EX LIBRIS FREDERICK B INKER D ARTZ 1 IV o' C Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Research Library, The Getty Research Institute http://archive.org/details/architectureimproOOIang rs //»*'?<, iJB £ Z\$~ 31 it € \% a ■<&■€% m & 4 : (Z-J ^^3 JU PROVED ST SotitXfS and <%%<$><% \&frX§<6% v^_^— -* — -* — - — In many Grand _D E S I G N S Columns, Doors Windows , Chimnej -Pieces , Arcades, Colonades, Ibrticos, Umbrellos, Temples, #//// IkviBidns Sec. KITH Plais,Elevatiois and Profiles; ^__- v v__ >. _ C-> ( ( ^nrBj B. &T. La^gley fP 1 C~^ C^ Trmted ioxJoHir ^Mizl~±^, near Whitehall 00 15% On the Ancient Buildings in this Kingdom. H E Rules ufed in ancient Buildings having been loft many Ages ; I have done all I could to reftore it to its original Perfecti- on, by reviewing the many grand an- cient Structures in this Nation, to extract Rules to form thefe ufeful Defigns in pri- vate Buildings, viz. Rooms of Stale, Di- ning-Rooms, Parlours, Stair-cafes, Por- ticos, XJmbrclhs, Temples, and Pavillions in Gardens, Parks, fee. By the Hiftories of this Nation, it does not appear that any Edifices were built by the Goths here, yet every ancient building, not in the Grecian Mode, is called Gothic. Says Rapin, the Goths (alfo called Jutes and Wittes) were origi- nally Itinerants in Germany ; who, before the Saxons came into Britain, united with them, and were called Saxons. About 449, when the Romans left Britain, Hengifl and Horfa came here with nine Thoufand Saxons, to affitt King Vortigern againft the Scots 'and Picls, many of which were Goths, tho' called Saxons, and were the firft that came here. In 530, when the Saxons had conquered the Heptarchy, Numbers of Goths, with their Families, came to Britain, and uniting with the Saxons, their Pofterity became Saxons alfo. In all Ages of the Saxon Monarchy, the Edifices were called Saxon, and not Gothic ; tho' it was allowed, that the Goths taught the Saxons to build. What the Britijh and Roman Buildings were before the Saxons, we have no Account of. Ethelbert V. King of Kent, and the firft Chriftian Saxon King, converted Sebert, in 605, and aflifted him in build- ing St. Peter's, Wejlminjhr, in a Place called Thornez, from the firft Chriftian Church, built there by Lucius, King of Britain, in 183, overgrown with Thorns, (Jc. In this Place (faith Sul- cirdud) the Temple of Apollo flood, when Antoninus Pius was Emperor of Rome, and being after thrown down by an Earth- quake, upon its Ruins, Sebert built and dedicated it to St. Peter, as Lucius had. Ethelbert alfo aflifted Sebert, about 610, to build St. Paul's Cathedral, formerly the Temple of Diana. The laft 400 Years of the Saxon Monarchy, they built Ca- thedrals, Churches, Chapels, is'c. to the Danes, from 679, to 1001, where nothing was to be feen but Murders, Conflagra- tions, Plundering, is'c. fo that in the Year 10 17, when King Edmund was murdered by Edrick, and Canutus had made hini- felf the firft Danijh King of England, all the venerable Build- ings raifed by the Saxons ("St. PauPs only excepted) were in frightful Ruins. By the Danijh Conqueft, Pofterity was deprived, not only of the Saxon Architecture, but of the Geometrical Rules, by which their Buildings were defigned, &c. we muft fuppofe that many ingenious Architects in thofe Times, who had compofed Rules, which, with them, were buried in Ruins ; and notwith- ftanding that all Buildings after erected might have a Similitude to the Saxon ; yet 'tis doubted, if any of them came up to that Beauty of Order. The principal Buildings that have been erected in this Kingdom from 1017, to King James L when Inigt Jones lived, who firft introduced the Grecian Architecture in Eng- land, are the following, viz. The Danes continued 26 Years, Canutus built AJhdon in EJftx, St. Bennet in Norfolk, and a (lately Church and Mona- ftery at St. Edmundsbury ; but Hardicnute, the third and laft King, burnt the City of Worcejler. King Edward, the Confeffor, 1043 to 1066. He re- built St. Peter, and a Convent adjoining, which Sebert had erected, and new-built St. Margaret's, Wejlminjler, where it now is : It formerly joined the South Cloifter of the old Ab- bey, part of which is now Handing. It is realbnable to believe that it was built by Sebert when he built St. Peter, or foon after. William the Conqueror 1067, to 1087, the Abbeys at Battel in Sujfex ; Sc/by, Fork/hire ; St. Saviours, Southwark ; the Priory of St. Nicholas at Exeter ; and the Town of New- caflle on Tyne, founded ; the Foundation of St. PauFs Cathe- dral begun, after having been burnt by Lightening ; the white Tower of the Tower of London in 1078, the Minfter at York, burnt by the Danes ; the Caftles at Oxford, Exeter, Notting- ham, York, Lincoln, Huntington and Cambridge, the new Church at Salisbury, built j and the Caftle ofWarzvick repaired. William II. 1087, to 1100, the Abbeys at Shrewsbury, Merton in Surry, Lewes in Sujfex, the Hofpital of St. Leonard at York, the Monaflery at Norivich, the Cathedral of Salisbury, and Univerftty College, Oxford, founded. The Cathedral Church of Lincoln, begun. The Abbey at IVenlock ; a Fort at Newcaftle ; a Caftle at Ledes in Kent ; a new Wall about the Tower of London, and a great Hall at WeJlminJler, 270 Feet in Length, and 70 in Breadth, built. Carlijle City, deftroyed by the Danes, rebuilt. London-Bridge rebuilt with Timber, the Abbey of St. Albans, and the Church at Rochejler repaired. Henry I. 1100,101135, the Cathedral of Exeter, St. Mary- Overy in Southivark, the new Church and Cathedral at Tewkf- bury, the Priories of Dun/fable, Holy Trinity, now called Chrji's Church, London, St. Bartholomew, and its Hofpital in Smilhf.cld; Kemlworth, Norton in Che/hire, Mirton, and oiOf:ey near Ox- ford :The Abbeys of Cirenccjler, Reading, Thirboum, Cumber- mere ; New Abbey without Wincheflcr ; and of Alerivalln IVar- wickjhire : The Monaftery of St. John at Cokhejhr ; of St. Andrew at Northampton ; and of Plimpton in Devonft/ire , the Houfe of St. John ofjervfalem, near Smithfield ; the College of St- Mary in the Town of Warwick, and the Hofpirals of Kepar, and St. Crofs, near Wincheflcr, all founded. The Priory of St. James in Briftol ; the Caftles of Bri/lol, Cardije, Malm-sbury, Shirbourn, Windfor, and Baynard in London. The Devifes in Wilis; the irately Church at Salisbury: And the Stone- bridges at Bow, and Stratford in Effex (the firft in England) built ; the Abbey of Kcnjham, and Caftle of Norham on the Banks of Tweed, begun. Stephbn, 1135, to 1154, the Abbeys Cogfoall in Effex, Furneys in Lancafhirc, Harquilers and Fevcrjham in Kent ; of Stratford Langtborn near London ; Boxley in Kent ; Non-Eaton in Warwick/hire, Fitley, Rieval, Newborough, Beeland, and Kirkjlead in York/hire, and many others, founded ; more Ab- beys (Baker fays) were erected in this Reign, than in a 100 Years before. At Heigham in Kent, a Houfe for Black Nuns, and at Carevj, a Houfe for IVIiite, founded ; St. Katherine's Hofpital by the Tower, new built. Henry If. 1154, to 1 189, the Abbeys of Bordefley and Wtgmore ; Priories of Dover, Stoncy, Baftnwork, the Church of Bri/tol (th-it Henry VIII. erected into a Cathedral) the Caftle of Rudlan, and the Stone-Bridge at London, founded. The Monaftery of St. Atgufline in Brijlol, of Gorendon, of Leicefler (called St. Mary di Pratis) of Eaton, and Gloucejler, the Caftle of Ongar in Effex, built: n8r, the Temple Church in London finifhed ; 1183 Lambeth- Palace begun. Richard I. 1:89, to 1 199, the Tower-Wall new built, and the Ditch made round it ; a Monaftery at WeJl-Durham in Norfolk founded ; another begun at Wolverhampton in Stafford- shire, and the Collegiate Church at Lambeth finifhed. John, 1199, to 1216, the Abbeys of Bowley in the new Foreft Hampjhire, Black Monks in JVmcheJler, Monaftery of Farringdon, and Hahs-Owen in Shropjhire, founded. Godjiale and Wrostel re-edified j the Chapel at Knaresborough enlarged, and the Stone-Bridge at London finifhed. Henry III. 1216, to 1272, many Abbeys, and St. Petet's College in Cambridge, finiftied. 1220, this King began the new Work Work of our Lady's Chapel at Wejlminjler, where the Chapel of Henry VII. now Hands, and laid the firft Stone. 1245, he caufed the Walls and Steeple of old St. Peter's, built by Edward the Confeffor, to be taken down ; and enlarging the Church, caufed it to be new built with greater Magnificence ; which to effect, was the Work of the next 50 Years ; at which Time Its Weft-end came no further, than the firft Columns Weft from the Choir ; all the Fart from thence, together with the two old Towers, built fince, at the Expence of the Abbots. In 1222, the Tower, and Spire of St. Paul's had been burnt, which in 1087 were re-built ; the Stone Tower was 260 Feet from the Ground to the Top of the Battlements, the Spire, above the Battlements, 260 Feet, making 520 Feet Altitude, exclufive of the Ball and Crofs, near 20 Feet more. — Amatch- lefs Structure — greatly exceeding all Buildings fince raifed in this Kingdom. The Savoy was alfo built about 1245. 1260, the curious inlaid Floor or Pavement yet remaining of Jafper, Porphyry, Lydian, Touch/} one, Alab after and Serpentine- Stones, was made before the high Altar in Wejlminjler Abbey, at the Expence of Richard de Ware, an Abbot of Wejlminjler. Edward I. 1272, to 1307, Vale Royal Abbey in Che/hire of the Cifteaux Order, and Merton College in Oxford, founded. Baliol College, Oxford built, St. Peter Wejlminjler near finifhed. Edward II. 1307, 101327, Oriel College, St. Mary-hall in Oxford, and a Church of Fryers, in his Manour of Langley, founded. In this Reign, Abbot Nicholas Litlington built the Hall, Jerufalem Chamber, the South and Weft Side of the great Cloifter, to Wejlminjler Abbey ; the Granory and adjoining Tower, now the Dormitory for the King's Scholars. Edward III. 1327, to 1377, Eaft-Minfter (an Abbey of the Cijleaux Order) near the Tower of London ; Kings, Tri- nity, and Pembroke -halls in Cambridge ; Queens, Exeter, and Canterbury Colleges, and Hart-Hall, in Oxford ; Cobham Col- lege in Kent, Charter-houfe founded. The Chapel of St. Ste- phen (now the Houfe of Commons) and St. Michael's Church, near Crooked-Lane, built } the Chapel at Wmdfor augmented, and the Caftle re-edified. Richard II. 1377, to 1399, Trinity-hall in Cambridge; the Gate-houfe to Ely-flreet in Holbourn, new built ; Wejl- minjler-hall, with its (lately Porch, rebuilt in 1397. Henry IV, 1399, to 1413, the Colleges at Battlefteld'in Shropjhire, Pomfielt ; and a new College in Wmchejler, founded. Guild-hall began in 141 1 ; Rochejler Stone-bridge, and Neiv- gate built, the laft by R. JVhittington Lord Mayor of London. Henry V. 1413, to 1422, Bernards, and All- Souls Colleges in Oxford, founded. Henry VI. 1422, to 1460, the College Royal, anil Queen's at Cambridge, Eaton's by Wmdfor, and Mary Magdalene' s in Oxford, founded ; the Divinity School in Oxford, Tatjhall College in Lincoln/hire, and Leaden-hall built. Edward IV. 1460, to 1483, laid the Foundation of the new Chapel at Wmdfor, London- Wall rebuilt from Cripplegatt to Bijhopfgate ; Bijhopfgate rebuilt. Henry VII. 1485,10 1508, John IJlip faid to be the Archi- tect, an Abbot of Wejlminjler, in 1500, built that Houfe in which the Dean of Wejlminjler lives, and fet up the Statues of all the Kings and Queens that had been Benefactors to that Church. The Chapel of our Lady, built at Wejlminjler by H. III. was taken down in 1502, and a new one of much greater Dimenfions begun in its Place with Stone, faid to be brought from Huddle/lone Quarry in Torkjhire. This Building, commonly called Henry Vllth's Chapel, ii of a quite different Mode, or Order of Architecture, from that of the Abbey, built by Henry III. the Difference much greater, than is between any two of the Grecian Orders. It is to be wifhed that the Architect of this Chapel had com- municated the Rules by which it was erected and adorned, (Printing being then 30 Years in England, was the firft per- formed in an old Chapel of St. Ann in the Ambry) by Jsbn IJlip aforefaid, who I believe was the Architect, which Liland calls the Miracle of the World. St. John's at Cambridge ; Corpus Chrifli, Brazen-nofe Colleges at Oxford ; and St. Paul's School founded. Henry VIII. 1508, to 1547, ChriJl Church College , Oxford, founded ; Hampton- Court, Whitehall (then York Place) the Old Gate near the Tilt-yard, and Coventry Crofs, in 1542, built. Edward VI. 1547, to 1553, So/nerfet- houfe built by the Earl of Hertford in 1549. Q;Mary, 1553, to 155&, St; John's College in Oxford 'built. Q. Elizabeth, 1558,' to 1603, Sidney and Emanuel Col- leges hi Cambridge founded ; and the public Library at Oxford, built and furnifhed. James I. 1603, to 1625, Hicks's-Hall by Smithfield, and the Banquetting-houfe at Whitehallbu\\t->~the laft by Inigo Jones. The Modes in which all thefe Buildings were erected (the Banquetting- Houfe excepted) were taken from Fragment?, found among the Saxon Ruins, they may therefore be called Saxon Buildings ; but why Gothic, I cannot account for. The Saxon Modes, under the Gothic Appellation, may be bet- ter underftood, than was I to call them Saxon. These Modes of Building are condemned by many, on a Suppofition that their principal Parts have been put together, without Rules or Proportion ; to prove the contrary, I have, in the Plates A and B as a Specimen, of the Beautiful Rules of the Ancients, illuftrated the Geometrical Plans and Elevations of the Bafes and Capitals, to the two Varieties of Columns, now Handing in Wejlminjler Abbey, viz. First, thofe in the Choir Part, built by Henry III. and from the Choir to the two Towers on the Weft-End, built afterward, by the Abbots of Wejlminjler, wherein every impartial Judge may fee, that their Members, as to Heights and Prefectures, are determined and defcribed with thofe beau- tiful Proportions, and Geometrical Rules, that are not excelled (if equalled) in any Parts of the Grecian or Roman Orders. Nor is that Delicacy and Deception, that is to be feen in them, of the fame Diameters. For, tho' thefe Columns in the Weft- part of the Abbey appear to be much jlenderer, weaker, and of lefs Diameter, than the Corinthian Columns, in the Portico of St. PauPs Cathedral (that are 4 Feet in Diameter) yet they are actually full ^Inches more in their Diameters ;and confequently they are more, than half as ftrong again. Becaufe 16, the Square of the Diameter of one of St. Paul's Columns, is lefs than two Thirds of 26, eight-twelve the Square of the Diameter of one of thefe Columns.- A Deception, not to be parallel d, in all the Columns, yet erecled, by Greeks and Romans. It is from fuch Refearches that I have extracted the Rules, and Proportions of thefe Defigns ; and, being in general made plain to Infpection, by Scales of equal Parts to each, needs no other Explication. PLATE I. to XVI. 5 Columns, with 11 Entablatures. XVII. to XXVIII. 12 Frontifpieces for Doors, with their Members, geometrically defcribed at large. XXIX. Arcades for Piazzas, with the Geometrical Con- ftruction of their Curves. XXX. AColonade. XXXI. An Umbrella. XXXII. A Portico, Entrance of a Banquetting Room, &rV. XXXIII. Six circular Windows, or Lights, over Doors. XXXIV. Six fquare Windows, for Attic Stories. XXXV. to XL. 6 Windows.for State-Rooms, Pavillions,&fV. XLI. toXLVIII. Eight Chimney Pieces. XLIX. to LXII. 14 Umbrellas, Temples, and Pavillions. It may be objected, that the Expence of Buildings of this Kind, will be greater, than in the Grecian Mode ; and efpect- cially by ignorant 'Workmen, I will undertake to erect all Sorts of Buildings in the Saxon Mode, if free from Enrichments, for the fame Expence, as a plain Building of the fame Magni- tude in the Grecian Mode ; and if enriched, for lefs than Or- naments ufed in any of the Grecian Orders. — And fuch Noble- men may find their own Materials, which will greatly abate the Expence* Jan, 31, 1747. Batty Langiey, NB, We j/m/l fiivt exJiikt five new Order5 of C ol urjltl S- iPlain. 4" Gnrickd, and du?n j/u?-rv diei?^ Ujh in du tyornun/f of (Dejtftu for Srto Doors, Windows, ChimneyPieee s, Infides ^'Rooms J^c. in/A* Crofhiek manner. AT~ ~ ~~ ~ ^vtsude AT 1 , t/ie entitle ffieiaAb uiA> jj (Parts, aive 1 to EF. tAe JuljolvruA, s tAe nea>t to Ti'Ei.t/ie SBdJi-; //n next. p to CD t/ie >J/iaft; Pie neat i toY>C t/ze Capita/, and t/ie upper g in AJi t/ie «i *"'"' 1 «i ^ 1 2 J\ «» B =n \J '. 1 • S" : -! ; V ; : : T/ie Z>iifi*ii<7?i IX. Batty a /ia Tn&ni.i/ Zanaiev- tfiw&rU? atui Jcuifa- i?4i. T/ie Fowrt/i Order of t£& Gothic k Architecture -/%£sX. Bdttif ana. Tnomaj Lan^/ei/- tfrvitewt and jfciu/J- i^j-j. The EntMttwre- of Order I\ r /^XI. J3labTX&. -s ^. and jfculp. 174.1 ^iftfi ^rantidpie-cz . J^/a&XXl, -BtUtu and Tko J . Larwdey Jrnwnt and Jcu/fj. i?4l. j"ia:£/i Zfrantzj piece . 7^ XXII. Iztiz? and 7no? Zwufleu jrvtse-nfr wnd Jadx?. 1^4.1. ^Jet^errt/v 5?jV7iU. 1*741 =f\ TY^XXIV SattyM J/ic. JLan^eu friv€nt A' Jcu/o tp4-i . 7li?itA *^rvn&d'. l?a&y dj Jht?. -/jarmley SfW. fy \fcufo tj 4-z /enm. L^nrntijitHtce Mate XXYJ '■'■■ ; ^ iii ! ! , .' ti ~"I!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii ii ii| i ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiimi m iiiii i ii n i r n m ■ 1 1 1 l ire^mi flatty b" r 7L\j£a>ip£syJhv?. HfJcuAupjt jEdezs&ntA Frcm&'/Mece J>/a& XXVI foatti/ i)f '^yfaT-.^-Zanjkys ^J/ms. vf *ycu/c>t74-i £7we/m EfrvnltJ) JKz&^SSTEL &atty fy In? Ijtin&fey Srw. £f Jcuk> tjJrr ^%*XXIX Ss A? /S'a&yJ}~ S%7. ^^^,^1^- Jca&> ifj-t 1 u sp O o ^SafeXXX %> a J&zt-.&rfr ^^»«^ # «^, '/*^,£sr '•* a. pan£n> . i^z/sTOCKl Crofhicfc >b*°0rtuzr^ J%ztelGS£K Sa^^^/a>7ia^y \Jh/v zy4z cf?&r j\ttic it>. />•#■« ^2: Go duck j^^^SSSMR mmSBmF -■■■<. ■ ~^ /SaMy /s/tna/ey >Vm'- if 42 GotLick "-We-Tzakns- y&a-xxxvm K>a/6y -ZjOy?zZJ ^y/vir. iy-62 tkc* J^&XLBL rf?a&y .& arui£p r Z7atr. / 5^2 ^zA,a-np/cy Cf/ Ssi-i-. ty 4-z ^ r 1 v&\£ mfzsqtc/t&z *zey^ j%&xlst /- /3a&yJ5a,/ia&yJrt£': *7i2- Y^Zj^Jcuyz tm?2&u Z&Z& JOafrXJNl &6 ■^f/iv-. zyj- 1 Or Chummy (Piece j- - :;:".". HT /?a£ty £anr£fa'(?nfre, c^Jn£&fez&?i <7^¥l r a//&, &n frfovd/, %0%&&77zd§'j £~r jj^ c , r , v $a&y£a fu^/t'i/ xfazr /~4-i rz s#4> 6/^^ YmhreUoJtrr rf£//?; /--,> TZj&ifi Gotlxick vj jy t ,A'Lvi i _ BL ta^ floAty-Lana/ey t fm.-j^ "z-Z^Jcufe Got luck ^TJ/zyi/t - Jfo&jm. /Jaj'tyJ.any/sy if/i-fj/j 2 (J_La?m/ei/ Jca&> Cro^liict *Jem/u<; /'/afrlNSL /I, X ',///y / a?ia/w / 'Jmrrt42, «r^ 1 ^fiik j I . . } ; ' iP 11 ^ ' if Jm CfLana/ct/Ji* Goihich %sewi/ife /Oa/ti/J^a/z^/ez/ /umn info i%o aauaJo ' j -\ r^PA'ntA j {&■&, ) 'ffhiUdin 6") ' &&cta/ if -j r IrtiTitA V J0 taf/it J/zttTtri/mmtuTi five < I I l"T"l 1 =F=F 77&atu3fcd.a,jzdf/i£ '/hi/& ' fvrJ?eii'wa/i'n^,Jnivn^a '"fa/ Gatfy Zaryfc?///4£ 7^ "TF -F— t N &U- Ilt'i/un tin I I tut part tf ' M'&tnu' m#r Mn/ /3uHt fa/ Me tiMtfa in flit Hugn <^ Edward I /&# B iTKe general IVoportians *\$u&n:\areac ~{?ylond&r 4 W^* {Small Data tv tliz - \—\~ r— r -i--r"r-y "r 1 r 1 1 f '''■■firUi/.iinJ m<: /h/Al j/YrA/meatina^, Jnzrenfol, Iv ■ 'tfatti/Zanyltt/ rt^-Q. Z/w Zany /ey Jcu//? GETTY CENTER I IBR^Y *du ftw