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 bt 
 
V 
 
 Modern Milling. 
 
 Being the Substance of Two Addresses Delivered 
 
 BY REQUEST, AT THE 
 
 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, ; 1 anuary 
 
 i Q AND j \NLARY' 27 , 1881, 
 
 ■ i “ i '* * , 
 
 ■ , ^ * * t j * 
 
 
 ROBERT GRIMSHAW, PH. D., 
 
 MEMBER OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, OF THE AMERICAN 
 SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, AMERICAN 
 INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS, THE 
 FRENCH SOClATE DES INGENIEURS 
 CIVILS, & c., &c., &c. 
 
 Edited from the Phonographic Reports. With Twenty-eight 
 Illustrations. 
 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., 
 Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers, 
 No. 810 Walnut Street. 
 
 1 88 1. 
 

 I 
 
 I 
 
 * ■ » i . * r — •" ; 
 
 Copyright 
 
 ROBERT GRIMSHAW 
 
 1881. 
 
 Printed by 
 
 ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, 
 Nos. 3*9-3}/ South Fifth St., 
 Philadtlyhia. 
 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following extempore addresses were delivered at the 
 solicitation of Eastern millers and others, and with the inten- 
 tion to outline in clear and popular form, the changes that 
 are taking place in the great and growing flouring industry, 
 to which this country already owes so much. They are here 
 published from the phonographic reports, substantially as 
 delivered ; merely excising some repetitions and purely local 
 or ephemeral remarks, and adding a few foot notes, &c. 
 
 They seemed appreciated at the time of their delivery, and 
 it is to be hoped that they may interest and in some measure 
 instruct many before whom the author had not the pleasure 
 of appearing in person, on the occasions of their delivery. 
 
 Philadelphia, June, i 88 1 . 
 
 5V^ 
 

V 
 
 MODERN MILLING. 
 
 I HAVE chosen as the subject of my remarks 
 “ Modern Milling,” rather than the title “ New 
 Process Milling,” which has been advertised, — because 
 “ Modern Milliner” covers a wider field than the words 
 
 o 
 
 “New Process,” which have often been applied, but 
 which are a misnomer. 
 
 “ New Process,” as a trade term, is strictly a defini- 
 tion of one of the many new processes, or new sys- 
 tems, which constitute modern milling.* 
 
 The advance of milling, within the last decade, has 
 been a great stride, — as great a stride as from the 
 time when that prince of millwrights, Oliver Evans, 
 lying upon his back and looking up at the dusty beams 
 of the Brandywine Mills, studied out the elevator, the 
 hopper boy, and the spiral conveyor ; and almost as 
 great a stride as from the early days of the quern, or 
 rough stone, used for bruising the grain in the hands, 
 up to Oliver Evans’ date.f 
 
 * Just as to how many “ processes ” there are*in modern milling, or where the 
 dividing lines between them are, is by no means settled — some recognizing only 
 two, others a dozen or more. 
 
 f 1795 *h e date of his book on milling. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 
 
 While there are many things in modern milling 
 which were suggested or invented, or even actually 
 practiced experimentally, hundreds of years ago, yet 
 within the last ten years, and especially in America, the 
 changes which have been wrought have completely 
 revolutionized the business. These changes have been 
 radical and searching ; there have been changes in the 
 apparatus employed ; in the mode of dressing and 
 handling the apparatus ; in the material converted, and 
 in its preparation ; in the processes employed in con- 
 verting the material ; in the product of the new appa- 
 ratus, materials and processes ; in the location of the 
 industry ; in the customs of the trade ; in the size of 
 the mills ; in the motive power employed in its trans- 
 mission ; in the market for the new products ; in the 
 importance of the industry — changes so radical, so 
 complete, as to have transformed the old art or rule of 
 thumb into a complicated but exact science, worthy of 
 the most intelligent study of modern genius. 
 
 While we may divide the art of milling into two great 
 methods, high and low grinding, these changes which 
 have taken place have so pervaded every operation in 
 milling that there may be blocked out five or more 
 separate systems or processes in the grinding or gran- 
 ulation alone ; each of these following some changes 
 and preceding others, so that the various processes so 
 delicately shade off one into the other, that it is diffi- 
 cult to classify them. When we divide the art of mill- 
 ing into five or more processes, we may divide them 
 with reference more particularly to the mode of grind- 
 
7 
 
 ing or granulation, winch is the principal operation in 
 milling. 
 
 Grinding or granulation may be effected by any one 
 of four or more great classes of machinery. 
 
 First, flat cylindrical millstones built up of blocks 
 of buhr-stone — a hard, porous silicious rock occurring 
 in nodules in a very few quarries. These may have 
 either the upper or under stone the runner; or may 
 be set vertically. In any of these three cases either 
 the runner or the bed, or both, may be either rigidly 
 attached to the axis, or oscillating. 
 
 The second class consists of rough or corrugated 
 iron disks or cones.* 
 
 The third, which has grown so rapidly in importance, 
 includes rollers, which may be of biscuit (miscalled 
 porcelain), stone, corrugated or smooth iron, or steel ; 
 and whatever the material employed for the rolls they 
 may be used either singly, working against a concave, 
 or in pairs ; they may have motion either in the same 
 or in different directions, and at either equal or differ- 
 ential speeds. 
 
 The fourth class of granulating machinery includes 
 those operating by percussion or attrition. f 
 
 A fifth class, perhaps only a variation of the first, and 
 not yet in practical operation, consists of granulating 
 disks composed of glass blocks or of porous blocks of 
 biscuit ware, and intended to replace buhr-stone as a 
 material for millstones. 
 
 * Iron disk milling bids fair at present to develop into a formidable claimant 
 for public recognition. 
 
 f Not in practical operation in this country, unless perhaps in one or two small 
 mills. 
 
8 
 
 Cutting rolls are also employed, as well as com- 
 pressed air to blow the berries to powder.* 
 
 Employing any one of these classes of machines 
 or any combination of them, we may grind either 
 '‘high” or “low,” or by “gradual reduction” — that is, i 
 we may aim to make as much flour as possible at one 
 grinding from the wheat; (2) we may try to produce 
 at one operation very small but sharp granular pieces 
 of the berry which shall subsequently be ground into 
 flour ; or (3) we may endeavor to produce granular 
 pieces with several gradual reductions, and to produce 
 the highest grade and the greatest quantity of flour 
 from these. 
 
 The first system is called low milling, the second 
 high milling, and the third, gradual reduction.! Of 
 course so many subdivisions of such a complicated 
 work could not be thoroughly or even superficially 
 brought out in the course of two evenings’ remarks. 
 We shall, then, confine ourselves more particularly to 
 the consideration of two subdivisions. (1) High mill- 
 ing with buhr millstones ; that is, buhr middlings 
 milling ; and (2) high milling with rollers ; that is, 
 roller middlings milling. 
 
 It shall be my endeavor to block out for you an out- 
 line of the many operations in each of these methods 
 of milling, which in most respects (outside of granu- 
 lation, in which they radically differ) lie parallel. 
 
 I shall first rehearse in greater detail the changes 
 
 * More of a scientific toy than a working success. 
 
 f Hardly any two authorities agree as to where the dividing lines exist. 
 
 
9 
 
 which have taken place in milling, not merely since the 
 day of Oliver Evans, but in the last ten years. First, 
 in the material. Formerly the hard spring wheat which 
 is the output of our north-western territories and cold 
 climates was difficult to handle, not so much by reason 
 of its hardness, as because of the extreme thinness and 
 brittleness of its bran. Now, this hard spring wheat 
 is by preference employed, not only because the new 
 granulating devices handle it better than those of old, 
 but because new machines have sprung up rendering 
 the miller largely independent of any condition of the 
 bran upon the berry. In order that we may more 
 distinctly comprehend the operation through which the 
 berry of wheat passes, it will perhaps be best to show 
 upon the screen views of the berry itself magnified. 
 
 Fig. I. — I.ENGTHWISE SECTION OF WHEAT HERRY 
 
As you will notice, the diagram (Fig. i) shows an 
 imaginary section of a grain of wheat magnified * to 
 about three feet in length. You will note that its outer 
 envelope consists of five layers, marked i, 2, 3, 4, and 
 5 ; these layers, being thin, scaly, and fibrous, and con- 
 stituting a woody envelope or bark, commonly called 
 the bran ; a material not only valueless to the miller, 
 but extremely troublesome by reason of its tendency to 
 mix with the more valuable portions and. to remain 
 there, adulterating and diluting it. 
 
 Within this outer coating of bran comes a layer con- 
 taining the most valuable part of the berry, and which 
 unfortunately lies next to and almost adhering to the 
 worthless bran. This layer consists of cells of gluten, 
 a substance containing a higher percentage of nutri- 
 ment than the rest of the berry, and giving to the flour 
 its strength and its rising properties. The more gluten 
 the flour contains, the “ stronger ” it is, that is, the more 
 dough can be made from a barrel of it ; the better the 
 dough will rise, and the more nourishing the bread will 
 be. Within the layer of gluten cells lie the albuminous 
 starch granules which constitute the greater bulk of the 
 berry. 
 
 At the bottom of the illustration you will see the 
 germ or embryo, a yellowish, oily body, not desirable 
 as a constituent of the flour — largely by reason of its 
 discoloring properties. 
 
 At the top of the illustration you will see the “ fuzz ” 
 or beard of fine woody fibres ; innutrious, discoloring, 
 and undesirable. 
 
 * By the oxycalcium projecting lantern. 
 
1 1 
 
 Snugly tucked away in the crease of the berry, is a 
 certain amount of bluish “ crease dirt,” difficult to re- 
 move, and extremely retentive of its place in the flour; 
 and of course discoloring in its properties. 
 
 FlG. 2. — IDEAL SPLITTING OF WHEAT BERRY IN GRADUAL REDUCTION. 
 
 The next diagram (Fig. 2) shows a whole berry, and 
 a few berries just cracked lengthwise as by ideal 
 milling, to liberate the germ.* 
 
 Lying upon and adhering to the outer coating of 
 bran, as well as partly in the crease, there is a certain 
 amount of loose dust, innutritious and discoloring. 
 
 There is also in any large bulk of wheat a varying 
 proportion of mechanically mixed impurities, such as 
 oats, chaff, chess, cockle, sticks, stones, straws, garlic, 
 grass seed, sand, gravel, rat dirt, rivets, iron wire, mis- 
 cellaneous fragments of metal, &c. 
 
 In Pennsylvania and in neighboring sections there 
 is great trouble from garlic seeds, which not only have 
 a strong odor and spoil the flour, but contain a gummy 
 
 * Figs. I and 2 are given by courtesy of Messrs. Chisholm Bros., Chicago. 
 
12 
 
 substance which fills up the pores of the stone and 
 glazes their faces, so that they have to be washed every 
 few hours. 
 
 Now, the great problem of the miller is to remove 
 all the mechanical impurities, all the innutritious and 
 discoloring portions of the berry, and to avail himself 
 of the albuminous starch granules, and of the gluten 
 cells, especially of the latter. 
 
 It is not an easy problem to solve, and it should be 
 a source of great wonder that its solution has been so 
 satisfactory, not only from a technical point of view, 
 but as a commercial success. 
 
 In the preparation of the wheat, the changes that 
 have taken place lie in its much more thorough handling 
 and cleaning, and in the toughening of the bran. The 
 old operations are more thoroughly performed, and are 
 supplemented by new ones. 
 
 The object of cleaning is fourfold: — 
 
 First . — To extract from the wheat as thoroughly as 
 possible all the dust, dirt, clay, stones, and foreign sub- 
 stances which would tend to impair the quality of the 
 flour, together with the beard and crease dirt in the 
 berry itself. 
 
 Second . — To extract any light, shrivelled or soft ber- 
 ries that are among the sound ones. 
 
 Third . — To remove any grass seed, garlic, cockle, 
 oats, and other seeds, clean or otherwise, that it may 
 contain. 
 
 Fourth . — To insure that it is perfectly dry. 
 
13 
 
 Before grinding, the wheat, if it be at all wet from 
 having come in leaky canal boats, or from other such 
 causes, is thoroughly dried to prepare it for the sub- 
 sequent operations. It then passes through what is 
 known as the separator, the object of which is to re- 
 move by sieves and by currents of air all the lighter 
 mechanically mixed impurities ; the sticks, straws, chaff, 
 chess, oats, &c. Good wheat should not have a half 
 a pound of dirt to the bushel. 
 
 Two forms of separators are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. 
 
 Fig. 3. — SEPARATOR. 
 
14 
 
 Fig. 4. — SEPARATOR. 
 
 It then passes through the “ smutter ” or “scourer,” 
 shown in the illustrations (Figs. 5 and 6). The object 
 of this is to break up the smut-balls and to remove the 
 less tightly adhering particles of dirt from the outer 
 part of the berry. As you will see by the illustrations, 
 
4 
 
 Fig. 5. — SM UTTER. 
 
 itf consists of an upright drum revolving in a case of 
 perforated metal. Between this revolving drum and 
 the perforated case the wheat falls ; the rapidly revolv- 
 ing drum breaking up the smut-balls and effecting a 
 thorough scouring of the wheat berries among and 
 against the beaters and the walls of the perforated case. 
 
 A current of air drawn in from below by the fan 
 above carries this dirt through the perforations in the 
 case into a surrounding jacket, and out of the building. 
 
 It is desirable to effect as thorough a cleaning as 
 possible without breaking the berries, after being grad- 
 ed in size. 
 
i6 
 
 Fig. 6. — section of smutter. 
 
 In some mills the fuzz or beard is removed by caus- 
 ing the grain to pass in a perpendicular position between 
 large rotating sandstone disks called “ending stones.”* 
 While the scourer effects a most satisfactory change 
 for the better in the appearance of the berry, it does 
 not remove all mechanically adhering dirt. 
 
 * There is hardly any one subject upon which millers differ so radically, and 
 dispute so rabidly, as this one question of ending stones. I may say, however, 
 that I do not know of any of our mammoth North-western mills that use them. 
 
17 
 
 That in the crease seems as yet indislodgeable (if 
 there be such a word — and if there is not, I shall make 
 it to order and use it while new.) 
 
 To attack this (the crease dirt, not the word) the 
 brushing machine is employed. It is similar to the 
 smutter, save that the drum consists of a cylindrical 
 tampico brush revolving in close contact with the case. 
 This brush gets at the crease dirt and largely removes 
 it, besides which it polishes the bran coating, so that 
 the once dull, lifeless wheat, intermixed with all kinds 
 of filth and other impurities, emerges with a bright and 
 smiling face. 
 
 
 Show, end viE * 
 
 ^ Brushes and BEATERS 
 Combine 0 ' 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 The cut (Fig. 7) shows the cylinder of a combined 
 smutter and brush machine, removed from the case. 
 Almost any cleaner that breaks wheat causes a waste. 
 The wheat cleaning machine should be placed so that 
 
i8 
 
 it can be easily reached and carefully looked after by 
 the miller.* 
 
 There is no use in saying that wheat can not be 
 cleaned so that there shall be no fuzz on the end of 
 the grain, because this not only can be done, but is done 
 every day in many mills. The fact that it is not done 
 in nine mills out of ten shows that there is room for 
 improvement there. 
 
 Among the changes that have taken place in the 
 preparation of the grain may be mentioned one which 
 is dependent upon or caused by the change in the mode 
 of harvesting. 
 
 With the introduction of the wire-binding reaper 
 came a new trouble to millers ; the presence, in the 
 wheat, of sharply pointed bits of iron and steel wire 
 which are liable to strike fire when they reach the 
 buhrs, and thereby to cause an explosion and a fire, or 
 if they do not do this they become flattened out and 
 like tiny knives or saws cut themselves through the 
 thin and expensive bolting silk used in covering the 
 reels. To get rid of this nuisance the magnet was 
 called into play. 
 
 n the passage of the grain through spouts in which 
 the poles of U-shaped magnets project, the iron and 
 steel particles cling to the magnets and may be removed 
 at intervals. 
 
 Magnets are best put in spouts where currents of 
 air work through the wheat. 
 
 *No general rule can be laid down as to where the cleaning machinery should 
 be placed. This must be determined for each particular mill, according to the 
 special conditions there existing. 
 
19 
 
 Curiously enough it has been found that the wire 
 binder is not responsible for all the iron that the wheat 
 contains, for the magnets are found to remove an assort- 
 ment of particles of iron and steel quite enough to 
 constitute a young junk-shop.* Among these may be 
 mentioned rivets, fragments of iron, tacks and nails, bits 
 of elevator cups, particles of iron ore, &c. 
 
 The next thing in a well-regulated mill should be the 
 grain meter — a device which not only weighs the 
 amount of grain used by the mill, but measures its flow. 
 By this the miller may know on any one day or at any 
 one hour just how many bushels of wheat it is then 
 taking to make a barrel of flour, so that if he see on 
 Monday that he is making a barrel from four bushels 
 and thirty pounds of wheat, and on Friday that four 
 bushels and fifty pounds are being used, he may search 
 for where the waste is and rectify it. 
 
 I told you that one of the principal troubles with 
 which the miller had to contend was the extreme brit- 
 tleness of the bran, which is more— difficult to handle 
 in some varieties of wheat than in others, and at some 
 seasons than at others. 
 
 To toughen this bran is desirable ; to make the grind- 
 ing and bolting even the year through he employs, if 
 he is using millstones, a heater, the passage through 
 which immediately precedes the entrance of the wheat 
 into the eye of the millstone. 
 
 * Of course the magnets will not take out brass or copper wire, though some 
 millers expect them to. These do not strike fire, but they cause trouble by cutting 
 the bolting silks. 
 

 
 
 
 20 
 
 • In tlirs heater the stream of wheat passes between 
 steam heated metallic surfaces. The heat draws the 
 moisture from the interior of the berry and effects the 
 toughening of the bran. The wheat heater enables 
 the miller to get a uniform grade of flour the whole year 
 around. Hard, flinty, and dry wheat especially need 
 heating, as their bran is always brittle. The skin is 
 tough only so long as hot. 
 
 In the Western and Southern States it was at one 
 time recently customary to bring live steam in contact 
 with the wheat, but this operation should be condemned, 
 as there is more than sufficient moisture in the berry 
 itself to accomplish the desired toughening. 
 
 Heating is not so necessary where rolls are employed 
 in granulating, as where buhr-stones are used ; in fact, 
 
 
2 
 
 Fig. 9. — SECTION OF nordyke & marmon’s upper runner mill. 
 
 one trouble sometimes experienced is in the use of 
 heaters for gradual roller reduction. It is that after the 
 first break, and especially after the second break, it be- 
 comes pulverized even worse than if heaters were not 
 used. But for buhr milling, to meet modern demands, 
 it is now an absolute necessity. 
 
 The next operation is grinding or granulation. In 
 the buhr mill (or “stone” mill,) there are employed either 
 upper runner stones, that is those in which the upper 
 stone revolves, and the lower is the “ bed ” or station- 
 ary stone, or under runner mills, in which the upper 
 stone is fixed and the under one rotates. 
 
 
22 
 
 Vertical stones are generally for portable mills. 
 
 In my remarks I say nothing of grinding any other 
 material than wheat (of course including in wheat mill- 
 ing the grinding of middlings and the cleaning of 
 bran). 
 
 Usually, when the upper stone is the runner, it oscil- 
 lates upon a point on the top of the vertical spindle 
 which drives it. 
 
 The connection between the two is loose, so as to 
 allow the stone to oscillate and adapt itself somewhat 
 to any lack of horizontality of the bed-stone or any in- 
 clination or eccentricity of the spindle. 
 
 One of the most improved drivers for transmitting 
 motions from the rotating spindle to the bail or iron 
 support is so constructed as to allow a large amount of 
 oscillation and adaptation of the runner, without undue 
 vibration, tremor, or fitfulness of running. 
 
 Fig. io. — sergeant driver. 
 
 The oscillating upper runner is the oldest known. 
 
 In the upper runner the pressure, and hence the 
 fineness of grinding to a certain extent, are given by 
 
the weight of the runner ; usually fifteen hundred to 
 two thousand pounds. 
 
 In the under runner the fineness of grinding is gov- 
 erned solely by the distance between the buhrs, which 
 is regulated by a screw. 
 
 Under runners can be driven faster than upper ; 
 they can use a smaller eye, and hence grind nearer the 
 centre ; and they choke less. 
 
 An upper runner is easier to take up and down than 
 an under runner ; when down it is easier to adjust than 
 an under runner; and when in motion it adjusts itself 
 
24 
 
 better to foreign bodies. When grinding there is less 
 pressure on the step than with the under runner; the 
 bush is less intricate and more durable; but the under 
 runner has the greater capacity of the two. 
 
 As regards the question of stiff or oscillating connec- 
 tion, it is very easy for any miller who has two run of 
 buhrs to try the two side by side on the same work, and 
 see which is the better. 
 
 The changes which have taken place in buhr mill- 
 stones employed in modern milling are, first in the ma- 
 terial of their composition. 
 
 This hard, porous, silicious stone comes from a cer- 
 tain district in France, from the long opened and long 
 famous quarries of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. The best 
 of these are rapidly becoming exhausted from the drain 
 upon them from all quarters of the civilized world, so 
 that the old stock is becoming scarcer and higher 
 priced, and is being replaced by closer and harder 
 “ new stock ” from the new quarries, not so good for 
 wheat. 
 
 The clear white and sometimes variegated stone, re- 
 sembling marble, is among the best for all uses, being 
 free and hard, and holding an edge well ; the yellowish 
 is by most millers considered the worst, and has a ten- 
 dency to glaze. 
 
 Cream light and drab are among the best. 
 
 A good millstone is told by its even grit, even tex- 
 ture, even openings, and even color; and best of all by 
 its close resemblance to one solid piece of stone with 
 the joints hardly distinguishable. The blocks should 
 
25 
 
 be joined the entire depth, and not simply with a face 
 joint.* 
 
 No matter what material be chosen, the stone should 
 be built up of blocks of equal weight and porosity 
 throughout, and as far as possible of blocks of the same 
 size in the same part of the stone. In the runner the 
 block should be of the same size or thickness. 
 
 The size of the millstones is being decreased. 
 Whereas in the olden times stones of four and a half 
 and even five feet in diameter were used, now four feet 
 is the largest size employed, and three and a half feet 
 is very usual in certain granulations. f 
 
 We find under runners gradually replacing the 
 upper, especially for grinding middlings. 
 
 New process buhr milling properly requires as many 
 run of stone on middlings as on wheat. 
 
 o 
 
 The “ dress ” of the stone, that is the mode of laying 
 out and making the furrows, and grinding surfaces, has 
 changed. 
 
 Whereas the furrows used to constitute about one- 
 third the area of the stone, and the “ lands ” or level 
 spaces between them the other two-thirds ; now it is 
 the rule to put in as much furrow and as little land as 
 possible, the proportion being now nearly two-thirds 
 furrows to one-third land. 
 
 Whereas the granulated surfaces were once care- 
 fully cracked or finely grooved by a skillful dresser with 
 
 * There are very few mill furnishers able and honest enough to make and sup- 
 ply such buhrs. 
 
 f Middlings stones are used as small as two and one-half feet ; and many 
 portable mills have vertical buhrs this small. 
 
26 
 
 Fig. 12. — GRISCOM DIAMOND dresser. 
 
 a pick; now smooth surfaces are more in vogue, as 
 tending to tear the bran less. 
 
 The dress of the millstone is a subject on which no 
 two millers seem to coincide, except where they agree 
 that each variety of material, each kind of milling, and 
 each kind of stone require a particular dress. A dress 
 that will suit 140 revolutions will not suit 175. There 
 are over two hundred different kinds of dress in use, 
 each having its advocates.* 
 
 But no matter what quality of face, what amount of 
 bosom, what draft or section of furrows be employed, 
 the work must be perfect of its kind. 
 
 
 *A special paper on Millstone Dressing, by the author, is in preparation. 
 
27 
 
 Whereas a heavy pick of finely tempered steel, 
 handled by an expert workman, was formerly exclus- 
 ively used in the tedious operations of reducing the 
 grinding surface to a perfect plane, and making the 
 furrows accurate in depth, width, slope, and surface — 
 now the diamond dressing machine, which is really a 
 planing machine with a diamond tool, is largely used to 
 effect the same operation in at least one-fifth of the 
 time. 
 
 A rotating emery wheel is also less generally em- 
 ployed. The makers of emery wheel millstone dress-' 
 ers claim for their machines a smoother furrow and 
 face, and a more distinct and sharp feather edge than 
 by other modes of dress, thus making a free passa e 
 between the stones and through the furrows. 
 
 They claim that this adds to the quality of the flour 
 and to the capacity of the stones thus dressed, and re- 
 quires less wheat to make a barrel of flour. 
 
 It is also claimed that the bran is less cut and pul- 
 verized, that there is less bran with the flour and less 
 flour with the bran. 
 
 Fig. 13.— coplin emery wheel dresser. 
 
 Fir. 14 . — deal’s corundum polisher. 
 
28 
 
 As regards the questions of economy of labor, what 
 two men would do in a week with picks one man with 
 the dresser would do in two or three days, thus saving 
 three or four days’ work of the stones to the owner of 
 the mill and eight days’ wages. 
 
 These two classes of machines exist in great varie- 
 ty, and are rapidly coming into favor and use. 
 
 By them, less skilled mechanics may effect better 
 work than was formerly done by the expert, and in 
 one-fifth the time ; beside which, the buhr is not idle so 
 long. 
 
 Blocks of emery or corundum are also used to 
 sharpen the face and furrows. 
 
 The driver was formerly a clumsy, expensive cast- 
 iron affair, with plenty of lost motion ; now it is scien- 
 tifically designed, and reinforced by steel wearing 
 points and with mathematical accuracy. 
 
 The mode of feeding the buhr-stone was formerly 
 by means of a shaking shoe and damsel, making what 
 was then considered cheerful music, but which is now 
 conceded to have been an awful row. Now a quiet, 
 adjustable “ silent feed ” pours its steady stream into 
 the eye of the stone. 
 
 Formerly there was trouble from the heating of the 
 millstones, which caused killing or deadening of the 
 flour, also from accumulation of moisture in the spout- 
 ing, which caused clogging of the bolting silk, and 
 dampness and sourness throughout the spouts. There 
 was also great danger from fire and explosion caused 
 by the extremely fine dust, which, mixed with air in 
 
29 
 
 FlG. 15. — BEHRNS-BREHMER EXHAUST. 
 
 certain proportions, forms a highly inflammable and 
 explosive mixture, and has wrecked many a mill. The 
 introduction of the wire binder increases the risk in 
 mills having no magnets. 
 
 Now this is obviated by the millstone exhaust which 
 I show you, by means of which a current of air is drawn 
 with the feed through the eye of the stone, and keeps 
 the chap or ground product cool and dry, the bolts 
 free, and the passages sweet and devoid of putrefying 
 matter ; besides which it saves a certain amount of 
 somewhat valuable material. 
 
 The heating of the chop by frictional contact with the 
 millstones is in some mills cured by means of a chop 
 cooler. 
 
30 
 
 Now let us see what the problem is in buhr middlings 
 milling, and how to solve it. 
 
 In olden times the chop which issued from the mill- 
 stone consisted (we will suppose well-cleaned wheat to 
 be .used), first, of a large percentage of flour, among 
 which there were particles of bran ; second, of mid- 
 dlings Qr imperfectly ground bits of berry, mostly con- 
 sisting. of the portion richest in gluten, lying next the 
 brain. To these middlings, particles of bran and flour 
 adhered. The third material was bran, to which parti- 
 cles of flour adhered. 
 
 The aim of the miller was to make as much and as 
 white flour, as large and as clean bran, and as few mid- 
 dlings, as possible, because these middlings, although 
 the most valuable portions of the berry, were of little 
 use to him except as feed, by reason of his inability to 
 remove from them the particles of bran. 
 
 Now-a-days the miller has had solved for him the 
 difficulty of purifying the middlings from the particles 
 of bran adhering to and mixed among them. 
 
 Since the middlings purifier (which we shall consider 
 in detail further on) has been introduced, the aim of 
 the miller is to make as many middlings as possible, 
 to make them as sharp and granular as he can, to 
 separate the other products from them, and to grind 
 them separately; under which treatment they yield the 
 celebrated “patent flour,” the whitest and the strongest 
 that can be made. 
 
 I have arranged upon the table here, a complete 
 line of specimens of material from the stone mill of 
 
3i 
 
 Welsh Brothers, at Thirty- first and Market streets. 
 (When I say “stone mill,” I mean a mill employing 
 buhr stones for granulation.) 
 
 To my left you will note a pile of the uncleaned 
 wheat, and to the right of it two piles, one^or^i^;- 
 ing of the same wheat aft£r it has been suljjed^d 
 the civilizing influences of the separator, the -^mutter, 
 and the brush, the other being an extremely un^ 
 tractive mass, consisting of dirt of various kind^jfoT^ y 
 which the considerate farmer allowed the enterprising*-^ 
 miller to pay a cent and a half a pound, there being 
 very likely about a pound and a half of it to the 
 bushel. 
 
 I shall merely remark that if you want dirty wheat, 
 California will do. 
 
 With this mass we will have little further to do. 
 
 To the right of the cleaned wheat you will notice 
 a pile which is the product of the granulation of the 
 second wheat. It is the “chop” sometimes called 
 “ Graham.” 
 
 It is not a homogeneous mass, but contains, as I 
 have said before, flour, fine bran specks, middlings, 
 and bran flakes, of various sizes, from one side of 
 which I can scrape, beat, or brush a certain quantity 
 of flour. 
 
 To the right of this pile of chop I have three piles 
 made by separating these materials, and consisting 
 of undusted bran, unpurified middlings, and unbolted 
 flour. 
 
 The next problem of the miller is to get the flour 
 
Fig. i 6 . — Richmond city bjlting chest. 
 
33 
 
 and the bran separately from the middlings, and to 
 get the bran specks out of the flour. The latter task 
 he generally accomplishes by means of a rotating reel, 
 almost horizontal, covered with fine silk cloth, the 
 meshes of which vary in size from the head to the 
 foot of the reel. 
 
 I show you one of the most improved bolting chests, 
 in which the reels and the screw conveyors rotate ; 
 also a section of one on a new principle, the bolting 
 silk being on a stationary screen, and the chop being 
 thrown against it. 
 
 o 
 
 Fig. 17. — section of shuttleworth chest. 
 
 Throughout the meshes of the silk covering of the 
 rotating reel the flour passes, the finest at one end and 
 the coarsest at the other. 
 
 No. 15 bolting cloth, now in common use, contains 
 
34 
 
 2i,QP4 meshes to the English square inch; No. 20 
 (not often used) contains 29,929.* 
 
 Of course a certain amount of bran specks pass 
 through the coarsest meshes. Bran, besides darken- 
 ing the floor, produces fermentation, making sugar and 
 gum in the bread, hence giving it a dark color. 
 
 What tails over is in this case of very little value, 
 because we have supposed the large bran flakes to 
 have been scalped out before. A bird in eating a 
 grain of wheat always rejects the bran. 
 
 To get the flour off the bran scales, they must be 
 handled tenderly, because, if beaten or brushed thor- 
 oughly, the edges of the particles will chip off and dis- 
 color the bran flour. 
 
 This bran flour may be removed, first, by passing the 
 uncleaned bran between millstones and then bolting ; 
 second, by whipping or beating machines such as are 
 employed for breaking up quartz ores ; third, by large 
 brushing machines of which I now show one on the 
 screen, and which are somewhat similar to those em- 
 ployed for effecting the final cleaning of the bran. 
 
 The middlings are generally “ dusted ” or “ disinte- 
 grated ” to remove the particles of adhering flour. 
 They then pass through a machine called a purifier, 
 which has done more to revolutionize milling than has 
 any other class of machines in the mill. 
 
 In the middlings purifier there are employed two 
 modes of separation — sieving and air-flotation. t 
 
 * There are few articles in which sophistication is so common as bolting silk. 
 None but leading brands should be purchased, and these only of well-known and 
 reliable houses. 
 
 f Frictional electricity is now being tried as a means of middlings purification. 
 
35 
 
 Pig, j 8, 
 
 This reddish mass of unpurified middlings contains 
 particles which differ in size, in shape, and in specific 
 gravity. They are fed down a slightly inclined length- 
 wise shaking screen, covered with bolting silk of vary- 
 ing coarseness, the finest at the head. 
 
 Through this screen comes from below a current of 
 air adjustable in quantity, direction, and velocity which' 
 passes through the thin even layer of middlings lying 
 upon and traveling down the screen, and lifts and floats, 
 off the offal or fine bran dust. 
 
 The fine middlings pass through the fine meshes at: 
 the head, while the coarse purified middlings pass, 
 through those at the foot. 
 
 Some material tails over to be re-handled,, and the 
 offal goes into the stive room. 
 
 If the middlings purifier be well adapted to the work, 
 the fine offal will contain very little fine flour, but will 
 be perfectly valueless except for feed. 
 
 In the purifier every provision is made to grade the 
 

 36 
 
 currents of air to suit the materials handled, the aim of 
 the miller being to produce middlings which are as hard 
 and granular, and as little flaky as possible. 
 
 Middlings require careful handling to avoid breaking 
 them up. The miller must adapt the silk cloth and air 
 current of the purifier to the material which he is 
 handling. Often purifiers are given uneven middlings 
 to work on, and then blamed for poor work. 
 
 Other things being equal, hard spring wheat and 
 “new process ” milling make larger and sharper mid- 
 dlings than soft winter wheat and “old process,” and 
 require a closer cloth and stronger air current in the 
 purifier. 
 
 Brownish middlings are heavier than white ones. 
 
 The fibre in middlings is often so fine as to be made 
 brown only by the red shade. 
 
37 
 
 Soft returns from rolls, tailings, and finished mid- 
 dlings are hard to purify. 
 
 The changes in the bolts rendered necessary by the 
 modern systems of milling are more silk surface and 
 finer meshes, reels of less length and diameter, and 
 an entire difference, which I can not explain in a mere 
 general outline, in the operations of the entire mounting 
 and arrangement of the reels and in the systems of 
 bolting. 
 
 The American and Hungarian millers use more silk 
 bolting surface than the English. 
 
 The spiral conveyors below the reels carry the ma- 
 terial outward and along. By means of suitable cut-off 
 slides, the miller can spout off separately the material 
 that passes through any portion- of the length of reel. 
 
 There is this thing that can be said in favor of buhr- 
 stones : — Nine out of ten that have been working 
 during the last twenty years have been badly hung, 
 ignorantly dressed, and wrongly run, and notwithstand- 
 ing this, they have done nearly all the flouring in the 
 world. If this device, so improperly cared for and 
 handled, is capable of doing so much and so good work 
 as the stone has done, much better can be done in the 
 future when people better understand it, and with in- 
 creased demand for it, increases its range and ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 The millstone must be given not only a perfect stand- 
 ing balance, but a perfect running balance, so that no 
 portion of it shall tend to tip. 
 
38 
 
 The spindle must be well made and accurately set, 
 and the bush or followers in which its upper end runs 
 must be adjustable to suit any inclination or eccentri- 
 city. 
 
 To secure perfectly steady, even motion, and freedom 
 from the evils of backlash, which are caused by irregu- 
 larity in gears, slipping of belts, and by the uneven 
 action of the crank when steam is used as a motive 
 power, it is best to have an “ anti-backlash spring ” 
 upon the spindle. 
 
 It is impossible to do sharp, cool, clean, and even 
 grinding unless the stone be in perfect face. To pro- 
 duce a geometrically accurate face in a practical and 
 simple manner by an instrument that is easily handled 
 
 4 
 
 and applied, and will neither require truing nor permit 
 of bad work being done with it, I have devised an im- 
 proved triangular iron paint staff, which has the sim- 
 plicity of the ordinary red staff, the strength and accu- 
 racy of the circular iron device, and the ease of appli- 
 cation of the wooden circle staff. It proves three 
 narrow beds, as the miller always does with his straight 
 red-stick ; but there is no possibility of these beds being 
 out of plane with one another. It reaches every inch 
 of the burr face, always applying the inexorable “ tri- 
 angular proofs.” * 
 
 * This device (price sixty dollars, boxed and delivered on cars or boat) is made 
 at the Newton Machine Tool Works, 2341 Callowhill Street, Philadelphia. 
 
HIGH ROLLER MILLING* 
 
 I shall next speak of high roller milling ; that is, mid- 
 dlings milling in which rollers are exclusively or largely 
 used for all the various purposes of granulation, mid- 
 dlings grinding, and bran dusting. 
 
 The essential features of the so-called Hungarian 
 system are : — 
 
 First . — A thorough separation, scouring, and brush- 
 ing. 
 
 Second . — -The passage, of the wheat between five 
 pairs of differentially speeded rolls, having corrugations 
 
 inch of 
 
 increasing in number from about eight per ii 
 
 * ' • > - 1 « » • ■» ' j* Jj j ’ 
 
 circumference to about thirty. 1 
 
 Third . — Separation of the bran from these breaks 
 by aspiration. 
 
 Fourth . — The grading and purifying of the middlings. 
 
 Fifth . — The sizing of the large middlings between 
 equally speeded chilled rolls, which also flatten the 
 germ. 
 
 Sixth . — Reduction of the purified middlings by dif- 
 ferentially speeded biscuit rolls. 
 
 Seventh . — Bolting the products of the above opera- 
 tions. 
 
 * This was the title of the second address, in which the general remarks of the 
 first evening were recapitulated for the benefit of those who were not present the 
 week before. 
 
 ( 39 ) 
 
40 
 
 It is claimed that the system is effected with twen- 
 ty-five per cent, less power, gives twenty pounds ex- 
 tra yield per barrel, and raises the grade of all the flour 
 made. 
 
 As I said before, the materials used in the construc- 
 tion of rolls are chilled iron and steel, homogeneous 
 porous cast iron and steel, biscuit (miscalled porce- 
 lain), and stone. 
 
 The chilled iron or steel rollers (generally chilled 
 iron), are made either plain or grooved; and the grooves 
 may be straight (that is, parallel with the axis of the 
 rollers), or rifled, that is, having a twist which prevents 
 those of one roll catching in those of another * 
 
 The : grooved rolls a**e for the l stacking-, granulating 
 and bran dressing; the plain rolls are for reducing 
 
 u r i , ^ o ' , ■ ' jj j, , , r i 
 
 middlings of vanoiis* sizes down to uniform size. 
 
 C t « ‘ 1 1 1 
 
 These chilled iron rolls should be of faultless mate- 
 rial and surface, and so hard that a file will not scratch 
 them. 
 
 The biscuit rolls are of a gritty porous porcelain, and 
 very hard. They are in length about seventeen inches 
 by nine in diameter. They make 250 revolutions per 
 minute, and with a six inch belt, giving three-horse 
 power at that speed, they will grind into flour 320 
 pounds of middlings per hour. 
 
 I use, and insist upon, the word biscuit, because por- 
 celain is properly biscuit ware which has been glazed, 
 and biscuit is unglazed porcelain. 
 
 * Soft wheats require more twist in the grooves than hard. 
 
4i 
 
 These biscuit rolls are very hard. They are not 
 affected by chemical actions. Being gritty, they do not 
 cake the middlings that pass between them ; and they 
 feed easier than metallic rolls. 
 
 Stone rolls are either furrowed with longitudinal 
 grooves, or plain, according to the uses for which they 
 are intended. 
 
 The rolls with spiral corrugations are from twenty- 
 four to thirty inches in length and nine in diameter ; 
 they have from eight to thirty corrugations per inch, the 
 larger corrugations being for the first or coarser break. 
 
 The sections of these corrugations vary very largely. 
 
 Sometimes they are of the outline of a rip-saw tooth, 
 sometimes like those of the Franklin Institute screw 
 thread, that is, a V with the top and bottom cut off: 
 sometimes a gentle wave, sometimes deep waves, and 
 sometimes rounded ribs with flat spaces between them.* 
 
 Generally these rolls work in pairs one against an- 
 other, and they may have rotation either in the same 
 direction or in different directions, and either with an 
 equal speed or with differential speeds. 
 
 Figs. 20, 21. — grooved rolls. (Allis.) 
 
 * The softer the wheat, the more need of roundness in the ribs. 
 
42 
 
 When they have differential speeds, the fast roll has 
 its corrugations or teeth pointing downwards, as you 
 will see by Fig. 2 1 ; and makes, say, two and a half 
 rotations to one of the slow roll, in which the teeth 
 point upwards. 
 
 The pressure between these rolls should be light. 
 
 For a mill of one hundred and fifty to one hundred 
 and seventy-five barrels capacity per twenty-four hours, 
 there are required five to six grooved rolls and two to 
 three smooth ones.* 
 
 Fig. 22. — gray roller frame. (E. P. Allis & Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) 
 
 * Soft and mixed wheats take more breaks than unmixed hard. 
 
43 
 
 The different materials which are fed to the corru- 
 gated rolls are whole wheat, cracked wheat, and bran.* 
 The smooth metal rolls get large middlings, which 
 are to be sized and degermed ; that is, the various bits 
 
 the germs which are mixed with them flattened, so that 
 they can be bolted out easily. 
 
 The porcelain rolls are used for grinding the sized 
 and* degermed middlings into patent flour. 
 
 * In altering a stone mill to the roller system, gradually, the bran rolls are 
 generally the first put in. 
 
44 
 
 Figs. 22, 23, and 24 show the most generally used 
 construction of the roll frames. 
 
 And now having run over the construction of the 
 rolls, I shall come back to the subject of gradual re- 
 duction by means of rollers. 
 
 On the table on the left you see arranged a complete 
 series of all the products and materials in the new 
 process buhr mills. 
 
 You will note that the piles of the material diverge 
 constantly ; it is an expanding series. 
 
 On the right I have arranged an equally complete 
 line of materials from a new roller mill recently started 
 in Buffalo,* and you will note that for a large distance 
 
 * By courtesy of Messrs. John T. Noye & Sons, Buffalo. 
 
45 
 
 there is a continuous line which on closer inspection is 
 found to consist of broken particles of the wheat ber- 
 ry, to which the bran still adheres. 
 
 At first you will notice the uncleaned wheat, next 
 the cleaned wheat and the dust, which is thrown away ; 
 next, what is termed the first break, that is the result of 
 passing the whole wheat from a pair of rolls having 
 eight corrugations to the inch. 
 
 The result of this first break is to split the berry 
 lengthwise, and otherwise break it into large pieces, 
 liberating the germ and the crease dirt, and making a 
 small portion of flour of not very high grade. 
 
 The cracking yield this first germ, dirty flour, and 
 inferior semolina or middlings. 
 
 This first break is passed through a little scalping 
 reel from which the large pieces go to the second break, 
 in which the rolls have ten corrugations to the inch, 
 and are set a little closer. 
 
 The same operation is repeated until five breaks 
 have been accomplished, and as the result from scalp- 
 ing the product of the fifth break, you have the bran 
 which then passes to the bran rolls. 
 
 Observe then that in this gradual reduction system, 
 there is made at each break only a very small portion 
 of flour and a certain amount of middlings. 
 
 The aim is to make as little break flour, as many as 
 sharp middlings, and as large, clean, light bran as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 How well this task has been accomplished any miller, 
 
46 
 
 in fact any one of this audience can judge by inspec- 
 tion of the piles of samples.* 
 
 The quantity of break flour made in the five breaks 
 is about twenty-five per cent, in most mills ; in this 
 mill we are assured that it does not exceed fifteen per 
 cent. 
 
 In the proper breaking lies the whole secret of suc- 
 cessful milling by gradual reduction. 
 
 The number, section, amount of twist, and distance 
 apart of the grooves, are all the object of careful 
 investigation, study, and experiment. 
 
 Each variety of wheat should be milled by itself. 
 Theoretically, each variety requires or should have a 
 certain section and twist. 
 
 It would be better if possible that berries of a size 
 should be broken together. Large berries make the 
 best flour. American wheat is drier than foreign. 
 
 The “Theiss” wheat from Hungary is probably the 
 best for the miller. “ Clawson ” and “ Fultz ” are 
 varieties yielding well for the farmer, but abhorred by 
 the miller and baker, as they are starchy and difficult 
 to handle, and make poor flour, unless specially milled 
 by most careful treatment.^ 
 
 When it comes to bran cleaning it must be remem- 
 bered that bran is not tough, it requires very careful 
 handling, and for such ponderous machines, weighing 
 as they do three thousand two hundred pounds, to 
 
 *Some of the bran flakes were so well cleaned that it was not easy to t$ll 
 which was the outer side. 
 
 f The author will be glad to communicate with those wishing to know how to 
 get flour of good yield, strength, and color, from Clawson, Fultz, or similar 
 starchy wheats. 
 
47 
 
 handle such tender andbrittle material so lightly, and 
 clean it so effectively, speaks high for the patience, 
 ingenuity, and skill of the inventors who devise, and 
 the mill furnishers who construct these machines. 
 
 The middlings which are made should be as round, 
 sharp, and granular as possible, and not flaky. The 
 softer and flakier they are, the more difficult they are 
 to purify. 
 
 Those from winter wheat are for this reason more 
 difficult to handle than those from hard spring. 
 
 Before going to the purifier the middlings should be 
 dusted to remove from any adhering flour, and if the 
 mill is at all a large one they should be graded into at 
 least three sizes, each of which should be treated 
 separately. 
 
 The Hungarians, who make from six to thirteen 
 grades of flour in one mill, make from ten to twenty 
 grades of middlings and handle each separately, which 
 unduly complicates the system. As our market does 
 not demand, and in fact would not take so many grades 
 of flour, it is better that we do not make over two or 
 three grades of middlings. 
 
 The advantages claimed for the Hungarian system 
 of gradual reduction roller milling, are that it makes 
 broader and cleaner bran ; that in granulation there 
 being only a line of contact instead of a large area, the 
 grinding is cool, hence the flour is livelier; that there 
 are more, rounder, and sharper middlings and little 
 germ flour ; that the rollers require comparatively little 
 care ; that they have less individuality and trickiness 
 (a fault which seems inseparable from the use of 
 
buhr-stones) ; that they are easy to mount, to drive, to 
 start, and to regulate; that they have positive motion; 
 that the system permits more frequent reductions with 
 the same plant ; that the bearings run cool ; that there 
 is less damage to the rolls, if any, from light feed ; that 
 they are easy to feed ; that the accuracy of the grinding 
 surface is easily and definitely proved ; that they take 
 less power to make a given amount of flour; that 
 rollers consume only eight to ten horse power per bar- 
 rel of flour per hour, while buhr-stones will average 
 at least ten to twelve, and even fifteen. 
 
 The consumption of fuel in a good roller mill de- 
 pends, of course, upon the boiler, which develops and 
 the engine which utilizes the steam, as well as upon 
 the character of the fuel itself ; but it may be stated 
 broadly that the amount of coal consumed is from 
 twenty-five to forty pounds per barrel of flour.* 
 
 It is claimed that the differential motion of the rolls 
 gives one-third more output for the same power than 
 where they have the same speed and motion. 
 
 The disadvantages of rollers are that you can not 
 change the dress in a day to suit the character of any 
 new material which you may wish to grind ; that they 
 must be dressed at a distance by special machinery 
 instead of in the mill by your own men ; and that the 
 system is as yet not applicable to mills of less capacity 
 than one hundred and twenty-five or perhaps one 
 hundred barrels of flour in twenty-four hours. 
 
 * E. P. Allis & Co., claim the minimum coal consumption ; 22.4 lbs. of coal 
 per barrel of flour. This is in a large mill, using a Reynolds-Corliss automatic 
 cut-off engine, condensing. 
 
r* — v \ /'- - -- . ■ '}' S ~Z//. / £y 9 >'/. . " ’/•• ' A-L, — 1, 
 
 I V/ V fa?;sw% '^777777*. ’ 1 ? 1 , L - *, 
 
 Fig. 25. — deseronto mills, Canada. (Designed and equipped by J. T. Noye & Sons, Buffalo.) 
 
5i 
 
 Figs. 25 and 26 show two sections of an approved 
 mill of modern construction, recently erected in Canada 
 to run largely with the Stevens round-groove rollers. 
 
 Fig. 27. — part view of Jonathan mills’ gradual reduction disk. 
 
 In Fig. 27 is shown the dress of the Jonathan 
 Mills’ iron gradual reduction disks. They are made by 
 
 Fig. 28.— section of Jonathan mills’ gradual reduction disks, showing 
 
 IDEAL SPLITTING OF BERRY. 
 
 Chisholm Bros., Chicago. Fig. 28 shows in section 
 their action. I hope to have occasion, in the near 
 future, to address you in detail upon the practical 
 workings of the Mills gradual reduction system, which 
 is attracting much attention in our great West. 
 
SEVEN RUN MILL OF THE RICHMOND CITY MILL WORKS. 
 
 | ^The illustrations given herewith show a New Process stone-mill especially designed to make the entire 
 product a straight grade of a high quality. There are five run of buhrs for wheat, and two for mid- 
 dlings ; four purifiers, one bran duster, two flour packers, one bran packer, one pair of bran rolls, one 
 pair of middlings rolls, thirteen elevators, sixteen reels arranged in two eight-reel chests, and one 
 separate reel for grading. The wheat goes from the stock bins to the five wheat stones. The product 
 of the five runs is equally divided between the two upper reels in the upper chest, there being one 
 elevator for each. These upper reels are clothed to take a part of the flour off at the head, and all 
 middlings off at the tail. The middlings which come from the tail of the two upper reels are dusted 
 in the lower reels, and then pass through the grader to the several purifiers. After purification, 
 the middlings go to the two runs of middlings stones, and are then bolted separately on five reels ot 
 the other eight-reel chest, arranged precisely like those in the first chest. Two reels in the same chest 
 are used for the products from the rolls, and all flour is finished on the remaining reel, anti thoroughly 
 mixed before going to the packers ; or, if desired, that portion of the flour made from the middlings 
 is packed separately as a patent brand. 
 
SEVEN RUN BUHR MILL. 
 
 (Richmond City Mill Works.) 
 
 
In Press. 
 
 COMPLETE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT, 
 and MILL FURNISHER. 
 
 BY ROBERT GRIMSHAW. 
 
 GIVING FULL PRACTICAL DETAILS 
 
 FOR 
 
 BUILDING, EQUIPPING, AND SUCCESSFULLY 
 RUNNING A MODERN FLOURING MILL. 
 
 Planning, Building, Motive Power, Transmission, Gran- 
 ulation by Buhrs and Rollers, Mounting the Buhrs, 
 Buhr Dressing, Rollers, Bolting, Middlings Purify- 
 ing, Making Corn Meal and Various Products; Alter- 
 ing Mills, Tools and their Uses, Mill-wrighting, 
 Tables and Recipes. 
 
 OCTAVO PAGES. 300 ILLUSTRATIONS. STRONGLY BOUND IN CLOTH. 
 
 PRICE ONLY $6. 
 
 No such work has ever before been produced. It has been prepared with 
 the assistance of the most eminent and successful millers, 
 mill wrights, and mill-furnishers of the day. 
 
 All orders may be addressed, enclosing the price, six dollars, to 
 
 ROBERT GRIMSHAW, 
 
 222 South Eighth Street, Philadelphia* 
 
ABSTRACT OF OFFICIAL REPORT 
 
 Read by Mr. Nicholas Elies > Chairman of Committee on Mill Machinery , before 
 the National Millers' Association at the Convention held at Grand Pacific 
 Hotel , in Chicago , June yth, 1881. 
 
 * * * “Hafner’s Springs and Pulleys.— This simple and 
 
 yet very effective device for prevention of backlash, &c., is a matter about which 
 I have had many letters from parties using the Hafner’s Equilibrium Driving Pulley 
 with Spring Attachment, and all certify that it is a good and valuable device, 
 preventing all strain on spindles, and overcoming the backlash so common in the 
 use of cog or belt gearing. To those millers who are troubled with backlash in 
 their gearing, I would advise a trial of these devices and will say that they will 
 be pleased with it, and a relief will certainly be found by its use. * * * * 
 
 “NICHOLAS ELLES, 
 
 "Chairman." 
 
 Equilibrium Driving Pulley for Mill $pindles. 
 
 PREVENTS SIDE PULL 
 ON SPINDLE BY BELT. 
 
 UNIFORM AND ELASTIC 
 TENSION ON BURR. 
 
 EASILY APPLIED. 
 
 Eureka Eoil 5p r ’ n g f° r Spindles. 
 
 Can be applied above or below Pinion. 
 
 This is the Spring of which 
 D. R. Sparks , President Illinois 
 Millers ’ A ssocia tion , says : “We 
 ARE ONLY SORRV THAT WE DJO 
 NOT GET THEM AT FIRST.” 
 
 Write for Illustrated Catalogue and any desired information to 
 
 JOHN A. HAFNER, 39 Water Street, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
WELCH’S 
 
 I MPROVED W HEAT H EATER 
 
 WITH STEAMING ATTACHMENT. 
 
 First Premium, Millers’ International Exhibition. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF HEATER. 
 
 PP. — Conical coil of pipe. 
 
 C. — Hollow iron cone. 
 
 AA. — Channel between coil and cone. 
 
 BB. — Filled with asbestos. 
 
 F. — Steam valve. Can be used at pleasure. 
 
 O. — Waste steam. 
 
 The wheat enters this machine through one 
 opening, passes down the channel marked A A 
 between the conical coil PP and the iron cone C 
 (notched), spreading out and passing through a 
 series of openings in the bottom, is there caught 
 in hopper E and led to the buhrs, the bran being 
 thoroughly toughened on every grain. 
 
 By the conical shape of the pipe and chamber, 
 every grain of wheat must come in contact with 
 both the coil and cone, and thereby be evenly and 
 thoroughly heated ; the notches in the cone cause 
 the wheat to turn over and over as it passes down. 
 This machine, being packed between the coil and 
 jacket with asbestos, prevents radiation of heat. 
 
 DIMENSIONS OF HEATER. 
 
 Inlet Valve, inch. 
 
 Exhaust Valve, ft “ 
 
 Length of Heater, 21 inches. 
 
 “ Funnel, 5 “ 
 
 Entire Length 26% “ 
 
 Opening at Bottom, 3 “ 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF WELCH’S WHEAT HEATER. 
 
 First. — Its peculiar construction insures the even heating of every 
 grain of wheat. 
 
 Second. — Being packed between coil and jacket with asbestos, no 
 heat escapes, but is concentrated on the wheat. 
 
 Third. — It uses the least possible amount of steam, as no heat is 
 lost. 
 
 Fourth. — The outside of the Heater is comparatively cool. 
 
 Fifth. — It will both STEAM and HEAT wheat. 
 
 Sixth. — The flour is whiter, and yield greater. The Middlings 
 purer and whiter, and the Bran broader. 
 
 Seventh. — It is built on scientific principles. 
 
 Eighth. — The cone being Cast Iron, produces a moist heat — a heat 
 that is far superior for heating wheat to that produced by any other 
 metal. 
 
 REFERENCES CHEERFULLY GIVEN ON APPLICATION 
 TO MILLS USING OUR HEATER. 
 
 .A.. B_ BOWMAN, Manufacturer, 
 
 No. 703 Market Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
 

 ROBERT GRIMSHAW’S 
 
 ENGINEERING# EXPERT OFFICES, 
 
 222 S. EIGHTH ST., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 fry 
 
 Examinations and Tests; Reports and Advices ; 
 Searches, Investigations and Improve- 
 ments; Design and Purchase 
 of Machines, &e. 
 
 SPECIALTIES: 
 
 FUEL, and LABOR SAYING, WOOD and STONE WORKING, 
 GRAIN CLEANING and FLOURING MACHINERY; 
 LUBRICATION ; TRANSMISSION ; BRICKMAKING and 
 SAWING MACHINERY; MANUFACTURE of BEET SU- 
 GAR, ARTIFICIAL FUEL, &c. ; ARTIFICIAL COLD. 
 
 COMPETENT ASSISTANTS ; RELIABLE FOREIGN 
 CORRESPONDENTS. ALL MATTERS VERI- 
 FIED BY MR. GRIMSHAW IN PERSON. 
 
 MILL MACHINERY, &c. 
 
 Purchased under guarantee for the best interests of the 
 
 BUYER, 
 
 and with special reference to the particular circumstances 
 under which work is to be performed. 
 
 In sending specimens to be tested for tensile, torsional, shearing or crushing 
 strength, or in any other manner, Mark each Sample, if possible, as well as the 
 entire package, with your name and address; Prepay all express Charge*: .Mail 
 the Fees and Letter of Advice, stating just what and how many tests are to be 
 made, whether or not the specimens are to be returned, and whether results are to be 
 published or kept confidential. Address Package and Letter simply: 
 
 ROBERT GRIMSHAW, 222 South Eighth St., Philadelphia 
 Special Machines for testing Oils, Bearings and Wide Belts. 
 
MODEL OF PERFECTION! 
 
 Qravs Patent Noiseless Roller M ill - 
 
 Best Iron Roller Mill, Best Bran Cleaning Machine, Best Porcelain 
 Roller Mill, and declared by Four Prominent Millers, Superior 
 to the Millstone tor Treating Purified Middlings. 
 
 Important Patented Features of the Gray Roller Mill, and found on no other : 
 
 lnt. BELT MO VE . If EV T.— The cut at the lefc represents the front or driving side of 
 the Machine, by which the two fast rolls and an adjustable countershaft are driven by one 
 belt; the countershaft revolving in opposite direction from the Rolls. The cut at the right rep- 
 resents the back side of the Machine, the two slow rolls being driven by separate endless belts 
 from the adjustable countershaft. 
 
 lid. B ELT TIG It TE \E R.—A rod passes from the top of the Machine to the hangings of 
 the adjustable countershaft on either side. A loosening of the set screw which holds the coun- 
 tershaft hangings, and turning of the tightener rods at the top with an ordinary wrench, sets the 
 countershaft further away, and necessarily tightens the belts. 
 
 lid. The journals for the two inside rolls are stationary, while those for the outside rolls 
 are formed on a pivot, swung on an eccentric sleeve, which by turning will either raise or low:r 
 the end of the roll, thus enabling the miller to keep one roll parallel with the other, which is ab- 
 solutely essential to the perfect working of a machine. A now device in the way of a Proofplate 
 we have adopted, which has two parallel edges, and by placing it on two of the rolls at any 
 time will determine whether the rolls are parallel or not If not, the plate will rock, when by 
 slightly loosening the stay bolt, which holds the eccentric firm, the roll may be raised or lowered 
 until parallel, at which time the plate will remain stationary. 
 
 4th. The outside bearing being formed on a pivot, a pull rod runs through it at the upper 
 arm, with a screw on the end for a handwheel, a coil spring around the rod which is seated in 
 the arm casing, a double check nut next the casing, and an eccentric at the other end of the pull 
 rod where it connects with a cross rod. By turning the handwheel you adjust the rolls ; the 
 spring will give in case any hard substance should p iss through, and no injury will be sustained ; 
 the check nuts lock the rolls so they can never touch and do injury. 
 
 5th. The rolls, being once adjusted, require no more attention. The eccentric formed at 
 the connection of the four pull rods and the two cross rods, is operated jointly by a connecting 
 lever from one cross rod to the other ; thus enabling the miller to throw his rolls apart when 
 shutting down, or together when starting up, without changing the adjustment. 
 
 (ith. An inside Gate formed in the hopper for each feed roll, by means of an eccentric to 
 each gate and a connecting rod which runs through the hopper with a lever attached on outside 
 of hopper, so that the feed may be shutoflfand thrown on at any time without changing the ad- 
 justment of the set feed. 
 
 7th. The general solidity and construction of the Machine. 
 
 EDW. P. ALLIS & CO., Reliance Works, 
 
 MIL WA UKEE, Wis., U. S. A. 
 
GRAY’S 
 
 Patent Noiseless Roller Mill. 
 
 L. P. ALLIS & co„ 
 
 RELIANCE WORKS, 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WIS 
 
Stevens - Roller Mill. 
 
 THESE MILLS COMBINE THE FOLLOWING 
 ADVANTAGES : 
 
 First. — By the peculiarity of the corrugations they granulate 
 
 WITHOUT CUTTING. 
 
 Second. — They make a very small percentage of break 
 
 FLOUR. 
 
 Third. — The break flour from first reduction contains only 
 germs and dirt which is lodged in the crease of the berry, and the 
 break flour from the remaining breaks is comparatively free from 
 
 IMPURITIES. 
 
 Fourth. — They make a large quantity of middlings which are 
 free from particles of bran, because the corrugations disintegrate 
 THE BERRY, AND DO NOT CUT IT. 
 
Fifth. — They do not chop the bran, consequently it is large, 
 
 FLAKY, AND PERFECTLY CLEAN. 
 
 Sixth. — They make flour from the sixth break (or bran roll), 
 which is ABSOLUTELY FREE FROM IMPURITIES. 
 
 Seventh. — They are the only roller mills which can be used on 
 
 SOFT WINTER WHEATS. 
 
 Eighth. — They are the only roller mills with a fixed adjustment, 
 which makes it unnecessary to throw them apart when running 
 empty. 
 
 Ninth. — They are the only roller mills having an 
 and lock, by which the rolls can be adjusted to their- 
 
 POSITION INSTANTLY. ’ -j* 
 
 In all other roller mills the adjustment must be made every, tirtf^ 
 the rolls are started, and ten minutes time lost with consid^able*^ 
 waste of product, while the miller is feeling the meal. J 
 
 These features, which have been abundantly tested and provecr 
 scores of mills, place the 
 
 STEVENS’ ROLLER MILL 
 
 in the van of all milling improvements since the time of Oliver 
 Evans, and account for the unprecedented success which has at- 
 tended their introduction. 
 
 In the short period of eight months more than seventeen hun- 
 dred of these mills have been sold in the United States. 
 
 All of the mills, with the exception of three in Minneapolis, the 
 great milling centre of the country, have adopted the Stevens Roll. 
 
 The manufacturers do not ask or expect any one to take their 
 statements without verification. 
 
 They therefore invite millers to investigate the Stevens system 
 where it is in use, and with this object they will furnish letters of 
 introduction to those millers who are using the rolls. 
 
 They do ask millers or others, not to accept the declarations of 
 envious competitors, but to subject every statement to the most 
 rigid investigation. 
 
 Plans, specifications, and estimates will be furnished to any one 
 who contemplates adopting the Roller System of Gradual Reduction. 
 
 Address, 
 
 JOHN T. NO YE & SONS, 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
KEEP YOUR BUHRS IN FACE. 
 
 \ 
 
 This device gives all the accuracy and inalterability 
 of the circular iron staff with the lightness of the cir- 
 cular wooden staff, and the convenience of the ordinary 
 straight wooden staff. 
 
 It staffs the three “ first beds” at once, and from these, 
 by slight shifting, trues and proves the whole face of 
 the stone. Reaches every square inch of the buhr 
 face, without covering it all up at once. 
 
 Absolutely true, and not affected by weather. Re- 
 quires no proof staff. Can be handled by one man. 
 Guaranteed. Price for four-foot stone , $6o> including 
 boxing and delivery on cars. 
 
 NEWTON MACHINE TOOL WORKS, 
 2141 & 2143 Callowhill Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 O F 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HEEBY CARET BAIRD & CO., 
 
 Industrial Publishers and Booksellers, 
 
 NO. 810 WALNUT STREET, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Any of the Books comprised in this Catalogue will be sent by mail, free of 
 postage, at the publication price. 
 
 *3- A Descriptive Catalogue, 96 pages, 8vo., will be sent, free of postage, to any 
 one who will furnish the publisher with his address. 
 
 ARLOT.— A Complete Guide for Coach Painters. 
 
 Translated from the French of M. Arlot, Coach Painter; for eleven 
 years Foreman of Painting to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By 
 A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. To which is added an Ap- 
 pendix, containing Information respecting the Materials and the 
 Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing in the United 
 States and Great Britain. 12mo $1.25 
 
 ARMENGAUD, AMOROUX, and JOHNSON.— The 
 Practical Draughtsman’s Book of Industrial De- 
 sign, and Machinist’s and Engineer’s Drawing 
 Companion : 
 
 Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical Engineering and Archi- 
 tectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, 
 of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. 
 Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten 
 and arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and 
 examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of 
 the day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. t., Editor of “ The 
 Practical Mechanic’s Journal.” Illustrated by 50 folio steel plates, 
 and 50 wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to $10.00 
 
 1 
 
2 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 ARROWSMITH- Paper-Hanger’s Companion : 
 
 A Treatise in which the Practical Operations of the Trade are Sys- 
 tematically laid down : with Copious Directions Preparatory to Paper- 
 ing; Preventives against the Effect of Damp on Walls ; the Various 
 Cements and Pastes Adapted to the Several Purposes of the Trade ; 
 Observations and Directions for the Panelling and Ornamenting of 
 Rooms, etc. By James Arrowsmith, Author of “Analysis of Dra- 
 pery,” etc. 12mo., cloth. $1.25 
 
 ASHTON.— The Theory and Practice of the Art of De- 
 signing Fancy Cotton and Woollen Cloths from 
 Sample : 
 
 Giving full Instructions for Reducing Drafts, as well as the Methods 
 of Spooling and Making out Harness for Cross Drafts, and Finding 
 any Required Reed, with Calculations and Tables of Yarn. By 
 Frederick T. Ashton, Designer, West Pittsfield, Mass. With 52 
 Illustrations. One volume, 4to $10.00 
 
 BAIRD — Letters on the Crisis, the Currency and the 
 Credit System. 
 
 By Henry Carey Baird. Pamphlet 05 
 
 BAIRD. — Protection of Home Labor and Home Pro- 
 ductions necessary to the Prosperity of the Ameri- 
 can Farmer. 
 
 By Henry Carey Baird. 8vo., paper 10 
 
 BAIRD.— Some of the Fallacies of British Free-Trade 
 Revenue Reform. 
 
 Two Letters to Arthur Latham Perry, Professor of History and Politi- 
 cal Economy in Williams College. By Henry Carey Baird. 
 
 Pamphlet 05 
 
 BAIRD.— The Rights of American Producers, and the 
 Wrongs of British Free-Trade Revenue Reform. 
 
 By Henry Carey Baird. Pamphlet 05 
 
 BAIRD.— Standard Wages Computing Tables : 
 
 An Improvement in all former Methods of Computation, so arranged 
 that wages for days, hours, or fractions of hours, at a specified rate per 
 day or hour, maybe ascertained at a glance. By T. Spangler Baird. 
 Oblong folio $5.00 
 
 BAIRD.— The American Cotton Spinner, and Mana- 
 
 ger’s and Carder’s Guide : 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Dimensions and 
 Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calculations, etc. ; with 
 notices of recent Improvements: together with Rules and Examples 
 for making changes in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. 
 Compiled from the papers of the late Robert H. Baird. 12mo. $1.50 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 3 
 
 BAKER.— Long-Span Railway Bridges : 
 
 Comprising Investigations of the Comparative Theoretical and Prac- 
 tical Advantages of the various Adopted or Proposed Type Systems 
 of Construction ; with numerous Formula; and Tables. By B. Baker. 
 12mo $2.00 
 
 BAUERMAN.-A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron : 
 
 Containing Outlines of the History of Iron Manufacture, Methods of 
 Assay, and Analysis of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of Iron 
 and Steel, etc., etc. By H. Bauerman, F. G. S., Associate of the 
 Royal School of Mines. First American Edition, Revised and En- 
 larged. With au Appendix on the Martin Process for Making Steel, 
 from the Report of Abram S. Hewitt, U. S. Commissioner to the 
 Universal Exposition at Paris, 1867. Illustrated. 12mo. . $2.00 
 
 BEANS. — A Treatise on Railway Curves and the Loca- 
 tion of Railways. 
 
 By E. \V. Beans, C. E. Illustrated. 12mo. Tucks. . . $1.50 
 
 BELL.— Carpentry Made Easy : 
 
 Or, The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System. 
 With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, 
 Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. Comprising also a 
 System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable 
 Tables. Illustrated by 38 plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By 
 William E. Bell, Architect and Practical Builder. 8vo. . $5.00 
 
 BELL.— Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting : 
 
 An Experimental and Practical Examination of the Circumstances 
 which determine the Capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature 
 of the Air, and the proper Condition of the Materials to be operated 
 upon. By I. Lowtiiian Bell. Illustrated. 8vo. 
 
 BEMROSE.— Manual of Wood Carving : 
 
 With Practical Illustrations for Learners of the Art, and Original and 
 Selected Designs. By WILLIAM Bemrose, Jr. With an Introduction 
 by Llewellyn Jewitt, F. S. A., etc. W T ith 128 Illustrations. 4to., 
 cloth $3.00 
 
 BICKNELL.— Village Builder, and Supplement: 
 
 Elevations and Plans for Cottages, Villas, Suburban Residences, 
 Farm Houses, Stables and Carriage Houses. Store Fronts, School 
 Houses, Churches, Court Houses, and a model Jail ; also, Exterior and 
 Interior details for Public and Private Buildings, with approved 
 Forms of Contracts and Specifications, including Prices of Building 
 Materials and Labor at Boston, Mass., and St. Louis, Mo. Containing 
 75 plates drawn to scale ; showing the style and cost of building in 
 different sections of the country, being an original work comprising 
 the designs of twenty leading architects, representing the New Eng- 
 land, Middle, Western, and Southwestern States. 4to. . $10.00 
 
4 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 BLENKARN. — Practical Specifications of Works exe- 
 cuted in Architecture, Civil and Mechanical Engi- 
 neering, and in Road Making and Sewering : 
 
 To which are added a series of practically useful Agreements and Re- 
 ports. By John Blenkarn. Illustrated by 15 large folding plates. 
 8vo. $9.00 
 
 BLINN.— A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, 
 Sheet-Iron, and Copperplate Workers : 
 
 Containing Rules for describing various kinds of Patterns used by 
 Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-plate Workers; Practical Geometry; 
 Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables of the Weights of Metals, 
 Lead Pipe, etc. ; Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles ; 
 Japan, Varnishes, Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc., etc. By 
 Leroy J. Bunn, Master Mechanic. With over 100 Illustrations. 
 12mo. $2.50 
 
 BOOTH.— Marble Worker’s Manual : 
 
 Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in general, their 
 Cutting, Working, and Polishing; Veneering of Marble; Mosaics; 
 Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, Stuccos, Cements, Receipts, 
 Secrets, etc., etc. Translated from the French by M. L. Booth. 
 With an Appendix concerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth. $1.50 
 
 BOOTH AND MORFIT.— The Encyclopedia of Che- 
 mistry, Practical and Theoretical : 
 
 Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Ge- 
 ology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By James C. Booth, Melter and 
 Refiner in the United States Mint, Professor of Applied Chemistry in 
 the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted by Campbell Morfit, author 
 of “ Chemical Manipulations,” etc. Seventh edition. Royal 8vo., 
 978 pages, with numerous wood-cuts and other illustrations. . $5.00 
 
 BOX. — A Practical Treatise on Heat: 
 
 As applied to the Useful Arts ; for the Use of Engineers, Architects, 
 etc. By Thomas Box, author of “ Practical Hydraulics.” Illustrated 
 by 14 plates containing 114 figures. 12mo. . . . . $5.00 
 
 BOX.— Practical Hydraulics : 
 
 A Series of Rules and Tables for the use of Engineers, etc. By 
 Thomas Box. 12mo $2.00 
 
 BROWN.— Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical 
 Movements : 
 
 Embracing all those which are most important in Dynamics, Hydrau- 
 lics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Mill and other Gear- 
 ing, Presses, Horology, and Miscellaneous Machinery ; and including 
 many movements never before published, and several of which have 
 only recently come into use. By Henry T. Brown, Editor of the 
 “ American Artisan.” In one volume, 12ma . . $1.00 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 BIJCKM ASTER.— The Elements of Mechanical Phy- 
 sics : 
 
 By J. C. Buckmaster, late Student in the Government School of 
 Mines ; Certified Teacher of Science by the Department of Science 
 and Art; Examiner in Chemistry and Physics in the Royal College 
 of Preceptors; and late Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics of the 
 Royal Polytechnic Institute. Illustrated with numerous engravings. 
 In one volume, 12mo $1.50 
 
 BULLOCK.— The American Cottage Builder: 
 
 A Series of Designs, Plans, and Specifications, from $200 to $20,000, 
 for Homes for the People ; together with Warming, Ventilation, 
 Drainage, Painting, and Landscape Gardening. By John Bullock, 
 Architect, Civil Engineer, Mechanician, and Editor of “ The Rudi- 
 ments of Architecture and Building,” etc., etc. Illustrated by 75 en- 
 gravings. In one volume, 8vo $3.50 
 
 BULLOCK. — The Rudiments of Architecture and 
 Building : 
 
 For the use of Architects, Builders, Draughtsmen, Machinists, Engi- 
 neers, and Mechanics. Edited by JOHN Bullock, author of “ The 
 American Cottage Builder.” Illustrated by 250 engravings. In one 
 volume, 8vo $3.50 
 
 BURGH.— Practical Illustrations of Land and Marine 
 Engines : 
 
 Showing in detail the Modern Improvements of High and Low Pres- 
 sure, Surface Condensation, and Super-heating, together with Land 
 and Marine Boilers. By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. Illustrated by 
 20 plates, double elephant folio, with text . . . . $21.00 
 
 BURGH.— Practical Rules for the Proportions of Mo- 
 dern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine 
 Purposes. 
 
 By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. 12mo $1.50 
 
 BURGH.— The Slide-Valve Practically Considered. 
 
 By N. P. Burgii, Engineer. Completely illustrated. 12mo. $2.00 
 
 BYLES.— Sophisms of Free Trade and Popular Politi- 
 cal Economy Examined. 
 
 By a Barrister (Sir John Barnard Byles, Judge of Common 
 Pleas). First American from the Ninth English Edition, as published 
 by the Manchester Reciprocity Association. In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 $1.25 
 
 BYRN.— The Complete Practical Brewer : 
 
 Or Plain, Accurate, and Thorough Instructions in the Art of Brewing 
 Beer, Ale, Porter, including the Process of making Bavarian Beer, 
 all the Small Beers, such as Root-beer, Ginger-pop, Sarsaparilla- 
 beer, Mead, Spruce Beer, etc., etc. Adapted to the use of Public 
 Brewers and Private Families. By M. La Fay'ETTE Byrn, M. D. 
 With illustrations. 12mo . $1.25 
 
6 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 BYRN. — The Complete Practical Distiller : 
 
 Comprising the most perfect and exact Theoretical and Practical De- 
 scription of the Art of Distillation and Rectification ; including all of 
 the most recent improvements in distilling apparatus; instructions 
 for preparing spirits from the numerous vegetables, fruits, etc. ; direc- 
 tions for the distillation and preparation of all kinds of brandies and 
 other spirits, spirituous and other compounds, etc., etc. By M. La 
 -Fayette Byrn, M. D. Eighth Edition. To which are added, Prac- 
 tical- Directions for Distilling, from the French of Tli. Fling, Brewer 
 
 ' dnri Distiller. 12mo $1.50 
 
 . i r 
 
 BYE5JE. — Handbook for the Artisan, Mechanic, and 
 9 gngineer : 
 
 Qjnprising the Grinding and Sharpening of Cutting Tools, Abrasive 
 Processes, Lapidary Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing 
 Iftul Lackering, Apparatus, Materials and Processes for Grinding and 
 • Polishing, etc. By Oliver Byrne. Illustrated by 185 wood en- 
 gravings. In one volume, 8vo $5.00 
 
 BYRNE.— Pocket Book for Railroad and Civil Engi- 
 neers : 
 
 Containing New, Exact, and Concise Methods for Laying out Rail- 
 road Curves, Switches, Frog Angles, and Crossings; the Staking 
 out of work; Levelling; the Calculation of Cuttings ; Embankments; 
 Earth-work, etc. By Oliver Byrne. 18mo., full bound, pocket- 
 book form $1.75 
 
 BYRNE.— The Practical Model Calculator : 
 
 For the Engineer, Mechanic, Manufacturer of Engine Work, Naval 
 Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By Oliver Byrne. 1 volume, 
 8vo., nearly 600 pages $4.50 
 
 BYRNE.— The Practical Metal-Worker’s Assistant: 
 
 Comprising Metallurgic Chemistry; the Arts of Working all Metals 
 and Alloys; Forging of Iron and Steel; Hardening and Tempering; 
 Melting and Mixing; Casting and Founding; Works in Sheet Metal ; 
 The Processes Dependent on the Ductility of the Metals; Soldering; 
 and the most Improved Processes and Tools employed by Metal- 
 Workers. With the Application of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy to 
 Manufacturing Processes ; collected from Original Sources, and from 
 the Works of Holtzapffel, Bergeron, Leupold, Plumier, Napier, 
 ScofFern, Clay, Fairbairn, and others. By Oliver Byrne. A new, 
 revised, and 'improved edition, to which is added An Appendix, con- 
 taining The Manufacture of Russian Sheet-Iron. By John 
 Percy, M. D., F.R.S. The Manufacture of Malleable Iron- 
 Castings, and Improvements in Bessemer Steel. By A. A. 
 Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. With over 600 Engravings, illus- 
 trating every Branch of the Subject. 8vo $7.00 
 
 Cabinet Maker’s Album of Furniture: 
 
 Comprising a Collection of Designs for Furniture. Illustrated by 48 
 Large and Beautifully Engraved Plates. Iu one vol., obloug $3.50 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 7 
 
 CALLINGHAM.— Sign Writing and Glass Emboss- 
 ing: 
 
 A Complete Practical Illustrated Manual of the Art. By James 
 Callingham. In one volume, 12mo $1.50 
 
 CAMPIN. — A Practical Treatise on Mechanical Engi- 
 neering : 
 
 Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools,, 
 shop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture ojr St 
 engines, etc., etc. With an Appendix on the Analysis of 
 Iron Ores. By Francis Campin, C. E. To which are addltL^dffik- 
 vations on the Construction of Steam Boilers, and Remarks 
 Furnaces used for Smoke Prevention; with a Chapter on ExmBiionf. 
 By R. Armstrong, C. E., and John Bourne. Rules for CafctSitin^ 
 the Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Lathe, and for a' s ^Meel- 
 cutting Machine. By J. La Nicca. Management of Steel, budd- 
 ing Forging, Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, Shrinking, and'l^» . 
 pansiou. And the Case-hardening of Iron. By G. Ede. 8vo. llm^-f^ 
 trated with 29 plates and 100 wood engravings . . . $G.CK>*^ 
 
 CAMPIN.— The Practice of Hand-Turning in Wood, 
 Ivory, Shell, etc. : 
 
 With Instructions for Turning such works in Metal as may be re* 
 auired in the Practice of Turning Wood, Ivory, etc. Also, an Appen- 
 dix on Ornamental Turning. By Francis Campin ; with Numerous 
 Illustrations. 12mo., cloth $2.00 
 
 CAREY.— The Works of Henry C. Carey : 
 
 FINANCIAL CRISES, their Causes and Effects. 8vo. paper . 25 
 
 HARMONY OF INTERESTS : Agricultural, Manufacturing, and 
 
 Commercial. 8vo., cloth $1.50 
 
 MANUAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. Condensed from Carey’s “ Prin- 
 ciples of Social Science.” By Kate McKean. 1 vol. 12mo. $2.25 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS : comprising “ Harmony of Interests,” 
 “Money,” “Letters to the President,” “ Financial’ Crises,” “The 
 Way to Outdo England Without Fighting Her,” “Resources of 
 the Union,” “The Public Debt,” “Contraction or Expansion?” 
 “ Review of the Decade 1857-’67,” “ Reconstruction,” etc., etc. 
 
 Two vols., 8vo., cloth 
 
 PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 8vo $2.50 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. 3 vols., 8vo., cloth $10.00 
 THE SLAVE-TRADE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN ; Why it Ex- 
 ists, and How it may be Extinguished (1853). 8vo., cloth . $2.00 
 LETTERS ON INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT (1867) . 50 
 
 THE UNITY OF LAW : As Exhibited in the Relations of Physical, 
 Social, Mental, and Moral Science (1872). In one volume, 8vo., 
 pp. xxiii., 433 . Cloth $3.50 
 
 CHAPMAN.— A Treatise on Ropemaking : 
 
 As Practised in private and public Rope yards, with a Description 
 of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc., adapted to the 
 Trades, Shipping, Mining, Railways, Builders, etc. By Robert 
 Chatman. 24 mo * . . . $1.50 
 
8 
 
 HENRY CAIIEY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 COLBURN.— The Locomotive Engine : 
 
 Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Estimating its Capa- 
 bilities, and Practical Observations on its Construction and Manage- 
 ment. By Zerah Colburn. Illustrated. A new edition. 12mo. $1.25 
 
 CRAIK. — The Practical American Millwright and 
 Miller. 
 
 By David Craik, Millwright. Illustrated by numerous wood en- 
 gravings, and two folding plates. 8vo $5.00 
 
 DE GRAFF.— The Geometrical Stair Builders’ Guide : 
 
 Being a Plain Practical System of Hand-Railing, embracing all its 
 necessary Details, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel Engrav- 
 ings ; together with the use of the most approved principles of Prac- 
 tical Geometry. By Simon De Graff, Architect. 4to. . $5.00 
 
 BE KONINCK.— DIETZ.— A Practical Manual of Che- 
 mical Analysis and Assaying : 
 
 As applied to the Manufacture of Iron from its Ores, and to Cast Iron, 
 Wrought Iron, and Steel, as found in Commerce. By L. L. I)e Kon- 
 inck, Dr. Sc., and E. Dietz, Engineer. Edited with Notes, by Robert 
 Mallet, F.R.S., F.S.G., M.I.C.E., etc. American Edition, Edited 
 with Notes and an Appendix on Iron Ores, by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist 
 and Engineer. One volume, 12mo $2.50 
 
 DUNCAN.— Practical Surveyor’s Guide: 
 
 Containing the necessary information to make any person, of common 
 capacity, a finished land surveyor without the aid of a teacher. By 
 Andrew Duncan. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth. . . . $1.25 
 
 DUPLAIS.— A Treatise on the Manufacture and Dis- 
 tillation of Alcoholic Liquors : 
 
 Comprising Accurate and Complete Details in Regard to Alcohol from 
 Wine, Molasses, Beets, Grain, Rice, Potatoes, Sorghum, Asphodel, 
 Fruits, etc. ; with the Distillation and Rectification of Brandy, Whis- 
 key, Rum, Gin, Swiss, Absinthe, etc., the Preparation of Aromatic Wa- 
 ters, Volatile Oils or Essences, Sugars, Syrups, Aromatic Tinctures, 
 Liqueurs, Cordial Wines, Effervescing Wines, etc., the Aging of Brandy 
 and the Improvement of Spirits, with Copious Directions and Tables 
 for Testing and Reducing Spirituous Liquors, etc., etc. Translated 
 and Edited from the French of MM. Duplais, Ain<* et Jeune. By 
 M. McKennie, M.D. To which are added the United States Internal 
 Revenue Regulations for the Assessment and Collection of Taxes on 
 Distilled Spirits. Illustrated by fourteen folding plates and several 
 wood engravings. 743 pp., 8vo $10.00 
 
 DUSSAUCE.— A General Treatise on the Manufacture 
 of Every Description of Soap : 
 
 Comprising the Chemistry of the Art, with Remarks on Alkalies, Sa- 
 ponifiable Fatty Bodies, the apparatus necessary in a Soap Factory, 
 Practical Instructions in the manufacture of the various kinus of Soap, 
 the assay of Soaps, etc., etc. Edited from Notes of Larme, Fontenelle, 
 Mulapayre, Dufour, and others, with large and important additions by 
 Prof. II. DUSSAUCE, Chemist. Illustrated. In one vol., 8vo. . $25.00 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 !> 
 
 DUSSAUCE.— A General Treatise on the Manufacture 
 of Vinegar : 
 
 Theoretical and Practical. Comprising the various Methods, by the 
 Slow and the Quick Processes, with Alcohol, Wine, Crain, Malt, Cider, 
 Molasses, and Beets ; as well as the Fabrication of Wood Vinegar, etc/ 
 etc. By Prof. II. Dussauce. In one volume, 8vo. . . $5.00 
 
 DUSSAUCE. — A New and Complete Treatise on the 
 Arts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing : 
 
 Comprising all the Discoveries and Improvements made in France, . 
 Great Britain, and the United States. Edited from Notes and Docu- 
 ments of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, Dessables, Labarraque, 
 Payen, Rene, De Fontenelle, Malapeyre, etc., etc. By Prof. II. Dus- 
 sauce, Chemist. Illustrated by 212 wood engravings. 8vo. $25.00 
 
 DUSSAUCE. — A Practical Guide for the Perfumer : 
 
 Being a New Treatise on Perfumery, the most favorable to the Beauty 
 without being injurious to the Health, comprising a Description of the 
 substances used in Perfumery, the Formulae of more than 1000 Prepa- 
 rations, such as Cosmetics, Perfumed Oils, Tooth Powders, Waters, 
 Extracts, Tinctures, Infusions, Spirits, Vinaigres, Essential Oils, Pas- 
 tels, Creams, Soaps, and many new Hygienic Products not hitherto 
 described. Edited from Notes and Documents of Messrs. Debay, Lu- 
 nel, etc. With additions by Prof. II. Dussauce, Chemist. 12mo. 
 
 DUSSAUCE.— Practical Treatise on the Fabrication 
 of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulminating Powders. 
 
 By Prof. H. DUSSAUCE. 12mo $3.00 
 
 Dyer and Color-maker’s Companion: 
 
 Containing upwards of 200 Receipts for making Colors, on the most 
 approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now in exist- 
 ence; with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, 
 Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. In one vol., 12mo. . $1.25 
 
 EASTON.— A Practical Treatise on Street or Horse- 
 power Railways. 
 
 By Alexander Easton, C. E. Illustrated by 23 plates. 8vo., 
 cloth $3.00 
 
 ELDER.— Questions of the Day : 
 
 Economic and Social. By Dr. William Elder. 8vo. . $3.00 
 
 FAIRBAIRN.— The Principles of Mechanism and Ma- 
 chinery of Transmission : 
 
 Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Wheels, and Pulleys, 
 Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Coupling of Shafts, and Engaging 
 and Disengaging Gear. By Sir William Fairbairn, C.E., LL.D., 
 F.R.S., F.G.S. Beautifully illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts.^ In 
 one volume, 12mo. $2.50 
 
 FORSYTH. — Book of Designs for Headstones, Mural, 
 
 and other Monuments : 
 
 Containing 78 Designs. By James Forsyth. With an Introduction 
 by Charles Boutell, M. A. 4to., cloth $5.00 
 
10 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 GIBSON. — The American Dyer: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Coloring of Wool, Cotton, Yarn and 
 Cloth, in three parts. Part First gives a descriptive account of the 
 Dye Stuffs; if of vegetable origin, where produced, how cultivated, 
 arid how prepared for use; if chemical, their composition, specific 
 gravities, and general adaptability, how adulterated, and how to de- 
 tect the adulterations, etc. Part Second is devoted to the Coloring of 
 Wool, giving recipes for one hundred and twenty-nine different colors 
 or shades, and is supplied with sixty colored samples of Wool. Part 
 Third is devoted to the Coloring of Raw Cotton or Cotton Waste, for 
 mixing with Wool Colors in the Manufacture of all kinds of Fabrics, 
 gives recipes for thirty-eight different colors or shades, and is supplied 
 with twenty-four colored samples of Cotton Waste. Also, recipes for 
 Coloring Beavers, Doeskins, and Flannels, with remarks upon Ani- 
 lines, giving recipes for fifteen different colors or shades, and nine 
 samples of Aniline Colors that will stand both the Fulling and Scour- 
 ing process. Also, recipes for Aniline Colors on Cotton Thread, and 
 recipes for Common Colors on Cotton Yarns. Embracing in all over 
 two hundred recipes for Colors and Shades, and ninety-four samples 
 of Colored Wool and Cotton Waste, etc. By Richard H. Gibson, 
 Practical Dyer and Chemist. In one volume, 8vo. . . $6.00 
 
 GILBART.— History and Principles of Banking : 
 
 A Practical Treatise. By James W. Gilbart, late Manager of the 
 London and Westminster Bank. With additions. In one volume, 
 8vo., 600 pages, sheep $5.00 
 
 Gothic Album for Cabinet Makers : 
 
 Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Illustrated 
 by 23 large and beautifully engraved plates. Oblong . . $2.00 
 
 GRANT. — Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the 
 Beet. 
 
 By E. B. Grant. 12mo $1.25 
 
 GREGORY.— Mathematics for Practical Men : 
 
 Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, anc 
 Civil Engineers. By Olinthus Gregory. 8vo., plates, cloth $3.0(1 
 
 GRISWOLD.— Railroad Engineer’s Pocket Compan- 
 ion for the Field : 
 
 Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and Angles, 
 Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary Tables for Engi- 
 neers ; also the art of Levelling from Preliminary Survey to the Con- 
 struction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer, 
 together with Numerous Valuable Rules and Examples. By W. 
 Griswold. 12mo., tucks $1.75 
 
 GRUNER- Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena. 
 
 Bv M. L. Gruner, President of the General Council of Mines of 
 France, and lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines. 
 Translated, with the Author’s sanction, with an Appendix, by L. D. B. 
 Gordon, F. R. S. E.. F. G.S. Illustrated. 8vo. . . .* $2.50 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 U 
 
 GUETTIER.— Metallic Alloys: 
 
 Being a Practical Guide to their Chemical and Physical Properties, 
 their Preparation, Composition, and Uses. Translated from the 
 French of A. Guettier, Engineer and Director of Foundries, author 
 of“ La Fouderie en France,” etc., etc. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist 
 and Engineer. In one volume, 12mo $3.00 
 
 HARRIS. — Gas Superintendent’s Pocket Companion. 
 
 Bv Harris & Brother, Gas Meter Manufacturers, 1115 and 1117 
 Cherry Street, Philadelphia. Full bound in pocket-book form $1.00 
 
 Hats and Felting: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on their Manufacture. By a Practical Hatter. 
 Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, etc. 8vo. . . . $1.25 
 
 HOFMANN. — A Practical Treatise on the Manufac- 
 ture of Paper in all its Branches. 
 
 By Carl Hofmann. Late Superintendent of paper mills in Ger- 
 many and the United States; recently manager of the Public Ledger 
 Paper Mills, near Elkton, Md. Illustrated by 110 wood engravings, 
 ana five large folding plates. In one volume, 4to., cloth; 398 
 pages $15.00 
 
 HUGHES. — American Miller and Millwright’s Assist- 
 ant. 
 
 By Wm. Carter Hughes. A new edition. In one vol., 12mo. $1.50 
 
 HURST.— A Hand-Book for Architectural Surveyors 
 and others engaged in Building: 
 
 Containing Formulae useful in Designing Builder’s work, Table of - 
 Weights, of the materials used in Building, Memoranda connected 
 with Builders’ work, Mensuration, the Practice of Builders’ Measure- 
 ment, Contracts of Labor, Valuation of Property, Summary of the 
 Practice in Dilapidation, etc., etc. By J. F. Hurst, C. E. Second 
 edition, pocket-book form, full bound $2.00 
 
 JERVIS.— Railway Property : 
 
 A Treatise on the Construction and Management of Railways ; de- 
 signed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, to the holders 
 of this class of property ; as well as Railway Managers, Officers, and 
 Agents. By JOHN B. Jervis, late Chief Engineer of the Hudson 
 River Railroad, Croton Aqueduct, etc. In one vol., 12mo., cloth $2.00 
 
 JOHNSTON.— Instructions for the Analysis of Soils, 
 Limestones, and Manures. 
 
 By J. F. W. Johnston. 12mo 
 
12 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 KEENE. — A Hand-Book of Practical Gauging : 
 
 For the Use of Beginners, to which is added, A Chapter on Distilla 
 tion, describing the process in operation at the Custom House fo* 
 ascertaining the strength of wines. By James B. Keene, of H. M. 
 Customs. 8 vo. $1.25 
 
 KELLEY.— Speeches, Addresses, and Letters on In- 
 dustrial and Financial Questions. 
 
 By Hon. William D. Kelley, M. C. In one volume, 544 pages, 
 8vo $3.00 
 
 KENTISH.— A Treatise on a Box of Instruments, 
 
 And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry and Loga- 
 rithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Measuring of Tim. 
 her, Cask and Malt Gauging, Heights, and Distances. By Thomas 
 
 Kentish. In one volume. 12mo. $1.25 
 
 KOBELL.— ERNI. — Mineralogy Simplified : 
 
 A short Method of Determining and Classifying Minerals, by means 
 of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way. Translated from 
 the last German Edition of F. Yon Kobell, with an Introduction to 
 Blow-pipe Analysis and other additions. By Henri Erni, M. D., 
 late Chief Chemist, Department of Agriculture, author of “ Coal Oil 
 and Petroleum.” In one volume, 12mo. .... $2.50 
 
 LANDRIN. — A Treatise on Steel: 
 
 Comprising its Theory, Metallurgy, Properties, Practical Working, 
 and Use. By M. H. C. Landrin, Jr., Civil Engineer. Translated 
 from the French, with Notes, by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engi- 
 neer. With an Appendix on the Bessemer arid, the Martin Processes 
 for Manufacturing Steel, from the Report of Abram S. Hewitt, United 
 States Commissioner to the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. In one 
 volume, 12mo. $3.00 
 
 LARKIN.— The Practical Brass and Iron Founder’s 
 Guide : 
 
 A Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals and their 
 Alloys, etc. : to which are added Recent Improvements in the Manu- 
 facture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer Process, etc., etc. By James 
 Larkin, late Conductor of the Brass Foundry Department in Ileany, 
 Neafie & Co’s. Penn Works, Philadelphia. Fifth edition, revised, 
 with Extensive additions. In one volume, 12mo. . . $2.25 
 
 LEA VITT.— Facts about Peat as an Article of Fuel : 
 
 With Remarks upon its Origin and Composition, the Localities in 
 which it is found, the Methods of Preparation and Manufacture, and 
 the various Uses to which it is applicable ; together with many other 
 matters of Practical and Scientific Interest. To which is added a chap- 
 ter on the Utilization of Coal Dust with Peat for the Production of an 
 Excellent Fuel at Moderate Cost, specially adapted for Steam Service. 
 By T. H. Leavitt. Third edition. 12mo. . . . $1.75 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 13 
 
 LEROUX, C. — A Practical Treatise on the Manufac- 
 ture of Worsteds and Carded Yarns: 
 
 Comprising Practical Mechanics, with Rules and Calculations applied 
 to Spinning; Sorting, Cleaning, and Scouring Wools; the English 
 and French methods of Combing, Drawing, and Spinning Worsteds 
 and Manufacturing Carded Yarns. Translated from the French of 
 Charles Leroux, Mechanical Engineer, and Superintendent of a 
 Spinning Mill, by Horatio Paine, M. I)., and A. A. Fesquet, 
 Cnemist and Engineer. Illustrated by 12 large Plates. To which is 
 added an Appendix, containing extracts from the Reports of the Inter- 
 national Jury, and of the Artisans selected by the Committee appointed 
 by the Council of the Society of Arts, London, on Woollen and Worsted 
 Machinery and Fabrics, as exhibited in the Paris Universal Exposi- 
 tion, 1867. 8vo., cloth $5.00 
 
 LESLIE (Miss).— Complete Cookery: 
 
 Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches. By Miss Leslie. 
 60th thousand. Thoroughly revised, with the addition of New Re- 
 ceipts. In one volume, 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 LESLIE (Miss). — Ladies’ House Book: 
 
 A Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition. 12mo., cloth. 
 
 LESLIE (Miss). — Two Hundred Receipts in French 
 Cookery. 
 
 Cloth, 12mo. 
 
 LIEBER.— Assayer’s Guide : 
 
 Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters, for the 
 Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, for the Ores of all 
 the principal Metals, of Gold and Silver Coins and Alloys, and of 
 Coal, etc. By Oscar M. Lieber. 12mo., cloth. . . $1.25 
 
 LOTH.— The Practical Stair Builder: 
 
 A Complete Treatise on the Art of Building Stairs and Hand-Rails, 
 Designed for Carpenters, Builders, and Stair-Builders. Illustrated 
 with Thirty Original Plates. By C. Edward Lotii, Professional 
 Stair-Builder. One large 4to. volume. .... $10.00 
 
 LOVE. — The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scouring, and 
 Finishing, on the Most Approved English and 
 French Methods: 
 
 Being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woollens, and Cottons, 
 Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc. Scouring and Cleaning Bed and Window 
 Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc. French and English Cleaning, any 
 Color or Fabric of Silk, Satin, or Damask. By Thomas Love, a 
 Working Dyer and Scourer. Second American Edition, to which are 
 added General Instructions for the Use of Aniline Colors. In one 
 volume, 8vo., 343 pages. $6.00 
 
14 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE 
 
 MAIN and BROWN.— Questions on Subjects Con- 
 nected with the Marine Steam-Engine : 
 
 And Examination Papers : with Hints for their Solution. By Thomas 
 J. Main, Professor of Mathematics, Royal Naval College, and Thomas 
 Brown, Chief Engineer, R. 12mo., cloth. . . . $1.50 
 
 MAIN and BROWN.— The Indicator and Dynamo- 
 meter : 
 
 With their Practical Applications to the Steam-Engine. By Thomas 
 J. Main, M. A. F. R., Assistant Professor Royal Naval College, Ports- 
 mouth, and Thomas Brown, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Chief Engineer, It. 
 N., attached to the Royal Naval College. Illustrated. From the 
 Fourth London Edition. 8vo. $1.50 
 
 MAIN and BROWN. — The Marine Steam-Engine. 
 
 By Thomas J. Main, F. R. ; Assistant S. Mathematical Professor at 
 the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and . Thomas Brown, Assoc. 
 Inst. C. E., Chief Engineer R. N. Attached to the Royal Naval Col- 
 lege. Authors of “ Questions connected with the Marine Steam-En- 
 gine,” and the “ Indicator and Dynamometer.” With numerous Illus- 
 trations. In one volume, 8vo. $5.00 
 
 MARTIN. — Screw-Cutting Tables, for the Use of Me- 
 chanical Engineers : 
 
 Showing the Proper Arrangement of Wheels for Cutting the Threads 
 of Screws of any required Pitch ; with a Table for Making the Uni- 
 versal Gas-Pipe Thread and Taps. By W. A. Martin, Engineer. 
 8vo 50 
 
 Mechanics’ (Amateur) Workshop: 
 
 A treatise containing plain and concise directions for the manipula- 
 tion of Wood and Metals, including Casting, Forging, Brazing, Sol- 
 dering, and Carpentry. By the author of the “ Lathe and its Uses.” 
 Third edition. Illustrated. 8vo $3.00 
 
 MOLESWORTH. — Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae 
 and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical Engi- 
 neers. 
 
 By Guilford L. Molesworth, Member of the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers, Chief Resident Engineer of the Ceylon Railway. Second 
 American, from the Tenth London Edition. In one volume, full 
 bound in pocket-book form $1.00 
 
 NAPIER.— A System of Chemistry Applied to Dyeing. 
 
 By James Napier, F. C. S. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edi- 
 tion. Completely brought up to the present state of the Science, inclu- 
 ding the Chemistry of Coal Tar Colors, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist 
 and Engineer. With an Appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as 
 shown at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. Illustrated. In one 
 Volume, 8vo., 422 pages $5.00 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 15 
 
 NAPIER. — Manual of Electro-Metallurgy: 
 
 Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing Processes. By 
 James Napier, fourth American, from the Fourth London edition, 
 revised and enlarged. Illustrated by engravings. In one vol., Svo. $2.00 
 
 NASON. — Table of Reactions for Qualitative Chemical 
 Analysis. 
 
 By Henry B. Nason, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Poly- 
 technic Institute, Troy, New York. Illustrated by Colors. 
 
 NEWBERY. — Gleanings from Ornamental Art of 
 every style : 
 
 Drawn from Examples in the British, South Kensington, Indian, 
 Crystal Palace, and >ther Museums, the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, 
 and the best English and Foreign works. In a series of one hundred 
 exquisitely drawn Plates, containing many hundred examples. By 
 Robert Newbery. 4to $12.50 
 
 NICHOLSON.— A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding : 
 
 Containing full instructions in the different Branches of Forwarding, 
 Gilding, and Finishing . ' Also, the Art of Marbling Book-edges and 
 Paper. By James B. Nicholson. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth. $2.25 
 
 NICHOLSON.— The Carpenter’s New Guide: 
 
 A Complete Book of Lines for Carpenters and Joiners. By Peter 
 Nicholson. The whole carefully and thoroughly revised by II. K. 
 Davis, and containing numerous new and improved and original De- 
 signs for Roofs, Domes, etc. By Samuel Sloan, Architect. Illus- 
 trated by 80 plates. 4to. 
 
 NORRIS. — A Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers 
 and Machinists : 
 
 Comprising the Proportions and Calculations for Constructing Loco- 
 motives ; Manner of Setting Valves ; Tables of Squares, Cubes, Areas, 
 etc., etc. By Septimus Norris, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. 
 New edition. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 NYSTROM.— On Technological Education, and the 
 Construction of Ships and Screw Propellers : 
 
 For Naval and Marine Engineers. Bv John W. Nystrom, late Act- 
 ing Chief Engineer, U. S. N. Second edition, revised with additional 
 matter. Illustrated by seven engravings. 12mo. . . $1.50 
 
 O’NEILL.— A Dictionary of Dyeing and Calico Print- 
 ing: 
 
 Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Processes in use 
 in the Art of Dyeing and Printing Textile Fabrics; with Practical 
 Receipts and Scientific Information. By Charles O’Neill, Ana- 
 lytical Chemist ; Fellow of the Chemical Society of London ; Member 
 of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester; Author of 
 “Chemistry oi* Calico Printing and Dyeing.” To which is added an 
 Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their application to Dyeing and Calico 
 Printing. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. With an Ap- 
 pendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal 
 Exposition, Paris, 1867. In one volume, 8vo., 491 pages. . $5.00 
 
16 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 ORTON.— Underground Treasures : 
 
 How and Where to Find Them. A Key for the Ready Determination 
 of all the Useful Minerals within the United States. By James 
 Orton, A. M. Illustrated, 12mo.l . . . . $1.50 
 
 OSBORN.— American Mines and Mining: 
 
 Theoretically and Practically Considered. By Prof. n. S. Osborn. 
 Illustrated by numerous engravings. 8vo. (In preparation.) 
 
 OSBORN.— The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel : 
 
 Theoretical and Practical in all its Branches ; with special reference 
 to American Materials and Processes. By H. S. Osborn, LL. D., 
 Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Lafayette College, Easton, 
 Pennsylvania. Illustrated by numerous large folding plates and 
 wood-engravings. 8vo. $17.50 
 
 OVERMAN. — The Manufacture of Steel : 
 
 Containing the'Praetice and Principles of Working and Making Steel. 
 A Handbook for Blacksmiths and Workers in Steel and Iron, Wagon 
 Makers, Die Sinkers, Cutlers, and Manufacturers of Files and Hard- 
 ware, of Steel and Iron, and for Men of Science and Art. By Fred- 
 erick Overman, Mining Engineer, Author of the “ Manufacture of 
 Iron,” etc. A new, enlarged, and revised Edition. By A. A. Fesquet, 
 Chemist and Engineer $1.50 
 
 OVERMAN.— The Moulder and Founder’s Pocket 
 Guide : 
 
 A Treatise on Moulding and Founding in Green-sand, Dry-sand, Loam, 
 and Cement; the Moulding of Machine Frames, Mill-gear, Hollow- 
 ware, Ornaments, Trinkets, Bells, and Statues ; Description of Moulds 
 for Iron, Bronze, Brass, and other Metals ; Plaster of Paris, Sulphur, 
 Wax, and other articles commonly used in Casting; the Construction 
 of Melting Furnaces, the Melting and Founding of Metals ; the Com- 
 position of Alloys and their Nature. With an Appendix containing 
 Receipts for Alloys, Bronze, Varnishes and Colors for Castings ; also, 
 Tables on the Strength and other qualities of Cast Metals. By Fred- 
 erick Overman, Mining Engineer, Author of “The Manufacture 
 of Iron.” With 42 Illustrations. 12mo $2.00 
 
 Painter, Gilder, and Varnisher’s Companion: 
 
 Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the Arts 
 of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, Glass-Staining, Graining, Marbling, 
 Sign-Writing, Gilding on Glass, and Coach Painting and Varnishing; 
 Tests for the Detection of Adulterations in Oils, Colors, etc. ; and a 
 Statement of the Diseases to which Painters are peculiarly liable, with 
 the Simplest and Best Remedies. Sixteenth Edition. Revised, with 
 an Appendix. Containing Colors and Coloring— Theoretical and 
 Practical. Comprising descriptions of a great variety of Additional 
 Pigments, their Qualities and Uses, to which are added, Dryers, and 
 Modes and Operations of Painting, etc. Together with Chevreul’s 
 Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. 12mo., cloth. $1.50 
 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 \ K 
 
 17 
 
 PALLETT. — The Miller’s, Millwright’s, and Engineer’s 
 Guide. 
 
 By Henry Pallett. Illustrated. In one volume, 12mo. $3.00 
 
 PERCY.— The Manufacture of Russian Sheet-Iron. 
 
 By John Percy, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Metallurgy at the Royal 
 School of Mines, and to The Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at 
 the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich ; Author of “ Metallurgy.” 
 With Illustrations. 8vo., paper 50 cts. 
 
 PERKINS.— Gas and Ventilation. 
 
 Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. With Special Relation to 
 Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking by Gas. Including Scientific 
 Helps to Engineer-students and others. With Illustrated Diagrams. 
 By E. E. Perkins. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 PERKINS and STOWE.— A New Guide to the Sheet- 
 iron and Boiler Plate Roller : 
 
 Containing a Series of Tables showing the Weight of Slabs and Piles 
 to produce Boiler Plates, and of the Weight of Piles and the Sizes of 
 Bars to produce Sheet-iron; the Thickness of the Bar Gauge in 
 decimals ; the Weight per foot, and the Thickness on the Bar or Wire 
 Gauge of the fractional parts of an inch ; the Weight per sheet, and 
 the Thickness on the Wire Gauge of Sheet-iron of various dimensions 
 to weigh 112 lbs. per bundle; and the conversion of Short Weight 
 into Long Weight, and Long Weight into Short. Estimated and col- 
 lected by G. H. Perkins and J. G. Stowe $2.50 
 
 PHILLIPS and DARLINGTON.— Records of Mining 
 and Metallurgy ; 
 
 Or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Agent and Smelter. 
 By J. Arthur Phillips, Mining Engineer, Graduate of the Imperial 
 School of Mines, France, etc., and John Darlington. Illustrated 
 by numerous engravings. In one volume, 12mo. . . $1.50 
 
 PROTEAUX.— Practical Guide for the Manufacture 
 of Paper and Boards. 
 
 By A. Proteaux, Civil Engineer, and Graduate of the School of Arts 
 and Manufactures, and Director of Thiers’ Paper Mill, Puy-de-Dome. 
 With additions, by L. S. Le Normand. Translated from the French, 
 with Notes, by Horatio Paine, A. B., M. D. To which is added a 
 Chapter on the Manufacture of Paper from Wood in the United 
 States, by Henry T. Brown, of the “ American Artisan.” Illus- 
 trated by six plates, containing Drawings of Raw Materials, Machi- 
 nery, Plans of Paper-Mills, etc., etc. 8vo $10.00 
 
 REGNAULT.— Elements of Chemistry. 
 
 By M. V. Regnaui.t. Translated from the French by T. Forrest 
 Betton, M. D., and edited, with Notes, by James C. Booth, Melter 
 and Refiner U. S. Mint, and Wm. L. Faber, Metallurgist and Mining 
 Engineer. Illustrated by nearly 700 wood engravings. Comprising 
 nearly 1500 pages. In two volumes, 8vo., cloth. . . . $7.50 
 
18 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 REID.— A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of 
 Portland Cement : 
 
 By Henry Reid, C. E. To which is added a Translation of M. A. 
 Lipowitz’s Work, describing a New Method adopted in Germany for 
 Manufacturing that Cement, by W. F. Reid. Illustrated by plates 
 and wood engravings. 8vo $7.20 
 
 RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.— A 
 Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Var- 
 nishes. 
 
 By MM. Riffault, Vergnaud, and Toussaint. Revised and 
 Etlited by M. F. Malepeyre and Dr. Emil Winckler. Illustrated. 
 In one volume, 8vo. {In preparation.) 
 
 RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.— A 
 Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Colors 
 for Painting : 
 
 Containing the best Formula and the Processes the Newest and in 
 most General Use. By M M. Riffault, Vergnaud, and Toussaint. 
 Revised and Edited by M. F. Malepeyre and Dr. Emil Winckler. 
 Translated from the French by A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engi- 
 neer. Illustrated by Engravings. In one volume, 650 pages, 8vo. 
 
 $7.50 
 
 ROBINSON.— Explosions of Steam Boilers: 
 
 How they are Caused, and how they may be Prevented. By J. R. 
 Robinson, Steam Engineer. 12mo 
 
 ROPER. — A Catechism of High Pressure or Non- 
 Condensing Steam-Engines : 
 
 Including the Modelling, Constructing, Running, and Management 
 of Steam Engines and Steam Boilers. With Illustrations. By 
 Stephen Roper, Engineer. Full bound tucks . . . $2.00 
 
 ROSELEUR. — Galvanoplastic Manipulations : 
 
 A Practical Guide for the Gold and Silver Electro-plater and the 
 Galvanoplastic Operator. Translated from the French of Alfred 
 Roseleur, Chemist, Professor of the Galvanoplastic Art, Manufactu- 
 rer of Chemicals, Gold and Silver Electro-plater. By A. A. Fesquet, 
 Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by over 127 Engravings on wood. 
 
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HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 19 
 
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20 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
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HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 21 
 
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99 
 
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HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 
 
 23 
 
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24 
 
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