THE 
 
 SCHOOL of ARTS; 
 
 OR 
 
 NEW BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Uftful Knowledge. 
 
 CONTAINING, 
 
 The Management and B e ding of Canary Birds. Monthly Obferva- 
 cioos in the Orchard, Kitchen and Flower Gardens. Ob/ervatrons 
 in Htifbandry, in the Manuring, Plowing, Weeding, and Em ich- 
 iug of Land. The V<rmin Kiilet ; teaching how to deitroy 
 Bugs, Lice, Fleas, Mice, Rat<, Moles, Weafels Pole-cats, Badg- 
 ers, Foxes, Otters, Wasps, Worms, Snails, Flies, Moths, Pilmires, 
 Caterpil ars, Spiders, &c. Thofe rare Secrets hew to catch Fifh, 
 and make Bird Lime, 
 
 T vgether with 
 
 A Valuable Colledion of RECEIPTS, 
 
 For the Cure of moft Diforders incident to Horfe and 
 Beafls, with the management of Horfes on Journies, 
 
 By y CUNDALL , late of Brandjby. 
 
 To which is addedy 
 
 The Whole Art of Painting in Oil & Water Colours, 
 
 Gilding with Gold and Silver* The Method of colouring Maps, 
 
 The cuiious Art of Varnifhing and Japanning, with Receipts for 
 making Vatmfh and Japan. 
 
 Toftaln Wood, Horn Bone, Ivofy, Leather. Paper, and Parchment, 
 different Colours. To take Spots out of Si ks, Stuffs, Linen, or 
 Woolen, and many other Things worthy of Note. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 PRINTED AND SOLD 
 
 By ANDREW HAMBLETON, 
 
 (price one shieling.) 
 
r £s this Publication is entered and fold by his 
 Majefty's Authority , fo whoever Pirates it will 
 htprofecuted as the Law direSts, and to pre - 
 vent Impofttion , every Book will be Jigntd op 
 the back of the Title Page, by 
 
 m 
 
( iii ) 
 
 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Cbap> 
 
 i.r\F the management and breeding of Canary 
 ^ Birds l 
 
 2. Monthly Obfervations throughout the year, in 
 
 the kitchen-garden and orchard. . • 9 
 
 3. Obfervations on Hufbandry, in the manuring, 
 
 plowing, weeding, and enriching of land 21 
 
 4. A valuable colleftion of receipts, for the cure o£ 
 
 mdft diforders incident to beafts. .... .... 31 
 
 5. The complete horfe Farrier 40 
 
 6. Rules for buying horfes, and their management 
 
 on journies. 
 
 7. To deftroy bugs, lice, fleas, mice, rats, moles, 
 weafels, caterpillars, polecats, badgers, foxes, 
 otters, wafps, worms, fnails, flies, moths, pif- 
 mires, fpiders, &c ££ 
 
 8. Different Methods of catching fifh. To make 
 
 bird-lime. To catch birds. To keep pigeons. 
 
 To preferve fruit from birds, &c 74 
 
 9. The art of painting with oil colours 79 
 
 10. To make gold and filver fize. To gild with, 
 
 gold and filver on an oily fize. , . . a .... 85 
 
 A 2 11. The 
 
( iv. ) 
 
 ii„ The art of colouring maps, and prints, with 
 water-colours. Direftions for laying metzotinto 
 
 .... 88 
 
 prints on glafs. 
 
 312 . The art of varnifhing and japanning, and making 
 
 mofi kinds of varnilh and japan. . / 93 
 
 jg. Of gilding and burnifhing, with water fize. 103 
 
 14. To dye or ftain wood, ivory, bone, or horn, 
 
 different colours, - - - - » . * *■ to 6 
 
 Of ftaining paper, parchment, and leather, 
 various colours, * 108 
 
 *6, Mifcellaneous curiofmes, being rare fecrets, 
 
 fcaown but to few, and highly profitable. . . T lto 
 
< 5 ) 
 
 THE 
 
 SCHOOL of ARTS; 
 
 fflew Book of ufeful Knowledge * 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The MANAGEMENT and BREEDING of 
 CANARY-BIRDS. 
 
 ANARY BIRDS that are kept tame, will breed three 
 ^ or four times in the year; they ufually begin in April 
 and breed in May and June, though fometimes in July 
 and Auguft : towards the middle of March begin to match 
 your birds, putting one cock and one hen in a fmall cage; 
 and when they have been fo long together that they are 
 perfeflly reconciled and well pleafed with each other, 
 towards the end of March the beginning of April, put 
 them into the breeding-cage for that ufe : let it be full 
 large, fo that the birds may have the more room to fly and 
 exercife themfelves; let there be two boxes in the cage for 
 the hen to build in ; becaufe (he will fometimes hatch a 
 fecond brood before the firft are fit to fly, leaving the care 
 
 of 
 
C 6 ) 
 
 of them to the cock, to feed and bring them up, whilft fhe 
 breeds in the other box ; therefore, if (he has not a fpare 
 box to build in, (he will be apt to make her neft upon the 
 birds (as it fometimes happens) and fmother them, or 
 build fo near, that they will fpoil one another. Whilft 
 your birds are a-pairing feed them with foft meat, egg, 
 bread, mawfecd and alittle fcalded rape-feed, hardly a third 
 part of egg ; this laft and the bread grated line, and fo mix 
 it altogether. When they have young ones give the 
 fame foft vi&uals frefh every day, and let them have frelh 
 greens likewife, fuch as cabbage-lettuce now and then ; 
 but give them more conftantly chickweed with feeds up- 
 on it ; towards June fhepherd’s purfe, in July and Auguft 
 plantain, and before they have young ones give them 
 groundfoil with feed upon it. I would recommend to fuch 
 perfons as breed only a few birds for their diverfion, to 
 ufe very large cages, it being much the bell way ; but 
 thofe who intend to breed a number, (hould prepare a 
 room for that purpofe. 
 
 Let the fituation of it be fuch, that the birds mayenjoy 
 the benefit of the morning fun, which is both delightful 
 and nourifliing ; and let wire inftead of glafs be at the 
 windows, that they may have the advantage of the air, 
 which will add to their health and make them thrive the 
 better ; keep the floor of the room clean, fometimes fift- 
 ing fine dry gravel or fand upon it, and often removing 
 the dung and other foul fluff. You mull take care to fix 
 neft-boxes, and back cages in every convenient corner 
 and place of the room, at leafl twice the number that you 
 have of birds, that they may have the more variety to 
 choofe a lodging to their minds; for fome love to build 
 high, and fome very low ; fome in a light place, and 
 others will choofe a dark place to build in. 
 
 There ought to be two windows in the room, one at 
 each end, and feveral perches at proper diftances, for the 
 birds to fettle upon as they fly backwards and forwards. 
 
 You 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 You may fet likewife a tree in a conven ent part of the 
 foom ; it will divert the birds, and feme of them will 
 like to build in it ; you muft obferve that their neft is fe- 
 cure from falling through, and if in danger, to tie the tree, 
 clofer to prevent it, and they will hatch there as well as 
 in any other place. Remember not to put too many 
 birds together ; eight or ten pairs are enough for a mid- 
 dling room : When yonr birds are firft paired, as directed 
 befor e, turn them into the room, where they will live, as 
 it were, a conjugal life ; and notwithftanding there are 
 feveral male and female birds in the fame room, one cock 
 and one hen, as they firft coupled together, will keep 
 conftant to each other, and both concur and aflift in fit- 
 ting and feeding their young ; for the cock-bird takes his 
 turn in building the neft, fitting upon the eggs, and feed- 
 ing the young, as well as the hen. 
 
 Of their NESTS, and how to order 
 their Young. 
 
 You muft furnifh the birds with fluff for making their 
 nefts, fuch as fine hay, wool, cotton, and hair ; let thefe 
 materials be thoroughly dry ; then mix and tie them up 
 together in a net, or fome fuch thing, fo that the birds 
 may eafily pull it out as they want it, and let it be hung 
 in a proper place in the room for that purpofe. 
 
 They build a pretty neft, about which they will fome- 
 times be fo induftrious, as to begin and finifh it in one 
 day, though they are general ly two or three days in making 
 their neft ; the hen lays commonly four or five eggs, and 
 fits fourteen days. 
 
 When the young are hatched, leave them to the care 
 of the old ones to nurfe and bring them up, till they can 
 fly and feed themfelves. The hen, as I faid before, by 
 reafon of their ranknefs in being kept together, and pro, 
 vided with all things neceffary at hand, without any trou- 
 ble in feeking their food; &c« wilt fometimes build and 
 
 hatch 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 hatch again before the firft can fhift for themfelves ; the 
 care of which (he transfers to the cock-bird, who will feed 
 and nurfe them himfelf, fupplying the part of both parents, 
 while fhe attends and brings* on her new progeny : But 
 it is not fo with thofe birds that live at large in the fields ; 
 they obferve their feafon for breeding, and after they have 
 hatched, company with the brood till their young are 
 gr^wn up, and able to provide for themfelves. 
 
 When the young Canary-birds can feed themfelves, 
 take them from the old ones ; and if they are fiying about 
 the room, to catch them, bring a fpare cage with fome 
 f >ft viftuals in it, taking the other meat that is in the room 
 away, and placing the cage there in its {lead, with the 
 door opened and a ftrii*y fattened thereto ; then ftahd at a 
 diftance, and the old ones will prefently, for the fake of 
 the meat, intice the young ones into the cage ; then pull 
 the firing, and fhut in as many as you can, arid cage 
 them. 
 
 Let their meat be the yoke of an egg hard boiled, with 
 as much of the beft bread, and a little fcalded rape-feed ; 
 when it is boiled foft, bruife the feed fine, and put a little 
 Biaw feed amongft it, and mix it all together, and give 
 them a fufficient quantity frefh every day ; never let it be 
 Sale or four : Befides this, give them a little fcalded rape- 
 feed and Canary by itfelf. 
 
 You may keep them to this diet till they have done 
 moulting, and afterwards feed them as you do the old 
 ones taking away their foft meat, unlefs at any time they 
 are fick, then continue it. 
 
 CHAP. IL 
 
 hull 
 
i 9 ) 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Monthly Obfervations throughout the Year. 
 
 What is to be done in the Orchard, Kitchen-Garden, 
 and Flower-Garden. 
 
 JANUARY’S Obfervations, 
 
 I N your orchard this month, lay bate the roots of 
 fruit-trees in open weather, nourifti them with good 
 rotten foil ; prune thofe trees that are to (tend, and 
 tranfplant the younger; prune and rtail up wall-fruit ; 
 now cut the vines clofe, mofs the trees that are encum* 
 bered, with a copper fcraping iron ; gather cions and 
 grafts, and turn your dunged ground. 
 
 In the kitchen garden lay heaps of good mould, mixed 
 with dung, to rot againft fpring, for your ufe ; and if 
 the weather be open, fet early peas and beans; fow the 
 feeds of radifh, fpinage, charvil, lettice, corn-fallad, and 
 make up your hot-beds to fet things in, that are to be 
 forced and come out of their natural feafon. 
 
 In the flower-garden ; now is the time to preferve the 
 July flowers and ariculas from fnow and over-much wet, 
 by lying the pots or boxes, on one fide they are planted 
 in, fupport mat coverings over them on hoops, arch- 
 wife, about a foot from them ; yet, if the fun (bine 
 clear, once a week air them, by opening in the middle 
 of the day ; but by no means forget to cover them again 
 3$ foon as the fun be much declined ; and now and then 
 Joofen the mould, and fcatter frefh mould, mixed with a 
 liule dung on the top. 
 
 FEBRUARY’S Obfervations. 
 
 £n this month, take care to cover the roots of your 
 fruit-trees that were laid open the month before ; plant, 
 if weather be open, and towards the latter end of 
 
 B the 
 
( «o ) 
 
 the month, graft pears, apples, plumbs, cherries, and 
 cleanfe the trees of defefts left undone in the laft 
 month, 4 
 
 In the kitchen -garden continue to fow and fet beans 
 and peafe, radifhes, parfnips, afparagus ; remove cabbage 
 plants and potatoes, Jerusalem artichoaks, winter early 
 colliflowers ; fow parfley, fpinage, and other pot-herbs 
 that will endure the weather; raife hot-beds for mufk- 
 mellons and cucumbers, &c. fow the feeds in them at 
 full moon, fleeping them in a little warm milk, you may 
 put thee feeds in a hole, cov$r them till they come above 
 ground, then air them as the fun is favourable, but cover 
 them at other times. 
 
 In the flower-garden, fow in mellow earth, aricula 
 feeds in pots, but not two thick ; keep your choiceft 
 flowers in pots or cafes warm, with titled coverings; 
 the weather being open, this month you may plant early 
 anemonies; fow choice feeds in worm yellow mould, 
 and keep every thing as much as may be, from too much 
 wet and cutting fharp air. 
 
 MARCH’S Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard proceed to graft choice fruits, as nec- 
 tarines, apricots, wall-plumbs, peaches, and the like; 
 raife the earth about the roots of choice trees ; lay lay- 
 ers of young fprouts, cntting them underneath, that they 
 may take root ; enrich the earth you lay them in, that 
 they may do it very foon ; flake and bind up the weak 
 fhrubs and plants, that are apt to be much fhaken and 
 loofened by the wind. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden fet flips of fage, rofemary, la- 
 vender, and thyme ; fow leeks, radifh, endive, fuccory, 
 parfnips, beets, fkirrets, forrel, parfley, buglofs, burrage, 
 charvil, lettice, onion, garlick, purflain, peafe, carrots, 
 turnips, cabbage, marjorum, creffes, fennel, firing flraw- 
 berry-beds ; place glaffes over your melons and cucum- 
 ber plants, till your remove them from the hot beds ; 
 tranfphm mediciaal herbs. 
 
( II ) 
 
 in the flower-garden, fow fweet william, ariculas, 
 wall-flowers, flock gilliflowers, candy tufts, venus look* 
 ing glafs, French honey-fuckles, cowflips and primrofe 
 feeds, lark-heels, campions, lichins, campannula, Indian 
 fcabious, pink or gilliflower feed, &c. and in your hot 
 beds, French marygolds, amaranth, Naflurtium Indicum, 
 Mirabilia Peruviana, the^fenfible humble plant, &c. 
 Tranfplant gilliflowers and ariculas, if the weather be 
 favourable, weed after a gentle fhower; earth upon unrc* 
 mov’d gilliflowers and nriculas. 
 
 A P R I L’s Obfervaiions. 
 
 In the orchard cut cions for grafts ; take fuccory from 
 the roots of grown trees, earth-up the roots pretty high, 
 fmoak your orchard in the evening with wet hay or 
 draw, fcattering pitch or brim done on it, to prevent in* 
 fe6ls biting of the tender buds, and morning frofts from 
 nipping them. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden fow hyfTop, marjoram, bad!, 
 thyme, lettuce, fcurvy-grafs, winter favory ; flip fhrubs 
 after a fhower; fow radifh, marigolds, carnations, &c. 
 flip artichoaks, lavender, thyme, rofemary; fet French 
 beans, and remove tender fhrubs. 
 
 In the flower-garden, now the feafon requires you to 
 ply your talk to the purpofe ; continue hot-beds for exo- 
 ticks, that without them cannot be brought to perfection, 
 and remove not into the air, till the common earth can 
 give them a fufficient warmth ; take out Indian tuberofes 
 and divide their off-fets from them, but beware in doing 
 it, you break not the phangs ; put them in natural rich 
 earth in pots, fo plung your pots in a bed, moderate 
 warm, but water them not till they fpring up in dry 
 weather, when they are well fprung up, water them free- 
 ly, and blowing in Augufl, they will produce a curious 
 flower ; fhade your befl tulips from too much heat of 
 the fun, as alfo your feedling ariculas, or the latter will 
 go near to die ; if any of them be ftripped, remove them 
 from the reft, left they infefl them, and make them 
 change their natural colours, and this 'month continue 
 weeding. B 2 MAY'S 
 
C *4 ) 
 
 MAY"s Obfervatiom, 
 
 In your orchard now begin to inoculate, as you find 
 your buds prompt and ready, which take off the middle 
 fprout* fmoak your orchard ftill as before ; for now flies 
 and caterpillars are much abroad. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden, thill your fallading and other 
 herds, that what remains may grow more kindly, and 
 nourifh better ; leave the ftrawberry bedfc, that the flow - 1 
 ers and knitberries may have the better benefit of the 
 fun; ftrew lime and pot afhes to deftroy infefts in the 
 partitions, alleys, or fides of the beds or furrows. 
 
 In the flower-garden, tranfplant Flos Africanus, Ama- 
 ranthus, Nafturtium Indicum, Mirabilia Peruviana, and 
 fbch like choice flowers ; gather the feeds of anemonies 
 as the dew rifes, left it be loft by the winds blowing it a* 
 Way; fow hot aromatick herbs, plant ftock gillifiowers 
 in beds, and fuffer not weeds to feed. Let your muca! 
 ftraw fmoke through your orchard, when the wind is 
 eaflerly* or N. £. hinder blights, and kills vermin, 
 
 JUNE’S Obfervation. 
 
 In the orchard, inoculate apricots, ne&arines, peaches, 
 cherries, apples, plumbs, pears, and gather fuch fruits 
 as the feafon produces, for drying, candying or preferving, 
 and for the prefent ufe of your table. 
 
 In the kitchemgarden, gather fuch herbs as you woulct 
 keep dry for ufe all the year, in the full of the moon, 
 when the fun. has dried the wet from them ; fow lettice, 
 Pharvil, radifli, diftil aromalie plants, water well after 
 ftm-fet. 
 
 In the flower-garden, tranfplant autumnal cycla- 
 men.; gather the ripe feeds of choice flow ers ; inoculate 
 jeflamine, rofes, and rofe-fhrubs; take up anemonies, 
 ranunculas and tulip roots, fo keeping them in dry boxes 
 or Fand, that they do not mould or rot, till you may 
 replant them ; lay July flowers, which will in fix weeks 
 Itnke root, fo that you may tranfplant them into light 
 
 loaipy 
 
C 13 ) 
 
 loamy 4 earth, mixed with good rotten foil, and in win- 
 ter, to fave room preferve them from too much wei ; and 
 what good gilliflowers are now blown, preferve them 
 from feed, fnffering them to have but a few layer*, 
 fo the pods will be filled with the fairer feed; take not 
 feed from thofe that break their pod, and e'er you gather 
 it, obferve the fun has well ripened it. 
 
 JULY’S Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard, water your plants and layer* of tree*, 
 prune peaches and apricots, leaving the malt proper 
 (hoots for bearing, fo that they may commodioufly fpread 
 on the Wall ; flop the luxuriant branches of vines, at the 
 fecond joint above the fruit. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden, fet fweefc herbs you would 
 have run to feed; fow lettice, radifli, charvil, and other 
 fallads, that may recruit the flock that is wafted. 
 
 In the flower-garden, flip flocks and other woody 
 plants and flowers; lay myrtles, jeflamines, and other 
 greens, and make trial of orange trees, for if they take 
 they will certainly he more during, and lefs fubjeft to 
 be hurt by cold ; lay gilliflowers. that were not ready for 
 it before, and cut of withered ftalks or flowers ; clip 
 box, if out of order ; fow anenomy feeds in fine lifted 
 rich earth, in beds or boxes; take up early autumnal 
 cyclamens, and as foon as may be, replant them in fit 
 foil ; gather early cyclamen feeds, and prefently fow it 
 in pots 5 the end of this month fift your ofLfet beds of 
 tulips; as alfo for anemonies, ranunculas, &c. fo that 
 they be well prepared for replanting with fuch things 
 as you have ready in pots, or to fet in natural ground 
 till the next feafon ; as Mirabilia Peruviana, Nafturtium 
 Indicum, and obferve, that every thing in your garden be 
 well cleanfed and ordered. 
 
 A U G U S T*$ Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard, take away branches that are incum- 
 bering or fuperfluous ; prune fuckers* and i£ you inocu- 
 late in this month, let it be early. In 
 
C *4 ) 
 
 / In the kitchen-garden, fow colliflowers and cabbage* 
 for winter; plant alfo marigolds, corn-fallad, lertice, 
 parfnips, carrots, onions, fpinage, angelica, curled endive, 
 fcurvy-grafs, columbines, lark-heels, iron-coloured fox- 
 gloves, holihocks, and the like; tranfplant lettice for win- 
 ter ftore ; take up full grown onions, garlic, &c. gather 
 yot-herbs for keeping all winter, and to preferve others 
 growing; clip them about a handful high before the full 
 moon; fow charvil and purflain, and gather the ripe feeds, 
 berries, or lhrubs, 
 
 In the flower-garden, tranfplant bulbs or lillies, and 
 other bulbous roots that are to remain in the ground: 
 and now you may fecurely remove, lay perennial greens, 
 and new earth auaicula pots ; tranfplant and divide their 
 roots into a light, rich earth ; do the like by oxlips and 
 choice primrofes ; alfo campions or linchins, carcidoni- 
 ces ; tranfplant feedling anemonies ; fet fpider-wort, col- 
 chicums and frittilaries, and begin to make up your gar- 
 den for the winter. 
 
 SEPTEMBERS Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard in dry weather, begin to gather ripe 
 winter fruit, do it not till the fun has exhaled the moif- 
 ture, for if fo, they will fpeck and rot ; have a dry loft to 
 lay them in, in wheat-flraw or fhavings ; pinch them riot 
 in gathering, for that rots them. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden you may continue to fow radilh, 
 fpinage, lettice, and winter herbs ; tranfplant mod herbs 
 proper lor eating or medicines ; alfo afparagus roots, 
 ft^awberries andd artichoaks: clear your alleys and turn 
 up vacant grounds. 
 
 In the flower-garden, take care of the choice plants and 
 flowers, and cover fuch, as you remove not into the con- 
 fervatory before the end of the month, if the weather 
 come fharp, and thus preferve your Marum Syriacum, 
 Ciftus, No£te Olens Germanicum, Flos Cardinalis: choice 
 ranunculas, feedling arbitus, anemonies ; the covering of 
 mat or canvafs, being warm and clofe, but archwife a foot 
 
 above 
 
( *5 ) 
 
 above them,, not to prefs or injure them ; place them if 
 in pots or cafes, againft a fouth wall, and let them ftand 
 fometimes airing in the middle of the day, when the fun 
 fhines, till April; this month plant tulips and all bulbous 
 roots that are not very choice, but the choiceft referve to 
 the end of the next month ; fow auriculas, crocus, cow- 
 flips, primrofe feeds, and fcatter a little unflacked lime or 
 powder of brimftone among the moulds, to prevent in- 
 fers dellroying the feed. 
 
 OCTOBER’S Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard, this month prune what is wanting, 
 loofing the earth about the roots of trees, the better to 
 enable them againft the cold ; plant and tranfplant fuch 
 trees as have their leaves fallen off, alfo tranfplant wall- 
 trees that are of two years grafting or more ; at the end 
 of this month, you may lay bare the roots of old unthriv- 
 ing trees, or fuch as bloom over haftily, or have their 
 fruit dry ; the belt time is in the moon’s decreafing ; 
 fow cions before gathered and kept in fand till now ; fet 
 them three inches deep, the fharp ends uppermoft ; co- 
 ver them with fern or ftarw, againft the cold blafts, but in 
 the fpring remove it. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden, fow ftill winter fallads and 
 roots ; dig and trench the grounds, laying it light in the 
 ridges, that the froft may mellow it; prepare dung for 
 the trenches, to mix with the mould in the fpring, and 
 trench your alleys for the rain or fnow water to-pafs away, 
 that it may not lie fobbing to cauie fterility in the earth. 
 
 In the flower-garden, fet fuch choice tulips as are not 
 yet difpofed of; fow all their feeds; plant anemonies 
 and auriculas in prepared earth ; and as foon as they ap- 
 pear above ground, cover them from the frofts, or they 
 die; remove the choiceft gilliflowers, where they may 
 be (heltered from the wet and ftiarp winds ; trim them 
 up with frefh mould, and cover fuch as cannot be remov- 
 ed, left the fnow deftroy them. r 
 
 NOVEMBER’S 
 
( i6 ) 
 
 NOVEMBER’* Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard, be careful to fupply your nurfery with 
 flocks for grafting ; lay bare the roots of old fruk 
 trees, and lay warm dung about them ; mofs and prune 
 them. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden, turn up the melon and cucum- 
 ber ground, mixed with dung; lay the mould in ridges, 
 that it may mellow againft the fpring ; trench and fit up 
 your ground defigned for artichoaks, crop afparagus, and 
 cover it well with dung or wet litter,, and prepare your 
 beds to plant it in the fpring; fow and fet early peafe and 
 beans. 
 
 In the flower-garden, cover peeping ranunculas, and 
 fow auricula feeds ; plant fiberous roots ; as aletia fruteX 
 rofes, fyringas lilax, & c. And fee that no tender roots, 
 that cannot be conveniently removed, be uncovered. 
 
 DECEMBER’S Obfervations. 
 
 In the orchard, plant vines and flocks for grafting; 
 prune trees that are well grown, and ftandards ; alfo wall 
 trees bearing fruit. 
 
 In the kitchen-garden, you may yet continue to fet or 
 fow early peafe or beans ; trench ground, and dung it, 
 that fo you may make commodious borders in the fpring; 
 you may now, if the wrat-her be open, tranfplant young 
 iruit trees, fucb as be hardy, but not thofe that are too 
 much fubjeft to be pierced by the cold winds. 
 
 Jn the flower-garden, take care that your antmony, ra- 
 nunculas and gilliflowers, that are choice, be not expofed 
 to the wet, Iharp winds, or nipping frofts ; but if the 
 weather be open, fet the beft ranunculas in a bed of old 
 rotten thatch or ftraw, which having been mixed with 
 choke mould that is rotted, and near turned to earth, with 
 good mould above and below them ; fet in a rich loamy 
 mould the beft anemonies ; let it be finely fifted through 
 a wire fieve, and this done, you will have time to refrefh 
 yourfelf, and, for a while, rell from your labour, to enjoy 
 m due feafon the profit and pleafure of i t, Some 
 
( ty ) 
 
 Sorrte ufeful Observations relating to Gardemfig, 
 
 Gardens are feldom remote or by themfelves, but near 
 dwelling.houfes, and the fituatiori thereof ought to be in 
 a free and open air to the eaft and fouth, but the fouth 
 eaft is beft, and the north defended by tall trees, by the 
 houfe, or indeed by both, which is better than hills, for 
 hills to trees are not fo good, becaufe they give too great 
 a reflexion of heat in fummer, and likewise hinder the 
 cool, ferene air that often come from thence. Tall trees 
 break the wind and fierce air, that in fpring and fummer 
 damage the mod delicate plants and flowers, affording 
 mod pleafant fweet air and fhade in hot weather. 
 
 As to your ground, the quality thereof ought to be 
 enquired into: and it is a great happinefs to enjoy good 
 ground, for it will yield more than that which is mended 
 at great coft and charge. The quality of your ground is 
 to be regarded, as whether it be foft or flrong, light, dry, 
 or moifl ; and how to chufe proper trees to plant it with- 
 al, alfo what fort is proper to mend thofe that grow on 
 dry, warm ground, and make them bear the beft forts of 
 fruit. Thofe that grow on moift ground produce large 
 fruit, tho’ not fo pleafant or well tailed as the former; as 
 you may obferve in wet or dry years. All land proper 
 for wheat, barley, rye, beans, peas, & c. are kindly for or- 
 chards; the moft improper is extreme hot and dry fands; 
 and on the contrary, grounds that are very wet and cold. 
 
 In ground that is moift, don’t dig your holes too deep, 
 but heighten your ground, and be carefu'f before you plant 
 your trees, that you cut the roots that fhoot down, more 
 efpecially the pin roots ; or elfe you muft put bufhes un- 
 derneath, that the water fhoot off, and the root ftrikes not 
 too deep in the cold earth. The upper ground is always 
 the beft, for what is deep in the ground has not felt the 
 heat of the fun, nor received the fweet moifture of rain 
 or dew. 
 
 C 
 
 That 
 
< «8 ) 
 
 That an Orchard may always bear Fruit plentifully- 
 
 To do this, you muft obferve when there is aneafterly 
 or north-eafterly red wind, for that is always accounted a 
 blighting one ; if you live near heathy ground, then in 
 fummer dry 4 or 500 turfs, but if not, take three or four 
 armfuls of ftraw, hay, or fern, not too wet nor dry, and 
 obferve which way the wind blows in your orchard, where 
 laying an armful of mucky ftraw in divers places accord- 
 ing to the bignefs of your orchard, get fome dry fluks 
 light them, and put them under your ftraw ; when kind- 
 led is will fmoke and fmother, and the wind will carry it 
 over the whole orchard. This continue till the wind 
 turns about* wefterly, and it certainly kills caterpillars, 
 flies and vermin that blighting winds bring; other winds 
 do no harm ; obferve but this, and you will have plenty 
 in the worft of years ; and this way you may preferve 
 your wall fruit from frofts. 
 
 If you cover cherries, plumbs, or other fruit-trees, with 
 rough canvas, or other cloth in fummer, and wet the 
 cloth often, it will keep the fruit back a long time, that 
 you may have it when others are gone. 
 
 As for feeds and roots, and all other matters requifite 
 to be known, I refer you to perufe the Gardiner’s Pocket- 
 Book, fold by moll of the Bookfellers, price fix-pence. 
 
 The mifcarriages and difappointments that are met 
 with in planting, proceed, firft, from want of knowledge 
 which are the beft and properefl forts of plants for fruit, 
 and often ufing the worft. Secondly, for want of their 
 being well ordered and managed after they are planted. 
 Thirdly, fome feafons have of late proved bad, and fpoiled 
 fruits, though the greateft care and fkill have been made 
 ufe of. 
 
 To remedy thefe inconveniences, endeavour to find 
 out fuch gardeners as will deal faithfully by you, and fuch 
 as have judgment to know the vaft difference of fruit, for 
 there are feveral forts of fruit, which fome call by one 
 
 name 
 
( *9 ) 
 
 name, and fome by another ; and miftakes of this kini 
 often caufe quite a difference for to be fet ; not proper 
 for your puipofe, being neither proper for your foil no* 
 expofure, and feldom or never come to maturity; nay, 
 tho* you have the bell, if the foil and expofure be not 
 proper, they may grow, but will not arrive v at that per* 
 fe&ion or maturity which thofe do that are fown or plant* 
 . ed in a proper and agreeable foil ; therefore let your 
 gardener be acquainted with the afpeft of the wall you 
 defign to plant againft, as alfo the height and extent of it, 
 and what fort of earth it ftands on, whether hot and dry, 
 or cold and moift, that he may regulate and furnilh the 
 whole plantation with trees proper and neceffary. 
 
 The well ordering and managing of trees to be chiefly 
 regarded ; for if you plant againft an old wall, where 
 other trees have died the year before, and put them in 
 juft where the other were ; it is great odds but your ex- 
 pectation is fruftrated. Or if it be a new wall, if the 
 earth it is fet in be not good and proper, tho’ you fill up 
 your boarders with good earth, it will return back n, 
 and fo your fruit will be fmall, and have little tafte or 
 goodnefs. Therefore ufe a proper depth and width, with 
 good earth, and let your fruit trees be carefully planted 
 and headed in their proper times and feafons, and like- 
 wife watered in lummer, with the borders cleared from 
 weeds ; let nothing be fown by them, as beans, peas, &c, 
 nor yet any flowers, for all thefe fuck away the nourifh- 
 ment of them ; and be fure let all your fruit trees be well 
 pruned, and the fruit carefully picked and looked after, 
 or you will never obtain what you expeCL 
 
 As to the feafons ; when you have ufed all your en- 
 deavours to plant and graft according to the nature of 
 your ground, the various feafons (either too much rain 
 or too much cold) give a quite different turn to your fruit; 
 fometimes it will prove fmall, fometimes watery, and of 
 little or no value ; nay, you would fcarce believe the fame 
 trees could produce fuch different fruit: therefore, if when 
 you have ufed the propef means, your expectation is 
 fruftrated, what muft be the fate of thofe who are care- 
 
 C 2 lefs 
 
C ao ) 
 
 lefs, and perhaps plant pears, apricots, peaches, &c. not 
 regarding the feveral afpefts againft the wall which is re- 
 quired ; as, when they Ihould plant againft a fouth, they 
 do it againft a north or north-eaft wall, &c. Likewife 
 obferve in trees you are to plant againft a wall, you do 
 "not plant them for dwarfs, for then they will not come to 
 'their due perfection. 
 
 Great allowances muft be made for the ficklenefs of 
 the feafons, the diverfity of foils and climates which are 
 almoft numberlefs, and to the nature of the tree and flock, 
 and to the way that trees grow to the greateft perfection; 
 thefe are things that require mature confideration, and £ 
 quick apprehenfion, to balance the opinions of proper 
 judges. 
 
 It is a great matter to know the nature of the feveral 
 foils, their infirmities, and their proper remedies, wi;h the 
 application requiied to invigorate exhaufted mould, fwee- 
 ten the foul and tainted, reduce the four, harlh, flub bom, 
 dry and over moift and diliated earth to its genuine temper 
 and conflitution ; and what fituations and afpefts are moft 
 proper for the feveral forts of dwarf, ftandard, and other 
 fruit-trees. 
 
 The requifiie qualifications of a good gardener are fuch 
 as thefe, via. He fhould be a middle-aged man, vigorous 
 and aftive, one of experience and a large capacity, dili- 
 gent, honeft, and good-natured, which are qualifications 
 neeelfary for every perfon. 
 
 As for the expofure of gardens, if they be of a ftrong 
 earth that is cold, to be expofed to the fouth is beft ; if 
 light and hot, then the eaft is counted beft ; the northern 
 afpeft in England is bell for baking fruit; the eaftern ex- 
 pofure is fubjeft to the north-eaft wind, which withers the 
 leaves and new {hoots ; befides« eaftern wall -fruit have 
 little benefit of the rain, which generally comes from the 
 welt ; and as the eaftern expofure is fubjeft to north-eaft 
 Winds, fo the weftern fuffers by north-well winds in fpring; 
 mi the fruit in autumn is often blown by them ; and as all 
 
 exposures 
 
C 41 ) 
 
 expofures have their advantages and difadvantages, it re- 
 quires fome confiderable prudence and fkill to prevent 
 the latter. 
 
 As to the weather; in fcorehing hot weather, (fays 
 Pliny) to burn Cray fi(h, i. e. water crabs, in feveral parts 
 of your garden, under your vines, is a good remedy. 
 
 To prefer ve young Trees, from being peeled by 
 Hares, Rabits, or other Animals. 
 
 Take tar, which mix with any kind of greafe, and 
 boil it over the fire, fo as both may incorporate, then 
 with a brufli daub over the (lem of the tree as high as 
 they can reach; do this in November, and it will fecur$ 
 the trees for the whole year, it being the winter time only 
 when they feed on the bark. 
 
 For Frofts in a Garden. 
 
 Smoke ox or goats dung forthwith in your garden* 
 or chaff. 
 
 CHAP, III. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS in HUSBANDRY. 
 
 The experienced Hufbandman; (hewing how to manure, 
 plow, weed, &e. 
 
 H AVING already treated of gardening, and direfled 
 the gardener how to order matters for every month 
 in the year, I now come in the next place to direft the 
 hufbandman in the management of thofe affairs that are 
 properly under his cognizance. r 
 
 - The firft point of hufbandry is, to prepare the ground ; 
 the fecond to plough it well; the third to dung it well. 
 The ways of doing this are divers, according to the na- 
 ture 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 ture of every foil and country. Only take notice, that 
 all great fields are tilled with the plough and ihear^ but 
 the lefTer with the fpade. 
 
 The feafon of the year, and the weather alfo is to 
 be obferved in the ploughing of the ground : you mull 
 not plough in wet ground ; nor yet after very little rain; 
 that is, if after a great draught, a little rain falls which 
 has not gone deep, but only wet the upper part: for the 
 ground ought to be thoroughly mellowed, but not too 
 wet, for if it be too wet, you can expeft but little bene- 
 fit that year : you muft therefore obferve that the feafon 
 be neither too dry nor too wet \ for much drynefs will 
 hinder it from working well ; becaufe either the hardnefs 
 of the earth will refift the plough, or if it fhould enter, 
 yet it will never break the clods {mall enough, which 
 will be hurtful tp the next plowing. But if your firft 
 plowing has been in a dry feafon, it will be neceffary 
 to have fome moiflure in your fecond ftirring, which will 
 alfo make your labour the more eafy. When the ground is 
 rich and wet withal, it is to be ftirred when the weeds 
 are full grown, and have their feeds in the top, which 
 being ploughed fo thick, that you can fee where the 
 coulter hath gone, utterly kills and deftroys them ; be- 
 fides, through many ftirrings your fallow is brought to 
 fo fine a mould, that it will need very little harrowing 
 when you fow it. And feeing fo much depends upon 
 the well ploughing of the ground, the hufbandman muft 
 try whether his ground be well ploughed or not ; for 
 otherwife the balks being covered with mould, he may 
 eafily be deceived ; to be certain therefore let him thruft 
 down a rod into the furrow, and if it pierce alike in 
 every place, ’tis a fign the ground is well ploughed, but 
 if it be (hallow in one place, and deep in another, the 
 ploughing is faulty. If you are to plough upon a bill, 
 you muft not plough up and down but over-thwart, for fo 
 the inconvenient fteepnefs is to be avoided, and the la- 
 bour of men and cattle made more eafy. But then you 
 jnuft be careful not to plough always one way, but fome 
 times higher and fometimes lower, working a flope as 
 you fee needful. As 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 As to the feafon of ploughing, it muft be chiefly in the 
 fpring, the ground being in the fummer too hard, and 
 in the winter too dirty; but in the fpring, the ground be- 
 ing mellowed is the moll eafy to be wrought upon ; and 
 the weeds are then turned in, and being plucked up 
 by the roots before tlv>y are feeded, will not fpring again 
 but help to enrich the ground. And therefore the mid- 
 dle of March is ufually the befl time to begin ploughing, 
 — But yet if the ground be light and fandy, it may be 
 ploughed in the winter, if the weather will permit. A 
 {lender and level ground, fubjeft to water, fhould be firft 
 ploughed in the end of Auguff , and ftirred up again in Sep- 
 tember, and prepared for fowing about the middle of 
 March. The light hilly ground is broke up about the 
 middle of September, for if it be broken up before, it 
 may be burnt up by the Sun, and have no goodnefs re- 
 maining in it, being barren and without juice. But this 
 fhall fuffice to be fpoken of breaking up the ground. 
 
 Now if your ground be barren and cold, producing 
 fiore of weeds or rufhes, to bring to a moderate heat, and 
 fo make it fruitful, let it be manured with lime. And 
 when you have fanded your ground and backed it, make 
 your lime fmall, and on every acre bellow thirty or forty 
 bufhels of lime, fpreadingrit, and mixing it with earth 
 and fand very well ; and the flronger and fharper the 
 lime is, the better the earth will be, and you will find 
 your improvement anfwer your labour. And here note, 
 it is no matter what colour your limeftones are, whether 
 white or grey, fo that they be but {harp and Itrong in 
 quality, to give a good tinfture to the earth, it being the 
 flrength and goodnefs of the lime, and not its beauty, 
 that produces the profit. It is a great helper to a cold, 
 clayey, wet ground. Such grounds are alfo very much 
 helped by laying dung, or any foil that is fattening, either 
 of cattle, or fuch as is caft out of pond-lakes, or mud- 
 dy ditches, for barren and hot earth can never be over- 
 laid with good manure, or compoft, for that warms the 
 earth, and it is the want of warmth makes it unfruitful. 
 
 As 
 
( 2 + ) 
 
 As for the hacking and fanding before fnefctiofted, the 
 firft is, after the ground has been turned up with the 
 plough, to go over it with a long hoe, or hack, and cut m 
 pieces, the grafs which you fee turned up with the ridges 
 or furrows, or any uneven lumps, that it may he dragged 
 away, burnt, or carried together with the weeds, not to 
 grow up : gain to encumber the corn. And fanding it, 
 to bring loads of fand, and lay them in convenient place*, 
 fpreading them lightly, or thick, as you fee occafion over 
 the ground, that the lime mixing with it, may the better 
 imbody with the mould, and foak in with the rain, to thfe 
 heartening the ground, and producing a good crop. 
 
 But befides what I have already mentioned, there are fe- 
 veral other ways of manuring land; I will mention fome 
 of them *or the hufbandman’s better information. But 
 here it will not be amifs to take notice, that what will do 
 well. for one fort of land, will not do at all for another; 
 and therefore in manuring of land, regard mull be had to 
 the nature of it ; as for example, for a barren clayed 
 ground, lime and fand is excellent to manure it with, for 
 ia barren fandy ground, good marie is much more proper. 
 If it be afked what this marie is, I anfwer, it is a rich cliff 
 Caly, an enemy to all weeds that fpring up themfelves, and 
 gives a generative virtue to all feeds that are fown in the 
 jground, it is of a glewy fubftance, in quality cold and dry, 
 and was earth before it was marie, and being turned into 
 marie, it is nothing but a rich clay of diverfe colours, ac- 
 cording to the ftrength of the fun, and climate where it is 
 produced. This is fo good a manure, that well laid on, 
 it will enrich the barreneft ground for ten years, and fome 
 for thirty. To find it take an auger whirable, made to 
 hold many bits, one longer than another, till you have 
 tried, by drawing the earth into one place, then proceed. 
 The moft proper places are in the loweft part of high coun- 
 tries, near the brooks and lakes, and in the high parts of 
 low countries, upon the knowls or little hills, and in the 
 clefts of fteep banks, or branches in hills opening them- 
 felves ; in fome places it lies deep, in others fhallow, and 
 
 commonly 
 
< 25 ) 
 
 commonly barren Tandy grounds are verged with it,1yin|J 
 very deep. Having found it ? dig it up in great lumps* 
 and lay in heaps a yard diftance one from the other, and 
 when it is dried, fpread all the heaps j many mix the marie 
 with the fand. But becaufe this is not To eafy to come b A 
 I will fpeak of others more general, that will enrich any 
 poor fand, or clay for grain, with left trouble and cull 
 than before. 
 
 Woollen rags are very profitable for manuring and eq- 
 niching of land, a fackful and a hall being fufficient tor 
 dreffing an acre of arable ground. The way ot ufing theqi 
 is to chop them very final], and fpread them an equal 
 thicknefs over the land before the fallowing time, and 
 then coming to fallow^ let the plough take ’em parefully 
 into the ground, and cover them. 
 
 Shavings, or wafte horns, or hoofs of beafts, are very 
 good to manure land withal ; fcatter the fhavings in the 
 fame manner. Thefe will keep the ground good, in like 
 quantity as the rags, and plough ’em in after eat for five 
 years together, without any renewing. The hoofs of cat# 
 ■tie are approved for this, and may be had of trotter and 
 tripemen, &c. and mull be ufed as the rags and lhavings* 
 Soap allies, when the lye has been drained from them is of 
 excellent ufe in this cafe, and has befides the property of 
 killing weeds and infefts that breed in the ground, and eat 
 up the corn. The hair of beafts enriches land, being 
 llrewed and ploughed in, and there let lie to rot. Alfo 
 malt dull is much available to this purpofe, allowing three 
 quarters of it to an acre. And to enrich your dung on *bc 
 lay ftall, is to throw often beef-broth, and other wafte 
 broths upon it, as alfo foap fuds; and in fo doing, one 
 load will be worth three of the fame kind that is not fo 
 ufed. But fo much lhall fuffice as the manuring of 
 ground. 
 
 In fowing of your feed, let your grain be the heft, andl 
 fcatter it according to the art of good hulbandry, and let 
 iyour fprinkling be a medium, not too much, nor top 
 little. But to mak? j the feed prpfper, the better, Ifcep it 
 
 D io 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 dn thick flimy water that drains from dunghills, and if no 
 fuch be to be had near hand, deep cow-dung, in water, 
 and foak the feed in it: wheat will be well foaked in 18 
 , hours; barley in 36; peafe in 12; but rye and oats may 
 Jbe fowed dry, for that agrees bed with them. 
 
 But when the feed is fown, all is not done; you mud 
 take care to prevent the defigns of thofe that will make 
 void all your labour, and defeat your hopes ; or elfe, 
 though you have fown your corn, you (hall never fee it_ 
 come up; rooks, crows, and daws, are great devourers 
 of grain, who will be fure to be about you, when you 
 go to fow ; to keep thefe at a di dance, (hoot fome of them, 
 and hang them upon poles in divers angles of your field, 
 dick their feathers along the ridges of the land ; lay trains 
 of gun-powder, and blow the powder up, or let it lie 
 fcattering in the mod frequented places, and the feent of 
 . it will make them forfake the field; efpecially now and 
 then fhooting a little. You may alfo take great numbers 
 of them by placing drong thick brown paper, twided 
 taper-wife, like thofe on fugardoaves, in holes of the 
 .earth, the broad top coming even with the ground; bird-lime 
 the infide, and fcatter fome grain in it, and then the fowl 
 putting in his head to take it out, the paper fo limed, 
 will dick clofe, and rife with him, when being blind- 
 folded, in amaze he will fly up a great height, and will 
 fall down again; fo that if you be near at hand, he may 
 eafily be taken. Alfo the fcattering nox vomica, mingled 
 with pade, if taken by them, as it feidom miffes, will 
 make them fo fick that they will forfake the field. If you 
 lime your corn, they will forfake it; and lo they will it 
 it be deeped in water wherein wormwood has been boiled, 
 or infus’d ; or elfe fprinkling your corn with the dregs of 
 bitter oil ; and it will do the like, by making them cad it 
 up fick, and fo not defirous of any more : And thefe, 
 with hanging bunches of feathers on lines or dicks that 
 r fche wind may dangle and twirl them about, may help to 
 preferve your corn when newly fown ; and this lad alfo 
 may be ufeful when it is ripe. But thefe dire&ions relate 
 only to fowl; who, notwithdandirig all you can do, will 
 be fure to come in for a fliare with you. But 
 
( *7 ) 
 
 But there &re other deftroyers of your corn befides 
 birds ; which you muft likewife take care to deflroy ; a- 
 mongft which are the pifmires or aunts, who will do a 
 great deal of mifchief by biting off the chits or fprouts, 
 i'o that it will never grow, but rot in the ground: To 
 prevent this, fearch the corn fields well, efpecially under 
 the hedges, and the roots of hollow trees, or on the tops 
 of hills call up; and if you find them there, put your 
 limed water flrong and hot amongft them, presently after 
 fun-fetting* and it will deflroy them. For want of lime f 
 make a lye of wood-afhes, aaid it will do the fame, tho* 
 not fo effectually. 
 
 Another devourer of corn, are your dores, or great 
 black beetles, which lie under the clods, and m fprout- 
 ing time do much mifchief: To deflroy thefe, make 
 great fmoaks in your fields, in a ftill night, or when 
 there is a little breathing wind that may carry it over the 
 furface of the ground, with wet rubbifh, or mouldy peafe- 
 itraw, hay, or fuch like, and it will kill them, or chace 
 them out of the ground ; for they are, of all other crea- 
 tures, the greateft enemies to fmoke, and cannot leaft 
 endure it. But if your ground be limited, or that you 
 fow lime among your corn, you may trouble yourfelf 
 with them no farther ; for if they bite where tne lime 
 has touched, it kills them. 
 
 The next vermin to be deftroyed are field rats and 
 mice, and water rats alfo ; for thefe deflroy a great deal 
 of grain ; which to prevent and ruin them, find out their 
 round holes when the field is bare, and put hemlock feed 
 into them, which they will eat, and it will kill them; 
 the fprinkling of juice of hellebore in them, will alfo 
 do the like. But that which I prefer above the reft, is 
 to beat common grafs very fmall, mix it with a little cop- 
 peras, vitriol, and coarfe honey, and make it up in pel- 
 lets, and fcatter it in their haunts, in the mouth of their 
 holes, or other likely places, and the fecret will draw 
 them from all parts, and once eating it they will certain* 
 ly die. This alfo may be ufed in granaries and barns* 
 for other rats and mice, with good fuccefs* 
 
 D 2 Slugs 
 
( *8 ) 
 
 Slug* and Snails, are another fort of devourefs, which 
 do much mifchief to corn and peafe juft fprouting up ; 
 to kill thefe, the beft thing is foot or lime, fprinkled thin, 
 ©ver the ground; for touching it they will die. 
 
 Grafshoppers affo do much injury, by feeding on the 
 leaf and bloffom of corn and pulfe, from the firft to the 
 !aft : Thefe are not eafily deftroyed, the beft way to be rid 
 ©f ’em is by fprinkling corn with water, wherein worm* 
 Throod, rue, or centaury has been boiled, till the ftrength 
 of them are taken away by the water ; and if they bite 
 where the fprinkling happefts, they will die. The fcent 
 of any bitter thing being fo offenfive to them, that they 
 are never found where any fuch things grow* 
 
 Moles are another vermin to be deftroyed, far they are 
 in a double regard deftruftive to corn ; that is, in eating 
 the roots, and rooting it up : Not making diftinftion of 
 any fort, but taking all alike* There are divers ways of 
 taking them, but not fo eafily when the com is weH 
 grown, for then they do the greateft mifchief, when their 
 trafts, or calling up of their hills cannot be difcovered fo 
 eafily; however you muft dp as well as you can; and 
 when you fee them rafting, or moving in their trafls, 
 ftrike them with an iron of many fpears ; or dig pits in 
 their tra&s, and fet earthen glazed pots, which they will 
 blindly fall into, and cannot fcramble out; or fill an earth- 
 en jug with pitch, rofm, and brimftone, with feme loofe 
 tow, or rags, and firing it, clap the neck tp the mouth of 
 the hole, and the air in the earth drawing in the fcent to a 
 great diftance, will ftifle them ; or mix juice ot hellebore 
 with rye meal, fcatter little bits in the furrows, and find* 
 ing it in their way, they will greedily eat it, and die. 
 
 Having (hewed you how to deftroy fuch vermin as are 
 devourers of corn, it will now be neceflary to fay fome- 
 thing about weeding your corn when it is fprung up ; for 
 weeds are very offenfive and deftriiftive to corn, hindering 
 its growth and choaking it up. 
 
 ‘When the corn is fprung up about a foot above the 
 ground, tiEiofe forts of Toil that are $pt to^produce weeds* 
 
 • will 
 
 < 
 
( *9 ) 
 
 will requite your looking after, to root them out; If they 
 .be thirties, or fuchas are great and offenfive, they .mull 
 taken away with hooks and nippers, cutting them off clofe 
 by the roots, or rather pulling them up by the roots, if 
 you can do it without breaking the ground, fo as not 1 9 
 bring corn along with them. The nipper may be made 
 with two long pieces of wood rivetted, to be opened like 4 
 pair of pincers, with faw teeth, doling into one another* 
 that they may take the furer and firmer hold without flip* 
 ping. And thefe weeds may be much hindered in their 
 growth, by lowing of two bufhels of bay fait in an acre of 
 land, as you do your wheat, after the grain is (owed 1 Tor 
 tho* it is a friend to corn, in njaking. it profper and in- 
 creafe, yet it is an enemy to the weeds, and hinders their 
 growth. 
 
 How to turn barren Land into good Pafture and 
 Meadow. 
 
 Hitherto I have been (peaking of the ordering of corn, 
 I come now to fpeak of enriching the earth for meadow 
 and pafturage, and this is done two ways, viz. By water- 
 ing and manuring it. And for this ufe, the lower the 
 ground lies, fo it be not fubjefl to overflowings or too 
 much wet, the better it is, and the fooner made good* 
 Confider, in the next place, what kind of grafs it natural- 
 ly produces, whether clear and entire, or mixed with that 
 of worfer growth, the firft is beft ; but if it be of a worfer 
 fort, intermixed with thirties, broom, and offenfive weeds, 
 then grub and pluck ’em by the roots, clearing the ground 
 of ’em as well as you can : then dry them, mix them 
 with ftraw, and burn them upon the fwarth of the ground, 
 and fpread the afhes upon it ; then fold your fheep upon 
 the ground for feveral nights, that their dung may increafe 
 its ftrength, and their feet trample up the grafs : Then 
 featter it well over with hay- feeds, and go over them with a 
 roller, or beat them with a flat (hovel, that they may be 
 the better preffed into the ground, -fo take root; then over 
 thefe featter hay, or the rooting of hay under flacks, or the 
 (weepings of the barns, or moift bottoms of any hay that 
 
 has 
 
the dung of any beafl; which being thinned, and the clots 
 well broken, let it lie till the new grafs fprings through it; 
 but do not graze it the firfl year, left the cattle tread it up. 
 not having taken very good root; but mow it, that it may 
 have time to come to perfeftion: And tho’ the firft year 
 it may prove fhort and coarfe, yet the fecond it will be fine 
 &nd very long, and in great plenty. And dreffing it thus 
 but once in twenty years, will continue it good for meadow 
 or pafture; efpecially if in dry feafons you have water to 
 relieve it, which may be done by bringing fprings through 
 it, or gathering the violent fallings of rain into a ditch on 
 the other fide of it, or by any other conveniency, accord- 
 ing to the fituation of the ground, on the afcending part, 
 to overflow it fo long, that it foak deeper than the roots of 
 the grafs, to continue its moifture for the nourifhment of 
 it for a confiderable time. And note here, that the beft 
 feafon for the watering of meadows, is from the beginning 
 of November to the end of April ; and the muddier or 
 more troubled the water is, the better, for then it brings a 
 foil upon the ground; and this generally happens after 
 hafty fhowers and great fluxes of rain. And if you have 
 many fields lying together, efpecially in a defcent, you 
 may make a conveniency in the uppermoft, to pen up the 
 water till it is very well foaked ; and then by a fluice or 
 breaking down of a dam, let it into the next; and fo by a 
 frnall addition of water, tranfmit to many. 
 
{ 3i ) 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 A valuable Collefllon ol RECEIPTS, See. for the Cure of 
 many Diforders incident to HORSES and BEASTS# 
 
 By John Cu n D all, late of Brandlby. 
 
 For the Crook in Cows. 
 
 T HE Crook in Cows begins in different places, and 
 are handled in many forms; fome are feized in the 
 neck and head, which draws their heads on one fide; 
 they look wild with their eyes, fhoots their tongue, and 
 Havers very much, and will thruft their heads into a cor- 
 ner, Hand there fome time, till they are feized with ago- 
 nies, as is often the cafe. Others are feized in their limbs 
 efpecially in the hind parts, and lie lame for a confide- 
 rable time. 
 
 The Cure. Firft bleed well in both fides of the neck, 
 and continue it the day following, Then give the beaft; 
 one quart of the.beft brandy, two ounces of black pepper, 
 two ounces of flour of fulphur, two ounces ol flour of 
 muftard, one ounce of diapenty, one ounce of turmeric, 
 fix penny-worth of faffron, and about a quarter of a 
 pound of bordox root fhred fmall, and mix them all to- 
 gether. 
 
 For the Fellon or Hide Bound. 
 
 This diforder is fo well known, that it needs no de- 
 feription, any further than fetting down a fellon drink 
 for it. 
 
 Take annifeeds, beaft fpice, diapenty, caraway feeds, 
 galangal in powder, of each one ounce, flour of fulphur 
 two ounces, grains of paradife half an ounce, mithri- 
 
 da.te 
 
( 3* ) 
 
 date an ounce and a half, one quart of warm ale, with 
 half a pound of treacle. To be given falling, and fall 
 two hours after. 
 
 3 ... ' 
 
 For the Foul in Beall’s Feet. 
 
 Rub them well, then take oil of vitriol, and anoint the 
 place well with a feather. In two or three days after ufe 
 the fame means, and it is a certain remedy. 
 
 For the Sinking or riming Fold. 
 
 Take half ah ounce of fublimate, and one ounce of 
 foft foap, powder the fublimate fmall, and mix it with 
 the foap ; then apply it to the place affefled, and bind ft 
 down with a pledget of tow, and a linen clout ; Let it 
 ftay on till it eat the place out, and then mix one ounce 
 of common turpeiltine, with a little tar; lay it on the 
 part affected, and it will do well. 
 
 For the Gravel in the Foot. 
 
 Take a blackfmith’s draw-knife, and draw it well out • 
 then pour into the place oil of vitriol half an ounce, mixed 
 tfith oiie ounce of linfeed oil, til) it has loft its fire. 
 
 For cleafifing a Cow after Calving. 
 
 Take a handful of traveller’s joy, or Robert Hood’s 
 feather. It grows amongft ling, and runs fpringing at the 
 bottom of the ground. Boil it in two quarts of water 
 till one ftrain off, and add two ounces of fpermaceti, and 
 half an ounce of gum myrrh, and give it to the beaft. 
 Be fure to powder the gum myrrh well, and it will be 
 
 a certain remedy If traveller’s joy cannot be had, take 
 
 a handful of agrimony, which will anfwer the fame encL 
 It commonly grows on highway ftdes* and has a ftrong 
 ftalk, rough leaf, and a fmall yellow flower ; the ftalk fet 
 with flowers for a foot long to the Boil it in the 
 
 manner m the former, 
 
 ft* 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 For a Milk Fever. 
 
 The milk fever makes a cow full of pain, ancl fweats 
 very much; it commonly happens to cows full in flelh, 
 two or three: days after calving, and is a difotder fo well 
 known, that it needs rio Further notice. 
 
 Firft bleed well two or three times a day, and give her 
 white pepper in powder two ounce, mithridate four 
 ounce, lenitive ele&uary two ounce, to be given in a 
 quart of gin ; Hollarid’s gin will be much better than the 
 cbmmoii fort, as it is a good opener to the urine velfel, 
 being made of juniper berries. Endeavour to draw heir 
 udder feven or eight tirties a day, to get her milk out of 
 the blood veffels. 
 
 For the Cripple Feltbn in Cows and Calves. 
 
 The Cripple Felion lies in the joints, and chiefly i $ 
 the joints of the hind legs, about the little claws, and 
 ftrikes them very lame ; it will fhift to the far knees feme- 
 times, but very feldom ; at others it flies in the loins and 
 frequently in the fore fhoulders, that is, the fhoulder 
 points, but the diforder is all the fame, 
 
 The Ctife, If they be in low foft land, fhift them to 
 fomehigh dry land, and put two taps in them on the low- 
 er part of the belly, near the milk vein, and in three days 
 after, give them two ounce of oil of turpentine, one ounce 
 of fpirits of fal ammoniac, mixed with a quart of black 
 beer; repeat it in nine days after. For the calves the 
 fame, but a fmaller quantity, 
 
 For Sedgifig or Felion in the Udder. 
 
 The Felion in the Udder often happens to fat cattle, 
 begins about midfummer, and not often before : it makes 
 the udder part to fwell and inflame with heat, and flies 
 from the udder into the limhs, and fometimes lames them 
 in the limbs before it flies to the udder. It often makes 
 them very fore in their loins and udder, and much pain 
 to them to walk, and are given much to lying down. 
 
 E tte 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 The Cure. Take four ounce of oil of turpentine, two 
 ounce of fpirits of fal ammoniac, mix them together, and 
 riib one half on the milk veins on the fore-fide of the 
 udder, and the other half mix with two ounces of dyer’s 
 madder, two ounces of white argil, two ounces of fait pe- 
 tre, and one ounce of antimony crude, to be mixed with 
 warm water, and be fure to bleed well. 
 
 For the throwing up of Meat undigeded. 
 
 Beads that throw up their Meat after chewing, is chief- 
 ly for want of their cud ; it makes them very fick, loofe 
 in their flank* hang down their heads, and flaver much, 
 and often very weak in their limbs. 
 
 The Cure. Take out the tongue with your hand, and 
 prick it well with a fork on the under fide, and rub the 
 mouth well with fait and vinegar, or vergus ; then give 
 them eight ounces of cream of tartar, two ounces of 
 glauber’s falts, two ounces of cadile foap, and two ounces 
 of flour of fulphur, to be given in warm water ; and warm 
 water two or three days after. 
 
 For a Bead that has got a Heafe or a Cold. 
 
 A Bead that has got a Heafe looks faint with her eyes, 
 and her eyes water much, lofes her belly, and when dirred 
 Ihuts her tongue, and heafes and pants much. 
 
 The Cure. Take a pint of tar, put it into a pitcher; 
 then boil a quart of water, and pour on it, dir the water 
 and tar together, and let it Aand a day or two ; then 
 drain it off, take half of the tar water, and mix it with 
 two ounce of marfhmallows, and two ounce of cadile foap, 
 one ounce of laudanum balfam, give altogether, and re- 
 peat the fame in twenty-five hours after, and warm watQF 
 in the time of taking the medicine. 
 
 * For the Longtoft Panters. 
 
 This diforder in cattle is not well known among many 
 people, but it is one that often happens ; they look to be 
 very fick, *nd weak in their limbs, likely to drop down, 
 
 tjaruft 
 
C 55 ) 
 
 thruft put their heads, and fhut their' tongues ; they are 
 very fhort of breath, can eat nothing, and likely to die 
 every hour. 
 
 The Cure. Take a pound of oak bark, (have the out* 
 fide off it, then put it into a pot or pan; boil it in water 
 for an hour, then ftrain the liquor from it, and apply two 
 ounces of falt-petre, two ounces of falts of worm-wood, 
 or one ounce of falts of tartar, two ounces of filings of 
 iron, and one ounce ol liver of antimony, to be powdered 
 and mixed, and given at four different times, at fix hours 
 diftance. 
 
 For the Blind Water, or Red Water. 
 
 This diforder is fo well known, that it needs no de- 
 fcription. 
 
 The Cure. Take a quart of black beer, fix ounces of 
 laudanum balfam, two ounces of fpermaceti, two ounces 
 of Irifti flate, and one ounce of dragon’s blood, powder 
 the fubftances well, and mix one half with the halt of 
 black beer, and give the other half in fix hours after. 
 
 Or this. Take a handful of St. John’s wort, boil it in 
 a quart of water, and ftrain it off ; then apply two ounces 
 of falt-petre, and one ounce of balfam copivi, and to b£ 
 repeated fix hours at a diftance. 
 
 For the Maw Borne, or Lake Borne, 
 
 It is fo well known, that I need not mention how they 
 are feized : for it is pretty fafe to follow the red water, if 
 it continue long on them. 
 
 The Cure. Take fix ounces of cream of tartar, five 
 ounces of glauber’s falts, four ounces of flour of fulphur, 
 to be given in warm water, or whey. Clyfters are very 
 proper, if they be bound in their belly, or likely to be ; 
 for a Clyfter, take a handful of pallaterry on the wall, and 
 a handful of brook lime, boil them in two quarts of water; 
 to be drained off, and thrown up every eight hours. 
 
 E 2 Fo? 
 
( >; 
 
 - For Shut, or Flux in Calves. 
 
 This diforder often corner by the cow’s milk, the cq.w 
 being in a lever, or what fome calls fellon; if a <jow be 
 out of health, it is always called fellon among the common 
 country people, through their ignorance ; fometimes the 
 calves catch cold, and at others lick dirt, which brings 
 on that diforder. The heft medicine is to change the 
 cow’s milk, and give them about a quarter of an ounce o£ 
 Turkey rhubarb, and a little warm ale and pepper, but not 
 much, mixed together, as nouriftiment for them is the mo ft 
 proper. 
 
 For a Bull that has got clapt or drained. 
 
 A Bull that has got clapt begins to fwell in his piz- 
 ^le and (heath very much ; if it be not prevented, it grows 
 fliff in his loins, is lazy and fluggifh to dir. 
 
 The Cure. Fird throw him, and draw his pizzle out 
 pf his (heath; wafh it well with (lamped houfe leek and 
 blue milk, and give, firm four ounces of cream of tartar, 
 half an ounce of powder of jalap, two drams of camomile 
 prepared, mix the medicines together, and give them in 
 warm water ; and warm water for two or three ’days after, 
 it the bead be (ick with the medicine, give him a pint of 
 fvveet oil, to correCl it ; and if he does not mend, it mull 
 he repeated. 
 
 For a Gut foundered, or Shut in Cows. 
 
 A gut foundered bead may be mended, but it is im- 
 poffible.for the power of medicine to dop a rotten cow, 
 $s it is commonly called. There are many fajfe preten- 
 ders to cure a rotten cow, but they find th^mfelves mida T 
 hen in the end, therefore (hall not mention any thing 
 for it. 
 
 The Cure, for a Gut foundered Cow. Take two quarts 
 of fea- water, if it can be had, if not, take a pound of com- 
 mon fait, and pour a quart of boiling water on it : when 
 it is diffolved give the bead it, and a fufficient quantity of 
 warm water to work it off. In three days alter give the 
 feljori drink, as before defcribech 
 
 For 
 
( $7 ) 
 
 For the Gargil in Cattle. 
 
 The gargil often begirt in the limbs, fometimes by 
 fweUing, and at others by pains in their joints ; fqmetime# 
 by cold, they often tremble very much, draws up theif 
 belly, and ftand with their feet together, their eyes watery 
 much, and are very red in the infide. 
 
 The Cure. Take four ounces of Venice treacle, two 
 ounces of grains of paradife, one ounce of turmeric, two 
 ounces of round hearth wort in powder, and fix-penny 
 worth of faffron, to be given in a quart of warm ale, with 
 half a pound of treacle. If they fwell much you muft fet* 
 ter or tap them. Warmnefs is very proper for them* 
 
 For Poifon, or Swelling in the Bowels. 
 
 Beafts that have got poifon, fwell very much in the* 
 body, till wind fills them up fo full, that it is impoffible 
 for them to live any time, without help, 
 
 Firft bleed them well on both ftdes of the neck, and 
 give them a quart of fweet oil, if it can be got at hand ; 
 but if the fvyeliing continue, you muft ftab them with $ 
 pen-knife between the flank and huck bone, orr the fide 
 that the maw is on, and put in a pipe of any kind, fucb 
 as a quijl barrel, a bellows pipe, or the like. When the 
 wind is got out, lay on a plaifter made of black pitch, oc 
 rofin, or any thing that will flick fall, to keep out the 
 cold. ^ 
 
 For the Stirdy in Cows and Calves. 
 
 Stirdy is a bladder that lies betwixt the fkull and the 
 brain, full of water and little feeds; fometimes there are 
 two bladders joined to each other; they make beafts 
 flare with their heads up in air, and flumbie much 
 with their feet, can hit no road, very fubje£i to turn round 
 much in one fpot; when the bladder is fit to come out, 
 you will find a foft piece in their fkull. Take up the 
 fkin with a fharp knife, and then open the fkull with a 
 chifel, or any other inftrument. Stop the wind. in the 
 noftrils, and the bladder will come out. Then apply a 
 plaifter on the fkull to keep out cold. For 
 
( 3 « ) 
 
 For a Dropfy, or Water Tympany. 
 
 This diforder comes by a ftoppage in the urine veflels, 
 from a ftoppage in the goal pipes, that leads from the 
 goal to the bladder, and goes into the bladder by little 
 fmall pipes that joins the bladder neck, and goes betwixt 
 the (kin to the bottom before it enters the fides of the 
 bladder, when the pipes are (topped by a glue matter, the 
 water cannot come into the bladder, it flies out into the 
 lower belly, and fills it full of water in the low fide of 
 their bowels, which diforders them very much, and keeps 
 growing fuller through time, till, in the end, they can- 
 not get up without help ; then it is time for a cure, which 
 is as follows : 
 
 Take a {hop-knife, and cut a little hole about a hand’s 
 breadth from their udder to the breaft ward, and the wa- 
 ter will pour out very much. When all the water is dif- 
 perfed, you muft few the hole up, and then apply a plaif- 
 ter on it that will flick faft. Take burgundy pitch two 
 ounces, common turpentine one ounce, and gum arabic 
 one ounce, melt them together, and fpread them on 
 leather warm, and lay it on the place, and then bathe it 
 with cold water in order to cool it ; you muft mind to 
 have the cow laid op her back. It muft be repeated if {he 
 fills again. 
 
 For the Scurvy, or Scab in Cows. 
 
 This diforder is a very bad one among many cattle, 
 Be it known that it is infeflious ; it breaks out much the 
 fame as the fcab in horfes, or in any other thing, but 
 more harfh, that is, bigger places, and takes more effeft 
 on them. It is a diforder that is very little known in 
 Yorkfhire, and in fome places there are many people that 
 know not how to get a remedy for it. I have had many 
 under my care, and at firft was fore mattered to find out 
 a cure for it ; but I believe that I have got as good a 
 medicine for it, or better, than any that have been found 
 out, which is as follows ; 
 
 Bleed 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 Bleed well two or three timesi, then take trooper’s oirft- 
 ment fix ounces, Flanders oil of bays eight ounces, frank- 
 infence four ounces, fulphur of vivum eight ounces, and 
 as much oil of turpentine as will make it into an oint- 
 ment. When the ointment is made, you mtift rub it all 
 oil two beafts; if you have but one, half the quantity will 
 do, and if you have more, add fo much more in propor- 
 tion. Be fure to rub them in a warm fun, or make a 
 ltrong fire to melt it in ; and after that if it appear again, 
 you muff make a little more of the lame to flop it, or 
 elfe it will never be cured. 
 
 For the Quinfey in Cows. 
 
 The quinfey is a hard fwelling that penetrates their 
 tongue roots* and makes them uneafy to ftir their jaws; 
 they cannot eat without much pain, and by continuance 
 of time leave off their meat entirely ; theA it is time to 
 feek a remedy, which is this : 
 
 If the fwelling be large and hard, take an iron about 
 the fubllance of a nail-firing, run the iron into the loweft 
 part of the fwelling, about half-way through, and then 
 put in a tent made of turpentine, common bees wax, 
 honey* and hog’s lard, about one ounce of each ; put it in 
 with a pledget of tow, and rub the fwelling with oil of 
 fwallows, and fpirits of wine, of each two ounces, every 
 day, till the fwelling difappear. Fomentations are Very 
 proper, if the fubftance be highly inflamed with heat. To 
 make a fomentation take a handful of brook lime, arfmart, 
 palatery on the wall, bortery leaves, boiled among cham- 
 berley, to be applied as faft as poflible. 
 
 For Annberries. 
 
 To take annberries off, I (hall make fome mention of 
 it, but to treat how they are handled it needs no defcrip* 
 tion, for any perfon knows them. 
 
 Take a hot iron pretty iharp, and burn the largeft off, 
 if you cannot pull them out by the roots : but if you can 
 pull them all out, it will be much better; where they 
 
 bleed* 
 
< 40 ) 
 
 bleed, fear ihtm with a hot iron, and apply oil of Vitriol 
 to keep them from growing again* 
 
 A Gaf in thoEyes of Bulls, Cows or Oxen, 
 
 TaR£ a linen cloth, and Open the eye-lid with your 
 finger, or few it up to their ear with a needle and thread ; 
 then apply the linen rag to try if you can catch it* and if 
 you cannot get it, you muft powder a little window glafs 
 as fine as you can, and mix it with fugar of lead, or white 
 Vitriol,. and blow it into the eye with a quill barrel ; if 
 the eye be inflamed, bathe it with blue milk, or (lamped 
 houfe leek, or fuch coolers. 
 
 For a Fever ift a CoW. 
 
 A fever often happens by cold, as is the Cafe With 
 many other diforaerS; they are high coloured in their 
 eyes, flow to their meat, hollow in their eyes, and water 
 much, often in a cold fweat, and fometihies a little fick' 
 
 I'irft bleed them, arid get two ounces of coriander feed, 
 one ounce of long pepper, two ounces of muftard poW- 
 der, two ounces of turmeric, one ounce of dyer’s cordial ) 
 to be given in warm water and treacle. To be continued 
 if no better. There are many other diforders which 1 
 (hall not mention, for there are no cure fot them, fuch 
 as quarter fellon, fiftulas, bloody flux, and many others 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The HORSE FARRIER, 
 
 T HEltfi are many Horfe' Farrier Books Which (fieri* 
 tions all diforderS, fo that 1 need not trouble my- 
 (elf tt> fet down how they are handled in every refpeft ; 
 but I (hall lay fome down fomething plainer than I ever 
 few arty yet. I have tried many authors and many re* 
 eeipt& in order to find out the real ones, which, by prac- 
 tice 
 
( 41 ) 
 
 tice and induftry, I have found out. And out of feveral 
 authors, and many different operations. I fhaH take many 
 receipts, and fet down what they are for ; and fometimeg 
 two or three for one diforder, that they may make ufe 
 of which is the neareft to come at. I {hall only take no* 
 tice of them that I have tried by experiments. Mr. 
 Bracken has laid down many receipts in his book, that 3 
 horfe about thirty fhiliings value would not be worth the 
 fum of his receipts ; Now I think that it would be a folly 
 to mention fuch receipts for common ufe, when things of 
 a lower value will anfwer even as well; but moft gentler 
 men would not think the doftor worth anything, if hi$ 
 druggs were not valued at a high price. I am apt to be* 
 lieve that there are as many herbs for diforders, as druggs, 
 and are of as much value: For druggs, at this time, are 
 like many other things, that is, worfe than they ufed to be, 
 and colls more money. The druggilts have got fuch a form 
 of adulterating them, and reducing them down, that one 
 may give the double quantity, and they will have very lit- 
 tle effeft; as fuch, fliould recommend to all buyers, to be 
 as careful as poffible to obferve Tnem themfelves; they 
 muft not truft to the druggifts, for they are fure to deceive 
 them ; tut I would advife all my friends to get their 
 druggs as much in feed^nd roots as they can, and pound 
 them themfelves. I (hall fet down all the bell receipts 
 that I can, and what they aire proper for. 
 
 The Lamperts in a horfe’s mouth are known by every 
 perfon; they are flaps that many do not underftand, they 
 are pieces ol loofe fkin that grow in the wicks of their 
 mouths, adjoining the axel teeth, and when they are eat- 
 ing hay or corn, it is apt to get betwixt them, which 
 makes their mouth fore, and they are afraid of eating.— 
 The remedy is as follows : 
 
 Take a (harp pen-knife,. and cut them out, and they will 
 foon be well, provided the wound be kept always clean. 
 
 There is what is called woolf teeth, which is a great 
 detriment to a horfe; they grow on their axel teeth on the 
 fore fide, very vifibie to be feen. 
 
 F 
 
 Take 
 
( 4 » ) 
 
 Take a blunt joiner’s chifel, and fet againfl it, and 
 flrike it out, which is very eafy to do. Woolf teeth is 
 not the only infirmity to eating, but to their eyes ; they 
 make many a horfe go blind. I have known a horfe 
 blind for the fpace of fix months, and when they brought 
 him down to me, I took out the woolf teeth fo called, 
 and did nothing elfe at him, and he got his fight again in 
 five days after. I would advife all people that have a horfe 
 bad in fight, to examine their woolf teeth. There are 
 many diforders belonging to their eyes, fuch as moon 
 blind, hoes, fevers, colds, bats, andiafhes; but when a 
 fcum grows over the eye, take a little fugar of led, and 
 the fame quantity of white vitriol, powder them fmall, 
 and blow it two or three times into his eyes through a 
 quill barrel. 
 
 Poll Evil that lies behind a horfe’s ear, is fo well 
 known that it needs no defcription, but fetting down a 
 medicine for it, which is one of the beft that have been 
 tried for many years, for Hopping them before they 
 break out v 
 
 Take oil of origany one ounce, fpirits of fweet nitre 
 one ounce, oil of turpentine two ounces, arid fpirits of 
 fal ammoninac one ounce, mix them all together, and to 
 be rubbed on the f welling twice, four days at a diftaRce ; 
 and two days afier get two ounces of r lander’s oil of bays, 
 half an oun^e of gum euphorbium, one ounce of Spanifh 
 flies, two drams of fublimate, to be powdered well toge- 
 ther, 'and then mixed with Fanders oil of bays, wrought 
 well together with a knife, or the like. This is an excel- 
 lent bliller. You mull lay the one half on, and the 
 other half feven or eight days after. I am certain that it 
 is as good a remedy to flop the poll evil, as any in the 
 kingdom. If the diforder breaks out, ycu mud cut it 
 down with a pen-knife, along fide of the fix-fax of the 
 neck, near the mane : you mult cut it fo deep till you 
 can put your finger under the fix-fax ; be fure not to cut 
 acrofs the fix-fax, if you do, you will let the hoife’s head 
 down, and make him unfit for ufe. Where you find a 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 pipe that throws out matter, you muft put a little fubli. 
 mate into the place, and (lop it weH in with a quill, or 
 fcure, or the like, and let it flay in for five or fix days, in 
 that time it will eat the place out, and if any more pipes 
 appear, you muft follow the fame praftice. Fiftulas that 
 riles betwixt their (boulder blades is of the very fame 
 nature and fub (lance in all tilings, but worfe to cure, be- 
 ing fo near the (boulder blades; for every time that a 
 horfe moves, the fiftula works, and throws out matter 
 to fuch a degree, that it is hard to keep any (luff in the 
 
 f iipes to work them out, I think it is bed to put in fome 
 unr canftic, it will ftay as well in the pipes as any thing 
 I know of, and do the execution as well, and in the 
 lead time. 
 
 For a Salve to put in Fiftulas and Poll Evil. 
 
 Take common turpentine four ounces, honey and bees 
 wax of each four ounces, hog’s lard fix ounces, ALgyp- 
 tiacum tour ounces, fpirits of wine four ounces, verde- 
 greafe in fine powder two ounces. Melt thefe ing i- 
 ents all together, and ftir the verdigreafe in when it is ai- 
 med cold, or it will run in lumps to the bottom. Put a 
 little into an earthen pot, or an iron ladle, and pour it 
 in hot; but before you pour it in, you muft wafh it well 
 out with the following water, and be fure to keep the 
 wounds clean with tow, and linen cloth, rather than 
 woollen. 
 
 A Wound Water for Fiftulas and Poll Evils. 
 
 Take vinegar one pound, roach allum four ounces, 
 binwood that grows on hedges, or what is called hop- 
 wood, one handful, white vitriol four ounces; powder 
 the allum and white vitriol well, and boil them all toge- 
 ther ; and when cold put in a bottle for ufe. 
 
 For Nips or Crufties with a Saddle. 
 
 Take re&ified fpirits of wine two ounces, camphyr 
 in powder half an ounce, fpirits of fal ammoniac half an 
 ounce mix thefe well together; and apply it on the fwel- 
 
 F 2 ling 
 
( 44 ^ 
 
 ling two or three times, and it will take it down if there 
 fee no matter in it ; and if there be you mull cut it on 
 the low fide with a fharp pen-knife; when the matter is 
 got out, you mull keep it open with a tent, made of com- 
 mon turpentine, and a little hog's lard; lay a plailler on 
 With a little black bafilicum Tpread on leather, and bur- 
 gundy pitch round the outfide of the plailler, to keep it 
 fall. You mull put it on with a hot iron, and melt it 
 Well to make it llick fall. 
 
 There are lumps on horfes backs that have been oc- 
 cafioned by faddles, that is of an old Handing, which 
 have a bladder in them. You mull cut the Ikin, and 
 fake it well out to the bottom, and then put in a little 
 blue Hone vitriol, or red prefipiate. When it is eaten 
 out you mull heal it up with black or yellow bafilicum, 
 and a little water made of fpirits of wine, camphyr, and 
 roach allum. This receipt was once reckoned the bell in 
 the kingdom for healing green wounds. It was then cal- 
 led Doftor Water made by a clergyman, and was much 
 eReemed throughout the country. The receipt was this : 
 Take reftified fpirits of wine one quart, roach allum 
 four ounces, and camphyr fix ounces, the allum and cam- 
 phyr to be powdered, and put into a bottle, and Hopped 
 up clofe, To be fhaked up twice a week for a month, 
 before it is fit for ufe. 
 
 As to nicking of horfes tails, the mofl. people knows* 
 or at leaR pretends to know, therefore lhall fay nothing 
 about it, only fetting down what is proper to lay on them. 
 
 Take a tow, and draw it out fo long, that it will reach 
 round the horfe’s tail, as many pieces as there are nicks, 
 and fpread on them black bafilicum, and tie them on the 
 top fide of the tail; but be fure wafli the nicks with fpi- 
 rits of wine and camphyr ; or infiead of that a little bran- 
 dy, Take a roller that will reach fix or feven times 
 round the tail, and do not lap too tight, if you do, per- 
 haps you will make it canker or fwell. The day after 
 you cut the tail, cut the tow and roller half way through, 
 and the day after cut it all and let it drop off. When the 
 picks heal and fcab, open them with your finger, and a 
 little hog’s lard. Twitter 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 Twitter Bones are fo well known, that I need not make 
 any mention of them, any further than giving a receipt, 
 which is as- follows : 
 
 Take an iron about the fubflance of a quill or rather 
 thicker, find die hole with a piece of final! lead, and then 
 burn in the iron as far as the lead goes. Then put in as 
 much fuplimate as will fill the hole, and let it flay in till 
 it eat the piece out; then heal it up with the falve for fif. 
 tulas, and ufe oil of origany, and oil of turpentine, to wafii 
 it with, in order to flop it from coming again: If it appear 
 again, you mull treat it in the fame form, ana it is fafe to 
 work a cure. 
 
 Ring Bones are a had infirmity to a horfe, and efpeci* 
 ally on the fore-feet; it is not one in ten that gets found 
 when they do put out: The heft thing is to fire them a$ 
 foon as you fee them coming. Take an iron, fuch as 
 gelders ufe, and burn through the fkin in five or fix places, 
 and you will fee a white greffel, and fire into it, if you fire 
 through it, you rauft go no deeper, if you do, you will da- 
 mage him much. Lay on a charge made of oxycroceum, 
 fparrantes, and Burgundy pitch, and bole, and common 
 turpentine of each one ounce, mix all the indigents to- 
 gether, and lay it on hot with a knife ; clip fome wool fhort, 
 and lay it on after ; then bathe it with cold water, and clip 
 off the rags of the wool. 
 
 For a Strain in the Coffin Joint. 
 
 A ftrain in the coffin joint is a thing of bad confequence, 
 it cannot be mended without a deal of time. Sweating 
 and buffering is the befl for it. I have known fome peo- 
 ple draw the foie for it, but it is mere nonfenfe, they da- 
 mage the foot inftead of remeding it. There are more 
 things made worfe by farriers, than there is good done by 
 them ; there are fo many falfe pretenders that do not un- 
 derftand any thing about it ; but tell their employers, 
 that they can cure any thing, and at the fame time can do 
 nothing. It is impoffible for a man to be a farrier except 
 he knows chymilhy, and the preparation of druggs, but 
 
? 4-6 * 
 
 that they- leave out of their mind. They can get part 
 r eat, and part drink, chatter with their tongues, and tell 
 what great cures they have done, and perhaps never did 
 one in their lives. If a medicine be given to a beaft or a 
 horfe by a farrier, and the beaft begin to mend, it was al- 
 ways the laft medicine that cured it. It a man have a 
 cow in the red water, he gives her his medicine, and the 
 next neighbour comes and fays, I have had manv in this 
 diforder, and if yon will give her that, it is mod fure to 
 mend her. They give her it, this gets up to the high end 
 of the town, that fuch a man has a cow in the red water: 
 then goes down an old man that hath been notified for ma- 
 ny years, on two fticks, to fee this cow ; he prefcribes a 
 medicine for it, and if (he happen to mend, it was the laft 
 medicine that cured her ; but if fhe die, there was no- 
 thing that could mend her. In my opinion, it is a greater 
 chance to kill them, than mend them ; for they do not 
 know the length of a beaft’s bowels, nor how long the 
 medicine will be a coming through it. It is thirty-fix yards 
 and a half betwixt the ftomach and the fundament ; that 
 the medicine will be twenty-four hours in digefting, and 
 more ; it will be near that time before the phvfic comes 
 through, and furely it muft be the quickeft of going 
 through. To return, drawing falves is not proper for any 
 thing, excepting gravel, or a hoof bound horfe. A hoof 
 bound horfe fhould have his foot fcrewed put by a flioe 
 made with a joint in the toe, and a fcrew through the out 
 heel, and fcrew into a hollow place in the heel; then 
 the foie muft be drawn before it be fet on, and if that ope- 
 ration be done, the foot muft be greafed and flopped well 
 every day. Cows dung is as proper to flop a foot with as 
 any thing I know off, if it be often applied. 
 
 There are many infirmities attending lamenefs in horfes, 
 and efpecially in the fore parts, but I would always advife 
 farriers, and every other perfon, to take their horfes to a 
 fmith’s (hop, and duly examine their feet well, and if they 
 do not find it, he careful to examine it upward, and mind 
 not to leave it below, becaufe it is always faid by farriers, 
 that he is lame in his fhoulder, and no where elfe; you 
 
 may 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 may plainly fee by fetting his foot down, arid at that fame 
 time h t may be lame in the other foot that is not thought 
 on, on the other fide,! 
 
 For a Clap or Strain in the Back Sinews. 
 
 Take Flander’s oil of bays one ounce, French flies 
 half an ounce, gum euphorbiufn a (Quarter of an ounce, 
 fpirits of wine one ounce, powder and mix them together, 
 and rub abouf one half on the place with a knife up a- 
 gainft the hair; take a little blood from the pattern or 
 Jpurn vein ot the foot. When the blitter comes off, lay 
 on a little mercurial ointment. 
 
 For a Bat on the Knee, 
 
 When a horfe gets a ftroak on the knee, or any other 
 misfortune of that kind, you mutt apply turnip poulices, 
 if turnips can be had ; and if not, apply wheat flour, blue 
 milk, and hog’s lard mixed; To be applied twice a-day for 
 fome time. If the place run lee, or what is called joint 
 water, you mutt get fome tinfture of ftiptie, or balm drops, 
 and butter of antimony, one ounce of the former, and a 
 quarter of an ounce of the latter; to be thrown up into the 
 pipes with a furrange, and apply the common green oint- 
 ment, which I have mentioned for the poll evil. 
 
 For Shoulder Slips, or Wrenches. 
 
 A fhoulder flip or wrench comes by hard ufage, or falfe 
 fleps. You mutt cut a hole for a tap in the brifket, on the 
 loweft part, and then with a quill blow it full of wind, 
 which is very eafy to do ; Hold the fkin clofe about the 
 quill, and when the wind fills the place, ftroke it upwards 
 with your hand, and it will foon go up to the fhoulder, and 
 then you mutt put in a tap in the hole where you firft cut. 
 Then take oik of origany one ounce, oil of turpentine 
 two ounces, fpirits of wine one ounce, mix thefe altogether 
 and rub on three days at a diftance. When the tap runs 
 fet a cramp fhoe on the found foot, to make him go found 
 on the lame one 
 
 For 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 For Malinders and Salinders. 
 
 Take trooper's ointment one ounce, and oil of nerves 
 one ounce, mix thefe together, and rub the place with 
 them in the bend of the knee, or the bend of the hock. 
 
 For Splint, or Corb. 
 
 Take one ounce of oil of origany, and two ounces 
 of fpirits of fal ammoniac, mix them together ; and keep 
 them in a bottle for ufe. They will take of three or four 
 q any of that kind. 
 
 Or this. Take four ounces of linfeed oil, and half 
 an ounce of oil of vitriol ; pour the oil of vitriol into the 
 linfeed oil, by a little at a time, or you will fire the oil ; 
 and when mixed, you inuft lay a little on at a time till you 
 wafte the fubftance. 
 
 A Drying Water for the Greafe. 
 
 Take half a pound of white wine vinegar, or vergus, 
 and ^Egyptiacum two ounces, white vitriol half an ounce, 
 fu^ar of lead one ounce, to be boiled all together. The 
 fubftance to be powdered, and put in a bottle for ufe. 
 
 A Pifling Drink for the Greafe. 
 
 Take four ounces of white rofin, two ounces of caf- 
 tile foap, two ounces oi fait petre, half an ounce of balfara 
 of copivi, to be given in a pint of onion tea. 
 
 To make Onion Tea. 
 
 Take one pound of onions, Hired them fmall, put 
 them into a pitcher, and pour a quart of boiling water on 
 them; when cold, ftrain the onions from the water and 
 mix it among the powders. 
 
 To kill Worms in Horfes. 
 
 Take one pound of favan that grows in gardens, boil a 
 quart of water, and pour on the favan ; let it infufe in 5 or 6 
 days, flopped up clofe. Then ftrain of, and give half 
 cf the liquor in the morning, and half an ounce of .Eihi- 
 mineral, and give the fame a week after : and alter 
 
 that 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 that give two or three times half an ounce of iEthiops 
 fnineral, one ounce of flour of fulphur, and one ounce of 
 fait petre. Be careful of cold when you give the firfl 
 medicine. 
 
 Phyfic for a Horfe. 
 
 Take Barbadoes aloes one ounce, caflile foap one ounce, 
 oil of annifeeds half an ounce, the aloes muff be 1 6 drams 
 to an ounce : mind to powder them well, and mix it to a 
 ball, and give the horfe it in the morning, and it will work 
 the day following. 
 
 Or this. Take Barbadoes aloes twelve drams, cream 
 of tartar one ounce, fyrup of buckthorne one ounce, fena 
 .in powder half an ounce, liquorice powder one ounce, 
 and as much fweet oil as will work it into a ball. To 
 be given in the fame manner. 
 
 Fafey or Feltrefls. 
 
 Firfl bleed well if your horfe be well in flefh, then 
 take four ounces of Hone brimftone, four ounces of roach 
 allum, four ounces of which rofin, to be powdered and 
 given in cold water. If there be any breaking out, you 
 mu ft drefs it with a falve made of mercurial ointment, and 
 oil of turpentine, melted gently together. 
 
 For Surfeits in Horfes. 
 
 Take a little blood from them, and then give them 
 as follows : 
 
 Take liquorice powder one ounce, gum guaiacum half 
 an ounce, fenugreek pow'der two ounces, turmeric in pow- 
 der one ounce, geamander feeds in powder half an ounce, 
 mix them together, and to be given in warm ale and a 
 little treacle. 
 
 For Yellow\s or Jaundice. 
 
 B^ed well if the horfe be in good flefh, and then take 
 ground ivy, whick roots, and turmeric roots, four oun- 
 ces of each ; boil them in a quart of water, w r hen cold 
 ftrain off, and add half an ounce of liver of antimony, and 
 h*lf an ounce of falls prunel. To be repeated every 
 five days after. 
 
 G 
 
 For 
 
( 50 ) 
 
 For Fevers in Horfes, 
 
 Firft let blood, a little at a time but often, and give 
 him the following ball, about the bignefs of a hen’s egg, 
 
 every morning: Annifeeds, carraway feeds, and the 
 
 greater caradoman in powder two ounces, flour of fulphur 
 two ounces, oil of annifeeds one ounce, Spanifh juice two 
 ounces, fugar-eandy four ounces, faffron in powder half an; 
 ounce, and mixed up with fweet oil. 
 
 For Sleepy Stackers. 
 
 Let blood two or three times in twenty-four hours, and 
 give him juniper berries four ounces* balfam of copivi half 
 an ounce, oil of juniper thirty drops, fenugreek powder 
 two ounces, to* be mixed together, and given in warm ale* 
 and repeated every twenty-four hours, till better. 
 
 For the Belly Ach, or Gripes. 
 
 Take a bottle of Daffy’s Elixir, and give it to the horfe, 
 and let a little blood, and it is a fafe and certain remedy. 
 
 For the Cholic. 
 
 Take four ounces of Venice treacle, and a pint of 
 Holland’s gin, and take a little blood from the horfe. 
 
 For the Gravel. 
 
 Take oil of turpentine one ounce, fpirits of fweet nitre 
 half an ounce, thirty drops of oil of juniper, and to be 
 given all together. 
 
 For Strains in general. 
 
 Take oil of origany one ounce, oil of fwallows two 
 ounces, oil of bricks one ounce, and fpirits of wine one 
 ounce ; to be applied to the place affeffed. 
 
 I have laid down moft part of the diforders incident 
 to horfes and cows, that are curable : As for the fcab, 
 there are fo many, that I never gave my mind to it. As 
 for broken wind, blenders and fuch like, there is no cure 
 for them ; but I fhall give you a receipt for a cough or 
 cold, to prevent broken wind. 
 
 For a Cough, or Cold. 
 
 Take honey two ounces, balfam of fulphur one ounce, 
 laudanum balfam one ounce, oil of annifeeds half an ounce, 
 to be given in warm ale, To be repeated if no better. 
 
 CHAP# 
 
(St ) 
 
 CHAP VI. 
 
 flules for buying Road Horfes, and their 
 Management on Journies. 
 
 H AVING gone through the different diforders inci- 
 dent ,to horfes; it is proper to f}iow the neceflity 
 every traveller lies under of having fom.e knowledge pf 
 the art of managing his horfe, and the many inconveni- 
 ences frequently attending the want of this knowledge^ 
 are fo evident that nothing need be faid to evidence the 
 ufefulnefs of this article. I fnall therefore without any 
 farther preamble., give a few hints to affift my readers in 
 buying fuch horfes as are fit for the road, and .then treat 
 of their management. t 
 
 As to the fir ft part of this talk, it is the more neceflary 
 fince whoever would buy a horfe, fhould know how to 
 chufe him himfelf, and never place the leaft confidence in 
 the words of a jockey or dealer in horfes. 
 
 Rules for buying Horfes. 
 
 If a horfe be young, his tufks .will he {harp pointed and 
 groved, or hollowed on the infide; b,yt the jockies have 
 the art of burning the corner teeth pf an old horfe, after 
 they have been cut with a graver, by which means they 
 imitate the mark, and frequently deceive; yet the cheat 
 is difcoverable by other figns: as when he hath white 
 eye-brows, he may be fuppofed to be about 15 or 16 years 
 of age : the age of a horfe may alfo be know by the 
 length and yellownefs of his teeth, the Jeannefs of the 
 roof of his mouth,- and the narrpwnefs of thp under jaw. 
 
 But it is not fufficient that you are not deceived in buy- 
 ing an old horfe for a young one; the eye is carefully to 
 be examined, left you fhould buy a horfe that is blind, or 
 that hath fame deleft in the fight. The belt eye is of a 
 G 2 haze| 
 
C ) 
 
 liazel colour, and It Is an advantage to have it -rather large 
 than fmall; the part commonly called the fight of the eye 
 fhould be* perfectly bright or clear, without the lead dim- 
 nefs, lo that you may fee the bottom, and the image of 
 your face refle&ed from thence- and not feen from the 
 furface; and you fhould alfo obferve, if upon the chang- 
 ing the fituation of the horfe with refpeft to light, you can 
 difcern the fight of the eye cqntraft or dilate itfelf. This 
 added to the clear transparency already mentioned, is a 
 proof of the goodnefs of the eye. 
 
 But to proceed?- Every man who buys a horfe fhould 
 chufe one whofe fize and ftrength are in proportion to the 
 weight he is to carry : but in general a middle fized horfe 
 is beft for the road, and one of 14 hands and an inch is 
 fufficient of ftrength to carry any man under 15 ftone. 
 
 After the jockey has exercifed his horfe before you, 
 you fhould ride him yourfelf two or three miles on a rough 
 uneven road, when you fhould give him his head, with- 
 out forcing him by whip or fpur to perform with more 
 life and fpirit than he is otherwife inclinable : if he walks, 
 trots, or canters nimbly, without dwelling upon the 
 ground, taking up his fore-feet moderately high, flopping 
 longer or fhorter, according as he finds there is occafion, 
 and going near before and wide behind, he is likely to 
 carry his matter well. But it is to be remarked, that the 
 beft proof of the excellency of a road horfe is his trot- 
 ing down hill, where it is pretty fteep; for if he is able 
 to perform this well, he is able to trot on any ground 
 Whatfoever. * 
 
 Captain Burden, in bis Pocket Farrier, advifes thofe 
 that want to buy, to obferve that the horfe’s knees are 
 not broken. This is a very good caution, and it is what 
 all people are, or ought to be aware of ; yet as one who 
 is no common ftumbler may have an accidental fall, you 
 fhould obferve whether the knees are covered with hard 
 fears, which if they be, and the hair is curled about them, 
 it is a certain proof of his being an old offender. 
 
 If 
 
< 33 ) 
 
 If a horfe goes clean, it is a pretty fare fign that he 
 moves well upon his limbs; therefore when you fee a 
 perfon alight at an inn, with his boots tolerably free frora 
 dirt, you may almoft venture to buy his florfe without 
 
 feeing him exercifed. 
 
 The horfe that has his breaft full and prominent is very 
 unfi for travelling; therefore, before you buy a horfe r 
 ftand right in a line with his head, and mind that his 
 bread do not keep his knees too far afunder, for the nearer 
 he {lands with his knees, provided he does not cut, the 
 more reafon you have to judge that he will travel expe~ 
 ditiouflv, therefore take particular notice that his bread 
 be narrow, thin, and lean, his fhoulder points not pro<- 
 je&ing forward, and his forelegs firaight and almoft per~ 
 pendicular. 
 
 To conclude this article, there is fcarce a better pro- 
 perty in a horfe than a found tough hoof, that will abide 
 hard road without much beating. A foundered hoof is 
 very often long and deep, and fhaped more like that of aa 
 afs than of a horfe; but the good hoof is fixnicircular, 
 and rather flat than otherwife. 
 
 Rules for Travelling. 
 
 When you fet out on a journey, obferve, whether the 
 {hoes be faft, whether they fit eafy, or whether they do not 
 cut either before or behind. If a horfe cuts with bad thin 
 (hoes, he will probably do it when he is fre{h (hod; but 
 this may fometimes be helped by a good fmith. 
 
 Moft of the diforders to which horfes are fubjeft, are 
 produced by the negligence or ignorance of the rider; and 
 as they may eafiiy be prevented by proper care; they are 
 cured without difficulty, if taken in time. It is true, it is 
 much more eafy to prevent difeafes than to cure them; 
 for ii a horfe be well curried, brufhed, and wiped dowfl 
 with, a cloth, morning, noon, and night, and duly exer# 
 cifed and well fed, he will feidom be out of order. 
 
 This 
 
. . ( 54 1 
 
 This advantage of currying and rubbing down is Incon* 
 ceivable; it promotes a circulation of the blood opens the 
 pores, and confequently prevents a ftagnation of fluids, 
 promotes perfpiration, and is the readied: way of preferv- 
 ing health. 
 
 The moll common caufe Gf greafe and fcratches, are 
 the careleffnefs, the haftinefs and indolence of the groom ; 
 for unlefs the blood is kept in a balfamic ftate, by pro- 
 per exercife, clean, fweet, and liberal feeding, that fluid, 
 from which all the humour of an animal body are de- 
 rived, muft confequently become depraved. As exercife 
 ventilates the blood, fo keeping the (kin clean and fmooth, 
 occafyons an eafy perfpiration through the pores: for it 
 after hard riding, we fuffer our horfes to lie with the 
 fweat drying upon them, we run the rifk of a violent 
 forfeit, which in faft is the caufe of moftof the diftempers 
 incident to either human or brute creatures. 
 
 As we have mentioned liberal feeding, it may not be 
 improper before we proceed further, to mention what 
 quantity of oats, & c. a man fhould allow his horfe on 
 the road. 
 
 A full fized horfe that has a good appetite, and travels 
 hard, may be allowed every day about fix quarts of o,ats, 
 half a pint of fplit beans, and a good handful of wheat 
 mixed together. 
 
 What is here faid with refpe£l to the quantity of the oats 
 neceflary for a fized horfe, may be a fufficient guide as to 
 what fhould be allowed to thofe of fourteen hands or under; 
 therefore I fhall only add, that he who will not allow his 
 horfe the quantity of oats„ &c. here mentioned, fhould 
 ride flowly, and make fhort ftages. 
 
 As we have been juft mentioning the quantity of corn 
 neceflary to be given to a horfe on a journey, I fhall give 
 the young traveller a few hints relating to his watering hi? 
 horfe on the road. 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 When ahorfe travels he perfpires very much, and may 
 therefore be allowed to drink a little now and then, as 
 opportunity offers, and this will greatly refrefh him ; but 
 you fliould never let him drink much at a time, for if you 
 fuffer him to drink his fill he will become dull and flug- 
 gifh; andbefides, if he be very hot, it may be attended 
 with very bad confequences. However, when you come 
 within a mile and a half, or two miles of the place you in- 
 tend to bait at, either at noon or night, he may drink more 
 freely, going a moderate trot afterwards, tor by this means, 
 the water will he well warmed in his belly, and he will go 
 in cool. Yet carefully obferve, that if there has been no 
 water, or he has drunk none on the road, never fuffer your 
 horfe to be led to water, or to have his heels wafhed imme- 
 diately after you arrive at your inn ; let him have water 
 luke warm after he has flood fometime in the flable; for 
 much mifchief has been frequently done by imprudent ri- 
 ders, who, after having travelled hard, have let their horfes 
 drink as much as they could, juft after going into the inn 
 or town where they intend to lie. 
 
 The obfervations relating to currying, feeding, and 
 watering your horfe, if carefully obferved, will be of great 
 fervice, and contribute more than any thing elfe to prelerve 
 him in perfeft health. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Todeftroy Bugs, Lice, Fleas, Mice. Rats, Moles, Weafels, 
 Caterpiliers, Polecats, Badgers, &c. 
 
 To prevent Bugs from Breeding. 
 
 B UGS are not only become troublefome in London, but 
 are got into the country ; and whereas people think 
 they are bred of hog’s hair, wood, wool, doth and fur, 
 thefe things breed only lice, moths, and worms ; but bugs, 
 proceed from old feather beds^ whereon have long laid fick 
 • and 
 
( ) 
 
 2nd fweaty people, which produces putrified fmells and va- 
 pours; fo does thofe prefs-beds that have not the advan- 
 tage of the pure air; as alfo clofe rooms, where the air 
 wants free egrefs and regrefs; from thefe caufes bugs pro- 
 ceed; and alfo all confumptions, weaknefs of the back, 
 and fuch like difeafes that people little think oh And if 
 you obferve, you fhall never find thefe creatures in (hops- 
 or where no beds are or have been put. One way there- 
 fore to prevent them, is to wafh your rooms, and keep 
 them very clean, and keep your windows opeh in the day 
 time, that the air may come in, and in the morning lay 
 open your bed-eloaths, that the air may come in, and the 
 fun fuck up the moiflure contra£ied in the night timej 
 This is a great prefer vative againft all vermin, as alfo of 
 your health; and would ufe ftraw or chaff beds, or quilts 
 to lie on, a little time would make them as pleafant as 
 down-beds, but, however, let your feather-beds be forced 
 once in two or three years, and that will be a means to pre- 
 ferve you from bugs and ficknefs. Straw and chaff-beds 
 you may change with little charge as oft as you pleafe. 
 Now to deftroy bugs already got into your houfes, I (hall 
 give you the beft receipts, which are as follow. 
 
 How to deftroy Houfe Bugs. 
 
 Take the fheet of paper which is next to the roll- 
 tobacco ; two grains of the oil of nitre, and as much 
 fweet oil as will fpread over the fheet of tobacco-paper, 
 with a little powpered fugar, lay this in any part of the 
 room or place where they are, and it will deftroy them. — * 
 This was communicated by a gentleman of Leghorn who 
 never knew it to fail. 
 
 Take gun-powder beat fmall, and lay fome about the 
 crevifes of your bedftead and fire it with a match about 
 your bedftead, and keep the fmoke in ; this do for an hour or 
 more, and let the room he kept clofe for fome hours after. 
 Or take fprigs of fern, and lay upon the boards, kills them. 
 
 Take a handful of wormwood and white hellebore# 
 boil them in urine till it is h$lt wafted, and wafh the joints 
 of your bedftead with it. Taks 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 Take a quantity of unflack’d lime, put it into a quart 
 of water, and let it (land three or four days, then pour off 
 the water, and add a quantity of common fait, the ftronger 
 both of lime and fait the better; wafh the fides of the wall 
 and bedftead with this liquor two or three times a week, 
 it kills bugs and fleas. 
 
 •Burn brimftone under the joints of the bedftead and 
 crevifes where they lie, and they’ll come out prefently, 
 that you may kill them; do this two or three times a 
 Week, and keep the room clofe. 
 
 Take a convenient quantity of good tar, mix the juice 
 of wild cucumbers with it, and ftir it five times a day for 
 two days ; then anoint your bedftead with it, and it kills 
 them. 
 
 Take a handful of rue and wormwood, and mix them 
 with common oil, and as much water as will cover the 
 rue and wormwood ; let it boil till the water is all boiled 
 away, then ftrain out the oil from the herbs, and mingle 
 with (heep’s fuet as much as the oil; then anoint the bed- 
 ftead with it, and it is an infallible remedy. 
 
 Take foap fuds that lies after your wafhing, and boil 
 onions in it; then wafh your room and bedftead with it. 
 
 Take ftrong vinegar, and mix fait with it; then 
 fprinkle your room. This prevents bugs and fleas, and is 
 very wholefome in houfes or at fea, fo is rue, wormwood, 
 and rofemary wholelome to fmell to, or vinegar alone. 
 
 Take three "ounce of Guinea pepper; burn it on a 
 chafing-difh of coals in your chamber: fhut the doors and 
 windows, but take great care j:o go out yourfelf, or it will 
 ferve you as the bugs and fleas. This do twice a month 
 in hot weather, and it will kill all forts of vermin in 
 the bed. 
 
 Hang a bears fkin in the room, and they will be gone. 
 Or get a trap about a yard and a half long, or more, if 
 your bed is broad, and about half a yard in depth; jmt it 
 H at 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 at the head of your bed, to the bottom of your pillow, and 
 in the morning they will creep into it; take it into your 
 yard, knock it, and they will drop out, fo you may kill 
 them. They are made of wickers, by bafket-makers. 
 
 To conclude; let your rooms be kept clean, fet open 
 your windows when you rife, and lay your bed-cloaths 
 open four or five hours, and it is the only way to prevent 
 both bugs and lice. 
 
 To defiroy Lice. 
 
 Take a little ratfbane, and boil it in fpring water; then 
 when it is pretty well boiled, keep the water for ufe; rub 
 a little of it about the fcabbv and loufy head, then put on 
 a cap, and tie it on clofe. Ufe this with care, for it is the 
 ftrongefl poifon imaginable ; walh your hands after it, 
 and be very careful. 
 
 Take ftaves-acre powdered, and mix it among the 
 hair, then tie it with a cap, and it kills them. Or oil and 
 Haves- acre. 
 
 Nits 2nd Lice in the Head. 
 
 Take of bees- wax an ounce, three ounces of olive- 
 oil, and three drams of ftaves-acre : of thefe make a falve 
 and anoint; it kills both nits and lice. 
 
 Take red orpiment and fah-petre, each a dram, laufe- 
 herb two drams, mix them together with oil and vinegar, 
 fo anoint the head. 
 
 Lice to kill on Ship-board, Bed and Body. 
 
 Take May butter or unfcalded cream an ounce, three 
 pennyworth of quickfilver, warm them in a luted pot of 
 loam, fo ftir them till they incorporate together, then take 
 a fmall linen doth of three inches, fteep it therein ; then 
 take a piece of filk, and few it into it, and hang it about 
 the neck ; oftentimes found certain by Dr. Thompfon. 
 
( $ 9 ) 
 
 To kill Lice on Trees. 
 
 Through drought many trees and buflies become loufy, 
 as fweetbriar, goofeberries, & c. therefore frequently wafli 
 them, or dafhing them with water may prove the bell 
 remedy. 
 
 For Crab Lice. 
 
 Wafli with the decoftion of penny royal ; fome anoint 
 with black foap. Qr boil marjoram in water, and wafli 
 with it; or the juice of ftinking gladon. 
 
 For Lice in the Eyelids. 
 
 Rub your eyelids with fait water, or brimfione and wa- 
 ter, or with vinegar of fquills, allum and aloes, and anoint 
 the hair of the eyelids. 
 
 To kill Fleas. 
 
 Take lavender and wormwood, and boil them in vine- 
 gar well, and fprinkle your blankets with it; or favoiy 
 "laid in your chambers, defiroys them. 
 
 Take wormwood well dried, and put it in a hag with 
 holes in it, fo place it under your bed; or fleawort laid 
 under or about your bed kills them ; or take wormwood, 
 nut leaves, lavendeir, eye-averon, and green coriander, put 
 them under the bed or pillow, and the fleas will die. 
 
 Agrippa fays, that goat’s milk lye is an infallible remedy, 
 being fprinkled about the room. 
 
 Muftard-feed boiled in water, and the room fprinkled 
 with it. Arfmart (the hot fort] ftrewed in a chamber, kills 
 all the fleas; and put under the faddle of a tired horfe, will 
 make him travel well. 
 
 To kill Fleas and Wall-Lice. 
 
 Take the deco&ipn of thiftle or arfmart, or coloquin- 
 t:da, bramble, or colewort leaves, and fprinkle about the 
 
 H a houfe 
 
( 6o ) 
 
 houfe, drives them away. Or anoint a Hick with the 
 greafe of a hedge-hog, and lay it in the room, and the 
 fleas will gather and flick to it. 
 
 Take fouthern wood, rue, wormwood, favory, walnut 
 leaves, lavender, flea-feed, lay all thefe (or fomeof them) 
 under the blankets; or el fe boil them in vinegar and fea- 
 Onions, and with that befprinkle the bed. 
 
 RATS or MICE. 
 
 The following Receipt was comunicated by an ingenious 
 Gentleman, who never knew it to fail. 
 
 To deftroy Norway Rats. 
 
 Take two ounces of glafs, one ounce of cream of tar- 
 tar, one grain of mufk, four grains of cinnamon, half an 
 ounce of annifeeds, all pounded, and one ounce of malt 
 4uft, mix them With a gill of fvveet oil, and make it into a 
 pafte. Great care muft be taken that no children or cat- 
 tle get at it, for the tailing it will be attended with im- 
 mediate death. 
 
 Rats or Mice. 
 
 Take ratfbane, powder it, and mix it with frelh but-, 
 ter, or make it into a pafte with bailey, or wheat -meal 
 and honey, and lay it on trenchers or boards where they 
 come; they will eat it, and it makes them drink till they 
 jburft. It is a ftrong poifon, therefore be very careful in 
 ufing it, and waih your hands after it. Or unflacked 
 lime and oatmeal mixt, and laid on boards where they 
 come, deftroys them. 
 
 To take Rats, or Mice efpecially. 
 
 Ta£E a board three feet fquare, and lay a piece of 
 nifty fry-d bacon in the middle, then lay it pretty thick 
 ^vith birdlijpe, leaving them fome alleys for them to come 
 to it, and they will get among the birdlime and flick, 
 drawing gnd (creaking, that it will make you fport. One 
 
 faid, 
 
( €i ) 
 
 /aid, he had catehed twelve in a night. In Staffordfhire 
 they put birdlime about their holes, and (hey running 
 among it, it flicks to their fkins, that they will not leave 
 fcratching till they kill themfelves. Or, take coloquintkfe 
 and oatmeal, make it into a pafte, and lay it where they 
 come. 
 
 Rats and Mice to kill. 
 
 Black hellebore and the feeds, of wild cucumber mixed 
 with fuch food as they eat, kills them. Or, mix pow* 
 dered hellebore with wheat or barjey-meal only, made 
 into {tiff pafte with honey, and laid where they come, they 
 eat it; it is prefent death; but great care muft be taken, 
 leaft any other thing (hould eat and be poifoned. 
 
 Rats and Mice to frighten away. 
 
 Set a trap over-night, with a piece of flrortg toafted 
 cheefe, and you will be fure to have one or more in the 
 morning ; then take a little aqua fortis, and fprinkle them 
 with it, and immediately let them run into their holes. 
 By the heat of the aqua fortis they will cry to fuch an ex- 
 cefs, that it will frighten the reft away, and they will expire 
 in their holes. 
 
 Rats and Mice to keep from Cheefe. 
 
 Agrippa fays, that hog’s lard mixed with the brains of 
 a weafel, and laid in large pellets or quantities about the 
 room, they will not come into that room. 
 
 To make Rats and Mice fcabby. 
 
 Pul oak-alhes in their holes, and they running among 
 them, makes th*m fcabby, and fo deftroys them. 
 
 To drive away Rats and Mice. 
 
 Make a fume with fmallage-feed, origanum, and aigilla, 
 all or any ot them, and it drives them out of the houfes. 
 Alfo lupins or green tamarinds burnt in the room drives 
 them away. 
 
 That 
 
( to ) 
 
 That Rats and Mice may not eat Books* 
 
 Let the printers put infufion of wormwood into their 
 printing ink, and they will never eat the printed paper. 
 
 To jdeftroy Field Rats and Mice. 
 
 In the dog-days the fields are generally bare, then find 
 out their holes or nefts, which are little and round like 
 an augre-hole, and put hem lock- feed thereinto, or helle- 
 bore mixed with barley : they eat it greedily fo it kills 
 them. Chips of cork fryed in fuet, and laid where they 
 come, deftroys them. 
 
 That Mice may not deftroy Seed Corn. 
 
 Steep your feed in bull’s-gall, and they will not touch it. 
 
 To preferve Artichokes from Rats and Mice. 
 
 They are great lovers of artichokes, and will come to 
 them in troops : To prevent this, wrap wool about their 
 roots, and they’ll be gone. Or hog’s dung, or fig-tree 
 allies laid about them, will drive them away. 
 
 Mice and Rats to catch in the Field. 
 
 Place an earthen Pot in the ground, half full of water, 
 and cover it with a board with a hole in the middle of it, 
 and then cover the board with haum, ftraw, or fuch like 
 rubbifh, under which the mice will creep for (helter, creep 
 into the hole and fo drop into the water and be drowned. 
 
 MOLES. 
 
 Take a head or two of garlick, onions, or leek, and 
 put it into their holes, and they’ll run out as if amazed, 
 and fo you may with a fpear or dog get them. 
 
 To kill Moles. 
 
 Take the dregs of oil, or the juice of wild cucumbers, 
 and pour it into their holes, and it kills them. Or, ftrong 
 lye of copperas and water, and in the morning early make 
 a hole in all the heaps with a broomilick, and in the 
 evening pour this water into the holes, it deftroys them. 
 
 Beat 
 
( «3 ) 
 
 Beat Hellebore, white or black, and with wheat flour, 
 the white of an egg, milk and fweet wine or methlegin, 
 make it into pafte, and put fmall pellets as big as a fmail 
 nut into their holes, and they will eat it with pleafure, and 
 it deftroys them. 
 
 Pliny fays, take an earthen jug-bottle with a big belly 
 and narrow neck, and put bees wax, rofin and brimftone, 
 and cedar-wood cut fmall into it ; fet thefe on fire and flop 
 all the mole-holes clofe, but one, which being opened put 
 the mouth of the pot into it, and it will choke them. 
 
 To drive Moles away. 
 
 In places you would not dig nor break much, the fum- 
 ing their holes with brimftone, garlick, or other unfa- 
 voury things, drives them away ; and if you put a dead 
 mole into a common haunt, it will caufe them abfolutely 
 to leave it. 
 
 To deftroy Moles an incredible way. 
 
 A mole-catcher and his boy, in ten days, in the fpring- 
 time, in a ground of 190 acres, caught near three bufhels 
 of old and young, by calling up their nefts only, which 
 are always built in a great heap as big again as the reft, 
 eafily difcerned ; then would the old ones foon come to 
 fee after their young, which they would fnap up. 
 
 If you have a conveniency of bringing water over your 
 ground, it will deftroy them as far as it goes. Blith’s 
 Hufbandry. 
 
 Another. 
 
 To catch them in trenches fpoils much ground; there- 
 fore get a mole-fpear or ftaff, and where you fee them 
 call, go lightly; but not on the fide betwixt them and 
 the wind< left they perceive you ; and at the firft or fe- 
 cond putting up of the earth, beat them with your 
 mole-ftaff downright, and obferve which way the earth 
 falls moft; il (he call toward you, ftrike fomewhat over, 
 if (he caft toward the left hand, ftrike fomewhat on the 
 
 right 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 right hand, and fo on the contrary to (he calling up of the 
 plain ground, beat down, and there let it remain; then 
 pull out the tongue in the flaff. and with the fpattle or 
 flat end, dig round about the grain to the end thereof, to 
 fee if you have deftroyed her; if you have miffed her, leave 
 .open the hole, and ftep afide a little, and perhaps (he will 
 come to flop the hole again, for they love but very little 
 air, and then beat again, but if you mifs her, pour into her 
 hole two gallons of water, and that will caufe her to come 
 out for fear o r drowning: mind them going out in a morn- 
 ing to feed, or coming home when fed, and you may get 
 a great many. 
 
 To catch Moles another way. 
 
 In March or April, the ground is foft, and they run 
 (hallow, and alfo after a rain, and by hill-fides, and in the 
 ruts of carts, and w r hen you fee fuch newly wrought, 
 tread it down always foftly, and then at her accuftomed 
 hours, which is iifually at fpring-time from about 6, 8, 
 and 11 in the morning, and in the evening about 3 or 4, 
 or 7, (he will Air up the earth in the faid trenches, and 
 fo go from trench to trench, and then w r atch diligently and 
 liften, and you will either hear or fee her moving the 
 eanh in the trench, then flop down the broad end of your 
 flaff acrofs the hole behind her, and w ith your foot before 
 her, fo flop the way behind with your flaff, and before w T ith 
 your foot, and then get her up with your fpattle. Moles 
 generally go abroad about (un-rifing, or loon after; in 
 dry hot w r eather moles feldom go abroad but in the morn- 
 ing, but in moift weather twice a day, forenoon and after- 
 noon; in frofty weather they get under trees and ftrong 
 hedges and bulhes; in wet feafons, and w r inter they lie 
 moft under hills or hedges, the roots of trees and hills, and 
 come out every morning to go abroad (if it is dry) 2 or 
 300 yards from their holes, and after an hour or two feed- 
 ing, return home : then obferve where they have been, 
 and there make trenches and chop the earth dow r n with 
 the fpattle or broad end of the moie-ftaff, which fhe hath 
 
 before 
 
< 6j ) 
 
 before raifed and palled through, and there t/ead it down 
 with your foot in trenches lightly, and the longer the 
 trenches are, the longer fhe is in pafling through them. 
 Make trenches iri the moft convenient place in the ground; 
 if you make them nigh their holes, ’tis beft to make them 
 going out or coming home. Make their trenches along 
 by the hedge fide or nigh banks and roots of trees, foar 
 that is beft. 
 
 To make an inflrument to deftroy Moles. 
 
 The beft inftrument to deftroy them is made thus - 
 Take a fmall board of about three inches and a half broad, 
 and five inches long, on the one fide thereof raife two 
 fmall round hoops or arches, and at each end, like unto 
 the two ends of a carrier’s waggon on a tilt boat, large 
 enough that a Mole may pafs through them; in the mid- 
 dle of the board make a hole that a goofe quill may pafs 
 through, then is that part finilhed ; then have in readinefs 
 a ftiort ftick about two inches and a half long, about the 
 bignefs that the end thereof may juft enter the hole in the 
 middle of the board; alfo you may cut a hazle or other 
 ftick, about a yard, or a yard and a half long, that being 
 ftuck in the ground may fpring up like unto the fpring 
 they ufually fet for fowls; then make a link ot horfe hair 
 very ftrong that will eafily flip, and fallen it to the end of 
 the ftick that fprings ; alfo have in readinels four fmall 
 hooked flicks ; then go to the furrow or paffage of the 
 ^ mole, and after you have opened it, fet in the little board 
 with the bended hoops downwards, that the mole when 
 fhe pafTes that way, may go direftly through the two fe« 
 micircular hoops. Before you fix the board do^n, put 
 a hair fpring through the hole in the middle of the board, 
 and place it round, that it may anfwer to the two end 
 hoops, and with the fmall flicks, and geiitly put in the 
 hole to flop the knot of the hair-fpring ; place it in the 
 earth in the paffage, and by thrufling in the four hooked 
 flicks, fallen it, and cover it with earth, and then when 
 the mole pafles either one way or the other, by difplacing 
 or removing the fmall ftick that hangs perpendicularly 
 I down- 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 downwards, the knot pafles through the hole, and the 
 fpring takes the mole about the neck. Though the de- 
 fcription feems tedious, yet this is very plain, and eafily 
 performed ; thefe vermin being fo very prejudicial, even 
 worfe to ground than fwine. 
 
 WEASELS. 
 
 Take fal ammoniac, and beat it, and with wheat flour 
 and honey make it into a pafte, with the white of an egg, 
 and lay it in pellets where they come, and they eat it, and 
 it kills them. 
 
 Put bells about his neck, and let him run about your 
 houfe, and he’ll frighten away all the mice, ’Tis their 
 nature to deftroy mice, therefore fome people love to 
 have them about their houfes. 
 
 Lay rue about the hens that lay, and they’ll not come 
 near them. 
 
 The fmell of a burnt cat frights them away: as ail in- 
 fers will be frighted away with their own kinds being burnt. 
 
 CATERPILLARS. 
 
 Caterpillars deftroy the leaves of trees, and devour 
 cabbages and other tillage, and are generally the effefts 
 of great droughts. To prevent their numerous increafe 
 on trees, gather them off in winter, taking the prickets 
 away that cleave to the branches, and burn them. 
 
 Or, anoint the bottom round about with tar, then get 
 many pifmires and put them in a bag, hang them fo that 
 they may touch th* body of the tree ; the pifmires can’t 
 get down for tar, fo for want of food will devour the 
 caterpillars. 
 
 When they are upon colwort or cabbages, take fome 
 felt water and fprinkle them with it, and it will kill them s 
 
 Caterpillars 
 
( «7 ) 
 
 Caterpillars of many Sorts, the Wolf, the Black Fly* 
 the Calendar-Worm, & c. 
 
 The moll hurtful is wolf and calendar worm, th^t 
 lurk in the heart of flower buds, fhutting them up that 
 they cannot open, which they confume; the trees that 
 blow early, look as if fingedby lightning; thofe that blow 
 late are not fubjeft to this evil. 
 
 But for this difeafe that has been* accounted incurable* 
 and all other enemies. Take three ounces of wormwood* 
 one ounce of aflfa faetida, fteep and break them, and boil 
 with four pails water in the air, becaufe they are ftink- 
 nng fmells, and when boiled, ftrain out the ingredients 
 through a linen cloth, and ufe it whep cold at pleafure, 
 before the bud be opened, and they will do no harm to 
 the tree. You may alfo add other ingredients, as tobacco 
 ftalks, wild vines, coloquintida, or the like, and expeft 
 very good iffue. 
 
 Green Bugs to deftroy, that hurt green Plants and 
 Rofe-Trees. 
 
 To kill green bugs in gardens, fprinkle the places 
 where they fix with ftrong vinegar, mixed with the juice 
 of henbane; or, fome water the plants haunted by them 
 with the cold deco&ion of muftard and laurel-feed in wa- 
 ter ; fome quafh them with their fingers, which is a good 
 way ; or flea-bane boiled in water, and fprinkled kills 
 them. i 
 
 An univerfal Remedy again# all Animals offenfive 
 to Flowers. 
 
 Democritus fays, put 8 or 9 crabs in an earthen pot 
 with water, and let them ftand eight days in the open air, 
 then take of this water, and water your plants in their in- 
 fancy ; repeat the fame once in eight days, and you will 
 'find it effe&ual again ft all forts of vermin. 
 
 Frogs to Kill. 
 
 Thefe vermin are beft deftroyed in February, in the 
 ditches where they fpawn, by deflroying both frogs and 
 fpawn. I 2 Tq 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 To gather Frogs and kit! them. 
 
 Take a fheep, ox, or goat's gall, and bruifett by the 
 water-fide, and the frogs will gather to it. 
 
 To prevent Frogs croaking. 
 
 Set a lanthorn and candle upon the fide of the water 
 or river, that waters your gardens, 'tis done, Toad? will 
 not come near fage if rue is planted about it. 
 
 Snakes and Adders to drive from the Garden. 
 
 Wormwood planted in divers places, they will not 
 pome near it. 
 
 The roots of centaury laid about your ground, will 
 make them depart. Or, lay deer-fuet about the place, 
 and they’ll be gone. 
 
 For the Bite or Sting of a Snake or Adder. 
 
 Take the juice of afh-tree leaves fqueezed into good 
 white wine, or beer, and drink it, and wafh with it, then 
 cover the place flung with afh-tree leaves, and it cures 
 you, fays Agrippa. 
 
 Pifmires, Flies, Earwigs, and Spiders, that hurt Orange- 
 Trees, Carnations, &c. 
 
 Thefe are very troublefome vermin in gardens, efpeci- 
 ally where carnations are preferved; for they are fo fond 
 of thefe flowers, that if care is npt taken to prevent them, 
 £hey will entirely deftroy them, by eating of the fweet 
 part at the bottom of (the leaves. 
 
 To prevent which, moft people have ftands erefted, 
 which have a bafon of earth or lead round about each fup- 
 porter, which is conftaotly kept filled with water. Others 
 hang the hollow claws of crabs, lobfters, &c. upon flicks 
 in divers parts of the gafden, into which thefe vermin get; 
 and by often parching them, you will deftroy them with- 
 out much trouble; which will be of great iervice to your 
 wall-fruit, for thefe are great deftroyers thereof. Miller’s 
 Gardener’s Dictionary. 
 
 Pifmires 
 
( h ) 
 
 Pifmires, Earwigs, and other Vermin that hurt gardens. 
 
 In gardens are July flowers, which are fubjeft to ha*m, 
 both by rain and the fun, and much watering, and from 
 earwigs and pifmires. The rain fpots them ; (he fun wi- 
 thers them, by drying the ground too much ; ftrong water 
 fpoils them, efpecially at the laft of their blowing. Pif- 
 Inires gnaw the flowers, and make holes in the leaves. 
 Earwigs devour the flowers, at leaA the leaves, that they 
 fall out of the {hell. To preferve them, let the fun be up* 
 Qn them but one hour in the day, and they will laft long. 
 
 To prevent Earwigs and Pifmires from Flowers. 
 
 Take glue boiled in linfeed oil, and lay this round 
 your tub four inches broad, an<J if they go to climb up, 
 they will flick in it, but if any fhould get up, lay on the top 
 of July-flower flicks, paper caps, lobfters claws with forr e 
 wool or tow in them, and in the morning you will find 
 much vermin in them. 
 
 To poifon Pifmires. 
 
 Make a box of cards or pafteboard, prick it full of 
 holes with a bodkin, and put in them powder of arfenick 
 and honey mingled together: hang thefe boxes on the trees 
 and it will deftroy them. Make not the holes too large, 
 left hues get in and be ppifoned alfo. 
 
 Earth and Field Mice, Snails and other Vermin that hurt 
 Tulips. 
 
 To preferve tulips from vermin, cover them with wood- 
 en frames four inches high, and do them over fo clofe 
 with iron wires, that none of thefe vermin can get thro* 
 to hurt them. 
 
 Snails to deftroy. 
 
 Snails are great enemies to wall-fruit, and in a dewy 
 morning you may eafily find where they moll delight to 
 breed: but the bell way is to find out their haunts in a 
 hard winter, and to rid yourfelves of them. They lie 
 much in holes of walls, under thorns, behind old trees, or 
 k clofe hedges. Alfo 
 
( 7° ) 
 
 Alfo obferve not to pluck that fruit they nave begu$ 
 with, but let it alone, for they will end that before they 
 begin of another. 
 
 Set tiles, bricks, or boards hollow againft the walls, 
 pales, & c. and they will creep under them for (belter: a- 
 bout Michaelmas they get to fuch places for fecurity the 
 whole winter, except you prevent it by deftroying them ii> 
 v December, which is the eafieft, beft and fureft way to de- 
 ftroy them. 
 
 Snails, the Gardener’s way. 
 
 Befides what is wrote above, they feek them by break 
 of day, or after rain, then they come out of the earth to 
 feed, and eafily killed. You ought to keep out of gar* 
 dens, dogs and cats. 
 
 That Flies may not trouble Cattle. 
 
 Boil bay -berries in oil, and anoint them with it, and 
 they will never fit on cattle ; or, wet the hair of horfe$ 
 with the juice of the leaves of gourds at Midfummer, 
 and they will not moled them. If cattle are anointed 
 with the juice of arfmart, flies will not come near them, 
 tho* it is the heat of fummer. 
 
 To prevent Moths eating Cloth. 
 
 Take beaten pepper, lay it among your cloaths, airing 
 them well firft, it will prevent them. 
 
 Take the branches of bay-tree and lay among cloth 
 and woollen, it preferves them from moths, worms or cor* 
 ruption, fo does moift hemp. 
 
 Laying wormwood among cloths, prevents moths from 
 eating them. 
 
 Pieces of Ruflia leather put in boxes, prevents moths 
 and all other vermin. 
 
 Moths to deftroy. 
 
 About Auguft they appear, and that moftly in the night, 
 and if you fet a candle in an apple-tree, lighted in the 
 
 night, 
 
^ 7 * ) ‘ 
 
 night, they will fly about it and burn themfelves, and 
 you’ll find abundance of them dead in the morning. 
 
 Wafps flinging. 
 
 Apply a copper halfpenny, and boil it for a little fpace, 
 and it will eat the pain and prevent fwelling. 
 
 Worms to deftroy. 
 
 Water wherein the leaves and feeds of hemp are fodden, 
 fprinkled on the earth, brings them out. 
 
 Sea water, fprinkled on the ground. Kills them. Or, 
 fait and water made into brine, and fprinkled on the 
 ground. Some fay, foot ftrewed on the ground de- 
 ftroys them. Others commend chalk and lime ftrewed 
 on the ground. 
 
 Worms in Apple Trees to deftroy. 
 
 Lay a fea onion about the trees, to preferve them from 
 worms; if they come naturally, bull’s gall or hog’s dung 
 mingled with man’s urine, and poured to the roots, de~ 
 ftroys them; but if they are hard to deftroy, the bark 
 mult be digged into with a brafs pin or fuch like tool, and 
 tended till the point takes upon the worms, and drives 
 them from the place; but where there is a place ulcerated 
 flop it with ox-dung: an apple-tree plant, the root being 
 anointed with bull’s gall, they and their fruit will be free 
 from worms. Mizaldus. 
 
 Worms to prevent eating Cheftsof Drawers, or Woods. 
 
 Rub them with linfeed oil; or rub them with worm- 
 wood, rue, or other bitter herbs, preferves them, and all 
 wooden houfehold fluff that is rubbed with the lees of lin- 
 feed oil, and poliihed, will look pleafant. 
 
 POLECATS. 
 
 If you can conveniently, have a channel about your 
 pigeon-houfe, that will preferve them and all other fowl, 
 for no beaft of pray will take the water. 
 
 Some 
 
( 7 » ) 
 
 Sofne make a dead fall to take them, which is made of a 
 fquare piece of wood, weighing 40 or 50 pounds ; th$y bore 
 a hole in the middle of the upper fide, and fet a crooked 
 hook fall in it ; alfo they fet four forked flakes fall in the 
 ground, and there lay two flicks acrofs, on which flicks lay 
 a long ftaff to hold the dead fall up to the crook, and under 
 this crook they put a Ihort flick and fallen a line to it, this 
 line mull reach down to the bridge below ; and this bridge 
 you mull make about 5 or 6 inches broad. Then fet on 
 both fides of this fall, boards or pales, or hedge with clofe 
 rod% and make it ten or twelve inches high ; let the palfage 
 be no wider than the fall is broad. 
 
 BADGERS. 
 
 Badgers are pernicious creatures, and deflfoy young 
 lambs, pigs, and poultry. 
 
 Some take them in a fteel-trap, or a fpring* as foxes 
 are taken. 
 
 Some make a pit-fall five feet deep, and four long, 
 making it narrow at the top and bottom, and wide* in the 
 middle; then cover it with fome fraall flicks and leaves 
 fo that it may fall in when he comes on it ; fometimes a 
 fox is taken thus. 
 
 Others hunt the badger to his hole in a moon-light 
 night, and dig him out. 
 
 FOXES to deftroy. 
 
 Foxes are great deftroyers of lambs, poultry, geefe, &c. 
 To deftroy them, get a fheep’s paunch, and tie it to a 
 long flick, then rub your Ihoes well upon it, that he may 
 not feent your fweaty feet ; draw this paunch, alter you 
 as a trail, a mile or more, and bring it near fome bufliey- 
 tree, leave your paunch and get into the tree with a gun, 
 and as it begins to be dark, you will fee him come after 
 the feent of the trail where you may (hoot him; draw the 
 trail if you can to the windward of the tree. 
 
 To catch a Fox in a Steel Trap. 
 
 The bell way is, to fet your trap in the plain part of a 
 large field, out of the way of all paths, yet not near a hedge, 
 
 or 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 or (belter; then open the trap, fet it bn the ground, and 
 cut out juft the form thereof in a turf, and get cut fo much 
 earth as to make room to flay it; then cover it again very 
 neatly with the turf you cut out; and as the joint of the 
 turf will not clofe exaftly, get feme mould of a new call 
 up mole-hill, and put it clofe round the turf, flicking fome 
 grafs in it as if it there grew; make it curious and neat, 
 that it might even deceive yourfelf; ten or twelve yards 
 from the trap, three feveral ways, fcatter fome of the mole- 
 hill mould very thin on a place 15 or 16 irlches fqu are, -then 
 on thefe places, and where the trap is placed, lay three or 
 four fmall bits of cheefe, and with a fheep’s paunch draw 
 a trail a mite or two long to each of thefe three places, 
 and from thence to the trap, that the lox may come to 
 one of thefe places firft, for then he’ll approach, the trap 
 more boldly; and thus you will never tail ol him ; be 
 fure let your trap be fet ioofe, that he may draw it to fome 
 hedge or covert, or he’ll bite off his leg and be gone. 
 
 A Spring-Trap for a Fox or Badger. 
 
 Bend down a flick in the Wood, or fet a pole in the 
 ground where he ufes to come, much like that fet up for 
 a woodcock, which hangs them up. To explain it bet- 
 ter, tie a firing to fome pole fet faft in the ground, and 
 to this firing make faft a fmall fhort flick, made thin on 
 the upper-fide, with a notch at the lower end of it; then 
 fet another flick faft in the ground, with a nitch under it; 
 then bend down the pole, and let both the nicks or notches 
 join as (lightly as may be: then open the nofe of the 
 firing, and place it in the path or walk; and if you lay 
 pieces of cheefe, flefh, or fuch things, it will entice him 
 that way. 
 
 To {hoot a Fox. 
 
 Anoint the foals of your fhoes with (wine’s fat a little 
 broiled, and coming from the wood, drop here and there 
 a piece of roafted fwine’s liver dipt in honey, drawing 
 **fter you a dead cat, and he’ll follow you, fo that you 
 may (hoot him. 
 
 K 
 
 A Hook 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 A Hook to catch a Fox, ty’d to a Tree or Gibbet, 
 
 This hook is made of large wire, and turns on a fwivefy 
 like the collar of a greyhound; it is frequently ufed in 
 catching wolves, but oftener for the fox. They hang it 
 from the ground fo high that he mull leap to catch it; 
 and bait it with flefh, liver, cheefe, &c. and if you run a 
 trail with a fheep’s paunch, as before dire&ed, it will draw 
 him the more eafily to the bait. 
 
 To catch an Otter. 
 
 Otters are great deflroyers of fifh, and will travel in a 
 night ten or twelve miles; they lie under the roots of 
 trees near the water; fome catch them with fnares, others 
 with fpears, and fome with hunting dogs. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Different Methods of catching Fifh. To make Bird* 
 Lime. To catch Birds. To keep Pigeons from 
 quitting the Pigeon-Houfe. To preferve Fruit 
 from Birds. 
 
 To catch Fifh. 
 
 Y OUR baits muff fmell well, fuch are annifeeds, juice 
 of panacea and cummin ; 2 dly, tafte well, as hog’s 
 blood and wheat bread; 3dly, be intoxicating, as aqua 
 vitae, lees of wine, &c. and laftly, make them fenfelefs, 
 as yellow flowers, which aftonifhes them, fo doth all 
 yellow flowers, and lime clithimal, nux vomica, and no- 
 thing better than cocculus Indiae. 
 
 To' catch Eels, 
 
 Take fea-floneworth an ounce, fea onions one ounc^ 
 mix them together and throw where eels come* 
 
 To 
 
t 73 ) 
 
 To catch Pikes, 
 
 Take what quantity of blown bladders you will, and 
 tie a line to the mouth of them, longer or fhorter, as the 
 water is in depth ; bait your hook artificially, and the 
 pike will take it, and make you fport ; the fame may be 
 done by tying your line to the leg of a duck or goofe. 
 
 Fifh to bring together. 
 
 Boil barley in water till it burft, with liquorice, a little 
 mummy and honey, then beat them together to a pafte, 
 and throw little pellets, when it is almoft dry, where fifh 
 are, and it will bring them together. Or, frefh-horfe 
 dung thrown into the water does it. 
 
 To catch a Pike a$ he lies fleeping and funding in fair 
 Weather, with a Loop or Net. 
 
 March and Auguft is the bqft time. Get a long pole 
 rod that is light and ftreight, on the fmall end fallen a 
 running loop of twilled horfe hair and filk, or made of 
 wire of a large compafs, which gently draw on him, and 
 when it is five or fix inches over his gills, hoifl him up ; 
 if it is a fmall pike draw it not fo far on ; make no noife 
 in walking or fpeaking; if he lies fo that you cannot 
 conveniently noofe him, touch his tail with the rod, and 
 he will turn as you pleafe ; alfo with a hand-net, putting 
 it gently under the water, guide it juft under him, and 
 lift it foftly till you touch him, and then do it quick as 
 you can. 
 
 Fifh. Garlick and mutton-fuet mixed with red wine, 
 and made into pafte; call it into the water an hour before 
 you fifh. 
 
 To catch Fifh. 
 
 Take Coculus Indiae, and fome wheat flower, and 
 with fweet wine, milk or mead, make a ftiff pafte, then 
 make pellets, and throw them where fifh are, and you 
 get them with your hands. Or, take affa-fa^tida, flour, 
 milk, and honey, made into a pafte, and bait your hook 
 y/ith it. K 2 
 
 • ' v ' 
 
( 7 « ) 
 
 Fifh to Fox. ’ 
 
 Tak£ hartworth and unflack’d lime beat fmafl, thorny 
 ft into the water when calm, and it will make them 
 drunk, fo that you may get them with your hands. 
 
 Fifh. Take elder leaves, fayory and thyme, of each 
 a like quantity; then get ox or fheep’s fuet, and lees of 
 wine; beat them in a mortar, and throw little pieces into 
 the water an hour before you fifh. 
 
 Fifll. Take Cocculus Indise, old cheefe, cummin- 
 teed, and wheat-flour, make a pafte with brandy, and 
 throw pieces in as big as a pea, and they that eat it you 
 may catch. 
 
 To catch fifh with your Hands. 
 
 Get nettles and cinquefoil, ftamp them together with 
 houfeleek juice; then take them in your hand and ftir in 
 the water and the fifh will come to you. Or take Coccu- 
 lus Indise, foft cheefe, honey, and crumbs of white bread, 
 jnade into a pafte, and throw it into the water. 
 
 Fifh. Get fheep’s fuet and garlick, mix it with wheat 
 Or barley flour, and with wine make it into a pafte; throw 
 ft into the water, and you may catch fifh with your hands. 
 Some take elder leaves, wild marjoram and thyme, all 
 dried, and ry\x fheep’s blood with them; then dry them in 
 an oven, and throw lumps into the water. 
 
 Get unflack’d lime,* and mingle it with birthwort beat 
 frnall, and caft it into the water, the fifh will greedily eat 
 it, and turn on their backs, but they are not the worfe 
 for eating. Or, with the juice of draggon-wort anoint 
 \ our hands, and they will come to it. Or oil of camomile 
 put to your bait, does it. 
 
 Get a quarter of an ounce of oriental berries, cummin 
 feed and aqua vitte, each a fixth part of an ounce, cheefe 
 an ounce, wheat-meal three ounces ; make little pellets 
 3ml throw, where the fifh are. 
 
 ' BIRD- 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 BIRD-LIME. 
 
 The common method is* to peel a good quantity of 
 holly bark about m id- fu turner, fill a veffel with it, put 
 fpring water to it; boil it till the grey and white bark 
 arife from the green, which will require twelve hours 
 boiling; then take it off the fire, drain the water well 
 from it, feparate the baik, lay the green bark on the 
 ground in fome cool cellar, covered with any green rank 
 weeds, fuch as dock thirties, hemlock, &c. to a good 
 ihicknefs; let it lie fourteen days, by which time it will 
 be a perfeft mucilage ; then pound it well in a flone mor- 
 tar till it becomes a tough parte* and that none of the 
 bark be difeernable ; next after wafh it well in fome run- 
 ning ftream, as long as you fee the leart motes in it; then 
 put it into an earthen pot to ferment, fcum it four or five 
 days as often as any thing rifes, and when no more comes 
 change it into an earthen pipkin, add a third part of ca- 
 pon’s or goofe greafe to it, well clarified, or oil of wal- 
 nuts, which is better, incorporate them on a gentle fire, 
 and flirt it continually till it is cold, and thus it is fmilhed. 
 
 How to life Bird-Lime. 
 
 When lime is cold, take your rods and warm them a 
 little over the fire; then lake your lim(? and wind ft about 
 the top of your rods, then draw your rods afunder one 
 from another and clofe them again, continually plying 
 and working them together, till by fmearing one upon 
 another, you have equally beftowed on each rod a fufS- 
 cient proportion of lime. 
 
 Of catching fmall Birds which ufe Hedges and Buflies, 
 with Lime-twigs. 
 
 The great Lime-bufli is beft for this ufe, which you 
 mutt ufe after this manner: Cut down the main branch 
 or hough of any bufhy tree, whofe branch and twigs arc 
 long, thick, fmooth, and ftreight, without either pricks or 
 knots, ot which the willows or birch trees are beft; 
 when you have pickt it and trimmed it from all fuper- 
 
 fluity, 
 
( 7 « ) 
 
 flinty, making the twigs neat and clean, then take the 
 belt bird-lime, well mixed and wrought together with 
 goofe-greafe, or capon’s greafe, which being warmed, line 
 -every twig therewith within four fingers of the bottom. 
 
 A Secret to hinder Pigeons from quitting a Pigeon* 
 Houfe. 
 
 Take the head and feet of a gelt goat, and boil them 
 together till the flefh feparates from the bone; take this 
 flefh and boil it again in the fame liquor, till the whole 
 is confumed; bruife into this decoftion, which is very 
 thick, fome potter’s earth out of which you are to get all 
 the ftones, vetch dung, hemp, foot and corn; the whole 
 mull be kneaded together, and reduced to a pafte or dough, 
 which form into final 1 loaves about the thicknefs of two 
 fifts, and dry them in the fun or oven, and take care they 
 do not burn; when they are baked lay them in feveral 
 parts of the pigeon -houfe, as foon as they are let there the 
 pigeons will amufe themfelves with picking them, and 
 finding fome tafte therein which pleafes them, they will 
 keep fo clofe to it that they will not afterwards leave it 
 but with regret. Others get a handful of fait, which 
 they candy, and afterwards put it into the pigeon-houfe. 
 Some take a goat’s head and boil it in water, with fait, 
 cummin, hemp, and urine; and then expofe it in the pigeon 
 houfe, with which they amufe the pigeons. Laftly, there 
 are thofe who fry millet in honey, and add a little water 
 thereto to prevent its burning; this preparation is a repaft 
 to them, and will caufe them to have fuch an affeQion 
 for their ordinary habitation, that they will be fo far 
 from abandoning it themfelves, that they will draw 
 fliange pigeons to it. 
 
 Birds and Fowl of all Sorts tp catch. * 
 
 Get feeds (all forts that fowl love) and l^y it to-foak 
 in lees or mother of wine, ftrew it where they come, 
 and it will fox ’em, fo that you may catch them with 
 your hands. 
 
 To 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 To keep Birds from Fruit. 
 
 Hang a bundle of garlick on a branch of a tree, or lay 
 it in your corn Hacks, and they will not touch your fruit. 
 Some fmear their tree branches with juice oi garlick. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The ART of PAINTING in OIL. 
 
 A Catalogue of the feveral Colours ufed in 
 Painting with Oil. 
 
 WHITES. 
 
 T HE principal of all whites is white lead. Of this 
 colour there are two forts, the one called cerufe, 
 which is the mod pure and clean part, the other is called 
 by the plain name of white lead. 
 
 Befides white lead and cerufe, there is another fort to 
 be met with fometimes, which they call flake white. 
 
 BLACKS. 
 
 Lam black. Lamp, or Candle Black, Ivory black.. 
 Willow charcoal. 
 
 REDS. 
 
 Vermillion is the mod delicate of all light reds, being 
 of itfelf a perfeft fcarlet colour. 
 
 Lake, especially the richeft fort, is the bell of all dark 
 reds being a mod pure crimfon. 
 
 Red lead is the lighteft of all reds now in ufe; it is a 
 fandy, harfh colour, and fuch a one as is not eafily ground 
 very fine, although you beftow much labour on it. 
 
 Spanifli brown is a dark dull red, of horfe flefh co- 
 lour; it is a a earth, it being dug out of th^ ground, but 
 
 there 
 
( So ) 
 
 there is fome of a very good colour, and ple^fant enough 
 to. the eye, confidering the deepnefs of its colour; it is of 
 great ule among (l painters, being generally ufed as the 
 firft or priming colour, that they lay upon any fort of 
 work, being cheap and plentiful, and a colour that ufes 
 well, if it be ground fine, as you may do with lefs labour 
 than fome better colour do require; the fir ft fort is the 
 deepeft colour, and free from ftones; the other forts are 
 not fo good as to give a colour to the eye, but yet they 
 ferve as well as any other for a priming colour. 
 
 YELLOWS. 
 
 Yellow oaker is of two forts, one called plain oaker, 
 the other fpruce oaker, the one is a much lighter colour 
 than the other. 
 
 Pink yellow. 
 
 Orpiment is that colour which fome call yellow arfniek. 
 
 Mafticote is a good light yellow for moft ufes, efpecially 
 in making greens, of which federal forts maybe framed 
 put of this colour, being mixed with blue. 
 
 GREENS, 
 
 Verdigreafe i$ the bell and moft ufeful green of ah 
 others. 
 
 Green bice is of a fandy nature, and therefore not 
 much ufed: green verditer is alfo of a fandy colour; 
 neither of them bear any good body, and are feldom 
 ufed but in landlkips, where variety is required. 
 
 BLUES. 
 
 Blue bice bears the beft body of all bright blues ufed 
 in common work, but it is paleft colour. 
 
 Blue verditer is a colour of no good body, but fome 
 thing fandy, and of no very good colour itfelf, being 
 apt to turn greenifh, and being mixed with a yellow pro- 
 duces a good green. 
 
 Indigo is a deep blue, if wrought by itfelf, to remedy 
 which, whites are ufually mixt, and then it is but a very 
 faint blue. 
 
 Note, 
 
( Si ) 
 
 Note, that the longer this colour is ground, the more 
 beautiful and fair it looks. 
 
 Smalt is the moil lovely blue of all others. 
 
 Note, that of this colour there are two forts, the fineft 
 is that which is called oil fmalt. 
 
 Umber is a colour that really has no affinity with the 
 others above mentioned, being neither white, black, red, 
 yfc^low, blue, or green, yet it i&a colour oi as great uie as 
 any of the reft in common painting. 
 
 The praftice of working oil colours, and painting timber- 
 work after the maimer of common painting. 
 
 That which I here call common painting, is only the 
 way and manner of colouring all manner of wainfcot, 
 doors, windows, pofts, rails, pales, gates, border-boards, 
 for gardens, or any other materials that require either 
 beauty or preservation from the violence of rain, or injury 
 of weather ; the method of doing which I {hall lay down 
 as plain as I can. Suppofe then, that there be a fet of 
 pallifadoes, or a pair of gates, or forae pofts and rails to 
 paint, and I would finiffi them in a ftone colour, ftrft look 
 over the work, and take notice whether the joints be open 
 in the gates, or whether there be any large chefts in the 
 pofts, for if. thefe are not fecured the wet will insinuate 
 itlelf into thefe defefts, and make the quicker difpatch in 
 ruining the whole; let the fix ft bufinefs therefore be, to 
 flop up thefe places fmooth and even, with a putty made 
 of whitening and linfeed oil, well beaten together on the 
 grinding ftone, with a wooden mallet, to the confiftency 
 of a very ftiff dough, arid wjth this let all the crannies, 
 clefts, and other defefts be per left! y tilled up, that it may 
 be equal to the furface of the fluff, then proceed to the 
 priming of the worI> with fome Spanifh brown well 
 ground and mixt with very thin linfeed oil; with this do 
 over the whole, giving it as much oil as it will drink up.; 
 this in about two days will be indifferently dry, then if 
 you would do it fubftantially, do it over again with the 
 fame priming colour; when this is thoroughly dry, then 
 with the white lead, well ground and tempered up, »ot 
 
 JL too 
 
s , 
 
 ( 82 ) 
 
 too thin, for the ftiffer you ufe it, the better body will be 
 laid on, and the thicker coat of colour that your timber 
 is covered withal the longer it will laft; let this colour 
 be well rubbed on, and the whole furface be fo entirely co- 
 vered that there remain no creek or corner bare, which 
 you may eafily do by jobbing in the point of abriftlebrufh; 
 let this fit ft colouring dry, and then go over it a fecond 
 time, and if you pleafe a third aifo; the charge will be 
 a little more, but the advantage will be much greater. 
 
 Now he that is able to bring the work thus tar on, has 
 proceeded to the higheft pitch of that common painting, 
 and that aims at preservation as well as beauty; but this 
 is noT all, for he that is arrived thus far, is in a fair way 
 to other perfections in the art ot painting: but the pan- 
 nelling of wainfcoat with its proper ftiadows, and for 
 imitating olive and walnut wood, marble, and fuch like ; 
 thefe muft be attained by occular infpeftion, it being im- 
 poffible to deliver the manner of the operation by pre- 
 cept without example, and I am bold to affiim, that a 
 man (hall gain more knowledge by one day’s experience 
 than by a hundred fpent to acquire it fome other way. 
 
 I advife therefore all thofe that delire any infight into 
 this Bufinefs, to be a little curious, if opportunity offers., 
 in obftrving the manner of a painter’s working, not only 
 in grinding his colours, but alfo in laying them on, and 
 working them in; in all thefe obfervirig the motion of 
 his hand in managing any kind of tool, and by this means 
 with a little imitation, joined to the direftions here giver}, 
 I doubt not but in a (hort time you may arrive to great 
 proficiency in the bufinefs of common painting. 
 
 Note, That if when you have made ufe of your co- 
 loms, there be occafion for a final 1 ceffation till the whole 
 is fimfbed ; in this cafe it is beft to cover the colours in 
 your pot with water, for that will prevent their drying, 
 even in the hotteft time. 
 
 And for your pencils, they ought fo foon as you have 
 finilhed, to be well walbed out in clean linfeed oil, and 
 
 then 
 
,( H ) 
 
 inert in warm foap fuds; for if either oil or colours be 
 once dried in the brufh or pencil, it is Ipoiled for ever. 
 
 It has been obferved, that timber laid over with white 
 when it has flood for fometime in the weather, the colour 
 will crack and (brink up together, juft as pitch does, if 
 laid on any thing that (lands in the fun; the caufe of this 
 is, that the colqnr was not laid on with a ftiff body, able 
 to bind itfelf on firm and faft. 
 
 If you (hall have at any time occafion to ufe either 
 bruffres that are very fmall, or pencils, as in many 4 afes 
 there will be occafion, you ought then to difpofe of the 
 colours you ufe upon a pallet (which is a wooden inftru- 
 ment, eafy to be had at any colour (hop) and there work 
 and temper them about with your pencil, that the pen- 
 cil may carry away the more colour; for vou are to 
 note, that if a pencil be only dipt into a pot of colour, it 
 brings out no more with it than wh^t hangs on the out- 
 fide, and that will go but a little way, whereas if you' 
 rub the pencil about the colour on the pallet, a good 
 quantity of colour will be taken up in the body o< e 
 pencil; and befides all thb you may bring your pencil 
 better to a point on a pallet, than you can do in a pot; 
 
 , the point of a pencil being of the greatell ufe in divers 
 cafes, especially in drawing of lines and all forts of 
 fiourifiiing. 
 
 What Colours are mod fuitable and fet off beft one 
 with another. 
 
 By fetting off beft, I mean their caufing each other 
 to look more pleafant, for two of fome particular colours 
 put together, or one next the other, (hall add much to the 
 beauty ot each other, as blue and gold, red and white, 
 and fo on; but green and black put together, is not fo 
 pleafant, neither doth black and umber, or haw colour, 
 appear well. 
 
 All yellows then fet off beft with blacks, and blues, 
 $nd with reds. 
 
 All 
 
 La 
 
( 84 ) 
 
 All blues fet off heft: with whites and yellows. 
 
 Greens fet off befi with blacks and whites. 
 
 Whites fet off well enough with anv other colour. 
 
 Reds fet off beft with yellows, whites and blacks. 
 
 Gold looks, well upon a white ground, efpecially if the 
 matter to be gilt be carved. 
 
 Gold and black fhews alfo very well-. 
 
 Gold on timber colour fhews alfo very well. 
 
 So does gold and horfe-fiefh colour, made with the 
 bright eft Spanifh brown. 
 
 But the mo ft glorious ground of all others for gold, 
 are Vermillion red, the fmall blue, and the lake, laid on 
 a light ground. 
 
 Of fome Colours that arife from Mixture; 
 
 A(h colour is made of white lead and lam black; if 
 a deep afh colour, then take the more black, if a light 
 one, then but little black, - and moft white. 
 
 A lead colour is made of Indigo and white. 
 
 A colour refembling new oaken timber, is made of 
 umber and white lead. 
 
 A flefh colour is compounded of lake, white lead, and 
 a little vermillion. 
 
 A buff colour, yellow caker and white lead. 
 
 For a light willow green, verdigreafe and white; 
 
 For a grafs green, verdigreafe and pink. 
 
 A carnation is made of lake and white. 
 
 Or ange colour, yellow oaker and red lead. 
 
 A light timber colour, mix fpruc-e oaker and whitQ, 
 and a light umber. 
 
 Brick colour, red lead, white, and yellow oaker. 
 
 For a ft raw colour, white lead and a little yellow oaker. 
 
 Olive wood is imitated with oaker and a little white 
 veined over with burnt umber. 
 
 Walnut tree is imitated with burnt umber and white, 
 veined over with the fame colour alone, and in the 
 deeneft places with black. 
 
 Pales and polls are fometimes laid over with white, 
 which they call a ft one colour. 
 
 Sometimes 
 
( S 5 ) 
 
 Sometimes ports and pales arc laid over with indigo and 
 white which is called a lead colour. 
 
 Window frames are laid in white, if the buildin? he 
 new, but if not they are generally laid in lead colour, or 
 indigo and white, and the bars with red lead.. 
 
 Doors and gates, if painted in panne Is, then the fha- 
 dnws of a white ground are umber and white, but if laid 
 in lead colour, then the fbadows are lifted with black. 
 
 "Tis not poflible to fet down all thofe varieties of co- 
 lours that may be produced by mixture ; they that would 
 fee more, may perufe Dr. Salmon’s Polygrafice, where 
 they {hall find great variety. 
 
 (.HAP. X. 
 
 How to make Gold and Silver Size. To gild with 
 Gold and Silver, on an oily Size, either Letters or 
 Figures, &c. 
 
 To make Gold and Silver Size. 
 
 T HE operation is thus for making of gold fize ; get 
 yellow oaker, and grind it on a ftone with water till 
 it be very .fine, and afterwards lay it on a chalk ftone 
 to dry ; this is the common way: or wafh your oaker, for 
 when it is wafhed, to be fure nothing but thepureft of the 
 colour will be ufed; and befides it is done with Ids daub- 
 ing. 
 
 When your oil and oaker are thus prepared, you muft 
 grind them together as you do other oil colours, only with 
 tat drying oil, but it isfomewhat more laborious, and muft 
 be ground very fine, even as oil itfelf; for the finer it is, 
 the greater luftre will your gold carry that is laid on it. 
 
 Here note, that you muft give it fuch a quantity of your 
 fat oil, that it may not be fo weak as to run when you have 
 laid it on; nor fo ftiff that it may not work well; but of 
 fuch a competent body, that after it is laid on, it may fettle 
 1'mooth and glofty, which is the chief property oi good 
 foe. * * ' Silver 
 
( 86 ) 
 
 Silver fize is made by grinding white lead with fat dry* 
 ing oil,, fome adding a little verdigreafe to make it bind-# 
 
 To gild with Gold, either Letters or Figures, 
 
 Whatsoever you would gild mull be fii ft drawn with 
 gold Size, according to ^the true portion of what you 
 would have gilt, whether figure, letter, or whatever elfe 
 it be ; when you have thus drawn the true proportion of 
 what you would have gilt, let it remain till it be Suffici- 
 ently dry to gild upon, (which you Shall know by touch- 
 ing it with the end of your finger) Tor if your finger flicks 
 a little to it, and yet the colour come not off, then it is dry 
 enough, but if the colour come off on your finger, then it is 
 not dry enough, and muft be let alon^ longer; for if 
 you would then lay your gold on, it would then So drown 
 it, that would be worth nothing; but if your Size fhould 
 be So dry as not to hold your finger as it were to it, then 
 it is too dry, and the gold will not take; for which there 
 is no remedy but new fizing; therefore you muft watph 
 the true time, that it be not too wet or too dry ; both 
 extremes being not at all convenient* 
 
 When your fize is ready for gilding, get your book of 
 leaf gold, and opening a leaf o( it, take it out with vour 
 cane plyers, and lay it on your gilding cuShion, and if it 
 lie not Smooth, blow on it with your breath, which will 
 lay it flat and plain, then with a knife of cane, or for 
 want of it, an ordinary pocket knife, that hath a Smooth 
 and fhai p edge ; with this (being wiped very dry on your 
 fleeve, that the gold flick not :o it) let your leaf gold be 
 cut into fuch pieces or forms as your judgment fhall thinly 
 mo ft Suitable to your work. 
 
 When you have thus cut your gold into convenient 
 forms, then take your gilding pallet, (his a flat piece of 
 wood, about three inches long, and an inch broad, upon 
 which is to be glewed a piece of fine woollen cloth of the 
 fame length and breadth) and breathe upon it to make it 
 dampifl), that the gold may flick to it; with this tool take 
 
 your 
 
( 87 ) 
 
 your gold (bv clapping it down on the feveral pieces you 
 had before cut into forms) and transfer it to your fize, 
 upon which clap it down according to difcretion, and 
 your gold mull afterwards prefs down fmooth with a 
 bunch of cotton, or a hate’s foot; and this you niufl do 
 piece by piece till you have covered all your fize gold; and 
 after it is fully dried, .then with your hare’s foot brufh off 
 all the loofe gold, fo will your gilding remain fair and 
 beautiful. 
 
 If your work is to he gilt very large, open your book 
 of leaf gold, and lay the leaf down on your work with- 
 out cutting it into pieces, and fo do leaf by leaf till you 
 have covered quite over what you intend to gild: and if 
 fome particular places fbould mifs there, rake up with a 
 {mall bunch of cotton, a piece of leaf gold, cut to a fit 
 fize, and clap it on, that the whole may be entirely co- 
 vered ; if the gold be to be laid in the hollows of carved 
 W'ork, you mull take it up on the point of a camel hair pen- 
 cil, and convey it in, and with the faid pencil dab it down 
 till it lie clofe and fmooth. 
 
 How to gild with Silver. 
 
 In laying on filver upon an oily fize, the fame method 
 in all refpetfs is required as for gilding with gold, fave 
 only in this, that the fize, upon which filver is laid, ought 
 to be compounded of a very little yellow oaker, and much 
 white lead ; for the fize being of a light colour* the filver 
 laid on it will look more natural and retain its own e*j- 
 lour better, the whiter the fize is. 
 
 Note, That the common painters do now generally in 
 gilding, ufe more filver than gold, in moft works that are 
 not much expofed to the air, to which they afterwards 
 give the colour ot gold, by means of the lacker varnifh, 
 whofe ufe is now fo common, that if they gild any thing 
 that ftands free from the weather, they •nly gild with fil- 
 ver, and fo give it the colour of gold with a lacker var- 
 nifh, made ol gum lake, diifpived in fpirits of wine, and 
 !^d over it. 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
( 88 ) 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 t — 
 
 The whole Art and Myftery of colouring Maps, and 
 other Prints, in Water-colours; and Direflions for 
 laying Metzotinto Prints on Glafs. 
 
 T 1 AVING as yet, feen nothing published upon this 
 I I fubjett that is authentic, I have thought fit, for 
 the ufe of thofe who are inclined to ingenuity, to fet 
 forth the way and manner of doing this work, it being 
 an excellent recreation for the gentry, and others who 
 delight in the knowledge of Maps, which by being co- 
 loured, and the feveral divifions diftinguifhed one from 
 the other by colours of different kinds, do give a better 
 idea of the countries they defcribe, than they can poflibly 
 do uncovered. 
 
 Now, to perform this work after the beff manner, 
 there mufl be provided in the firft place a lye made with 
 tartar, and gum water. 
 
 To make the tartar lye do thus ; get two ounces of the 
 belt white tartar, which is a ftony fubflance that Hicks to 
 the fide of wine veffels, and is fold by the druggifts. 
 
 Wrap it up hard and tight in a {beet of brown cap- 
 paper, wet it thoroughly in water, and put it into a clear 
 fire, either of wood or fea coal; let it remain therein tilt 
 it be red hot quite through, then take it out with a pair 
 of tongs., and put it immediately into a pint of water, and 
 with your fingers rub it well to pieces; put it into a long 
 narrow glafs, and in a day or two the black will all fettle, 
 and the lye will become pure and clear; pour off the lye 
 into a clean glafs, and keep it clofe Hop’d for ufe. 
 
 To make a gum water, take three ounces of tbe whiteft 
 and cleareH gum-arabick, which is alfo fold at the drug- 
 gifts, and beat it as fmall as you can bruife it, then put it 
 into a pint of fair fpring water, and let it diffolve there, 
 
 which 
 
( 8 9 ) 
 
 which will be moft haftened by (baking the glafs three or 
 four times a day very well, that the gum that is diffoived 
 may mix the better with the water that is above it ; when 
 it is all diffoived, if there appear any foulnefs in it, brain 
 it through a rag into a glafs, and flop it lor ufe. Note, 
 That too much of this ought not to be made at a time: 
 for if the gum be kept diffoived too long in the water, it 
 will rot, and be of no ufe; therefore obferve to make it 
 frefh once in two months, or three at fartheft. 
 
 In the next place, you mufl prepare or make ready 
 your colours for ufe, and the bed for this work are 
 thofe that follows : Namely, 
 
 Copper green, and that is made thus ; get a pound 
 of right French verdigreafe, made at Montpelier, this 
 being the bed, for the verdigreafe made a< any other 
 place will fade ; to this add three ounces of cream of 
 tartar, beat them into a fine powder, and take care, 
 while the verdigreafe is pounding, to dop your nofe, 
 and hold a bunch of fine linen in your mouth to breathe 
 through, eife the fubtle powder of the verdigreafe will 
 be apt to offend; and when this is done, mix both 
 the powders into two quarts of water, and boil it in 
 an earthen pipkin till it boil away a quart, then drain 
 it out, when cold, and put the liquor into a glafs, 
 dop it up, and let it dand to fettle till the liquor be 
 very clear, fo you will have a delicate green: but fome- 
 times the verdigreafe not being always of a goodnefs, 
 the colour may not be deep enough for fomeufes. In 
 this cafe, put fome of it into a broad earihen difh, and 
 fet it over a chafing difh of coals, and by a gentle heat, 
 diminifh fo much of the liquor, till by trying on a paper, 
 and letting of it dry, the colour pleafe you, and here 
 you are to note, That if it fhine too much when dry, it 
 is not right; tor it is not rightly made except it hut juft 
 fhine, and if you cannot make the colour deep enough 
 by evaporating by heat the abounding liquid, without 
 making it fhine too much, it were better to add fome 
 verdigreafe, and boil it up anew till it become a trans- 
 parent deep willow green. If you would make but a pint 
 
 M of 
 
( 9 ° ) 
 
 of this, you muft take but half the quantity of each; and 
 you are alfo to take notice, that this is a colour that will 
 keep many years without decaying, if the glafs that holds 
 it be clofe flopped up. 
 
 The next colour needful to be made, is a ftone colour, 
 of a liquor of myrrh, which is thus done; take a pint 
 of your tartar lye, and add to it one ounce of the belt 
 myrrh in powder, which you can get at the druggifts, 
 and boil it till the myrrh is diffolved, which will be done 
 in a final 1 time; let it fettle, and pour off the clear for 
 ufe, which you mufl keep clofe flopped up ; this is alfo 
 a tinfture that will never decay, and may be made fainter 
 or deeper, by boiling more of the liquor away to make it 
 deeper, or by adding water to make it fainter. 
 
 And in the laft place there is required a crimfon co- 
 lour, which is fpeedily made thus: Buy at the druggifts 
 fome good cochineal, about half an ounce will go a great 
 way ; take thirty or forty grains, bruife them in a galley- 
 pot to fine powder, then put to them as many drops of 
 the tartar lye as will juft wet it, and caufe it to give 
 forth its colour; and immediately add to it half a fpoon- 
 ful of water, or more, if the colour be yet too deep, and 
 you will have a delicate purple liquor or tin&ure. Then 
 get a bit of allum, and with a knife fcrape very finely a 
 very little of it into the tinfture and this will drive away 
 the'puiple colour, and caufe it to be a delicate crimfon; 
 ftrain it through a fine cloth into a clean galley-pot, and 
 ufe it as foon as you can, for this is a colour that always 
 looks molt noble when foon made ufe of, but it will de- 
 cay if it ftands long. 
 
 Indigo is another colour ufed in colouring of maps. 
 This is bought at the colour {hops that fell paint, and it 
 muft be ground very fine on a ftone, as you do oil co- 
 lours, with a little tartar lye to caufe it to give its colour, 
 and look the brighter; when it is ground perfectly fine 
 as a thick fyrup, add gum water to it till it be thin enough 
 for your purpofe, and keep it in a gtefs clofe ftopt up,, 
 but it will fettle fo, tha* when you ufe it you muft ftir it 
 up from the bottom* For 
 
C 9* ) 
 
 For a yellow, gumboge is the beft; it is fold at the 
 &*uggifts in lumps, and the way to make it fit for life is 
 to make a little hole with a knife in a lump, and put in- 
 to the hole fome water, ftir it well with a pencil till the 
 \v r ater be either a faint or a deep yellow, as your occafion 
 requires, then pour it into a galley-pot, and temper up 
 more, till yon have enough for your purpofe. 
 
 Red lead is alfo a colour much ufed in this work, and 
 fo is orpiment; both which you may buy at the colour 
 (hops very finely ground, fo that they need only to be temv 
 pered with gum water to be fit for ufe. 
 
 Blue bice is alfo often ufed, which needs only to be 
 tempered with gum water, and when men defign to be 
 curious, they may ufe inflead thereof ultritnarine, which 
 is the heft and moil glorious of all blues, but vaftly dear; 
 yet fmall papers of it about two (hillings price, may be 
 bought at fome of the colour (hops, and if carefully ufed, 
 will go a great way; it need only be tempered in a ve y 
 fmall galley-pot with fome gum water, till it be on the 
 p^per with a good colour. 
 
 There is alfo an exceeding glorious red or crimfon 
 colour, named carmine, which is exceeding dear, yet 
 about half a crown's worth will go a great way in the ufes 
 to which it is put; it is tempered with gum water, and 
 gives feveral degrees of colour according as it is thicker 
 pr thinner tempered. 
 
 Vermillion is alfo ufed in fome cafes. This is a glo- 
 rious fcarlet, that needs only to be tempered with gum- 
 water; for it may be bought very finely ground to pow- 
 der at the colour (hops; only it is to be noted, that this 
 colour (hews much brighter when dry, if glazed over 
 with fome thick gum water, which is made by putting 
 two ounces of gum arabick to half a pint of water or lefs. 
 
 And for fome ufes burnt umber, ground very fine, with 
 water as thick as pofiible, and then tempered with gum 
 water to a due thicknefs, makes a good tranfparent colour. 
 
 M 2 There 
 
( 9 * ) 
 
 There is another colour needful in this work, which is . 
 a mod pleafant grafs green, and that is made thus; get a 
 lump of gumboge, and make a hole in it, then put there- 
 in fome copper green, ftir it about with a pencil, and 
 from a willow you will fee it turn to a grafs green, which 
 will be the deeper or lighter as you ftir it about a longer oi 
 leffer time. 
 
 Of the praQice of colouring Maps. 
 
 The colours being prepared as before direfied, the only 
 way to colour maps well is by a pattern done by fome 
 good workman, of which the Dutch are efteemed the heft ; 
 three or four fuch maps coloured by a good artift, are fuf- 
 ficient to guide a man in the right doing of his work; 
 but if he cannot obtain this, he may by a few trials 
 grow a good artift in a fhort time ; for this is only at- 
 tained by pratlice, and if a man fpoil half a fcore maps in 
 order to get the method of colouring a map well at laft, 
 there is no man that is ingenuous will grumble at it. 
 
 The art of colouring right may be attained by praftice, 
 but the hardeft thing is to know rightly how to prepare 
 the colours properly, without fuffering them to fink 
 into it; but if the paper be nc>t good and ftrong, no art 
 can make the colour lie well; therefore in buying maps, 
 ehoofe thofe that are primed on the thickeft or flrongeft 
 paper. 
 
 Direflions howto lay on Meizotinto Prints on Glafs, 
 
 In undertaking this, curioufly lay the print flat ways in 
 warm water, of the thinned and fineft paper; for that 
 which is rough and thick will not do near fo well, if at all ; 
 let them foak well, and your glafs being very white and 
 thin, go over it with Venice turpentine fpread thin with 
 a pliable knile, and daub it all over with your finger, that 
 the turpentine may feem rough. 
 
 This done, get the foaked print, and lay it on a fmooth 
 cloth, then prefs with another, to get oyt the water, then 
 
 i'“7 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 lay it on the glafs, the print next it, beginning at one end, 
 ftroaking outwards the part already fixed to the glafs, that 
 neither wind or water may be retained between to wrinkle 
 it, then with a hit of fponge, or yo”r hand, wet the 
 backfide, and lightly by degrees roll off the paper care- 
 fully, without making holes, efpecially in the lights, 
 which are the tendereft, and when the print appears very 
 plain on the backfide, let it dry about two hours, then 
 va< nifh it over with turpentine or maflick varnifh till vou 
 can fee through it, and a night's drying will prepare it to 
 be worked with colours. 
 
 If you would have all the paper off, fo that nothing 
 but the print may remain, lay it as before with oil of 
 maflick, and a little turpentine, and a biufli will fetch 
 gff the colour. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 The Art of Varnifhing and Japanning, 
 
 T O be a proficient in this art feveral matters are re- 
 quired, and thefe you mufl confi ler as fuitabie, not 
 only in property but goodnefs, that your coft and labour 
 may not prove in vain. % < 
 
 As two flrainers made of flannel, moderately fine, of 
 of coarfe linen, in the nature of a tunnel, for to llrain 
 your lac varnifh, and the other for your white varnifh, and 
 the firft of thefe may ferve for lackers, when your occa- 
 fion requires you to make them : be Tides thefe are re- 
 quired two tunnels of tiu for the fame purpofe as before; 
 glafs bottle and vials fmall and great mufl be in readinefs, 
 as to fait with the quantities of varnifh your bufinefs re- 
 quires you to ufe, and galley-pots to put it in when you 
 defign to work; as aifo to mix your blacks in, when they 
 come to be ordered with other things. 
 
C 94 ) 
 
 As for tools they are no lefs requifite, for without 
 tliern this art would be infignificant, and therefore to fur. 
 nifh yourfelf with them, you muft have pencils accord- 
 ing to the greatnefs or fmalinefs of the things intended 
 to work on ; thofe for the varnifli muft be made of ca T 
 mels hair very foft, and are of various prices, as to the 
 largenefs and finenefs; likewife drawing pencils placed in 
 cluck or goofe quills, as the finenefs or largenefs of the 
 ftiokes require, and the longeft haired pencils are ac- 
 counted the beft in this bufinefs; you muft have in readi- 
 nefs a confiderable number of mufcle-fhells to mix co T 
 lours and minerals in, as the occafion fhall require it. 
 Dutch rufhes are another material ufeful in this matter, to 
 fmooth the work before it is varnifhed, to get of the nob§ 
 or grittinefs from the ground, or when it is varnifhed. 
 
 Tripoly is proper to polifh this work with when var* 
 nifhed, being reduced into fine powder, and fifted; as for 
 linen rags, you muft be provided with them, both fine 
 and coarfe, to clear and polifh this work, alfo olive oil 
 for clearing ; as many of thefe things fhall be direfled 
 hereafter, as they occur in due place, in the work. 
 
 Several Things neceffary to be ufed in this Art, 
 
 Of Spirits of Wine. 
 
 This is of main ufe in varnifhing, and if it be not pro- 
 perly qualified it will fpoil the varnifh, and not he capa- 
 ble, for want of ftrength, to diftblve your gums, or make 
 them fpread, and fo confequently lie uneven upon the 
 work; and to know when this fpirit is fufficiently recti- 
 fied, put fome of it in a fpoon, and put a little gun- 
 powder in, and if it burns out, blo^vs up the gun-powder, 
 and leaves the fpoon dry, then it is a good fpirit, but fail- 
 ing in this, and leaving the fpoon moift when the flame 
 extinguifhes, it is not fit for your ufe. 
 
 Of Gum Animae, Gum Lac, and Gum Sandarack. 
 
 ' To choofe thofe well, as for the firft, get the mofl 
 tranfparent, cleareft and whiteft, which is the belt. 
 
 * ■ The 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 The fecond alfo, called feed lac, choofe that free from 
 drofs, flicks, or dufl, large grained and bright. 
 
 As for the third, get that which is large, and very white, 
 calling the leait yellow, free irom dufl and diofs. 
 
 Of Shell Lac, White Rofin, Bole Armoniack, 
 and Venice Turpentine. 
 
 As for the firfl, that is heft that is mod perfpicuoufiy 
 tranfpatent, will eafiiy melt, and draw out with your 
 fingers as fine as a hair. 
 
 As for the fecond, chufe for your ufe that which is the 
 whiteft and cleareft. 
 
 As for the third, that is mod fit for your purpofe that 
 is free from grittinefs or gravel, and is of a blackilh red 
 colour, commonly called French Bole. 
 
 Of Gum Elemi, Gum Arabick, and Gum Capal. 
 
 As for the firfl, chufe the hardeft, and freeft from dirt 
 and drofs. 
 
 Chufe the fecond, white and tranfparent. 
 
 As for the third, that is beft for your ufe that is whiteft, 
 free from drofs, and the thick dark fluff incorporated 
 with it. 
 
 Of Gambogium, Ifinglafs, Benjamin, or Benzoin, 
 Dragon’s blood, &c. 
 
 There are other things neceffary in this art, and ought 
 to be well chofen. 
 
 As for the firfl, the beft is that of a bright yellow, free 
 from dirty thicknefs and drofs. 
 
 Chufe as to the fecond that which is whiteft and clear- 
 eft, free from yellownefs. 
 
 As for the third, the beft is that of a bright red colour 
 much like to clarified black rofin, free from all drofs and 
 
 filth. 
 
( 9 & ) 
 
 The fourth, when the heft, is of a bright red, free 
 from drofs, it may be had, as the others, at the druggifts, 
 but the prices I fet not down, becaufe they generally rife 
 . and fa! . 
 
 Of Silver Duft, Brafs Dufl, Green Gold, Dirty Gold, 
 Coppers, Powder, Tin, &c. 
 
 The filver duft, the heft is brought from beyond the 
 feas, and is known from the counterfeit by being fqueezed 
 between your finger and thumb, giving a glorious luftre, 
 as indeed it does in the work. 
 
 Brafs duff, by artifts called gold duft, the beft is made 
 in Germany, the beft is of a fine bright colour, neareft 
 refembling gold, try it as the filver duft; as for the coarfe 
 fort, though it will work pretty well with gold ftze, yet it 
 will not do fo with gum water. 
 
 Green gold, is a corrupt metal fo called, is very good 
 in this work, for cafting a fading green colour. 
 
 Dirty gold, is a corrupt metal, cafting a dark, dull, 
 though filverifh colour, bearing pretty well a refemblance 
 to dirty droffy gold. 
 
 Coopers are three forts, natural, adulterate, and artifi- 
 cial ; as for the natural, being cleanfed, it may be ground 
 without any mixture. 
 
 The adulterate is moft fit for a ground, and ferves com- 
 monly to lay o*her metals on, as in etching or height- 
 ening gold or filver on ; but the artificial is of a higher 
 and brighter colour than either: There are alfo ufed in 
 this art, thofe called fpedkles, of copper, gold and filver, 
 and divers other colours differing in finenefs, which may 
 be work’d as the artift fancies, eithet on the outfides of 
 boxes or drawers, or on mouldings, and may be pur- 
 chafed ready done. 
 
 Of Colours proper in Japanning. 
 
 Some of thefe are called tranfparent, on which gold 
 and filver are to be laid, or fome light colour, fo that by 
 this means they appear in their proper colours, lively and 
 beautiful. Of 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 Of thefe, for green, are diftilled verdigreafe ; for a 
 red, fine lake ; for a blue, fmalt; you have to grind thefe. 
 on a porphiry, or marble Hone. Grind with a muller 
 what quantity you pleafe, with fmalt or verdigreafe, with 
 nut oil, as much as will moiften the colours and grind 
 them till they are as fine as butter, then put the colours 
 into {hells, and mix them with oH of turpentine till they 
 become thin, for ufe; lay them on filver, gold, or any other 
 light colour, and they will then become tranfparent, al- 
 tering their lightnefs or darknefs according to that of the 
 metal or colours that are placed under them ; this for a 
 curious red may be done with lake, but then ufe drying 
 oil to grind them with. 
 
 If you defign figures on the back of your tables or 
 boxes, as trees, birds, or flowers, thofe may be done, 
 for white, with white lead ; for blue, fmalt, mixing it 
 with gum srabick water* and mingle them as you pleafe, 
 to make them lighter or deeper; flake white is a very 
 pure white, but the other will do for ordinary ufe ; and 
 you mull ufe either of thefe with fmalt, or all other colours 
 that have not a body of their own; you may for a purple 
 ufe ruflet, fine lake, and fea green, and it may be done 
 with other forts of reds and greens, and except tranfparent 
 colours, all mud be laid with gum water. 
 
 To make Seed Lac Varnifh. 
 
 Your ground work is good reftified fpirits, of which 
 you may take a gallon, put into as wide a necked bot- 
 tle as you can get, that the gums may the better come out, 
 then of the belt feed lac add a pound and a half, let it 
 macerate twenty -four hours, or till the gums are well dif- 
 folved, with often Ihaking to keep them from clogging 
 together; then with flannel {trainers {train it into a tin 
 tunnel, placed in the mouth of the empty bottle, the 
 itrainer may be made as before directed, and fqueeze the 
 drols into the bag, and throw it away as of no ufe; then 
 let the varnifh fettle, and pour it off into other bottles, 
 till it rifes thick and no longer; then ftrain the thick part, 
 and fettle that again, and keep the fine varnifh for your 
 N ufe 
 
( 98 ) 
 
 life, and this does as well, without the danger of attempt, 
 ing to boil it, which endangers firing the houfe, and the 
 parties life. 
 
 To make Shell Lac Varnifh. 
 
 This in curious glofly pieces of work is not of value, 
 but in varnifh’d woods it fucceeds: To make it, put to a 
 gallon of fpirit, a pound and a half of the belt {hell lac, 
 order it as the former, and tho* it has no fediment, it is 
 proper, however, it (hould be (trained, to take away the 
 fticks or llraws that may be in the gum, nor will it ever 
 be fine and clear as the former, but turns in a few days to 
 cloudinefs, yet it is fit foi coarfe work, and much ufed. 
 
 To make White Varnifh. 
 
 Take an ounce of white gum maftich, and an ounce 
 of white gum fandarach, three ounces of the belt and 
 clearefl Venice turpentine, gum elemi half an ounce, gum 
 capal an ounce and a half, gum Benjamin or Benzoin 
 of the clearefl, half an ounce, and half an ounce of white 
 rofin, and the gums being feparated in their quantities 
 provided, put the rofin and capal in a glafs vial, with half 
 a pint of fpirits, that they may be diflolved; and to the 
 fame end, in a glafs bottle of three quarts of fpirits put 
 the Venice turpentine, anima, and Benjamin, and in ano- 
 ther bottle the gum maftich and fandarach, in a pint and a 
 half of fpirits, then diffolve the gum elemi in a quarter 
 of a pint of fpirits, powder very finely the anima and 
 Benjamin, the better to diffolve in the spirit, and then 
 pour them off into one large bottle, let them {land to fine 
 as the former, then {train them thro’ a linen cloth gently, 
 not hardly prefling the fediment, left you carry the gritti- 
 nefs of the gums along with you, to injure the varnifh. 
 
 General Rules for Varnifhing. 
 
 This is a point nicely to be obferved, or your labour 
 and colt may be vain. 
 
 1. If you chufe wood that requires to be varnifhed, let 
 it be exempted from knots, very clofe grained, fmooth, 
 dean* well ruflied, and freed from greafiriefs. ' s. As 
 
( 99 ^ 
 
 2. As for your colours and blacks, lay them even, and 
 exquifitely fmooth, fweep all roughnefs off with your 
 brufh. 
 
 3. Keep your work ever warm, but not hot, to raife 
 bli'fters, or crack it, which nothing but fcraping off all 
 the varnifh can amend. 
 
 4. After every diftinft wafh, let your work be tho- 
 roughly dry, for negleft in this point introduces the fault 
 of roughnefs. 
 
 5. After it is varnifhed, let it lie by and reft as long 
 as your conveniency will admit, and it will be the 
 better. 
 
 6. Ever take care to begin your varnifh ftrokes in the 
 middle of the table, or what you do it on, and not from 
 one end to the other, and your brufh being planted in the 
 middle, ftrike it to one end, then take it off and fix it 
 to the place you begun at, fo draw or extend it to the 
 other end, and fo continue it till the whole plain be var- 
 niflied over, and beware you overlap not the edges, which 
 is when the varnifh hangs in fplafhes or drops cn them, 
 and therefore to prevent it, draw your brufh gently once 
 or twice againft your galley-pot fide. 
 
 7. When you have proceeded fo far arto come to po~ 
 lifh, let your tripoly be very fine, and the finer the work, 
 let it be ftill the finer, and ufe fine rags, keeping your 
 hand moderately hard upon it, and brighten or polifh one 
 place as much as you intend e’er you leav e it and pafs to 
 another, and always have regard, that you polifh your 
 work as fmooth as you intend at one time, but if your 
 conveniency will admit, let it reft two or three days before 
 you give the finifhing ftrokes after yon have polifhed it, 
 but come not too near the wood, to make it thin and 
 hungry, for then it will require another varnifh, or re- 
 main to your difcred.it. 
 
 8. Take a fufficient quantity of tripoly at the firft po- 
 lifhing, till it begins to come fmooth, and fo leffen by 
 degrees, and carefully obferve there be no fcratches or 
 gratings in it. 
 
 N 2 9. When 
 
( IOO ) 
 
 o. When you have a mind to dear up the work, wafh 
 off the tripoly with a fpunge, and foak up the wet with 
 a fair linen cloth, and with lamp black mixed with oil, 
 gently fmear the whole face of it, let no corner nor mould- 
 ing of it cfcape, that the whole place may be freed, then 
 with other linen, and a hard hand cleanfe k of that, and 
 thefe things done, there will be an admirable glofs. 
 
 Of black Varnifhing or Japan. 
 
 Provide for this imitation of japan, a clofe grained 
 wood, well wrought off, rufh it fmooth and keep it warm 
 by a fire, but never fo near as to burn, fcorch, or blifter 
 your work, then add to feed-lac varnifh, as much lamp- 
 black as will at the firft ftrokes colour the wood : do it 
 three times permitting it to dry well between every doing 
 and rufh it well, then with a quarter of a pint of the thickeft 
 feed-lac, mixed with an ounce o\ Venice turpentine, put in 
 more lamp black fo much as may well colour it, and with 
 this wafh it fix times, letting it ftand twelve hours between 
 the three firft and three laft wafhings; then with the fineft 
 feed-lac, juft tin&ured with the black, do it over twelve 
 times, letting it dry between every time doing, after which 
 
 let it remain five or fix days before you polifh it. For 
 
 white let your polifhing be gentle and eafy, do it nimbly, 
 and dear it with oil and fine flour, and in observing thefe 
 rules you will prove an artift. 
 
 At the end of that time, take water and tripoly, and 
 polifh it, having fiift dipped your cloth in water, and rub 
 it till it gains a very fine fmoothnefs and glofs, but do not 
 rub fo as it may any ways wear off the varnifh, which can- 
 not be eafily repaired, then ufe a rag wetted without tri- 
 poly, and clear it up with oil and lamp black, yet polifh 
 it not all at once, but let it have fome days refpite between 
 the fiift and laft polifhing, and at leafi three or four days. 
 
 White Varnifhing and Japan, 
 
 This muft be curioufly done without any foiling, and 
 therefore you muft be cautious of letting any dirty thing 
 come near, whilft you are doing it. 
 
 To 
 
( IOI ) 
 
 To begin this work, fcrape as much ifmglafs as will 
 make it ot a reafonable thicknefs, or when dipping your 
 pencil into it, it will with a ftroke whiten the body which 
 has been palled over with a brufti, but let it be in neither 
 of the extremes, too thick or too thin, then mix it with 
 your fize, whiten vour work over with it, and when dry, 
 repeat th£ fame, covering it from all manner of duft before 
 it is varnilhed; it mull be whited three times, and dried 
 between every one of them, fmooth and lay it as clofe as 
 you can to the wood with vour rufhes; then mix whi e 
 flake with your lize, only fo that it may lie with a full 
 and fair body on the piece, and whiten your work three 
 feveral times with this, drying between each, then make 
 it with your ruflles very fmooth, but keep your diflange 
 from the wood. 
 
 In the next place, take white ftarch boiled in fair water 
 till it come to be fomewhat thick, and when it is lukewarm, 
 wafh over your work w.ith it once or twice, drying be- 
 tween whiles, and let them Hand twenty-four hours, then 
 get the fineft of the white varnifh I have direfted you 
 to make, wafh your pencil in fpirits, and walh or anoint 
 your work fix or feven tunes, and after thirty or forty 
 hours do the fame again, and if done with a dexterous 
 hand, a better giofs will be fet on it than if it had been 
 polilhed; but if it mifs of that giofs, it is requifite tha t 
 you polifh it ; and in order thereto, you mull accomo- 
 date it with five or fix walhes of varnifh more than the 
 former, and it muft continue to fettle well about a week 
 before you polilh it. 
 
 In polifhing, your linen and tripoly muftbeof the fineft, 
 being neat and careful in all this operation, your hand 
 carried light and gentle, having your cloth neither too d/y 
 nor too wet, and clear it up with fine flour and oil. 
 
 To make Ifmglafs Size. 
 
 Break and divide an ounce of Ifmglafs into little pieces, 
 put it into a glazed, clean, and well covered pipkin, and 
 iet it lor twelve hours foak in a pint and a half of fair 
 water, then place it over a gentle fire, till it boil well at 
 
 leifure 
 
c IC2 ; 
 
 leifure, and when the water is confumed to a pint, let it 
 ftand to cool leifurely, and then it will be a jelly, and 
 may be ufed in the white varnifh, and other works, but 
 prepare no more at a time than you will ufe, for in two 
 or three days it will prove naught. 
 
 To make Red Japan. 
 
 The reds are properly three, viz. the common red, 
 the deep dark red, and the light pale red. 
 
 In the firft, Vermillion is proper, mixed with the thick- 
 eft of feed lac, warm the work and mix your Vermillion 
 with the varnifh in a medium, carry it over in four times 
 permitting it to dry as the former; and if your reds be in 
 a good body and full, rufh it fmooth, then with the or- 
 dinary feed- lac varnifh, wafh eight times, and after twelve 
 hours rufh it again, and then for a curious outward co- 
 vering, give it eight or ten wafhes with feed-lac varnifh, 
 and after five days polifli it, and clear it with lamp-black 
 and oil. 
 
 Of the Dark Red. 
 
 The common red laid as before direfted, deepen it with 
 dragon’s blood mixed with your varnifh, and when it has 
 a pretty good colour go over it with lac varnifh which 
 will much deepen and ftrengthen the colour, and in all 
 things elfe, as to polifhing and clearing, do as in the 
 former red. 
 
 Of the Pale Red. 
 
 To do this, grind white lead with a muller on a 
 ftone, and when it is finely done, mix it with fo much 
 Vermillion as will make it a pale red, mix varnifh with 
 them, and give the work four wafhes, and follow the 
 prefcription of the common red, confidering well that the 
 after varnifh will heighten the colour. 
 
 An Olive coloured Japan. 
 
 Take Englifh pink colour, grind it with common 
 fize, and when it is like pap, mix with it a proportion of 
 lamp-black, and white-lead, and ufe it as in other ja- 
 panning. Blue 
 
C 10 3 ) 
 
 Blue Japan. 
 
 To do this, grind white-lead very fine, add fmalt as 
 finely ground, mix them with ifmglafs fize, the white 
 lead grind with gum water, let there be a proportion of 
 white and blue, and mix them well to the thicknefs of 
 common paint, go over your work with it, and when it is 
 well dried, proceed fo four or five times, till the blue lies 
 with a fair body, brufh it fmooth, and go over it again with 
 a ftronger blue, and when dry walh it with the cleareft 
 ifmglafs fize, having a new pencil for that purpofe, then 
 when it is dry warm it by the fire, and go over it with a 
 pencil dipped in white wine varnifh feven or eight times, 
 and fo let it continue for a day or two, then walh it as often 
 as before, and fo continue many operations at intermitted 
 times, for a week at leaf! muff pafs before you can well 
 venture to polifh it, and when it is polifhed, clear it with 
 oil and lamp-black. 
 
 Note, That in no wife you mix your colours with ifin- 
 glafs colours too ftrong, left when dried they be apt to 
 crack, fly, and fpoil the piece ; but when yon lay your 
 wafh of clear ifmglafs, to prevent your varnifh from tar- 
 nifhing, or foaking into your colours, then it is proper that 
 it be of a full and ftrong body. 
 
 And thus much may very well fuffice the learner, to 
 give him an infight into this excellent art, from wheace I 
 fhall proceed to other things ufefsii and profitable. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Of GILDING with WATER-SIZE. 
 
 'X° P re P aie this wor K you craft be hirnifhed with 
 parchment fize, that is, the cuttings of parchment, 
 boiled in fair water to a jelly, and when ftrained and 
 Cooled, it will prove a ftrong fize. 
 
 When you are to ufe it, put as much as you fhall want 
 ittto an earthen pot t and make it hot, then as it is cool- 
 ing. 
 
( i°4 ) 
 
 ing, fcrape as much fine whiting into it as will colour 
 it, mix them well with a clean brufh, and with this 
 mixture white your wood or frame, ftriking or jobbing 
 Your brufh againft it, that it may the better enter into the 
 hoiiowneffes of carved work, then give it reft, that it 
 may dry. 
 
 This done, melt the fize again, and put in more whit- 
 ing, to render it fome degrees thicker, and with this do 
 over the frames feven or eight times, or as you fee there 
 is a neceflity, and, when it is dry open it with a gouge no 
 bigger than a wheat flraw, the veins in the carved work 
 that the whiting has flopped up, then with a fine wet rag 
 and your finger, carefully fmooth and water, plain it over 
 and rufh it fmooth when dry, if neceffary requires it ; and 
 in this condition it will well receive your gold or filver 
 fize. But before I pioceed I fhall teach you to prepare 
 thefe fiz.es. 
 
 Tire beft Gold Size, at prefent in Ufe. 
 
 Take an equal quantity of the beft French and Eng- 
 lifli bole armoniac, grind thefe fine on a marble ftone with 
 fair water, then fcrape into it a little candle greafe, incor- 
 porate and grind all thefe well together, then mix a little 
 quantity of parchment fize with a double proportion of 
 water, and the bufinefs is done. 
 
 The beft Silver Size in ufe. 
 
 Grind tobacco-pipe clay very fmall, mix with it as 
 much lamp-black as will turn it of a light afh- colour, and 
 to thefe add bits of candle-greafe, grind them very fine to- 
 gether, a mixture of fize and water, and try thefe on the 
 corner of the frame; if it be rough in burnifhing put 
 more oil or greafe, and as near as you can bring it to a 
 due temper, that it may ufe well. 
 
 To Size your Frames, or other Matters. 
 
 To do this prepare the fize blood warm, and with a fine 
 brufh ftir it very well, till it is fomewhat thin, go over the 
 frames w ith it twice or thrice, yet touch not the hollow 
 
 parts 
 
Darts of the deepeft carvings, where the geld cannot con 
 veniently be laid, for the yellow colour nearly refembling 
 firft laid on, the fault will not foen be difcovered ; let it 
 dry four or five hours, and then try the gold if it will bur- 
 niih on it, if not, alter the fize, and do it over again* 
 
 To lay on Gold 'in order to burnifhing. 
 
 Let your frame, or other matter intended to be, fct on 
 an eazle, place the leaf gold on a cufliion, to be held 
 in your left hand with the pallet and pencil. You muff 
 for this work have a fwan’s quill pencil, or a larger of 
 camel’s hair, if the work require it, dip it in water, and 
 wet no more of your frame at a time than will take three 
 or four leaves, make your beginning at the lower end, 
 and fo proceed upwards, laying on whole leaves, or half 
 ones, as it requires ; then wet fuch another part of your 
 work, and lay on the gold with your pencil, or cotton, 
 gently preffing it very clofe ; and having gilded the up- 
 light fries, turn the frame, and proceed the lame way 
 with the ends, then furvey the fpots and places that are 
 omitted, with a fmaller pencil than before ; when it is lo 
 wetted, with a fmaller pencil than before; when it is fo 
 finifhed let it ftand till the next day that time you leave off. 
 
 To burnifh the Gold Work. 
 
 Take a wolf or dog’s tooth, if you cannot get pebbles 
 formed in the fame fhapes, and burnifh fo much of the 
 work as you defign, leaving the ground of the carv- 
 ing untouch’d, and fome other parts, as you fee bell con- 
 venient, which, in refpeft of burnilhing, being rough, the 
 better fets it off ; that which is omitted to be burnifhed 
 mull be matted, or fecured with feed lac varnifh, or 
 lacker ; if you defign it a deeper colour, then muff your 
 work be repoffeft, or fet off with lacker, mixed with faf- 
 fron and dragon’s blood, or the colour called ornator, and 
 with a fine pencil dipped therein touch the holicwnefs of 
 the carving, and the veins of the foldages or leaves; if 
 veil fancy it is not deep enough, you may by a repetition 
 caufe it to be fo ; and it is done. 
 
( io6 ) 
 
 S To lay on Silver Size, 
 
 Warm the filver fize that is newly ground and mingled 
 with weak fize, do it once or twice, and let it dry, and 
 try the leaf filver, if it will burnifh on it, it is prepared 
 for ufe, but if it will not, make an alteration in the fize, 
 and for the reft lay on the leaf filver, and do as you did by 
 the gold, and it will anlwer. 
 
 Note, as farther rules, and obferve them. 
 
 1. Let your parchment fize be fomewhat ftrong, keep 
 it not long, left it fpoils. 
 
 2. Grind no more filver or gold fize than juft you 
 .have occafion for. 
 
 3. Ever keep your work clean from duft, after it is 
 fized and gilded, or elfe in the burnifhing it wili be full 
 
 , of fcratches. 
 
 4. Do not whiten or burnifh gold fize in Jiard frofty 
 weather, for then the w hiting will be apt to peel off, and 
 the gold flaw. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 To DYE or STAIN Wood, Ivory, Bone, or Horn, 
 different colours. 
 
 To dye Wood a curious Red. 
 
 T HE wood that takes this colour muft be very white, 
 and to begin it put a handful of allum in a mode- 
 rate kettle of water, and caft your wood in it, and when 
 well foaked, take it out, and put two handfuls of rafped 
 brafil wood, and when that has boiled well, put the wood 
 in again for a quarter of an hour boiling, and it will take 
 the colour. 
 
 To ftain a curious Yellow. 
 
 In this cafe, get the knotty aflh or bur, that is very 
 white, knotty and curled, fmooth and rufh it very well, 
 
 and 
 
( 107 ) 
 
 and when it is well warmed, wafh it over with a brufli 
 dipped in aquafortis, then hold it to the fire till it defifts 
 to frnoak. Rufh it again when dry, then polifh it, and 
 varnifh it with feed lac, and it will be of a curious colour* 
 not inferior to any outiandifh yellow wood ; and if you 
 put filings or bits of metai, as copper, brafs, &c, each 
 metal will produce a different tinSure. 
 
 To Stain or Dye Wood Black > 
 
 Boil logwood in water or vinegar, and two or three 
 times brufh or ftain your wood with it when very hot ° 
 then get nut galls and copperas, bruife them well, and 
 boil them in water, apd with it wafh or ftain your wood 
 fo often, til! it be a perfeft black; or rather ffeep it in 
 the hot liquor, if you can put it in, and the dye will pe- 
 netrate the better. 
 
 To Dye or Stain Wood for inlaying of Flowers, or 
 other Things in Cabinets. 
 
 Get moift new horfe dung, and fqueeze out the m oi fu- 
 ture through a cloth, put it into feveral fmall veffels, fit 
 for your purpofe, and diffolve gum arabick and rock 
 all urn, each the quantity of a walnut, and with thefe 
 mix reds, greens, blues, or any other colour that is fuita- 
 ble to the work, flir them often three or four days, then 
 get your wood, particularly pear tree for white, cut it into 
 the thicknefs of half crowns, or fo much as will fuffice 
 any inlaid work, and in a fquare or length, according to 
 your defire, boil up the liquor or colours very hot, and 
 put in the wood till the colour as well taken; fome in- 
 deed take out fooner, that the colour being lefs ftrong, 
 may agree with your party-coloured flowers, fhading, &c. 
 
 To Dye or Stain Ivory, Bone, or Horn, Red, 
 
 Soak fome lime about twelve hours in fair rain waters 
 then pour off the water well from the fettling through a 
 linen cloth, and to each pint put half an ounce of rafped 
 brazil wood, and having boiled your materials in allum 
 water, boil it in this, and it will give a curious tinffure. 
 
 O 2 T9 
 
( io8 ) 
 
 To Stain Horn, Bone, Wood, or Ivory, Green. 
 
 Prepare vour materials bv fird boiling in lallum water, 
 then grind the common thick verdigreafe, or Spanish 
 green, a moderate quantity, adding half as much fal ar- 
 rnoniac, and put them into the (harped wine vinegar, as 
 alfo the materials you intend to {lain, and let them flay 
 there till they have a good tin&ure. 
 
 To Stain or Dye Horn, Box, or Ivory, a curious Black. 
 
 To do this, put fmalFpieces of Brazil wood into aqua- 
 fortis, and fo continue them till they appear green; then 
 wafh well your materials in them, and boil logwood in 
 water, into which put them whi.ift they are warm, and in 
 a little time the ivory, &c. will be of a curious black, fa 
 that being polifhed, it will appear like ebony or japan ; 
 and if you would have any part for flowers orthe like, re- 
 main white, draw them before flaming with turpentine 
 varnifh, and the black will not touch them, and clear up 
 with oil and lamp-black. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of Staining Paper, Parchment, and Leather, 
 various Colours. 
 
 Of Staining Paper, or Parchment, Yellow. 
 
 "pAPER may be ftained yellow by the tinfturc of French 
 1 berries; but a much more beautiful colour may be 
 obtained by ufmg the tinfiiure of turmeric, formed by 
 infufing an ounce or more in the root of it, powdered in a 
 pint of fpirit of wine. This may be made to give any 
 teint of yellow, from the lighted: draw, to the full colour 
 called French yellow ; and will be equal in bright nefs 
 even to the bed dyed fi!ks. If yellow be wanted ot a 
 Warmer cr redder cad, nnnato, or dragon's blood, mud 
 ^cadued to the tinclurc 
 
 i he 
 
( i.09 ) 
 
 The hefl manner of ufmg thefe, and the following 
 tinfinres is to Ipread them even on the paper, or parch- 
 ment, by* means of abroad brufh in the manner of varnifh- 
 
 m 2*. 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 OF ftaining Paper, or Parchment, Red. 
 
 Paper, or Parchment, may be ftained red, by treating it 
 in the fame manner as is directed for wood, or by red ink. 
 It may alfo be ftained oF a fear let hue by the tin&ure of 
 dragon’s blood in fpirit of wine; but this will not be 
 bright. 
 
 Avery fine crimfon flam may be given to paper, by a 
 tincture of the. Indian lake ; which may be made by in- 
 fufusg the lake fome days in fpirit of wine; and then 
 pouring off the tinfture from the dregs. 
 
 Of ftaining Paper or Parchment, Green. 
 
 Paper, or Parchment, may be ftained green, by the fo- 
 lution of verdigreafe in vinegar; or by the chryftals of 
 verdigreafe diffolved in water. As alfo by the foiution 
 of copper in aquafortis, made by adding filings of copper 
 gradually to the aquafortis till no ebulition enfues ; or 
 fpirit of fait may be ufed in the place of ^he aquafortis. 
 
 Of ftaining Paper, or Parchment, orange. 
 
 Stain the paper, or parchment, firftof a full yellow, by 
 means of the tinfture of turmeric, as before dire&ecL 
 Then bruih it over with a foiution of fixt alkaline fait, 
 made by diffolving half an ounce of pearl afhes, or falts 
 of tartar, in a quart of water, and filtering the foiution. 
 
 Of Staining Paper, or Parchment, Purple. 
 
 Paper, or Parchment, may be ftained purple, by archal; 
 or bv the tin&ure of logwood, according to the method 
 above dire&ed for ftaining wood The juice of ripe pri- 
 vet berries expreffed will likewife give a purple dye to 
 paper or parchment. 
 
 To put a curious Black on Leather. 
 
 Take two pounds of the inward bark of an old elder, 
 tne fame quantity of the rufh or filings of iron, put thefe 
 
 into 
 
( as® ) 
 
 into ttw> ^Ikswas of aaiiaa- water,, and clofe them tight tip 
 in a wdffiei!, ansi wihoi dhev Stave* flood about fix weeks, 
 pert im a pDiiuS *©f {nmat-gafUk ^sli bruifed, a quarter of a 
 pound off ©ctjppsenaHv, let ifemn femer a con fider able time 
 over a fire, mmi afer dbtTOaaty-four hours ftanding* and 
 ©fern pour out ttfe ICqjuid part, and go over your 
 
 iCTtSasarwMa it warm, mt& lit produces a curious German 
 kfadL 
 
 For a ^efeii Crimfom 
 
 ©afe4foap nn 16im water and hole armomae, 
 eada tfame tmmcgfo, place it over a gentle fire till the li- 
 clammy^ ^Hsnpit in a little handful of grains 
 of CiOdhiinea^ ttwio ©unices ©feed lead, an ounce of lake,' a 
 qmaiitca' df am «dI' wanmillion, and a little piece of 
 
 indigo feat *fefe ©roar a grille fire till they are thick as 
 tfe glair ©f am (egg* tfhe.m gp over the fkm with a folt 
 IxriaiaJijpt in ig, mil dheerffero arifes to your mind. 
 
 To imkat^TiiRKEy Jllue. 
 
 Taike ttsw<e> wc£S ©f&rft T . a quarter of a pint of red 
 Wime, :kaM a pint df wwqgsr, an ounce of white flarch; 
 laccwporate tfidfe msm' a fee till they become a moderate 
 ttfeefeeft, then fleep tine sBriin: in a! him -water* add to the 
 compofidim apirnm wherein gum arabick has been 
 
 dfflbifomi, and ifliir it wel; go over the fkiris three times, 
 Aijmg them *itwixt whiter fo when well dry'd, poliffii 
 ifem ©rar„ tt© make ^lfemgfofly. 
 
 CHAP. XVL 
 
 Mifixllane.crus CimofitJcs;; being rare Secrets, known bu| 
 to few, and highly profitable. 
 
 To make Shelf-gold. 
 
 ^“T AKE tfe paring -of leaf gold* or even the leaves 
 * ikemfetaes, and reduce them into an impalpable 
 powder, by grinding ifean mi a marble with honey ; after 
 
 leaving 
 
( SII ) 
 
 leaving it feme time to ird&leimsacpsB fetes, ptECi m fidSfi^ 
 where it will flick and dbj ~ wheim pa* mrasat to a£e k* 
 dilute it with gum water- 
 
 No B* Shell Silver is juaadfe ttfker fame way- * 
 
 To cement broken Gtef&* a anrferff way- 
 
 Take glair ot eggs mixsefl with* cjutidk liinxrn^ Esusiaf ffimfi,. 
 (i. e. flint calcined to poww&xrj amd: egg fells; wirlb fe£e 
 and gum fandarach prepay a a glue - ©ir cement amd aruorme 
 the broken edges of the g.b& wirh iir warmv as tfes as ra*$p 
 be ; place the other pieces night* and; even; era ir* and feu iat 
 to cool, fo let it lie in waKor an hour ~ gen © Si uttar faigreir- 
 fluous glue, and the glafs wiilll he as ever* and tfc cracks 
 not be difeerned, but with jgntsft dfficud ty„ by a: very (dear 
 .light. 
 
 To fotten or diffrdkc Ikrm cm tossife 
 
 Make a ley of the afers ©ft humfltt beam gods* ffirOTgr 
 vinegar, quick-lime and toittiar^ putt in the foom in tdiun. 
 pieces, and in four or five Bosmars die horn wiliF ttuanm m a 
 jelly, or be fo foft that yam nnsy work ik hat© w Fault ifetia 
 you pleafe with little lahmsi- The feme may be: S&wc 
 with tortoife-lhell, but itwiffl mot jdLj ; # fooweveir* B trwnIjR 
 be fo foft that it may in a liranarer be moiaMed Eke was* 
 and very pliable to make -fks&l! fe&es* on watidb-cafib^, and 
 other things. 
 
 To foften Ivssy* £ (narrows way. 
 
 Boil a good handful rf feg^ leaves in® dhmice dESKIIfd 
 vinegar, put in a little qan.dcdimev and boil tike ircxoay vm 
 it, and it will grow foft aid cough* and nor break bxun wkth 
 great difficulty, when it ik won Leif icu the feuefli. cuauJb-- 
 teeth, or other fine works*. 
 
 To get Speeds ©ratr ©f iimoaL 
 
 Take two fpoonfuls di cfce juice ©If am tmimt* amid as 
 much lime juice, wet it ttw© or three dimes* as eifueaa dar- 
 ing it by a fire ; wafli it iateiy m a gsicd Saror, satad 
 
 *iis done* 
 
 A good 
 
( 112 ) 
 
 To get fpots or flams out of Silks. 
 
 Take an ounce of flax feed, bruife it well in two or three 
 fpoonfulsof the juice of lemon ; add a quarter of an ounce 
 of white lead* and as much burnt bone, mix them over a 
 gentle fire to a thicknels, lay them on the flrainer. 
 
 A good lye to getout Spots of Stains. 
 
 Put half a pound of foap-boiler's allies into two pints 
 of water ; let* them remain thiee days, with often flirring; 
 then pour off the clear lye and mix it with fuller's earth ; 
 then lay it thick on the place, drying it in the fun, or by 
 afire, and in two or three times doing, it will anfwei your 
 expectation. 
 
 To get fpots or ftains out of coloured Silks, Stuffs, 
 Woolen, or Linen. 
 
 Take pumice ftone and grind it to powder, put to it 
 {harp vinegar and fuller's earth; let it lie on diy, then 
 waih it with milk and flower of almonds. 
 
 A method to get out pitch, tar, or rofin. 
 
 Dab on this oil of turpentine, let that dry and put on 
 more, and the third time when it is dried you may rub out 
 the pitch, & c. for it will crumble the fame as dirt. 
 
 To get out oil or greafe. 
 
 Mix burnt bone and fuller's earth with a little white 
 wine, and ay it on the fpot, then dry it in the fun, or by 
 the fire, and it will foak out all the greafe in once or twice 
 doing. 
 
 To get mildew out of linen. 
 
 Take foap and rub it very well ; then ferape fome fine 
 chalk, and rub that alfo in the linen; lay it on the grafs * 
 as it dries, wet it a little; it will come out at twice doing, 
 
 Tq get iron-moulds out of linen. 
 
 Bruife fome fond well in a mortar; put boiling water 
 in a bowl ; lav a pewter plate over it: put your linen on 
 the plate, and rub the fpot with the forrei til! it comes 
 out ; then waih it. 
 
( JI 3 ) 
 
 To ftain Skins Green. 
 
 Bruife z good quantity or the leaves of night {hade very 
 well, diiTolve in the juice well drained out about two 
 ounces of allum, then put in half an ounce of verdigreafe, 
 fuffer them to fiand over a gentle fire twenty* lour hours, 
 then warm, dip in a brufh, and drike over your fkins ; 
 let it dry and repeat it till it has taken a pleafant green. 
 
 An approved Way to colour white leather. 
 
 Thefe fkins muff be hung in chalk or lime water, that 
 the wool or hair may be entirely dripped off, and they be- 
 come fupple, dretch them fmooth on tenters, brufhthem 
 over with allum water very warm, and fo tinfture them 
 with the colours you defign, fuitable to your purpofe. 
 
 To colour Leather a bright Red. 
 
 Dip your Leather firft in allum water, and rub it well 
 therein * then take dale urine, boil it till it is half confum- 
 ed, feum it well, and put to it an ounce of the bed lake, 
 rafped brazil two ounces, and an ounce of allum ; add to 
 thefe half an ounce of fal armoniac, llir them well over a 
 moderate fire two hours, pour off the liquid part, and 
 brufh over your fkins with it, till it takes a good tin&ure, 
 remember ever to let the fkins in all colours dry well 
 between each going over with your brufh, and your ex- 
 peftation will be anfwered to a very confiderable advan- 
 tage. 
 
 ° / 
 
 A curious French Yellow for Skins. 
 
 Take wood afhes and chalk, of each a like quantity, and 
 when you have made a good ley with rain water, drain out 
 the fined part, and fet it over the fire, then put in a fuffi- 
 cient quantity of turmerick, well bruifed or beaten to pow 7 - 
 der, and as much faffron as may give a lively tin&ure, let 
 it (land over a moderate fire, but not boil, till it becomes 
 pretty thick, and being warm, colour the fk^ns with it. 
 
 P 
 
 For 
 
Strain out the juice of the elder berries, put to twA 
 quarts, an ounce of allum, half an ounce of fmalt or indi- 
 co, fet thefe over a gentle fire, and when warm, brufh your 
 leather over with this compofition. 
 
 For a Light Green. 
 
 Take the juice of the herb called horfe-tail, add to it a 
 little allum, verdigreafe and copperas. 
 
 To cover or drefs Skins with Gold or Silver. 
 
 Grind brown red with a muller on a marble ftone, add 
 to it a little water wherein chalk has been diffolved, and 
 lightly go over the fkins till they look whitifti, and before 
 they are dry, lay on the leaf gold or filver a little lapt one 
 over another, that no fpace be found wanting ; when they 
 flick well to the leather and are dry, poliih them over 
 with fmooth ivory, or a horfe tooth, and it will give a very 
 glorious luftre. The filver you may go over with lackej 
 varnifh, and change into a gold colour. 
 
 Or another way, take glair of eggs or gum-water, brufh 
 the fkins over with it, fo lay on your leaf gold or filver, 
 doing as before. 
 
 To make Skins fhine with Silver or Gold. 
 
 Take gum -water, the glair of eggs, and the powder of 
 antimony ; grind and mix them well together, (the fkins 
 being dry) lay it on with a brufh three or four times, let- 
 ting them dry between every time; then burnilh them over, 
 and they will have a'curious glofslike filver, which tin€lw- 
 ed with lacquer varnifh, will produce a fading gold co- 
 lour. 
 
 To dye Briftles a red Colour. 
 
 Take half an ounce of allum, a quarter of an ounce of 
 Vermillion, $nd an ounce of rafpt brazil wood ; put thefe 
 
( ”5 ) 
 
 into a pint of vinegar; fo boil them moderately thick, and 
 dip in the briftles, when ’tis very hot ; which continuing 
 fome, it will be a fine red. You may make larger quanti- 
 ties of the liquor with ingredients proportionable, and 
 thus dye feathers. 
 
 Feathers, or Briftles, Green. 
 
 Take verditer and verdigreafe each an ounce, put them 
 into a pint of water, foak the feathers or briftles in hot wa- 
 ter, and put them into this liquor boiling hot, and there 
 remain until they have taken a good colour. According 
 to the complexion of your dye, you may make them this 
 way any colour. 
 
 For blue, let your dye be indico and bice. 
 
 For black, galls and logwood, with a little copperas. 
 
 For purple, lake and indico. 
 
 For carnation, fmalt and vermillion. 
 
 For yellow, yellow berries and faffron, difTolying a little 
 tartar in your water. 
 
 For orange, turmerick and red lead ; and fo of any 
 other colours you fancy. 
 
 Of Dying Silks, Stuffs, Cloths, Thread, and other Things 
 of diverfe curious Colours. 
 
 Take a pound of green weed, and as much allum, bruife 
 them, then pour on them fair water, and half a pound of 
 rafp’d brazil : fet them over a gentle fire, to mix them, 
 then put in the filk, fuffering it to feeth therein, and fo 
 continue it, ftrengthening your dye, and dipping till you 
 perceive the colour has taken well ; after that rince it in 
 ley of wood afhes or oak bark, and fo clear it with fair wa- 
 ter, then dry and prefs it. 
 
 To dye Silk a deeper Carnation, 
 
 Take white gall and allum, the herb called foli well 
 dried, the quantity of a pound, two ounces of Spanifh 
 red, four of Indian lake ; boil them in fair water over a 
 gentle fire, when they come to the height of tinfture, dip 
 P 2 your 
 
C 116 ) 
 
 your filts in them, and let them have good dippings three 
 or lour times, and the colour will take very well. 
 
 To dye Silk Quoins Red. 
 
 Let thefe be fteepcd well in allum water, then giv e 
 them a gentle heat, adding in the heating bran water, a 
 pound and a half of green weed, fo heat it up and put th e 
 filk into it, but let it not feeth, then rince it in ley of wood- 
 afhes, after that in water, then put in your logwood rafp’d 
 or in powder, and foheat it up a fecond time ; fo in thrice 
 dipping the bufinefs will be accomplifhed. 
 
 To dye a curious Yellow. 
 
 Take woad, the Calks, feeds, and leaves, and lay them 
 to foak in wood allies lays, three hours, then feeth it till it 
 is fufnciently fodden, and put it into a mixture of hot wa- 
 ter and urine, So beat it up and (train the liquid part through 
 a fieve or (trainer, adding verdigreafe and fo boil it up 
 with the ley already fod, (firing and well mixing the liquor 
 about three hours, and when it is very hot, dip three 
 times. 
 
 To dye Silk a Rpfe-red. 
 
 Take to every four yards and a half you intend to dye, 
 a pound and a half of nut-galls, boil them in fair water 
 unbruifed two hours, drift the water, then put in the filk 
 or linen, letting it foak four hours, then Wring it dry, and 
 heat it in fair water, wherein allum has been diflolved, 
 then put in half a pound of brazil powder, and a pound of 
 green weed, and fo by dipping in gentle heats, the colour 
 Will heighten. 
 
 A good black water for Silk or Cloth. 
 
 Take an. ounce of lamp-black, half a pound of nut. 
 galls, bruife the latter, and put them into a bottle of wa- 
 ter, with a handful of the filings or ruff of iron, beat them 
 up, adding a quarter of a pound of copperas, feeth it fo* 
 
 quarter 
 
( I«7 ) 
 
 quarter of a pound confumptlon, then add half s pint of 
 gum water, and it will not only he for prefent ufe, but 
 keep long, and be a very good black. 
 
 To dye Purple. 
 
 In this cafe if you dye filk, you mull take to each pound 
 of it an ounce of allum, and a gallon of water, difiolving 
 the allum therein over a gentle fire, then put in the filk, 
 and let it continue there about four hours, then take lake 
 and indico, each a quarter of a pound, a quart of urine, 
 then add a little handful of cochineal, heat them up into a 
 dye, and dip your filks or fine Huffs into it as ufuak 
 
 To dye a very fair blue. 
 
 Take any filk. Huff, or white cloth, and foak it in water, 
 that done, wring put the water very well, and add two 
 pounds of woad, a pound of indico, and three ounces of 
 allum, give a gertle heat. in fair water, and fo dip till you 
 perceive the colour to take well. 
 
 Carnation. 
 
 To make this a curious right colour, take dried purper, 
 foak it in man’s urine for anight, then take what you have 
 to dye, and foak in allum water twice, feeth the purper in 
 fair water, and then fet another veffei to receive the liquor 
 and dip therein. 
 
 For a pleafant light Red. 
 
 Boil two gallons of wheat, and an ounce of allum in 
 four gallons of water, ftrain it through a fine fieve, diiTolve 
 more allum half a pound, and as much of white tartar; add 
 three pounds of madder, to perfe£l the colour, and put in 
 your Huff, cloth, &c. at a moderate heat t 
 
 Black, for Velvet, See. 
 
 Take half a pound of copperas, a gallon offmith’s water, 
 two pounds of galls, burnt ivory, oak bark, and fhoemaker’s 
 black, each an ounce, well ground, two gallons of fair 
 
 water, 
 
( ii3 ) 
 
 water, irix mem well, and fet them in the fun or other 
 warm p^ace a month, often ftir if, and at a moderate 
 warmth dip your velvet, or other things defigned for deep 
 blacks. 
 
 To make Red Water for Silks or Woollen Violet^ 
 Green, Azure, or Yellow. 
 
 Take two gallons of fair water, four ounces of brazil, 
 and, being half contained in heating, remove it from the 
 fire; then put in an ounce of grains, a quarter of an ounce 
 of gum arabic, with a quarter of a pound of allum well 
 bruifed, and having flood all night, it may be ufed in the 
 morning. 
 
 To dye Woollen, Yam, or Wool. 
 
 Take two pounds of Wool to every 4 pounds of yarn, 
 &c. and two gallons of water: put in two handfuls of 
 wood-afh«, and when it fceths put in the yarn or wool, 
 and let it continue half an hour or more; then wring it 
 and put it in again, and let it feeth as long as before, and 
 if t were a brown blue, it will be a dark green, of a white 
 yellow colour. 
 
 To make Bran-water. 
 
 * This is very neceffary in dying, and therefore you ought 
 to know how to prepare it. Do it with half a peck of 
 wheat bran to two gallons of fair water, and half a pound 
 of bruis’d allum, over a gentle fire; fufFer it to Hand about 
 a week, often Sirring it before you ufe it. 
 
 To make a Grey Florrey. 
 
 Let the florrey be foaked twenty- four hours, then wring 
 it thro’ a cloth, and take afhes of vine-fprays, with them 
 make a ley, and upon the table fpread the florrey, about 
 two hours, put the ley into three veffels, and fhift the 
 florrey out of one into another, and before you put your 
 vinegar in, fo the florrey will be right, and your colour 
 £ood. 
 
 To 
 
^ .( r \9 ) 
 
 To dye Linen with Crampenade. 
 
 To three ells of linen nfe a pound of the Cirampenade* 
 and a gallon and a half of water, fo a greater quantity pro- 
 portionable ; fet it over a fire till it begins to feeth, pot in 
 at that time two ounces of galls, then your linen, and when 
 you take it out (which muff; be often) wring it and put it 
 into ailum water ; but if you would have the colour 
 darker, 5 tis requifue to have a ley of unflack'd lime or 
 chalk-ftonesc 
 
 To dye Linen, Thread, or Cloth, a good Red. 
 
 Soak a pound of famfieur 24 hours in two gallons of 
 water* fuffering it to heat over a gentle fire, and two 
 ounces of Vermillion, half a pound of rafpt brazil, and an 
 ounce of ailum diflblved in fair water, fo dip and order as 
 in other things. 
 
 To dye Brazil Red on Cotton. 
 
 For twelve pounds of yam take two pounds of ailum, 
 and two pounds ofaflbes; mis. them together, and four 
 ounces of Spanifh whiting, mix them together, and put 
 in your goods, twenty-four hours ; take it out and 
 waft. Take one pound of brazil and one pound of 
 peach- wood, beat them together in 12 gallons of water, 
 put in one gallon of urine, and four ounces of pearl afijes* 
 then dry your goods half hot. 
 
 N. B. Drying in thehoufe improves the colour. 
 
 To dye London Red on Cotton. 
 
 Ailum your cotton llrong twelve hours, wash oat; take 
 ftrong gall-liquor, past in your goods one hour, waih out 
 of the gall-liquor, take a firocg Brafil liquor, fleep your 
 goods five or ten minutes; if a London Red, put your 
 fpirits in the fame liquor, let it be one hour or twelve; 
 the longer it lies the better, and your colour’s linMhed. 
 
 Black Colour upon Silk. 
 
 To fix pounds of Silk, take one pound of galls; hail 
 your galls, fleep yom goods all night, the next day bci 
 
C 120 ) 
 
 three pounds of. logwood, two ounces of verdigreafe^,and 
 four ounces of copperas, boil the logwood and one pound 
 of fhwnach by themfelves; put in your goods and boil 
 them well for half an horn, then take them out, and put 
 in your copperas and verdigreafe, and two ounces of anti- 
 mony ; boil it well one hour, then take it out and wajfh it 
 well and finiih it. If for damping, and to make it weigh 
 well; take one pound of black foap, and one pound of 
 fuller’s earth, diffolve them in water, put it into that, beat 
 it on a flone and it is finifhed. 
 
 To Dye Cherry Red, 
 
 To one pound of filk, take two ounces of cuddbear, 
 boil your goods in it ten minutes, then take it out, aud put 
 in two ounces of cream of tartar ; it for deep claret, put in 
 fix ounces of common fait, then from thele to the {pints. 
 
 Cold Fat. 
 
 To Dye Bfue on Cotton or Silk. 
 
 One pound of vitriol, two ounces of Spanifh indigo, 
 mix your verdigreafe and indigo together, let your pot be 
 dry before the fire when fprung, then put in one ounce of 
 pearl afhes, when fit for ufe, rub a little on aglafs window, 
 if it turns to a purple, you may dye green or blue on filk 
 or woollen, if it remains blue on the glafs, throw it out it 
 is good for nothing. 
 
 To dye Green Silk. 
 
 Boil one pound of fuftic to twelve pounds of filk, four 
 ounces of turmeric, one ounce of common allum, boil 
 them together, when boiled, mix a little of y&ir chymical, 
 put on oil and indica ; then turn in your goods, boil them 
 well and you will have a good green on woollen or filk, 
 for darker colour, more indico liquor, and more tnftic a? 
 you pleafe. 
 
 F I N I S. 
 
 
I* 
 
 33