ANGLO-NORMAN ANTIQUITIES CONSIDERED, IN A OUR THROUGH PART OF NORMANDY, BY DOCTOR DUCAREL. ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY-SEVEN COPPER-PLATES. LONDON, PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY T. SPILSBURY, MDCCLXVII. AND SOLD BY S. BAKER AND G. LEIGH, IN YORK-STREET, COVENT-GARDEN; P. VAILLANT, IN THE STRAND; T. PAYNE, AT THE MEWS-GATE; W. OWEN, AT TEMPLE-BAR; AND J. RIVINGTON, IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD. To the Right Reverend CHARLES, LORD BISHOP of CARLISLE, PRESIDENT of the Society of ANTIQUARIES of LONDON. MY LORD, T HE inhabitants of Normandy have, to this day, a tradition, That, “ when the Englifih were obliged to forfake that province, they left “ behind them many valuable treafures.” The fad is true, and Normandy is filled with them. Thefe treafures are magnificent palaces, Lately cattles, beautiful churches, and fumptuous monafteries, together with a variety of monuments of almoft every kind ; all which plainly evince the fplendour and piety of their refpedive founders. The difference between the mode of architedure ufed by the Normans in their buildings, and that pradifed by the cotemporary Saxons in England, (B) was was ( ii ) firft remarked by your Lordfliip about the year 17+2. at which time you kindly communicated your dilcovery to the antiquaries of your acquaint¬ ance, and favoured them with fome rules whereby to diftinguifh the Norman ftrudtures from thofe of the Saxons. This occafioned fome further obfervations to be made by feveral perfons, and, amongft others, by myfelf: but, as my thoughts on that fubjedt did not at that time intirely coincide with the rules then laid down, in the year 1752. I went into Normandy on purpofe to view and examine fuch buildings of duke William, as were remaining in Caen, and other places in that neighbourhood. The remarks with which I returned, are contained in the following work: but, as they were made in confequence of your Lordfhip’s original difeovery, and confirm thofe rules which you were pleafed to draw up for our guidance, I am perfuaded that they ought, and I hope that they will, by the reader, be confidercd as belonging intirely to your Lordfliip, and not to me, though they bear my name. The fatisfadtion I met with in that refearch, which was the principal object of my journey to Caen and its environs, induced me to vifit fome of the principal towns in Nor¬ mandy, in order to view and examine fuch ancient remains as might tend either to illuftrate the hiftory and antiquities of that province, or to point out and cha- radterife the piety, valour, and magnificence, of our ancient kings and nobi¬ lity. The materials which occurred, far furpafled my expedtations; and in the purfuit of my inquiries I received great affiftance from feveral learned friends refident in Normandy, who have very obligingly communicated to me various charters and extradts from the regifter-books of divers religious houfes, and thereby informed me of many curious particulars not commonly known. The defign, therefore, of the following fheets, is to lay before the reader fuch obfervations as I made when on the foot, and to preferve the memory, at leaft, of feveral remarkable monuments of Anglo-Norman antiquity, which, either from their great age, or the difregard and inattention of their pre- fent poffeffors, are in danger of being intirely deftroyed. The ancient Normans, though a fierce and warlike people, feem to have been more inclined to protedl and fecure to themfelves and their families the pofleflion of thofe Gallic lands, in which they were firft feated, than to extend their conquefts into the dominions of the neighbouring princes. Impatient of the flighted: affront, and ready to arm on every neceffary occafion, they-at the fame time well knew how to enjoy and improve the fweets of peace and public tranquillity. A fondnefs for the cultivation of polite arts, in fome degree prevailed amongfl them; of which we have feveral inftances now remaining, particularly in regard to architedture and defign. The ufe of broad or great feals, and the affixing impreffions of them in wax, by pendant labels, to charters and other public inftruments, for their better ( ) better confirmation, and the afcertaining of their authenticity, was known to be praftifed by the Normans very early; and it is probable that from them it paHed into England. I fliall not enter into the difputes as to which parti¬ cular nation or people the honour of the invention is to be attributed, or which of our Anglo-Saxon monarchs was the firft that made ufe of broad feals in England. That Edward the Confeffor ufed a broad feal, and fixed impreffions thereof in wax on labels appendant to feveral of his charters, is allowed on all hands. Some of thefe impreffions are Hill extant; but they are extremely rare; and few, if any of them, are whole and undefaced. The moft perfect impreffion that I have hitherto met with, is in the poffeffion of Thomas Aftle, Efq; F. R. S. and F. S. A. As it differs in many refpeCts from the copy of the Confeffor’s feal given us by John Speed the hiftorian, and from an ori¬ ginal feal of the fame king pendant to a charter now preferred in the abbey of St. Denys, at Paris*, I have caufed it to be here engraven. Such parts of the infcription round it, as have been broken off, are fupplied from Soeed’s copy. The charter to which this feal is affixed, is written in Saxon characters, and is without date; but, as Stigand is therein mentioned as being then arch- bifhop of Canterbury, it mufl have been made between the years 1052. and 1066. This remarkable charter is endorfed, in a coeval hand, “ Carta “ Edwarbi Regis de Saca et Socne et Lieertatibus Ecclie Christi,” and runs thus. + eaB J’ ea J'° SP e7: eaI!e mine %■ H m '«e GojUaf. 3 mine Gejfeptfi 3 ealle mine jx^nap on fain fcijian Jxeji SnjanOe Kpicebep. 3 j-e bijieO sr Ejupvep cypcean on Eanrpajiabijuj’ habbaS IanO mne ppeonBlice. 3 ic cySe eop, f ic habbe him jeu.nnan f hi beon heopa r aca 3 pocne pujijie, on prjianBe 3 on prpeame. on puBan 3 on pelBan, rolnep 3 teamep, jpifbpicep 3 hampocne, popepceallep, inpanjenep feouep 3 plemene pepmSe, opeja hepe ajene meiin. binnan bupjan 3 buran, ppa pull popp’, ppa mine ajene picnepap hit pecan peolBan. 3 opep ppa pela fe s na, ppa ic heom ro jobiecen haibbe. 3 ic nelle -p mm man, ami Jnnj pxp on reo buran hi. 3 heopa picnepap Jie hi hir berecan pyllaS. pop fan Jun S an fe ic habbe Jiap jepihte popjiuen minpe ppale ro ecepe alype-Bneppe, ppa Enur cyn S ByBe 1 nelle jefauian -p ami man piy ro bpece be mma ppeonOcipe. V E R S I o, * The front of the feal engraven in Speed, represents the king wearing on his head a cap furrounded with a diadem ; on the fore part whereof are placed three rays or points, which reach no higher than the middle of the head; and in Iris right hand he holds a ftaff furmounted with a crofs. The front of the feal in the abbey of St. Denys reprefents him in the fame man¬ ner: whereas, in Mr. Aftle’s feal, only one point rifes from the front of the diadem, and reaches to the top of the cap; and the ftaff which the king holds in his right hand, is ter¬ minated by three round balls conjoined. In the reverfe of Speed’s feal, the front of the cap, which the king wears on his head, is charged with an ornament refembling a double St. Andrew’s crofs. His mantle is alfo buttoned upon the right fhoulder, and from thence falls down in a ftrait line to his lap. In Mr. Aftle’s feal, afingle ray or point only fprings from the rim of the diadem, and rifes to the top of the cap: the kino-’s mantle is buttoned on the middle of his breaft, and then falls off in a Hope over each of his arms. The reverfe of the feal in the abbey of St. Denys is the fame as that engraven in Speed. PLATE I. ( > v } V E R S I O. Per Edwardum Lye, A. M. ReCtorem Ecclefi® de Yardley-Haftings, in Agro Northamptonienfi. Ego Eadwardus. rex faluto omnes meos epifcopos, et meos comites, et meos praspofitos, et omnes meos thanos, in comitatibus, nbi Stigandus archiepifcopus et conventus apud Chrifti ecclefiam in Cantianorum urbe habent terras, amice. Notifico autem vobis, me iis coneeffiffe, ut Pint digni, qui habeant fua Sacam et Socn in littore et in flumine, in fylva et in campo, Toln et Team, Grith- brice et Hamsocn, Foresteall, et Infangentheou et Flemena-Fermth fuper fuos proprios homines, intra burgum et extra, tam plene et libere quam mei proprii procuratores illud exquirere debuerunt: et fuper quotcunque thanos ego iis dedi, et nolo ut quifpiam quodvis inibi difponat, nifi conventus et eorum procuratores quibus illud concredere volent. Quamobrem ego has con- fuetudines vel reditudines dedi, me® anima: in asternam redemptionem, ficut Canutus prius fecerat. Ac nolo permittere ut quifpiam hanc donationem infringat, falva mea amicitia. It does not appear that Harold, who held the crown only forty weeks and one day, ever ufed a broad feal. To fupply that defed, the only reprefen- tation of that prince, now known to be extant, is here engraven in PLATE I. We are beholden, for its firft publication, to the induftry of father Mont- faucon, who copied it from a beautiful illuminated drawing in a manufcript prayer-book, written in England in the eleventh century, and preferved in the library of the late • moniieur Colbert. Harold is therein reprefented as fitting on his throne upon a cufhion : he refts his feet on a foot-ftool, and holds a banner in his right hand; and in his left, a fceptre furmounted by a dove: on each fide the throne is a Hand, or tripod, on which lies a book open; and near to each tripod, is the figure of a faint, with his right hand ele¬ vated, as pronouncing the benediction. In the fame Plate is engraven the feal of William the Conqueror, copied from Speed, who took it from the original, appendant to a charter granted by that monarch to the abbot and convent of Weftminfter. A like feal of the fame king, affixed to the charter of Battle-Abbey in Suffex, which he founded, is engraven in doCtor Wilkins’s edition of Mr. Selden’s works, vol. iii. p. 1632. Archbilhops and bifhops had alfo their broad feals: that of Lanfranc, areh- biffiop of Canterbury, is not extant, that I know of; but the broad feal of his fucceffor, Anfelm, (formerly a monk of the abbey of Bee) who enjoyed the fee of Canterbury from 1093. to 1114. now remains annexed to a deed in the collection of Thomas Aftle, Efq; and is engraven in PLATE VIII. of this work. The words of the deed to which it is affixed, are as follow. “ Ego C V ) “ Ego Anselmus fee. Dorobernenfls ecclie archieps. reddo monachis ejufdem “ ecclie medietatem altaris Xpifti, quaffl in manu mea habebam poft mortem “ predecefloris mei Lanfranci archiepi, qui eis aliam medietatem cognita veri- “ tate, quod ad illos pertineret, in vita fua reddiderat. Similiter manerium “ quod Stistede vocatur eifdem monachis reddo; quoniam hoc ad res eorum “ pertinere et pertinuifle feitur. Testes Will, ecclie Xpifti archidiac. Haimo “ vicecomes; Haimo, filius Vitalis; Robertus, filius Watfonis; Wimundus homo “ vicecomitis ; Raulfus nepos epi Gundulfi ; et alii plufes.” To thefe feals of the Confeffor, archbifhop Anfelm, and Odo, all of them hitherto unpublifhed, I have, in PLATE VIII. added that of the emprefs Matilda, or Maud, lady of the Englilh, although it hath been already engra¬ ven by Sandford and Vincent; becaufe it may be juftly confidered as a very early inftance, if not the firft, of a broad feal ufed by a lady. The broad feal and counter-feal ufed by king Edward III. as duke of Normandy, not having, to my knowledge, been hitherto taken notice of, are here alfo engraven. I had the fatisfaeftion to meet with them in the collection of Tho¬ mas Aftle, Efq; appendant to a charter bearing date the 26th day of March, in the 24th year of that king, (i. e. 1351.) and purporting to be a grant, to William Brandell, of a houfe within the town of Calais. The counter-feal reprefents fome part of the ancient fortifications of Calais. (C) In ( vi ) In the courfe of the following work, fpeaking of the interment and monu¬ ment of William the Conqueror, I have, at page 55. given, from a manu- fcript in the Lambeth library, two epitaphs compofed for that monarch, and which I there mention as not having been hitherto publifhed. That afiertion will, I hope, be pardoned, when it is confidered, that the pretended copies of them, printed by Mr. Hearne in his third volume of his edition of Guil. Neubrigensis, are very imperfedt and erroneous. The feal of Odo, bilhop of Bayeux and earl of Kent, is not only extremely rare, but very Angular in refpedt to the figures reprefented thereon. Odo appears, on the one fide, as an earl, mounted on his war-horfe, clad in armour, and holding a fword in his right hand ; but on the reverfe, he appears in his charadter of a bifhop, dreffed in his pontifical habit, and as pronouncing the benedidtion. As I apprehend a draught of this remarkable piece of anti¬ quity may prove agreeable to the reader, I have, in PLATE VII. engraved it from an original impreffion, which is appendant to a grant now in the valuable library of fir Edward Deering, baronet, and ihall here fubjoin a copy of the grant itfelf, which is written both in Latin and Saxon. Odo, Baiocenfis eps. Lanfranco archiepo, et Hammoni vicecomiti, et om- “ nibus Canturienfib. regis fidelib. falutem. Notum fit vobis, Quod ego, Baio¬ cenfis eps. et comes Cantie, nofire matnque in honore Ice. Tnnitatis confirudtaj “ Canturienfi ecclie, trado has quatuor dennas terre, videlicet, Loflenhamum “ et Adalardendenam, et Blacecotam, et Acdenam, a domino Lanfranco archi- “ epo, et omnibus fuccefloribus ejus, perpetuo ufu poffidendas, pro redemp- “ tione domini mei Guilelmi, regis Anglorum, et mess, et eorurn de quorum “ falute fpecialiter injundtum eft michi procurare, et per excambia XX. et V. acrarum terras, qua; infra parcum meum de Wikeham contincntur.” Obo Bep. op bamp. jpec Lanbppanc Apcebep. 7 hacimonem pcipjepepan 7 ealle pop ktnypp pcjenap on Lienr ppeonblice. Si eop eallum cuS f ic Obo Bep. op baiup. 7 eopl on La;nr. ge ann upe moiSep f >r x F e r cipcean on Eanrpapebypij. (,ap pupep Same lanbep f ip lopenham. 7 aSalapbsm-bame. 7 blacecoran 7 acb£na. Spa f pe lapops Lanbppanc Apcebep. 7 ealle hip icptep-janjan. hi heom je ajman on ece yppe. (up ic bo pop minep lapopbep alypebneppe Willelmep knijep 7 pop minpe 7 pop P X J'* manna alypebneppe. he Jncpa hadu me ip pynbeplice jymene. 7 pop je hpyppe pip 7 rpennjpa scepa lanbep fa he^anS prSinan minum fceojipalbe zer Wiccham. The hiftorical tapeftry preferred in the cathedral church of Bayeux is efleemed the oldefi: and moft authentic monument, now extant, of the Nor¬ man conqueft over this kingdom. It reprefents not only every fa6t con¬ tained in the Englifh and French hiftorians, but likewife feveral curious par- ticulars unnoticed by any of them. I have therefore, my Lord, in the Ap¬ pendix, inferted a very accurate and circumftantial defcription of that tapeftry, drawn ( vii ) drawn up, many years finee, by the late learned Smart Lethieullicr, Efq; F. R. S. and F. S. A. This gentleman, having firft made the tour of France, refided at Paris during the years 1732. and 1733. and became very intimate with the late Meffieurs Lancelot, Foucault, De Boze, and many other perfons there, of the firft form in point of literature, who all of them kindly contributed, to the utmoft of their power, towards the furtherance of his ftudies in matters of antiquity ; but, as he hath often affured me, the greateft afliftance he received was from the celebrated father Montfaucon, who on all occafions gave him better and more perfedt information, with regard to Anglo-Gallic antiquities, than he was able to obtain from his other learned acquaintance in France. This however will not be a matter of furprife, when we confider that the learned father, of whom we are now fpeaking, flood firft in the number of literati of the Bencdidtine order, from the brethren whereof he had, for many years pall, received amazing collections of antiquarian materials for compiling his elaborate work, entitled “ Monumens de la Monarchic Franyoife,” in which he hath actually given fome defeription of the tapeftry. Mr. Lethieullisr dying in the year 1760. his curious collection of books, manuferipts, &c. were fome time after fold by auction ; at which time this valuable manufeript defeription of the tapeftry at Bayeux, was purchafed by my worthy friend, Thomas Tyndall, Efq; (a very valuable member of the Royal and Antiquary focieties, lately deceafed) who permitted me to take a copy thereof, and to print it for the fatisfaction of the curious. As the diflertation, my Lord, would be much better underftood, if attended by engravings of the tapeftry, it occurred to me, that the fix plates which were made ufe of by the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in 1733. might ftill be extant at Paris; and finding that I was not miftaken, I applied there for impreflions of them, but was repeatedly refufed. In fhort, the difficulties I met with, would have been unfurmountable, had it not been for the generous interpofition of the duke de Nivernois, whofe great learn¬ ing and diftinguilhed merit obtained, during his embaffy in this kingdom, the efteem of all thofe who had the happinefs of his acquaintance. This noble perfonage, upon my firft; application to him, immediately ordered near four hundred fets to be taken off and fent to me ; for which fingular favour I here beg leave to return him my mod fincere thanks and acknowledgements.. The firft plate of thefe tapeftries, which the academy publifhed in 1729. not having been applied for, I have fupplied that omiffion by engraving an exadt ( viii ) exacft copy of it, as publifhed in father Montfaucon’s account of the tapeftry at Bayeux. As to my other Plates, fome are copied from father Montfaucon’s “ Monu- “ mens de la Monarchic Franjoifebut the greater number are from ori¬ ginal drawings taken on the fpot, at my expence, by the famous M. Noel Ingenieur du Bureau de Finances a Caen, whofe accuracy may be depended upon. The “ Infeudationes Militum qui debent Servitia Militaria Duci Normanniie,” make the Second Number in my Appendix, and are carefully tranfcribed from the famous Liber Ruber Scaccarii, or Red Book of the Exchequer, which contains many valuable treatifes, collected together into one volume by Alex¬ ander de Swereford, archdeacon of Shrewlbury, and an officer in the Exchequer in the latter end of the reign of Henry II. Thefe Infeudationes Militum are part of one of thofe treatifes which, is entitled “ Efcuagium tarn fuper Prie- “ latis quam cieteris Baronibus Aflifum,” and which, as is fuppofed, contains the certificates, returned by all the prelates and barons of England to kin<r Henry II. of the number of knights fees held by each of them. As they relate to Normandy, the fubjedt of my prefent inquiry, and have not been hitherto publifhed, except in a very incorrect manner by Du Chefne in his “ Hiftorise Normanorum Scriptores,” and that without mentioning the manu- feript from whence he tranfcribed them, I apprehend the reader will not be difpleafed with my inferring them. The Third Number of the Appendix contains a defeription of the curious baffo relievos reprefenting the interview of Henry VIII. king of England, with Francis I. of France, between Guines and Ardres in Picardy, on the 7th day of June, in the year 1520. and is principally extracted from father Mont¬ faucon’s “ Monumens de la Monarchic Francoife,” a valuable work, which is now become extremely fcarce. The expectation of this interview excited the attention of all Europe; and the great ardour for parade and Ihew, which manifeftly burnt in the breafts of the Englifh and French kings, avowedly encouraged by their refpeCtive prime minifters, who were known to have the fame turn for oftentation, brought on the conclufion of a convention between the two crowns; in which, amongft other things, the appointments of attendants on the refpeCtive monarch! and their queens were fully ftipulated. Some matters, and perfons names, were accidently omitted in the convention; and many alterations in refpeCt to others were afterwards found abfolutely neceffary. I have therefore, in the Fourth Number ( ix ) Number of the Appendix, given a copy of the appointment for king Henry and his queen, as inferred in the convention, together with the copy of the appointment for thofe trains which aftually did attend them at the interview, faithfully tranfcribed from a manufcript of that time, now preferved in the Lambeth library. This, my Lord, is a fhort account of the work which now prefumes to hope for your Lordlhip’s favour and perufah It may not perhaps be improper to inquire, why Normandy, a fine country, fituated near England, and formerly fo clofely allied to it both in intereft and government, hath for many years been almoft totally neglefted by our English Travellers. The reafon, my Lord, is this: the direft, and molt ufual road from London to Paris, was, till lately, through Calais, from whence our young gentlemen polled, with great eagernefs, to that capital; and, though returning from thence through Rouen to Calais could not well make above one day’s difference in their journey, yet they generally came back the fame way they went, for want of being informed that there were feveral things in Normandy, as well worth their infpection and confideration, as any of thofe which they had vifited in the other parts of the kingdom of France. At prefent, my Lord, the fafhionabie route to France is by Brighthelm- ftone in Suffex, and from thence to Dieppe, which is but fix polls (about thirty-fix miles) from Rouen, the capital of Upper Normandy ; from whence excellent roads convey the traveller, not only to Paris, which is fifty-five polls, (about ninety Englilh miles) but alfo to Havre, Honfleur, Alenjon, Caen, Bayeux, Cherburg, St. Lo, and other parts of Normandy; fo that I am in hopes that Anglo-Gallic province will for the future be thought worthy of the vifits of our Englilh travellers. Here, my Lord, I would particularly recommend to every perfon, that may travel with an intention of viewing the Anglo-Norman antiquities, to take not only an account, but alfo drawings, of the principal altar-monuments which he may meet with in the religious houfes in Normandy and its neigh¬ bourhood; becaufe of late years too many of them have been levelled with the ground, under pretence that they are found inconvenient on grand procefiion- days. This hath been the cafe in the cathedral church of Rouen, with regard to the monuments of two Englilh kings, viz. Richard the Firft, and Henri- cus Junior, which were placed on each fide of the high altar; and likewife in the church of the abbey of St. Stephen at Caen, where the only monu¬ ment there, viz. that of the royal founder, William the Conqueror, which (D) flood ( X ) flood in the middle of the choir, was ungratefully taken down in 1742. under the like pretence. As I have, my Lord, feen only one part of Normandy, it may well be prefumed, that many more Anglo-Norman antiquities, hitherto unnoticed, are extant in different parts of that fine country, efpecially in the religious houfes founded by the old Englilh nobility. I therefore hope the following obfervations will induce fome learned and judicious antiquaries, not only to vifit the whole province, but likewife to favour the public with the refult of their inquiries. I cannot conclude this letter, without returning my fincere thanks to your Lordflup, and my other learned friends who have generoufly contributed the Plates which illuftrate this work ; And have the honour to fubfcribe myfelf, With the mod profound relpedt, MY LORD, Your Lordship’s moft obliged, and Moll: faithful, humble Servant, And. Coltee Ducarel. Doctors-Commons, April 10, 1767. ANGLO- Pi. 1. ?j/uwaj t r /j//r (5 ,/// ' L jF.S.^L. f o/ftr/Yw//’.) ////.) -Pfa/r. A Dayty .'s ANGLO-NORMAN ANTIQUITIES CONSIDERED, &c. T HE connexion between the duchy of NORMANDY, and the king dom of ENGLAND, was for many years extremely intimate. During the long period that the former made a confiderable part of the territories of the latter, both were governed by nearly the fame laws. The cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants of thofe countries in many inftances became fimilar • and the frequent intermarriages between the Normans and Englifh united their interefts, and blended their property together, in fuch manner, that in thofe times there were but few perfons of any confiderable note, either in Normandy or England, who had not family connexions and landed poffeffions in each. From thefe circumflances the hiftory of thofe tefpe&ive countries became fo clofely interwoven, that an acquaintance with the one, feems abfolutely neceffary for the thorough underftanding of the other. Hence, a ftridl examination into fuch remains of antiquity as are to be met with in Normandy, together with an account of thofe works of piety and magnificence which owned the Norman dukes for their founders during the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, although dcftroyed or perifhed within a few years paft, cannot fail of furnilhing many obfervations not altogether unworthy the attention of an Englifh antiquary. r With ( a ) With this view I determined in the year 1752. to vifit the principal places within the ancient dukedom of Normandy; and accordingly, fetting out on the 16th of July, quitted the diredt road from Calais to Paris, at Abbeville, and palling through Frelfenville, arrived at Eu, the firft maritime town in Normandy, and the capital of an extenfive diftrift, which hath had its counts ever fince the middle of the tenth century. E U, fometimes written Au, Auu, Auue, and Ou, and by ancient writers called Auga, Augum, and Aucum, is pleafantly lituated on a flat at the foot of a very fteep hill near the banks of the river Brefle, which feparates Normandy from Picardy, and within half a league of the fea. The town conflfts of three parilhes, and contains feveral religious houfes and a colleo-e of Jefuits. About the year 956. Richard I. duke of Normandy, granted this town, and great part of the pays de Caux, together with the dignity of Count, to his natural fon William, and the heirs of his body, who from that time were ftyled Counts of Eu. The male line of this William failing about the beginning of the thirteentli century, the title and eftate devolved on Alice, the foie heirefs of the ancient houfe of Eu*, at that time married to Ralph Lezignen, or, as he was afterwards called, Ralph dTffoudon. Mary d’lffou- don, becoming foie heirefs of her family, naarried the count de Nefle, a cadet of the houfe of Brienne, who thereupon in her right poflcfled the honours and eftates of Eu; but thefe, being in the next generation forfeited to the crown, by the attainder of the conftable de Nefle, were granted, by John king of France, to John d’Artois one of the princes of the blood. Chailes d Artois, count of Eu, dying without iflue in the year 1472. was fucceeded in dignity and eftate by his nephew, John de Burgogne, count of Nevers and Rethel, eldeft fon of his lifter Bona d’Artois, countefs of Nevers. This John de Burgogne, count of Eu, Nevers, and Rethel, died in the year 1491. having had iflue only two daughters; viz. Elizabeth, who married John firft duke of Cleves, and died in her father’s life time; and Charlotte, the wife of John d Albret, lord of Orval. On the partition of the eftates of their father John de Burgogne, the lands and dignity of Eu fell to Charles of Cleves, fon to his daughter Elizabeth; which Charles left iflue only one fon, Francis, who in the year 1538. was created duke of Nevers, and died in 1561. leaving iflue, Francis his fucceflor in the dukedom, and two daughters, Henrietta and Catharine. Francis fecond duke of Nevers died in 1562. without iflue; and upon his deceafe the eftate and title of Eu fell to his youngeft lifter, Catharine, who was then married to Henry de Lorrain, the great duke of Guife, whofe grandfon Henry fold them to Ann Mary Loui.u duchefs of Montpenfier, by whom they were afterwards refold to Lewis ( 2 ) Lewis Auguftus de Bourbon, prince of Dombes and duke of Maine; whofe fecond fon enjoys the title of Count of Eu* But here I muft not omit to mention, that Henry V. king of England, after his conqueft of France, on the ioth day of June, 1419. granted this county of Eu, or, as he then fpelt it, Ewe, together with the title of Earl, to William lord Bouchier, who had married Eleanor Plantagenet, widow to Edmund earl of Stafford, and daughter of Thomas of Woodftock duke of Gloucefter, youngeft fon of king Edward III. Henry the fon of this William was, in the 13th year of king Henry VI. alfo fummoned to parliament by the title of Earl of Ewe, but never afterwards* The * GENEALOGY of the firft COUNTS OF EU. William firft Count of Eu, natural fon T Lefcelinc, daughter of Turchetil lord of to duke Richard I. Turqueville, &c. Robert Count of Eu,= Beatrix, firft fon. Hugh bifhop of Lilieux, fecond fon* /\. William, third fon, count of Soiffons, in right of his wife Ada, lifter and heirefs of Guido, count of Soiffons. He died without ilfue. William furnamed Buface, firft 1 Helelinda, lifter of Hugh fon. Count of Eu and Soiffons. Lupus, earl of Chefter. I Rodolph, fecond fon. I Henry, firft fon, Count of Eu. He founded, in the year 1130. the abbey of Foulcarmont, where he became a monk, and dying in 1139- was buried there. A Robert, third fon. 1 Margaret, daughter of William de Solejo, William, fecond third fon of Stephen count of Blois, by fon, afterwards Alice fourth daughter of king William furnamed De the Conqueror : buried before the high Grandicote. altar in the abbey of Foulcarmont. John, firft fon. Count of Eu. Upon the deatfr of his wife, he became a monk at Foulcar¬ mont, and dying in the year 1171. was buried in the abbey-church, near the corpfe of his father. Over their grave lies a black marble ftone, on which are their effigies drefied in monkifh habits, inlaid in brafs j together with the following epitaph. EST PATER HENRICUS PRIMUS CREGIS HUJUS AMICUS EJUS ERAT NATUS JOHANNES JURE VOCATUS FlLIUS HENRICI FUIT HIC SED POSTEA FRATER HOS MONACHOS GENUIT DOMINO DOMUS H^EC PIA MATER QUI LEG1S ABSQUE MORA PRO TANTIS FRATRIBUS ORA. r Alida, daughter of William de Albineto, or Alblni, earl of Aruftdei. Stephen, fecond fon. W 'I Beatrix. Maud, Henry, firft fon. Count of Eu. He engaged in the = Matilda de Longaville. expedition to the Holy Land, and was llain at the fiege of Ptolemais in the year 1217. Robert, fecond fon, died un¬ married. r i 1 Ralph, firft fon, Guy, fecond fon, Alice, foie daughter and heir, married Ralph d’Issoudon, died young, in died young, in a younger fon of the houfe of March, who in her right hisfather’slife his father’s life became Count of Eu. This dignity was confirmed to time. time. him and his heirs by king Philip Auguftus. He was llain. near Aeon in the Holy Land, and, together with his' wife, buried in the abbey-church of Foulcarmont. ( 4 ) The Abbey of Canons Regular deferves the attention of a traveller : it was founded in the year 1002. by William the firft count of Eu, for fecular canons, and dedicated to the honour of the Holy Virgin ; but in 1119. thofe canons peti¬ tioning for a reform, they, by the joint confent of Henry then count of Eu, and Goisfred arch-bilhop of Rouen their diocefan, became canons regular of the order of St. Auguftine, and have fo continued ever fince. Laurence arch- bilhop of Dublin took fo great a liking to this abbey, that he refided in it many years, and dying on the 17th of February, 1171. was there buried. The reprefentation of his fandtity, and the follicitations of abbot Guido, procured from pope Honorius III. a bull for his canonization, dated the nth of December, 1218. foon after which the abbey and church were re-dedicated to this new faint, whofe name became fo familiar to the inhabitants of Eu, that the church is more frequently called St. Laurence, than Notre Dame. This abbey- church of St. Laurence, which is likewife the principal parilh-church of Eu, is a neat, plain, and beautiful Gothic ftrudture, built in the form of a crofs, on the tranfept whereof is placed a fine light fteeple of remarkable height. On each fide of the altar are two fair table-monuments of the counts of Eu, with their images cut in white marble and laid on the top ftones, but with¬ out any infcriptions for either of them. On one is the date 1497. This was eredted to the memory of Philip d’Artois, count of Eu, and conftable of France, who died on the 16th of June, 1497. The other is the tomb of Charles d'Artois, count of Eu, and conftable of France, who died in the year 1401. Near to thefe monuments is an infcription to the memory of Ann of Cleves, who married one of the dukes of Guife. In a fubterraneous chapel under the high altar are likewife fome marble monuments, of which you have a fight through iron gates of tralife work, contrived for that pur- pofe. The chapels adjoining to the church are furnifhed with feveral other monuments of the counts of Eu: on one is reprefented a dead Chrift, fur- rounded by five figures, two of which are the Holy Virgin and Mary Mag¬ dalen, extremely well finiihed, in a compofition refembling plaifter of Paris. Near the high altar in the Church of the Jesuits are two elegant marble monuments; one eredted to the memory of the great duke of Guife, who was murthered at Blois on the 13th of December, 1588. and with his wife Catharine of Cleves-Nevers lies buried here; and the other, to that of his brother the cardinal, who was likewife murthered at the fame place on the next day. Each of thefe monuments is richly adorned with fine baflo relievos, and efcutcheons of arms; but there is not any infcription on either of them. The Castle ftands near the church of St. Laurence. It is a very old building, originally intended to have formed a quadrangle, of which two fides only ( 5 ) only have been built. The apartments are fpacious and lofty) and contain fome very indifferent portraits of the dukes and ducheffes of Guife, and of fome of the old Bourbons counts of Montpenfier. In other refpetfts it makes but a ruinous appearance, being almoft dripped of its furniture, and greatly out of repair; the duke de Dombes, who is the prefent owner of it, not having redded therein for feveral years. Adjoining to this caftle are fine fhady walks; and at the end of them, upon a riling ground, Hands an old fummer-houfe, from whence you have a delightful profpedt, the eye at the fame time taking in the town, the caftle, the adjacent country, and an unbounded view of the fea. At the mouth of the river Brelle Hands a confiderable village, called TREPORT, which is the harbour belonging to the town of Eu. It is prin¬ cipally frequented by filhing-boats and fmall coafting veffels, the tide never flowing here to a height fufficient for carrying in ffiips of any confiderable burthen. Upon the fide of this harbour is a Benedictine Abbey, founded in the year 1056. by Robert count of Eu, at the inftance of duke William, and Maurillus arch-bilhop of Rouen, and dedicated to St. Michael the arch¬ angel. Great part of the ancient buildings of this abbey was deftroyed when the Englilh, under the command of fir John Dudley, in the year 1545. burnt the fuburbs of Treport, together with all the Ihips in the harbour; but that damage hath many years fince been thoroughly repaired. Eu, in refpedl to fpiritual matters, is intirely under the jurifdi&ion of the arch-bilhop of Rouen, who hath here an eftablilhed court, which takes cogni¬ zance of all ecclefiaftical matters arifing as well within the county of Eu, as in the duchy of Aumale. The diftance from Eu to Dieppe is three polls. In my road to the latter, near the village of BRAEMONT, at about a league from Dieppe, I pafled through the remains of a large encampment, called by fome of the country people C-.esar’s Camp, and by others la Cite de Lime. The figure of this camp is irregular, and approaches nearly to that which mathematicians call a Scalenous Triangle. Its longeft fide points to the north, where it is bounded by the ocean, and extends near four thoufand eight hundred feet in length, upon a fine down thirty toiles higher than the fea. The fides next the land are fortified with an agger forty feet in height, defended by a deep trench both within and without; and the whole is parted from the fuburb of Dieppe, called Paulet, by a large and deep valley fortified with feveral out-works. The vulgar notion is, that this camp was formed by Julius Caifar, when he affembled his legions in order to his fecond expedition againft Britain: but the height and nature of its fortifications plainly pronounce it a work C of ( 6 ) of much more modern time, and ftrongly countenance the opinion of thofe who aflert, that this camp was laid out by the famous lord Talbot, in the year 1422. for the reception of the army which, under his command, covered the troops employed in the fiege of Dieppe, and continued there on that fervice during the fucceeding winter. The learned abbe de Fontenu hath written feveral curious differtations upon this and other ancient camps * remaining in France. DIEPPE, though it was but a mean village in the twelfth century, grew into a conhderable town foon after king Richard I. had granted it to Walter arch-bifhop of Rouen, and his fucceffors in that fee, in exchange for Andeley, which he annexed to the duchy of Normandy f. It is now famous on account of its port, which is greatly frequented, efpecially by fuch as come into France from * They are printed in the Metnoires tirez des Regiftres de 1 ’Academie Royale des Infcriptions et Belles Lettres, tom. x. p. 403, &c. where a view of the camp near Dieppe is engraven. + I have not been able to meet with the original letters patent of king Richard, but was favoured with a tranlcript of them, as entered in a chartulary now belonging to the collegiate church of Gaillon in Normandy; of which the following is a literal copy, and agrees with the Rotulus Cartarum et Chirographorum Normannia.', de anno 2do regis Johannis, m.7. No. 1. inTurr. Lond. « Permutatio fada inter regem et ecclefiam ac archiepifcopum Rcthomagi, de manerio ‘ de Andely, cum novo caftello de Rupe, (de la Roche) et cum forefta, pro villa ‘ de Dieppa et ville de Botelles, (Bouteilles) cum tota forefta de Alikeremont. « RICARDUS, Dei gratia rex Anglia?, dux Normania?, Aquitaniic, comes Andegavia?, archi- « epifeopis, epifeopis, abbatibus, prioribus, comitibus, baronibus, jufticiariis, fenefchalis, vice- « comitibus, prepofitis, miniftris, et omnibus ballivis, et fidelibus fuis, falutem. Cum facro-fanda * ecclefia, fponfa Sandi Regis Regum, et unica dileda Illius per quern reges regnant, et prin- * cipes gubernacula poffidentj tanto ampliorem ei volumus devotionem et reverentiam- exhibere, * quanto certius non regiam tantum, fed omnem a Domino Deo efle credimus poteftatem: « unde, ficut venerabilis Rothomagenfis ecclefia, qua: inter univerfas terrarum noftrarum plurima « celebritate dignofeitur cnitere, pro rerum necefiitate, vel temporum, noftris ducit utilitatibus f opportuna diligentia coafulendum; lie nos ejufdem matris noftrje commodis et augmentis digna * compenfione dignum ducimus refpondere. Sane villa Andeliaca, cum quibufdam aliis adjacen- * tibus locis, qua: erant Rothomagenfis ecclefia:, minus lufficienter firmatis, inimicis noftris in « terrain noftram Normanice per eadem loca patebat ingrelfus, per quern incendiis et rapinis necnon * et aliis hoftilitatis faivitiis, in eandem terrain noftram quam licentius graftabantur; quocirca,. « venerabili patri Vualtero, archiepifcopo, et capitulo Rothomagenfi debitum habentibus ad noftra * et pra?dida? terra: noftree damna refpedum, fada eft hcec permutatio inter ecclefiam Rothoma- * genlem et archiepifcopum Rothomagenfem ex una parte, et nos ex altera parte, de manerio * de Andeli, in hac forma: fcilicet. Quod idem archiepifcopus, de confcientia, et voluntate domini * pap$ Caeleftini tertii, et de afienfu capituli Rothomagenfis ecclefia?, et coepifcoporum fuorum, et * cleri ejufdem archiepifcopatus, concefiit, et in perpetuum quietum clamavit- nobis et hjeredibus ‘ noftris, praedidum manerium de Andclia, cum novo caftello de Rupe, et cum forefta, et cum ‘ omnibus aliis pertinentiis et libertatibus fuis i exccptis ecclefiis et pra:bendis, et feodis militum; * et excepto manerio de Fraxinis, cum pertinentiis fuis, qua: omnia idem archiepifcopus ecclefiai ‘ Rothomagenfis, et fibi et fuccefioribus fuis, retinuit j cum omnibus libertatibus, et liberis con- ‘ fuetudinibus, et cum omni integritate fua, in perpetuum ; ita quod tarn milites quam clerici, « et omnes homines, tarn de feodis. militum, quam de prtebendis, fequentur molendina de Andely,. ‘ ficut ( 7 ) from the coalt of Suffex. An antiquary finds but little amufement iii this place, the town having in the year 1694. fuffered greatly by the bombardment which entirely ruined the great church, and laid in allies molt of the houfes, they being, for the greater part, built with timber. It hath however in great meafure recovered that misfortune, and is now beautifully rebuilt. In the centre of the town is a fine fquare, all the houfes whereof are handfomely built with brick ; and each hath a mezzanine, or entrefol, between the firft and fecond ftories. The fronts of all thefe houfes are carried up according to one regular and general defign, and dreffed with a well-proportioned facia, which 4 ficut confuerunt, et debent, et moltura erit noftra. Archiepifcopus autem, et homines fui, de * fraxinis molent ubi idem archiepifcopus volet; et fi voluerint molere apud Andely, dabunt • molturas fuas, ficut alii ibidem molentes. In efcambium autem prasdidi manerii de Andely, 4 cum pertinentiis, conceffimus, et in perpetuum quietum clamavimus, ecclefia: Rothomagenfi, et 4 pnedido archiepifcopo, et fuccefforibus fuis, omnia molendina qua nos habuimus Rothomagenfi, 4 quando ha;c permutatio fada fuit integre cum omni fequela et moltura fua, fine aliquo 4 retinemento eorum qua; ad molendina pertinent, vel ad molturam ; et cum omnibus libertatibus, 4 et liberis confuetudinibus, quas folent et debent habere. Nec alicui alio licebit molendinum 4 facere ibidem ad detrimentum pra?didorum molendinorum. Et debet archiepifcopus folvere 4 eleemofinas antiquitus ftatutas de eifdem molendinis. Conceffimus etiam eis villain de Dieppa, 4 et villam de Bouteilles, cum omnibus pertinentiis et libertatibus, et liberis confuetudinibus fuis; 4 exceptis eleemofinis conftitutis in manerio de Dieppa a nobis et antecefforibus noftris, quarum 4 fumma eft trecento et feptuaginta duse libra;, quse debent folvi per manum praididti archiepifcopi et 4 fuccefforum fuorum, his quibus affignats funt. Conceffimus etiam eifdem manerium de Lou- 4 viers, cum omnibus pertinentiis ct libertatibus, et liberis confuetudinibus fuis ; cum minifterio 4 de Louviers ; falvis ad opus noftrum venatione noftra et deftrudione forefta?, ita tamen quod non 4 fit in Revvardo. Conceffimus etiam eis totam foreftam de Alliermont, cum feris, et omnibus 4 aliis pertinentiis, et libertatibus fuis, ficut earn habuimus. Hasc autem omnia in efcambium 4 pradidi manerii de Andeli, cum praedidis pertinentiis data, habebunt ecclefia Rothomagenfis, 4 et pradidus archiepifcopus et fucceffores fui in perpetuum, cum omnibus libertatibus, et 4 liberis confuetudinibus fuis, ficut p'raedidum eft. Homines autem pradidi archiepifcopi de 4 prxdido efcambio, habebunt omnes libertates et liberas confuetudines quas habuerunt homines 4 de Andely, dum manerium illud effet in manu iplius archiepifcopi. Ha;c etiam omnia, qua; 4 idem archiepifcopus in hoc efcambio recepit, vuarantizabimus nos, et heredes noftri, ecclefia; 4 Rothomagenfi, et pnedido archiepifcopo, et fuccefforibus fuis in perpetuum, contra omnes 4 homines, ita quod fi aliquis efcambium aliquod eft recepturus pro aliquo pradidorum quod 4 memoratus archiepifcopus hie recepit, nos vel heredes noftri faciemus illud efcambium, ct ecclefia 4 Rothomagenfis hasc prsdida in perpetuum pacifice poffidebit. Nos autem quantum rei poteft 4 excommunicamus, et concedimus quod incurrat indignationem Omnipotentis Dei, quicumque 4 contra hoc fadum venerit. Teftibus hiis; Huberto Cantuarienli archiepifcopo, Joanne Vingor- 4 nienfi, Hugone Coventrenfi, Savarico Battonienfi, Henrico Bajocenfi, Garnio Ebroicenfi, Lifi- 4 ardo Sagienfi, Vuillelmo Lexovienfi, Vuillelmo Conftantienfi, epifeopis. Abbatia; Sandae Tri- 4 nitatis de monte Rothomagenfis, Reginaldo fandi Vuandregifiii, V id ore fandi Georgii, ulteri- 4 oris portus, Ofberto de Pratellis, --de Ango,-de Cornevilla, abbatibus. Joann£ comite 4 Moretonii, Othone comite Pidavienli, Balduino comite de Albemarla, Radulfo comite Augi, 4 Vuillelmo marefcallo comite de Strigois, Vuillelmo filio Radulfi fenefcallo Normania;, Roberto 4 de Turnechan fenefcallo Andegavis, Vuillelmo de Huneto conftabl. Normania:; Gilberto filio 4 Reinfredi, Hugone Brun Gaufrido de Leziniaco, Vuillelmo de Rupibus, Radulfo camerario de 4 Tancarvilla, Vuillelmo Martel, Radulfo Teiffum, Gaufaido de Sai, Roberto de Harecort; et 4 multis aliis. Datum per manum Euftachii eledi Elienfis, tunc agentis vices-cancellarii apud 4 Rothomagum, anno in incarnatione Domini . M. C. 4 -. V. II. -j-. V. I. die Odobris, anno 4 regni noftri odavo. 4 N. B. Sigillatur figillo magno in cera viridi, cui appenfus eft annulus aureus cum lapide pretiofo. ( 8 ) which is continued along the whole ; fo that the uniformity and exact fym- metry, which hath been obferved in the building of this fquare, produces a very fine effect, and adds greatly to its elegance. The feignory of this town hath from time immemorial belonged to the archbifhop of Rouen ; but his courts for trying and determining criminal and civil caufes are conftantly held at Arques, a fmall town fituate upon a river of the fame name, and within a fhort mile of Dieppe, famous for the defeat of the Leaguers by Henry IV. on the 21ft day of September, 1589. The direct road from Dieppe to Rouen, paffes through the villages of Ofmonville, Toftes, and Cambres, all of them wretchedly inhabited ; but the country round about is for the mod part extremely pleafant. The diftance is fix polls. About the mid-way between Dieppe and Rouen, but fomewhat out of the common road, you fee Longueville, a village in the Pays de Caux, where there is a Cluniac Priory, founded during the reign of William the Con¬ queror, by Walter Giffard, earl of Buckingham*, who died in the year 1102. and lies buried there under a tomb, on which is the following epitaph. STEMMA GIFARDOKUM GALTEKIUS INGENUORUM. QU.E MERUIT VIVENS BUSTA, SEPULTUS HABET. TEMPLI FUNDATOR PR.ESENT1S ET FEDIFICATOR, HOC VELUT IN PROPRIO CONDITUR IN TUMULO, QUI SE, MAGNIFICUM PATRIAIQUE PROBAVIT AMICUM, DUX VIRTUTE POTENS AC PIET ATE NITENS. RELIGIOSORUM, SED PR.SCIPUE MONACHORUM CULTOR, MULTIMODE PROFUIT ECCLESIAI. AMEN. The antient town of ALBEMARLE, or, as it was afterwards called, Aubemale and Aumarle, now foftencd into Aumale, is fituate upon the river Brefle, at the diftance of four leagues north from the high road to Rouen, and carries on a confiderable manufactory of Huffs, called Aumale Serges, which are much worn by the common people of France. Near the feite of the old caftle Hands the Benedictine Abbey of St. Martin d’Acy, built partly upon the fame fpot whereon the ancient parochial church of St. * The founder granted to this priory feveral churches, lands and manors in England; and among others, the manor of Newinton Longueville in Buckinghamfhire, wherein a Cluniac priory was afterwards founded, as a cell to that at Longueville in Normandv. ( 9 ) St. Martin d’Acceio, or d’Accy, formerly flood. It owes its primary foundation to Adeliza countefs of Albemarle and Holdernefs, daughter of Robert, fecond duke of Normandy, and filler, by the mother’s fide, to king William the Conqueror. This lady, about the clofe of the eleventh century, here eflablifhed a priory of monks, whom fhe brought from the abbey of St. Lucian at Belvace, granting to them the church of St. Martin. Her fon, Stephen earl of Albemarle, not only ratified his mother’s eflablifhment, but augmented the revenues of the priory with the churches and tythes of Burflal in Yorklhire *, and many other parifhes in England, but alfo with the churches and tythes of fundry places within the duchy of Normandy. In the year 1130. William earl of Albemarle, fon of Stephen, by licence from Hugh arch-bifhop of Rouen, eredted the priory into an abbey -f dependent on that of St. Lucian at Belvace; and in that flate it now remains. This town, which hath given title to many of our X Englifh nobility, hath been for many years the capital of a duchy dependent on the parliament of * See his charter of donation in Du Monftier’s Neuftria Pia, folio 732. The abbot of Albemarle, foon after the obtaining this charter, fent over a prior and fome monks to look after their eftates and revenues in England. Thefe, after fome time, fixed their cell in the chapel of St. Helen in Burftal-Garth, in the eaft riding of Yorklhire, where they continued until the frequent feizing of the eftates of foreign abbies, occalioned, in the 18th year of king Richard II. this alien priory, together with all the eftates in England belonging to the abbey of Albemarle, to be fold, by confent of Robert bifhop of Lincoln, to the abbot and convent of Kirkftal in Yorklhire. See Tanner’s Notitia Monaftica, p. 647. •J* See Du Monftier, ut fupra. X Odo earl of Champaigne, having married Adeliza, filter to Willianl the Conqueror, was by that king made earl of Albemarle, and had a grant of the lordfhip of the ifle of Holder¬ nefs in Yorklhire, at the recommendation of John arch-bilhop of Rouen, who at the fame time gave him the town of Albemarle, upon condition that, in all expeditions where the arch- bifhop went in perfon, he fhould be his ftandard-bearer with twelve knights. Odo was fucceeded by his only fon, Stephen, who, exclulive of other children, left ilTue William, furnamed Le Grofs, his eldeft fon, and fuccefTor in the earldoms. William le Grol's died, leaving ilTue only one daughter, his heir, viz. Hawis, or Havvife, married firfl to William de Magnaville earl of ElTex; fecondly, to William de Fortibus; and thirdly, to Baldwin de Betun. Thefe hufbands, in her right, feverally took the title of Earl of Albemarle ; but file had not any iflue by any of them, except by her fecond hufband, William de Fortibus, to whom fhe bore one fon, William de Fortibus; who married Aveline daughter of Richard lord Mont- fichet. This William, after the death of his mother and her three hufbands, became, in her right, earl of Albemarle, and at his death left ilTue two daughters, his coheirs, viz. Hawife, who died without ilTue ; and Aveline, who married Edmund earl of Lancafter, fecond fon of king Henry III. and became countefs of Albemarle; but this lady dying without iflue, the title became extindt. Milles, York, and other writers on the Englilh nobility, tell us, that the title of Earl of Albemarle was revived by king Richard II. in favour of his uncle Thomas of Woodftock, duke of Gloucefter, fixth fon of king Edward III. but in this, I apprehend, they are miftaken; however, certain it is, that king Richard II. on the 29th of September, in the 21ft year of his D reign. ( 10 ) of Paris. Philip Auguftus, king of France, having gotten pofleflion of Nor¬ mandy, invefted Ranald de Ponthieu, count de Dammartin, with the title of Count of Aumale; and it remained in his heirs male till John de Pon¬ thieu, count of Aumale, died, leaving iflue only one daughter, Blanch, who carried it with her in marriage to John count d’Harcourt, who was fucceeded by John, his only fon. This John dying without ifTue male, the dignity and cftate fell to his After and heir, Mary, wife of Anthony de Lorrain, count de Vaudemont ; and by that means the duchy of Aumale formed a younger branch of the houfe of Guife. Charles duke d’Aumale, the laffc male of that branch, left iflue only one daughter, Ann of Lorrain, who married PIcnry of Savoy, duke of Nemours, whofe two fons, Charles and Amedeus, were fucceflively dukes of Nemours and Aumale. The heir of the laft of thefe dukes was Charles Emanuel, who left iflue only two daugh¬ ters ; the eldcft of which, Marie Jeane Baptifta, afterwards married Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy, and fold the duchy of Aumale to the duke du Main. ROUEN, the ancient Rothomagus, or, as it was called by corruption, Rothomum and Rodomum, was formerly the chief town of the Velocafles, and is now efteemed the capital of Upper Normandy*. This reign, and in the parliament called the Great, advanced Edward, Earl of Rutland, eldeft fon of Edmond of Langley, duke of York, by his firft wife, I fab el, daughter and coheir of Peter, king of Caftile, to the dignity of Duke of Aumarle : this title, however, was not long enjoyed by him; for in the firft year of king Henry IV. he was by a<ft of parliament depofed from that dignity. Henry IV. on the 9th of July, 1412. created his fecond fon, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence and Earl of Albemarle: but this prince being, fix years after, flam by the Scots at the battle of Bauguy, and dying without iflue, the title of Albemarle once more became extin (ft, and fo lay dormant until it was again revived in the perfon of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who, in reward for his bravery at the fieges and reducftion of Caen, Dampfront, Caudebec, Rouen, and other places in France, was, by king Henry V. in the year 1417. created Earl of Aumarle. „ This Richard was fucceeded by his fon Henry, afterwards duke of Warwick, who died in the year 1445. leaving iflue only one child, Ann, who died at the age of fix years. King Charles II. in confideration of the Angular fervices rendered to him by general George Monk, of Potheridge in the county of Devon, defcended from Margaret, daughter and coheir of Richard Beauchamp earl of Warwick, by letters patent dated the 7th of July, in the 12th eear of his reign, created him Duke of Albemarle, to hold, to him and the heirs male of his body, for ever. This duke, dying on the 4th of January, 1669. was fucceeded by his only fon, Chriftopher, who departing this life- at Jamaica, in the year 1688. without iflue, the title of Albemarle was again extin<ft. Laftly, king William III. by his letters patent, bearing date the 10th of February, 1696. conferred the title of Earl of Albemarle on Arnold Joost Van Keppel, whole grand- fon now enjoys it. Whilft ( II ) This city, which is fituated in a plain upon the banks of the river Seine, and fcreencd on three of its fides by very high and fteep mountains, being open on that fide only which is next to the river, is near two leagues in compafs, exclufive of the fauxbourgs of St. Sever, Cauchoife, Bouvereul, St. Hilaire, Martainville, and Beauvoifine. The walls and ramparts are ftrengthened with round towers, and on the land fide encompafl'ed by a deep ditch. The gates are defended by irregular baftions, which are daily falling to decay; and in fa£t all the fortifications have been greatly negledied ever fince the fort of St. Catharine was difmantled. It is divided into thirty-feven parifhes, four whereof are in the fauxbourgs; and contains feven hofpitals, five houfes of lepers, feventeen chapels, and forty-eight religious houfes of various deno¬ minations, exclufive of the magnificent cathedral. Befides thefc, Rouen contains many other public buildings, which make a handfome appearance. 1 he flreets are in general extremely narrow, and the houfes for the moft part mean and ill built. The inhabitants are very numerous, being faid to amount to upwards of fixty thoufand fouls; and carry on a very lucrative and and flourifhing trade, fupplying, by means of the river Seine, Paris, and the internal parts of the kingdom, with great quantities and variety of goods which they continually import from foreign countries. The quay is extremely large and beautiful, and fo happily circumftanced with refpedt to depth of water, that fhips of upwards of three hundred tons burthen come quite clofe to it, to deliver and take in their cargoes. Within the walls are feveral good markets, well furnifhed with provisions of all kinds; and I obferved a greater plenty of butchers meat in them, than I faw any where elfe in France. The inhabitants are plentifully fupplied with frefh water, not only by the rivers Robec and Aubette, both of which rife about a league from the city, and run through feveral of the flreets ; but alfo by thirty-five public conduits difperfed at convenient diflances in different parts of the city. In the Marche aux Veaux is a conduit built in a triangular form, over which flood a mutilated flatue of the famous Joan of Arc, who on the ioth of May, 1431. was burnt for a witch on that fpot; but * Whilft Gaul was under the Romans, the country of the Velocasses included not only the neighbourhood of the city of Rouen, but extended as far as the river Oyfe. Under the French kings, that part which lies beyond the river of Andelle, was called Pag us Rodomensis, le Pays de Rouen, and, in common parlance, le Roumois ; but the other part, fituate between the rivers Oyfe and Andelle, preferved the name of the Veloc asses, being called Pagus Vilcassinus, in French le Pays de Vf.lguesin, iince fhortened to Vexin. As foon as Charles the Simple had ceded to duke Rollo, that part of the Vexin which lies between the rivers Ette and Andelle, it was called the Norman Vexin, to diftinguifh it from the other part between the Ette and Oyfe, which, continuing under the dominion of Charles, obtained the name of French Vexin. ( ia ) but that ftatue hath lately been removed. It is worth obferving, that the doctors of the Sorbonne, who were confulted by the duke of Bedford, then regent of France, pronounced unanimoufly for her execution. The Cathedral is a mod noble Gothic ftrudture : the foundation thereof was laid about the year 990. by Robert arch-bifhop of Rouen, brother to Richard fecond duke of Normandy, partly upon the fame fpot whereon for¬ merly flood the ancient metropolitical church, which had been burnt down in the year 842. but the body of the cathedral was not completely finiihed till 1063. when, in the prefence of William the Conqueror, and many of the Norman nobility, it was with great folemnity dedicated to the Holy Virgin. The crofs part is a building of a more modern date, having been added about the year 1100. The portail at the weft end of this church makes a mod magnificent appearance, being richly embellifhed with ftatues, baffo relievos, and other ornaments; and flanked by two towers of great height, but not uniform. The tower on the fouth fide of this portail was begun in the year 1485. when Robert de Croifemere was arch-bifhop; and finifhed in 1507. during the prelacy of the arch-bifhop cardinal George d’Am- boife, prime minifter to Lewis XII. It is called la Tour de Beure, ' being fo named becaufe pope Innocent VIII. at the requeft of cardinal William d’Eftouteville, permitted the ufe of butter and milk in Lent to all thofe who would contribute towards the expence of building it. In this tower hangs a large bell, called George d’Amboise, in honour of the cardinal of that name : it weighs, as I was told, thirty-fix thoufand pounds; is at the bottom, or mouth, thirty feet in circumference ; and in height, including its ears, or cannons, ten feet ; requires fixteen men to toll it, and thirty-two to ring it out. This remarkable bell was caft by Jean le Machon of Chartres, who, it is faid, died about nineteen hours after, in a violent fit of joy, occafioned by the fuccefs which had attended the performance. He lies buried in the lower part of the nave of the cathedral, under a fmall tomb, on which is the figure of a bell, and the following infeription. CI-DESSOU S GIST JEAN LE MACHON DE CHARTRES HOMME DE FACHON LEQUEL FONDIT GEORGE d’aMBOISE QUI TRENTE SIX MILLES LIVRES POISE MIL CINQUE CENS UN JOUR d’.40UT DIXIEME. PUIS MOURUT LE VINGT ET UNIEME. The oppofite tower, called St. Rom ain’s Tower, which is ufed for the belfrey, appears to have been built at different times; but the whole is of fomewhat a more ancient date than the former. The ( *3 ) The tranfept of the crofs forms a beautiful lantern ; over which Hands a very lofty fpire, three hundred and eighty feet in height, which is a great ornament to the church. This fpire is fupportcd by four columns, each of them compofed of a group of thirty-one fmall pillars united together. Adjoining to the weft end of the cathedral is a large fquare piece of ground, inclofed with a Hone wall, called to this day the Parvis, or Aitre, Befides the grand portail at the weft end, there are two others richly deco¬ rated with fculpture and Gothic ornaments; the one at the north end of the crofs aile, called le Portail des Libraires, from its opening into a place where formerly flood feveral bookfellers fhops ; and the other at the fouth end of the fame aile, and called le Portail de Calende, from its fronting a place diftinguifhed by that name. Each of thefe portails is flanked by two high towers flat on their tops, round which runs a baluftrade of open work. The dimenflons of this cathedral, according to the print publifhed of it, are thefe: length of the church, including the chapel of the Holy Virgin* which Hands at the eaft end, four hundred and ten feet; breadth, eighty-three feet; length of the crofs aile, one hundred and ftxty-four feet; height of the fpire, three hundred and ninety-five feet; height of the towers at the weft end, two hundred and thirty-fix feet; width of the portail at the weft end, including the two towers, one hundred and feventy feet. The infide of the cathedral, to which there are feven entrances, confifts of a nave, which is the oldeft part of the fabric, and hath been enlarged at different times ; a choir ; two fide ailes, which appear rather too narrow for their height; and a crofs aile, whofe whole extent is one hundred and fixty- four feet. The nave and choir are feparated from the other parts of the church by forty-four large columns, exclufive of the four in the tranfept which fupport the lantern and fpire. Thofe which carry the roof of the choir are round, and fome of them are ftudded from top to bottom with fleurs de lys of tin gilt with gold, and fixed on an azure ground; whereas each of the columns in the nave is formed by a group of fmall pillars conjoined, in the fame manner as is obferved in thofe oi the tranfept. Behind the high altar Hands the chapel of the Holy Virgin ; and on each fide of the vertex which is continued round the choir of the church, there are feveral other chapels, amounting in number to twenty-four. The whole building receives its light by means of one hundred and thirty windows, many of them glazed with painted glafs, fome of which is extremely fine, and thought to have been manufactured in this city *. t E f *4 ) The choir is neatly fitted up; and on the Couth fide thereof ftands the archiepifcopal throne. The eaft end is circular, and furrounded with fine grilles ot brafs curioufly wrought, through which you have a view of the adjoining chapels, particularly of that of the Holy Virgin, which is highly enriched with ftatues, and a great variety of gilt ornaments. The afcent from the choir to the high altar, is formed by a flight of three fteps, which at a diftance hath an extreme good effedt. Beyond this runs a baluftrade of call: brafs, breaft high, inclohng the altar and fome part of the chancel; within which {band four columns of the fame metal, each having on its top the figure of an angel holding a candleftick. The whole area of this choir is of the fineft marble, and was new laid about thirty years ago ; at which time all the old monu¬ ments were removed, and the places of thofe of Richard I. king of England, of his elder brother, ufually called Henricus Junior, of John the great duke of Bedford, regent of France, and brother to king Henry V. and that of Charles V. of France, were fupplied by the following inferiptions let into the pavement. In a Lozenge, on the Right Hand of the Altar. On * It is highly probable that a great manufactory of painted glafs was carried on at Rouen; for by the fabric-rolls of Exeter cathedral, it appears that in the time of kings Edward II. and III. conliderable quantities of painted glafs were brought from Rouen to Exeter, in o.-der to adorn that cathedral. In the Choir behind the high Altar, in a Lozenge. ( 16 ) PLATE H In the Middle of the Choir, on a Black Marble Grave-Stone. D. O. M. ET ./ETERNAL MEMORIAL SAPIENTISSIMI PRINCIPIS c'aroli v GALLIARVM REGIS normanni/e antea dvcis QVI HANC ECCLESIAM AMORE SINGVLARI COMPLEXUS BENEFICIISQVE IMMENSIS PROSECVTVS EANDEM AVGVSTISSIMI CORDIS SVI RELIQVIT HEREDEM VBI IN OMNIVM ANIMIS VIVERE NVNQVAM DESINET OBI IT ANNO SALVTIS HVMAN/E MCCCLXXX. In the year 1199. the heart of Richard I. king of England, inclofed in a filvcr box, was, purfuant to his own defire, dcpofited on the right hand of the high altar of this cathedral, under a {lately monument formerly encompafled with a baluftrade of filver*, made at the expence of the canons of this church, to whom in his life time he had been a confiderable benefactor, having granted them, amongft other donations, three hundred muids of wine, to be taken yearly for ever out of his cuftoms at Rouen. On that monument lay the figure of the king in full proportion, drefled in his royal robes ; and beneath was the following infeription. t AD CHALUZ CECIDIT REGNI REX CARDO RICHARDUS HIS FERUS HIS HUMILIS HIS AGNUS ET HIS LEOPARDUS CASUS ERAT LUCIS CHALUZ PER SAECULA NOMEN IGNOTUM FUERAT SED CERTUM NOMINIS OMEN TUNC * The dean, canons, and chapter of Rouen, in the year 1250. ungratefully forgetting the great obligations they were under to this monarch, melted down the hlver baluftrade, in order to contribute towards the ranfom of St. Lewis, then a captive among the pagans. + King Richard I. died of a wound which he received at the fiege of Chalons, then called Chaluz, in the Limolin. <£p gist feu !>e noble memoiretmliantetputft :f ant prince johart rn Cem mount llegent le^ tloialme be franco Due t>c Belfort pour Icq. eftfonirune iljclieete rijmt jourppetueUer :rnrtrelebtetarefte autelplecottegeiifS clcrae: ;rinS medtinet up's prine etlfpafla te rtiiijo'. &ef5epfibTan©iU®ccc;trt1>. an quel run jo'femblable-met eft fimbe piflupt cft>_ Cdlcpnet tn cefte egltCe fcieufacepion a Cbname. W7//avm f/tt 'Conqueror, af then . fCmq Tfr/m/ f/s tt/n/fu/rr, at JRonen . TX. . XL /u)ig Jt/c/uird die /.'a/Jiouen. 71ereiif/tWti f/yr,-,y AYA’/, •//.tr</7. to/cen/ri’tn Ay E/fi/Av Aw,/ an /tsr22>r»/, /// f/ts^I//<,-y afZ'Ee/um //, .irjfaji,! w/iare a/w u> tstferred. '////Zuiai o/t/rt '/////?</ //ft) ^ 1. Jia y/i/jc ( 17 ) TUNC PATUIT RES CLAUSA FUIT SED LUCE CADENTE PRODIIT IN LUCEM PER CASUM LUCIS ADEMPTrE ANNO MILLENO DUCENTENO MINUS UNO AMBROSII FESTO DECESSIT AB ORBE MOLESTO PICTAVIS EXTA DUCIS SEPELIS REA TERRA CADUCI NEUSTRIA TUQUE TEGIS COR* INJESTIMABILE REGIS CORPUS DATUR CLAUDI SUB MARMORE FONTIS EBRAUDI SIC LOCA PERTRINASE SPARSIT TANTA RUINA NEC FUIT HOC FUNUS CUI SUFFICERET LOCUS UNUS EJUS VITA BREVIS CUNCTIS PLANGATUR IN JEW IS. The magnificent Tomb of king Henry the Younger, fecond fon of Henry II. king of England, and for fome time his coadjutor in the kingdom, (he having, by his father’s command, been twice crowned king; firft at Weft- minfter, and afterwards at Winchefter) flood on the left hand of the high altar; and on the fuperficies was placed his image royally habited, and cut in white marble, but without any infcription. His corpfe was firft buried in the church of St. Julian at Mans, near to that of his grand-father, earl Geoffrey ; but the citizens of Rouen, to whom he had bequeathed his body, upon their mod prefling application to the king his father, as alfo to pope Lucius III. having obtained orders for its removal fi, conducted it, on the fhoulders of feveral of the Norman lords, from Mans to Rouen, where it was re-interred with great funeral pomp, in the prefence of Richard archbifhop of Canterbury, Routroud archbifhop of Rouen, and feveral other Englifh and Norman prelates 4 Between * Some copies have Inexpognabu.e inftead of Inasstimabile. + Several records, preferved in the archives of the cathedral of Rouen, mention the let¬ ters lent to the pope by Bertrand de Beceyras bilhop of Agen, Odo duke of Burgundy, Robert duke of Narbonne, William caftellan of St. Omer’s, and feveral other perfons of diftinftion, teftifying the laft will of the prince; and that, when upon his death-bed, in the caftle of Martel in the vifeounty of Turenne, he was follicited to retradt it on account of the badnefs of the roads between that place and Rouen, and rather to appoint the church of Grandmont in the Limolin for the place of his fepulture, he obflinately refufed to comply with thole follicitations, and pofitively declared that he would be buried near to the body of his uncle, William Plantagenet. + ^ brother Geoffrey, duke of Britain, and earl of Richmond, fourth fon of king Henry II. founded a chantry in the church of Rouen for one chaplain to pray daily for the foul of prince Henry, and endowed it with a yearly rent of twenty livres ; which donation was confirmed by his wife Conftance, duchefs of Britain, andcountefs of Richmond. Margaret, daughter of Lewis the Younger, king of France, and widow of this prince Henry, in order to teftify her efleem for her late hufhand, depofited three hundred marks of filver in the hands of the abbot of Clervaux, for eftablifhing other chantries in the fame church to pray for the repofe of his foul. His obit is celebrated yearly on St. Barnabas’s day. g|Kgp ( is ) Between two pillars on the north fide of the choir, and parallel with the high altar, under a tomb of black marble, was interred the famous John of Lancafter, third fon of Henry IV. king of England, duke of Bedford, Anjou, and Alencon, conftable of England, and regent of France, who was juftly accounted one of the beft generals that ever bloffomed out of the royal flem of Plantagenet. This tomb, which was deftroyed by the Hugonots when they made themfelves matters of the city of Rouen, in the year 1562. had not any ftatue, or infcription, placed on it; but the want of the latter was fupplied by a brafs tablet fattened to the wall juft over the place of his interment, and which was taken down when the choir was repaired and plate n. new paved. I made the ftridfeft inquiry that I could after the two above-mentioned ftatues of king Henry the Younger, and king Richard I. and frequently fearched for them in feveral of the difufed chapels, where the workmen, on the repairing of the church, had thrown many pieces of old broken monu¬ ments ; but was not able to find them: neither could I procure the leaft information as to what was become of either of them, or of the tablet w'hich had been eredted to the memory of the duke of Bedford; although Mr. Breval, but a few years before, faw it in the library belonging to this church. Happily, father Mountfajon has, in the fecond volume of Monumens de la Monarchie Franjoise, given us a reprefentation of thofe two ftatues of Hen- ricus Junior and king Richard I. drawn from the originals, which were remaining in his time; and from thence thofe in PLATE II. are taken. The duke of Bedford’s infcription is copied from the figure of it exhibited by Sandford. in his Genealogical History of the Kings of England, p. 314. who engraved it from a delineation made by fir William Dugdale. In the fame plate is alfo engraven the figure of Berengera, or Berengaria, daughter of Sanche king of Navarre and Arragon, and wife of king Richard I. copied from her effigies, ftill remaining on her tomb in the middle of the choir of the abbey de l'Efpan, near Mans, in the Orleanois, founded by her in the year 1230. William, third fon of the emprefs Maud by her fecond hufband, Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, and brother to Henry II. king of England, dying at Rouen, in the year 1164. was interred within this cathedral. The precife fpot in which his corpfe was depofited, hath long been forgotten ; but it is moft probable that the place of his fepulture was in the choir, and near to, and on the right fide of, the high altar; becaufe Henry the Y’ounger, whofe place of interment is known, by his laft will diredted that his body fhould be depofited near to that of his uncle William. On ( i9 ) On the fouth fide of the chapel of the Holy Virgin is the monument of Charles V. of France, which was removed from the middle of the choir of the cathedral, where it formerly flood over the place in which his heart was depofited. On the fuperficies of this monument, which is of touch, is placed an elegant figure, in white marble, as large as life, reprefenting the king with his crown on his head, lying at full length, drefled in his royal robes, and holding his heart in his hand. The filver baluftrade, which anciently inclofed this monument, was carried oil by the Hugonots, who plundered the cathedral during the civil wars in the reign of Francis II. In the fame chapel, on the right fide near the altar, is a lumptuous monu¬ ment, of black and white marble, fixteen feet broad, and twenty-one feet in height, which may truly be called, as it is here, a Mausoleum of the two cardinals George d’Amboise, uncle and nephew ; and, for the number of its figures and other ornaments, may juftly be efleemed a moft excellent perform¬ ance*. On the lower part of this monument are fix figures in white marble, reprefenting Faith, Charity, Prudence, Fortitude, Juftice, and Temperance, placed in diftindt niches of touch, feparated from each other by pilafters orna¬ mented with funereal emblems ; and on the top, which is alfo of touch, are the ftatues of the two cardinals f, cut in white marble, larger than life, kneeling, and holding their hands clofed and elevated, as at their devotions. Round the verge of the monument are thefe verfes. PASTOR ERAM CLERI POPULI PATER AUREA SE SE LILIA SUBDEBANT QUERCUS ET IPSA MIHI MORTUUS EN JACEO MORTE EXT1NGUUNTUR HONORES AT VIRTUS MORTIS NES^IA MORTE VIRET. On the canopy are feveral figures, particularly thofe of the Twelve Apoflles Handing two and two together. The bodies of the above-mentioned cardinals are buried in a vault, under a tomb of touch, embelliihed with ornaments in white marble, which Hands at the foot of the maufoleum. On the oppofite fide of the chapel Hands a very magnificent monument credted for monfieur Louis de Breze, grand fenefchal, lieutenant-general, and governor, of * This fumptuous monument was eroded in the year 1522. by George d’Amboile, the nephew, when he was only archbiihop of Rouen, and had no great expeditions of obtaining the purple; fo that his ftatue, which was at that timp placed on the maufoleum, repre- fented him drefled in his archiepifcopal habit: but as foon as he had procured a cardinal’s hat, he ordered his ftatue to be taken down, and replaced by that which we now fee. This maufoleum is faid to have been feven years in making. p A fine medal of cardinal George d’Amboile is engraven in Plate XII. ( ) of Normandy, who died in 1521. The body of this tomb, which is faid to reprefent the feveral ftages of monfieur de Breze’s life, is charged with four Corinthian columns of touch, Handing on bafes of ftatuary marble, and crowned with capitals of the fame. The intercolumniations are enriched with feftoons of fruits and flowers gilt. In the centre Hands a farcophagus of black marble, whereon lies a figure finely executed, reprefenting the dead body of monfieur de Breze. In a kind ol nich at the head of this figure, is that of his wife Diana of Poitiers, duchefs of Valentinois, kneeling, with her arms crofs each other, and drefled in a widow’s habit: and at the foot is another female figure, holding a young child in her arms. Over the farcophagus are placed four caryatides with balkets of fruit on their heads, and reprefenting Prudence, Glory, Viftory, and Faith; and in the middle Hands the flatue of monfieur de Breze, with a coronet on his head, and drefled in the habit of a count, wearing the collar of the order. The caryatides fupport an entablature, the principal members whereof are richly gilt; and over the centre of the cornice is another figure in white marble, reprefenting monfieur de Breze on horfeback, armed cap-a-pe. The whole of this work is crowned by an Attic of the compofite' order, which forms a nich, wherein is placed a female figure, reprefenting Fortitude; and in the frieze over her head are thefe words in golden letters, In virtute tabernaculum ejus. The cornice is terminated by two lions, each holding an efcutcheon of the arms of the defundl ; and on a pedeflal over the centre is a goat rampant, being his crefl. This monument, all the figures whereof are of white marble, was ereefled at the foie charge of the duchefs de Valen¬ tinois, widow of monfieur de Breze. This lady, who was the favorite miflrefs of two kings fucceflively, makes her hulband a promife, in four Latin verfes, part of monfieur de Breze’s epitaph, which her executors never performed ; for, though {he gives him her word to fliare one grave with him, yet fhe lies buried under a, fumptuous tomb of ftatuary marble in the chapel of the caftle of Anet near Paris, now belonging to the duke of Bourbon, but which caftle was built on purpofe for her, by king Henry II. of France. The verfes run thus. HOC LODOICE TIBI POSDIT BRESiEE SEPULCHRUM PICTONIS AMISSO MCESTA DIANA VIRO INDIVULSA TIBI QUONDAM ET FIDISSSMA CONJUX UT FUIT IN THALAMO SIC ERIT IN TUMULO. Within the fame chapel are alfo handfome monuments for William de Flavacour, archbifhop of Rouen, who died in 1306. for archbifliop Ralph Rouflcl, who died in 1452. for archbifliop Odo Rigault, who died in 1275. and for moniieur Charles de la Rochefoucault, baron of Celfrin, who was flain at the taking of mount St. Catharine in 1562. In ( 21 ) In the chapel of St. Romain lie interred the remains of the famous Rollo, firft duke of Normandy, they having been removed thither from the fide of the high altar, when the choir was rebuilt and enlarged. At the time of the duke’s firft interment, the following verfes were placed on his tomb. DUX NORMANORUM CUNCTORUM NORMA BONORUM, ROLLO FERUS FORTIS QUEM GENS NORMANICA MORTIS INVOCAT ARTICULO CLAUDITUR HOC TUMULO IPSI PROVIDEAT TUA SIC CLEMENTIA CHRISTE TE UT SEMPER VIDEAT CCETIBUS ANGELICIS. But after the removal of the body, this epitaph was inferibed on his monu¬ ment, where it ftill remains. DUX NORMANORUM TIMOR HOSTIS ET ARMA SUORUM ROLLO SUB HOC TITULO CLAUDITUR IN TUMULO MAJORES CUJUS PROBITAS PROVEXIT UT EJUS SURVIVIT NEC AVUS NEC PATER AUT PROAVUS DUCENTEM FORTES REGEM MULTASQUE COHORTES DEVICIT DACI^E CONGREDIENS ACIE FRIXONAS VUALCROS HALBACENSES HAYNAUCOS HOC SIMUL ADJUNCTOS ROLLO DEDIT PROFUGOS EGIT AD HOC FRESIOS PER PLURIMA VULNERA VICTOS UT SIBI JURARENT ATQUE TRIBUTA DARENT BAJOCAS CEPIT HIS PARISIUS SUPERAVIT NEMO FUIT FRANCIS ASPERIOR CUNEIS ANNIS TRIGINTA GALLORUM C^DIBUS ARVA IMPLEVIT PIGRO BELLA GERENS CAROLO POST MULTAS STRAGES PR^DAS INCENDIA CfiDES UTILE CUM GALLI3 FCEDUS IN IT CUPIDIS SUPPLEX FRANCONI MERUIT BAPTISMATE TINGI SIC PERIIT VETERIS OMNE NEFAS HOMINIS UT FUIT ANTE LUPUS SIC POST FIT MITIBUS AGNUS PAX ITA MUTATUM MULCEAT ANTE DEUM. William, furnamed Longa-Spatha, fon and fucceffor, in the dukedom, to Rollo, was firft interred within the choir; but his corpfe was alfo, on the rebuild¬ ing of the cathedral, taken up and depofited on the right-hand fide of the altar in the chapel of St. Ann, under a new tomb, on which the following verfes are inferibed. ROLLONIS NATUS GULIELMUS LONGA VOCATUS SPATHA DEO GRATUS JACET HIC TUMULO TUMULATUS G PANEM ... ?ANEM CANONICIS IN HO NO-RE DEI GENETRICIS CONTULIT ERGO PIA JUVET IPSUM VIRGO MARIA ET QUI CUNCTA VIDET SIBI VIVO PANE FRUI DET ANNO CENTENO NOVIES DUO CUM QUADRAGENO DEFUIT IN MEMBRIS TERDENA LUCE DECEMBRIS CUM NATO CUNCTIS ESCAS TRIBUENTE QUIESCAS QUI PANEM CHRISTI PRO MATRIS HONORE DEDISTI QUI DEDIT HOC MUN.US HUNC SALVET TRINUS ET UNUS. The epitaph on his tomb, whilft it flood in the choir, run thus. QUOS DEFENDEBAT GULIELMUS NEMO PREMEBAT AUXILIO CARUIT C/EDERE QUEM VOLUIT REGIBUS AC DUCIBUS METUENDA MANUM FUIT EJUS BELLIGER HENRICUS C/ESAR EUM TIMUIT REXIT NORMANNOS VIGINTI QUINQUE PER ANNOS MILITIS ATQUE DUCIS PROMPTUS IN OFFICIIS CCENOBIUM PULCHRL REPARAVIT GEMMETICENSE EE DECRIVIT IBI FERRE JUGUM MONACHI FERVIDUS INVICTI COLUIT NORMAM BENEDICTI CUI PETIIT SUBDI PLENUS AMORE DEI DISTULIT HOC ABBAS MARTINUS DIVA POTESTAS SJEVA PER ARMA MORI PRALTULIT OMEN EL NAMQUE DOLIS COMITIS ARNULPHI NECTUS INERMIS CORRUIT yETHEREUM POSSIT HABERE DEUM. At the upper end of the nave of the cathedral, is the tomb of St. Maurilus, archbiihop of Rouen, who died in 1067. and at fome diftance from it, Sybil, daughter of Geoffrey de Converfana, and wife of Robert the fecond duke of Normandy, lies buried under a tomb-ftone, on which is the following epitaph. NOBILITAS SPECIES LAUS GLORIA MAGNA POTESTAS' VIVENS PERPETUO NON FACIUNT HOMINEM NAM GENEROSA POTENS DIVES COMITISSA SYBILLA HOC JACET IN TUMULO CONDITA FACTA CINIS CUJUS LARGA MANUS MENS PROVIDA VITA PUDICA PRODESSET PATRICE SI DIUTURNA FORET NORMANNI DOMINAM GENS APPULA DEFLET ALUMNAM CUJUS IN OCCASU GLORIA MAGNA RUIT VELLERIS AURATI CUM TITAN SYDUS INIBAT MORTEM PASSA RUIT SIT SIBI VITA DEUS. Here ( 2 3 ) Here are alfo feveral ftately monuments, particularly one for the cardinal William d’Estouteville : but thefe I pafs over, as not relating cither to the hiftory of England, or that of Normandy, during the latter’s connexion with the Englifh monarchs. In the middle of the crofs aile of this church hands the font, which is of black marble, and looks like one of our old altar-monuments, beinu an oblong fquare, pointing eaft and weft. The chapter-houfe is a handfome room, built at the expence of William Bonne-Ame, archbiihop of Rouen, who died in the year mo. and is there buried under a tomb ftill remaining near the eaft wall. The library belonging to the cathedral is a noble gallery, one hundred feet in length by twenty feet in breadth ; but hath not a fufficient quantity of light. It is furnifhed with a great number of printed books, and fome indifferent pidtures of its benefadors. Free accefs is allowed to all perfons defirous of ftudying there, from eight of the clock in the morning till twelve, and from two till five in the afternoon, of every day in the week, except Sundays and holidays. Over the door is the following infeription. SIQUEM SANCTA TENET MEDITANDI IN LEGE VOLUNTAS HIC POTERIT RESIDENS SACRIS INTENDERE LIBRIS. The chapter, which confifts of the archbifhop, a dean, fifty canons, and ten dignities % or prebendaries*, have, ever fince the reign of Henry II. king of England and duke of Normandy, enjoyed the extraordinary annual privilege of pardoning, on Afcenfion-day, any perfon confined within the jurifdidion of the city, for murder, together with his or her accomplices ; and, if there happen to be no fuch prifoner, then any other malefador, however atrocious the crime he is charged with may be, provided it is not high-treafon againft his fovereign, and * Several lands in England did formerly belong to thefe prebends and canons, viz. the manor of Clere in Surry, the manor of Otcri in Devonfhire, the manor of Kilburn in York- ilnre, and the chapel of Tikehull; the latter being, as the regifler-books of the cathedral inform us, « data a domino rege Johanne, quando fuit comes, ad quatuor prabendas, ad faciendum anniver- ‘ faria patris fui et fratrum, qua: valet C. marc, unde LX. marese aflignata: funt ad quatuor prse- ‘ bcndas ’ et XL. marcs aflignata: ad obitum regum II. et R. et Johan, faciendum.’ See Dug- dale’s Monasticon, vol. ii. p. 1017. where you will find the names of feveral churches in England, which were given to thefe canons. ( 2 4 ) and that he is a native of the place. The manner in which the chapter exert their privilege is this : During the three Rogation-days, two of the canons, attended by the regifter, and two chaplains dreffed in their furplices, vifit all the prifons within the city and fuburbs, and having taken down in writing the examinations and confeffions of the feveral malefadtors, as to the crimes wherewith they refpedtively Hand charged, deliver the fame in to the chapter. On the morning of Afcenfion-day, the chapter having heard thefe feveral examinations and confeffions read, proceed to the election of the perfon who is to be pardoned, and, the choice being made, tranfmit his name in writing, by one of the chaplains, to the parliament, which for that purpofe aflemble on that day at the palace. The parliament, having received the billet from the chapter, walk in proceflion to the great chamber, whither the prifoner ele£t being brought before them in his fetters, and placed on a (tool, he is informed of the choice fallen upon him, and that thereby he is intitled to the Privilege of St. Romain *. After this, the criminal is delivered over into the hands of the chaplain, who, accompanied by fifty muiketeers, conduits him to an apartment where the chains are taken off from his legs, and bound round his arms; and then he is led to a place called the Old Tower, where, in a final 1 chapel dedicated to St. Romain, and built on the fcite of the ancient palace of the Norman dukes f, he waits the arrival of the proceflion of St. Mary. As foon as thefe matters are notified to the chapter, the proceflion fets out from the cathedral; two of the canons, dreffed in their albes, bearing the fhrine in which the reliques of St. Romain are fuppofed to be preferved. When the proceflion is arrived at the Old Tower, the fhrine is placed in the chapel, oppofite to the criminal, who is kneeling, bare-headed, with the chains on his arms ; and then the arch-bifhop, or in his abfence one of the canons, having made him repeat the confeflion, lays his hand upon his head, and fays the prayers commonly ufed at the time of giving abfolution. After this the criminal, flill kneeling, lifts up the fhrine three times amidft the acclamations of the populace affembled to fee the cere¬ mony. The proceflion then returns to the cathedral, followed by the criminal wearing a chaplet of flowers on his head, and carrying in his arms the fhrine of * It is the vulgar opinion, that this extraordinary privilege was obtained for the chapter by the interceflion of St. Romain ; but we find it to be of a much later date than his time. This favorite faint of the inhabitants of Rouen, was defcended from a branch of the family of the princes of Guel- dres, and in the year 631. promoted to the archiepifcopal fee of Rouen, in which he continued until his death, which happened on tile 23d day of Oaober, 644. His body was interred under a marble tomb in the parochial church of St. Godard, where it reded until the year 1036. when it was, by archbifliop Robert I. taken up, and removed into the cathedral church. In 1090. arch- bifhop Bonne-Ame, placed it in a magnificent fhrine richly inlaid with gold and precious dones ; in which condition it remained till it was, together with many others, burnt by the Calvinids in 1562. but fome fragments of the faint’s body, being preferved, were depofited in the fhrine wherein they are now kept. + This ancient palace was built in the year 944. by duke Richard I, ( 2 5 ) of St. Remain as far as the high altar, where having depofited it, he falutes the chapter, and then proceeds to the chapel of St. Romain, within the cathe¬ dral, and hears mafs faid by the chaplain of that fraternity. The mafs finifhed, he is conduced by the fame chaplain to fome place without the jurifdi&ion of the city, where, after a moll ferious exhortation, given to him by a monk particularly appointed to that office, he is entertained with wine and other refrefhments, and then, attended by the fame chaplain, returns to the cathedral, in fome of the apartments belonging whereto, a fupper and bed are that night provided for him, and the next morning he receives his plenary difmiffion.* Eight of the canons belonging to this cathedral, viz. four, called the Canons of fifteen Marcs, and four others, called the Canons of fifteen Pounds, are indebted to our Englifh monarchs for their eftablifhment, and, in ftri&nefs of fpeaking, may be rather ftyled the Archbiffiop’s canons, than canons of the Cathedral. The four former were founded in the year 1189. by John earl of Mortaign, afterwards king of England, who granted to the archbifhop certain revenues for their maintenance and appointment ; which eftabliffiment was confirmed by king Richard I. who at the fame time founded the other four to cele¬ brate a mafs daily in the cathedral, for the repofe of his brother, king Henry the Younger. The canons of fifteen marcs are ftill in the nomination of the archbifhop : but the other four are chofen by the chapter, to whom that right was ceded by archbifhop George d’Amboife the nephew. In the ancient mu¬ niments of this cathedral thefe eight canons are fpoken of, under the various appella¬ tions of Canons, Chaplains, Vicars, Petty Prebendaries, Petty Canons, &c. I muft not omit mentioning, that the cathedral of Rouen was the conftant place in which the inauguration of the dukes of Normandy was folemnized. In the middle of the city Hands' the ancient Royal Abbey of St. Audoen, or Ouen f, which was originally founded by Clothaire 3. king of France, h about * Somewhat like this privilege, is that enjoyed by the bifhops of Orleans, who, from time immemorial, have exercifed a right of pardoning and releafing, on the day of their inlfalment, all prifoners confined within the city. -f- St. Audoen, or Ouen, to whom this abbey is dedicated, was born at Sancy near Soif- fons, and defeended from a family of good note in that place. He received his education in the abbey of St. Medard in SoilTons, from whence he was removed to the court of Clothaire II. where he was preferred to feveral confiderable employments, and, when Dagobert afeended the throne, was appointed his refendary and chancellor. In the year 646. he was confecrated archbifhop of Rouen, and died at Clichy on the 24th of Auguft, 689. His body was brought to Rouen, and depofited in a tomb which he had prepared for himfelf in his life-time, within the church of St. Peter, now the abbey church of St. Ouen. Three years after his interment, his remains were, by his fucceffor Aufbert, inclofed in a fhrine of filver, and placed near the high altar. In 842. they were removed to Paris, and in 918. brought back to this abbey, where they remained till they were burnt by the Calvinifts in 1562. ( *6 ) about the year 538.* and dedicated to St. Peter; but the prefent church is a work of the fourteenth century, and efteemed by connoifleurs as one of the fineffc * The abbey built by king Clothaire was in great meafure deftroyed by the Normans in the year 842. Duke Rollo, upon his becoming Chriftian, caufed part of the ruined buildings to be repaired and thefe were afterwards much improved by the contributions of his fuc- ceflors, William Longelpe, Richard I. and Richard II. dukes of Normandy. In the year 1035. abbot Nicholas, being determined to efface every mark of the Norman fury, caufed all the former buildings to be levelled with the ground, and laid the foundation of an intire new church, which was not completely finifhed till ninety years after. This church, being burnt down within the fpace of ten years from its dedication, was rebuilt by Richard I. king of England, and the emprefs Maud; but in the year 1238. was alfo deftroyed by fire. A fmall part of the building, which had efcaped the flames, was fitted up for public worfhip by the monks, who contented themfelves therewith till abbot John Margargent, alias Rouflel, in the year 1318. began to eredt the prefent fumptuous church. This abbot lived to fee the choir, the fide chapels, the tranfept of the great crofs, and a confiderable part of the crofs ailes, together with the chapel of the Holy Virgin, intirely completed. To this abbey king Edward the Confeffor granted the manors of Mercy, other wife Weft-Merefey, Doniland, Fin- dringho, and Peet, in Eflex ; in the former of which a Benedidtine convent was afterwards fettled, and became a cell to this abbey of St. Ouen. Bifhop Tanner, in his Notitia Monastica, and fome other authors, alfert, that upon the diffolution of the alien priories, king Henry V. granted this priory and manor to archbifhop Chicheley : but we learn from the regifter-books of the abbey of St. Ouen, that many of the alien priories in England having been fupprefled in the parliament held at Lcicefter in 1414. (2. Hen. V.) the abbot and convent of St. Ouen, notwithftanding they at that time, by their influence at the Englifh court, had procured an exemp¬ tion for their priory of Weft-Merefey, yet, fearing that it might foon be involved in the fame fate with the former, and having likewife occafion to raife a fum of money for the prefling neceflities of the abbey, procured licence from king Henry V. and a bull from the pope, per¬ mitting them to fell the fame, together with the lands thereunto belonging : and accordingly the abbot and convent, in the year 1420. by their deed under the abbey-feal, conveyed the feite of the laid priory, together with the manor of Weft-Merefey, unto Henry Chicheley, archbifhop of Canterbury, and his brother, archdeacon William Chicheley, and their heirs for ever, in confideration of three thoufand five hundred francs, or livres, paid to the abbot and convent for the common and general ufe of the abbey, five hundred livres for the fepair of the cloyfter fronting the chapter- houfe, and for the fetting up therein a glafs window, in which fhould be depidted the figure of Henry Chicheley, archbifhop of Canterbury, drefled in his pontifical habit, and kneeling before the figure of St. Thomas a Becket clothed in like manner, and one thoufand livres to the monks to be by them laid out in clothing and other neceflaries for their ufe. One part of the deed of conveyance is ftill preferved among the records of this abbey, from whence the following copy is taken. * HiEC indentura, fadta inter reverendiflimum in Chrifto patrem et dominum, dominum * Henricum Chichele, Cantuarienfcm archiepifcopum, totius Anglize primatem, et apoftolicze fedis * legatum, ex parte una, et venerabiles ac religiofos viros, Johannem Dei gratia abbatem mona- * fterii fandti Audoeni in Rothomago, et ejufdem loci conventum, ex parte altera, teftatur, Quod * iidem abbas et conventus, eorum unanimi confensu et aflensu, conceflerunt, dederunt, et per * cartas fuas inde figillatas confirmaverunt, praftato reverendiflimo patri, et magiftro Willelmo t Chichele, archidiacono Cantuarienfi, manerium five prioratum fuum de Merefeye, alias Mer- * fege, in comitatu Eflexias in Anglia, habendum et tenendum przefatum manerium five prioratum, ‘ cum fuis juratis et pertinentiis univerfis, przefatis reverendiflimo patri et magiftro Willelmo, here- * dibus et aflignatis fuis in perpetuum, prout in litteris antedidtis plenius continetur. Et concede- * runt didti abbas et conventus. Quod ipfi quafcumque litteras, five cartas donationis, conceflionis, ‘ confirmationis, ceflionis, five tranfportationis aut relaxation^, renunciationis aut quiete clama- * tionis, per przefatos reverendiflimum patrem Henricum, et Willelmum, five procuratores fuos, ‘ pro fecuritate przefatorum domini archiepifcopi et Willelmi, heredum et aflignatoruin fuorum, * in didto manerio five prioratu, in futurum, citra duos annos a data przefentium, concipiendas, * et ( 2 7 ) ftneft Gothic ftrudhires in France, notwithftanding the weft end thereof hath not been finished according to the magnificent defign which the architect had formed for it. X The walls of this church are eafed on the outfide by thirty-two arc- boutants, or buttreftes, placed at equal diftances, and fo contrived as not in the leaft to impede the light from piercing the windows. Over the centre of * et eifdem abbati & conventui in monafterio fuo oftendendas quoties et quando ad hoc fuerint per * ipfos requiliti, abfque contraaidtione feu mors difpendio, eoruiri communi figillo figillabunt, et liberabunt cum effedtu, didto reverendiflimo patri, et Willelmo, aut alteri ipforum, procura- toribufve eorumdem, abfque folvendis fredis quibufcumque abbati aut conventui fupradidtis. 4 Concefferunt infuper prsfati abbas et conventus, prsfatis reverendiflimo patri, et Willelmo, * Quod Omnes cartas, indcnturas, privilegia, evidentias, et munimenta quscumque, prsfatum * manerium five prioratum concernentia, quas ad manus eorum jam habent, vel in futurum deve- * nient, integre, et fine diminutions, retentione; aut occultatione quacumque, prsfato reveren- * diflimo patri, aut Willelmo, five procuratoribus eorumdem, fldeliter liberabunt; et quod omnem * diligentiam adhibebunt pro cartis, litteris, et munimehtis prcedidtis, in archivis eorumdem, et ‘ alibi ubi viderint expedire, perfcrutandis et obtinendis. Item concordatum eft. Quod prsfati ‘ abbas et conventus, omnes adtiones fuas, tarn reales quam perfonales, aut mixtas, quas contra * quafcumque perfonas habuerint, et quae eis competunt, feu in futurum competere poterunt, occa- * fione cujufcumque contradtus, tranfgreflionis, five debiti cujufcumque, eis, ratione manerii five pri- * oratus antedidli, five fuper vafto, dilapidatione, demolitione, reparatione, vel afportatione bonorum * didti manerii five prioratus, aut pertinentiis eorumdem, in prsfatos reverendiflimum patrem et * Willelmum transferent, cedent, et omni via juris qua melius fieri pofiit, tranfportabunt; et e prsdidtos reverendiftimum patrem et Willelmum; fuos procuratores, et in rem fuam ad hoc c facient, quoties et quando ad hoc fuerint debite requiliti. Et folvet prasfatus reverendifTimus ‘ pater, prsfatis abbati et conventui, pro prsfati manerii five prioratus conceflionibus antedidtis * ex conventione inter eos habita, quinque millia francorum, fub modo et forma infra fcriptis: ‘ videlicet, praedi< 5 tis abbati et conventui, in relevationem neceflitatum, et ad convertendum in ‘ utilitatem eorumdem, tria millia quingentos francos; item, ad refeclionem et reparationcm clauftri * ruinofi ante oftium domus capitularis ibidem, et ad faciendam unam feneftram vitream ibidem ‘ in qua ponentur duas imagines honefts, una videlicet de faiidto Thonla dudurii Cantuarienfi * archiepifcopo, et alia de didto Henrico archiepifcopo ante eum genufledlente, ambs ponti- « ficalibus induts, quingentos francos : item folvet monachis ejufdem monafterii, ad diftri- * huendum squaliter inter eos, pro veftario et aliis neceiTariis fuis, mille francos. Itaque folvet * dominus archiepifcopus prsfatus, prsdidtis abbati et conventui, et ad utilitatem eorumdem * quinque millia francorum antedidta. Et concefiit idem reverendiflimus pater, Quod ipfe copiam * cujufdam bulls apoftolics, nuper, ad inftantiam illuftriflimi principis, domini noftri reo-is * Anglia. 1 , per dominum noftrum papam, fuper alienationibus prioratuum et pofleflionum alieni- ‘ genarum in Anglia conceflie, una cum quodam ftatuto regis nuper in Anglia edito fub figillo ‘ authentico, eifdem abbati et conventui tranfmittet et liberabit, tranfmittive et liberari faciet, * infra.unum annum a diedats prsfentium continue numerando. Item conceflit idem reverendif- * fimus pater. Quod in eventum quo aliqui prsfatos abbatem et conventum quomodo de ea re * iniplacitare aut infeftare vellent, occafione dimiflionis iftius, five conceflionis manerii five priora¬ tus eifdem, per prsdidtos abbatem et conventum fadts, live conventionis alicujus fuper eodem, * dominus archiepifcopus ipfos defendet, et indemnes fervabit. Adque omnia et fing'ula, bene * et fideliter perimplenda, ut prsmittitur, quateniis utramque partem concernit, obligant fe mutuo ‘ P r5Efatus reverendifTimus pater Henricus, arch, et abbas et conventus fupradidti, et omnia ‘ bona fua, ubicumque fuerint inventa.’ + The orl S inal drawing of the elevation of this portail, as it was at firfl: intended to have been built, is preferved in the archives of the church, from which an engraving was fome years fince publifhed. ( *8 ) of the crofs Hands the great tower, which is looked upon as a mod curious piece of mafonry, and from its height, which rifes one hundred feet above the roof of the church, is a great ornament to the abbey and city, and affords an agreeable fight to perfons coming from the country. The great portail at the weft end of this church makes a handfome appearance, and was fini£hed in the manner as it now appears, during the time that cardinal Innocent Citro, who died in 1518. was abbot of this monallery ; but it falls in¬ finitely fhort of the original defign. The porch at the fouth entrance into the church is much more worthy of the fpedlator’s attention, being highly enriched with architedlonic ornaments ; particularly two beautiful cul de lamps, which, from the combination of a variety of fpiral dreflings, as they hang down from the vaulted roof, produce a very pleafing effedt. The infide of this lofty church receives its light from three rows of pointed arched windows continued round the building, and which, together with the three beautiful rofes introduced at the weft end, and at the extremities of the crofs aile, throws in a more chearful mafs of light than we ufually meet with in edifices of this fort. The under tier of windows is glazed with painted glafs, wherein are depicted the figures of the mod remarkable perfons mentioned in the Old Teftament; and in the upper row are painted a variety of fcriptural and other hiftories. The pillars which fupport the roof are extremely delicate, and the proportions perfedlly well obferved. The choir is circular, and very beau¬ tiful ; and the fpaces between the arcades which divide it from the fide-ailes are filled up with elegant open grilles de fer, of moft exquifite workman- fhip. At the back of the choir Hands a chapel of the Holy Virgin; and on each fide are five other chapels. In one of thefe I faw a clock, with the figures of St. Michael and the devil, whom the former ftrikes every hour. The jube or fereen, which divides the choir from the nave of the church, and was the gift of the cardinal d’Eftouteville, though now deprived of feveral of its images, and other ornaments, with which it was formerly enriched, is ftill juftly admired by travellers as a moft mafterly performance of its kind. This abbey, having frequently been damaged by fire, and afterwards pillaged by the Calvinifts under the prince of Conde, is not furnilhed with many remarkable monuments. Among the few that remain, is one eredted within St. Mary’s chapel, to the memory of the eldeft fon of the famous lord Talbot, general of the Englifh forces in France in the reign of Henry VI. and earl of Shrewftiury ; on which is the following infeription. CY GIST NOBLE HOMME JEAN * TALLEBOT FILS DU SIEUR DE TALLEBOT MARESCHAL DE FRANCE QUI DECEDAT ES ANNEES DE PUERILITIE LE 4 JANVIER 1438. The ( 2 9 ) The body of Richard III. duke of Normandy, who died in the year 1027. was buried in the ancient abbey-church ; but the defolation which that church underwent, hath effaced all traces, not only of his monument, but even the memory of the particular fpot in which he lies interred. The whole lehgth of the prefent church of St. Ouen, meafuring from the cha¬ pel of the Virgin Mary, at the eaft end, to the weft door, is four hundred and fixteen feet eight inches, French; the length of the nave, from the door of the choir to the weft door, two hundred and thirty-four feet; the length of the choir, one hundred and eight feet; the length of our Lady’s chapel, fixty-fix feet; the diftance between the choir and our Lady’s chapel, eight feet eight inches 5 the breadth of the nave, including the ftde-ailes, feventy-eight feet; the breadth of each fide-aile, twenty-two feet ; and the breadth of the nave, exclufive of the ftde-ailes, is thirty-four feet. The height from the pavement to the roof is one hundred feet ; the length of the crofs-aile, from the great north door to the fouth, one hundred and thirty feet; and the breadth, thirty-four feet. A perfpedtive view of this magnificent church and convent is engraven on feven fine copper-plates, at the expence of the monks of this abbey. The Refectory, Chapter-House, and Cloysters, are very grand edifices. In the latter, which appears to be a much more ancient building than the church, I obferved fome old ftone delks ftuck to the pillars, and defigned to place books upon f: but I did not meet with the image of any faint, or crucifix. Adjoining to that part of the north fide of the church, which is juft below the tranfept of the crofs, I obferved a very old tower, which, as the monks affert, was part of the church built by king Richard I. and Maud the emprefs. Many of our Englifh kings were confiderable benefadlors to this abbey. Wil¬ liam the Conqueror granted to the abbot and convent an exclufive right of I holding * Jean is certainly a miilake of the engraver. The Chriflian name of the elded fon of this great earl of Shrewlhury, who died young in France, was Thomas. The earl had afecond fon, named John, who was created Baron Lille, and was, together with his father, (lain in the battle of Chaftillion, on the 20th of July, 1653. •f* In the Benedidtine convents it was anciently a cuftom, for all the monks to affemble toge¬ ther, in the cloyflers, at ftated times in the day, and there cultivate their ftudies in common ; fome being employed in reading, whilft others were engaged in tranferibing books : and for this pur- pofe it was, that thefe defks were placed in the abbey-cloyfters. 1 I holding a flefli-market, and of taking certain duties on all mercliandife fold within the precindls of the abbey: king Henry I. exempted them, and all fhips and perfons belonging to them, from the payment of all tolls and cuftoms whatfoever, as well in England as in Normandy: and king Richard I. granted to them the village of Pofes, with its appurtenances, as alfo the tythes of the mills belonging thereto, in exchange for a mere trifling piece of land at Limay, near Ponte de l’Arche. * At * The original deed of exchange, on the part of king Richard, is Rill remaining in the abbey of St. Ouen, and runs thus. * RICHARDUS, Dei gratia rex Anglia?, dux Normannite, Aquitaniae, et comes Andegavia?, * archiepifcopis, epifcopis, abbatibus, comitibus, baronibus, juRiciariis, vice-comitibus, fenefcallis, « prapofitis, baillivis, et omnibus miniftris et iidelibus fuis, falutem. Sciatis, Nos dedifie et con- * cefliile, et prefenti charta noRra confirmaile, abbati et monachis fandti Audoeni Rothomagenfis, « villam qua? dicitur Poses, cum omnibus pertinentiis, in perpetuam eleemofynam, pro excambio * terra fua? quam habebant apud Limayam juxta Pontem-Archa?, et pro excambio pratorum et * tenementorum fuorum, et reddituum fuorum, qui pro ftagnis juxta Rothomagum occupant. * Concedimus etiam abbati et monachis fandti Audoeni decimas omnium molendinorum quae' noftra ‘ erant apud Rothomagum, qua; dedimus in excambium archiepifcopo Rothomag. ficut eas * habuerant antequam, molendina ilia daremus archiepifcopo. Quare volumus, et firmiter praci- * pimus. Quod pradidta abbatia, et pradidti monachi fandti Audoeni, pradidtam villam de Pofes, * cum pertinentiis, habeant et teneant, bene et in pace, libere et quiete, integre, plenarie et hono- * rifice, cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis confuetudinibus fuis, et cum integritate fua, et fimiliter * prafatas decimas molendinorum apud Rothomagum, ne quis eos fuper hoc in aliquo diRurbet aut * impediat. TeRibus Willelmo filio Radulfi, tunc fenefcallo Norman. Willelmo Dehommet, * conRabulario Normannia?; Petro de Pratellis; Walterio de Ely; Willelmo filio Richardi; « magiRro Nicolao de Berleya, et pluribus aliis. Data per manum Elienfis epifcopi, cancellarii * noRri, 17 die, apud Rupem Andely, anno nono regni noRri.’ To this deed of exchange is appendant the broad feal ufed by king Richard, as duke of Normandy; and which is here engraven, impreflions of that feal being extremely rare. ( 3i ) At the weft end of the quay, and at the corner of the city-walls, is an old citadel, which, ever fince the building of the palace in which the parlia¬ ment now ufually aflembles, hath obtained the appellation of le Vieux Palais. This citadel is moated round, and flanked with circular towers on the land- fide, as it formerly was on that fide next to the river Seine; but the latter have of late years been thrown down, and their place is now fupplied by a baftion, whofe falient angle extends to the water’s edge, and, with a parapet and fome other out-works, ferves for the defence of the city on that fide. Soon after the furrender of the city to the Englifh, in the year 1418. king Henry V. began to build the citadel, in order to awe the citizens, and in confequence of one of the articles of capitulation, whereby it was agreed, that a fufheient quantity of land near the walls, either within or without the city, at the king’s option, fhould be afligned to him, in order to his building thereon a palace for his royal relidence. In the profecution of this work, which was not completed till the 21ft year of king Henry VI. it being found neceflary to pull down a houfe of Beguines, which flood in the way of the ramparts, the fame was removed ; and in lieu thereof king Henry, by his charter dated at Rouen, the 4th of February, 1443. granted to that fifter- hood a much more convenient place of refidence within the parifh of St. Vigor. The communication with this citadel is by means of a draw-brido-e, and over the gate thereof are carved the arms of France. Proceeding from hence, north-weft, along the city-walls, I faw, oppofite to the fauxbourg Bouvereul, the remains of an old caftle, called Chateau de Fon- tain Gaalor, built by Philip Auguftus ; the only parts whereof now Handing are the gate-way, and three towers, called la Tour du Gascon, la Tour de Donjon, and la Tour de la Pucelle. Southward of this caftle, and almoft at the extremity of the city, next the Seine, ftood the Palace of duke Rollo ; of which I could not meet with any remains. The church of St. Peter du Chatel, and a monaftery of Cor¬ deliers, are now built on the feite thereof Near the foot of the bridge is a fmall caftle, built by king Henry V. in the year 1419. upon the feite of the Old Barbican, and in which formerly a captain’s guard was conftantly kept. It now belongs to the governor of the city, but he never refides in it. Not far from this caftle, and adjoining to the public halls, is the Old Tower, formerly part of the fuperb palace which was eredted by Richard I. duke of Nor¬ mandy, about the year 95 ®* hut deftroyed by Philip Auguftus in the year 1204. Within this tower ftood a chapel built by duke Richard I. and dedicated to St. ( 3 2 ) St. Romain. The criminal who received the privilege of St. Romain, was ufually conduced to that chapel; but Philip Auguftus having removed it to the Chateau de Fontain Gaalor, at the fame time that he deftroyed the palace, the chapter of the cathedral caufed a fmall oratory, or chapel, to be erecfted on the fame fpot whereon it flood, in order that the memory of fo great a piece of antiquity might not be totally loft, and that their privilege might be preferved. In this oratory it is that the criminal takes up the fhrine of St. Romain. The building called l.e Palais, where the parliament affembles, and the chambers of juftice are held, is a fquare Gothic ftruilure, eretled towards the end of the fifteenth century, at the expence of the citizens. The ground ftory confifts of a great quadrangle furrounded with bookfellers fhops. On one fide of it, a ftone flair-cafe leads to a large and lofty room, which in its internal, as well as external appearance, refembles, though in miniature, Weft- minfter-hali. Here I faw feveral gentlemen of the long robe, in their gowns and bands, walking up and down with briefs in their hands, and making a great fhow of bufinefs. Adjoining to this room is a fmaller one, called the Chamber of Requests. Over the gate are the arms of France, fupported by two winged hinds, as borne by Charles VI. In other parts they are feen with the porcupines, the fupporters of Lewis XII. On a fountain in the old market, fituate near the palace and the cathedral, the following infcription, alluding to the markets, courts of juftice, and the church, hath lately been put up. ELIGE DIVES INOPS REUS ADVENA CIVIS JUS VENIAM VICTUM DANT THEMIS ARA FORUM. In a large handfome court, belonging to the houfe of Mr. Fo/teville^procureur general ol Rouen, I faw fome fine bafio relievos, which reprefent the magnificent interview of Henry VIII. king of England, with Francis I. of France, between Guines and Ardres in Picardy, on the 7th of June, 1520. They are of marble, divided into five compartments, and placed under the fame number of win¬ dows on the left hand of the court. Thefe curious marbles have in fome places fuffered, being a little broken here and there, but are not much fpoiled. Over each of the windows are five other baflo relievos of the lame fize; three of which are almoft totally defaced ; but the remains of the other two appeared to me to reprefent fome different part of the fame hiftory, though I was not able to difcover the fubjcct. The reader will find exaft engravings of the baffo relievos in PLATES XL and XII. and a copious account of the interview in the APPENDIX. I was Ma-rc/j Mi ( 33 ) I was agreeably furprifed to find the heads of Henry VIII. and Francis I. Well preferved, and placed in two niches, one on each fide of a very pretty Go¬ thic gate-way, by which you enter this court. The Mint at Rouen is efleeraed one of the moll: confiderable within the kingdom of France. It was, together with thofe of Paris, Rheims, Sens, Chalons fur Saone, Mefle in Poitou, and Narbonne, eftablifhed by Charles the Bald, about the year 835. till which time there was no authorifed coinage in France, except that which was ufually carried on in the royal palace, and followed the king’s court whenever he removed. In PLATE III. are reprefented two fcarce and curious filver pennies of William the Baftard, duke of Normandy, which were ftruck at Rouen before his invafion of England. They were firft publifhed by the late learned monfieur de Boze*, from the originals preferved in the French king’s cabinet. The legend on the obverfe of both is VVILELMUS ; and on the reverfe, one hath ROTOMACIS, inftead of Rotomagus, with three half-moons and a fleur de lys in the four quar¬ ters of the crofs ; and the other, ROTOMAEIL, with four half-moons in the quarters. Near the old caftle, called Chateau de Fontain Gaalor, ftands the Church of St. Godard. This church is remarkable on account of the beauty of its windows, which are efteemed the fined: painted glafs in France, infomuch that it is common, throughout that kingdom, for a perfon, when he is highly extolling the colour of any particular wine, to fay of it, that “it is as bril- “ liant as St. Godard’s windows.” The two great windows over the altars, in the chapels of the Holy Virgin and St. Nicholas, are principally admired by connoifleurs; the one reprefents the kings from whom the Holy Virgin was defeended; and the other, the hiftory of St. Romain, the favourite faint and prote&or of Rouen. That faint died in the year 644. and lies buried in this church of St. Godard, under an altar-tomb of fine jafper, railed about two feet in height. This tomb is greatly reforted to by zealots, who perfuade them- felves, that by touching it with due reverence, and putting up a prayer or two to the faint, they fhall fpeedily recover from the diforder, whatever it be, wherewith they are afflidted. In the rue Beauvoifine is a houfe of CArmelIte Friers, who acknowledge John of Lancafter, duke of Bedford, and regent of France, for their founder-f, k he * In a curious and very fcarce tract, intitled Monnoies des Prerats et Barons de France, 4to, 1752. T Thefe friers Came firft to Rouen in the year 1260. and fettled themfelves at the chapel o£ St. Yves, beyond the Seine bridge. In the year 1336. they were removed to their prefent iituation C 34 ) he having endowed that houfe with the tythes of Cierville and its dependences, which he for that purpofe purchafed from the fieur Hoflentot for twelve hundred gold faluts *. This friery is no otherwife remarkable than for the great number of fepulchral monuments with which its chapel is crowded. Among thofe in the choir is one for a countryman of ours, ufually called Thomas Waldensis. This man had been confeffor to the noble founder, and was by pope Martin declared a faint, on account of the feveral treatifes which he compiled and dedicated to that pontiff. The following epitaph is engraven on his tomb. HIC JACET REVERENDUS ADMODUM PATER AC MAGISTER THOMAS VALDENSIS DOCTOR THF.OLOGUS NATIONE ANGLUS CARMELI LONDINENSIS ALUMNUS CATHOLICS FIDEI DEFENSOR ACERRIMUS UNDE HZERETICORUM SUI TEMPORIS MALLEUS EST APPELLATUS QUI FASLICITER OBIIT IN DOMINO ROTHOMAGI AN. C. I43O. NONAS NOVEMBRIS. -f- In the parilh of St. Vivian’ is a Convent of Celestins, called the Monaftery of Notre Dame du Val, originally founded in the year 1430. by the fame duke of Bedlord, and built upon the fpot whereon his caftle, called Joyeux Repos J, thentofore flood. After the deceafe of the duke, his widow Jac¬ queline, fituation by Peter Rogers, archbifhop of Rouen, who, having appointed them to celebrate divine "fervice in the chapel of St. Apollinus, John de St. Leger, their prior, purchafed, for their refi- dence, a fmall houfe near that chapel, and in the rue Grand Pont. The neceffary repairs of this .houfe, and the additions which they made thereto, involved them in fo great a debt, that they became quite infolvent, and had not any fettled revenue till the duke of Bedford endowed them as above mentioned; fo that he may with the greatefl propriety be ftyled their Founder. * The regent, at the time he endowed this houfe, enjoined the friers, not only to the per¬ formance of a daily mafs for ever, in commemoration of him and his wife, the princefs Ann of Burgundy, as their founders ; but direfted that, during their lives, the friers fhould in that mafs put up a prayer, in which exprefs mention fhould be made of the duke and duchefs by their names, and that in the following words, viz.—‘ O Deus, da Johanni, famulo tuo, et Anna: uxori * ejus, conffitutis fundatoribus noflris, pro quibus deprecamur clementfam, falutera mentis et cor- ‘ poris,’ &c.—and that, after their deceafe, fuch form fhould be changed into a daily prayer for the repofe of the fouls of them, the regent and his lady, by their exprefs names. He alfo diredfed that his anniverfary fhould be for ever obferved on the particular day on which he fhould happen to die, and referved to himfelf and his wife a power to place, on one fide of the friery-church, if they fo thought fit, the portraitures of their perfons kneeling, with an efcutcheon of their arms above, and over all, their ftatues Handing upright. 4 His real name was Thomas Netter ; and he took the other name, of Waldensis, from his native place, Walden in Effex : but it doth not appear that he was any ways related to the Waldens of EfTex and Hertfordfhire. Notwithffanding the great opinion which pope Martin, and the Carmelite friers, entertained of his abilities in fupporting the caufe of popery, whoever looks into his works, which are Hill extant, will find that he was but a very indifferent advocate for the part he efpoufed; and, in truth, his writings are not worth a ruth. + This palace was called Chanterine, before it obtained the name of Joyeux Repos. ( 35 ) queline, or Jaquetta, of Luxembourg, and Humphrey duke of Gloucefter, who was his heir, difclaimed all pretenlions and right, which either of them might have, to the fcite thereof, and to the effedts there placed by the duke of Bedford; and moreover became confiderable benefadors to the convent. In the year 1445- king Henry VI. releafed to thefe friers all claim which he might have to the fcite of their houfe, in right of his uncle, and further endowed it with a yearly rent of two hundred livres iffuing out of lands in England. Laftly, Edmund, duke of Somerfet, regent of France, and governor of Normandy, gave to this friery two hundred gold crowns for the perpetual celebration of his obit. The communication with the country lying fouth of Rouen, is carried on by means of a timber bridge, two hundred paces in length, thrown over the river Seine from the middle of the quay to the fauxbourg St. Sever, and of which the inhabitants talk with infinite raptures. This ftrudure, begun in the year 1626. is framed upon nineteen barges, which rife and fall with the flux and reflux of the tide. It is fo contrived, that when there is occa- fion for veffels to pafs through, one part of it, by the help of pullies, turns upon iron rollers over the other part, without the leaft injury to either. It hath alfo, as I was informed, this farther convenience, that it can be taken to pieces in a few hours, when any danger is apprehended from the winter- floods bringing down large flakes of ice. The expence of keeping this float¬ ing bridge in repair is very confiderable, as the barges on which it is con- ftrudted, as well as the other parts of it, are fubjedt to frequent decay, info- much that it is faid to amount, communibus annis, to ten thoufand livres French, or upwards of four hundred pounds Sterling. Juft below it are the ruins of the once magnificent ftone bridge, which confifted of thirteen arches, and was built by the emprefs Maud, daughter of Henry I. king of England. This old bridge feems to have been much better fituated than the prefent, having been placed fo as to range exadtly in a line with the principal ftreet, which is to this day called Rue Grand Pont ; but after having flood firm between three and four hundred years, it began to feci a very fenlible decay *, and on the 22d of Auguft, 1502. three arches fell down, which in 1533. were followed by two others. Thefe defedts were fupplied by a fuperftrufture of timber ; but a few years after, fome of the other arches beginning to open, the carriage and foot ways became fo dangerous, that they were totally abandoned, * It is faid, that the piers of this bridge did not range in a ftrait line with each other, but were fet in fuch a manner, that the bridge might form fomewhat of a curve bending outwards on that fide next to the current, with an intention of thereby giving it a flronger refinance to the preifure and rapidity of the ftream at ebb-tides. This method of conilmciion hath been thought, by fome architects, to have contributed to the duration of this bridge, ar.d hath fince been prac- tifed in feveral places, particularly in building the bridge at Lyons. ( 3^ ) abandoned, and the paflage over the river was from that time effected by the means of ferry-boats. Several attempts were after this made to repair the old bridge; but the ignorance of the French architecfts was fo great, that they unani- moufly declared it impoffible to rebuild a ftone bridge in that place, on account of the depth of the water, and the rapidity of the river *: whereupon the prefent floating bridge was conftrudted in the manner I have mentioned. Having palled the Seine, over this bridge you enter the fuburb of St. Sever, where, on the banks of the river, Hands the ftately magazine of fait ; the building of which is faid to have coft two millions of livres. This magnificent edifice was begun in the year 1713. and confifts of feven diftinft lofts, feparated from each other by a ftrong party-wall, exclufive of the gra¬ nary for white fait, and the apartments allotted for the officers belonging to the magazine. In the fields behind this magazine, is the Benedidline priory of Notre Dame du Pre, or, as it is more generally called, de Bonnes Nouvelles, founded in the year 1060. upon a fpot of ground belonging to the abbey of Bee, by Maud wife of king William the Conqueror, at the follicitation of Anfelme, who afterwards became atchbifhop of Canterbury. This priory was originally dedicated to the myflery of the Annunciation of the Holy Virgin ; but, as the tradition of the place allures us, the queen being at her devo¬ tions, in the priory-chapel, when Are received the news of the complete vic¬ tory gained by her hulband over king Harold at Haftings, lhe, in order to perpetuate the memory of that important action, ordered that thenceforth the priory fhould be called Notre Dame de Bonnes Nouvelles. After the Con¬ queror's death, his eldeft fon, Robert fi, endowed this priory with the tythe of * Ignorance in the proper methods of building done bridges in tide-rivers, was not confined to the French architects of thofe times. In the year 1735. when a defign was in agitation for creating a bridge at Wcitminfter, home perfons were lent over to Paris, to confult upon that head with monfieur Gautier, the French king’s architect, who, exclufive of feveral undoubted proofs which he had given of his great flcill in architecture, had published a very elaborate treatife on the method of confirudting bridges, and had actually defigned and fuperintended the building of two very fine ones. This gentleman, when he was told that the intended bridge was to be built in a tide-river, and in a part of it where the water ebbed and flowed near fourteen feet every tide, declared, as his opinion, that the legs or piers could not be built of fione, as the only method he knew, of laying the foundation of filch piers under water, was by means of a batterdeaux, which would keep out the water of a current, or any column of water coming down the river whilfi; the excavation was digging, but could not defend the works again!! a flux of tide coming up from fea. In this opinion he was joined by feveral other able architects, both at home and abroad. How¬ ever, notwithfianding tills difeouragement, the laying the foundation of the piers of that bridge within the bed of the river Thames, was readily undertaken, and fuccefsfuliy executed, by Meifrs. Andrews Jelfe, and Samuel Tuffnel, of Weilminfter, mafons, by means of a cafloon, invented and conftruited by the ingenious Mr. James King, of St. Martin’s lane, carpenter. •j- By his charter, dated the 13th of February, 1092. ( 37 ) of his park near Rouen, and annexed it to the abbey of Bee ; referving to himfelf a power of erecting it into an abbey, and rendering it again inde¬ pendent, in cafe he ffiould thenafter think fit. Henry I. king of Eno-land, confirmed the donations of his mother and brother *, adding thereto feveral franchifes and lands, and among others, the manor of Eftinenton, or Effing- ton, in Gloucefterfhire. Elis daughter, the emprefs Maud, entertained fo great an affeition for this priory, that flic likewife became a confiderable benefaftor to it. f In the year 1135. the heart, eyes, tongue, brains, and bowels, of Henry I. king of England, were depofited under a handfome monument before the high altar in the ancient church of this priory; but that edifice was deftroyed during the fiege of Rouen, in 1592. and the prefent church was cre&ed in the year 1604. Within the precin£ of the ancient park of the dukes of Normandy, Hands a priory, founded by Henry II. J king of England, who placed therein certain monks of the order of Grandmont, or Bons Hommes ||. To this houfe the founder granted all the meadows and lands lying within his park of Rouen, and adjoining to his palace there; on which account it affumed the name of the priory of Notre Dame du Parc, or de Grandmont. Ring Richard I. confirmed his father’s grant to thofe monks ; and at the fame time feveral of the Englifh nobility gave confiderable benefa&ions to them. The church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and over the priory-gate is her figure, reprefenting her Handing in the middle of a park, in order to denote the name and antiquity of the houfe. This priory was in great meafure ruined during the troubles of the League, but hath fince been handfomely rebuilt. In the church thereof lies buried Geoffrey, archbifhop of York, who was a natural fon * By his charter, dated at Winchefter, in the year 1122. f Hoveden, Du Moulin, and fome other writers, pretend that the emprefs Maud was buried in the church of this priory; but they are miftaken, the place of her interment being in the abbey of Bee. + The king s foundation-charter bears date on the 3d day of July, in the 2d year of his reign. || The order of Grandmont was inflituted by Stephen, a gentleman of Auvergne, furnamed De Mu ret, on account of his refidence at a place of that name in the diocefe of Limoges. After his death, his difciples removed themfelves, and the body of their inftrudtor, to a fmall town in the Upper Limolin, called Grandmont, from whence this order took its name. The monks follow the rule of St. Benedict, with fome little variations' introduced by their founder. They are alfo called Bons Hommes, by reafon that their founder Stephen had, during his life¬ time, the appellation of Bon Homme, or The Good Man. This order was brought into England, in the reign of king Henry I. by Warin, fheriff of Shropfhire, and placed at Alber- bury, or Abberbury, in that county : belides which priory, there were but two other houfes of this order in England, viz. one at CrefTewell in Herefordfhire, and the other at Efkedale in York- Ihire. In king Henry’s foundation-charter of this priory it is called “ The Monaftery of Bons “ Hommes of the Order of Grandmont.” L ( 38 ) fon of king Henry II. by the beautiful Rofamond Clifford, and died in the year 1213. On his tomb is the following infcription. REGIS ERAT NATUS MERITIS ET HONORE PROBATUS VERMIBUS ESCA DATUS HIC QUI JACET INCINERATUS HIC QUID OPES SEQUERIS QUID HOMO FUGIENTIA QUjERIS HOC SPECULO QUID ERIS FINEMQUE TUUM MEDITERIS CUR FUNDUM FUNDO CUMULAS QUADRASQUE ROTUNDUM STERCUS IN IMMUNDUM TANDEM RESTAT TIBI FUNDUM SED VIVAS MUNDO UT SIS SALVUS A MORTE SECUNDO. North-weft of Rouen, upon St. James’s hill, in the parilh of St. Giles, and at a fmall diftance from the fauxbourg Cauchoife, is an Auguftine priory, called Prieure dd Mont aux Malades. It was originally built in the year 1131. as an hofpital for lick and lepers, and endowed by Henry I. king of England, with a monthly rent of forty fols for the fubliftance of the patients. King Henry II. in the year 1162. granted thereto an eight-days fair, to begin annually on the firft day of September, and to be held, on that and the feven following days, on the hill adjoining to the hofpital, a moiety of the cuftoms payable on all goods brought into Rouen during the time of the fair, an annual rent of lixty-fix livres payable at Michaelmas out of the vifeounty, three thoufand herrings every Chriftmas, three muids of wheat charged upon his mills at Rouen, and twenty-feven acres of land within the foreft of Lyons. The fame king alfo, in the year 1173. built the priory-church, and dedicated it to St. Thomas Becket, in memory of the raifing the liege of Rouen, which he attributed to the interceftion of that faint. South-weft of the city, and on the back of the fauxbourg Martinville, is a very conliderable eminence, called St. Catharine’s Mount ; on the top whereof, the ruins of an ancient fort are ftill vilible. This fortification was originally built by one of the Norman dukes, for the cover and defence of the city, and in fucceeding times confiderably augmented with feveral ftrong out-works, fo as to render it almoft impregnable : but the Calvinifts, in tire year 1562. getting poffellion of it by furprife, they from thence harraffed the city to fuch a degree, as foon convinced the inhabitants, that what they had hitherto confidered as their fafe-guard and protection, was become their greateft detriment : and of this they were more fatally convinced by the ufe which king Henry IV. of France made of it, when he befieged the city. Thefe calamities induced the inhabitants, as foon as that monarch had made his pub¬ lic entry into Rouen, to follicit his pernriflion for the demolition of the fort; to which, it is faid, the king readily confented *. On * The French writers fay that Henry readily confented to the demolition of this fort, at the fame time telling the inhabitants, that he defired no other fortrelfes than the hearts of his fubjedts. ( 39 ) On this eminence, and between the fort of St. Catharine and the city, are the remains of the once famous Benedi&ine Abbey, called Monastere de la Sainte TjunitE do Mont du Rouen*; which king Henry IV. at the fame time he difmantled the fort, caufed to be fuppreffed f, and its buildings thrown down, left it might thereafter be made a retreat and place of arms for future mal-contents. The revenues of the abbot were, at the intercefilon of the cardinal de Bourbon, transferred to the Chartreufe near Gaillon ; but the monks, being twenty in number, had permiffion to retire, with their efforts, to a houfe dependent on their abbey, fituated near the church of St. Maclou, and there to enjoy fuch parts of the abbatial eftates J as had thento- fore been allotted towards their maintenance. In this retirement the monks continued until the year 1600. when they exchanged fome of their lands for the priory of St. Julian’s aux Bruyeres, where they are now fettled. This priory of St. Julian’s was founded for leprous women in the year 1183. by Henry II. king of England, and foon after diftinguifhed by the various appellations of Salle Du Roy, Salle des Pucelles, Notre Damf, de Quevilli, Saint Julien du Parc, Saint Julien aux Bruyeres, &c. The founder endowed this houfe with two hundred livres a year ifluing out of the vifcounty of Rouen, the manor and meadow of Quevilli, common of pafture in the toreft of Rouvrai near Rouen, and an exemption from the payment of all imports, fubfidies, and other duties, for whatever neceffaries fhould be wanted towards the fupport of the fifterhood ||. Each of the fiftcrs was enjoined to take the veil, and none could be admitted but fuch as were of noble families. In 1384. this priory was united to the Hotel Dieu, and fo continued until it was purchafed by the monks of St. Catharine, as before mentioned. Rouen, in matters fpiritual, is intirely under the jurifdhftion of the arch- bifhop, who, ever fince the fee became metropolitan, hath conftantly preferved his independency in oppofition to the many attempts of the bifhop of Lyons. This * This abbey was founded in the year 1030. by Gofcelin, vifcount of Rouen, and fieur d’Arques and Dieppe. In the epitaph, which we are told was infcribed on his tomb within the abbey-church, he is faid to have been “ premier autheur des mefures et poids felon raifon en pays “ Normand.” L King Henry the IVth’s charter for the fuppreflion of this abbey is dated at St. Germain en Laye, the 4th of January, 1598. J; The manors of Tyngewick in Buckinghamlhire, and Hermondfworth in Middlefex, belonged to this abbey, which had an alien priory in the latter. The priory of Bligh in Nottinghamihire ■was alfo fubordinate thereunto. || The charter of endowment is dated at Cherburg, in the year 1183. ( 4° ) This archbifhop hath in Rouen two courts; one as diocefan, and the other as metropolitan; and all appeals from either of them are to be made imme¬ diately to the court of Rome, and not to the primate of France. Under him are fix fuffragan bifhops, viz. thofe of Bayeux, Auranche, Eureux, Seez, Lizieux, and Conftance. The diocefe of Rouen is one of the largeft, and mod confiderable in France, being thirty-five leagues in length, and twenty in width. It is bounded by the fea on the north fide, and within land, is contiguous to the diocefes of Amiens, Beauvais, Paris, and Chartres. Within that extent are comprehended the pays de Caux, de Roumois de Vexin, and de Bray ; the towns of Rouen, Dieppe, Gifors, Caudebec, Havre de Grace, Montivilliers, Fefcamp, Andely, Meulan, Pontoife, Magny, Chaumont, Gournay, Lyons, Eu, Aumale, Neufchatel, Arques, Elbeuf, Quillebeuf, and Florfleur; above fixty burghs, or boroughs, one thou- fand three hundred and eighty-eight parifhes, fix archdeaconries, thirty rural deaneries, ten chapters of canons, twenty-eight abbeys, and above one hun¬ dred religious houfes of both fexes. The archbifhop of Rouen is alfo pri¬ mate of Normandy, earl of Dieppe and Louviers, and lord of Gaillon, Frefne, and Deville ; in all which places he hath Haute Justice, or power of hearing and determining all civil and criminal caufes, except high treafon, happening within their precinCts. He collates to nine dignities in the cathedral of Rouen, and to near threefcore canonnes, as well in that chapter, as in thofe of Andely and St. George; and hath the right of prefentation to one hundred and twenty churches and chapels, exclufivc of feveral other benefices. Petei Mauffet, a native of Rouen, having in the year 1469. learnt the art of printing at Paris, carried it to the univerfity of Padua, where he pradtifed it for fome time, and then returning to his native country, 111 the year 147 3. fet up a printing-office at Rouen. Before I take leave of Rouen, I cannot avoid acquainting you, that our countryman, Mr. William Lee, of Woodborough in Nottinghamfhire, who was inventor of the very valuable and ufeful machine for making frame-worked blockings, having been greatly difcountenanced by queen Elizabeth, to whom he offered to difeover his invention, about the year 1595. on the invita¬ tion of king Henry IV. of France, came to Rouen with nine of his workmen, and as many frames, where they met with great encouragement, and eftablifhed their manufactory, to the great benefit of the flocking trade of France, and in prejudice to that of England. From Rouen I continued my route to GISORS, the principal town of the comte of that name, and fituated on the river Ette, or Epte. This place cannot ( 4i ) cannot boaft of very high antiquity, having taken its rife from a caftle there built in the year 1097. by William Rufus, king of England, and by him called Gisors. The prefent town cortfifts of only one parifh, which contains three monafteries and four nunneries ; and doth not furnilh any thing worth a traveller’s attention, except the parochial church, which is very large, and deco¬ rated with a great number of beautiful fculptures, executed by the famous John Goujon. At a fmall diftance from Gifors is A N D E LY, efteemed to be one of the moft ancient towns within the province, and was a place of confiderable note fo early as the reigns of the firft Marovingian kings. It now makes a part of the temporalities of the archbifhop of Rouen, having been exchanged, as I mentioned in the former part of this work, by king Richard I. for Dieppe. The collegiate church was built by queen Clotildis, wife of king Clovis; and, as Bede informs us, was greatly reforted to in the feventh century, on account of the great fandtity and miracles attributed to the foundrefs. Quitting Andely, I croffed the Seine at PONT DE L’ARCHE, a fmall fortified place, and a regality, within the balliage of Rouen. The entrance into it is over a good ftone bridge of fixteen arches, which is thought to be near feven hundred years old, and to have given name to the town, which is faid to have been built by the emperor Charles the Bald. It confifts of one parifh only, and contains a convent of Penitents, and another of Bernardines. In a fmall ifland, on that fide which is oppofite to the bridge, is a fquare budding, ftrengthened by a tower at each angle ; and within it, another very high tower, now ufed as a dungeon. This was the firft place in Normandy that fubmitted to Henry IV. of France after his advancement to the throne, in the year 1589. In my way from thence, turning out of the Paris road, I palled by the church of ST. STEPHEN DE VAUVREY, the fteeple whereof is in ruins, and much more ancient than the church, being, as I was informed, the oldeft fteeple in the neighbourhood. In this church I obfcrved round arched windows *; all that I had feen before, having pointed arches : and, upon my examining this fteeple again on my return, I found the weft door to have a circular arch alfo. From Vauvrey recrofling the Seine by a ferry at Harqueville, I came to MUIDS, where I was entertained with the utmoft civility by monfieur De Villette. His chateau, which is a moft convenient edifice, elegantly furnilhed, Hands upon a riling ground on the north fide of the river Seine, and commands a m fine The leafon for mentioning thefe round and pointed arches fo frequently, will appear hereafter. ( 4 a ) fine profpedt, having two long avenues of trees running down to the river. Adjoining to the houfe, are good offices, pleafant gardens, and a fmall pad- dock planted with timber-trees in form of a ftar. The country about it is extremely agreeable, affording many delightful views, to which the Seine greatly contributes. Its chief produdt is corn and hay, there being but few vines to be feen in the neighbourhood ; but, in lieu of them, it is interfperfed with feveral fair orchards. From Muids I paid a vifit to the famous Carthusian Convent at GAIL LON. Over the gate is written, Chartreuse Bourbon les Gallon. Being introduced to the prior, who was a learned and genteel man, he with the titmoft politenefs received me in his cell, which confifted of one large room and two fmall ones. The furniture was plain, and near the door flood a crucifix, to which he kneeled down for a few minutes foon after my entrance. There were likewife fome pictures of the founder, the Virgin Mary, and feveral faints. Near it, and adjoining to the garden, is a noble gallery, which ferves for the library of the convent, and is well furnifhed with printed books, and fomc few well-preferved manuferipts, particularly a Corpus Juris Canonici, the letters whereof are finally illuminated. The oldeft printed books I faw there, were two editions of Augustinus de Civitate Dei, of which one in quarto was printed at Venice in 1475. the other in folio, printed there like- wife in 1478. The prior alfo ffiewed me a gold coin of cardinal de Bourbon, founder of this chartreufe, who was proclaimed king of France by the name of Charles X. On the one fide of this coin are the arms of France, crowned with this infeription : CAROLUS X. D. G. FRANCOR. REX. 1592. plate XII. with the letter A, being the mark of the mint of Paris. On the reverfe, a crofs with four fleurs de lys, and this legend CHRISTUS. REGNAT. VINCIT. ET. IMPERAT. He alfo fliewed me a copper coin of the fame king, but the date 1593*. and made me take notice of a paper, kept in the box with the coins, on which it was written, that the gold coin was given by the cardinal himfelf to * Among the modern French coins, none are fo fcarce as thofe of Charles X. for which reafon I have caufed them all to be engraven in Plate XII. viz. a gold one, the fame as that above mentioned, weighing three penny-weights fixteen grains, and now in my own collection ; as alfo two others, one in filver, and the other in copper, together with an uncommon lilver medal of this king, all of them in the cabinet of the earl of Pembroke, ( 43 ) to this convent, together with his gold crofs, and fome other pieces of plate, which I afterwards faw. From his cell the prior conduced me to a large cloyfter; round which are thirty-two other cells. On one lide of the wall was painted a map of Europe, reprefenting all the towns where any chartreufes exift. At a corner of it is a fmall part of England, with five towns which had chartreufes in them, being all, he faid, that formerly were in our ifland. * From thence I went into the church, where I faw, in the firft chapel, the treafury, containing a paftoral ftafi', and a very curious fhrine of filver gilt in the fhape of a church ; many croffes, candlefticks, &c. The body of the church, which was built by the cardinal de Bourbon, is a brick building, large and handfome. The roof is likewife an arch of brick ; and the portail is efteemed as a moft curious piece of architecture. In an adjoining chapel, on the fouth fide of the high altar, Hands a large monument of one of the Counts of Bourbons Soissons. It is of black marble, reprefenting two per- fons lying at full length, a man and a woman in white marble ; as are all the figures round it, which reprefent feveral of their fons and daughters who died before them; and near it, in a frame, was a long lift of names of eighteen of the Bourbons, who have been buried here, the laft of whom was the late prince Eugene’s father. At each corner of the monument are four figures reprefenting the four cardinal virtues, two of which are admirably well executed. This monument is feen to a great difadvantage, as it now Hands fo high above the pavement. It was formerly placed in the middle of the choir, where it could from the flails be feen to advantage ; but the two figures I mentioned to be fo well done, difturbing the devotion of the monks, the monument was removed from over the family-vault into the adjacent cha¬ pel upon that foie account, as I was informed. In another chapel is a fine dead Chrift in Hone, with the Virgin Mary, and five other figures well per¬ formed. The reft of the chapels are adorned with good painted glafs and indifferent pictures. There is a fine filver lamp continually burning in the church, and fome very tall filver gilt candlefticks adorned the altar, -f- Having taken my leave of this prior, I went to GAIL LON, which is diftant about a mile from the convent. It is a fmall town wfithin the diocefe of * There were only nine monaderies of Carthufians in England, viz. one at London, one at Witham in Somerfetiliire, one at Henton in Wilts, one at Beauvale in Nottinghamfhire, one at St. Ann’s near Coventry, one at Kingdon upon Hull in Yorkthire, one at Mount Grace in York- fhire, one at Eppeworth in Lincolnfhire, and one at Shene in Surry. Monast. vol. j. p. 959. -f- In the year 1764. by the carelednefs of fome plumbers, this fine church was intirely deftroyed by fire, together with the above-mentioned monument of the Bourbons SoilTons, and the rich ornaments and dreffes for the pried;,; but mod of the gold and filver plate was faved. ( 44 ) of Eureux, and belongs to the archbilhop of Rouen, who hath the foie right of trying criminal and civil caufes arifing within its liberties. Here I faw the fine palace belonging to the archbilhop of Rouen, fituated upon a very high hill, and commanding a moft delightful profpedl of many miles extent. Here you have not only a view of the country, but a very fine one of the river Seine upon your left hand, from a beautiful terras of confiderable length. At the entrance of this palace is an old gate, and near it a prifon. Over the gate was a long infcription, which I did not think worth copying. The caftle confifts of two courts : the firft, which is the oldeft, is adorned with marble buftos of the twelve Cjesars, of Lewis XII. king of France, and alfo of the two cardinals D’Amboise, uncle and nephew; the former of whom expended a very large fum of money in repairing and improving this palace. A fine colonade of marble pillars, fluted and ornamented with fleurs de lys, takes up one whole fide: and over it is a long bafl'o relievo in marble, done in Italy. It reprefents a triumph, and alludes to fome part of the life of cardinal George d’Amboife, with which I am unacquainted. In the middle of this court was a large hexagonal marble fountain *, made in Italy, with a fine figure of St. George upon it, where I copied the fol¬ lowing infcription, which is fupported by two angels. QylSQVIS PERPETVI FONTIS MIR AT VR HONORES ROTHOMAGI MVNVS PR^SVLIS ESSE SCIAT LEGATI NOSTRO DVM JVRE GEORGIVS ORBI PREESIDET AMBASIEE PVRPVRA PRIMA DOMVS HESPERIA ET GALLIS POST OCIA PARTA PERENNES EXTERNO CINGI MARMORE JVSSIT AQVAS. From this court an handfome marble ftair-cafe leads to the chapel, dedi¬ cated to St. George; wherein, over the high altar, is another fine-marble figure of the faint, who is well reprefented; but I thought his dragon but indif¬ ferently performed. The altar is of one piece of Italian marble finely veined, eight feet by five; and the windows are decorated with good painted glafs. There are a few flails made of oak neatly fitted up, and a fmall oro-an. The tribune or clofet of the archbilhop is on the north fide, and has a fire¬ place in it. This chapel is a Gothic Hone building, and has on the out- fide a greater quantity of ornaments than I ever yet faw, but fo judicioufly difpofed, that they do not feem crouded. f The * This fountain was removed by the prefent archbilhop of Rouen, in the year 1764. 4 A dean and eight prebendaries were formerly founded in this chapel; but they were all fupprcfi’cd by the late cardinal de Tavance, archbilhop of Rouen. ( 45 ) The fecond court is a modern building, containing on one fide a gallery erefted upon piazzas, and on the other a large colledtion of orange-trees in tubs ranged in the form of an amphitheatre. In this palace there is a long firing of apartments unfurniflied and very dirty. The great gallery contains the piftures of the archbifhops - of Rouen for many years. Adjoining to it is a park, confiding of feveral acres, laid out in pleafant walks ; but no deer, the word Park, in France, not neceffarily implying an inclofure for thofe ani¬ mals, as it does in England. The people of Normandy have formed to thcm- felves fo high an opinion of the beauty and magnificence of this palace* that when they endeavour to give you an idea of the utmoft elegance of any villa, of which they are fpeaking, they conclude their commendations by faying, “ In Ihort, fir, it is a little Gaillon. Upon furveying the weft end of the parifh-church, which is very old, I obferved that the three weft windows and the weft door had round arches, and the reft of the windows pointed ones; but I could not get into the church. From Gaillon I returned to Rouen, and from thence palled through Moli- neaux to BOURGACHARD, a country village, the church whereof gave me very great pleafurc. The entrance into it is by a defcent of three fteps: all the windows at the weft end are fmall and narrow, having round arches, as llath alfo the weft door, which is moreover adorned with mouldings of this -j- form VWW\ ; a ftrong proof of its antiquity: a north door now flopped up has aifo a round arch. The church is built in the form of a crofs ; but the tranfept, and the eaft part, have very vifibly been added to the weft end, being much newer buildings, and the windows thereof higher and wider than the windows of the weftern part, with pointed arches. There are alfo fome narrow round arched windows in the fteeple, which Hands in the middle of the church, and has been raifed, as I fuppofe, in proportion to the eaft N end, * As I have caufed a medal of cardinal George d’Amboife, who expended confiderable fums in repairing and beautifying this palace, to be engraved in Plate XII. it is necelfary to inform the reader, that the engraving is copied from father Monfau^on’s MonuMens de la Monarchie FRAN901SE, vol. iv. p. 141. who doth not fay whether it is a gold, filver, or copper medal, or in whofe cabinet it is preferved. What he fays of it is this : ‘ Je joints une medaille, dont la * delfein m’a ete fourni par M. l’abbe Fauvil. II y eft reprefente avec l’infcription, GEORGIUS ‘ DE AMBOSIA SANCTfE ROMANCE ECCLESMi CARDINALIS. Le revers eft curieux : ‘ fur un autel marque d’une croix on vieut les deux clefs de S. Pierre, mifes en fautoir, fur lequel ‘ eft une tiare papale: l’infcription eft, TULIT ALTER HONORES. Ce que fe report an * conclave de fan 1503, oil le parti du cardinal D’Amboife etoit ft puilfant, qu’il auroit ete fait 4 pape, fans la fupercherie du cardinal de la Rouen, qui le trompa, et fut elu pape lui-meme, fous * le nom dc Jules II.’ J- This fort of moulding in particular hath been fuppofed to be an indifputable criterion of Saxon buildings; but it cannot be imagined that the Saxons taught the French the art of building. ( 46 ) end, the upper part appearing newer than that next to the roof of the church. From Bourgachard I paffed through Rougemontier, to a fmall walled town called PONT-AUDEMER, fituate on the river Rifle, which here fepa- rates the diocefe of Rouen from that of Lifteux. This town, originally built by one Audemer, from whom it took its name, is a regality and member of the bailliwick ot Rouen. In 1353. king John gave it to Charles d’Eureux, king of Navarre; but in 1404. it was, by Charles III. ceded to Charles VI. of France. Henry V. king of England, after he had over-run great part of France, reunited it to the duchy of Normandy ; and this reunion was confirmed by Charles VII. of France, after the Englifh were driven out of the province. In the middle of this town is a pretty market-place tiled over, refembling very much our Englilh market-houfes in country towns. I obferved here, at the weft end of the principal church, three windows over the portail ; the middle window wider than either of the two fide ones, with a pointed arch, and the two fide ones with round arches ; which mixture I had not yet feen. I alfo took notice of fome fine ftatues of faints, which adorned the above- mentioned portail at the weft end; but could not fee the infide of the church. The waters being out at Pont-l’Ev£que, I was obliged to leave the dire* road to Caen, and went through CORMEILLE, where, in its fmall church, I obferved fome round arched windows, and a round arched weft door. From thence I came to LISIEUX, a fmall city of Upper Normandy, and in the generality of Rouen, pleafantly fituated on the river Tonque. This city, which was efteemed the capital of the pays de Lieuvin, whilft that country was under the government of the French kings, is now the pro¬ perty and fee of the bifhop, who is alfo earl of Lifieux. His diocefe is one of the mod confiderable in the province, being near twenty leagues in length, and containing the pays d’Auge, and de Lieuvin, the towns of Lifieux, Pont- Audemer, Harfleur, Pont-l’Eveque, Bernay, Orbec, Montreuil, le Sap, Vimon- tier, CormeiUe, and Tonque, and feveral boroughs, eight abbies, and five hun¬ dred and eighty parifhes. The . cathedral makes but an indifferent appearance, but contains fome tolerably good fepulchral monuments. In the choir is a brafs monument for one Hannuier, an Engliftiman; and another, of white marble, ereefted for William d’Eftouteville, founder of the college de Lifieux at Paris. In the cha¬ pel ( 47 ) pel of the Holy Virgin ftands the tomb of the founder, Peter Couchori, biflrop of Beauvais, who, in reward for the judgment which he, as fupreme judge, gave in the cafe of the Maid of Orleans, obtained the bifhoprick of Lifieux. The bifhop however, afterwards repenting of what he had done in that matter, built this chapel, and therein founded a high mafs to the Holy Virgin, which is fung daily by the chorifters, in order, as it is expreffed in his foundation- charter, to expiate the falfe judgment which he gave in the above-mentioned cafe. The canons of this church, by virtue of a compadt between them and the bifhop, enjoy the extraordinary privilege of being carls of Lifieux, with the full exercife of all civil and criminal jurifdidtion within the earldom, during the vigil and feaft-day of St. Urfinus in every year. In order to perpetuate this right, two of the canons, elefted by the chapter for that purpofe, having on the vigil of the faint drelTed themfelves in their furplices, covered with bandaleers of flowers, and holding nofegays in their hands, mount on horfe- back at the great door of the cathedral, and ride to each of the four gates of the city, preceded by two mace-bearers, two chaplains, and twenty-five halberdiers armed with helmets and cuirafles, and followed by all the officers of juftice, on horfeback, clothed in their proper habits, covered with bandaleers of flowers, and carrying nofegays in their hands. As foon as thefe canons arrive at the city-gates, the keys are delivered up to them; and they there poft a proper guard of their own, in lieu of that of the archbifhop, which, on the delivery of the keys to the canons, immediately marches out. All cuftoins payable within the city, and the profits of the fair therein held on St. Urfinus’s day, belong to thefe two canonical earls; in confederation of which, they deliver to each of the other canons a loaf of bread and two flagons of wine : and, in cafe any poll: or place of profit within the earldom becomes vacant during thefe two days, they have the foie right of nomination and prefentation thereunto. * Here I faw a Benedidtine nunnery, founded in the year 1050. by Lefceline countefs of Eu, with the affiftance of her fons, earl Robert, and Hugh bifhop of Lifieux. The latter lies buried at the entrance of the choir ; and on the wall adjoining is an infeription, in which he is called Founder of that nunnery. Paffing from Lifieux through ST. LAURENCE DU MONT and MOUX, I arrived at Caen, the capital of Lower Normandy. CAEN is a large handfome town, fituate upon the navigable river Orne, where it hath a fmall port, principally frequented by corn-veffels, which come thither * The vigil and feaft of St. Uriinus are celebrated on the 10th and nth of June. ( 4 § ) thither in great numbers from England. It Hands upon as much around as Rouen, but is not fo clofely built; and contains, within the circuit of its walls, twenty-two religious houfes, and thirteen parifh-churches, whereof that of St. Peter, which Hands in the centre of the town, is reckoned the prin- cipal. Hiftory hath not preferved fo much as a hint, whereby to fix with preci- fion the origin of Caen, which however doth not favour of any very remote antiquity. The Roman hiftorians are altogether filent in this matter ; and there is not, in any one of the ancient geographers, the leaft trace of a city Handing on this fpot, before the time of the Merovingian race of kings, although the feat of the Viducafles was at Vieux, about two leagues from hence, where evident remains of a Roman town are Hill vifible. Towards the lixth century, the Saxons took pofleffion of the whole northern coafl of Gaul, and, for fome time fixing their abode in thofe parts, have left fufficient tefiimony of their invafion: but, as the hiflorians, who give an account of the tranfa&ions of thofe intruders during their flay in Gaul, do not mention Caen, notwithflanding they frequently fpeak of feveral other Gaulifh towns inha¬ bited by thofe Saxons, it is highly probable, either that this town was not at that time founded, or, if it did then exift, that the Saxons had not extended their pofleflions fo far to the iouthward. It was not, however, a great many years after, that it was efteemed one of the chief towns in the province, as we find in the account of the interview at Rouen, in the year 942. between Lewis Ultramarinus, king of France, and Rollo, duke of Normandy, as given us in a very ancient chronicle of that dukedom. Monfieur de Bras allures us, that in a manufcript of the cufloms of Normandy, written in the time of duke Rollo, and which had fallen into his hands, Caen is fpoken of as a town which then made no contemptible appearance; and in the charter of dotation given by Richard II. duke of Normandy, to his daughter Adela, upon her marriage with Raynauld count of Burgundy, the town of Caen, together with its churches, markets, cuflom-houfe, quay, and other dependencies, are amply fpecified. I am therefore inclined to concur in opinion with thofe writers who alfert, that this town was begun by fome of the fugitive Britons, who, flying from our ifland to avoid the cruelties of the invading northern nations, peopled the whole trad of Armorica; and of this the very name Caen is by many thought to be an inconteflible proof. Certain it is, that foon after the arrival of the Normans in France, Caen grew up into a town of great importance, and was highly affe&ed by the fovereigns of duke Rollo’s line, even in preference to Rouen; infomuch that the poet William le Brito, who lived about the middle of the thirteenth cen¬ tury, tells us, in his Philippidos, that it was fo well peopled, and fo magni¬ ficently TTeux Palais at Rouen but ft by Bent -y (be "Vf* The Co/fte of Caen, mNbrrnandy ■ htti/f by W?//uim tie t onyueror. El.. in. ( 49 ) ficently built, that there was no town in all France comparable to it, except Paris. His words are thefe: VILLA POTENS OPULENTA SITU SPATIOSA DECORA FLUMINIBUS PRATIS ET AGRORUM FERTILITATE MERCIFERASQUE RATES PORTU CAPIENTE MARINO SEQUE TOT ECCLESIIS DOMIBUS ET CIVIBUS ORNANS UT SE PARISIO VIX ANNUAT ESSE MINOREM. The making of an artificial cut from the river Orne to the Odon, whereby great part of Caen was infulated, and now called the Island op St. John, renders it one of the moft pleafant fummer-fituations in this part of the king¬ dom. This undertaking is faid to have been executed in the year 1104. by Robert duke of Normandy, eldeft fon of king William the Conqueror. The ramparts of the town are covered with trees, which form moft delightful walks, and, together with the vaft length of the conrs, the great plenty of water, and the abundance of beautiful outlets, yield the eye a pleafure which it does not often enjoy in flat countries, or where the profpedt is much limited. The old caftle was built by William the Conqueror, as a fafe^guard againft plate in. the mutineers of Beilin, who had given him feveral glaring proofs of their inclinations to a revolt; as alfo for preferving a free paflage along the river Orne, with which it hath a communication by means of a channel cut between it and the moat. It is at prefent much out of repair, having of late years been greatly neglefted : however, fome tokens of government are ftill preferved, by its having a governor (the duke de Coigny) an etat-major, and a fmall garrifon of invalids. The governor’s apartment is not very fplendid, but com¬ mands a moft delightful profpedt of the adjacent country. It is at prefent inhabited by the lieutenant general of the balliage, who is alfo the confulting clerk of the parliament of Rouen. Henry I. king of England, raifed the walls of this caftle to a greater height than his father had done, and added the high tower now called the Dungeon, which was afterwards encompaffed with a ftrong wall flanked with four leffer towers. This dungeon hath lately been put in thorough repair, and is chiefly ufed as a place of confinement for ftate-prifoners, and filch others as by letters de cachet, obtained at the joint requeft of their family, are deprived of their liberty, in order to pre¬ vent the odium of feeing a man dilhonour himfelf by committing little mean- neffes after he hath ruined his eftate. In the middle is an arfenal, called le Besle ; and juft within the caftle-walls is a parifh-church, called St. George du Chateau. The new fortifications of the town towards the cours are the work of the famous Conchini, marefchal d’Ancres, the favourite of queen o Mary ( 5° ) Mary of Medicis, and who was murthered in the Louvre, at the command of Lewis XIII. but the ancient walls are fuppofcd to have been built by William the Conqueror. The houfes in Caen are in general mean, though all of them are built of ftone, and well inhabited. However, as foon as you enter the gates, the eye is prejudiced in favour of the town by the fight of an elegant pile of barracks, completely adapted, in all refpetfls, for the accommodation of the garrifon. There are likewife feveral other handfome buildings difperfed about in different parts of the town. The edifices in Caen, which principally attraft the attention of a traveller, are the two great Benediaine abbies of St. Stephen and the Holy Trinity ; the former for men, and the latter for women; fituate at the two extremities of the town, and diftant a league from each other. Hiftorians agree, that the abbey of St. Stephen was built by William the Conqueror, and that of the Holy Trinity, by his queen, Maud, or Matilda, daughter of Baldwin earl of Flanders, in purfuance of a mandate from pope Nicholas II. who perhaps politically chofe to enjoin them this penance, as an atonement for their having married within the prohibited degrees of confanguinity, rather than, by dilfolving their marriage, to ftir up a war between the Hates of Normandy and Flanders. Thus far however is certain, that it was on this condition only, that Lanfranc, then prior of Bee, and afterwards archbilhop of Canterbury, could prevail with the pope to grant a difpenfation for the king and queen’s continuing together in wedlock. The foundation* of the large and magnificent abbey of St. Stephen, fo called from its being built upon a fpot of ground whereon anciently flood a finall chapel dedicated to that faint and protomartyr, was laid in the year 1064. foon after which, duke William appointed his favourite Lanfranc to be abbot thereof, ftriftly enjoining him to carry on the building with the utmoft expe¬ dition. Lanfranc, in obedience to the duke’s orders, applied himfelf to the talk with the greateft affiduity; but he, being in the year 1070. promoted to the archbifhoprick of Canterbury, the finilhing of the work was left to William Bonne-Ame, his fucceffor in the abbacy, in whofe time the whole was completed. On the 13th day of September, 1077. at which time there were one hundred and twenty monks in the convent, this church was with great folemnity dedi¬ cated to St. Stephen, by John archbilhop of Rouen, in the prelence of duke William, his confort Matilda, his fons Robert and William, Lanfranc archbilhop of * This charter is printed in Neustria Pia, p.626. and in Lanfranci Cantuariensis Archiepzscopi Opera, Paris, 1648. folio, p. 20. The copy printed in Monast. Angl. tom. ii. p. 956. is very imperfect. ( s 1 ) of Canterbury, Thomas archbiftiop of York, and a great concourfe of the Norman nobility. At the fame time the king liberally endowed it with divers lands, manors, and privileges, as well in England as in Normandy, infomuch that it was taxed at one thoufand golden florins, for annates to the apoftolic chamber. * The body of the church is a plain ftone edifice, intirely free from orna¬ ments of any fort, either within or without. It is built in the form of a crofs, plate rv. with a fteepld over the lantern in the centre. The weft end is alfo a very plain, but neat building, flanked with two towers of the fame workmanfhip, each furmounted with a fpire of remarkable height. The infide confifts of a nave and two fide-ailes, feparated by two rows of pillars furmounted with femi- circular arches. The tops of all the windows and door's of the church are likewife of the fame form. The middle part of the infide of the tranfept very much refembles the work of the crofs part of the abbey-church of St. Alban’s in Hertfordfhire +, having the fame kind of little arched work towards the top. The choir is circular, very neat, and kept remarkably clean. That P art °f ^ which furrormds the high altar is encompaHed with grilles de fer ; but they are not fo well finifhed as thofe of the church of St. Ouen at Rouen. The arches which fpring from the pillars furrounding the choir are pointed; but thefe are modern, having been built in the year-1564, when the church was repaired, after the damage it had two years before received from the Calvinifts, who, by undermining the columns which fupported the great fteeple in the middle of the church, threw it down, in hopes of thereby deftroying the whole fabric ; but happily its fall ruined a part only of the choir. In the middle of the choir, and juft before the high altar, was depofited the body of the founder, William the Conqueror, king of England, and duke of Normandy, under a moft ftately monument, erected at the expence of his fon William Rufus, and richly adorned with gold, filver, and precious ftones, by one Odo, a goldfmith of Caen. The top-ftone of the monument was of touch, fupported on each fide by three pilafters of white marble; and thereon lay the figure of the king, as large as life, drefied in his robes of fiate; and * Befides the immenfe benefactions which William in his life-time conferred on this abbey, he on his death prefented thereto the crown which he ufed'to wear at all high feftivals, together with his feeptre and rod, a cup let with precious Hones, his candlefticks of gold, and all other his regalia; as alfo the ivory bugle-horn which ufually hung at his. back. Thefe were after- Wards redeemed by his fon William, who, in exchange for the fame, granted to the monks the manor of Coker in Somerfetlhire, and at the fame time confirmed the pofleiTions, privi¬ leges, and exemptions, which had been granted to them by his father. •f* The church of St. Alban’s abbey was built by abbot Paul, a Norman, nephew to archbifhop Lanfranc, who was elected abbot 4 cal. Jul. 1077. QUI REXIT RIGIDOS NORTHMANOS ATQUE BRITANOS AUDACTER VICIT FORTITER OBTINUIT ET CCENOMANENSIS VIRTUTE COERCUIT ENSIS IMPERIIQUE SUI LEGIBUS APPLICUIT REX MAGNUS PARVA JACET HAC GULIELMUS IN URNA SUFFICIT ET MAGNO PARVA DOMUS DOMINO TER SEPTEM GRADIBUS SE VOLVERAT ATQUE DUOBUS VIRGINIS IN GREMIO PHCEBUS ET HIC OBIIT. IO87. In the year 1522. one of the cardinals, attended by an archbifhop and feveral dignified ecclefiaftics, vifiting the town of Caen, was prompted by a ftrong curiofity to fee the body of the Conqueror ; and having, for that purpofe, obtained permiflion from Peter de Martigny, bifhop of Caftres, who was at that time abbot of St. Stephen’s, they caufed the tomb to be opened. Upon removing the cover-ftonc, the body, which was corpulent, and in ftature greatly exceeded the talleft man then known, appeared as intire as when it was firft buried. Within the tomb lay a copper plate gilt, on which was engraven the like epitaph with that on the outfide of the monument ; and beneath it was the following infcription in old French. JE GUILLAUME TRES MAGNANIME DUC DE NEUSTRIE PAREIL A CHARLEMAIGNE PASSAY LE MER PAR UN DOUX VENT DE SUST POUR CONQUESTER TOUTE LA GRAND BRETAIGNE PUIS DESPLOYER FIS MAINTE NOBLE ENSEIGNE ET DRESSER TENTES ET PAVILLONS DE GUERRE ET ONDRIER FIS COMME FIL D’AIRAIGNE NEUF CENT GRAND’S NEFZ SI TOST QUI EUZPIED A TERRE ET PUIS EN ARMES DE LA PARTIS GRANDERRE POUR COUPS RECENZ AU DOUBTE ROY HERAULT DONT COME PREUX I'EUZ TOUTE LA DEFERRE NON PAS SANS DUR ET MARVEILLEUX ASSAULT POUR BIEN JOUSTER LE DESLOYAL RIBAULT JE MIS A MORT ET SOIXANTE ET SEPT MILLE NEUF CENTS DIXHUIET ET PAR AINSI D'UN SAULT FUZ ROY D'ANGLOIS TENANT TOUTE LEUR ISLE OR N’EST IL NUE TANT SOIT FORT ET HABILE QUI QUANT C’EST FAIT APRES NE SE REPOSE MORT M'A DEFFaIT QUE SUIS IL CENDRE VILE DE TOUTE CHOSES ON JOUIT UNE POSE. The ( 53 ) The cardinal, who, as well as the reft of the fpectators, was greatly furprifed at finding the body in fo perfedl a ftate after having been buried near lour hundred and fifty years, in order to perpetuate the memory of fo remarkable an incident procured a picture of the royal remains, in the condition they then appeared, to be painted on board by the mod eminent painter of the place, and caufed it to be hung up, together with the before-mentioned original inferiptions, on the wall of the abbey-church, oppofite to the monument. The tomb, being again carefully clofed, remained undifturbed until the year 1562. when the Calvinifts, in a religious fury, forced it open, in expectation of meeting with immenfe treafures ; but finding nothing more than the bones of the Conqueror, wrapped up in red taffeta, they threw them about the church in great derifion, after having broken in pieces the monument, toge¬ ther with the royal effigies which lay thereon*. Moft of the bones were after¬ wards collected together by monfieur de Bras, and delivered into the cuftody of father Michael de Canalle, one of the monks and bailly of the abbey, who carefully lodged them in his cell, with an intent to reftore them to their ancient place of fepulture, as foon as the troubles fliould be ended : but the town being fome time after taken by admiral Chaftellion, the religious were driven from the abbey, and the royai remains once more difperfed: however, the vifeount de Falaife having at the time of thefe difturbances obtained from the rioters one of the thigh-bones f, it was by him afterwards depofited in the royal grave. About the fame time the picture of the Con¬ queror’s remains, as they appeared lying in the tomb in the year 1522. fell in the hands of Peter Hode, gaoler of Caen, and one of the rioters, who converted one part thereof into a table, and ufed the other as a cupboard- door ; but thefe, being four years after difeovered and reclaimed by monfieur * Monfieur de Bras, an officer of the town, who was prefent in the church when this a£t of violence was committed, in his curious treatife, in titled Les Recherches et Antiquites de la Province de Neustrie, informs us, that a few days after the Calvinifts had deflroyed the monument, and burnt moft part of the infide of the church, fome of the foldiers, on linking the ftone cheft, in which the remains of the Conqueror were depofited, obferved that it gave a hollow found, and concluding from thence that it might contain fome valuable treafure, broke it open, notwithftanding his intreaties> and the remonftrances which he, being then walking in the church, made againft fuch violation of the royal fepulchre. The expectation which thefe foldiers entertained, of finding treafure within the Conqueror’s grave, is not in the leaft to be wondered at. It was well known, that in ancient times' it had been cuftomary to depofit coin, jewels, and other valuable treafure, in the tombs of princes, and other great men, at the time of their interment. The Normans demolifhed the tomb of king Clovis, in the church of St. Genevieve, in hopes of finding treafure, and were not difappointed; the like ravages were com¬ mitted by them, on the fame account, in other tombs j and we are told that one of the monks of the royal abbey of St. Germain des Prez, found, in the tomb of king Childeric within that church, a treafure of confiderable value, which the monk appropriated to his own ufej but afterwards, in the year 1656. when on his death-bed, being * ft ruck with remorfe for that aeft of facrilege, he confefied the faeft, and, by way of atonement, bequeathed to the abbey-church the prefent organ, which coft thirteen thoufand livres. *j~ Monfieur de Bras fays, that this thigh-bone was longer, by the breadth of his four fingers 5 than that of the tailed: man he had ever feen. ( 54 ) de Bras, remained in his pofieflion till his death, fmce which time it is unknown what is become of them. In the year 1642. the monks caufed a plain altar-monument to be eredled over the place where the royal body had been originally depofited. The Tides and ends of this monument were of fpeckled marble red and white, and the top hone of touch, raifed on a free-ftone pedeftal. At the head was fixed an efcutcheon, charged with the three lions of England; and at the foot was another, charged with the two lions of Normandy. The following infcription was engraved on the fouth fide of the monument. HOC SEPULCHRUM INVICTISSIMI JUXTA ET CLEMENTISSIMI CONQUESTORIS GULIELMI DUM VIVERAT ANGLORUM REGIS NORMANNORUM CjENOMANORUMQUE PRINCIPIS HUJUS INSIGNIS ABBATIAJ PIISSIMI FUNDATORIS CUM ANNO MDLXII HERETICORUM FURORE DIREPTUM FUISSET PIO TANDEM NOBILIUM EJUSDEM ABBATIAS RELIGIOSORUM GRATITUDINIS SENSU IN TAM BENEFICUM LARGITOREM INSTAURATUM FTTTT ANNO DOMINI MDCXLII DOMINO JOHANNE DE BAILHACHE AS^ETORII PROTO PRIORE. * D. D. This fecond monument flood unmolefted until the year 1742. when it was intirely removed ; and in lieu of it, there is at prefent only the following epitaph, cut on a flat black marble let into the pavement, and which is the only remain¬ ing monument, or rather cenotaph, of the renowned William the Conqueror. QVI REXIT RIGIDOS NORMANNOS ATQUE BRITANNOS AVDACTER VICIT FORTITER OBTINVIT ET CENOMANENSES VIRTVTE COERCVIT ENSES IMPERIIQVE SVI LEGIBUS APPLICVIT REX MAGNVS PARVA JACET HIC VILLELMVS IN VRNA SVFFICIT HIEC MAGNO PARVA DOMVS DOMINO TER SEPTEM GRADIBVS SE VOLVERAT ATQVE DVOBVS VIRGINIS IN GREMIO PHOEBVS ET HIC OBIIT ANNO MLXXXVII RE QVIESCEBAT IN SPE CORPVS BENEFICIENTISSIMI FVNDATORlS QVVM A CALV1NIANIS ANNO MDLXII DISSIPATA SVNT EIVS OSSA VNVM EX EIS A VIRO NOBILI QVI TVM ADERAT RESERVATVM ET A POSTERIS ILLIVS ANNO MDCXLII RESTITVTVM IN MEDIO CHORO DEPOSITVM FVERAT MOLE SEPVLCHRALI DESVPER EXTRVCTA HANC CEREMONIARVM SOLEMNITATE MINVS ACCOMMODAM AMOVERVNT MONACHI ANNO MDCCXLII REGIO FVLTI DIPLOMATE ET OS QVOD VNVM SVPERERAT REPOSVERVNT IN CRYPTA PROPE ALTARE IN QVO IVGITER DE BENEDICTIONIBVS METET QVI SEMINAVIT IN BENEDICTIONIBVS FIAT FIAT. T hele * A draught of this monument is engraved in Sandford’s Geneal. Hist, of England, p. 7. ( 5S ) Thefe are the only epitaphs that have ever actually graced the fepulchre of William; but in an ancient vellom manufcript, intitled Brutus, sive de Gestis Anglorum, &c. remaining in the Lambeth library, are two others, which were compofed by the wits of the eleventh century, and, as they have not been hitherto publifhed, may prove acceptable to the reader ; for which purpofe they are here literally inferted. EPITAPH I. CLAUDENS HIC MODICO PIE REX WILLELME SEPULCRO QUI SUBJECISTI TOT FERA REGNA TIBI ANGLIA BRITANNI POPULUS SCOTUS ET CENOMANNI LETUS QUISQUE SIBI SUCCUBUERE TIBI GENS ET NORMANNOR. SUB TE FECUNDA BONORUM ILLA TIBI MATER EJUS ET IPSE PATER UT DILEXISTI REX MAGNUS IN ORBE FUISTI ’ DVVES ERAS PATRIE PAX DECUS ECCLESIE PRUDENS FACUNDUS NULL! VIRTUTE SECUNDUS CUSTOS JUSTTCIE MURUS AMOR PATRIE NUNC MUNDANARUM MORITURIS DIVICIARUM GLORIAM QUID VALEAS MORTUUS ECCE PROBAS VIR BENE FAMOSUS ANGLOR. REX GUILERMUS VITA SUBLIMIS HIC JACET EXANIMIS HINC DOLOR ET LACRIME SUBJECTE PLEBIS OPIME NAM MISERANDA PIUM PERDIDIT 1MPERIUM ET QUE FLOREBAT ET VIVERE PACE SOLEBAT NUNC CONFUSA SUO PERFODITUR JACULO. EPITAPH II. O MORS CUI PARCES CUM REGUM DESTRUIS ARCES ARCEM FREGISTI GUILLELMUM CUM TETIGISTT ANGLIA CUI PARVA FUIT EXPROBITATE CORONA MILICIA QUE SUA CENOMANICA SERUIT ORA IN DEXTRA TENUIT QUICQUID NORMANNIA QUIVET PAR JUBAR EXTINCTUM MIRATUR SIDERA LUGENT MIRANTURQUE NOVI SOLIS ABESSE JUBAR MUNDUS IN OCCASU FLET SOLIS MARS QUE LEONIS MUNDUS SOLE CARET MARSQUE LEONE SUO STANTE LEONE STETIT MARS ET MAVORTINUS EGIT ET SOL HOC SOLE CLARIUS EM.ICUIT HIC SOL ILLE LEO VIGUIT VIVENTE GUILLELMO DUX FUIT YMMO REX CESARE CESARIORUM DUX NORMANNORUM BRITANNOS SUB JUGA DUXIT AT QUE ( 56 ) ATQUE PRIORE PRIOR CESARE CESAR ERAT ILLE SEMEL VICTOS SUBDUXIT POSTERITATI HIC VICTOR VICTUS FERTUR ABISSE SEMEL HIC GUILLELME JACES CINIS OSSA QUID ERGO DET TIBI SANCTA DEUS DENT TIBI SANCTA DEUM Before I difmifs the account of the feveral events which befel the fepulchre of this great duke of Normandy, it may not be improper to mention, that the excefs of the Calvinifts, however it may have been exaggerated by thofe who were more blindly zealous on the oppolitc fide of the queflion, induced, as Mr. Breval in his Travels allures us, a countryman of ours, at the requeft of one of the monks of this abbey, to favour the public with the following lines. HIC NORMANNIGENJE JACUERUNT OSSA WILHELMI NOBILIS ET MEKTITO SPLENDUIT ^ERE THOLUS CERNERE ERAT MAGNI CCELATOS PRINCIPIS ARTUS ET FACIEM ET IPSO LuMINA LilGNA JOVE HINC MIHI FULGENTES VIDEOR SPECTARE CATERVAS ET TUMIDA AUSPICIIS AEOLE VELA TUIS HINC OPPOSITAS ACIES FERROQUE PEREMTUM SAXONIDEM* ET CAISO RAPTA TROPHfiA DUCI UNDE LABOR TANTUS PERIIT NEC NOSCERE NUNC EST SEMIDEI INSIGNIS QUO STETIT URNA LOCO SCILICET A TITULO TURBAE VENIT IRA FURENTI REX ERAT HOC CRIMEN PUTRE CADAVER HABET QUOD NOLLET PATRASSE NEFAS THRAX INDUS ARABSVE GALLUS AB INSANO MISSUS fHUGONE POTEST. In the fvveep, or vertex, which goes round the outfide of the choir of this church, are fixteen chapels neatly built, but neither of them embellifhed with any remarkable ornaments. Eight of thefe are called Chapelles de Castres, and are faid to have been founded and endowed by Charles de Martigny, bifhop of Caftres, during the time that he was abbot here. All of them con¬ tinue appertinent to the abbey, and the right of prefentation to each is in the prior. Within the chapel of Notre Dame de Halbout, mafs is once in every week celebrated by four chaplains, who are collated to that benefice by the abbot of St. Stephen’s for the time being; and there is a like eftabhlh- ment in the chapel de St. Martin de Cheux for four chaplains, who are likewife prefented by the abbot: but the names of the founders, as well as the times of the foundation of both thefe chapels, are unknown. The * King Harold. + The Hugonots were fo called from a zealous preacher, called Hugon. ( 57 ) The chapel of St. Mary, of, as it is frequently called, the Duke’s Chapei., Hands behind the high altar, and was built by duke William at the, fame time that the foundations of the abbey-church were laid. It was always confidered as the chapel of the palace, during the time that William and his fucceffors reilded here ; but, having never been endowed, is now in great meafure neglefted. Within this chapel lies buried the architect of this noble church and abbey, but without any tomb : his memory is however preferved by an infcription, Hill legible, on the exterior part of the building, and of which the following is an exadt copy. 'cViUV: JRccfcT: peSRXRX; svact^vS; iN:./KRdC: o ? -rx. {S77C : how : ppeCCiP': op: o c(X: p^ni/Kci + Several of the literati, who have feen the original infcription, are of opinion that it fhould be read as follows : GUILLelmUs JACET PETRARIus SUMMUS IN ARCA ISTE NOVUm PerFECIT OPus DAT PfeMIA CHRiftus AMcn. The feveral chapels placed on each fide of the choir do not afford any fepulchral monuments; neither did I meet with any epitaphs, either in the choir or nave of this church, except that of the Conqueror. The weft window is almoft totally obfcured by a moft gigantic organ built clofe to it, and allowed to be the fined in all France. This organ is fo big, as to require eleven large bellows, and is too loud to be heard with pleafure elfewhere than in the choir, and at the diftance to which it is proportioned. Amongd the plate preferved in the treafury of this church, is a curious filver falver, about ten inches in diameter, gilt and inlaid with antique medals. Tradition affures us, that it was on this falver, that king William the Conqueror placed the foundation-charter of the abbey when he prefented it, at the high altar, on the dedication of the church. The edges of this falver, which Hands upon a foot-ftalk of the fame metal, are a little turned up, and carved. In the centre is inlaid a Greek medal, on the obverfe o whereof ( 58 ) whereof is this legend, Auv<xi’fz(> Amovos ■ but it being fixed in its focket, the reverfe is not vifible. The other medals, forty in number, are fet round the rim, in holes punched quite through; fo that the edges of the holes ferve as frames for the medals. Thefe medals are Roman, and in the higheft prefervation. They were probably colleded by duke Robert, father of the Conqueror, during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and after his death fell into the hands of his fon. The convent is a fine ftone building, confifting of two quadrangles ; one whereof hath of late been partly rebuilt, three of its fides being already finilhed. The galleries and cells for the monks are upon the principal and fecond ftories. Under them, on the ground-floor, is a large refedory, fronting the garden ; and near it, a handfome room, well fitted up, called la Salle de Compagnie, where, over the chimney, I was fhewn a diminifhed pidure of William the Conqueror, copied from the original ftill preferved in the porter’s lodge, and of which I Ihall fpeak hereafter. In the fame room are likewife the pidures of the prefent king and queen of France ; that of car¬ dinal Fleury, formerly abbot of this convent ; and fome others. The fouth fide of this quadrangle, which was formerly the abbatial houfe, is now in a ruinous condition, but is intended to be foon rebuilt. The fecond, or inner quadrangle, is very large, but not clofely built. Some of the windows of the apartments have pointed arches ; but others are circular, as are likewife thofe of the houfe,. at prefent appropriated for the abbot’s refidence, and which was part of the ancient palace. The whole of thefe buildings is encompafled with large and extenfive gardens. This abbey enjoys very great immunities, and extenfive privileges. Pope Alexander II. foon after the dedication, exempted it from the epifcopal junf- didion of the bifliop of Bayeux, within whofe diocefe it is fituate ; and this exemption was confirmed by pope Plonorius III. in the year 1221. Cle¬ ment VI. in the fifth year of his pontificate, granted to the abbot and his fucceffors, the free ufe of all pontifical infignia, and the giving the bene- didion in all churches, chapels, and other places whatfoever, within their jurifdidion, where a legate a latere was not perfonally prefent. Its revenues are very confiderable, amounting to two hundred thoufand livres French per annum; and the abbacy is commonly difpofed of to perfons of the firft rank ; fo that St. Stephen’s at Caen feems ever to have been the appennagc of the greateft men in the church. Without looking back to fuch as poffefled it in ancient times, I find that Charles d’O, the thirty-fixth abbot, was. in 1624. fucceeded by Anthony de Bourbon, natural fon of king Henry IV. ot France, ftyled 1 //]// / (•/ ///<■. Z////f •/// -J.h/t/fr 0/ //////<//// /Zuz (/>ny//f’/'T>r, s/ASaes /. 2'ArJ,w/ or /hr Jr/ T/n'Jr<i/ofr2ttur/m -Jr, -A/’/.i A o/i of'f'.nt/, v "Auq- afi/ieno(anA (o a- Deed in //u:/ijf.tr/oion of 1 — T/unnoo ~do//e r.jf.s.S: jf.s.A-. ( 59 ) ftyled Count de Moret, who being killed in battle, in September, 1630. was fucceeded by Alphonfe Louis du Pleflis de Richlieu. He had been bilhop of Lucon, but refigned that fee in favour of his brother, and turned Carthu- lian ; after which he became a cardinal, and obtained, firft the archbifhoprick of Aix, and fecondly that of Lyons. He was likewife grand almoner of France, held the rich abbies of St. Vidtor les Marfeilles, and de la Chaife Dieu, and was prior of la Charite fur Loire. All which preferments he kept, together with this abbey of St. Stephen. This great man dying in March, 1653. was fucceeded, as abbot of St. Stephen, by cardinal de Fleury, who was fucceeded by cardinal de Gefore, the prefent abbot. Within the precindt of this abbey, and adjoining to the church, king William the Conqueror built a ftately palace for his own refidence : feveral parts of plate vm, it ftill remain ; particularly one apartment, which is very large, and makes a noble appearance. The rooms in this apartment are at prefent uled as gra¬ naries, but were formerly called the Guard-Chambers and Barons Hall. Thefe are perhaps as well worth the notice of an Englifh antiquary, as any thing within the province of Normandy. One of thefe rooms, and indeed the principal now remaining, was diftin- guifhed by the name of the Great Guard-Chamber. This room, the cieling whereof is vaulted, and forms a mod magnificent arch, is lofty, and well pro¬ portioned, being one hundred and fifty feet in length, and ninety in breadth. The windows on the eaft and weft fides are decorated with fluted pillars ; and at each end is a beautiful rofe window of ftone work, glazed with painted glafs of exquifite workmanlhip. On the north fides are two magnificent chimneys in good prefervation; and round the whole of the room runs a ftone bench, intended for the convenience of the feveral perfons doing duty therein. The floor is paved with tiles, each near five inches fquare, baked almoft to vitrification. Eight rows of thefe tiles, running from eaft to weft, are charged with different coats of arms, generally faid to be thole of the families who attended duke William in his invafion of England. The intervals between each of thefe rows are filled up with a kind of teflelated pavement; the middle whereof reprefents a maze, or labyrinth, about ten feet; in diameter, and fo artfully contrived, that, were we to fuppofe a man fol¬ lowing all the intricate meanders of its volutes, he could not travel lefs than a mile before he got from the one end to the other. The remainder of this floor is inlaid with fmall fquares of different colours, placed alternately, and formed into draught or chefs-boards, for the amufement of the foldiery whilft on guard. Turning out of this room, on the left hand you enter a fmaller room, called the Barons . Hall, twenty-four feet in breadth, and twenty-feven feet in length, paved with the fame fort of tiles as the former; but ( 6o ) but with this difference, that inftead of coats of arms they are ftained with the figures of flags and dogs in full chafe. The walls of this room feem to have been ornamented with efcutcheons of arms painted on heater fhields, fome of which art ftill remaining. It was in this guard-chamber, and the barons hall adjoining, that king Wil¬ liam the Conqueror, as tradition tells us, in the mod fumptuous manner enter¬ tained his mother Arlette with her wedding-dinner, on the day of her mar¬ riage to Hariuin count de Conteville, by whom fhe had Odo, bifhop of Bayeux, and earl of Kent; Robert, earl of Mortagne and Cornwall ; and Emma, who by her hufband, the count d’Aumale, was mother of Hugo de Abrancis, earl of Chefter. Critics in antiquary knowledge arc much divided in their opinion whether the pavements of thefe rooms are coeval with William the Conqueror, or not ; fome alledging, that the tiles were ftained, in his time, with the arms of thofe who attended him in his expedition againft England ; whilft others infift, that the bearing of arms, as a family-diftindtion, was unknown during his reign ; and that, although the coats of arms of the great Norman nobility are depidted on thefe tiles, yet feveral of thofe coats belong to families who are known not to have been concerned in duke William’s expedition into England; and that therefore it is more probable this pavement was laid down in the latter part of the reign of king John, whilft he was loitering away his life at Caen with the beauteous Ifabel of Angoulefme, his queen, during which period the cuftorn of wearing of coats of arms was introduced. It is further remarkable, that, notwithftanding thefe rooms have been ufed as gra¬ naries for upwards of four hundred years, neither the damps of the wheat, the turning and lhifting of the grain, nor the wooden fhoes and fpadcs of the peafants conftantly employed in bringing in and cleanfing the wheat, have in the leaft damaged the floor, or worn oft the painting from the tiles. The only injury this floor hath received, is the taking up fome few of the tiles *, in order to open funnels through the floor for the more ready con¬ veyance of the corn into the rooms beneath. The great door of the guard- room is very curious, and (hews the Ikill of the workmen of thofe times. It is loaded with fine carvings, and though injured by time, and the put¬ ting on and pulling off its locks, is well worth obfervation. Under thefe rooms is another apartment, fupported by fine columns. They were formerly ufed as waiting-rooms for perfons of inferior rank, but are now likewife converted into granaries. Oppofite * A few years ago, four of thefe tiles were brought to England : one of them was foon after prefented to my worthy friend, Horace Walpole, efquire; and the other three are now in my own polldTion. ( i ) Oppofite to the great hall, which was taken down about twenty years fince, and till that time had for many years ferved as a dormitory for the monks, flood an ancient chapel, built before the abbey was founded. Upon the out-fide of the wall of this chapel, were painted, in frefco, four por¬ traits, as big as life, reprefenting William the Conqueror, his wife Matilda, and their two fons, Robert and William. The Conqueror was drawn as a very tall man, clothed in a royal robe, and flanding on the back of an hound couchant : on his head was a diadem, ornamented with trefoils: his left hand pointed to his breaft; and in his right he held a fceptre, furmounted with a fleur de lys. Queen Matilda was drefled in a kirtle and mantle, and had on her head a diadem fimilar to that of her hufband ; from the under part whereof hung a veil, which was reprefented as falling carelefly behind her fhoulders : in her right hand was a fceptre, furmounted with a fleur de lys; and in her left, a book: her feet were fupported by the figure of a lion. Duke Robert was reprefented as flanding on a hound, and clad in a tunique, over which was thrown a fhort robe, or mantle: his head was covered with a bonnet; upon his right hand, clothed with a glove, flood a hawk; and in his left hand was a lure. The picture of duke William reprefented him as a youth, bare-headed, drefled in the fame habit as his brother, and flanding upon a fabulous monfter, probably intended for a double-bodied harpy; it having only one head, with the face of a virgin, and two bodies, each refem- bling, in fhape, that of a bird: each of the bodies of this monfter termi¬ nated ill the tail of a cat, and had the hind legs of a fwine. The left hand of this prince was clothed with a glove, and fupported a falcon, which he was feeding with his right *. Thefe paintings are fuppofed to have been coeval with the foundation of the abbey of St. Stephen, and to have been drawn from the life : they were deftroyed in the year i 700. when the chapel was pulled down; but fortunately father Montfaucon had previoufly procured drawings of them to be made; and from thofe drawings I have caufed them to be plate v. engraven. In * It was anciently the cuftom, for perlbns of quality to travel with a warlike equipage. When they had any military expedition on foot; and with that of the chacc, when the times were peaceable. Their ftrong attachment to the latter, and more particularly to hawking, may be gathered from the fevere laws they made, relating to that fport. Hence it is, that the hawk, or falcon, was, in thofe earlier ages, conlidered as the mark, or fymbol, of the highell: degree of nobility : and it was with this view that the painter placed the falcons on the fills of the two young princes Robert and William. We have feveral inftances of this cuflom having been prevalent among the painters, fculptors, and engravers, of former times. Among others, the portrait of St. Lewis, ftill preferved in the Holy chapel at Paris, and fuppofed to have been drawn from the life, for him, about the time of his coronation, reprelents him fupporting a hawk on his left fill. In the portraits of the ancient forefters and earls of Flanders, taken from their original pictures and ftatues, and publilhed at Antwerp in 1612. by C. Martin, Lyderic the firft, Anthony his fon and fucceffor, Lyderic the fecond, and Odoacre, are each depifted carrying a falcon on his right fill armed with a glove. Robert de Betune, eldeft fon of Guy earl of Flanders, was reprefented, on his broad feal, with a R hawk ( 62 ) In a very ancient building, richly ornamented with antique carvings, and faid to have been the dreffing-room of William the Conqueror, but now ufed as the porter’s lodge, I was {hewn a whole-length pidture, painted in frefco againft the wall, over what was formerly a chimney, but now flopped up. This the monks aflert to be an original portrait of the Conqueror; and it was from this pidture, that the diminifhed copy, in the Salle de Compagnie, was taken. The ignorance, and, I might with jullice lay, the ingratitude of the monks to their noble and royal founder and benefaftor, had, fome time fince, ordered the whole of this room, together with the pidture, to be white-wafhed; but die prefent porter’s wife, requefting that the latter might be left unde¬ faced, her fuit was complied with ; and by that means one of the oldeft portraits (if what the monks fay of it be true) perhaps now remaining, was pre- fervcd from deftrudtion, for the infpedlion of the curious, and to the no fmall emolument of the porter, arifing from the liberality of travellers, who vifit it. plate n. I have caufed a print, taken from a drawing of this pidture, to be engraven. Here alfo lately flood a very handfome odtangular building, in which were four large chimneys. It received all its light from a great circular opening in the roof. The monks, who ufed it as a repolitory for their fire-wood, affirmed that it was originally the Conqueror’s kitchen ; and the form and appearance of it, which greatly refembled that of the abbey of Glaftonbury in Somerfetfhire, and fome others of the like kind in England, feemed to verify the aflertion ; but, from the mode of its architedlure, I am inclined to think it was a plate ni. building of a much later date. It is now pulled down ; but I have given a print of it, engraved from an original drawing taken by monfieur Noel, an ingenious architedl of Caen, a fhort time before its demolition. The abbey of the Eloly Trinity, called L’Abbaye aux Dames, was founded for Benedidtine nuns, by the duchefs Matilda, about the fame time that duke William began to eredt that of St. Stephen. In the year 1082. fhe endowed it hawk on his right hand: and in like manner others were reprefented on their feals, as we find in Wredius’s Sigilla Comitum Fl andrize. in the ancient hiitoricai tapeftry preferved at Bayeux, Harold, going on an embafly from Edward the ConfefTor to William duke of Normandy, appears with a hawk on his lift; and fo again in another part of the fame tape-dry, where he is depleted as on his journey to Eu, in company with Guy earl of Ponthieu, who is alfo there reprefented with a hawk on his fill. Neither was this mark or lyinbol of nobility con¬ fined to the men; for we find it frequently on the feals of fovereign princelfes, and ladies of the higheft nobility; as, on thofe of Margaret countefs of Flanders, wife of Baldwin earl of Hanault ; Joan, daughter of the fame earl, and wife of Ferdinand fon of Sanchez king of Portugal; her filler Margaret, countefs of Flanders; Margaret daughter of Charles the Bald, in her own right countefs of Flanders, and wife of Maximilian fon of the emperor Frederic III. Margaret wife of William de Roden, callellan of Maldingham ; Elizabeth de Chaltillon; Mary countefs of Blois and St. Paul; Emma, lady of La Val, and countefs of Alenpon; wife of Matthew de Montmorency, conllable of France; Ida countefs of Bologne; and many others. See La Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre, par Olivier de Wree ; and Sigilt.a Comi- TUM FlANDRIZE. I RF.OtY/E MXfHiLlJIS fftfi'nojos CIVR HKS qWAFVROREHERETICGRVM SERVATt SVTJT LINTEO PIE [WOLVTOS CAPS VLA PLVMB EA IVCLVSIT ET HO VO R IS C ASS A TVMYLVKHVMC HVMO ADEQVATVM MOV OVIDE M REOIOAPPARAT V SED memo r.i et orovo vt potvit cvltv A ■ Fhm/, ,y Qur„,. 7/ 7 /f //r 17f(’J‘/r/f//ft/fy /. f’.vn f > :\\ //>/!//'//’/t/i'.i //,.> /////, r "J ! * TTr "' Xytfiarl,•/ IteMijy CiurcioftlrSoly Trn.i/v „t . /h;/./ ,,/W/ ,k ,K„/„ 1 (Jmti/nt’n/s. ( <>3 ) it with fo much munificence, that William de Poitiers, archdeacon of Lifieux, makes no fcruple of faying, that lhe enriched the church much more than any king or emperor had ever done in the preceding times. The church of this abbey is a plain neat building, both within and without, and intirely free front Gothic ornaments. The two fquare towers at the weft end were anciently extremely lofty, and built in a tafte which did honour to the judgment of the archited ; but their upper parts were demolifhed by Charles, king of Navarre, in 1360. The entrance into this church is by a defcent of three fteps. I faw nothing remarkable in the anti-chapel, except the grate for the nuns to look through; but, upon entering the body of the church, which confifts of one very large aile, I was greatly furprifed with its beauty and magnificence. The floor is paved with black and white marble, laid in the neateft manner I ever faw. The high altar, to which there is an afcent of five fteps, is compofed of a variety of the rnoft beautiful marbles, and adorned with fix fine Corinthian pillars of red marble veined with white. Thefe pillars fupport a large and magnificent canopy, furmounted by a crofs richly gilt. Within this canopy, which is finely painted in perfpedive, and forms a magni¬ ficent dome, covering the whole altar, are fufpended the figures of feveral angels, reurefentcd as flying in the air, in different attitudes, and one of them holding a label with the words GLORIA IN EXCELSIS. The altar-table is loaded with gilt plate, and the front is furnifhed by three pidures finely painted. Near the middle of the choir, and at a convenient diftance from the lower- moft ftep of the high altar, lies buried the body of the foundrefs, queen Matilda*, under a reftored monument of black and white marble, three feet high, and fix feet long, formed in the fhape of a coffin, having a row of iron fpikes, about three inches in length, fixed upon the top. In an efcutcheon at the head, are the arms of the Conqueror, viz. two lions, or ; and in ano¬ ther efcutcheon, at the oppofite end, is a crown, or. On this monument is the following epitaph, in very long old Norman charaders, written in gold. EGREGIE PULCHRI TEGIT HEC STRUCTURA SEPULCHRI MORIBUS INSIGNEM GERMEN REGALE MATILDEM DUX FLANDRITA PATER HINC EXTITIT ADALA MATER FRANCORUM GENTIS ROBERTI FILIA REGIS ET SOROR HENRICI REGALI SEDE POTITI REGI MAGNIFICO VILELMO JUNCTA MARITO PRE- * Queen Matilda, or Maud, was daughter of Baldwin, furnamed the Gfntle, earl of Flanders, by Adala, or Alice, eldeft daughter of Robert king of France, foil of Hugh Capet. Duke William married her at Augi in -Normandy, whilft he was very young. Upon his vi&ory over Harold, being offered the crown of England, he would have deferred his coro¬ nation till Matilda came over to partake of the ceremony; but being prefl'ed not to delay it, he was crowned by himfelf; and fhe afterwards, on Whit-Sunday, in the year 1068. She died on the 2d day of November, in the year 1083. PLATE V. PLATE VI. PLATE VI. The The DESCENT of MATILDA, Wife to WILLIAM the CONQUEROR. Salvart, prince of Dijon. y Jungarde, daughter of Gerard, 1 lord of Rouflillon. ( Lyderic, only fon and heir, having (lain Phinart, called Le Buc, was, by i Rithildis, daughter of Dagobert king of France, in 621. appointed the firft forefter of Clothaire II. king of Flanders. | France. . j j — " " 'l Bouchard, third Helwig, daughter of Wal- Thirteen fon, fucceeded gifus, brother to Angifus, other fons. his brother An- a marquis of the empire; thonyasforefter. alfo princefs of Louvain. I- Jozaran, firfb fon,diedwith- out ilfue. Anthony, fecond fon, fucceeded his father as forefter, but died without ilfue. Eftoredus, only fon and heir, fucceeded to the government of Flanders, died—N. daughter of in the year 792. N. Lyderic II. only fon and heir, fucceeded to the govern¬ ment of Flanders and Louvain : he was appointed count of Harlebec, by Charlemagne, in the year 836. f ---- Inguerram, or Ingelram, fon and heir, fucceeded as forefter of Flanders, and countyN. daughter of Harlebec. of N. Flanarine, by fome faid to be daughter of a German nobleman, and by others called a daughter of Clothaire king of France. Odoacre, fon and heir, fucceeded as forefter and count of Harlebec ;yN. daughter of the prevolt died in the year 863. of Schitive. f- - Baudouin, or Baldwin, furnamed Bras de Fer, or the Hardy, only fon and heir, fucceeded as fo¬ refter ; created earl of Flanders by Charles the Bald, king of France, in the year 863. died in 879. Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of France; and widow, firlt, of Ethel- wulf, king of the Welt-Saxons, and after¬ wards, of Ethelwald, king of England. Charles, firlt Baldwin, fecond fon, = Tlftrude, or Elfrida, Rudolph, third fon. Guinedilde, mar- fon, died fucceeded his father daughter of Al- count and abbot riedWifrid,earl young. as earl of Flanders; fred the Great, of Cambray. of Barcelona. diedin the year919. king of England. r 1 1 1 Arnolph theGreat,firft fon, fucceeded as earl of Flan¬ ders; died in theyear957_ r First Wife. Mathildis, daughter=Baldwin the Younger, of Conrad, king only fon, fucceeded of Burgundy, ob. as earl of Flanders; S. P. died in the year 967. Alice,or Adela, daugh- Adulf, earl of Boloigne Alfwithe, Ermentrude. ter of Robert, count and St. Paul, fecond orElltrude. of Vermandois. fon,died without ilfue. "1 1 Second Wife. Mechtildis, daughter of Herman Billung, duke of Saxony. Ecbert, fecond fon. Luytgardis, married Wichman, count of Ghent. 1 nolph the Younger, only fon, fucceededySul'anna,orRofala,daughter Joan married Geoffrey, count arl of Flanders; died in the year988. of Berengarius, K. of Italy. of Mons and Haynault. First Wife. I Second Wife. Jgina, daughter of Gil-=Baldwin, called Barbatus, onlyTEleonora, daughter of bert, count of Lux- fon, fucceeded as earl of Flan- Richard II. duke of enburg, ob. S. P. ders; died in the year 1034. Normandy. Mathildis died unmarried. r Baldwin Inialanus, only fon and heir, called Le Debonnaire, oryAlice, or Adela, daughter of Ro- Gentlk, fucceeded as earl of Flanders; died in the year 1067. bert Capet, king of France. r . married, Baldwin, firft=Richilda,daugh- Robert, called=Gertrude, daugh- Matilda, or Judith fon, fuccee¬ ded as earl ofFlandcrs. ter and heirefs of Reginald, count of Hay¬ nault ; widow ofHerman;and mar. thirdly, to William Fitz- Ofberne, earl of Hereford. Le Frison, fecond fon. ter of Bernhard, duke of Saxony; and widow of Florence, count of Frifeland. Maud, mar- firft, Toftie, or riedWilliam Toftie, earl of the Baftard, Northumberland, duke of Nor- brother to Harold, mandy. king of England; lecondly, Welpho, or Welf, duke of Bavaria. ( ) PRESENTEM SEDEM RECENTEjR FECIT ET IDEM TAM MULTIS TERRIS QUAM MULTIS REBUS HONESTIS A SE DITATAM SE PROCURANTE DICATAM HEC CONSOLATRIX INOPUM PIETATIS AMATRIX GASIS DISPERSIS PAUPER SIBI DIVES EGENIS HIC INFINITE PETIIT CONSORTIA VITE IN PRIMA MENSIS POST PRIMAM LUCE NOVEMBRIS. The fury of the Calvinifts, which in the year 1562. vented itfelf againft church-ornaments and fepulchral monuments, did not fuffer the remains ot this pious queen to reft quietly in her grave. No fooner had they plundered the abbey of St. Stephen, and difperfed the bones of the Conqueror, than they ran to the abbey of the Holy Trinity, threatening the fame violence to thofe of Matilda. The intreaties and tears of the abbefs and her nuns, at firft, had no effect upon the infurgents; however, they at laft contented them- felves with throwing down the monument, breaking to pieces the figure of the queen, which lay thereon, and juft opening the grave in which the royal corpfc was depoftted. At that juncture, one of them obferving that there was a gold ring, fet with a line fapphire, upon one of the queen’s fingers, he took it off, and gave it to the abbefs, madam Anna a Montmorency, by whom it was afterwards prefented to her father, the baron de Conty, conftable of France, when he attended king Charles IX. to Caen, in the year 1563.* The feveral parts of the queen’s monument being afterwards got together, were preferved from further injury, and many years after, reftored and placed over her grave, in the manner we now fee it. At the fame time, the following infcription written in gold, and in Roman characters, was placed in efcutcheons on each fide of the monument. On * Formerly it was ufual to put rings upon the .fingers of kings and queens at the time of their interment. Upon the rebuilding of Weftminfter abbey, the tomb of Sebert, king of the Eaft Angles, being opened, his thumb-ring, in which was fet a ruby of great value, was found lying in the coffin. M. Chifflet and father Montfaucon tell us, that in the year 1623. as fome workmen were digging in the pariffi of St. Brice, near the city of Tournay, they found feveral gold coins, together with a gold ring with a man’s head engraved upon it, round which was written CHILDERICI REGIS ; and that this demonfirated the place to have been the depofitory of king Childeric, father to Clovis the Great. King Henry II. as we learn from Matthew Paris, the Chronica Normannice, and other authorities, was buried at Font-Euraud in Anjou, with a great rich ring upon his finger; and king Richard II. by his will directed that he ffiould be buried with a ring upon his finger, according to royal cuftom, and that in the fame ffiould be fet a precious Rone of the value of twenty marks.— £ Item volumus, &c. * Quod fuper digitum noftrum, more regio, annulus, cum lapide pretiofo pretii live valoris viginti * marcarum, monetze noftrs Anglic, ponatur.’—Teftamentum Ric. II. regis, in Rymer’s Fcedera, vol. viii. p. 76. In the reign of Charles. I. the tomb of king William Rufus, in the cathedral of Winchefter, was opened; and therein was found, among other things, a large gold ring. s ( 66 ) On the South Side. REGIN AL MATHILDIS PRF.TIOSOS CINERES QUI A FURORE HERET1CORUM SERVATI SUNT LINTEO PIE INVOLUTOS CAPSULA PLUMBEA INCLUSIT ET HONORIS CAUSA TUMULUM HUNC HUMO ADEQUATUM NON QUIDEM REGIO APPARATU SED MEMORI ET DIGNO UT POTUIT CULTU On the North Side. SUPER HIS EREXIT ORNAVITQUE ILLUSTRISSIMA ET RELIGIOSISSIMA DOMINA GABRIELA FRANCISCA DE FROULLAY DE TESSE HUJUSCE MONASTERII ABBATISSA CUJUS PIE TATE TAM NOBILE MAGNIFICUM ALTARE FUIT CHRISTO NASCENTI CONSECRATUM UNO EODEMQUE ANNO MDCCVII. This monument is furrounded by a very neat bench, which is joined to a wainfcot partition, twelve feet in height, covered with fine tapeftry, and con¬ tinued quite crofs the choir, fo as to prevent all accefs, during divine fer- vice, to that part where the nuns fit. Every one of the arches of this church is circular, and all the doors and windows have round arches. I was not permitted to fee any other part of the abbey, except the lady abbefs’s parlour, which is a fmall room, commanding a moft delightful pro- fpecft of the country, extending to a great diftance, this abbey being fituated on a very high hill. Among the muniments preferved here, is a very curious .nufcript, containing an account of the foundrefs queen Matilda’s ward¬ robe, jewels, toilette, See. but I was not able to procure a copy of it ; ncirher would the abbefs admit me to a fight of a very ancient pifturc, which hangs in one of the rooms, and is generally thought to be that of Matilda their firft abbefs, dreifed in the habit of a nun; though fome are rather inclined to believe it to be the picture of the royal foundrefs. Cicely, eldeft daughter of William the Conqueror, having in the year 1075. made her proftffion at Fefcamp, was, upon the dedication of this church, removed hither, in order to be educated under the care of Matilda, the firft abbefs ; upon whofe deceafe fhe fucceeded to the government of the abbey, which ( 67 ) which flie managed with lingular piety for the fpace of fifteen years, and dying upon the 13th day of July, in the year 1126. was buried in the church of the monaftery, having worn a religious habit for the fpace of fifty-two years. From that time the government hath conftantly been conferred on ladies of the firft rank. All the nuns are likewife daughters of perfons of high birth, no others being admitted to take the veil here. This abbey is not only exempted from all epifcopal jurifdiftion, but hath an officiality and particular jurifdiftion over four pariffies, which are called its Peculiars. William the Conqueror, having granted to his abbey of St. Ste¬ phen the liberty of placing the abbot’s arms, as well on all the gates of the town, as the barriers of the fuburbs, together with the right of receiving the ancient duties called la Petit Coutume, payable there during feven days in every year, he, at the requeft of his queen Matilda, granted the like privi¬ lege to the abbefs and convent of the Holy Trinity; in confequence of which, this abbey continues to receive all the town-duties payable on the three days preceding, and the four days fucceeding, Trinity Sunday, in the fame man¬ ner as the duties arifing during the three days before, and the four days after, Michaelmas, are paid to the abbey of St. Stephen. The annual revenue of this abbey is computed to amount to feventy thoufand livres. The precinfls were anciently ufed as a fortrefs, called the Fort of the PIoly Trinity of Caen; in which was conftantly kept a garrifon, commanded by a captain, whofe annual pay was one hundred fingle crowns. This fort, together with the two great towers' of the abbey-church, being of great ufe for difeovering and impeding the approaches of an enemy, were demo- lifhed by Charles, king of Navarre, in the year 1360. during the war which he carried on againft Charles the dauphin, regent, and afterwards king, of France, by the name of Charles V. Part of the gate-way of this fort, and fome traces of the mote which encompafled it, are frill vifible. Whilft this fortrefs continued in ufe, the tenants of the feveral houfes in Caen, held under this abbey, were, by covenants in their leafes, obliged to keep the mote in thorough repair. Exclufive of the two great abbies, there are in Caen, fix convents for men, five for women, and three hofpitals, beiides feveral other religious eftabliili- ments; but none of thefe were founded by the Englilh. The univerfity of Caen was founded by John, duke of Bedford, regent of France, in the name, and by the authority, of his nephew, the young king Henry VI. The zeal for the cultivation of literature, which at that time began to dawn throughout the weftern world, is faid to have induced the duke ( 68 ) duke to take that political ftep, in hopes that, by eftablifliing fo ufeful a feminary of learning, he might regain, to the Englifh nation, the affedtions of the Normans, then very vifibly upon the decline. To this end therefore he caufed letters patent to be iffued, under the great feal, dated at Rouen, in January, 1+31. whereby the univerfity was founded for the ftudy of the civil and canon law, and great part of a confiderable building in the rue des Cor¬ deliers appropriated to the profeffors ; the remainder of that edifice being con¬ tinued as the court-houfe of the bailliwick. On the 15th day of February, in the year 1436. the king eftablifhed profeffors of arts and divinity ; and by his letters patent, dated at Ivenington, on the 19th day of March, in the year 1437 * added a profefi'orlhip of phy- fic, delegating the intire government of the univerfity to the bailly of Caen for the time being. In the year 1439. the eftablifhment of this univerfity, and the privileges granted thereto by king Henry VI. were confirmed by two bulls of pope Eugenius IV. with the addition of all fuch other privileges and immunities as were at that time enjoyed by any univerfity in France; and this occafioned the king to write a very extraordinary letter of thanks to that pontiff for the favour *. The pope likewife, by the fame bulls, appointed the * From a manufeript, No. 211. in the Lambeth library, entitled, “ Opufculum ex miffivis “ litteris fereniffimi principis Henrici fexti, Anglie et Francie regis, tempore venerabilis “ viri Thome de Bekyntona, legum doftoris, ejufdem regis fecretarii, per eundem regem “ miflis : unit cum quibufdam aliis literis ejufdem fecretarii, ac alior. ut infra fuis locis it patebit: ad utilitatem limplicium, in unum collegium et compilatum. pag. 44 * ' Pape EUGENIO IV. pro Recommendacione Studii CADOMENSIS. < HUMILLIMA ad beator. pedum ofcula recommendacione premilfa. Beatiffime pater, fatis < n.enti tenemus, quam paterno quamque benigno affeftu, Studium Cadomcnfe, quod pia conii- < deracione noftris in domino gloriamur temporibus, ad Dei laudem etglonam, ac fidei orthodoxe < fublimacionem, ftabilimentum, defenfionemque, necnon reipublice nobis a Deo commifle utili- ‘ tatem et fulcimentum, paucis ab ante diebus eredtum conil rudtumque fuiffe, veftra beatitudo < andorifare et approbate dignata eft. Qui ex re numerofi jam doaores, magiftri, licentiati, bac- ■ ca lla r ii (1) et fcolares, in vinea et agro, dominicis in variis quoque fcienciis laborantes, et, ultra • quam facile credendum fuit, fruaum afferentes, illo in magna frequencia, ex diverfis regionum I partibus confluxere, et dietim confluere non defiftunt. Unde gracias certe et laudes, quanta ‘ devocione poffumus, omnis grade largitori referimus, qui fua ineffabili providencia dignatus eft, ‘ hiis turbinofis temporibus, ad decus et decorum ecclefie facro-fanfle, talia in noftris ducatu et < dominiis tranfmarinis fundaments jacere, et feienciarum virtutumque principia ftabilire: fed et < eidem beatitudini veftre gracias immortales habemus, quia ftudium iftud apoftolice auflontatis < confirmacione munivit, et firmum jam tutumque conftituit : que fane fanditati veftre gratiffima < fore fperamus ; neque minus nobis placida et multum jocunda confiftunt. Verum, bemgmffime ‘ pater, cum jam diftum ftudium, pro fui novella inftitutione frequentibus indigeat ejufdem fandhtatis • favoribus, auxiliis, graciis, provifionibus, et prerogativis, clementiam veftram oblecramus, in domino 1 et humiliter deprecamur, quatinus in premiflis recommillum habere ftudium memoratum, ac 1 oratores ejufdem quos in proximo eidem clemencie veftre deftinare intendit; veftri contempla- ‘ done benigne recipere ea quoque que ex gracia a fede apoftolica devote petituri funt : ad exau- ‘ dicionis graciam revocare dignetur veftra clemencia antedidla, nobis ea in re per maximam certe ‘ compla- ( 1) Sic. ( 6 9 ) the bi {hop of Bayeux to be chancellor of the univerfity ; Michael Trigore, an Englifhman, to be the recftor, or vice-chancellor; and the bilhops of Lifieux and Coutances, to be confervators of its privileges apoftolical. The noife and confufion, occafioned by the great concourfe of people of all forts, who daily attended the courts of judicature, being foon found incom¬ patible with the tranquillity and privacy neceffary for the profecution of lite¬ rary ftudies, king Henry, in the year 1442. upon the remonftrance of the profeffors, granted the whole building to the univerfity, which he at the fame time liberally endowed, and removed the courts of judicature to another part of the town. In the year 1452. the French having gotten pofleflion of Caen, and moft of the Englifh territories in France, this univerfity was refounded by Charles VII. at the requeft of the three eftates of Normandy, who likewife granted thereto many new privileges, all which were confirmed by pope Nicholas V. Calix- tus III. Pius II. and Innocent VIII. This univerfity is the only one in France, which hath five faculties, viz. divinity, civil law, canon law, phyfic, and arts. Exclufive of the public fchools, it properly confifts of four colleges, called le College do Mont, le College du Bois, le College dbs Arts, and le College du Cloutier j each of which have their refpetftive principals or heads; notwithftanding which, it is moft commonly faid to confift of three colleges only ; that of du Cloutier being ufually omitted in the lift, as having no profeflbrlhips eftablilhed in it. The number of profeffors is faid to amount to threefcore ; but the annual ftipend of feveral of them is very fmall, fome not having more than fixty livres, or about two pounds twelve {hillings and fix-pence fterling per annum, fettled revenue. The principal profeffors are, two of divinity, two of civil law, complacenciam impenlura. Quam din et feliciffiine oramus prelervare velit fummus pater, ad inciementa {cientie et virtutum, et ad omnia commoda 11 1 i0r.—‘Script.’ Sec. * Cardinali PLACENTINO pro eodem. • HENRICUS Dei gracia, &c. Reverendiffime in Chrifto pater, amice nofter cariffime, 1 li tter as jam noftras CanctilTimo in Chrifto patri noftro, pape Eugenio, dirigimus in hec verba, 1 Humillima, ut fupra.' Quia vero, in favoribus et auxiliis, reverendiftime, paternitatis veftre * fiduciam temper pofuimus et ponimus fmgularem; eandem paternitatem precamur ex corde ‘ quatinus oratores difli ftudii, quociens et quando ad vos declinandum cenfuerint, benigniter ‘ audire ac veftri contemplacione favores veftre paternitatis, reverendiffime; item contilm^ fuf- fragia, et affiftenciam impartiri eifdem, dignemini graciofe. Qua in re non modicam certe ‘ complacenciam nobis faciet veftra benignitas, quam feliciter in multa optamus fecula pro- ‘ fperari. Ex caftro noftro de Wyndefore, tub figneto noftro xviii. Maii. A. D. MCCCC. XLII. ‘ et regnor. noftror. XX.’ X ( 70 ) law, two of canon law, one of French law, and four of phyfic; to which the prefent French king hath added a profefl'or of chemiftry. In the faculty of Arts, the colleges du Bois and des Arts have each of them fix profeflors; and the college du Mont feven ; that is, two for philofophy, and five for polite literature. The library is a handfome regular building, tolerably well furnifhed with books, and is kept open for the public two days in every week. It was much enriched by the means of cardinal de Luifnes, archbifhop of Sens, who added thereto the curious library of the celebrated monfieur Bochart ; and in the year 1732. procured the revenues of the college du Cloutier to be annexed to the librarian’s office. Here is alfo a good botanical garden, and a profeflor of botany belonging thereto. The redtor, who is the chief refident officer of the univerfity, Hill wears, in memory of the original founder, what they here call the Royal Habit of England ; that is, a dodtor of civil law’s red robe. Ancient privileges exempt him, and the other officers of the univerfity, from feveral duties and impofi- tions : for which reafon many perfons of good credit, defirous of obtaining thefe advantages, not only follicit, but fometimes purchafe, even the very infe¬ rior places, fuch as beadles, fweepers, See. being well allured, that they will never be called to the performance of any duty, unlefs the redtor fhould die in his office. In fuch cafe, indeed, the ceremony, trouble, and expence, of attending his funeral, is fo enormous, that every officer hath reafon to remem¬ ber it as long as he lives. To prevent this accident as far as human fore¬ fight is able, the univerfity hath had recourfe to the expedient of choofing th redtor for fix months only, or even for a fhorter time when he hath been in a bad Hate of health. However, a few years fince, thefe precautions proved abortive, by the redtor’s being accidentally killed by the burfting of his fowling-piece; and the officers ftill lament the expence which they all unfortunately incurred on that occafion. The prefent number of ftudents, including the redtor, profeflors, regent, mailers, and officers of the univerfity, is computed at about fifteen hundred: but in this are comprehended all the boys who compofe the lower daffies, and ftudy what they here call les Humanitez, which, in England, would be reckoned only Grammar, or common fchool-learning. In fhort, notwithftanding this boafted provincial univerfity hath fo many privileges within its fcanty verge, it is in reality but a trifling affair, and very inferior to the meaneft college ( 7i ) college in either of our Englifh univerfities. It is now upon the decline, owing as well to the contempt of the Greek and Latin languages, and the general decay of learning, which prevails in Normandy, as to the conduit of the bifbops of that province, who have found means to fet afide the pretentions by which the graduates, according to their feniority, and the intentions of the royal founders, claim to be provided with benefices. The academy now kept by monfieur de la Pleigniere, for the education of young gentlemen of falhion, which is fo much boafled of by the people of Caen, and frequented by many of our countrymen, is nothing more than a large boarding-houfe. Its bell: apartments are much inferior to the word; at Eaton. The building confifts of a fquare, in the middle of which you fee a wretched ftatue of Lewis XIV. Three fides of this fquare contain lodgings for the fchoiars, and the fourth is divided into coach-houfes and flables. Behind the fquare is the manege, or riding-fchool, a very lofty and convenient place for the purpofe to which it is adapted. Here I faw fome Englifh gentlemen performing their exercifes. Adjoining to the manege is the liable for the managed horfes. The fchoiars are taught French, ma¬ thematics, mufic, fencing, riding the great horfe, &c. and the expence may be gathered from a plan of the academy, which I have inferted in a note *. Here were, during my Hay in Caen, twenty-fix fchoiars, fixteen Englifh and Irilh, and ten French; but the prefent number of Englifh and Irifh is now (1767.) only nine, as I am informed. There * ‘At the Royal Academy, Hippodrom et Hippiatrique, kept by monfieur le chevalier de ‘ la Pleigniere Herbert, equerry to his majefty, (and fon-in-law to monfieur De la Gueriniere, the ‘ late well-known matter) at Caen, capital of Lower Normandy, France. ‘BOARDERS. e Each gentleman pays, the firft year, for his room furnifhed, 4 (towels, knife, fork, and fpoon excepted) entrances, ftirrups, ‘ under riding-matter, fencing, dancing, mathematical and draw- ‘ ing matters, porter and grooms, 245 livres ; which is to be paid 4 with the firft quarter, amounting, in all the firft year, to - - 4 The fecond, and each following year -------- 4 For a governor, with his room completely furnifhed - - 4 For a fervant’s room, per annum - -- -- -- -- 4 As cider is the common drink of the country, thofe who choofe 4 to drink wine at their meals, pay (at the rate of a bottle per 4 day) per annum ------------- 4 Thofe who have no fervants are waited upon by the fervants of 4 the academy, paying 40 fols a month. 4 Each gentlemen pays 30 fols a month to the porter for fwitches. 4 There is no table provided for the fervants. 4 Every one finds himfelf in wood and candles. * Dogs are not allowed to be kept in the academy. Englifh money. livres. 1. s. d. 1565 - - - 68 9 4 1320 - - - 57 J 5 0 900 - - 39 7 6 80 - - ' 3 10 0 292 - - 12 >5 6 ‘DAY. ( 72 - ) There are, in Caen, thirteen parjfh-chur.ch.es, whereof the principal is that of St. Peter, anciently called St. Peter de Dernetal, fituate in the middle of the town, and remarkable for the elegance and beauty of its fpire, which is extremely lofty, and fo admirably contrived, that, at what part foever of the church you enter, the eye does not difcover either of the four columns on which the fpire refts. This elegant piece of mafonry was completed in the beginning of the fourteenth century, by one Nicholas, an Englifhman, who was at that time a burgefs of Caen, and treafurer of this church. At the time of his death, which happened in June, in the year 1317. the follow¬ ing epitaph, preferred by monfleur de Bras, was compofed ; but it is not alto¬ gether certain whether it was ever placed over his grave, or not. LE VENDREDY DEVANT TOUT DROICT LA SAINT CLERQUE LE TEMPS N’EST FROIT TRESPASSA NICOLLE L’ANGLOIS L’AN MIL TROIS CENS ET DIX SEPT SON CORPS GIST CY L’AME A DIEU SOIT CHACUN EN PRIE CAR C’EST BIEN DROICT. BOURGOIS ESTOIT DE NOBLE GUISE MOULTE DE BIEN FIST EN CESTE EGLISE TRESORIER EN FUT LONGUEMENT ET PAR LUY ET PAR SA DEVISE FUT LA TOUR EN SA VOYE MISE D’ETRE FAICTE SI NOBLEMENT. PRUD ‘ DAY-SCHOLARS. livres. 1. s. d. * Firft month, in all, (fwitches excepted) ------- 124- - - 586 * The fecond, and each following month ------- 50 - - 2 33 « The boarders are to advance each quarter, and the day-fcholars * each month, for learning to run the ring - -- -- - 10 once paid 089 « For thole who chufe to run the heads ------- - 20 a month 017 6 * None but the bell mafters of all kinds are allowed to teach in * the academy. « At the academy at Paris each boarder pays, the firft year - - 1942 - - - 84 19 3 * The fecond, and each following year ------ 1500 - - - 65 12 6 * The day-fcholars pay, the firft month, - -- -- - 152- - - 6130 * The fecond, and each following month - -- -- - 72 320 * At the academy at Angiers, each boarder pays, the firft year - 1927 - - - 84 6 ii 4 The fecond, and each following year ------ 1800 - - - 78 15 o * The day-fcholars pay, the firft month - -- -- - 118 10 fols. - 538 * The fecond, and each following month - -- -- - 6110 fols. - 213 9 This academy hath feveral privileges, and, amongft others, that of being open to ftudents of all countries, and of any religion. Monfieur de la Pleigniere doth not fuffer any prieft, not even the cure of the parifh, to frequent his houfe, left he ftiould be fulpedled of attempting, or the fcholars ftiould be feized with, a fpirit of converlion. ( 73 ) PRUD' HOMS ESTOIT COURTOIS ET SAGE ET SANS ORGUEIL ET SANS OUTRAGE DE TOUS GENS CHERY ET AIME DE SA MORT SE FUT GRAND DOMMAGE SON ESPRIT SOIT EN L’HERITAGE DE PARADIS SOIT HOIR CLAME O LUI GIST SA FEMME PRIMIERE QUI MOULT FUT DE NOBLE MANIERE ET ESTOIT NOMMEE GERMAINE ENVERS DIEU FUT MOULT AUSMONIERE QUI LES METTRA EN SA PRIERE DIEU LES METTE EN BONNE SEPMAINE LE JOUR QUE CE MONDE PASSA ET DE CE SIECLE TRESPASSA CE FUT LE SECOND JOUR D’OCTOBRE L’AN MIL TROIS CENS ET DIX SEPT GRAND DOMMAGE FUT COMME ON SCAIT CAR ELLE ESTOIT BIEN SAGE ET SOBRE OR PRIEZ PAR DEVOTION QU’ILS AYENT PLEINE REMISSION. The body of another of our countrymen, Michael Tregore, the firft reftor of the univerfity of Caen, lies buried at the entrance of the choir of this church, where his effigies ftill remains. Te Deum is conftantly fung, in this church, upon all high feftivals and other folemn occaftons; and from hence it is, that the clergy and religious of Caen fet out, in order to make their public proceffions. The parifh-church of Sainte Paix de Tous Saints was built in the year 1061. by duke William, in commemoration of a provincial council, which at his requeft was then held upon the fame fpot whereon the church now Hands. The hiftorians of his time tell us, that it being cuftomary with the duke, during the celebration of any council, to put a flop to, and prevent, all tumults and contentions whatfoever, and to enjoin the obfervance, by all ranks of people, of an exadt ftate of tranquillity, and an intermiffion of all bufinefs and matters of conteft, which he called la Treve de Dieu, he on that account gave his new-erected church the name of Sainte Paix de Tous Saints. It is to this particular truce, or ftate of quiet and repofe, injoined by the Conqueror, that fome writers have with great probability attributed the origin of the couvrefeu-bell. v The ( 74 ) The church of Sr. Stephen’s, which (lands near the abbey of the fame name, is efteemed the mother-church of Caen, and on that account is diftin- guifhed by the name of St. Estienne le Vieil, The people of Caen have a tradition, that this parifh-church, together with thofe of St. Sauveur, Our Lady, St. Peter, and St. John, were founded in the fourth century, by St. Renobert, count du Beilin, and afterwards bifhop of Bayeux*: but, however that matter may have been, the prefent edifice is of a much later date. Againft one of the buttreffes on the outfide of this church, juft oppofite to one of the gates of the town, is a bafto relievo of a man on horfeback, as coming' into the town. Under his horfe’s feet is a young man lying dead, and before him, a man and woman kneeling. This, monfieur de Bras thinks, was intended to reprefent duke William making his entry into Caen. The parochial church of St. Sauveur du Marche, is a very ancient building, but hath not any thing remarkable within it. The peculiar form of the arch of the weft portail, and the extraordinary tafte of the dreffings placed in the panel over it, are evident proofs of its antiquity ; for which reafon they are here engraven. The ( 75 ) The Other parifh-churches of Caen fcarce deferve the notice of a traveller, except it be that of Sr. Nicholas des Champs, which is remarkable on account of its great age. In the fauxbourg of St. Giles, Hands the very ancient chapel of St. Thomas l’Abbatu, which monfieur Huet tells us was built “ de temps immemorial.” The pillars remaining in the infide of this chapel are of a peculiar conftruc- tion, and widely different from all others which have fallen within my obfer- vation. Their capitals are likewife remarkable for being ornamented with the figure of an imaginary animal, “ definente in cauda pifcis.” Part of thefe pillars are covered with heaps of earth, thrown up againft them from holes which were dug near to the high altar, and to two other altars in the weft part of the chapel, upon a rumour, fpread fome years ago, that great trea- fures were there buried. Againft the wall in the choir, are the remains of what I apprehend to have been two tombs : on the one, are reprefented two perfons kneeling, before a third who is fitting; and on the other, is a long infcription, in Franco-Norman characters now greatly obliterated, containing memoranda of the number of maffes to be faid or fung in that place, for which all the neighbouring lands are appropriated, and to this hour enjoyed by the retftor, although no fervice hath been performed here for a long time. The north fide of this chapel hath Only two windows, and, as it fronts to the fields, is not inriched with fo many ornaments as the fouth fide, which adjoins to the public road. In PLATE VII. is reprefented a fouth view of this plate vir. chapel in its prefent ftate, on a careful infpe&ion whereof, the reader will have a clear idea of that mode of building, which at Caen is called the Ancient Gothic, and was certainly anterior, in point of date, to any building herein confidered as Norman architecture. In the chapel of the Holy Crofs, within the college of the Holy Sepulchre, was formerly a very curious pifture of the taking of Caen by Henry VI. king of England, and which was there painted and fet up by the exprefs order of that king; but it is now intirely loft, fuppofed to have been deftroyed by * From a paffage in the foundation-charter of the abbey of St. Stephen, and which is repeated in the charter of confirmation granted by king Henry II. many periods have been induced to believe, that this church of St. Ellienne le Vieil was monaftic long before king William the Conqueror built the prefent abbey ; and therefore, by way of diftin&ion, obtained the appel¬ lation of le Vieil. The words of the charter are thefe: ‘ Partem quoque burgi trado in K qua praefatum monafterium confiructum eft, a muro in direCtum, occidental! verfus, ficut via protenditur, qua a Veteri B. Stephani Monasterio ad urbem Bajocenfein itur.’ But monfieur Huet, who hath thoroughly inveftigated this matter, in his book entitled Les Origines de Caen, proves that the word Mosasteridm, in that charter, was a bare Latin tranllation of the French word Monstier, which in that age fignified merely a church, and not the habitation of a number of religious living together under any particular rule, vow, or profeffion. ( 76 ) by the Calvinifts when they demolilhed great part of this college, in the year 1562. The walls of the old town, generally fuppofed to have been built by duke William, were flanked by nine towers; one of which, formerly known by the name of la Tour au Mareshall, is now called la Tour au Massacre, in memory, as the inhabitants fay, of the great daughter there made of the garrifon by the Englilh, at the time they made themfelves mailers of the town: but it is not probable that this particular event gave name to the tower, fince there are at Rouen, and many other places, towers to which the fame appellation is given. The prefent walls, which are near fifty feet in height, and from eight to ten feet thick, are flanked by twenty-one towers, fome round and others fquare. Upon many of them are platforms for the reception of cannon. This town had formerly twelve gates ; but there are at prefent no more than fix, viz. La Porte de Bayeux, la Porte Neuve, la Porte Millet, la Porte au Berger, la Porte de S. Julien, and la Porte d’EsTiENNE ; the others having long fince been flopped up *. About a mile from Caen, on the high road to Bayeux, are the ruins of a chapel, or church, faid to have been demolilhed by the Englilh under king Edward III. All the remains of this building have the fame kind of round arches, as were ufed in the ancient fabric of St. Thomas l’Abbatu ; but no others of any fort. Near to this church, or chapel, towards the fouth, are the remains of an hofpital for lepers, called la Leproserie de Beaulieu, and vulgarly, la Mala- drerie, founded in the year 1160. by Henry II. king of England. Here I obferved five chimnies, ranging in a ftrait line, at the dillance of about twenty feet from each other, of a moll Angular conUruftion, each of them being an obtufe cone clofed on the top, and furmounted by a large ball ; fo that the only fpace left for the fmoke to vent itfelf, was through fmall aper¬ tures, or fiffures, left in the fides. Thefe chimnies make part of a building which anciently formed a large fquare, with a court-yard in the centre. The remains of other chimnies are Hill vifible on the outfide-walls, and at the like diftance of about twenty feet from each other ; but I could not dif- cover any marks, whereby to determine whether each of thofe chimnies origi- nally * The ancient gates, now either fhut up, or demolilhed for the making the new fortifications, were called Porte au Bac ; Porte Artus, or Porte au Due; Porte de la Boucth.rie, or Porte des Prez, and fometimes Porte des Jacobins ; Porte du Moulin, and I orte du Pont St. Pierre. 7 ( 77 nally belonged to a feparate apartment, or not ; although I am inclined to think that they did, and that each leper had a diftindt room, inclofed by a fmall infide-partition, like the modern cells of the monks. Since I left Caen, thefe chimnies have been taken down, and the building is now converting into a Maifon de Force, or houfe of correction, for tire confinement of fturdy beggars and proftitutes. Part of the magnificent chapel, which was confidered as the parilh-church for the lepers, and mined by the Englilh, is alfo turned into a large common hall for the prifoners, and feparated from the other part, which is made into a chapel, by means of an iron gate, through which they may' have an opportunity of hearing mafs celebrated every morning. The city of BAYEUX, fituated on the banks of the little river Aure, and about a league and a half from the fea, is an old and very indifferent-built town, having for many years pall: been greatly negle&ed, and is now daily falling to decay. This misfortune is in great meafure owing to the flourifhing condition of its neighbouring town of Caen, from whence the diftance is not above eight leagues. At prefent it contains feventeen parifh-churches, inclu¬ ding thofe in the fuburbs; and feven convents, of which three are appro¬ priated for men, and four for women. This city is the fee of a bifhop, who, being always dean of Caen, thereby enjoys a confiderable addition to his revenue. This bifhop ftyles himfelf Pro- totrone of the province, and, his bifhoprick being the firft that was eftablifhed in Normandy, he, in refpedt thereof, takes precedence of all other bifhops of the province, and claims a right of prefiding in all provincial councils during the abfence of the metropolitan. The diocefe contains fix hundred and eleven parifhes, and is divided into four archdeaconries. The yearly revenues of the bifhop amount, communibus annis, to eighty thoufand livres. The prefent cathedral, which was eredled in the year 1159. by Philip de Harcourt, bifhop of Bayeux, and dedicated to the Holy Virgin, is large, and built in the form of a crofs, with pointed arches. Over the tranfept is a handfome fquare tower, of a more modern date, furmounted by a light and elegant fpire. The portail at the weft end is flanked by two fquare towers, each of which terminates in a very lofty fteeple; and the lower part of the whole is formed by five porches. That which is in the middle, hath a pointed arch formed by five ogives, the reins and mouldings whereof are inriched with carvings, X reprefenting ( 78 ) reprefenting the figures of moll of the principal perfons mentioned in the Old and New Teftament. The mouldings of the fweeps of all the other porches are plain. In the centre pier of this portail Hands a ftatue of the Virgin Mary ; and on each fide thereof are fix figures of the apoftles, as large as life. This portail, toge- gether with the ftatues thereon, appears to be coeval with the prefent cathedral. The interior part of the church is not adorned with any ftatues, or other ornaments ; and the choir, pidures, and painted glafs, are very indifferent. According to an old regifter-book of the church, there flood, in the year 1499. juft within the entrance, and on each fide of the portail, two coloffal ftatues; one, of William the Conqueror, oppofite to the chapel of St. Giles; and the other, of St. Chriftopher, fronting the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre; but both of them difappeared during the ravages made by the Calvinifts. In one of the windows, under a figure in painted glafs, which reprefents St. Exuperus, who is faid to have founded the bifhoprick fo early as the middle of the third century, are the following verfes. PRIMITIS HIC PASTOR TEMPLI FUIT HUJUS ET AUTOR CATHOLIC AM QUE FIDEM NORTHMANNIS ATTULIT IDEM. I could not meet with a fingle monument, or epitaph, in this church ; but hiftory tells us, that Agatha, the youngeft daughter of William the Con¬ queror, dying upon her journey to Spain, whither fhe was going, in order ( 79 ) to be married to Alphonfo king of Galicia, her body was brought back to her native country, and depofited in this cathedral *. Over-againft the weft door, is a crofs, greatly refembling our Waltham crofs, and eredted, as I was informed, upon the very fpot where the proteftant mob burnt the reliques in 1562. It is ornamented with the ftatues of St. John, St. Malo, and St. Lo. Here I had the fatisfadtion of feeing the famous hiftorical piece of fur¬ niture, which with great exadtnefs, though in barbarous needle-work, repre- fents the hiftories of Harold king of England, and William duke of Nor¬ mandy, quite from the embaffy of the former to duke William, at the com¬ mand of Edward the Confeflor, down to his overthrow and death, at the battle fought near Haftings; in which, as appears by the Latin infcription, Odo biftiop of Bayeux, half-brother to the Conqueror, fought, armed cap-a-pe, and behaved very manfully. The ground of this piece of work (which is extremely valuable, as preferving the tafte of thofe times in defigns of this fort) is a white linen cloth, or canvas, one foot eleven inches in depth, and two hundred and twelve feet in length. The figures of men, horfes, &c. are in their proper colours, worked in the manner of famplers, in worfted, and of a ftyle not unlike what we fee upon China and Japan ware; thofe of the men, more particularly, being without the leaft fymmetry or proportion. But, for a further and more particular defeription of this curious piece of anti¬ quity, the reader is referred to the Appendix, No. I. There is a received tradition, That queen Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, and the ladies of her court, wove this tapeftry with their own hands. It is annually hung up on St. John’s day, and goes exadtly round the nave of the church, where it continues eight days. At all other times, it is carefully kept locked up in a ftrong wainfeot prefs, in a chapel on the fouth fide of the cathedral dedicated to Thomas a Becket, whofe death is there reprefented in a very indifferent old pidture. In an old inventory of the goods of the cathedral of Bayeux, taken in the year 1476. this piece of needle-work is entered thus : “ Une tente tres “ longue et etroite, de telle a broderie de ymages et eferpteaulx faifans repre- “ fentations du conqueft d’Angleterre ; lequellc eft tendue environ la nef de “ l’eglife, le jour et par les odtaves des reliques.” The * She is reported to have fpent her time fo much in prayer, that her knees were brawned; and that, being affianced to Alphonfo, die prayed that Ihe might die a virgin, which came to pafs. Od.Vitai.is. Rob. of Gloucester. ( 3 ° ) The priefts of this cathedral, to whom I addreffed myfelf for a fight of this remarkable piece of antiquity, knew nothing of it. The circumftance only of its being annually hung up in their church, led them to underftand what I wanted ; no perfon there knowing that the objeft of my inquiry any ways related to William the Conqueror, whom they to this day call Duke William. Among the rcliques and other treafure which they ihew in the veftry, is a very curious ivory cheft, faid to have been found in pillaging the camp of the Saracens after their defeat near Tours, by Charles Martel. The lock-plate is of folid filver ; and on it is engraven an Arabic infcription, of which a gentleman, well verfed in the oriental languages, fome years fince favoured the public with the following tranflation : “ Whatever honour we render to “ God, we cannot honour him fo much as he deferves; but we honour hint “ by his holy name.” The cope, in which St. Regnobert, fecond bifhop of Bayeux, was accuftomed to fay mafs, is religioufly preferved in this cheft, which, as is aflerted by fome writers, was prefented to the cathedral by Ermantrude, wife of Charles the Bald, to be ufed as a chaffe for inclofing of the reliques of St. Regnobert, and in grateful remembrance of a very extraor¬ dinary cure, which her hufband had received by the interceflion of that faint *. This cope all his fucceffors have occafionally worn upon particular folemn feftivals; and it is ftill held in the higheft veneration by all the devotees of Bayeux. Here alfo were formerly preferved two beautiful unicorns, made of mafly filver; one whereof was fifteen feet long, and the other near nine; faid to have been prefented to this cathedral by William the Conqueror, and his half-brother, Odq, bifhop of Bayeux. When Francis I. paid a vifit to this church, in the year 1531. the bifhop, dean, and chapter, made him a pre- fent of thefe unicorns; but he returned them again, faying, that as the chapter had kept them fafe ever fince the time of William the Conqueror, they fhould continue under their care for the future. During the religious broils of the fixteenth century, thefe unicorns were put into the hands of the duke de Bouil¬ lon, governor of Normandy, for their fafe cuftody ; however, the duke never thought fit to return them to the church, and they are now irretrievably loft. On the day whereon the bifhop makes his public entry into the city, a gentleman of the neighbourhood, as foon as Te Deum is finifhed, comes into the bifhop’s apartment, and kneeling upon one knee, takes off the bifhop’s filver fpurs : and in the proceflion here made, on Corpus-Chrifti day, and at all times * The bones of St. Regnobert, Renobert, Reginobert, Ragnobert, or Ragnebert, (for by all thefe names he is called by different writers) were thrown out of the chaffe, and deflroyed by the Calvinifls in 1562, and nothing which belonged to him was faved from their rage, but this cope. ( 8i ) times when the hilltop officiates pontifically, the fame gentleman armed cap- a-pe, and carrying a drawn fword in his hand, marches immediately behind the bilhop, being, by the tenure of his eftate, bound to the performance of thefe fervices. Near the cathedral Hands an ancient palace, belonging to the bifhops of Bayeux; but they feldorn refide in it, having a much more convenient habi¬ tation at a fmall diftance front the town. The deanery is an extreme good houfe. Here is an hofpital for the relief of the poor ; a charity much wanted in other towns ; for travellers are every where peftered with beggars and mifer- ablc objects, for whom no legal provifion whatfoever is made by any of their refpeftive parifhes; the poor of this country, generally fpeaking, having no other dependance, when reduced by licknefs or accident, than the volun¬ tary contributions of their neighbours. It is a ntiftake, to imagine that they are relieved by the religious houfes, whofe doors you are fure to find clear of them ; themfelves complaining, that they are rendered unable, through the deficiency of their revenues, to maintain the full number of religious for which they were founded *. However, this is not univerfally the cafe in France: forne few of the religious houfes are tied down to a general and daily diftribution among the neceffitous ; as is the cafe of the Benedidline abbey of Fefcamp, where the monks are obliged to give daily a iarge quan¬ tity of bread and meat to every poor objedt who applies for it, ' except between the firft day of Auguft and the firft day of September, when the poor are fuppofed to be employed in the harveft. The monks pretend, that the expence of this dole cofts them twenty thoufand livres, or near eight hundred pounds fterling, per annum ; but nobody believes them. Here is alfo an houfe, where any poor girl may be taught the art of lace¬ making, and receive the profit of her work after a fmall dedu&ion for the miftrefs who inftru&s her in it. From * I would not here be Underftood to fay pofitively, that the poor have no relief from the monalteries: what I mean is, that there are not, at the religious houfes in this country, daily didributions of charity, fuch as hiftorians tell us were exercifed in England before the Reformation; and of which kind of charity we have yet fome remains, particularly at Lambeth palace, where thirty poor perfons are relieved by an alms called the Dole, which is given, three times a week, to ten perfons at a time, alternately ; each perfon then receiving upwards of two pounds weight of beef, a pitcher of broth, a half-quartern loaf, and two pence in money. Beiides this dole, there are always, on the days it is given, at lead: thirty other pitchers, called By-Pitchers, brought by other neighbouring poor, who partake of the remaining broth, and the broken viftuals that is at that time didributed. Likewife, at Queen’s college in Oxford, provilions are to this day frequently didributed to the poor, at the door of their hall, under the denomination of a Dole. Y ( 82 ) From Bayeux I returned to Caen, by the way of TROARN, or, as it is fometimes called, Trouard, a fmall town fttuate on the Orne. This place is remarkable only on account of its rich Beneditftine monaftery, dedicated to St. Martin, the bifhop, and founded in the year 1050. by Roger de Montgomery, coufin to king William the Conqueror, and earl of Arundel, Chichefter, and Shrewlbury *. In feveral parts of the walls and roof of the church of this monaftery, are carved, in relief, two leopards paflant, (the old Norman arms) ; as alfo thofe of England and France, quarterly. Near the altar lies interred the founder’s firft wife, Mabel, daughter of William Talvafe, and heirefs of the rich family of Belefme. This countefs, bearing great hatred to the founders of the abbey of Utica, in Normandy, caufed that houfe to be grievouily burthened with quartering of foldiers ; for which, and other opprelTions exercifed by her towards divers of the nobility, fhe was murdered in her bed at Bures, in the year 1082. On her tomb, now dcftroycd, the following verfes were placed by Durandus, then abbot of the monaftery. ALTA CLARENTUM DE STIRPE CREATA PARENTUM HAC TEGITUR TUMBA MAXIMA MABILIA HjEC INTER CELEBRES FAMOSA MAGIS MULIERES CLARUIT IN LATO ORBE SUI MERITO ACRIOR INGENIO SENSU VIGIL IMPIGRA FACTO UTILIS ELOQUIO PROVIDA CONSILIO EXILIS FORMA SED GRANDIS PRORSUS HONESTAS DAPSILIS IN SUMPTU CULTA SATIS HABITU H.EC SCUTUM PATRIAS FUIT HJEC MUNITIO MARCHES VICINISQUE SUIS GRATA VEL HORRIBILIS SED QUIA MORTALES NON OMNIA POSSUMUS OMNES HA)C PERIIT GLADIO NOCTE PEREMPTA DOLO ET QUIA NUNC OPUS EST DEFUNCT M FERRE JUVAMEN QUISQUIS AMICUS ADEST SUBVENIENDO PROBET. From Caen, puffing through Lifieux, I went to Evreux, the fee of a bifhop, who in right thereof is earl of Brofville, Uliers, and Conde fur Iton, The * This Roger de Montgomery was fon of Hugh de Montgomery, and Jofceline his wife, daughter of Turolph lord of Pont-Audemer, by Weva, fitter to Gunnora, wife of Richard II. duke of Normandy. Soon after the redudtion of England, William the Conqueror conferred the earldoms of Arundel, Chichefter, and Shrewlbury, on this Roger, who was at that tune ftyled Oximensium Vicecomes, and had commanded the centre of William's army at the battle of Haftings. At the dedication of this monaftery of Troarn, he endowed it with the manor of Horkefly, alias Horlly, in Gloucefterihire, where a prior and monks, dependant on this abbey, foon after fettled. ( 83 ) The diocefe of Evreux extends fifteen leagues in length, and five in breadth; it contains the pays d'Ouche de Champagne, the diftridts called la Champagne de Newburg, and Pont de V Arche, Elbeuf, Conches, l’Aigle, Breteuil, Ver- muil, Nonancour, Ivry, and Pacy ; five hundred and forty pariihes, eleven abbeys, and a great number of collegiate churches, priories, and other reli¬ gious houfes. EVREUX, the Mediolanum of Ptolemy, Ammianus, Marcellinus, Antoni¬ nus, and the Peutingerian tables, but called Ebroicum by more modern writers, is confidered as one of the mod ancient cities of Normandy. Under the dominion of the Romans, it made part of the Second Lyonnoife ; and under the French kings, it was included within the kingdom of Neuftria, and there¬ with ceded, by Charles the Simple, to duke Rollo. Richard I. duke of Nor¬ mandy, erected it into an earldom, in favour of his fon Robert; upon the failure of whofe heirs male it defeended to Almeric, earl of Montfort, fon of Simon de Montfort, by Agnes, daughter of Richard, eldeft fon of the before-mentioned Robert, the firft earl of Evreux. Simon, the eldeft fon of this Almeric, earl of Montfort and Evreux, coming into England, married Amicia, one of the fitters and coheirs of Robert Fitz-Parnel, earl of Leicefter, and in her right obtained that earldom, together with the ftewardfhip of England, in addition to his other titles, of Earl of Montfort and Evreux. It at prefent belongs to the duke de Bouillon, who took it in exchange for the principality of Sedan. The city is fituated in a moft pleafant and fruitful valley, fereened on the north and fouth fides by fteep hills, and plentifully watered by the river Iton, which divides itfelf into three branches at a fmall diftance from the walls. One of thefe branches turns away north from the city ; another runs on the outfide of the walls, and at a very fmall diftance from them; and the third, which is an artificial canal, cut at the expence of Joan of France, daughter of Lewis Hutin, and wife of Philip count of Evreux, afterwards king of Navarre, paffes through the midft of the city. Evreux, including the fauxbourgs, contains nine pariihes *, and feveral religious houfes; of the latter of which the moft remarkable are, the Benedidline abbey of St. Taurinus, belonging to the monks of the congregation of St. Maur, and the abbey of the Holy Trinity, and our Saviour in the myftery of the transfiguration, founded for Benedidline nuns. The * That is, within the city, the parifhes of St. Peter and St. Nicholas; avid in the fauxbourgs, thofe of St. Thomas, St. Denys, St. Leger, Notre Dame de la Ronde, St. Aquiline, St. Giles, and St. Germain. one ( 84 ) The prefent cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Virgin, and efteemed of the fined ftru&ures of its kind in France. It was built by Henry I. king of England, inftead of that faid to have been founded by St. Tau- rinus, bifhop of Evreux, about the year 412. and which, together with mod of the churches and public edifices in the place, king Henry, at the time of the contefis between him and earl Almeric, had, in the year 1119. with the approbation of Ouen, bifhop of the diocefe, caufed to be burnt down, in order to reduce the city to the necedity * of furrendering to his forces, which had * William, earl of Evreux, dying without iflue, his eftates, &c. defcended to his kinfman Almeric de Montfort; but king Henry, who well knew the fadlious and turbulent temper of Almeric, and that he was abfolutely devoted to the intereft of the king of France, refufed to give him pofleflion of the earldom. Almeric, piqued at this treatment, to which the king was fuppofed to have been infti- gated by the advice of Ouen, bifhop of Evreux, formed a league with the king of France, and the earls of Anjou and Flanders, againft king Henry, and having affembled a large body of troops, laid fiege to the city of Evreux, which was foon after furrendered to him by the treachery of William Pointel, the deputy governor. When Almeric had got pofleflion of the city, he put the Englifli garril'on to the fword, drove out all the ecclefiaftics, and pillaged the churches, the bifhop’s palace, and all thehoufes of the principal inhabitants. King Henry, apprehending that this conduct of earl Almeric would occafion the revolt of his neighbour Euftace de Pacie, lord of Breteuil, notwithftand- ing he had married Juliana, the Icing’s natural daughter, endeavoured by fair promifes to bring over that lord to his party. In this he fucceeded, and, as a hoftage for the performance of his engage¬ ments, put the fon of Ralph de Haranc into the hands of Euftace, who at the fame time delivered his two fons into the king’s cuftody, as pledges for his fidelity. Euftace, who had long watched for an opportunity of revenging himfelf on Ralph de Haranc, on account of fome mifunderftanding which fublifted between them, having thus gotten Ralph’s fon into his power, immediately caufed both his eyes to be put out, and in that condition fent him home. This flagrant inftance of perfidy and inhumanity enraged king Henry to fuch a degree, that he forthwith fent the two fons of Euftace to Ralph de Haranc, who, in retaliation for the treatment his fon had met with, put out their eyes, and cut off their nofes, and returned them to their father. Euftace de Pacie, juftly apprehending the refentment of king Henry, threw himfelf and his troops into Lyre, which he fortified, and fent his wife Juliana to Breteuil, with orders to put that town and caftle into the beft pofture of defence for refilling the attempts of an enemy. The inhabitants of Breteuil, who were ftrongly attached to theinterefts of king Henry, foon fent him intelligence of the motions of Euftace and his wife : whereupon the king marched diredtly to Breteuil, where being received with great joy by the inhabitants, he inverted the caftle, into which Juliana, with a finall body of troops, had retired. Juliana, finding that it would be importable for her to withftand the fiege, demanded to capitulate with her father, who confenting thereto, fhe came out of the caftle, in order to fettle with him the terms of capitulation; but as foon as the conference was begun, fhe took the opportunity of fhooting an arrow from a crofs-bow at the king, which providentially gave him only a flight wound. The king, enraged at the behaviour of Juliana, ordered the caftle to be inftantly aflaulted on all fides, and the bridge to be broken down, in order to cut off all communica¬ tion between the town and the befieged. Juliana, finding herfelf deprived of all hopes of fuccour from her hufband, and that fhe muft in a fliort time furrender the caftle at diferetion to her father, from whom fhe could not reafonably expedt any mercy, let herfelf down, by means of a rope, out of one of the caftle-windows, into the ditch, and from thence efcaped to her hufband ; upon which, the befieged threw open the gates, and furrendered to the king. After the reduction of the caftle of Breteuil, king Henry laid fiege to Evreux, the garrifon whereof made a vigorous defence. Several accidents happening to retard the king in carrying on the approaches, and his army being weakened by ficknefs and fatigue, he called a council of war, at which Ouen, bifhop of Evreux, aflifted* In this council the king reprefented the great ftraits to which his army was reduced. ( ) had long laid fiege thereto. This cathedral is built in the form of a crofs. The nave and choir are feparated from the chapels and fide-ailes by thirty- two elegant pillars, fixteen on each fide ; and the tranfept of the crofs forms an ocftagonal dome, or lantern; over which rifes a lofty turret, termi¬ nated by a fpire, which was eredted by Lewis XI. at the inftance, and under the immediate infpedtion, of the famous cardinal Bailie whilft he was bifhop. At the back of the chancel, and adjoining to the church-yard, are three figures, (landing againft a pillar, and reprefenting canons of the cathedral, having their heads covered with their amefles, according to the cuftom of former times. At a little diftance from them, againft another pillar, (lands the figure of a fourth canon, bare-headed, and holding his hand upon his heart, in token of repentance. Tradition lays, that this laft figure was defigned to reprefent a canon, who, being convi&ed of herefy, was excommunicated, and deprived of his ecclefiaftical benefices, but having afterwards abjured his errors, was reconciled to the church, and reftored to his former rights and privileges. To this it is added, that the chapter, in order to perpetuate the memory of that tranfaftion, infilled, at the time of the rebuilding of the cathedral by Henry I. king of England, that thefe figures fhould continue fixed to the pillars of the church. The chapter of this cathedral confifts of thirty-one canons, among which they reckon feven dignitaries, viz. the dean, the grand chanter, the three arch¬ deacons of Evreux, Newbourg, and Ouche; the treafurer, and the penitentiary*. Eight of thefe canons, being eftablifhed upon the old foundation, are ftyled Barons, on account of the barony of Angerville, which belongs to them. Next in rank to the dignitaries, is the abbot of Bee; to which office a canonry in this cathedral is perpetually annexed. The abbey dedicated to St. Taurinus (lands near the fpot where that fainted biffiop was interred. Behind the chancel of the abbey-church, at the depth of about eight feet from the furface, is a vault, to which you defeend by reduced, and that the only means left for him to become matter of the city, was that of fetting it on lire ; but, as the doing of it mutt neceflarily occafion confiderable damage to the churches and houfes of the citizens, he at the fame time gave his royal word, that, if the council would confent to that propofal, he would, out of his own purfe, amply repair all damages whatfoever. The bilhop hclitated for fome time, but at length yielded to the king’s remonftrances ; whereupon the north fide of the city was fired ; and the feafon being dry, the flames in an inftant communicated themfelves to all parts. The church of St. Saviour, which flood in the middle of the city, was the firft that was burnt; and after that, the cathedral, and fome other parifh-churches, were reduced to afhes. Soon after this, peace was concluded between Henry and Almeric, by the mediation of Pope Calixtus II. and the king amply made good his promifes in regard to the rebuilding the cathedral, &c. and the repairing of fuch damages as had been futtained by the citizens. * The dean is eledted by the chapter; but all the other dignitaries and canons are in the collation of the bifhop. Z ( 86 ) by two flights of flairs, each confifting of fix fteps; and within it, is a tomb, which, as the monks aver, was the depofltory of St. Taurinus. It is con¬ tinually vifited with great devotion by the neighbouring inhabitants, who are fully perfuaded, that by the interceflion of the faint they fliall receive a cure for every diforder wherewith they are afflidted. About half a league weft of the town, is a mod magnificent palace, built towards the clofe of the laft century, by Godfrey Maurice, duke de Bouillon. It is ufually called the Castle of Navarre, being built within a few yards of the fpot whereon lately flood an ancient building of the fame name, and which obtained that appellation on account of its having been eredled at the charges, and by the order, of Joan of France, daughter of king Lewis Hutin, and wife to Philip of Evreux, king of Navarre. This palace is an exadt fquare ; and its four fronts, to each of which you approach by a double flight of fteps, are exadtly uniform. The centre is formed into a moll fpacious faloon, adorned with the richeft marbles, antique bufts, bafl'o and alto relie¬ vos, &c. and the grand apartments are fo truly noble, that they well deferve a vifit from every traveller of curiofity. The road from Evreux to Bee leads through COCKEREL, a fmall village, where, in the year 1685. fome labourers, digging for ftone, difeovered a fepulchre, in which lay the fkeletons of twenty men, with their heads refting upon flints, and the bones intire and in their natural ftate. Near them were found fcveral fmall urns, arrow-heads, burnt bones, &c. but no infeription, or other mark, whereby to denote with certainty either the country thefe perfons were of, or the time of their interment. Of this Angular difeovery monfieur 1 ’Abbe de Cocherel favoured the public with a very learned and accurate account*. The famous Benedidtine abbey of Bec, or, as it is generally called, Bec- Hellouin, ftands near Brionne, in the lordfhip of BurneviMe, about nine leagues diftant from Caen, and is fituated in a narrow vale inclofed by two fteep mountains, and within a fhort Englifti mile of a fmall lingula, or point of land, formed by the jundtion of the river Rifle with a brook called 1 c Bec, which rifes out of the adjacent mountain. This abbey was originally founded about the year 1034. by Hellouin, a noble Dane, whofe lineal anceftor at¬ tended duke Rollo in his defeent upon Normandy, and in reward of his fervices obtained from him the lordfhip of Burneville. A few years after the building was completed, great part thereof fell down ; whereupon Lanfranc, then prior of the monaftery, prevailed on Hellouin to eredt a new one at a fmall * It is entitled “ Relation et DiiTertation toucliant l’Origine ct 1 ’Antiquite de quelques Corps “ trouvez dans un ancien Tombeau au Village de Cocherel, entre Evreux et \ ernon, en l’An 1685.” and is printed in the Appendix to “ L’Hiltoire Civile et EccleJiuuique du Comte d’Evreux, par “ M. Le BraiTeur,” qto. Paris, 1722. ' . ( 8 7 ) fmall diftance from the former, and which, being accordingly completed in the year 1073. was by the fame Lanfranc, then archbiihop of Canterbury, folemnly dedicated to the Holy Virgin, in the prefence of Odo bifhop of Bayeux, Gilbert bifhop of Evreux, Guilbert bifhop of Lifieux, Robert biflrop of Seez, Ernauld bifhop of Mans, and a great number of the nobility of Eng¬ land, Normandy, and France. The noble founder, at the fame time, amply endowed it *, and procured thereunto grants of many extenfive and valuable privileges and exemptions ; all which were afterwards confirmed by the French kings, as alfo by Henry I. Henry II. John, Henry III. Stephen, and Henry V. kings of England, who likewife became confiderable benefactors to the abbey f. The prefent abbey-church, which was begun to be built in the year 1273. on the fame fpot whereon before flood the old one, deftroyed by fire in the year 1264. is jufty efteemed one of the fineft Gothic ftruftures in France. The choir and chancel, together with the fix fide-chapels which furround them, are paved with black and white marble ; and the whole body of the church hath, at great expence, been decorated with elegant carvings, and other enrich¬ ments of all kinds, fince the year 1626. when the monks of the congre¬ gation of St. Maur were put in poffeflion of the abbey. The high altar confifls of eight large jafper columns, Handing on pedeftals of bronze double gilt, and fupporting an entablature richly carved and gilt. The tabernacle is covered with different pieces of the molt rare marble: on the top Hands the figure of the infant Jefus, in ftatuary marble; and on the fidcs are the ftatues of the Holy Virgin and St. Jofeph. The jube, or fereen, at the weft end of the choir, which, as well as the high altar and the fide-chapels, was built after the defigns of William de la Tremblay, a monk of this abbey, is a beautiful piece of architedture, com- pofed of a great variety of the moll exquifite marbles that could be met with in Italy. The front is broke by two noble columns and four pilafters of * He endowed it with the lordfhip of Burneville; as alfo with divers lands within the fame, and in Tavile, Surce, Same, &c. -j' Several churches, manors, and lands, in England, belonged to this abbey, viz. The manors of Great Blakenham, in Suffolk ; Wivelford, or Willesford, in Lincolnfhire ; Cowick, near Exeter, in Devonfhire j Hou, or Hoo, in SufTex; and Lefingham, in Norfolk; the manors and churches of Great and Little Okeburn, in Wiltfhire j the manor and church of Rifelip, in Middlefex j the church and feveral lands at GoldclifF, in Monmouthfhire; part of the town of Tooting, in Surry ; and the church of Steventon, in Berklhire. The priories of Wellesford in Lincolnfhire, of Okeburn in Wiltfhire, of Ponington in Dorfetfliire, of Rifelip in Middlefex, of Wedon in the Street in Northamptonfhire, of Steventon in Berklhire, of Cowicke in Devon- fhire, of Tooting in Surry, of Hoo in SufTex, and of Stoke by Clare in Suffolk, were alfo cells belonging to this abbey. William earl of Moreton in Normandy, and of Cornwall in Eng¬ land, nephew to William the Conqueror, gave to this abbey his lordfhip of Prefton, in the rape of Pevenfel, or Pevenfey, in Suffex. And Hugh earl of CheRer, who died in the year 1101. granted thereto his lordfhip of AtherRon, in Warwickshire. ( 88 ) of jafper, whofe pedeftals and capitals are of the fineft ftatuary marble • and the whole is formed upon the proportions of the compofite order, except the frize, which is enriched with trigliphs of black and white marble. AH the metopes are of jafper, and over them are placed the figures of feveral utenfils belonging to the temple of Solomon. The ark of the covenant ftands over the middlemoft metope ; and on each fide are alternately Dlaced, the table ot flrew-bread, the altar of incenfe, and the attributes of the evanoe- lifts. Within the tympan, or panel of the pediment, is a baflo relievo of metal, gilt, reprefenting Adam and Eve, Handing at the foot of the Tree of Know¬ ledge, in attitudes of the ftrongeft contrition, and deploring the fin which they had juft committed. Over the cornice runs a baluftrade of jafper, from the centre whereof rifes a pedeftal of the fame marble, fupporting a mao-ni- ficent crucifix; and on the fides thereof are placed the ftatues of the Holy Virgin and St. John, of moft excellent workmanihip. The entrance into the choir, through this jube, is defended by a fine iron door of open work richly ornamented and double gilt. The door-cafe is lined with Italian marble - and within it arc two niches of lapis lazuli, wherein ftand two large ftatues one of St. Benedift, and the other of his difciple St. Maur, placed upon pede¬ ftals inlaid with various kinds of marbles, and ornamented with jafper pilafters fupporting an impoft and archivault of ftatuary marble. This church is furnilhed with a confiderable number of very curious and ancient monuments. Amongft them is that of the emprefs Maud, daughter to king Henry I. wife to the emperor Henry IV. and mother to king Henry II. and ufually ftyled Lady of the English. This great princefs, who had been a confiderable benefadtrefs to the abbey, died at Rouen, on the roth day of September, in the year 1167. and was here buried, before the altar of the Holy Virgin, under a marble tomb, on which the following epitaph was engraven. ORTU MAGNA VIRO MAJOR MAXIMA PARTU HIC JACET HENRICI FILIA SPONSA PARENS *. In * Gabriel du Moulin, in his General Hiftory of Normandy, pretends that the emprefs had interment in the church of Notre Dame de PR, in the fuburbs of Rouen; and that for her Arnulph bilhop of Lifieux compofed the following epitaph, which was placed on her tomb there.” REGIA PROGENIES STIRPS REGIA CLARIS UXOR HIC EST MAGNA BREVI CLAUSA MATILDA LOCO VIRTUTUM TITULIS HUMANI CULMEN HONORIS EXCISSIT MULIER NIL MULIERIS HABENS SEPTEMBRIS DECIMA REGNO POST REGNA RECEPTO CREDITUR ^ETERNAM CONTINUASSE DIEM. In this, Du Moulin is followed by feveral others of the Norman writers; but they are evi¬ dently rniftaken as to the place of her interment. Bilhop Arnulph might probably compofe the above-mentioned epitaph for the emprefs. ( 8 9 ) In this place fhe remained undifturbed until the year 1282. when the work¬ men, clearing out the ground for the rebuilding of the new church, difco- vered her corpfe wrapped up in an ox’s hide; whereupon it was taken up, and with great folemnity reinterred in the middle of the chancel, before the high altar. The ancient tomb was alfo at the fame time removed, and placed over her remains; but that tomb falling to decay in the laft century, its place was fupplied by the prefent monument, which is of fine brafs ; and thereon is the following epitaph. D. o. M. ET ®TERN® AUGUSTS MATILDIS MEMORISE QU® ORTU MAGNA V1RO MAJOR SED MAXIMA PARTU HIC JACET HENRICI FILIA SPONSA PARENS QUIPPE QJJ® EXTITIT HENRICI I. ANGLORUM REGIS FILIA NOBILISSIMA HENRICI IV. ROMANORUM IMPERATORIS SPONSA AUGUSTISSIMA GODOFREDI PULCHRI ANDEGAVENSIUM POSTERIORE THORO PR®CLARA CONJUX DE QUO FACTA EST HENRICI II. ANGLI® REGIS PARENS ILLUSTRISSIMA ERGA BECCENSEM ECCLESIAM IMPENSE MUNIFICIA QUAM DBM VIVERET THESAURIS SUIS DITAVIT ET POST OBITUM SUI CORPORIS VOLUIT ESSE CUSTODEM FELICEM VIT® SORTITA EST EXITUM IV. IDUS SEPTEMBRIS AN. DOM. MCLXVIII. IN MONUMENTUM ®TERNUM POSUERUNT MONACHI BECCENSES CONGR. ST. MAURI AN. MDCLXXXIV. In the middle of the chapter lies buried Helluin, the founder of this abbey. The ancient monument, which had been eredled over his grave at the time of his interment, was taken down in the year 1714. by order of the monks, who caufed a new one, of white marble, fupported by fix pilafters of oriental jafper, to be placed in its ftead. On this monument is engraven the follow¬ ing epitaph. HIC JACET PRIMUS HUJUSCE MONASTERII CONDITOR ET ABBAS VENERABILIS HELLUINUS PRIMARI® INTER NORMANNOS NOBILITATIS A a PATRE ( 9 ° ) PATRE ANSGOTO MATRE HELOIDE IN PAGO BRIONENSI NATUS INTER ARMORUM STREPITUS SDMMA CUM LAUDE INTER AULAS ILLECEBRAS SUMMA CUM INTEGRITATE VERSATUS ABJECTO MILITIjE SECULARIS PALUDAMENTO CHRISTO DEINCEPS MILITATURUS AB HERBERTO LEXOVIENSI EPISCOPO HABITU MONASTICO INDUITUR ET UT CHRISTUM HABERET HEREDITATEM BONORUM SUORUM CHRISTUM INSTITUIT HIEREDEM QUOS AGROS QUONDAM POSSEDERAT DIVES HOS COLUIT PAUPER COLUIT ET JEJUNUS UT CIBUS FIERET PAUPERUM ET LABOR ANTIS SUDOR ET FAMES JEJUNANTIS LABORES DIURNOS NOCTURNIS LEVABAT PRECIBUS UT CUM VIRTUTUM STUDIIS STUDIA LITTERARUM CONJUNGERET LITTERAS QUADRAGENARIUS DISCERE NON ERUBUIT ET BECCENSI MONASTERIO LITTERARIUM APERUIT GIMNASIUM IN QUO PATERN/E PIETATIS ALUMNOS ET HjEREDES ECCLESIARUM PRrESULES CANDIDATOS LANFRANCUM ANSELMUM PLURIMOSQUE ALIOS SUI SIMILES DISCIPULOS AD OMNE VIRTUTIS OFFICIUM SUIS INFORMABAT EXEMPLIS ABBAS VIRTUTI SIMILLIMUS QUI PLENUS OPERIBUS BONIS MORTEM OBIIT VII. CAL. SEPT. AN. D. MLXXIII. VITA LXXXIII, PATRI DE SE OPTIME MERITO AITERNUM HOC PIETATIS MONUMENTUM P. P. MONACHI BECCENSES CONGREGATIONIS S. MAURI ANNO D. MDCCXIV. This abbey hath fupplied the Englifh church with four archbiihops of Canterbury, viz. Lanfranc, Anfelm, Theobald, and Roger; and two bifhops of Rochefter, Hernoftus and Gundulphus. After quitting the abbey of Eec, I viftted VERNON, a fmall town fitu- ated in a molt delightful valley, upon the banks of the river Seine, and within the diocefe of Evreux, and baillivvick of Gifors. This town, for a great many years, had been part of the extenlive patrimony of the ancient family of the Vernons, lineal anceltors of the prefent right honourable George baron Vernon, of Kinderton ; but in the year 1190, purfuant to a convention entered into between Richard I. king of England, and Philip Augultus, king of France, was, together with .its caftle and other dependences, granted to the latter, i 9 r ) latter, by its then owner, Richard de Vernon, in exchange for other lands *. Since that time, Vernon hath been honoured with a royal palace, which is now in ruins, and hath frequently been made part of the appanage of the French queens. The ancient caftle, which was held by the fervice of finding fixteen knights f for its defence, feems to have been a place of great ftrength. Part of it is {till remaining, particularly one of the towers, which is built with free-done, and is very remarkable on account of the extraordinary height and thicknefs of its walls. The * From an ancient manufeript, entitled " Cronicon D. VicSoris, Epifcopi Turonenfisj” heretofore belonging to M. Du Chene, hiftoriographer to Lewis XIV. and now in the French king’s library. * EGO Richardus De Vernon pater, et Richardus filius meus, llotum facimus univerfis, Sec. ‘ Quod nos quitavimus Philippo regi Francia?, et haired, ejus, in perpetuum, et abjuramus de * mandato Richardi regis Angli2,VERN0NEM, cum caftellania et omnibus pertinentiis ejus, etLongam * villam, cum omnibus pertinentiis iplius, et qurecunque in iis habebamus, tarn feodum quam domi- ‘ nicum. Dominus autem nofter rex Francis; Philippus, pro excambio ifto, mihi, Richardo filio, et * h$redibus meis, dedit, tenenda ab eo et haeredibus ejus, in feodum et homagium legeum per fer- ‘ vitium quinque militum, ad ufus et confuetudines Francis, pro odtingentis libris Parifien. de reddi- * tibus, hcec qua; inferiiis funt nominata, viz. Montem Melaudi, Plaillicum, Goriz, Anvers, et Ru- * viztrat, et quicquid in iis habebat, et hofpites fuos quo's habebat apud Loural, et avenam fuam * quam habebat, et xv. lib. et xv. fol. apud Portefcanam, cum prepofitura fua, reddendis mihi, fin- * gulis annis, in fefto fandti Remigii j et de iis me in honorem fuum ligeum recepit. Ego autem ‘ reddam Baticalario lingulis annis, pro monte Melaudo, decern et feptem lib. Parifien. * Adtum Parifiis anno Dom. MCXC.’ * Ex conventionibus pacis inter PHILIPPUM regem Francise, et RICARDUM regem Anglia;. In rotulo thefaurar. fcaccarii regis Anglian, de anno feptimo Ric. I. * PPIILlPPUS, Dei gratia, Francorum rex, omnibus, Sec .—De Hugone de Gorniaco ita erit, ‘ homagium ejus remaneat nobis ad vitain didli Hugonis, nili voluerit revertere ad regem Anglia;; * et poll mortem didti Hugonis, debet totum feodum fuum de Normannia ad Richardum regem ‘ Anglia:, et heredes fuos, revertere ; et terra ejufdem Plugonis, quam habuit in Anglia et in * Normannia, debet dari Richardo de Vernon pro excambio illo, quod nos debemus facere * eidem Richardo pro Castello Vernonis, fcilicet, de odlingentis libris Parifien. de redditibus : * ita quod, fi prasfata terra Hugonis tantum non valeret per annum, nos in terra noftra ei perficere- * mus refiduum : Ricardus autem, et filius fuus, nobis Vernonem, cum Castellania sua, et 4 heredibus noftris, imperpetuum quitaverunt de mandato et aflensu Ricardi regis Anglia;, et qui- * tationem juraverunt. * Prasterea, rex Anglic quittat nobis, et hferedibus nofiris imperpetuum, jure haireditario, Novum * Mercatum, Vernonem, Gallionem, Patiacum, Juriacum, Novencort, cum caftellaniis eorum. Sec. * A (Sum inter Gallion. et vallem Rodolii, annd Verbi Incarnati MCXCV.’ •f* In the red book of the exchequer, among the certificates of knights fees returned by the bilhops and barons in the Teign of king Henry II. is the following entry. ‘NORMANNIA. c Infeudaciones militum qui debent fervitia militaria duci Normannise, et in quot milit. quilibet ‘ tenetur ei fervire. * Richardus de Vernon debet io M. de honore de Walhen, et ad fervitium fuum 30 M. in ‘ Conftantin. Idem de com. Morton 5 M. Idem 16 M. de honore Vernone ad custodiam * Castri de Vernone. ( 9 s - ) The collegiate and parochial church of the Holy Virgin was founded about the year 1052. by William de Vernon, the firft of that name, for a dean and fecular canons, to whom, at the time of the dedication of the church, he granted, among other eftates, his lands called la Couture de Pre de Giverny, together with the fourth part of the foreft of Vernon*, in the Vexin Nor- mand. This grant was confirmed in the year 1186. by Richard de Vernon; and the lands, &c. are to this day enjoyed by the canons +. The founder of this college lies buried in the middle of the choir, under an ancient tomb, on which is placed his effigies in white marble. Round the verge of this plate ix. monument are the following Latin verfes, written in the ancient Norman charadter. VERNONIS PRINCEPS URBS CUI COGNOMINA FECIT TRISTIA TE HOC SAXO BUSTA GUIELME TEGUNT QUI DUM SAX A PARAS HUJUS FUNDATOR ET aTDIS FUNERE PARCA FEROX ULTIMA FILA SECAT. On a tablet on the eaft fide of this monument, is the following epitaph in old French. CY REPOSE GUILLIAUME DE VERNON DIGNE DE NOM PRINCE ET GUBERNATEUR DE CES LIEU ICY DONT HA PRIS SON SURMON PAR DROIT CANON DE SIENS VRAI ZELATEUR DU COLLEGE DE CEANS FONDATEUR ET COLLATEUR DES PREBENDS ET CUREZ DE BIENS QU’ILS ONT PRINCIPAL DONATEUR CONSERVATEUR DE TOUT LEUR DROITURE AUTRES GRANDS BIENS SELON DIEU ET NATURE AULMONIER A PERPETUELLEMENT PUIS * The foreft of Vernon is fituate near that of Andely, and contains a track of land, of near four leagues in circumference. F Ex cartulario monafterii de LIRA in Normannia. < SCIUNT, &c._Quod ego Richardus de Vernone, pro falute animal me®, See. concedo, et • proprio figillo confirmo, donationem quam primus Willielmus de Vernone, anteceffor meus, < cujus corpus in ecclefia de Vernone jacet, donavit ecclefi® Vernon, quando Gilbertus Ebroicenfis < epifeopus earn dedicavit; fcilicet, terrain apud Gicerhac—fitam, qua vulgb Cultura Prati * voratur; et quartam partem foreft® Vernonis, quffi eft inter foreftam archiepifcopi Rothomagenlis < et foreftam fanfti Audoeni; ita, fcilicet, quod canonici de Vernon haheant m perpetuam eleemo- < f lnam . prsterea, canonici habeant de eademforefta omnia neceffaria, et fua herbergamenta, sicur < Barones mei, et milites mei, qui manent in caftello meo, antiquitus folent habere, et ‘ debent, &c. ‘Fadaeftautem conhrmatio ifta MCLXXXVI. ab Incarnatione Domini; concedentibus hoc ‘ filiis meis Baldevino et Richardo; his teftibus, Auberto de Cambrunis, fee. ( 93 ) PUIS MORT QUI EST COMMUNE A CREATURE METTRE LA FAIT DEDANS CE MONUMENT EN L’AN MILLE SOISANTE DROUTEMENT LE DIX HUIT FEBURIER PARTANT DIS A UN CHACUN DE VOUS QUE DULCEMENT PRIES A DIEU QU’IL LUI DONNE PARADIS. Within the fame church is alfo another altar-monument, ere&ed to the memory of fir William Vernon, formerly conftable of England, and Margaret his wife, having on the top ftone, their portraitures, together with thofe. of their feven Tons and two daughters, as alfo efcutcheons of the arms of (i.) Pem- bruge, (2.) Pypis, (3.) Petrus de Sancerlis, (4.) Vernon, (5.) Ludlow, (6.) Cam- ville, (7.) Vernon and Pypis, together with one (8.) unknown, all inlaid in brafs. On the monument is the following epitaph. HIC JACENT DOMINUS WILLELMUS VERNON MILES QUONDAM CONSTABULARIUS ANGLIE FILIUS ET HERES DOMINI RICARDI VERNON MILITIS ' QUI QUONDAM ERAT THESAURARIUS CALESIE QUI QJJIDEM DOMINUS WILLELMUS OBIIT ULTIMO DIE MENSIS JUNII ANNO DOMINI MILLESIMO CCCCLXVII. ET MARGARETA UXOR DICTI WILLELMI FILIA ET HEREDITAR. DOMINI ROBERTI PYPIS DE SPERNORES MILITIS QUE QUIDEM MARGARETA OBIIT DIE MENSIS ANNO DOMINI MILLESIMO CCCCLX. QUORUM ANIMABUS PROPISIETUR DEUS. AMEN. Exclufive of this collegiate church, here are three other religious houfes, viz. the monaftery of St. Lewis, belonging to the Chanoneffes Hofpitallers of St. Auguftin, who have the fuperintendency of the IIotel-Dieu; a convent of Cordeliers ; and a nunnery of the congregation of our Lady. Juft with¬ out the town are, a convent of the Benedidtines, another of Capuchins, and a houfe of Penitents. From Vernon I came to PASSY, a fmall place fttuate upon the river Eurne, and remarkable for nothing more than its great market for live cattle, and being the laft town in this province. As I am now leaving Normandy, I lhall clofe my account with fome General Observations. B b NOR- ( 94 ) NORMANDY may be confidered as one grand orchard ; the ploughed lands being every where interfperfed with apple and pear trees, planted in rows at about fifteen yards diftance ; and on each fide of the public roads, you meet with lines of them continued for feveral miles together. Thefe roads are every where wide, pleafant, and agreeable to the traveller, being paved only in fuch parts as are low and boggy. High hills prefent themfelves at due diftances throughout the province ; and the whole country, which is well wooded, and abounds with game, affords very fine profpedts, efpecially near the river Seine, whofe ftream above Rouen is about as wide as the Thames at Datchet, but fo fhallow as only to admit of flat-bottomed boats. Lower Normandy is principally a grazing country, and contains a much greater quantity of pafture ground than the Upper, which is for the mofl part corn land. Great quantities of lean cattle are annually brought from mofl: of the interior parts of the kingdom into Lower Normandy, where they are fatted, and then fent' to Pafly, where is the great mart from whence Paris is fupplied with live bullocks. The horned cattle here are but final!; and the iheep are about the fize of thofe we have in Norfolk, and, when properly fed, are full as well taflcd. In the neighbourhood of Conde fur ■Noireau they have a fpecies of very fmall fheep, which are in great efteem, and generally fent up to Paris in winter, as prefents. The Norman horfes are very fine, well-fhaped, ftrong, and greatly valued in France. They have all long tails, of which their owners are extremely careful, not fuftering them to be docked, as is ridiculoufly the fafhion in England. Their afles and mules are of a larger breed than ours. The great towns are populous; but the country is very thinly furnifhed with inhabitants. The ufual beverage of the Normans is cyder, the produce of the province ; of which I feveral times tailed, and iound it ftrong and good-bodied, but harfh, and in all refpedls inferior to the cyder of Herefordfhire and Devon. All parts of Normandy are not equally noted for good cyder : the beft fort is faid to be made in the pays Baffin, or neighbourhood of Ifigny, and in la vicomte d’Auge, where it is the chief and mofl profitable appanage of the duke of Orleans. When the crops of apples fall fhort, this cyder is fold at about three-pence fterling an Englifh gallon ; but in plentiful years it may be purchafed at lefs than half that price. For this reafon, great quantities of this liquor are annu¬ ally diftilled into brandy, although it is not permitted to be fold in any parts of France, except in Normandy and Britany, left it fhould prejudice the con- fumption of the wine-brandies of Poitou, pays d’Auhis, and other provinces; which alone are admitted into Paris, and tranfported to the French colonies. The ( 95 ) The forts of apples, of which this cyder is made, are diftinguifhed into three clafles, as ripening and being gathered at three diftances of time, or feafons: the names of thofe of the earlieft fort are called Girard, Louvieres, Gros Relet, Haze, and Fresquain : the fecond fort are called Prattetit, Doux Eveque, Gallot, Gannevin, Oranget, Petit Auvriche, Petit Relet, Petit Damnet, and Amf.rdoux de Sully : and thofe of the third fort, which ripen the lateft, and yield the prime cyder, are diftinguifhed by the names of Aufrishe, Marin Omfri, Germaine, Bennevanelle, &c. The Normans have frequently endeavoured to obtain permiflion to export their cyder and perry brandy to the French colonies, alledging, as a reafon for their being allowed fuch indulgence, that they pay one full third of all the monies raifed in the kingdom of France ; this province paying to the king no lefs than eighty-four millions of livres annually : but hitherto they have not received any favourable anfwer to their application; and it is generally thought that they never will, as the granting their requeft would be attended by the utter ruin of fome other provinces, who would never find the vent for their wine-brandies, becaufe the Normans could afford theirs at nine-pence fterling per gallon Englifli ; whereas the wine-brandy cannot be made and fold at a lower price than feventeen pence * for the fame quantity. The crops of corn in Normandy are frequently thin and fliort ; which, I am inclined to think, is not fo much owing to the nature of the foil, as to the oppreflions under which the people labour ; for, as the tenant is obliged to difeharge all taxes, which taxes are impofed upon him in an almoft arbi¬ trary manner, and without a due regard to his rent, if he happens to have a better crop than ordinary, he is fure to pay for it, and therefore is not very anxious after improvements; but thofe who are not under thefe hardfhips, viz. the farmers of lands belonging to religious houfes, have as good crops as any I ever faw in England. Mod of the villages are fituated in bottoms. The poor people’s houfes, if I may venture to call them houfes, are built with mud walls, and covered with thatch. The old houfes in fome of the great towns are rnoftly built with timber and plaifter. The firft ftory projedting over the ground-floor, as the fecond doth beyond the firft f, the roofs of thefe houfes fpan up to one * A French author, in his treatife entitled Perroniana, printed at Cologn in 1669. p. 53. a fill res us, that the art of making cyder came originally from Africa, where it had long been in ufe ; that it was firft brought into Bifcay in Spain, and from thence into Normandy : he further takes notice, that it is mentioned by St. Auguftin in his writings againft the Manicheans. + What is here faid of old timber-houfes, relates only to fome ancient towns, as Rouen, Lifieux, Evreux, &c. but in moil of the others, as Caen, Argentan, &c. the houfes are built with fine ftone. ( 9 6 ) one ridge-piece; and at each gabel end is a large ftack of brick chimnies. We fee many fuch houfes in Hertfordfhire, and other counties in England: and, indeed, Normandy doth fo nearly referable old England, that I could fcarce believe myfelf to be in France. The better fort of people chiefly refide, during the winter-feafon, in the cities and great towns, in houfes built with ftone : but there are ftill a great many feats in both the Normandys, where the gentry live, the year round, free from luxury, drefs, and expence, and where they are fupplied with proviflons of all forts one third cheaper than in the great towns. Many of the old houfes, when pulled down, are found to have a great deal of cheftnut timber about them ; and as there are not any forefts of cheftnut-trees in Normandy, the inhabitants have a tradition, that this timber was brought from England : and there are fome circumftances, which when rightly confldered will add ftrength to this tradition; for many of the old houfes in England are found to contain a great deal of this kind of timber: feveral of the houfes in Old Palace-Yard, Weftminfter, and in that neighbourhood, which were taken down in order to build Parliament and Bridge ftreets, appeared to have been built with cheftnut; and the lame was obferved with regard to the Black-Swan inn in Plolbourn, and many other old buildings lately pulled down in different parts of England*. The * Cheftnut timber being at prefent rarely to be found growing in the woods and forefts of Eng¬ land, many perfons are induced to think that the fweet cheftnut was never an indigenous tree of this ifiand : but a little confideration will plainly evince, that it always was, and is to this day, a native of England. It is generally allowed, that all the ancient houfes in the city of London were built with this timber. Certainly it did not grow far off; and moft probably it came from fome forefts near the town ; for Fitz-Stephens, in his Defcription of London, written in the reign of king Henry II. fpeaks of a large and very noble foreft, which grew on the north fide of it. Rudhall, near Rofs in Herefordfhire, an ancient feat of the family of Rudhall, is built with cheftnut, which probably grew on that eftate; for, although no tree of the kind is now to be found growing wild in that part of the country, yet there can be no doubt but that formerly cheftnut-trees were the natural growth of the neighbouring wood-lands, fince we find that Roger earl of Hereford, founder of the abbey of Flaxley in Glocefterfhire, by his charter, printed in Dugdale’s Monasticon, tom. i. p.884. gave to the monks there the tythe of the cheftnuts in the foreft of Deane, which is not above feven or eight miles from Rudhall. The words are “ Singulis annis totam decimam caftanearum de Dena.” In the court before the houfe at Hagley- Hall in Worcefterfhire, the feat of lord Lyttelton, are two vaft fweet cheftnut-trees, which feem to be at leaft two, if not three hundred years old. And Mr. Evelyn, in his Sylva, p. 232. mentions one, of an enormous fize, at Tortfworth in Glocefterfhire, which hath continued a fignal boundary to that manor, from king Stephen’s time, as it ftands upon record; and which tree is ftill living, and furrounded by many young ones, that have come up from the nuts dropped by the parent tree. Mr. Evelyn alfo affures us, that he had a barn framed intirely of cheftnut timber, which had been cut down in its neighbourhood. In the foreft of Kent, adjoining to Suffex, there ftill remain feveral large old cheftnut-ftubs, which were left by the woodmen as termini, or bound¬ aries, either of parifhes, or private property. Befides this, there are to this day, in the north-eaft part of Kent, feveral large woods, confifting principally of cheftnut trees and ftubs. In the parifh of Milton, near Sittingborne, is a manor, called Norwood Casteney, otherwife Chesteney, from its fituation among cheftnut-woods, which reach to the highway from London to Dover, and give name to a hill between Newington and Sittingborne, it being called Chestnut-Hill ; the cheftnut trees growing plentifully on each iide of it, and in woods round it for many miles. And by the Particulars for Leales of Crown-Lands in Kent, temp. Eliz. Roll iii. No. 8. now in the Augmentation- ( 97 The churches in Normandy are very handfome edifices, fhaped like a crofs, and built with free-ftone, of which there is great plenty throughout the province, but more particularly in the neighbourhood of Caen. This ftone, which in its colour and quality greatly refembles that of the ille of Port¬ land, is in high efteem, large quantities of it being annually conveyed by water to feveral provinces of the kingdom ; but the exportation of it out of France is ftridtly prohibited, infomuch that, when it is to be fent by fea, the owner of the ftone, as well as the mafter of the veflel on board of which it is fhipped, is obliged to give fecurity, that it fhall not be fold to foreigners*. There are very few towers to the churches in this province, the fafhion running almoft every where into fpires, or fteeples ; fome of which are fo contrived with open-work, as to let in light enough to fee the bells move. The fteeple ufuaily rifes from the centre of the fabric, being placed over the interfe&ion of the crofs ; fome few parochial churches excepted, which confift of a nave only ; in which cafe the fteeple is generally built at the weft end : but this is not an invariable rule; for the fteeple of the church of Muids, and that of Gaillon, are on the fouth fide. The entrance is always by a defeent of three or four fteps, contrary to the aflertion of Mr. Stavcly, that the Normans made their churches with afeents into them. The principal churches confift of a nave and two fide ailes, befides the crofs ailes ; and of a choir, which is circular at the eaft end, and behind which Augmentation-office, it appears that there is, in the fame parifh of Milton, a wood, containing two hundred and feventy-eight acres and a half, called Cheston, otherwife Chestnut Wood. To conclude, my worthy friend, Edward Halted, efquire, of Sutton at Hone, near Dartford in Kent, F. R. S. and F. S. A. allures me, that one of his tenants at Newington, a few years lince, grubbed up forty acres of wood, which were intirely cheftnut. * Formerly great quantities of this ftone were brought to England; London bridge, Weftminfter abbey, and many other of our public edifices, being built therewith. See Stow’s Survey of London, edit. 1633, p. 31, 32, &c. See alfo Rot. Liter. Patent. Norman, de anno 6 Hen. V. p. 1 m. 22. “ de quarreris albs petrse in fuburbio villa; de Caen annexandis dominio regis pro reparatione “ ecclefiarum, caftrorum, et fortallitiorum, tam in Anglia quam in Normannia.” See alfo Rot. Normannia: de anno 9 Hen. V. m. 31. dorf. “ de arreftando naves pro tranfportatione lapidum et “ petrarum pro conftrudione abbatis Sandi Petri de Weftminfter apartibus Cadomi.” Ibid: m. 30. “ pro domo Jefu de Bethleem de Shene, delapidibus in quarreris circa villam de Cadomo capiendis, “ pro conftrudione ecclefiar, clauftri, et cellarum domus pradids.” See alfo Rot. Francia; de anno 35 Hen. VI. m. 2. “ pro falvo condudu ad fupplicationem abbatis et convcntus Beati Petri “ Weftmonafterii pro mercatoribus de Caen in Normannia, veniendis in Angliam cum lapidibus de “ Caen pro redificatione monafterii prsdidi. Telle Rege apud Weftm. 1 5 die Augufti." See alfo Rot. Francis de anno 38 Hen. VI. m. 23. “ de falvo condudu pro nave de Caen in regnum “ Anglix venienda cum lapidibus de Caen pro reparatione monafterii de Weftminfter. Telle “ rege apud Weftm. 9 die Maii.” C c ( 9§ ) which ufually ftands a chapel of the Virgin Mary. The font is always placed at the weft end, and is either of ftone or marble, and generally of an hexa¬ gonal or oftagonal form. The holy water is kept in an oblong ftone or marble bafon, placed in different parts of the church, but near the doors. In fome of the country parilh-churches I obferved the rood, which is the figure of our Saviour upon the crofs, attended with the figures of the virgin Mary on the right hand, and St. John on the left, in wood, and placed in a loft over the fcreen which divides the body of the church. The organ, in cathe¬ drals, is generally placed clofe to the weft wall, in order to preferve the per- fpeitive ; and for the fame reafon there are no pews in the Norman churches; the congregation, inftead thereof, ufing chairs. The pulpit does not ftand near the reading-delk, as in the Englifh churches ; but in the nave, below the fcreen which feparates it from the chancel. The Normans are ftrangers to the ringing of bells harmonioufly in peals, as is done in England ; it being their cuftom to ring no more than three bells at any one time. This is done at morning, noon, and night, to put people at work in mind to fay an Ave Maria at thofe particular times ; a practice introduced with the Rofary, when the devotion to the Virgin Mary came into vogue: as alfo, to give notice of a death ; in which cafe they arc founded in a pecu¬ liar manner, fo that the hearers are thereby informed whether the deceafed be a man, a woman, a boy, or a girl. The Covrefeu or Curfeu Bell exifts almoft every where ; and yet the ignorance of the people of all ranks is fuch, that they are intirely unacquainted with its hiftory. At Caen they call it la Retraite, and fancy that it was inftituted to recall the foldiers to their quarters. In other places they confi- dered it as intended to fummon the people to attend the Compline, or laft daily fervice of the Roman Catholic church, which anciently was performed at eight o’clock in the evening, though it now begins at five. The inftitution of the curfeu-bell is generally attributed to William the Conqueror, who is faid after his conqueft of England, to have ordered, that it fhould be rung at ei^ht o’clock at night, and that then all perfons fhould retire to their own houfes, and put out their fire and candle; he thereby politically intending to prevent all private meetings and cabals among the Englifh, who, he appre¬ hended, were inclined to contrive a revolt ; and that, finding the good effect of this injunftion in England, he introduced it into Normandy. Some perfons however are of opinion, and that not without good grounds, that the ringing the curfeu-bell was inftituted by duke William before his conqueft of Eng¬ land, and in the year 1061. upon the following occafion. The duke, fay they, having fummoned a provincial council to be held at the church de Sainte Paix de Tous Saints at Caen, which he had then lately built, took effeiftual care ( 99 ) care to flop all commotions and diforders during the time of that aflembly, by ordaining the drift obfervance of a date of tranquillity, which he called la Trieve de Dieu ; and that, finding the good effeft of this ordinance, he enjoined the continuance of it all over Normandy, and from thence intro¬ duced it into England *. The doors and windows of the ancient Norman churches have either round or pointed arches, from which fome judgement may be formed of the age of the churches. Before I confider the two fpecies of arches fo often mentioned in the courfe of this work, it may be neceflary to make fome obfervations on the mode of the ancient churches in England. That the Chriftian faith was very early received in Britain, is an indubi¬ table faft, although our hiftorians are far from being agreed as to who was the particular perfon that opened to us the light of the gofpel by firft preach¬ ing it in this part of the globe. That great and blefled work hath been attributed to Jofeph of Arimathea, to St. Peter, to St. Paul, and to Simon Ze- lotes, each of whom hath met with advocates for fupporting his claim thereto, and for having erefted the firft Chriftian oratory in Britain. However, I lhall not in this place enter into a difeuflion of that controverfy, but refer the reader to bifhop Goodwin, fir Henry Spelman, archbifhop Ulher, doftor Cave, and more efpecially to bifhop Stillingfleet, who hath, in his Origines Sacrve, fully confidered the whole of that matter. The primitive churches of this ifland were probably very mean fabrics built, like the houfes of the Britons, with wood, and thatched on the top. Sir Henry Spelman, in his Concilia, vol. i. p. n. hath given us an imagi¬ nary icon of the chapel pretended to have been built by Jofeph of Arima¬ thea at Glaftonbury, and which, upon the authority of an ancient hiftory of that abbey, he allures us, was fixty feet in length and twenty-fix in breadth, and built with large wooden flakes, wattled or interwoven with rods or withs of wood, in the manner of a modern hurdle. Whether that particular chapel did or did not ever exift, I fhall not determine; but it is certain, that many Chriftian churches, built of wood, are mentioned by the hiftorians, as exifting * In Normandy, we fee, this bell directs the people when to fay their prayers. It might for¬ merly be of the fame ufe in England; or the cuftom of ringing it might be kept up, with a view to inform the meaner fort of people, who had neither clocks or almanacks, how the time went. So at this day, the curfeu-bell of St. Martin’s in Oxford, and of fome other places in England, where the cuftom of ringing it ftill continues, befides pointing out to the inhabitants the hours of four in the morning and eight in the evening, inftrufts them in tile day of the month likewife. ( 100 ) exifting tn various parts of Britain, in the early ages of Chriftianity. How¬ ever, thefe were all, or at leaft moll: of them, deflroyed, either under the Roman perfecutions, or by the outrages of the Saxons before their converfion ; fo that we are intirely at a lofs for any further knowledge of their ftrudture. There is, however, one church ftill remaining in this kingdom, which, though erefted in the Saxon times, feems to have been built upon the plan, and according to the mode, of the antient Britifh churches ; its Tides and ends being intirely compofed of large flakes or piles of wood. This remarkable church is at Greenfted in Eflex. The fociety of Antiquaries of London, fome years fince, publifhed a print of it*, together with an account thereof drawn up by the late Smart Letheuillier, cfquire, and which 1 have inferred below +. As to churches built of ftone, the oldeft we know of is that mentioned by William of Malmfbury, who fays “ that the bleffed confeffor Ninias, or “ Ninian, whom chronology places about the year 432. built a church of “ white ftone in the confines of England and Scotland, which feemed at that “ time * Works of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. ii. plate 7. -j- The nave or body of this church, which renders it fo remarkable, is intirely compofed of the trunks of large oaks, fplit and roughly hewed on both fides. They are fet upright, and clofe to each other; being let into a fill at the bottom, and a plate at the top, where they are faftened with wooden pins. This was the whole of the original fabric, which yet remains intire, though much corroded and worn by length of time. It is twenty-nine feet nine inches long, fourteen feet wide, and five feet fix inches high, on the fides, which fupported the primitive roof. The inhabitants have a tradition, that thecorpfeof a dead king once retted in this church ; which feems to have been founded upon the accounts given us by fome of our old writers; for in a manufcript, entitled Vita et Passio Sancti Edmukdi, there is this palfage : “ A: D. MX. et anno regis Ethelredi XXX. “ S. Edmundus propter infeftationem Turkilli, comitis Danorum, Londoniam eft ab Ailwino tranf- “ latus; fed tertio anno fequente ad Bedricefworthe eft reverfus.” And foon after, it is laid, “ Qui- “ dam apud Stapleford hofpitio recepit corpus ejus in redeundo de London (1).” And in another manufcript, cited in the Monafticon, and entitled Registrum Coenobii SancIti Edmundi, it is further added, “ Idem apud Aungre hofpitabatur, ubi in ejus memoria lignea capella permanet ufque “ hodie (2).” Now the parilh of Aungre, or Ongar, adjoins to that of Greenfted, where this church is fituated: and that the ancient road from London into Suffolk lav through Oldford, Abridge, Staple- ford, Greenfted, Dunmow and Clare, we learn not only from tradition, but likewife from feveral remains of it, which are ftill vifible. It feems not improbable therefore, that this rough and unpo- lilhed fabric was firft eredted as a fort of fhrine for the reception of the corple of St. Edmund, which, in its return from London to Bedricefworthe, or Bury, as Lydgate fays, was carried in a cheft (3). And, as we are told by the regifter above mentioned, that it remained afterwards in memory of that tranfadtion, fo it might, in procefs of time, with proper additions made to it, be converted into a parilh-church; for we find by Newcourt, that Simon Feverel fuccesded John Lodet as redtor of Greenfted juxta Ongar, in 1328. He fays likewife, that Richard de Lucy very probably divided the parifhes of Grinfted and Aungre, and built the church at Aungre, in the reign of Henry II. and that thole two churches, which are diftant from each other but a quarter of a mile, were united in the reign of Edward VI. but divided again in that of queen Mary (4). (1) In Biblioth. Lambethana, No. 362. (2) Dugdale Monaft. Anglic, vol. i. p. 293. (3) Life of King Edmund, manufcript. (4) Newcourt’s Rcpcrtor. vol. ii. p. 288, 449. SAXO S' / if IT D IN as. Tlrs/ tlw ( Yu/rc/i Mrt/i /// tf/fN/wt. - ofjfeai////// ty JBmiratuAanY. utNarmanSy. ulA/'ey inUerAMtire. ///■! t JfciftAw o/ 'ih&AMey ('/u/nYi.ty t/ts Trm/Ii\ttl (km . STORM. IN JiVLL DINGS . Iftyfa/w<>/'/I/t JYAr (Yuar/i </ .fir/t/tm-, atfiurt. ( I°I ) “ time a miracle to the Britons; and that thence it had its name of CaN- “ dida Casa*.” Bede fi calls it by the fame name; and Cambdenf acquaints us, that it flood in a place called Whit-Hern ||, which is in Galway, in the fouthern part of Scotland. The Saxons, being converted to Chriftianity in the feventh century, at firft altered fome of their heathen temples into places of Chriftian worfhip, and foon after, began to build their cathedral, conventual, and parochial churches with ftone inflead of wood § ; many of which edifices are at this day extant. A lift of fome of them is inferted in the notes - 1 -. That fome idea may be formed of what is here meant by Saxon architec¬ ture, the reader is refered to PLATE XIII. in which are engraven the fouth door of Tikencote church, and fome other buildings, confeffedly the works of our Saxon anceftors. Thefe Saxons, on their arrival in England, having before their eyes fuch edifices as the Romans had left behind them, took their idea of building from thofe ftruitures, fo that, in ray opinion, what is ufually called Saxon archi- tedure, * “ Candida Casa vocatui- locus in extremis Anglia juxta Scotiam finibus, &c.” William of Malmefbury de Geftis Pontificum Angl. lib. iii. ■f “ Locus ad provincial^ Berniciorum pertinens vulgo vocatur ad- Candidam Casam, eo <c quod ibiNinias ecclefiam lapide, infolito Britonibus more, fecerit.” Bedze Hift. lib. iii. cap. 4. £ Britannia, vol. ii. p. 1200. ]| ppitenne, mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, p. 21, 60. is derived from pp«r, White, and e r n- 3 a Secret Place. § In the year 1065. Edward the ConfefTor, as we are informed by Stow’s Anhals, p. 97. built the church of Wilton with ftone, being before of wood. 4 - Stewkeley church, in Buckinghamfhire ; Warwick church, near Carlifle, in Cumberland ; the old guild-hall at Exeter ; Studland church, in Dorfetfhire; Barfrefton church, in Kent; two door- cafes of the church of Patrickefburne, in Kent ; the church of Crowle, in Lincolnfliire ; Iffley church, in Oxfordfhire ; part of the church of Hales-Owen in Shropshire, and St. Kenelm’s chapel there; St. James s fteeple at St. Edmond s Bury, in Suffolk; Tutbury church, in Staffordfhire; the chapel of St. Mary, adjoining to the fouth fide of the parifh-church of Kingfton upon Thames, in Surry; the door-cafe of the portail of Pedmore church, in Worcefterfhire; the under croft of Wor- cefter cathedral; the chapel of St. Mary in Criptis, in York cathedral; the remaining part of the hofpital of St. Leonard, in York; the porch of Oufe-Bridge chapel, at York; the pillars and arches in the ancient chapel of St. William on Oufe-Bridge, at York ; Addle church, near Leeds, in York- fhire; the church porch of St. Dennis, in Walmgate, at York; Edward the Confeffor’s chapel, at Iflip, in Oxfordfhire; St. Peter’s church, in Oxford; the porch of St. Margaret’s church, at York; the portail of St. Magdalen’s chapel, adjoining to the bifliop’s palace, at Plereford ; the under croft of Canterbury cathedral; the ftair-cafe leading to the regiftry, near Canterbury cathe¬ dral; the north front of the Benedictine priory, at Canterbury; Greenfted church in EfTex; the church in Dover caftle; &c. &c. &c. Dd ( 102 ) teflure, is no other than the architecture ufed by the Romans, greatly -cor¬ rupted and loaded with uncouth ornaments, in a mode peculiar to thofe northern people. This may perhaps account for what is mentioned by Bede'' and fir Henry Spelmanf, who tell us, that Naitan, king of the Pi&s, about the year 714. fent to Ceolfred, the abbot, for fome experienced architefts to build him a church of done, More Romanorum j which requeft the abbot complied with f. However, from the appearance of the Saxon churches ftill remaining, I am inclined to think, that the round arch was the principal, if not the only part of the Roman architecture retained by the Saxons, yet greatly disfigured by the ftrange ornaments which they introduced in the dreflings. This is mentioned in oppofition to the pointed arches, which I apprehend were not introduced till near the end of the twelfth century. The Normans, during the fame period, fcem to have ufed the like mode of architecture in building their cathedral, conventual, and parochial churches, as was practifed by our Saxon anceftors in Britain, except in refpect of the ornaments. This will evidently appear by comparing the church of St. Thomas l’Abbatu, in PLATE IX. with the feveral Saxon buildings in PLATE XIII. A Ihort time before the Conqueft, the Normans feem to have intirely difufed what they till then had confidered as ornaments, and which were ftill retained by the Saxons. From thenceforward the Normans ufed the round arch, with mouldings diverted of all ornament whatfoever, except occafionally a zig-zag, which they fometimes introduced, as in the church of Bourgachard, which is engraven in FLATE XIII. The two abbies of St. Stephen and the Holy Trinity, at Caen, being royal foundations, we may reafonably conclude, that they were built in the moft magnificent and elegant manner of that age. And, indeed, the churches of thofe abbies, which remain intire to this day, fufficiently fhew, by their good proportion, that the architect was a perfect mafter in his profeflion. All the arches of thefe two churches, as well thofe which form the doors and win¬ dows, as thofe which divide the nave from the ailes, are round, excepting only the arches of the infide of the choir of the church of St. Stephen, which, * Bede’s Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, book v. chap. 22. -j- Spelmanni Concilia, tom. i. fol. 220. % “ Naitanus mint legataFios ad virum venerabilem Ceolfridum, abbatem monafterii beatorum “ apoftolorum Petri et Pauli, quod eft ad oftium Uvyri amnis, etjuxta amnem Tinam, in loco qui “ vocatur Ingrivum; et arclnte&os iibi mitti petiit, qui, juxta Morem Romanorum, ecclefiam “ de lapide ingente ipftus facerent; cujus religiofis votis ac precibus favens reverendifftmus abbas “ Ceolfridus, mifit architedtos quos petebat.” Spelman. Concil. vol. i. p. 220. ( 103 ) which, having been greatly damaged by the Calvinifts in 1562. (who under¬ mined the pillars which fupported the great fteeple in the middle of the church, fo that it fell down and deftroyed the * choir) has iince been repaired, and the arches thereof made pointed according to the manner of the time in which it was repaired. The plain round arch may therefore be deemed the fafhion of the Conqueror’s age, and agreeable to the fimplicity then ufed. It is further obfervable, that neither of the two abbey-churches of St. Stephen and the Trinity have any kind of ornaments about them : and I made the fame obfer- vation in all the other churches wherein I faw round arches; of which though I have only mentioned a few, yet I took notice of -feveral in my return from Normandy to Paris, but thought it needlefs to fet down their names, chuiing rather to look upon thefe two abbies as my model, being pretty fure of the dates of their foundation. Another obfervation I made, was, that where country churches have been enlarged, and had additional buildings annexed to them, the weft end has often round arches and no ornaments; which induced me to think, that the weft end of many churches in France was the oldeft part of the fabric. Of this I was convinced, when I faw the royal abbey of St. Dennis near Paris, where the weft end of the church, which is known to be the oldeft part of it, has to this day round arches. I am therefore induced to think, that the round- arched buildings without ornaments are to be confidered as the modern Nor¬ man architecture iince the Conqueft; and that the pointed arch fucceeded, and brought with it the ornaments added in after-times : in which cafe it muft be obferved, that the width of the windows is enlarged ; for the windows in the two abbey-churches above mentioned are narrow, as are all thofe I have feen in the round-arched churches before mentioned. This conjecture is the more probable, as the number of round-arched buildings in Normandy is much lefs than thofe with the pointed arch; and this, in my opinion, feems to denote the former to be the oldeft. It may likewife be added, that the mouldings and turnings, in the old round-arched churches there, very much refemble what I have feen in fome round-arched churches in England, which have been thought by fome of my learned friends to be Saxon buildings; but after what I have feen in this tour, I cannot be of that opinion, but rather apprehend them to be built by fome of the Normans, who enjoyed eftates here, given them by the Conqueror, who introduced, as much as in him lay, the laws, cuftoms, and language of the Normans, and moft probably their method of building. With * “ Ce fat en cette meme annee, 1562. que les religionaires detruifirent le clocher du milieu de “ cette eglife : ils l’avoient fappe, efperant qu’il renverferoit par fa chute tout le refte de l’edifice; “ mais il ne ruina qu’une partie du chaur, qui fut depuis repare."—Huet Origines de la Ville de Caen, in 8vo, Rouen 1702, p. 248. ( io 4 ) With regard to fome buildings which I have mentioned to have a mix¬ ture of the round and pointed arch together, fuch as the weft front of the church oi I ont-Audemer, where the middle window hath a pointed arch, and is wider than the two fide ones which have round arches, 1 do not pretend to account. Poflibly there was originally but one round-arched window, which in after-times, being thought too fmall, was enlarged according to the then mode of building with pointed arches. Nor can I fay any thing for the building in one of the courts of the abbey of St. Stephen at Caen, one half of which has round, the other pointed-arched windows, but that the latter might be an additional building to the former ; for, if the whole edifice had been built at the fame time, and the pointed arch had been in ufe at that time, is it not moft reafonable to fuppofe that the architect would, for the greater beauty and variety, have mixed the round and pointed arches interchangeably ? This mix¬ ture may alfo be feen in the church of Malmelbury, in the tower of Tewkef- bury abbey, on the weft door-way at New Shoreham, and particularly at the hofpital of St. Crofs near Winchefter, which laft was built in king Stephen’s reign. I have now nothing to add to thefe obfervations, except my good wifhes, that fome learned and judicious antiquary, well ikilled in drawing, would take the fame tour, and redtify the errors and miftakes I may have undefignedly committed. THE END, APPENDIX. APPEND Number I. A Defcription of the Tapeftries remaining in the Cathedral of Bayeux. By Smart Lethieullier, Efq; F. R. S. and F. S. A. II. Infeudationes Militum qui debent Servitia Militaria Duci Normaniae, et in quot Milit. quilibet tenetur ei fervire. Ex Libro Rubeo Scaccarii. III. A Defcription of the Baffo Relievos reprefenting the Interview of Henry VIII. King of England, with Francis I. of France, between Guines and Ardres in Picardy, on the 7 June, 152.0. From Father Montfaucon’s Monumens de la Monarchic Francoife. IV. A Copy of the Appointments for King Henry VIII. and his Queen, at the Interview with the French King between Guines and Ardres, as inferted in the Original Convention concluded between the Two Monarchs. As alfo the Appointment for the Kinge and the Quene to Canterbery, and fo to Calais and Gwifnes, to the Meting of the Frenche King, A. 1520. Copied from a Manufcript in the Lam¬ beth Library. , .c. £i .A APPENDIX. NUMBER I. A Defcription of the TAPESTRY remaining in the Cathedral of BAYEUX, By Smart Lethieullier, Efq; F. R. S. and F. S. A. Now firft publilhed from his Original Manufcript, in the Library of the late Thomas Tyndal, Efq; F. R. S. and F. S. A. which is at prefent in the Poflelfion of his Widow. INTRODUCTION. T H E following P L AT E S were publifhcd by the learned father Bernard de Montfaucon, in his work entitled Les Monumens de la Monarchie Franjoise : but, as they relate in a more particular manner to our Englifh hiftory, he favoured me, at my requeft, with a feparate fet of them. Monfieur de Boze, fecretary to the academy of Belles Lettres, found, fome years ago, among the manufcripts of the famous monfieur Foucaut, an illu¬ minated drawing of one part of them, and communicated it to monfieur Lancelot, who, difcovering the purport of the hiftory it pointed at, thought it worthy of a differtation, which he read before that academy on the 21ft day of July, 1724. Ffe therein declares his ignorance from whence this drawing was taken, and whether the original was in painting, carving, baffo relievo, or glafs windows; but for many reafons conjedtures it to be nearly coeval with the event it reprefents. Fie farther illuftrates it with many curious obfervations. a The ( a, ) The indefatigable induftry of father Montfaucon would not permit him to be contented with the fore-mentioned fragment. He wrote to every part of France, from whence he could hope to get better information ; and recol- ledfing that monfieur Foucaut had been intendant of Normandy, he con- jedured this drawing came either from Caen, or Bayeux. In this he was confirmed by an anfwer he received from the R. P. Mathurin 1 ’Archer, prior of St. Vigor de Bayeux, who informed him that the original was a piece of tapeftry, preferved to this day in the cathedral church of that city ; that it is about thirty feet in length, and one foot and a half broad; and that they had another piece, continuing the fame hiftory, which was two hun¬ dred and thirty-two feet long, and of the fame breadth ; that this tapeftry was ufed, on certain feftivals, to adorn the church; and that the moft ancient account that they have of it is in an inventory of the ornaments belono-ino- to Notre Dame de Bayeux, taken in the year 1476. wherein it is thus defcribed. “ Item une tente, tres longue et ctroite, de telle a broderie de ymages et “ eferpteaulx faifans reprefentation de la conqueft d’Angleterre; la quelle eft “ tendue environ la neif de l’eglife, le jour et par les o&aves des reliques.’ By tradition it is called Duke William’s Toilette, and faid to be the work of Matilda his queen, and the ladies of her court, after he obtained the crown of England. Father Montfaucon having obtained a drawing of this fecond part, pub- lifhed them both together, with his obfervations upon them; and monfieur Lancelot reaffirmed his former fubjedt in another differtation, which he read before the academy on the 9th day of May, 1730. There are many circumftances mentioned in this tapeftry, which, being omitted by all our hiftorians, are a fort of proof of its being done at the very time, and by one thoroughly converfant in great affairs : and, as Matilda is recorded for a virtuous princefs, greatly interefted in the fame and happinefs of her huiband, it is not improbable that fhe fhould employ fome of her hours, according to the fafhion of that age, in working with her needle, and at the fame time in leaving a monument of one of the moft glorious and fuccefsful enterprizes that ever were undertaken by a prince of his rank. The hiftory was undoubtedly intended to be continued to duke William’s coronation, but left unfiniihed, perhaps by the death, or other avocation, of the queen. The fhape of the arms, the apparel of the foldiers, with many other circumftances, point out its great antiquity ; and, as we have nothing of that kind ( 3 ) kind nearly coeval with it, it cannot but afford a pleafure to fee fo fmgular a monument brought to light, after having lain in obfcurity above fix hun¬ dred years. Why this tapeftry fhould be found at Bayeux; rather than at Caen, or Rouen, may probably be conje&ured from queen Matilda’s having prefented, or left it to Odo, bilhop of that fee. He was brother, by the mother’s fide, to duke William ; and had been very inftrumental in his obtain¬ ing the crown of England ; foon after which he was made earl of Kent, and regent of the kingdom when William went into Normandy. He is recorded to have been very munificent to his church ; and as this tapeftry has belonged to it beyond all record, there is no other period fo probable when it fhould come into their poffeflion. The fcene of hiftory reprefented in the firft piece of this tapeftry, is the Embassy of Earl Harold, from Edward the Confefl'or, to William duke of Normandy, with the accidents that happened to him in that undertaking. All our hiftorians agree, that Harold made this journey to duke William fome time before the death of Edward the Confefl'or; but they differ very greatly in the manner and caufe of it. William of Malmefbury, and after him Matthew Paris, and Camden, tell us that Harold, diverting himfelf in a fifhing- boat upon the coaft of Suffex, was by a tempeft driven upon the coaft of Picardy. Others fay, that Harold had a defire to fetch back his brother and nephew, who were hoftages in the hands of duke William ; and to that end obtained leave of Edward the Confefl'or to undertake this voyage ; and that, being embarked, he was by a tempeft driven as aforefaid. Eadmerus, a difciple of St. Anfelm, an author almoft cotemporary with the fa£t, tells the ftorv in the fame manner, and is exadtly copied by J. Brompton, Henry Knyghton, and Ralph Higden, all authors of the fourteenth century. But the beft account given us of this affair feems to be that related by Ingulphus, monk of St. Valery en Caux, abbot of Croyland in Lincoinfhire, and fecretary to William the Baftard ; who has left us a hiftory which finifhes about the year 1087. With him agree William of Poitiers, archdeacon of Lifieux, William Gemetenfis, and Odericus Vitalis, all cotemporary hiftorians. According to thefe authors, it was king Edward himfelf who fent Harold into Normandy, to affure duke William of his having deftined him for his fucceffor to the crown of England, as he had before informed him by Robert archbifhop of Canterbury; and to this account the tapeftry before us feems beft to agree, as will appear by the following explanation of the figures therein reprefented. There ( 4 ) There is a fmall border, which runs at the top and bottom of the tapeftry, with feveral figures of men, beafts, flowers, and even fome fables, which have nothing to do with the hiftory, but are only ornaments. At the end of every particular fcene there is a tree, by way of diftinftion ; and over many of the principal figures there are inferiptions, but many of them now worn out. EXPLANATION of the TAPESTRY. H E firft figure that prefents itfelf is that of a king fitting on a throne ; his crown upon his head, and feeptre in his left hand ; in aaion, as appears by the attitude of his right hand, of giving orders to two of his courtiers. The throne is of a plain Ample form, fuch as we meet with on the feals of our earlieft kings: the arms of it end in dogs heads. Over it there was an infeription : though now obliterated, yet enough remains to convince us that it was REX EDWARDVS. This figure, no doubt, reprefents king Edward the Confeflor giving orders to Harold to depart forthwith, upon his embaffy to William duke of Nor¬ mandy. Harold, having received his orders, fets forward upon his journey. He is reprefented on horfeback, his hawk upon his fill, and his dogs running before him. Over his head we fee the following infeription : HAROLDVS DVX ANGI.ORVM ET SVI MILITES EQVITANT AD BOSHAM. He is called DVX ANGLORVM, not as a title proper to him, but in confideration of his being the firft man in the kingdom, next to the king, who had married his filler: “ Cundtorum fuse dominationis comitem, divitiis, “ et honore, ac potentia, maximum,” fays Gulielmus Gemetenfis. Ingulphus MILITES, Eadmerus calls “ ditiores et honeftiores homines fui,” fome of his firft or principal vaflals. It is well known, to perfons converfant in antiquity, that the great men of thofe times had only two ways of being accoutred when they fet out upon a journey ; either in the habiliments of war, or for the chace. Harold, as going on an errand of peace, we find here reprefented in the latter. The / ; d b e l it e m f n \b i '>e vmt ekT W Jgmmm ' : ■ VVILLELMI VEI [ER-VNT AD’ I rfgs* N - V 'TVRljLD ( 5 ) The bird upon the fill was a mark of great nobility. We fee it frequently upon feals, and miniatures, in that age, of ladies as well as men: and fo facred was this bird efteemed, that we find it prohibited, in the ancient law’s, for any one to give his hawk, or his fword, as part of his ranfom. “ In “ compofitionem Wirigildi volumus ut ea dcntur qua: in lege continentur, “ excepto accipitre et fpatha.” * And fevere fines we find laid on thofe who {hould Ileal another’s hawk. Mr. Lancelot cites many other paffages, to prove the efteem the nobility placed on thofe birds ; which, being foreign to the immediate bufinefs, I Ihall pafs over ; but obferve that Harold, in regard to his dignity, is the only one of all his fuite who has the bird upon his fill. The infcription (hews he is marching towards Bolham. This is a fmall fea-port on the coaft of Sufl'ex, which was his own property, and had (as Walter Mapes tells the ftory) been obtained by earl Godwin, his father, from the archbilhop of Canterbury, by fraud. A little farther we fee the figure of a church ; over it, the word ECCLESIA , and before the doors, two men with bending knees, and arms acrofs, in a pofture of devotion. This probably denotes Harold offering up his prayers for a profperous voyage, at the little monaftery that Bede tells us there was at Bofenham. “ Ubi Dicul Scotus monachus monafteriolum habuit per modi- “ cum, et quinqiie aut fex fratres, paupere vita Domino famulantes. What follows is a number of people, in a fort of hall, drinking out of cups and horns ; probably Harold’s fuite, taking refreihment before they embarked. A little farther, Harold, having his hawk upon his fill, is feen advancing towards the veffel ; and one of his attendants is calling the others to come away, W’ho foon follow him, fome of them carrying his dogs under their arms, and fome oars. Harold himfelf has his garments tucked up, and appears to wade fome way in the water, before he can get to his veffel. Thefe veffels are low-built, have benches for the rowers, and it is not eafy to difcern between the poop and the prow. There appears a rudder, nia.n- maft, anchor, fkc. By the form and equipment it is eafy to fee thefe are not common fifhing-boats ; which is another argument that Harold’s voyage Was a voyage of pomp and dignity, and not of furprife. Over this part of the fragment are thefe words: HIC HAROLD MARE NAVIGAVIT ET VELIS VENTO PLENIS VENIT IN TERRAM WIDONIS COMITIS. b Here * Capitula, five Leges Ecclefiafticx et Civiles Caroli Magni et Ludovici Pii, lib. iv. tit. 21, in Lindenbrogii Codice Legum Antiquarum, p. 895. ( 6 ) Here are reprefented two veftels, rowing, with full fail, and a fmall Ikiff by the fide of one of them. All the failors feem to be in aftion. This is perhaps the moment in which they were driven upon the coaft of earl Guy, contrary to their intention. Aftonifhment feems expreffed in their faces. Harold goes down into the floop, advances to the ihore, orders them to call anchor, and fee ms to fpeak to the people who appear upon the land. Over his head is written HAROLD. He has in his hand a long ftaff, fuch as is frequently feen upon the feal of the French kings, and other great men ; and feems probably a Baculus Aureus, defigned as a mark of honour, more than a weapon. It is obfervable that Harold does not now appear in the habit of a horfeman, but with a fhort cloak tucked up, and refembling the ancient habits of thl kings and great men of that age. The WIDO COMES, upon whofe terri¬ tories Harold was driven, was Guy earl of Ponthieu, fon to Hugh, and brother to Ingebran, his predeceffors in that county. Thefe earls were originally advo- cati, or protects of the abbey of St. Riquier ; and in that quality held of the abbey, Abbeville and Encre, and fome other lands ; but Hugh Capet, obfervino- that the frequent depredations made by the Normans came from that fide for want of defence, took from the faid abbey the towns of Abbeville and Encre, and fortifying the former, gave the government of it to Hugh, great grand-father to the Guy here mentioned. This is the epoque from whence we are to date the eftabliihment of a comt£ in this family, and of which, Monftreuil, and not Abbeville, continued the capital, even till after the days of this Guy j the earls ftyling themfclves Com ITE s Mon- STEROLII ET PoNTIVI. Many hiftorians, and particularly the Englifh, accufe the people of Pon¬ thieu of making prifoners all whofe ill fortune threw them upon their coaft, and treating them with great barbarity, in order to extort the larger ran- foms: but the people of this country are not folely to be accufcd of this praaice ; it was a right, called in that age Lagan, and univerfally too much in ufe. Humanity has now in a great part abolifhed it. It is eafy to find another reafon for Guy making Harold his prifoner. He was foon informed that he came from England, and was going on an embafly to William the Baftard, duke of Normandy. Guy looked upon this duke as a dangerous neighbour, and chief enemy to his family. His brother Ingebran had been killed by him in a battle, under the fervice of Henry king of France. Guy would not lofe this opportunity of vexing William j and, had he ( 7 ) he been ftrong enough to have detained him, it is highly probable he would never have let him go. The earl of Ponthieu is here reprefented as going on a military expedition. He gives orders to arreft Harold, who appears as defcending from his bark. His people are all on horfeback with bucklers, and their lances pointing for¬ ward. The bucklers are charged with feveral devices ; but thefe are not to be efteemed as coats of arms, fince the cuftom of bearing fuch was not intro¬ duced till many years after this event. The infcription over this part of the tapeftry runs thus : HIC APPREHENDIT WIDO HAROLDVM ET DVXIT EVM AD BELREM ET IBI EVM TENVIT. The making Harold prifoner, being one fcene of acftion, it is clofed by a tree, as before obferved, to diftinguifh it from the enfuing ftory. The order in which Guy marched with his prifoner appears thus. Firft, there is a groupe of figures, bare-headed and without fwords, except two, who feem to have the charge of them. Thofe are probably the vaffals and other fervants of earl Harold. The earl follows on horfeback; his mantle tucked back upon his flioulder; an ornament of dignity, and at that time, of triumph ; his bird upon his fift, with his head advanced as ready to take wing. Earl Harold follows, without a mantle; but with his bird upon his fift, though without its gril- lets: his head is turned towards Harold, as being out of a condition to take a free flight: all, marks of humiliation. Harold is followed by earl Guy’s cavalry, carrying their lances now upon their fhoulders, and not as before, when they were going upon an enterprize. It is now worth enquiring into the fituation of this BELREM, to which earl Guy conduaed his prifoner. The author of the Chronicle of Normandy*, printed in the year 1535. fays “he led him to Abbeville but that author, having com¬ mitted many other errors, is not to be credited in the prefent affair. It has already been obferved, that Abbeville was not at that time the capital of Ponthieu, nor the refidence of its counts : Monstreuil had that pre-eminence; and, as we find Beaurain la Ville, and Beaurain le Chateau, Caftrum de Bello-ramo, about two leagues from thence, there is fcarce any doubt to be made of that place being the Belrem here mentioned. * Chronique de Normandie, ch. cxiv. fol. 55 and 56. Harold ( 8 ) Hafold being conduced to Belrem, it is probable that the firft confideration was his ranfom. The monument before us reprefents his interview with earl Guy, who is fitting on a feat, in fome particulars different from that of king Edward before defcribed. Perhaps the intent was, to fhew the difference between the throne of a king, and that of a count or petty prince. Earl Guy is fitting, having his fword with the point upwards in his left hand, and with his right feeming to exprefs the adtion of fpeaking to his prifoner. Harold hands in a pofture of humility; has his fword indeed, but with the point downwards. There appear fome other figures in the hall where this adtion is reprefented; probably the earl’s domeftics. The infcrip- tion over head fays, VBI HAROLD ET WIDO PAROBOLANT. Harold having found means to acquaint William duke of Normandy with his misfortune, the duke immediately fent two ambaifadors to earl Guy, demanding the releafe of his prifoner. The tapeftry reprefents the earl, as receiving thefe ambaifadors, handing ; his mantle open on the right fhoulder, and tucked up from the left; a battle-axe in his hand, and in his countenance an air of haughtinefs. Behind him is one of his officers, with a lance upon his fhoulder. The two ambaifadors are likewife handing, leaning upon their lances : one of them feems to be fpeaking. Over their heads this infcription : VBI NVNTII WILLIELMI DVCIS VENERVNT AD WIDONEM. A valet holds their horfes by the bridles; over whom is written TVROLD, which may be the name of one of the ambaifadors, or rather of fome remark¬ able fervant. After this We may obferve a fort of building, or hall; probably that of earl Guy ; towards which two perfons are coming on horfeback, full fpeed. They have their lances in their right hands, with the points forwards, and the bucklers on their left arms. Over their heads are, NVNTII WILLELMI DVCIS HIC* Thefe, not improbably, reprefent two other ambaifidors, which duke William fent to the earl upon his refufing the delivery of Harold* with affurances, that, if he did not immediately comply, he would come with an army, and take him by force. This conjedture agrees perfectly with the account of this affair given by Eadmerus. Accordingly the duke fet forward with an army towards Eu, the fartheft city in Normandy on the frontiers of Ponthieu. Earl Guy, being * The firft drawing, which was communicated to the academy of Belles Lettres by monfieur Lancelot, and on which he read his diflertation, on the 2lft day of July, 1724. ended with thefe two horfemen and the word HIC. The remaining piece, difcovered by father Montfaucon, continues on the fcene of action. ( 9 ) being terrified at this, brought Harold and his attendants to Eu, and delivered them to duke William. Thus this fa6t is related by William of Poitiers and William of Malmefbury ; though fome lefs careful writers lay, that Guy only fent his prifoner to duke William. The firft fcene in this fecond piece of the tapeftry, confirms the above relation. Plere is a perfon reprefented with bended knees, delivering a meffage to the duke, who is fitting on his throne, near his caftle-gate. Over head is written VENIT NVNTIVS AD WILGELMUM DVCEM. This is doubt- lefs one of thofe he had fent to earl Guy, who is returned with the earl’s promife of delivering up his prifoner. Father Montfaucon feems to fufpedt, that, by the fmallnefs of this meffenger, it might be intended for the dwarf Turold, feen in a former part of this tapeftry : but I rather apprehend, he is made fliorter, only to fhew he is kneeling; and that a perfon who was holding the horfes in one place, is hardly employed in the delivering a mefllrge to the duke in another. Over the caftle-gate are reprefented two centinels. The whole more probably ideal, than the reprefentation of any real building. After the caftle, we fee earl Guy on horfeback, with his hawk on his lift, followed by Harold with his hawk likewife, and both with mantles on their fhoulders, niet by duke William and his train. The duke has a mantle on his left lhoulder, and feems in a&ion of fpeaking to the earl, who points to his prifoner behind him. Over them is written * HIC WIDO ADDVXIT HAROLDVM AD WILGELMVM NORMANORVM DVCEM. A tree, as ufual, clofes this fcene. Duke William, having received Harold, conduced him to his palace. The tapeftry is filent as to the name of the city it was in; but William of Poitiers informs us it was at Rouen, the capital of his duchy. We fee here a fort of tower ; probably the gate of the city, or of the palace : and immediately fol¬ lows, a large building, or hall, where the duke is reprefented fitting, with a guard behind him ; and Harold Handing in an attitude of fpeaking, and pro¬ bably delivering the embafiy he was fent upon. Behind are four perfons armed; part of his fuite. In this conference, Harold gave his promife to be always true to the duke’s intereft. Wc fhall, in another place, find him folemnly fwearing to the fame purpofe. c William, * And the fentence belonging to the word HIC. Vide VENIT NVNTIVS. ( ro ) William, on his part, at the fame time promifed Harold, to give him in mar¬ riage his daughter Adila, or Adeliza, by home called Agatha. After this, we fee the figure of a woman Handing between two columns, probably intended as at the door of a chamber; and a man coming to her, and laying his hand upon her head : over them, VBI VNVS: CLERICVS ET iELFGIVA. This muft probably mean to reprefent a fecretary, or officer, coming to duke William’s duchefs, and relating to her the promife the duke had juft made in relation to the marriage of her daughter. It muft be confeffed, that the name Algiva does not exadtly agree with that given by hiftorians to the duchefs ; but we muft remember, that that name is very varioufly written by the hiftorians of that and the fucceeding age; and the word Algiva feerns likewife to have been rather titular than perfonal, and to denote a lady, princefs, or great perfon. A fort of tower clofes this fcene. Conan, earl of Bretagne, being at this juncture in war with duke William, and having drawn the earl of Anjou into an alliance with him, they appointed the day when they were, with their united forces, to enter Normandy; but the duke was much upon his guard, and too lively to wait for them in his own dominions : he raifed a confiderable body of troops, and knowing Harold to be a brave foldier, and fond of fhewing his valour, invited him and his companions to go with him upon this expedition ; which Harold readily agreed to. They fet forward on their march towards St. Michael, as the infcription informs us, viz. HIC WILLEM DVX ET EXERCITVS EIVS VENERVNT AD MONTEM MICHAELIS ET HIC TRANSIERVNT FLVMEN COSNONIS HIC HAROLDVS DVX TRAHEBAT EOS DE ARENA. Mount St. Michael is reprefented by a caftle upon a fmall hillock. The duke and his array appear on horfeback, covered with a fort of armour made of iron plates joined like fcales, which the ancients called Squamata Vestis. There was another fort, made of links, united together in chain-work, whicli ■was called Hamata Vestis. Being arrived at St. Michael, they were obliged to pafs the river Cofnon, which by the frequent tides is filled with fand, from which it is difficult to get free. Paffengers frequently perifh there, when the ( ** ) the tide returns before they are able to extricate themfelves. The horfemen are there reprefented, pafling the river, and holding up their legs, and their armour, above the water; others are finking in the fand ; and Harold, who was very tall and ftrong, is bufy in dragging them out. This difficulty furmounted, the army continue their march towards Dol, reprefented here by a tower. The feigneury of this city belonged to one Rual, who was at that time at war with Conan, and- befieged by him.; but upon William’s approach, Conan raifed the fiege, and fled to Rennes, repre¬ fented by a little caftle. Rual fent to duke William thanks for his deli¬ verance ; but at the fame time to let him know, that, if his army continued making fuch depredations every where, it was the fame to him whether his country was ruined by Bretagnes, or Normans. William immediately iffiied orders prohibiting any farther damage. From the town of Dol, there is a man letting down by a cord; perhaps the meffenger to duke William. Conan is reprefented with his troops on a gallop, flying from William. The infeription over this aftion is, ET VENERVNT. AD. DOL. ET. CONAN. FUGA VERTIT REDN. The following feene is one of the moll remarkable in this whole piece of antiquity, as it repreients to us a piece of hiftory pafled over in fllence by all hiftorians, either Englifh or Norman : and yet, upon the faith of this reprefentation, there feems no room to doubt the truth of it. The infeription runs thus : HIC MILITES WILLELMI DVCIS PVGNANT CONTRA DINANTES ET CVNAN CLAVES PORREXIT. The figures reprefent to us, the city of Dinant, befieged by duke William’s forces, who have adtually fet fire to the pallifadoes. The army within are defending their ramparts ; and in one place we fee a man, perhaps Conan himfelf, in armour, reaching out the keys upon the end of a lance; and another on horfeback, armed, (perhaps duke William himfelf) who receives them at the end of his lance, to which there is a fmall banner affixed. Though this is the firft inftance met with, of the keys of a city being furrendcred in this manner, yet I am apt to believe it was a ufual cuftom about that age; for Boethius and Buchannan tell us, that Malcolm king of Scotland, having reduced the caftle of Alnwick, in Northumberland, to extremity, the befieged were forced to furrender, and only defired that the king in perfon would receive the keys of the gates, which were brought by a foldier, on the top of ( ia ) of a lance, and who, {landing within the wall, thruft the point of the lance into the king’s eye as he was going to receive them*. The infcription and tapeftry proceeding no farther in this affair, and hifto- rians being univerfally filent, we are left in ignorance as to the conclufion or confequence of this war. Father Montfaucon however proceeds to offer his conje&ure as to this event. “ Conan,” fays he, “ who at the arrival of duke William before Dol, “ was retired to Rennes, feeing that he intended to befiege Dinant, a place of “ S reat importance to him, immediately repaired thither, defirous of making “ peace with fo formidable an enemy. After the townfmen had made fome “ defence, he comes to a treaty with duke William, who, having likewife “ an affair much greater importance to purfue, the more eafily liftened to “ reafonable conditions, which feem to have been thefe : That Conan fhould “ la f down his arms > render to duke William the homage due for Brittany, “ and P refent him widl the keys of Dinant.” William of Poitiers tells us only’ that duke William put Conan and his allies to flight, but does not inform us how the war ended : but this monument, {hewing us that the keys of the city were delivered to duke William, gives a convincing proof that there was fome treaty between them. It feems farther probable, that the furren¬ dering the keys was only an aft of fubmiflion which duke William infilled upon for his honour ; but that by the treaty the city was Hill left to Conan, fince, in the tapeftry, we do not fee one fingle Bretton reprefented as coming out, nor one Norman as entering the city; which would hardly have been omitted, if the furrender of the city had been intended to be reprefented. Ihus the learned father conjectures, that this feene may be explained. The war with Bretagne being thus put an end to, William, who had feen proofs of Harold’s valour and courage, tried to gain him intirely on his fide. As a mark of his favour, he immediately knighted him, as the infcrip¬ tion tells us : HIC DEDIT WILLELMVS ARMA HAROLDO. And under it William is reprefented, putting a helmet on Harold’s head, who Hands before him, armed cap-a-p^ in the fquamata veftis, and holding a banner m his left hand. The helmet feems to be of iron, leaving the whole face open, except a fort of covering to the nofe, which appears in feveral others, and is called Nasal. After * William of Malmesbury, p. 103. ( r 3 ) •After this ceremony, William and Harold came together to Bayeux. HIC WILLELMVS VENIT BACIAS ' VBI HAROLDVS SACRAMENTVM FECIT WILLELMO DVCI. The hiftorians have very widely differed as to the place where the ceremony of Harold’s fwearing to be true to William was performed ; but this infcrip- tion and the figures under it put it beyond all doubt, and exadly agree with a paflage in the Roman de Rou, an old French poem, which runs thus: A BAIEX CEU SOULOIENT DIRE FIST ASSEMBLER UN GRANT CONCILE TOUS LES CORZ SAINZ FIST DEMANDER ET EN UN LIEU TOUS ASSEMBLER. Odo, brother by the mother’s fide to William, was then bifhop of Bayeux, who probably took care to have this oath taken with all the folemnity poffible; fo o-reat a thing as a future kingdom feeming to depend on it. Accordingly we fee Harold, placed between two great chalfes or boxes of reliques, laying his right hand upon one, and his left upon the other, and pronouncing at the fame time his oath, by which, in the name of Edward, he recognizes William for his fuccelfor in the kingdom of England, and promifes for himfelf to be true to him. Some writers fay, that duke William hid the reliques in a tub, or under a table, fo that Harold did not fee them till after the oath he had taken over them ; and that he was much ftartled at the fight, after it was too late to draw back ; though he knew he fwore upon the gofpels. However, this circumftance does not feem to be hinted at in the fapeftry. William is reprefented as prefent at this ceremony, feated upon a throne, in a ducal robe, holding a fword eredt in his right hand, and ftretching the left towards Harold, who is dreffed in a tunique that comes above his knees, over which he has a mantle fattened before, and reaching lower than the tunique. It was of the utmoft importance to duke William to gain Harold to his party, who was the firft man in England after the king. Before his departure, lie loaded him with prefents, and fet at liberty a brother of his, (fays William of Poitiers) : others fay, a nephew, whom the duke held in hoftage. But all this ferved to no end : Harold, notwithftanding the oaths he had taken, and favours received, could not withftand the temptation of a kingdom, as we fliall fee d in ( r 4 ) in the fequel of this hiftory. The departure of Harold is expreffed both in the work and infcription, which runs thus : HIC HAROLDVS DVX REVERSVS EST AD. ANGLICAM TERRAM ET VENIT. AD. EDWARDVM. REGEM. We fee hint teprefented going on board a veffel, and again landing at a Email town, the name of which is not marked. He mounts on horfeback to go to the king, and being come to the palace, alights, and prcfents himfelf before him, to give an account of the voyage he had undertaken by his order. King Edward is reprefented fitting on a throne, with a crown on his head ; and a guard, with a battle-axe, {landing behind him. His countenance fhews him meagre, and in a bad ftate of health. After this, we meet with a tranfpofition of fa<fts, in the tapeftry, by fome accident not eafily accounted for, viz. the interment of king Edward, before the reprefentation of his ficknefs or death. But it is better to explain them in their due order. King Edward, finding himfelf at the point of death, ordered the great men of his court to be called to him, and declared his laft will to them. ADWARDVS REX IN LECTO ALLOQVITVR FIDELES. ADWARDVS, for EDWARDVS, hardly deferves a remark; the variation, in that age, in the manner of writing of names, being fo very frequent. Some Englifh writers, and amongft them Roger Hoveden, tell us, that Edward, before his death, declared Elarold for his fuccelfor ; but others affine us, that he confirmed his former difpofition in favour of duke William. It was not difficult, to be fure, for Harold, who was in fuch a high degree at court, to fpread a report, that Edward had declared in his favour : he and his party fpread it every where ; and upon this bequeft he procured himfelf to be crowned king of England. King Edward being dead, we fee his corpfe laid out, and fome perfons who feem to weep over it. A prieft gives him the benedidtion, and the infcrip¬ tion tells us, ET EIIC DEFVNCTVS EST. On ( IS ) On Epiphany day, which was the day after his death, in the year 1066. his Corpfe was canned to Weftminfter, and there buried, in order that his fucceffor might be crowned, the fame day ; it being not cuftomary to perform the rites of coronation and umftion to a new prince, either before his predeceffor was interred, or on any day but a Sunday, or forne great feftival. Eight bearers fupport the bier, which feerns very rich, and ornamented. By the fide of the bier are two boys, with a bell in each hand, like our criers at this day. A crowd of people follow the bier to the door of the church. Over the faid church there appears a hand reached Out from heaven, and which feerns to give a benedidtion. The infcription runs thus: HIC. PORTATVR. CORPVS. EADWARDI. REGIS. AD ECCLESIAM S. PETRI. APOSTOLI. After the death of Edward, Harold did not fail to ftir up thofe of his party. There were three princes then upon the rank to difpute the crown of England, and who had each their partizans ; Edgar-Athelin, a young prince of the race of king Edward; Harold ; and William, duke of Nor¬ mandy. Harold’s party was the moll potent. The fame day that Edward was interred, they prefented him the crown. He is here reprefented (landing, with his axe in his left hand; and the infcription fays, HIC DEDERVNT HAROLDO CORONAM REGIS. Upon this he was declared and recognized king ; and he is immediately reprefented feated on his throne, with his feeptre in his right hand, and the orb and crofs in his left. Two officers Hand on his right, one holding a fword with the point upwards: on his left is Stigand, archbifhop of Canter¬ bury, who crowned him, though interdicted by the pope. The infcription over them is, HIC RESIDET HAROLDVS REX ANGLORVM : And over the head of the archbifhop, STIGANT ARCPIIEPISCOPVS. He is reprefented in his pontificalia, fuch as he wore at the coronation of Harold. Some ( *6 ) Some Englifh writers fay, he was crowned by Aldred, archbifhop of York ; but we ought to agree with this work, and infcription, whicli is iikewife confirmed by William of Poitiers, the moft exadt hiftorian of the life and adtions of duke William. On the other fide appear many Engliih, who recognize Harold as their fovereign ; and among them are fome, who are gazing at a ftar, or comet, which is darting out its rays. This comet, according to the opinion of that age, was a forerunner of the great revolution which foon after happened in England. Moil: of the hiftorians mention it, and hand down to us thefe two verfes, then made upon the occafion : ANNO MILLENO SEXAGENO QUOQUE SENO ANGLORUM ME TAJ FLAMMAS SENSERE COMETAs. The infcription near the comet runs thus: ISTI MIRANTVR STELLAM. Harold appears again feated on a throne. A meffenger comes to fpeak to him, and, by the attitude both of the perfon and of the king, feems to deliver him fome important news. Monfieur Lancelot ftippofes it may be, to inform him of the invafion which the Norwegians at that time made on the north of England. The infcription is only HAROLD. The news of Harold’s coronation was foon carried to William duke of Nor¬ mandy. A bark fet fail on purpofe, and foon informed him of all that had pafi'ed fince the death of Edward, and the care that Harold had taken to be foon declared and crowned king. The infcription is in thefe terms : HIC NAVIS ANGLICA VENIT IN TERRAM WILLELMI DVCIS. It does not fay on what account; but there feems no reafoh to doubt of its errand. William difcovered, that all the efforts he had ufed to gain the ambitious Harold, were become abortive ; that, having found an opportunity to procure himfelf to be declared king, he had made no fcruple of violating his oaths and promifes. The duke of Normandy was not of a temper to let him enjoy his ufurpation quietly : he fent ambaffadors to pope Alexander II. to demon- flrate to him the right which he had to the crown of England, and to com¬ municate ( *7 ) municate to him the defign he had of carrying the war into that country. The pope declared for him, and fent him a banner, which lie carried with him in his expedition. Toflic, elder brother to Harold, notwithftanding his affinity by blood, Was his mortal enemy, and, according to Odericus Vitalis, did all he was able to perfuade duke William to pafs over into England with an army, and make war upon Harold. The enterprize feemed difficult, and the duke often affem- bled his council to deliberate upon it : fome of the moft experienced allured him, that Normandy could neither furnilh troops nor money neceffary for fuch an expedition. This did not daunt duke William: he invited his allies to come and affift him in the conqueft of a kingdom, which by right belonged to him; and foon found a vaft number, both from Flanders, and divers pro¬ vinces of France, who offered to march with him againft Harold, and who flocked to him in fuch numbers, that, joined with his Norman troops, he had one of the moft confiderable armies that had been feen. Authors are not explicit as to their number: Odericus Vitalis fays there were fifty thoufand fighting men, befides pioneers: William of Poitiers fays the duke had fifty thoufand lifted in his pay, without explaining farther. A very numerous fleet was neceffary for the tranfporting fuch an army, with the prodigious quantity of horfe and provifion. Duke William applied to that with the utmoft diligence. The tapeftry reprefents him feated on a throne in his palace,, and commanding that all hands be fet to work : thofe who are near' him, feem to be in great motion. The infeription, here fomewhat worn, yet is legible, viz. HIC. WILLELMYS. DVX. IVSSIT. NAVES. JEDIFICARE. They are reprefented as immediately executing his orders: fome cut down trees ; others reduce them into planks: with thefe materials others appears building the veffels. All this feems to be done with the utmoft difpatch. The veffels being built, others appear drawing them with cords to the fea-fide. HIC. TRAHVNT. NAVES. AD. MARE. They had not then the art of launching them, as we now do. William of Poitiers and Gulielmus Gemetenfis fay, this fleet was compofed of three thou¬ fand veffels ; and the author of Roman de Rou, cited by Mr. Lancelot, affures us, that he had learned from his father, who was in this expedition, that fix hundred and ninety-fix fhips, veffels, and fluffs, were employed in folely carrying the arms and provifions of war ; which feems to confirm what authors relate of the prodigious number of this fleet. e The ij 1 1 J|H |f The tapeftry next Ihews us, people employed in carrying on board provi- fions, both for war, and fuftenance: feveral appear loaded with armour, fuch as was then ufed, covered with iron fcales; others carry fwords and axes ; others, wine. One remarkable fort of low cart or carriage, in the upper part, is charged with the lances and cafques then in ufe. The infcription, ISTI. PORTANT. ARMAS. AD. NAVES. ET. HIC. TRAHVNT. CARRVM. CVM. VINO. ET. ARMIS. It feems extraordinary, that a duke of Normandy Ihould be able to defray the expence of building and equipping one of the mod: confiderable fleets that hiftory makes mention of. There appears, at the poop of many of thefe veflels, the fame fort of bucklers with thofe on the fhips which carried Harold into Ponthieu. Contrary winds prevented the fleet’s palling the mouth of the liver Dive, and Port St. Valeri; and more than a month was Ipent in wait- ing for a favourable gale. The tapeftry next reprefents to us, feveral perfons on horfeback: one of them, no doubt, is the duke, who feems to be diftinguilhed by carrying a banner in his hand. The fleet appears ranged upon the coaft, loaded with men and horfes. The fhip which the duke embarked on, is probably that which carries a banner ; upon which is a crofs on the maft. Monfieur Lancelot conjectures, this may be defigned for the confecrated banner fent him by pope Alexander II. The veflel appears likewife to be the largeft in the fleet ; and it is pro¬ bably the duke, who is reprefented fitting near the prow, and giving his orders. This fhip is likewife diftinguilhed from the others by the figure of a man, which appears at the prow, holding a banner and founding a trumpet. The infcription informs where they are failing to: HIC. WILLELMVS. DVX. IN. MAGNO. NAVIGIO. MARE. TRANSIVIT. ET. VENIT. AD. PEVENSE. ( J 9 ) pofleflion of the land he was going to conquer. The whole army landed here ; but the tapeftry marks only the difembarkation of the horfe. Infcription, HIC. EXEVNT. CABALLI.* DE. NAVIBVS. The greatnefs of this undertaking did not in the leaft dilhearten duke William ; but feveral of his Norman companions, confidering the valour and courage of Harold, the great number of his troops, and the plenty of money he was mailer of, were very apprehenfive for the fuccefs of it, and made no fecret of their fentiments. The duke perceived their emotion, and encouraged them more by his example than by all the arguments he could ufe ; and upon his arrival went himfelf to reconnoitre the neighbouring country, attended by twenty-four perfons only. As foon as they were landed, the duke thought that a good dinner, with plenty of wine, might contribute to efface the terror that many of his people were under. Hiftorians fpeak of this entertainment; but fome mention it as before his embarking. The tapeftry fhews us both the preparations for it, and the banquet itfdf. The duke fent feveral of his people to Haftings, to bring away fheep and oxen for this feaft. ET. HIC. MILITES. FESTINAVERVNT. HESTINCA. VT. CIBVM. RAPERENTVR. There are fome marching on horfeback; others riding full fpeed, loaded with plunder ; others killing fheep and oxen, and others bringing them upon their fhoulders. Three little tabernacles, which are reprefented, feem to exprefs that they were provided with portable houfes, in cafe bad weather fhould pre¬ vent their feafting in the open air; but the tapeftry fhews every thing as done abroad, that it might be expofed to view. Between the butchers and the cooks there appears a man on horfeback, armed in a coat of mail: he has on his left arm a buckler, long and pointed; and in his right, a baton or ftaff. Before him is a man on foot, who holds a horfe by the bridle, and has an axe upon his fhoulder: this perfon, no doubt, was well known in the army, fince only his name is put over him, viz. HIC. est. wadardvs. If one may guefs at his office, it feems to be the taking care of order and regularity in every thing belonging to the proviftons. This was originally the office of the chief cook. The feveral cooks are drefling the meat, and the Pro CAVALLI. ( 20 ) the waiters putting things in order, after the cuftoms of that age; but, as thofe were fo widely different from thefe modern times, it is not eafy to explain what they are particularly doing. HIC. COQVITVR CARO. ET. HIC. MINISTRAVERVNT. MINISTRI. After thefe, there are reprefented two tables: the firft is round, and has plates and provifions on it; but all fo ill defigned, that it is impoflible to diftinguifh any thing in particular. The people round this table are Handing ; which makes it probable, that they are officers appointed to tafte the meat and wine : one of them drinks out of a horn, a fort of cup much in ufe in the early ages, as appears before by Harold’s attendants. The following table is the duke’s : it is in the form of a half-moon. 1 his form for a table is of very ancient date : the Romans called it the Sigma, from its refemblance to the Greek letter fo called, which was, in the time of the Roman emperors, like the letter C. Martial tells us, this fort of table admitted but of feven perfons: « Septem figma capit.” And Lam- pridius, in his Life of Heliogabalus, mentions it very frequently, and fays it was for feven only : he tells us, the emperor once invited eight, on pur- pofe to raife a laugh againft the perfon for whom there would be no place. The fame form of a table continued in after-ages : the authors of the Life of St. Martin fay, that the emperor Maximus invited him to a repaft, where the table had the form of a Sigma: and again, in the lower ages, Sidonius Apollinaris fpeaks of the fame thing in the Life of the Emperor Majorianus*: and it is likewife reprefented in a manufeript of the fifth or fixth century. The feat itfelf was only a common bench or form : the Sigma was the prin¬ cipal piece of furniture, and moll ornamented. The ufe of the Triclinium had undoubtedly ceafed in the time of William the Conqueror : perfons did not, in that age, lie down at their meals ; but in what time that cuftom was left off, and the more ancient one of fitting round the table was introduced, we are totally ignorant. In the time of Homer, we find, they fat round the table, as we do now. It is at this table that duke William, with his principal captains, are repre¬ fented as taking their repaft. Though the feaft was probably very magnificent, it is here reprefented in fhort. A bilhop appears in aflion of bleffmg the meat. The infeription fays, HIC. FECERVNT. PRANDIVM. ET. HIC. EPISCOPVS CIBVM ET. POTVM. BENEDICIT. * Vide Mon. Antiq^ tom. iii. p. 112. The ( 21 ) The bifhop, doubtlefs, is Odo, bilhop of Bayeux, brother by the mother’s fide to duke William, and who accompanied him in this expedition. Hitherto duke William met with no obftacle to his enterprize. Harold, who had been crowned king, was not ignorant the duke would infallibly come with an army to fupport his right to the throne; and therefore fortified Pevenfey and Haftings, the places mod likely for his landing : but, being informed that another enemy was already landed in England, with a defign to dethrone him, he found himfelf obliged to abandon the two aforefaid places, and march the other way. Tollie, his elder brother, who endea¬ voured to raife him as many enemies as poffible, had prevailed upon Harold king of Norway to fet out a fleet, and make a defcent upon England: in conjunction with Toftie, he landed near York, took and pillaged that city. Harold collected all the forces he was able; gave them battle, which for a long time was dubious, and wherein many on both fides were killed; till at length Harold king of Norway, and Toftie, being both flain, their whole army was defeated, and cut in pieces. In this action, one Norwegian folely defended a bridge againft the whole Englilh forces, flew forty of them with an axe, but was at length overpowered and flain. After this victory, Harold came to London, where he learned that duke William was already landed in England, and marched as far as Haftings. One hiftorian tells us, that duke William, upon hearing that Harold had caufed himfelf to be declared king, fent an ambalfador to reproach him with the violation of his oath, which he had fo folemnly taken; and at the fame time to make propofitions of an accommodation very advantageous to him. Several of his relations and friends, and among others his mother, and brother the earl Word, or Gurd, as we find him hereafter written in one of the infcriptions, advifed him not to break his plighted faith and oath ; reprefenting to him, that his perjury might caufe his ruin t and upon his appearing obftinate, earl Word offered to go himfelf and command the army againft the duke; which he could do with honour and confcience, being under no engagement to him. Harold, proud of the vicftory he had lately gained, gave no heed to this difcourfe; and being enraged againft his mother, who earneftly preffed him not to perjure himfelf, cave her a kick with his foot, affembled the largeft army he could, and marched againft his competitor. Harold fent fpies into duke William’s camp, to learn the number of his forces, and the place where they were intrenched. Thefe fpies, being taken, were carried before the duke, who caufed them to be led through his whole army, to make what obfervations they pleafed, gave them victuals to eat, and fent them back to theif mafter. Harold enquiring of them what they had obferved in the enemies quarters, they commended highly the huma¬ nity of the duke, and added, that his army feemed to be compofed of priefts, for they did not obferve any perfon in it, who had cither a beard or muftachios. It f may ( a* ) may be inferred from thence, that thofe were not in ufe in France, in the time of Philip the Firft, and that in England all but priefts wore them. We fee indeed, Harold is here frequently reprefented with one muftachio ; and though fometimes he is without, that may arife from the negligence of the defigner. Duke William, after the fore-mentioned great entertainment, fummoned a council, to deliberate on what was to be done in the prefent conjundture. Harold was marching diredtly againft him ; and it required fome prudent expedients to be ufed in giving battle to an army who came flufhed with a late victory. This council was held under a pavilion, fupported with columns; perhaps the invention of the defigner of this tapeftry. There are only three who have their names written over them, viz. ODO. EPS. WILLELM. ROTBERT. William is in the middle, with his fword in his hand; Odo on his right, and Robert count de Mortain on his left ; both, his brothers by the mothers fide. We know nothing of what paffed in this debate; but it ieems probable, that it was determined to intrench the army at Haftings, hnce one of the three is immediately reprefented as going to give orders for that purpofe. We learn many particulars from this ancient monument, of which our hiftorians are intirely filent. Earl Robert was charged with the overfeeing thefe intrenchments : this we are informed of by the infeription which follows the name of Robert. ISTE. IVSSIT. VT. FODERETVR. CASTELLVM. AT. HESTENG. The Englifh AT is here put inftead of AD. The true fenfe of thefe words feems to be, that he ordered they fhould fortify the camp for the army with a ditch quite round it; which feems to be meant by the word FODERETVR; that it fhould be ftrong, and well- pallifadoed; all which is expreffed in the word of the tapeftry. VT FODE¬ RETVR CASTELLVM is an expreflion fo extraordinary, that it is neceflary to have recourfe to the workmanfhip for the explanation of it. It is probable, that it is earl Robert himfelf who is reprefented as giving thefe orders. The inftruments the workmen ufe, are very different from thole now employed in fuch fort of work. Robert is, a little farther, reprefented holding his banner : he watches over the labourers. The camp is reprefented upon an eminence, and already pallifadoed, with the infeription CEASTRA, inftead of CASTRA. It is probable the undertaking was never finifhed: the news of Harold’s approaching with his army, broke it off. Harold’s delign was (as the hiftorians relate it) to furprife duke William’s camp in the night: feven hundred velfels, which he had in readinefs, were at the lame time to fall pi. xvur. ( 23 )' fall upon the duke’s fleet ; but the duke, not judging it proper to wait his arrival, marched out his army to meet him, as we fhull fee hereafter. William of Poitiers tells us, that Harold font a monk to duke William, to tell him, that it was ill done to come and difturb him in his kingdom, which he lawfully poffefled; that it was true, king Edward had declared the faid duke for his fucceffor, and that he himfelf had been the meffenger of the news, and fworn fidelity to him in the name of the faid king : but, as that prince, before his death, did declare earl Harold for his fucceffor, his laft determination ought to be carried into execution; and that he was confequently difcharged of the faid oath, which he had taken in purfuance of the firft declaration. Duke William fent him anfwer by a monk of Fecamp, that he knew very well, king Edward had always perfifted in his firft refolu- tion of leaving him his fucceflor, which he had done by the confent of the great men of the realm ; that he would refer his caufe to proper judges, or, if he pleafed, decide it with him by fingle combat. Thefe embaflics had no effeift : Harold continued marching towards him. A perfon is here repre- fented bringing the news to duke William, that he was very near, and came to give him battle: he is feated upon a throne, and the meffenger has a pike in his hand. HIC. NVNTIATVM. EST. WILLELM. DE. HAROLDO. He holds a banner in his hand, upon which is a crofs. The tapeftry gives us reafon to believe that he burnt Haftings: we fee men fetting fire to a houfe. The infeription fays, HIC. DOMVS. INCENDITVR. But it is hard to believe he burnt only one houfe. A woman appears rufhing out of a houfe in flames, and holding a child by the hand. The book entitled Roman de Rou, cited by monfieur Lancelot, fays that duke William drew his veffels on flrore, and unrigged them, to convince his army that they muft either conquer, or die: fome fay farther, that he burnt them. The aforefaid book relates it thus: DONC FIT A TOUS DIRE ET CRIER ET AS MARINEAUX COMMANDER QUE LES NEFS FUSSENT DEPECHIEZ A TERRE TRAITES ET PERCLUES QUE LI COVARS LI RE VERT IS SENT NE PAR ELLES NE s’EN FUISSENT. But ( 2 4 ) But the authors of beft credit make no mention of it ; nor is there the leaft trace, in the tapeftry, to favour the belief of fo extraordinary a ftep. On the other hand, what neceffity could he lie under of burning fo vaft a number of veffels, when an order to them to retire toward the coaft of Normandy muft have had the fame effedt upon his foldiers ? William, as is before faid, would not fuffer Harold to come and attack him in his camp : after having affifted at the mafs, and communicated, he took with him fome of thofe reliques upon which Harold had fworn fidelity to him, and marched forward to meet him. He is reprefented immediately on foot, armed cap-a-pe in a coat of mail; his helmet on his head, and a lance in his hand, at the end of which is a fmall banner ; perhaps that which pope Alexander II. had fent. A man near him holds a horfe by the bridle ; probably ready for the duke to mount. In the next part of the tapeftry he is reprefented on horfeback, at the head of his army, armed as before, and holding a club in his hand. This weapon was in ufe in that and the fucceeding ages: St. Louis had a band of guards, all armed with clubs ; and was himfelf very dextrous in the ufe of it, as appeared at the battle of Maffoure. The cavalier who follows, and is per¬ haps count Robert, carries likewife a club, fomething thicker towards the lower end : it refembles, in its* form, the fceptre called the Hand of Justice. The next horfeman carries a lance, as likewife does the next who follows. This lance has, under the point, a half-circle fet round with fpikes, which ferved, no doubt, for ftriking on the enemy, as the point did for pufhing; though it is difficult to guefs the manner of ufing fuch a fort of weapon. The infcription runs thus : HIC. MILITES. EXIERVNT. DE. HESTENGA. ET. VENERVNT. AD. PRAELIVM. CONTRA. HAROLDVM. REGEM. William, who appears at the head of his army, feems to afk a horfeman, who comes up to him on a gallop, and whom perhaps he had fent to recon¬ noitre the country, if he had feen Harold’s army. The horfeman ffiews him with his hand, that they are drawing near. He is named VITAL, in the infcription; which gives room to judge, he was a perfon of diftindtion, and well known, though no one hiftorian has mentioned him. The infcription runs thus : HIC. WILLELM. DVX. INTERROGAT. VITAL. SI. VIDISSET. EXERCITVM. HAROLDI. After ( 2 5 ) After him, follow two horfemen; one of which, inftead of a helmet, has an iron head-piece, a thing much in ufe in that age. Harold had likewife fent to reconnoitre duke William’s army : a foot-foldier relates to him what he had difcovered ; he tells him, the enemy is near, and that he muft pre¬ pare to give battle. A pointed cafque, with a nofe-piece to it, adds to the grotefque air of the face, which is bad enough reprefented by the workman- lhip of the tapeftry. He is intirely covered with the fquamata veftis. The infcription fays, ISTE. NVNTIAT. HAROLDVM. DE. EXERCITV. WILLELMI. DVCIS. After this, the armies are fuppofed to meet: the defigner of the tapeftry was not artift fufficient to reprefent them ranged in o.der of battle. He pafles immediately to the harangue made by duke William to his foldiers, which we learn from the infcription, viz. HIC. WILLELM. DVX. ALLOQVITVR. SVIS. MILITIBVS. VT. PREPARARENT. SE. VIRILITER. ET. SAPIENTER. AD. PRAELIVM. CONTRA. ANGLORVM. EXERCITVM. And it is to this infcription alone that we are indebted for the explanation of this fcene of the atftion, which the tapeftry does not in the leaft exprefs. Henry of Huntingdon has preferved, in his hiftory, a long harangue which duke William made at this jundture ; where he fpeaks much to the glory of the Normans, and in contempt of the Englilh, who however came from having gained a confiderable viitory over the Norwegians. William of Poitiers is very precife likewife in relating this fpeech of duke William s, though perhaps, like many others of the fort, it was made up after the event of the battle. The next fcene is the commencement of the battle : the horfemen have their fpears raifed for aftion; the archers have their bows ftretched : a flight of arrows, darts, and javelins, is reprefented ; feveral fall down dead. I he bor¬ der below, which has hitherto been filled with birds and beafts, or grotefque figures, now makes a part of the hiftory, and is filled with dead bodies. Harold had gathered all the ftrength he could in England, and had like¬ wife a body of auxiliary troops from Denmark : however, as he well knew that he had a more difficult enemy to deal with than the king of Norway, whom he had lately conquered, he placed himfelf upon a fteep and ftoney elevation, which was difficult for the enemy’s horfe to attack. This is what the painter cr has ( *6 ) has attempted, though very rudely, to reprefent. At the place where Harold received the news of duke William’s army, there is a little eminence covered with ftones, which appear all along under the feet of the combatants: this was to exprefs a place difficult for the horfe to fight upon : there he placed his foot, and contracted his line of battle. William of Malmefbury fays, that the Englifh, armed with double-edged axes, clofed clofe together, and formed with their bucklers a tortois, after the manner of the ancient Romans; by which means their foot were impenetrable; and they threw upon the Normans a ffiower of arrows and lfones, which they difeharged out of certain wooden engines. Duke William oppofed to this corps, his body of foot likewife. The dis¬ pute was long and defperate : they attacked at firft with their bows and arrows, and clofed in afterwards fword in hand. The combat was very bloody; and the Englifh performed wonders, and as defperadoes to fuch a degree, that the French and Normans at length gave way, and began to fly. The duke came up, and encouraged his men, and renewed the battle : he fhewed an example to the reft, by throwing himfelf into the hotteft of the adtion, and killing feveral with his own hand. Three horfes were killed under him; and it is certain that his own bravery contributed greatly to his gaining the day. The Englifh defended themfelves with great valour: they kept their ranks clofe, and were neither broken, nor gave way. The duke had recourfe to a ftratagem : finding the difficulty of overcoming them in the advantageous poft they had taken, he ordered his Normans to make a pretended flight; which had its effedt ; for the Englifh, purfuing them with great eagernefs, were, upon the others rallying, and facing about, defeated, and put to flight. At this time were flain Lewin and Gurd, brothers to Harold, as appears by the infeription : HIC. CECIDERVNT. LEWINE. ET. GVRD, FRATRES. HAROLDI. REGIS. Odericus Vitalis fays they were killed after the death of their brother Harold; but it is more reafonable to rely on this monument, made, undoubtedly, fo near the time of the event. The French and Normans, purfuing the Englifh, fell imprudently into a deep ditch, which its being almoft dark, and covered with high grafs, prevented their feeing. The Englifh, obferving their confufion, rallied upon them ; and fome authors tell us, the ilaughter upon this occafion amounted to fifteen thoufand fighting men. ( a 7 ) men. The tapeftry reprefeats this a&ion, though very rudely : one may per¬ ceive men falling one over another, and others at the lame time fighting; and the infcription fays, HIC. CECIDERVNT. SIMVL. ANGLE ET. FRANCE IN. PRELIO. This accident difordered the Norman troops. There is an appearance that many took to flight: what feems to fliew this, is that one fees the bilhop Odo on horfeback, completely armed, with his baton elevated; who encou¬ rages the French to renew the combat, and feems to flop a horfeman who is flying. The infcription over him is, HIC. ODO. EPS. BACVLVM. TENENS. C0NFOR The reft is effaced, but probably has been CONFORTAT FRANCOS, of fomething to that purpofe. The duke appears likewife prefent, animating his foldiers, though he was already wounded, and had had three horfes killed under him. The infcription is, *. . • ; io 'Ju 1C - . HIC. EST. WILLELMVS. DVX. Euftace earl of Bologne was upon the point of retiring, fearing that things would go ill on the French fide. Duke William called him by his name, and exhorted him to keep firm: but he approached the duke, and whifpered in his ear, that it was better to retire, if he had not a mind to perifh in the attempt; at which very inftant he was pierced through with a fpear, and fell dead to the ground. The duke was fo little aftonifhed at this, that he drove furioufly upon the enemy ; which fo animated the French, that they renewed the battle with more vigoftr than ever, and put the Englilh intirely to the rout. HIC. FRANCE PVGNANT. ET. CECIDERVNT. QVI. ERANT. CVM. HAROLDO. Harold was now flain : he is reprefented fallen from his liorfc, and ftretched upon the ground. HIC. HAROLD. REX. INTERFECTVS. EST. “ He died,” fays one hiftorian, “ after a reign ot nine months and nine “ days, and having done all in this battle that became the braveft foldier. Matthew ( 28 ) Matthew Paris, and another Englifh author, fay he was flain by an arrow, and that a foldier of duke William’s cut him in the thigh. This is con¬ firmed by the tapeftry, where one fees a man on horfeback, cutting the thigh of Harold ; which fo much difpleafed duke William, that he degraded the foldier who did it. The remaining part of the tapeftry is fo defaced, that hardly any thing is to be diftinguifhed : the infcriptions are intirely obliterated. In fome bits, one may perceive the French purfuing and flaying the Englifh. This battle was one of the longeft and beft-difputed of any recorded in hiftory. The tapeftry, as it now remains, comes only to this period; but there is no doubt but it went at leaft as far as duke William’s coronation ; and it is even to be admired, that fo much of it fhould have endured now upwards of feven hundred years. Father Montfaucon goes on with a fhort abridgement of the reign of Wil¬ liam the Conqueror, which, not being here reprefented, feems needlefs to be added for the ufe of an Englifh reader. NUMBER NUMBER II. In Libro Rubeo Scaccarii, poft Certificatio- nes fade de Feodis Militum, tempore Regis Henrici Secundi, per Prelatos et Barones, Frae- textu Mandati Regis, htec fequuntur. NORMANNIA. Infeudaciones Militum qui debent Servitia Militaria Duci NormannijK, et in quot Milit. quilibet tenetur ei fervire. PUS Abrincenfis, 5 milites de Abruncis, et 5 m. de honore Sandti Philleberti. Epus Conftant. 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 18. Epus Baioc. 20 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 120. Epus Sagienf. 6 m. Epus Lexovienfis, 20 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 30 et tertiam partem. Et preter hoc habet 10 m. in Banleuga, de lex, qui remanet ad cuftodiam civitatis, donee Retrobannus fummoneatur, et tunc ibunt cum propriis expenfis epi. Idem habet 2 m. de dono regis Henrici fillii Matilda:, fcilicet, in Maif- nillio Odonis, et in Curbefpine. Archiepifcopus Rothomag. Epus Ebroic. Abbas Fifcanni, 10 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 13 et 3 p. Abbas de Berniaco, 2 m. Abbas de Gemetic. 3 m. et ad fervitium in Efmaleville quam Hugo Bigot ei deforciat. Abbas de Monte Rothom. 3 m. et 4 p. Abbas de Monte Sandti Mich. 6 m. in Abrincatu et in Conftanc. et unum m. in Baiocalino quam faciunt vavafores, nil! fuerint in exercitu. Abbas de Cadomo, 1 m. de feodo Talbois. h Abbas ( 3 ° ) Abbas de Sandto Ebrulfo, 2 m. et preter hos feodum Rogeri Golaferi, quod Wilhelmus Paganenfis habet de rege in vadio unde deforciat fervitium abbatis. Abbas de Wandrag. 4 m. Abbas de Sandto Audoeno Roth. 6 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 14. Abbas de Sandto Dionifio de Franc. 1 m. de f. Barnavall. Abbatifla de monafterio Villay. 3 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 5 m. Comes Johes, 20 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 112 m. Comes Mell. 15 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 63 m. et dim. Comes Ceftrias, 10 m. de Sandto Severo et de Bregefard, et ad fervitium fuum 51m. et dim. Idem de feodo Morton. Comes Leyceftr. 10 m. de honorc de Grentemenill, et ad fervitium fuum 40 m. Idem, 80 m. quos habet ad fervitium fuum de honore de Britolio, et faciet tantum quod honor fit duci et com. in fales. Wilhmus de Curfeio, 5 m. de honore in Curfeio, et ad fervitium fuum 33 m. Idem, 3 m. de honore de Afcoiol, et ad fervitium fuum 17 m. et quartam. Hugo Paganellus, 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 6. m. Robertus de Monteforti, 5 m. de honore de Caucavill, et ad fervitium fuum 33 m. Idem, 2 m. in dim. dc feodo de Ober, et ad fervitium fuum, XI. m. vavaforise unius. Richardus de Alphay, 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 16 m. Engelger. de Boun, 2 m. et 6 p. et ad fervitium fuum, 7 m. in Conftantin. Humphredus de Boun, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 2 m. in Conftantin. Willmus de Aureavalle, 2 m. et dim. et ad fervitium fuum, 6 m. in Con¬ ftantin. Ofbertus de Caillio, 12 m. de honore de Caillio. Hugo de Gurnayo, 12 m. et omnium reliquorum ad Marchiam. Turgillus de Trafeio, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 8 m. Willmus de Romara, 14 m. in Romeis apud Novum Mercatum, et fi dux man- daverit eum alibi, ibit cum tribus militibus, vel m. 4. Hugo de Montepingon, 3 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 12 m. de honore Montepingon. Jordanus Taiffon, 10 m. de Treveris, et ad fervitium fuum, 30 nr. et dim. Idem, 5 m. de honore Sandii Salvatoris, et ad fervitium fuum, 5 m. in Con¬ ftantin. Willmus de Moyen, 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, XI. Robertus Bertram, 5 nr. ad fervitium fuum, 34. et dim. in Conftantin. Richardus de Aquila, 5 m. et dim. de feodo de Crepon in Cadomo. Camararius de Tankervill, 10 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 94 et 3 partes. Nigellus de Moubray, 5 m. de honore de Moubray, et de caftro Gonteri, et ad fervitium fuum, XI. nr. quartam et odtavam. Aumaricus de Labrolio, 3 m. et ad fervitium fuum, XI. et dim. Fulco de Veteri Ponte, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 10 m. et quartam partem. Julianus ( 3i ) Julianus de Vcjacio, 4 m. Mattaeus de Geraudevill, 4 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 12 m. et dim. Gaufridus Martel], 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 8 m. et tertiam partem. Thomas de Tornebri, 3 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 12 m. et 4 part. Walkclinus de Ferrariis, 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 42 m. et tres quartas, et quatuor m. cum planis armis. Rogerus de Nonant. 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 3 m. et dim. Richardus de Vernone, 10 m. de honore de Nehalhou, et ad fervitium fuum, 30 m. in Conftantin. Idem, de com. Morton, 5 m. Idem, 16 m. de honore Ver¬ none ad cuftodiam caftri de Vernone. Jordanus de Humeto, 3 m. de feodo de Clune, et ad fervitium fuum, 13 m. Richardus de Humeto, 3 m. et dim. de honore de Humeto, et ad fervitium fuum, 18 m. Idem, fervitium corporis fui de honore de Bellomonte. Henricus de Novo Burgo, 10 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 15 m. et 16 partes. Richardus de Belphago, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 6 m. et tres partes. Eudo filius Ernifii, fervitium corporis fui ; et ad fervitium fuum, 2 m. et dim. Simon Danet, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 4 m. Willus Patrick de honore de Loanda, 1 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 3 m. Gilbertus de Teuleriis, 3 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 4 m. Rogerus de Sainfto Andrea, 1 m. Fulco de Alnou, 4 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 24 m. et dim. Willus de Braiofa, 3 m. de Braiofa. Idem, fervitium unius mil. de Couert. Willus de. Sandto Celerino, 5 m. de honore de Muftroyall ; et de.Wafpreia, et de Efkafon, et ad fervitium fuum, 20 m. Hugo de Mortuo Mari, 5 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 13 et dim. Galfridus de Monteforti, 3 m. et dim. et ad fervitium fuum, 13 m. et dim. Willmus de Veteri Ponte, 2 m. et ad fervitium fuum, XI m. et 4 p. Rogerus de Pavillio, 2 m. et ad cuftodiam de Leons, 4 m. per 3 partem anni. Joannes de Soligneio, 1 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 3 m. Guido de Nonant. 1 m. et ad fervitium fuum, XI m. et 1 quartam. Radus de Haia, 2 m. et dim. de honore de Plaifeis et 1 m. de honore de Mortell de feodo de Crienftis; et ad fervitium fuum, 6 m. et dim. in Conftantin. In Balliva Galf. de Blevill de Caleto. Richardus Talbot, 1 m. Willus Caillot, 1 m. de feodo Gonfrevilla. Rogerus Martell, 1 m. in Angervilla cum pertinent. Alexander de Piccot, 4 partem in Piccot feod. Willrni de Mauritania, 1 m. et dim. Gilbertus de Fontibus, dim. m. Richardus ( 3 2 ) Richardus de Brefeio, i m. Willus Bordet, i m. Robertus Caletot, dim. m. Godardus de Vallibus, i m. Hugo Tallebot, i m. Radus Recucon, i m. Walterus de Alphay, de feodo Will, de Fifcanno, 2 m. feodo de Lomervil quod Nicheiaus habuit, dim. m. feod. de Barnavall quod Sandhis Dionifius habet, 1 m. Hugo de Evremon, 1 m. Matheus de Lindebenet, 4 p. Manaferus Bifet, 1 m. De honore comitis Giffardi, 98 m. et dim. et quartam partem, et 2 part, ad fervitium com. Gaulridus de Malchecii, domum fuam de Blenvilla, et 60 acras terras, et de hoc fervit regi ut miles. In Balliva de Constanciis. Willus de Ourill juxta Conftanc. 3 partem m. In Balliva de Gaureio. Rogerus de Monte Acuto, 4 partes ad cuftodiam caftri de Gaureio quando rex eft in exercitu. Radus de Theuvull, 1 m. ad cuftodiam ejufdem caftri. Similiter idem de feodo Turgift de Traceio, 4 part, ad cuftodiam ejufdem caftri. Helias de Amondevill, 1 m. ad fervitium de Gareio. Radus de Ver. 1 m. Ricus de Rollos, 1 m. de feodo de Rollos. Willus de Diva, 3 quart, de feodo Albloet. Willus de Buifleio, 1 m. Gaufridus Truflebot, 1 m. de ferjanteria forefterias. In Balliva de Hosa, Phillippus de Cartray, 1 m. Petrus de Valloniis, 1 m. Willus de Siffrewaft, 3 part. m. Willus filius Eftur. dim. mil. Richardus de Martinwaft, cum equis et armis, cum communia de Cefarilburg. De ( * r> ) De Honore Mort. in eadem Balliva. Richardus filius Rou, i m. Jordanus de Barnevill, i m. uno die cum conftamento fuo, et demceps cum coftamento com. Rogerus de Magnavill, 2 m. et dim. et ad fervitium fuum, 3 m. Joannes de Botemout, 3 part. m. in Lexov. feodo Roberti de Uxeio, 1 m. in Fales. et ad fuum fervitium, 3 m. et dim. Henricus de Pomaria, 3 partem m. de feodo de Vado, et tenet caftrum.de Pomaria cum purpreftura de rege. Willus de Uxeio, 1 m. in Conftant. De Vicecomite in Cerenciis. Oliverus de Traciero, r m. et ad fervitium fuum, 4 m. et ifti quatuor debent efl'e in fervitio com. Morent. uno die, cum cuftamento fuo, et deinceps cum cuftamento com. Hugo de Bellocampo, 1 m. regi in com. Mort. Willus de Sota, 1 m. ad fervitium fuum, 2 m. de com. Mort. Jordanus de campo Arnulfi, 1 m. et ad fervitium fuum, 2 m. Willus Avenel, 5 m. regi, et ferv. 1 m. de com. Morton. Robertus de Truncheveter, 1 m. per menfem ad cuftamentum fuum. In Ballia de Nonancurt. Walterus de Bofco Geroldi, 1 m. In Ballia Willmi de Malepalet. Willus Croc. 3 m. regi. Olbertus Paucuer, x m. Gohellus de Baudemont, 1 m. Hugo de Manchenfi, dim. m. Michael de Bofco, dim. m. Rogerus de Pavellio, 4 m. apud Leons. Gilbertus de Pafcoil, 1 m. apud Leons ; et ft non poterit ire, rnittet tres vavafores. Nichus de Stotevill, 1 m. de feodo de Logis. Willus de Stotevill, 1 m. de feodo de Dodearvill. 1 De ( 34 ) De Honore de San&a; Mari/e Ecclise. Richardus de Tragevill, dim. m, Gaufridus Mauveifin, dim. m. Willus de Mara, dim. m. Gauterus de Bolevill, 2 m. Sampfon Maremita, dim. m. Ilbertus de Willevill, dim. m. Richardus filius Heltonioe, dim. m. De Vicecomite de Contevill. Gilbertus de Alneto, dim. m. Jofcellinus Crifpinus, 3 m. et fibi remanent 32 milites, et de feodo de Novo Mercato, 2 m. et 1 m. de 15 diebus ad cuftodiam Novi Mercati. Hafculphus de Sando Hillario, 2 m. et dim. fcil. de com. Morton, 1 m. et dim. de Abrincalmo, 1 m. De Ballia de Oximis. Robertus de Superviani, 1 m. regi, et fibi 2 m. Gilbertus de Brucort, 2 m. regi de Pinu cum pertinent. Idem, 1 m. de feoda Mort. in Cerenciis. Robertus de Sando Joanne, 1 m. de terra Walla, De Ballia de Caftro de Vira. Joannes de Praeriis, dim. m. Matheus de Praeriis, 4 partem. Thomas de Colunches, 2 m. regi, et fibi 1 m. de Colunches. Idem, de Val- davei, 1 m. regi, et 1 m. fibi. De Ba I OCASI NO. Sello de Lingeuri, dim. m. Guido de Sando Galerico, 1 m. pro allodiis tailleb. Robtus de Bonelboz, 1 m. regi de 3 m. quos habet in Algur. Robertus de Alviler, 1 m. de 2. m. et 4 part. m. quos habet. Richardus Britto, 2 m. regi de f. de Spineto quod rex habet in vadio de com, Mellenti, De C' 35 ) De Ballia de Basseris. Acardius de Ambreriis, i m. de 12 m. cum fcutis. Willus de Traceio, 1 m. et fibi 5 m. Willus de Ferraria, 1 m. et fibi 5 m. Henricus de Bofleio, t m. et fibi 7 m. Gervafius Paganellus, t m. et fibi 4 m. Richardus de Lufceio, 1 m. et fibi 17 m. Matheus de Feritate, 2 m. et fibi 15 m. Henricus de Danfrunt, 1 m. Oliverus de Frollei, Willus Gere, Hubertus de Valle Borell et Mornewell, 1 m. et unufquifque debet Wardam per menfem in pafleis et extra paffeis. Robertus de Campell, 1 m. per 40 dies de garda, et poftea ad cuftamentum regis. Willus Baudet, 1 m. Henricus de Breceio, 1 m. Hammel de Villana, 1 in. Hugo Bretell, 1 m. Odo de Mongeroll, 1 m. Richardus de Lafceio, 1 m. De Ballia de Cerenciis. Feodum Hugonis de Sandto Dionifio. Hugo Carbonell, 1 m. primo die cum cuftamento fuo, deinde cum cuftamento com. Moret. Hugo de Belocampo, 1 m. in Brayo. De Ballia Froslebot. Willus de Putot, dim. m. In Ballia de Tenerchebraio. Rogerus de Amondevill, 1 m. et fibi 1 m. Jordanus de Campo Ernulfi, 1 m. Radus de Chaineis, 1 m. Joannes de Solegneio, 1 m. de honore de Guillebvill, et fibi 4 m. De honore de Sax. 1 m. De Bofco Baldoni, 3 m. Walterus de Jureio, 1 m. de Pincernatu, et fibi 3 m. et dim. Idem habet de Jureio, 8 m. et dim. et regi quod rex voluerit. Feod. Gilberti de Abrino, 2 m. In ( 3 6 ) In Ballia Ranulphi de Rollancurt. Marcus de Mufcedent, I m. Rogerus de Lefperever, dim. m. Willus de Duello, dim. m. Willus de Mol, 4 part. Robertus Doiffel, 4 part. Willus de Haiis, 4 part. Robertus de Harecourt, 1 m. quod Ricardus de Bofco Ranulphi et Ricard. dc Birvell tenent. In Ballia FalesisE. Richardus de Gilleio, dim. m. de Till et de Valhbod, honor de Haria de Puteo. De com. Mort. 1 m. regi. In Ballia de Oxm. Robertus de Sancfto Leonardo, 1 m. regi. De baronio de San&o Sidonio, 3 m. regi. Olbertus de Callio, 2 m. Ifti funt ad Cuftamentum Domini. >Ifti ad cuft. domini. Gaufridus de Sanflo Martino, 1 m.' Michael de Bofco, 1 m. Willus de Mancouple, 1 m. Richardus de Perretort, 1 m. Gaufridus de Augo, 1 nr. Manafferus Aquilon, 1 m. ad wardam Faies, quam diu homines villa: erunt in exercitu. Gillebertus de Bevercort, fenex, 4 partem in Colevill et Angervill. Henricus de Tilleyo tenet caftrum de Title, et 10 acras terra: in villa de rege. Gilbertus de Romeis, 1 m. regi de terra fua ultra Sequanam in Bonevill, et muto Allneto. De honore de Conches et de Toeneio, 44 m. et 6 m. quod Matheus de Clara tenet, preter hoc quod comes de Albamara, et comes Hugo Bigot, et Hugo de Mortuomari, tenent de feodo illo ; ad fervitium vero regis nefciunt quot. De honore de Monteforti, 21 m. et dim. et duas partes. De honore com. Mort. per Richardum Sylvanum, 29 m. et dim. Jordanus de Maifville, 1 m. et fibi 5 m. ’iviiius ( 37 ) Willus de Abrinc. i m. de Iionore Morton. Godefridus de Gamages, dim. i regi. Joannes de Gifortio, 3 m. ad wardam. Robertus de Poiffi, 1 m. regi de terra Monflame et de Harechevill, et 1 m. de feodo Britollii. Feodum de Allicio prope Pontem Arche, 1 m. regi, et domino feodi, 3 m. Conon Petrafonte tenet. Willus de Albigneo in Barbavill. Robertus de Vitriaco, medietatem de Reia in Baiocafino, et Trungeum et Caig- noles et Duxeium in Bofcagio. Hi funt, qui nec venerunt, nec miferunt, nec aliquid dixerunt. Archiepus Rothomag. Epus Ebroic. Comes Gloceftriae. Comes de Arundell. Comes de Albamare. Comes Augi. Willus de Curteneio. Richerus de Aquila, nifi pro feodo de Crepun. Robertus Marmiun. Comes de Verenda. Hugo le Bigot. Walterus de Meduana. Olbertus de Pratellis. Robertus de Eftotevill. Robertus Rufus. Dom. Bardulf. Willmus de Humeto per feodo et Sayeo. Comes Willmus. Gerardus de Canvill. Hugo de Sancto Claro, in Algia. Comes Ebroicenfls. Bernardus de Sandto Valerico, pro feodo de Valle de Punt. Rogerus Bathon, pro 4 parte in Campegneio. Nomina Militum tenent. de Ecclia de Baioc. Robertus filius Ham, 10 m. tenebat de honore Ebricen. feodum Grimundi de Plafleiz erat feod. 8 m. cum terra de Bugeio et de Damon, quam Gri- rnundus dedcrat Willmo de Albineio cum forore fua in maritagium. k Hugo ( 38 ) Hugo de Monteforti, 8 m. Rogerus de Coucella, 5 m. Feod. Aeloudi Camerar, 8 m. Rogerus Sward, 8 m. Ran. Vicecomes, 3 m. et dim. Mafilaftre, 7 m. Rogerus, vicecomes de Sandto Salvatore, 7 m. Ricus comes Ceftr. 5 m. Engeramus de Spineto, 5 m. Hugo de Crevequer, 5 m. Maimot, 5 m. Picot, 3 m. Flenricus de Nortunn, 3 m. Henricus de Warwick, in Sandlo Vedafto, 2 m. Rogerus de Beamuont in Hifpania, 2 m. Willus Camararius, 2 m. prefer frebois. Eudo Dapifer, 2 m. Feod. de Laceio, 2 m. Feod. de Monte Mart. 2 m. Feod. Robert! filii Olbcrti, 2 m. Feod. Philippi de Braiofa, 2 m. Feod. de Carthennio, 2 m. Feod. de Campeigno, 1 m. Walterus Giffard in petit villa, 1 m. Marmion, 1 m. Corbinus de Agnellis, 1 m. Rayn. de Villers, 1 m. Othon de Carevill, 1 m. Engeramus de Veare, dim. m. Robertus de Loveriis, 1 m. Feod. Gernun, 2 m. Conde de Turlon. Efcortemele, 1 m. Efpervilla, dim. m. Sampfon de Baioc. pro Geranth, 1 m. Feod. Bigotti in Logis et Savenai, dim. m. Feod. Peulene, dim. m. Summa feodor. militum de cafemento ecclia: Baiocar. 119 et dim. prater vavaforias et dominica. Epus Baioc. debet invenire 10 optimos m. ad fervitium regis Francorum per 40 dies, et ad eos procurandos debet capere in unoquoque feodo m. ^ 20 fol. ( 39 ) 20 fol. Rhotomag. monete: cum autem invcnit duci Normannhe 40 milites per 40 dies, debet capere in unoquoque feod. m. 40 fob predidte monete, et nihil amplius: ad fervitium vero epi debent omnes effe parati armis et equis; et unufquifque miles debet feod. fuuin relevare de morte patris fui per 15 li. Rhotomeg. monetas, vel per equum et loricum. Nomina eor. qui juraverunt fe verum dicere de Feodis Militum tenendum de Ecdia Baioc. et Servitiis eor. poft Mortem Rici filii Samfon. Rogerus Suard. Radus de Roff. Helta Conftable. Hugo de Crevecort. Gangelinus de Corfella. Engeramus de Port. Willus filius Robert! de Fontibus. Willus de Sandto Quintino. Rogerus Hareng. Gaufridus de Daubra. Godefridus Calthram. Ofmundus Bedel. Summa militum omnium precedent, qui debent fervicia duci, 783. milites et dim. 20. pars et quadragefima. ' NUMBER III. A Defcription of the Basso Relievos at Rouen, Which reprefent the Interview between Henry VIII. King of England, and Francis I. the French King, between Guifnes and Ardres, on the 7th Day of June, in the Year 1520. Taken from a Work, entitled Monumens de la Monarchic Fran- coife, par Pere Montfaucon, Tom. IV. K ING Henry VIII. of England, having, by a treaty of peace concluded between him, and Francis the French king, on the 2d day of Odtober, in the year 1518. put an end to a troublefome and expenfive war, another treaty was, on the 4th day of Oftober following, concluded by the fame monarchs, for an interview between them, at Sandinfield in Picardy, on the 31ft day of July, in the following year: but this did not take effedt till a year after, i. e. in 1520. The contrivance and management of this interview was left intirely to the {kill and care of cardinal Wolfey, who, though a churchman, was fond of fhew and pageantry to excels, and then reckoned to have a peculiar talent at matters of that fort: and he, on the 12th day of May, in the year 1519. publiihed an order for the diredtion of this grand affair, which any one may fee by confulting lord Herbert’s Life of Henry VIII. page 95. Francis, to perpetuate the memory of this magnificently-grand meeting, (the place where it was had, between Guifnes and Ardres, being called, from the pomp, and extravagantly-fumptuous dreffes, Le Camp de Drap d'Oa, as great quantities of gold fluff were ufed on the occafion) had the caval¬ cade carved in five marble tables, which are ftill preferved, though now fome- 1 what ( 4 1 ) what defaced, in the court of a houfe late belonging to monfieur Forteville procureur general at Rouen, where they are placed, as originally, under as many windows; and where they were, for feveral years, taken to be a rcprefen- tation of the council of Trent, till the abbe Noel, in the year 1726. dif- covered, from the circumftance of a falamander, marked on the back of one of the figures, (which was the badge given by Francis I. to his body-guards) that they reprefented the hiflory of this famous interview; and wrote an account of them to the learned antiquary, father Montfaucon, who hath given us the following defeription of them. In the Firft Compartment, on the left hand, are feen feveral perfons look¬ ing out of a kind of gallery, at Henry and his troop, iffuing out of the gate of the caftle of Guifnes, on the fide of which are two pieces of fmall ordnance, (mounted on their carriages) in order to proceed to the place of rendezvous, which, in confideration of Henry’s palling the fea, was fixed to be in fome place within the Englilh pale, betwixt Guifnes and Ardres; and the commiffaries pitched upon the Vale of Andren. In the Second Compartment, is feen cardinal Wolfey, placed between the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, each of them wearing the collar of the order of the Garter, (which the French artift enriched with the motto of the Gar¬ ter itfelf, not knowing the difference) preceded by his crofs-bearer and two maces, and followed by a great number of peers, prelates, and other perfons, as well on foot as on horfeback ; each richly adorned with plumes, thofe of the footmen being contrived to form rays of plumage all round the hinder part of their heads, which, whatever effedt it might have in the wearing, produces no very great one in the print. The Third Compartment reprefents the two kings, furrounded with many of their nobility, and a great number of guards, faluting each other on horfeback : Henry being attended by the dukes of Suffolk, Norfolk, and Buck¬ ingham ; the marquis of Dorfet*; the earls of Northumberland, Shrewlbury, Salilbury, and Kent; and many other noblemen : and Francis, by the king of Navarre; the dukes of Alenjon, Lorain, and Vendome; the carls and lords of Guife, Laval, Orval, Tremuille, and St. Pol ; the marefchals Chabannes, Chatillon, and Efcun; the grand-mafter Defpraitff ; and the princes of Roche- fur-Yon and Taillemont; with a great number of other lords and knights, all magnificently habited and decorated. The * The marquis of Dorfet bore the Englifli fword of date naked; the conftable of France carrying the French one the fame way. ( 43 ) The Fourth Compartment fliews the remaining part of the retinue of Francis, headed by the cardinal of Boiffy, before whom go four maces, and a crofs- bearer bearing a double crofs, as cardinal and legate of France; towards which, a dove is reprefented flying out of a cloud : he is followed by the cardinals of Bourbon, Albret, and Lorain, and many bifhops and prelates, with the ambaffadors from Rome and Spain. In the Laft Compartment, are feen the remainder of the French king’s train, coming out cf the gate of Ardres, which is deflgned and executed much like that of the caftle of Guifnes before viewed, having people on the top, and in a gallery, looking on; and two fmall pieces of artillery. Tire firing of a cannon by the Englifh was to be the fignal for the two fovereigns to begin their march towards each other. This famous interview, between thefe two young kings, was held on Thurfi- day (being Corpus-Chrifti day) the 7th of June, in the year 1520. the feven days fince Henry’s arrival at Calais (where he landed on Thurfday the 31ft of May) having been taken up in negotiations and compliments. The fuperb fireflies, the coftly entertainments and prefents, and the valour and adlivity of both the princes, and their feveral courtiers, who were admitted to be par¬ takers, were beyond any thing then known in Europe, during the whole entertainment, which lafted twenty days, with only a fmall intermiflion of three; two of which, Wednefday the 13th, and Monday the 18th, they were prevented from jufting by the high wind and bad weather ; and Sunday the 17th being fpent in a reciprocal vifit, Henry dining with the queen of France at Ardres, and Francis with queen Catharine at Guifnes. The houfe ere&ed without Guifnes (with the caftle whereof it had a com¬ munication by a long gallery) is mentioned by all the hiftorians, Englifh and French, as a magnificent building, being a fquare of three hundred and twenty- eight feet every way, with a fagittary in each front, and the motto, CUI ADPIfEREO PRIEST; “ He, to whom I belong, excells.” The lift, or place of arms, was three hundred feet in length, and one hundred and fix in breadth, and well ditched and fortified ; and when the kings and their aids, being the duke of Suffolk, the marquis of Dorfet, fir William Kingfton, fir Richard Jerminham, fir Giles Capel, Mr. Nicholas Carew, and Mr. An¬ thony Knevet, on the Englifh; and the duke of Vendome, the earl of St. Pol, the earl of Montmorency, M. Brions, M. St. Meme, M. Broucal, and M. Tavannes, on the French fide, (according to lord Herbert’s account; but Du Bellay names Vendome, St. Pol, Rochepot, Brion, Tonavis, Boucol, and Mon- tafilant) were entered into the lifts ; the French archers and Swifs guarded the Englifh barriere; and the Englifh lances, that of the French. On ( 44 ) On Saturday, the 23d day of June, a high mafs was celebrated by the cardinal archbifhop of York, in his legatine quality ; and on Sunday the 24th, after having again dined reciprocally with the two queens, the kings took their leave of each other, giving and receiving many rich prefents; and departed, Henry for Calais, and Francis for Paris; and had both, foon after, occafion to regret the lavifh expences thrown away to procure a peace of fuch fhort duration, war being refolved on before the end of the enfuing year: in which fudden change, Wolfey, being promifed afliftance from the Emperor to obtain the papacy, feems to have been the chief agent, as he had been in the immenfe charge the nation was put to for purchafmg the fhort-livea treaty. number iv. A Love for magnificence and Ihew was one of the ruling pafiions of king Henry VIII. in the indulgence whereof he was greatly encouraged by his favourite, cardinal Wolfey, whofe innate pride gave him a like inclination for pomp and fplendor. The Englilh nobility foon faw that a fimilar prac¬ tice in their own perfons was the readieft way to ingratiate themfelves with the king and his minifter; and therefore invention was racked for devifing the moft effedtual methods of appearing with grandeur and oftentation. Francis, the French king, was not one jot behind-hand with Henry in this turn of mind; and his courtiers imitated his example to the utmoft of their abilities. Hence, it is no wonder that we find the propofed interview proved fo extremely agreeable to each monarch, who could not but confider it as the moft favourable opportunity for him to exert his darling turn for pageantry. The contrivance and management of this interview Was left to cardinal Wolfey, by whofe means a convention, publifhed by Rymer, in the 13 th volume of his Foedera, was, in the month of March, in the year 1519. aftually concluded and ratified by the two kings ; and in which convention, not only the method of proceeding during fuch interview was ftipulatcd and regulated, but the quality and names of the. refpeflive attendants on each monarch were agreed on, and inferted. The number of perfons, whofe curiofity led them to be prefent at this remark¬ able folemnity, was great. Among thefe was Edward Hall, recorder of Lon¬ don, who with great accuracy, probably by order of Henry VIII. drew up a very circumftantial account of the tranfadtions of every day during the time the interview lafted, and printed it in his Chronicle under the year 1520. A journal of this interview was alfo at the fame time written on the part ot the French, which, being afterwards found in the library ol M. Mauzauges, prefident of the parliament of Provence, was by him communicated to father Montfaucon, who publifhed it in his Monumens de la Monarcjiie Francome. The diftance of time between the date of the convention and the day of the interview, as well as a multitude of unforefeen accidents, might unavoidably occafion ( 46 ) occafton fome deviations from, and variations in, the original plan : and that this was a&ually the cafe, is evident from the appointment for the king’s and queen’s train to the meeting of the French king, in the year 1520. which is inferted in a manufcript of that time, now remaining in the Lambeth library, and marked No. 285. and in which the number of retainers, fervants, and horfes, alloted to each attendant on the king and queen of England, are inferted, though omitted in the lift annexed to the convention. For this reafon I apprehend that the reader will not be difpleafed with me for printing, in this place, a copy of the appointments for king Henry and his queen, as extradted from the original convention ; together with a copy of the appointment, as it ftands in the Lambeth manufcript. EXTRACT from the CONVENTION. Nomina Appunctuatorum ad intendendum Re ox in Congrefsu. A.D. 1520. An. 11. H.VIII. xn mutuo Commissaires appointez de veoir et vifiter le Nombre de telz Parfo- naiges qui viendront accompaignier leRoiFran$oife a 1 ’Entrevue. Le conte d’Eflex. Le feignieur de Bergenny. Meflire Edovart Ponynges. Mefllre Robert Wyngfield. Les Noms de telz Parfonnaigcs qui donneront Ordre aux Gentilz Hommes, tant en marchant que eulx arretez a l’Entreveue de deux Roys. Meflire Edovart B elk nop. Meflire Nicolas Vaux. Meflire Jnhan Peche. Meflire Morice Barquely. Les Noms des ceulx qui donneront Ordre aux Pietons tant en allant que en fejournant a la Rencontre et Entrevue. Meflire Wefton Browne. Meflire Edovart Feryers. Meflire Robart Conneftable. Meflire Raff Egerton. Meflire Thomas Lucy. Meflire Johan Marney. Les Noms des Nobles qui chevancheront avecque le Roy d’Angletere a l’Am braffement des dits deux Roys. Le Legat. L’archevefque de Canterbery. Le due de Buckhyngham. Le due de Suffolk. Le marquis Dorfet. Les ( 47 ) Les Noms des Evesques. L’evefque de fiurefne. L’evefque de Rocheftre. L’archevefque de Armacan. L’evefque d’Exceftre. L’evefque de Ely. L’evefque de Cheftre. L’evefque de Harford. Contes. Le conte de Staford. Le conte de Devonihire. Le conte de Northumberland. Le conte de Kent. Le conte de Weftmorland. Le conte de Wilfhire. Le conte de Shorulbery. Le conte de Derby. Le conte de Worceftre. Le conte de Kyldare. Barons. Le feigneur de Matrevers. Le feigneur Dacres. Le feigneur de Montagu. Le feigneur de Fcriers. Le feigneur de Harberd. Le feigneur de Cobham. Le feigneur de Saint Jehan, grant prier Le feigneur de Daubney. d’Angletere. Le feigneur de Lomley. Lc feigneur de Roos. Meffire Henry Marney. Le feigneur de Fitzwater. Meffire Guillaume Sandes. Le feigneur de Haftynges. Meffire Thomas Boullayn. Le feigneur Delavere. Le leigneur de Hauvard. Item, il eft ordonne et appoindte, que eii marchant en avant devant le roy d’Angleterre, les nobles homines yront en avant en la manierre qui s’enfuyt, c’eftalfavoir. Les ferviteurs du dit roy, nobles et gentilz homines les quelz yront prou- chains devant le roy. Et devant les ditz ferviteurs du roy yront les nobles et gentilz hommes appartenans a monlieur le legat. Et devant iceulx yront les nobles gentilz homines des- autrcs feigneurs en ordre felon l’eftat et degre de leurs feigneurs. Et la garde du dit feigneur roy yront et fuyveront le roy en leur places accouftumees, Et les ferviteurs de aultres nobles les fuyveront en ordre comme il appartient. Appunc- ( 4 § ) Appun&uati ad intendendum Regina. An Erle. The crle of Derby. Bishops. The bifhop of Rochefter. The bifhop of Hereford. The bifhop of Landaf. Barons. The lord Mountjoy. The queen’s chamberlain. The lord Cobham. The lord Morley. A Duchess. The duchefs of Buckingham. Countesses. The countefs of Stafford. The countefs of Oxford, widowe. The younger countefs of Oxford. The countefs of Weftmerland. The countefs of Shrewlbury. The countefs of Devonfhire. The countefs of Derby. Baronesses. The lady Fitzwater. The lady Hafting. The lady Boloyn. The lady Mountague. The lady Willoughby. The lady Daubney. The lady Mountjoy. The lady Cobham. The lady Gray, lord John’s wife. The lady Elizabeth Gray. The lady Ann Gray. The lady Broke. The lady Morley. The lady Gildeforde, the elder. The lady Scrope. Knights Wifes. The lady Fitz William. The lady Gildeford, yonger. The lady Fetiplace. The lady Vaux. The lady Selenger. The lady Parre, widowe. The lady Parre, wife. The lady Rice. The lady Compton. The lady Darel. The lady Fynche. The lady Hopton. The lady Wyngfield, fir Anthony’s wife. The lady Tilney. The lady Wingfield, fir Richard s wife. The lady Clere. The lady Owen, the younger. The lady Nevel, fir John’s wife. The lady Boleyn, fir Edward’s wife. Gentilwemen. Maftres Carewe. Maflres Gheney. Maftres Carey. My lord Fitzwaren’s douzter. Anthony Poyntz's douzter. Maftres Appliard. Ann Wentworth, John Wentworthis wife. Maftres Hugan. Maftres Cornwales. Maftres Parys. Maftres ferayngham. Maftres Cooke. Maftres I ( 49 ) Maftres Catharine Mountoria. Maftres Lawrence. Maftres Vidtoria. Maftres Darell, fir Edward’s Darell’s douzter. Chamberers. Maftres Kempe. Maftres Margaret. Maftres Margery. Knights. Sir Robert Poyntz. Sir George Fofter. Sir Thomas Fetiplace, Sir John Lifle. Sir Adrian Fortefcue. Sir Water Stoner. Sir Edward Greville. Sir Symond Harcourt. Sir John Hamden of the HiL Sir George Selenger. Sir John Kirkeham. Sir Miles Bulhy. Sir Marmaduke Conftable. Sir Edward. Darel. Sir Rauf Chamberlain. Sir John Shelton. Sir Robert Clere. Sir Philip Calthorp. John Henyngham. Sir William Walgrave. Sir Thomas Tirel. Sir Roger Wentworth. Sir Thomas Trenchard. Sir Thomas Lynde. Sir John Villers. Sir John Afsheton. Sir Mathew Broun. John Mordant. Sir Henry Sacheverel. Sir Henry Willoughby. Sir Rauf Verney, the younger. Sir William Rede. Sir Robert Jones. Mafter Paris, of Cambridgeihire. Chapleyns. Mafter Peter. Mafter Mallet. Mafter Criftofer. Mafter Dent. Mafter Payne. Sir John Swane. The Queen’s Chamber. Richard Dycons, fecretary. Docftor -, phyfician. John Verney, cupberer. Alexander Frognall, carver. John Poyntz, Francis Philip, Gentilmen Ushers. William Bulftrode. Roger Ratcliff. George Fraunces. Robert Hafilrig. Sewers for the Chamber.. William Tyrel. .- Gourney. -- Davers. Symond Mountford. Gentilmen Wayters. Thomas Cardigan. Gerves Suttel. George Sutton. Olyver Holand. John Lawrence. Robert Merbury, fergeaunt at armes. Griffith Richard, clerke of the fignet. Mafter John, potycary. |fewers. n Yeomen ( 5 ° ) Yeomen Ushers. John Madyfon. John Glynn. Anthony Lowe. John Harifon. William Mylles. Yeomen of the Chamber. Robert Hilton. David Morgan. Edward David. Thomas Rice. John Crede. Robert Kyrke. William Thomas. Thomas Walter. Clement Fitzgeffery. Edward Huddefwell. George Monge. John Yerely. John Higdon. - Fofter. Richard Sutton. William Coke. John Bright. John Fifh. Henry Wheler. John King. Jafper Maners. Gromes of the Chamber. John Eyton. John Twadat. Randal Preftland. William Welfh. John Baker. John Johnfon. Lionel Byggons. - Byg. Henry Cheney, grome of the lefh. Pages of the Chamber. John Wheler. Thomas Myners. Henry Banefter. Hugh Carre. Th’ Office of the Robes. Ellis Hilton. Richard Juftice. Richard Woode. Th’ Office of the Bed. George Brighows. Richard Alen. Richard Awtan. Messenger of the Chamber. Richard Dynes. The ( 5 1 ) The Appointment for the ICinge and the Quene to Canterbery, and fo to Callais and Gwifnes, to the Meting of the Frenche King, A. 1520. Copied from a Manufcript of that Time, remaining in the Lambeth Library, and marked No. 2.85. Legate of the Pope rChaplains 121 f •) ! Gentlemen J Men 300 . } [Cardinal Wolfey] The Lord Legate-! Horfes 150 J Aechbish of Cantor p Chaplains 5- 1 The Archbifhop I Gentlemen 10 4 [Will- Warham] rf i-Horfes Dukes 2. [Edward Stafford] The Dukes of (-Chaplains 3 Buckingham | Gentlemen 1 o I Men « - Y Erles 10. [Charles Brandon] and Suffolk, j Servants eytherof them, lllorfes [Geo. Talbot] Com Shreulb. [Will. Courtenay] Com. Devon. [Ralph Nevill] Com. Weftmorl. [Hen. Stafford] Com. Stafford [Ric. Grey] Com. Kent [Hen. Percy] Com. Northubl. [Hen. Stafford, 2d Son of Duke of Com. Wilton. Bucks.] [Cha. Somerfet] Com. Wigorn. [Joh. de Vere] Com. Oxon. [Henry Bouchier] Com. Effex 5 5 j Horfes 3 o 30J ( 5 2 ) Marquis i. [Tho. Grey] Bish. of r [Tho. Ruthall] The Bifh. of Du- Durefm. ' refm 5 6 ' The Marquis of f Chaplains 4-1 Dorfet | Gentlemen 8 I Men Servants 44jHorfes2 6 Horfes 26J To cche of them. Bishops 4,-) [Nic. Weft] Epus Elye (-Chaplains befides Cantor, and j [Ge Durefme. J [Joh. Voyfie] Ep. Exon 41 [John Kite] Archiep. Armacen | Gentlemen 6 j^Men 33|Toeche [Geoffrey Blythe] Ep. Chefter Servants 23 I Horfes 2oJofthem. Horfes 20J Barons 21 Com. Kildare Lo. St. John Lo. Roos Lo. Maltravas Lo. Fitzwater Lo. Aburgavenye Lo. Mountecute Lo. Haftings Lo. Ferrars Lo. Barneys Lo. Darcye Lo. Laware Lo. Brooke Lo. Lombey Lo. Harbert Lo. Jo. Grey Lo. Ric. Grey Lo. Leon. Grey Lo. Daubney Lo. Edm. Haward Lo. Curfon Chaplair Gentlemen 2 Servants 18 Horfes Men Horfes 22] 12 J< To eche of them. Knights of the Garter 3. Sir Edw. Poyninge f Chaplains 2 1 „. TT Gentlemen 2I1 fair Henry Marney^ y Sir Willm. Sands Servants 18 t Horfes 12 Counsellors Spiritual 4, viz. The Secretary rchaplains The Mafter of the Rolls The Dean of the Chaple The Almoner lH@rfes - Servants Men 2 2 1 To eche Horfes 1 2 J of them. Men z 2 1 To eche Horfes 8 J of them Knights ( S3 ) Knights Bachelers 83. Sir Nic. Vaux Chaplains 1 Sir Tho. Bulleyn Sir Jo. Cutts Sir Jo. Wyndham Sir Aftdr. Wynfor Sir Mor. Barkley Sir Tho. Nevell Sir Jo. Hufey Sir Jo. Heron Sir Ric. Wefton Sir Jo. Dauncye Sir Hen. Gyldford SirWillm. Kingfton Sir Nic. Wadham Sir G. Chamblain Sir W. Parre Sir Edw. Nevill Sir Pierce Egecombe Sir Will. Morgan Sir John Cornwall Sir Jo. Hungerford Sir Edw. Wadham Sir Will. Aikue Servants Sir Chi of Willobie Sir Will. Hanfard Sir Tho. Weft Sir Edw. Hungerford Sir Hen. Long Sir Jo. Heydon Sir Rob. Brandon Sir Ant. Wingfeld Sir Robert Drewrye Sir Rob. Wingfeld Sir Jo. Peache J Sir Da. Owen Sir Wiftam Brown Sir Edw. Belknape Sir Will. Fitzwillm. Sir Will. Compton Sir Ric. Gernegan Sir Will. Effex Sir Ar. Plantagenet tHorfes 8 o Knights ( 54 ) Knights Bachelers 83. Sir Will. Barington Sir Edw. Gyldford SirEdm. Walfingham Sir Jo. Talbot, young. Sir Jo. Rayland Sir Ra. Egerton Sir Ant. Poyntz Sir Tho. Newport Sir Will. Hufey Sir Tho. Burgh, yong. Sir Rob. Conftable Sir Finche Sir Jo. Seymor Sir Jo. Awdley Sir William Pafton Sir Ric. Wentworth Sir Art. Hoxton Sir Philip Tylney Sir Jo. Veer Sir Jo. Marney Sir Ric. Sacheverell Sir Ric. Carewe Sir Jo. Gaynsford Sir Jo. Nevill Sir Jo. Gifford Sir Tho. Luche Sir Edward Grey Sir Will. Smyth Sir Roul. Viellevill Sir Edw. Bullein Sir Jo. Raynsford Sir Gi. Strangwith Chaplair Servants Sir Will. Skevington Sir Edw. Brax Sir George Hervye Sir Gi. Capcll Sir Edw. Ferrars Sir Gilb. Talbot Sir Jo. Burdett Sir Will. Perpoint Sir Griff. Deon 11 Men Horfes x: Sir William Perpoint was a Knight-Banneret. 1 To eche J of them. Esquyers Esquyers 14. ( 55 ) Thomas More rChaplain Tho. They Will. Gafcoyn John Mordant Edw. Pomroye Henry Owen Godfrey Foulgeam Tho. Cheyn Will. Courtenay Will. Coffen Jo. Cheyn Ric. Cornuaile Nic. Carewe Francys Bryan ^Horfes Servants Men i2]Toeche Horfes 8 J of them. The Knight Marshall. Ambassadors. Chap LEINS u Sir Henry Wyot, over and r above other Knights, i for his Office of the^ Vlen 6 Knight Marffiall L Plorfes 6 Sir Griff. Rice 1 Sir Will. Bulmer A Men 100, Sir Ric J Tempeft Horfes 100J The Emperor’s Ambaf -1 Men 20 fador 1 Horfes 18 The Ambaffador of Ve¬ Men 18 nice Horfes 18 The Dean of Sarum The Archdeacon of Rich¬ mond Doa. Taylour Doft. Knight Servants 6 Doft. Fell Mr. Stokefley Mr. Higons Dod. Ranfon Doa. Powell Horfes 4 Doa. Cromer l For Sceurers. -To eche of them. Secretary. Secretary. Postmaster. Clerks of the Signet! and Pryvie Seal. J Sergeants at Armes 12. Kinges at Armes 3. Heraultz at Armes 7. PuRSEVANTZ. MynstRells. Trompettz. The Garde. The Chambre. The Hodshold, ( 56 ) Jo. Mentas, Secretary for f Servants 5 the Frenfhe (Horfes 6 Bryan Tewke, Mr of the p crvants 3 Ports i P ° ftes + i. Horfes 8 Clerke of the Signet 2 T Servants Clerkeof the Pryvie Seal 2 [Horfes Sergeants at Armes 12 f Senant [Horfes j 1to eche of them, 4 ) 1 2 1 To eche of them. Garter Clarentieux Norrey rServant -i [Horfes >To eche of thera. I 3-1 Windfor Richmont Yorke Lancaftre Carleil Montorgeul Somerfet Rougecroffe Blewmantell Portculys Ruge Dragon Calleis Rifebank Guyfnes Hames ' Servants 1 •To eche of them. Horfes 2 L i-Horfe j Mynftrells Trompettz The Garde, 200 whereof one 100 Horfes, The King’s Chambre 70 Perfons The King’s Houfhold Officers 266 f Servants 150 [Horfes 100 { Servants 216 Plorfes 70 1 he The Stable and Armory. Befides ( 57 ) The King’s Stable and! 211 Horfes of the King’s and Armory 205 Perfons ] ther own. Sum Total of Allowances for the King’s Trayn The Legate The Archb. of Cantor. Dukes - - - - 2 Erles - 10 The Marquis Bilhops - - - - 5 Barons - - - - 21 Knights of the Garter 3 Counfellors Spirit. - 4 Knights Bachelers - 83 Efquiers - - - 14 The K. Marlhall Scurers - - 3 Ambafladors - - 2 Chaplains - - -10 The Secretary The Poftmafter Clarks of the Signet 2 Clarks of the Pry vie Seale 2 Sergeants at Armes -12 Kings at Armes - - 3 Heraults at Armes - 7 Purcevants 8 Mynftrclls and Trom- petts - - 30 The Garde - - 200 The Kings Chambre 70 The K. Houfhold Of¬ ficers - - - 266 The K. Stable and Ar- morye - 20. —being added to the Nom- bre of Servants above wryt- ten, and the Horfes, the hole Som of the Kinge’s Trayn to Gwyfnes, for his own Perfon, is Men 4538 Horfes 3415 j p The Perfons 064] . Uvhiche— Horfes 964 J “j Servants 3574 ] Horfes 2451 ( 58 ) The Quenes Trayne. Lo. Ciia | j-'p| 10> Staley] BLAIN. j The ErleofDarbie Lo. Chamberlain Bishops 3. [Joh. Fifher] Epus. Roffenfis [Charles Boothe] Epus. Herf. [Geo. de Athequa] Ep. Landaph Barons 4. The Lo. Montjoye Lo. Wylloughbye Lo. Cobham Lo. Morley [Chapleins 6 ] ■{ Servants 33 [■ [Horfes 20 j Chapleins 4 Gentlemen 6 Servants 33 Florfes 20 . r Chapleins 2 ' ! Gentlemen 2 ■ Servants 28 i [Horfes I2 J Men 39 ! Horfes 20 Men 43] Horfes 20 | Men 32 To eche of them. To eche of them. Knights 23. Sir Rob. Pointz Sir Tho. Tyrrell Sir Jo. Lyfley Sir Adrian Fortefcue Sir Edw. Gryvell Sir Jo. Hampden Sir Jo. Kukeham Sir Mar. Conftable Sir Rauffe Verney Sir Paus Sir Ra. Chamblain Sir Rob. Clere ^ Sir Jo. Henyngham Sir Rog. Wentworth Sir Jo. Villers Sir Jo. Afheton Sir Hen. Sacheverell Sir Jo. Shellton Sir Phil]. Walthorpe Sir Will. Walgrave Sir Tho. Lynde Sir Math. Brown Sir Jo. Mordant -Chaplain Servants Horfes Men r 2 ] To eche Horfes 8 J of them. Chaplains ( 59 ) Chaplains 6. Mafter Petef Mafter Mallet Mafter Chriftofer Mafter Dent Mafter Payne Sir John Swayne Servants 3 Horfes >To echeof them, Duch. of Buck- f Gentlewomen 4J 1 The Duchefs of Buckingham -I, Servants J ! Horfes I2j COMIT. 5 - Countefs of Stafford Countefs of Weftmorland Countefs of Shreufb. Countefs of Devon Countefs of Darby Gentlewomen 3 Servants Horfes -To eche of them. ["Women 3 ] Count. DouaigerI Q oun(e f s Douaiger of Oxfordi Servants 16 l of Oxford. \ | Horfes 2Q j Baronesses 16. Lady Fitzwaltef La. Bollein La. Willoughby La. Abergaveny La. Cobham La. Eliz. Grey La. Scrope La. Haftings La. Anne Grey La. Mountacute La. Daubney La. Montjoye La. Grey, Lord Jo’ Wife La. Brooke La. Morley La. Gyldford the Elder. Women Horfes Servants 3 jTo eche of them. Knigiii . Knights Wyffes 18. Gentlewomen 25. ( 60 ) La Vaux La. Gyldford, younger La. Fetiplace La. Sentleger La. Parre, Widowe La. Parre, Wife La. Rice La. Compton La. Darrell La. Finche La. Hopton La. Wingfeld, Sir Ant. Wife La. Tylney La. Wingfeld, Sir Ric. Wife La. Clere La. Owen La. Nevill, Sir Jo. Wife La. Bullein, Sir Edw. Wife. [Woman il I ' 1 Servants 1 2 > [Horfes 1 1 4 J of them. , [Woman Without | Huibandsl 8 ^- [Horfes 1! ['To eche (of them. Mrs. Carewe Mrs. Cheynie Mrs. Carye Lo. Fitzwat. Daughter Mrs. Courteney Mrs. Coffin Mrs. Norris Mrs. Parker Mrs. Fitzwarren Mrs. Gernyngham, Wid. Mrs. Wotton Mrs. Bruce Mrs. Brown Mrs. Dannet Mrs. Finche Mrs. Poyntz, SirAnt.Daughter Mrs. Cornwallis Mrs. Cooke Mrs. Parris Mrs. Cath. Monteria Mrs. Lawrence Woman Servants Horfes To eche 2 of them. Gentle- Gentlewomen 25 Mrs. Briget Hongan [Horfes Chamberers 3. The Garde 50. The Chamber 50. The Stable 60. Mrs. Kempe Mrs. Mougret Mrs. Margery Yeomen of the Garde 50. Horfes The Chamber, Per-f Servants fons 50. (Horfes The Stable Perfons 60. Perfons of] the and ther own Plorfes The Quene The Noblemen - - 5 The Knights - - 23 The Bifhopes - - - 3 >Ferlons 197 The Chapleins - - 6 1 The Gardes - - - 50 The Chamber 50 The Stable - - - 60. [ 7 ° Duch. of Buck. Count. - - - - - 5 Count. Douaiger Baroneffes - - - - 16 Knights Wifes - - 18 Gentlewomen - - 23 Chamberers - - - 3 ■Women 6 9 Women Servants - 97! Men Servants Horfes - - 795 >of Allowance. 803] Sum ■=**£*. ( 6t ) Sum Total of Men and Women of' the Trayne - Sum Total of Horfes befides and with the Allowance Women of ] - - - r and | gio King’s Trayne, Pcrfons - - 4538 Quene’s Trayne, Perfons - - 1138 Horfes for the King’s Trayne 3415 Horfes for the Quene’s Trayne 910 | 5 6 9 6 ■ 43 2 5 END OF THE APPENDIX. X I N E A. Lbemarle, defcribed, p. 8. _____ manufactory of ferges, p. 8. •_abbey of St. Martin D'Acy, and lands in England belonging thereto, p. 9. earls of, account of the, p. 9, i°- Andely, exchanged for Dieppe, p. 6 _-.— account of, p- 4 1 - . . , , , V ttt Anfelm,archbiihopof Canterbury, hisfeal.pl. Viil. B. Bayeux, city, defcribed, p. 77. „ _____ cathedral, account and view of the, p. 78. -bifliop’s palace, p. 81. _tapeftries, prints of, pi. XIV. to pi. XX. Beaulieu, maladerie, p. 76. - Bee abbey and church of, defcribed, p. 86. _lands in England formerly belonging thereto, Bedford^ John, duke of, his epitaph, ph II. BruTgacharrrcmarkable 1 ^door of the church, p. 45. and pi- X. Braemont, p. 5- — - ancient camp, p. 5* C. Caen, defcribed, p. 47 ’ et *' ec l - its caftle, p. 49 - ZIZibbey of St. Stephen, its church ; William the Conqueror's monument and epitaphs, his kitchen there, guard-chamber, barons- ball, See. &c c. particularly deienbed, trom p. ro. to 62. _abbey of the Trinity defcribed, p. 62. _monument of queen Matilda, p. 63. __univerfity, account of the, p- 67. __academy, account of the, p- 7 1 * Caen, parities of, _Sainte Paix de Tous Saints, p- 73 * -St. Stephen, p. 74 - r _St. Sauveur du Marche, print of, p. 74 - _St. Nicholas des Champs, p. 75 - _St. Thomas l’Abbatu, account of, p. 75. -view thereof, ph VII. _abbey of St. Stephen, view of, pi. IV- _abbey of the Trinity, views of, pi. V. pi. \ L _St. Thomas’s church, view of, pi. \ ll. _the caftle, view of, pi. III. Cheftnut timber, account of, p. 96. ■Cocherel, Ikcletons found there, p. 86 . and pi. X. Coins of Charles X. king of France, p. 42- _of duke William ftruck at Rouen, p. 33. Cormeille, its church, p. 46. Cyder, account of, p. 95- D. Dieppe, exchange thereof for Andely, p. 6. _defcribed, p. 7, 8. E. Edward the Confefl'or, his feal, pi. I. Edward III. his feal and counter-feal. Letter, p. v. Epitaphs of Amboife, George de, cardinals, p. 19. J___Bedford, John duke of, p. 15- _Breze, M. Louis de, p. 20. _Charles V. king of France, p. 16. __Geoffry, archbiihop of York, p. 38. _Giffard, Walter, carl of Bucks, p. 8. _- Hellouin, p. 89. _Henry the Younger, king, p. 15- __Longa-Spatha, duke of Norman¬ dy, p. 21. _Mabel de Montgomery, p. 82. ._Machon, John le, p. 12. t _queen Matilda, the Conqueror s wile, p. 63. _Matilda, or Maud, the emprels, p. 88, 89. _Nicolas, an Englifhman, p.72. _Petrarius, William, p. 57. _Richard I. king ofEngland, p. 14,16. __Rollo, duke ofNormandy, p. 21. __Sybill, duchefs of Normandy, p. 22. __Talbot, Thomas, fon of Talbot earl of Shrewfbury, p. 28. _Vernon, William de, p. 92. _Vernon, fir William, p. 93- __Waldenfis, aliasNetter, Thomas, p. 34- _William the Conqueror, p. 52, 54, 5 S> 5 6 - Eu, town of, defcribed, p. 2. ._ancient counts of, their genealogy, p. 3 * _abbey and church of St. Lawrence, and monu¬ ments there, p. 4. -Jefuits church, p. 4. -caftle, p. 4. Evreux, city and cathedral, defcribed, p. 03. __abbey of St. Taurinus, p. 85. G. Gaillon, account of the famous chartreufe near it, and of its church, library. See. p. 42. _palace of the archbilhops of Rouen, defen- bed, p. 43. --parifh-church, p- 45 - Giffard, Walter, earl of Buckingham, founder or the priory of Longueville, his epitaph, p. 8. Gilors, church of, p. 41. H. Harold, king, his piaure, pi. I- HenrytheYounger, kingofEngland, his ftatue, pi. II. I. Interview of Henry VIII. and Francis I. ph XI. and XII. L. Lifieux, city, account of its cathedral, p. 47. Longueville, Cluniacpriory, and epitaph ot Wal¬ ter Giffard, founder, p. 8. Longueville, I N D E X. Longueville, lands in England granted to this pri- orv, p. 8. M. Matilda, the emprefs, her feal, pi. VIII. Matilda, queen of England, her genealogy, p. 64. -her picture and monument, pi. V. and VI. Medal of Charles X. king of France, p. 42. -of cardinal George d’Amboife, p. 45. Muids, account thereof, p. 41. N. Navarre, caftle of, p. 86. Norman buildings, views 'of, pi. X. Normandy, defcribed, p. 94, etfeq. -cyder, account of, p. 95. O. Odo, bifhop of Bayeux, his feal, pi. VII. P. Pally, a market-town, p. 93. Pont-Audemer, account thereof, p. 46. Pont de l’Arche bridge, p. 41. Poor, account of the, p. 81. R. Richard I. king of England, exchanges Andelyfor Dieppe, p. 6. His leal, p. 6. His Itatue, pi. II. Robert, the Conqueror’s fon, his picture, pi. V. Rouen, city, defcribed, p. 10, et feq. -cathedral defcribed, p. 12—23. -chapter lands in England belonging there¬ to, p. 23. -chapter-houfe and library, p. 23. -privilege of St. Romain, p. 24. -abbey and church of St. Ouen defcribed, p. 25, et feq. -palace of king Henry V. p. 31. view there¬ of, pi. III. -Chateau de Fountain Gaalor, p. 31. -Le Palais, p. 32 -Baifo relievos reprefenting the interview of Henry VIII. and Francis I. p. 32. and pi. XI. and XII. Rouen, the mint and monies of dulje William, P- 33 - and P>- HI- -church of St. Godard, p. 33. -Carmelite friars, p. 33. -Notre Dame du Val, p. 34. -bridge, account of the, p. 33. -priory of Notre Dame de Bonnes Nou- velles, p. 36. -priory ofNotre Damede Grand Mont, p. 37. -priory du Mont aux Malades, p'. 38. -St. Katherine’s Mount, p. 38. -abbey of St. Trinity du Mont, p. 39. -priory of St. Julian, p. 39. -printing at Rouen in 1473. p. 40. -manufactory of {lockings, p. 40. -manufactory of painted glafs, p. 14. S. Saxon buildings, views of, pi. X. T. Tapeltry, ancient account of, p. 79. and Appendix, No. I. Tregore, Michael, firlt reCtor of the univerfity of Caen, p. 73. Treport, p. 5. -abbey of St. Michael, p. 5. Troarn, alias Trouard, abbey, p. 82. V. Vauvrey, St. Stephen de, its church, p. 41. Vernon, town and caltle, p. 90, 91. -- collegiate church, p. 92. Vernon, William de, his monument, pi. IX -fir William, his monument, pi. IX. W. William the Conqueror, his feal, pi. I. -his picture, pi. II. pl.V. --his coins, pi. III. -his kitchen, pi. III. --— his monument, pi. VII. his palace, pi. VIII. William the Conqueror’s fon, his picture, pi. V. ERRATA. Pa g e 34*-I» ne 4. for crowded read crouded. 45. Note, line 6. — Fauvil -Fauvel. Ibid.- — 8. — vieut - voir. Ibid. - — 9. — QUE -qui SE RAPPORTE. Ibid.- —11. — Rouen - Rouere. DIRECTIONS for placing the PLATES. PLATE I. - II. - III. - IV. - V. - VI. - VII. - VIII. IX. - X. - - At the end of the Letter to the Bilhop of Carlifle. ----- Page 16 49 Si 63 63 75 59 PLATE XL XII. - XIII. - XIV. - XV. - XVI. - XVII - XVIII. XIX. - XX. - Page 42 } Appendix. 101 ■Appendix,