aa; ■ i im VILLAS O F T H E ANCIENTS ILLUSTRATED. B Y Robert Castell. Vos fapere & fobs aio lene vivere, quorum Gonfpicitur nitidis fundata pecunia Villis. Hor. LONDON: Printed for the AUTHOR. MDCC XXVIII. TO THE right honourable RICHARD EARL of BURLINGTON. My LORD, W HEN I confider Your great and univerfal Knowledge in the Belles Arts, it is not without a juft Apprehenfion of my own Defects, that I fubmit this fmall Performance to Your Judgment; but when I again refleft that many Works of Inigo Jones's and Pal¬ ladios had periih’d but for Your Love to Architecture, I lay afide my Fears, and the rather as this Work is whol¬ ly founded on the Rules of the Ancients, for whom Your Lord (hip has on all Occafions manifefted the great- eft Regard. The Authors who furnilh out the Materials for what I here prefent You, were, like Your Lorddiip, great Admirers of Arts, and for the fame Reafon too, becaufe they had Skill enough to difcern their Excellencies. I D E D I CA T I 0 N. I fliall think myfelf happy, if while I am affifted witn the Pieces of Varro and Pliny, (two Perfons of eminent Rank in the Roman State) I may be thought worthy the Patronage of my Lord Burlington, who is of no lefs Eminence in our Own; and I am confident there is no One fo zealoufly devoted to thefe Ancients but will per¬ mit me to fay, You excel them in this; They cultivated Arts while they yet flouriih’d in their Glory, but You give them new Life when they languilh, and even refcue them from Decay and Oblivion. I am. My LORD, Your Lord/hips moft obedient and moft humble Servant, u Robert Castell. THE PREFACE. A Defire I have long entertain’d of tranflating and explaining Vitru¬ vius, determin’d me firft to fet about fome inferior Performance in Architecture, as a neceffary Preparation to my entring on a Work offo much Labour and Difficulty: And as I thought nothing could be more proper for my Choice than fuch a Branch of the Art as that great Mafter had been leaf! Curious to explain, I refolvcd to take for my Subject the Rules that were obferved in the fituatirig and difpofwg of the Roman Villas, which he /peaks of only in a curfory Way, lib. 6. cap. io. and to this End I have been at the Pains to perufe many ancient Authors, who have treated more at large of that Part, not the meaneft of the Architect's Bufinefs. Moft of the Roman Writers upon Agriculture that are remaining, have thought jit, at the Beginning of their Works, to tell us what were to be con- fider'd in the Situation and Difpofition of Villas. Cato, the eldeft of them, left the femjt Rules on that Head, and of the leaf Confequence ■, but Varro that was the next after him, has been more ample and judicious in his Obfer- vations, and feems to have laid the Foundation for what Columella, Palla¬ dia, and thofe feveral Greek Authors mention’d by Conftantine, have fence wrote on that SubjeB. He has difcours’d more fully than any of them on thofe Parts of the Villa that were defign’d as well for the Pleafures of a retir’d Life as the Conveniencies and Profits of Agriculture. Pliny the Lounger alone has exceeded Varro in this Particular ; he has left us two Epiftles, containing an exaEl Defcripfion of his Villas ofL auren- tinum and Tufcum, and tho’ we find not in him any direS Rules for the Difpofition of the Villa Urbana or Country.Houfe of Pleafure, yet he gives us to underfeand, that thofe Buildings were contriv'd according to the b firitfijl The PRE FACE. JlriBeft Rules of Art, ami points out what were principally regarded in the placing and ordering of them, and how they were at once accommodated hy the ArclriteB for enjoying the Benefits, and for avoiding the Inconvenicncies of the feveral Seafons. He /peaks only of the Situation and Difpofition of thofe Buildings, knowing his Friends to whom he wrote, could not hut he fenfille that the Rules laid down hy Vitruvius with refpeEl to Beauty and Proportion were equally to take Place in the City and Countrey. I thought it proper to quote my Authorities at large, and efpecially the two Epiftles of Pliny, which the Reader hath here both in Latin and Englifh. And as I attempt only to few the Diftrihution and Difpofition offuch Buil¬ dings, I have omitted to draw any Elevations and Sdlions hut what are ta¬ ken from the exprefs W irds of the Ancients, or are evidently neceffary to illu- fir ate the Meaning offome difiicidt Paffages. Thee whole Work confifls of three Parts■ The fir ft contains the Defcription of a Villa Urbana, or Countrey Houfe of Retirement near the City, that was fupplied with mofl of the Necejfaries of Life from a neighbouring Mar¬ ket Town. The fecond Jets forth the Rules that were neceffary to he ohferved hy an Architect, who had the Liberty to chufe a Situation, and to make a proper Diftrihution of all Things in and about the Villa; hut particularly with relation to the Farm-houfe, which in this Sort of Buildings, according to the more ancient Roman Manner, was always join’d to the Mafter’s Houfe, or hut very little remov'd from it. In the third Part is fhewn the Defcripti¬ on of another Villa Urbana, on a Situation very different from the former, with the Farm-houfe and its Appurtenances fo far remov’d as to he no An¬ noyance to it, and at the fame Time fo near as to fur nijh it conveniently with' all Necejfaries. A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS. A. E ARL of Aylesford. Earl of Arran. Honourable Richard Arundel, Efq; John Aiflabie, Efq; two Rooks. Abel Alleyne, Efq; five Books. Thomas Afhby, Efq-, Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart. B. Lord Bruce. Lord Baltimore. Thomas Batlon, Efq-, John Baynes, Efq; Serjeant at Luw. Benjamin Benfon, Efq $ Edward Biam, Efq; Martin Bladen, Efq; Thomas Bladen, Efq; Rowland Blackman, Efq; Mr. Thomas Bofwell. John Brampton, Efq; John Bridges, Efq; Peter Burrel, Efq; C. Earl of Cardigan. Lord James Cavendifh. Honourable Sir Robert Clifton, Knight of the Bath. Honourable William Cecil, Efq; Corpus Chrifti College , Oxford. Sir Nicholas Carew, Bart. Mr. Richard Chappel, John Clerk, Efq; Edward Cook, Efq; D; Duchefs of Dorfet. Earl of Derby. George Ducket, Efq; E. Earl of ElTex. Mr. Peter Ellam. Mr. John Ellam, F. Sir Piercy Freke, Bart. Honourable John Finch, Efq; two Books. Honourable Mrs. Finch. Colonel Folliot. Stephen Fox, Efq; George Fox, Efq; Mr. Paul Fourdrinier. Philip Frowde, Efq; Mr. Charles Frowde, G. Lady Betty Germain. Honourable Thomas Levelon Gower, Efq; Honourable Baptift Levefon Gower, Efq; Roger Gale, Efq; John Gibbons, Efq; Jofeph Gibbs, Efq; Mr. Philip Gilbert. John Greene, Efq; Francis Gwyn, Efq; Reverend Mr. Auguftine Gwyn. H. Sir Nevil Hickman, Bart. Honou- Li st of the Subscribers* Honourable Ferdinand Haftings, Efq; Honourable Robert Herbert, Efq; Henry Harrington, Efq\ two Books. Thomas Haiket, ffq; Richard Heath, Efq; two Books. Mr. Thomas Heath. Helketh, Efq; Mr. Thomas Howard, Mr. William Howfon. St. John’r College , Cambridge. Michael Jackfon, Efq; Charles Jennens, Efq; Joye, E/qi K. Lord Kinfale. Mr. Sidney Kennon. Richard Knight, Efq; Lord Limerick. John Law, Efq; Richard J^ely, Efq; Mr. John Lely. David Lewis, Efq; Charles Lockear, Efq; Duke of Montagu. Lord Middleton. Lord William Mannors. Sir Chriftopher Mufgrave, Bart, two Books. Honourable BuflTey Manfel, Efq; Captain Martin. Littleton Pointz Meynel, Efq; Mr. John Mead. Thomas More, Efq; William Mofcs, Efq; two Books. Bari of Oxford. James Oglethorpe, Efq; two Books. Earl of Pembroke. Honourable Colonel Paget. Sir Herbert Packington, Bart. Robert Packer, Efq; Winchcomb Howard Packer, Efq; Erafmus Philips, Efq;. Langham Rokeby, Efq; Mr. Henry Ricard. Duke of Somerfet, fix Books. Honourable Sir William Stanhope, Knight of the Bath. Honourable Sir Robert Sutton, Knight of the Bath. Sir Charles Sedley, Bart. Sir Edward Smyth, Bart. Matthew Snow, Efq; George Stanley > Efq; T. Thomas, Efq; William Tryon, Efq; Cholmly Turner, Efq; Honourable Henry Vane, Efq; John Vanderbank, Efq; Abel Walter, Efq; Mr. Peter Waldo. John Wefton, Efq; Henry Wefton, Efq; Reverend Mr. Richard Younger. THE 1 THE VILLAS of the ANCIENTS ILLUSTRATED. Liber II. Ep. XVII. Book II. Ep. XVII. C. Plinius Gallo fuo, S. Pliny to Gallus, Health. IRARIS cur me Lauren- tinum, vel (fi ita mavis) Laurens meum tantopere dele&et: defines mirari, cum cognoveris Gratiam ’ Villas, Op- portunitatem Loci, Licoris Spa- tium. tOU wonder lam fo much dc- \ lighted with Laurentinum, or, if you had rather, Lau¬ rens, my Country Seat: But you will ceafe to do fo, when you are acquain¬ ted with the Beauty of the ' Villa, the ■ FiUa.] Farm, lib. i. cap. 3. tells, us from whence this Word is deriv’d. His Words are thefe: Ftlla, quod in earn convehuntur fruttus, & evehuntur, cum vcneunt. A quo rujtm euam * A nunc 2 Laurent inum. tium. Decern Sc feptem milli- bus Paffuum ab Urbe feceffit, ut, perafitis quas agenda fuerint, falvo jam Sc compofito Die poffis ibi ma- nere. Additur non una via ; nam & Laurentina & Oftienfis eadem ferunt, fed Laurentina ! a quarto decimo Lapide, Oftienfis ab un- decimo relinquenda eft. Utrin- que excipit Iter aliqua ex parte arenofum, Jumentis paulo gra- vius & longius, Equo breve & molle. Varia hinc atque inde Facies; nam modo occurrenti- bus Sylvis Via coarctatur, modo latiflimis Pratis diffunditur & pa- tefcit: multi Greges Ovium, mul- ta ibi Equorum Boumque Ar- menta. the Convenience of the Place, and the Spaci'oufncfs of the Coaft■ It lies Se¬ venteen Miles from Rome ; fo that, having finijhed the Bufmefs of the Ci- . ty, one may reach it with Eafe and Safety ly the Clofe of Day. There are two Ways to it; for loth the Laurentine and the Oftian Road will carry you thither: The fir jl mitjl le left at the end of the tenth Mile, and the latter at the ’ thirteenth. Whichever Road you take is part¬ ly fandy, fomething heavy and te¬ dious for Carriages, lut Jhott and eafy to thofe that ride. The Country on loth Sides affords a great Varie¬ ty of Views-, in fome Places the Profpefl is confin’d ly Woods, in others is extended over large and Spacious Meadows 5 where many Flocks mine quoque viam Veham appellant ,. propter veBuras, & Vellam non Viliam, _ quo Vehunt & unde Vehurit. A Villa, according Mo Columella, confifted of three Parts, viz. Urbana, Rujlica, & FruEluaria. The firft of which was that Part of the Houfe, fet apart for the Mafter’s Ufe -, the fecond was for the Cattle and Servants that till’d the Land, and were employ’d in the more ordi¬ nary Services of the Houfe,- and the lafl: confifted only of Repofitories for Corn, Wine, Oyl, &c. Sometimes the Villa Urbana , as this of Laurentmum, was only a Country-Houfe of Pleafure built without any regard to the Vila Rujlica, or any thing relating to Agriculture or Pafturage; and though fuch Houfes, according to the Opinion of Varro, lib. 3. cap. 1. did not deferve the Name of Villas, yet it appears that in Pliny’s Time they bore that Appellation: But Palladius, who lived after our Author, never ufes that Word but when he (peaks of that Part of the Houfe peculiarly called Rujlica. Martial makes u(e of the Word Prcetorium, to exprels the whole Villa which Vitruvius calls Pfeudo-urbannm, by which he means only a Houle built in the Country* with all the Members and Ornaments of thole of the City. a quartodecimo Lapidel\ The Miles on the Roman Roads were diftinguilh’d by a Pillar, or Stone, fet up at the End of each of them, which was mark’d with one or more Figures, fignify- ing how far it was from the Milliarium Aureum, a Pillar in the Forum near the Temple of Saturn, which had on it the Figure I. fo that the next Pillar to it, which was mark’d II. was but one Mile from the Standard Pillar, and confequently the XIV and XI Stones were but thirteen and ten Miles from the Forum. Lauren t i n u m. menta, qua:, Montibus Hyeme de- pulfa, Herbis & Tepore verno ni- tefcunt. Villa ufibus capax, non fumptuofa Tutela: cujus in prima Parte 3 Atrium frugi, nec tamen fordidum; deinde + Porticus in 5 O Liters Similitudinem circum- a£te, quibus parvula fed feftiva 6 Area includitur: Egregium hx adverfum Tempeftates Recepta- culum ; 3 Flocks of Sheep ami Herds of Cattle, that iverc driven from the Moun¬ tains ly the Severity of theWcathcr, grow Jleek and fat ly the returning Warmth of the Spring,and the Ri ch¬ iefs of the Pafturage. My Villa is large enough to afford a convenient, tho not fumptuous, Reception for my Friends: The firft thing that offers it felf is a plain, tho ’ not mean 3 A- tr ium; from thence you enter a 4 Por¬ ticus in form like the Letter 5 O, which furrounds a fmall hut plea- fant 6 Area. This is an excellent Retreat 3 Atrium.] By what Vitruvius fays, /. 6 . c. io. it plainly appears that the Atrium was the firft .Room of the Houfe, and lay juft beyond the Veflibulum; and, by the Rules he has given us for them, c. 17. it is manifeft that tho’they were fometimes of different Proportions, they had one thing common to them all, which was, that a great Part of them was open at top. In the Coun¬ try, where they were not ftraitned for Room, the Atrium was what we call the Fore-Court , as this of Pliny $ appears to have been; and the Atrium was to be pafs’d before one could come to the Veflibulum. It is not improbable but fome of thefe Fore-Courts had Porticus round them, like the AU of the City Atrium , and were for Clients and thole Servants to wait in, that were from thence call’d Atrienfes. In Rome there were feveral Buildings that were call’d Atria ; as the Atrium Publicum , Atria Libertatis, Vefl*, Minerva, Szc. which very probably were fo call’d for the Refemblance they bore to thofe Vitruvius deferibes, or were Courts before Temples, or other Publick Buildings, fur- rounded by Porticus. 4 Porticus^] This was a common Name to all Buildings that had Walks under the Covert of a Roof or Cieling, fupported by Pillars or Pilafters, tho’ differently call’d, according to the Difpofition of the Pillars: When plac’d on the Outfide of a Building, as round fome of their Temples, it was call’d Peripterium ; when thefe Ranges of Pillars were within a Room, as they were fometimes in their Triclinia , Bajilic purchafe; fo that it may be rather conje&ur’d that Specularia fignified nothing but Glafs Windows that wanted no Shutters to keepoitt the Weather, ahd could always be feen through, as Feneftr# lig- nify’d thofe where the Weather was kept out only by Shutters. Columella mentions railing Cucumbers with Specularia, and Martial takes notice that the Romans fhelter’d their Rofe*Trees by them, as we at this Day make Green-Houfes to preferve our molt valuable tfender Trees. 8 Cav.ediim.-j To molt of the Roman Villa's belong’d three forts of Courts, viz* that before the Ho ufe, which was call’d the Atrium , the Office-Court, or Farm-Yard, call’d Chars , and the Court within the Houfe, call d Cav.cdium, or Cava JEdium , being an Jred furrounded by the Buildings of the Houfe. The Similitude there Was between the City Atrium and the Cavtdium , being both open at top, has occafion’d feveral to imagine thefe Terms fignify’d the fame dijog: But they may be fa- tisfy’d to the contrary, if they will fearch Vitruvius , lib. 6. where he tells us how many forts of Cavadia there were, and gives Dire&ions for the City Jtria. The Grecians , who, by Vitruvius' s Ac¬ count, had no Atrium in their Houfes, were not without the CavWdium, which they call’d AuAJ), as being a Place fub dio. Thefe Courts are by Vitruvius , in his Defcrlption of the Grecian Houfes, lib. 6. cap. 10 . call’d ! Periflylia , becaufe furrounded by Pillars; but afterwards in the fame Cap. fpeaking of the Paflages that were betwixt the Perijlyliti and Hofpitdlia , Where they entertain’d Strangers, hfe calls them Mefaula , qUod inter duos Milas media flint interpofita. 9 Triciinium.j This Room was originally fo Call’d from the three Beds it could contain ; yet this Name was fo me times given to larger Eating Rooms, tho’ they are by Vitruvius term’d (Eel from o7x(3E Domus , call d fo either from their extraordinary Size, or as they were commonly feparated from die main Building, or only join’d to it by one Wall, fnight feem to be Houfes themfelves. Of thefe CEci there were three iorts In ufe among the -Romms, viz, the Tetrafyle, the CoHmhiitti, and the Egyptian-, of all which, and wherein they differ’d, Vitruvius gives an Account, /. 6. c. 5 . Befides thefe common to the Romans, there was one fort that, in Vitruvius’s timer was only in ufe among the Grecians, viz. the Cyzican, fpoke of by Vm. 1. 6. c. 6. The Office 6 f the Triclinium and CEcos was the fame, ra*.for Entertainments; yet it appears by Vitr. 1.6. c. to. that the Grecian Ladies frequently palled the Hours allotted to their Needle Work in the CEci. » Africus.] There being a Neceffity for placing the Roman Winds round the following Plans, them the Reader is referr d; wirere may be feen how they agree with our Compafs. Lauren adluitur: nndique Valvas, autFe- neftras non minores Valvis habet: atque ita a Lateribus, a Fronte, quafi tria Maria profpedat. A tergo Cavsedium, Porticum, Are- am; Porticum rurfus, mdx Atri¬ um, Sylvas, & longinquos refpicit Montes. Hujits a teva retradius paulo, 11 Cubiculum eft amplum: deinde aliud minus, quod altera Feneftra admittit Orientem, Oc- cidentem altera retinet: hate & fubjacens Mare longius quidem, fed fecurius intuetur. Hujus Cu- biculi, & Triclinii illius Objedu includitur Angulns, qui purif- fimum Solem continet, & accen- dit, Hoc 12 Hybernaculum, hoc etiam T I N U M. 5 is gently wajh'd ly the Lift , Jpent and broken Waves: On every fide are Folding-Doors, or Windows as large: So that from the Front, and loth Sides, you have the View as it were of three feveral Seas-, and lack- wards is feen the Cavsedium, the Porticus, the Area; again the Porticus, then the Atrium, and laftly, the W r oods and diftant Mountains, jit the left hand of the Triclinium, not fo far advanced towards the Sea, is a large 11 Cu¬ biculum ; leyond that a lefts, which has one Window to the Fifing, and another to the Setting Sun : From hence the Sea is feen at ftomething a greater Diftance, hit with more Se¬ curity from its Inclemencies. The Angle that this Cubiculum andTn- clinium. make ly their Jettings out, does not only retain, hut add force to, the war me ft Rays of the Sun. Here is my 12 Hybernaculum, and the B Gym- ” Cubiculum ,] This Word in its general Acceptation is taken to fignify nothing but a Bed-chamber, but is us’d by Vitruvius, and other Authors, §,s a common Name to all Rooms that were not for fome particular Office ; fuch as the Triclinium, Jtrium,Szc. fo that here it feemsto have meant no more than what at prefent is called a Room, and when a Bed-chamber was intended it was moft often diftinguiffi’d as fuch, as appears by Pliny in this Epiftle, where he fays, Cubiculum noElis & fomni, and in the Defcrip- tion of his T ufcan Villa he calls one Room Dormitorium Cubiculum. 12 Hybernaculum .] This Word is ufed by Vitruvius , to fignify that Part of the Houfe which by its Difpofition, was moft proper to be inhabited during the Winter, as the other Appartments than were turn’d to the Eafi and North, were for the Summer ; but here the Word fignifies a Place out of the Houfe made warm in Winter by the Sun. fi I 6 L A tr R E etiam *J Gymnalium meorum eft ; ibi omnes lilent Venti, exceptis' qui Nubilum inducunt, & ferenum antequam Ufum Loci eripiunt. Adneffitur Angulo Cubiculum in Afpida curvatum, quod- Am- bitum Solis Feneftris omnibus fe- quitur : Parieti ejus in Bibliothe¬ cas. fpeciem Armarium infertum eft, quod non legendos Libros, fed N T I N .V M. Gymnalium of my Family ; winch is never incommoded by any Winds, hit thofe which bring in cloudy Wea¬ ther, and deflroy the, at other times, ferene Situation of the Place. Join¬ ing to this Angle is a Cubiculum, that jets out inmn 1 * Elliptic! Form, from Which gradually at all itsWin- dows it receives the whole Courfe of the Sun : It has in its Walls Repo- fitories after the manner of Libra¬ riesj .. 1 3 Gymnafiim .] Pcmfanias informs us, that the Grecians had Places fet apart in every City for pub* lick Exercife, which are by him call’d Gymnafa, from their exercifing naked in them : By Vitruvius, who gives the exafl Defcription of one of thefe Places, they are call’d PaUftra, from the Exercife of the Ball that was ufed there. In thefe Buildings they not only ufed bodily Ex'ercife, but held Dif- putations in all Parts of polite Learning; and in them there were allotted Parts to the Philofophers and Poets, as well as to the Wrelflers. The Roman Therm* were but Imitations of thefe Grecian Ta¬ hir a, and confided of as many and the fame Parts, and, like the other, were defign’d for publick Exercife. By this Paffage of Pliny it appears, that thefe publick Exercifes were alfo ufed in their pri* vate Houfes, and that the Place it felf was call’d by the fame Waffle-the Grecians (from whom they borrow’d this Cullom) gave to their Places of Exercifi. 14 jfpida.] This Word, which is often made ufe of by Pliny tSife Naturalift, l. z. is an Aftronomical Term, and is at prefent taken For thofe two Points in the Orbit of a Planet, one of which is farthelf from, and the other neareft to the Sun. For inftance : The Elliptick Orbit of the Earth beinv re* prefented by the Figure ABPD, in one of wbofe Focus’s, 0, is plac’d the Sun; the Points J

e Bed ' c l lalT >ber, from which fame uie, vfa. Bed-chambers 'fcSemms ^ b ° th the and »°mm were probably for the - the Baths, the Reader is / Lauren currit. Hinc 10 Turns erigitur, fub qua 11 Disetx dux, totidem in ipfa ; prieterea Coenatio, quse latiilimum Mare, longiffimutn Littus, amce- niffimas Villas profpicit. Eft & alia Turris: in hac Cubiculum, in quo Sol nafcitur conditurque; lata poft 32 Apotheca & 2 3 Horre- um, fub hoc Triclinium, quod turbati Maris non nifi Fragorem & Sonum patitur, eumque jam lan- guidum ac definentem : Hortum & Geftationem videt qua Hortus in¬ i' I N U M. 9 Here arifesa 20 Turris, nnderwhicb are two 31 Dixtse, as well as two in the Turris it felf-, as alfo a Coenatio> which has a -very wide ProfpeB of the Sea, with its moft diftant Coaft, and feveralleautiful Villas. Bcfidcs this there is another Turris : containing a Cubiculum, in which loth the rifwg mid Jetting Sun are leheld ; behind this is an 33 Apotheca and 2 3 Hor- reum, underneath is a Triclinium, where never hit in a Storm is heard the Roaring of the Sea, and thenhut C faint- 20 ‘Tunif.] This was a Term of Fortification among the Antients, and fignify’d thofe Buildings that were commonly fet at proper Diftances in the Walls of their Cities, and raifed higher than the Walls themfelves. Their Form Vitruvius tells us, l. \. c. 6. was commonly round or Polygonal, for the fake of Strength; but it is not to be queftion’d when they were imitated in private Architec¬ ture, as in this Villa, they were made after a more convenient Form. By this Palfage in Pliny it appears, that only that Part of the Building which was higher than the reft, was meant by the ‘I unis, 21 r>i,etSQ “ ,k ’> ^ * » thefe entejanuam Domus per t ue m i the fame with the VoflUa of the Romans, and for the (no L A u R E H lius pingiiior & rufticus. Hinc .*« Cryptoporticus prope publici Operis infer extenditur; iitrinque Feneflr'x, a Mari plures, ab Horto lingulae, & altius pauciores: hx, cum ferenus Dies & immdtus, om- nes; cum hinc vel inde Ventus in¬ quietus, qua Venti quiefcunt, fine injuria patent: ante Cryptopor- ticum ’7 Xyftus Violis odoratus, Teporem Solis infufi Repercufiit Cryptoporticus auget, quae ut te¬ net Solem, fic Aquilonem inhibet, fummovetque; quantumque Ca- loris ante, tantum retro Frigoris i fimiliter Africum fiftit, atque ita diverfilEmos Ventos alium alio a latere T 1 N U M. II ther more rough ami fruitful Gar¬ den. From hence a 16 Cryptoporti¬ cus extends it fclf, for Largenefs comparable to publick Buildings; on both fides are Windows, on that next the Sea are the greater Number, on the Garden fide they are Jingle, and in the higher Row they are not fo many. Thefe, when the Fay is ferene and calm, are all open'd; but rvhen the Wind is troublefome on cither fide, thofe on the oppofitc are open''dwith¬ out any Inconveniency. Before the Cryptoporticus is a Xyflus, fra¬ grant with Violets, in which the Heat of the Sun is encreas'd by the Reper- cuffion of the Cryptoporticus, which at the fame time keeps off the Nor th- Eaft Wind ; fo that as there is great Heat on one fide, there is as much Coolnefs on the other: In like man¬ ner it flops the South-weft ; fo that the (no more than there is now) any fix’d Rule, but their Form was vary’d according to the Fancy of the Defigner. This Veftibulum, mention’d in this Epiftle, was probably that Part of the Oval Court which lay next to the Atrium , and was the firft Part of the Houfe that was enter’d : It is by Pliny, in the Defcription of the Profpefl from the Iriclinium , call’d alfo a Porticus. 26 Cryptoporticus.’] This Room, as its Name fignifies, was an enclos’d or private Porticus , fo call’d to diftinguilh it from the porticus , whofe Roof was only fupported by Pillars. The Ufe of this Room was for the Exercife of Walking, when the Weather would not permit the Ufe of thofe Walks they had fub dio; and the Method they took to make it at all Seafons convenient, may be feen by the Defcription Pliny gives us of this. 2 7 Xyflus .This Term of Art cannot be better explain’d than by Vitruvius’s own Words,/. 6 . c. io. Xyflos enim Graca appelldtione , eft Porticus timpla latitudine, in qua Athlete per hyberna tempora exer- centur. Noflri autem bypet hr as ambulationes, Xyflos appellant, quasGraci Peridromidas dicv.nt. By this Account of it, and by what may be collected from pliny, it feems to mean no more than an open Walk like our Terraces. U M. the Violence of the feveral Winds is broken by its different fules. Thefe Delights it affords in Winter, hit greater in Summer-, for before Mid¬ day the Xyftus, in the Afternoon, the Geftatio and nearefl Part of the Garden is made temperate by its Shade, which, as the Day either en- creafes or decreafes, wherever it falls is either longer or floor ter : The Cryptoporticus is then indeed mofl free from Sun, vdhen it jhines mofl intenjly on its Roof: Add to this, by opening all the Windows it has a thorough .Draught of the Wejlcrn Breezes ; nor ever is clouded by a thick jlagnated Air. At the head of rf^Xyftus jetting out from the Cryp¬ toporticus, is the Diaeta of the Gar¬ den, which I call my Delight ; for truly there I have placed my Affec¬ tions: In this is an 28 Heliocaminus, one fide of which looks to the Xyf¬ tus, the other to the Sea, and both to the Sun-, from its Folding-doors is feen the Cubiculum, from the Windows the Cryptoporticus ; on the fide that is next the Sea, and oppofte to the middle Wall, a very ele¬ gant 28 Heliocaminus.'] This Word, if render’d according to its Etymology, will fignify a Sun-Chimney- but here I think it cannot mean more than a Room extraordinarily heated by the Sun, and is the fame that fome Authors call the Solarium. latere frangit Sc finit Hate Jucun- ditas ejus Hyeme, major iEftate: nam ante Meridiem Xyflum, poll Meridiem Geftationis, Hortique proximam Partem Umbra fua tem- perat, quae, ut Dies crevit decre- vitque, modo brevior, modo lon- gior hac vel iliac cadit: ipfa vero Cryptoporticus tunc maxime caret Sole, cum ardentiiTimus culmini ejus infiftit: ad hoc patentibus Fe- neftris Favonios accipit, tranfmit- titque; nec unquam Aere pigro & manente ingravefeit. In capite Xyfti deinceps Cryptoporticus, Horti Diaeta eft, Amores mei; re vera Amores ipfe pofui. In hac 28 Heliocaminus quidem, alia Xyf- tum, alia Mare, utraque Solera; Cubiculum autem Valvis, Cryp- toporticum Feneftra profpicit: qua Mare contra Parietem medium Zo- T I N U Si. Lauren '9 Zotheca perquam eleganter re- cedit, qua: Specularibus & Veils obdudis redudifve modo adjicitur Cubiculo, modoaufertur: Ledum & duas Cathedras capit, a pedibus Mare, a tergo Villa:, a capite Syl- vae, tot Facies Locorum, totidem Feneftris 8t diftinguet Sc mifcet. Jundum eft Cubiculum Nodis & Somni: non illud Voces Servulo- rum, non Maris Murmur, non Tempeftatum Motus, non Fulgu- rum Lumen, ac ne Diem quidem fentit, nifi Feneftris apertis: tam alti abditique Secreti ilia Ratio, quod interjacens 3° Andron Parie- tem Cubiculi, Hortique diftinguit, atque ita omnem Sonum media Inanitate confumit. Applicitum eft Cu- 13 gant 1 9 Zotheca does as it were retire, to or from which, ly opening the Win¬ dows and Curtains, a Cubiculum is either added or feparated: This Zotheca contains no more than a Bed and two Chairs, from the Bed's Feet you have a ProfpeB of the Sea, from its lack that of neighionring Villas, and from thehead you fee the Woods, fo many Windows affording fo many Profpells,fomethnes all feen at once, at other times feparately. Joining to this is a Cubiculum for Night and Jleep ; for there I am not difur¬ led ly the talking of my young Ser¬ vants, nor ly the Roaring of the Sea or Storms, neither is the Glare of Lightning, or even the Day per¬ ceiv’d, till the Windows are open’d : This profound Silence is caufed ly an 3° Andron, which divides the Wall of the Cubiculum from that of the Garden, fo that all Noife is drown’d in the void Space that lies D between. =9 Zotheca.'] The Ufe of this Room, by the Defcription of thofe of Pliny, feems to hate been for com¬ peting themfelees in theDay-time, and by his Account there feems to hate been two things m common to them, viz- that they were no otherwife parted from the neighbouring Room but by Foldmg-doors and Curtains, and the other three Sides not being contiguous to any Building, there was m each a Window : That thefe Rooms were but fmall appears by the little Furniture, which yet feem to fill thofe of 3 Pliny. ,0 Andron.] In the fame Place, viz- /. 6. c. 10. where Vitruvius has told what the Roman Xyflus was, he has explain’d the Andron in thefe Words $ Inter b the Heat that lies under the Floor, is either retain d, or let out, at plea- fure .. From thence a Procceton and. Cubiculum extend into the Sun, from which latter the Sun is enjoy'd, Ctho' obliquely J from almoft its Rife, till after Mid-day. When I retire to this Dixta, I fancy my fclf ab- fent from my Villa ; and take great Pleafure in it, efpccially in the time of the Saturnalia, when the other Parts of the Villa by the freedom allow'd at thofe times, refound with feftival Clamour: for here F neither hinder their Diverfions, nor they my Studies. Thefe Conveniencies, thefe Pleaftires, are attended with the want of falling Water, which yet find a fupply from natural Wells or rather Springs, for they lie near the Surface: thro the whole Coaft there is this wonderful Vitality, that wherefoever you ftir the Earth, you readily qiK MeJauU dicmtur, quod inter duns Aulas media funt interboRta, mtlri autem eat 4;™,, ,, „ The ^ MU that this Andron or PaiFage, lay be/ween, 2L Z lZ with the Roman Cayniia and probably in time this Word Andron came to fignify a PalTage between other Maces as well as Courts, as appears by this mention’d by Pliny to part riAuilding fen ?he Lauren t i n u M. obvius & paratus Humor cccurrit^ ifque fincerus, ac ne leviter qui- dem tanta Maris Vicinitate falfus. Suggerunt affatim Ligna proximo Sylvae : cxteras Copias Oflienfis Colonia miniftrat. Frugi quidem Homini fufficit etiam Vicus, quem una Villa difcernit; in hoc Balinea meritoria tria, magna Commoditas, fi forte Balineum domi, vel fubitus Adveritus, vel brevior Mora cale- facere diffuadeat. Litus ornant Va- rietate gratifllma, nunc continua, nunc intermiffa Teda Villarum, qux prxftant multarum Urbium Faciem; five ipfo Mari, five ipfo Litore utare : quod nonnunquam longa Tranquillitas mollit, fxpius frequens & contrarius Fludus in- durat. Mare non fane preciofis Pifcibus abundat; Soleas tamen & Squillas optimas fuggerit. Villa vero noftra etiam mediterraneas Copias prxftat. Lac in primis; nam illuc e Pafcuis Pecora conveniunt, fi quando Aquam, Umbramve fedantur. Juftifne de Caufis eum tibi videor incolere, inhabitare, di- ligere readily and cafily find Water, and that perfectly good, and not in the leaf! brackifij tbd fo near the Sea. The neighbouring Wttods afford Fti el in abundance : And other Convc- niencies may le had from Oftia. To a frugal Man what a Village affords, that is only feparated from me by another Villa would be ftefficient; in this Place are three publick Baths t which is a great Conveniency, if by my at any time unexpected Arrival, the Bath of my Hottfe is unprepard, or my Jhort Stay does not give op¬ portunity for it. The Shore is a- dornd with a grateful Variety, by Profpecls of 'ViMTsJometimes feeni- ingly join'd together, and at o- ther times farther aj'under ; which exceeds the Profpecls of many Cities; whether you travel on the Sea or Shore: Which fometimes is foften'd by a long Calm, but is more often harden'd by the contending Waves. The Sea indeed docs not abound in choice Fife; yet it produces Soles and the left Prawns. My Villa even exceeds in the Plenty of the inland Country, principally in Milk ; for thither the Cattle come from their Pafture, when they feek Water ami Shade. Judge you whether I have not not caufe to continue, and delight in this Retirement ; which were yoii not too fond a Lover of the City you •would your felf covet: And I wifi} you did, that hy your Participation in the Pleafures of it a greater than any its other Commendations might he added to my little Villa! Farewel ■i. 2 * 4 $ ft. 4 . £ # « $ q f * <* 4 'H' 4 ^ i W*¥s«S&* -i # ■> -H 4 S3 *<&<>%%%* *$lv&*a*t* *M*W* w»*«» Ss2s£f &<&& #,•»# - ££Vf 1ST oirj\n - ^'bs Qrvcrw o'oiiirtv ftliri- S UPEIRNAS a.jEqiiHia X .TectaVehiculis c Xignarium. d. Fcenile e. Piscin® duffi =rum ijccid.cjvs JoUtit*/ i snancUte A. Atrium. B. HortuS C. Gestaiio D/Vinea EXystus □forms jjing-uis ^Rasricus G. Mare H. Xittus X. Gymnasium K.Sylva; (S^Montes X -Villa vicina \j.i n i /./y i :/ ?/ t / 7 ) ( 17 ) REMARKS O N LAUREN TINUM. O S T of thofe Roman Authors who have wrote on Agricul¬ ture, have not thought it foreign to their Subjeft to take fome notice of Villas and their proper Situations; and from them it may be colleded that the Antients efteem’d four Things effential to that of a good one, viz. good Roads for- themfelves and Carriages, or the Conveniency of a navigable River; next, fertile Land to produce what was neceffary for the Support of Man and Beaft; who Home Water; and, laftly, an healthy Air ; which laft-mention’d, as it immediately regarded the Life of the Inhabitant, was chiefly to be confidered : And tho’ they have left us no Rules by which we Ihould form our Judgment, they all agree that the Air next to a marfhy Soil is remarkably bad, and to be carefully avoided. Though it was impoflible by any Art to cure the bad Airs of an ill-chofen Situation, yet Varro, l. i. c. 5. de Re Ruftica, in¬ timates, that the Skill of the Archited may in great meafure guard againft thofe that were but occafionally fo ; and tells us how feveral Cities in Greece were preferved by Hippocrates, during a Peftilence, and of great Cures done by himfelf in a parallel Cafe at CorCyra, by no other Knowledge than that of rightly difpofing the Apertures of the Houfes. Vitruvius imputes the accidental Unhealthinefs of a Situation (fuppofing the Water always good, and the Building fo placed as not to be incommoded by Fogs) to proceed from the Sun or Wind* and E has 18 Remarks on has fpent the greater Part of cap. 4, 6 6 . I 1. in giving Rules to guard againft the Inconveniencies, and at the fame time receive the Benefits, of both, lib. 6 . cap. 1. in which he treats wholly on Private Buildings. The fame Author fays that the Fronts of all Buildings Ihould be pla¬ ced conformable to their Climate, as thofe of cold Countries ( where there is feldom any Inconveniencies arifing from too much Heat) the principal Part Ihould be turned to the South ; and in Buildings placed in a more Southern Latitude, where the Sun may have fometimes too great Power,, the Front Ihould be turn’d to the North : And in this Book too, cap. 9. he refers us to the fame Rules for Situating Villas, which in lib. 1. he has laid down concerning Cities. As to thofe Cities that were founded on an Inland Situation, if they had any principal Front, the Rules before-mention d for different Situations in different Climates, was probably by him thought fufficient to direff the Architeft in the Plan of the City ; but left at the fame time it Ihould be thought that Rule might hold good with relation to Cities plac’d on the Sea- Coaft, whofe principal Front commonly fac’d the Sea, he informs us, lib. 1. cap. 4. that thofe in the Latitude of Italy, which fronted either to the Weft or South, muft neceffarily be unhealthy, becaufe in Sum¬ mer thofe to the South grow hot when the Sun rifes, and at Mid-day are fcorch’d with Heat, and thofe to the Weft at Sun-rifing begin to be warm, at its full Meridian are intenfly hot, and- even at its Declenfion glow; fo that thofe fudden Changes from one Degree of Heat to ano¬ ther, injure the Health of the Inhabitants. Befides, fays he, it may be obferved, that the Bodies of Perfons enfeebled by Heat in the Sum¬ mer, recover their Strength and Health in Winter; for which reafon he is entirely averfe to placing their Buildings with their Fronts oppo- fite to thofe Points from whence the hot Winds blow. The Advantage that arifes from proper Situations appears by what he fays afterwards, concerning Cities founded in Marihes, which in the former Part of this Chapter he condemns as unhealthy, but here tells us that even thefe may be render’d healthy, by the Building’s being plac’d North, or North-Eaft of the Sea, provided the Marihes lie fo much higher than the Lauren tinum. 19 the Surface of the Sea, that Drains may be made for the Water to run off, and at fome times the Flux of the Sea may enter them, and deftroy thofe Animalcula that are engender’d by Heat in flagnated Waters, and being drawn in by the Breath together with the Air, were efteem’d the Caufe of many Diftempers. In this Chapter Vitruvius only fpeaks with relation to the Sun; but in the fixth of the fame Book he lets us know, that as many and great Inconveniencies may alfo happen from not difpofing the Plan of a City or Building fo as to avoid the ill effeds arifing from inclement Winds, which he direds us by all means to ex¬ clude the Streets of a City, and gives a remarkable Inftance of the In¬ conveniences that Mitylene labour’d under through the Founder’s Igno¬ rance of this Rule, in which City, when the South Wind blew, it caufed Sicknefs by its great Heat. When Corns (which is a Point be¬ tween N. N. TV. and N. W. by N. and is there a moift Wind) blew, the Inhabitants were troubled with Coughs, and when the North Wind blew, they recovered their former Health; but then it was fo cold, they could not bear flaying long in the Streets. And a little further he tells us, that the Quitting out fuch Winds from a City not only preferved the Healths of found Perfons, but even cured thofe affeded with Diftem¬ pers arifing from other Caufes, which in other Places requir’d the help of Medicines. This Caution being therefore thought of fuch confe- quence, Vitruvius has fpent the remaining Part of this Chapter in fhew- ing the Method of placing a City fo, that no Opening fhould be exad- ly oppofite to any of their twenty-four Points, or Winds. Columella and Palladius, where they have had occafion to fpeak of the Situation and Difpofition of Villas, feern to have been beholding to this Author for rnoft they have wrote on that Subjed; and fince it may from thence be conjedur’d that his Works gave Laws to the Roman Architeds, after him it may not be improper to take notice, how the Builder of the Vil¬ las of Pliny has obferv'd his Rules, where vary cl from them, and where proceeded upon Grounds for which we have the Authority of no ex¬ tant Writer; But it may not be amifs, firft, to obferve, that the Villa of Laurentinum, whofe Examen we fhall firft enter upon, was not a Man- fion 20 Remarks on fion Houfe, round which Pliny had a large Eftate, and all manner of Conveniencies for Life upon his own Ground; nor was it a Seat which he livd in at all Seafons, but where he fpent only thofe Honrs he had at leifure from the Bufmefs of the City ; and as he himfelf tells us, lil. 9. cap. 40. he pafs’d Lome time during Autumn and Winter; and whereas he alfo tells us, lib. 4. ep. 6 . he poffefs’d nothing but the Houfe and Gardens, nor diverted himfelf otherwife than by iludying; for which reafon, lib. 1. ep. 9. he calls this Villa ftaje'cl'. This Seat is by Pliny defcrib’d under three Heads, viz. Gratiam Villa, Opportunitatem Loci, & Littoris Spatium. The firdof which relates to the Difpofition of the Houfe and Gardens, and the other two to the Situation, which he here confiders with regard to its Pleafure, as well as Conveniency. In fpeaking of the Conveniencies of another Villa of the fame Nature with this, lib. 1. ep. 4. he reckons as good Qualifica¬ tions, Vicinitatem Urbis, Opportunitatem Via, Mediocritatem Villa, Mo- dum Hurts: Nor will it be found upon examination, that thofe of this his own Villa are different from thefe. It would have been fuperfluous for him, in a Letter to Rome, to have fpoke any thing of the healthful Air of a Place in the Neighbourhood of Oftia ; but at the end of this Epiftle he gives us an account of the Goodnefs of the Water of that Place, which, as well as the Air, equally contributed towards the Health of the Inhabitant: But as he has not thought fit to fpeak of mod: of the Con¬ veniencies and Pleafures of the Situation till after he has defcrib’d his Villa, we lhall in our Remarks follow the fame Method. The only Conveniency which he mentions before he comes to the Villa it felf, is the Road to it, which he firft confiders with refped to its convenient Didance from Rome, which being, as he obferves, but feventeen Miles, after having finifh’d the Bufinefs of the Day in the City, he could very well arrive there before Night. Utrinque excipit, &c.] The Inconveniency of this Road’s being heavy to Carriages little affeded him, who could bring whatever he wanted from Laurentinum. 2 I from Rome to his Villa, by Water; and being fandy was no ill Quality in it, to a Perfon that only travelled it in Winter. Varia bine atque inch Fades, &c.] Befides the fore-mention d Advam tages, the pieafant Views that were on each fide this Road might very properly be taken notice of, which made the Way lefs irkfome to the Traveller; and what he fays afterwards about the Cattle may ferve to confirm what has been before obferv’d, that he only fpeaks of the Ad¬ vantages that relate to the Winter. Having deferib’d the Road, he at length, as it were, arrives at the Villa it felf, and immediately proceeds to give us the Difpofition of all its Parts, without firft taking any notice on what Ground the Villa was plac’d, and to what Point the Front was turned : But as thefe are mate¬ rial towards underltanding feveral Paflages in the Difpofition, as alfo to prove the Judgment of the Builder, we fhall not here pafs them over without endeavouring to fhew what they might probably be. By the Account Pliny has given us, at the end of this Epiftle, of the Ground on which this Villa was plac’d, and in particular to its being fub- jefted toWater; though that Water was good, yet, as it was not running Water, it might probably be unwholfome in the Heats of Summer, like that of a marfihy Situation; for this reafon, according to the Directions of Vitruvius in Cafes of the fame Nature, the Spot of Ground on which this Houfe was plac’d, muft have been North-Eafl of the Sea, and doubtlefs the other Cautions he has given about Drains were alfo ob¬ ferv’d, fince the Ground lay higher than the Sea. As to what Point the Houfe fronted, (from feveral Paffages in the following Parts of this Epiftle, efpecially in fpeaking of the Triclinium next the Sea, to the Foundation of which he fays the Wind Africus, i. e. the South-Weftf forced the Waves, and as it plainly appears that this Dining-Room was the fartheft from the Front of the Floufe, and direftly oppofite to it) we might reafonably conclude that this Houfe fronted full North-Baft, if F we- 22 Remarks on we could fuppofe the Archited was unacquainted with the Inconvenien- cies that muft attend a Building that fronted any principal Wind ; and fince the Wind Africus might as well have driven the Waters to the Door of the Triclinium, though plac’d betwixt that and another Point* it is not improbable, but that the principal Entrance in the Front of this Villa open’d betwixt Aquilo & Supernas, which not at all contradicts what he here fays of the Triclinium, and afterwards of the Cryptopor- ticus. By what has been obferv’d from Vitruvius, that a City or Villa feated on the Sea, Ihould not have its principal Parts turned either Southward or Weftward, it may be objected, that the placing of this Villa is abfolutely contrary to Rule; but if it be again obferved that the In- conveniencies which he mentions to proceed from fuch a Situation, are only during the Heats of Summer, and that he feldom went to this Villa but in colder Seafons, this warm Situation was an Advantage to it; befides, by being fo placed, and the Front of the Houfe being almofl North-Eaft, this back Part (which was wholly allotted to the Mailer’s Ufe) was by thefe means fhelter’d from the colder Quarters, and though plac’d near the Water (fince none but warm Winds blew that way) did not at all fuffer by them. Villa Ufihus capax, non fumptuofa TutelaV\ By this Beginning he feems to prepare us for the Defcription of an Houfe that contained no¬ thing in it more than what was abfolutely neceffary, and not that of a magnificent Villa, like that of Lucullus, or Others of his own Time ; a Place rather proper for Study, and to retire to with a few feled Friends than for State and Shew. Cujusin prima. Parte Atrium, frugi, nee tamcn fordiduM ,] The Office of this Part being for Servants or Clients to wait in, could not properly be any where fo well placed as near the Entrance of the Houfe; and, by his Defcription of this Court, he feems to hint, as if it was cuftomary for them very much to adorn thofe Parts which lay immedi¬ ately before the Houfe, which would have been very improper in him to have Laurent inum, 23 have done, had he not refolved equally to adorn all the reft of the Vil¬ la, and wou’d have been contrary to the Decor requir’d in all Buildings, as Vitruvius tells us, lib. 1. cap. 2. in thefe Words: Ad confuetudinent ante?/! Decor fic exprimitur, cum AEdificiis interior thus magnificis item Veftibula convenientia & elegantia erunt faEla. Si enim interior a Perfec¬ tly habuerint elegantes, Aditus autem bimiles & inhoneflos, non erunt cum Decore. Dcinde Porticos, &c.] In the City Houfes of the Romans, between the Atrium and the inner Court, there was ufually a Room call’d the Tabli- num, mention’d by Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 4. This Portions lay betwixt this Atrium and the Cavadium, though perhaps by being of another Form it is here call’d by another Name. The Reafon for his giving it this round Form, may be upon two Accounts : Firft, to give a greater Grace to its Projeftion, and to make the Fore-Part of it ferve for a more beautiful Veftibulum totheHoufe, as it is afterwards call'd in this Epiftle; and in the next place, as being defign’d for a Shelter in tempeftuous Weather, it the better broke the Force of thofe Winds that blew on that fide, than if it had been more fquare. The Atrium before-men- tion’d being only an open Court, it was neceffary that thofe who waited there {hon'd have fome Place of Shelter in bad Weather, which feems to have been the principal Caufe of making this Portions', and to render it {till the more fafe againft ftormy Weather, it was fecur’d with Glafs- Windows, and flicker'd by an extraordinary Projeftion of the Roof The Provifion he had made for himfelf and Familiars, to walk in at all Seafons in the Cryptoporticus, may ferve to prove that this Place was not elieem’d for private Ufe; befides every body was neceffarily to pafs through it to the Cavadium. By the Charafter of feftiva, which he gives to the Area of this round Court, it feems as if the Pavement had been adorn’d, and that perhaps with Mofaick Work, and, in his Opi¬ nion, mafterly done; fince he no where makes ufe of this Epithet, but toexprefs what he judg’d a Mafter-piece of Art or Nature, as appears by giving it to a fine Statue of an old Man, which he deferibes, lib. } - cp. 6. and in fpeaking of a beautiful Girl, lib. 3. ep. 1 6. Eft 24 Remarks on Eft contra medias Cavadium JnlAre 7 \ Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 8. tells us* that the Cavadium, and thofe Places which were to be paffed through in the way to it, were common to all Perfons; and Pliny, in the Defcrip- tion of both his Villas, firft defcribes thefe publick Places before he takes notice of the more private, as being the firft Parts that offer’d them- felves to view, and round, or adjoining to which> were commonly placed their Rooms for more private Ufe. The Epithet hilare, which he here gives this Court, and afterwards to the Apddyterium of Tufcum, might not improbably be Upon the Account of its Ornaments of Architecture or Sculpture. Max Triclinium fatis pulchrum, &c.j] Palling through the Atrium , Portions, and Cavadium, as through a magnificent Avenue, he leads us to this Dining-Room, which, being as it were the Head of the Houfe, he thought proper to take notice of before the Idler Members. The Defcription he gives of this Room, in a great meafure anfwers that of the Cyzican Triclinium, mention’d by Vitruvius, Ail. 6. cap. 6. and tho’ not turn’d, like that, to the Garden, yet its Folding-Doors and Win¬ dows afforded as beautiful natural Profpeds, which our Author feemed to prefer to thofe of Art. It may indeed be reafonably objeded, that as Laurent in inn was a Winter Villa, this Room feems to have been too open, and expos’d to the Weather; and certainly it was fo : To remedy which Inconveniency, he had another more proper at fuch Seafons (as flrall be taken notice of in its Place:) At the fame time this feems ex¬ tremely well difpofed to enjoy all the calm, Sun-fhiny Days in Winter • for though there were fuch Openings, yet, as it flood almoft South-Weft, and was guarded from all other Winds but thofe that blew from Warm Quarters by the Jettings-out of fome Parts of the Villa, it rnuft have received all the Heat of the Sun, and have been very little incommoded by ftiarp Airs. Though it fl'as their Cuftcm to adorn this principal Room in the molt coftly manner, with Paintings, Marble, &c. yet, as at the Beginning of this Defcription he feems to affed a fimple rather * than a . /•///? yc/(/y>/'faw b. CC}>r/7ryy.r c. . Sraz d .&avtzdi&;i e.. //'///- C /’ ■////, y/Zv/// am/v/am £./j(y/tcu/yyy?y mmtM h. /mC'Ca/C//??/ /// cyOjothti' /•///•/•a////// k. (59c>fmC/fr?ra&z. I .&//-ia//u?n .p>Zr&fy6sm/m ui. Os/r//'//<\ 1 1 . CyyAycyy/yy/yy II . ■// p. Zfc/A/a/As/u a/z/yy/ q (/'yyar/y/t r. C-W/« . s. ‘l/szc/zyarzum r. ■W’///.yirt,V{.r/x’/i' u. ■'s?ryj/zyy//uv/_ \v. Z//. f/, vv.r a/yyy: C ]■// they were obliged to make ufe of other Means to warm the Water, as may appear from what Seneca, fays, Nat. Qiiaft. lib. 3 . cap. 24. Facere folemus Dr ac ones & Miliaria & complures Formas, in qutbus Aire tenui Fiftulas ftruimus, per declive circumdatas, utfape eundem Ignem ambiens Aqua per tantum fluat Spatii, quantum efficiendo Calori fat eft. Frigida itaque intrat, effluit calida. By this Paffage it is evident, that the Wa¬ ter acquired its Heat by palling through the Fire in a brafs Pipe, and muft have been more or lefs hot, according to the Length of its Pro- grefs. It feems, by what Seneca fays, that fometimes they made only a winding Pipe, without any other additional Veffel; which Pipe, from its Serpentine Form, was called Draco : But it Was thought the better Way, to receive the cold Water in a large Boiler before it entered the winding Pipes. Thefe Veffels were probably of feveral Forms, and the Pipes were differently difpofed; but that which feems to have been the Veffel generally approved of was the Miliarium,cf which Palladius, lib. r. tit. 40. gives us the following Defcription : Miliarium vero plumbeim, cui ASrea patina fubeft, inter folioruw fpdtia forinfecus ftatuemus fornace fubjeHa, ad quod Miliarium fiftula frigidaria dirigatiir, & ab hoc ad folium frnilis magnitudinis fiftula procedat, qua tantum calida ducat in¬ terim, quantum fiftula illi frigidi liquoris intulerit. From this and the foregoing Paffage of Seneca it may be collected, that the Miliarium was a Leaden Veffel of a large Circumference, the middle Part of which was open for the winding Pipe and for the Draught of the Fire to pafs through. This Veffel of Water that furrounded the Flame or Draught of the Fire, was alfo placed upon Part of the fame Fire, and' for that Reafon was obliged to have the Bottom of it of Brafs, as were alfo the Pipes. The Form of this Engine, and other principal Parts belonging to their Baths, will be beft underftood by confulting the following Drawing. The -KtV Laurent i n u m 4 37 The Pifcina of uncommon Size probably had round them more than one ofthefe Veffels; but thofe of a moderate Size might, without much Expence of Fire, have been fufficiently fupplied from one, as from a Fountain of hot Water; fo that there could be no Occafion to keep a Fire under the Bath, and they could have raifed the Pifcina from the Ground as high as the Top of the Miliarium, and the better make their B aline a Penfiles as large as thofe on the Ground. The principal Plea- fure propofed by thofe airy Baths was. that of a Profped while-they were fwimming, of which Seneca, cp. 8d. fpeaks thus: Blattaria va¬ cant Balnea, fi qua non ita aptata funt, lit totius Diet S)lem tenejlris ampl’jjimis recipiant, nifi & lav antitr fimitl & colorantur, nifi ex Solio Agros & Marta profpiciunt. Pliny too, in the Epiftle before us, men¬ tions the Profped as the chief Commendation of the Pifcina of this Villa, which he could not have enjoyed had it been upon the fame Floor with the Cells; and it might be for the Reafon of its being rai¬ fed fo much higher than the Ground, that he ufes the Word mirifich Pallailius, lib. i. tit. 40. fays, the Lights of Summer Baths lhould be K ' oppofite Remarks on oppofite to the North, and thofe of Winter to the South, betwixt which Point and the Weft thofe of this Pifcina (that had a Profpeft of the Sea) were turned. Nec procul Spharifteriitm, &c.(] Having treated of thofe Parts of the Baths that were for anointing, fweating and bathing, he now comes to fpeak of that defigned for Exercife, which, though not really a Member, of the Bath’s, was commonly joined to it, fince after the Exercife they* there ufed, they immediately entered the Pifcina, to wafh off the Oils, Sweat and Duft contracted by the Violence of it; for which Reafon this Room and the Pifcina were commonly annexed to one another As this Room was generally in ufe towards the Clofe of the Day in Winter, and as they commonly exercifed naked, it was not improper to turn its Openings to the Stm at that Time. Mine Turris erigitur, &c.] Hitherto the whole Description, except that of the Pifcina, has been in piano pede, and probably for no other Reafon, than that by their being Winter Rooms they were therefore lefs expofed to the Wind : But as this Manner of Building, in fuch a flat Situation, would not admit from any Rooms (except thofe clofe to the Sea) a large ProfpeCt, which was reckoned one of the greateft Plea- fures of their Villas, it was requifite to raife fome Parts of the Houfe higher than the reft, nor could any be thought more proper than thofe in the Front, upon two Accounts; firft, as by their Height they fheltered all the lower and back Part from the bad Weather, and at the fame time added a grace to the Front, which would have been wanting to a Building that had confifted but of one Story. It may be obferved, that in tins whole Defcription Pliny has taken fuch a Method, that he has not'been obliged to pafs through one Room twice, and, in order to perfevere in it to the end, takes notice of this Turris that lay fartheft from the Gardens, referving the other till he is juft entering the Geftatio. Sul Laurentinum. 39 Sub qua Di at a Hum, totidem in ipfab] The Rooms hitherto mentioned by Pliny have been only thofe belonging'to his ovn Appartment, befides two principal Bed-chambers, and other Rooms that were in common to all that lodged on the Mailer’s fide of the Houfe; bnt as thefe might not be fufficient for his Family, in this Turns he made four Diala, which, by their Difpofition, feem to have been more proper for Sum¬ mer than Winter, unlefs fecured from Cold by Fires, and making the Rooms proper for that Seafon: But it mull be again obferved, that though this was a Winter Villa, yet that he had taken care to enjoy the Pleafures of the Summer even here, appears by what he fays of the Cryptoporticus. Praterea Cccnatio, See.] This Room, ’tis evident by its Profpeds, had its Windows turned the fame way with the Coenatio before-mentioned, and mull have been, like that, a Winter Dining-room: For though placed aloft, we do not find it had a view of the Woods and Moun¬ tains that lay North-Eaft of the Houfe; fome other Rooms of the Di- at a being probably on that fide. The Reafon of its being placed in the higheft Part of the Houfe muft have been purely for the fake of Pro- fpeft; and we may particularly obferve, that there is no Room in either Villa of whofe Views he takes fo much notice as of thofe for Meals; in all which he either deferibes the natural diftant ones, or elfe the Works of Art that lay nearer. And hence we may perceive they endeavoured, while they were pleating their Palates, to indulge their Senfe of Seeing, as their Ears were pleafed with the Mufick which at the fame time play¬ ed. The Profpecls mentioned from the Triclinium, were only that be¬ fore the Houfe, and that of the Sea behind it, the Jettings-out of the Buildings and its low Pofition obftruding the View of thofe which are mentioned here: But this Room, being fo placed as to over-look the Garden and greater Part of the Houfe, could on both fides command a large Profpeft of the Coaft and thofe Villas with which it was then well flocked; and alfo a much more extenfive ProfpeS of the Sea. EJl 40 Remarks on Eft & alia Turns. ] Either to preferve the Uniformity of the Buil¬ dings, or that the other Turris could not contain all thofe Rooms he thought proper to be placed on high, mtift have been the Reafon this laft was erefted : And if this was of the fame Size with the former, it muft have had in it more Rooms than are here mentioned but as four; three of which were in the Turris, or higheft Floor, and only one be¬ low under one of them. Cubiculmn, in quo Sol nafcitur conditurque. ] The firft he mentions in the upper Story, was a Room that feems, like the Coenatio, to be chief¬ ly regarded for its Profped; and the Petition anfwers, in all refpeds, that Day-chamber of which he fays. Altera Feneftra admittit Orientem, &c. The Reafon for altering his Phrafe in fpeaking of this Room, might proceed from its being placed fo much higher than the other: For tho’ that admitted the riling Sun, yet it was here fooner feen, and at its firft Appearance above the "Water; which he poetically calls its Birth, and carries on the fame Metaphor in deferibing its Difappearance in the Sea. In fpeaking of the Triclinium, and the laft Coenatio, he has enume¬ rated the beautiful Profpeds that, at all Times of the Day, could be feen from thofe two Rooms; but here he takes notice of one that fur- paffed them all: And it was indeed a lingular Advantage to the Profped of this Room, which looking only on a large Body of Water, there was fomething wanting to terminate the View, the Eye being never pleafed with one that is unbounded; nor could it poflibly have one more glo¬ rious than the rifing and fetting Sun, the moft beautiful Profpeds in Nature, at which Time only, or when the Moon, Ships, or diftant Land are feen, the Propped of the Sea can be truly Paid to be agreeable. It is certain, this Room had other Profpeds belides thefe ; but being of an inferior Kind, and mentioned in other Places, they are here omitted. r* ill Laurentinum. 41 Laia poft Apotheca & Horreiml.~] What was the Uft of thefe Rooms has been explained in the Notes on this Epiftle, and the former might be a Store-Room, in which they kept fuch things as they would preferve from the Damp, fince it could receive all its Air from the Eaft, and fhut out the South and Weft, which Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 7. calls moift Winds. The Horreum, which was perhaps the fame with the Pinaco- theca, was not only obliged to be turned from moift Quarters, but to have its Windows open to the North, that the Piftures and Works of Art, with which it was filled, might have a fteady true Light; Sub hoc Triclinium, &c.] The former Triclinium was placed in fuch a manner, that in many Days it muft have been inconvenient in a Winter Villa fituated like this: In order therefore to guard againft thefe In¬ conveniences, and that there might never be wanting a Room at all Seafons proper for the Reception of his Guefts, was this he now men¬ tions contrived, from which, by its Pofition, could but juft, and that not unpleafantly, be heard the Roaring of the Sea, much lefs could it be incommoded by the Waves. As the placing of it thus muft have taken from it all Profpefls of the natural Face of the Country, it was therefore fo turned as to have a View of the Garden, where Art was the chief Beauty; in order to which it look’d Weftward, as Winter Di¬ ning-rooms were direQed to. do. Geftatio Buxo, ant Pore marino, &c.] In this Winter Villa it was thought needlefs to have large Pleafure-Gardens; for which reafon here were only thofe Places proper for Exercife, and common to all Villas, viz. the Geftatio, the Xyftus, and another Walky to which, being co¬ vered over at the top, he does not give the Name of Avibulatio. Thefe, with the Area the Geftatio furroimded, were all the Parts of which this Garden confifted. The Geftatio was a principal Member near all their Villas, as appears from the mention he makes of four Gardens in feveral Epiftles, in each L of Remarks on 42 of which was one of thofe Places of Exercife. What Sort of Place this was, and its Office, has been already fpoken of in the Notes; and here it may not be improperly remarked, that it feems to have been their Cuftom to furround them with Box-hedges, wherever they yould grow, as both this and that of Tufcum were; that they might in all Seafons have green Boundaries to their Ridings, and a Profped over thofe Hedges as they rode along, which both in Winter and Slimmer might have been enjoy’d, without being incommoded with Cold or Heat; for the Vchiculum they were carried in was not open at the Top, like the Currus, and could be fliut clofe on all fides, as appears, lib. 7. ep. 11. Tecto Vehiculo undique inclufus. Vinea tenera & umbrofa, &cf] While they were in the Geftatio they fometimes left the Vehiculum, and walked, and for that reafon this Walk might be joined to it; which, by the Defcription of it, feems to have been like the covered Walk in one of the Pidures in Nafo s Monument, and by its Charader of tenera. &umbrofa,we may fuppofe it more defign’d for Summer or Autumn than Winter, when Shade was not wanted. In an Account of the daily Exercifes of Spitrinna, mention’d, l. 3. ep. 1. amongft others, it was his Cuftom to walk naked when there was not too much Wind; and it is poflible Pliny might have been fo much pleafed with the other’s Method, as to have imitated him in it; for which reafon the Softnefs of this Walk to naked Feet is here mentioned, which probably was occa- fioned by being covered with Sand, or fet with the Acantlms he men¬ tions in Tufcum. Hortum Morns & Ficus, &cf| That Piece of Ground which was boun¬ ded by the Geftatio, and which he here calls the Garden, he thinks worthy of no other notice, than that it was planted with Fig and Mul¬ berry-Trees, the Fruits of which, as well as of the Vines, were not ripe till his Time of coming to this Villa (in Autumn,) which, as well as the Nature of the Soil, might be one Reafon for only planting thefe Trees. Though this feems to have been the fame with our Fruit Gar¬ dens, Laurent inum. 43 dens, yet was it here his principal Pleafure-Garden; and by diftin- guilhing that which he mentions afterwards by the Charaderof ritfticus, we may think this was laid out after a better Form, to yield a more agreeable View to thofe Rooms which had the Profped of it. Within this Garden was a large Building, which, by fome Paffages, we may fuppofe to have been joined to the main Houfe, and by other as con¬ vincing Reafons feems to have been at fome fmall Diftance from it; but be that as it will, it makes no material Alteration in the Difpofition or Ufe of thofe Members it contained. Hac non deteriore, &c.] This Piece was on the Ground-Floor, and contained five Parts, viz. a Coenatio, two Diata, a Crypt oporticus, and another Diata, or principal Appartment; the firft of which, as well as the two Diata, being to be palled in the Way to the Cryptopor¬ ticus, he therefore takes notice of, before that principal Part. At fome particular times he tells us he returned from his main Houfe to this in the Garden, and doubtlefs carried feveral of his Family with him, for whofe Ufe thefe two firft Appartments were defigned, and the Coenatio as the common Eating-room for all thofe that retired with him: This he mentions as diflant from the Sea, in comparifon of the firft-mentioned Coenatio. It is very difficult to determine what the Profped he fays was enjoyed by this Room might be, though poffibly it was that of the Gar¬ den and the Seas beyond it. If we may fuppofe it to have been an Eating- room for Summer as well as Winter, we may imagine its Windows had a North Profped of the Woods and Mountains. By the Profpeds from the Windows of the Diata, and by the Difpofition of the Cryptopor¬ ticus, it appears that they lay South-Eaffi of the Coenatio, though, as Winter Rooms, the Windows might have looked to other Points Their Profpeds were different from any yet mentioned, as if he affeded to have different Views from every Appartment; or if any were re¬ peated, it fhould be with fome Alteration, fo as to make, them appear ftill new. Thofe from thefe Rooms feem to have been of the meaneft fort. 44 Remarks on fort, confifting chiefly of the Kitchen-Garden and the Front of the Villi it felf, of which this Veftilultm was the chief Part, and placed in the Middle. The Atrium, which muft have been feen at the fame time with the VejliMum, being only a bare Area, was not fo well worthy Obfervation as the Profped of that which lay beyond it, and -was joined to the Offices that were on the Soutb-W:’ft fide of the Houfe. Hinc Cryptoporticus, &c.] TheRoom he is now about to defcribe, and which was the greater Part of this Building, feems to have been an Inven¬ tion {ince Vitruvius, who makes mention ofnofuchPart in his Account of the Roman Houfes, tho’ by the following Defcription of it, and theUfes, it appears to have been very neceffary in aCountry Houfe, where the Perion inhabiting went through fuch a daily Courfe of Exercife as our Author did. The Form of it, or in what manner it was built, does not appear by his Account: But without doubt it was a long Room, and there was one manner common to all of them, which, as its Name implies, was that of a Portions, enclosd by a Wall on all fides, differing no otherwife from our prefent Galleries, than that they had Pillars in them. This Room Pliny has here confidered under three Heads: Firft, its Size, fecondly, its Contrivance to admit or exclude the Wind and Light at pleafure ; and, laftly, with refped to the Heat of the Sun both in Win¬ ter and Summer. In this Place he feems to follow the Rule of Con- veniency rather than that of proportioning Rooms to the main Building, as appears by the Charader he gives to this of its being equal in Size to publick Buildings, and to which no other Rooms in or about this Villa bore any Equality. The Reafon of this extraordinary Grandeur muff: have been in confideration of the Ufe for which it was defigned, which was that of Walking: Befides, as this appears to have been a Room in which he propofed to enjoy the Pleafures of Summer as well as Winter, it muft at that Seafon, by its Capacioufnefs, have been cooler, and the Sun, by means of the Breadth of the Room, always avoided ; at the fame time one Side of it was fhady though all the Windows were'open, and the Air had a thorough Paffage, as the Profped of the Room it felf Laurent i-sruM. 45 felf was more agreeable to thofe that walked in it. The Method taken in this Room to receive the Benefit, and avoid the Inconveniences, of the Wind at all times, was nothing more than two Ranges of Win¬ dows on each fide; and though this Room had Conveniences for Sum¬ mer, yet, as if he was defirous to have more for Winter, thofe that were on the South-Weft fide were large, and two Ranges compleat, and thofe on the North-Eaft were lefs, with the upper Range not equal in Number to thofe of the lower. The principal Convenience of thofe Windows on both Cdes, he tells us himfelf, was, that as Occa- fion required, thofe Winds that were agreeable might be admitted, and the others excluded. Befides the Advantage of Air in lib. 1. ep. 21. he alfo tells us a particular one that thefe two Ranges of Windows were of to him who was afflifted with bad Eyes: His Words are. Cryptopor- ticus quoqiie adopertis inferioribus Fencftris t ant urn Umbra quantum Luminis habet. Ante Cryptoporticus Xyftus, &c.(] Hitherto he has only mentioned the Advantages this Room had within it felf; but here he comes to con- fider of what Benefit it was to whatever lay neareft it (as did the Xyftus on the South-Weft ) in the fame manner as.when he is fpeaking of that of Tufcum, lib. 9. ep. 36. he fays, as the Weather directed he either- walked in that or the Cryptoporticus about the fourth or fifth Hour of the Day, at which time the Sun fliining direflly on that fide of the Cryptoporticus, its Heat was encreafed in the Xyftus by the Oppofition it met from the Cryptoporticus, which, on that Account made it more agreeable during the Winter, and was equally advantageous to it du¬ ring the fame Seafon, by keeping off the North-Eaft Winds, and op- pofing a thorough Paffage of the South-Weft. Mac Jucunditas ejus Hyeme, major AEftate, &c.] This Pleafure pro¬ ceeded rather from the Seafon, than the Difpofition of the Cryptopor¬ ticus ; for it could not have been better placed to have made the Xyftus more agreeable in Winter than it really was, and the Shade and Cool- M nefs If 4 6 Remarks on nefs on the North-Eajl fide was only proper for Summer. Befides the Xyftus, which was an open Walk both for Winter and Summer, it has been before obferved, that there was clofe to the Geftatio another, which was covered with Vines, and feems to have been defigned for walking in Summer: This being joined to the Geftatio is what he here calls the neareft Part of it, by the help of which, with the Xyftus and Cryptopor- ticus, he had fufficiently provided that no Seafon fliould interrupt his Exercife, fince he could always walk in the Shade, and be cool during the greateft Heats of Summer: For in the Morning before the Sun fhone on the South-Weft Side of the Cryptoporticus , the Xyftus was fliaded; when the Sun was advanced fo far Southward as to fliine diredly on its Roof, fo that the Building call: no Shade, the Room it felf was fliaded by its Roof; and the Windows being open at the fame time, had a thorough Air from the Sea and the Winds that then blew; and when the Sun was got fo far Weftward as to fliine into the Cryptoporticus, and make it warm, then that Building caff a Shade on its North-Eaft .Side, and the Garden and neareft Part of the Geftatio became pleafant to walk in. In Capite Xyfti, &c.] At one End of the Cryptoporticus were two Ap- partments, of which Notice has been already taken, and at the other lay his Garden Dint a, in which, he fays, he greatly delighted, and for that reafon gave it the Name of his Delight or Loves: And it appears by feveral Authors, to have been a thing cuftomary in thofe Times, to give proper Names to any principal Room or Appartment. This Diata feems to have been for his own proper Ufe, when he retired from the Manfion Honfe, which was chiefly during the Saturnalia in Winter ; but that it might be alfo pleafant in Summer as well as the Cryptoporticus, Care was taken to adapt it to that Seafon as well as to Study, for which reafon this Duel a contained five Rooms, which was a greater Number than ufual, as appears by fome Parts of his Defcription. He begins his Ac¬ count of this Diata with his two Day-chambers, the Heliocaminus and Zotheca; the former of which, by its Pofition, feems wholly defigned for L A U R. E N T I N U M. 47 for Winter, and the other, upon all Accounts, moft proper for Sum¬ mer ; and doubtlefs, though not mentioned by him, both were Parts of their private Houfes in the Time of Vitruvius. The Heliocaminus was extremely well guarded by the Cryptoporticus from all cold Winds, and as advantageoufly placed to receive the Heat of the Sun, which (as has been before obferved in the Gymnafumi ) was encreafed by the Angle made by the Cryptoporticus and this Room, the Windows of which he does not fo much take notice of on the Account of the Profped:, as of the Sun; for though the XyJhts was adorned with Flowers in the Sum¬ mer, it could not have been a very beautiful Profpeft in the Winter, and what he fays about the Doors and Windows having a View of the Cryp¬ toporticus and Cubiculum, feems only with a defign to fhew the Pofition of this Room; nor was this their only Care, fince there was a particular Manner of paving thefe Rooms, which Falla dins fpeaks of, lib. 6. tit. n. And probably this Room, for the Reafon he gives, was fo paved. The Z otheca, or Summer or Autumn Day-chamber (in which Seafon, lib. 9. cp. 36. lie fays he refrelhed himfelf with Day Sleep, and which, ep. 40. he tells us he never did in Winter) by its Pofition was Iheltered from , the Sun by the Heliocaminus, till the Hour of Sleep was over, and the Sun was paffed more Wcftward ; before which Time, by reafon of the Openings on all Sides of this Room, it muft have been very cool by Breezes from the Sea, and by the Aperture on one fide to the North- Eaft. The Account of-the Furniture of this Room, though it flhews its Ufe, feems introduced for no other reafon than to denote its Size: For fpeaking of the Zothecula of Tufcum, he mentions lefs Furniture than in this larger Zotheca. Front this Room (having Windows on three fides, and Jettings-out Weftward beyond any other Building near this Part) there was an Opportunity, though on the Ground-floor, of feeing three Profpeds, which he efteemed the moft agreeable about his Houfe, viz. the North-Eaft Profped of the Woods (which he alfo fays could be feen from the principal Triclinium ) that of the Sea which lay to the South-WcH, and, laftly, that of the neighbouring Villas, with ■which that Shore was covered. The Account he gives of feeing thefe Profpeds 48 Remarks on Profpeds a pedibus, &c. muft be fpoken with relation to the Pofition 6? the Bed, which could not have been any where fo commodioufly placed in fuch a {mail Room with Windows on all fides, as in the Middle, by which means it had the Benefit of more Air, and it muft have been from the Middle of the Room that he could fee all the fore-mentioned Profpeds feparate and diftinft, which, upon a nearer Approach to any ^Window, muft have appeared intermingled. JunBttm eft Cubiculum NoBis & Somni, &cf] From the Defcription of the Day-chambers he proceeds to that which he diftinguifhes from them by telling us its Office. This was the Room into which the Folding-doors of the Heliocaminus opened, and its principal Qualifica¬ tions were, that it was free from Noife and Light; and the Method he employed to accomplifli thefe Ends he himfelf accounts for. The Noifes he feems fo careful to avoid, were thofe common to all Villas feated near the Sea, as well as that of the young Slaves, w'ho, at the time this Fiat a was moft in ufe,had the Liberty of doing almoft what they pleafed. t He was fo far from differing the Clare of Lightning to enter the Room, that he took care to have it in his Power to keep out even the Light of the Day, as long as he thought proper, for'the Reafons he gives, lib. 9. ep. 3d. claufa Feneftra inanent ; mire enim Silentio & Tenebris Animus alitur. Applicitmn eft Cubicitlo Flypoeauftv.m, ,&c.] Though Noife and Light were excluded this Room, it had ftill wanted one great Conveniency if there had not been an HypocaiiJhim to heat it in Winter Nights; and it may be obferved, that in no other Room of this Winter Villa he mentions any Care taken for that purpofe, except in his two Night- Chambers, as if he rather chofe to warm himfelf by Exercife, or reti¬ ring to thofe Rooms that were warm by their Pofition, as moft of his for the Day were, than by the Heat of a Fire, which was only ufed to give a moderate Warmth to his Bed-chamber in cold Nights ; and by the Account he gives of this Ffypocauftum, it feems very much to re¬ ferable that of the other Dormitorium. The Methods taken to prevent the Laurentinum. 49 the Noife and Light, muft have been an Advantage to this Room in Summer, by keeping off the Sun all the Day, and making it alfo a- proper Bed-chamber for that Seafon. Procoetoni] It appears by what he fays, lib. 9. ep. 36. that it was his Cuftom every Morning to have his Notarius attend to write down what he fhould didate, and not improbably this Room was his Bed-chamber, as it was joined to that of the Mafter, and by its Defcription feerns that of a Servant. Neither in this Place, or in any other Part of this Villa, where he mentions fuch Rooms, does he take notice of any Benefit they had either of Sun, Air, or Profpect; and we may therefore conclude this Room, 1 as well as the Night-chamber, looked into the Andron. Cubiculmn porrigitur in Solent, &c.] This Cubiculitm, by its Defcrip¬ tion, feems to have been a Room for Books and Study, one of which he had alfo in his Diata in the main Houfe; though this, by its De¬ fcription, was placed much more commodious for that Ufe, and, accor¬ ding to the Rules laid down by Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 7. was fheltered from the South and Weft Winds by other Buildings, and turned fo as to have the Benefit of the Morning Sun. The Reafon of their thus difpofing their Libraries, Vitruvius in the fame Chapter tells us, was becaufe the Morning was the Time in which thofe Rooms were rnoftly ufed; and their being opened to the Eaft preferved the Books from the Mold and Rottennefs that a South or Weft Difpofition would have caufed. Hac Amcenitas, &cj With the Bibliotheca ends the Defcription of what he calls Gratiam Villa ; and here he enters upon the Situation, which he confiders under two Heads, viz. Opportunitatem Loci, & Li- toris Spatium; the latter of which , only regards the Pleafure of the Place, but under the other is confidered every Article neceffary to be obferved in all Situations, viz. Health, Air, Provifions, Roads, and good Water: As to the Air of this Place, as has been before obferved, N it 50 R £ M A R IC S Oil it was needlefs here to fpeak of it, and the Roads from Rome he his fufficiently fpoke of at the Beginning of his Epiftle; and as he was feated clofe to the Sea, and not far from OJlia, there was no Occafion to take notice of the Conveniency of water Carriage: There remained then' only to account for what we may call the Goodnefs of the Water and Provifions: In his Obfervations on the firft of which he is more par¬ ticular, becaufe, in whatever Degree that Element was good of bad, it was Matter of Confequence to the Health as well as Conveniency of the Inhabitant; and he therefore here takes notice of what feldom hap¬ pens in Ground clofe to, and almoft upon a level with, the Sea, that the Water was not any ways brackifli. The only Inconveniency of this Water was, that, lying fo low, it could not, without Labour or En¬ gines, be brought to ferve the Bath, and all other Offices of the Houfe ; for he could not mean it as a Defeff in this Winter Villa, to have wanted Fountains, more efpecially as it lay near the Sea, which was fo vifible from all its Parts, that even in Summer it would rather have been a Pleafure to have been free from the Sight of fuch a Profufion of Water in the retired Parts of the Garden, if there were any, for thofe that are defcribed feem to have been all within Sight of the Sea. It is neceffary, in this Place, to obferve what Pliny fays concerning this Villa, lib. 4. ep. 6. Nihil quidem ibi poffideo prater Tectum & Hor~ turn, ftatimque Arenas ; fince upon this Account it is that he here takes no notice of the Fruitfulnefs of the Soil, and other Advantages proper to be confidered in fuch a Villa as Tufcum, being here obliged (though in the Country) to buy all manner of Provifion ; which is what Martial ridicules, lib. 3. epig. 36. and Varro, lib. 3. cap. 1. will not allow that a Country Houfe, no otherwife fupplied, deferves the Name of a Villa : However, thofe that built on choice Spots of Ground fo near Rome, were generally reduced to the fame Neceflity with Pliny. Suggerunt affatim Ligna proxima Syhab] The Conveniency of Life which he next confiders, is that of 'Fuel, with which he was fufficiently furnilhed U M. Laurent in 51 furnifhed from thofe very Woods which created fo beautiful a Profpeff in feveral Parts of the Villa. Cat eras Copias, &c.j] Since he was obliged to buy all his Provifions, it was no fmall Conveniency to have been in the Neighbourhood of fuch a Town as Oftia, from whence even Rome it felf was furnifhed with all fuch as were thought worth importing from foreign Parts ; and com¬ mon Neceffaries, he tells us, could be had from that Village that pro¬ bably gave Name to this Villa. In hoc Balinea, &c.] Bathing, in his Time, was become fo habitual, that it is here reckoned among the Neceffaries of Life. Litus ornant Varietate gratijfma, See.] Our Author, in this . Place, comes to fpeak of Litoris Spatium, which was the third Head he pro- pofed to confider, and here Ihews that he meant no more by it, than the extenfive Profpeff of the neighbouring Sea-coaft. The pleafant Shore of the Tyrrhene Sea had induced many of the principal Romans thereon to ereft their Villas; but the Part of it on which they were rnoft nu¬ merous, was that near Baia, and round the Gulf of Naples, where, as Pliny tells us, lih. 9. ep. 7. they built them on two different Situations, ■viz. one on the Top of the Rocks, to command a larger Profpeff of the Sea, as was that famous one of Lit callus near Mifenum ; and the other as this of Pliny, clofe to, and almoft level with the Water, the more im¬ mediately to enjoy the Pleafures of the Sea it felf: The former, by its lofty Situation, he compares to the Tragedian raifed on his Cothurni ; and the humble Lownefs of the other, to the Comedian in his Socculi ; and though he had the Pleafure of both thefe Situations in his two Vil¬ las on the Lake of Comum, and could, as -Occafion required, remove from one to the other, yet here on the Sea, where we do not find he had more than one, he prefers the lower Site, having, as his Defcription Ihews, fufficiently guarded againft all Inconveniences that could arife from its lying fo low. The Situation preventing his taking in the whole Shore, and 52 Remarks on and all its Beauties, at one View, from any one Part of the Villa, he choofes here to defcribe the Profpe&s as feen by thofe that were either at Sea, or on the Sands, where they had a diftinft View of the Villas that were feated near the Sea, which, by the Mixture of Trees with the Houfes, as he obferves, muft have been more agreeable than a conti¬ nued View of Buildings, as in Cities. %iod nonnunquam, &c.] Having defcribed the Beauties of the Coaft, he very properly introduces the Conveniency and Pleafure of its Sands for Travelling, and in what fort of Fifh the Sea abounded. Villa vero noftra, &c.] In this Paffage he prepares to obviate the Ob¬ jections that might poflibly be raifed to fuch a Situation as this, which, though it might have Plenty of Fifh proper to it, muft yet have wanted the Neceffaries to be found in an Inland Situation. Thefe he here anfwers. VilluLx noftrab] Though he gives to this Houfe the Name of a {mail Villa, it appears, that after having defcribed but Part of it, yet, if every Diata may be fuppofed to contain three Rooms, he has taken notice of no lefs than forty-fix, befides all which there remains near half the Houfe undefcribed, which was, as he fays, allotted to the Ufe of the Servants ; and it is very probable this Part was made uniform with that he has already defcribed. As he here had no Ground for Pafturage or Tillage, doubtlefs there were no Rooms fet apart for hind Servants, or any thing belonging to Agriculture; fo that thefe Offices only con¬ tained proper Rooms for dreffing the Meals and Entertainments, and fome in which they were preparatorily ftored with feveral others for fe- veral different Ufes; for the Difpofition of all which there are Rules given by thofe Authors he has followed in the Difpofition of the Pra- torium. The Culina, Columella, lib. i. cap. 6. direfls to be large and lofty, the better to avoid danger from Fire, and to contain their Ser¬ vants (as we may guefs, at their Meals) and Vitruvius advifes it to be placed Laurent Inum. 53 placed in fome warm Part of the Houfe. This Room, being the Chief of the Offices, is in the Plan, placed to anfwer the Celia Frigiditria confiding of as large a Size: As it was guarded by Buildings from all cold Winds, and looked into the Gavttdiutn, and the Openings turned to the Weft and South, it anfwers the Difpofition Vitruvius direds. Be¬ twixt this Room and the Dormitoriutn are three Cells, for the Notarius and two other Freedmen; on the other fide joining to the Focus are the Cortinale, or Room in which they boiled their New Wine, men¬ tioned by Columella, lib. r. cap. 9. and the Fur mis, with defign that, all thofe Parts that required Fire, might be in one Place fupplyed. Beyond thefe Rooms is the Carharium ; and the Ergaftulmn, where they kept their Slaves at .Work, and which Columella, lib. 1. cap. 6, direds to be made under Ground, the better to fecure them, is in this Villa otherwife difpofed : Since in fuch a low watery Soil his Rule could not well be kept, it is therefore here upon a level with the other Buildings, and being by its Office obliged to be very capacious, is placed fo as to anfwer the largeft Room on the other fide, which was the Spharifterimit. To anfwer the two Turres, that are deferibed on the other fide of the Houfe, in the Plan are two more ereded for Offices; in the more Eaftern are the Celia Vinaria , being turned Northerly, and the Olearia to the South', as Vitruvius directs, lib. 6. cap. 9. The two lower Floors of the Building that are adequate to this, contain but one large Tricli¬ nium ; but here they are divided, and over the Cells for Wine and Oil are Servants Rooms, as are alfo in both the Floors of the other Turns; but on the Top of this is placed the Oporo- theca, or Room to preferve Fruit, mentioned by Varro, lib. r. cap. 61. where he orders the Windows to be placed as thefe are. The Difpofition of that Building which anfwers the Pifcina of the Baths, the belt correfponds to that which Columella, lib. 1. cap. 6. direds.for the Cells of the Freedmen.' The Equilia are placed at a fmall Diftance from the Houfe, and turned to a warm Quar- O ter. \ 54 R £ M ARKS Oil, &c. ter, according to Vitruvius', and Palladia*, lib- i. tit. 30. would have the Lignarium and Fcenile to be, as thefe in the Plan; di- ftant from the Villa, for fear of Fire; and in tit. 31. the laft- mentioned Author fays there ought to be two Pifcina, one for the Ufeof the Cattle, and the other for thofe of the Houfe: This Rule we may therefore conclude, was certainly obferved in the Villa Ur- lana, as well as the Villa Ruftica. The 55 THE VILLAS of the ANCIENTS ILLUSTRATED. Part II. IN C E it has been obferved in the former Part of this Work, that Varro denies fuch an Houfe as has been defcrib’d by Pliny to deferve the Name of a Villa ; it may not be im¬ proper to examine what it was that this and other Authors on Agriculture efteem’d neceflary to a compleat Villa, and was conii- der’d and pra&ifed by the 'Architect, when neither the Nature of the Place nor Circumftances of the Mafter did forbid ; all which may be reduced under the three following Heads, viz. the Situation, the Villa, and what the French call the Environs of the Villa. The Choice of a Situation with refpccl to the Soil, whether proper to bear Corn, Wine, and Oil, feems to have been rather the Province of the Husbandman: But if the Architea had Liberty to chufe where to build, it were juftly to be expefted that the Situation fhould be both healthy and convenient. Columella, lib. i. cap. 2. gives the De¬ fection of a moft eligible Situation in the following Words: If For¬ tune would favour me in my Defire, I could wifi to have an Efiatc in a whole, fomc Climate and fruitful Country -, one Part champian, another hilly with p cafy tafy Defcents either to the Eaft or South ; fame of the Lands cultivated, others mid and woody; not far from the Sea or a navigable River, for the eafier Exportation of the Produce of the Farm and the Importation of Necef- fdries. The Champion lying below the Houfe jhould he difposd into Grounds for Pafture and Tillage, Ofiers and Reeds ; fome of the Hills Jljould he naked and without Trees, that they may ferve only for Corn which grows in a Soil moderately dry'andrich, better than in fteep Grounds: Wherefore the upper Corn Fields fjould have as little Declivity as pojfhle, and ought to refemble thofe in the Plain ; from thence the other Hills J/jould he laid out into Olive Grounds and Vineyards, and produce Trees neceffary to make Props for thofe Fruits ; and if Occafion jlmild require Building, to afford Timber and Stone, and alfo Pafture for Cattle. Moreover conftant Rivulets of Water Jhould defcend from thence upon the Meadows, Gardens and Ofier Grounds, and alfo ferve for the Conveniency of the Cattle that graze in the Fields and Thickets: But fuch a Situation is not eafily to he met with ■, that which enjoys moft of thefe Advantages is certainly moft valuable ; that which has them in a moderate Degree, is not defpicahle. The natural good Qualities of a Situation mention’d by Palladius, lib. i. cap. 2. are a falutary Air, plen¬ ty of wholefome Water, a fruitful Soil, and a commodious Place ; and in the two following Chapters he thus direSts how to judge of the Goodnefs of Air and Water. We may conclude thofe Places wholefome that are not in deep Vallies, nor fubjeEt to thick Clouds j where the Inhabi¬ tants arc of a frcflo Complexion, clear Head, good Sight, quick Hearing, and a free diftinS Speech: By thefe Means is the Goodnefs of the Air diftin- guijh'd, but the contrary Appearance proclaims that Climate to be noxious. The unwholefomenefs of Water may be thus difcoverd: In the firft Place it muft not be convey’d from Ditches or Fens, nor rife from Minerals ; . but be very tranfparent, not tainted either in Tafte or Smell, without Settle¬ ment, in Winter warm, in Summer cold. But becaufe Nature often con - ice ah a more lurking Mifchief in thefe outward Appearances, we may judge whether Water is good by the Health of the Inhabitants ; if their Cheeks are clear, their Heads found, and little or no Decay in their Lungs and Breafts: For generally when the Diftempers in the upper Part of the Body ■ are tranfmitted down to the lower, as from the Head to the Lungs or Stomach, then the Air is infectious: Befules if the Belly, Bowels, Sides, Varro Columella, &c. 57 or Reins are not afiUBed with Aches or Tumours, and there is no Ulcer in the Bladder ■, if thefe or the Tike, are apparently in the major Part of the Inhabitants, there is no Caufe to fufpeB the Unwholefomenefs of the Air or Water. The fatal Confequences proceeding from a bad Air, Varro tells us, lib. 1. cap. 5. are in fome Meafure to be alleviated if not prevented by the Skill of the Architect. His Words are thefe: That Land which is moft ivholefome is moft profi¬ table, becaufe there is a certain Crop: Whereas on the contrary in an unhealthy Country, notwithftanding the Ground is fertile, yet Sicknefs will not allow the Hujbandman to reap , the Fruits of his Labour: For where one expofes his Life to certain Dangers for uncertain Advantages, ■not only the Crop, but the Life of the Inhabitant is precarious: Wherefore if it is not whole fome, the Tillage is nothing elfe but the Hazard of the Ow¬ ner’s Life and his Family; but this Inconvenience is remedied by Knowledge, for Health, which proceeds from the Air and Soil, is not in our Difpofal, but under the Guidance of Nature jyet neverthelefs it is much in our Power to make that Burthen eafy by our own Care, which is heavy by Nature: For if upon the Account of the Land or Water, or fome unfavory Smell which makes an Irruption in fome Part of it, the Farm is more unwholefome, or up¬ on Account of the Climate, or a bad Wind that blows, the Ground is heated, thefe Inconveniences may be remedied by the Skill and Expence of the Owner which makes it of the laft Concernment where the Villas are placed, how large they are, and to what Quarters their Portions, Gates and Windows are turn’d. Did not Hippocrates the Phyfician, in the Time of a great Plague, preferve not only his own Farm, but many Towns by his Skill? But why do I call him in as a Witnefs? Did not Varro, when his Army and Fleet lay at Corcyra,- and every Houfe was fill'd with fick Perfons and dead Bodies, by his Care in making new Windows to the North Eaft, and obftruHing the InfeBion by al¬ tering the Pofition of the Doors, and Things of the like Nature, preferve his Companions and Family in good Health ? Thefe Conliderations feem to have govern’d the fame Author in the Rules he gives for placing the Villa in lib. 1. cap. 13. and alfo Columella in thofe he has fo fully deli¬ ver’d on the fame Subje6b, lib. 1. cap. 4, & 5. which latter, as they may be of lingular Service, I Ihall deliver entire and are as follow: As an Houfe Jbould be built in a whole fome Country, fo it jhould in the moft whole- fome 5'8 The Villas of fome Part of tie Country : For an open Air, and at tie fame Time infefled; caufes many Diftempers. Some Places are not hot in the Summer Solfiice, hit fuffer much from the Severity of the Winter, as it is reported of Thebes in Bocotia. Others, like Chalcis in Eubcea, are warm in Winter and excef five hot in the Summer. An Ah temperate loth as to Heat and Cold is to le chofen, like that on an Hill moderately high, lecaufe ly not leing too low it does not fiffer through Frofls in Winter, nor is it/torch’d ly the Vapours in Summer -, and the Top of an Hill is to le avoided, that leing affeAed with too Jlmrp Winds or conflant Pains: Therefore the Situation in the Middle of an Hill is left, the Ground on which the Houfeftands /welling in fome Meafure, to hinder the Foundation from leing riven or torn ly an impetuous Torrent ruffing from the Top. There ffould le a conflant Spring either within the Villa itfelf or brought from without, with Timber and Pafture adjacentIf there is no running Stream, fome Well Water muft le found out in the Neighbour - hood, not deep, nor of a bitter or brackiff Tafte. Should the/ Conveniences likewife fail, and there is great Scarcity of running Water, large Cifterns muft be made for Men, and Ponds for Cattle, to hold the RainWater, which is moft wholefome; but that is efteem’d left which is convey dly earthen Pipes into a cover'd Ciftern. Next to this is the running Water that takes its Rife from the Mountains, if in its Fall it paffes through Rocks, as in Garcenum iHCampania. The third in order of GoodnefsistheWeellWiater, or that which firings out of an Hill, or is not found in a very deep Vale. The worft Sort is that in the Fens, which runs but flowly ; that is infectious which ftagnates there. This Water is of a pernicious Quality, yet in the Winter ly the Rains the Malignity abates, which is the Reafon that Rain Water is generally efteem’d wholefome, lecaufe it waffes off the Noifomenefs of the poifonous Wa¬ ter: But we have already faid this is not approved of for drinking. Running Streams however chiefly conduce to our Refrcjhment in hot Weather, and to render the Place delightful, which as long as they continue fweet, if the Na¬ ture of the Place will admit of .it, in my Opinion ought to be convey'd into the Villa. But if a River ffould be remote from Hills, and the Health- fulnefs of the Place and the Situation of an high Bank ffould permit you to build your ViUa above the River, Care muft le taken that the River runs runs rather behind than before the Houfe ; and that the Front of the Villa may le turn’d from the hurtful Winds of that Country, and face the moft Healthful; Varr o, Columella, fyt . 50 healthful; Rivers generally leing infefted with fultry Vapours in Summer and cold Fogs in Winter, which are pernicious to Man and Beaft, unlefs dift fipated by the greater Force of Winds. The moft advantageous Situation in wholefonie Places is, as I faid before, when turn'd to the Eaft or South-, in a foggy Air to the North. The Sea is always direBly to be turn'd to, yet not fo as to have the Houfe dajb'd and Sprinkled by its Waves, or but juft re¬ moved from the Strand ; for it is better to be fituated at fomc conjiderable Diftance from the Sea, becaufe the intermediate Space has a thicker Air: Neither jbould .Villas join to a Matjh or a high Road, becaufe in hot Weather the one ejects its poifonous Vitality and breeds InfcBs armed with Stings, which invade us in full Swarms: Befides it emits the Infection of Water Snakes and Serpents that is left in the Winter's Filth and Mud and envenom’d with fomented Naftinefs, from whence proceed many fecret Diftempers for which the Phyficians themfelves cannot account: And alfo the whole Tear'round the Situation and Water fpoil the Utenfils of Hujbandry, and all the Houjhold Furniture, at the fame Time rotting the funding as well as gather'd Fruits. The other is inconvenient upon account of frequent Pajfengerspillaging, and the conflant Entertainment of Sportfmen. Where- fore, to avoid all thefe Inconveniences, 1 think it proper to build a Villa neither on the Road nor in an infectious Place, but at a good Diftance off, and upon a rifing Ground, that it may front cxaBly the Equinoctial Sun rifing; for fuch a Situation preferyes an equal Temperament between Win¬ ter and Summer Winds -, and by how much the more towards the Eaft the Houfe ftands, by fo much the more freely may it receive the Air in Summer, be exempted from the Storms of Winter, and -refreffed by the Morning Sun, which thawsthe frozen Dews: It being reckond almoft Peftilential if the Si¬ tuation be remote from the Sun and warm Breezes, which if it does not enjoy, no other Power can dry up .the no&urnal Dews, and purify the other Mildews and Blafts which may fettle upon the Corn -, thofe Things which are infeBious to Men being undoubtedly prejudicial to Cattle, Vegetables, and Fruits. The foregoing Rules having dire&ed the Architect in the Choice of a proper Situation, and in the moft advantageous Placing the Houfe ; the next Thing to be confider’d was the Villa itfelf, in which the Size, Difpofition, Number and Quality of the feveral Members were carefully obferved. Q The The Villa, Columella [Tib. i. cap. 6.) tells us, was divided into three Farts; viz. The Urbana or the Mailer’s Part, the Ruflica or that Part allotted to the Ufe of the Husbandmen, Cattle, and the proper Of, fices of the Farm. The third Part was called FruBuaria, becaufe it confided of Store-Houfes for Corn, Wine, Oyl, and other Fruits of the Earth. The Size of the fird and Number of Parts it contain’d Were determin’d by the Pleafure or Quality of the Mader ; but thofe Parts belonging to Agriculture, by the Bulk of the Farm and Num¬ ber of the Cattle. The Servants that in mod great Mens Houfes were more immediately for the Mailer's Ufe, and may be laid to belong to the Villa Urbana, were the Atriejifes, which included all what we call Livery Servants and thofe belonging to the Bed-Cham¬ ber; the Topiarii, which were Gardiners belonging to the Pleafure Garden, Comedians, Muficians, and the Notamus or Secretary. The principal Perfon over the other Parts of the Villa was the Procurator Or Bailiff; then the Villicus or Husbandman, who had under his Care the Tillage of the Land, and the Difpofal of the Produce of the Earth about the Villa-, next was the Villica or Houfe-keeper, to whofe Care every Thing within Doors belong’d, and had immediately un¬ der her Command the Women Servants that were employ’d on thofe Affairs, but particularly thofe belonging to the feeding and cloathing of the Houfhold. The Mailer of the Cattle may take the next Place, and under his Command were all the Herdfmen, Shepherds, Goat¬ herds, Swineherds, and Grooms. The Care of all thofe Fowl that were within the Bounds of the Villa was committed to the Aviarius, which may not improperly be call’d the Poulterer. In great Villas that were far from a Town, it was thought proper to keep within the Family feveral Sorts of ufeful Mechanicks, as Smiths, Carpenters, &c. all which were under the Infpeftion of the Mailer of the Works. The Slaves were under the Care of the Ergaftularius, a Perfon fo call’d from the Name of the Lodging or Working houfe in which thofe unhappy Wretches were confin’d. The Cattle within the Villa were Horfes and Mules, which feem to have been retain d for the Mailer's Ufe, being never employ’d about the Tillage of the Farm, which were wholly perform’d by Alles and Oxen, V A R R O, Q O 1 U.M E L L A, eW, 6 I Oxen, befides which, Proviiion was made for all other Sorts of Cattle. The Fowls within the Walls of the Villa were Poultrey, Pidgeons, Tur¬ tles, and the Turdus, which it is hard to determine polltively what it was, only thus much we can learn from Varro, that it was a Bird of Paflage, and was confin’d only with them in certain Seafons. To make Proviiion for lodging all thefe feveral Perfons and Ani¬ mals, and alfo Places for Corn and the necellary Offices of the Houfe, was the Architect’s Care ; and in the Difpofition of each Part was govern’d by Rules that may be collected from Cato, Vitruvius, Varro, Columella, and Palladius. The Matter's Part call’d by Vitruvius Pfeudo- Urbana, by others Villa Urbana, and by fome the Pratorium, to give it the better Grace, was commonly placed fomething higher than the reft ; it confifted of Apartments for the Matter and his Friends, eating Rooms for different Seafons, and other Members and Orna¬ ments of Buildings, fuitable to the Quality of the Perfon for whom it was built. Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap 8 . fays, that before it was common¬ ly a Periftyle or Court, furrounded with a Portions, at the End of which was the Atrium or Hall, which had a Porticus alfo on each Side that look'd towards the Walks and Palaftra, or thofe Parts of the Gar¬ den fet afide for Bowling or the like Exercile, and may not improba¬ bly be the fame that Palladius calls Pratum, and orders to furround the Pratorium, fince that Word feems to have been ufed as a com¬ mon Name for all Ground cover’d with Grafs. In the Difpofition of the Rooms in this principal Part, Care was taken that thofe de- fign’d for Ufe in Winter fhould enjoy the whole Courfe of the Sun at that Seafon ; and thofe for the Summer to avoid the Heats of that Seafon as much as poffible. The Baths, which were moft commonly joining to the Pratorium, were (as has been before obferved) always turn’d fo as to enjoy the Winter’s fetting Sun. Over the Gateway or Entrance of the other Part of the Villa, the Procurator had his Lodging, and Rooms for other Conveniences ; on one Side of the Gate (efpecially if there was no Porter) was lodged the Villicus, and had Store-Rooms near him where he kept all the Utenfils of Husbandry, and deliver’d them out as Occafion requir’d. The Villica having under her Care thofe Rooms where Stores of Pro- villoa <52 The Villas of Vifion Were kept, it was neceflary ihe fhould not be lodged far from her Charge, which Rule was likewife obferved in difpoling of all the other principal Servants. The other Freemen that were Servants had Lodging Rooms turned to the South, and the Slaves were lodged in one common Room call’d Ergajlulum, by Columella , lib ■ i ■ cap. 6, made under Ground, the better to prevent their making their Efcape: And the Valetudinarium or Infirmary, mention'd by the fame Author frl. , 2. cap. 3- was doubtlefs fo placed as not to annoy any Part of the Villa, nor fo as that the Perfons there lodged fhould be any Ways incommoded by the reft of the Family. The Room that is mention’d as the principal Member of every Villa Ruftica, was the Kitchen, in which was the only Fire-Place or Chim¬ ney in that Part, and in the Account of fome Villas , there is mention made of no other Room for the Servants to eat in, tho’ indeed Varro fpeaks of another which may be call’d the Servants Hall. Next to the Kitchen the principal R.ooms were the Repofitories for Oyl and new Wines, for there was alfo an Jpotheca or Cellar for old Wines, in fome of their Villas placed not far from the Kitchen, fo as to have the Benefit of the Smoak, which haftens Wine to a Maturity; and near the fame Kitchen, foas to partake of the Chimney, was the Room call’d Cortinale, where the new Wines were boil’d. The Room where the Wines were prefs’d and kept while new, had its Windows opening to the North ; and where the Oyls were prefs’d and kept, to the South. Dependent on the Kitchen, and not far remov d from it were the Lar¬ ders, and Houfe keeper’s Store-Rooms, and the Spinning Rooms may be thought not to be improperly placed near the Lodging of the Villi- ca■ The Granaries receiv’d their Light moftly from the North or North Eaft, and for the Sake of keeping the Corn free from Moi- fture, they were commonly boarded and placed over fome other Rooms. The Oporotheca, where feveral Sorts of Fruits were preferved, was al¬ fo turn’d the fame Way; and to keep the Fruit ftill more cool, thefe Repofitories were fometimes paved and lin’d with Marble, at leaft as high as the Fruit came. The Stalls for Oxen, by the particular Direction of Vitruvius and Palladius, were adjoin’d to the Kitchen fo as to have a View of the Fire, which it feems thofe Creatures de¬ light Varro, ColuMiiia, &c. 63 light in, and it caufes them to have a fmoother Coat. Cato gives Di¬ rections for two Sorts of Stalls, viz■ One for Summer call’d Falifca opening to the North; and the other call’d Prafepe for Winter, and turn’d to the South. The Stalls for Cows requir’d the fame Care ; but it was not thought neceifary that they fhould be placed fo near the Kitchen as the other. The Stables for Horfes were turn’d to the South, but not to have a View of the Fire as the Oxen had, it having a different Effedt upon them. The Goats and Sheep had Quarters allotted to them within the Villa, at leaft for fome of the more tender Sort, as the Tarentine and the Afiatic, and the other Cattle were lodged either in or near the Houfe. Both Vitruvius and Pattadius agree, that the Villa Ruftica was furrounded by a Court or Farm-yard, and mention only one, but Varro mentions two, one of which he calls the Inner-Court, and anfwers the Defcription of the Cav&dium difpluviatum mention’d by Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 3, and the Rain Water that ran from the Roofs of the Houfe was receiv'd in a Pond in the Middle of the Court which ferved to water the Cattle, and the fe- veral Ufes of the Family. The Farm-yard which furrounded the Houfe was always litter’d with Straw; for the Sake of the Cattle’s treading or lying foft, and had two Dunghills and a Pond in it for the foaking of Willows or the like Ufes: And if there was no Inner- Court, had alfo a Pond for the Cattle to drink at. As for thole Parts of the Villa that furrounded the Inner-Court, fufficient has been alrea¬ dy fpoken. I come now to fpeak of thofe about the Farm-yard, to the Wall of which that faced the South, Palladius diredts a Porticus to be made for the Cattle to retire to, to avoid the Rains and Cold in Win¬ ter, and the Heats in Summer 5 by the Walls of this Court were allb built the Cart-Houfes and Places to lay up the Plows and other Imple¬ ments of Agriculture, that might be damaged by the Weather. The Hogftyes, that they might not annoy the Family, were likewife built under the forefaid Porticus, and the Danger of Fire directed moll of the Builders to place the Bake-houfe and Repofitories of Wood, Reeds, Straw, Hay, and Leaves, diftant from the Houfe where the Fa¬ mily was lodged. The Mill, when there was Plenty of Water near the Villa was fo placed as to be worked by the Stream; but if that R Conve- 6 4 The Villas of Conveniency was wanting, it was ftill placed diftant from the Houfe. The Area or threlhing Floor, and the Barn call’d Nubilariutn which adjoin’d to it, were oblig’d to be placed fartheft from the Houfe, and for the Sake of a free Air on an open riling Ground not fun rounded by any Thing, and then the Chaff which the Wind car¬ ried away was not hurtful to the Orchards and Gardens that were nearer the Villa. Without the Wall of the Farm-yard was another final- ler Yard call’d Aviarium, which was wholly fet apart for the feeding and bringing up thofe Fowls call’d Aves cohortales, or Fowls of the Yard, to diftinguilh them from thofe that were bred at a further De¬ fiance from the Villa. Thefe Fowls are by Columella faid to be of four Sorts, viz- the Callus Cohort alls or Poultery, thePidgeon, Turtle and Turdus ; and becaufe the fame Author is very particular in deferibing the feveral Conveniencies that were made for thefe kind of Fowl, it may not be thought improper here to give fome Account of his Dire¬ ctions for making them, in order to which I fhall firft begin with the Gallinarium or Hen houfe, lib. 8. cap. 3. Hen-houfes fbould be built in that Part of the Villa that looks to the Winter s rifmg Sun, contiguous to the Oven or Kitchen, that the Fowls 7tiay partake of the Smoke, which is efleem'd wholefome for this kind: In the whole Houfe there muft be three contiguous Cells, whofe whole Front muft, as Ifaid before, dir Ally face the Eaft. Then in the Front let there be one fmall Pajfage to the middle Cell which ought to be the leaft of the three in heighth, and feven Feet fqitare, in which the Pajfage muft be carried front the right and left Hand Wall to each Cell. Adjoining to that Wall that is oppofite to the Entrance is to be added a Chimney, Jo long as not to hinder the abovemention’d Paffages, nor each Cell front partaking of the Smoke ; in length and heighth let them be twelve Feet, their breadth not more than half their heighth ; let them be divided by Floors, which fhall have four full Feet above and feven below, becaufe thofe Floors hold all the Fowls-, each Floor ought to be appropriated to the Service of the Poultry, and enlighten'd by little Windows facing the Eaft. In the Chapter immediately follow¬ ing, the fame Author fays, that Pidgeons ought to be fed within an Houfe which fljould not be built in a level or cold Place, but upon a rijing Ground to look to the Winter Mid-day: The Walls fill’d with continued Nefts, or if this cannot be done, let Boards be put upon Pofts driven into the Ground to receive the V A R R O, C O L U M E L t A t, &C. 6 5 the Lockers or earthen Pidgeon-holes in which the Pidgeons build, Perches being placed before them through which they may pafs to their Nefts. But the whole Place and very Cells ought to be fmoothed over with white Plaifter, becaufe Pidgeons take a particular Delight in that Co¬ lour. The Walls alfo without Jbould be polifis'd about the Windows , which jhould be fo difpofed as to receive the Sun the greatefl Part of the Winter's Day, and have a Piole large enough near it cover'd with Nets, to exclude the Hawks and receive the Pidgeons that go out to fun themfelves. The Rules which Columella gives for bringing up Turtle Doves differ little from thofe for the Pidgeons; only that inftead of having Holes for them to build their Nefts in, they had Brackets jutting out from the Walls, and were by Nets debarr’d the Liberty of flying abroad to prevent their growing lean. As for the Conveniences that were thought pro¬ per to be made for the confining and fattening the Turdi or Mifle- thrulhes (as.fome think them to be) fince Varro is moft particular in his Defcription of thofe Houfes, I lhall here deliver what he fays, lib. 3. cap. 4. The Poof like d Periftyle cover'd with Tyles or Nets jhould, be large enough to contain fame Thoufands of Thrujhes and Black-birds: Some alfo, befides thefe Birds, add Linnets and fifitails, becaufe when fatten'd they bear a good Price. Water ought to be convey'd by a Pipe into fuels an Houfe through narrow Troughs that may eafily be cleans’d. The Doors Jlsould be low and narrow, and of that Sort which is call’d Cochlea, as general¬ ly thofe are in the Place where Bulls flgM. The Windows fisould be few, that they might not fee Trees or Birds abroad, becaufe the Sight of them and the longing after them , makes the Birds that are jhut up to pine away ; they jhould have no more Light than to fee where to perch and where their Meat and Drink is. Tlsefe Houfes fisould be plaifierd round the Doors and Win¬ dows to prevent the Mice and other Vermin from coming in. - Oppofite to this Aviary is another that is lefs, in which the dead Birds are kept, that the Overfeer may give an Account to Isis Mafter. When there is Occafion to have fame that are fat out of the Aviary, they are fisut into the lefs, which is call’d the Secluforium, and is joirid to the greater by a Door and larger Light. Every Thing within the Walls of the Farm-yard was fecur’d from Robbers by a Guard of Porters and Dogs, who were lodged near the firft Gate. Had 66 The Villas of Had not Varro in Tib. 4. dc Lingua Latina, inform’d us, that the mi¬ litary Word Cobors was originally a Word belonging to a Villa, I might have Reafon to think by the frequent Ufe made of that and Prato- r 'mnl in the Defcription of their Villas, that the Architects, in the difpofing of the feveral Members of them, had an Eye not only to the extraordinary Regularity obferved by the Romans in forming their Camps, which Polybius fo exactly defcribes, but even in fome Mea- fure to the very Manner of placing the feveral Officers and Servants belonging to Agriculture; the Mafter being lodged in that Part which bore the Name of the General’s Pavilion, and the principal Servants in the Stations adjoining to their refpeclive Charges. Tho’ the foremention’d Authors on Agriculture agree, that almolt all the fame Members were neceffary in all Villas, yet they differ in the Manner of difpofing them. Vitruvius and Falladius, as has been before obferved, mention but one Court, in the Middle of which the Villa was placed; but Varro, with whom Columella feems to agree, places the feveral Members of the Villa round an inner Court, and at the fame Time had an outer Court furrounding the fame Villa- The former Manner feems moft proper for the fmall Farm, but the other where there was a larger Family with many Cattle and much Stores. Tho’ they differ in the Manner of difpofing the Villa, yet they ftill agree in one Thing; that for the moft Part the Men, Cattle, and Fruits were under one common Roof, and that the Villa Riiftica and FruEhtaria were join’d to the Pratorium by one common Wall. Tho Varro gives us to underftand that even in his Time it was fome- times otherwife ; and indeed the Mailer’s Part may be laid to be more pleafant, when remov’d at a convenient Diftance from the Stench of Cattle and other Nufances. The different Manners of difpofing their Villas may be better un- derftood by the following Draughts; the firft of which, fhews that of Vitruvius and Falladius ; and the other, that of Varro and Columella. Thus A jtnnnnn! A 9 ftt ' itt £ tlr 6 ttma . a tin 9,rater Court of the. ^■/faster} /7hrt. b 97/e jurmnerfDi/u/iy /T/oo/tl . f//e //arter fDincny ■ i 79ttAefrajvfriy/%otrrrij. e ffuifer tifyartmentr. £ funtmerflfoartmente. g f/Ae ffifra.ru . K 9erzfan£r //faff, fffne/refiny iTfoom of tfe i&ctfAs. k Z7/a /8atfmy /Team. 1 .fTf/e //farm. ffeff. fTfe •Jrveatirty //loom. ^ a ftfe. /f/uvioee. % : iQ~^ ^ P LiJ m Pr - p?5™Hnmin i 2,9 2.8 si Vtf^’ZW/nsAit.rUcir CL- <§£_ . ^//rictiuirtei . i ffe f/nnortibr/nj/ard r "f x/ffe tf/ntfon jfJ/orr/o 'i aalf if/Ae Outer iTfjrml/arcf kz. i 4 f/Ae /futc/tin. . - $f/Aef7oom to fot/ne/flt'/mm 6 f/Ae. Ce/firfr o/{Offline _ _ 7f7fe fffou/e/eeBerj T/otfye- ' - ntSCjf/ort; fflxrornj 8 f/e Jf/n ruro? ff/feorn ,.....- 9 ftairs toy ffifirmary W ' 0 /ie ff/u/lam/ma nl/ ; — Jfoi/ye Stj/to re /Rooms. '■— w Jtajrj toy/TayA/p ic 9 ta emssti Tfot/yf.ny9/e ffioise ifffcuoe.. 33 9/e ,7Ci kfurtfe ffiove./. 39’9/e ■ffoi/je for ftiir 4 OiT/rt/CrufL, ferf ffbu/tererif r f?cfye-'- 42 /Torter j Jort/ycj ■ 4 3 ff/oy i.ffen riefj. 44 9/a OrcAnrcf , 4 5/7/e. ’ff/tcAen.feort/en. i 'V i, nwr'J+SMke:. ■ •»'W . 67 ViVRROi ColUMELLA, C W. Thus far have I endeavour’d to fet forth the Rules that govern’d the Ancients in the Choice of Situations, and in placing the Villa pro¬ perly, as alfo the Method obferved by their Architects in the Difpo- iition of every Member within the Circuit of the Farm-yard. There now remain only thole Parts to be treated of, that were indeed depen¬ dent on the Villa, but for proper Reafons removed at a Didance from it ; as particularly thofe Places where the Beads and Fowls were kept that are wild by Nature, or thrive not fo well when they have not Woods and Grafs Fields to range and feed in. The Cuftom of enclofing a Field for the Ufe of a Warren, was, as Varro intimates, lib. 3. cap. 4. in his Time of a very old Handing among the Romans, but then as he alfo informs us cap. 11. this Leporarium confided but of one Acre of Ground, or two at mod; and contain’d in it nothing more than Hares and Rabbits: But when this Author wrote, it appears that fome of them ufed to enclofe a great Number of Acres near their Villas for that Purpofe, in which fometimes other Sorts of Beads were confin’d. The fame Author, in the Chapter immediately following, mentions a Piece of Ground of fifty Acres belonging to Q, Hortenfius, call’d a TheriotropVmm, from being wholly appropriated to the Prefer- vation or Nouriihment of the larger Sort of wild Beads, as Deer, Boars, wild Goats, &c. It appears by Columella, who wrote not many Years after Varro, that tho’ the Romans in his Time had not alter’d their Cudom of preferving feveral Sorts of Animals in Enclofures near their Villas, yet thus far they had alter’d it, that indead of ma¬ king two different Ones, viz. one for Hares, and the other for other Sorts of Wild Beads, they then confin’d them all in one Place, which they call’d the Vivarium, from the Number of living Creatures con¬ tain'd in it; and was the fame that we at prefent call a Park, in which were not only thofe feveral Sorts of Beads before-mention’d, but alfo the Fowls that were kept without the Walls of the Villa, as well as Fifh-Ponds. The Ground chofen for this Ufe, if the natural Situa¬ tion of the Place allow’d of it, was produftive of Grafs and thofe Trees that bore Acorns, Chefnuts or Mad, was well water’d by a Stream that ran through, and enclos’d either with Pales or a W all, ac¬ cording to the Conveniency of the Country. s This 68 The Villas of This was all the Cate thought neceffary concerning the Beafts there confin'd; but the Fowls requir’d further Care, and each Sort had Provi- fion made for them fuitable to their Natures: Of all which I lhall give fome Account from the Authority of the fore-quoted Authors, begin¬ ning with the Peacocks, which Columella , lih. 8 . cap. n. fays, arc left kept in fmall Iflands, where they may wander at large free from the Dan¬ ger of Rollers or Vermin: But fuch a PojfeJJion being very rare in inland Countries where they cannot le thus preferred, a graffy woody Field muft le enclos'd ly an high Wall, on three Sides whereof muft le a Porti- cus ; and on the fourth two Cells, one for the Keepers, and the other the Pens for the Peacocks .- Then under the Porticus muft le ranged in order Fences of Reeds, like thofe on the Tops of Pidgeon-houfes ; thefe Fences muft le divided ly Reeds intermix’d like Bars, fo that they may have different Paffages from each Side. In the fubfequent Chap¬ ter the fame Author tells us, that the fame Means that were obferved in bringing up Peacocks were alfo obferved with Tur¬ keys. The Difpofition of the Place which was made for Geefe to breed in, and call’d Chenolofcion by Columella, is by him lib. 8. cap. 14. deferibed in the following Manner. The Tard muft le kept Jhut clofe from any other Sort of Fowl, furrounded with a Wall nine Feet high, and a Porticus, fo that the Keeper’s Lodge may le in fome Part of it. Under the Porticus are to lefqaare Pens Imlt with Mortar or Bricks large enough for each to have three Feet emery Way-, and each Paffage fecur’d with little Doors lecaufe upon Account of their breeding they ought to le care¬ fully penrid up, and that without the Villa. If there is a Pond or River not far from the Houfe, no other Water is requir'd ; but if not, a Pond mu file dug for the Fowls to wafh themfelves in, for they can no more live without Wtter than without Land. A marfhy and graffy Ground muft le allotted them, and other Sorts of Food fown, fuch as Vetches, three leaved Grafs and Fennygreek, but efpecially that kind of Succory which the Greeks call Seris. By the Defcription that both Varro and Columella give of the Neoffo- trophion, it appears to have been well guarded to hinder the Flight of thofe feveral Species of wild web-footed Fowl that were confin’d with¬ in it ; and as in none of the Authors on Country Alfairs is to be found any Provilion for the breeding of tame Ducks, we muft be con- . tent tent with the Directions which are deliver’d nioft largely to lis by Columella, lil>. 8. cap. 15. about the Neoffotrophion in thefe Words. A plain Place is to be cbofen and fenced with a Wall fifteen Feet high, then Lattices are placed on it, or elfe it is cover’d with Nets that have firong Mejbes, that the Fowls within may not fly out, nor the Hawks or Eagles fly in: But the whole Wall is to be plaifter’d without and with, in, that Cats or Serpents may not enter. In the Middle of the Neof- fotrophion , a Pond is to be dug two Feet deep, and as long and broad as the Place will allow. The Mouth of the Pond, that it may not be broken down by the Violence of the Water, which ought always to flow within it, muft be plaifter’d, and not rais’d by Steps, but decline a little, that the Fowl may defcend as it were from ajhelving Shore into the Water. The Ground round the Pond muft be paved with Stone near two Thirds of the Bounds, and co¬ ver’d with Plaifler, that the Grafs may not fprout out, and the Surface of the Water be clear for them to fwim in. Again, the middle Part muft be Land, that it may be planted with Egyptian Beans and other Greens that ufually grow in Water, which may Jhade the Fowls Haunts : For fome delight to lodge inThickets e little Trees in it that may hear Acorns, hut when they don't hear Fruit, yon muft throw within the Walls Acorns and Cleefnuts for them to feed upon. Ton muft make large Holes for them to breed in -, there ought to he hut a fmall Quantity of Water, hecaufe they don't ufe much and require a dry Place. The extraordinary Service that Bees were to Mankind, was the Caufe that an Apiary was thought abfolutely neceffary to be near moft of the ancient Villas, and the wonderful Care they took in breeding them may be feen in the feveral Authors de Rehus Rufticis, who have all fpoken very largely on this Head ; but particularly Columella and Virgil, the firft having thought it worthy of being the Subject: of almoft his whole 9 th Book; and the latter has employ’d the greateft Part of his 4 th Georgic in defcribing the feveral wonder¬ ful Qualities of that induftrious Infect, whofe Defcription of the Apiary, as it contains every Thing that other Authors have wrote on that Head, on Account of its Elegancy I fhall prefer before them, and infert it here as it is tranflated by the Earl of Lauderdale. Firjl, for your Bees a quiet Station find, Debarred Accefs of ttiall infnlting tVind; Winds hinder them their liquid Sweets to bear. Through Jlormy TraBs of violented Air: Their Haunts fecure from [porting Kids and Sheep , Who Morning Dew from Flow’rs and Blojfioms [weep - } As wanton Heifers, feeding through the Fields, Tread down the Blooms the fmiling Pajlure yields, Mujkins and other Birds infejl the Hive: Far from your Bees enameWd Lizards drive: The Swallows catch them flying, then convey To their expeBing Toung the lufcious Prey. Let cryfial Fountains all your Hives fur round. And living Springs glide thro * the flowry Ground •, Or purling Rills creep thro’ the Grafs unfeen, With mojfy Pools all matted o’er with Green: Before the Entry let wild Olives fpread. Or Palms diffufe around a grateful Shade, That, when the Kings their new form’d Squa¬ drons bring, To tafie the Pleafures of the friendly Spring ., They on the Bank may find a cool Retreat, Shelter’d by Leaves from fcorching Phoebus 5 Heat. Whether your Waters fiand in Pools or flow , Acrofis them Stones or willow Branches throw: When Rain o’ertah.es them ling ring in the Woods, Or Wind hath cafi them headlong in the Floods, The Bees will on thefe frequent Bridges ftand And to the Sun their glttfring Wings expand; The verdant Lavender niufi there abound. There Sav’ry Jhed its pieafant Sweets around j There Beds of purple Violets floodd bloom, And fragrant Thyme the ambient Air perfume , U Varro, 7 £># %** «>** «£** *>iiv ;-. Ohnittuae Orxeyrus\ JcrLstih.y Bmmalu. ,sniM( ■ fajTfrn^ GallicWI Sufeknas c v ■ ■■KHHHI VILLAS of the ANCIENTS ILLUSTRATED. Part III. The Defcription contain'd in the following Rpiflle, is of a Villa of Pliny’* near a Town call’d Ti- fernum Tiberinum in Tufcany, as he informs us lib. 4. epift. 24. and if it was on the fame Land he mentions lib. 10. epift. 24. it lay near 150 Miles from Rome, or, to ufe his own IVords, beyond the 1 yo ,h Stone. Tlois Villa Pliny has taken frequent Occafon to mention in Letters to his Friends, and it maybe obferved, that he always writes of it as his principal Seat, and in lib. 3. epift. 19. takes Notice of a large EJlate that lay round it, and doubtlefs had Provifion for all the Conveniencies of Life near him, tho’ he negleBs to fpeak of them. In the Account of this Villa there will be Occafon to obferve, that Pliny confders it in a Manner very different from that of Laurentinum, not only with refpeB to the Situation, but to the Houfe itfelf it being, as he informs us lib. 9. epift. 3 6 . his con¬ front Refdence in the Summer Seafon. Lib. V. Ep. VI. Book V. Ep. VI. C. Plinius Apollinari fuo, S. Pliny to Apollinaris, Health. §§«|g M AVI Curam & Sollici- gpj|I§ Was pleas'd with the Regard ||||j|lj|| tudinem tuam, qui cum §|111|11 and Uneajinefsyou exprefs d, Sill audifles me dilate Thuf- Sill when you heard I dcfign'd to cos meos petiturum, ne facerem pafs the Summer at my Seat in Tuf- iuafifti, dum putas infalubres. cany, fmce you thought that Country Eft fane gravis & peftilens Ora unhealthy. I acknowledge that the Thufco- X Air 8o T u s Thufcorum, qua: per Littus ex- tenditur : fed hi procul a Mari re- cefferunt, quinetiam Apennino faluberrimo Montium fubjacent. Atque adeo, ut omnem pro me Metum ponas, accipe Temperiem Coeli, Regionis Situm, Villa: A- mcEnitatem, qua: & tibi auditu, & mihi relatu jucunda erunt. Coelum eft Hyeme frigidum & gelidum: Myrtos, Oleas, quasque alia affiduo Tepore laetantur, af- pernatur ac refpuit: Laurum ta- men patitur, atque etiam viridif- fimam profert ; interdum fed non -fepius quam fub Urbe noftra, necat. ALftatis mira dementia; femper Aer Spiritu aliquo mo- vetur, frequentius tamen Auras quam Ventos habet : hinc Se¬ nes multos videas Avos, Proa- vofque jam Juvenum ; audias Fabulas veteres, Sermonefque Majorum: cumque veneris illo, putes alio te Sasculo natum. Re¬ gionis Forma pulcherrima: ima- ginare Amphitheatrum aliquod immenfum, & quale fola Rerum Natura poffit effingere: lata & diffufa Planities Montibus cingi- tur: Montes fumma fui Parte pro- cera Nemora & antiqua habent ; fre- C u M. Air of the Sea coaji of Tufcany is thick and infectious: But this Place is far removed from the Sea, and lies even under the moft healthful of Mountains, the Apennines. But that you may lay a fide all Fears for me, let me defcribe to you the Tempe- ratenefs of the Climate, the Situation of the Country, and the Delightful - nefs of my Villa, which will he as a- greedble to you to hear as to me to re- late. The Climate is cold and frofly in Winter: fo that the Myrtles, O- lives, and other Trees that require a continual Warmth, will not thrive here: however it admits the Laurel, and produces the mofl green and flou- rijlnng, which yet fometimes, tho’ not oftner than about Rome, it deftroys. The Clemency of the Summer is wonderful i and the Air which is always in fome Motion, is more fre¬ quently ftirred by Breezes than by Winds: hence you feefeveral old Men Grandfires, and great Grand fires to adult Perfons ; and hear the old Sto¬ ries, and Sentences of their Forefa¬ thers : fo that when you come there, you would think you . had your felf been born in another Age. The Face of the Country is very beautiful: ima¬ gine to your felf a vafl Amphitheatre, which only the Hand of Nature her- felf could form ; being a wide ex¬ tended Plain furrounded with Moun¬ tains: whofe Tops are cover’d with lofty T U S C U M. frequens iibi & vafid Venatio : inde catduEe SylvK cum ipfo Monte c!e- fcendunt: has inter pingues, ter- renique Colies, (neque enim facile ufquam Saxum, etiam fi quseratur, occurrit,) planiffimis Campis Fer- tilitate non cedunt; opimamque Meffem ferius tantum, fed non minus percoquunt. Sub his per latus omne Vines porriguntur, u- namque Faciem longe lateque contexunt: quarum a Fine, imo- que quafi Margine, Arbufta naf- cuntur : Prata inde, Campique. Campi, quos nonnifi ingentes Bo¬ res & fortiffima Aratra perfrin- gunt: tantis Glebis tenaciffimum Solum, cum primum profecatur, affurgit, ut nono- demum Sulco perdometur. Prata florida & gem- mea. Trifolium,, aliafque Herbas, teneras femper & molles, & quafi novas alunt; cun&a enim peren- nibus Rivis riutriuntur : Sed ubi Aqute plurimum, Palus nulla; quia devexa Terra quicquid Li- quoris accepit, nec abforbuit, ef- fundit in Tiberim. Medios ille Agros fecat: Navium patiens, omnefque Fruges devehit in .Ur- bem ; lofty ancient Woods ; which give op¬ portunity to frequent and various forts of Hunting. From thence the Under-woods defeat'd with the Moun¬ tains: hitermixt with thefe are Jmall Hills, of a ftrong fat Soil, fund where th o' fought, a Stone can fear ce- ly he found) and which for Fruitful- nefs do not yield to the moft level Fields ; their Harveft is indeed fome- what later, hut not lefs. Under thefe Hills the Vineyards extend then ftlives on every fide, and together form one long fpacious View : their Extremi¬ ties and Bottoms, are hounded as it were by a Border of Shruhs : helow thefe are Meadows and Fields. The Fields, fuch as require the largefl Oxen and ftrongeft Ploughs: the ft iff Soil, when firft flirred,rifling in fuch clods, that it is not Efficiently hroheit till it has been plow'd nine times. The Meadows are flowery and budding, producing the Trefoil, and other Herbs, frefb and as it were always fpringing; asheingnouriffedhy ever- flowing Rivulets : hut thd there he much, there is no flanding Water ; hecaufe as the Ground lies floelving, whatever Water it receives, and does not imbibe, it throws into the Tiber. This River divides the Land: and in Winter and Spring is navigable, and bera; ’ Hyemc duntaxat, St Ve- re : iEftate fummittitur, immen- fique Fluminis Nomen arenti AI- veo deferit, Autumno refumit. Magnam capies Voluptatem , fi hunc Regionis Situm ex Monte profpexeris; neque enim Terras tibi, fed Formarn aliquant ad ex- imiant Pulchritudinent pidant % i— deberis cernere: ea Varietate, ea Defcriptione, quocunque incide- rint Oculi, reficientur. Villa in Colle into fita profpicit quafi ex fummo, ita leviter & fenfim Clivo fallente confurgit, ut cum afcendere te non putes, fentias afcendiffe. A tergo Apenninum fed longius ha- bet : accipit ab hoc Auras quam- libet fereno Sc placido Die, non tamen acres & immodicas, fed Spatio ipfo laffas Sc infradas. Mag¬ na fui Parte Meridiem fpedat, reftivumque Solem ab Hora fexta, Hybernum aliquanto maturius,qua¬ fi invitat in Porticum latam, Sc pro modo longam. Multa in hac Membra ; 1 Atrium etiam ex more V eterum. and conveys the Provifion of the Conn* try fo Rome : hit in Summer, in a dried up Chanel lofes the Name of a. great River, which yet it refumes in Autumn. Ton would take great De - light, in viewing the Country front the top of a Mountain ; for it would not appear as real Land, hit as an exquifite Painting: thereisthatVa- riety of Landslip wherefoever you caft your Eye. My Villa is placed near the bottom of an Hill, hit has the fame Profpe8 as from the top, one is deceived in the Rife l>y its being fo gradual and eafy, fo that tho you dorit perceive youafcend,yoit will find you have. On the back but at a diftance are the Apennines ; from whence in the calmejl Day, it receives frejb, tho no jharp and immoderate Airs, the Strength and Violence of which are broken by theDiftancefrom which they come. The great eft Part of the Hoife is turn'd to the South, and in the Summer from the fixth Hour, but in the Winter fomewhat fooner, does as it were invite the Sun into a fpacious well-proportionedPoiticxis. In which are feveral Parts; and an 1 Atrium after t Atrium ex more Vetenim .] To diftinguifti this from the Atrium , or Fore-court of Laurentinum , Pliny gives us to underftand, that this was a Building in the Porticus , and Part of the Houfe it felf; and by what he fays of its being after the manner of the Ancients, it may be fuppofed he fpeaks of one of thofe Atria Defcribed by Vitruvius. T u s C U M Veterum. Ante Porticum Xyflus concifus in plurimas Species, di- ftinQufque Buxo; demiffus inde^ pronufque Pulvinus, cui Beftia- rum Effigies invicem adverfas Bux- us infcripfit: 2 * 4 Acanthus in Plano mollis, & pene dixerim liquidus. Ambit hunc > Ambulatio, preffis varieque tonfis Viridibus inclula : ab his Geflatio in modmn + Cir- ci, quse Buxum multiformem, hu- milefque & retentas manu Arbuf- culas circumit : omnia Maceria muniuntur, hanc gradata Buxus operit Sc abfcondit. Pratum inde non minus Natura, quam fuperi- ora ilia. Arte vifendum: Campi deinde, porro multaque alia Pra- ta & Arbufta. A Capite Porticus Triclinium excurrit,V alvis Xyftum definentem, & protinus Pratum, mul- §3 after the antient manner. Before the Porticus is a Xyflus cut in feveral Forms, and dividedby Box-, defen¬ ding thence is a fteep Slope,on -which are the Forms of Beafts fronting the oppofite Box: On the Flat grows the Soft, and I had almoft faid liquid 2 Acanthus. This is fur rounded ly an 3 Ambulatio, which is enclofed ly Greens cut in various Forms : after this is a Geflatio in the form of a 4 Circus, which enclofes the many- fjaped Box, and Dwarf-trees that are rendered fobyArt: the Whole is fenced in ly a Wall, which is over- c aft and hid ly feveral degrees of Box. From thence you have the View of a Meadow not lefs beautiful ly Nature, than thefe the fore-mentioned Works of Art: then you fee Fields, with many other Meadows and Shrubs, from the Flead of the Porticus a T riclinium runs out, from whof ? Fol¬ ding-Doors you have juft a View of the Xyflus, and at a diftance that of Y the 2. Acanthus.) Of this Plant there were two forts called by that Name, one of which had a very large Leaf j but the other, which was called Mollis Acanthus, was that with which they covered their Walks inftead of Turfs, which we ufe at prefent. 2. Ambulatio .)’ Vitruvius IJb. 5. Cap. 9. Speaks of thefe Walks or Places of Exercife that they had near their Theatres, and informs us that they were bounded*by Greens, and not covered over Head by other Trees. To this walk he alfo gives the Epithet of Hypcthr - Junclaque quotidiana Amicorum Coenatio. ] This private Eating- Room, which in this Place only is mentioned as part of a Diata, aS well as the forementioned Triclinium, was conveniently placed for the Baths, from the Ufe of which they immediately came to it. Its Difpofition on the Side of this Court was very proper for Summer, being by the Buildings that furrounded the Areola fheltered from all Parts but the North, to which Point Vitruvius direds their Summer Eating-Rooms to be turned, it being fo placed as to have no other Benefit from the North, but its cool Airs; the Juttings out of the Building taking off all other Profpefls, there is no mention made of any but the Areola, whofe Ornaments feem to have been the principal One it had. This Coenatio was called quotidiana Amicorum, to diftin- guifhit from the Triclinium, that in Lib. i. Ep. 3. he ftiles populare, where larger Entertainments were made for many Guefts, and not fo conftantly ufed. Areolam illam Porticus alia, &c.] This Portions Handing North and South as in the Plan, mull have been a conftant cool Place for walk¬ ing in, when the greater Porticus which flanked to the South, may have been too warm. And it is probable its Difpofition was the fame as the others; and fince it is faid to have the fame Profped with the greater Porticus, it muft have opened into it,- otherwife it could not have anfwered that and other Parts of the Defcription. The Advantages of this leffer Porticus were feveral, as it ferved for a Paffage to the Areola, and to the Stairs that were by the Bath, and fupported one of the three Dioeta that furrounded the Court above Stairs. Eft & aliud Culiculum, &c.] The Areola, which by its Fountain, Verdure, and Shades, afforded an agreeable Refrefhment to all the Rooms on the Ground Floor that looked into it, muft have been in a more particular Manner beneficial to this Culiculimti which feems to have been a Room for Day Sleep, and made as cool as Art and the io5 REMARKS on the Place could admit of; and to make it the more fo, belides the Fountain that was without, there was alfo another within, whofe mur¬ muring Noife added to the Pleafure of the Room. This is the only Room in either Villa, of whofe Ornaments he has given any Account, and this was adorned according to the niceft Judgment. The Podium, which has been explained in the Notes on this Epiftle, if the Height of the Room allowed of it, reached as high as the Bottom of the Win¬ dows, which being on a Ground Floor, and made damp by the Foun¬ tain that was in it, the Plaiftering muft have been damaged, had it been continued down to the Pavement; to remedy which it was encrufted fo high with Marble, from whence to the Ceiling itwas probably cover’d with Stucco,as the Rooms of theAntients moftly were, whofe Sides they defigned to paint, for Reafons, as Vitruvius, Lib. "j.Cap . 3. gives usin thefe Words, Colours well laid upon wet Plaifler dont fade, but con¬ tinue frejh for ever. The fame Author, who thought it neceffary that: an Archited mould be a Judge of thofe other Arts, with which Archi- tedure ufed to be adorned, in the 5th Chap, of the fame Book, has ventured to pafs a Cenfure upon thofe Painters of his Time, who were., addided to what at prefent are called Gothick Ornaments, condemn¬ ing all Imitations that do not refemble the Truth, or at lead the Veri- fimilitude; and in the fame Place feems to hint as if there were par¬ ticular Paintings proper to particular Rooms. Pliny, who in feveral of his Epiftles proves himfelf an excellent Judge in this Art, has made choice ofthemoft Ample and natural Manner of defigning to adorn this Room ; preferring here that Manner which only pleafed the Eye by Colours, to that which moved the Pafiions, as Hi ('lory Pieces, which perhaps he thought more proper for larger and more publick: Rooms, fuch as the Atrium, Triclinium, and the like. The Carving that was on- the flat Part of the Podium, though not defcribed, we may eafily believe was of a Piece with the Painting, and perhaps only confided of a Mixture of Leaves and Fruit> as are to be feen upon fe¬ veral ancient Pieces of Marble, In T U S C U M. io7 In Cornu Portions amplijfimum Culiculum, &c.] The Rule which Vitruvius lays down. Lit), i. Cap. 2. for the Symmetry to be obferved in proportioning Parts of a Building to the Whole, feems to have been ob¬ ferved by the Defigner of thefe two Villas of Pliny : For the Culiculum that was next the Triclinium in that fmaller Villa of Laurentinum, and was for the fame End with this, was only ftiled Amplum, but in this Ampliffimum. From the Windows of this Room which looked Weft- rpard, there is no Mention of any other Profpect but the Xyftus, and to make the South Profped of this vary from that of the Triclinium, before the Windows was a Fountain, which Pliny commends as pleafing both the Eye and Ear. Tho’ this Room was turned to the South, the Breadth of the Portions that was before it kept it fhady in Summer, when the Sun was oppofite to it: Befides thefe Conveniencies, this is the only Room in this Villa where Provifion was made for the Winter by an Hypocaufton, which even in his other Villa is no where menti¬ oned except in the Baths and Bed-Chambers; and ’tis not impro¬ bable that he made ufe of this for an Hylcrnaculum, which Vitruvius directs to be turned to the Winter’s fetting Sun, as fome of the Windows of this Room were; and the Sun, at its Winter Meridian being low enough to caft its Rays under the Roof of the Porticus, warm’d it till almoft Mid-day. By fome Paffages we may colled that he fometimes paffed the Beginning of the Winter at this Seat, for which Reafon he made fuch Provifion in this Room; and had, as will afterwards appear, feveral other Rooms in this Villa proper to that Seafon, as he had as providently taken care for Summer Rooms in the other Villa. Inde Apodyterium Balinei, &c.] Tho’ there were Rules for varying the Difpofition of other Rooms according to the Seafons in which they were defigned to be ufed, yet as has been obferved in the Remarks on Laurentinum, the Baths, whether they were built for Winter or Summer Ufe, were always placed on the W eft Side of the Houfe, fo as from thence to have a Profped of the fetting Sun in the Winter’s Sol- ] ’ e dice. io8 R E M A R K S on ftice, which Rule is followed in the placing thefe Baths. In thofe of his leffer Villa, where he is more particular in his Defcription, there are more Members defcribed than in this, tho’ the Apodyterium, which was the principal One, is mentioned only in this. The Reafon for this Room’s being fo large, as he obferves, may probably be upon Account of its Office, it being the Place where all thofe that bathed undrefs’d, and returned to after their bathing, fweating, and Exercife of the Ball; and commodioufly to contain at once all thofe that were before feperately employ’d in other Rooms. The Character of hilare, which he gives to this Room, as well as to the Cavadimn of Laurentinum, feems to have been chofen, becaufe the Walls were adorned with Ornaments of Architecture, Painting, or Sculpture ; and not for its having been well lighted, which would have been a need- lefs Commendation to a Court that had few Buildings about it higher than one Story to (hade it. Celia Frigidaria in qua, &c.] This, as well as the Apodyterium, muft certainly have been a very fpacious Room, containing a Baptiflerium. large enough to fwim in, and a larger Baffin in its Area, round which (according to the Directions of Vitruvius') muft have been a Place feveral Feet wide to Hand on. The Baptiftcrium, which feems to have been a Member common to all Celia Frigidaria, is here com¬ mended upon the Account of its Darknefs ; a Quality perhaps efteemed proper for a cold Bath, or as it rendred it more private; the Pifcina being more publick, and for more than one to bathe in at a time. Frigidaria Celia conne&itur Media, &c.] This which he calls the middle Cell, was that of the middle Degree of Heat, betwixt the Caldaria and Frigidaria, and was called the Celia tepidaria. Tho’ he mentions no other Heat than that of the Sun either in this or the hot Cell, we may fuppofe, fince in the rnidft of Summer they could not have Heat enough from his Body to caufe the Perfpiration re¬ quired, they had other Afliflance from the Hypocaufton, that heated the ruse v M IO y the Water; and the Sun is only mentioned to lhew, that when the Seafon permitted, they drew all the Heat they could from it; pre¬ ferring that to the Heat of the Fire, from which they received as little Afliftance as they could. Caldaria magts prominet enim, &c.] This Celia having Occafion for more Heat than the other, is further advanced to the Weft, f 0 that by its Projection it opportunely faced the Sun when nearer its Meridian, and confequently was more warm’d by it than the fore- mentioned Celia . By the Delcription of this Celia, it teems as if divided into three Parts, like three Rooms ; two of which look¬ ed Southward, and faced the Sun before the Time of fifin g them, and barr’d the third, which lay to the North, from the Benefit of the Sun at that time of the Day, by which Means that Divifion was obliged to make the greater Ufe of other Heat, and tho’ farther from the Sun, was perhaps as warm or warmer than the other Two: And he obferves it did not fuffer the Inconveniency of be¬ ing dark, though removed farther from the Heat of the Sun. To thefe Members of the Bath mentioned by our Author, in the Plan are added others that were common to all Baths : the firft of which, viz. the Propnigeon is placed fo as to communicate the Heat properly to all the Sweating-Rooms, efpecially when they could- receive no Afliftance from the Sun, the Hypocaufton, that heated the Water as well as the Propnigeon, is placed clofe to them; over which are three Veffels as Vitruvius direds, from whence the Pifcina that was on the Area of the Celia Frigidar'ta might not have been inconveni¬ ently fupplied with Water: On the other Side near the Hypocaufton is placed the Unchiarium, fo as (for Reafons before given) to have a Communication with the Celia tepidaria and Apodyterium, and to be the neareft Part of die Baths to the Spharefterium. Apodyterio fuperpofituvi eft Spharefterium, &c.] The Exercife that was ufed in this Room requiring it to be very large, it was proper to? I xo REMARKS on to place it over the largeft Member of the Baths; neither here nor in the Villa of Laurentinum, does he take Notice of any particular Qualities belonging to this Room, by which it appears that thefe Rooms were generally made after one common Method, and thofe Circles tor feve- ral kinds of Exercife that were ufed in this Spbarefterium were pro¬ bably no other than particular Marks that were made on the Floor; the Succefs of their Play depending on the Ball’s lighting in fuch a Circle after it had been ftruck, which was the Adverfaries Bufinefs to prevent; and the many forts of Exercife that this Room was made for, might be diverfified by Lines or Circles on the Walls or Floor, each Game having its particular Marks or Boundaries for the Ball, like the Game of Tennis, which tho’ it takes up one entire Room, the fame Place by making different Lines, may ferve for feveral Games of the like Nature. Nec procul a Balineo, ScaU, &c.] Hitherto this Defcription, like the greater Part of Laurentinum, has been on the Ground Floor, but now he afcends, by Stairs which probably led to the Spbarefterium as well as the Cryptoporticus ; before he could reach to the latter there were three Diata, which by his Account had nothing remarkable, except that each had a particular Profpeft. The firft feems to have been over the leffer Portions, and looked Eaftward, having the Spbarefterium on its Back, and its Windows had no other View but the Buildings that furrounded the Court, and the Areola it felf. The Second, which faced Southward, feems defigned for a Winter Apartment by its warm Dif- pofition, and had the fame Profpeft of the Meadows and Fields that the forementioned Triclinium had. The Laft, which lay in the direft Way from the Stairs to the Cryptoporticus, looked Northward, and was moft properly difpofed for a Summer Pi at a : Befides an agreeable Profpeft of the Vineyards that lay alrnoft oppofite to it, it had alfo the other Profpefls that the Hills afforded, but the Juttings of the Houfe hin¬ dered the View of the Hippodrome. In In fumrna Cryptoporticus Cubiculum, &c -3 From thefe Diata, before he proceeds in his Defcription, he paffes through the Cryptoporticus ; at the Head or moft Northern Part of which was a Cubiculum, pro¬ bably as wide as the Cryptoporticus itfelf, being faid to be cut off from it: The Difpofition of it fhews it wholly to be defigned for a Summer Room, thofe ProfpeSs from it that are mentioned lying North of the Villa. Jungitur Cubiculum obvium, Sec.] The Office of the foregoing Room feems likely to have been a Place of Retirement when fatigu’d with walking in the Cryptoporticus, and that there might not be a Room wanting for the fame Ufe in a colder Seafon, this Room was provided, whofe Windows looking contrary to the other, and by its jutting out caufing an Angle, muft have been warmed, during moft of the Winter after Mid-day , Hinc oritur Fiat a, &c.] This Dint a that joy ns the Villa to the Hip¬ podrome can’t be faid to do fo, if upon the fame Floor with the Cryp¬ toporticus ; therefore we may reafonably conclude, though being not mentioned, he here defeends in his Defcription. By its Difpofition it muft have been very pleafant in Summer, and being joyn’d to the Hippodrome muft have had a thorough Profped of it, which he has not thought fit to take much Notice of, becaufe he is afterwards very particular in the Defcription of that Piece of Art; and it may be obferved that Pliny is no where fo particular in mentioning artificial as natural Profpefts: And where both are feen, he neglefts to take No¬ tice of the former, as perhaps not thinking them fo beautiful as the other. The Stairs, which in the Plan lead to the Diata, anfwer the Cubiculum laft mentioned. Hac Facies hie Vifus a Fronts, &c -3 This Front was that part of the Houfe that lay moft Northward, and which he has juft deferibed, and was the Garden Front of the Houfe, or rather the Front or that p f Part I 12 REMARKS on Part of it that lay neareft to the Garden. This Cryptoporticus is here ftyled nftiva, becaufe it was placed in that part of the Villa that was moll agreeable in Summer, and belt defended from the Sun, as was that which lay from the South to the North, and the Windows opened to the Eaft and Weft, as thefe of the Cryptoporticus did; fo that the Sun in its Meridian only Ihone on its Roof, and when lower, was in a great Meafure kept off by the raoft Southern Parts of the Houfe, and was altogether cool at the Time it was wanted, which was rather before than after Mid-day. In Edito pofita, &c.] As the laft Rooms were below Stairs, Pliny would now have us underftand that this Room he is about to fpeak of was upon the Floor from which he had juft defcended to take Notice of that Dint a, and the lofty Situation of this Cryptopor¬ ticus was the Reafon he took fuch particular Notice of the Profpeft of the Vineyards from it, which could be feen over whatever obftru&ed that View in the Rooms that lay lower than this, which had only a Profpeft of what grew on the Hills above the Vines; but this com¬ manded the lower Parts of thofe Hills, and had fuch a full View of them, that to thofe that walked in it, they feemed to have been very near. In media Triclinium, &c.j] In the Difpolition of the former Tricli¬ nium, there was fo much Regard had to the Profpefts, that tho' all the Means that Art could invent were made ufe of to prevent its being at particular Times rather too hot, it could no ways be avoided ; but that he might not appear lefs provident in this than in his Winter Villa, had fo difpofed this other Room for Entertainments, that it was fhelter’d to the South by the greater Part of the Houfe, on which Side it appears to have had no Windows, and was quite hid from the Weftern Sun by the Interpofition of the Cryptoporticus, and on the North lay the Apennines, from the Vallies of which it was cool’d by refrelhing Breezes, which M r as more particularly taken Notice of here, becaufe T U S C U M. „ 3 becaufe it was a more than ordinary Advantage to a Room that was in ufe in Summer, before the Heat of the Day was much abated : Be¬ ing on the fame Floor with the Cryptoporticus, its ProfpeQs are the fame with That, for the Vineyards were not confined to one Side of the Houfe, but by Pliny’s own Account, were one continued Trad: at the Bottom of the Hills; fo that from the Windows that lookt one Way, and from the Folding-doors that opened almoft oppofite the Windows of the Cryptoporticus, were prefented two Views of thefe Vineyards. A Latere Triclinii, &c.] As thofe, that were come to the Triclinium by the Stairs that were near the Baths, were obliged to pafs through feveral Rooms in their Way to it, it was requifite to have others at the fame time without this Inconveniency ; and thefe were for that Reafon placed on the South Side of the Triclinium, which was nearell the Entrance of the Houfe. In Fine Culicitlum, &c.] According to Cuftom, near this Triclinium was a Culicitlum ; the Difpofition of which feems to have made it as proper for Summer as the Triclinium itfelf, and its Profpeds are the fame, for tho’ the Cryptoporticus is only mentioned to be feen from this Room, it mull alfo have been fo from the other, though but obliquely. Suleft Cryptoporticus Subterranea, &c.] This Cryptoporticus, that lay under the Triclinium, feems in all Refpefts to have been like what at prefent is called a Grotto, and in Italy is elleemed a neceffary Part for the Pleafure of a Summer Villa : This Place thus guarded from the Sun, might be thought fufficiently cool, without any Affi- ftance from thofe Airs that refrefhed the Triclinium, yet we may ima¬ gine that (tho’ not mentioned) the Light was admitted into it, other- wife the Room, tho’ cool, mtfft have been unpleafant. 114 R E M A R R S on Poft utramque Cryptoporticum, &c.] Vitruvius's diredions to make Houfes for hot Climates more open than for cold, have been carefully obferved by the Defigner of this Villa ; there being no lefs than three Porticus proper for walking in, mentioned in this Villa, and in Lauren- tinum there was but one, and that well guarded from the Wind and the Weather. This laft Porticus feems to have been of lingular Ufe, for ftanding from South to North as the Cryptoporticus did which it fupported, it gave a thorough Paffage to all Airs that blew from the cooleft Quarters, and consequently muft caufe great Refrefh- ment to the Rooms that lay below, efpecially thofe that lay Weft of it; which otherwife by confining the Rays of the Sun, muft, towards the Declenfion of the Day in Summer, have been much warmer. The Character which he gives this Porticus of being Hylcrna ante, &c. muft have been fpoken, with relation to its being warm or cold at thofe Times of the Day, it being cool by its Airs, and being well guarded from the Sun during the Time ofExercife, which was commonly before Mid¬ day, fo that its being warm after that Hour was no great Inconveniency to it. Hac adeuntur Diata dua, &c.] By the Defcription of thefe Appart- ments we may reafonably infer that One was defigned for Summer, and the Other for Winter, as having before obferved He no where in this Villa takes Notice of any Benefit of the Sun, but in Rooms proper for the colder Seafon, or in thofe that required extraordi¬ nary Heat, as the Sweating Rooms. The low Difpofition of thefe Diata, and their Views being intercepted by the other Parts of the Houfe, is probably the Reafon why he makes no Mention of any Profped from them. Plane Difpofitionem -Amosnitatemque Te&orum, &c.[] As this Defcrip¬ tion began with the Avenue, or thofe Parts that lay on the Front of the Houfe, fo it clofed with the Garden that lay North, or on the Back of it, which confifted of two principal Parts, viz. that which is T U $ C U M. X \$ is here called the Hippodrome, and that which lay ^beyond it. This firft Part feerns to have had its Name from its refembling thofe pub- lick Places fo called (the Difference betwixt which and the Circus has been fhewn in the Notes on this Epiftle) rather than from their Exercife of Horfe-racing; for which the G eftatio might as well have ferved as for that of the Coach, unlefs perhaps this may have beeri fometimes ufed upon the Account of Shade, which the other had not, nor did much want, fince the Vehicnla were covered at Top, and their Sides enclofed by Curtains. The Circus and Hippodrome had this in common, that they had both the Middle of their Areas filled up with fmall Buildings, Arches, Obelisks, Altars, or the like; but this lying next the Houfej and its Beauties confifting in the Orna¬ ments of the Boundaries, it was thought proper to omit thofe Repre- fentations of Buildings that he had in the Geftatio, which here would have intercepted the Profpett from thofe Rooms that lay next the Hippodrome, which feems to be what , he means by Medius patefcit. The Planes that were the principal Trees with which this Place was bounded, were in molt of the Gardens of the antient Romans, and frere valued upon the Account of their extraordinary Shade. That thefe might not only pleafe by their Shade and Leaves, their Bo¬ dies were made Supporters to Ivy, that was planted about them, which covered not only the Trunks, but alfo the Boughs, and as he obferves, join’d the Trees as it were into one Body; by which Means 1 the Shade mull have been increafed, and the Sun kept off as much as by the Roof of a Portions, to whofe Pillars their .Trunks bore a Refemblance: Befides, as the principal Rooms look’d towards this Place, and as it has been obferved he fometimes Raid at this Villa a fmall Part of the Winter, at that Seafon the Leaves front the Planes were the lefs miffed, fince the Laurel, Box, and Cyprefs-Trees (that ’ helped to fence and fhade this Hippodrome ) at all Seafons afforded an agreeable Profpeff, which was increafed by the different Degrees of Colour that were between thefe forementioned EVer-greens. G g ReBus REMARKS on 11 6 Rectus hie Hippodromi Limes, &c.] Before any Notice be taken of that Part that lay beyond the Hippodrome, which is the only Roman Garden whofe Defcription is come down to us, it may not be impro¬ per to enquire into the firft Rife of Gardens, and of what they at firft conftfted, by which a Judgment may be the better palled on this before us. The Invention of this Art feems to have been owing to the firft Builders of Villas, who were naturally led to fearch for the moft beautiful Places in which to build them; but as it was hardly polfible to meet with any, that within the Compafs defigned for the Pleafure of the Villa, fhould contain every thing that was compleatly agreeable, it was neceffary to fupply by Care and Induftry whatever was wanting in the natural Face of the Country: but at firft they aimed at nothing further than the Difpofition of their Plantations, for by the fmall Knowledge we can arrive at, in the Gardens of the firft Ages, they feem to have been no more than felcct, well-water’d Spots of Ground, irregularly producing all forts of Plants and Trees, grate¬ ful either to the Sight, Smell, or Tafte, and refrelhed by Shade and Water: Their whole Art confifting in little more than in making thofe Parts next their Villas as it were accidentally produce the choiceft Trees, the Growth of various Soils, the Face of the Ground fuffering little or no Alteration; the Intent of Gardens being within a fixt Com¬ pafs of Ground, to enjoy all that Fancy could invent moft agreeable to the Senfes. But this rough Manner, not appearing fufficiently beau¬ tiful to thofe of a more regular and exaft Tafte, fet them upon in¬ venting a Manner of laying out the Ground and Plantations of Gar¬ dens by the Rule and Line, and to trim them up by an Art that was vifible in every Part of the Defign. By the Accounts we have of the prefent Manner of Defigning in China, it feems as if from the two former Manners a Third had been formed, whofe Beauty confifted in a clofe Imitation of Nature ; where, tho’ the Parts are difpofed with the greateft Art, the Irregularity is ftill preferved; fo that their Man¬ ner may not improperly be faid to be an artful Confufion, where there is no Appearance of that Skill which is made ufe of, their Rocks, Cafcades, f P1 : T J nes : b r ! anng thdr mwral Forms. In the Difpofition of P/tys Garden, the Defigner of it fhews that he was not unacquainted with thefe feveral Manners, and the Whole feems to have been a Mixture of them all Three. In the Pratulwn Nature appears in her plaineft and mod Ample Beefs; f uc h as the firft Builders were con tented with about their Villas, when the Face of the Ground it felf happened to be naturally beautiful. By the Care ufed in regulating the turning and winding Walks, and cutting the Trees and Hedges into various Forms, is fhewn the Manner of the more regular Gar¬ dens ; and in the Imitatio Runs, he feems to hint at the third Man¬ ner, where, under the Form of a beautiful Country, Hills, Rocks, Cafcades, Rivulets, Woods, Buildings, &c. were poffibly thrown into fuch an agreeable Diforder, as to have pleafed the Eye from feveral Views, like fo many beautiful Landskips; and at the fame time have afforded at leaft all the Pleafures that could be enjoy’d in the moft regular Gardens. The main Body of this Garden was difpofed after the Second of thefe three Manners; through its winding Paths One as it were accidentally fell upon thofe Pieces of a rougher Tafte, that feem to have been made with a Defign to furprize thofe that arrived at them, through fuch a Scene of Regularities, which (in the Opinion of fome) might appear more beautiful by being near thofe plain Imita¬ tions of Nature, as Lights in Painting are heightened by Shades. The Intent of this Garden (befides pleafing the Eye, being to afford Shade and Coolnefs in the hotter Seafon of the Year) required it to be well ftockt with Trees and Water; which laft we may fuppofe took its feeming natural Courfe through the rougher Parts of the Garden, and in the regular appeared in a more artful Difpofition ; as did alfo the Trees, which both here and in thofe Parts on the South Side, or Front of the Villa, were cut into unwarrantable Forms, if the Orna¬ ments of Gardens are allow’d to be only Imitations of Nature’s' Pro- duffions ; for it cannot be fuppofed that Nature ever did or will pro¬ duce Trees in the Form of Beafts, or Letters, or any Refemblance of Embroidery, which Imitations rather belong to the Statuary, and' W orkers 1 X X 8 REMARKS on Workers with the Needle than the Architeft; and tho’ pleafing in thofe Arts, appear monftrous in this. Tho’ it is plain that this Man¬ ner of adorning Gardens was not at that Time a new Invention, fince as has been obferved in the former Part of this Work, Varro in his Defcription of his Ornithon, mentions the Parterre that lay near it: And this Cuftom was got to fuch a Head in the Time of Pliny, that the Gardeners, from clipping and laying out every thing by the Line, and turning Trees and Hedges into various Forms, were called Topiarii; and it is. eafy to think that in Compliance to the Falhion, the Archited of this Villa, tho’ we fee he knew better, was induced to make ufe of thofe Ornaments. As to the feveral Names, which were formed by the Box-Hedges of this Garden, we cannot be certain of any but One; which was that of the Matter. The Liberty that is taken of naming Muftius in the Plan as his Archited, is becaufe it appears by the j 6 ' h Ep. of the Ninth Book of Pliny, that he did fome ,Work for him near this Villa. Poft has Acantlms, &c.] Betwixt this Garden and the Garden Build¬ ings lay a Walk, made, foft to the Feet (as the Cuftom then was) with the Acantlms, which therefore gives Name to a Part that he could not have properly called a Xyjtus or Amhalatio ; as, for a Rea- fon of the fame Nature, the Walk in Laurentinurn is called Vinea, from its being covered with Vines. In Capite Stihadium, &cf] The South Side of this Garden was bounded by Cyprefs-Trees for the Sake of their Shade, and on the North flood a fixed Bed of Marble, from whence as they lay at their Meals, they could perhaps command the Profped of the greater Part of the Garden: To keep the Heat of the Sun from this Place, there was a fort of open Roof to it, covered only with Vine Branches and Leaves, and fupported by four Marble Pillars; fo that no Air was kept out, nor any Profped interrupted. Under this Covert all ne- ceffary Care feerns to have been taken for eating in a very cool Man¬ ner T U S C U M. „ 9 ner, for from the Bed they lay on the Water flow’d out; inftead of a Table, their Food fwarn about in a Bafon, which was filled by the Water that came from the Stibodium ; and that it was their Cuftom to lye higher, or at leaft as high as their Tables may be feen, by the following Draught of an antique Bafs Re¬ vive, which that noble Encourager of Arts the Earl of Pembroke preferves in his ineftimable Colleflion of Antiquities at Wilton. The Drjmefs of the Manner of Defigning, inftead of making it lefs valuable, ferves to prove its Antiquity, which may be confirmed by the Figure of Hele, who was feigned to be difcarded front waiting on Jupiter about the Time of the Trojan War. This Piece, which is about three Feet in Length, and two Feet in Height, is at prefent as entire as in the Drawing, where may be feen that nothing is wanting but the right Arm of Minerva, which probably was raifed higher than the reft of the Work, and held her Spear, as the other Hand did her Shield. The Reafon Pliny takes Notice of this Bafons being H h » con- 120 REMARKS on continually full, was to fhew itsUfe, which being that of a Table, it was requifite its Superficies fhould be always at a fixt Height, which was eafily brought about by thofe Conveyances, that carried off the Water which lay lower than the Margin, to prevent the Water’s flow¬ ing over. What the Guftatorii/m & Coenatio were, have been explain’d in the Notes on this Epiftle, where they are fhewn to have been the Veffels on which they ferved up their Victuals at different Meals ; and that it was cuftomary before Pliny s Time to have feveral Fancies and Devices on their Table Furniture, appears from Petroniuss Defcription of the Catinatio of Trimalcio, that had the twelve Signs of the Zodiack feparately defigned in one Circle, each ferving for a different Diff: tho’ it is indeed mentioned, and at the fame time ridiculed by him as a fantaftick Invention, yet the Devices on thofe of Pliny feem to be property enough adapted to the Table, the Figures of Water-Fowls and Boats being Fancies natural enough for fuch a Bafon. Contra Fons egerit Aquam, &c.] This Fountain that lay before the Stibadium feems to have been thus difpofed to increafe the Pleafure of the Profpeff, and add to the Cool nr Ps of the Place. The Advantage of a falling Water, which was not wanting about this Villa, fet the Defigner upon contriving feveral Water-works; Five of which Pliny has given fome flight Account of ; the Fir ft was that in the Areola, refembling an overflowing Bowl : the next was in a Ciibiculim, that lookt into the fame Areola, which alfo had its Water falling from a Bowl, tho’ not in the fame Manner as the other: for as the one ran over at the Top, the other by its Defcription feems to have had its Water iffuing through Pipes like Holes in the Sides of the'Bowl. The Third was that before the Window of the firft-mentioned Culiculum, and was defigned in Imitation of a Cafcade, the Water only falling front on High. The Fourth, was the Stibadium, from whence the Water flowing out had an agreeable Effeff, and exprefled a Motion very pro¬ per to it, which whenever preffed down by any Weight, makes its Paf- fage through the firft Opening it finds. By what has been before ob- ferved 12 i T U SCUM. ferved about Gardens, it does not appear there are more than two forts, viz. the Natural, or thofe that are feemingly fo, and the Artifi¬ cial or Regular: fo neither do we find there can be more than two Manners for defigning Fountains, viz. that wherein Nature is clofely imitated, as in the Cafcades from Rocks or Hills, or elfe that more ar¬ tificial Manner, where tho’ all the Ornaments are the vifible Works of Art, yet ftill the Water feems to receive its Motion from a natural Caufe, as in thofe Fountains juft now taken Notice of; and tho’ each fort may without Error be ufed in either Manner of Gardens, yet cer¬ tainly they are moft properly introduced in thofe whofe Manner they imitate. This feems to have been the Opinion of the Architect who defigned the Fountains about this Villa, for here the Gardens being for the moft Part extreamly regular, he could not think proper to intro¬ duce any rougher Manner in his Water-works, tho’ he does not feem to have had fo much Regard to Juftnefs in the Defigns themfelvcs; fince if he had, he muft have omitted or altered this that ftood before the Stibadium (which was the fifth Fountain propofed to be taken Notice of) for fliould it be allowed that Fountains, like other Works of Art, ought to be formed by this Rule, that they fliould imitate the Truth, or at leaft the Verifimilitude, in this Defign he has certainly erred, fince it has little or no Refemblance to any probable Motion of Water, which is feldom feen from a natural Caufe to rife perpendicularly to any Degree of Height. What can be beft faid in the Defence of this Water-work is, that it is of a Piece with the other forced Fancies in the ornamental Parts of this Garden. E Regione Stibadii, &c.] In thefe Garden-Buildings there was no Provifion made for the Night, as in that of Laurentinum ; there being lefs Occafion for it here, where the Houfe it felf was placed (as it were) in the Middle of a Garden : fo that this feems only to have been defigned for the Enjoyment of fome few Hours in greater Retire¬ ment. At a fmall Diftance from the Stibadium there were two Rooms, One of which anfwers the Defcription of our Summer-Houfes, and the Other 122 ) REMARKS on Other was only, a fmall One contiguous to it. This Building was co- s vered all over with Greens, except the Part next the Stiladium, and that was cafed with Marble; which it is obfervable Pliny no where omits to mention through his whole Defcription, whenever the leaft Piece is made ufe of: from whence it may be concluded, that the Walls of his Buildings were made of coarfer Stuff, as he very well knew that the Elegance of a Defign did not conlift' in the Richnefs of the Materials. Befides the Covering of the Cubiculum, there is nothing material taken Notice of but the two Ranges of Windows; whofe Number was perhaps increafed for the fame Reafon with thofe in the Cryptoporticus, that when the Sun grew troublefome, the lower Range might have been fhut, and the other opened, to admit the Air and Light that was neceffary. Mox Zothecula, &c.] This Room rnuft have been parted from the Cubiculum, as the Zotloeca of the other Villa was from the Helioca- minus, by Glafs Doors and Curtains; which when opened, this little Room became as it were part of the Cubiculum, and when fhut, was a Room by it felf. The other Z otbeca was large enough to contain a Bed and two Chairs, but This a Bed only; and by the Account he gives of it, muft have been defigned for the fame Ufe with the other, fince it in all Things refembled it, except the feveral diftant Prof- peas, this having - no other than that of the neighbouring Greens: but by the Fountain that was in it, we fee Regard was had for Re- frefhment during the Summer. The Profped which Pliny hints to have been kept from the Stiladium by the Interpofition of thefe two Rooms, was perhaps nothing elfe, but the Greens that lay beyond it, or it maybe thofe Hills and Woods that lay North of the Villa. The following Drawing may ferve to illuftrate the Difpofition and Form of the Stiladium and Buildings laft defcribed. T U SCUM 123 Sunt Locis pluribits difpofita Sedilia, &c.] The Seats that were in feveral Parts of this Garden, as well as the Stihadium, were of Mar¬ ble; not only becaufe they were expofed to the Weather, but for Coolnefs Sake; to which the fmall Fountains that were near them did not a little contribute, and at the fame time add to the Beauty of the Place. The Plenty of Water, that is mentioned to have been upon fuch a riling Ground, was very likely brought by Art to one general Refervoir, front whence the Pleafures of the Gardens, and Convenien- cies of the Houfe were fufficiently fupplied; its firft Appearance feerns to have been at the Head of the Garden, which if we fuppofe the higheft Ground, from thence it might have eafily fupplied all the other Fountains and Neceffaries both of Houfe and Gardens: and as he obferves in its Paffage have watered the Greens of the Gardens and Hippodrome. Nifi propofuiffem omnes Angulos tecum Epiftola circumire, &c.(j By thefe Words, and what is faid feme few Lines after, one might think Pliny had given a compleat Defcription of every Part in and about this Villa ; but upon Examination it will be found that he only defcri- bed what was for theUfe and Pleafure of Himfclf and Friends : For in this Villa he has not mentioned any Rooms peculiar to the Servants, as he has in that of Laurentinum, and has omitted the mentioning any thing that lay on the Eaft Side of the Atrium, where very probably he had Offices neceffary to the Villa Uirbana, and Lodgings for the proper Servants, as the Atrienfes, Topiarii, Comtxdi, &c. Betides which Rooms of inferiour Ufe, thofe which were common to the Houfes of Great Men (as the Bafilica, Bibliotheca, and Pinacotbeca) are placed in the Plan according to the Directions of Vitruvius . Amo enim qua maxima ex Parte ipfe inchoavi aut incboata per- colui &c] If in the Defcription of his Garden he had not mentioned the Artificer feparate from the Matter of the Villa, this Paffage might give feme Caufe to imagine that Pliny was himfelf the Architeft 53 i i Haves 124 REMARKS on Hales caufas cur ego Thufcos meos Tufculanis, Tylurtinis, Pranejli- nifque meis praponam, &c.] Pliny in his Epiftles has mentioned no lefs than feven of his Villas, and gives ns to underhand that he had feveral more; and not Only the Situations of thofe two he has de- fcribed, but thofe of the three other Villas here mentioned are efteemed at prefent the fineft of that Conntry ; yet not content with all thefe, he had alfo feveral on the Lake near his native Comtim. The Si¬ tuations of two of which, as defcribed by him Lib. 9. Ep. 7. gave Oc« cafion to take Notice of them in the Remarks on Laurentinum. Thofe Villas of Tufculum, Tibur and Pranefte being fo near Rome, and in Pla¬ ces of fuch Note, and to which fo many reforted from the City, when he was there, he was obliged to wear the Habit proper to his Quality, and was not much lefs incommoded, with Bufinefs than at Rome : which (by means of the Diftance that Tttfcum lay from the City) he was in- tirely free from, except what happened by his Neighbourhood to the Town of Tifernum, of which. Lib. 4. Ep. 1. he tells us he was, while very young, chofen Patron. To this Quiet which he enjoyed here, he attributes an additional Health to the Place. The Method of (pend¬ ing his Time here, befides thofe Hours which were taken up in the neceffary Offices of Life, he wholly employ’d in exercifing his Mind by Study, and his Body by Hunting; both which Inclinations (as ap¬ pears, Lib. 9. Ep. 3.) he gratified at one and the fame Time; fince he never followed the latter Diverfion without providing for the former, and always carried his Writing Tables with him. As his Application to Study appears in many Places of his Epiftles, fo his Fondnefs for Hunting has caufed him to be rallied by Corn. Tacitus, to whom he therefore wrote his fixth Epiftle of the firft Book, in Defence of this Method of (pending his Time. This Tufcan Villa, not lefs than that of Laurentinum, would de ferve the Cenfure of Varro, had we not (for what has been be¬ fore obferved concerning the large Eftate he had here) Reafon to believe there was a Farm-Houfe not far removed from the other, and T U S C U M. i 2y and all other Neceffaries of Life; upon this Authority, in the following Plan I have prefumed to add thofe Things omitted by Pliny, conformable to preceeding Rules, and which I thall en¬ deavour to explain. On each Side of the Pleafure-Garden is the Vivarium ; one Part of which is allotted to the Ufe of thofe Bealls that Varro fays were confined in fuch Enclofures near their Villas, as Hares, Deers, wild Boars, &c. the other is for thofe Fowls that were kept in great Numbers near, tho’ not within the Walls of the Villa, as Geefe, Ducks, Peacocks, &c. and in both are Ponds for Fijb. The Plans of fmall Buildings that are in feveral Parts of the Vivarium (except thofe for the Ufe of the forementioned Fowls) are fome de- figned as Pleafure-Floufes, and others for the Ufe of the Keeper, and fuch Servants as were neceffary within the Vivarium, viz. 'Hunters, Fowlers and Fijbermen. On the right Hand of the Avenue, that leads to the Villa Urlana, on the Brow of the fame Hill, and fronting the fame Way, is the Villa Ruftica, containing Conveniencies for Man, Be aft, Fowl, &. c. that were within the Walls of the Villa itfelf, tho’ fomething different from thofe Manners in the former Part of the Work. Oppofite to the Entrance of the Farm-Houfe, and betwixt the Road and River is the Temple of Ceres, mentioned by Pliny, Lib. 9. Ep. 39. and by the fame Meadow wherein the Temple flood is an Ofier Ground, which was near all their Villas. On the Back of the Villa Ruftica is the Fruit Garden or Pomarium, and betwixt the Farm Yard and the Avenue of the Villa Urbana, is the Kitchen Garden; oppofite to which, on the other Side of the Avenue (in a Grove planted and cut regularly) is the Apiary, that was commonly furrounded by flowery Shrubs, and with fmall Streams of Water near it; and oppofite to the Apiary, is the Cochleare furrounded by Water. On the other Side of the Apiary is the Glirarium, fill’d with Trees that bear Mat! or Acorns, as Varro direfts. On that Part of the Plan which is obferv’d by Pliny to be on higher Ground than where the Houfe flood, is an Aquadu'tl ; which may be prefum’d fupplied his Garden and Villa as he mentions, and which after having palfed the Vivarium, and furnilhed all the Offices ix8 REMARKS on of both Villas, enters the Tiber by a Mill that is placed near the Temple of Ceres. The reft of this Plan, that contains Meadows, Vineyards, Woods, plowed Land, &c. will be found on Examination to anfwer Pliny s Defcription: but the whole may be better underftood by the following Index. A. Tufcum, the Villa of Pliny. i. Box cut into Names and other a. The Geftatio, or Place for the Exercife of the Chariot. b. The Ambulatio, or Walk fur¬ rounding the Terraces. c. The Slope, with the Forms of Beafts cut in Box. d. The Xyftus or Terraccbefore the Porticus, and on the Sides of the Houfe. e. The Hippodrome, or Plain fo called, on the North Side of the Houfe. f. Plane Trees on the ftraight Bounds of the Plippodrome. g. Cyprefs Trees on the Semicir¬ cular Bounds of the Hippo¬ drome. h. The Stibadium, and other Buildings in the Garden. B. The Farm Houfe. C. The Vivarium or Park. D. The Kitchen Garden. E. The Orchard. F. The Apiary. Forms. k. The Pratulum or little Meadow in the Garden. l . The Imitation of the natural Face of fome Country, in the Garden. m. The Walk covered with Acan¬ thus or Mofs. n. The Meadows that lay before the Geftatio. o. The Tops of the Hill's covered with aged Trees. p. The Underwood on the Decline of the Hills. q. ' Vineyards below the Underwoods r. Cornfields. f. The River Tyber. t. The Temple of Geres built by Muftius. G. A Place for Snails call'd Coch¬ leare. H. The Glirarium or Place to keep Dormice in. I. An Ofier Ground. K. The Aquseducl. S’113 BE® SIB*® ifif pmaufirS ft ; _ *^< 4 - —H=iz^ r r^’“—— \ ,-Itnmx im ItrlTffili mrTrml 1 t?'tfttttt|" i-Txrrlslixnl. sm, &*&'*£ jr ■ |fT*“r*-r# rV r»'rfr*r*”« rt^rt* rV-<*- -rti-'r^ H-tfva-iVr*- rti-r * 1 r*»i**i Vltej! .„.J "JYTlDSnjL 127 I F in the foregoing Work the Art of building Villas has been ‘reduced to fome Method, my Labours have not been entirely thrown away ; fence all Writings that contain Rules for any Art whatever, be¬ come more or lefs valuable according as thofe Rules are well or ill digeft. ed into order. The Villa of Laurentinum jlxws what the ArchiteB ought to ob- ferve, that would build a pieafant and convenient Houfe on fuch a Si¬ tuation, for a Perfon of Pliny’* Tafie and Quality. In the fecond Part I have endeavour’d to fet forth the feveral Particulars which were ob- ferv’d hy the Ancients in the Choice of Situations, and by fever al Examples to few the Difpofition of every Part about the Villa, but more efpecially thofe belonging to the Farm-houfe and Places built for Profit and the Conveniencies of Cattle, Fowls, &c. In the third Part has been feen the fame ArchiteB which probably built Laurentinum, judicioufly varying the Rules he obferved in that Villa, and adapting than to an Houfe built upon a very different Situation, and for a different Seafon of the Tear, as if he had endeavoured in the Difpo¬ fition of thefe two, to few the Rules neceffary to be obferved in buil¬ ding all Country Houfes of Pleafure. And tho’ the Difference of Cu- floms and Climates makes fome of them feem of little Vfe in a more Nor¬ thern Country i yet to the judicious ArchiteB there are few Parts of either Villa of Pliny, that may not one Time or another be of Service even here, particularly of Laurentinum, That, as has been obferved, being built for a Winter Villa; the Rifings and Settings of the Sun indeed are mark’d in the Plans as proper to the Latitude of thofe Parts of Italy near Rome. Pliny, whofe Villas are the principal SiibjeB of this Work, was (as may appear by his Writings'] a Perfon of excellent Judgment in all the polite Arts, and as he lived under Trajan had an Opportunity of fee¬ ing the Performances of, and advifmg with Apollodorus, one of the greatefi ArchiteBs that any Age produced ; but whether this Artift, or Muftius that was fometimes employ’d by Pliny, or Pliny himfelf de¬ ls. Is figrid 128 fign’d thefe Villas, is not to he determin’d ; hut this is certain, that the Defcriptions of them hy Pliny Jleew that He was perfeSly acquain¬ ted with the whole that was necejfary to he underflood in their Situation and Difpofition. (/. J&Atp 2 fay. INDEX. I N A Canthus, 83. Achilles, 92. ./Eneas, 91. Africus, 21, 41. Altitudine iEftivum, 30. Ambulatio, 41, 83. Amcenitatem Villa:, 9 5. Amnis, 70. Amphithalamus, 7. Andron, 13. Andronicus Cyrrheftes, 73. Anticceton, 8. Antithalamus, 8. Apennini, 8d. Apiarium, 75, 125-. Apicius, 74. Apodyterium, 32, 85:, 107. Apotheca, 9, 41, 6z . Aquilo, 22. Aratus, 92. Arbuftum, 96. Area, 3, 23. Atrium, 3, 23. - ex more veterum, 58, 101. ■-Publicum, 3. Atrienfes, 3, 60. Auguftus, 99. Aulas, 4. Aura:, 30. Aves cohortales, 6 4. Aviarium, 64. Aviarius, 60. B. Bacchus, 76. Baia?, ji. Balnia: Penfiles, 37 - Balnea blattaria, 37. Baptifterium, 8, 34, 108. Bafilica, 123. Bibliotheca, 9. Bonus Eventus, 76. Brundufium, 70. C. Calida Pifcina, 8. Camera?, 7. D E X. Campus Frumentarius, 96. ■-Martius, 73, 99. Carnarium, 53. Caflinum, 70. Catinatio, 120. Cavxdium, 4. •-Difpluviatum, 6 3. Celia Olearia, 53. Vinaria, 73. Pifcinalis, 32. Frigidaria, 8, 32. Tepidaria, 32. Caldaria, 32, 109. Ceres, 76. Chalcis, 58. Chors, 4. Chenobofcion, 68. Circus, 83, 10.3. Cochleare, 74, up Ccecius, 2 6. Ccenatio, 7, 29, 90. -Quotidiana, 29, 10 y. Cceton, 8. Cohors, 66. Comcedi, 123. Comum, 51, 124. Conclavium, 9. Corcyra, 57. Corn. Tacitus, 124. Cortinale, 53, 6z. Corus, 19. Coryceum, 32. Cryptoporticus, 11, 44. Cubiculum, j. -Nodis&Somni, 13, 48. Cubicula Nodurna, 28. Culcita, 72. Culcitra, 72. Culina, 52. Currus, 42. Cypreftes, 72. D. Decor, 23, 29. Dia?ta, 9. Dormitorium, 7, 27, 84. Draco, 3 6. E. Ela?othefium, 32. Ellipfis, 3. Ephebeum, 32. Equilia, 53. Ergaftulum, 5-3, 6 z„ Ergaftularius, 60. Etefia, 30. F. Falere, 71. Falifca, 63. Feneftra:, 4. Flora, 76. Flumen, 70. Fluvius, 70. Fcenile, 54. Frigida Lavatio, 32. Furnus, 53. G. Gallus Cohortalis, 6 4. Gallinarium, 6 4. Garcenum, 58. Geftatio, 10. Glandaria Sylva, 96. Glirarium, 74, 12y. Gnomon, 73. Gratiam Villa:, 20, 49. Guftatorium, 89. Gymnafium, 6 , 2 6. H. Habitaculum, 9. Hebe, 119. Heliocaminus, 12, 47. Hefperus, 72. Hippocrates, 57. Hippodromus, 88. Homerus, 92. Hortenfius, 67. Horologium, 73, 99. Horreum, 9, 41. Hortus irriguus, 96. Hybernaculum, 5. Hypethra: Ambulationes, 102. Hypocauftum, 8, 32. £ • Index. Plumuls, 7-1. Thalamus, 7. L. Plumariorum Tcxtrin®, ft. Thebes, 58. Podium, 72, 84. Theca, 9. Pomarium, 125. Theriotrophium, 67. Porticus, 3. Therms, 6 , 36. Leporarium, 67. Prsfurnium, 33. Tholus, 71. Lignarium, 54. Littoris (patium, 20, 51* Prsnefte, 124. Tiber, ny. Prsfepe, 6^3. Tifernum Tiberinum, Prstorium, 2, 6 1, 66. Topiarii, 60. Pratum, 61, 96. Trimalchio, 120. M. Pratulam, 117* Turdus, 61. Mefauls, 4, 14. Procceton, 7. Turris, 9. Miliarium, 3 6. Procurator, 60. Tufculum, 92, 124. -Aureum, 2. Propnigeon, 8, 33. Tufcum, 92. Minerva, 76. PfeudoUrbana, 2, 61. Tybur, 92, 124. Mifenum, 51. Pulvinus, 83. V. Mollis Acanthus, 83. R. Valvas, y. Munimentis hybernum, 30* Regionis Situm, 95. Valetudinarium, 61. Mufsum, 70. Robigus, 76. Varro, 57. Muftius, 118. S. Vehiculum, 52. N. Salj&um, 96. Scipio Nafica, 73. Venti, 30. Neoffotrophion, 69. Venus, 76. Notarius, 49, 60. Secluforium, <55. Veftibulum, 3, 10, 2: Nubilarium, 64. Sol, 76. Villa, 1, 60. 0. Solarium, 12. Urbana, 1, 60. (Eci, 4. Specularibus, 4. Ruftica, 60. Oletum, 96. Sphsrefterium, 8, 18, no* Frudtuaria, 60. Opportunitatem Loci, 20, 49. Scjuams, 71. Villicus, 60. Ornithon, 70. Stagnum, 70. Villica, 60. Stibadium, 71, 89. Villuls, 1 6, jz. P. Stylobata, 72, 85. Vinea, 96. Palsftra?, 7 - Suggeftum, 72. Vines, 118. Palus, 70. Supernas, 22. Vinius, 70. Pelvis, 34. Sufpenfiis, 7. Virgilius, 92. Peridromidas, 11. Sylva Csdua, 96. Vivarium, 67 , i2y. Peripterium, 3. T. Un&uarium, 8, 33. Periftylia, 3. Tablinum, 101. X. Petronius, 120. Tabulatus, 7. Xyftus, 11, 4y, 83. Pifcina, 35, 8y. Tellus, 76. Z* Pinacotheca, 9, 41. Temperiem Coeli, 95. Zotheca, 13, 47. Plums, 71. Teftudines Alveorum, 35. Zothecula, 90, 122. / i ERRATA. Page'45. for ante Cryptoporticus, read ante Cryptoporticum. Page 85. for delights to the Ear, read delights the Ear. Page 60. for tow, read war. Page 89. for Sipunculis, read Siphunculis. Dele in fome Places one l in the Word Callidus, Page 92; for Indentidm , read Identidem, and for Occulis, read Oddis. I '-SL v-.