hand, neither do they offer themfelves in haft e again ? being once delay d.But moft of all^when that fame infortunat fin- ding of fault begins to interrupt our worke, it is impoflible that'the force of our hurled invention ihould keepe her courfe,there will always appeare in it a certain kinde of in- equalitieiand though every part were chofen never fb wel, yet (ball the whole invention rather feem to be compoun- ded than continued.^/**.*". 7.Many a man hath often bin able to accomplish the undertaken work, when he fell to it with his whole mind.The greateft part of inuention confl- fteth in the force of our minde $ feeing our minde muff firft of all be moved, our mind muft conceive the images of things, our minde muft in a manner bee transfor- med unto the nature of the conceived things , and how much the more generous and haughty our mind is , faith Quintilian *, it isfiirred byfo muc h the greater instruments ; * Li i.ea. 2 , praife maketh it grove ^ forvp ard endeavors adde an increase to it) and it loveth ever to bujie itfelfe about fome great matter. . § 6. It isth en clear 3 That a good A rtift may juftly be efteemeda wife man, not in fbch a fence onely as every tradefman was antiently called wife *, but in regard of his * Vl ^ e V*dj- invention, feeing therein is fbrr ething more than is concei- ™ n : ^ Eu " ved at the firft. All arts and ftudies muftconcurre to make *J* 2 'yi^ p ' npthat fame general well grounded knowledge, whereby " we are fitted and prepared to produce a good invention : neither is it weU poflible that any man whofbever hee bee D (houid invent any thing worth our conffderation,un- lerTe he have drunke in from his childehood all manner of good 22 The ancient Art good arcs and fciences. It is afrgneofa dull wit ^ layth Tul- * LI n. eU \y * a to run after little brookes^ and not to vijlt tbt mainfoun- Qrat. taines of things > from whence all is derived. A perfect and exactly handled invention muft'bnd forth out of a greac and well rooted fulnefle of learning: we muft be converfant in all forts of ftudies, all antiquitie muft bee familiar untous,but moft of all the innumerable multitude of hiftoricall and poeticall narrations : we muft likewise be very wel acquainted wichall fuch commotions of the mind as by nature are. incident unto men : feeing the whole force of painting doth principally confift in them, and nothing beareth a greater fway in (uch a manifold varietie of pi- ctures and ftatues. Thus do we fee how the ancients did after a more pecu- liar manner afcribe wifedome unto the better fort of A rtifi- cers, feeing none among all other liberal 1 arts do require Co many and fb great helps of more inward and profound do- ctrine. I doe not fpeake hcere but of an abfblutely perfect art 5 For when there is any aueftion made about any art or fa- * Ve Or at. culth^ fay th Tully * D the moft abfilute and perfect art is then 1 ever meant* It made Euphranor admirable, that he did ex- cell in all other kinde of good ftudies, having withall won- derfull skill in painting and carving, guint. xii. i o. Bam- philufy Apelles tris mafter urged this point very much ^ for being not onely a moft excellent painter, but alfo thorowly inftructed in all kinde of Sciences P and chiefely in Arithme- ticke and Geometry, bee was wont to avouch that the Art could not wel be perfected withou t any of thefe./V/^ 5.10. § 7. That Artificers have need of Geometry and the Opticks is proved by the following example. The Atheni- ans intending to confecrate an excellent image of Minerva upon a high pillar,(et Phidias and Akamene-s to work,rnea- n' ln g ofV A I N T I N G. 235 ning to chufe the better of the two. Alt am ems being no- thing at all skilled in Geometry and in the Optickes, made the goddene wonder! till faire to the eye of them tha: faw h:rhardby. Phidias on the contrary, as being fufficiently* inftrufted with al maner of arts,and efpecially with Optick and Geomecricall knowledges,did confider that the whole ftiape of his image mould change according to the height of the appointed place, and therefore made her lips wide open, her nofe fbme what out of order,and all the reft accor- dingly, by a certaine kinde of refupination. When thefe two images were afterwards brought to light and compa- red, Phidias was in great danger to have been ftoned by the whole multitude , unrill the ftatues were at length fet on high. F< r Alcamenes his fweet and diligent ftrokes beeing drowned, and Phidias his disfigured and diftorted hard- nefTe being vanifhed by the height of the place, made^*- menes to be laughed at,and Phidias to bee much more eftee- med. See Tzetzes Chiliad.xi i hifl. 381. and Chil. his manner \guife, behaviour i in them alfo that fay and doe nothing : he muft difcerm what force there is in the conftitution of his cheeked , in the temperature of his eyes, inthe caftingof his eye-browes. To befiort, he muft ob- ferve all fuch things as doehelpe a m.tns judgement. Whofower is well furnifljed wi