8b CJ 3410 . C7 1904 c. 2 J Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/manualofmusalmanOOcodr_0 ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND. NEW SERIES. The following works of this series are now for sale at the rooms of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22, Albemarle Street, London, W. Price 106'. a volume, except vols. 9, 10. I, 2. Part I (Vols. I and II) of the Persian historian Mir Khwand's 'Rauzat-us-Safa', or 'Garden of Purity', translated hy Mr. E. Rehatsek, and containing the Moslem Version of our Bible stories, and the lives of the prophets from Adam to Jesus, and other historical matter. 1891 and 1892. 3, 4. Part II (Vols. I and II) of the above, containing a full and detailed life of Muhammad the Apostle, with an appendix about his wives, concubines, children, secretaries, servants, etc. 1893. 5. Part II (Vol. Ill) of the above, containing the lives of Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, and 'All, the immediate successors of Muhammad. 1894. 6. The Katha Kosa, a collection of Jain stories, translated from Sanscrit Manuscripts by C. H. Tawney, M.A. 1895. 7. Ridding (Miss C. M.). Sana's Kadambari. 1896. 8. CowELL (Professor E. B.) and Mr. Thomas (of Trinity College, Cambridge). Bana's Harsa Carita. 1897. 9, 10. Steingass (Dr. F.). The last twenty-four Makamats of Abu Muhammad al Kasim al Hariri, forming Vol. II ; Chenery's translation of the first twenty-four Makamats sold with it as Vol. I. 1898. Price 15s. a volume. II. Gaster (Dr. M.). The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, or the Hebrew Bible Historiale. A collection of Jewish leo^ends and traditions translated from the Hebrew. 1899. 12. Davids (Mrs. Rhys). A Buddhist manual of psycho- logical ethics of the fourth century B.C., being a translation of the Dhamma Sangani from the Abhidhamma Pitaka of the Buddhist Canon. 1*900. 13. Beveridge (Mrs. H.). Life and Memoirs of Gulbadan Begum, aunt of Akbar the Great, translated from the Persian. 1902. With illustrations. In preparation — 14. Watters (T.). Yuan Chwang's Travels. {Nearly ready.) 15. Da vies (Professor Rhys). The Katha Vatthu. 16. Ross (Principal E. D.j. History of the Seljuks. ASIATIC SOCIETY MONOGRAPHS. Arrangements have been made for the publication of the following : — (1) Gerini (Lieut.-Col. G. E.). Researches on Ptolemy's Geography. {In the Press.) (2) WiNTERNiTZ (Dr. M.). Catalogue of Sanskrit MSS. in the Royal Asiatic Society's Library, with an Appendix by Mr. F. W. Thomas. 8vo ; pp. xvi, 340. (Price bs., or 3s. 6cZ. to members.) (3) HiRSCHFELD (Dr. H.). New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qoran. 4to ; pp. 155. (Price 5s., or 3s. &d. to members.) (4) Strong (Professor S. A.). The History of Jakmak, Sultanof Egypt, by Ibn 'Arabshah. {In the Press.) (5) Le Strange (Guy). Description of Persia and Mesopotamia in the year 1340 A.D., from the Nuzhat-al-Kulub of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, with a summary of the contents of that work. (Price 5s., or 3s. 6d. to members.) (6) Browne (Professor E. G.). Chahar Maqala ('' Four Discourses ") of Nidhami-i-'Arudi-i-Samarqandi. (Price 3s.) (7) Codrington (O.), M.D., F.S.A. A Manual of Musalman Numismatics. (Price 7s. Qd.) The above works, so far as ready, are for sale at the Office of the Society : 22, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W. VOL. VII. A MANUAL OF MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. BY 0. CODRINGTON, M.D., F.S.A. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY THE EOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 22, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1904. HERTFORB : PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN ANIi SONS. PREFACE. rjlHIS book is intended for the help of those who, not being Arabic or Persian scholars, would like to know something about the Oriental coins which may come in their way, as well as of others who with a knowledge of these languages find difficulties in the lettering, arrange- ments, and reading of the legends, which are often so different in these respects from the plain writing of a MS. or the print of a book, and in the meanings of marks and symbols which are to be found on coins. It originated in notes, made during seYcral years, in a copy of that valuable but now scarce book, Elements de la Numismatique Musulmane," by F. Soret, Brussels, 1864, a reprint from Revite de la Numismatique Beige, ser. IV, tome ii. Considerable correspondence from India and at home, personal references made to me, and the remembrance of my own troubles when beginning to work at Oriental coins some years ago in India without much aid from books, have guided me as to what might be most usefully included in such a Manual as this. The book will, I hope, be found useful, as one of ready reference, to Oriental numismatists generally, in the same way as Soret's has been to those who had a copy of it. My thanks are due to Mr. Guy Le Strange and Mr. H. F. Amedroz for information regarding the location of some mint towns, and to the latter also for help in Arabic legends.. 0. C. INDEX. PAGE Abjad 115 Koranic Sentences 23 Abtas 116 Kufic Coins, Hints for reading 3 Alamat and Auwan 77 Lakab ... 58 Alphabet 1 Languages used 14 Bibliography 233 Marks of Genuineness 9 Bismillah 20 Mint Marks 18 Christian Era 205 Mint Towns, List of 127 Chronograms 115 Mint Towns, Titles of 198 Ciphers 7 Mintage, Place and Time of . . . 125 Classification of Coinages 47 Months, Names of 208 Counter-marks 53 Months, Names of, on Mysore Cycle Years 206 Coinage in Abjad and Abtas 209 Dates 208 Morphology of Coins 12 Denominations of Coins 117 Names, Proper 56 Diacritical Marks 8 Names of God 40 Eras 203 Numbers 4 Fraehn's Conspectus Classium 48 Ornamentation 17 Hijra and Christian Years, Pious Expressions or Ejaculations 30 Table of 212 Poetical Legends 94 Hijra Era 203 Proper Names 56 Hints for reading Kufic Coins 3 Eegal Titles 77 Honorary Titles 58 Eegnal Years 210 Ilahi Era 205 Eeligious Legends 20 Imams, Twelve 44 Samvat Era 205 Isolated Letters and Words . . . 9 Spanish Era 205 Kalimah 21 Symbols 18 Khalifs, Abbasid 91 Table of Hijra and Christian Khalifs, Egyptian Abbasid . . 92 Years 212 Khalifs, Four 43 Titles of Mint Towns 198 Khalifs, Umayyad 90 Types and Varieties of Coins... 11 Khanian Era 204 EEEATA. Page 12, line 21, for on Coins read of Coins. ^ 17, line 6, for Hafsidi read Hafsid. 31, line 9, for Ul^jl read U^l^j] . i/ ,, 31, last line, for li^^j read li^l^ . 39, line 1, for Lii^l^uu^^ read c^Li.^^ . u ,, 41, line 17, ^..^i^!! read l^^jJA . 48, line 25, /or Ghaznawi Ghaznawid. , 51, line 19, for Julayhid read Sulayhid. \^ 54, line 2, for Yaku read Yakub. u- ,, 57, lines 5 and 15, for ^^"^1 read , / 82, line 24, for J./iJl read ^^p^j^W . - ,, 91, line 18, for ^^^^ read ^^*^\ . . ,, 127, line 22, for 44^ 35' read 42^ 27^ ^ ,, 127, line 23, for 67° 20' r^^?^? 68° 10'. ' 129, line 10, for i^l^-jjjl r^^^c? ^lrsa-)j jl . ,, 129, last line but 4, for Eodgers read Eogers. ^-^ 133, after line 27 insert : Allahabad. In Provinces, India. ^IjU!1 . jbUIl 25°26']S'.; 81°55'E. Dehli Emperors. ,, 134, line 6, for Siras read Sivas. 134, last line but 1, for Eodgers read Eogers. 149, after line 22 ms^r^ : Junaghar. InKathiawar,India. 21°31']N'. ; - ^^dj^s>- 70°36'E. Dehli Emperors. Local -j^^^ Pajah. bM\j^:>' 157, line 27, for Dieval read Diwal. ,, 160, line 13, for Morocco read Mecca. ^, ALPHABET. pq < 1-^ S ;^ H < < o O Alif . . \ I I Ta . . . L k Be . . . J Za . . . 1= li Pe . . . J Ain . . . t t Te . . . J Ghain . t * The, Se . Fe . . . i Ta . . . Kaf . . . J 6- Jim . . . Kaf . . . Chim . . Gaf . . . i r Ha . . . Z Saghir nun s t Kha . . . t t Lam J J ! Dal . . . Mim . . r r As Zal . . . J j JN'un . . Da . . . 3 S 3 Waw . Ee . . . J J >^ J He . . . a; Ze . . . J J J j Ye . . . Zhe . . . J J J In Malay. Sin . . . Ga . . . Jl 3 Shin . . A ^^■ga . . . t Sad . . . JSTo . . . J V Zad, Dhad . Pa . . . PLATE Separated. Final. Medial. Initial. \ .1 . . Ill / / 1 -W-^J — \jw J ^ ^ _J •^.y^ ^6 cMg2^ — , _ -H- y»j»»r'j^^ ^ J*^ — -^v--^-iAi r-r<^ ^r^—- ><.j^ja J— _ ^o.ii._jo .P^^r- >a./b. tv. To Jrr. Ji:^ -tt 9 ^ s9 o , o jO Q9 O ^ ^ 9 fi 0 9 9 f / ft ✓ ,f jjj jjj .Jx^s — ^ — J JJJ Q. o o.>o- u y 5^ — /J^DXi^ Ana PLATE II. Separated. Final. Medial. INITIAL. -J J J O L^ U ^-^Crc* — Z/ O C> ' s cicSA. r>c) ?i ?^ )^ cL fi cTd r) A 1 1. 1 ■ 1.1 1-1 1 V t, { f ^ La f t. D TT /\ /T^ ^ 2^ /M ■^Z, T/,^ Q r\, CI UJ -3-3 -LJ.-/L A — fr-. e 0 _9 CIPHERS. / H M V }^ r fuc. v»> r' w q U H -1 4^ M 9 ^ ^ ov ^ before or after it — the three strokes of the ^ are usually just a little shorter than the one before or after it. Doubts as to Kufic J ^ !b may often be cleared away by looking at those letters where they occur in known words in the legends on the same coin, such as , , ^^^liJ , ( ^Ij^ ) and in the same way comparison may be made if needed with the ^ and j . A final ^ can very often be found in one of the words of the date to clear up a doubt between it and j . In reading the dates care is needed not to mistake ^^^''\ (one long, three short strokes), cj^L* (one short, one long, one short), and (four short). and should have the fourth stroke rather taller, and the first stroke taller than the others ; but there is sometimes so little difference that it is hard to tell which is meant, and ^J^^^''i are sometimes much alike, but if the strokes after the ^ can be counted, that will decide as to which numeral it is, for in the former there are five and in the latter but three. 4 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. NUMBERS AND CIPHERS. The dates of striking are almost always given on Musalman coins, in words or in ciphers. Until the seventh century of the Hijra we find the former only, but after that ciphers came gradually into use, so that by the beginning of the ninth century they were generally adopted. The earliest dates in cipher are on XJrtukid coins, e.sr. IIP on a coin struck at Amid. Sometimes we find the date given both in words and ciphers, or partly in words and partly in ciphers ; e.g. on a coin of the Golden Horde, c^-^^*^ for A.H. 770. The number is usually expressed in the feminine form, but sometimes in the masculine. The conjunction ^ is almost always used, e.g. ii.^ ^ ^^t^i^ ^ , but occasionally omitted. Eeference has already been made to difficulties in reading some of the numbers in the Kufic writing. The same will be found often on coins of a later time, especially with regard to seven and nine, as sometimes there is no difference between the height of the C-? or lU and the teeth of the ^ , but then the spacing usually indicates, thus ^^xj^^j , ^^^x.*^ . The following is a list of the numbers. Arabic. Peesiax. one masc. i^Ss>~\ fem. two Sc^j^j fem, ^j^\masc. three Li-^Sj & fe m. iLj masc. four fem. masc. five fem. masc. ti six ci-^-j fem. masc. seven fem. masc. eight fem. is A . ] may be like a 1 if not closed at the top, and is not rarely reversed, i.e. with its ring to the right. When ten is indicated by * it is not always visible, and when o is used there is a doubt sometimes from its size whether 5 or 0 is intended. Dates expressed in ciphers are read from left to right, except those on the coins of Maisur (Mysore), which, as in Arabic writing, are written from right to left. But sometimes the whole date is by mistake reversed, e.g. PAV for VAp on a coin of the Golden Horde, and sometimes with the further error of the ciphers being reversed, e.g. lAV for VAf. Sometimes, too, the ciphers are not placed in order in a line, but distributed in the area of the coin, e.g. . I r on coins of Shahs of Persia. Generally, however, in any of these cases there is not much difficulty in discovering the error or in seeing the proper order of the ciphers, as one can tell from other signs what is within a century or so the age of a coin. 8 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. DIACRITICAL MARKS. These are, as has been mentioned, almost always omitted on Knfic coins ; on later ones they are found irregularly — generally there were none or only a few until comparatively modern times. "When given they often do not help much in the reading of the legend, from being placed not immediately above or below the consonant of which they form part ; and on coins which are ornamented, as many are, by dots and groups of dots, it is not easy to tell which are for use and which are for decoration ; a difference in size or shape, will, however, often indicate this. The vowel marks are almost always omitted as in ordinary writing. The two dots indicating the ci^ or are sometimes placed like a colon (:), and the groups of three in c-^ ^ may be arranged in a line (...). On the Kufic coins there are 'points' above or below certain letters in the legends which seem to be marks of genuineness or engravers' marks, although they are often the correct diacritical ones for the letter near which they are placed. ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS. 9 ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS. In the areas of Arabic coins, sometimes above, sometimes below the legend and not forming a part of it, are often found letters or words, the signification of some of which has been a good deal discussed. If it be a name, it is in all probability that of a governor, vizier, or moneyer, but more often it is one of the words or initials given in the following list, being marks of genuineness or mint marks, indicating goodness of weight or fineness of metal. The list is compiled from one made by E. Meir, with a few additions of other writers. It will be seen that a single letter is in some cases given to denote a word, e.g. ^ for ^Lj and 1*51^, for J J very excellent . . JCj>- jJ tribute best sort . not false pure good very good . true true weight good fine .... complete . current . warranted . thick . uncertain weight or quality < ijs>- excellent Sl:>- precious »J!!^:>- regular good full .... current ^\ j 10 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. • J - ricUy . . . . complete . . ^ - j^l^ - ---^ right weight . . U extremely good weight beautiful, just increased, just J-" prover (assayer) . incomparable . iust weight . . mass . . . . just mass . w mass of weight regular mass . excellent rich weight excellent weight . refined . . . . refined in the fire ' J ^ J" just weight full weight • - •i of good augury • ' ■ stout . . . . rich weight full weight . . . -^ ''who has no associate," the formula used on the early Khalif coins ; ^in dillj ^JI ^1! A^^^^J1 - ^ Ij^il J^i^ ''who gives complete deliverance." The second part is varied as follows : J^^^ J^/f^^ - . S^z Ji^s-* - ^^^j ^^y^'i] S^^^ - On a coin of a Sultan of Dehli the Kalimah is in this form : ^•^-^j^ ^^s.-^ ^ ^ ^ " I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is His servant and apostle." On coins of rulers of the Shiah sect the Kalimah has added to it ^IJ^ ^.L.£ " Ali is the friend (or favourite) of God." This constitutes what is referred to in numismatic books as the Shiite formula. Otlier Continuations of the Bimnillah and the Kalimah, ^^^)\ ^\ ^\ (^^f'^; ^^^^ •God bless our lord Muhammad, and your God is one ; there is no God but He who is the compassionate, the merciful. 22 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. ^s^^w an ^^^j ^^^^ ^.n ^ There is no god but God, Muhammad is the prophet of God, the Mahdi is the Imam of the nation. God bless Muhammad and his family, etc. ii^ill ^Ul ^A^Jl AW ^^^j s^sL^ A]\ d.W ^ A\ Js/f Praise to God alone, etc. Xi.^^ A]\ ^Jl d]\ il ^J<:^^ - s.^^^ ^s AW God bles^ Muhammad, the seal of the prophets. ^jjyblki!! ^^^^^^W <5sll^ j^.s^ ^Is AW God bless Muhammad and his family, the good, the pure. ^Is ~j\ ^ibj ItiW ^UU But God is the best of keepers, and He is the most merciful of the merciful. Kor. XX, 113. Exalted then be God, the King, the Truth. \^^l£.\^ ^U^.!^ ^i<^\ Kor. ix, 124. ^^.^.ii-:.^ 1 AW Fight those who are near to you of the misbelievers, and let them find in you sternness ; and know that God is with those who fear. Kor. ii, 131. j^r^^-'^'^ ^-./♦.>ua!I ^Jfej (HlW ^^C^kL^^^^i God will suffice thee against them, for He both hears and knows. Kor. iii, 66. ^IW ^SSb ^cX^Jl ^\ Ji Say, verily the true guidance is the guidance of God. Kor. xlii, 22. Say, I do not ask for it a hire, only the love of my kinsfolk. And he who gains a good action we will increase good for him. Kor. ix, 51. ' Say, naught shall befall us save what God has written down for us ; He is our Lord and upon God believers do rely. RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 27 Kor. iii, 25. Say, 0 God, Lord of the kingdom ! Thou givest the kingdom to whomsoever Thou pleasest, and strippest the kingdom from whomsoever Thou pleasest, Thou honourest whom Thoa pleasest and abasest whom Thou pleasest ;■ in Thy hand is good. Kor. cxii, . Say, He is God alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is not begotten, nor is there like unto Him anyone. Kor. xcix, 7. J^^^-^ ^^^-H ^ He who does the weight of an atom of good shall see it. Kor. xviii, 37. ^UU 1W I There is no power save in God. Kor. XXX, 3, 4. To God belongs the order before and after ; and in that day the believers shall rejoice in the help of God. Kor. xl, 16. jW^'iW J<>-\j!^ ^1! [^^J^ L-.-^!l ^\ ^\ ^ ^\ Your God is one God ; there is no God but He, the merciful, the compassionate. Kor. Ivii, 3. ^Iz ^^-i J.G ^ J;^\ He is the first and the last, and the outer and the inner; and He all things doth know. dsl^ ^J^l^ (J-^^ fjl^^ - A\ God is enough for us ; a good guardian is He. (J^^^^H ^x: ^ U-.>uu:>- AW God is enough for me. AW God guard him. AW i^-^f^W <^-^W The true God, protector of the manifest truth. The eternal God and everlasting Lord. a^^^^W '-^jW^ ^^^\^W AW God is our Lord, Muhammad our Apostle, the Mahdi our Imam. ^^L^l U^»*5^ God is our Lord, Muhammad our Apostle, the Abbas our Imam, God is sufficient. AW God is my Lord, A\ 0 God. God ordered faith and justice. J^^!^^ A\j^\ 32 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. God ordered faith and justice on piety and reverence. Blessing from God. All power is of God. A<.j^%\ I trusted in God. alllj God make clear his proof. ^J^jUy dUljljl God illuminate his proof, c;'^^^ j^j^ iijf^ai y^\^ God strengthen his authority and make him glorious in victory. etc. L-i^l^ J^J 1 - iLL^ Si\ - J Si\ God strengthen him and make him happy. ^ ^\ bJ^A The Most High God strengthen him. ^^^^'^ ^'^i) God strengthen him and his victory. ^^^3 ^ ^cXjV God strengthen and help him. djUlj According to God's ordinances. aUI ^^lil^b He seeks guidance in God. He firmly trusts in God. jii-ixxj ^dib Blessings, ^-^f etc. - - -^r?''«^^ Blessing on Musi, the successor under the Muslim covenant. Blessings from God. ii^f In the name of God. cdll j^^uuj In the name of God the All Bountiful. AW In the name of God the Supreme, j^*!' May the enemies of God be scattered. j.jSu Hallowed be the might of God. - His glory is protecting and very great. J^i? J^^f- Glory, 0 God. ^IH U J:^ God protect it. dill l^Lls- God is the preserver of all things. May God protect him. ci^lJi ^ib ^i;*.^^ God guard it. ^dH l^*^^^- God guard it by His favour, dUl l^^^s- The Most High God guard it. ^!Uj -* ^ May his reign endure for ever. A^l^ May his kingdom and rule endure to the end of time's revolutions. May his khalifat, etc., endure. _ C-^^lt3 The Imam summons (all men) to the profession of the Unity of the Eternal God. God guiding them. ^^2 J J Earthly things are transitory, so keep them in subjection to God. My Lord is God. ^.ISl Mercy be upon. ^.J^l^ God reward them. j God reward him. cUr Peace upon him. ^.Xs, Peace upon him and his ancestors. - l^s^\ May he be happy. ^^"^^ God guard him. aIII All is from God. ^ ^ All power is of God. No strength but from God. All government is God's, ai! "Vs ^! There is no power or strength but from God. ^1 i'y^j J^>. ^ No service but of Islam. j^i-^^Ib 31 S'jL^ ^ No crown but by justice. J^-^!^^ IjAsZ 3 There is no victor but God. ^\ 31 c-^!U 3 No strength but from God. ^11 b Vs'i^'i To God. ^! To God be the power. ^^31 I1 The kingdom be to God the Bountiful, whose aid is begged. The sovereignty and justice are twins. The dominion and glory be to God. ^ ^ c-ill/*.!! The dominion and grandeur be to God. j uJ^Li!! 38 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. The praise be to God. The Madhi is the Khalif of God. Asu\,^ By the victory and the triumph and the felicity and the prosperity. Victory but by the goodness of God. AW: ^^5^ ^l^^J^ Help of God is near. ^-^-^ Victory from God, and no power but by God. 0 most excellent Lord God. A\ 0 most excellent the able God. - Oh ! compassionate one, oh ! ever yearning one, oh ! ever bestowing one, oh ! requiter of good and evil, oh ! Shahan, oh! Sultan. Oh ! Lord of the age. ^^^S l-^^U Ij Oh ! Ali, son of Musa, with whom God is well pleased. EELIGIOUS LEGENDS, 39 Oil 1 judge of necessities, oh ! sufficient in difficulties. Oh! Lord, f^^^^^ V» Oh ! aider. ^^-^-^^ V, etc. - - j*..)^^ _ ^^^^ _ V. He trusts in God. id!U ^i^^ - d^lW ^JIj^ He glories in great qualities, ^-.li^ ijs^^ He seeks help of God. cdSb ^^^Xmj^ Fate works for him. Ujt*^^.jb^A!l d^) ^^^i Holding the rope of God. d^iW J>f^ 40 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. NAMES OF GOD. Instead of ^^Ul, or in addition to it, God is sometimes mentioned on coins by one or more of His other names or attributes. These names are called , ^ in the words of the Koran (xx, 7) : ^:.^J\H^JJU!^ib^J\ dllUlSl ''God, there is no god but He! His are the excellent names (Palmer). Ey tradition there are ninety and nine * excellent names ' or ' comely names,' but there seems to be no certainty as to what those 99 are, as different writers give different lists. Mr. Eedhouse, in an article in the Eoyal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1880, on ''The most Comely Names," gives as many as 552, which he had obtained from various sources ; from these have been gathered, in the following list, those which are the most often used, according to authors (Hettinger, Herklot, Meninski, Eogers Bey, Vratislas, T. P. Hughes), and usually found on talismans and amulets, for they are much used in that way. One The God .... The "Worshipped One The Last .... The First .... The Maker . . . The Outstretcher The Interior (hidden) One JhU\ The Sender Forth . v The Enduring One . The Contriver . . The Good . . . . . The All Seeing . . . The Eepenter (of wrath) The Uniter • • • ^ . The All Compeller . . The Awe Inspiring One J^-'W^^ The Guardian . . . liiU 1 The Judge ^[J\ The Eeckoner . . The All Preserving One li^i^^l The Truth .... jJ\ The Arbitrator . . . The All Wise. . . . The Ever Slow to Anger The All Praiseworthy One NAMES OF GOD. 41 The Ever Yearning One j^^^-s^l The Living One . . . ^-^^ The Abaser The Creator . . . . jUi'l The All Cognizant One . The Ever Creating One Possessor of Majesty and Honour Longsufering . . J^kll Possessor of Strength *3 The Upraiser . . . . j-il^!! Lord 'J The Compassionate One ^. t. The Most Merciful One The Ever Providinsr One *1 ; J The Eiorht Guider O .. ^ The "Watcher . . . c^-.'iJ The Most Indulgent One The Swift One . The All Hearing One ^-.^^1 The Safety The Thankful One . . J[^\ The Very Strenuous One The Grateful One . . The "Witness . The True One . The Longsuffering One j^t^^ The Eternal One . . . J^^^! The Hurtful One . . JUJ The Externally Evident One The Just One ... Jj^,Jl The Most Mighty One . The Most Supreme One The Ever Pardoning One ^ixW The Most High The All Knowing The Pardoner . z The Ever Forgiving One ^UiSl The Most Forgiving One j^ixll The Independent One . ^ukW The Ever Opener The Grasper . The Acceptor . The Able One . The Compeller The Existent One The Most Holy One The Almighty The All Previous One The Yery Near One . The Yery Strong One The All Compelling One jV^^W TheEverSelf-ExistentOne^^;iii!\ The Sufficient Oae The Yery Great One . j. The All Bountiful One . >j The Most Pleasant One 42 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. The Glorious One . Jk^Ull Owner of the Kingdom TheHinclerer . . ^A^W The Originator . . The Manifest One . . , . ,^^^\ \ The High Exalted One The Proud One . . .ili^H The Yery Firm One . ^trt^-^S^ The Favourably Answering One The Most Glorious One J^^jsr*^-'! The Teller or Numberer ^^^^'^ \ The Comprehending One k^^-^-^^ The Yivifier . . . J^^^'^ The A baser . . . . J j./*.!^ The Eemover .... J>^J/i»!^ The One whose Aid is invoked The Shaper . . . .jjl^/^H The Eaiser to Honour . J^x^^W The Giver. . . . The Eeturner .... J^-^^/i.!^ The Aider The Maker Independent The Able One . . j-s:.s.^i\ The Meter Out . . . ^ti^'i^W ±ne xUttei i:orwaiQ The Just Distributor The Giver of DailyEread ^ The King .... The Death Causing One ^z^^^^i^W The Ever Bestowing One The Taker of Vengeance "Who hath not been begotten The Postponer The Believer . ^^^\ The Confiding One . The Advantageous One The Good Patron . ^^S^-^l^ ^^'^ The Good Aider . The Light .... The Pereeiver The Sole One . . . . ^^\^\ The Inheritor The Ample One . The Adjoining One . The Most Affectionate One J^J^H The Comprehensive One The Guardian The Yery Next Adjoining One The All Bestower . (^\%^]\ The Eoad Guide . . u^jl^H THE FOUR KHALIFS. THE FOUR KHALIFS. The four orthodox Khalifs, Imams, or immediate successors of the Prophet, are - i^[y^!xs: ^jA>^ ^jCj . Their names appear very commonly on coins, often arranged around the central legend or obverse area. Sometimes their L-^il! or title is also added. What these titles are will be seen from the following coin legends. Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the timid, Uthman the father of two lights^ Ali the chosen. The same, with the definitive prefixed to the titles. On the Dehli coins the is prefixed to the titles very irregularly, one or two having it, the others not. Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the eloquent, Uthman the defender, Ali the chosen. ^J^J^^^\ ^3 (^iW J ^^j^^ (J-i^'^^^ j^^. ^A ^j^J:i Lion of God. A^j Pleasing. Abu Abdallah J^^^AH The Martyr. L j^: Prince by birth. Abu Muhammad ,.rJj^jUll Sl^ Lord of the servants of God. ^j^;U!! ^ij Ornament of the servants of God. jU^^I TheWorshipper. The Great. Abu Ja far 6. Muhammad Abu Abdallah 7. X al-Bakir Ja^far Musa Abul Hasan Abu Ibrahim Abu Abdallah Abul Hasan •ijUSl The Just. The Silent. 9. Ali ar-Eaza Bakir s\J^)\ The Pleasing. The Chosen. ^iiJl The Pious. Abu Ja far Sani ^^-!^ God bless Muhammad the Chosen, and Ali the Friend, and Hasan [the Pleasing], and Husain the Martyr, and Ali the Ornament of the Servants of God, and Muhammad the Great, and Ja^far the True, and Musa the Silent, and Ali the Pleasing, and Muhammad the Liberal, and Ali the Director, and Hasan the Soldier, and Muhammad the Coming Proof. 46 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. God bless the Prophet, and the Friend, and the Yirgin, and the two Gentle Ones, and the "Worshipper, and the Great One, and the Just, and the Silent, and the Pleasing, and the Pious, and the Chaste, and the Pure, and the Mahdi. Patimi, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, is here referred to under the title of the Virgin ; the two Gentle Ones are Hasan and Husain. Ali is the favourite of God. ^Lc Ali is the most excellent of the Commissioners [of God], and the Vazir of the best of the Messengers (S. Lane Poole). Ali is the best of God's elect. 'i^k^j^ CLASSIFICA.TIOX OF COINAGES. 47 CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES. In the introduction to the first volume of the British Museum •Oriental Coins Catalogue it is said/' These [Mohammadan dynasties] will be arranged in the order proposed and adopted by Eraehn," and in other books on Oriental numismatics reference is made to such and such a class. But Fraehn's arrangement is not to be easily found, although so spoken of as if it were generally known. It is here given in the original form as published in the ''iTova Supplemental' of that author, ed. B. Dorn, 1855 ; and alongside each class is added the name of it as used in this book and in modern books generally, and the volume of the Catalogue of Oriental Coins of the British Museum in which the class is described. It will be seen that many coinages are not included in Fraehn's list, notably the Kings of Dehli and the Muhammadan States of India. He himself made some appendices, and Dorn, Soret, and others did the same. Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, however, in his Mohammadan Dynasties," a book of the highest value to the student of Oriental numismatics, adopts an arrangement of the dynasties, after the Khalifs of Baghdad, in geographical order from west to east, i.e. from Spain to India, with certain modifications arising from historical sequence ; and that arrangement is one which, probably, will now be generally followed. This table of classification will also, it is hoped, remove some difficulties as to names or synonyms used by writers ; for instance, Chulaguidse and Hulaguidi for the Ilkhans or Mongols of Persia, Dschutschidse, Dschudschidae, and Jujidse for the Khans of the Golden Horde, Ileki and Eelik for the Khans of Turkistan, Patani for Pathan Kings of Dehli, Sebaktiginidoe for the Ghaznawi or Kings of Ghazni, and Babaridoe for the Moghul Emperors of Dehli. 48 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Fraehn's Conspectus Classium. Classes as given in this Eook. Classis. I. Chalifcc Umaijadce. II. Chalifa3 Abbasidoe. III. Chalifce Umaijadee in Hispania. Reguli Murcice et Yalencia3. Eeguli Hispanise : Dhu'l Nun. Imami Edrisidse in Mauritania. Emiri Aghlebidse. lY. Emiri Tahiridae. Y. Soffaridse. YI. Emiri Samanidae. Eeges Bulgharorum Wolganorum. Emirus Scheddadides. YII. Chani Turkistanise s. Ileki. YIII. Sultani Ghasnewidse s. Sibuktiginidse. YIII^?. Ghuridge. IX. . Choresmischahi. X. Emiri Buweihidse. Hamdanidae. Principes Sijaridae. XI. Emiri Okeilidse. Emiri Merwanidoe. Vol. of B,M. Cat, Umayyad. i ^ Abbasid. Spanish Umayyad. ii Hammudid, Abbadid, Zayrid, Jahwarid, Amirid, Hudid. ,^ Kings of Denia and Murcia. ISTunid, ITasrid. Idrisid. Aghlabid, Tulunid, Ikhsiiidid. Tahirid. Saffarid. Samanid, Sajid, Dulafid. Khan of Wolga-Bulghan. Khans of Turkistan. Ghaznawio!. Ghurid. Shahs of Khwarizm. Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Ziyarid. Governors of Sijistan. Kakwayhid. Ukaylid. Marwanid, Mirdasid. CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. jFeaehn's Cokspectus Classium. Classis. XII. Sultani Seldschukidae A. In Persia. B. In Asia Minore. XIII. Ortokidse. A. EegesMaredini. B. Eeges Keifse. XIY. Atabeki. A. Mosulensis. B. Helebensis. C. Sindscharensis. D. In Dscliesiret ibn Oman. DD. Aserbeidscha- nensis. E. Buktiginidse. XI V(?. ChalifsD Fatimidse. ^V(aa. Murabitae. XIY^. Muwahbidse. XV. Sultani Aijubidae. A. In ^gypto et Syria. B. In Haleb. BB. In Hama. C. InMeyafarekin. 4& Classes as given in this Book. Vol. of B.M. Cat Great Saljuks. iii Saljuks of Karman, of Tokharistan, of Irak. Of al-Eum, of Arzarum. Burid, Saldukid, Danish- mandid. Urtukid of Maridin. ,y Urtukid of Kayfa. Zangid. ,^ of Mosil. ,y of Halab. ,y of Sinjar. „ of Jazirah. ,^ Atabegs of Azarbaijan. ,^ Salgharid of Faris, Kings of Ahar. Buktiginid. ,^ Fatimid. iv^ Mnrabit. v Muwahhid. Hafsid, Ziyanid, Undid, Marinid. ,y Ayyubid. ir Of Egypt, Damascus, Aleppo, Mesopotamia^ Hamah, Hims, and Arabia. 50 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Peaehn's Conspectus Classium. Classis. XYI. Sultani Mamluki. A. Bahritse. B. Tscherkessi. XVII. Muszafferid^. XVIII. Chani Chulaguidse. XIX. diaui Dschelairidse. XX. Chani Dschutschidse. XXI. Chani Krimensis. XXII. Chani Dschaghataidae. Timnridse. XXIII. Chani Scheibanidse. B. Dschanidae, Bocharenses. C. Chokandenses. D. Chiwenses. XXIV. ImperatoresBaberidse Tipu Sultan Meisur- ensis. Cananore, Atschin. N-N. Nepalenses, Assamenses, Ceylonenses. XXV. A. Kara-Kojunli. B. Ak-Kojunli. C. Schirwanschahi. Classes as given in this Book. Vol. of B.M. Cat, iMamiuK. IV Bahri. Burji. Muzaffarid. vi Great Xaans. J? Mongols of Persia. Jalair, j> Khans of the Golden Horde. Khans of the Krim. Sarbadarid, Karts, Mahmud Inchu. Chagatai. Timnrid. vii Shaybanid. Janid of Astrakhan, Mangit of Bukhara. ?? Khans of Khokand. Khans of Khiva, Amir of Kashghar. Amirs of Budlis. Dehli Emperors j Moghul (Emperors. Mysore Sultan. None. South India, Achin. >> Nepal, Assam, Ceylon (not Musalman). ?> Kara-Kuy unlid . viii Ak-Kuyunlid. Shirwan Shahs. vii CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. 51 Peaehn's Conspectus Classitjm. Classis. XXY. SefidDD, Oweisidse. Efscharidas, Sendidae. Katscharidce. A. Chani Caucasici. a. Chanatus Derben- densis. h. Chanatus Schirwanensis. c. Chanatus Schekiensis. d, Chanatus Karabaghensis. XXVI. Sultani Osmanidae. XXVII. Scherifi Mauritania. A. Abd-ul-Kadir. B. Imami Arabise Pelicis. XXVIII. Afghani. N.N. Asioe Centralis, Appendix I. a. A. Reges Hispanise. A. Norraanni Eeges Sicilise. a.B. Eeges Georgia Antiquiores. B. Eeges Pagratidse. NN. Geors:. a Eussis Classes as giyen in this Book. Vol, of £.M. Cat, Safavid, Afghan, Afsharid, Zand, Kajar. Shahs of Persia. > Amirs of Asia Minor. viii Othmanli. Sharif s of Morocco, Hasani, and Eilili. v Abd al-Kadir. /ulayhid, Zurayid, Easulid, Eassid, Imams of Sana. Durrani, Barakzai. None. Central Asian. Kings of Spain. Norman Kings of Sicily. Kings of Georgia. 52 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Feaehn's CoNSPECTrs Classitjm. Classes as given in this Booe:„ Vol. of Classis. B.M. Cat. Moghul Emperors. C. EuropsDorum in India Orientali Collegia Mercatoria. Kum. Lusit. Appendix II. N-K". Muhamma- dani Incerti. E.I. Company and Malay Settlements. None. Pathan Kings of Dehli. ^^^i^^ Governors and Kings of Bengal. Governors of Sind. Kings of Kashmir. Kings of Jaunpur. Kings of Malwah and Gujarat. Bahmani Kings. COUNTER-MAKKS. 63 COUNTER-MARKS. Counter-marking is not very common on Musalman coins except in a few classes. It was used to adapt for a Sultan or ruler the coin of a predecessor in the State, or to stamp the coin as genuine or as current in another district than that in which it was at first issued. On coins of Khusru II, Sassanian, the words , current, and j^AJuJ are stamped in the margin, and across an Armenian coin aW \ ; these were, no doubt, made to indicate currency amongst the Musalmans. On large copper coins of Husain al-Din Timurtash, bearing on the obverse a head copied from a coin of Antiochus VII, is stamped on the neck (in one specimen on the nose) ^ji^!^ j^sr^, that is, the name of his successor, in whose time, no doubt, the counter- mark was made. On coins of a similar pattern ^^^^^ is upon the neck, evidently not a counter- strike, but engraved on the die ; these are taken to belong to Najm al-Din himself, from his own die of the pattern of his father Timurtash. On other coins of Najm al-Din we find ^.^j^Uj i^l"^^^ counter- struck over the ^=s^ just mentioned; this was probably, Mr. S. Lane Poole says, to commemorate an accession to his territory. The name of Kamal al-Din Mahmud J^/i.s^ ciT-.-l^^ is counter - stamped upon the figure of Christ upon a coin of Byzantine pattern of one of the Zanjid Atabegs. On Timurid coins there are many counter-marks : — jjl^j ^ J i^lij - AJl3ji^\^.j On Timur's coins. — j^lkLj J - (it is good). On Shah Eukh's. 54 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. (a governor) - V I l-^jI^ Eaysunkur Ak-Kuyunlid. T jl;-^ ^J"^^ ^^IS^l*^ Yakub Ak-Kuyunlid. On Ahmad Shah's. j^Ul^ j^ILImo Eustam (a governor) J^j ^J.; - V • iJl^^ On Abu Said's. « ^J^-.C j^Lk-L«j \ U^J^-^ - c-^^--^ J^^tM*^ Ja«.C> (^Lkl**; - ^jjLi^i.:.^jLj -^11 dj^j*^ 'A/i*^^ jl^jb (^ILImj Ja^: On coins of Husain Baikara (governor). N'ote, — The meaning of dj^j*^ is still doubtful. The following counter-marks are on Shaybanid coins : — L— (J'^ -j-rf^ — .jIj^mj (J«-\^ Most of the places mentioned here will be found in the list of mint towns, but others are uncertain ; they are given chiefly on the authority of Tiesenhausen. A coin of Pir Budak and Yusuf Nuyan, Kara - Kuyunlid, is counter-marked APT ^r?- U.-^ ; the date is probably an error for Al 1 . Eustam, Ak-Kuyunlid, counter-marked coins of his pre- decessor, Yakub ^Ir^ j ^Ikl^j J . On a coin of Ala al-Din, Karaman Amir, is a counter-strike ^5.1! ; and one of Muhammad Artin, Amir of Mantasha, is counter-struck with a Solomon's seal, a mark used by the Othmanlis. ^^l/*.-.!^ is counter- struck on a coin of Ghazan Mahmud, Mongol of Persia, and ^ on Jalair coins. One of Shaykh Hasan Buzurg and many of Shaykh Oways bear counter-marks, _ ^'^^^ COUNTER-MARKS. 55 - ubV > some having on them both one of the mint-names and also These counter-marks are of various shapes^ round, oval, multi- foil, etc., having usually within double lines the words in small letters arranged in a pattern, and are often hard to decipher. The coins of the E'ative States of India often bear marks of stamping with punches of various shapes, known in that country as shrof -marks; they are made by money-changers, ; , sarraf, commonly called shrof, in the bazaars as private marks for currency purposes, and also to see whether the coin is really all silver or gold or a baser metal coated over, and they correspond pretty much to the chop-marks made on dollars in China. Counter- marks are not common on them, but occasionally ^ or some other Nagari letter or two may be seen. 56 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS, PROPER NAMES. The names of Musalmans are not easy to understand, and are often a difficulty to the student. The following, taken mainly from an article on The Proper !N'ames of the Mohammadans," by Sir T. E. Colebrooke (Eoyal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1879), will explain the system. The different classes of proper names are seven : — 1. The , Alam, is the proper name of the individual. Among the Musalmans there are no family names as in Europe, and the Alam corresponds nearly with the Christian name, as it is given soon after birth or at circumcision, and is that by which he is familiarly known. 2. The <^^^, Kunyat, is the name of relationship, as when a person is described as the father, son, mother, or daughter of some other person or object. 3. The L^ii.! , Lakab, includes titles of honour, religious and political, and terms of reproach, descending even to personal defects. 4. ^^IwuuJ^l, al-Ansab, or , Ism-i-nisbat, name of relations as to origin, kindred, land of birth or adoption, religion, trade or business, personal or other peculiarities, etc. 5. ai^^/tll , al-Alamat, certain titles borne by princes which are not reckoned among the personal appellations, but appear in diplomas or in the heading of State documents. 6. The 1^^^^^, An wan, titles of honour applied to others than princes. 7. The i^Ii^, Makhalas, or ^^li^, Takhallas, the name of fancy assumed by poets. The Alam are arranged under three heads, viz. : — (1) ITames borne by Muhammad's own family or his companions, including the name of the Prophet himself in its threefold form {S^s^'^ PROPER NAMES. 57 the praised, the most praised, and J^^^ the praised), ^^[.i « (jwl^ii , the first four Khalifs and the twelve Imams. (2) Names of patriarchs and prophets mentioned in the Koran, such as Adam, lI^^J:^ Seth, u^lji^^ Enoch, JSToah, ^^L Shem, j^jfel^jl Abraham, J.^^t/f-«ol Ishmael, ^^^^*^V Isaac, c-^yi^tj Jacob, < — Joseph, Jethro, J^-^^^ Moses, (j^^U Aaron, Job, ijj^^-l Jonah, L^! Lot, cu^l.!^ Saul, J^lj David, ^U-^l-yo Solomon, ^^^-^ Zechariah, ^-j J-ji Ezra, Elias, ^^'^^^ Jesus, John, t>^A Hud, jj^^^^l Imran. (3) AW s^si, servant of God, and its synonyms, i.e. servant of God under any other of His names, e.g. ^^s^jW « ^.^^11 J^^^ - jjU!\ ^J^jJxW J<-.r. Some of these are also included under Lakab. . The Kunyat might be translated as the surname or cognomen ; it is made up generally of father, or ^A son, with the name of the father or son, as ^^s^^l ^A _ ^JA j or with some other word making a sort of character name, sobriquet, or nickname, such as father of a young lion, y \ father of victory. IJnder this class come such surnames as Babar, Arghun, Aghlib, Arslan, Timur, and others. The Lakab, or honorary title, is applied either in the form of a compound, of which those expressive of zeal for the faith or of political importance are the most common, or by a single word or epithet, like the Augustus, Pius, or Felix of the Eomans. The Lakab is largely used upon coins, and ruling princes are more known by it than by their Alam or Kunyat. A list of those found on Musalman coins is given below, and as a help in attributing coins the class or dynasty in which the particular title was used is added. The al-Ansab and the Takhallas need not be considered with regard to coin-legends, but the al-Alamat and the Anwan are of much interest in numismatics, as the kingly titles are in many cases characteristic or peculiar to the dynasty ; a list of them is therefore given of a similar kind to that of the Lakab. 58 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. HONORARY TITLES (Lakab). Gujarat. Brother. Choosing the Country and Eeligion. ^jl^^^ ^ Lj^xll jL:;r5-V Bengal. Lion of the State. Sultan of Achin. Of the World. ^\\x\\ „ Buwayhid. Sitting on the Throne. Eajgarh State (of Queen Victoria). Ayyubid. Pious in the Faith, ^j^^^^ Muwahhid. The Constant. ^^^tWW Seeker. d^Sb\s>' Marinid. Muwahhid. In the way of God. AW J^-^-^*^ ^jsW ^ LjsW Glory. JI^ Golden Horde. Dehli Kings. Bengal. Georgia. Shah of Nisabur. Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Mirdasid. U^sW „, Golden Horde. Jalair. Bengal. (ji'^^J^ >r Dehli Emperor. Kashmir. Khwarizm. Dehli Queen Eizia. [^i^^^ 3 ^'^'^^ - Shah Inchu Abu Ishak. ^1'^'^ 3 U3 a!1 Beauty. JU^ Burid. Mamluk. Ghaznawid. ^J^;^!^ ,y Achin. j*!USl Ghaznawid. \ , , Ukaylid. Hand. Dehli Emperor. Conqueror of the World, Fatimid. Guardian. Ghaznawid. Of the mark of God. ^Ui 60 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Dehli King. J^lSb Judge. j^^W Patimid. ^^111 .^Ij Denli Kings and Emperors. E.I. Co. J Defender. Indian States. Bahmani. Mamluk. Malwah. jjJaSI ^ Ij J^!l Sword, j^l^^ Samanid. IFkaylid. King of Toledo. iL!^jJ\ „ TJrtukid. Mamluk. Georgia. \\ ISTasrid. Idrisid. Zairid. Beauty, ^^s*^ Moorish. Mongols of Persia. Slave of God. Dehli Emperor. Just Euler. .^jl J J iNTajahid. One who invokes (God). Imam of Sana. Tabaristan. 10 tne trutii. ^•s:*') Abbasid. Holder of two offices. TTnrlirl ,1 I LlLllvL. Ot ■f'wrk nmriTmnTici ^^*/^l^JJ^Jl »/^ \J Sl. LWU IJ.U1JL11JJ.XUJJ.O. . ^ W Vrf^^iA^J 1 Abbasid. Of two swords. ^-.i-.vuu!l Spanish King of Teifa. Of two glories. ^jtXjsr**'! Abbasid. Dulafid. Of two vizierates. (jtr^^j^^ Abbasid. Tahirid. Of two right hands. Dehli Emperor. Asylum of the Eaith. J Dehli King. Hoper for the mercy of God the bountiful. HONORARY TITLES. 61 Saljuk (Abbasid Khalif). dUlj Orthodox. J:.J^\J\ Abbasid. Samanid. Buwaybid. Easid. Content. ^^^\)^ Abbasid. Marinid. Muwahhid. The Guider. S^J^J] Spanish Abbasid. Mirdasid. L\^^]\ Abbasid (Ali). The Pleasing. U^ll Dehli Queen Eizia. a!i ^ L3 cn!\ Accepted, ^^-^-^^j Of eminent degree. ^^jsW - x^^i j Dehli Emperor. Indian State Saronj (of Queen Victoria). Dehli Emperor. ^.\^^\\ Saljuk. ^l^'i] Pillar, ^ij. Saljuk. Mamluk. 3 U3j^!1 ,, Turkistan. Dehli Kings. Bengal. Saljuk. Ziyarid. Buwayhid. ^Jjjll TJrtukid. Zangid. Amul Prince. Saljuk. Urtukid. Khwarizm. Achin. t^t'^^ j> Ukaylid. Leader of the State. 11 ^^^\ ^^cj Achin Queen. Pure in the Faith. ^^t^j Of the servants of God. ^^ij^}^^^ Ornament, Kashmir. Eilili Sharifs. Mamluk. ^J J-J\ jj-.ir^ ^^^-^ friend of the Compassionate. Kakwayhid. L]^<^\ Light. L^-c Kakwayhid. Ghaznawid. ^l^W Ukaylid. iJ^j^Sl Spear. ^jL*^ Samanid. Saljuk. ^^!U!1 d A\ „ Shah of Persia (Abbas III). Lucknow. ,, Ghaznawid. Ziyarid. Kakwayhid. L\^d-^.n „ Afghanistan. Sind. Fatimid. (r^^J^ Ghaznawid. ^-^^ »> Dehli King. Abbas. (jwL/*;!! Umayyad. Hafsid. Marinid. King of Mercia. ji}'^^^ Othmanli. Kashghar. Sharif of Morocco. jjUH ,^ Abbasid. (^ij^^^ Shaybanid. <^-iiJJl ,^ Fatimid. Othmanli. Bahmani. The Adored One. i^^^x^ Umayyad. Abbasid. Spanish Umayyad. U-i^Li»!l ,^ Samanid. Valencia. Sharifs of Morocco. Marinid. Muwahhid. Shaybanid. ^^^y*!^^ Muwahhid. J<:>-I^l „ Abbasid. Shaybanid. AW Little Slave. ^^> Kakwayhid. TJrtukid. u\! 1 ^ L 3 J^S ^ Glory. Is:- Saljuk. Khwarizm. Msabin. Mamluk. Mongols of Persia. Karaman. Dehli Kings. Malwah. Bengal. Bahmani. Kakwayhid. Ghaznawid. Malwah. Ghaznawid. Khwarizm. Karaman. Kashmir. i^l'^^^ Bahmani. Malwah. A chin. Bengal. e^i^^^ J cJ--^^ Ukaylid. e^i*^^^ Knowing. j^Ii: Buwayhid. Urtukid. o-^^J Pillar. jU.& Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Hudid. Saragossa. Denia. Buwayhid. iJ^dSl Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Buwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. LiTrl^^ Danishmandid. Mamluk. Saljuk. Saljuk. (^},'^^ Pillar or Support. S^^s: Abbasid. A^^sW Chief or Safety, ^r^^-^ Marwanid. Of the Amirs. Bridle, ^^^-c- Danishmandid. ^J^j^ll Eye. ^^s- Khokand. AW Champion, t^jli^ HONORARY TITLES. 67 i^asricl. Marwanid. Ghaznawid. Lucknow. ^asrid. Jillb Overcoming. e-^!U ^^^^^ n Eicli. . Benofal. ^^^Ym,^] J Defender. Assister. B 11 way hid. Saljnk. Mongols of Persia. i^il*^^ j LjaSI Shahs of Persia. Zangid. Grhurid. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. Bengal. South India. Gujarat. Bahmani. Golden Horde. Lj J^ll ^ (j.-l'^'^ Saljuk. TJrtukid. Ghurid. Golden Horde. ^ji^^^ Khwarizm. Ayyuhid. Malwah. Gujarat. Patimid. Durrani. Bengal. Shah of Persia. Ghaznawid. Bengal. Bu way hid. Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Urtukid. Danishmandid. Mamluk. Saljuk. AW j^uj Overcomer. Jjli "War. L-jC:.^!- Victory, i'^^Jl Glory, Dehli King (Shir Shah). Abbasid. Hamdanid. jN'asrid. Buwayhid. Ziyarid. wVS \ ^ Ij s\ ] Pearl. J^^^ Excellence. J^ii Preceptor. 1 Orbit or Ship. L-jCli High Matters. j U^l \ , , 68 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Abbasid. Euwayhid. Ghaznawid. ^dSb Powerful, jjli- Kakwayhid. Marwanid. Turkistan. Toledo. N'unid. Amirid. Teifa. Valencia. Spanish Umayyad. Hammudid. Idrisid. Distributor. j%.«:U Patimid. Abbasid. Saljuk. Conqueror. ^Jbli Bengal. Of the Enemies of God. „ Ghaznawid. t— ^l^H Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Saljuk. Stedfast. ^[i Turkistan. Patimid. TJkaylid. Fatimid. Ayyubid. AWj Abbasid. Muwahhid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Kakwayhid. Turkistan. Patimid. Mamluk. Hafsid. Hasani Sharif s. Murabitid. Ghaznawid. By the Decree of God. Mamluk. Bengal. j^^J^ Companion. ^, Ghaznawid. „ Zangid. Dehli King. ^^^^J^ll j LjjJl Pole Star. c-Joi Gujarat. South India. Turkistan. „ Buktiginid. Urtukid. Zangid. Saljuk. {^i'^'^ » Khwarizm. Dehli Kings. Gujarat. Kashmir. Ghaznawid. Marwanid. IXaW Bengal. Moon. jA^^ Buwayhid. • iL!jux!l Support. Buwayhid. ^."^'^ Urtukid. Zangid. Buktiginid. Ayyubid. Perfect. J^^ Mamluk. HONORARY TITLES. 69 Zangid. ^^jJl Perfection. Ohaznawid. }> Euwayhid. Kurdish Chief. (l^^'i] Asylum. Haindanid. Bounty. Spanish Abbasid. King of Keifa. Preserved. IS'unid. Muwahhid. Dehli King. s\\ ^ Warrior. Hamudid. A\ Ij Strengthened. Abbasid. Samanid. Ikhshidid. d]] Pious. .. ^ Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan, Nasrid. Holding fast, Abbasid. Tahirid. Urtukid. J4>U!1 „ 70 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Bengal. Distinguished by the ^a,::^J\ l^jL^j Grace of the Compassionate One. Muwahhid. JS'asrid. Eejected. ^J^'^ Muwahhid. Sp. TJmayyad. Majorca. Chosen, ^^.'jy^ Buwayhid. Guardian of Frontier. (jVJj*^ Timurid. [^^'^^ Guide. jJj^^ Dehli Emperor (Murad Bakhsh). [jl"^^ Wedded to. -^XJ^ Abbasid. One who seeks direction. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Atabeg. Abbasid. Msabur. Seeker of Light. Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid. Abbasid. Ghaznawid. diW^^ "Who implores help, j^^ii'^^^ Sp. TJmayyad. Saljuk. Burid. Abbasid. Saljuk. A\[> Who takes fast hold. Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Dehli Kings. Easulid. Gujarat. Bahmani. Belonging to al-Must^asim, belonging to al-Salih. Mamluk Queen Shajar al-Durr. Fatimid. Hamudid. Idrisid. ^dJb Most High. Abbasid. ^^iSb Who seeks assistance. Sp. Umayyad. Hudid. Nasrid. Niebla. Mamluk. Abbasid. Who puts his whole trust, ^^i^u Sp. Umayyad. Samanid. Wolga Bulghar. Tuzun. Yaman. Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan. Dehli Kings. Bengal. HONORARY TITLES. 71 Abbasid. Urtukid. ^d!U Who implores help. J^rs^-ix^^ Zangid. Who seeks aid. j^x:.^^^^ On many varieties of coins of between a.h. 623 and 640. Also Muwahhid. Fatimid. Hafsid. Hammudid. Marinid. Sp. TJmayyad. Dehli Kings. Sind. \J^:.^\ aUU Established by God the Shield, the Bahmani. Ever Bestowing, the Overcoming. Buwayhid. Exalted. uJjl^^ Abbasid. Ikshidid. Samanid. Obedient, "^r?^^ Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan. Yaman Governors. Amul Prince. Abbasid. Ayyubid. Badajoz. Conqueror. Easulid. Tuzun. Amirid. Mamluk. Zayrid. Turkistan. Yalencia. Gujarat. Buktiginid. ^^d^^^ ^ ^rf^'-^^ Buktiginid. iji'^^^ ^ ll^sW Buktiginid. Mangit. Salgharid. Yaman. (^d*^^^ ?? Abbasid. Who is made illustrious. King of Saragossa and of Sicily. Abbasid. Hudid. Valencia. Who relies on. ^*a,':.x^ Muwahhid. Easulid. Bahmani. Gujarat. ^^s^jW ,, Abbasid. Muwahhid. Samanid. Eahmani. AWj^uj Kashmir. i^i'^^ Illuminating, j-f^^ Hudid. Curator. ^^^'^^ Abbasid. Samanid. Hammudid. <^iUj Eavoured. (J^^^ Idrisid. Dulafid. Denia. Majorca. Badajoz. Muwahhid. Eaithful. ^j^^^ 74 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Samanid. Easulid. Strengthener or Strengthened. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Sp. Umayyad. Hudid. Tortosa. Valencia. Centa. AW . Bengal. Ey the help of the Merciful. Gujarat. Jaunpur. Bahmani. ...^^ }\ J Sp. Umayyad. Hammudid. ^IWj Presented. Fatimid. Easid. Idrisid. Abbadid. Sana. Buwayhid. Marwanid. iLS^J^H Sincere. Loved of the Amir of the Faithful. ij^^ Dehli Queen Eizia. Zangid. Valencia. Sana. Hammudid. Defender. j^^Vj Ayyubid. Mamluk. Easulid. Spanish. Bengal. ,^^^^^\\ ^ Urtukid. Dehli King. Bengal. ^^:^^^^\ Turkistan. (J^^ ?> IJrtukid. Zangid. Ayyubid. iji*^'^ ^ ^^^^^ Mamluk. Dehli Kings. Sind. Bengal. Gujarat. Hamdanid. Samanid. Majorca. Bawandid. iJ^^^H Very commonly used. ^i^<^\ and ^j^^J^!^ „ HONORAKY TITLES. 75- ^jjJ^jIJaH Star. j^rsT ■ Of the Nazarenes (Christians). ^^^jI^a^JI « i^J^^Jl „ Norman Kings of Sicily. Ayyubid. TJrtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Marwanid. Kashmir. Buwayhid. Dehli Queen Eizia. King of Ahar. Helping, Defence. TJrtukid. Danishmandid. Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Ghaznawid. Kashmir. Lucknow Ghaznawid. Defender, j-^^'-^- Afghanistan. Of the World, u^i^ Light, jy Zangid. Easulid. Bengal. Turkistan. Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Mamluk. Dehli Emperor Jahangir. Durrani. Achin Queen. Inchu. Marinid. Jalair. Abbasid. Hudid. Muwahhid. Hafsid. Hasani Sharif s. Dehli Kings. Gujarat. Gujarat. Dehli Kings. Bengal. Bahmani. Bahmani. Confiding, ^jlj 76 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. In the help of the Almighty, ^^^^ji ^rt^^W Dehli King Firuz II. Khwarizm. ,, The Eternal, the Firm. ^CJj^W Doubtful. ^^J^^ n The King the Protector. The King, the Country. jl^jJl l^I^^W ,, Queen Mother. uJ^i/f.!l 'isWj iL^ \ Weigher . ^Jj ^ Son of the Prince of the Apostles. Sl^ J l Emperor. Most mble. ^J^}\ Of the Two Seas. „j 80 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Shahs of Persia. Son of the Emperor, ^lili:^! ^lil-;- Timurid. Shaybanid. Chagatai. JjWl ,, Shaybanid. Dehli Emperor. B<^Sr. Koble. Khokand. Golden Horde. Krim. Khan. Shaybanid. Othmanli. Kara and Ak-Kuyunlid. Turkistan. > y Great Khans. ? r Afghanistan. Afghan. ^;Ui\ y r Indian Native States. J y Golden Horde. Shaybanid. yr Great Khans. Khiva. a Turkistan. Atabeg of Mosil. Zangid. Lord of the World. In very common use. Khalif. Isild^ Abbasid. Muwahhid. ^\^^\ )> Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Dehli Kin^ ^s. ^d!^ fy Dehli Kings. Jaunpur. Malwah. yy Shaybanid. Malay. yy Dehli King. yy Nasrid. Hudid. Abbaside. ^-^jL,^!! 99 King of Sicily. Duke. Indian J^ative States. Eaja. ?? Eaja of Eajas. -^J/-^^ Lord. Muwahhid. Marinid. Of the Worlds. ^JWl Hafsid. Hudid. Zayad. Kings of Mercia. Dehli Kings. Ziyanid. Morocco Sharifs. REGAL TITLES. 81 Shahs of Persia. Of the Easts. ^j^j^Ly^W l^j Lucknow. Possessed of Many Claims. ^3 Sultan, ^ly^ Ukaylid. l^^^Jl Shahs of Persia. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. j^Hil*^ Bengal. Malwah. Bahmani. Excellent. ^Uujsll Atabegs of Mosil. Ghaznawid. ^^^^-o^l Mamluk. Ayyubid. ^ ^l^'i] Very commonly used. Othmanli. jJ^i] Bengal. Munificent. JjUl Othmanli. Of the Two Continents, ^jij-^^ Among the Sultans of the World, (^l^ (^^^*^ Shah of Persia (Nadir).. Othmanli. Maldive King. ysxW ^jJ^] Afghanistan. CJ^^ Malwah. The Gracious. jLii ^ ^^J^ (^-^^ The Gracious, the Generous, Kind to the Servants of God, the Eich, the Protector. Bahmani. Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. iJjjJl Bahmani. Afghanistan. u^^j Dehli King. ' Happy. Ju^^t^ll Bengal. Malwah. (jr^^^*^ 82 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Othmanli. iji^^*^ ^J^*^ ^^^^ iJtfi*^ J^^**: ,, Bahmani. Eesembling the Friend of the Merciful One. Ohaznawid, Dehli King. Of the East. Jj;-^^ Mamluk. Dehli King. The Witness. Yery commonly used. J J^^l!^ « J*^A!1 Saljuk. ybUSl Bahmani. Powerful in Islam. ^ij-^^ Mongol of Persia (Abu Said). J^l^l Malwah. ('ij^'^ Ayyubid. ^-^/♦.l.^ju/iJ \ Muzaffarid Obedient and Obeyed. ^-.L/i,!! (Shah Shuja). Very commonly used. j^li^/**!! Mamluk. Timurid. Othmanli. uJ^i-4.n Golden Horde (Aziz Shaykh). Deceased. j^^^^J^l Mysore (Tipu). Mongols of Persia (Abu Said). Mongols of Persia The Directing, l.^*.^^!^ (Abu Said). Mongol of Persia (Sati Beg). REGAL TITLES. 83 Samanid. Euwayhid. Mangit. Khokand. Prince, dl*^ Khiva. Astrakhan. Samanid. l^^^l King of Denia. iiJjAll Eengal. ( j^-i>l The Chief. ^)\J\ „ The Princes, Chiefs. ^L^Jl 'iA^W Sayyid Chiefs of Karmati. Ghaznawid. Dehli Emperor (Humayun). ^JblJJ^\ Fatimid. Bengal. Of the Apostles. ^-l^^iJl Mongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Shah. Dehli. Bengal. Kashmir. Indian States. Ayynbid. Of Armenia. Dehli Emperors. ij^i^ Kings of Denia and Tortosa. iiJ^jJl TJrtukid. Of Diarbakr. ^ji^Uj Dehli Emperor, Asylum of the Faith. ^Lj> ^J^J Lncknow. Dehli Emperor. E.I. Co. Indian States. j^lU Achin. Partabgarh State, Eajputana. Of London. ^jJ^J Buwayhid. King of Kings. 2(lA:Ji)l-ij - ^IAjUI^ Saljuk. Kakwayhid. Marwanid. Shahs of Persia. Dehli Emperors. Saljuk. • J^^^Jl „ Mongols of Persia. ^^r\ ^ Bengal. Generous. Jjb Dehli Emperor (Eafi al-Darjat). 84 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. DeUi Emperor (Jahangir). O^^J ^lA3Ul-^. Shall of Persia (Nadir). Of Kings. J^\J^ Shah of Persia (Muhammad). Of the Prophets. Sharif s of Morocco. lJ^i^^ and ^^^\ Sharif. ^Ij^- Mongols of Persia. Mamluk. Shaikh. J^J^- Hasani Sharif. Lord. Afghanistan. ^l^Jl Shahs of Persia. Othmanli. J'^^*^^ ^ othmanli. Of Might and Victory by land and sea. Of the Happy Conjunction. Shah of Persia (Nadir). Dehli Emperors. Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction. Dehli Emperors. Indian States. Abbasid. yr^^^ Officer. J^lc Abbasid. Kings of Majorca. Ayyubid. ^\ Slave, ds^^ Fatimid. Of God and his Wali. ajj ^ ^d!l Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Hoper. [^^\}^ y> Spanish Umayyad. ,^ Bahmani. J^^m Abbasid. Officer. Shah of Persia (Tahmasp l). Slave of Ali. ^^Ir j^^Ii Indian State. Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. Atabegs. Kan ^^Ui - ^^li REGAL TITLES. 85 Zangid. Mongols of Persia. - j^^lij:^^ Golden Horde. Mongols of Persia. J jU!^ Csesar Augustus. L::^>guijl - c^^ui^ _ ui^Aui^^^Ji King of Sicily. Kutch and other Indian States, Kaiser i Hind. S:Jbj*^ applied to Queen Victoria. Dog. Of the threshold of the Pleasing One. ^^\':.»J\ Shah of Persia (Shah Eukh). Of the threshold of Ali. Shah of Persia (Husain). Of the Amir of the Faithful, ^-.i/^^l^^^l „ Shah of Persia (Husain). Of the Sultan of Khurasan. ^^Lj^^r^ j^lLLo ,, ^hah of Persia (Shah Eukh). Shah of Persia (Abbas II). Of Ali. ^Ir „ Kings of Sicily. Count. Victoria, [j^yb^^ Queen. England or Inglistan. - J^J^il Indian States. { Jaib ^ ^j^^ „ Queen Victoria adorning the throne of Inglistan and Hind. King. cj;!U - uJ^U - (^Ull Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. uJ^-^b^l Atabeg. Ghaznawid. TJrtukid. Excellent. TJrtukid. Atabeg. Danishmandid. Zangid. Ahar, Euwayhid. 86 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Zangid. Of Amirs of tlie East and the West. Urtukid. Of Honoured Amirs, ^-f^ Ayyubid. J^si-j^^ U-Ci^ Saljuk. j^}^ J yy Of the two Continents and two Seas. Sadite Sharif. Of the two Continents and two Seas and Syria and the two Iraks. Othmanli (Murad III). Urtukid. Diarbakr. ,^ Bengal Kings. fj^i^J\ Zangid. (^^J^ Of the necks of the Nations, ^^"i] C-^li j C—XJU Mongol of Persia (TJljaitu). Of the necks of Christians, ^j^^'^ ^'^'^ j >> King of Sicily. Urtukid. Mamluk. Ghurid. Ghurid. Danishmandid. S^^W Zangid. Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. "^^"^^^ Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. ^iblli!! Urtukid. Danishmandid. Atabeg. j*.!U!^ ,^ Euwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. Ji^^!l - JjUll ,^ Eatimid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Dehli Kings. Of the Arabs and foreigners, j^-^^) '^j^^^ King of Aden. Zangid. Ayyubid. jij^^^ REGNAL TITLES. 87 Patimid. Ayyubid. iJj^ uiCi^ Saljuk. „ Urtukid. Ayyubid, Mamluk. Shaybanid. J^Wl Danishmandid. Powerful. Urtukid. Prosperous. ^^^x^^iW Samanid (Mansur b. Nuh). Strengthened. jSul./iJ\ Commonly used. y!!ki^\\ Ghaznawid. King of Sicily. ^li^^S^ „ Dehli Emperor ( Jahangir) . Bu way hid. Kakwayhid. Georgia. l^^I^W ,, Georgia. Of Kings and Queens. tul^Wl ^ Samanid. Ghaznawid. Zangid. Urtukid. j^^a!^] Saljuk. Ayyubid. Mamluk. Easulid. Samanid. Pavoured. Samanid. Mamluk. Hasani Sharif s. Easulid. ^^^^^ Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. J^\:^\ Kings of Sicily. Christians, ijj^'j - ^j^^'^ Eaja of Cannanore (according to Soret) ^)^\ ^ u-is-i/^ ij^j-^^ <— 5^1^ Ss>^^\ The Unique of the Kings of the Age, Zurayid. King of the Arabs and of the Yamin. Zurayid. ^ ^j^^ {j^j-^^ lJ^I.^ j-\j\^ » I:?- 1^1^ Maharao. ^^j^f^ The Mahdi. Our Imam. L^Ul Viceroy, i^^j Ij Sulayhid. Kashmir. Bahmani. Dehli Kings. Jannpur. King of Sana. And Great Khalif. J-J-i^^ AaA->^ ^ Fatimid Wazir (Abu Ali Ahmad). Shahs of Persia. Abbasid. Haidarabad in Deccan. Turkistan. Ghaznawid. Danishmandid. Marwanid. Yaman King. Prophet. ^3 Nizam, j^llij Chief of Makalla. Chief. REGAL TITLES. 89 Indian States. J^awab. c-^ly Shahs of Persia. Governor. ^^^^ Samanid. Yizir. jlj^^ Fatimid. J^*^^^ ^-^^ Heir. Dehli Emperor. Humayun. Bahmani. Wali. _ TJmayyad. Abbasid. j^l] , Samanid. , Ghaznawid. Dehli Kings. ^^:,^^^]\ , Atabeg. Hamudid. S^W - J^j: , Abbasid. Hudid. Patimid. ^^^[m^^W , Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Hamudid. Zangid. i^i^ , Saljnk. Murabitid. Ayyubid. Eatimid. King of Mercia. Bengal. Timurid. S^xW 90 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. LIST OF THE KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EGYPT. The names and dates of the kings of the many dynasties who issued Musalman coins will be found in Lane Poole's '^Mohammadan Dynasties" and in the volumes, of the British Museum Catalogue. A list of them would be too long to be given here, but as the names of the Khalifs of Baghdad and of the Egyptian Khalifs are upon the coins of many dynasties who acknowledged the authority of the Khalif , more or less, and the name often helps to fix a doubtful date, the following may be useful. Umayyad Khalifs. Shoet Name. Full Name. Date A.H. 1. Mu'awiya I. 41 2. Yazld I. 60 3. Mu'awiya .11. 64 4. Marwan I. 64 5. 'Abd al-Malik. 65 6. al-Walld I. 86 7. Sulayman. 96 8. ^TJmar. 99 9. Yazid II. 101 10. Hisham. 105 11. al-Walid II. 125 KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EGYPT. 91 12. Yazid III. \ w 126 13. Ibrahim. " ' ^* \ '* ^' 126 14. Marwan II. 127 Abbasid Ehalifs. 1. al-Saffah. 132 2. al-Mansur. 136 3. al-Mahdi. 158 4. al-Hadl. (jrjl^)l 'S^s.^ y 1 169 5. al'Eashid. 170 6. al-AniTn. ^-.^^1 193 7. al-Mamun. \ \\ AW . \ 198 8. al-Mu^tasim. 218 9. al-Wathiq. J;l)u ^J'^' jSi.xs>- yi 227 10. al-Mutawakkil. 232 11. al-Muntasir. 247 12. al-Musta'ln. (II II 1 1 H t 248 13. al-Mu tazz. 251 14. al-Muhtadi. 255 15. al-Mu amid. ^\}\ (^/^'xx^W s^^] ^^\^x\\ ^A 256 16. al-Ma'tadid. 111 11 4 1 t t t ^\ ^\ 575 35. al-Zahir. ^]]\ j^\: j:b\!^\ Sa.^^ ^A 622 36. al-Mustansir. 623 i37. al-Musta'sim. 640 An interval occurred between the death of al-Musta'sim in the month Saf ar, 656, and the succession of the first Egyptian Khalif in 659 a.h. Abbasid Khalifs of Egypt. 1 . al-Zahir. 2. al-Hakim I. 3. al-Mustakfi I. 4. al-mthiq 5. al-Hakim II. 6. al-Mu'tadid. \ ^[^]\ ^A ^ISl^^b^Jb^ 1 659 ^\;j^\\^A ^^[J\ 661 ^U-.U ^A a;Ub ^ki'^^W 701 \ aUU jJl^i 740 d^>.\ 740 jj\ idSb Jv«2.u*/^^ 753 KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AND EaYPT. 93 7. al-Mutawakkil I. s^sl-^ ^\ r!f^^W^ Shahs of Persia. Ismail I. c^JLjsL^'l^^,li^ L.l-£. jl— 3 b b b^ Call upon Ali, the manifestor of miracles ; Thou shalt find him a help unto thee in adversities. All care and grief shall vanish By thy holiness, 0 Ali, 0 Ali, 0 Ali. Ismail II. ^\^\ l^jX^^j If an Imam there be between the East and "West, Ali alone with All's house for us is the best. 96 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Abbas II. (1) dsS^^ Throughout the world imperial money came, ^ Struck by God's grace in Abbas Sani's name. (2) ^j\ji^!>^\^ dLc ^J^\ ^j^^ Lo ! at this time throughout the world imperial money came^ Struck by God's grace in All's watchdog Abbas Sani's name. Safi II, Stjlaiman. (1) ^3lJ ^L-....c Since Abbas Sani from the world is passed away, Safi (the second's) money has imperial sway. (2) ^ ^\ i^^^j Jtt*^=^ j-^^. For the sake of winning grace of him who men and genii leads, The age's Solomon struck golden money for the people's needs. (3) (jL^r AJiJ^«j j^jj U \j ^^j^c^ ^-^^ 1%^^^^ (J,^ j\ C^^S Since on my soul I struck the stamp of All's love, The world obeyed my rule by grace of God (above). HUSAIN. ^^ijJU^W L^j (^^^ ^ j-f^^ Vi-*^!^ Li)^^ Money he struck by the grace of the Lord of East and "West, the twain Everywhere, dog of the Prince of the Faithful's shrine^ Sultan Husain. POETICAL LEGENDS. 97 Tahmasp II. (1) Similar to the first of Abbas II, c-^-^tk^ being substituted for (jw-l^ in the second line. (2) jLr i^^^jjji L^J^^ Tahmasp the Second struck in purest gold assayed 1^0 man but Ali, and no sword but Ali's blade (the Zu al-fakar). Abbas III. j'^ (Ji^^'^i "^J JJ J^^- jj-U^ j;^ Jl3 Throughout the universe by grace divine a golden money came, Struck by God's Shadow, a new Emperor, Abbas the Third by name. Stjlaiman II. (1) (^^1^^^ (J-^ u-iy j\ i^j By grace divine he struck a coin of happy fame. The Sovereign just, who second Solomon became. (2) A^^j^^ ^^IL ^^j ^.j Shines as the rising sun and moon upon the earth, Heir of Sulaiman's right, the Shah of saintly birth. Mahmud. (1) c-^liiil Prom the east of Iran he struck coin like the solar face, Shah Mahmud, world- conqueror, of the saintly race. (2) j^i.^ L-;l:xil ^ ^^-^^ ^J^Ji/"* Below the earth sank down the moon and shining sun. Envying the coin of Shah Mahmud, world-conquering one. 7 98 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Like sun and moon the imperial coin is world-renowned, For its pure metal by God's grace is free of alloy. (4) dsW j\ wliicli he has not included in it.) Nadir. (1) cj^ir^ J*^ 1jCu:kLLj <^Ji y^ji iS^^ By gold in all the earth his kingship shall be famed, Phoenix (Nadir) of Persia's land, world - conqueror, sovereign named. (2) iji^"^^ ^^^'^ Over Sultans of earth is Sultan, Nadir, Shah of Shahs, Sahibkaran. (3) jjlj j^Ul-jj ^l-ij The order issued from the Shah of Shahs, Nadir, Sahibkaran, Let coin obtain in Herat from Shah Eukh's name and mark (or glory). Adil Shah. (1) ^ ^s^^ ^jl^^ Decreed of him who ceases not, a currency there came, The coinage of the sovereignty sent forth in All's name. (2) sJ^ jjj} \j f^S^ jJU c:^!^J After the fortune of Nadir, Adil had coin on gold ; In the name of the king of the faith, the exalted Lord, the world was illumined. 100 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. By grace divine he struck a coinage of imperial worth, Shah Ibrahim, his gold sun-like illumining the earth. (2) LiJ C^-^y^*-: ^ c^l^ Cl^^:5- L/^J By the Creator's bounty, and by fate's decree. Gold of saintly Eiza has its currency. Shah Eukh. (1) ]j ^3|^ii-.s^l^ d^J^ Jij Lj^j Whenas Shah Eukh imperial money coined, 't was then A second time Iran renewed herself again. (2) l^sT Throughout the world he struck his coin by grace divine. Shah Eukh, the watchful dog of Ali Eiza's shrine. (3) 3LjjJU j^*-^ (j;l^5»- AJ^ '^j^^ ej^-^l;^ L-^i^ Another emperor has coined, thanks to Nadir's efforts' worth, Dog of the king of the East (Khurasan), Shah Eukh, the king of the earth. LuTF Ali, J>j ji ^ Jj Its stamp has golden money won From Lutf Ali, Ja'far's son. POETICAL LEGENDS. 101 Tahmasp II and Ijr?- ^^i^^^ SJli jjy ajl*^ j\ Abbas III. I J ^ l-l j1 J^l j CL^j*^) From out of Khurasan a golden coin by grace divine was sent, And aid of Ali Musa's son the kingly saint benevolent. Muhammad Hasan and l*^JS J) dsL^ jjj Aka Muhammad. \Jj ^^-^ A golden coin by happy fate has run In name of peaceful Ali, Musa's son. Karim Khan and (jl^^ jJ [j XA Muhammad. J^ibb ^^l^Jl i—^^^U? "While gold and silver through the world shall flow. Coin of the Age's Lord (the true Imam) shall go. Kaeim Khan, Abu al-Fath, i^;^^^ j^^ j^t^-j ^jj ^ L-^li^il A-w Sadie, Ali Muead, and ^jUjil v-^^Lp ^^Ul (LL^ j] Aka Muhammad. Silver and gold througb all the world have now become the moon and sun. Thanks to the true Imam's imprint, the Age's Lord (the rightful one). AzAD Khan. jJbb ^^j^ b As long as Azad on the earth shall stand, The Age's Master shall the coin command. Aka Muhammad. (1) JU ^IJj The world-protecting king Ahmad Shah struck coins in gold by God's grace. Taimue, as Nizam. j^.— !L^-j 2^L-i ^^/♦.-j a^^^^ The coin of Taimur Shah got current in the world by the order of God and the Prophet of the people. Taimue, as king, ^l^ j ^ii3 j J^l '^J^ The revolution (of the heavens) brings gold and silver from the sun and moon, that it may make on its face the impression of the coinage of Taimur Shah. POETICAL LEGENDS. Zaman Shah. (j;W^J*^>r-^ o^^^ j*^^ ^^^■^V.jl;^ The currency of tlie coin of the realm in the name of Shah Zaman obtained permanency by the order of the Lord of both Worlds. Mahmtjd Shah. (1) ^liJl C^V"^^ jJ^""- «j 2fl-wl> i^^y^sL*^ ^j^^ The world- conquering Khusrau Mahmud Shah struck coins in gold through God's support. (2) J^j-il ^ CI^Sj^ d.^ Sultan Mahmud, the second Khusrau, increased the coinage of the realm in gold and silver. Shtjja al-Mtjlk. 3 j'Y* JJ 3 ^^'^ The religious king, Shuja al-Mulk Shah, struck coins in silver and gold like the sun and moon. Qaisae Shah. jj ^ ^r^y. ^ The coinage in gold and silver in the name of Qaisar Shah '"1;?" / L i is current in the world by God's grace. The coinage became bright from King JS'ur al-Din (Light of the Faith), current from the saint Kutb al-Arifin (Pole Star of the Wise). MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Ayyub Shah. (1) ^ s^J:>j^:>^ i^-^^^j uk"^ J"^ ^ J^/-Ht In the world the sun and moon were illuminated by the darting forth of the rays of the coinage of Ayyub Shah. (2) ^jj ji ^l-i, <^'^i} The coinage of Ayyub Shah in gold and silver came into existence by the order of the exalted Creator. Dost Sarakzai. Muhammad. (1) tX-.jl^^U- j u-^i^ d^^-^ cj^-^j J —jj^^ s. "So sooner did Dost Muhammad reach dominion and dignity than the period of the circulation of Payindah Khan's coinage arrived. (2) iSIb^^^ ^.j^ J {j^^^ The sun and moon give good tidings to silver and gold, for the period of the circulation of the coins of Payindah Khan has arrived. (3) i^-fr^j ^j^. jj ji ^^^^ Sa^"^ By the grace of the great Creator, the Amir, Dost Muhammad, struck coins a second time in metal. Sultan Muhammad. 3j-^^ J^- '^^ The money of the kingdom of the Sovereign of the Age has engraved on its face the likeness of the sun and heavens. 0 POETICAL LEGENDS. 105 ShIE AlI. (1) C^-lj"" J^^^j"^ izJ-'^J j^J^ j,^^ j \ >-^^j Lll-^iUj By the favour of the Eternal Creator the money of Amir Shir Ali has found circulation. (2) L^^J: j^:^ By the abundant kindness of the Beneficent King of Heaven, Amir Shir Ali coined money like the bright full moon. j^^^ j^y^ ^"^i ^^C«J '^^J Through the graces and favours of the Eternal One, money began to be circulated in the name of Shir Ali. (4) J^i ^f- J^^J ^^"^ Amir Shir Ali, a second time, struck coins in the world, like the bright full moon. JVItjhammad ArzAL. ^J^^^i.^ ^stj c-^^^^ ^ i^j^^ '^^^ Two armies from the East and West joined in battle, and separated, and so Muhammad Afzal became the Amir of the kingdom of Khurasan. Muhammad Azam. j^.^ ^Jl^ j As soon as, by the grace of Heaven's favours, his rights became established, money began to circulate in Mu- hammad Azam's name. 106 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. "Wali Shir Alt. ^ ^\s:>^ ij^^^j ^-^ By tlie grace of the eternal God Shir Ali has become the Governor of Kandahar. Muhammad Jan, J^-ij U^i ^j^j^j Lj J ^ rebel. J^-l ljuJ ^jl-^rs-l^ Ij j^;.^ jj^j (k^*^ I make madness till on my head a tumult falls. Coin I strike on metal, till its master is found. Moghul Emperors. Akbar. (1) jj ^^jA ^l— The sun of the seal of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold, Whilst earth and sky are illumined by the shining sun. (2) j^j AJl^Aj^^^^\^^^j\ ^^jj Ey the seal of Akbar Padishah gold becomes bright. On this gold the Shah's name is light upon light." (3) ^f^^ Like the golden orb of sun and moon, may ever pass In the w orld's "West and East the stamp of Allahabad. Jahakgik. (1) jjj^'^j L— ^iU ii\^J^ ^llsl^-j The lord of the realm struck money of gold. Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shah's (son). POETICAL LEGENDS. 107 Made the face of gold to shine like the sun and moon. Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah. (3) ^Lj Money struck in the city of Agra, the Csesar, refuge of the world, Shah Ifur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah. (4) The same with J-fli substituted for in the first line. The Shah, refuge of the faith, put this stamp on gold at Ajmir^ Shah ISTur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah. (6) J^Asa^^S J jV^^ ^^^^ i^'^^ In East and West may the stamp of Ahmadabad, 0 God, while the world lasts, be current. (7) e;^— ^l— To Shah Jahangir belongs the whirligig of time ; In Agra by his name gold shines brightly : So long as the pomp of the Five Guards lasts in the world, May the stamp of his Pive Muhrs be current. 108 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. (8) j^JbS ^ ^^Jj-i^ "^^i On the money of Lahore may there ever be Light, by the name of Shah Jahangir, Shah Akbar's (son). On the face of the golden coin, ornament and grace gave The picture of Shah JS'ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Shah. The Shah, refuge of the faith, struck this coin of gold at Ajmir, Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah. The face of gold was decorated at Agra by Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar's (son). (11) J J '-^-^j ^^'^ ^j^t\ AJ:^ A^ j^\>^:>' j\ The money of Agra gave ornament to gold, etc. (12) A\ l:lA^A^'^.^ dL^ AJ:^Ai^^jS\ ^A (jd^^^j^ Money struck at Ahmadabad, God's Paradise, Shah ITur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah. (13) The same, with the first line ending ^\ Cl^bLr j\ instead of ^\ CI^IjLj^^ . POETICAL LEGENDS. 109 (14) j^ij \j Ci[^As^^\jj To the gold of Ahmadabad gave adornment ^ Jahangir Shah, Shahanshah, Akbar's (son). (15) Ji'^ ldSj '-'V ^"^^^ So long as the heavens revolve, current he In the name of Shah Jahangir the money of Lahore. (16) fj j\ J J \j j^j\^slJ\ In Isfandarmiz at Agra this stamp struck on gold, The Shah of Shahs of the world. Shah Jahangir, son of Shah Akhar. (17) The same, with ^^-Jb^jJ instead of \j in the first line, and j^^l , 'of the people,' for (J^J ill the second. (18) jjj—i -l^ ^J^~"^^ J^V""'"'* In the month of Tir, the King, the defender of the faith, Shah Jahangir, son of Akhar Shah, stamped this coin in gold at Lahore. Second line as K"o. 16. MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. (20) j^'A j^^^ ^A^j^j sJ^j^'^ijj The gold of Lahore in the month Bahman became like the shining moon, In the reign of Shah IS'ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Shah Akbar. (21) jj ^ ^l— ^b^-^-f Jl^,r>^ 1^1—3 j^3j The light of the world at Ajmir became the money of gold, By the light of the name of Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar' s (son). (22) A^^^ j^^^dJi The money of Kandahar became beauteous By Jahangir Shah, Akbar Shah's (son). (23) y^rLl ci^A^ jj ^l^j^jsi^. In the month of Parwardin the gold of Agra became luminous like a star, by the light of the stamp of Shah Jahangir, son of Shdh Akbar. (24) ^\^ U^?" Jjy. Struck money of gold like the sun, the Sahib Kiran Jahandar Shah, Padishah of the world. (2) ^U^.^..^ j^^^ Jj jlil J J In the horizons struck money like sun and moon, Abu al-Fath, victorious Jahandar Shah. Pakrtjkh Sitae. jJ ^ j^, (J-^ (J*^i tJJj Struck money of gold and silver by grace of the Truth, The Padishah of sea and land, Parrukh Siyar. EaFI AL-DaeAJAT. ^^y. S.'^^ d^L^ JJ Struck money in India, with a thousand blessings. Shah of Shahs by sea and land, Eafi al-Darajat. NiKir SlYAB, L-filbb jt) J) Struck money through the world by grace of God, Muhammad Shah, Padishah of the age. Ibeahim. (1) (j^ir^ ^-1^-*^ j—i ^^C^^ (jUlij Aj^ (^li^ji^ i}^. Money of silver struck through the world, By favour of Muhammad, Ibrahim Shah of Shahs. POETICAL LEGENDS. 118 (2) Another reading of tlie same : Struck money through the world, by favour of the Bountiful One, Shah of Shahs, Muhammad Ibrahim. Alamgir II. (1) A^^j^^ ^js'^^jyA^ i^k^bjj Struck money in the seven climates shining like the sun and moon, Shah Aziz al-Din Alamgir, victorious Padishah. (2) ^-^1;^ i^:>-\^ J; jji^ Eahadur Shah Alamgir Sani struck coin like that of the Sahib Kiran on gold. BiDAR Bakht. ci^sT^ ^ -^—'^ \^'^^ j}i The master of crown and throne, Muhammad Jahan Shah, Bidar Bakht put his stamp on gold (or silver). Shah Alam. (1) sJ^j ^ i^-'^l;^ ^C.^ The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam, Padishah through the aid of God, struck coins like those of the Sahib Kiran. The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam Padishah, Shadow of the divine favour, put his stamp on the seven climes. 8 114 MUSALMAl^ NUMISMATICS. Gujarat Sultan. Muhammad II. jb Sa^si^ {j:,"^^ May the coin of Muhammad Shah Sultan, the Aid of the Faith, remain so long as in the sphere of the seat of the mint the orb of the sun and moon remains. Kashmir. Eanjit Deo. jl^ \; i^-V lS^"^ ^jJ iji^^s:^^ iUl^ Eanjit Deo peopled this part, Lachmi ITarayin made glad its heart. Sikh. GoviND Singh. L-Xj^j^^; ci^^j^ Abundance, the sword, victory and help without delay, Guru Gobind Singh obtained from Nanak. 91 CHRONOGEAMS. 115 CHRONOGRAMS. The Abjad. The /^^A^ , chronogram, composed by means of the Abjad system, is but seldom found on coins, although it is commonly used to record dates in MSS and inscriptions. The Abjad, so called from the first four letters J ^ c-^ \ in its table, is an arrangement by which each letter of the Arabic alphabet represents a number in the following scale : — \ 1 c-/or i ^ = 20 J or^ = 200 or c_-? 2 J = 30 - 300 3 or J 3 4 r = o = 40 50 (J!j or = 400 500 5 6 (j/j = 60 70 t 3 = 600 700 J or J 7 uJ = 80 800 8 9 J = 90 100 900 1000 10 The date is found by adding together the value of the letters composing the word or words indicated, as will be seen in the following examples. On a coin of Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, TJrtukid of Kayfa, there is alongside the head on obv. : cl^ = 500, zz: 50, J = 6, i.e. 500 + 50 + 6 = 556, or C C 1 L:^ of Hijra. A coin of JS'adir Shah of Persia has on its obv. a couplet and date I \ f^j and on rev. arranged in Tughra form ^jl^ «Jf^ By the Tarikh, '^"Whatever happens is best." 70 + 1 00 + 6 + 1 + 40 + 10 + 80 + 200 + 10 -f 600 + 30 -f 1 = 1 148. 116 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. One of the varieties of the Muhr of Jahangir the Moghul emperor, representing him as seated with a goblet in his hand, has on the obv. this couplet : — j^^ i^^Jj i^jJ^ jj J , was of good gold, weighing at the time of the first Khalifs about 66 grains, and being about '75 inch in diameter. Later on the same denomination was used for gold coins of greater or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost always fine gold, exceptions being Turkish and Morocco coins, some of which were far from being so. Divisions of the dinar were but rarely noted in words, the legend being jlij J IJ^Jb, this dinar, whether the coin was a whole, half, or quarter one ; but sometimes they were in these terms : t^-^^zJ , this half, l^.IJ this third, \s.^y this fourth, without the word jLj J following. So they are called a nasf, a thilth, a ruba, in much the same way as we speak of a tiers or a cent. The value of a dinar is now so small in Persia that a copper piece of Nasir al-Din, a.h. 1290, of the size of a penny is marked J and a smaller pieccjlijj . The ^^j^ is the general name for a silver coin, as the J IS of gold. It corresponds to the drachma, and when used as a weight should equal 48 grains. But silver coins having the name dirham on them vary much in weight and size, and although half and double dirham s are not uncommon, they are not so denoted in the legends they bear. The character of the metal varies very much ; some of almost all periods is of very poor quality. A plural form of the word is seen on a Morocco coin, ten dirhams. On some coins of the Dehli king 118 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Muhammad b. Taghlak is the phrase ^^^j with their divisions, half, d,^:>- fourth part, j^bAJb eighth part, and j^JbJJjl-^ sixteenth part, and their multiples and (in Hindustani) ; the i^j^^ damri, the half-dam, and also meaning a half-dam. On the copper coins of Akbar's son Jahangir we find^^jl^j rawani and both words meaning current coin, and their half , the former corresponding in weight with the tankah, the latter with one -eighth of a tankah. 120 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. The gold coiii called jliJ nisar, was made for the purpose of distribution on the occasions of great festivals, such as State pro- cessions or at marriages, when they were scattered amongst the crowd. They are usually somewhat thinner than the coins of currency, and are marked with the word ^lij . The custom of scattering coin on great occasions is still kept up in the East, but the pieces for the nisar are usually now only of very thin gold, little more than gold-leaf. Also there are the large handsome gold pieces of 200, 100, 50, and 10 muhrs of Akbar and his three successors, which were, no doubt, not for currency use exactly, but for presentation in the way of honour from the emperor or offered to the emperor or king, for tribute or acknowledgment of fealty, ^Olj j- ^ <^j\ ic). The copper money is the half and quarter pagoda, the ^ii fanam, ^li and ^ii ; and in copper the (j^^ii falus, and the kas. The money table being 20 kas = 1 falus, 4 falus = 1 fanam, 42 fanam = 1 pagoda or hun. But owing to attempts made by orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the relative value of the coins became altered, and we have copper coins of Madras with a variety of legends stating their value, such as iJ-i-r^ i^'i^ ^^^s forty kas; others of twenty, ten, five, two and a half, and two kas of a like character ; and others bearing their relative value, such as v-ii^^l {J^^ o^^l l^j^i I ^J^y and (j^^iijl^^ i^^^^j , when 5 kas were equal to 1 falus. The coins bearing the following inscriptions were proofs not made current. Coin of the Kunpani (Company), ^^jj^^ I ^-^^^ ^^-^ 1793, Christian era. ^^^^^ 1^' I ^^^^ Jry^*^ u^^^ Two falus of the Honourable Company, 1801, Christian era. |A»V j^li ( ^^^^ (J-'y^^ This coin, three falus, of the Honourable Company, is one little fanam, 1807, Christian era. The ISTative States of India which owed allegiance to theMoghul emperor, usually coined silver in the name of the emperor, and copper of their own style, often of irregular shape and bearing a stamp of some figure or device without a legend. The common name for them was ' dub.' The coinage of the [Native States of India is a difficult but interesting subject. The legend on the silver is usually a part, sometimes but a small part, of the coin-legend of one of the later emperors, without date or mint place ; moreover, the die was generally a good deal longer than the coin to be struck, and con- sequently there is but a portion of this imperfect legend on any 122 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. one piece. There are almost always marks or symbols which were intended to be indicative of the mint-place or State, and sometimes they are so, but too often the same symbols were used at diflPerent times by more than one State, and a great number of the coins remain still unassigned. The money-changers and dealers in India know them generally by some nickname, but care and know little as to what State they are the coinage of. During the last twenty years or so the chiefs of many States have adopted coinage of a modern pattern struck from dies made in England, usually bearing some figure as a characteristic mark ; thus, there is the horse's hoof and fetlock for Baroda and the sun-face for Indore. Tipu Sultan of Maisur had a coinage of muhrs, rupees, and paisa or kas, but gave new names to them in the 5th year of his reign. These names appear on some of his coins, and are as follows : — Gold. — for muhr, ^^)S*a for half muhr, and for pagoda. Silver. — ^jS^- for double rupee, ^-^^^^ for rupee, cJ-^lr for half rupee, <^y^lj for quarter rupee, ^iy-i^^ for one-eighth rupee, ^^"^ for one-sixteenth of a rupee, and u-^^^ for one thirty- second of a rupee. Copper. — ^jUlc and ^jijL^ for double paisa, ^^-ibj or for one paisa, for half paisa, for quarter paisa, and c-^l^* for one-eighth of a paisa. The names were no doubt derived for the most part from the names of the Prophet and the Imams. uX/f^-l one of the names of the Prophet himself, ^^^^ ^-J^ the 1st Khalif, ji^Li the 2nd Khalif, ^^J^ j^i^^ 1st Imam, ^^-^^'^^ Imams, ^j AjWI ^^ij -^^V ^^^^^ - j^^^ - i^*^^^ ^^^^ 5th, 6th, and 7th Imam, a Prophet who is supposed to have discovered the "Water of Life, ^\A.ts. the 3rd Khalif, the planet Jupiter,. ^j^J Yenus, Mars,y:.d-' a star. DENOMINATIONS OP COINS. 123 Travancore is a Hindu State, and has still a Hindu coinage, but there are Hindustani words in Persian characters on a few of the coins, viz., '^^^j muhr, five rupees, ^^J^ ^ - ^V, ' The money table, according to Mateer, is: — Copper : 16 kas = 1 chuckram. Silver : 4 chuckram = 1 fanam ; 7 fanam = 1 rupee. Gold : Panam of various sorts = from 41 to 7 chuckram ; rasi =10 chuckram ; varahan = 52i fanam. Kutch and Kathiawar have a special currency, the standard for which is a small silver coin called a kori. The denominations are : — Copper : ^-^-^ly tranbiya ; ids^^J dokda = 2 tranbiya. Silver : lJj^ kori = 24 dokda. The word is dokta on the coins, but is really dokda. On coinage of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago we find some other denominations. N'ative States have the mas, in gold, the kapang, the kas, and the (jw^li falus, in copper. A ducat of the Dutch East India Company, written in Malay ci^J^:^!^ ^^^^^ and ^i^^ ^Ji^ ^ and of the Netherlands Government, is called ^^j^ dirham, a duit ^ and a rupee ^•^^j f with divisions of the rupee of i, -At, to^o, and ¥o"o in Malay (see p. 6). A Java rupee of the English East India Company is marked U^jL^L$oJ^ ^u^y^^ , coin of the Henglish Company, a Port Marlborough rupee is called ^'^^^ IjJ , money of Company two soke, and there are also and multiples of the same. A soke corresponds to a quarter dollar. A kapang is a small copper coin of which 400 equal a Spanish dollar. The small currency of these parts was, and still is, made of tin, or of pewter largely composed of that metal, which is the commonest one there, the tin-mines of the Peninsula and neigh- bouring islands being the source of supply of it in the East. The Portuguese made every endeavour, early in their traffic with Sumatra and the Peninsula, to get the trade and to control the 124 . MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. mines, and the Dutch were not slow in doing the same in the islands where their possessions and influence lay. following on this the Portuguese Government in the sixteenth century made pewter, or tutenag coins for currency in Western India, and as it became recognized and acceptable for trade, the English Government made tutenag coins early in the eighteenth century for use in the same parts of India, in very close imitation of the Portuguese coinage. There are also some rare coins in this metal struck in the name of the Dehli emperor Shah Jahan, made probably at Surat. Another denomination is to be found on a coin of Zanzibar, viz. JL^ r e al. On some coins of Dehli and Bengal kings, instead of the denomination the word the silver (coin), is used. PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE. 125 PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE. The usual legend about the striking of a Musalman coin is [j^Jbjj] jL^xSl 1 j^-Jb ^j*^ ^^.^\ j^>^; In the name of God this dinar (or dirham) was struck, followed by the name of the mint place and the date. Instead of the word c— on some Murabit coins is L^jJLi j^ii\ ^ ordered to be struck ; on some Dehli and Gujarat coins, L^jt^W , place of the striking ; on other Gujarat ones, , struck ; and on a Great Kaan coin, ^^IwO , at the place of striking. On some Nasrid pieces , struck, and on some of the Norman kings of Sicily ^AsS. , made, are used instead of ^j*^ . The following phrases are used with reference to the time of the striking : — In the days of the state or empire. ^iJjJ - '0^%^ j^blj In the days of the king. ^ In the days of the empire of the Lord Sultan. In the time of. At the date. ^i^Ul J - ^i^U J Under the empire of the Lord Sultan. ^^Uai^^Jl s^^"^^ ^ In the time of. (J - expressive of quality, title, or condition, as < the blessed, holy, iJjujA-^:^! the new; or both, such as ^J^ySi^^ iLx-j(A-^ the guarded city, ^-f--.-!? the good city, < $^L^ jJvij the blessed port. These are called the titles of mint towns, and a list of them follows that of the mints, showing the places to which the title is given in each case. The List of Mint Towns has been compiled from the one in Soret's * * I^^umismatique Musalmane," with the addition of such other places as have been found in numismatic writings since that book was published. For the purpose of greater accuracy as to the geographical position of the towns — such general descriptions as in Irak Arabi," ^'in Khurasan," not being satisfactory — the latitude and longitude are given when they have been ascertained. Some names have not been located, although they are mentioned in Yakut's '^Mu^jam al-Buldan " ; in such cases a few words of description by that author are quoted. A few more yet remain uncertain : some of them probably have disappeared or sunk into insignificance ; others may have been new names given to places on their capture by a Musalman king, but since forgotten ; and others are most likely misreadings. When the mint name has been noticed by only one writer his name is added, in brackets, as the authority for including it in the list ; all the other mint names have been given by more than one writer. The class of coin upon which the mint name is found follows the geographical description, and then the title or titles of the town, which are given as prefix or suffix according to whether they precede or follow the name. The spelling of the names is not, as will be seen, always the same ; Arzerum is an instance of this : ^ (^yjjj^ - (^yj^J^ " CV^J^ ' Misreadings may account for this sometimes, but there are mis- spellings and variations in spelling some of the names on the coins. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. Abhar. In Azarbaijan. 36^ 8' K ; 49° 20' E. Sallarid (Markof). Abrashalir. Old name for Nisabur. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Prefix (Xxj j^^ . Abarkuh. In Farsistan. Sl^lO'K; 53°15'E. Mongols of Persia ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. al-Abadan min al-Ahwaz. ?. Buwayhid. Abu. In Eajputana, India. 24° 35' IS". ; 72° 45' E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers). Abuan. In Egypt, near Damietta ? Abbasid (Soret). Prefix t'aj .x^ . Abusaidiyah. ?. Mongols of Persia. (Some- times written without the initial \ .) Abushahr. Bushire, in Farsistan. 29° 0' IS". ; 50° 52' E . Shahs of Persia. Prefix j s:^ . Abiward. In Khurasan. 37°56']Sr. ; 59°15'E. Mongols of Persia. Etawah. In N". W. Provinces of India. 26° 47' N. ; 79° 3' E. Dehli Emperors. Utrar. Farab, in Turkistan. 4>° 35' IST. ; 67° 20^ E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai. Prefix u\b - ijij -i*j.j .x.^ . Attuk. In Panjab, India. 33° 53' N. ; 72° 16' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani. Attuk Benares. The same. Dehli Emperors ( Rodger s). Ajayur. Bakror, in Oudh, India. Dehli Emperor. 128 musalMan numismatics. Ajmir. In Eajputana, India. 26° 27' ; 74°43'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefixes^-.^l^b- Ujjain. In Malwah, India. 23°10'K ; 75°4rE. e;^^-?* - c^^^' Dehli Kings and Emperors, and local. Prefix Achah. Acheen, in Sumatra 5°10'^^.; 95°35'E. Local Sultan ; English. Prefixes , J:.; - ljX^ ■ Ahsanabad. Gulburgah, in the Deccan, India. jLU^m^I 17° 18' ]Sr. ; 76° 54' E. Dehli Emperors ; Bahmani. Prefix ci^-^-^- . Ahmadabad. In Gujarat, India. 23° V 'N. ; jb^ J^/ir^l 72° 38' E. Dehli Emperors ; Gujarat Kings. Prefixes ^^iiliS^ ^,L> . \ Prefix dU\ wJ^-i^L Ahmadnagar. In Gujarat, India. 23° 38' ; jtj^\ 74° 55' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Eajas. Ahmadnagar Farukhabad. Earukhabad, in N.W. Provinces, India. 27°23']Sr.; 79°36'E. Dehli Emperors. Akhtarnagar Oudh. Oudh. Dehli Emperors. if<^^\ j^jxc^\ Akhsikat. Capital of Earghana. 41° 36' IST. ; (^L.^^-^^ 7l°20'E. Abbasid(Tiesenhausen); Samanid; Turkistan (Markof). Ikhshin. In Earsistan (Yakut). Mongols of ^^Ad-^ - ^^J!L^\ Persia. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. Akhsi. In Turkistan. 40° 55' JST. ; 7l°22'E. Shaybanid (Markof). Akhlat. Khelat, in Armenia. 38° 52' N. ; 42° 10' E. Mongols of Persia. Akhur? Chagatai (Oliver). Adrinah. Adrianople, in Turkey, 41° 27' N. ; 26°40'E. Othmanli. Udaipur. In Eajputana, India. 24° 37' IST. ; 73°49'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix jbU^^^. Azarbaijan. A Province of Persia. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Tahirid. Arran. A Province in Armenia. Umayyad (Markof) ; Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia. Prefix Lj^d^ . Arbuk. In Khuzistan. 31° 16' K ; 49° 3' E. Mongols of Persia. Arbil. In Turkistan. 36° 10' N". ; 44° 0' E. Abbasid; Buktiginid; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair. Arrajan. In Earsistan. 30°42'N'.; 50°26'E. Abbasid ; Saffarid ; Buwayhid ; Tahirid ; Mongols of Persia. Arjish. In Armenia. 39° 0' JST. ; 43° 13' E. Mongols of Persia. Ardabil. In Azarbaijan. 38° 9' K ; 48° 19' E. Abbasid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai; Atabeg ; Jalair; Shahs of Persia. Prefix X^j^Jl jb. al-Ardun. The Jordan district of Syria. Umayyad (Eodgers). Ardashir Khurrah. Eirozabad, in Earsistan. 28° 42' N. ; 52° 48' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Urdu. A camp. Shaybanid ; Shahs of Persia ; Dehli Emperors. 130 . MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Urdu dar rah-i-Dakhan. Camp on the road to ^j^^ ^^j^ tlie Dekhan. Dehli Emperors. Urdu Zafar Qarin. Camp linked to victory. {ji^ ^^j^ Dehli Emperor Akbar. Arzarum. Erziroum, in Armenia. 39° 57' N. ; - ' ^^}^JJ^ 41°20'E. Saljuks ; Mongols of Persia ; - [^j^ c.^^^ Othmanli. Arzakan. In Farsistan, on the sea-coast, as (^jj^ I think (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Sauvaire). Arzan. In Armenia. 38° 10' K ; 41° 18' E. Mongols of Persia. Arzanjan. In Armenia. 39° 38' ; 39° 54'E. u^^jj^ Saljuks; Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Danish- mandid ; Karaman ; Timurid. Prefix <^^U) Sy4. Arsaband. In Turkistan, two farsakhs from i>»:^A<^j\ Marv (Yakut). Mongols of Persia. Ard-al-Hayr or Khayr. Karbala, in Irak -^.^.sll Arabi. 32°38'N.; 44°33'E. Abbasid. Arz-i-Aqdas. Meshhed, in Persia. Shahs of ^'^1 (^^^ Persia. Arkat. Arcot, in Karnatic India. 1 2° 55' N". ; 79°24'E. Dehli Emperor; E.L Company; local ISTawab. Arakan. On coast of Burmah. 20° 42' N. ; ^^J\ 93° 24' E. Bengal Kings. Urmiah. Urmi, in Persia. 37°30'N.; 45° 19'E. . L^j\ Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia. Arminiyah. Province of Armenia. Umayyad ; ik^u^^j] Abbasid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia. Ariwan. Eriwan, in Armenia. 40° 8' ISr. ; J^^j . J^.j\ 44° 25' E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli. Urush, for . Timurid. (?) LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 131 Irumi. In Farsistan. Shahs of Persia; Kara ^^^J^ Kuyunlid ( Fraehn) ; Mongols of Persia (Earth olomei). Arwand. Mount Elvand, near Hamadan. tXjjs^l 34° 40' ; 48° 2V E. Mongols of Persia ; Shahs of Persia. Azaq. Azof, in Eussia. 47° 8' K ; 39° 10' E. j\ Golden Horde ; Othmanli. Prefixes - Azammnr. In Morocco. 33° 18' K; 8° 13' W. . . Marinid. J^^^^j^ ' J^^^J^^ Azmir. Smyrna, in Anatolia. 38° 27' IST. ; 27°12'E. Othmanli. Asbaijab. Asfijab Sairam, in Turkistan. 41°42'K; 81°50'E. Chagatai ; Turkistan. Astara. In Azarbaijan, on the Caspian. 38°30'N. ; 48°50'E. Mongols of Persia (Sawalief) ; Jalair ; Chagatai. Astarabad. In Mazandaran. 36° 50' N. ; ob^L^^ - jW^::^! 53°45'E. Ziyarid; Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia; Sarbadarid ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes iLiJ^X^ - jlj. TJsrushana. TJratube, in Turkistan. 39° 55' K; lxJ:>t^j*J\ 68° 58' E. Turkistan ; local Khan. Isfarayin. In Khorasan. 37° 3' N. ; 57° 4' E. ^dj^-'^ Mongols of Persia ; Shaybanid. Asfi. Saffi, in Morocco. 32° 18' IST. ; 8° 50' W. ^kJ\ Eilili Sharifs. Prefix (Tychsen), cXij (Marcel). Asfir. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen). jt^^ al-Iskandariyah. Alexandria, Egypt. 31°12'N.; hjd:S.Jf\ 29° 52' E. Eatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Mamluk; Othmanli. 132 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Uskub or Skub. In Macedonia. 41°0']Sr. ; - ^^^^ 2P 19'E. Othmanli. Islamabad. Chittagong, India. 22° 21' K ; jbULil 91° 52' E. (Mathura, according to Eodgers.) Dehli Emperors. Istambol. Stamboul, Constantinople. Othmanli. f^^^yitLJ\ Ismir, ioi Smyrna. Othmanli. jt"^^ TJswariyali. Near Isfahan (Yakut). Mongols ^^J^^*^^ of Persia (Markof). Asir. Asirgarh, in Central Provinces, India. j^^^J^ 21°28']Sr. ; 76°20'E. Debli Emperor. Isbbiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37° 22' IS". ; (LL-.-i . 5° 59' "W. Abbadid ; Murabit ; Muwabhid ; Hudid. Istikban. Bukhara. Turkistan (Fraehn). ^^^:ka::.ij^ - ^^ia-ibl Istakhar. Persepolis, in Farsistan. 30° I'N. ; .^^'^l 52° 57' E. IJmayyad ; Abbasid. Isbahan or Isfahan. In Irak Ajami, Persia. - ^*)^'^^^ 32° 42' N. ; 51° 43' E. Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Bu way hid ; Kakwayhid ; Saljuks ; Mongols of Persia ; Kara Kuyunlid ; Timurid ; Chagatai ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes d^iS^ . \ . Suffix j^^l^Sl . Atarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 34° 24' N. ; u^'J^"^ 35° 51' E. Umayyad (Lavoix) ; Fatimid (Markof). Izzabad. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen). Azimnagar. ?. Dehli Emperor. Agharnathah, for ^-Hj^i . Granada. Murabit. l}o\j jiS Aghmat. In Morocco. 31° 4' N. ; 8° 0' W. ci^Uxl Murabit. Afrikiyah. Tunis. 36° 48' N". ; 10° 10' E. Lii^^il Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Aghlabid. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 133 Afiyun. Afioum, in Anatolia. 38^ 48' N. ; U^^-^^ 30^ 20' E. Saljuk (Pietrazewski). Aksara, Akshahr. Ak-Sarai, in Karamania. . 1 juuSl 38°23']Sr.; 33°49'E. Saljuk (Soret); Mongols . ^ ^ of Persia (Fraelin) ; Karaman. y u Aksa. In Circassia. 43°30'K; 46°18'E. Uncertain Khan (Fraelin). Aksn. In Turkistan. 41°10']Sr.; 80°40'E. Chinese. Akbarabad. Agra, !N".W. Provinces, India. jbU-^^l Dehli Emperors. Prefixes . ^^ii^^l^ii-iXAu^ Akbarpur. In Oudh, India. 26° 25' JST. ; 82° 34' E. Dehli Emperors. Akbarnagar. Eajmahal, in Bengal. 25° 2' K". ; 87° 52' E. Dehli Emperors. Akbarnagar Oudh. i J^l jtjji^\ . al-Akir. ?. Jalair j Mongols of Persia (Soret). al-Akir, al-Agir. A lortress oi Caucasus. 43° 4' K ; 44° 10' E. Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde. Aksara. ?. Imam of Sana. Akuniah. ?. Timurid (Eodgers). Agrah. In N.W. Provinces, India. 27°10'N.; 78° 5' E. Kings and Emperors of Dehli. Prefixes - Jj^Jl jb . ,^U^1 - <)^i^i^\ Almeria. In Spain. 36°50'K; 2°32'"W. Spanish TJmayyad ; Murabit. Almalakah or al-Malakah. Kulja. 43° 58' N. ; 81°15'E. Chagatai. Almorah. In KW. Provinces, India. 29°35']Sr.; 79° 41' E. Dehli Kings ; local Eajah. -ill 134 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Alinjali. Province to west of Isfahan, Persia. (i^x}\ Jalair. Prefix . Alwar. In Eajputana, India. 27^ 34' N. ; j^W 76^ 38' E. Dehli Kings ; local Eajah. Ulus Bulghar. Bulghar. Khan of Kazan. U^}^^ Amasiah. In Siras, Asia Minor. 40° 39' IS". ; ^^^U^ 35° 48' E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli. Imtiyazgarh. Adoni, in Deccan, India. sSSj[^^\ 15° 37' N. ; 77° 19' E. Dehli Emperor ; local N^awab. Amid. Diarbakr, in Armenia. 37° 56' N. ; 40° 8' E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Marwanid ; TJrtukid; Ayyubid; Othmanli. Prefix ^U-^J^^ . Amdurman. In Sudan. 15° 40' N. ; 32° 34' E. Local rulers. Amritsar. In the Punjab, India. 31° 37' N. ; yj^j ^1 74°55'E. Sikh. Amul. In Mazandaran. 36° 30' K; 52° 25' E. Samanid ; Ziyarid ; Tabaristan ; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix ^U.; . Amirkot. Umarkot, in Sind. 25°2r]S'. ; (Jb^j^^\ 69° 46' E. Dehli Emperors. al-Anbar. Ifear Baghdad. 33° 38'N. ; 43°43'E. TJmayyad (Eraehn) ; Buwayhid (Tychsen). Anbar. In Turkistan. 36° 5' K ; 64° 30' E. Buwayhid; Marwanid. Anabulia. Iniboli, in Asia Minor. 41° 55' N.; ^V^^t^^^ 33° 50' E. Othmanli ( Wellenheim). Andajan. Andokan, in Transoxiana. 40°50']S'. ; ^^l^Jul . ^^l^kXil 72°25'E. Shaybanid; Timurid; Chagatai. Andarabah. Indarab, in Turkistan. 35°59']S".; c-?ljJol . aj|^Jo\ 69° 39' E. Abbasid (Eo(^gers) ; Abu Daudid ; Samanid ; Ghaznawid. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 135 Indrapur. Indore, also Bhartpur, in Central J^iJ'^'-^^ India. Dehli Emperor ; local Eajah. al-Andalus. Cordova, in Spain. 37° 52' IT. ; ^^3^^ 4° 50' W. Spanisli TJmayyad ; Hamudid ; Idrisid ; Abbadid. Indore. In Central India. 22°42']Sr. ; 74° 54' E. Local Eajah. Andijaraa. in Khurasan. Samanid ^^IsT^j^ (Markof). al-Andikaru. Antequera, in Spain. 37° 3' N.; j^lL>Jj^\ 4° 3 r W. Spanish Umayy ad ( Stickel) . Antakiyah. Antioch, in Syria. 36°11'N. ; i^^lkjl 36° 7' E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Saljuk. Ankuriyah. Angorah, in Anatolia. 39° 56' K ; ^^Jiil - 32°45'E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli. Anandghar. Probably Anandpur, in Panjab. - ay^Si^'A 31°15']Sr.; 76°34'E. Sikh. Anulah. Aoula, in K"W. Provinces, India. 28° 16' K ; 79° 12' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani (Eodgers). Ani. Oni, in Armenia. 42° 48' IST. ; 43° 15' E. ^\ Jalair ; Mongols of Persia. Aujan. In Azarbaijan. 37° 50' K ; 46° 40' E. Mongols of Persia. Aujan, also ^-^r-^^ • Malwah. Dehli ^rr^j^ Emperors. Aukri. Ochrida, in Eoumelia. 41°0'K'. ; 20°45'E. Othmanli. Oudh. In India. 26° 48' N. ; 82° 14'E. Dehli Emperor ; local Kings. Prefixes . i Aurcha. In Bandalkhand, India. 25° 21' IS". ; H%^J^^ 78°42'E. Local Eajah. MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Urdu. Serai; also probably Karakorama. ^'^j^ - ^'^j^'^ - ^^j^ 47° 15' N. ; 102° 20' E. Golden Horde ; Turkistan. Prefix ^^/i.l^ . Urdu Bazar. Serai. Mongols of Persia; J^J^> 3^J3^ Golden Horde ; Astrakhan. Urdu al-Jadidah. N'ew Urdu, Serai. Golden Horde. ? Urdu Khanali. Timurid. • ds)\jk^ Urdu Humayun. Imperial Camp. Othmanli. U^.^-^J^J^ Aurangabad. In the Deccan, India. 19° 54' iN". ; 75°22'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix a;-;.^^ jLj . Aurangnagar. Dehli Emperor (White King). jCiL.J^j^ Uzkand. In Turkistan. 40° 28' IS". ; 73° 12' E. . - Turkistan. Prefixes . . Suffix ^^^j^ Oush. In Turkistan. 40° 45' K". ; 72°35'E. JL^\ Timurid ; Chagatai. Oukak. On the Volga, between Bulghar and 4—51^^1 Serai. Golden Horde (Eraehn) ; Astrakhan (Markof). Ounik. In Armenia, now Javan Kalah. L-jC3^\ 40° 8' K ; 42° 25' E. Mongols of Persia (Soret). Ahar. In Azarbaijan. 38° 28' N. ; 47° 0' E. ^Jbl King of Ahar ; Kara Kuyunlid (Soret). al-Ahwaz. InKhuzistan. 31° 9' N.; 48°44'E. jl^Jfe^Jl Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk. See also Ayasulugh. Ephesus. 37° 55' JST. ; 27° 22' E. . jUbJ . ^^V^ Othmanli ; Aydin Amir. Prefix d^JS^ . J^^-^V.^ lij. In Earsistan, afterwards Shabankara. Timurid (Eodgers). LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 137 lidaz. Malamir, in Khuzistan. Sl^Sl'N". ; -^^i^ 49° 45' E. Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia. Eri wan, also ^J^^j^ - In Armenia. 44°25'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix J.*--: j^jsl^. Ailia, with . Jerusalem. 31° 46' 'N, ; ^.AA . LJjI 35°16'E. Umayyad; Idrisid ; Ayyubid. Elichpur. In Berar, India. 21° 10' IS". ; j^f^'^ 77° 30' E. Dehli Emperors. Iran. Persia. Shahs of Persia. Ilak. In Turkistan. 39° 0' N. ; 64° 12' E. . uJ^.Ll Ilaks of Turkistan (Markof). al-Bab. Darbend, on the Caspian Sea. 42° 5' ; S-^V^^ 48° 1 5' E. TJmayyad. Prefix LjS^ . Bajara. In Mesopotamia. 36° 42']Sr.; 39° 12'E. l^^lj Mongols of Persia (Soret). Bajnis. [j ^Sx.^ . Abbasid. Bar. JS'ear Nisabur, in Khurasan. 36° 35' IS". ; jlj 58°41'E. Mongols of Persia (Soret). Prefix Baran. Near Marv (Yakut), Mongols of . Persia ; Jalair ; Kara Kuyunlid. Barjin. In Khurasan. 33° 8' N". ; 59° 49' E. ^ji^^j^i Golden Horde. Bari. Barin, in Syria. 32° 17' N. ; 34° 59' E. oj.^ Mongols of Persia (Soret). Bariz. Paris. Eilili Sharif Mulay Hasan. Bazar. Probably (^^j . Mongols of Persia; Jalair (Bartholomei). Bazift. Near Isfahan (Yakut and Schindler). LH^ijb Mongols of Persia (Schindler). Baghehih Sarai. In the Crimea. 44° 44' N. ; . ^-f^V 33° 53' E. Krim Khans. ^\^^ Xj^, 138 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Baku. In the Caucasus. 40° 21' ; 49° 50' E. . . <^J/Ij ./li Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; ^.^^V Chagatai ; Kara Kuyunlid (Fraelin). Balapur. In South India. 20°40'N.; 76°49'E. j^j^U Local (Tufnell). Balkan. NearMerv? Golden Horde (Soret). ^J^\j Bamian. In Afghanistan. 84°49']Sr.; 67°28'E. ^L^b Samanid (Tiesenhausen) ; Abu Daud ; Khwarizm. Banad, Banak. Ifear Eayy (Yakut). Jalair u-ioU . J^jU (Markof). Baward. Abiward (Yakut). Mongols of <^^lj Persia (Markof). Baibirt. In Armenia. 40° 16']Sr. ; 40° 10' E. ^jf^^, Mongols of Persia. Batan. Bhutan District, in ISTorthern India. ^^1:^^ 27° K ; 90° E. Local (Eodgers). Bajayah. Bougiah, in Algeria. 36° 45']^.; h^^. 5° 4' E. Muwahhid ; Hafsid ; Marinid. Prefix (kUi Js^ . Bahrayn. Island in Persian Gulf. 25° W. ; ^Ij^^ 50° E. Abbasid. Bukhara. In Turkistan. 39° 48' N. ; 64° 34' E. Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Janid; Mangit. Prefixes - i^r?-LA.!l i^A.L!l Budaun. In KW. Provinces, India. 28°2']S'.; 79° 92' E. Dehli Emperors. Badakhshan. In Afghanistan. 37° 9' IS". ; ^l^^^-J^^ 70°33'E. Samanid; Chagatai; Timurid ; Idrisid ; Babar (Eodgers). Prefix J^L . Badaa. In Arabia. 25° 16' K ; 50° 40' E. ilcA^ Abbasid; Idrisid; Aghlabid ; Muwahhid; Jalair. 139 Bidlis. Bitlis,in Armenia. 38° 23' K; 42°6'E. Amirs of Bidlis ; Chagatai ; Abbasid ? Badhaghis. In Khurasan. 35° K ; 62° E. Abbasid. Brij Indarpnr. Bhartpur. Debli Emperors (Eodgers). Bardasir. Old name for Kirman. Saljnk. Bardaab. In Armenia. 42° 20' N. ; 46° 10' E. i^J^ J' Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Abbasid ; Sajid ; Saffarid (Tornberg). Barkan. On east bank of the Jihun, near Astrabad and Jurian (Yakut). Uncertain (Soret). Barkaid. In Mesopotamia. 36° 44' "N. ; 41° 52' E, Local Amir. Barkah. Baraka, in I^. Africa. 15° 35']Sr. ; J* 37°30'E. Abbasid. Barujird. In Irak Ajami. 33° 50' N. ; 48°55'E. Shahs of Persia. Baroch. Broach, in Gujarat, India. 21°43'N'. ; 73° 2' E. Local. Baroda. In Gujarat. 22° 17'K ; 73° 16' E. Local Gaikwar. Brusa. In Anatolia. 40°10'K; 29°0'E. Othmanli. Burhanpur. In Kandesh, India. 21° 18' N. ; JJv >• 76°16'E. Dehli Emperors; local Eajah. Prefixes j^^juJljl J . ^^r^-li . Barili. Bareilly, in N."W. Provinces, India. 28°22']Sr.'; 29°26'E. Dehli Emperors; Durrani. Prefixes . jUUkl (Eodgers); • jUli,^! (Nelson Wright). Bazmkobad, Barmisad, Barmkobad. ?. Umayyad, 140 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Bust. In Afghanistan. 31^ 20' K ; 64° 2' E. Tahirid ; Sajffarid. Prefix i:^j J<^. Bistam. In Khurasan. 34° 20' ; 47° 6' E. Mongols of Persia (Markof). al-Basrah. InlrakArabi. 30°26']Sr. ; 47°56'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk ; Marwanid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix A2\ ^\ . Busri. Bozra, in Syria. 32° 21' IS". ; 36° Umayyad. Bataliyus. Badajoz, in Spain. 38° 53' 'N. ; 6° 56' W. King of Badajoz. Balabekk. Baalbac, in Syria. 34° 3' JS". ; 36°11'E. Umayyad; Abbasid. Baghdad. In Mesopotamia. 33° 22' N. ; 44° 26' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Kara Kuyunlid ; Chagatai ; Mamluk ; 0th- manli ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix . Bekbek. ?. Mongols of Persia. Bagalkot. In the Deccan, India. 16° 11' N. ; 75° 44' E. Local. Baljan. In Khuzistan, between Basrah and Abbadan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Schindler). Balkh. In Khurasan. 36°47']Sr. ; 67°23'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Samanid ; Ghaznawid; Abu Daud ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Janid ; Barakzai. Prefix . Balkh al-Baida. In Daghastan (Fraehn). Umayyad (Fraehn). Balid. In Mesopotamia, near Mosil. 36° 25' IST. ; 42°50'E. Abbasid; GoldenHorde; Ukaylid. Balirm. Palermo, in Sicily. 38° 7'JN" ; 13°22'E. Aghlabid of Sicily. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 141 Bulghar. In Eussia, on the Yolga. 54° 59' N". ; jlib 49° 0' E. Great Kaans ; Golden Horde ; Khan of Kazan. Prefix (j^^il . Bulghar Garrison. Golden Horde (Markof). jUb Eulghrad. Belgrade, in Servia. 44° 48' JST. ; jl^^Jj 20°28'E. Othmanli Ealansiah. Valencia, in Spain. 39°28']S'. ; 0° 20' W. Amirid ; Toledo Kings ; Murabit. Prefix rdlj-^^ Hafsid; Othmanli. al-Jazirah. In Mesopotamia. 37° 15' N. ; 42°14'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Marwanid ; Hamdanid ; Zangid ; Mongols of Persia ; Kara Kuyunlid. Prefix h^S^^ . Jazirah Prins ab Wailes. Prince of Wales U^^ji ^Jj^ Island or PonloPenang. 5° 18' K ; 100°25'E. u^V.;^^ English local. Jazirah Silulu or Silung. Ceylon. Netherlands ^ E.I. Company. al-Jisr. Probably Jisr Manbij, in Syria. 34° 4' N. ; 35° 38' E. Umayyad (Eogers). Jafarabad. Probably Veramin, near Teheran. j\AjSix>- 35° 15' JST.; 51°42'E. Shahs of Persia. Julad. In Daghistan ? GoldenHorde (Fraehn) . Jalalabad. In Afghanistan. 34° 24' N. ; A^}^- 70° 24' E. Dehli Emperor, with prefix ^Aj\ . Also counter-strike on E.I. Com- pany's coins. Jalalpur. In the Panjab. 29° 31' IST. ; 71° 22' E. J^'^-^"=r Dehli Emperors (Yost). Jalaim. In JST.W. Provinces, India. 26° 9' N. ; ^^l^r 79° 22' E. Local Eajah. Jalu. Army Mint. Or Jelo District in Kur- ^^^^ distan. 37°25'N. ; 44°0'E. Shahs of Persia. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. Jalunabad. ?. Dehli Emperors. Jiilair. ?. Delili Emperors (Eodgers). Jummun. In Kashmir. 32^ 44' K ; 74^49'E. Dehli Emperors (Rodgers). Local Governor. Prefixes ^^U^l - . Jinaba. Genaba, in Farsistan. 29^31']^^. ; 50°35'E. Saffarid; Buwayhid. Junabadh. Gunabad, in Khurasan. 34° 20' ^N". ; 58° 33' E. Sarbadarid. Jannatabad. Lakhnauti, in Bengal. 24° 55' ; 88° 8' E. Bengal Kings. Jundi Sabur. In Khuzistan. 37° 18' NT. ; 48°35'E. Umayyad; Abbasid. Janzah. Probably for . Umayyad ; Shaddadid (Markof). Jodhpur. In Eajputana, India. 26° 19' ^f. ; 73° 8' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors (Eodgers); local Eajah. Prefixes .^^^iJlj^ J . ^iiir^l^lj - Suffix Juzjan. District near Balkh, in Khurasan. 36° JN". ; 65° E. Ghaznawid ; Ziyarid. Jaunpur. In N".W. Provinces, India. 25°44']^.; 82° 44' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kings of Jaunpur. Prefixes ci^^r?- _ _ iLkrs-. . Jhalawar. In Eajputana, India. 24° 20' IN". ; 76° 50' E. Local Eajah. Jahanabad. In Bengal. 25° 13' IST. ; 85° 2' E. Dehli Emperors. Jahanpanah. Dehli. Dehli Kings. 150 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Jhansi. In Central India. 25°25'K; 78°38'E. Dehli Emperors. Jahangirabad. In JST. W. Provinces, India. 28^ 24' N. ; 78^ 8' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle). Jahangirpur. Jangipur, in Eengal. 24° 24' ; 88° 6' E. Dehli Emperor. Jahangirnagar. Dacca, in Bengal. 23° 43' N. ; 90° 26' E. Dehli Emperors. Jhang. In the Panjab, India. 31° 16' N.; 72° 21' E. Sikh (Eodgers). Jhusi. N'ear Allahabad, N.W. Provinces, India. 25° 26' ]Sr. ; 81° 58' E. Dehli Kings. Jayy. Old Isfahan. Umayyad ; Abbasid. Prefix J" . 43° 37' E. Abbasid (Lavoix). Hajr, In Yemen. 24° 7' N. ; 51° 14' E. ys^ Abbasid. Harran.- Charroe, in Mesopotamia. 36° 52' IN'.; 39° 1' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Ayyubid ; Buktiginid. al-Hirmin al-Sharifin. The two Holy Cities Mecca and Medinah. Othmanli. Hazan. Salt Country. ?. Mongols of Persia (Soret). al-Hasan or al-Khush. Probably Khush, in - ^^-w.^.s:^l - j^^^usH Syria. Umayyad (Eogers). (j^j^-^^^ Hasanabad or Husainabad. Probably Gaur in - jIjI:^^ Bengal. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. 4>IjI:«.^s>- Prefix . 153 MUSALMAlSr NUMISMATICS. Hissar. In Turkistan. 38^ 25' ; 68° 45' E. Timurid ; Shaybanid. Hissar. In N. W. Provinces, India. 29° 9' N. ; 75° 50' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ; local Eajah. Suffix ^j^j^i . Hissar Shadman. Hissar, in Turkistan. Timurid. Hisn. Kaifa. Urtukid ; Mongols of Persia. Hisn Kuffah, Hisr Kaghi. Hisn Kaifa, in Turkistan. 37° 40' ; 41° 20' E. Urtukid ; Mongols of Persia. al-Hadhr. Atra, in Mesopotamia. 35° 30' N. ; 42° 50' E. Ak-Kuyunlid (Soret). Halab. Aleppo, in Syria. 36° 11' ; 37° 9' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Hamdanid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Eatimid ; Mirdasid ; Mamluk ; Jalair ; Othmanli. Prefix . Hulwan. In Irak Arabi. 34° 48' ^T. ; 45° 36' E. Abbasid. al-Hillah. In Mesopotamia. 32° 25' I^. ; 44° 30' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair. Hamat. In Syria. 34°16'K; 35° 40' E. Ayyubid; Mamluk. Suffix iU^^^"^! . Hamad. Perhaps for j^/**^ ; or , a province in Asia Minor. Jalair (Markof). Hims. Emesa, in Syria. 34°25'K; 36°46'E. Umayyad; Hamdanid; Eatimid; Tulunid ; Jalair. Hauran. In Syria. 36° 7' N. ; 36° 40' E. Othmanli (Soret). Hautah. In Najd. 22° 33' N. ; 45° 22' E. Local (Eodgers). Huwayza. In Khuzistan. 31° 17' N.; 48° I'E. Timurid. LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 153 Haidarabad. In the Deccan, India. 17°22']Sr. ; jWjj^^^ 75° 32' E. Dehli Emperors ; local jSTizam. Prefixes jLi^ iiX^c>-ji - jl^Jl ^Ij. Kharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). J^J^"^ Khalakabad. Chandagal, near Mysore. 12°2rN.; jbUSlrJ- 76°45'E. Mysore Sultan. Khanpur. In Bahawalpur State, India. j^^'As^ 28° 35' ; 70° 41' E. Local Eajah. Khanjah. Elizabethpol. 40° 45' N. ; 46° 14' E. Xssi^ . d,:^\:^ Othmanli. KhanahEikab. Army Mint. Shahs of Persia. i);3lr5- Khabushan. Modern Kuchan, in Khurasan. i^l^^-^r^* 37°25'N.; 58°22'E. Mongols of Persia (Markof). Khutlan, al-Khuttul. In Transoxiana, about 37° 46' ]Sr. ; 68° 40' E. Timurid (Fraehn) ; J;--s:'^ Samanid. Khuttan. In Turkistan. 37° 7' JN". ; 77° 55' E. Mongols of Persia (Saulcy) ; local Khan. Sufiix i^-liS . Khujastuh Baniyad. Aurangabad. Dehli ^^^^^^ Emperors. Khujindah. In Turkistan. 41° 6' K; 68° 2' E. i^Ai^js:^ Chagatai ; Turkistan. Khartbirt. Diarbakr or Amid. 37° 56' N". : 40° 8' E. Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia. Khurfah. In Najd, Arabia. ?. Local Khan. ^li^rS- Prefix Khazanah. The Treasury. Eengal Kings. Ssj\j:>^ Khusrushadh Hurmuz. A district in the culti- J^Jb jLj^^j>. vated part of Irak (Yakut). Umayyad. MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Khilat. Akhlat, in Armenia. . LL^ 42° 10' E. Marwanid; Mongols of Persia, al - Khalifah al - Aliyah. Constantinople. Othmanli. Khiilm. In Khurasan. 36° 58' K ; 67° 8' E. ^ Timurid. Khalif atabad. Baghurhat, in Bengal. 22° 40' N. ; \:JuLr^ 89° 49' E. Bengal Kings (Blochmann). Khwarizm. Khiva. 41° 55' JST. ; 60° 5' E. (♦Jj^-?^ Golden Horde ; Chagatai ; Timurid ; local Khans. Prefixes j^il— - j . Khur. A village near Balkh (Yakut). Timurid. j^r^ Khurshid Suwad. Probably Dharwar, in the J^j*^ A^-^bj^ri- Deccan, India. 15°27']Sr.; 75° 3' E. Mysore Sultan. Khush. ?. Mongols of Persia. U^^^ Khukand. In Tartary. 40°32']S". ; 70°58'E. Joi^ri. Local Khans. Prefixes ^.uIi^m^W ^Ij - lS!U.\\ j\j . Epithet ^-^^ . Khuna. In Azarbaijan. 38°21']N".; 44° 30' E. U^r^^ Abbasid. Khui. In Azarbaijan. 38° 33'lSr. ; 45° 5' E. Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia ; Durrani (Leggett). Prefix Khairpur. In Sind, India. 27^ 31' N.; 68°48' E. J^j^ Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). Khizan. In Armenia. 38°12']Sr. ; 42° 5' E. ulr?^ Othmanli. Khayuk. Khiva. Local Khans; Timurid (Soret). LIST OF MINT TOWNS. Dara. In Mesopotamia. 37'=^ 8' IST. ; 41^M' E. Abbasid (Stickel). Dar al-Tassuwir. Joudhpur. Dehli Emperors ( Rodger s). Darah. In Mesopotamia. 35^ 28' N. ; 39° 52^ E. Saljuk (Lane Poole). Daghastan. Province in Armenia. 42° N. ; 48° N". Shahs of Persia. Damighan. In Khurasan. 36°12'K; 54° 38' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix . Damla, near ^Saharanpur, N.W. Provinces, India. Dehli Emperor (Eodgers). Daniat. In Syria, between Aleppo and Kafartab (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Soret). Daniat. Denia, in Spain. 38°52'N'.; 0° 4' W. Kings of Denia ; Muwahhid. Prefix . Dawar. In Afghanistan. 33°15'N'.; 65° 5' E. Shahs of Persia (Markof). Dahar. ? for Dehli Kings (Eodgers). Dabusiyah. In Transoxiana. 39° 48' IN". ; 65°50'E. Golden Horde; Turkistan. DabiL Ardabil. 38°9'N.; 48°19'E. IJmayyad; Abbasid. Darabjird. Darab, in Farsistan. 28°42'N. ; 54° 9' E. IJmayyad. Dirband. In Daghistan. 42° 8' K ; 48° lO'E. Golden Horde ; local Khan. Darwadh. A fort in Azarbaijan (Yakut). Shahs of Persia. Dizful. In Khuzistan. 32° 8' JST. ; 48° 22' E. Shahs of Persia (Fraehn). Distawa. In Farsistan (Yakut). Umayyad. MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS, Dakuka. Tank, in Mesopotamia. 35° 8' N.; 44° 28' E. Abbasid ; Euktiginid (Soret). Dilshadabad. ?. Debli Emperors. al-Dalikan, or Dolijan. ISTear Isfahan (Yakut). About 33° 20' K ; 51°10'E. (Le Strange); Abbasid (Fraehn). Damawind. In Khurasan. 35° 39']Sr. ; 52° 9' E. Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Damask. Damascus. 33° 34' N. ; 36° 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Saljuk ; Tulunid ; Ikhshidid ; Eatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Mamluk; Othmanli. Suffix ^^j^s*^-"!. Dunaysir. In Mesopotamia. 37° 2' K ; 41°18'E. Marwanid; TJrtukid. Dawrak. In Khuzistan. 30° 51' JST. ; 48° 55' E. Shahs of Persia ; Timurid. Dawkar. ?. Saljuk (B.M. Cat.). Dogam, Dogaon. Probably Dogon, near K'anpara, in Bahraich, Oudh. Dehli Emperors. Pre- fixes ^i^iri^^b . . Daulatabad. Deogir, in the Deccan, India. 19° 57' ]Sr. ; 75° 18' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors. Prefix ^l^c:^^ . Daha. In Java. Local English. Dhar. In Central India. 23° 36' JST. ; 75° 24'E. Dehli Kings. jUj^jbJ , the Pass of Dhar. Dharwar. In south of Deccan, India. 15°27']S'.; 75° 3' E. Mysore Sultan. Dahistan. In Mazandaran. 28° 32' IST. ; 55° 24' E. Great Kaans ; Shahs of Persia (Dorn). Prefix Jt> 70° 4' E. Durrani. Dairah fath Khan. In the Panjab. 31° 9' NT. ; ij^iJ 70° 50' E. Durrani. al-Dailim. In Azarbaijan. 37°0' N. ; 49° 40' E. j^JjjJl Muhammad b. Buzungumir ; "Wahsoudinide. Prefix - ^'^j^ • Dingarh. In the Panjab. 28°56'N'.; 74°49'E. ^J^-i^ Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). al-Dinawar. In Irak Arabi. 34° 36' JST. ; j^^i^^ 47°36'E. Buwayhid (Markof). Diogir. Daulatabad, in the Deccan. 19°57'T^. ; ji^^i'^ 75°18'E. DehliKings; JSTizamof Haidarabad. Prefixes ^uli _ wJ^^^ - ^iJi \ ds^i . Dieval. In Sind, India. Dehli Emperors J^i*^ (White King). Prefix . Darwat. In Hajaz (Yakut) ; Easulid (Neitzel). Dafarin. Uncertain. Timurid (Lane Poole). 158 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Damar. In Yemen. 14° 11' JST. ; 44° 0' E. jU3 Imam of Sana. Prefix ^^^j^ • Eajar. ? Rajan or Arjan. Golden Horde ^^^j " J^^b (Soret). Eajaz. ?. Mongols of Persia (Lane Poole). J^^j Eajgarh. In Eajputana, India. 26° 18' IN". ; t/^'^b 74° 42' E. Local Eajah of Alwar State. Eahin. Eayin, in Kirman. 29° 35' N". ; ij^b 57° 32' E. Mongols of Persia (Schindler). Eadhanpur. In Eajputana, India. 23° 50']^.; ^j^^iibd\j 7l°38'E. Local Eajah. Eas al-Ayin. In Mesopotamia. 36° 52']^.; 40° 5' E. Abbasid. Eask. InMakram. 26°18']Sr. ; 61°40'E. lJC^^j Samanid (Eraehn). Easbt. In Khurasan, eight farsakhs from c:^-S)lj Tarmuz (Yakut). Samanid. al-Eafikah. Eakkah, in Mesopotamia. 36° CK; ^^i^rtj^l . ^i^l 39°20'E. Abbasid; Tulunid ; Buwayhid ; Hamdanid (Tornberg). Eamhurmuz. In Khuzistan. 31° 10' N". ; J^f^b 49° 50' E. Umayyad; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Tulunid ; Shahs of Persia. Eanajin. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle). ^sc^lj Eibat al-Eath. In Morocco. 34° 0' JS". ; ^ Lb, 6° 20' W. Eilili Sharifs. Eajan. In Earsistan. ? . Golden Horde (Markof). al-Eahabah. In Mesopotamia. 34° 54' N. ; i^s»^^\ 40°11'E. Abbasid; Hamdanid. Easht. In Gilan. 37°20'K; 49°50'E. s^i^j Saljuk; Mongols of Persia ; Kuyunlid; Shahs of Persia. Prefix J^^! 1 J • LIST OF MINT TOWNS. Bussid. In Irak Arabi. ?. In Yemen (Yakut) ; Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia. Ranash. In Khuzistan. 32°25']S'.; 48°22'E. Shahs of Persia, al - Eakkah. In Mesopotamia. 36° 0' IS". ; 39°20'E. Umayyad; Abbasid. Rimm. District of the Kurds in Farsistan ; Shahs of Persia (Markof). al-Eama. In Palestine. 31° 33' N. ; 35° 8' Ayyubid. al-Ptamlah. In Palestine. 31° 54' ; 34°56' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid. llanthambhur. In Eajputana, India. 26° 2' IN". ; 76° 30' E. Dehli Kings. Rangpur. In Bengal. 25°44']Sr. ; 89°16'E. Local Rajah. Re van. Erivan. Othmanli. Rotaspur. ?. Bengal Kings. al-Roudhbar. In Gilan. 36° 55' N.; 49° 25' E. Local Prince. Ruha. Edessi, in Mesopotamia. 37° 5' N.; 39°0'E. Umayyad; Ayyubid; Othmanli. al-Rayy. In Irak A j ami. 36°0'N. ; 51°30'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Saljuk ; Ghaznawid ; Mongols of Persia. Rikanz. Town near Merv (Yakut) ; Governor of Sijistan. Zabid. In Yemen. 14° 10' I^. ; 43° 20' E. Rasulid ; Yiyadid ; King of Yemen. Zirinj. In Sijistan. 31° 33' K ; 61° 38' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Saffarid ; Tahirid ; Mongols of Persia. Prefix J- - < ^\^]\ j\j . al-Sbasb. Tashkend, in Turkistan. 42° 4' N. ; 68° 11' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Chagatai. Prefix dXj ; suffix ^Jb 11? ^03^ . Shatibah. Jativa, in Spain. 39° 24' I^. ; Ll^U 0° 53' W. Hudid. Shakan. Perhaps for ^^l-^^, or perhaps that ^^[J^ in Turkistan. 40°27']Sr. ; 71°3'E. Mongols of Persia. al-Sham. Syria. Golden Horde (Rodgers). al-Shamiyah, for i^^l-uJl . TJmayyad. Shahabad. In Oudh, India. 27° 38' N. ; jbUU 79° 59' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix ^yJ . Shahjahanabad. Dehli. Dehli Emperor ; Shah jW^l^rs-^l-l Ifadir of Persia ; Durrani. Prefix jIj Shah Eukhiyah. In Turkistan. 40° 46' N'. Lr^j 69° 0' E. Timurid (Fraehn). Shahgarh. In Central Provinces, India. 24°19']Sr.; 79°40'E. Dehli Kings (Rodgers). Shabankarah. In Parsistan. 29° 10' K". ; ^^l^L-^ 51° 5' E. Mongols of Persia; Chagatai; Timurid. Shibarkhan. In Afghanistan. 36° 35' JST. ; cMir^^ 65° 42' E. Buwayhid (Leggett). Possibly misread for , Shibiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37° 26' JST. ; ^-f-^ 6°0'W. Murabit. LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 167 Shirki. On the west bank of the Tigris, east L5^>r^ of the round city of Baghdad (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Soret). Shirish. Xeres, in Spain. 36^41'^. ; e^Q'W. Murabit. Sharif abad. In Bengal. ?. Dehli Kings. Sharif ah. In Irak Arabi, near Basrah (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Soret). Shaf urkan . Shib ar ghan, in Afghanistan . ^ - j 36° 40' N". ; 65° 32' E. Khwarizm. Shikar al-Gah. ?. Dehli Emperors (Leggett). Shikarpur. In Sind. 27° 57' E". ; 68° 40' E. Local. Shiki. Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia. Shahs of Persia. Sholapur. In the Deccan, India. 1 7° 40' K ; 75° 56' E. Dehli Emperors. Shamakhi. In Trans-Caucasia. 40° 56' N. ; 47° 30' E. Jalair ; Golden Horde ; Shirwan- shahi ; Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia ; Othmanli. Prefix a^Lu! 1 ^ 1 J . Shamsh. ?. TJmayyad (Lavoix). Shamhar. A mountain in Dailimite country, a day's journey from Sariah (Yakut). Barendid (Mark of). Shustar. In Khuzistan. 31° 58' ]Sr. ; 49° 3' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia. Shahr al-Jadid al-Maharusah. The new city garrisoned. Golden Horde. Shahrzur. In Kurdistan. 35° 15'^ ; 45°30'E. Atabeg (Meier). Shahr Sabaz. In Turkistan. 39° 2' N. ; 66° 52' E. Chagatai. J 168 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Shahr i Nau. ISTew city. Probably Ganr, in y j^J^ Bengal. Bengal Kings. Prefix (k^jS:' . Shahristan. In Parsistan. 29° 28' N. ; ^\':^^j^J^ 53°15'E. Mongols of Persia. Suffix ^ J. . Shahun Muazam. ?. Golden Horde (Markof). lD^-^ Sbaik abu Isbak. Unknown locality. Mongols jl.s**^l of Persia; Timurid (Markof). Shiraz. In Parsistan. 29° 30' K ; 52°30'E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Atabeg ; Salgharid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Timurid ; Mu- zaffarid ; Cbagatai ; Ak Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes !Lj^s^ - ( ^\^]\ - Shirpur. In Bengal. 24° 40' K ; 89° 28'E. J^,.ji^ Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). Shirgarh. In Bengal. 24° 49' N. ; 83° 46' E. . i> J^-.-i» - "^--^ Also Dehli. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors. ^j^ji^ Prefixes ^Ai - d^x!^ ; suffixes ^^^^ • ij-^ and . . Shirwan. Shamakhi, in Trans -Caucasia. Mongols of Persia ; J alair ; Shir wanshahi (Markof) ; Othmanli. Sadah. In Yemen. 16°42']N'. ; 42° 42' E. 'ij.x^ Eassid Imams. al-Saghaniyan. In Turkistan. 37° 30' K ; ^IjU^ll 67°40'E. Samanid; Turkistan. Saghd. District between Samarkand and ^i-^ Bukhara. 40° K; 66° E. Chagatai (Tiesen- hausen). Safuriyah. In Syria. 32° 46' K ; 35° 16' E. Ljyi^ Abbasid (Lavoix). LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 169 Sikiliyah. Sicily, also iUliLo . ratimid ; ISTorman Kings. Prefix dujS^ . Sana. In Yemen. 15° 10' K ; 44° 32' E. lo^ Abbasid; Easulid; Imams of Sana; Othmanli. al-Sannabra, ?. Chief of Batiha (Lane Poole). Sur. Tyre, in Syria. 33°16'N.; 35°irE. Abbasid (Markof ) ; Fatimid ; Othmanli. Sofia. In Bulgaria. 42° 44' JST. ; 23° 15' E. ^sJ^^ Othmanli. al-Suayrah. Mogadur, in Morocco. 31° 30' ; ji.^*^^ - ^ji^*^^ 9° 45' W, Eilili Sharifs. Dharabkhanah rikab. Army Mint. Shahs of c-^l^ ^Olisrt^ Persia. Dhafar. In Yemen. 17° 0' JST. ; 53° 56' E. ^U^^ Lmam of Dhafar. Tarim. District near Kazvin. 36° 40' li^, ; 1*^11? 48° 45' E. Timurid (Markof). Talakan. In Badakhshan. 36°45']Sr. ; 69°28'E. . ^liiSlt' Khwarizm. Tans, Tus. In Khurasan. 36° 30' N. ; 59° 26' E. . . ^^IL Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Chagatai ; Timurid ^ (Markof). Tabaristan. Province of Persia. 36° 14' K". ; 53° 40' E. Abbasid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix 4^yi 14° 14' I^. ; 76° 27' E. Mysore Sultan. Farakhnagar. JSTear Dehli. 28°42'N'. ; 77°24'E. J^t^^ Dehli Emperors. Earukhi. Calicut, Malabar, India. 11°15'N. ; L5^y 75° 50' E. Mysore Sultan. Earghanah. Khokand, inTurkistan. 40°32'K'. ; ijli^i 70° 58' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Khan of Khokand. Parlis. In Malay Peninsula. 6° 30' N. ; 100° 28' E. Local Eajah. Earama. Pelouse, in Egypt. 31° 3' l^i 32° 32' E. Abbasid (Lavoix). Earwan. Parwan, in Afghanistan. 35° 12' NT. ; ^^j^ 69° 4' E. Ghaznawid; Samanid. Firuzan. Village near Isfahan (Yakut). ^j^j^ Mongols of ^Persia. 174 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Firah. In Afghanistan. 32° 27' IS". ; 62° 8' E. Abbasid (Eogers) ; Samanid (Fraehn). Firim. One day's march from Siriya, in Dailimite Highlands (Yakut). Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Bawendid ; Mongols of Persia. Fisa, or Besa. In Farsistan. 28°57'N. ; 53°48'E. Umayyad; Buwayhid; Ghaz- nawid (Soret). al-Fustat. Old Cairo, in Egypt. Umayyad. Patani. In Malay Peninsula. 6° 20' N. ; 101° 20' E. Local Eajah. Filistin. Palestine. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Tulunid; Hamdanid ; Ikhshidid ; Fatimid; Karmathian. Also as suffix to . Palambang. In Sumatra. 2° 48' S. ; 104° 5' E. Local Eajah. Suffix sLj . PuntianakdanMampawah. In Borneo. 0°15'S.; 109° 30' E. Local Eajah. Firim. Probably for ^l^ji* Abbasid (Moeller) ; Mongols of Persia. Firuzabad. Panduah, in Bengal. 23° 3' 'N. ; 88° 18'E. Bengal Kings. Prefixes ij^s>- . Firuzpur. In the Panjab, India. 30° 55' K". ; 74° 38' E. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). Firuznagar. ?. Dehli Emperors (White King). Fis Hissab or Hissar. Gooty, in Bellary District, S. India. Mysore Sultan. Fil. In Khwarizm. 41° 50' N. ; 58° 0' E. Umayyad (Blau). al-Fayum. In Egypt. 29°25'N.; 30°52'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid (Lavoix). LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 175 Kadis. Cadiz, in Spain. 36° 33' N. ; 6° 19' W. (j^jli King of Granada (Longperier). Kars. In Armenia. 40^37'^.; 43° 10' E. Othmanli. Kazan. Sarai ?. Mongols of Persia (Eodgers). e^lj^ Prefix . Kashan, for JJ:^^ . Saljuk ; Mongols of ^l-lli Persia. al-Kahirah. Cairo. 30° 2' ; 31° 25' E. Eatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Mamluk. Prefixes or suffixes ^s. . Kalinjar. In JT.W. Provinces, India. 25° lO'JST. ; j^^^ 80° 32' E. Dehli Emperors (Leggett). Kanan. ?. Dehli Emperors (Pledgers). i^^^ Kandi. In Bengal. 23° 58' IS". ; 88° 5' E. ^j^il^ DehliEmperors(Eodgers). Prefix ciJ;t*!^ jlj. Kabir Shaikh. ? Kabirah, a village near the Jilum (Yakut) ; Mongols of Persia. . al-Kitawa. Lektawa, in Morocco. 30°25'K ; - l^l:;^!! 5° 30' W. Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes ij^s>- . Katak. Cuttack, in theBerars, India. 20° 28'N. ; ' L-ic^ 85° 55' E. Dehli Emperors. Kucha wan. In Jodhpur State, India. 27°12']N'. ; 1^3^^ 74°48'E. Local Eajah. Kachrauli. In Paniput, IS". W.' Provinces, ij^j^ India. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers). Kuchbhujnagar. Bhuj, in Kutch, India. jtj^^^^ 23°15']S'. ; 69°48'E. Local Eao. Kadhaj. Fortress in Azarbaijan (Yakut). ^j^^ Mongols of Persia. Kurbuj al-Dinar. N'ear Ahwaz, 8 farsakhs jljjj^lt towards Basrah (Yakut). Ishmailite (Bartholomei). al-Karkh. Part of Baghdad. Abbasid (Lavoix). '^j^^ Kard Einna Khusrah. Close to Shiraz (Yakut). Sj^:>^ Ui Buwayhid. Kurdistan. Province. 37°jSr. j 44' E. Othmanli. ^\:x^CiJ MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Kurdasht. In Azarbaijan. 38° 53' N. ; 46° 6' E. ^^jj Shahs of Persia (Fraehn). Kurzuwan. Gourzan, in Khurasan. 35° 28' IS'. ; U^ijiJ^ • u^V^ 65° irE. Khwarizm. Karkin. In Siwas. 39° 58' IS". ; 36° 52' E. ^-^^ Mongols of Persia (Bartholomei). Kirman. Capital of District in Persia ; formerly ^^Ji Bardasir. 30° 25' K ; 57° 2' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Great Kaans ; Atabeg ; Mongols of Persia ; Muzaffarid; Chagatai; Timurid; Ak-Knyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes Kirmanshahan. In Kurdistan. 31° 34' N. ; ^UUL31/^ 54° 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefixes Karminah. In Transoxiana. 40°16'!N'. : 65°12'E. Turkistan (Fraehn) ; Ghaznawid (Fraehn). Kirni. ?. Jalair (Fraehn) ; Kuyunlid (Fraehn). ^jji Karauli. In Eajputana, India. 26° 30' N. ; ^•J^ IT 4' E. Local Rajah. Kirimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle). jW^^^ Kurin. Perhaps Karin on the upper Euphrates, ^^^ij^ • called also Kalikala and Theodosiopolis. Jalair ; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia (Soret). Kasakar. Between Kufah and Basrah (Yakut). Umayyad (Porter). Kash. In Transoxiana. 43°48'N. ; 82°15'E. Jii Or in Afghanistan. 31° 55' N. ; 62° 20' E. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn) ; Chagatai ; Shaybanid; Turkistan. Kisham. In Badakhshan. 36°57']Sr. ; 70° 5' E. ^J^S Khwarizm (Eodgers). 181 Kashmir. 34°4'N.; 74°58'E. Dehli Emperors ; Kings of Kashmir ; Sikh ; Durrani. Prefix Kishangarh. In E^ajputana, India. 26^35' ; 74° 55' E. Local Eajah. Kaffah. In the Crimea. 45° 5' ; 35° 35' E. Krim Khans. Kaffah Jadidah. I^ew Kaffah. Golden Horde (Markof). Kilat. In Turkistan. 37°15']Sr. ; 59°48'E. Local Khan. Kalanur. In the Panjab, India. 32° T N. ; 75° ir E. Dehli Emperors. Kalawanur. Cannanore, in Malabar, India. 11° 5V 1^. ; 75° 24' E. Local (Millies). Kalburgah. In the Deccan, India. 17° IS'JN". ; >• 75° 54' E. Dehli Emperors. Kulisan, Kulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia. Prefix t\L ; snffix \ . Knlistwan, for j^lrx^i^ . Mongols of Persia. Kalkata. Calcutta. 22° 36' J^. ; 88° 24' E. Dehli Emperors. Kalantan. In the Malay Peninsula. 6° 29' IN'. ; 101° 52' E. Local Eajah. Kalian. In the Deccan, India. 17°48'N. ; 77° 18' E. Local Eajah. Kalibar. In Azarbaijan ? Mongols of Persia (Fraehn). Perhaps .'^^ on Mount Sablan. Azarbaijan (Le Strange). Kalishahr. ?. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn). Kalikut. Calicut, in Mysore, India. 11° 15' K ; 75° 49' E. Mysore Sultan. Sufiix . Kiliwan. Small town in Khuzistan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia (Markof). 182 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Kumislikhanali. Gumislikhana, in Armenia. 40°28'JN'. ; 39° 44' E. Othmanli. Kamnazar. ?. Mongols of Persia. Kambayat. Cambay, in Guzarat, India. 22° 18' ]S^. ; 72° 40' E. Dehli Emperors. Ganjab. Elizabetbpol, in Georgia. 40°35'N. ; 46° 22' E. Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia ; Cbagatai ; Othmanli ; Shahs of Persia ; Khans of Ganjab. Kinkiwar. InHamadan. 34°38'N. ; 47° 55' E. Abbasid (Tiesenhausen). Kangush. ?. Asiatic copper unassigned. Kucha. In Turkistan. 41° 36' N. ; 80° 55' E. Local Rebel Chief. Kura. Kora, in I^. "W. Provinces, India. 26° 6' ; 80° 24' E. Dehli Emperors ; E.I. Company. Knrat al-Mnadham. The Superb Town. Mecca? Abbasid (Soret). Kurghaznah. Ghazni. Ghaznawid. Kuzlu. Eupatoria, in the Crimea. 45° 12' JN". ; 33°0'E. Krim Khans. Kotah. In Eajputana. 25° 12' ]S^. ; 75° 54' E. Local Rajah. al-Kufah. In Irak Arabi. 32° 3'N.; 44°37'E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Hamdanid. Kufin. In Khurasan, six farsakhs from Abivard (Yakut). Shaybanid ; Timurid. Kukaban. In Yemen, near Sana. 15°34'H". ; 43°52'E. Easulid. Kiz. Near Isfahan. 32° 48' N. ; 51° 42' E. Mongols of Persia. Kizru. ?. Saljuk (Lane Poole). LIST or MINT TOWNS. 183 Kiyfa. In Arabia. 2T 10' JS". ; 43° 0' E. \su^ Or Hisn Kaifa (see p. 152). TJrtukid. Kik. In Armenia. 38° 45' IST. ; 41° 10' E. lS^^ Mongols of Persia. Gushtaspi. Shirwan, shore of Caspian Sea, - ^^jlixA^ about 40° N., 49° E. Mongols of Persia; ^Ji^\jLt Jalair. Gulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde. Prefix . Gulistan al-Jadid. N'ew Gulistan. Golden uX^^;XfcX^ (Soret). al-Madhar. Mazar, near Balkh. 36°52']Sr. ; jU.Jl 67°0'E. TJmayyad; Abbasid. Muradabad. In N. W. Provinces, India. jbl jl^^ 28° 49' N. ; 78° 49' E. Dehli Emperors ; Durrani. MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Maraghah. In Azarbaijan. 37°43']Sr. ; 46°28'E. Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Ak- E^uyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix <^ dsy^, Marakash. Morocco. 31° 40' JST. ; T 30' W. J^^^j^ Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Marinid ; Moorish ; Hasani and Pilili Sharif s. Prefixes 'ij^^ - (^)d,^ : suffix . ' jj Mursiyah. Mnrcia, in Spain. 37° 59' ; I PIO'W. Murabit; Muwahhid; Kings of Murcia. Prefix i^^Sy^ . Murshidabad. In Bengal. 24° ll'JSr. ; 88° 18'E. jUUJi)^ Dehli Emperors ; East India Company. Marghinan. InTurkistan. 40°3r]N".; 71°40''e. uW^r^ Turkistan. Marlahu. Maharlu, in Farsistan. 29° 28' K". ; 53° 10' E. Mongols of Persia (Schindler). Maraud. In Azarbaijan. 38° 30'K; 45°50'E. J^3^^ Timurid (Markof), Mary. Merv, in Turkistan. 37° 30' K ; 62°10'E. TJmayyad; Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Saffarid ; Great Kaans ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia. Marv al - Eud. Menchak, in Turkistan. Jj^H 35° 55' K ; 62° 45' E. Saljuk (Markof). Marv Shahijan. Marv. Khan of Khiva ^W^l-^j ^^.^ (Fraehn). al-Mariyah. Almeria, in Spain. 36° 50' jST. ; 2°32''W. Murabit; Nasrid. Mazandaran. Province in Persia. Shahs of jj|^j ^\^\ Place of Glory, j ^^^^j J^^J^^ 'J^ ^ '^J^ City. . . ^IAcs^ J^j - iJi^^uj - l^lisT - City, jlyi - . - ^li^-;- - i^Jj^^^ - - ^J- The White. ILl3^i l^^Jl Of Happy Foundation. jblCj^l ^W^^ Treasury. jIjL^^ - ^ iijJrU . ij^jr^. City^. Territory. ci^j^jIj . ^^t'^^^ ' ' Blessed City. j^J^^j- .j^^^^ l^j^^ ^ilW^ The Seat of Kectitude. J^-l^^JI The Seat of Islam. - -J^t^^^ii ^^^^ j^il^j^l^b The Seat of Safety. - ^j^/^^^f - ^U^^ - ^^liJ,^ ^U!l!l The Seat of Prosperity, j^^^^^j > CI^l^Jljlj The Formed Place. j^^ibJ^j?- j^^'J^ j\ J The Seat of War. jbl^ J.-.^ . tUj* jl^^l The Seat of the Khalifat. A^^l . . ^iUi:^^ 200 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. The Seat of Weal. The Seat of the Empire. j^ljblAjl^i^ The Seat of the Sovereign, j^jljb^j ^ j^J,^ The Seat of Happiness, i^^j The Seat of Peace. . J The Seat of the Sultanat. jbl J^^*.^l . ^^Si^\ - Jj^' - ^j}^"^ - ^'^a"^ - ^^^^ - - The Seat of Pleasure. The Seat of Victory. j^AsfXj The Abode of the Pious. CUji The Seat of Justice. ^J^\ The Seat of Learning. The Seat of Yictory. ^^^"^ The Blessed Place. The Glorious Place, j^^ttdt^^ .j^^^p^ The Seat of the District. j - ,^l:sajfe^ The Sculptured Place, j ^5*- The Seat of the King. S'^i<^:>^ . . jbb . The Beautiful Place, j^^itui^^ The Abode of the Faithful. ^\j\j^J . ^IJLI^ The Seat of Yictory. AA^i The Seat of Yictory. i*1^Jb The Pleasing. J^^^ The Beauty of Towns. jbU/i^rs-i Town of Peace. TITLES OF MINT TOWNS. 201 Noble. ^jlisT^ ^Ij-^ District. r City. jJ^J^ - - i^-^3^5>- - \_j^^iJlS~\ jC'^ij^ - Great City. jIj^AL^^^ City, tlie Asylum of Eoyalty. 1 ^Uj t^/jur^ City of the Age. ^-.jL:.^ Elessed City. '^r^-^^^ u-^.-*^^ ^^-^j Eminent City. " ^li^^^^.^ N'oble City. ^-.jU:.^. . jW^/^^.s-^ ^J^^ j^J:^ City of Great Light. Province. ^J^l ^J^j^a^ Tract of Land. .yl^iis^ ^^jS^ Known as Udaipur Conquered. jIjLV/Kst* ik::>.tj:^'k^ ( Known as Champanir. jblj^.i.^-^ ^^JLjIj^- <— ^ Known as Dehli. ijl^^-i (^^-^^ ' t/-^ Known as Kanouj. ^J^S^^-l -^^^^ ' tr*^ Known as Mnhammadabad. ^^^j!^ jbLW-sr^ ( i^j::. Known as Tirhut. j^^iiUj* C^jb^j d^ijS. West. ^L^^t ^-^-^ Choosing Peace, ^^j-*;^ ^\J:^JL Conquest of. ^^3Ui^ Of Happy Eoundation. jlj|^,J^^>^ t)L:.j Prosperous. ^Jjy^"^ Metropolis of Islam, j-^^l-^ Town. O^^J^^V, ^t"^ Citadel. Passing. ^Ij^. "^^^ Port. . ^I^^-^ - j^l/ . 202 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS; Fort. - j^^^,^ - 2flS^-i> . iiisaJl District. ^^^^ ?. District. J3 Throne, jl^ j - jJjl Beautiful. Blessed. ijSbVi Garrisoned City. City. Prefixed to a great number of mint towns. City of Men. uX^J Guarded City, dc^ij^^ Kesting-place of the Khalifat. Eesting-place of the Kingdom The Shining. - uUi^^*^ A Mine. Place of Learned Men. ^J^l^c^ The Eminent. jJjjl The Flourishing. i*jiy.-«j Captured. Holy. A^A^ Country. ^J^^ - - ^j^^^^j^ Country. of the fifth year of his reign the date is written C I T I , that is, 1215 of the new era and in the new way of arranging the ciphers (see p. 7). The difference of but 14 years between the dates according to the two eras, although the period between the birth and the flight of the Prophet was some 52 years, is to be accounted for by the Muludi years being longer, luni-solar, than the Hijra, lunar, ones. Khanian. The Khanian Era was established by Ilkhan Ghazan Mahmud on 1st Eajab, a.h. 701, but it is not found upon coins until the time of his nephew, Abu Said, some 33 years later, and on the coins of one or two of Abu's successors. The era was a solar one, and is written -1 were given arbitrarily, in both systems, to the first and second years, because no words sufiiciently short could be assigned to them to express * one ' and ' two.' CYCLE YEARS. 207 Cycle Year. Abjad. Abtas. Cycle Year. Abjad. Abtas. Cycle Year. Abjad. Abtas. 1 21 41 u 2 22 It 42 3 23 43 4 24 44 5 25 45 6 26 1 " » 46 » 7 27 v\ 47 \^ 8 Jul 28 48 9 29 49 ^^\^ 10 30 J 50 11 31 * 51 * > 12 32 52 13 33 53 14 34 54 15 35 Jb 55 16 36 56 17 37 <• t O t 18 38 58 19 39 59 20 40 60 208 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. DATES. Ordinarily the date of striking of the coin is preceded by the word ^Um: year, sometimes (ku^ (J in the year, but there are some variations from this. Some Samanid coins have ^Xjuu*; of the year, some Dehli and others ^^-m: . On some coins the phrase (^u^ j^^Jl» , in the months of the year, is used ; on some others the name of the month of issue is stated, (J in the month, followed by the name of the month of the Hijra year. "When the Ilahi year is given on the coins of Akbar and his successors the month of the old Persian calendar is employed with the Persian word month, as ^jljl , Ilahi month Aban. Very rarely the day of the month is added by a cipher, or in words as in the following legend on a coin of a Governor of Bengal, ^-J^H^^-^ ^j^AJI ^ ^ ^Ij-^^ , on the date the twentieth of the month Eabi al- Akhir of the year six hundred and twenty ; and on one of Tipu Sultan, Jl-^ lSj^^^, (♦^tr**^? "^^^ third of (month) Pahari of the (cycle) year Sha. Names of the Months. Hijra. Old Persian. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. [or ^,3lill]^r^^l ^^Jj 4. 5. 5. 6. [or jm ^^^1 ^jU^ 6. 7. 7. DATES. HiJRA 40. 11. 12. 9. 10. 11. 12. Old Persian. Tipu Sultan, on giving to the cycle years new names, which should denote the numerical order in which they stand in the cycle (see p. 206), treated the months of which the year consists in a similar way, but instead of the whole name being taken to express the number in Abjad the initial letter only was made to do so. Afterwards, with the change from the Abjad to the Abtas, it was again necessary to alter the names to snit the latter system. Only one or two of the months have been noted as being on Tipu's coins, but more may be found, and therefore the names are here given. Names of the Twelve Months in Abjad and Abtas. No. of Month. Abjad. Abtas. No. of Month. Abjacl. Abtas. No. of Month. Abjacl. Abtas. 1 5 9 2 6 10 3 7 4 8 12 The numbers of the 11th and 12th month are made by using the first two letters of the name, and in the Abjad the letters 1 (1) and ^ (2) are on the right of the letter (10), as is usual in writing in ciphers the numbers I I and I T , whilst in the Abtas the units \ and ^ are on the left of the decimal , , that is, in the order in which the ciphers were placed, I I and Tl , in Tipu Sultan's system (see p. 7). 14 210 MUSALMAN NUIMISMATICS. REGNAL YEARS. The year of the reign of the ruler is also usually noted on the coins of the Moghul emperors of Dehli, Afghanistan, Native States of India, Othmanli, and some other series of modern times, but not on the old Arabic. It is, as a rule, on the other face of the coin to that on which the date is, and in ciphers, except for the first year, wh'ich is often written J^s-^ . i^^^ , accession or enthronement, is the word used to express regnal year, with or without before it. The phrase ^^.L^ ^i.^ , in the year of his reign of tranquil prosperity, adopted for Aurangzib, has been a favourite one ever since in the East. The regnal year is of the same length as the Hijra lunar one, and consequently, beginning each year on the enthronement anniversary, does not change its number on the same day as the latter does, unless, of course, the enthronement was on 1st of Muharram, and so apparent discrepancies occur ; for instance, Jahangir was proclaimed Emperor in Jumada, 1014; one half, therefore, of his issue of the regnal year 1 was in 1014 and one half in 1015. But there are many real discrepancies owing to carelessness of the mint masters or die engravers. In the time of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, when the solar year of Akbar's Ilahi Era was being again replaced by the Hijra, there was some confusion, and mistakes were made. The E.I. Company in 1793, in trying to establish a standard currency, ordered that all the rupees coined for Bengal should for the future bear the impression of the ruped of the 19th year of Shah Alam's reign; thus, the I ^ was retained on the obverse of the Sicca or 19 San rupee of Murshidabad, whatever the Hijra year might be on the reverse, EEGNAL YEARS. 211 until 1835. In a similar way PI was put on the E.I.C. Parukhabad and Surat coins of the Shah Alam pattern, irrespective of the date of issue, from 1805 to 1835. On some coins of Indian [N'ative States, of the pattern of the Shah Alam rupee, is a ^j^^^^ year cipher which is not that of the Dehli Emperor, but that of the Eajah of the State, although his name is not given upon the piece. On the Othmanli coinage since the beginning of the reign of Abd al-Hamid, a.h. 1187, only the date of the year of the Sultan's accession is given throughout the reign, with a cipher, usually above the area of the reverse, indicating the regnal year. It is necessary, therefore, to add the number of the regnal year to the date in order to arrive at the year in which any piece was struck ; e.g., all the coins of Mahmud II bear the Hijra date 1223, although he reigned 32 years, and some of them were struck as late as 1254, as is shown by their bearing the regnal year 32. 212 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. TABLE OF HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. A.H. _. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 1 622 Jy. 16 19 640 Ja. 2 , 37 657 Jn. 19 2 623 Jy. 5 20 640 D. 21 38 658 Jn. 9 3 624 Jn. 24 21 641 D. 10 39 659 My.29 4 625 Jn. 13 22 642 ]Sr. 30 40 660 My. 17 5 626 Jn. 2 23 643 JN". 19 41 661 My. 7 6 627 My. 2 3 24 644 ^sT. 7 1 42 662 Ap. 26 7 628 My. 11 25 645 0. 28; 43 663 Ap. 15 8 629 My. 1 26 646 0. 17 1 44 664 Ap. 4 9 630 Ap. 20 27 647 0. 7 45 665 Mr. 24 10 631 Ap. 9 28 648 S. 25 46 666 Mr. 13 11 632 Mr. 29 29 649 S. 14 47 667 Mr. 3 12 633 Mr. 18 30 650 s. 4' 48 668 F. 20 13 634 Mr. 7 31 651 Ag. 24 49 669 F. 9 14 635 P. 25 32 652 Ag.l2 50 670 Ja. 29 15 636 F. 14 33 653 Ag. 2 51 671 Ja. 18 16 637 F. 2 34 654 Jy. 27 52 672 Ja. 8 17 638 Ja. 23 35 655 Jy. 11 53 672 D. 27 18 639 Ja. 12 36 656 Jn. 30 54 673 D. 16 HI.JRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 213 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 55 674 D. 6 77 696 Ap. 10 99 717 Ag.l4 56 675 N. 25 78 697 Mr. 30 100 718 Ag. 3 57 676 N. 14 79 698 Mr. 20 101 719 Jy. 24 58 677 N. 3 80 699 Mr. 9 102 720 Jy. 12 59 678 0. 23 81 700 F. 26 103 721 Jy. 1 60 679 0. 13 82 701 F. 15 104 722 Jn. 21 61 680 0. 1 83 702 r. 4' 105 723 Jn. 10 62 681 s. 20 84 703 Ja. 24 106 724 My.29 63 682 s. 10 85 704 Ja. 14 107 725 My. 19 64 683 Ag. 30 86 705 Ja. 2 108 726 My. 8 65 684 Ag. 18 87 705 D. 23 109 727 Ap. 28 66 685 Ag. 8 88 706 D. 12 110 728 Ap.l6 67 686 Jy. 28 89 707 D. 1 111 729 Ap. 5 68 687 J J. 18 90 708 N. 20 112 730 Mr. 26 69 688 6 91 709 N. 9 113 731 Mr. 15 70 689 Jn. 25 92 710 0. 29 114 732 Mr. 3 71 690 Jn, 15 93 711 0. 19 115 733 F. 21 72 691 Jn. 4 94 712 0. 7 116 734 F. 10 73 692 My.23 95 713 s. 26 117 735 Ja. 31 74 693 My. 13 96 714 s. 16 118 736 Ja. 20 75 694 My. 2 97 715 s. 5 119 737 Ja. 8 76 695 Ap.21 98 716 25 120 737 D. 29 214 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day> A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 121 738 D. 18 143 760 Ap. 22 165 781 Ag. 26 122 739 D. 7 144 761 Ap. 11 166 782 Ag. 15 123 740 N. 26 145 762 Ap. 1 167 783 Ag. 5 124 741 N. 15 146 763 Mr. 21 168 784 Jy. 24 125 742 4 147 764 Mr. 10 169 785 Jy. 14 126 743 0. 25 148 765 r. 27 170 786 Jy. 3 127 744 0. 13 149 766 F. 16 171 78/ Jn. 22 128 745 0. 3 150 767 F. 6 172 788 Jn. 11 129 746 s. 22 151 768 Ja. 26 173 789 My.31 130 747 s. 11 152 769 Ja. 14 174 790 My.20 131 748 Ag. 31 153 770 Ja. 4 175 •791 My. 10 132 749 Ag. 20 154 770 D. 24 176 792 Ap.28 133 750 Ag. 9 155 771 D. 13 177 793 Ap. 18 134 751 Jy. 30 156 772 D. 2 178 794 Ap. 7 135 752 Jy. 18 157 773 IN". 21 179 795 Mr. 27 136 753 7 158 774 11 180 796 Mr. 16 137 754 Jn. 27 159 775 0. 31 181 797 Mr. 5 138 755 Jn. 16 160 776 0. 19 182 798 F. 22 139 756 Jn. 5 161 777 0. 9 183 799 F. 12 140 757 My.25 162 778 s. 28 184 800 F. 1 141 758 My. 14 163 779 s. 17 185 801 Ja. 20 142 759 My, 4 164 780 s. 6 186 802 Ja. 10 HUE A AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 215 A.H. A.D. bQ . A.II. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.II. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 187 802 D. 30 209 824 My. 4 231 845 S. 7 188 803 D. 20 210 825 Ap. 24 232 a46 Ag. 28 189 804 D. 8 211 826 Ap. 13 233 847 Ag.l7 190 805 K 27 212 827 Ap. 2 234 848 Ag. 5 191 806 ]Sr. '17 213 828 Mr. 22 235 849 Jy. 26 192 807 INT. 6 214 829 Mr. 11 236 850 Jy. 15 193 . 808 0. 25 215 830 F. 28 237 851 Jy. 5 194 809 0. 15 216 831 F. 18 238 852 Jn. 23 195 810 0. 4 217 832 r. 7 239 853 Jn. 12 196 811 S. 23 218 833 Ja. 27 240 854 Jn. 2 197 812 S. 12 219 834 Ja. 16 241 855 My.22 198 813 S. 1 220 835 Ja. 5 242 856 My. 10 199 814 Ag. 22 221 835 D. 26 243 857 Ap. 30 200 815 Ag. 11 222 836 D. 14 244 858 Ap. 19 201 816 Jy. 30 223 837 D. 3 245 859 Ap. 8 202 817 Jy. 20 224 838 K 23 246 860 Mr. 28 203 818 Jy. 9 225 839 K 12 247 861 Mr. 17 204 819 Jn. 28 226 840 0. 31 248 862 Mr. 7 205 820 Jd. 17 227 841 0. 21 249 863 r. 24 206 821 Jn. 6 228 842 0. 10 250 864 r. 13 207 822 My.27 229 843 S. 30 251 865 P. 2 208 823 My. 16 230 844 S. 18 252 866 Ja. 22 216 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 253 867 Ja. 11 275 888 My.l6 297 909 S. 20 254 868 Ja. 1 276 889 My. 6 298 910 S. 9 255 868 D. 20 277 890 Ap. 25 299 911 Ag. 29 256 869 D. 9 278 891 Ap. 15 300 912 Ag. 18 257 870 K 29 279 * 892 Ap. 3 301 913 Ag. 7 258 871 K 18 280 893 Mr. 23 302 914 Jy. 27 259 872 IN". 7 281 894 Mr. 13 303 915 Jy. 17 260 873 0. 7 282 895 Mr. 2 304 916 Jy. 5 261 874 0. 16 283 896 r. 19 305 917 Jn. 24 262 875 0. 6 284 897 F. 8 306 918 Jn. 14 263 876 S. 24 285 898 Ja. 28 307 919 Jn. 3 264 877 S. 13 286 899 Ja. 17 308 920 My.23 265 878 S. 3 287 900 Ja. 7 309 921 My.l2 266 879 Ag.23 288 900 D. 26 310 922 My. 1 267 880 Ag.l2 289 901 D. 16 311 923 Ap.21 268 881 Ag. 1 290 902 D. 5 312 924 Ap. 9 269 882 Jy. 21 291 903 K 24 313 925 Mr. 29 270 883 Jy. 11 292 904 K 13 314 926 Mr. 19 271 884 Jn. 29 293 905 ]sr. 2 315 927 Mr. 8 272 885 Jn. 18 294 906 0. 22 316 928 F. 25 273 886 Jn. 8 295 907 0. 12 317 929 E. 14 274 887 My. 28 296 908 S. 30 318 930 F. 3 HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 217 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. ;]19 931 Ja. 24 341 952 My.29 363 973 0. 2 320 932 Ja. 13 342 953 My. 18 364 974 S. 21 321 933 Ja. 1 343 954 My. 7 365 975 S. 10 .322 933 D. 22 344 955 Ap. 27 366 976 Ag. 30 323 934 D. 11 345 956 Ap. 15 367 977 Ag.l9 324 935 N. 30 346 957 Ap. 4 368 978 Ag. 9 325 936 K 19 347 958 Mr. 25 369 979 Jy. 29 326 937 N. 8 348 959 Mr. 14 370 980 Jy. 17 327 938 0. 29 349 960 Mr. 3 371 981 Jy. 7 328 939 0. 18 350 961 F. 20 372 982 Jn. 26 329 940 0. 6 351 962 F. 9 373 983 Jn. 15 330 941 S. 26 352 963 Ja. 30 374 984 Jn. 4 331 942 S. 15 353 964 Ja. 19 375 985 My.24 332 943 S. 4 354 965 Ja. 7 376 986 My. 13 333 944 Ag. 24 355 965 D. 28 377 987 My. 3 334 945 Ag.l3 356 966 B. 17 378 988 Ap.21 o o c OOO 946 Ag. 2 357 967 D. 7 379 989 Ap.ll 336 947 Jy. 23 358 968 N. 25 380 990 Mr. 31 337 948 Jy. 11 359 969 K 14 381 991 Mr. 20 338 949 Jy. 1 360 970 N. 4 382 992 Mr. 9 339 950 Jn. 20 361 971 0. 24 383 993 F. 26 340 951 Jn. 9 362 972 0. 12 384 994 F. 15 218 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. 1 A.D. bo 'beg w ^ 385 995 F. 5 407 1016 Jn. 10 429 1037 0. 14 386 996 Ja. 25 408 1017 My.30 430 1038 0. 3 387 997 Ja. 14 1 409 1018 My. 20 431 1039 S. 23 388 998 Ja. 3t 410 1019 My. 9 432 1040 S. 11 389 998 D. 23 411 1020 Ap. 27 433 1041 Aff. 31 390 999 D. 13 412 1021 Ap. 17 434 1042 Aff. 21 391 1000 D. 1 413 1022 Ap. 6 435 1043 A^. 10 392 1001 K 20 414 1023 Mr. 26 436 1044 Jy. 29 393 1002 10 415 1024 Mr. 15 437 1045 Jy. 19 394 1003 0. 30 416 1025 Mr. 4 438 1046 Jy. 8 395 1004 0. 18 417 1026 F. 22 439 1047 Jn. 28 396 1005 0. 8 418 1027 F. 11 440 1048 Jn. 16 397 1006 S. 27 419 1028 Ja. 31 441 1049 Jn. 5 398 1007 S. 17 420 1029 Ja. 20 442 1050 My.26 399 1008 S. 5 421 1030 Ja. 9 443 1051 My. 15 400 1009 Ag.25 422 1030 D. 29 444 1052 My. 3 401 1010 Ag. 15 423 1031 D. 19 445 1053 Ap. 23 402 1011 Ag. 4 424 1032 D. 7 446 1054 Ap. 12 403 1012 Jy. 23 425 1033 K 26 447 1055 Ap. 2 404 1013 Jy. 13 426 1034 K 16 448 1056 Mr. 21 405 1014 Jy. 2 427 1035 ]sr. 5 449 1057 Mr. 10 406 1015 Jn. 21 428 1036 0. 25 450 1058 F. 28 HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 219 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. 1 Beginning | Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 451 1059 F. 17 473 1080 Jn. 22 495 1101 0. 26 452 1060 F. 6 474 1081 Jn. 11 496 1102 0. 15 453 1061 Ja. 26 475 1082 Jn. 1 497 1103 0. 5 454 1062 Ja. 15 476 1083 i\Iy.21 498 1104 s. 2a 455 1063 Ja. 4 477 1084 My. 10 499 1105 S. 13 456 1063 D. 25 478 1085 Ap.29 500 1106 S. 2 457 1064 D. 13 479 1086 Ap.l8 501 1107 Ag. 22 458 1065 D. 3 480 1087 Ap. 8 502 1108 Ag.ll 459 1066 N. 22 481 1088 Mr: 27 503 1109 Jy. 31 460 1067 I^. 11 482 1089 Mr. 16 504 1110 Jy. 20 461 1068 0. 31 483 1090 Mr. 6 505 1111 Jy. 10 462 1069 0. 20 484 1091 E. 23 506 1112 Jn. 28 463 1070 0. 9 485 1092 F. 12 507 1113 Jn. 18- 464 1071 s. 29 486 1093 F. 1 508 1114 Jn. 7 465 1072 s. 17 487 1094 Ja. 21 509 1115 My. 27 466 1073 s. 6 488 1095 Ja. 11 510 1116 My.l6 467 1074 Ag. 27 489 1095 D. 31 511 1117 My. 5 468 1075 Ag. 16 490 1096 D. 19 512 1118 Ap.24 469 1076 Ag. 5 491 1097 D. 9 513 1119 Ap. 14 470 1077 Jy. 25 492 1098 28 514 1120 Ap. 2 471 1078 14 493 1099 K 17 515 1121 Mr. 22 472 1079 Jy. 4 494 1100 6 516 1122 Mr. 12 220 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beo-inuing Mouth and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month aud Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Mouth and Day. 517 1123 Mr. 1 539 1144 Jy. 4 561 1165 JN". 7 518 1124 F. 19 540 1145 Jn. 24 562 1166 0. 28 519 1125 F. 7 541 1146 Jn. 13 563 1167 0. 17 520 1126 Ja. 27 542 1147 Jn. 2 564 1168 0. 5 521 1127 Ja. 17 543 1148 My. 22 565 1169 S. 25 522 1128 Ja. 6 544 1149 My. 11 566 1170 S. 14 523 1128 D. 25 545 1150 Ap. 30 567 1171 S. 4 524 1129 D. 15 546 1151 Ap. 20 568 1172 Ag. 23 525 1130 D. 4 547 1152 Ap. 8 569 1173 Ag. 12 526 1131 23 548 1153 Mr. 29 570 1174 Ag. 2 527 1132 K 12 549 1154 Mr. 18 571 1175 Jy. 22 528 1133 JN". 1 550 1155 Mr. 7 572 1176 Jy. 10 529 1134 0. 22 551 1156 F. 25 573 1177 Jn. 30 530 1135 0. 11 552 1157 F. 13 574 1178 Jn. 19 531 1136 S. 29 553 1158 F. 2 575 1179 Jn. 8 532 1137 S. 19 554 1159 Ja. 23 576 1180 My. 28 533 1138 S. 8 555 1160 Ja. 12 577 1181 My. 17 534 1139 Ag. 28 556 1160 D. 31 578 1182 My. 7 535 1140 Ag. 17 557 1161 D. 21 579 1183' Ap. 26 536 1141 Ag. 6 558 1162 D. 10 580 1184 Ap. 14 537 1142 Jy. 27 559 1163 K 30 581 1185 Ap. 4 538 1143 Jy. 16 560 1164 K 18 582 1186 Mr. 24 HIJEA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 221 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning j Month i and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 583 1187 Mr. 13 605 1208 Jy. 16 627 1229 N. 20 584 1188 Mr. 2 606 1209 Jy. 6 628 1230 jsr. 9 585 1189 F. 19 607 1210 Jn. 25 629 1231 0. 29 586 1190 F. 8 608 1211 Jn. 15 630 1232 0. 18 587 1191 Ja. 29 609 1212 Jn. 3 631 1233 0. .7 588 1192 Ja. 18 610 1213 My. 23 632 1234 S. 26 589 1193 Ja. 7 611 1214 My. 13 633 1235 S. 16 590 1193 D. 27 612 1215 My. 2 634 1236 8. 4 591 1194 D. 16 613 1216 Ap. 20 635 1237 Ag. 24 592 1195 D. 6 614 1217 Ap. 10 636 1238 Ag. 14 593 1196 N. 24 615 1218 Mr. 30' 637 1239 Ag. 3 594 1197 N. 13 616 1219 Mr. 19 638 1240 Jy. 23 595 1198 N. o o j 617 1220 Mr. 8 639 1241 Jy. 12 596 1199 0. 23 j 618 1221 F. 25 640 1242 Jy. 1 597 1200 0. 12 619 1222 F. 15 641 1243 Jn. 21 598 1201 0. 1 620 1223 F. 4 642 1244 Jn. 9 599 1202 s. 20 621 1224 Ja. 24 643 1245 My. 29 600 1203 s. 10 622 1225 Ja. 13 644 1246 My. 19 601 1204 Ag. 29 623 1226 Ja. 2 645 1247 My. 8 602 1205 Ag. 18 624 1226 D. 22 646 1248 Ap. 26 603 1206 Ag. 8 625 1227 D. 12 647 1249 Ap.l6 604 1207 Jy- 28 626 1228 K 30 648 1250 Ap. 5 222 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. bo pq a A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 649 1251 Mr. 26 671 1272 Jy. 29 693 1293 D. 2 650 1252 Mr. 14 672 1273 Jy. 18 694 1294 N. 21 651 1253 Mr. 3 673 1274 Jy. 7 695 1295 K 10 652 1254 F. 21 674 1275 Jn. 27 696 1296 0. 30 653 1255 r. 10 675 1276 Jn. 15 697 1297 0. 19 654 1256 Ja. 30 676 1277 Jn. 4 698 1298 0. 9 655 1257 Ja. 19 677 1278 My.25 699 1299 S. 28 656 1258 Ja. 8 678 1279 My. 14 700 1300 S. 16 657 1258 D. 29 679 1280 My. 3 701 1301 S. 6 658 1259 D. 18 680 1281 Ap. 22 702 1302 Ag. 26 659 1260 D. 6 681 1282 Ap. 11- 703 *1303 Ag. 15 660 1261 K 26 682 1283 Ap. 1 704 1304 Ag. 4 661 1262 I^. 15 683 1284 Mr. 20 705 1305 Jy. 24 662 1263 JN-. 4 684 1285 Mr. 9 706 1306 Jy. 13 663 1264 0. 24 685 1286 r. 27 707 1307 Jy. 3 664 1265 0. 13 686 1287 P. 16 708 1308 Jn. 21 665 1266 0. 2 687 1288 r. 6 709 1309 Jn. 11 666 1267 S. 22 688 1289 Ja. 25 710 1310 My. 31 667 1268 S. 10 689 1290 Ja. 14 711 1311 My.20 668 1269 Ag.31 690 1291 Ja. 4 712 1312 My. 9 669 1270 Ag. 20 691 1291 D. 24 713 1313 Ap. 28 670 1271 Ag. 9 692 1292 D. 12 714 1314 Ap. 17 mJRA. AND CHmSTIAN YEARS. 223 A.H. A.D. Beginning- Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning- Month and Day. A.H. A.D. bo pq cs 715 1315 Ap. 1 7 737 1336 Ag. 10 759 1357 D. 14 716 1316 Mr. 26 738 1337 Jy. 30 760 1358 D. 3 717 1317 Mr. 16 739 1338 Jy. 20 761 1359 K 23 718 1318 Mr. 5 740 1339 Jy. 9 762 1360 K 11 719 1319 F. 22 741 1340 Jn. 27 763 1361 0. 31 720 1320 F. 12 742 1341 Jn. 17 764 1362 0. 21 721 1321 Ja. 31 743 1342 Jn. 6 765 1363 0. 10 722 1322 Ja. 20 744 1343 My.26 766 1364 S. 28 723 1323 Ja. 10 745 1344 My. 15 767 1365 S. 18 724 1323 D. 30 746 1345 My. 4 768 1366 S. 7 725 1324 D. 18 747 1346 Ap. 24 769 1367 Ag. 28 726 1325 D. 8 748 1347 Ap. 13 770 1368 Ag. 16 727 1326 IS". 27 749 1348 Ap. 1 771 1369 Ag. 5 728 1327 I^. 17 750 1349 Mr. 22 772 1370 Jy. 26 729 1328 1^. 5 751 1350 Mr. 11 773 1371 Jy. 15 730 1329 0. 25 752 1351 F. 28 774 1372 Jy. 3 731 1330 0. 15 753 1352 F. 18 775 1373 Jn. 23 732 1331 0. 4 754 1353 F. 6 776 1374 Jn. 12 733 1332 s. 22 755 1354 Ja. 26 777 1375 Jn. 2 731 1333 s. 12 756 1355 Ja. 16 778 1376 My.21 735 1334 s. 1 757 1356 Ja. 5 779 1377 My. 10 736 1335 Ag. 21 \ 758 1356 D. 25 j 780 1378 Ap. 30 224 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. 1 Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 781 1379 Ap. 19 803 1400 - Ag. 22 825 1421 D. 26 782 1380 Ap. 7 804 1401 Ag.ll 826 1422 D. 15 783 1381 Mr. 28 805 1402 Ag. 1 827 1423 D. 5 784 1382 Mr. 17 806 1403 Jy. 21 828 1424 K 23 785 1383 Mr. 6 807 1404 J J. 10 829 1425 K 13 786 1384 F. 24 808 1405 Jn. 29 830 1426 JN". 2 787 1385 r. 12 809 1406 Jn. 18 831 1427 0. 22 788 1386 r. 2 810 1407 Jn. 8 832 1428 0. 11 789 1387 Ja. 22 811 1408 My.27 833 1429 S. 30' 790 1388 Ja. 11 812 1409 My. 16 834 1430 S. 19 791 1388 D. 31 813 1410 My. 6 835 1431 S. 9 792 1389 D. 20 814 1411 Ap. 25 836 1432 Ag. 28 793 1390 D. 9 815 1412 Ap. 13 837 1433 Ag. la 794 1391 N. 29 816 1413 Ap. 3 838 1434 Ag. 7 795 1392 17 817 1414 Mr. 23 839 1435 Jy. 27 796 1393 6 818 1415 Mr. 13 840 1436 Jy. 16 797 1394 0. 27 819 1416 Mr. 1 841 1437 Jy. 5 798 1395 0. 16 820 1417 E. 18 842 1438 Jn. 24 799 1396 0. 5 821 1418 F. 8 843 1439 Jn. 14 800 1397 s. 24 822 1419 Ja. 28 844 1440 Jn. 2 801 1398 s. 13 823 1420 Ja. 17 845 1441 My.22 802 1399 s. 3 824 1421 Ja. 6 846 1442 My.l2 HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 225 A.H. A.D. Beginning 1 Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month nd Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 847 1443 My. 1 869 1464 S. 3 891 1486 Ja. 7 848 1444 Ap.20 870 1465 Ag.24 892 1486 D. 28 849 1445 Ap. 9 871 1466 Ag.l3 893 1487 D. 17 850 1446 Mr. 29 872 1467 Ag. 2 894 1488 D. 5 851 1447 Mr. 19 873 1468 Jy. 22 895 1489 K 25 852 1448 Mr. 7 874 1469 Jy. 11 896 1490 K 14 853 1449 r. 24 875 1470 Jn. 30 897 1491 4 854 1450 F. 14 876 1471 Jn. 20 898 1492 0. 23 855 1451 F. 3 877 1472 Jn. 8 899 1493 0. 12 856 1452 Ja. 23 878 1473 My.29 900 1494 0. 2 857 1453 Ja. 12 879 1474 My. 18 901 1495 S. 21 858 1454 Ja. 1 880 1475 My. 7 902 1496 S. 9 859 1454 D. 22 881 1476 Ap. 26 903 1497 Ag. 30 860 1455 D. 11 882 1477 Ap.l5 904 1498 Ag. 19 861 1456 N". 29 883 1478 Ap. 4 905 1499 Ag. 8 862 1457 K 19 884 1479 Mr. 25 906 1500 Jy. 28 863 1458 JN". 8 885 1480 Mr. 13 907 1501 Jy. 17 864 1459 0. 28 886 1481 Mr. 2 908 1502 Jy. 7 865 1460 0. 17 887 1482 F. 20 909 1503 Jn. 26 866 1461 0. 6 888 1483 F. 9 910 1504 Jn. 14 867 1462 S. 26 889 1484 Ja. 30 911 1505 Jn. 4 868 1463 S. 15 890 1485 Ja. 18 912 1506 My. 24 15 226 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.E. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning- Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginniug Month and Day. 913 1507 My. 13 935 1528 S. 15 957 1550 Ja. 20 914 1508 My. 2 936 1529 S. 5 958 1551 Ja. 9 915 1509 Ap. 21 937 1530 Ag. 25 959 1551 D. 29 916 1510 Ap. 10 938 1531 Ag.l5 960 1552 D. 18 917 1511 Mr. 31 939 1532 Ag. 3 961 1553 D. 7 918 1512 Mr. 19 940 1533 Jy. 23 962 1554 K 26 919 1513 Mr. 9 941 1534 Jy. 13 963 1555 K 16 920 1514 r. 26 942 1535 Jy. 2 964 1556 N. 4 921 1515 r. 15 943 1536 Jn. 20 965 1557 0. 24 922 1516 p. 5 944 1537 Jn. 10 966 1558 0. 14 923 1517 Ja. 24 945 1538 My.30 967 1559 0. 3 924 1518 Ja. 13 946 1539 My. 19 968 1560 S. 22 925 1519 Ja. 3 947 1540 My. 8 969 1561 S. 11 926 1519 D. 23 948 1541 Ap.27 970 1562 Ag. 31 927 1520 D. 12 949 1542 Ap.l7 971 1563 Ag.21 928 1521 D. 1 950 1543 Ap. 6 972 1564 Ag. 9 929 1522 JN^. 20 951 1544 Mr. 25 973 1565 Jy. 29 930 1523 JSr. 10 952 1545 Mr. 15 974 1566 Jy. 19 931 1524 0. 29 953 1546 Mr. 4 97o iobl Jy. 8 932 1525 0. 18 954 1547 F. 21 976 1568 Jn. 26 933 1526 0. 8 955 1548 F. 11 977 1569 Jn. 16 934 1527 S. 27 956 1549 Ja. 30 978 1570 Jn. 5 HIJEA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 227 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 979 1571 My. 2 6 1001 1592 0. 8 1023 1614 F. 11 980 1572 My. 14 1002 1593 S. 27 1024 1615 Ja. 31 981 1573 My. 3 1003 1594 S. 16 1025 1616 Ja. 20 982 1574 Ap. 23 1004 1595 S. 6 1026 1617 Ja. 9 983 1575 Ap. 12 1005 1596 Ag. 25 1027 1617 D. 29 984 1576 Mr. 31 1006 1597 Ag. 14 1028 1618 D. 19 985 1577 Mr. 21 1007 1598 Ag. 4 1029 1619 D. 8 986 1578 Mr. 10 1008 1599 Jy. 24 1030 1620 K 26 987 1579 F. 28 1009 1600 Jy. 13 1031 1621 N. 16 988 1580 F. 17 1010 1601 Jy. 2 1032 1622 5 989 1581 F. 5 1011 1602 Jn. 21 1033 1623 0. 25 990 1582 Ja. 26 1012 1603 Jn. 11 1034 1624 0. 14 991 1583 Ja.25^' 1013 1604 My. 30 1035 1625 0. 3 992 1584 Ja. 14 1014 1605 My. 19 1036 1626 S. 22 993 1585 Ja. 3 1015 1606 My. 9 1037 1627 S. 12 994 1585 D. 23 1016 1607 Ap.28 1038 1628 Ag.31 995 1586 D. 12 1017 1608 Ap.l7 1039 1629 Ag. 21 996 1587 D. 2 1018 1609 Ap. 6 1040 1630 Ag. 10 997 1588 ^. 20 1019 1610 Mr. 26 1041 1631 Jy. 30 998 1589 N. 10 1020 1611 Mr. 16 1042 1632 Jy. 19 999 1590 0. 30 1021 1612 Mr. 4 1043 1633 Jy. 8 1000 1591 0. 19 1022 1613 F. 21 1044 1634 Jn. 27 * Here is the change to the Gregorian or new style. 228 MUSALMA.N NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 1045 1635 Jn. 17 1067 1656 0. 20 1089 1678 E. 23 1046 1636 Jn. 5 1068 1657 0. 9 1090 1679 r. 12 1047 1637 My. 26 1069 1658 S. 29 1091 1680 F. 2 1048 1638 My. 15 1070 1659 S. 18 1092 1681 Ja. 21 1049 1639 My. 4 1071 1660 S. 6 1093 1682 Ja. 10 1050 1640 Ap. 23 1072 1661 Ag.27 1094 1682 D. 31 1051 1641 Ap. 12 1073 1662 Ag.l6 1095 1683 D. 20 1052 1642 Ap. 1 1074 1663 Ag. 5 1096 1684 D. 8 1053 1643 Mr. 22 1075 1664 Jy. 25 1097 1685 N. 28 1054 1644 Mr. 10 1076 1665 Jy. 14 1098 1686 JN^. 17 1055 1645 F. 27 1077 1666 Jy. 4 1099 1687 N. 7 1056 1646 P. 17 1078 1667 Jn. 23 1100 1688 0. 26 1057 1647 P. 6 1079 1668 Jn. 11 1101 1689 0. 15 1058 1648 Ja. 27 1080 1669 Jn. .1 1102 1690 0. 5 1059 1649 Ja. 15 1081 1670 My. 21 1103 1691 S. 24 1060 1650 Ja. 4 1082 1671 My. 10 1104 1692 S. 12 1061 1650 D. 25 1083 1672 Ap. 29 1105 1693 2 1062 1651 D. 14 1084 1673 Ap. 18 1106 1694 Ag. 22 1063 1652 D. 2 1085 1674 Ap. 7 1107 1695 Ag.l2 1064 1653 JSr. 22 1086 1675 Mr. 28 1108 1696 Jy. 31 1065 1654 N. 11 1087 1676 Mr. 16 1109 1697 Jy. 20 1066 1655 0. 31 1088 1677 Mr. 6 1110 1698 Jy. 10 HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 229 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. nil 1699 Jn. 29 1133 1720 JiT. 2 1155 1742 Mr. 8 1112 1700 Jn. 18 1134 1721 0. 22 1156 1743 P. 25 1113 1701 Jn. 8 1135 1722 0. 12 1157 1744 F. 15 1114 1702 My. 2 8 1136 1723 0. 1 1158 1745 F. 3 1115 1703 My. 17 1137 1724 S. 20 1159 1746 Ja. 24 1116 1704 My. 6 1138 1725 S. 9 1160 1747 Ja. 13 1117 1705 Ap. 25 1139 1726 Ag. 29 1161 1748 Ja. 2 1118 1706 Ap. 15 1140 1727 Ag. 19 1162 1748 D. 22 1119 1707 Ap. 4 1141 1728 Ag. 7 1163 1749 D. 11 1120 1708 Mr. 23 1142 1729 Jy. 27 1164 1750 K 30 1121 1709 Mr. 13 1143 1730 Jy. 17 1165 1751 20 1122 1710 Mr. 2 1144 1731 Jy. 6 1166 1752 ]sr. 8 1123 1711 r. 19 1145 1732 Jn. 24 1167 1753 0. 29 1124 1712 F. 9 1146 1733 Jn. 14 1168 1754 0. 18 1125 1713 Ja. 28 1147 1734 Jn. 3 1169 1755 0. 7 1126 1714 Ja. 17 1148 1735 My.24 1170 1756 S. 2'6 1127 1715 Ja. 7 1149 1736 My. 12 1171 1757 S. 15 1128 1715 D. 27 1150 1737 My. 1 1172 1758 S. 4 1129 1716 D. 16 1151 1738 Ap.21 1173 1759 Ag.25 1130 1717 D. 5 1152 1739 Ap. 10 1174 1760 Ag.l3 1131 1718 IT. 24 1153 1740 Mr. 29 1175 1761 Ag. 2 1132 1719 K 14 1154 1741 Mr. 19 1176 1762 Jv. 23 230 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.n. A.D. Beo-inning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 1177 1763 Jy. 12 1199 1784 ]sr. 14 1221 1806 Mr. 21 1178 1764 1 1200 1785 ]sr. 4 1222 1807 Mr. 11 1179 1765 Jn. 20 1201 1786 0. 24 1223 1808 F. 28 1180 1766 Jn. 9 1202 1787 0. 13 1224 1809 F. 16 1181 1767 My. 30 1203 1788 0. 2 1225 1810 F. 6 1182 1768 My. 18 1204 1789 s. 21 1226 1811 Ja. 26 1183 1769 My. 7 1205 1790 s. 10 1227 1812 Ja. 16 1184 1770 Ap.27 1206 1791 Ag. 31 1228 1813 Ja. 4 1185 1771 Ap. 16 1207 1792 Ag.l9 1229 1813 D. 24 1186 1772 Ap. 4 1208 1793 9 1230 1814 D. 14 1187 1773 Mr. 25 1209 1794 Jy. 29 1231 1815 D. 3 1188 1774 Mr. 14 1210 1795 Jy. 18 1232 1816 K 21 1189 1775 Mr. 4 1211 1796 7 1233 1817 isr. 11 1190 1776 F. 21 1212 1797 Jn. 26 1234 1818 0. 31 1191 1777 r. 9 1213 1798 Jn. 15 1235 1819 0. 20 1192 1778 Ja. 30 1214 1799 Jn. 5 1236 1820 0.* 9 1193 1779 Ja. 19 1215 1800 My.25 1237 1821 S. 28. 1194 1780 Ja. 8 1216 1801 My. 14 1238 1822 S. 18 1195 1780 D. 28 1217 1802 My. 4 1239 1823 S. 7 1196 1781 D. 17 1218 1803 Ap.23 1240 1824 Ag.26 1197 1782 D. i-i i 1219 1804 Ap. 12 1241 1825 Ag.l6 1198 1783 26 1220 1805 Ap. 1 1242 1826 Ag. 5 HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 231 A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. i A.H. 1 \ A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning | Month j and Day | 1243 1827 Jy. 25 1265 1848 K 27 1287 1870 Ap. 3 1244 1828 Jy. 14 1266 1849 ]sr. 17 1288 1871 Mr. 23 1245 1829 Jy. 3 1267 1850 N. 6 1289 1872 Mr. 11 1246 1830 Jn. 22 1268 1851 0. 27 1290 1873 Mr. 1 1247 1831 Jn. 12 1269 1852 0. 15 1291 1874 F. 18 1248 1832 My. 31 1270 1853 0. 4 1292 1875 F. 7 1249 1833 My. 21 1271 1854 S. 24 1293 1876 Ja. 28 1250 1834 My. 10 1272 1855 S. 13 1294 1877 Ja. 16 1251 1835 Ap.29 1273 1856 S. 1 1295 1878 Ja. 5 1252 1836 Ap. 18 1274 1857 Ag. 22 1296 1878 D. 26 1253 1837 Ap. 7 1275 1858 Ag. 11 1297 1879 D. 15 1254 1838 Mr. 27 1276 1859 Jy. 31 1298 1880 D. 4 1255 1839 Mr. 17 1277 1860 Jy. 20 1299 1881 NT. 23 1256 1840 Mr. 5 1278 1861 Jy. 9 1300 1882 NT. 12 1257 1841 F. 23 1279 1862 Jn. 29 1301 1883 IS". 2 1258 1842 r. 12 1280 1863 Jn. 18 1302 1884 0. 21 1259 1843 r. 1 1281 1864 Jn. 6 1303 1885 0. 10 1260 1844 Ja. 22 1282 1865 My.27 1304 1886 S. 30 1261 1845 Ja. 10 1283 1866 My. 16 1305 1887 S. 19 1262 1845 D. 30 1284 1867 My. 5 1306 1888 S. 7 1263 1846 D. 20 1285 1868 Ap.24 1307 1889 Ag.28 1264 1847 D. 9 1286 1869 Ap. 13 1308 1890 Ag.l7 232 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. A.H. A.D. Beginning Month and Day. 1309 1891 Ag. 7 1315 1897 Jn. 2 1321 1903 Mr.30 1310 1892 Jy. 26 1316 1898 lVIy.22 1322 1904 Mr. 18 1311 1893 Jy. 15 1317 1899 My. 12 1323 1905 Mr. 8 1312 1894 Jy. 5 1318 1900 ^y. 1 1324 1906 F. 25 1313 1895 Jn. 24 1319 1901 Ap.20 1325 1907 F. 14 1314 1896 Jn. 12 1320 1902 Ap. 10 EIBLIOaRAPHY. 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following books and papers will be found useful in studying several classes of Musalman coins : — All classes. Maesden, W. trata.'' IS'umismata Orientalia Illus- London, 1863. ,, (Copper). Neuminn, J. : Beschreibungderbekanntesten Kufermiinzen," Eand iii. Frag, 1863. All classes of Lane Poole, S. : Catalogue of Oriental Coins Arabic. in the British Museum." 10 vols. Londoyi, 1879-90. Feaehn, Ch. : Eecensio Kumoruni Muham- medanorum.'' PetropoU, 1826. Lane Poole, S. : Catalogue of Arabic Coins in the Khedivial Library, Cairo." London^ 1897. Lane Poole, S., Fasti Arabici " : Num. Chron., 1885-86-87 and 1892. Saulct, F., ^' Sur quelques points de la JN'umis- matique Arabe": Journ. Asiatique, ser. iii, tomes vii, viii, x, xi, xiii ; ser. iv, tome vi. TImayyad Tiesenhausen, W. : Monnaies des Khalifes and Abbasid Orientaux." St. Peter shoitrg, 1873. Khalifs. Lavoix, H. : Catalogue des Monnaies Musul- manes de la Bibliotheque Rationale,'' tome i. Paris ^ 1887. Eogers Bey, E. T., Catalogue of his Collection of Mohammedan Coins: jSTum. Chron., 1885. 234 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Spanish Umayyad and other Dynasties. Norman Kings of Sicily. Worth Africa and Spain. Egypt and Syria. Ghaznawid. Turkuman. Saljuk. Danishmandid. Urtukid. Gaillaed, J. : Description des Monnaies^ Espagnoles composant Ic Cabinet de Don Jose Garcia de la Torre." Madrid^ 1852. CoEDERA Y Zaidin, F. *. Tratado de Numis- matica Arabigo-Espanola.'' Madrid, 1879. Lavoix, H. : Catalogue des Monnaies Musul- manes de la Bibliotheque ^^'ationale," tome ii. Par is ^ 1891. Spixelli, D. : ^* Monete Cufiche battuta da Principi Longobardi JSTormanni e Svevi nel Regno delle due Sicilie." Napoli, 1844. Lavoix, H. : Catalogue de la Eibliotheque ^rationale," tome ii. Maecel, J. J. : ^' Tableau general des Monnaies ay ant cours en Algerie." Paris, 1844. Lavoix, H. : Catalogue des Monnaies Musul- manes de la Eibliotheque ^N'ationale," tome iii. Paris, 1894. EoGEEs Eey, E. T., Coins of the Tuluni Dynasty'*: Internat. Numis. Orient., vol. i. London, 1877. Thomas, E., Coins of the Kings of Ghazni" : London, 1848 ; and Journ. R.A.S., vols, xii and xvii. Ghalib Edhem, J. : Catalogue des Monnaies Turcomanes, Eeni Ortek, Eeni Zengui, Erou Atabegyeh, et Meliks Eyoubites de Meiyafariken." Constantinople, 1894. Ghalib Edhem, J. : Essai de Numismatique Seldjoukide." Constantinople, 1892. Casanova, P., JS'umismatique des Danish - mendites'': Eevue Numismatique, 1895 and 1896. Lane Poole, S., Coins of the TJrtuki Turku- mans " : Internat. !N^umis. Orient., vol. i, 1875. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 23& Kakwayhid. Toenbeeg, C. J., " Un Dirhem Kakweihicl inedit " : Rev. Beige Num., ser. iii, tome ii. Lane Poole, S., " Unpublislied Coins of the Kakweyhis " : Num. Chron., 1875. Ukaylid. Kay, H. C, ^' Notes on the History of the Banu Okayl " : Journ. E.A.S., vol. xviii, 1886. Rasulid. Netzel, H., * ' Munzen do Easuliden " : Zeitschrif t fiir Numismatik, Band xviii. Peideatjx, W. E., " Coins of the Benee Easul Dynasty " : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc, vol. xvi. Mongols of Persia. Deouin, E., Notice sur les Monnaies Mongoles" : Journ. Asiatique, 1896. Jalair. Maekof, A. : ^'Katalog Djelairesch Monete.'* St. Petersburg, 1897. Chagatai. Olivee, E. E., Coins of the ChagataiMughals'^ Journ. Beng. A.S., 1891. Olivee, E. E., "The Chagatai Mughals : Journ. E.A.S., 1891. Othmanli. Ghalib Edhem, J. : **Numismatique Ottomane." Co7istantinople, 1307 (1890). Lane Poole, S., "On the Weights and Denominations of Turkish Coins": Num. Chron., 1882. Georgia. Langlois, Y. : " Essai de Classification des Suites monetaires de la Georgie." P^^m, 1860. Langlois, Y., "Supplement a T Essai " : Eev. Beige Num., ser. iii, tome v. Beosselt, M., " Sur les Monnaies Georgiennes " : Journ. Asiatique, ser. iii, tome ii. Sudan. Aetin Pacha : * ' Monnaies du Mehdy Mouhammed Ahmed." Cairo, 1882. NuTZEL, H. : " Mahdi-Auf stand in Sudan." Berlin, 1894. Smith, S., " Coins struck at Omdurman by the Mahdi and Khalifa " : Num. Chron., 1902. ' 236 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Shahs of Persia. Poole, E. S. : " Catalogue of the Coins of the Shahs of Persia in the British Museum. London^ 1887. OoDRiNGTON, 0. : Some Eare Arabic and Persian Coins." Hertford, 1889. Dehli Emperors. Lane Poole, S. : Catalogue of the Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan in the British Museum." London^ 1892. EoDGERS, C. J. : Catalogue of the Coins of the Indian Museum, Calcutta." Calcutta^ 1893. EoDGEES, C. J. : Catalogue of the Collection of Coins purchased by the Pan jab Govern- ment." Calcutta, 1893. EoDGERS, C. J. : various papers in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society in 1880-83-- 85-86 and 1896. EoDGERs, C.J.,'' Eare Copper Coins of Akbar " : Indian Antiquary, 1890. Tayloe, G. p., ''The Coins of Ahmadabad": Journ. Bomb. As. Soc, vol. xx. Dehli Kings. Lane Poole, S. : " Catalogue of the Coins of the Sultans of Dehli in the British Museum." London, 1884. Thomas, E. ; " Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli." London, 1871. Eodgers, C. J., ^' Coins Supplementary to Thomas' Pathan Kings of Dehli " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1880 to 1896. Eodgeks, C. J., " Eupees of the Suri Dynasty " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1888. HoEENLE, A. r. E., "Copper Coins of the Suri Dynasty": JourH. Beng. As. Soc, 1890. EoiiGEES, C. J. : " Catalogues of the Indian Museum and Panjab Collections." BIBLIOGRAPHY. Native States of India. Bengal. Jaunpur. Kashmir. Gujarat. Bahmani. Sikh. Lane Poole, S. : Catalogue of the Coins of the Muhammadan States of India in the British Museum : Bengal, Kashmir, Sind, Jaunpur, Malwah, Gujarat, Bahmani." London^ 1885. EoDGEKS, C. J. : Catalogues of the Indian Museum and Panjab Collections." Pkinsep, J.: Essays on Indian Antiquities," edited by E. Thomas. London, 1858. Hoeenle, a. E. E., '^]N"otes on Coins of Native States": Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1897. Blochmann, H., Contribution to the Geography and History of Bengal " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1873. HoEENLE, A. E. E., Early Muhammadan Coins of Bengal " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1881. Thomas, E., Initial Coinage of Bengal " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1867. Delmeeick, J. G., Coins of the Kings of Dehli and Jaunpur": Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1876. EoDGEES, C. J., Square Silver Coins of the Sultans of Kashmir" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1885. EoDGEES, C. J., Eare Kashmir Coins " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1896. Tayloe, G. p., *'The Coins of the Gujarat Sultanat" : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc, vol. xxi. GiBBS, J., Gold and Silver Coins of the Bahmani Dynasty" : JSTum. Chron., 1881. CoDEiNGTON, 0., Coins of the Bahmani .Dynasty": jSTum. Chron., 1898. EoBGEES, C. J., Coins of the Sikhs " : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1880. EoDGEES, C. J. : Catalogue of the Panjab Collection." 238 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS. Panjab. Raj put ana. Cutch and Kathiawar. Deccan. Travancore. Afghanistan. South India. Mysore. Temple, C. J., " Coins of the Modern jS'ative Chiefs of the Panjab " : Indian Antiquary, 1889. Webb, W. W. : " Currencies of the Hindu States of Rajputana." London, 1893. CoDRiNGTON, 0., The Coinage of Cutch and Kathiawar'': Num. Chron., 1895. Abbott, J. E., Preliminary Study of the Shivarai or Chhatrapati Copper Coins " : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc, vol. xx. Eai^^ade, M. G., Currencies and Mints under Mahratta Eule " : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc, vol. XX. Mateee, S., " Coinage of Travancore " : Madras Journ. of Lit. and Science, 1889-94. EoDOERs, C. J., Coinsof Ahmad Shah Durrani": Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1885. Dames, M. Loj^awoETH, ^' Coins of the Durranis" : Num. Chron., 1888. King, L. White, " History and Coinage of the Barakzai Dynasty of Afghanistan " : Num. Chron., 1896. Elliot, W., ''Coins of South India": Int. Numis. Orient., vol. iii, 1886. TuFNELL, E. H. C. : " Hints to Coin Collectors in Southern India." Iladras, 1887. EoDGEES, C. J., '' Coins of the Musalman Kings of Ma 'bar" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc, 1895. Thueston, E. : " Catalogue of the Coins of the Central Museum, Madras: No. 1, Mysore." Madras, 1888. Hawkes, H. p. : " Brief Sketch of the Gold, Silver, and Copper Coinage of Mysore." Ba7igalore, 1856. Maesden, W. : "Numismata Orientalia," vol. ii. BIBLIOGEAPHY. East India Thueston, E., JS'otes on the History of the Company. E.I.C. Coinage, 1753 to 1835 : Journ. Eeng. As. Soc, 1893. Thueston, E., History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company in the Indian Peninsula, and Catalogue of the Coins in the Madras Museum." Madras, 1890. Prinsep, J. : Essays on Indian Antiquities/' by E. Thomas. London, 1858. Malay Straits Millies, H. C. : ^^Eecherches sur les Monnaies Settlements. des Indigenes de PArchipel Indien et de la Peninsule Malaie." Le Saye, 1871. Millies, H. C. : *'De Munten der Engelschen voor den Oost-Indischen Archipel.'' Amsterdam^ 1853. !N"etschee, E. : *^De Munten van IN'ederlandsch Indie." Batama, 1863. Ellis, H. Leslie, ^ ' Copper Tokens of the Straits Settlements and Malayan Archipelago " : Num. Chron., 1895. Numismatic Sauvaiee, H., ^^Materiaux pour servir a Phis- History and toire de JN'umismatique et de la Metrologie Metrology. Musulmanes " : Journ. Asiatique, ser. yii, vols, xiv, XV, xviii, xix ; ser. viii, vols. iii, iv, V, vii, viii, x. Dynasties. Lane Poole, S.: * ^ The Mohammadan Dynasties.*' London, 1894. Mint Towns. Leggett, E. : N^otes on the Mint Towns and Coins of the Muhammadans.'' London, 1885. Couplets. RoDGEES, C. J., Couplets on Coins of Jahangir" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1888. KoDGERS, C. J., Couplets on Coins of Kings after Jahangir": Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1888. 215 14. Asiatic Society Monographs. Vol. VII. A Maimal of M'iSMliuiui Xuuusiiiatics>. liy 0. Codrington, M. D. F. S. A. London, 1904. 23.» S. iJieses wichtige Bucli wurde voiii Keferenten gleich luach seiiirm Li- sclieinen im Monatsbhitte (Xr. 250, p. 207; gewilrdig:t, was niich der rflidit entliebt, nocbmals anf seine Verdienstliclikcit zuriickznkoniinen. Es ist sclion a. a. 0. bcrvorgehobcn worden. da5 der IIaui)twert des lluclies in seiner Liste der Miinzstiitten lieji^t; ich erlaube mir, im nachstchenden eiiieii kleinen Nnchtra^jr neiier Priigeortc zu liefern, die sich in der kurzen Zcit seit in Ersehuinen d .«* Mannals in lueincn Notizcn angesamuielt haben, tells solclie. die von Codrinirt»»ii iiberaehon wurden, teils ganz neue Orte, teils Verbesserungen. die ich vorzu- schlageu wage : Ejerdir, Jj-^K sieh weiter oben, Qaramancn. Endschezidsche, , der arubi-sclie Name fiir die fran/.u.sische Kolonit. Grande Comoro. England, jJjCl , als PKigcbezcielniuiig der neuesteu marokkauisclien Kupfei- miinzen. r>ad'a ist zu strcichen-, es ist dasselbe wie Todgha AtJJ j. U.^> In ciiM i Stadt Arabiens haben Idrisiden mu\ Mowahhiden nicnia's geprjigt. Bordsch (Borj) ludrapur statt Brij J. Borghly, j^y^ , Seldschuqen, s. o. Berlin, , als Priigeort einigcr nuxlerncr Mi\nzen Marokkos (Paris i>t erwahnt). l^itschendsch, , Abbasiden, sieh des Keferenten Cotinihutions, Nr. GJ. Bosna, i^y , bedeutet Swajewo, die Ilauptstadt des eht nialigeu ^VilaJet^ Bosna (untcr Snleiman II., a. H. 101)9). Belweren, 0?^^ , Seldschuqen, 8. o. Dscheziro, auch oline Artikel a^j J>- , (jaraqojunly, Ahmed Tewhid, Nr. 92d bis 928. Ts' hainitza, is^Ao^ , in Bbsnien, sieh Ik sprechung im Mouatsblatt, 1i. 20-<. Habolta, UL**, ist zu streichen, bernht anf irrtUmlicher Lesung ; vgl. Contri- butions, Nr. 22. lluwaiza, ist hinzuzufilgen: Schahs von Per.>icn. Dustermin el-Ahwaz J|y>ii . schon auf zwei Dirhems angetroffen : of. Contributions, Nr. 21. Dewletabud, , in Persien (Contributions, Nr. 202j. 1?1G N'uniitinntisehe l.!f*ratiir. IIiiSiliKiii, , rmkiSraii (AIiuumI Tewli., p. 14, lo . ZuIm, , vi'rbc.>«:^crn : Sclicrilt' von Mt'kk.i. Sums. ^-;^jL/, KKinn^KMi, s. o. SArfi , Or^niantn ( Izzet Bey). Siilrnu.iiiM ln'hr. UJlw . Kkinasicn (SeMseIiiiahtar oder isr wabrscheinlich nur eino Verstiunmebmg von Zafar. Zufr (jUl3,yili); sicb Nlitzel. Rasulidcn, p. 79, 80). ( >;us, ^^jli>, ist moincs Wisscns inmicr mit .Sad geschiieben. Krrd-r. iina-C'hosru, j^^-^-^lJj ^ Ortliogr;ii"bie zu verbesscrn (der Ort ij?t I'a - b dem bckanntcn IV.ijidcnsultan Adudeddaule benannt). Kou;bunia, aJ^^= ^^^g^ jUa.** 4^ , Anatolien, Artiniden(AhmedTcwbid)s.o. iUhniischpazaiv j^JJlS ^ Scklscbuqcn, desgleicben. Ma dvn Scbt'br. OJ^*^ • desgleicben. .>b«ks Mokus), AVii.ijtt Wan. Osmanon. Cf. Besprechung ini Monats- 'datt, p. 208. ' Mi1:h, , Kleinasion, Wilajet Adana.LiwaMentescbe, 37*20' N,27*27' 0, Seldschnqen (Israa'il Ghjllib, TcHiwim-i-SeUlscb. p. 93). Numlsniatlsche LIteratur. - ' * Wadi-Asch, = Guadix ist die bekannte Stadt in der Trovinz Granada in Spanien, 37° 18' N, G** 32' 0, niibt Guardu im nordbcbeu Portng.il, wo die Nasriden nichts zu tun batten. Welez, J^l^ , Buuielien; Osmanen; sich Contributions, Nr. 193. Jenisebchr ist die richtige Ausspraebe von GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00043 8842 lb.