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PART VIII. 
 
 THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
THE 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY OF ROME, 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. 
 
 Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lond. ; 
 
 keeper of the ashmolean museum of history and archi^ology, oxford; 
 
 vice-president of the oxford architectural and historical society, 
 
 and of the british and american arch^ological society of rome ; 
 
 member of the royal archi^ological institute, 
 
 MEMBRE DE LA SOCIET^ FRAN9AISE D'ARCH^OLOGIE, 
 
 HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, 
 
 AND OF VARIOUS ARCHi^OLOGICAL SOCIETIES, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. 
 
 THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 JAMES PARKER AND CO. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. 
 
 i8;6. 
 
THE GETTY CLWTE? 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
PREFACE TO THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 It is impossible to understand the archaiology of Rome without 
 studying the Aqueducts. In every part of the City, and of the 
 country round it, there are remains of them ; they are frequently 
 mistaken for something else, and called by other names, misleading 
 those who have not given attention to the subject. They are neces- 
 sarily mixed up with the Thenim, for most of the aqueducts were 
 made to bring water to those great establishments. There was also 
 a reservoir of water supplied by the aqueducts under each of the 
 palaces, larger houses and villas, as may be seen in many parts of 
 the Palatine, under the palaces of the Caesars. In their original state 
 the Aqueducts must have been among the grandest objects in 
 Rome, and the most conspicuous in all directions. The principal 
 approach from the east passed between two fine arcades of the 
 aqueducts, one carrying three of them, the other two. These two 
 fine arcades were not more than a hundred yards apart ; all the great 
 roads from the eastern side were brought into this space, and cer- 
 tainly, for the last mile into Rome, must have had one of these 
 arcades on either hand : to the left, or south, the Claudian arcade, 
 fifty feet high; to the right, the Marcian, thirty feet high. 
 
 For the last half-mile, the Claudian arcade w^as also the boundary of 
 the palace gardens of the Sessorium, the residence first of the Kings 
 and afterwards of one branch of the imperial family (that of Verus or 
 Varius), who resided there for more than a century. That portion 
 of the arcade still exists for a considerable extent, forming the 
 northern wall of that garden, and at the same time part of the wall 
 of the city, Aurelian having adopted it, and incorporated it with his 
 great wall. This portion is thoroughly shewn in my Photographs, 
 as it is a very important part of the antiquities of Rome, and illus- 
 trates many points. It was the place where the principal aqueducts 
 entered Rome, and the whole ground is full of remains of them with 
 their reservoirs and filtering-places. The inner side of the wall is 
 the part necessarily shewn, because the outer side is concealed by 
 the arcade of the Aqua Felice, excepting in places where the specus 
 of the Claudia and the Anio Novus appear above it. Just outside 
 of this garden, at the west end of it, is the great foss which 
 
Preface to the Aqueducts. 
 
 separated the Sessorium, or fortified palace, from the other forti- 
 fications of the City, and in it are remains of the two great 
 reservoirs that were probably the Gemelli or Twins of Frontinus, 
 made originally for the Appia and the Anio Vetus side by side, 
 and used afterwards to receive the surplus water of the later 
 aqueducts on a higher level. We then have a considerable number 
 of the Arches of Nero, following a straight line for another mile 
 to the west end of the Coelian Hill ; where remains of the great 
 reservoir are on a level with the speciis carried on the top of this 
 arcade, fifty feet above the ground in that high situation, from which 
 the water was distributed in all directions, first on other arcades, 
 three of which branched off" from this point, and aftenvards in metal 
 pipes when it was sub-divided; but for the main supply no metal 
 pipes then to be had were large and strong enough to bear the 
 pressure of a stream of water four feet deep and two feet wide, 
 running at the rate of five or six miles an hour, if not more. The 
 direct line went on over the Palatine to the Capitol, passing over 
 the Forum Romanum on the bridge of Caligula, of which, also, 
 some remains are shewn in my Photographs ; the other two branches 
 from the great reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella, went one to 
 the right to the Colosseum (to supply the Stagna there), the other 
 to the left to the Aventine, to supply the private house of Trajan 
 and the Thermce of Sura. 
 
 The Porta Maggiore stood at the end of the long vista between 
 the two great aqueducts, and was itself made out of two of the arches 
 of the Claudian arcade, in the last of the angles that occurred at 
 every half-mile. The penultimate one was at the eastern end of 
 the Sessorium palace gardens, where this water entered Rome, 
 and then, after passing the angle to the north, with the usual 
 piscina and castellum aquce, or reservoir and filtering-place, turned 
 again to the west, as far as that gate where the Claudian arcade 
 terminated. From this point the Marcian turned to the north 
 upon the great bank of earth which formed the outer defence of 
 Rome in that part, and continued along it for another half-mile, 
 as far as the Porta di S. Lorenzo, and beyond it to the Praetorian 
 Camp ; then turning again to the west, it went across the great inner 
 foss between the outer bank, the great agger of Servaus Tullius, which 
 formei the inner line, where remains of it were found near the rail- 
 way station in 187 1, with inscriptions on two of the cippi, stating that 
 the three aqueducts passed there. It is not quite correct to say 
 that the arcades were carried there, because where the ground is 
 high the specits are carried underground. This is the case between 
 
Preface to the Aqueducts. 
 
 the Porta Maggiore (the Porta Esquilina of Frontinus) and the Porta 
 di S. Lorenzo (the Porta Viminahs of the same). The speciis is seen 
 on arches close to each of the gates ; but, between the two, it passed 
 underground through a sort of hillock, about midway between the 
 two gates, as is mentioned by Frontinus. The ground is high again 
 near the Porta Chiusa at the Praetorian Camp, and in the great bank 
 or agger of Servius Tullius. 
 
 These two great arcades are those chiefly known to visitors to 
 Rome as The Aqueducts ; but the underground aqueducts are at 
 least equally interesting when understood. The Anio Vetus being near 
 the surface can be traced all over Rome ; the Appia being very deep, 
 is not so easily traced, and can only be seen with certainty near 
 its source and its mouth. There are other arcades nearly as fine as 
 these ; but, as they do not come so near Rome, they are less known ; 
 in the parts nearest to the City they are either underground or de- 
 stroyed. One of them is that called Alexandrina by Fabretti ; but 
 the original parts of it are of the time of Hadrian and Trajan. This 
 runs from the source near Gabii and Labicum, now la Colonna, to 
 the place called Ccnto-Celle. Possibly some of the hundred cells 
 or vaults found there and supposed to have been all tombs, were 
 really reservoirs of water. At every great villa there are always 
 remains of these great cisterns for the supply of water, and this 
 is about three miles from Rome, where a great villa of Hadrian 
 was situated. This arcade extends for miles across the country 
 between the two great roads, one from Gabii, the other from Pre- 
 neste (now Palestrina). Another fine arcade is seen on the road 
 to Albano, at the Tor di Mezza Via (or half-way house). This has 
 been ascertained to be the Aqua Aurelia, which goes to the villa 
 of the Quintilii on the Via Appia, and from thence into Rome to 
 supply the Therms of Commodus and Severus, of which also 
 remains have been found ; the latter part of its course is chiefly 
 underground. 
 
 It was very difficult at first to ascertain to which of the aqueducts 
 each of the remains belonged that were seen on all sides ; and I 
 found it necessary to follow each aqueduct up to its source, and then 
 down to its mouth, in order to ascertain this. This work has taken 
 me some years, in connection with the other branches of the general 
 subject of the Archaeology of Rome. It has now been done, with 
 one exception, — the aqueduct made to bring water to the Thermae of 
 Diocletian on the Viminal, — which has not been traced ; but there is 
 great probability that it was a branch from one of the older aque- 
 ducts, probably brouglit across from the great reservoir where tiie 
 
vi Preface to the Aqueducts. 
 
 Nymphaeum of Alexander Severus Avas situated, on Avhich the 
 Trophies of Marius were hung. This is on high ground, and at 
 a short distance only, so that it would be very convenient for the 
 purpose. We see that there are several branches from that point, 
 and one of them probably supplied these great Thermae, for which 
 purpose more than one aqueduct would be tapped. It may be that 
 the curious sort of tower reservoir — long supposed to have been 
 a tomb, a short distance to the south of the Trophies of Marius — 
 was the one for these Thermae ; in either case, these reservoirs were 
 supplied from the great old aqueducts. 
 
 I may almost say that wherever the aqueducts are visible, they 
 can now be seen in my Photographs, and in some places the re- 
 mains have been destroyed since these were taken, during what 
 is called the Restoration of the City Walls. Perhaps the finest and 
 most interesting part of the Aqueducts are the great cascades at the 
 source of the Anio Novus above Subiaco, in the bed of that river, 
 situated in some of the finest scenery in the world. Among later 
 works the ingenious manner in which the bed of the small river 
 Almo is made use of to carry the water of two other mountain 
 streams, the Aqua Crabra and the Marrana, the water of which never 
 fails ; and the manner in which the tunnel of the Aqua Julia has 
 been used] again in the twelfth century, are the most curious and 
 interesting. This had hitherto escaped observation, and was not 
 easily traced. The A(]ua Felice was unfortunately carried out in 
 a very rude manner ; the plan of the Pope was a good one, but 
 was spoiled by the ignorance of the engineer. 
 
 The new aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia-Pia, restoring the celebrated 
 Aqua Marcia to use in Rome, is a work deserving of high commenda- 
 tion. It is much to be regretted that my lamented friend the late 
 Mr. Shepherd, to whose energy and perseverance we are chiefly in- 
 debted for this, did not live to see the completion of his work. 
 Much credit is also due to Signor Moraldi, the originator of the 
 scheme, to whom the Company still pay a premium, which he well 
 deserves. His map" of the Aqua Marcia, of which he kindly gave 
 
 " During the first season that I was to trace the course of the Aqueducts. 
 
 resident in Rome, it was my habit to go Moltke's map is the best as far as it 
 
 with my friend Mr. William Long, of goes ; but, being intended as a military 
 
 Balliol College, Oxford, then resident map only, he paid no attention to the 
 
 in Rome, into the Catacombs every antiquities. The one known in England 
 
 Monday morning, and along the line ])y the name of Gell, and in Rome by 
 
 of the Aqueducts also once or twice the name of Nibby, is made especially 
 
 a-week, when the weather permitted. for the Antiquities ; but it is on a small 
 
 We procured all the best maps of the scale, and we found it impossible to 
 
 Campagna that were to be had, but trace the Aqueducts upon it. Eventually 
 
 could find none that would enable us I have had one made on a large scale, 
 
Preface io the Aqueducts. vii 
 
 me a photograph, was of great service to me, as far as it went; but 
 I saw it was necessary to go further, and include all the Aqueducts 
 on the eastern side of Rome. I was fortunate in meeting with 
 Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of Subiaco, and has been interested 
 in the Aqueducts from his boyhood. He shewed me that Signor 
 Moraldi had not gone quite far enough, and that the real spring of 
 the Marcia is about a mile further from Rome than the one he sup- 
 posed to be so, which was a subsidiary spring, though of equally good 
 water. At the original source the stone speciis was found, having 
 been long concealed by being a foot or two under water. I saw it, 
 and stood upon it, and had a photograph made, so that there could 
 be no mistake, and the engineer of the company also saw it, and 
 carried his aqueduct to that point; so that the real ancient Aqua 
 Marcia now comes into Rome again, and is getting rapidly into 
 general use, being much the best drinking water. The water supply 
 of ancient Rome has long been a subject of interest, and can now 
 be more perfectly understood than it ever could before. The series 
 of Photographs of them are a thorough illustration of their history, 
 such as could not have been made before that art was invented. 
 
 to make it clear, have added the other only ; tlie other on a size convenient for 
 
 Antiquities, and then had it reduced the pocket ; and, by using the portion 
 
 by photography to two smaller sizes : near Rome separately, it makes a good 
 
 one very small, to give the general lines and convenient map for the purpose. 
 
CONTENTS OF THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 Preface iii 
 
 Introduction — Frontinus . . i 
 
 I. Aqua Appia. 
 
 Passages from Frontinus . . 3 
 
 Sources in the Lucullan fields . 4 
 
 near the old Via Prsenestina 5 
 
 The course underground . . 6 
 
 It entered Rome at the north-east 
 end of the Sessorium . . . ib. 
 
 passed along the Ccelian Hill ib. 
 
 Reservoir in the garden of the Villa 
 Coelimontana, now the Arch of 
 Dolabella .... 7 
 
 It crossed the valley to the Aven- 
 tine on an ancient earthwork, 
 near the Porta Capena . . 8 
 to the Piscina Publica . . 9 
 
 Under the Aventine the Specus is 
 visible in a stone quarry nearly 
 under S. Sabba . . . ib. 
 
 Wells to descend into it . . ib. 
 
 The branch added by Augustus 
 entered Rome in the garden of 
 the Sessorium . . . .11 
 
 near the Gemelli . . ib. 
 
 Torquatian and Pallantian gardens ib. 
 
 II. Anio Vetus. 
 Passages from Frontinus . .13 
 Sources — a branch from the river 
 
 Anio . . . . . ib. 
 Specus in the cliff of the valley . 14 
 visible in the ' ' Valley of the 
 
 Arches" above Tivoli . . ib. 
 and in the promenade of Car- 
 
 ciano below it . . . .15 
 
 Its course underground . 16 
 
 Piscinae at the fourth, and at the 
 
 second, mile from Rome, on the 
 
 Via Latina . . . . b. 
 Crossing of the Aqueducts at the 
 
 Torre Fiscale . . . -17 
 
 18 
 
 ib. 
 
 19 
 
 ib. 
 
 26 
 
 -31 
 
 Castellum Aquse near the Porta 
 
 Furba, two miles from Rome . 
 
 near the Via Appia Nova 
 
 The Specus faced with Opus Reti- 
 
 culatum ..... 
 Specus, or spes (?) vetus, on the high 
 
 banks ..... 
 Another branch on the bank near 
 
 the Wall of Rome . 
 And another branch along the Coe- 
 
 lian, and passing near the Porta 
 
 Capena, to the Aventine . 
 Appendix, Spe or Spc, Spes{?) or 
 
 Spectes (?) 
 Facsimile from MS. at Monte 
 
 Cassino ..... 
 Passages relating to the word 
 
 Specus .... 27- 
 
 III. Aqua Marcia. 
 
 Passages from Frontinus . . 32 
 
 The Piscinee . . . -34 
 
 Source of the Marcia . . . ib. 
 
 Specus carried along the valley of 
 the Anio • • • . • 35 
 
 Principal source in the Acqua 
 Serena . . . . . ib. 
 
 Old Specus under water, discovered 
 in 1869 36 
 
 • ■ It crossed the river at S. Co- 
 
 simato . . . . . ib. 
 
 and again in the Valley of the 
 
 Arches, above Tivoli, on a bridge ib. 
 
 Specus and reservoir in the Pro- 
 menade of Carciano, below Tivoli ib. 
 
 Reservoir faced with Cyclopean 
 Masonry there . . -37 
 
 Specus passes near Ponte di S. An- 
 tonio ..... ib. 
 
 After reaching the City it is divided 
 into several branches . . ib. 
 
 One along the Ccelian and over the 
 Porta Capena to the Aventine . 38 
 
Contents of tJie Aqueducts. 
 
 Another upon the old agger, and 
 over the Porta Tiburtina to the 
 Praetorian Camp . . -38 
 
 Excellent qualities of the Aqua 
 Marcia . . . . . ib. 
 
 IV. Tepui.a. 
 
 Sources near Grotta Ferrata . 39 
 
 S/ecus joins the Marcia at the 
 Piscince . . . . .40 
 
 — — is carried into Rome on the 
 Marcian arcade . . . ib. 
 
 Castdlum AqticB for it near the 
 Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) . ib. 
 
 V. Julia. 
 
 Sources on Mons Algidus (near 
 Tusculum), Frascati, and Grotta 
 Ferrata . . . . -41 
 
 S/ecus passed near the Pagus Le- 
 monius . . . . • 4~ 
 
 ■ on an arcade of rough stone ib. 
 
 ■ then through a tunnel in the 
 
 valley . . . . . ib. 
 
 The Nymphseum of Alexander Se- 
 verus, where the Trophies of 
 Marias were hung, was not for 
 the Aqua Julia, though usually 
 called so. It is at too high a level 
 for that, and was for the Claudia 
 and Anio Novus united . . 43 
 
 Cipfi of the three Aqueducts, found 
 in 1869, near the railway station 45 
 
 Remains of a reservoir near the 
 Porta Chiusa, found in 1869 . ib. 
 
 VI. Virgo (Aqua di Trevi). 
 Passages from Frontinus . . 46 
 
 Sources on the Via Collatina . ib. 
 
 Specus subterranean, but easily 
 
 traced by the line of respirators 47 
 It follows the old road to- 
 
 wai-ds the Porta Maggiore . 4S 
 but turns to the north and 
 
 enters Rome through the Pincian 
 
 Hill, under the Villa Medici . ib. 
 It supplies the lower town 
 
 and the fountain of Trevi . . ib. 
 Original termination in front 
 
 of the Septa, near the Pantheon ib. 
 
 VII. Alsietina. 
 Passages from Frontinus . . 50 
 Lacus Alsietina, Lago di Martignano ib. 
 Aqua Paola . . . -51 
 
 I.acus Sabatina . . . . ib. 
 Junction of two specjis at the Carije 
 
 (Osteria Nuova) . . -52 
 Casale Bianca, additional springs ib. 
 In Tunnels to Rome . . -53 
 
 VIII. Claudia. IX. Anio Novus. 
 
 Passages from Frontinus 
 
 River Anio . 
 
 Cascades at Valle-Pietra 
 
 Bridge of Communacchio 
 
 Sacro Speco 
 
 Monasteries of S. Benedict and 
 
 S. Scholastica . 
 Subiaco 
 
 Lacus — Lakes or Lochs of N 
 Villa Sublacensis 
 Great dam at Pie-di-lago 
 Bridge of S. I\Iauro 
 Spc'cus of the Anio Novus, 
 
 the rock of the cliff . 
 Ruins oi piscince . 
 Lowest loch circular 
 Piscitia Limaria, forty-two mile 
 
 on the Via Sublacensis 
 Specus of Claudia 
 Bridges at Vicovaro and in the 
 
 Valley of the Arches, two miles 
 
 above Tivoli .... 
 Cascade at Tivoli 
 Promenade of Carciano 
 Bridge of S.Antonio and Ponte Lupo 
 
 near the road to Poli . 
 
 The Pis ci) ICE .... 
 
 S/ecus of the Claudia of stone, of 
 
 the Anio Novus of brick over it, 
 
 on a stone arcade 
 Piscina at the Porta Furba . 
 Other reservoirs . 
 The Neronian Arches . 
 Porta Maggiore, inscriptions on 
 Architect of the Claudia 
 Arcade on the Coclian 
 
 54 
 56 
 57 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 58 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 59 
 60 
 
 ib. 
 61 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 62 
 ib. 
 63 
 
 ib. 
 64 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 65 
 66 
 ib. 
 
Contents of the Aqiicdncts. 
 
 XI 
 
 Reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella 67 
 Three branches from that high re- 
 servoir : I. to the Claudium and 
 the Colosseum ; 2. to the Pala- 
 tine and Capitol ; 3- to the Aven- 
 tine, over the Porta Capena . ib. 
 Smaller reservoirs for subdividing 68 
 Rebuildings by Frontinus under 
 
 Trajan ^^^ 
 
 Springs called Ccvruleus and Ciirthts 69 
 The PiscincB . • • -7° 
 
 Appendix— The Nine Aqueducts 
 
 of Frontinus . . • • 7 ^ 
 Tables of Dates, Names, Levels, 
 Length of Channel, Supply, Dis- 
 tribution . . ■ . 73j 74 
 Calculations . • • 74—79 
 
 The Curator Aquarum . • 80 
 
 Repairs by the Popes . . • ib. 
 Popular notions erroneous . -Si 
 These stone sp^ciis necessary for 
 the main stream, and leaden 
 pipes for distribution . • 82 
 
 Brass cocks and leaden pipes often 
 stolen, as mentioned in a letter 
 of King Theodoric . . • ib. 
 
 X. Sabatina, Trajana, a.d. no, 
 
 AND PAOLA, a.d. 1540. 
 
 Lacus Sabatina, di Bracciano, or 
 
 Anguillara . • . • c 
 This aqueduct connected with the 
 
 Alsietina (Vn.) 
 The line traced backwards by the 
 respirators from the terminus on 
 the Janiculum . . • • 
 
 Procopius amazed at the quantity 
 of water brought by this aque- 
 duct in the sixth century . 
 Restorations of the Popes . 
 Inscriptions of Paul V. 
 Cascade on the Janiculum, turns 
 
 the wheels of the flour-mills 
 S/t'CKS in the wall of the garden of 
 the Villa Pamfili-Doria 
 
 but chiefly underground, traced 
 
 by tlie respirators 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 84 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 85 
 
 XI. Trajana (?), Hadriana(?), 
 Alexandrina (?). 
 
 Passage from Frontinus 
 
 Sources near Gabii and Labicum, 
 
 now La Colonna 
 
 Several springs were collected in 
 
 a central reservoir, on which an 
 
 inscription of Hadrian was found 
 
 by E. Q. Visconti 
 
 One of these springs had petrifying 
 
 qualities . . . • • 
 
 Singular effects of the petrifying 
 
 stream . . . • • 
 
 Speais choked up with stalactite, 
 
 and cascades petrified 
 
 The same water used for the Aqua 
 
 Felice, but the petrifying stream 
 
 excluded . . . • • 
 
 A fine arcade for miles, from the 
 
 source to Cento-Celle 
 Part of it of the first century, other 
 part of the third. Alexandrina (?) 
 Aqueduct of Hadrian mentioned by 
 Spartianus, but not in the Re- 
 gionary Catalogue 
 Branch from the great aqueducts 
 to the Mausoleum of S. Helena 
 (Torre Pignattara) and to the 
 Villa of the Gordiani (Torre de' 
 Scavi) . . . . • 
 not connected with this aque- 
 duct . . . • • 
 
 but also has piscince of the 
 
 first and third centuries . 
 Branch of Trajan to the Aventine 
 from the Ccelian 
 
 86 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 87 
 
 ib. 
 
 88 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 XII. AURELIA, A.D. 185. 
 
 XIII. Severiana, A.d. 190. 
 The Aurelia made by Marcus 
 
 Aurelius . . • • -9- 
 to convey water to the Villa 
 
 de Quintilii . . • • ib- 
 continued by Commodus and 
 
 Septimius Sevcrus to their/Z/^-wrt- 
 
 in Kegio I ''-•• 
 
 Remains of pisciiiiC outside of tlie 
 
 Porta Latina . . ■ ■ ^b. 
 
Contents of tJie Aqncdncts. 
 
 Remains of the therma: inside of 
 that gate . . . -92 
 
 Sources on the hill of Marino . 93 
 
 Speais partly underground, part on 
 arcade at the Torre di Mezza, 
 Via di Albano . . . ib. 
 
 Large reservoir at the Villa de 
 Quintilii ib. 
 
 Others on the Via Appia, between 
 that Villa and Rome . . ib. 
 
 at the Circus of Romulus . ib. 
 
 at S. Urbane . . . ib. 
 
 at the NymphjEum in the val- 
 ley of the Caffarella (miscalled 
 the Fountain of Egeria) . . ib. 
 
 Speais visible in the cliff of that 
 valley, near the Dio Ridicolo . 94 
 
 Remains of the therma; in the 
 Monte d' Oro . . . . ib. 
 
 XIV. Antoniniana, A.D. 215. 
 
 This aqueduct enters Rome at the 
 south-east comer . . -95 
 
 passes over the arch of Drasus ib. 
 
 along the inner side of the 
 
 great bank on ^^'hich the Wall 
 
 of Aurelian is built . . . ib. 
 
 to the piscina of the Thermje 
 
 of the Antonines or of Caracalla ib. 
 
 Fine piscina and castelhim on the 
 edge of the hill overlooking the 
 valley of the Caffarella . . ib. 
 
 Remains of others on the Via Latina 96 
 
 and one near the Porta Furba, 
 
 at two miles from Rome, at the 
 foot of the great aqueduct . ib. 
 
 A branch of the Anio Vetus (?) . ib. 
 
 XV. Alexandrina. 
 
 This aqueduct mentioned by Lam- 
 pridius ..... 97 
 
 — — Made to bring water to the 
 Thermae of Alexander Severus, 
 near the Pantheon . . . ib. 
 
 Probably a branch from the 
 
 great aqueducts near the Porta 
 Maggiore .... ib. 
 
 An inscription found near that point ib. 
 
 Remains of arcade of this period 
 between that gate and the Mi- 
 nerva Medica . . . -98 
 
 Nymphseum of Alexander Severus, 
 where the Trophies of Marius 
 were hung . . . -99 
 
 Nymphaeum, a hall of the Thermse 
 for women ; Pantheum, a similar 
 hall for men . . . . ib. 
 
 Wall of Aurelian built against this 
 tall arcade .... ib. 
 
 XVI. Algentiana. 
 
 This aqueduct made to supply water 
 to the Thermae of Diocletian . 100 
 
 Remains of alarge/wa'«a were found 
 on the site of the railway station ib. 
 
 The water is said to have been 
 brought by a branch from the 
 Marcia at the Porta di S. Lorenzo ib. 
 
 Others say it came from Mons Al- 
 gidus, near Tusculum, and was 
 brought underground, with reser- 
 voirs on the tops of hills in the 
 Campagna, supplied by syphons ib. 
 
 XVII. Aqua Crabra and Marrana. 
 
 These streams united are brought 
 into Rome in the bed of the 
 River Almo .... loi 
 
 Sources of the Aqua Crabra, near 
 Rocca di Papa . . . . ib. 
 
 Those of the Marrana near Ma- 
 rino . . . . . ib. 
 
 The two united at the foot of the 
 hill of Marino . . . .102 
 
 Piscina in the valley under Marino ib. 
 
 Specus traced in the same valley 
 near the quarries oi peperino or 
 lapis Albanus . . . .102 
 
 • • passes under the sources of 
 
 the Aqua Julia . . . . ib. 
 
 The two streams imited near a 
 bridge on the road to Grotta 
 Ferrata, ten miles from Rome . ib. 
 
 Part of the united water runs into 
 the river Anio . , . . ib. 
 
Contents of the Aqueducts. 
 
 xiu 
 
 Another part is brought through 
 the tunnel of the Aqua JuHa (V.) 102 
 
 then in a cutting to the bed of 
 
 the small river Almo . . ib. 
 
 It is carried alternately in that deep 
 bed when the ground is high, 
 and in a bank of clay when the 
 ground is low . . . .103 
 
 The stream is divided at a loch 
 between Roma Vecchia and the 
 Torre Fiscale .... ib. 
 
 One branch follows the line of the 
 great aqueducts towards Rome, 
 in the bed of the Almo . .103 
 
 It enters Rome in that bed, under 
 the bridge on which the Porta 
 Metronia stands . . . ib. 
 
 It then passes the Garden of Cras- 
 sipes, now the Orto Botanico . 104 
 
 turning to the north, under 
 
 the Aventine, to the Piscina Pub- 
 lica ...... ib. 
 
 passes through the Circus 
 
 Maximus, and under several mills ib. 
 
 to the mouth of the river 
 
 Almo in the Tiber, through an 
 opening left for it in the Pul- 
 chrum Littus .... ib. 
 
 This Aqueduct was made under 
 Pope Calixtus II. in a.d. 1124 . ib. 
 
 Another branch of it is carried by 
 the side of the other branch of 
 the river Almo, in the valley 
 of the Caffarella, and the other 
 species, which is open on the top, 
 has lochs in it there . . . 105 
 
 Source under La Colonna 
 
 Reservoir made under Gregory 
 XIII., A.D. 1572 — 1585 . 
 
 The arcade and specus were made 
 under Sixtus V., but other reser- 
 voirs were not completed until 
 Urban VIII., a.d. 1623 — 44 
 
 "WiQ fistula U7-ba7ia oi viivaWt 
 
 The piers and foundation of the 
 old arcade used 
 
 The specus enters Rome near the 
 Porta Maggiore 
 
 The water is then divided into dif- 
 ferent branches 
 
 Junction of this arcade with the old 
 one of the Claudia 
 
 From the Porta Maggiore the main 
 line is carried upon the same 
 high bank as the old Aqueducts 
 
 It turns at the Porta di S. Lorenzo 
 
 aiid is carried on an arcade to 
 
 the great agger on the Viminal, 
 and to the fountain of the Ter- 
 mini, called that of Moses , 
 
 PAGE 
 106 
 
 ib. 
 
 106 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 107 
 
 ib. 
 108 
 
 ib. 
 109 
 
 109 
 
 XVIII. Aqua Felice, a.d. 1587 
 So called after Pope Sixtus V. 
 (Felice Peretti) 
 
 Summary. 
 
 Frontinus mentions niiie Aqueducts no 
 
 The Regionary Catalogue of the 
 fourth century enumerates nine- 
 teen Aquse in Rome . . . ib. 
 
 Some of these were natural water- 
 courses . . . . .Ill 
 
 Procopius in the sixth century men- 
 tions yc^Mr/tw^ only . . .112 
 
 106 Levels of the Aqueducts . 113 
 
AQUEDUCTS.— LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 I. Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry of the time of 
 the Kings, on the bank of the river Anio. 
 
 II. Source of another Spring of the Aqua Appia in another ancient Stone- 
 quarry, (near to the former). 
 
 III. I. The Aqueducts above Sueiaco. 
 
 2. River Anio, the Upper Lochs. 
 
 the third Loch and the Bridge over it. 
 
 IV. I. Anio Novus, the third Loch. 
 
 2. The Specus. 
 
 V. Anio Novus — a CasteUum Aqua;, and Line of the Specus cut 
 
 in the cliff. 
 
 VI. The Claudia, Anio Vetiis, and Novus, and Marcia, in the Valley of the 
 Arches below Subiaco and above Tivoli. 
 
 VII. Two other Views of the Ruins of the Arcades of the Claudia and Anio 
 Novus (in the Valley of the Arches above Tivoli). 
 
 VIII. Aqueducts at Tivoli — Cascades of the Anio, with the Round Temple of 
 the Sibyl at the top. 
 
 IX. Aqueducts below Tivoli — The Marcia — a great Castellum Aquse on the 
 Via di Carciano, B.C. 145. 
 
 X. Aqueducts below Tivoli — Aqua Marcia — Reservoir, or Castellum Aqu3e. 
 Views of the two chambers. 
 
 XI. Aqueducts below Tivoli — I. Anio Novns — Castellum, 
 
 2. Marcia — Castellum rebuilt by Trajan. 
 
 XII. Tlie Claudia and Anio Novus in the Campagna of Rome, near Roma 
 Vecchia, over the fine arcade, four miles from Rome. 
 
 XIII. The Claudia and Anio Novus passing over the Marcia, Tepula, and 
 Julia, at the Tor Fiscale, and view near the Porta Furba. 
 
 b 
 
xvi CONTENTS. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 XIV. I. The Marcia on the bank within the wall of Aurelian, at the Porta 
 Tiburtina. 
 
 2. Claudia and Anio Novus at the angle of the Sessorium. 
 
 XV. Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore — 
 
 1. Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, entering Rome, passing through the Wall. 
 
 2. Marcia, &c., within the Wall. 
 
 XVI. I. Claudia and Anio Novus over the Porta Maggiore. 
 
 2. Anio Novus on the Ccelian, over the arch of Dolabella. 
 
 XVII. I, Arches of Nero within the Porta Maggiore, crossing the great inner 
 fosse of the Sessorium on a double arcade. 
 
 2. Aqua Marcia within the Porta Maggiore, as shewn in an excavation 
 in 1871. 
 
 XVIII. I. The Claudia and Anio Novus, in the North Wall of the Gardens 
 of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce. 
 
 2. Nymphasum of Alexander Severus, where the trophies of Marius 
 were hung. 
 
 XIX. Great Reservoir on the Arches of Nero over the Arch of Dolobella, 
 on the Ccelian. 
 
CONTENTS. xvil 
 
 PLANS AND DIAGRAMS. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 I. Plan of the Sources of the Appia and Virgo, in the meadows of LuculJus, 
 on the bank of the river Anio. 
 
 II. The Appia at the Porta Capena, the specus passing through one of the 
 towers of the Porta Capena, now a gardener's cottage. 
 
 III. The Appia under S. Sabba. The specus in an old stone quarry on 
 the Pseudo-Aventine. 
 
 IV. Mouth of the Appia under the Aventine, and at the Porta Trigemina, 
 now in a Cave under S. Alexio and the Priorato. 
 
 V. Aqua Appia — Reservoir in Garden of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce, 
 called the Thermae of S. Helena. 
 
 VI, Anio Vetus. — Reservoir near the Porta Furba. 
 
 VII. Ix)ch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called the Setti Bassi. 
 
 VIII. Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba. 
 
 IX. The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale. Plan and Section, 
 
 X. Piscina of the Anio Novus, entering Rome through a tower in the wall 
 of Aurelian in the garden of the Sessorium. 
 
 XI. The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the Porta Tiburtina. 
 Plan and Section. 
 
 XII. N}miph£eum, where the Trophies of Marius were hung. Plan and Section. 
 
 XIII. River Almo — Division into two Branches, now a Loch of the Marrana. 
 
 XIV. River Almo, now the Marrana. — Entrance into Rome under the Porta 
 
 Metronia. 
 
 XV. River Almo — Mouth in the Pulchnim Littus. View. 
 
 XVI. Plan. 
 
 XVII. Sources of the Aqua Appia, near the bank of the river Anio, in a very 
 ancient stone quarry. 
 
 XVIII. Aqua Appia, or Appian Aqueduct, crossing the valley from the Coelian 
 to the Aventine upon the short Agger of Servius TuUius, and over the 
 Porta Capena. 
 
 XIX. Plan and Sections of the Aqueducts in a, Cave in the Aventine, under 
 S. Sabba, with the Excavations made in 1875 ^^'^ 1876. 
 
 XX. Plan and Section of the Aqueducts, from the great Reservoirs on the 
 
 Ccelian Hill, near the Arch of Dolabella and the Claudium, to the 
 Colosseum, and to the Drain under the road from the Arch of Con- 
 stantine to the Clivus Scauri. 
 
 XXI. Sections of the Specus or Conduits of fifteen different Aqueducts, 
 
XVlll CONTENTS. 
 
 Plan of the Aqueducts on parts of the Ccelian and the Esquiline Hills, from the 
 great Reservoirs and Piscinae called Sette Sale, on the Esquiline, to the Colos- 
 seum ; and the Three Branches from the great Reservoir on the Coelian, 
 and over the Arch of Dolabella, and the Piazza della Navicella, to the 
 Aventine, the Palatine, and the Colosseum. 
 
 Map of the Aqueducts on the Eastern side of Rome, from their Sources above 
 Subiaco, and on the bank of the river Anio, to Rome, and their mouths in 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Western side of Rome, from their Sources in the 
 
 lakes on the hills, called Alseatina and Sabatina, or Anguillara. 
 
CHAPTER IV. PART I, 
 
 THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 In treating of the Aqueducts we have a trustworthy guide in 
 a writer who flourished in the time of the Emperors Nerva and 
 Trajan, namely, Sextus Julius FRONTINUS^ While he infonns us 
 of what improvements he made during the time he had the charge 
 of these important public works, he also gives in his treatise a his- 
 torical account of the several changes which had been from time to 
 time made in the means of supply of water to the Imperial City, 
 which kept pace with the growing wealth and population of Rome. 
 When he died they had probably reached perfection, and were 
 justly the admiration and surprise of all travellers ^ 
 
 His treatise is well worth examination, not only from an archaeo- 
 logical point of view, but as suggesting also many curious enquiries 
 as to the engineering abilities Avhich the Romans possessed, com- 
 pared with those exhibited at the present day. In elucidating, how- 
 ever, the architectural antiquities of the city of Rome, it will be 
 necessary, as far as possible, to limit the extracts from his treatise 
 De Aquceductibus, to those portions which refer either directly to ex- 
 isting remains, or which indirectly explain them, by pointing out the 
 principle on which the several Roman aqueducts seem to have suc- 
 ceeded each other. 
 
 Frontinus tells us in his fourth chapter, that "for 441 years after 
 the building of the city, or until B.C. 312, the people were content 
 with the water which they could draw from the Tiber, or from wells ' 
 or from springs, of some of which the memory was in his time still 
 held sacred and honoured, for they were thought to afford health 
 to the sick '^. 
 
 * Frontinus is usually said to have ^ In the best text, that of the MS. at 
 
 died A.D. 106. Monte Cassino, and in the best printed 
 
 '' See notably Plutarch, Vita Anci edition of the text, that of Buecheler 
 
 Marcii ; Dionys., Hal. Ant. Rom., lib. (Lipsire, 1858), the passage runs " Salu- 
 
 iii. c. 679, sect. 9 ; Strabo,lib. v. ; Cas- britatem enim regris corporibus afferre 
 
 siodorus, lib. vii. cap. 6, &c. creduntur, sicut Cai/uriiarutn, ct Apol- 
 
 ' These wells may have included the linis, et Jjitiirjia.'''' The spring of the 
 
 cisterns for holding rain-water, one of Camrenre or Muses referred to, is that 
 
 which exists on the Palatine. which existed in the grove outside the 
 
The A qneducts. 
 
 [chap. IV, 
 
 Passing to his own time, he says, "there now flow into the 
 citv :" — 
 
 T. Aqua Appia. 
 
 II. Anio Vetus. 
 III. Aqua Marcia, 
 I \ . , , Tepula. 
 
 V. ,, Julia. 
 
 VI. 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 IX. 
 
 Aqua Virgo. 
 
 ,, Alsietina (which is also 
 called Augusta *=). 
 
 ,, Claudia. 
 Anio Novus. 
 
 Frontinus describes the above nine aqueducts in order, giving 
 details as to the source of the water in each, the quantity, and the 
 distribution. Such extracts as are calculated to throw light upon 
 the existing remains, are given in the course of the following 
 remarks. Seven other Aqueducts were added after the time of 
 P'rontinus at different periods, of which an account will also be 
 found in the second part of this Chapter. 
 
 Porta Capena, and beneath the western 
 slope of the Coelian. There was an 
 Area Apollinis in the same Regio, and 
 possibly there was a spring there ; but 
 no writer refers to it. A stream, now 
 subterranean, still exists, and is very 
 copious, running into and through the 
 Cloaca Maxima ; it may be seen in 
 the excavations of the Forum Roma- 
 num. This subterranean stream comes 
 from three different springs ; the source 
 of one is near the Arch of Titus, or 
 more immediately in front of the usual 
 entrance to the Palatine ; — a second has 
 its source near the foot of that part of 
 the Quirinal Hill on which the Torre 
 de' Conti and the Torre delle Milizie 
 are situated ; it now emerges in a cellar 
 under a shop behind the church of S. 
 Hadriana ; — a third comes from the 
 prison of S. Peter, at the foot of the 
 Capitol. These streams meet near the 
 church of S. Maria Liberatrice and the 
 celebrated three columns of the temple 
 of Castor and PoHux ; by their union 
 they formed the lake usually called after 
 Curtius, but. by Ovid the Lacus Juturnse 
 (Ovid. Fasti, 1. i. ver. 708). This is 
 
 not the same as the stream so called 
 on Nolli's Map. The lake was be- 
 tween that part of the Velabrum of the 
 Palatine on which the church of S. 
 Maria Liberatrice and S. Teodoro are 
 situated, which formed the southern 
 side of the lake, and the Forum Ro- 
 manum the northern side. 
 
 The Aqua Jutuma?, marked 1056 in 
 Nolli's Map, is the stream that gushes 
 out in great volume from the rock at 
 the foot of the Palatine in the Lupercal 
 of Augustus, which is now in a very 
 ruinous state, the cave being used as 
 a mill-head to a modem mill, between 
 that point and the Cloaca Maxima. 
 This cave is close to the Carceres of 
 the Circus Maximus. The authority for 
 the name of this stream is doubtful ; 
 it is now usually called Aqua Argen- 
 tina, and falls into the Cloaca Maxima, 
 near the church of S. Giorgio in Vela- 
 bro and the arch erected by the silver- 
 smiths in honour of Septimius Severus. 
 
 ' The Augustan is a name applied also 
 to a branch of the Marcian close to its 
 source, as well as to one supplementary 
 to the Appian within the city. 
 
PART I.] TJie Aqueducts. — I. Appia. 
 
 I. The Aqua Appia (a.u.c. 441, b.c. 312). 
 
 " The Aqua Appia was brought into Rome by the censor Appius Claudius 
 Crassus, afterwards called Cccais (the blind), who also caused the Via Appia to 
 be constructed from the Porta Capena to the city of Capua ^" 
 
 "The Appian stream rises in the Lucullan fields on the Via Preenestina, 
 between the seventh and eighth milestone, and about 780 paces (or about f of 
 a mile) off on the left-hand side. The channel from its source to the ^ Salittce,^ 
 which is a spot near the Porta Trigemini, measures 11 miles, 190 paces (about 
 300 yards) in length. For 11 miles, 130 paces, (about 200 yards,) the channel 
 runs underground, and for 60 paces (about 100 yards) it is carried above ground 
 on a substructure and arcade (in the part) nearest to the Porta Capena ^. At the 
 ' Spes {Spcais) 'Fetus, ^ (the old specus or conduit,) on the confines of the Torqua- 
 tian and Pallantian gardens, a branch called the Augustan was added to it by 
 Augustus as supplementary, whence it received the name of ' Gemelli '' ' . . . ." 
 
 "The distribution of the Appian water begins at the bottom of the Cliviis 
 Publicii at the Porta Trigemina ' ; the stream having passed beneath the Coelian 
 and Aventine Hills." 
 
 " The measure at the head of this could not be obtained because it 
 
 consists of two channels. At the Gemelli, however, which is under J the Spem 
 {Specuvi) Veterctn, (the old conduit,) where it joined with the Augustan branch, 
 I found the height or depth of the water to be 5 ft. , the width i ft. 9 in. , which 
 makes the area 8 ft. 9 in. : . . . . it should be noticed that the water in many parts 
 of the City was observed to be lost, that is, by trickling away. Moreover we 
 found some of it intercepted by illegal pipes within the City ; without the City, 
 owing to the pressure, that which was underground (at the head 50 ft.), received 
 no injury ''. " 
 
 ' Frontinus, c. 5. 8 Ibid. antiquaries consider that the Porta 
 
 '' "Jungitur ei ad Spem [Specum] Trigemina ctjnsisted of three double 
 
 veterem in confinio hortorum Torqua- gates, at intervals along the narrow 
 
 tianorum et Pallantianorum ramus Au- strip of ground between the Aventine 
 
 gustas, ab Augusto in supplementum and the Tiber, and that the one of 
 
 ejus additus, .... loco nomen respon- which remains have been found near 
 
 denti Gemellarum." (Ibid.) the Sublician bridge was the middle 
 
 ' " Incipit distribui [Aqua] Appia imo one of the three : if so, this cave would 
 
 Publicii clivo ad portam Trigeminam." be literally /« the Porta Trigemina. In 
 
 (Ibid.) any case, it must have been close to it. 
 
 And again: " Rivus Appiae, sub J That is, in the reservoir, or f«j/^//z/w 
 
 Ciielio monte et Aventino actus, emer- aijute, through which the conduit or 
 
 git, ut diximus, infra clivum Publicii." specus passed. This reservoir exists, 
 
 (Ibid., c. 22.) The cave reservoir which or rather considerable remains of it, just 
 
 formed the mouth of this stream, where within the Porta Maggiore, between 
 
 it was distributed, has been found near that and the church of S. Croce, and 
 
 the Marmorata, or marble-wharf. The just outside the agger of the Sessorium, 
 
 Porta Trigemina was between that and on which the road from S. Croce to this 
 
 the Salaria, or salt-wharf Both of the gate now runs. 
 
 \\harvcs are still in use. Some good ''".... Cujus aqusa ad caput in- 
 
4 The Aqueducts.— I. Appia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 The Lucullan fields, in which are the sources of the Aqua Appia, 
 are nearly due east from Rome, on the bank of the river Anio, at 
 about six miles from the present gates of Rome, and three quarters 
 of a mile off the Via Collatina, now a cart-road. This is the old Via 
 Prasnestina, which went through CoUatia, now called Lunghezza, about 
 two miles higher up the river Anio, at the point where the smaller 
 river Osa falls into it. In this part the old paved road remains for 
 some distance in use, both before and after the entrance to Collatia, 
 and was the more direct road ; the present carriage-road, now called 
 Prosnestina, was the Via Gabina, and went through or near to Gabii, 
 but was not so direct a line to Praeneste or Palestrina as the one 
 through Collatia. The old road passes close in front of the ancient 
 stone quarries, on the bank of the Anio, in which one of the springs 
 or reservoirs of the Aqua Appia is situated ; the pavement of it 
 remains, and is now used as a foot-path only. 
 
 There are several springs or sources for this aqueduct, and also 
 several ponds to collect the rain-water, made in the clay, the water 
 from all of which was collected into a central reservoir cut in the rock, 
 with a large well over it. There are also seventeen wells visible in 
 two lines, eight in one and nine in the other, converging and meet- 
 ing in the central reservoir. The soil is clay upon stone. The 
 spans is here a large tunnel cut in the rock, and the wells descend 
 into it. They may be distinguished from above by the bramble- 
 bushes which grow over and cover each of the openings, and do 
 not grow on the other part of the field ; each well is also pro- 
 tected by a wooden rail, to hinder cattle from falling into it. The 
 water still runs through in some parts. Near to this reservoir is 
 a tomb of very early character, similar to what are usually called 
 Etruscan' tombs, cut out of the rock. 
 
 As the length of its course was rather more than eleven miles, 
 while the distance by the Via Praenestina direct was only between 
 seven and eight, it is clear that it did not follow that road. It was 
 carried to the south towards the Via Labicana by a winding course, 
 
 veniri mensura non potuit, quoniam ex deprehendimus, extra urbem autem 
 
 duobus livis constat. Ad Gemellos propter pressiiram librae quam vidi in- 
 
 tamen, qui locus est infra Spem(.S/tY;^w) fra terram ad caput pedibus quinqua- 
 
 veterem, ubi jnngitur cum ramo Au- ginta, nullam accipit injuriam. " (Fron- 
 
 gustse, inveni altitudinem aquae pedum tinus, c. 65.) 
 
 quinque, latitudinem pedis unius, do- ' There is good reason to believe 
 
 drantis : fiunt arese pedes octo, dodrans : that such tombs were not exchtsively 
 
 ...... quas esse ex eo adparet quod Etruscan, but were also used by the 
 
 in plerisque urbis partibus perdita aqua Latins and other nations at the same 
 
 observatur, id est quae ex ea manat, sed jieriod, and this one may very well be 
 
 et quasdam fistulas intra urbem illicitas early Roman. 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — /. Appia. 5 
 
 according to the levels of the ground. The Aqua Virgo, whose 
 source is in the same Lucullan fields as the Appia, is carried to the 
 north by another winding course of a greater length, to supply the 
 northern parts of the city. 
 
 The course of the ohi Via PrcEucstiiia'^ has undergone but little 
 change, and the 7th milestone is soon measured. A little beyond 
 it, and 780 paces off on the left of the road (i.e. on the northern 
 side), we are brought to a point" where the sources of the Aqua 
 Appia are still to be seen in caves formed by ancient stone quar- 
 ries, near a tenement called La Riistica. One cave is of a triple 
 form, with three springs, and the soil above the stone is much mixed 
 with clay. These three springs meet at the mouth of the cave in 
 one stream, which runs in the old speais cut in the rock, but open 
 at the top, and having the appearance of a mere country ditch, half 
 hid by the grass and weeds in the winter, and in the summer months 
 entirely concealed by them. This speciis runs across a low meadow 
 for about a quarter of a mile. It crosses the line of the Aqua Virgo, 
 the respirators of which cross this meadow in an opposite direction ; 
 the sources of the Virgo are about a mile further from Rome, on 
 the same road. It then enters the rock again in a tunnel, and at 
 this point is the first castellum or reservoir, with a large circular well 
 cut out of the rock, which forms the vault over it. There are the 
 grooves for sluices at each end of the reservoir, and an opening has 
 been made into the tunnel a little beyond this reservoir. The course 
 of the aqueduct is then in a tunnel entirely underground, in the 
 direction of a series of ancient caves, through which, or by which, 
 it must pass, but being underground it cannot be seen. These caves 
 are evidently an ancient stone quarry, but of later character than the 
 one first mentioned. In the earliest one, at the source, the stone has 
 been split off the rock, not cut ; in the other caves, the stone has 
 been well cut, and of these many are to be seen, the openings being 
 large square apertures like doorways, but side by side in the face of 
 the scarped cliff, not following each other : a practice common in 
 quarrying, where the circumstances require it, down to the present 
 day. Between the chambers are massive square or oblong piers, 
 left to support the vault and the earth above. At the bottom of one 
 
 ■" The modern carriage-road, so called, from the present carriage-road, 
 was called Via Gabina in the time of " In the Map of Gell and Nibln-, 
 
 Frontinus. The old Via Prrenestina along the Via Prtenestina will be seen 
 
 is now a bridle-road only for the first the name Pitpinia. The spot is jubt 
 
 three miles out of Rome, to the Torre north of this, and not far off from the 
 
 de' Scavi ; it is then a cart-road, called piece of road marked in the same map 
 
 Via Collatina, with a branch road into it as the Via CoUatina. 
 
6 The Aqueducts. — /. Appia. [chap. iv. 
 
 of these chambers is water running from another spring, and the 
 shepherds state that there is an opening from it to the spccus of the 
 aqueduct ; but as the bottom is filled up to the depth of several feet 
 with broken stone, it cannot be seen. Some of the chambers of 
 this ancient quarry have been used as a burying-place, probably for 
 the neighbouring town of Collatia. The graves are cut out in the 
 side of the walls, like the loadi, and there are also chambers like 
 the cubicttia of a catacomb. The tombs of this necropolis of Collatia 
 are very ancient, perhaps anterior to the Kings of Rome, and certainly 
 not posterior to the Republic. This stone has been cut out in large 
 square or oblong blocks, such as are usual in work of the time of the 
 Kings ; it is probable that Appius Claudius made use of a quarry 
 which he found, and that the ground was not excavated for the 
 purpose of the aqueduct only. 
 
 From this point the course was entirely underground, therefore no 
 traces are visible without some difficulty. Incidentally, as we have 
 seen, Frontinus notes, that at the head the water ran as much as fifty 
 feet below the surface, and was thus protected from being fraudulently 
 diverted. It could not have taken a very direct line, as the levels of 
 the crossing valleys must have necessitated here and there a circuitous 
 course ; and moreover this is clearly implied by Frontinus, who says 
 that the total length from the source to the " Salinse" was more than 
 eleven miles, while the distance in a direct line is less than nine 
 miles. As it had no piscina", it flowed on in an uninterrupted course 
 to the spot where it was distributed for the public service. 
 
 One branch seems to have entered Rome under the line of the 
 Claudian arcade, near the Porta MaggioreP, and its course within 
 the city is not difficult to follow, since for certain purposes access 
 has been made in more than one place into the old spccus, part of 
 which is used to carry the lead pipes of the Aqua Felice to the 
 Hospital of the Lateran and other places. From the surface where 
 one of the shafts is situated to the bottom of the channel, is a depth 
 of twenty-five feet. No water runs along it at present, except in the 
 metal pipes from the Aqua Felice, belonging to the modern system. 
 
 The direction of this channel, after it enters Rome, happens to 
 be easily seen above, as it is marked throughout its course, from 
 the eastern end of the Coelian to the Arch of Dolabella, by the 
 
 P'rontinus, c. 22. specus of the Aqua Appia was found, 
 
 p In tlie Bullettifio ddP Instituto 450 yards (metres) from the Porta Mag- 
 
 Archeologico, and the Cwilta Cattolica, giore. It was constructed of square 
 
 for the year 1 86 1, it is stated that for the stone of tufa, and was incrusted with 
 
 works of the iron railroad between the tartar, had an acute vault, which was 
 
 Via T.ni)irina nnd the Via C);\biiia the ^ ft. in. hi^h. and 2"t ft. wide. 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — I . Appia. 7 
 
 fine arches of the Neronian branch from the Claudian Aqueduct 
 erected ahiiost over it. It is very probable that one of the laws 
 (referred to by Frontinus as having been in existence long before 
 his time) respecting aqueducts was in force from the commence- 
 ment, namely, that there should be no buildings of any kind 
 within ten feet on either side of the aqueducts ; thus an open 
 space was probably existing at the time when Nero wished to 
 carry water to his magnificent reservoir at the north-western end 
 of the Coelian, and of this he availed himself in rearing the splendid 
 arcade which is called by his name. It will be remarked, however, 
 that the brick buttresses actually came down to the flat roof of the 
 original specus of the Appian. The top of that specns was raised to 
 a greater height by the engineers of Sixtus V., and in this enlarge- 
 ment the underground supports of the Neronian arches are cut 
 through to give headway to the aquarii passing along the channel. 
 They have however to stoop their heads as they pass under each 
 buttress. 
 
 The old tunnel specus was discovered in the time of Sixtus V., 
 (Felice Peretti), filled up by clay deposit to the depth of three 
 feet, or half the height of the specus, as in other places, and the 
 builders found it easier to raise it, for the aquarii to go along it, 
 than to clear it out. They therefore knocked away the flat tile- 
 covering of the time of Nero, and raised a vault of rubble-stone 
 three feet higher. 
 
 From the great subterranean reservoir, still in use for the water 
 of a spring, near the Arch of Dolabella, to the edge of the western 
 cliff of the Ccelian is but a short distance, and here the specus 
 seems to run in a bank dividing the vineyard or garden of the 
 Villa Mattei from that of the monks of S. Gregory, on which a wall 
 has been built. At this point subsequent alterations, and especially 
 those under the Emperors Nerva and Trajan, have buried to a great 
 depth the actual remains of the original aqueduct ; but this later work 
 occupies the same line, and must be described. We first come to 
 a large piscina or filtering-place on the cliff of the Coelian, immedi- 
 ately above the Porta Capena. 'Y\\\% piscina is divided into two parts, 
 one above the other ; but both are below the top of the cliff, and 
 are faced with brick and reticulated work of the time of Trajan. 
 There are remains of two specus running along against the face of 
 the cliff; of the upper one the lower part, or pavement, of Opus Sig- 
 ?tinum, only remains, and this runs down in a sloping direction from 
 the upper reservoir to a lower one, a little to the south of it, which 
 is very extensive. This lower reservoir consists of several parallel 
 
8 The Aqueducts. — I. Appia. [CIIAP. IV. 
 
 chambers, through which, or rather in front of which, another specus 
 runs at a lower level ; this appears to be horizontal. This speciis 
 goes on in the direction of the ruins of a building of various periods, 
 possibly the remains of the ^des Camenarum, and passes then to 
 the south in the direction of the Thermae of Severus and Commodus. 
 
 Another branch was evidently afterwards made from the upper re- 
 servoir going tOAvards the north for a very short distance, merely for 
 one of the usual angles ; then, turning again to the west, in the valley 
 below, there is another large castdlum aquce, or reservoir of five cham- 
 bers, all as usual oblong and side by side. This is on lower ground, 
 and is built upon the wall of Servius Tullius, where it crosses the 
 valley ; the upper part of this reservoir has been made into a house 
 for the gardener. The underground part of the chamber nearest 
 to the Coelian is built of the large square blocks of tufa usual in 
 the time of the Kings, and belongs to the fortifications of the Porta 
 Capena, over the Via Appia, which here passed close under the 
 Coelian ; the other chambers appear, from the bricks, to be of the 
 time of Trajan. From this point to the Piscina Publica, the line 
 of tall brick piers of Trajan can be distinctly traced by the existing 
 remains, passing across to the other side of the road and of the 
 stream here close to if. The ruins of the Piscina Publica, as re- 
 built by Trajan, remain visible under the corner of the Pseudo-Aven- 
 tine, near S. Balbina, and from this the water was again distributed in 
 different branches. At this point, let it be observed, and only at 
 this point, is the valley which divides the Coelian from the Aven- 
 tine sufficiently narrow to admit of agreement with the direct and 
 clear assertion of Frontinus, that here alone, throughout the whole 
 course, was it carried on a substructure and on arches for a dis- 
 tance of one hundred yards. 
 
 Although there are no remains of the specus now visible at this 
 spot, because the gate has been destroyed, there can be little doubt 
 that the channel for the water was carried over the southern gate of 
 i/ie city according to its extent at that time. This gate was called 
 the Porta Capena ; and as the Appian aqueduct was allowed to fall 
 into decay, it gave rise to the descriptions both of Martial and 
 Juvenal, who describe it as wet or moist'. 
 
 "> This is on the line of the wall of the west of it, by the side of the pre- 
 
 Servius Tullius. It appears that Trajan sent road. 
 
 made a reservoir here over the old one. ■■ " Substitit ad veteres areas madi- 
 
 The j/ffMj- of the Appia passes through ^(rwi^;/^ Capenam." (Juvenal, sat. iii. 
 
 the present gardener's house lengthwise, ver. Ii.) "Capena grandi porta qua 
 
 from east to west. This specus was pliiit giUtar (Martial, lib. iii. epigr.47.) 
 
 found again in another excavation to The distance from the foot of the Crelian 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — I. Appia. 9 
 
 The excavations made in 1868 and 1869 under the direction of 
 Mr. Parker, with the help of the British Archaeological Society of 
 Rome and the Roman Exploration Fund, have clearly shewn the 
 specus of the Aqua Appia and those of two other aqueducts carried 
 upon the agger of Servius TuUius across the valley from the Coelian 
 to the Aventine, with branches to the left running into the sub- 
 terranean chambers of the Piscina Publica. These underground 
 chambers are of the time of the Republic, the walls are built of 
 rubble stone as usual at that period, and there are small openings 
 through these walls for the circulation of the water, although the 
 upper part has been rebuilt in the time of Trajan, as the remains 
 of the wall are faced with the brickwork usual in his time. The 
 lowest specus is cut out of tufa rock under the wall of Servius TuUius, 
 which is built of the usual large blocks of tufa. 
 
 The principal branch went underground to the cave reservoir at 
 its mouth, on the level of the quay of the Marmorata between 
 that and the Salaria, just outside of the old Porta Trigemina; the 
 old agger in which that gate was situated still forms the southern or 
 lower boundary of the wharf of the Salaria. Part of the course of 
 this earliest specus, that of the Appia, can be traced and seen in 
 a subterranean stone quarry nearly under S. Sabba. The specus is 
 six feet high and two feet wide, and it is filled up to nearly half 
 its height by solid clay, evidently the deposit left by the water. 
 The old specus, long after it had been out of use, seems to have 
 been employed by the quarrymen : as it was a tunnel in the tufa 
 rock just high and wide enough for a man to walk in, by cutting 
 away one side they made it wide enough for a horse and cart 
 to carry the stone, and they raised the vault as high as was con- 
 venient for the purpose of making an entrance into the quarry. 
 The series of wells descending into the old specus from the gardens 
 above remain at intervals, with notches for steps cut in the rock 
 to enable a man to go up and down when required. The course 
 of the specus is cut off by the road to the Porta Ostiensis, but 
 probably that road was originally carried over it ' at the crossing ; 
 
 to the Marrana is just a hundred yards ground there being higher. At the Pis- 
 
 along the line of the wall of Servius cina Publica, where another pit was dug 
 
 Tullius, across this part of the valley 20 ft. deep, the wall is built against the 
 
 or great primitive foss. The ground on tufa rock, and there is a third specus in 
 
 the side of the wall is all made earth a tunnel in the rock under the wall, 
 
 and rubbish, and two aqueducts are car- • Or perhaps the road was a deep 
 
 ried on arcades against the wall, one on foss-way, and the specus passed over 
 
 either side. These arcades have not the arch of the gate at this point, where 
 
 been traced beyond the Marrana, the four roads meet. 
 
lO 
 
 TJie Aqueducts. — /. Appia. 
 
 [chap. IV. 
 
 it then passed through another large subterranean quarry nearly 
 under S. Prisca, to the cave reservoir at its mouth ', 
 
 Before arriving at the two large reservoirs just outside of the 
 garden of the Sessorium, now Sante Croce, the specus of the Appia 
 must have passed by another smaller reserv^oir at the same low level, 
 near the ruins of the apse of a hall, miscalled the temple of Venus 
 and Cupid. This seems likely to have been the point at which 
 the branch specus, coming from the north, entered Rome, and it 
 was then carried on to the two large reservoirs outside this garden, 
 supposed to have been the GoiicUi'^. 
 
 Below the " Salincc" or salt warehouses on the bank of the Tiber, 
 and near the " Porta Trigemina," the water was " distributed." This 
 was also close under the Clivus Publicii, or the slanting zig-zag 
 road leading up from the wharf to the top of the hill. 
 
 So far the general course can be traced ; but the exact point of 
 entrance into Rome could not be fixed without excavations, which 
 have not as yet been made. There are, however, some data given 
 by Frontinus which should not be overlooked, as they bear inci- 
 dentally upon the course of some other of the aqueducts. 
 
 ' In the spring of the year 1870, an- 
 other excavation was made close to 
 this point, and a way was found into 
 another old subterranean stone-quarry 
 long out of use. Through this cave, 
 or quarry, the specus of five different 
 aqueducts pass on their way to the 
 Tiber. Some of these come down at 
 a steep decline, and the water of the 
 whole seems to have been carried into 
 the lowest one, the Appia, at this point. 
 This specus must have been carried over 
 the deep foss-way upon or under the 
 arch of the gate of the old wall of 
 the city, where four roads meet. It 
 is also visible again in another old 
 subterranean stone-quarry on the other 
 side of the road, nearly under S. Prisca, 
 and from thence it must have gone to 
 the old cave, used as a reservoir near 
 the Marmorata, and the Porta Trige- 
 mina, immediately under the monastery 
 of S. Maria del Trinita di Malta, where 
 the specus is again visible, and where 
 the wells of other aqueducts run into 
 the same cave reservoir at the mouth of 
 the aqueducts in this part of Rome. 
 One of these runs down a vertical pipe 
 from the reservoir nearly over this cave, 
 but under S. Sabina on the hill above, 
 excavated in 1865, and described by 
 M, Descemet (Sect, xi.) There is an- 
 
 other large reservoir in the interior of 
 the hill, still full of water, supplied by 
 a spring rising there ; the water from 
 this still passes through the same pas- 
 sage to the Tiber. This is also said to 
 have been called the cave of Faunus 
 by the poets. It is probably also the 
 same as that of Cacus, being a large 
 natural cave, with a spring of water, 
 and a natural reservoir of considerable 
 size in it about knee-deep, the en- 
 trance to which ts by a narrow passage 
 made into the specus of the aqueduct. 
 Such a cave might very well have been 
 used to drive cattle into for conceal- 
 ment, and a resolute, well-armed man 
 standing at the entrance might defend 
 it against any number. Solinus (i. 7) 
 says that the cave of Cacus was at the 
 Porta Trigemina, and that he dwelt in 
 the Salinse, which are close by this 
 spot. "Qui Cacus habitavit locum 
 cui Salinse nomen est, ubi Trigemina 
 porta." 
 
 " On the wall of the smaller reser- 
 voir, the fragment of an inscription, 
 relating to the Thermje of S. Helena, 
 now in the Vatican Museum, is said to 
 have been found : — 
 
 D. N. HELENA . VEN. . . . AVG. MAT. 
 
 AVIA . BEATIS 
 
 THERMA ... SI ... . ESTKV .... 
 
TART I.] The Aqueducts. — I. Appia. ii 
 
 First, it should be remarked, that the water of the Appia was 
 augmented by an additional stream. This was not accomplished 
 till the time of Augustus. The source of this latter'' was on the 
 same side of the Via Praenestina, but a little nearer to Rome (near 
 the sixth milestone) we are told, and its course was, like the main 
 stream, entirely underground. It was more direct, as its length was 
 less than six miles and a-half, while the original stream, by its wind- 
 ings, required about eleven miles to complete the same distance ^. 
 
 It joined, however, the Appia at the " Spes [Speciis) Vctus,'' and at 
 the Gemelli% which was under {infra) the " Old Speens" it could be 
 measured. This is an important landmark ; it is well at once to 
 observe that the usual interpretation of the passage as referring to 
 a " Temple of Spes," and the statement that a temple occupied the 
 site of some ruins which are marked thus in a few maps, (in most, 
 Templum Veneris et Cupidiiiis) does not seem to fit the circum- 
 stances. It is proposed to read in both these two instances " Specus 
 Vetus." The expression occurs, altogether, five times in Frontinus, 
 and it will be most satisfactory therefore to consider the passages 
 together, which will be done more conveniently in connection with 
 the next aqueduct described. 
 
 The Torquatian and Plautian, or Pallantian gardens, seem by the 
 
 ^ Frontinus says, c. 5, at the sixth carried at a sharp angle to the north to 
 
 milestone on the Via Praenestina, about the Pincian. The Appia, being much 
 
 nine hundred and eighty paces off to deeper, was carried straight on at the 
 
 the left, and near the Via CoUatina, this bottom of the great foss into Rome, and 
 
 stream has its source. The sources both entered at the extreme eastern corner, 
 
 of the Aqua Appia and of the Augusta under the line afterwards taken by the 
 
 were traced by Signor Fabio Gori and Claudian arcade, to the two great reser- 
 
 Mr. J. H. Parker, in March, 1868, and voirs or gemelli before mentioned ; the 
 
 were afterwards shewn to the British main line running here parallel to it, 
 
 Archaeological Society of Rome. a little to the south, till it reached the 
 
 y The source of the Appia was 780 Piscina of S. Helena, the two lines con- 
 paces off the road, between the 7th and verging at the gemelli. 
 8th milestone. That of the Augiistan ^ There are considerable remains of 
 880 paces off, and by the 6th milestone. two large reservoirs in a garden just 
 '1 he former was measured to its termi- outside of the boundary-wall of the 
 nation, giving I li miles. The latter went Sessorium, which wall is of the time 
 only to the "Specus Vetus" (which is of S. Helena, on its western side. Some 
 two miles less) and gave 6i miles. Two excavations made in them in 1869 under 
 miles is the distance from the Porta my direction shewed that they went to 
 Maggiore to the Porta Trigemina and a great depth, the workmen being 
 the Salaria. In all probability the Au- stopped by water. These two great 
 gustan branch was carried for the six reservoirs, so close together in the line 
 miles into Rome along the bank of the of the Aqua Appia, seem to have been 
 Via Praenestina, here a deep foss-way the Gemelli mentioned by Frontinus. 
 between two high banks ; and at a later From this point the specus can be traced 
 period the Aqua Virgo was carried over along the Coelian, and the reservoirs 
 it at a higher level, till within about are below the level of that specus (infra 
 half a mile of Rome, where it arrives at spccuiii vcterem). — F. ii. 65. 
 tlic outer l)an!c of the great foss, and i.i 
 
12 The Aqueducts. — I. Appia. [chap. iv. 
 
 context to have occupied a spot on either side of the point of junc- 
 tion of the two streams. The Torquatian gardens are not mentioned 
 elsewhere, and with respect to the Plautian ^ (which is only conjec- 
 tural, and has the authority of neither of the early MSS.), it has 
 been suggested to read Pailantiafi, which gardens are mentioned 
 twice elsewhere by Frontinus in connection with the Specus Vetus, 
 besides once in such a way as to imply the same ^\ 
 
 The Torquatian gardens probably occupied the space between the 
 outer wall and the modern " Via di Porta Maggiore," and were 
 probably those of Titus Manlius Torquatus, a member of an im- 
 portant patrician family ; Livy mentions at least three generations 
 of that name. This ground shews numerous remains of aqueducts 
 and reservoirs, and here also is the fine building of the third century 
 called the Minerva Medica, which was probably the nyinphcEum of 
 some thermcE of that period '^. The Pallantian gardens is a natural 
 name for those belonging to the Sessorium, or the Sessorian forti- 
 fied Camp and Palace'', and occupied the low ground near it. They 
 would therefore be to the south of, but adjoining to, the Torqua- 
 tian gardens. 
 
 " If the "Plautian" be the better during some excavations made by a 
 
 reading, they may have been the gardens building company, who had bought 
 
 of Plautius Lateranus, wliich were near the ground on speculation. They are 
 
 those of the Sessorian Palace. of great extent, and on both sides of 
 
 '' Frontinus, cap. 19: " Marcia au- the present road from S. Maria Mag- 
 
 tem partem sui post hortos Pallantia- giore to S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 
 
 nos in rivum qui vocatur Herculaneus, which was made in the sixteenth cen- 
 
 dejicit." Cap. 20 : " Finiuntur arcus tury by Sixtus V. 
 
 earum (Anionis Novi, et Claudias), post =* " Exquilice locus in quo sepelieban- 
 
 hortos Pallantianos." Cap. 69 : " Prae- tur corpora extra portam illam in qua 
 
 terea (Julia) accepit prope urbem, post est Sessorium. " (Acronad Horat., lib. i. 
 
 hortos Pallantianos." In the Notida Sat. viii.) 
 
 and the Ciiriosiim Urbis the " Horti " Eodem tempore fecit Constantinus 
 
 Pallantiani" are given as being in the Augustus basilicam in palatio Sesso- 
 
 Regio V. or the " Esquilia." riano, ubi etiam de ligno S. crucis D. N. 
 
 •^ Remains of these thermcE were Jesu Christi posuit." (Anastasius in vita 
 
 accidentally brought to light in 1871, S. Silvestri papje, xxxiv. §41.) 
 
PART 1.] TJic Aqueducts. — II.Anio Vet us. 13 
 
 II. The Anio Vetus (b.c. 272). 
 
 "Forty years after the Appian aqueduct had been completed, and in the year 
 A.u.c. 481 (B.C. 272), Marcus Curius Dentatus, who bore the office of censor with 
 Lucius Papirius Cursor, contracted to bring into the city the water of the Anio, 
 which is now called the Anio Vetus, from the spoils taken of Pyrrhus ^ 
 
 "The Anio Vetus takes its rise beyond Tibur (now called Tivoli), outside the 
 gate, at the twentieth milestone, where it parts with some of its water for the use 
 of Tibur. Its course has in length, in consequence of the difficulties caused by 
 the levels, 43 miles. Of this for 42 miles and 779 paces, the stream is under- 
 ground, and for 221 paces (about 350 yards) on a substructure above ground. 
 
 "Near the fourth milestone within the new road {iiifia iioznim) the Anio Vetus 
 crosses between the arches from the Via Latina into the Via Lavicana, and has 
 (there?) a reservoir (or piscina). Thence just within the second milestone it gives 
 a part of its water into the specus, which is called the Octavian, and this comes in 
 the direction of the New Road to the Asinian Gardens, whence it is distributed 
 through that neighbourhood ; but its direct channel, following the specus (or con- 
 duit) coming within the Porta Esquilina, along the Spes {Specust) Veins, is drawn 
 off for distribution in the city, through the high channels'. 
 
 "It held the sixth place in height, but would have been sufficient for even 
 the higher parts of the city, if it had been carried across the valleys and the low 
 ground, where requisite, upon substructure, arches, and buttresses k." 
 
 Passing on to the second aqueduct, namely, the stream taken 
 from the River Anio (and which was called the Anio Vetus to 
 distinguish it from a later diversion from the same river), we find 
 that Frontinus is also very distinct in many of his details ; a few 
 only he leaves to conjecture. 
 
 The point where a branch was taken from the river Anio can be 
 traced ''. There was a reservoir by the side of the river, of which 
 
 * Frontinus, c. 6. Pyrrhus was king Infra Novum, therefore, signifies within 
 
 of Epims, and came to the aid of the the fourth mile on the Via Nova, the 
 
 Samnites against the Romans ; he was New Road of the time of Frontinus, 
 
 conquered c. B.C. 272. the Via Appia Nova(?). 
 
 ' The passage is corrupt, as will be sr Frontin. , c. 18. 
 
 explained. The following is the read- i" Signor F. Gori, who is a native of 
 
 ing, as given by Buecheler, whose text .Subiaco, and has followed the line of 
 
 is an exact copy of the best manuscript, the aqueducts on foot from Subiaco to 
 
 that of Monte Cassino : — " Anio Vetus Rome, says that he has found the source 
 
 citra quartum milliarium infra Novum, of the Anio Vetus in the river Anio, at 
 
 qui a via Latina in Lavicanam itttcr three miles from Subiaco, on the Via 
 
 arcus trajicit, et ibi piscinam habet. .Sublacensis vetus, twenty miles from the 
 
 Inde intra secundum milliarium par- old gate of Tibur or Tivoli, in the dis- 
 
 tem dat in specum, qui vocatur Octa- trict called Le Connotta, where he finds 
 
 vianus, et perrenit in regionem viie two specus, the higher one the Anio 
 
 Novez ad hortos Asinianos, unde per Novus, the lower one the Anio Vetus. 
 
 ilium tractum distribuitur. Rectus vero Me traces the same specus i\&2.r Marano, 
 
 ductus, secundum ^em (.Specum) veniens a village thirty-eight miles from Rome, 
 
 intra portam Exquilinam, in altos rivos on the Via Sublacensis Neroniana, near 
 
 per urbem deducitur." (Frontin., c. 21.) Vico-7'aro; and again near Tivoli, on the 
 
14 The Aqueducts. — II. Auio Vetus. [CIIAP. IV. 
 
 some ruins remain ; but it was nearly destroyed a few years since by 
 some peasants in their ignorant and too eager search after hidden 
 treasure which they expected to find there. The specus is cut in the 
 rock as a tunnel in the cliff of the valley of the Anio, just below the 
 level of the road ; it follows the line of the cliff, of the river, and 
 of the road : for they are all the same, the only opening through 
 the rocky mountains of limestone in this part, obviously made by the 
 river itself It follows this line as far as the valley called the " Valle 
 degli Arci," or of the Arches, where three later aqueducts cross 
 the river on arcades about two miles above Tivoli. At this point 
 several aqueducts are visible crossing the valley on arcades, each on 
 a separate arcade, not three on one arcade and two on another, 
 as near Rome. The one nearest to Tivoli is the Marcian, and at 
 the foot of one of the piers of the arch, which here crosses the 
 road, the specus of the Anio Vetus is visible, partly underground, 
 but the upper part above ground, on the right-hand side of the 
 road in going from Tivoli. It then is carried in a tunnel through 
 the hill, but appears again on the other side with a large reservoir, 
 and runs gradually downAvards in a winding course round part of 
 the hill. 
 
 It is not easy to distinguish to which of the aqueducts belongs any 
 one of the numerous reservoirs, the ruins of which are conspicuous 
 objects on the roads up to Tivoli on the other side towards Rome, 
 especially along both sides of that called the " Promenade of Car- 
 ciano," for the distance of about three miles from Tivoli. The 
 specus and reservoir of the Anio Novus are on a natural terrace 
 above that road, and the Marcia below it ; these have passed through 
 Tivoli, winding round that end of the hill. The Claudia passed 
 upon a great arcade the valley of the Arci, and another valley in 
 the direction ofGerocomio. The Anio Vetus was carried in a tunnel 
 through the hill, and appears on the other side near Tivoli, at a con- 
 siderably lower level than the others. The road passes across the 
 specus, and is made upon the surface of the vault, which is visible 
 about four miles and a-half from Tivoli. A little further on there 
 are two large reservoirs belonging to it, near a modern villa called 
 Gerocomio, built by the Cardinal Santacroce in the year 1579, now 
 a farm-hous'e only, but on the site of an ancient villa, of which some 
 remains are built into the walls. One of these reservoirs ox piscin(B{7) 
 appears to be unaltered, the buttresses remain and apparently the 
 
 bank of the Valle degli Arci. " Delle le Vie Valeria e Sublacense," per F. 
 vere Sorgenti deir Acqua Marcia e delle Gori. Roma, 1866, ^'o., pp. 53» 54- 
 altre acque allacciate dai Komaui presso 
 
TART I.] The Aqueducts. — //. Anio Veins. 15 
 
 vault ; but it is covered with herbage and shrubs, which conceal it. 
 The other has been turned into a cottage or an out-house of the 
 villa, and this is of later date than the other. The Anio Vetus, 
 the Marcian, the Claudian, and the Anio Novus, all have to be 
 conveyed down this lofty hill from the high ground on which the 
 remains above mentioned are situated, to the valley below. The 
 river Anio itself rushes straight down the celebrated cascades by 
 a fall of about a hundred feet ; but the channels of the aqueducts 
 follow a winding course, which allowed of the descent towards 
 Rome being very gradual. 
 
 This road or promenade of Carciano is rather high on the side 
 of the hill above the villa of Hadrian, looking towards Rome. The 
 dome of S. Peter's is distinctly visible from it. The road is on 
 a ledge on the side of the cliff, and the aqueducts run along the 
 steep side of the hill or cliff, until they come to the valley of a small 
 stream winding down to the Anio ; along the cliff of this they are 
 then carried. The Anio Vetus being at a considerably lower level, 
 is more difficult to trace than the others ; but it seems clear that 
 after the later aqueducts had arrived at the point where the Anio 
 Vetus emerges from the hill, they all followed the same line, wind- 
 ing along with the small stream, and their spans or channels cut 
 in the cliffs as far as they could be made available. The Anio Vetus 
 has been discovered at the left hand of the modem road to Rome, 
 and to the right of the promenade of Carciano. It passed, upon 
 a lofty bridge called the Ponte di S. Antonio, over a torrent, with the 
 Marcia. Afterwards upon another bridge called Ponte delle Mole 
 di S. Giovanni, and over the Ponte Lupo it went with the others. 
 Near Gallicano (or the ancient Pedum) are two cippi of Augustus 
 in two wells of his specus ; one is in the country called Le Sette, 
 and another at Obrego' dell' Ermito. The others have all been 
 followed, and an account of them will be found under their re- 
 spective heads. 
 
 In order to avoid the many small valleys occupied by streams 
 which run parallel to each other from the hilly ground on the south, 
 down to the river Anio on the north, (the general course of which 
 river is west and east,) the course was kept along the higher ground, 
 and in fact wound round the heads of those valleys in order to re- 
 tain a level, gradually becoming more and more depressed, till, by 
 
 ' The \oc2\ patois for Albcrgo or Auherge. imp. caesar . 
 
 IMP. CAESAR DIVI. F. AVGVST. EX . S.C. 
 
 DIVI. F. AVGVST. EX . S.C. dcl.xix. I'. CCXL. 
 
 dcHx. p. CCXL. 
 
1 6 
 
 The Aqueducts,— II. Anio Vet us. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 the time it reached Rome, the base of the spccus (according to the 
 computation of Piranesi), was 55 ft. above that of the Appian'~. 
 The whole course is underground, as has been said, except for 221 
 paces (about 360 yards) ; for this short distance it was carried on 
 a substructure above ground. It is reasonable to suppose that this 
 exception to the subterranean course was, as in the case of the 
 Appian, within the present boundary of the city. 
 
 Before it reached Rome, two circumstances have especially to be 
 noted. Just within the fourth milestone we are told it had a reser- 
 voir and piscina or filtering-place, and at the second milestone it 
 parted' with some of its water, which was conveyed to Rome in 
 a separate channel. 
 
 This fourth milestone was clearly on the Via Latina, as Frontinus 
 in the previous paragraph had referred to some J>isa'/m at the seventh 
 milestone on the same road ; and it appears, although the sentence 
 is exceedingly corrupt, that the course of the Aqueduct left the Via 
 Latina at this point, and crossed towards the Via Labicana " amongst 
 the arches ™ " at the fourth milestone. The specus is here visible, and 
 appears to be perfect ; it is very near to the Torre Fiscale °, between 
 that and the Osteria, called the Tavolato (which itself appears to 
 be made out of another, but a later, reservoir belonging to the aque- 
 ducts, as many of the houses in the Campagna have been). The 
 
 '' By the side of a plan of Rome in 
 the first vokime of his magnificent work 
 (pi. xxxviii. ), Piranesi gives a section 
 of the relative heights of the Aque- 
 ducts, as compared with each other. 
 The figures refer to the base of each 
 speciis above that of the Appian, and 
 the following is the result, according 
 to his measurements, reduced to Eng- 
 lish feet : — 
 
 Atove Specns of Appian. 
 
 Anio Xovus 
 
 Claudian 
 
 Julian . 
 
 Tepulan 
 
 Marcian 
 
 Anio Vetus 
 
 Virgo 
 
 Appian 
 
 At a lower level than Specus 
 
 of the Appian. 
 Alsietina in the Trastevere 37. 6j 275 
 He gives as the total full range, i.e. 
 from the specus of the Alsietina (the 
 lowest), to that of the Anio Novus (the 
 highest), as 211.2^ pahii'i, or 154^ Eng- 
 lish feet. The height of the Appian, 
 
 Palml. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 • 173-8 
 
 127 
 
 • 163.2 
 
 119 
 
 • 145- 1 
 
 106 
 
 • 138.7 
 
 10l\ 
 
 . 128.7 
 
 92k 
 
 ■ 75-4J 
 
 55i 
 
 9-3 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 he shews by his diagram to be about 
 24 English feet above the Quay of the 
 Tiber. The points at ^\•hich Piranesi 
 obtained his measurements, and the 
 mode employed, are not recorded. It 
 seems hardly possible that the Appia is 
 55 ft. under the Anio Vetus in Rome. 
 
 ' See ante. Frontinus, cap. 21. 
 
 ■" The passage, as it stands in the 
 Codex Cassinensis, is, "Anio Vetus r//ra 
 quartum miliarium infra novum qui a 
 \'ia Latina in Lavicanam inter arcws tra- 
 jicit, et ipse piscinam habet." This pis- 
 cina is visible at the third modem mile- 
 stone on the Via d'Albano, and at the 
 fourth on the Via Latina. The Codex 
 Vaticanus is an inferior copy of the 
 Codex Cassinensis ; but the Codex Ur- 
 binas, now also in the Vatican Librarj', 
 is distinct. No other MS. is of any 
 authority. 
 
 " Remains of the tombs on the Via 
 Latina are distinctly visible and rather 
 prominent objects, close to the Torre 
 Fiscale. The Marrana, or Almo, the 
 small stream that received the surplus 
 water of the aqueducts, also washes the 
 foot of the tower. 
 
PART J.] The Aqtiedticts. — II. Anio Veins. \y 
 
 vault of the old castellum aquce. or piscina is now covered with turf, 
 but the side of it forms a sort of cliff hke the edge of a quarry. 
 
 This place, where the Anio Vetus leaves the Via Latina, is near 
 the great junction and crossing of the aqueducts, over which the 
 tall medieval tower called the Torre Fiscale has been built. Here 
 six aqueducts meet and cross each other. The Marcian arcade, 
 with three of these, makes one of its many angles, and the lofty 
 Claudian arcade, with two more, is carried over it. The expres- 
 sion that it passed amongst the arches is a very natural one, to any 
 person who knows the locality, as there are many arches at this point. 
 It then goes on to another angle and crossing of the great aqueducts, 
 where there is a gate called Porta Furba, about two miles and a-half 
 from the Porta Maggiore. There is a castellum aquce of the time of 
 Nero, with an z.r\c\eni piscina under it, and a fountain of Sixtus V. by 
 the side of it. At the second milestone it parted with some of its 
 water into the spleens called the Octavian, which enters Rome at 
 the Asinian gardens, following the direction of the new road. 
 
 By referring to the maps it will be seen that the original line of 
 the Via Latina united with the Via Appia within the outer wall and 
 before reaching the old southern entrance of the city (the Porta 
 Capena) ; but, in joining this latter road (the most convenient course 
 to pursue in the then state of the fortifications), the Via Latina 
 swerved rapidly to the south-west. Had it been continued in a direct 
 line, it would have reached the Coelian Hill, near the Porta Asinaria, 
 as the Via Appia Nova still does, following the line of the old Via 
 Asinaria. 
 
 At this second milestone also is another castellum aquce °, men- 
 
 ° This castelhim aquce is exactly two Asinii) was the entrance. Between that 
 
 miles from the Porta Maggiore, another gate and the Amphitheatnim Castrense 
 
 proof that the entrance to Rotne (though are remains of an ancient reservoir or 
 
 not to the City) was considered by castellum aqiue, cut in the rock at the 
 
 Frontinus to have been at that gate. foot of the wall and half underground, 
 
 All the aqueducts on the eastern side as was very usual with the Anio Vetus. 
 
 of Rome are measured by him from The branch that goes along the Via 
 
 this gate, and the inscriptions put over Latina appears to have gone from the 
 
 that gate as the entrance into Rome same reservoir, but to be distinct from 
 
 indicate the same thing. The level the one mentioned by Frontinus, and 
 
 of this castellum above the sea is about to have been made after his time. This 
 
 153 ft. ; at the Porta Maggiore, where last branch seems to be the same as the 
 
 the Anio Vetus enters Rome, it is about Aqua Antoniniana of the Regionary 
 
 146 ft. , allowing a descent of about 3 ft. Catalogue, having been made in the third 
 
 4 in. for the two miles, which is natural. century to supply the great TheiTnre of 
 
 The Via Appia Nova, in the part near the Antonines. In the Middle Ages, 
 
 Rome, was made out of the old Via this was considered to have been a 
 
 Asinaria. Frontinus says that this branch of the Aqua Marcia ; but if this 
 
 branch "was conveyed to the Asinian had been the case, there must have been 
 
 gardens," which were between the Late- some remains of the arcade for it across 
 
 ran and the vSessorium, and to which the valley. 
 the Porta Asinaria (or gate of the 
 
1 8 The Aqucducts.--IL Anio Veins. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 tioned by Frontinus as two miles from Rome. This is near the 
 Porta Furba ; it is entirely buried, but the vault of it is not many 
 feet underground. In the spring of 187 1, some excavations were 
 made under my direction in a large vineyard hard by, and another 
 subterranean reservoir was found near the road to Tusculum and 
 Frascati, with a specus cut in the rock going in the direction of 
 that road, and apparently passing under it, on the line of a cross- 
 way to the Via Appia Nova, a short distance only. On the other 
 side of that is the " Albergo dei Spiriti," near the junction with the 
 Via Latina ; and, in the garden at the back of that house, a specus 
 was found in a stone quarry, the vault of which had fallen in and 
 brought the specus to view. It seems to have passed underground 
 along the southern side of that ancient Via for a short distance, and 
 then crossed it to a piscina, of which there are remains at the foot of 
 the bank on which the road runs in that part. It then goes along 
 the edge of some higher ground, and for a short distance under- 
 ground again towards a by -lane {diverticulum), parallel to the 
 Via Latina ; remains of a brick arcade can be seen on the bank ot 
 that lane, which is a deep foss-way, and goes on to Rome about 
 a mile distant. It is cut by the railway before it arrives at the 
 wall of Rome. It then passes through that wall and underground 
 again as far as the arch of Drusus, over which it passes ; and thence 
 on an arcade, part of which only remains, to the great pisciiice at 
 the back of the thermce of Caracalla ''. 
 
 The Via Appia Nova was probably made in the time of Frontinus, 
 and is the road which he calls Via Nova. The part nearest to 
 Rome was previously called the Via Asinaria, and extended from 
 the Porta Asinaria to the junction with the Via Latina, at three 
 miles from Rome, which name was then dropped. The new road 
 continues parallel to the Via Appia Antiqua as far as the eleventh 
 milestone, and there forms a junction with it. Both of these roads 
 are now open. The railway to Capua and Naples passes near to 
 this point of junction. The short Via Lateranensis, going out of 
 the Porta Lateranensis (excavated in 1868), ran into the Via Asi- 
 naria, and so joined the Via Appia Nova, which has tombs of the 
 first century along the line, and none of any other period. Those 
 
 p This branch is believed to have Thermos of Septimius Severus. There 
 
 been called Aqua Antoniniana, as appear to have been two aqueducts 
 
 it conveyed water to supply the great along this point of the Via Latina at 
 
 Thermie of the Antonines, called after different levels, and the higher one, 
 
 Antoninus Caracalla. Butitseemsdoubt- passing over the Arch of Drusus, is 
 
 ful whether it may not be the Seve- said to have been a branch from the 
 
 KiAXA, which conveyed water to the Marcia. 
 
PART I.] Tlie Aqueducts. — II. Anio Vetus. 19 
 
 which were of stone have been used as a quarry by the farmers to 
 build the low walls that line the road on both sides, the foundations 
 only being left in the banks ; but those which were built of concrete 
 faced with brick, would not pay for the trouble of destroying them, 
 and have therefore been left standing in their places. One of these, 
 a very fine one, faced with brick of the time of Trajan, with moulded 
 pilasters, remains nearly perfect near the seventh mile, just where 
 a path turns off to the left across the fields to the piscincB, which 
 are near the line of the old Via Latina in this part, about half- 
 a-mile from the Via Appia Nova, and forming the carriage-road to 
 Albano through Marino. It left Rome by the Porta Asinaria as it 
 now does by the modern Porta S. Giovanni, which is close to the 
 old gate, but at a much higher level. The Via Latina crosses it 
 in a diagonal line, and runs nearly parallel to it as far as the Torre 
 Fiscale, that is, for about a mile gradually diverging from it. 
 
 Wherever the exterior of the specus of the Anio Vetus is visible, 
 it is faced with Opus Reticulatum. The reservoirs of this Aqueduct 
 are of the same construction, and this may ser\^e to distinguish 
 those on the slope of the hill at Tivoli from the other aqueducts 
 there. 
 
 " The water of this straight branch," says Frontinus, " coming 
 within the Porta Esquilina along the Spes \specus'\ Vetus, was car- 
 ried down into the city in the high streams 1." 
 
 This specus is on the high bank of the Tarquins, the outer and 
 lofty line of defence on the eastern side of Rome. On this the 
 wall of Aurelian was afterwards built. After its entry into Rome, 
 the Anio Vetus was divided into several branches, in the same 
 manner as the later aqueducts were. 
 
 The right-hand branch, in crossing the Campagna, appears to 
 have run nearly under the Marcian arcade, which was afterwards 
 built on the same line and nearly over it. As we approach near to 
 Rome, there are remains of a reservoir built of large stones a little 
 way down the road, about a hundred yards from the Porta Mag- 
 giore. It enters Rome under the wall, almost on the level of the 
 ground; the upper part of the specus was visible in 1868, but in 
 1869 was studiously concealed by a modem brick wall. It is visible 
 again inside the wall, on the other side of the road, going into the 
 vineyard in which the Minerva Medica stands, while one branch 
 went to the great reservoir near to it, westward of the gate. 
 
 Another branch passes along the bank under the wall of Aurelian, 
 
 ■1 Frontinus, c. 21. On the subject of the word Spes {^.) or Specus ["*.), see the 
 Appendix to this Chapter. 
 
 C 2 
 
20 The Aqueducts.— 11. Aiiio Veins. [chap. IV. 
 
 and is not visible again until it reaches the Praetorian Camp, where 
 a portion of it was excavated in May, 1868, built of large stones of 
 tufa, under the Porta Chiusa. It may then be traced all round the 
 three sides of the Praetorian Camp, and near the north-east comer 
 there was, in 1868, an opening into it, now closed by a modern 
 wall. It is distinctly visible in several places, especially on the north 
 side of the Camp, where the wall of Tiberius remains perfect, faced 
 with the fine brickwork of his period, whereas the specus under it is 
 faced with Optis Reticidatum, probably of the time of the Republic. 
 The wall of Tiberius distinctly stands on the old specus. There 
 was an opening into it here also in 1868 ; but this was also carefully 
 walled up in 1869 under the influence of the Garibaldian panic, 
 which had a bad effect upon the Roman authorities at that period. 
 Remains of a reservoir or castcllum aquce were also found on the 
 surface of the ground on the bank near the Porta Chiusa, with 
 the present wall of Rome built right across it, but this part of the 
 wall has been rebuilt of old materials, and is not exactly in the 
 same line. There are remains of several other reservoirs on the 
 bank at intervals outside the wall in the modern road, and in many 
 places all along the eastern and southern sides of Rome. 
 
 Beyond this, near the Porta Nomentana, are the ruins of another 
 reservoir or piscina on the surface of the ground, against the wall. 
 From near the Porta Chiusa another branch went along the old 
 road, which passed through that gate across the inner foss to the 
 Thermae of Diocletian, where a part of the specus and two cippi, 
 with two inscriptions upon them, naming this aqueduct the Anio 
 Vetus, were found in the year 1861, when the railway was made'. 
 These cippi are now in the Vatican Museum. 
 
 Another branch went from the reservoir near the Porta Maggiore 
 before mentioned, across the road into the bank on which the arches 
 of Nero stand, near the Lateran, and passed under them apparently 
 into the old specus of the Appia, which runs parallel to and nearly 
 under the arches on the other side. Two small specus or stone 
 pipes can be still seen (in 1872) passing obliquely into that bank; 
 and, as they came from this large reservoir d^nd pisci/ia, (or from this 
 direction,) they seem to have belonged to two aqueducts at different 
 levels. A branch of the Marcian may have been brought to the 
 same filtering-place for distribution, and the surplus water carried 
 
 ■■ ANI(? mP . CAESAR 
 
 IMP . CAESAR DIVl . F . AVGVST . EX . SC 
 
 DIVl . F . AVGVST . EX . SC Vl/ PCCXL 
 
 VII PCCXL C 
 
TART I.] T lie Aqueducts. — //. Anio Vetus. 21 
 
 into the old speciis at the lowest level, which was evidently used 
 for receiving and carrying ofif the surplus water of all the other 
 aqueducts in the same line. 
 
 The fifty yards outside the wall added to the three hundred 
 yards between the Coelian and the Aventine, make up the three- 
 hundred-and-fifty yards above ground, mentioned by Frontinus. 
 In this valley we found it again, in 1869, parallel to the Appia, 
 sometimes on the agger or bank of Servius Tullius, which was used 
 as a substructure for it, in other places on an arcade built up against 
 the tufa wall of Servius Tullius, and faced with reticulated-work. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 " On Spe or Spc. 
 
 For the supposed Temple of Spes, the ruins of an apse m the 
 gardens of S. Croce, of " Venus and Cupid," (as it is marked in most 
 maps, and as "Speranza Vecchia" in others,) was fixed upon by 
 Piranesi, who carefully examined all that he could with a view of 
 mapping out his aqueducts, according to the knowledge possessed 
 in his time. This building was no doubt a hall belonging to the 
 Sessorian Palace. Others, again, have suggested the so-called temple 
 of Minerva Medica, but this again is a riymphceuju, qx pantheum, and 
 not a temple at all. Besides, a further difficulty lies in one being 
 too far south, while the other is too far north. 
 
 Canina, in his account of the results of the excavations at the 
 Porta Maggiore ', and of the tomb of Eurysaces the baker there dis- 
 covered, just outside of the gate, gives a plan in which he inserts 
 a temple just inside the gate on the southern side, which he calls 
 the Temple of Spes '. It is quite possible that this was a Temple 
 
 " "Descrizione del luogo denominate 
 anticamente Speranza Vecchia, del mo- 
 numento delle Acque Claudia ed Aniene 
 Nuova, e del Sepolcro di Marco Vir- 
 gilio Eurisace, dell' architetto cav. Luigi 
 Canina." 8vo., Roma, 1839, with six 
 Plates ; extracted from the Annali dell' 
 Institute Archeologico. 
 
 ' There are two other temples known 
 to have been dedicated to Spes, and the 
 one near the Porta Carmentalis is thus 
 entered in the Notitia and Curiosum 
 Urhis : " Fortunae et Spei Templa 
 N'otia." We know that there had been 
 a great fire here, and that these tem- 
 ples were rebuilt, and therefore the 
 Nova has reference only to the new 
 structure. Besides, to be analogous, 
 it should have been "Spes Nova," or 
 "Templum Spei Novse." According to 
 Dionysius, another Temple of Spes was 
 a mile or eight stadia from the City. 
 (Dion. Hal., ix. 24.) " Having in the 
 first battle, which was fought at the 
 distance of eight stadia from the City, 
 near the temple of Hope, overcome 
 the enemy and beaten them out of 
 the field, and after that fought them 
 again near the gate called CoUina," &c. 
 The Porta Maggiore, in the outer wall 
 
 of enceinte, is just a mile from the Porta 
 Esquilina, in the inner wall oithe City, 
 and the Arch of Gallienus. On the other 
 hand, the line of the species, with the foss- 
 way by the side of it, must have been 
 important ground for a battle. The 
 modem theory that the whole of the 
 eastern side of Rome was called after 
 Spes, has no ancient authority. Another 
 instance is on all accounts very puz- 
 zling. It is a passage in Lampridius, 
 in the life of Heliogabalus : "Ipse 
 secessit ad hortos Spei Veteris, quasi 
 contra novum juvenem." (Lampridius, 
 Antoninus Heliogabalus, 13.) It would 
 almost appear that there were some 
 gardens called by the name of Spes, 
 imless indeed in transcribing some such 
 error should have been made as in the 
 case of the transcriber of Frontinus, and 
 ' ' Spei" written for ' ' Specus, " by a scribe 
 to whom the former word was familiar 
 but the latter not, who had mistaken 
 Spc for Spe. It is a strong passage 
 in favour of the temple theory ; but still 
 there is strong evidence on the other 
 side. This garden was that of the 
 Sessorium, one side of which was en- 
 closed by the arcade carrying the specus 
 of the Claudian aqueduct. 
 
Appendix, Spe or Spc. 23 
 
 of Spes. There certainly was a temple on the site indicated, where 
 the modem guard-house stands ; and during excavations carried on 
 there, fragments of a temple of the time of the early Empire were 
 found, consisting chiefly of a fine cornice of travertine. 
 
 When, however, the words of Frontinus have to be applied, the 
 difficulties of the theory of his referring to a temple are increased. 
 In the case of the expression last referred to, ^'- folloiving the specus 
 {spes), or, according to one manuscript, the old specus, which is obvi- 
 ously the sense," it is very difficult to imagine what circumstances 
 there were in connection with a temple which could warrant the use of 
 such words ; and even in the instance mentioned, where we were 
 noticing the Appian aqueduct, " the expression, the Gemelli, which 
 is a place under the old specus (Spes Vetus)," is somewhat singular. 
 Granting that a temple once existed just within the wall of the 
 city (which, from the context, must have been its position if any) 
 it is singular that he should use it as a landmark when describing 
 the junction of two streams of water. The remaining three ex- 
 pressions are simply "at the old specus (Spes Vetus")." 
 
 With these difficulties to contend with, it has been thought well 
 to seek a different solution, and this is found in the reading of 
 " Specum Veterem" for " Spern Veterem," i.e., the " old specus^ 
 With this reading, it naturally follows that it would refer to the 
 old specus, or the specus of the Appia and the Anio Vetus ; and it is 
 singular that the first time it occurs in Frontinus, the Codex Ur- 
 binas ", only second in authority to the Codex Cassinensis, has the 
 reading "Anienem Veterem," instead of "Spem Veterem." What 
 was the true reading of the Codex or Codices from which these 
 two copies were made, it is impossible to say ; they are the earliest 
 wc have, and it is clear from several other instances that the scribes 
 did not copy with much knowledge of the matter in question : then 
 it was easy to mistake Spc for Spe. That it was the Specus Vetus 
 which was meant, must rest therefore upon the circumstances which 
 allow of its application to the passages named, and it remains to 
 shew that this is the case. 
 
 " The seven places where the abbre- is a copy of the above ; but the Codex 
 
 viation of spem or speaim occurs in Urbinas, though of later date, is not 
 
 Frontinus are given in another page, a copy from that manuscript. Probably 
 
 with tracings of these passages from the both are copies from an earUer one, 
 
 best manuscript. not now extant. Some of the various 
 
 ^ Polenus and Buecheler have demon- readings in the Codex Urbinas are 
 
 strated that the Codex Cassinensis is better than those of the Codex Cassi- 
 
 the earUest and best. It was discovered nensis. See the edition of Frontinus 
 
 at Monte Cassino by Poggio in the four- by Polenus, Prolegomena, p. 20. Paiavii, 
 
 teenth century. The Codex Vaticanus 1722, 410. 
 
24 Appendix, Spe or Spc. 
 
 In the instance under discussion, the water of the Anio is said 
 to flow along its own specus, and therefore it would not be probably- 
 possible to find an interpretation more suitable as far as this case 
 is concerned. The conduit of the water of the Anio Vetus had 
 "emerged," as the other aqueducts emerge, near the Porta S.Lorenzo, 
 from the higher ground between the Porta Maggiore and that gate : 
 it must consequently have been carried on a substructure from that 
 point on the outer bank of the original fortifications of Rome, 
 that is, on the high bank on which the aqueducts were carried, and 
 on which the wall of Aurelian was afterwards built, to the inner 
 bank, on lower ground faced with the tufa wall of Servius Tullius. 
 The names of the gates are matters of dispute, and are quite imma- 
 terial ; the levels of the ground decide the question ^. 
 
 In another place, Frontinus says ^ that several streams of water, 
 and first the INIarcia, were carried to the Aventine from the specus 
 {a spe-cu), that is from the old specus he had before mentioned on 
 the Coelian, and obviously from the west end of the Ccelian. The 
 Temple of Spes of Canina and others at the Porta Maggiore, is at 
 least a mile from the Aventine. The only way of giving an intel- 
 ligible meaning of the passage is that the author refers to the old 
 specus he had before mentioned, as leading along the Coelian to the 
 Porta Capena. In the excavations made in 1868 and 1869, on the 
 line of the wall of Servius Tullius from the Coelian to the Aventine, 
 the conduits of three specus were found, two of which must have 
 passed over the arch of the Porta Capena, in order to cross the Via 
 Appia, there a deep foss-way. Two conduits were seen in each of 
 the pits that were dug at intervals along the line, and at the junction 
 with the Piscina Publica under the Aventine they were all three 
 perfect ; the lowest one is there cut in the tufa rock under the wall, 
 the other two are on the wall, and partly cut out of it. 
 
 Piranesi has preserved a sketch of the specus of the aqueduct, 
 which he supposed to be the Anio Vetus upon its substructure ; but 
 he gives no clue as to the exact spot whence that sketch was taken ^ 
 In its character the masonry is very similar to that of the Marcian, 
 but there are minor differences sufficient to shew that it belongs to ' 
 an earlier age. 
 
 Those who have paid attention to the manner in which ancient 
 books have been transmitted to modern times before the invention 
 
 " Other excavations, made in 1871 in and going along the line of the wall 
 
 the large vineyard near the Porta l\Iag- towards the Porta di S. Lorenzo, 
 giore, near the building called Minerva y PVontinus, c. 87. 
 
 Medica, shewed the aqueducts very dis- ' Piranesi, Lc Antichita Romane, 
 
 tinctly passing through the higher ground vol. i. pi. x. 
 
Appendix, Spe or Spc. 25 
 
 of printing, and who are familiar with the use of records and of other 
 medieval manuscripts or transcripts, well know how full of abbrevia- 
 tions they are, and how difficult it often is for the editor to fill up 
 these abbreviations, if he does not happen to know the word in- 
 tended. The name of specus for the conduit of an aqueduct was 
 essentially a technical word. The first transcribers of the text of 
 Frontinus were not Romans, and did not know the term : hence 
 they filled up the abbreviation spe, or perhaps originally spc, with 
 spent or spei, instead of spcaim or speeds. The same thing may 
 have occurred in the text of Lampridius (as mentioned in a note 
 on a preceding page). 
 
 The Abbot of the monastery on Monte Cassino (now a public 
 school and public library) has kindly given me tracings of all the 
 passages in that manuscript in which this abbreviation occurs, and 
 I have had them reproduced by photography and phototype on the 
 page annexed. Opposite to this the same passages are given in the 
 Italic characters, and a few words that are necessary to complete 
 the sense in Roman characters. This is followed by an English 
 translation of these passages, and by some extracts from Livy and 
 other authors in explanation. 
 
26 Appendix, Spe or Spc. 
 
 FACSIMILE FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AT MONTE CASSINO*. 
 
 
 
 
 
 * I am indebted to the kindness of sages here reproduced by the process 
 the abbot of the monastery at Monte of photo-engraving. 
 Cassino, for the tracings of these pas- 
 
Appendix y Spe or Spc, 27 
 
 FRONTINUS DE AQU^DUCTIBUS. 
 
 EXTRACTS REFERRING TO THE ABBREVIATION SPES FOR SPECUS. 
 
 I. iungitiir ei ad s . . em ueterem ^ m confinio or forum torquatianorum 
 et . . . novum ramus Augustae, hac tres ... ad Viminalem usque 
 portam deveniunt. i. 5. 
 
 II. ibi rursus erner 
 gunt prius tamen pars Julie ad spe . . . veterem excepta, castelli celii 
 montis diffimditur. i. 19. 
 
 III. partem tamen sui daiidia prius 
 in arms que vocantur neroniaui ad spe ueterem transfert hi directe per 
 Caelium montem juxta templum divi Claudii terminantur. i. 20. 
 
 IV. rectus vero ductus secundum 
 spe veniens intra portam exquelinam in altos rivos per urbem diducitur. 
 
 I. 21. 
 
 V. ad gemellos tamen que locus infra spe ueterem^ ubi jungitur 
 cum ramo Augustae. 11. 64. 
 
 VI. sed postquam nero im 
 perator claudiam opere arcuato ascus '^ (?) excepta usque ad templum 
 divi claudii perduxit^ ut inde distribuetur. ii. 76. 
 
 VII. quibus nunc plures a que et imprimis 
 marcia reddita amplo opere a spe in auentinum usque per ducitur. 
 
 II. 87. 
 
 ^ The manuscript called Codex Urbi- Augusta with the old specus. This 
 
 nasx&2A%, jimgitur ei ad anionem veterem. could have nothing to do with the 
 
 In the present instance, the true reading Anio Vetus. 
 
 is evidently specum. Frontinus is de- *= ascus (?) ; Buecheler reads this ad 
 
 scribing the Aqua Appia, the oldest of spem. 
 the aqueducts, and the junction of the 
 
28 
 
 Appendix, Spe or Spc. 
 
 Translation of the Extracts 
 from the Treatise of Frontinus on the Aqueducts, containing all the 
 passages in which the abbreviation Spe occurs. 
 
 I. [The Augustan branch] is joined to it [the Aqua Appia] at the 
 old Specus [or old Spes (?), temple of Hope], in the border of the 
 Torquatian gardens '^. I. S- 
 
 II. [The three, Marcia, Tepula, Julia] there emerge again ; first, 
 however, part (of the water) intercepted from the Julia is poured at the 
 old Specus (or at the old temple of Spes'), and so into the reservoirs 
 on the Coelian Hill, near the temple of the divine Claudius, i. 19. 
 
 III. First, however, the Claudia transfers part of its [water] into 
 the old Specus [or at the temple of Spes], on the arches called 
 Neronian '. i. 20. 
 
 ^ The Torquatian Gardens were near 
 the Porta Maggiore, and probably the 
 same as those of the Sessorium, now 
 those of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. 
 
 « Canina pubHshed a volume on what 
 he considered to be the Temple of Spes, 
 by the side of the Porta Maggiore (as 
 before mentioned) ; but a few years 
 afterwards those ruins were pulled down 
 to make room for a modem guard- 
 house. In doing so, the inscription of 
 the dedication to Hercules was found 
 by the architect, Felice Cicconetti, and 
 sent to the Vatican Museum. This 
 statement was made to me some years 
 since by Signor Cicconetti himself, and 
 was confirmed by his friend, Signor 
 Simelli, the photographer, who said 
 he had seen it. 
 
 The fact is now denied by the Roman 
 archaeologists, and when challenged by 
 the Cavaliere Visconti to shew him the 
 inscription in the Vatican Museum, they 
 say they cannot now remember any- 
 thing about it ; and the stone with the 
 inscription upon it has not been found. 
 It is printed by Dr. Henzen in his col- 
 lection of Inscriptions as then in the 
 warehouse of the Vatican Museum ; but 
 he considers it to have belonged to 
 a wayside altar only, not to a temple. 
 
 The twin reservoirs are very near 
 the same spot ; but the place where 
 the Aqua Appia enters Rome is in 
 the gardens of the Sessorium, some 
 distance from the gate, to the east 
 of it. An old specus certainly runs 
 along the Ccelian Hill, nearly under 
 the Neronian Arcade, and jiart of it is 
 now used for the Aqua Pelice. I have 
 
 been along it for more than a quarter 
 of a mile, from near the Porta Mag- 
 giore to the Lateran. The Aqua Felice 
 is carried down a sharp incline into that 
 old spiciis, and the metal pipes on the 
 slope are still supported on brickwork 
 of the first century, probably part of the 
 Marcian Arcade, when rebuilt in that 
 part by Frontinus. The old specus runs 
 on (or ran on, it is said to be now inter- 
 rupted, ) to the reservoir on the Ccelian 
 Hill, at the Arch of Dolabella. 
 
 That a part of the eastern side of 
 Rome went by the name of Spes Vetus, 
 is said to be proved by a curious 
 graffito upon the bottom of an am- 
 phora, found in 187 1 in the excava- 
 tions in the Exquilice, near the Porta 
 Maggiore, of a cobbler's stall, in that 
 district : — 
 
 TYCHICI 
 
 SVTORIS 
 
 A. SPEM VE 
 
 TERE. 
 
 This piece of terra -cotta is of the 
 first century of the Roman Empire ; 
 but at ivkat period the name and ad- 
 dress of the cobbler was scratched upon 
 it, is a question not so easily answered. 
 
 ' The Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus 
 enter Rome at the extreme eastern 
 point on a lofty arcade, which formed 
 the northern boundary of the Sessorian 
 gardens, and was incorporated in the 
 Wall of Aurelian. This extends for 
 about a quarter of a mile ; it then 
 turns at a shaqi angle to the north, 
 and passes over the Porta Maggiore, 
 to its final reservoir in a tower at an 
 angle to the north of that gate. But 
 
Appendix, Spe or Spc. 
 
 29 
 
 IV. But the direct conduit [of the Marcia, &c.], passing by the 
 old Specus C?) of the Appia (at a higher level, or following the old 
 Hope ?) s, coming within the Porta Esquilina, [the water] is drawn 
 off in the high streams through the City. i. 21. 
 
 V. [The Aqua Appia], however, at the Gemcl/i^, which place is 
 below the old Specus [or below the old temple of Hope (?)], is joined 
 with the Augustan branch. 11. 64. 
 
 VI. But after the Emperor Nero had carried the Claudian (water), 
 which he diverted, on arched work to the temple of Claudius [or the 
 Claudium], at the specus ' (or at the Temple of Hope 1), that it might 
 be distributed thence. 11. 76. 
 
 VII. By which many waters, especially the Marcia, being sup- 
 plied in great abundance, are conducted from the specus ^ (or from 
 the temple of Hope?) on to the Aventine. 11. 87. 
 
 part of the water of the Claudia and 
 the Anio Novus united, was carried 
 straight on along the bank on which 
 the arches of Nero stand, to the Coelian 
 Hill and the reservoirs at the west end 
 of it. The temple, called by Canina 
 Spes, stood near the angle where the 
 water was divided into two distinct 
 channels, between that point and the 
 Porta Maggiore. 
 
 t The name of Porta Esquilina is 
 here given to the Porta Maggiore, the 
 outer gate on the road to the Esquiline. 
 The same name was also given to the 
 inner gate in the agger of Servius Tul- 
 lius ; but there must always have been 
 an outer gate also in the outer mcenia, or 
 bank and wall for enclosure, which was 
 a necessary part of every fortified city. 
 (The same name, Porta Angelica, is still 
 given to both the inner and the outer 
 gate of the Leonine City, near the Vati- 
 can. ) The high streams were carried on 
 this bank to the Porta Viminalis of PVon- 
 tinus, now called the Porta di S. Lo- 
 renzo. The remains of these three aque- 
 ducts can be plainly seen on entering 
 through the city wall close to the Porta 
 Maggiore, on the north side, and going 
 along on this bank to the Porta di S. 
 Lorenzo. The specus is visible at both 
 ends, carried on arches. In the middle 
 the ground is higher, and the specus 
 pass through it underground, and then 
 emerge and are carried again upon 
 arches, exactly as described by P'ron- 
 tinus. The Aqua Felice is carried 
 
 over the three aqueducts of the Marcian 
 arcade ; it is on arches twenty feet from 
 the ground at each end, and in the mid- 
 dle, where these three are underground. 
 The lower part of the specus of the 
 Aqua Felice almost touches the ground, 
 while the other three are underground. 
 
 '' The gemelli are, in all probability, 
 the large twin reservoirs just outside the 
 western wall of the Sessorium, now in 
 a large vineyard near the Porta Mag- 
 giore, through which the Neronian 
 arches pass. These reservoirs are below 
 the level of the specus of the Anio 
 Vetus, as was shewn by some excava- 
 tions made in them under my direction 
 in 1869. 
 
 ' Some of the water had been thrown 
 into the old specus at the junction of 
 the Claudian with the Neronian arches. 
 
 '' There are remains of more than one 
 specus crossing the valley from the Cce- 
 lian to the Aventine upon the agger of 
 Servius Tullius, and passing over the 
 Porta Capena at the foot of the Ccelian. 
 One of these was the Marcia, from the 
 reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella, 
 which is near the site of the Claudium 
 and Temple of Claudius. There were 
 great reservoirs for the aqueducts at this 
 point on different levels ; one of them 
 underground is still in use, the remains 
 of the others are among the most pic- 
 turesque objects in Rome. This pas- 
 sage cannot apply to the temple of 
 Hope, which is full a mile away from 
 the Aventine. 
 
Appendix, Spe or Spc. 
 
 Passages ifi which the Temple of Spes occurs in Livy. 
 
 "At the time when this disaster happened, Caius Horatius and 
 Titus Menenius were in the Consulship. Menenius was immediately 
 sent against the Etruscans, elated with their victory. He also was 
 worsted in battle, and the enemy took possession of the Janiculum ; 
 nor would the City, which besides the war was distressed also by 
 scarcity, have escaped a siege (the Etruscans having passed the Tibet-), 
 had not the Consul Horatius been recalled from the country of the 
 Volscians. So near indeed did the enemy approach to the walls, 
 that first the engagement was at the te?nple of Spes, in which little 
 was gained on either side ; again at the Porta CoUina, in which 
 the Romans gained some small advantage, and this, though far from 
 decisive, yet by restoring to the soldiers their former courage, quali- 
 fied them the better to contend with the enemy in future '." 
 
 "At Rome a dreadful fire raged during two nights and one day; 
 everj^thing between the Salinse (or salt wharf) and the Porta Car- 
 mentalis was levelled to the ground, as were the ^quimrelian and 
 the Jugarian streets. The fire catching the temples of Fortuna, of 
 mater Matuta and of Spes, on the outside of the gate, and spreading 
 to a vast extent, consumed a great number of buildings, both re- 
 ligious and private "." 
 
 "After this, in pursuance of a decree of the Senate, and an order 
 of the people, an assembly of election was held by the city prostor, 
 in which were created five commissioners for repairing the walls and 
 towers, and two sets of triumvirs : one to search for the effects be- 
 longing to the temples, to register the offerings ; the other to repair 
 the temples of Fortuna and mater Matuta within the Porta Carmen- 
 talis, and likewise that of Spes on the outside of the gate, which had 
 been consumed by fire the year before "." 
 
 • " Quum htcc accepta clades esset, futura proelia id certamen fecit." (Livii 
 
 jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius con- Hist., lib. ii. c. 51.) 
 sules erant. Menenius ad versus Tuscos, " "Roma; fcedum incendium per 
 
 victoria elatos, confestim missus. Tum duas noctes ac diem unum tenuit : solo 
 
 quoque male pugiiatum est, et Janicu- requata omnia inter Salinas ac Portam 
 
 lum hostes occupavere : obsessaque urbs Carmentalem cum ^-EquimKlio Jugario- 
 
 foret, super bellum annona premente, que vico. In templo Fortuna; ac ma- 
 
 (transierant enim Etrusci Tiberim) ni tris Matuta et Spei extra portam late 
 
 Horatius consul e Volscis esset revoca- vagans ignis, sacra profanaque multa 
 
 tus : adeoque id bellum ipsis institit absumpsit."' (Ibid., lib. xxiv. c. 47. ) 
 moenibus, ut primo pugnatum ad Spei ■ " Comitia deinde a prretore urbano 
 
 sit aequo Marte, iterum ad Portam Col- de senatus sententia plebisque scito sunt 
 
 linam. Ibi quanquam parvo momento habita : quibus creati sunt quinqueviri 
 
 superior Romana res fuit, meliorem ta- muris turribusque reficiendis : et trium- 
 
 mcn militem, recepto pristino animo, in viri bini ; uni sacris conquirendis donis- 
 
Appendix, Spe or Spc. 3 1 
 
 "He agreed with contractors for building a theatre near the Temple 
 of Apollo, and for embellishing the Temple of Jupiter in the Capitol, 
 and the columns around it; he also removed from those columns 
 the statues that stood incommodiously before them, and took down 
 the shields and military ensigns of all sorts which were hung upon 
 them. Marcus Fulvius made contracts for more numerous and 
 more useful works — a haven on the Tiber, and piers for a bridge 
 across it, on which piers Publius Scipio Africanus and Lucius Mum- 
 mius, censors, many years after, caused the arches to be erected ; 
 a court of justice behind the new bankers' houses, and a fish-market, 
 surrounded with shops for private sales ; also a forum and porticus, 
 on the outside of the Porta Trigemina ; another porticus behind the 
 dockyard, and one at the Temple of Hercules ; also a temple of 
 Apollo Medicus, behind that of Spes, near the bank of the Tiber °" 
 
 It will be observed that all these passages apply to the well- 
 known Temple of Spes near the bank of the Tiber, of which there 
 are considerable remains now in the church of S. Nicolas in Carcere, 
 and do not apply to a Temple of Spes at the Porta Maggiore. 
 
 The word specus is used by Vitruvius in the sense of a covered 
 water-course : — • 
 
 " But if there should be mounds in the middle between the walls 
 and the fountain-head, it must be so contrived that the water-channel 
 {specus) be dug under the earth, and poised on the top p." 
 
 And at a later period by Hirtius : — 
 
 " Alexandria is almost wholly undermined with water-courses, and 
 has a specus extending to the Nile, by which water is conveyed into 
 private houses ''." 
 
 :iue persignandis ; alteri reficiendis sedi- novas et forum piscatorium, circiimdatis 
 
 bus Fortunse et matris Matutse intra tabernis, quas vendidit in privatum ; et 
 
 Portam Carmentalem, sed et Spei extra forum, et porticum extra Portam Tri- 
 
 portam, quae priore anno incendio con- geminam, et aliam post navalia, et ad 
 
 sumptoe fuerant." (Livii Hist., lib. xxv. fanum Herculis, et post Spei ad Tibe- 
 
 c. 7.) rim cedem Apollinis Medici." (Ibid., 
 
 " " Tlieatrum et proscenium ad Apol- lib. xl. c. 51.) 
 
 linis, Kdem Jovis in Capitolio, colum- p " Sive autem medii montes erunt 
 
 nasque circa poliendas albo locavit : et inter moenia et caput fontis, sic erit faci- 
 
 ab his columnis, quae incommode oppo- endum, uti specus fodiantur sub terra li- 
 
 sita videbantur, signa amovit : clipeaquc brenturque ad fastigium," &c. (Vitruv., 
 
 de columnis, et signa militaria affixa De Architectural lib. viii. c. 6. § 3.) 
 
 omnis generis dempsit. M. Fulvius plura 1 "Alexandria est fere tola suffossa, 
 
 et majoris locavit usus : portum et pilas specusque habet ad Nilum pertinentes, 
 
 pontis in Tiberim ; quibus pilis forniccs quibus aqua in privatas domos induci- 
 
 post aliquot annos P. Scipio Africanus tur." (Aulus Hirtius, De Bella Ccesaris 
 
 et L. Mummius censores locaverunt im- Alexandrino, cap. 4.) 
 ponendos ; basilicam post argentarias 
 
32 TJie Aqueducts.— III. ]\Iarcia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 III. The Aqua Marcia (b.c. 145). 
 
 "127 years afterwards, that is, from the building of Rome 608 years, when 
 Servius Sulpicius Galba and Aurelius Cotta were consuls, as the aqueducts or 
 conduits {ductus) of the Appian and Anio were much decayed by age, (and also 
 intercepted fraudulently for private purposes,) the business of repairing and re- 
 claiming the said aqueducts was entrusted by the senate to Marcius, who was 
 then acting as Prjetor. And because the increase of the population of the city 
 seemed to demand a more ample supply of water, instructions were given to him 
 by the senate that he should carefully examine how far there were other streams 
 which he might be able to bring into the city ^ 
 
 "He therefore restored the two old conduits, and introduced a third, 7vJnch he 
 caused to be erected -with '■ squared stones,' and larger aqueducts, and carried through 
 them the water which he had obtained for the fublic service^. Hence it received 
 the name of the 'Marcian' from himself, as the author of it. 
 
 "The Aqua Marcia has its origin on the Via Valeria at the thirty-sixth 
 milestone, three miles off in the diverticulum (or cross-road), on the right-hand 
 to those going from Rome. On the road to Sublacum, now called Subiaco ( Via 
 Sublacensis) also (which was paved for the first time under the Emperor Nero), 
 at the thirty-eighth milestone, for the space of two hundred paces on the left- 
 hand side the water lies like a pond, bubbling up in innumerable springs from 
 beneath the stony hollows, and is very green in colour. 
 
 "The length of the course from its head to the city is 61 miles, 710 paces; — 
 by an underground channel 54 miles, 2475 paces, on structure above ground 
 7 miles, 463 paces. Out of this, in many parts away from the city, in the upper 
 part of the valleys, it is carried on arched substructure for 473 paces ; nearer the 
 
 ■■ Frontinus, lib. i. c. 7- He also modo, trium millium opera fabronim 
 
 quotes from Fenestella concerning the duxit cui ab auctore," &c. These 
 
 delays which occurred, and speaks of words are wanting in the best manu- 
 
 the Decemvirs consulting the Sybilline script, that of Monte Cassino. In place 
 
 books, and being supposed to have of them we have " (. . . priores ductus 
 
 found that it was not the Marcian but restituit et tertiam illam aquarum in 
 
 rather the Anio which should be brought urbem perduxit) cui ab auctore," &c. 
 
 into the Capitol: ("Invenisse dicuntur. This does not agree with the opinion of 
 
 non esse aquam Marciam, sed potius the learned, that the Urbinas Manu- 
 
 Anionem in Capitoliumperducendam. ") script is a copy of the one at Monte 
 
 Eventually, however, Marcius prevailed, Cassino, unless great liberties were taken 
 
 and his plan was carried out. with it. The fact that the arcade with 
 
 Pliny also refers to the work of Mar- the specus of the aqueduct is always 
 
 cius : "Sed dicantur vera restimatione built of large squared stones, is strongly 
 
 invicta miracula ; Q. Marcius Rex jus- in favour of the Codex Urbinas. It is 
 
 sus a senatu aquarum Appise, Anienis, also certain from the nature of the 
 
 TepulK ditctus reficcrc, novam a nomine work, that a large number of men must 
 
 suo appellatam cuniculis per montes ac- have been employed upon it. This 
 
 tis intra proeturie sulk tempus adduxit." passage seems to have been omitted 
 
 (Nat. Hist., lib. xxxvi. c. 121 ; see in the Codex Cassinensis, which is 
 
 also further details in Plin., xxxi. 41, a proof that the Codex Urbinas is not 
 
 and ibid.) a copy from it. Dederich, p. 15, sug- 
 
 * "Qui lapide quadrato ampliores gests after "commodo," the words 
 
 ductus excitavit, perque illos aquam " trium millium opera fabrorum." 
 quam acquisiverit rei publicte com- 
 
PART I.] The Aqticducts. — IV. Tepula, V. Julia. n 
 
 city, from the seventh milestone, on a substructure for 528 paces. In the rest 
 of the work it is carried on an arcade for 6 miles, 472 paces'." 
 
 "The Marcian ranks fifth in height, and is at its head even in level with the 
 Claudian". " 
 
 "In the year of the building of the city, 719 (i.e. B.C. 44), Agrippa repaired 
 the three aqueducts— the Appian, the Anio Vetus, and Marcian — and took care 
 to supply the city with many fountains ^. " 
 
 "[Temp. Nervae, (a.d. 96)] the Marcian having been enlarged was carried 
 across from the Coelian [i.e. its spcciis\ to the Aventine ^." 
 
 IV. The Aqua Tepul.a. (b.c. 126). 
 
 "In the year 627," writes Frontinus, "after the building of the city, when 
 Plautius Hypsseus and Fulvius Flaccus were consuls, the censors, Cneius Servilius 
 Caepio and Lucius Cassius Longinus, took care to bring into Rome and the 
 Capitol the stream called the Tepulan, from the Lucullan Fields (which some call 
 the Tusculan '). 
 
 " The Tepula has its source on the Via Latina at the tenth milestone, two 
 miles off on the right of those going from Rome. Thence it was brought by 
 a separate channel into the city*." 
 
 V. The Aqua Julia (b.c. 34). 
 
 " Aftenvards Marcus Agrippa collected the natural waters of another stream, 
 at 12 miles from the city on the Via Latina, (2 miles off on the right of those 
 going from Rome, ) and so intercepted the stream of the Tepula. To the newly- 
 acquired water the name of Julia was given, from the finder of it ; nevertheless 
 the distribution was so divided that the name of Tepula was retained ''. 
 
 "The course of the Julia runs for the length of 15 miles, 426^ yards. In 
 work above ground 7 miles ; out of this in parts nearest to the city from the 
 seventh milestone (it is carried) on z.- substructure for 528 yards ; the rest on 
 arched work for 6 miles, 472 yards '." 
 
 III., IV., V. The Aqu^e Marcia, Tepula, and Julia. 
 
 "Of these [Aquw], six within the seventh mile, on the Via Latina, are taken 
 up into covered piscincB, where, as though breathing again after their course, they 
 deposit mud. The Julia, the Marcia, and the Tepula, are joined there ; of these, 
 the Tepula, (which had been intercepted, and joined to the stream of the Julia, ) 
 now receives from the reservoir of the same Julia its proper quantity, and flows 
 out in its own channel, and under its own name. 
 
 " These three are carried from the reservoirs on the same arcade. 
 
 ' Frontinus, lib. i. c. 7. and had its rise above the spring of the 
 
 Frontinus states in another chapter Marcian. This additional ductus, or 
 
 (c. 12) that Augustus brought under- Specus Augusta, was 800 paces long. 
 
 ground another stream, which should " Frontinus, c. 18. 
 
 be supplementary to the Marcian when- ^ " Salientibus aquis instraxit urbem." 
 
 ever the dryness of the season rendered Ibid., c. 9. 
 
 extra supply necessary. It was called 1 Ibid., c. 87. ■^ Ibid,, c. 8. 
 
 from the i''^ me of the contriver, Augusta, » Ibid. '' Ibid., c. 9. " Ibid. 
 
34 The Aqueducts.— III. Marcia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 "The highest of them is the Julia, lower the Tepula, then the Marcia. These 
 come down towards the Viminal, running together beneath the ground, on the 
 same level as the Collis Viminalis, as far as the gate. There they again emerge. 
 
 "First, however, a part of the Julia is, at the Spes Veins, taken out and 
 distributed in the castcUa on the Ccelian Hill ; but the Marcia, after the Pallan- 
 tian Gardens, throws off part of its water into a stream called the Herculanean. 
 This conduit through the Coelian, being of no use for the houses on the hill because 
 at too low a level, comes to an end above the Porta Capena ''." 
 
 The Piscina.. 
 
 To this point, Frontinus tells us, the three ciqueducts tend % while 
 from this they are carried on the same arcade into Rome. The 
 ruins of these remain visible. Some of them are situated a little way 
 off the south side of the Via Latina, others on the east side of the 
 Via Appia Nova. Of these, two belonging to the Claudia and Anio 
 Novus are subterranean, and are now only to be distinguished as 
 mounds of earth, looking like tumuli. Others are above ground, 
 near that part of the Via Latina [now the road to Frascati and Tus- 
 culum], and close to the Torre di viezza via, or half-way house from 
 Rome to Frascati, just beyond the sixth milestone of the modern 
 road. Others are at or near the Villa of the time of Hadrian, 
 called Setie Bassi (which is supposed to be a corruption of Septimius 
 Eassus), near the same point. All of these are between seven and 
 eight miles from the City ; they are the chief landmarks in tracing 
 the course of the three aqueducts now to be explained, and each 
 of the three comes from its own separate source. The Marcia, the 
 lowest on the arcade, has its origin at the greatest distance from 
 Rome. The Tepula and Julia have their sources comparatively 
 close to the city. The Marcia takes its rise from the Simbrivine 
 Hills, as far removed beyond Tibur to the east as Tibur is from 
 the city, while the latter two find their way from springs in the 
 volcanic region around the lake of Albano. 
 
 HI. Marcia. 
 
 The source of the Marcia is plainly visible, the exact description 
 of Frontinus pointing to the spot without leaving room for doubt. 
 
 '' Frontinus, c. 19. and the Piscinpe ; or it may mean that 
 
 * 'The three aqueducts' in this pas- the Tepula and the Julia coming from 
 
 sage may mean either the Anio Vetus, near Marino, and the Marcia coming 
 
 the Marcia, and the Claudia, all of from Tivoli, meet at this point — both 
 
 which come from the neighbourhood of are trae. The //j-r/;/(r of the Claudia, the 
 
 Sul)iaco, and follow the same line on Anio Novus, the Marcia, the Tepula, 
 
 the bank of the river Anio, and the the Julia, are all within half-a-mile of 
 
 cliffs above it as far as Tivoli, but each other. 
 diverT^e considerably between Tivoli 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — ///. UTarcia. 35 
 
 In one of the numerous little valleys which run down on the north 
 side of the River Anio, feeding this stream with their rivulets, the 
 Marcian has its rise. The lake of S. Lucia ' in that valley is so called 
 from a small village situated some distance up the slope ; along the 
 bottom of this valley the Via Valeria passes. This lake is usually, 
 but erroneously, considered as the source of the Aqua Marcia. 
 
 The exact position of the source is about two miles from the 
 village of Marano, but on the other side of the river, on the right of 
 the valley to one looking towards the mountains, and there are still 
 at times pools of water forming here from the springs which emanate 
 from the overhanging hills. The water now falls into two or three 
 rivulets, which run at the bottom of the valley into the river Anio. 
 
 The aqueduct, however, when it reached the high road from 
 Rome to Subiaco, along the north bank of the Anio, turned 
 abruptly to the west, followed the course of the road back towards 
 the city, chiefly passing the further or hill side of it, but winding 
 somewhat according to the nature of the ground. After follow- 
 ing the road for some seven or eight miles, it crossed the river 
 (close to the monastery of S. Cosimato) and then pursued for some 
 six or seven miles the southern or right bank of the river Anio. 
 Here (at a spot scarcely more than a mile from Tivoli {Tibur), 
 the course of the aqueduct left the line of the river, and wound its 
 way in a south-westerly direction towards the piscifice before referred 
 to ; at times on a substructure, and in a few places, where the 
 valleys were deep, on arches, but for by far the greater distance 
 beneath the surface. 
 
 The line of the Marcia can be clearly traced along its whole 
 length. The principal source, called Acqua Serena, is a beautiful 
 spring gushing out from the mountain under the present carriage- 
 road, about seven miles and a-half before arriving at Subiaco, clear 
 as crystal and very abundant ; it forms a small lake in the valley, 
 and fully realizes the description of Martial. The old spea/s, which 
 had long been concealed by being a foot or two under water and 
 overgrown with weeds, was brought to light in 1869 by the engineer of 
 
 ' Dr. F. Gori says* that the lake of gustus, now called Le Rosoline, comes 
 
 S. Lucia, in the territory of Arsoli, near from near the village of Agosta, and 
 
 Subiaco, is not the source of the Aqua that the spring, now called La Fonte 
 
 Marcia, but of the Aqua Claudia only, (Fans noviis Antonhiianus), added to 
 
 and that the sources of the Aqua Marcia the Marcian by Antoninus Caracalla, is 
 
 are nearer to Subiaco, and are called liy under the same village of Agosta. One 
 
 the people Acqiie Sere)ie. He also con- of the inscriptions on the Porta S. Lo- 
 
 siders that the branch of the Aqua renzo records this. 
 Augusta added to the Marcian by Au- 
 
 • See Delle varie Scirgenti dell' Acqua ISIarc'a, &C-, pp. ;6, 57. 
 I) 3 
 
36 The Aqueducts. — ///. JSIarcia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 the Aqua Marcia Pia, in making his new works for the restoration of 
 this beautiful water to use in Rome. He drained the lake a little, 
 and by that means made the specus visible^: this specus is then carried 
 to the cliff of the valley of the Anio (into which the water from the 
 small lake falls), and then follows the course of the valley and the 
 river, until it comes to the monastery of S. Cosimato, a mile from 
 Vico-Varo : here it crosses the river on an arcade of brick. It 
 there leaves the present road, and then is carried in the cliff on the 
 other side of the river until it arrives within two miles of Tivoli, 
 where it again crosses the river (here a deep ravine) on a fine 
 arcade parallel to that of the Anio Novus, and at a very short 
 distance from it. There are very fine and picturesque ruins of both 
 these arcades in the valley called the Valley of the Arches. It then 
 continued in the cliff by the side of the present road, which is on 
 a ledge of the rock or hill overlooking the Anio, as far as the old 
 town of Tibur and the Cascades, behind the present town of Tivoli : 
 to avoid these it follows a serpentine course, winding round the 
 end of the hill, and has a fine reservoir about half a mile be- 
 yond the town, on the side towards Rome, below the level of the 
 Promenade of Carciano, by the side of which are considerable re- 
 mains of a large reservoir or pisci/ia, with the specus running into it 
 and from it. This large building is divided down the middle by an 
 arcade, into two nearly equal parts. Some of it is faced with Opus 
 Reticulatum of a peculiar pattern. On the exterior, there are remains 
 of niches and fountains, a villa of some importance having been 
 built at this spot to take advantage of the abundant supply of ex- 
 cellent water \ The specus then runs near the cliff below the level 
 of the road to another extensive reservoir and piscina about a mile 
 further on. There are considerable remains of a large building 
 erected on a steep slope just under the cliff, with no upper wall, as 
 
 ' The new company had at first himself, and the result was to establish 
 proposed to draw their chief supply of that Gori's views were perfectly cor- 
 water from the small lake called the rect. He then became a warm advocate 
 Lago di S. Lucia, which is nearer to for the company, which he thinks en- 
 Rome, and which they had been mis- titled to great praise for the admirable 
 informed was the Aqua Marcia. Dr. manner in which its works in the valley 
 Fabio Gori, from his great local know- of the Anio have been carried out as 
 ledge and his archaeological researches, far as Tivoli. Their works almost equal 
 was able to shew that this was a mis- those of the time of the Empire, and are 
 take, and wrote to that efiect a letter carried out on the same principles ; but 
 in the Roman newspaper called the Os- from Tivoli to Rome the water is car- 
 sei-vatore Romano. This letter at first ried in metal pipes, and not in a stone 
 gave great offence, and a very wann specus as it is above Tivoli. This en- 
 controversy was carried on for some ables the company to carry it in a more 
 time on that subject. Eventually, how- direct line. 
 
 ever, a new engineer of the company ■> See the Appendix to this Section, 
 
 thousiht it better to examine the "round 
 
PART I.] TJie Aqueducts. — ///. Marcia. 37 
 
 the cliff itself supplied its place ; but there is on the lower side 
 a fine wall of considerable extent and height, built of large square 
 or oblong stones of the construction called Cyclopean Masonry ', 
 in this instance differing little from that of the AValls of the Kings 
 in Rome, except that the stones are rather larger, the building- 
 material being not tufa, but a kind of calcareous stone of the 
 country, dug on the spot. This wall has been supposed to be a por- 
 tion of the fortifications of the ancient city of Tibur, but for this 
 there does not appear to be the slightest evidence or probability. 
 It is simply the natural construction of the material at hand, and 
 therefore the cheapest wall that could be built for the purpose. No 
 cement is used, because none was required ; these large blocks of 
 stone require none, and some chippings are used to fill up inter- 
 stices, as usual when no cement is used. Again the wall turns the 
 corner at both ends ; it is not part of a large wall but is complete in 
 itself, as the facing of one side of the reservoir and filtering-place, 
 the interior of which is built of the usual concrete of rough stone 
 and mortar, and lined with cement of the kind which holds water, 
 Opus Signinum^ used for all the aqueducts. The end is faced with 
 Opus Jieticulatu7n, and there are remains of niches against the wall 
 at intervals. It was also more ornamented, because it was intended 
 to be the one seen chiefly ; the other side, being near the edge of 
 a precipice, would only appear from a distance, and the large stones 
 were therefore more effective in that situation. There is no reason 
 to doubt that the whole was built together at the time that the 
 Marcian Aqueduct \\'as made, and it was probably restored by 
 Augustus. It may be doubtful whether some caves in the cliff, 
 which formed part of the reservoir, were natural or were cut, and 
 the stone dug out from them. It is altogether a very picturesque 
 and interesting structure. There may be a question also whether 
 there was not a branch from this reservoir to the Villa of Hadrian 
 at the foot of the hill, perhaps a mile lower down. 
 
 The speais of the Marcia is visible at the Ponte di S. Antonio over 
 that of the Anio Vetus ; and again, but alone, at the Ponte di S. 
 Pietro, and it passes the Ponte Lupo with the Anio Novus, Claudia 
 and Anio Vetus. It then continues, chieily underground, to the great 
 piscince before mentioned, and thence on the arcade into Rome. 
 
 After reaching the City, the branch mentioned by Frontinus, c. 87, 
 as being carried across the valley from the Coelian to the Aventine 
 in the time of Nerva, seems to be the one found during the ex- 
 
 ' A great deal too much importance Masonry, Opus Cycloficuni. See the 
 has been attached to this Cyclopean Chapter on the Construction of Walls. 
 
3S The Aqueducts.— III. Marcia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 cavation in iS68, passing over the Porta Capena at a higher level 
 than the Appia, but still at a much lower level than the lofty arcade 
 of Trajan, of which only the bases of the series of piers crossing the 
 valley now remain. The aqueducts following this line had all to 
 cross the Via Appia, here a foss-way, on the arch of the Porta Capena. 
 This southern branch of the Aqua Marcia is probably the one that 
 can be traced along the side of the cliff of the Pseudo-Aventine, 
 after it had been repaired and brought again into use, for it must be 
 remembered that at one time, as Frontinus says, it ended at the 
 Porta Capena. 
 
 The conduit and arcade were rebuilt by Augustus, as recorded on 
 the inscription on his arch at the Porta S. Lorenzo, and in the sixth 
 decree of the Senate, on the subject of the aqueducts. This branch 
 arcade of Augustus is there expressly named as distinct from the 
 others, all needing repairs at the time of this edict. The consuls 
 are charged to see to " the repairs, at the expense of the city, of 
 the streams, conduits, and arches, of the Julia, Marcia, Tepula, 
 Anio ; also of those streams and arcades which Augustus Ccesar 
 had rebuilt." 
 
 A branch of the Marcian aqueduct was carried along the agger 
 into the Praetorian Camp. Some leaden pipes were found there in 
 1742, with an inscription upon them, recording that they were of the 
 time of the Emperor Macrinus (a.d. 217). This probably indicates 
 either a renewal of the pipes, or an additional supply of water. The 
 garrison in that camp was twelve thousand men, and a large supply 
 of water must have been required for their use ■'. 
 
 The excellent qualities of the Marcian water are mentioned by 
 several of the classical authors, and were celebrated for a long 
 period ; they were known in England in the time of Shakespeare, 
 as appears from the following passage in Coriolanus, Act ii. Sc. 3 — 
 
 Bniius loquihir. — " What stock he springs of, 
 The noble house of the Marcians ; from whence came 
 That Ancus Marcius, Numa's daughter's son, 
 Who, after great Hostilius, here was king : 
 
 J It is probably the case that part of was probably a branch from that 
 
 this supply was brought in metal pipes aqueduct. 
 
 only, from the evidence of this inscrip- The inscription is as follows : — 
 
 tion. A stone specus passes under the IMP. CAES. M. OPEi.Li . severi . MA- 
 wall on the bank round three sides of CRINI . AVG 
 
 the camp on the exterior of the walls, M. oi'ELLI . severi . diadvmeniani . 
 and is plainly visible at the north-east CAES. PRINC. iv 
 
 corner ; l)ut this agrees with the gene- CASTRIS . praetori 
 
 ral character of the Anio Vetus, and terentivs . cassander . feci'I 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — III. Marcia, IV. Tepula. 39 
 
 Of the same house Publius antl Quintus were, 
 That our best water brought by conduits hither ; 
 And Censorinus, darling of the people, 
 And nobly named so, being censor twice, 
 Was his great ancestor. " 
 
 There is a slight anachronism here. Coriolanus lived in B.C. 489, 
 and the Marcian aqueduct was constructed in B.C. 145, more than 
 three hundred years after his death. Marcius Censorinus also, who 
 was twice Censor (the only Roman who filled that office twice), 
 lived B.C. 294. 
 
 In the thirteenth century, the church of S. Bibiana is incidentally 
 mentioned as being near the arcade of the Marcian aqueduct ''. In 
 some excavations made in the year 187 1, a portion of the Marcian 
 arcade, built of the usual large squared stones, was shewn, passing 
 under some high ground to the north of the Porta Maggiore, within 
 the wall of Aurelian, in a direction to join the bank on which that 
 wall is built, and passing between the Minerva Medica and the wall 
 in that part. This is very near the church of S. Bibiana. 
 
 IV. Tkpui.a. 
 
 The sources of the Tepula and the Julia are in the valleys on 
 either side of the promontory on which the modern town of Marino 
 stands, the ancient Castrimanium (under the village of Rocca di 
 Papa). That of the Julia is on the south side, and almost close 
 under the crater now the Alban Lake. The Tepula rises near the 
 bottom of the valley which comes down from the hills in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Grottaferrata, and along which the Via Latina passes. 
 This lies somewhat nearer to Rome than the source of the Julia ; 
 but the Julia joined it before it had advanced far, and thus the ex- 
 pression of Frontinus, "Marcus Agrippa intercepted the Tepula','' 
 
 '' " [Honorius, Papa III.] Ecclesiam transcribing, than that the inscription 
 
 Sanctse Bibiana; juxta formas aqua; sliould be forged without any motivi^ 
 
 Martias cum Monasterio Monialium for doing so :— 
 
 restiiuit." (Ciaconi, Vita; Pontif Ro- aqvae . IVLIAE . TEPVLAE . 
 
 man., &c., vol. ii. col. 46, C.) imp_ ^aes. divi . IVLI . F. 
 
 ' An inscription recording repairs by avgvstvs PONTIF. 
 
 Agrippa is^ said by Ligorio to have ^j^^_ cos. "^. trtb. pot. 
 
 been iound on a cippiis of travertme ■ 
 
 at the third mile on the Via Latina. ^'x. imp. xiii. cvrante 
 
 The genuineness of this is doubted by M. vipsan . agrippa . • 
 
 P'abretti, because the number of miles AEDIL . CVRVL . L. c. C 
 
 does not agree ; but it seems more ''• MILL. X. 
 
 protelilc that this was an error in Another inscription, also recording re- 
 
40 The Aqueducts. — IV.Tepiila. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 is explained. The waters, therefore, flow into the same series 
 of reservoirs and cisterns which received the Marcian after they 
 enter Rome. 
 
 Under the account of the Juha, the Aqua Crabra is mentioned. 
 This is the httle stream into which the water of the JuHa and 
 Tepula falls ; which is united at the foot of the hill on which the 
 town of Marino stands, to another stream called the Marrana, and 
 the united water is now generally called by the latter name only"". 
 Frontinus mentions several reasons why it was not made use of for 
 supplying the city with water ; but it was brought into Rome in the 
 twelfth century as a small mill-stream. 
 
 Frontinus also says that the Tepula had its source at ten miles 
 from Rome on the Via Latina, with two more miles to the right on 
 a cross-road ". Ten miles on the A'^ia Latina brings us near to 
 Tusculum, at the tenth mile is the Casino de Ciampino, from 
 which starts a cross-road to the right ; and at two miles from that 
 point we arrive at the springs called Fontanaccio, before reaching 
 Grotta Ferrata, but close under that village. It follows that the 
 source of the Tepula was at this place, now called Fontanaccio. 
 The spring comes out under a cliff of the rock of lava near the 
 road, and has a modern washing-cistern in front of it ; but behind 
 this the ancient work can be seen, with openings into a reservoir 
 in the clifT. This is probably contemporaneous with the time that 
 the conduit of the Tepula was made. The supply of water is small, 
 but of good quality. 
 
 As the Aqua Tepula supplied only the Regiones in the northern 
 part of the city, it seems to have passed into the castellum, the 
 remains of which may still be seen in the city wall near the Porta 
 S. Lorenzo, evidently built upon an old agger before the Aurelian 
 wall was erected °. It, however, has been a house as well, the lower 
 part only being used as the reservoir for the Avater, and the upper 
 
 pairs of the time of Augustus, was found " Marrana is a general name for a 
 
 by Fabretti himself, in the Vinea Bar- running stream in the Campagna round 
 
 tholomoei Virginii, two miles from the Rome, probably a provincial word ; 
 
 Porta Maggiore, between the ruins of but it is also the special name of this 
 
 the arcades of the Marcian and Clau- jiarticular stream coming from Marino, 
 
 dian, and was preserved in a private " "Tepula concipitur via Latina ad 
 
 museum : decimum milliarium, diverticulo eunti- 
 
 IVL. TEP. MAR. bus ab Roma dextrorsus millium pas- 
 
 I.MP. CAESAR. suuin duum inde suo rivo in 
 
 DlVi . K. urbem perducebatur. " (Frontinus, c. 8.) 
 
 AVGVSTVS. o It is the building pointed out in 
 
 EX. s. c. guide-books as "The House of Cicero," 
 
 LXin. although there does not appear to be 
 
 P. CCXI,. any historical ground for this name. 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — IV. Tepida, V. Julia. 41 
 
 part, which is large and important, for chambers. The front of this 
 house, or castellum aqu(s, still forms part of the city wall. It has 
 been much disfigured, and the old drains walled up during the 
 restorations (^) of 1869. 
 
 On the level of the first floor, in which is part of the reservoir, is 
 a row of corbels to carry a wooden gallery or hoiird, probably an ex- 
 ternal passage for the use of the Aquarii, behind which the specus 
 runs at the same level. Immediately above the line of the corbels 
 which carried the floor of the gallery or balcony, is a row of large 
 arches ; but these are merely the arches of construction found in most 
 walls of the period. At the south end of this line of corbels, which 
 mark the extent of the castellum in that direction, there is an angle, 
 and the wall recedes a few feet. In this angle is the specus, correspond- 
 ing in form and dimensions with that of the Aqua Tepula in other 
 parts ; it can be seen entering into the reservoir behind the line of 
 corbels. Within the wall are the usual marks of a reservoir of water : 
 the tartar deposit remains visible in the corners of the chambers cut 
 through by the wall of Aurelian, or by the engineers of the Acqua 
 Felice, whose specus runs behind it on the bank within the wall 
 which formed the front of the house. The specus of the Acqua Felice 
 is here at rather a higher level than the Marcian arcade, with the 
 three specus upon it, although at the " Sette Bassi," five miles from 
 Rome, and near Wvo. piscince, it is at a lower level. On the bank just 
 above the level of the ground are the water-drains (hidden by the 
 restorers in 1869) for carrying off the superfluous water into a large 
 subterranean drain which runs under the gateway, and which is still 
 in use for purposes of irrigation. 
 
 V. Julia. 
 
 Frontinus states that the source of the Julia was at twelve miles 
 on the Via Latina, with two more miles added on a cross-road 
 to the right ^. The twelfth mile is at Frascati ; from thence, by 
 a cross-road to the right, we arrive at the bridge of the Squari- 
 carelli, and at the copious springs called the Fontanile, exactly two 
 miles from the starting-point at Frascati. This must, therefore, be 
 the source of the Aqua Julia. 
 
 I" "... ad milliarium ab urbe duo- sitre aqucc ab inventore nomen Juliiu 
 
 decimum via Latina, diverticiilo euntibus datum est, ita tamen divisa erogatione, 
 
 ab Roma dextrorsus millium passuum ut maneret Tepulae appellatio." — (Froii- 
 
 duum alterius aquae proprias vires colle- tinus, c. 9.) 
 git et Tepulas livum intercepit. Acqui- 
 
42 The Aqueducts. — V.Julia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 The swampy ground in which the source of the Angelosa or 
 Aqua Julia is found, is full of springs, like the Lucullan fields, from 
 which flow the Appia and the Virgo, and from it run also the 
 streams called di Monte Fiore and la Marrana di Marino. 
 
 This ground is on a high level on the Monte Fiore e dell Aglio 
 (the Mons Algidus of the ancients), or "The hill of flowers or of 
 garlic ;" and the springs come from the gardens of the modern Villa 
 Aldobrandini^ at Frascati. Canina cleared out the ancient speciis, 
 which had a curved vault, almost oval {a capanna). 
 
 This source of the Julia is on the left-hand side of the road from 
 Grotta Ferrata to Marino, about a mile above the former, and nearly 
 the same distance below the latter. The water gushes out from the 
 foot of the rock and passes under the road to a lavacriim, or 
 washing-place, at a lower level on the opposite side of the road, and 
 then falls into the Aqua Crabra, which passes at the foot of the cliff 
 many feet lower down. A part of the water of the Julia, before it 
 goes into the lavacmm, is carried to the right in a specus to Grotta 
 Ferrata. This is ancient, but has been restored to use, so that it 
 looks modern. Below Grotta Ferrata, the spcms has been destroyed 
 in many parts ; but remains of it may be seen close to the ancient 
 fortified villages called Pagus Lemonius (on the maps Castellaccio, 
 a small castle). It is ten miles on a branch of the ancient Via 
 Latina, and between the present roads to Frascati and Grotta 
 Ferrata. In a part of the fortifications of this village is a castelhim 
 aqiicB, or reservoir of the Julia, and near it part of the specus, on an 
 arcade on the brow of the hill. This specus is built of rough stone, 
 and faced with a rude early kind of Opus Reficulatum, more rude 
 indeed than might have been expected at its date (b.c. 34), and not 
 nearly such good v/ork as the Muro Torto, but more like the Em- 
 porium. The reservoir is of the same character, but part of the 
 specus in the fortifications is carried on brick arches which agree 
 v.-ith that date ; the brickwork is not of the time of Nero, to whom 
 it has been attributed. A specus of rough stone follows the line 
 of the hill to the jMarrana, after the junction of that stream with 
 the Aqua Crabra, close to the point where the water from that 
 stream enters a tunnel of the Aqua Julia. After it emerges from 
 this tunnel, it arrives at the castellum or piscina in which the water 
 of the Julia was received before it was carried on the Marcian 
 arcade. This piscina is about two miles nearer to Rome, close to 
 the point of junction between the roads to Frascati and IMarino, 
 through Grotta Ferrata, and near to the oihar piscina;. 
 
 Frontinus sa3-s that the Aqua Crabra flowed past the head of 
 
TART I.] The Aqueducts. — V. Julia. 43 
 
 the Julia, but was excluded from it by Agrippa''. We find this 
 stream coming from that part of the hill on which the village called 
 Rocca di Papa is situated, passing near the head of the Julia at 
 Fontanile, now Angelosa, and sometimes mixing with the springs 
 there. It has one of its sources in the grounds of the Villa 
 Torlonia, at Frascati. All these three streams now fall into the 
 river Anio. 
 
 Near Rocca di Papa an arcade, or bridge of ten arches, of silex 
 or flint, covered with brick, passes over the Aqua Crabra to carry 
 some aqueduct, probably a part of the Julia. This arcade is called 
 Arcioni, [' the arches.'] 
 
 There are some remains of another reservoir within the wall of 
 Rome, on the bank between this and the Porta di S. Lorenzo, which 
 seems to have belonged to the Julia : the spcais of the Marcia, 
 with that of the Tepula and remains of that of the Julia over it, are 
 visible on an arcade a little beyond, close to the gate. The lower 
 part of a fine brick wall with bold buttresses, of the usual character of 
 a piscina or castellum aquce, are visible, and this faces the present 
 Wall of Rome, almost touching it, so that this has been built since 
 the piscina, but that not being exactly in the same line it could not 
 be used. The piscina of the Tepula being on the outer side of the 
 bank or mcenia came into the line of defence of Aurelian, and was 
 used as part of his Avail ; that of the Julia, being on the inner side 
 of the bank, was too much within the line to be used. 
 
 The Castellum Aquee Julian, or chief reservoir of the Julian Aque- 
 duct, is usually, but erroneously, said to have been the one situated 
 on high ground near the church of S. Maria Maggiore, where the 
 picturesque ruins stand, usually called the " Trophies of Marius," be- 
 cause those trophies were hung under two of the arches there, until 
 they were removed to the Capitol. A lofty arcade carrying a specus 
 at a high level passes across the valley, from the reservoir near the 
 Porta S. Lorenzo to this point. This arcade is of the first century, 
 built of the fine brickwork usual at that period, and agrees with the 
 time of Frontinus ; but the only aqueduct that was high enough to 
 have carried water to that spot was the Anio Novus. 
 
 This great reservoir was rebuilt by Alexander Severus, and called 
 a Nymphjeum, being given as such on one of his coins. This 
 name is rather a vague one ; but it is evident, from some ex- 
 
 i " Praeter caput Julise transfluit aqua quce vocatur Crabra. Hanc Asjrippa 
 omisit." — (Frontinus, c. 9.) 
 
44 The Aqueducts. — l'^. Julia. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 cavations made in 187 1, that there were extensive therma of the 
 Emperors of the third century near this place. 
 
 From this lofty reservoir the distributing channels may be seen 
 branching off in different directions, one going to the Thermae of 
 Titus, towards the reservoir called the Sette Sale, another going in 
 a different direction. 
 
 This Nymphaeum(?) is on lower ground than the outer wall, 
 though still on ground so high that the only water that could reach 
 it was that of the Claudia and Anio Novus, of which part of the 
 arcade remains between it and the reservoir on the high bank. From 
 that point the ground descends gradually and gently along the line 
 of the agger of Servius Tullius either way, and still more towards the 
 interior of the city. The aqueduct, therefore, could not pass under- 
 ground and then emerge in this part. The Porta Esquilina of the 
 inner wall was on the same level, or nearly so. The Porta Tiburtina 
 of the inner wall was near the thermce of Diocletian, with a gradual 
 and gentle descent to it along the line of the ogger. The only 
 possible explanation of the text of Frontinus is that the same names 
 of the gates in the inner wall were applied to those in the outer wall 
 on the same roads. 
 
 A piece of leaden pipe, with an inscription upon it, was found 
 at the Porta S. Lorenzo, which gives the names of Dolabella and 
 Silanus as Consuls ; this fixes the date at a.d. 10, and shews that 
 the Marcian water was conveyed in leaden pipes at that point 
 in the time of Augustus. The stone specus was carried over the gate, 
 as we see by the remains of it in the wall, and the inscription upon 
 it recording repairs by Augustus. The one upon the leaden pipe 
 is given by Gruter "■. 
 
 Another leaden pipe was found by Panvinius on the site of the 
 Praetorian Camp, with an inscription, given by Gruter', which records 
 that it conveyed the Marcian water to that point. 
 
 Three aqueducts are mentioned in other inscriptions found during 
 the excavations near the railway station in 1869'; the three aque- 
 ducts intended can hardly be other than the INIarcia, Tepula, and 
 
 "■ Pag. clxxxii. 8, "In tubulo plum- ' MAC Rivi aqvar 
 
 beo reperto ad portam .S. Laurentii," — trivm EVNT CIPPI 
 
 P. CURNELIO. DOLABELLA. C . IVN . POSITI IVSSV 
 
 SILANO . cos — AQVA . MAR 
 
 « Gruter, pag. clxxxiii. 4,- ^- ^^^^- ^^^" 
 
 Q. AQVILLIO . SABINO . IL T. RVBRI. NEPOTIS 
 
 SEX . AVR . ANVLLINO M. CORNELI FIRMI 
 
 CASTR . V^MX . L. VRBIS . OFF . FED , CVRATORVM AQVAR 
 
 cos . CCCLXXXIH. 
 AQVA . MARC 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — V. Julia. 45 
 
 Julia. The upper one only was excavated ; but if the noble Roman 
 princes who conducted this excavation had dug a little deeper, they 
 would probably have found the other two under the one that they 
 had discovered. These three speais must have been carried along 
 and in the agger of Servius Tullius. 
 
 To reach that part of it on the side of which these cippi are 
 found, they probably went along the side of the road that passed 
 on the south side of the Praetorian Camp, on which was the gate 
 called Porta Chiusa. Close to this gate remains of a large reservoir 
 were found in the researches of 1869 on the bank, with the Wall of 
 Rome carried right across it ; but this part of the wall is medieval, 
 built of old materials, and it is probable that, originally, the front 
 wall of this reservoir was included as part of the wall of the city, in 
 the same manner as that of the Tepula near the Porta S. Lorenzo. 
 This reservoir, with the Porta Chiusa by the side of it, and the road 
 from it to the agger, at the place where the cippi were found, is now 
 in the garden of the Baron Grazioli. 
 
46 The Aqueducts.— V I. Virgo. [cilAr. IV. 
 
 VI. Aqua Virgo (b.c. 21). 
 
 Tliis Aqueduct was made by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to supply- 
 water to his Therma), on the south side of the Pantheon, which was 
 the hall of entrance to them. 
 
 Frontinus writes : — 
 
 " The same (M. Agrippa) when he had been consul for the third time, and 
 when C. Sentius and Quintus Lucretius were consuls, that is, thirteen years 
 after he had brought down the Julia, he brought the ' Virgo' also, the water of 
 which was collected in the Lucullan fields". 
 
 "The Virgo begins on the Via Collatia, at the eighth milestone, in some 
 marshy places : a cemented wall \signino"' circumjecto\ being placed round it, 
 to retain the bubbling waters ; the source was increased by many other addi- 
 tional supplies. It comes for a length of 14 miles and 105 paces. Out of this, — 
 by a subterranean stream 12 miles, 865 paces ; above ground for i mile, 240 
 paces, of which it runs on a substructure in several places for a distance altogether 
 of 540 paces ; on arched work 700 paces. The channels of the additional supplies 
 of the subterranean stream make i mile, 405 paces"." 
 
 The Virgo has no reservoir, i.e. Piscina . .. "The arches of the Vii^go have their 
 commencement beneath the Lucilian (or Lucullan?) gardens. They end in the 
 Campus Martius, along the front of the Septal." 
 
 The Virgo was the seventh in height as to level (c. iS). 
 
 The road now called Via Collatia, or CoUatina, where the Aqua 
 Virgo has its origin, is between the present roads to Tivoli and 
 Palestrina ; it turns off to the left or north of the highway now 
 called Via Praenestina, just beyond the ruins called Torre de' Scavi 
 or de' Schiavi, about three miles from the city. But this is an 
 alteration ; the old road from Rome to this point in a foss-way may 
 be traced behind the tower in the meadows, with the subterranean 
 aqueduct running under and in the southern bank of it, as traced 
 by the respirators or ventilating shafts. There are remains of very 
 ancient tombs at intervals all along the line of this old road, which 
 goes straight towards a postern-gate midway between the Porta Mag- 
 giore and the Porta di S. Lorenzo. This must be the Via Collatia 
 of Frontinus. 
 
 Close to this road, at eight miles from Rome, near the ruins of 
 Collatia, there are several springs in marshy ground, from which 
 
 " Frontinus, c. lO. Aqueducts. It was not used after the 
 
 " "Concipilur Virgo via Collatia ad time of the Empire, and the art of 
 
 miiliarium octavum palustribus locis, making it is said to be lost. It is the 
 
 sig-iiiiio circumjecto continendarum sea- usual characleristic of the remains of 
 
 turiginum causa." Si<^)i/itit>n is the par- an aqueduct. 
 
 ticular kind of cement to hold water, " Frontinus, c. 10. 
 
 always used to line the walls of the ^ Ibid., c. 22. 
 
TART I.] The Aqueducts. — VI. Virgo. 47 
 
 the water is collected in a series of reservoirs, just below the level of 
 the ground, the vaults over them being sometimes above ground ; 
 from these small reservoirs separate short conduits run to the same 
 point, the great central castellinn aqucB, part of which is a cave in 
 a rock, with a larger semicircular basin built out in front of it, 
 over which passes the cross-road from the Via Collatia to Salone. 
 
 The line of the specus can be distinctly traced from this reservoir 
 near its source to the city by the respirators over the wells. The 
 smaller caskl/a, or cisterns, at the sources are also still in use. 
 
 About four miles from Rome, on the road now called Via Collatia, 
 or Collatina, a portion of the Aqueduct was rebuilt under Benedict 
 XIV. in 1753, as stated on an inscription upon it. It is here car- 
 ried across a shallow valley, on an agger built of rough concrete 
 faced with brick, for about a quarter of a mile. At the further end 
 is a conduit-head, or a modern casteUum aquce. This is a small 
 oblong building with a semicircular head erected under Pius VI. 
 in 17 88, by Joseph Vai ; and the conduit was continued by him for 
 the length of 175 feet, also stated in an inscription upon it \ 
 
 From this point there is a branch to the south for a short dis- 
 tance, with two respirators visible in the field; but this, though 
 appearing like an additional source, is only a branch leading to an 
 old fountain of a villa. 
 
 The main line comes from the north along the bank of the 
 Via Collatia, as shewn by the respirators, at regular intervals of 
 about a hundred yards. These are mostly round masses of con- 
 crete with round heads ; but some are dwarf pyramids, one of which, 
 numbered " 40," has been rebuilt in 1866. The surplus water is 
 
 '' This water is now usually called VIRG. 
 Acqua di Trevi, because its terminus Ti . C^SAR . AVG. 
 is at the great fountain of Trevi. The roNTiF . MAXIM, 
 sources are in the estate of Salone, as trie. pot. xxxviir. 
 above described. It is still in use, cog y jjyjp vni. 
 and was long considered as the best j 
 water brought into Rome. The line P (-.,^l 
 now used is the one repaired and re- This inscription is A. n. '•6. 
 stored by the Popes ; but, near Rome, it ,vas then brought \o the bank or 
 It has been altered, probably after „jcema on which the wall of Aurelian 
 It had been damaged by the Goths or ^.^^s afterwards built near the Porta Sa- 
 the Lombards. The old specus passed j^ria, and may be traced upon or in that 
 through the Catacomb of S. Pnscilla, i^^nk under the present wall of Rome 
 m the Via Salaria, where it may l:ie for about a mile. For a short distance, 
 seen. This is demonstrated by the ^^here this ground is low, it was carried 
 appus of the aqueduct of Virgo, dis- „„ ^^^ arcade, of which there are re- 
 covered m the Via Salaria, and so n^^ins under the wall built upon it. 
 recorded by Muratori, Thes. Vet. After this it goes on as far as the garden 
 Inscr., ccccxhi. 7, " RomiE in Via „f the Villa Borghese and the French 
 salaria : Academy, under whicli it now ]iasses 
 
 through the Pincian Mill. 
 
48 The Aqueducts . — VI. Virgo. [CHAP, i v. 
 
 carried into a brook which runs by it, and receives its chief 
 supply from it. 
 
 The specus or conduit of the Aqua Virgo passes along the line of 
 the old road in a direct line west, towards the Porta Maggiore, until 
 within about half a mile from that gate ; then it makes a great detour 
 to the north, passing under the modem Via Tiburtina, and eventually 
 enters Rome through the Pincian Hill a little to the north of the 
 Spanish steps, and there is a reservoir for it at the end of a short 
 street called the Via del Bottino. It then goes to the present foun- 
 tain of Trn'i, passing at the back of the houses in the Via del Naza- 
 reno, where it may be seen in several of the courtyards. In one of 
 these, on the left hand of the street, is an inscription recording its 
 repair by Claudius " ; in another, on the right, is an ancient lavatory 
 below the level of the street. A branch passes under the Via dei 
 Condotti carried in leaden pipes, enclosed in a brick specus ; this 
 branch is the one that led to the Thermal of Alexander Severus, 
 w^hich were situated to the north of the Pantheon. The main line 
 supplied those of Agrippa, for which this aqueduct was made. The 
 Aqua Virgo chiefly supplies the fountains and houses in the Campus 
 Martins, or lower city, and the main stream terminated originally in 
 front of the Septa '', considerably to the south-west of that fountain. 
 In some excavations made in the summer of 187 1, a portion of it was 
 found in the Piazza di S. Ignazio. This original termination was at 
 the north end of the Septa, very near the Pantheon. 
 
 This aqueduct was restored by Pope Hadrian I., a.d. 772 — 795, 
 after it had been damaged by the Goths. It was afterwards repaired 
 by several subsequent pontiffs, especially by Boniface IX., a.d. 1389, 
 and by Nicholas V. in the fifteenth century. It now supplies the 
 
 * TI . CLAVDIVS . DRVSI . F. AVG. GERMAN. PONT. 
 
 MAX. TRIBVNIC. POT. V. IMP. IX. P.P. COS. III. 
 
 DESIG. nil. ARCVS . DVCTVS . KqsiM . VIRGI 
 
 NIS . DISTVRBATOS . PER . C. C.-ESAREM . A. FVN 
 
 DAMENTIS . NOVOS . FECIT . AC . RESTITVIT 
 
 This inscription was erected a.d. 46. 
 
 '' There are remains of the Septa in side, at the north-west comer. The 
 
 the cellars under the houses on the west great public building called the Septa 
 
 side of the Corso, in its lower part. went down the western side of this 
 
 These remains of the arcade are now wide place from .S. Maria to the Vene- 
 
 chiefly underground, owing to the filling tian Palace, with an arcade towards the 
 
 up of the great foss, called in this part street or place, of which many of the 
 
 Via Lata, because the wide foss under arches remain in the cellars. These 
 
 part of the Quirinal and of the Capitol arches under the church of S. Maria 
 
 had at one time been made into a wide are absurdly called the house of S. Paul, 
 
 street or place, on the eastern side of They are visible also under the Palazzo 
 
 which is situated the Church of the Doria to the south of that church, and 
 
 " SS. Apostoli in Via Lata" and that in other cellars. 
 of S. Maria in Via Lata on the western 
 
PART I.] The A qucducts. — VI. Virgo. 49 
 
 fountains in the Piazza Colonna, erected in 1574; at the Pantheon, 
 restored in 171 1 ; several others of the seventeenth century; and 
 that of the Trevi, erected by Benedict XIV. in 1730. 
 
 Near the source of the Virgo passes an abundant stream, also 
 called Marrana ; but this has mineral properties, and was therefore 
 carefully avoided in forming the aqueduct for the Virgo. Pliny says •= 
 that there was a stream which was abhorred by the Virgo, and for 
 that reason the water was called the Virgin. This stream was called 
 by him Rhus HercuhiJieus, some say for its salubrious qualities, be- 
 cause Hercules was the god of health; others because it was a strong 
 stream. There is little doubt that this is the stream here described. 
 The same name of Herculanean is given by Frontinus to the stream 
 now called Marrana"* in two places, because it was also a strong 
 stream. 
 
 * "Idem et Virginem adduxit ab oc- '' Of this stream and its introduction 
 
 tavi lapidis diverticulo duobus millibiis into Rome in the twelfth century, an 
 
 pass. Prcenestina Via. account will be found in the second 
 
 "Juxta est Herculaneus rivus quern part of this chapter, 
 
 refugiens Virginis nomen obtinuit." Frontinus, c. 15 and 19. 
 (Plinii Nat. Hist , lib. xxxi. c. iii. § 25,) 
 
50 The Aqueducts. — VII. Ahietiua. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 VII. The Alsietina (a.d. io), 
 Afterwards made the Aqua Paola. 
 
 Frontinus says of this water, "What could have induced Augustus, that most 
 careful of emperors, to bring in the water of the Alsietina (which is called 
 Augusta) I do not well know ; for it is not pleasant to the taste, and therefore of 
 no use for the people. It may be, however, that when the work of the Nauma- 
 chia approached completion, in order not to divert the more wholesome water, 
 he introduced this for the special purpose, and gave the surplus to the adjacent 
 gardens and territories. 
 
 "It is the custom, however, in the Transtiberine Regio, when the bridges 
 require mending, and there is no water forthcoming from the city side, to make 
 use of this for supplying the public springs, as a matter of necessity. 
 
 " It begins in the Alsietine lake on the Via Claudia, at the fourteenth milestone, 
 about six miles and a-half off on the right hand. Its course is in length 22 miles, 
 172 paces, and over arched work 358 paces*." 
 
 "It is the lowest of all as regards the level, supplying only the Transtiberine 
 Regio, and the places adjacent '. " 
 
 "The manner of beginning the Alsietine aqueduct is not described in the com- 
 mentaries, nor can it now be found with certainty ; it begins from the Alsietine 
 lake, and then about the Caria receives water from the Sabatine lake also, as 
 the Aquarii regulate. The Alsietine gives 392 quinariae b. " 
 
 The lake formerly called " Lacus Alsietina," now called Lago di 
 Martignano, is situated on the hills on the Avestern side of Rome, 
 between the Via Aurelia and the Via Claudia, (not far from the old 
 carriage-road from Florence to Rome). It is about 679 ft. above 
 the level of the sea; and as Rome is only 204ft. at the Porta 
 Maggiore, the lake is 475 ft. above the level of Rome at that 
 high point. There is another small lake about a quarter of 
 a mile from, and a little above the level of, the Alsietina, called 
 Strachia Capra, which has recently been drained by a tunnel in 
 imitation of the emissario from the lake of Albano. The water in 
 the Lacus Alsietina has also been very much lowered in the same 
 manner^. In consequence of this reducing of the level of the water, 
 
 * Frontinus, c. il. lakes helps to cool the air. The water 
 
 ' Ibid., c. 18. also drawn from these lakes was most 
 
 B Ibid., c. 71. useful for the irrigation of the country 
 
 •^ The draining of the lakes in the round Rome, and watering the gardens 
 
 hills round Rome is a great mistake, in Rome itself, thereby promoting vege- 
 
 and very injurious to the health of the tation, which is essential for health in 
 
 city. Such lakes are a wise provision a hot and dry climate. It is well known 
 
 of nature for collecting some of the sur- that the leaves of plants and trees (more 
 
 plus water in the rainy season, and pre- especially of deciduous trees) absorb 
 
 serving it for use in the hot and dry iiitrogot, which is the part injurious to 
 
 season, when the evaporation from the human life, and give out oxygen, that 
 
PARTI.] The Aqueducts. — VII. Alsietina. 51 
 
 the specus of the aqueducts are now brought to view, being on the 
 bank and above the present level of the water, so that they can dis- 
 tinctly be seen and entered into '. 
 
 To begin with the highest, the speciis of the Aqua Paola begins in 
 the upper lake, and forms a junction with the water from the Alsie- 
 tina Lake, near the bank of the latter, at the south end of that lake. 
 The specus of the Alsietina of Augustus is a tunnel cut in the 
 rock''. The Lacus Sabatina' is at the elevation of about 523 ft., 
 and therefore 156 ft. below the Alsietina. Augustus drew an ad- 
 ditional supply of water from this lake, and this portion only 
 of the aqueduct of Augustus was restored by Trajan. The water 
 for this was not drawn from the lake- itself, but from the springs 
 that supply the lake on the western shore, the side most distant 
 from Rome. Some of the work of the time of Trajan is visible 
 there. The specus of the Alsietina has been traced to the point 
 of junction with the Aqua Paola (this water having been restored 
 to use by Pope Paul TIL, a.d. 1540), and it still supplies the district 
 of the Trastevere. It does not appear that Trajan used the water 
 of the Alsietina at all, but the engineers of Pope Paul evidently 
 did so ; a tunnel, or specus, from that lake having been made in the 
 time of Pope Paul, the entrance to which remains, with the grooves 
 for a flood-gate™. After the junction with the Aqua Paola, the old wells 
 can no longer be traced ; their place is supplied by the constructions 
 called respi7'ators, each of which is a small square structure sur- 
 mounted by a pyramid. These are evidently built over the wells, and 
 very rudely constructed of the stone of the country, worked rough. 
 When we arrive at the Osteria Nuova, — which is near the site of the 
 
 portion which is beneficial to, and ne- time of Frontinus, was called Angiiil- 
 
 cessary for, human life. Where there lara in the Middle Ages, and is now 
 
 is no vegetation, therefore, the climate called Bracciano, in both cases from 
 
 cannot be healthy, and without water the names of the proprietors. The 
 
 there can be no vegetation ; for water great family of Anguillara had their 
 
 is the necessary food of plants. origin from this village, of which they 
 
 ' The line of this subterranean aque- were the proprietors, and where they 
 
 duct can also be traced by the wells had a castle on the bank of the lake, 
 
 descending into the specus, in the same The present proprietors are the Dukes 
 
 manner as the Aqua Appia was traced of Bracciano. The lake produces a 
 
 in 1870, that is, by the bushes growing great abundance of fish, especially 
 
 at the top of each of the wells, and a small fish much resembling the white- 
 
 generally enclosed by a wooden railing bait of London, at least when cooked, 
 
 to prevent animals from falling into '" There is a small construction over 
 
 them. this flood-gate, and at the back of it is 
 
 ** The rock in which the tunnel is this inscription : — 
 
 cut is a sort of peperino, hard and acqva paoi.a 
 
 rough, covered with a bed of clay. ALLA I'RESA dell' ACQVA 
 
 ' This lake, called Sabatina in the alseatina 
 
52 The Aqueducts. — VII. Alsietina. [CHAP, iv. 
 
 ancient city of CariiE ", mentioned by Frontinus, and the old village 
 of S. Maria in Celsano, the point of junction of the Alsietina and 
 Sabatina, — there are evident marks of another junction of aqueducts 
 there. The house itself, now used as an osteria or hostelry (auberge), 
 is made out of an ancient Castellum Aqujr, as is frequently the 
 case with similar houses in the country round Rome, and some- 
 times even within the walls. At about half a mile from this osteria, 
 in a hollow, is a white house called Casale Bianco ; and close to this 
 is a fountain, supplied by a spring which runs into a spccus. This 
 water, being one of the sources of the Aqua Paola, passes through 
 the hill at a considerable depth. At about half the distance between 
 this and the osteria is a remarkable passage for the Aquarii into 
 the tunnel by a very steep descent, passing sideways across the 
 speciis of the Aqua Paola, and going on to a much greater depth 
 to the Aqua Alsietina". This passage is 150ft, in length from 
 the surface of the hill, and 70 ft. in perpendicular depth, with 
 ninety steps, of which only a few at the top are visible; the 
 others are covered with earth. The water still runs through the 
 upper specus, and is still in use, but not through the lower one p. 
 
 From the valley beneath the sloping passage for the Aquarii, 
 near the Osteria Nuova, Nibby '' traced the Alsietina as a tunnel 
 cut in the tufa rock, a part of which he saw near an oil mill. The 
 species then followed the low ground from the tenements of S. Niccola, 
 Porcareccina, Maglianella, and from the Villa Panfili, to the prin- 
 cipal gate of the monastery of 6". Cosiinato (or SS. Cosmas and Da- 
 mian in the Trastevere), where it is stated by Cassio "■ that the specus 
 was found in 1720, about thirty feet underground. The Naumachia 
 of Augustus is said to have been near this monastery. 
 
 " There are interesting remains of quany also at the entrance, of the hard, 
 
 the Necropolis of this ancient city close dark-coloured stone used for making 
 
 to the fountain before mentioned, on roads, and excellent for that purpose, 
 
 each side of a deep ravine. On one This is the same stone that is called 
 
 side, there are nine chamliers cut out of selce or silex in Rome, and seems to be 
 
 the rock on the edge of the cliff, the similar to the hard lava under which 
 
 entrance being in the central chamber, Ilerculaneum is buried, and of which 
 
 with four others on either side of it. there are quarries near the tomb of 
 
 All are full of small square cotinnbaria, Cecilia Metella. 
 
 of very early character. On the oppo- p The persons employed by Mr. Parker 
 
 site side of the ravine, is a similar series went down to the bottom of this steep 
 
 of tombs, but in a less perfect state. tunnel-passage to ascertain this. 
 
 " There is Opus ReticulattiDi of rude 1 Nibby, Analisi storico-topografico- 
 
 and early character (more like the Opus antiquaria della carta de' Dintomi di 
 
 Iiuerlum of the Emporium than the Roma, tom. i. Roma, 1837, 8vo. art. 
 
 mausoleum of Augustus) at the en- Alsietina. 
 
 trance" of this passage, which is men- ^ Cassio, Corso delle Acque, vol. i. 
 
 tioned by Nibby. There is a stone- p. 147. 
 
TART I.] TJie Aqueducts. — VII. Alsictiua. 53 
 
 The complaints of Frontinus appear to have been Hstened to by 
 the Emperor, and great changes and improvements were made in 
 this aqueduct under his direction, in the time of Trajan ; this is in 
 fact the same as the Aqua Trajana (see X.), and the water still comes 
 from the Lacus Sabatina, but not from the Alsietina. In going from 
 Rome, the respirators can be followed across Monte Mario, and 
 near the high road that passes over Ponte Molli, to the point of 
 junction about ten miles on the road to the Carice [now Os- 
 teria Nuova]. Here the respirators cease ; but their place is 
 supplied by a line of old wells descending into the subterranean 
 speciis, which follows the line of the old road. This is not always 
 the same as the new one. The other branch, which supplied 
 the Naumachia, was the only one made in the time of Augustus. 
 Paul V. repaired this aqueduct along the whole line, restored it 
 to use, and put up in various places inscriptions recording this, in 
 which he calls it the Aqua Alsietina ^ The last of these is on his 
 fountain at the mouth of the aqueduct, where the water still gushes 
 out in great abundance, as it did in the sixth century, when it was 
 observed by Procopius ; this is on the Janiculum, above S. Pietro in 
 Montorio, the highest ground in Rome. 
 
 ' Nibby considers this a mistake, and those of the Sabatina. The former was 
 
 is of opinion that the water was the taken by Augustus from the lake A'l- 
 
 Sabatina, not the Alsietina ; but the sietinus, now called Lago di Martig- 
 
 mistake is made by Nibby himself, not nano, and the latter by Trajan from the 
 
 by the engineers of Pope Paul, who sources between the lake Sabatinus and 
 
 certainly brought the water from the the villages of Vicarello, Bassano, and 
 
 Lacus Alsietina and the other small Oriolo. The Alsietina was at the lowest 
 
 lake above it (as mentioned on p. 50). level of all the aqueducts, and the Sa- 
 
 By the draining of these lakes, the batina at the highest. The first specus 
 
 aqueduct is ncnv made to depend on was for the most part subterranean, and 
 
 the Lacus Alsietina only. The sources the other was carried upon arcades for 
 
 of the Alsietina are very different from part of its course. 
 
54 The Aqueducts.— VIII., I'X. Clatidian, drc. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 VIII., IX. The Claudia and Anio Novus (a.d. 52). 
 
 " Afterwards Caius Caesar, (Caligula, ) who succeeded Tiberius, considered seven 
 aqueducts scarcely sufficient for public purposes and private amusements, and began 
 two new aqueducts in the second year of his rule as Emperor, when Aquilius 
 Julianas and P. Nonius Asprenas were consuls (i.e. a.d. 38), in the year of Rome 
 7S9, which work Claudius in a most splendid manner finished and dedicated, on 
 the calends of August, in the year of the city 803 (i.e. a.d. 52), when Sulla 
 and Titianus were consuls '. 
 
 "To one, which was brought from the springs of Csertileus and Curtius, the 
 name of Claudia was given. This one is next in order of excellence to the 
 Marcian. 
 
 "The other, because two streams of the Anio had begun to flow into the city, 
 so that they should be more easily distinguished by their names, began to be 
 called Anio Noviis. It ruins all the others ". To the former Anio the cognomen 
 of Vetus was added ^." 
 
 "The Anio Novus and Claudia are carried from the piscina upon higher i^ 
 arches, so that the Anio is the highest of the two. Their arches come to an end 
 after the Pallantian Gardens, and thence they are carried down in pipes for the 
 use of the city. 
 
 "But first of all the Claudia transfers a part of its water on to the arches 
 which are called the Neronian, at the Spes {Speciis) Vdus. These, being con- 
 tinued in a direct line along the Mons Coelius, are terminated close to the temple 
 of Claudius. They disperse the quantity which they had received either about 
 the ' Mons Coelius' itself, or in the Palatine, in the Aventine and the Trans- 
 tiberine Region*." 
 
 VIII. The Claudia. 
 
 "The Claudia begins on the Via Sublacensis *, at the thirty-eighth milestone, 
 about 300 yards off the road towards the left. There are two very large and 
 beautiful springs, one called Casruleus, from its blue appearance, the other Cur- 
 tius ^ It receives also the spring which is called Albudinus, of such excellence, 
 that when there is need of adding it to the Marcia, the latter loses none of its 
 quality by the addition. The spring of the Aqua Augusta, because the Marcian 
 seemed to be sufficient for itself, was turned aside into the Claudian; nevertheless 
 it was retained as a protection for the Marcian, but so that the Augustan might be 
 added to the Claudian, if the channel of the Marcian was not capable of re- 
 ceiving it^" 
 
 "The channel of the Claudia is 46 miles, 406 paces in length ; of this, 36 miles, 
 230 paces is by a subterranean course : on work above ground lO miles, 176 
 paces, and out of this on arched work, in many places in the upper part, 3 miles, 
 76 paces ; and near the city from the seventh milestone, by a substructure of 
 channels for 609 paces, on arched work 6 miles, 491 paces'*." 
 
 " The Claudian was the second in height as to level*." 
 
 ' By the more usually received com- short ; but the water was not so good 
 
 putation, the second year of Caligtda for drinking. == Frontinus, c. 13. 
 
 would be A.u.c. 791; and the year y That is, higher than any other 
 
 of, the consulship of .Sulla and Titian, aqueduct. 
 
 A.u.c. 805. ^ Frontinus, c. 20. 
 
 " It surpassed all the otliers /// qua)!- " The road to .Subiaco. 
 
 tity, and being the highest, was used to '' Frontinus, c. 14. *= Ibid, 
 
 supply the others when the water fell '' Ibid. « Ibid., c. 18. 
 
PARTI.] The Aqueducts. — IX. Anio Noviis. 55 
 
 IX. The Anio Novus. 
 
 "The Anio Novus, at the forty-second milestone, on the Via Siiblacensis, at 
 Simbi'iiimcm\ is taken out of the river, which, since it has about it cultivated 
 land in a rich territory, and so very loose banks, flows muddy and turbid even 
 when uninfluenced by violent rains; and therefore at the very entrance of the 
 channel is placed a cistern for the mud (piscina limaria), so that the water on its 
 way from the river to the species should settle and become clear. From this 
 cause also when heavy showers come down, the water flows into the city in 
 a muddy state. 
 
 " There is joined to it the Rivzis Hercidaneus^ which rises on the same road at 
 the thirty-eighth milestone, in the same neighbourhood as the springs of the 
 Claudian, on the other side of the river and the road. This is very pure by 
 nature, but when mixed it loses the advantage of its freshness. 
 
 " The channel of the Anio Novus is in length 58 miles, 700 paces. Out of this 
 49 miles, 300 paces is by a subterranean channel ;— on work above ground 9 miles, 
 400 paces ; out of this on substructure or on arched work in several places in the 
 upper part 2 miles, 300 paces, and nearer the city, from the seventh milestone, on 
 a substructure of channels 609 paces, on arched work 6 miles, 491 paces. These 
 are the highest arches, elevated in some places 109 feet**." 
 
 " Nor was it enough for our Emperor [Nerva] to have restoi-ed an abundant and 
 pleasant supply of water in the other aqueducts ; he thought he saw his way 
 to getting rid of the bad qualities even of the Anio Novus, he therefore ordered the 
 source to be changed from the river, which was now left alone, and taken instead 
 from the loch in which the water was most pure, and which is situated above 
 Nero's villa on the lake [super villam Neronianam Sublaquenseni ') ;" i. e. at Subiaco, 
 now a medieval castle and a modem town. 
 
 "But the water of the Anio Novus often spoilt the rest, for since it was the 
 highest as to level, and held the first rank as to abundance, it was most often 
 made use of to help the others when they failed. The stupidity, indeed, of the 
 Aquarii was such that they introduced this water into the channels of several 
 others where there was no need, and spoilt water which was flowing in abundance 
 without it. This was the case especially as regards the Claudia, which came all 
 the way for many miles in its own channel perfectly pure, but when it reached 
 Rome, and was mixed with the Anio, lost all its purity. And thus it happened 
 that most of the streams were not in fact helped at all by the addition of the 
 extra water, through the want of care on the part of those who distributed it ''." 
 
 f /« Subruino is the reading given in £ Ilercidaneus Kivus. This is not 
 
 the text by Dederich. In suo rivo is the the same Herculaneus Riviis as the one 
 
 reading adopted by Polenus, Jocundus, mentioned by Frontinus in connection 
 
 and other editors. A third reading has with the Anio Vetus, in ch. 19. The 
 
 been suggested, "In Simbrivio," or in same name is given in these places 
 
 Simbraino, that is, referring to the Sim- to different streams, all strong and 
 
 bruine hills. This is the reading of rapid. 
 
 Buecheler (1868), who follows verbatim ^ Frontinus, c. 15. 
 
 the manuscript of Monte Cassino. The ' Ibid., c. 93. 
 
 reading, however, bears little upon the '' Ibid., c. 91. 
 evidence. 
 
56 The Aqueducts— River A nio. [ciLvr. iv. 
 
 The Neronian Arches. 
 
 "Amongst those abuses which seemed to require refonn, may be mentioned 
 what took place regarding the supply to the Coelian and Aventine hills. These 
 hills, before the Claudian was supplied to them, were accustomed to use the 
 Marcian and Julian ; nevertheless, when the Emperor Nero gave them the Claudian 
 raised to a greater height on the series of arches extending to the Temple of Claudius, 
 where it was distributed, the older streams, instead of yielding an increased supply, 
 were lost altogether. He made no new castella [for the Claudian], but used those 
 which were there, and which retained their names, although the water brought to 
 them was different '. " 
 
 The River Anio. 
 
 The highest source of the river Anio, or Aniene, is in a gorge 
 in the highest part of Mount Cantaro, about 63 miles from Rome. 
 This spring never fails in the hottest and driest weather, and is 
 always cool ; it is situated in the close or (serrd) of St. Antonio, and 
 is called La Canala, or the canal at the gate of the small castle or 
 fortified village of Filettino. Pliny says '" that it rises in the territory 
 of Treba". In going from Filettino towards Trevi the road has an 
 ancient pavement, and on the left-hand side is a magnificent sub- 
 structure of Cyclopean character called Mura Saracine, against the 
 cliff. In 1857 Signor Gori saw some of the large stones of this fine 
 ancient substructure thrown down to the banks of the stream, to 
 make the foundations of a small bridge across it. The stream re- 
 ceives several accessions from other springs in its course, two from 
 a cave called Pertusu^ the small limpid stream called Suria, on the 
 hill of Trevi, and another called Capo d'Acqua. The Anio thus 
 augmented falls in two cataracts, or cascades, near Pertusu, and 
 passes under the Ponte delle Tartare with much violence. This 
 
 ' Frontinus, c. 76. 1866, p. 37. Another inscription at 
 
 " "At e.x alia parte Anio in monte Tre- Anagni, on the front of the (iovernoi-'s 
 
 banorum ortus lacus tres amrenitate no- palace, gives the name of Publius Ve- 
 
 biles, qui nomen dedere Sublaqueo cellius, curator' of the Republic of the 
 
 defert in Tiberim." (Plinii Nat. Hist., Trebani. 
 
 iii. 109.) Martial mentions the Treba Augusta 
 
 ° The inhabitants of Filettino pro- of Frontinus, under the name of Tre- 
 
 bably belonged to the tribe of the Tre- bula : 
 
 bani, or of Trebula, who were located "Trebula nos genuit, commendat gra- 
 in the neighbourhood of Trevi, where tia duplex 
 
 was a Roman colony and principality. .Sive levi flamma, sive domamur aqua. " 
 
 Inscriptions giving the names and titles (Lib. v. epigr. 65, and lib. xiii. epigr. 
 
 of Augustus, Septimius -Severus, and 33.) 
 
 Commodus, were found here, and are Livy also mentions it : " Eodem anno 
 
 published by Signor Gori in his Trat- ArpinatibusTrebulanisquecivitas data. " 
 
 talo dell' Acqua Marcia, &c., i2mo., (Livii Hist., x. i.) 
 
PART I.] TJie Aqueducts. — River Anio. 57 
 
 bridge is a natural arch of rock formed by the force of the water 
 piercing it. The river then passes on through a gorge in the 
 mountain-pass in small waterfalls, especially at a place called Pen- 
 dema, where in 1855 an ancient mosaic pavement and a wall of 
 reticulated masonry were found. 
 
 At the two bridges of Communacchio {cominie aequo), where an 
 amphitheatre of mountains and the castle of Valle-pietra are situ- 
 ated, another stream coming from the mountains of the Trinita and 
 Autore, the highest in that district, joins the Anio. 
 
 In the basin of Valle-Pietra, two fine cascades fall over the 
 massive rocks and unite in a single stream. From the bridge of 
 Communacchio a road leads to Arcinazzo, situated in a large 
 plain, surrounded by the mountains, with several roads leading 
 into it. One of these from Palestrina, passing by Piglio, is an 
 ancient paved road, and some persons consider that an arcade of 
 Cyclopean masonry, near Guarcino, carried an aqueduct to the 
 thermce. there. On the south-west side of this plain are the ruins 
 of an imperial villa, commonly called of Nero ; but two inscrip- 
 tions found there upon leaden pipes in i860, shew that it was of 
 Trajan °. Great quantities of marble were dug up here in the time 
 of Pius VI., A.D. 1795. 
 
 The river passes below the monastery of S. Benedict, called the 
 Sacro Speco, and a little lower down, the monastery of S. Scholastica, 
 both of which stand on the brink of a precipice, over which the 
 Anio makes a large and picturesque waterfall, and passes under the 
 bridge of S. Mauro or Piedilago, where the rocks approach so closely 
 as to leave only a narrow passage, which was formerly closed by 
 a gigantic wall, forming a long lake or lock. The stream now passes 
 through the ruins of the wall, the demolition of which was caused 
 in 1305 by two ignorant monks, who pierced a hole at the foot of 
 the wall, the result being that the Avhole country was inundated up 
 to the walls of Rome, and serious mischief done, as recorded in the 
 anonymous chronicle of the monastery p. 
 
 On the banks of the lake are the ruins of a villa of early cha- 
 racter, called Casa de' Saraceni and Carceri, with a nympJiccuiii 
 and baths. At Pianigliu, are other ruins on an enormous scale. 
 
 Subiaco is more than two thousand feet above the level of Rome, 
 and all the foregoing description applies to the part of the river 
 
 ° IMP CAESARIS NERVAE TRAIa(;//) aliis pctris ; et sic aqua destruxit." 
 
 . . . op(t)imi avg GERMANIC DACici. (Chronicon Siiblacense, apud Mura- 
 
 P " Lacus monasterii ad nihilum re- tori, Rer. Ital. Script., torn. xxiv. col. 
 
 dactus, quia duo monachi levaverunt 962, D.) The author of this Clironiclc 
 
 duo lapides, qui fuerunt firmati cum was living in tiic year 1390. 
 
58 The Aqueducts.— VIII. and IX. Claudia, &c. [CHAP, iv. 
 
 above Subiaco. In all this upper part of the stream, the river Anio 
 has very much the character of a large mountain-torrent rushing 
 through the rocks with great violence. It usually appears to be 
 a clear stream of beautiful water, excepting in time of floods, when 
 the clayey soil is brought down into the stream and makes it muddy. 
 To guard against this evil, Nero made his great lakes, which do not 
 correspond at all to the usual English idea of a lake, by which is 
 commonly understood a considerable sheet of water, like the Swiss 
 lakes or the lakes of Westmoreland, Scotland, and Wales. The 
 Roman word lacns, and the modern Italian /ago, may mean a lake 
 of this description also ; but it includes a reservoir of water of any 
 kind. We are expressly told in the Breviariiim, at the end of the 
 Catalogue of the Regionaries, that a laciis is a well, piiteus, and the 
 numerous lacns of that Catalogue are the same as the castella aqua- 
 rum of Frontinus, within the walls of Rome. These justly-celebrated 
 lakes of Nero are in fact portions of the river Anio, intercepted 
 in a gorge of the rocks about a mile above Subiaco, and are formed 
 by cutting away some large pieces of the rock on each side in large 
 masses, and with these building a great high and massive wall across 
 the stream, forming an effectual barricade or dam to stop the 
 water and raise it to the level of the top of this great wall. There 
 Avere three of these walls across the stream, over each of which the 
 river fell in tremendous cascades. The first loch (Jams) commenced 
 at the Mola di lenne, where the first great wall of enclosure is 
 situated. The second at the cascade of the river, under the great 
 monastery of S. Benedict, and called " the Sacred Specus," from 
 a cave in which the saint is said to have lived, extends to the 
 bridge called Ponte di S. Mauro, where the specus of Trajan com- 
 menced. The third is from the Ponte di S. Mauro, through a gorge, 
 where the wall of enclosure is visible. Here was the Piscina Limaria 
 of Claudius, and the specus of the Anio Novus originally commenced 
 at the Emissarium, restored by Cardinal Barberini. This was made 
 by Claudius, but was abandoned by Trajan, because the earth from 
 the adjoining fields had fallen between the river and the specus. 
 
 The Villa Sublacensis of Nero was below the level of the upper 
 lake or loch, as mentioned by Frontinus. This was just above the 
 present bridge called S. Mauro or Pie-di-lago, which seems to be 
 made upon the two ends of the dam. This dam, wall, or barri- 
 cade, was quite 150 feet above the surface of the water in ordinary 
 times. The bridge is still 144 feet above the water by measure- 
 ment, and the specus is nearly ten feet higher. This specus or con- 
 duit is cut in tile rock of the cliff on the side of the valley, at 
 
PARTI.] The Aqueducts. — VIII. and IX. Claudia, ^c. 59 
 
 the level at which the water originally stood in this lake or loch ; 
 the wall was a few feet higher, in order to force a portion of the water 
 to pass through the speciis before the rest fell over the cascade. 
 There are ruins of the piscince. on the bank where the specus began, 
 and of the villa of Trajan on both sides of the loch, with the well- 
 known brickwork and Opus Retiadatiim as facings for the walls. 
 These magnificent cascades still remain, being a natural formation ; 
 but as the bed of the river is very deep, they are much concealed by 
 the banks, and the shrubs upon them. The great walls or dams of 
 Nero and Trajan being brought out to the edge, the cascades falling 
 over them must have had a much finer effect, although the natural 
 site is extremely grand and most picturesque ; in fact it is celebrated 
 among all the landscape painters of Italy, the scenery about Subiaco 
 being among the finest of its kind of river and mountain scenery that 
 is known. The enormous reservoirs or lakes, or lochs of Caligula 
 and Claudius (commonly called of Nero), cover the space between 
 the natural cascade and the outer wall of rock artificially constructed, 
 over which the water was made to fall. When the ignorant monks 
 in the fourteenth century made an aperture in the great wall or dam, 
 the force of the water soon enlarged it, and washed the whole struc- 
 ture away, leaving the great masses of stone or rock, of which it 
 had been built, scattered in the stream below as if they were natural 
 rocks, where they still remain. The object of the monks was to 
 release their fields adjoining to the monastery above the falls from 
 a temporary flood. 
 
 The specus is nearly six feet high, and only sixteen inches wide ; 
 the men must have cut it standing sideways. There are apertures 
 into it at intervals now open, and there probably always were such 
 openings for the use of the aquarii to keep the course clear. The 
 specus which Frontinus calls subterraneus, although that is literally 
 true, does not mean exactly what we now call a tunnel; but this 
 specus is cut in the rock of the cliff, with a few feet of stone only 
 as an outer wall to it, and in this manner it is continued along the 
 edge of the valley of the river Anio for many miles, always on the 
 left side of the river in going towards Rome. An old road runs by 
 the side of it, not now used for carriages, but remaining as a cart- 
 road only ; this must be the Via Sublacensis of Frontinus. Another 
 road runs along the right-hand side of the valley, and is the one 
 now in use : this is the Via Sublacensis Neroniana of the time of the 
 Empire. The valley varies in width very much, in some parts it is 
 three or four miles wide ; tliis is the case where the springs of tlie 
 Marcia and tlie Cerulean Lake gush out from the rock untlcr the 
 
6o TJic Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. [chap. IV. 
 
 diverticulum of the Via Valeria or present carriage-road, on the right- 
 hand side of the valley. 
 
 The lowest of the three lakes of Claudius above Subiaco was cir- 
 cular, the rock being cut away to a half circle on each side of the 
 stream ; into this great basin the grand cascade fell from the second 
 lake. The lowest lake or loch was comparatively not very deep. 
 It seems most probable that the lowest reservoir was intended to 
 serve for the Aqua Claudia. The spccus has not at present been 
 traced quite so far ; but it is found a little lower down, above the 
 modem paper-mill. This is more than a hundred feet below the 
 level of the Anio Novus. It may be that this was one of the springs 
 that fell into the Anio, and was intercepted for the aqueduct. It 
 is probable that the same was the case with the Anio Vetus, as 
 we know it was with the Marcia ; but as the water from the springs 
 sometimes ran short in dry seasons, the Anio Novus was taken 
 from the river itself, a part of which was turned into it from the 
 great lake or loch. For this reason that water was always more 
 abundant than all the rest, and was used to supply the deficiency 
 in case of need, as Frontinus tells us. This spccus can be en- 
 tered and examined ; it is here a tunnel made in a rock of soft 
 stone, with fissures filled with clay. The spccus is lined with brick, 
 and covered with large flat tiles, placed at an angle, so as to form 
 a roof sloping down to the two sides from the ridge in the middle. 
 There are inscriptions recording repairs by Cardinal Barberini, 
 nephew of Urban VIII. This spccus is that of the Anio Novus, 
 constructed by Claudius ; that of Trajan is about half-a-mile above 
 the town of Subiaco, and on the right-hand side of the river Anio, 
 not on the left, as the Anio Novus is. 
 
 The thirty-eighth milestone on the Via Sublacensis was found by 
 Fabretti /;/ situ, and the thirty-eighth milestone in the Via Valeria, 
 now at Arsoli, is said by Gruteri to have been formerly at La Son- 
 noktta, or ad fontcm Somnuhv : so that the two sources of the 
 Claudian water, called Caeruleus and Curtius, were at the lake now 
 called S. Lucia, in the territory of Arsoli ; and the source called 
 Albudinus is the first of the four springs now called Acque Sereue, 
 Avhile the other springs of the same name formed the Atjua Marcia. 
 
 The Piscina Limaria, referred to by Frontinus as erected by 
 Claudius for filtering the stream, at the entrance of the Anio Novus, 
 at the ioxiy-second mile' on the Via Sublacensis, is visible at the 
 
 'I Gmter, Inscriptiones, p. civ. 4. and the specus of Claudius are at the 
 
 "■ Probably the text of Frontinus here forty-sixth mile on the Via Sublacensis, 
 
 i:i corrupt, because the Piscina Limaria "ad milliarium quadragesimum sccuii- 
 
PART l] TJic Aqtiediicts. — River A mo. 6i 
 
 Parata della Cartiera of Subiaco. This piscina is not covered over, 
 but open at the top, and is excavated in the rock of the bed of the 
 river Anio, with a great decHvity and with four cascades to throw 
 down the sand, wood, and weeds brought down the river, and so 
 to purify the water ; but as it was still liable to become muddy in 
 the time of floods, Trajan, according to Frontinus, excavated another 
 specus in the rock of the mountain near the Ponte di S. Mauro, 
 where the great wall of the lake was situated ^ 
 
 The specus of the Claudia seems to have been carried on the 
 right-hand side of the valley as far as Vicovaro, about half-way to 
 Tivoli, and then across the valley on an arcade, and carried on 
 under the Anio Novus, and above the Marcia and Anio Vetus. 
 All of these seem to be at different elevations on the side of the 
 hill to the left of the valley, until they arrive at another valley 
 crossing this, called the Valley of the Arches, about two miles from 
 Tivoli, where they were carried across upon arcades. On these 
 ancient arcades, or out of the materials of them, modern bridges 
 have been made, both at Vicovaro and in the Valley of the Arches. 
 The ruins of these splendid arcades are among the finest and most 
 picturesque ruins of the Roman empire. 
 
 After passing the bridges across the valley of the Anio, the Anio 
 Novus, Marcia, and Anio Vetus are continued along the side of 
 the hill in what may still be called the cliff of the valley of the 
 Anio, to near the cascades at Tivoli, at different levels, the Anio 
 Novus considerably higher than the others. To avoid the cascades 
 here the aqueducts wind round the end of the hill. In going out 
 of Tivoli to the promenade of Carciano, on the side towards Rome, 
 there is a large college of the Jesuits on the left hand, the specus of 
 the Anio Novus passing under this, and through a wine-cellar. About 
 a quarter of a mile out of the town, two specus are visible on the side 
 of the hill above the road or promenade, and these may be traced 
 at short intervals for miles, with openings into them in several places. 
 The lower one is the Marcian, passing in a more direct line, and 
 further from Tivoli, and is generally cut in the rock as a tunnel; 
 the upper one is the Anio Novus, and is in some places faced with 
 brick or with Opus Jieticulatum, where it has to cross an opening. 
 
 dum," for "Ad milliarium quadrage- at thirty-eight miles on the Via Sub- 
 
 simum sextum." lacensis, must have been a clear stream, 
 
 * Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of which he finds on the left side of the 
 
 Subiaco, claims the credit of being the river, opposite to the lake of S. Lucia 
 
 first person to point out what this great and to this source of the aqueduct of 
 
 work of Trajan really was. He also the Claudia, called Acqua dell' Arco, 
 
 states that the Rivus Herculaneus, rising or water of the aqueduct. 
 
62 The Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. [chap. IV. 
 
 The Aqua Marcia here passes at a lower level below the road, 
 with reservoirs at intervals, as already described. 
 
 At about three miles below Tivoli, and half-a-mile after passing 
 one of the great reservoirs of the Marcia at the lower level, the Anio 
 Novus is carried on an arcade across a valley and a small stream, at 
 a place called after the arcade Arcinehi. The great Villa of 
 Hadrian is nearly under this at the foot of the hill, perhaps a mile 
 lower down. This was supplied with water by branches from the 
 aqueducts, but without interfering with the main streams, which 
 went on at the high level still at least five hundred feet above 
 the level of Rome. From this high level the aqueducts led gra- 
 dually down in a serpentine course, crossing several narrow valleys 
 or gullies through the hills, along which some mountain-stream flows 
 far below. At two important points, the aqueducts have to be car- 
 ried across such valleys or gullies on fine arcades or bridges. The 
 one nearest to Tivoli is called the bridge of S. Antony, from a small 
 chapel made in the Middle Ages, probably in the fourteenth century, 
 out of a portion of the speciis of the Marcia, in one of the chambers 
 of a castellutn aquce belonging to it, the rest of which has been 
 destroyed. The species of the Anio Vetus under it has also been de- 
 stroyed, but the arcade is preserved for the use of horses and foot- 
 passengers. This bridge is about eight miles from Tivoli. There is 
 no carriage-road to it, but a tolerable path for horses or donkeys ; it 
 is one of the finest and most picturesque objects on the whole line 
 of the Aqueducts, and is about looft. above the water in the stream 
 below which is called the fosse of S. Antony. This valley or gorge 
 in the mountain, with the bridge across it, is not easily seen from 
 any distance ; but the site may be indicated by a medieval castle 
 with a tall square brick tower, which is a conspicuous object for 
 miles. This is distinctly seen from the bridge, and as it stands at 
 the mouth of the valley, that object must be seen from thence on 
 looking up the valley. This bridge is a really grand work ; it is 
 373 ft. long, 1 6 ft. wide, and about 104 English feet high. The dome 
 of S. Peter's at Rome is visible at a long distance from the hill above 
 the medieval castle. 
 
 Following the direction of the aqueducts towards Rome for about 
 a mile, along a very rough cross-country path, we arrive at a good 
 carriage -road from Rome to Poli, and about a mile beyond that is 
 another magnificent structure, as fine and more perfect than the last, 
 called Ponte Lupo, one of the greatest works of all the Roman 
 aqueducts. There are not so many open arches as at the bridge 
 of S. Antony, but a greater extent of substmcture and wall at each 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — VIII. and IX. Claitdia, &c. 6i 
 
 end, and the height above the mountain-stream is even greater. 
 Several of the arches seem to have been filled up for greater strength, 
 at an early period ; it is all work of the first century. Here the 
 two sjjccus of the Claudian and the Anio Novus are perfect, one 
 upon the other, and serve as a lofty parapet to the road for horses, 
 which passes across the valley along the side of them, the specus 
 occupying about one-third of the width of the bridge. The two 
 specus seem to have been first brought together at this point, and 
 afterwards continue one upon the other for the rest of their course 
 into Rome, interrupted only by the piscina, and castella aqum-uni 
 at intervals. 
 
 There are ruins of another arcade across the valley at a lower 
 level by the side of this grand bridge, only a few yards from it, 
 which can only be that of the Marcia. The Anio Vetus appears 
 to be carried across under the Claudia and Anio Novus at a much 
 lower level, and it is probably for this reason that the arches are 
 closed instead of being left open. They pass upon four other bridges 
 over the streams of S. Gregory and of the Inferno, before they arrive 
 at the piscince. They all four meet at this point, and then diverge 
 again for miles. This splendid work is about ten miles from 
 Tivoli, half-a-mile from the carriage-road, five or six miles from 
 the Villa of Hadrian, and out of the line of the direct road to 
 Rome, but very near the road from Rome to Poli. After passing 
 these great works, the aqueducts are continued at their respective 
 levels in the direction of La Colonna and of the piscines, and are 
 carried in tunnels through the hill, but these tunnels do not appear 
 to be of any great length ; they merely pass through part of one side 
 of the hill. They bring us to the piscifice, which are about six 
 miles from Rome, where the arcades begin, and from this point 
 the Marrana follows the same direction in the bed of the Almo, 
 winding about but never very distant from the arcades, and always 
 receiving the surplus water. This stream is here divided into two 
 branches, one of which goes through Rome and into the Tiber at 
 the Pulchrum Littus ; the other passes through the valley of the 
 Caffarella, and falls into the Tiber near the church of S. Paul beyond 
 the walls, as is explained under the head of the Aqua Crabra and 
 the Marrana. 
 
 The specus of the Anio Novus is always faced with brick or with 
 Opus Retictdatuin ; it is carried upon the Claudian arcade, and the 
 one specus always rests upon the other : what applies to one applies 
 to both after the first junction. The aqueduct of Claudius has a 
 stone specus carried on a stone arcade for the last five miles into 
 
64 TJic Aqueducts. — The Nerouian Arcade. [chap. iv. 
 
 the city. It was begun by Caligula, and carried on by his suc- 
 cessor; this portion was completed in fourteen years, a very short 
 period for so enormous an undertaking. The Anio Novus was the 
 most abundant of all the aqueducts, as stated by Frontinus *. 
 
 The arches of aqueducts, stretching for miles across the open 
 country and entering Rome at the eastern angle, are the first objects 
 to attract the attention of strangers on approaching the city. These 
 are the arches of the Claudian aqueduct, built of large square stones, 
 with the angles chamfered off, and carrying the streams of the Aqua 
 Claudia and of the Anio Novus. 
 
 Of the Fiscince mentioned by Frontinus, the ruins of one remain 
 at the place now called Porta Furba, where the aqueducts just 
 mentioned meet again about two miles from the city. The lofty 
 Claudian arcade passes over the Marcian arcade at this point, at 
 one of the numerous angles, as it had previously done at the Torre 
 Fiscale. From the Porta Furba to Rome, the Aqua Felice is 
 carried against the side of the Claudian, or on the piers of the 
 Marcian, as most convenient, frequently crossing from one to the 
 other on arches over the road. The specus of the Felice is built 
 in the roughest manner of old materials taken from the other two 
 arcades. The Anio Vetus also passes underground at the Porta 
 Furba. Immediately after the entrance of the Claudian specus into 
 Rome at the extreme east end, in the gardens of the Sessorian 
 Palace (now S. Croce), there are remains of at least four reservoirs 
 or castella aqiiarum before it reaches the Porta Maggiore ". 
 
 Nero was the immediate successor of Claudius, a.d. 54 — 69, 
 and carried on the conduit into the city, on what are still called 
 the arches of Nero, which are faced entirely with brick, and some 
 of the most beautiful brickwork in the world. So gigantic a work 
 as these aqueducts could not have been completed in the lifetime 
 of a single emperor, however large the number of slaves he may 
 have employed upon it. 
 
 The Neronian Arcade. 
 
 The arcade of Caligula and Claudius, which is entirely of stone, 
 terminates at the Porta Maggiore, the Esquilina of Frontinus. The 
 work of Nero includes the arches within the city from the wall 
 close to the Porta Maggiore to the great castellum on the Coilian, 
 
 ' Frontinus, c. 72. it enters Rome, has the four chambers 
 
 " The piscina made in one of tlie visible, the inner wall of the tower 
 towers in the wA\ at the point where having been destroyed. 
 
PARTI.] The Aqtieditcts. — VI 11. and IX. Claudia, &c. 65 
 
 over the arch of Dolabella. The specus of the Anio Novus is 
 easily distinguished from the specus of the Claudia, as the latter is 
 of squared stone. 
 
 The arcade of the Claudia has been considerably repaired with 
 brick, and the arches filled up in several places with brickwork of 
 the time of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, a.d. 193 — 217. This 
 may be distinctly seen in that part of the arcade which is between 
 two and three miles from the city, near the Porta Furba. It was 
 again repaired by Pope Hadrian I. in 780, and several times by 
 other Popes. 
 
 The remains of these two aqueducts, one above the other, are 
 admirably seen in their course along the top of the Porta Maggiore ; 
 and at this spot their relative levels with regard to the Marcia, 
 Tepula, and Julia, are also clearly exhibited, the latter entering 
 the wall close to the gate, and almost at right angles to it. Thus, 
 at one view, we are able to see the specus of five out of the nine 
 aqueducts, mentioned by Frontinus, actually remaining. A sixth, 
 the Anio Vetus, also passes under the Walls of Rome at the same 
 point ; the specus is half underground, and now concealed by the 
 restorations made in 1869. 
 
 An inscription upon the face of the specus itself in the wall of 
 the city over the archway, records that Claudius the son of Drusus, 
 caused to be brought into the city the water of the Claudian con- 
 duit, from the springs called Cseruleus and Curtius, from 45 miles 
 distance ; also the water of the Anio Novus, from 62 miles, at his 
 own expense ^ These dates here given correspond with the year 
 
 * Inscriptions on the Porta Maggiore: — IMP. T. caesar Divr F. vespasianvs 
 
 TI . CLAVDIVS DRVSI F. CAISAR AVGVS- AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS . TRI- 
 
 TVS GERMANICVS PONTIF MAXIM BVNIC 
 
 TRIBVNICIA P OTEST ATE XH. COS. V. POTESTATE X. IMPERATOR XVI I. PA - 
 
 IMPERATOR XXVII. PATER PATRI^ TER PATRIAE . CENSOR . COS . VIII. 
 
 AQVAS . CLAVDIAM EX FONTIBVS . QVI AQVAS CVRTIAM ET CAERVLEAM PER- 
 VOCABANTVR CAERVLEVS ET CVR- DVCTAS A DIVO CLAVDIO ET POSTEA 
 
 A DIVO VESPASIANO PATRE SVG VRBI 
 
 RESTITVTAS . CVM A CAPITE AQVA- 
 
 RVM A SOLO VETVSTATE DILAPSAE 
 
 LXII. SVA IMPENSA IN VRBEM PER- ESSENT . NOVA FORMA REDVCENDAS 
 
 DVCENDAS CVRAVIT. SVA IMPENSA CVRAVIT. (Orclli, vol. 
 
 IMP . CAESAR . VESPASIANVS AVGVST . ]l^' ^7; ^^ 54" SO- ) 
 
 — these inscriptions shew that consi- 
 
 PONTIF ._MAX . TRIB. POT. II. IMP. derable repairs were made by Vespasian 
 
 VI. cos. III. DESIG. nil. P.P and Titus to the Claudian aqueducts; 
 
 AQVAS CVRTIAM ET CAERVLEAM PER- and these repairs were continued by 
 
 DVCTAS A DIVO CLAVDIO. ET POSTEA their successors, Nerva, Trajan, and 
 
 INTERMISSAS DILAPSASQVE Hadrian. Many parts and branches 
 
 PER ANNOS NOVEM . SVA IMPENSA belong to the time of these Emperors. 
 
 VRBI RESTITVIT. 
 
 TIVS . A MILLIARIO XXXXV. 
 ITEM ANIENEM NOVAM A. MILLIARIO 
 
G6 The Aqueducts.~VIII.and IX. Claudia, dfc. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 798 of Rome, or a.d. 45. Great repairs were made by Vespasian 
 and Titus to the Claudian aqueduct. The distance from which the 
 Anio Novus is brought, according to this inscription'', is 62 miles, 
 which agrees with Frontinus ^ 
 
 The architect of the Claudian is believed to have been Claudius 
 Annius Bassus, mentioned by Tacitus as chief engineer at Carthage 
 under Marcus Silanus, the father-in-law of Caligula. The remains of 
 the tomb of Bassus may be seen near Vicovaro. The tomb of an- 
 other architect and his family, on the side of the agger upon which 
 the arcade of Nero stands, near the Porta Maggiore, was excavated 
 in 1865. From its situation immediately under the Neronian Arcade 
 against the bank on which it stands, there seems no doubt that this 
 Tiberius Claudius Vitalis, whose name is inserted on the front of 
 the tomb, was the architect of the arcade ; and it does infinite credit 
 to him, for it is one of the finest pieces of brickwork in the world. 
 
 This arcade, commonly called the Arches of Nero, carried the 
 speciis of the Claudia^ and Anio Novus combined. It first crosses 
 the foss on a double arcade, one upon the other, to give more height 
 across this wide and deep inner trench ; it is then carried on a high 
 bank, and therefore on a single arcade only to the Lateran, and on 
 another bank across the foss between the Lateran and the City to the 
 Coehan, and along the north side of S. Stefano Rotondo to the reser- 
 voir and piscina over the arch of Dolabella. This arch was the 
 principal entrance to that part of the Coelian in which the Claudium^ 
 or courts and temple of Claudius, were situated. There are magni- 
 ficent ruins of a large castelliini aqua over this arch, faced with the 
 beautiful brickwork of Nero ; in part of this the small church of 
 S. Thomas in Formis has been made. 
 
 Another large subterranean reservoir remains perfect on the west 
 side of this lofty brick castcllum of Nero. This consists of three 
 large vaulted chambers under the garden between the church of the 
 twelfth century and the small monastery of the Redemptorists, now 
 
 1 Vide " Delle vere Sorgenti dell' * "Qui colles, (monsCoeliuset Aven- 
 Acqua Marcia,"&c., " trattato di Fabio tinus, ) priusquam Claudia perduceretur, 
 Gori." Roma, 1S66. An admirable map utebantur Maicia et Julia. Sed post- 
 shewing the sources and the line of eacli quam Nero Imperator Claudiam, opere 
 of the Aqueducts, has been made for me arcuato altius exceptam, usque ad tem- 
 under the direction of the author. plum Divi Claudii perduxit, ut inde dis- 
 
 '■ Frontinus (c. 15) gives the length of tribueretur, priores non ampliatre, sed 
 
 the spccus of the Anio Novus as 58 omissaa sunt : nulla enim castella adje- 
 
 miles and 700 passus ; add to this the cit, sed iisdem usus est, quorum, quam- 
 
 length of the Piscina Limaria and of the vis mutata aqua, velus apjiellatio per- 
 
 three lakes, and we have the distance of niansit." (Frontinus, c. 76 ) 
 62 miles from Rome for this aqueduct. 
 
PART I.] The Aqueducts. — V III. and IX. Claudia, &c. 6y 
 
 (1872) all belonging to the Villa Mattei, or Celimontana. There is, 
 through the crown of each of the vaults, a circular opening, or well, 
 closed by a stone, which can be moved at pleasure for letting down 
 buckets into the water; it is still used for the purpose of irriga- 
 tion. From the low level of this reservoir, it must have belonged 
 to the Aqua Appia. By the side of the garden over this, and above 
 ground, in a line with the Arch of Dolabella, is a wall of the first 
 century, faced with reticulated masonry, probably part of the castellum 
 of that period, as new reservoirs have been built there for each 
 successive aqueduct that came to this point. The highest, being 
 that of Nero, was 50 feet above the level of the ground. 
 
 Thence the water was distributed in different directions, one 
 branch to the Claudium ""j and thence again to the stagnnm or pool 
 originally of Nero, but afterwards retained under the Colosseum ; 
 a second to the Palatine, passing down the western side of the 
 Clivus Scauri opposite to the church of SS. John and Paul. Then, 
 after making one of the usual angles, it was carried across the valley 
 on the arches attributed to Nero, but in this part really after his time, 
 the lower portions of some of which remain. The third branch was 
 to the Aventine. The plan for this was not carried out until the 
 time of Trajan, when a lofty arcade was made across the valley 
 from the Ccelian to the Aventine, passing over the Porta Capena 
 above the Aqua Appia, which had previously been made in the 
 same line, and with new reservoirs for it, generally by the side 
 of the old subterranean ones. One great reservoir under the Ccelian 
 occupies a considerable part of the space between the cliff and the 
 present road, and is now turned into a gardener's house. The excava- 
 tions made there in 1868 have been described in the account of the 
 Appia ; the piers of the tall brick arcade of Trajan remain on both 
 sides of the road leading direct to the north end of the ruins of the 
 Piscina Publica, on the other side of the Marrana, under S. Balbina ; 
 the upper part of this great building is of the time of Trajan. On 
 the side of the Coelian are remains of another large castellum^ of 
 two stories, of the same period. There are also remains of this 
 
 ^ The large square part of the Coelian the western side opposite to the Palatine 
 Hill, with scarped cliffs round three sides in the wall, and goes straight towards 
 of it and part of the fourth, which had the Colosseum, and there are remains of 
 probably been originally the arx or a piscina of the first century at the north- 
 citadel of the Coelian when that was west corner of the Claudium, near the 
 a separate fortress, and on which Clau- Colosseum, and the Meta Sudans ; but 
 dius erected some great public building this is at a low level, and does not 
 with a temple, is marked on the modern agree with there being a large reservoir 
 maps of Rome as a castellum aqim : this under the whole of that si)ace. 
 is an exaggeration. A specus runs along 
 
 F 2 
 
6S The Aqueducts. — VIII. and IX. Claudia, &c. [cilAP. iv. 
 
 aqueduct on the brow of the Aventine Hill, near the church of 
 S. Prisca, in front of the monastery, now in a vineyard opposite to 
 the Palatine, and overlooking the Circus Maximus. 
 
 The water both of the Anio Vetus and of the Anio Novus was 
 of inferior quality, and was used chiefly for watering gardens, and 
 for the more common purposes in the city ; the Anio Novus, being 
 higher than any of the others, and the water very abundant, assisted 
 all the rest. Trajan endeavoured to improve the quality of the 
 water by excluding the more turbid sources, and using only the 
 most pure, as we learn from Frontinus, who was the person charged 
 with the execution of the work " ; and this inscription was put up, 
 
 IMPERATOR CAESAR NERVA TRAJANVS AVGVSTVS. 
 
 The waters of the Claudian and Anio Novus are stated by Fron- 
 tinus'* to have been united after their entrance into the city, and 
 then distributed to all the fourteen Regiones. Several subdivisions 
 must therefore have been made at different points, and, wherever 
 a division or a junction took place, a castclhim aqiice was required. 
 The union of the two streams was probably made in the large 
 reservoir at the angle of the Sessorian gardens and City wall near 
 the Porta Maggiore. Another great division was over the Arch of 
 Dolabella ; one branch was afterwards carried on by Domitian to 
 the Palatine upon the lofty arches, some of which still remain, and 
 into his reservoir at the south-west corner of the Palatine Hill, part of 
 the baths or thermx of his palace. The branch over the Via Appia 
 to the Piscina Publica and the Aventine was not made until the 
 time of Trajan and Hadrian. A great deal of work was done to 
 the aqueducts at that period. The amazement of the people at 
 seeing copious streams of water pouring over the arid heights and 
 slopes of the Aventine, is recorded by a contemporary author. This 
 was the branch of which a portion remains near Santa Prisca. The 
 branch from the Palatine to the Capitol, of which two of the tall 
 piers remain % was made by Caligula ; this is sometimes called a 
 bridge across the Forum. To convey the water to the other Regiones, 
 the older conduits or specus' were probably used. 
 
 In the fourth century, there were great complaints of the stealing 
 of the Aqua Claudia by the farmers through whose lands it passed, 
 
 ' Frontinus did not live to see this remains of the bridge project at a right 
 
 completed. angle from the palace of Domitian. It 
 
 •^ Cap. 86, 91, 92, and 105. had the aqueduct at the top at a very 
 
 ' These are at present almost hid by high level, and a road for horses by the 
 
 modern houses built up against them, side of it at a lower level, as at the 
 
 but it is expected that these modern Ponte Lupo, Ponte S. Antonio, and 
 
 erections will shortly be removed. The other bridges of the aqueducts. 
 
PART I.] Tlie Aqueducts. — VIII. and IX. Claudia, &c. 69 
 
 and several strenuous decrees against this practice were issued by 
 the Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, a.d. 400. Similar edicts 
 were issued repeatedly by these Emperors, and by Constantine ^ 
 
 The springs called Caeruleus and Curtius, to which (when united 
 in this aqueduct) the name of Claudia § was given, as Frontinus tells 
 us, are situated in a valley on the south side of the river Anio, thirty- 
 eight miles from Rome, and eight miles below Subiaco (which is 
 forty-six miles from Rome), and not more than half a mile from 
 the source of the Marcia. Several streams issue from the rock under 
 the present carriage-road, a diverticidum or branch of the ancient Via 
 Valeria, and form a beautiful small lake of very clear water having 
 a distinctly bluish tint. Another of these springs, the Albudinus, 
 is still considered as equally good with the Marcia, or nearly so. 
 The Anio here flows at the opposite end of this small valley, and 
 both the lakes are now emptied into it. This valley is in the ter- 
 ritory of Arsoli, so called from a neighbouring village on a height 
 overlooking it, and the lake of S. Lucia. The spring called Curtius 
 is another of these streams. 
 
 This valley is admirably calculated for the sources of aqueducts ; 
 the ground is full of springs of beautiful water, and the watery 
 meadows have only to be dammed up a little to form lakes or reser- 
 voirs. Probably the water from these springs, which now runs into 
 the river, was entirely intercepted and carried into Rome in the 
 aqueducts. The Anio is in general such an abundant stream, that 
 these additional springs would scarcely be missed, although in time 
 of severe drought the water did sometimes run short ^. 
 
 ' These imperial "Edicts" or " De- jury to the manufactories established 
 crees," or Laws and Constitutions, have there, which depend upon tlie force of 
 been published in various works. The the water, although the damage was in 
 later ones relating to this subject are a great degree imaginary. This new 
 published by Polenus, in the Appendix aqueduct brings the water of the Mar- 
 to his edition of Frontinus, 4to. Pa- cia only. The water is nearly of the 
 tavire, 1722 ; and by Rondelet, as a sup- same quality as that of the Claudia, and 
 plement to Frontinus, who had pub- is still found as cool as it was in the 
 lished those issued up to his time. See time of the early Empire, notwithstand- 
 Commentaire de Frontin sur les aque- ing that it is brought into Rome in 
 dues de Rome, 2 parts, 4to. and atlas metal pipes for the last ten miles. A 
 folio, Paris, 1802; and Rondelet, Opere, number of shops for the sale of this 
 6 vols. 4to. Mantova, 1841, torn. vi. cool water have been opened in dif- 
 p. 117, &c. ferent parts of Rome. Nature never 
 
 K This water was celebrated for its changes, and the same qualities of par- 
 coolness, as mentioned in the life of ticular springs which prevailed two 
 Alexander Severus by Lampridius, c. 30. thousand years ago, prevail still. It is 
 
 i" The new company for bringing said by persons who have witnessed 
 
 these springs into Rome again, under the experiment tried, that in the hot 
 
 the name ot the Aqua Marcia-Pia, has summer weather of Italy, when the 
 
 been obliged to make compensation to thermometer of Fahrenheit stands al)o\e 
 
 the town of Tivoli for the possible in- 100, the contrast between the heat of 
 
70 The Aqueducts. — VIII. and IX. Claudia, &c. [CH. IV. TT. I. 
 
 The piscmcE, mentioned by Frontinus, were large subterranean 
 reservoirs and filtering-places, at seven miles from the old City or 
 from the inner gates, and six from the outer gates : the portion of 
 Rome outside of the walls of the city was considered as the suburbs 
 only, until the time of Aurelian, when the City was made to extend to 
 the outer wall, then newly raised and fortified, but this was long after 
 the aqueducts were made. The present appearance of these two 
 J>iscince of the Claudia and the Anio Novus is merely that of earthen 
 mounds or tumuli. They are situated about midway between the 
 old Via Latina, which now in this part is made into a carriage-road 
 to Frascati, and the Via Appia Nova. The distance from one road 
 to the other is about a mile, and the piscinm are about half-a-mile 
 from each. The stream, which was originally a branch of the Almo, 
 and now conveys the water of the Marrana and the Aqua Crabra 
 united, runs near them, and received the surplus water from all 
 the aqueducts on this line. It is divided into two parts near the 
 piscina:, one branch going through the valley called the Caffarella, 
 and falling into the Tiber near the church of S. Paul's outside of the 
 walls ; the other keeps near the arcades and reservoirs, and coming 
 through Rome, passes on the south side of the Coelian. This 
 branch had come from the piscince nearly parallel to the aqueducts ; 
 it winds about a good deal, but is never distant from the line of 
 the latter, now on one side and then on the other. A further ac- 
 count of this will be found under the head of the Marrana, in the 
 second part of this chapter. 
 
 the air and the coldness of the water is as a glass tumbler will break in Eng- 
 
 so gieat that if a glass tumbler is sud- land if boiling \vater is poured into it in 
 
 denly put into the water near its source, frosty weatlier. 
 the glass will break in the same manner 
 
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV. PART L 
 THE NINE AQUEDUCTS IN THE TIME OF FRONTINUS. 
 
 Having sketched the general history of each one of these aqueducts, 
 and the circumstances under which they were erected, it remains to 
 refer briefly to some of those details which Frontintis has handed 
 down to us, of the mode of management of the water. These de- 
 tails apply equally to the whole series. First of all, the position 
 which he and his predecessors in office held was a very important 
 and honourable one. He had the entire responsibility of the water 
 supply, and the absolute control of seven hundred men employed 
 to attend to their proper working, to clean the piscina, and to re- 
 pair the channels and pipes when needed. Of these, 240 were ap- 
 pointed by the City, and the remaining 460 by the Emperor. The 
 channels in which the main stream of water was carried, and the 
 reservoirs {caste/la), and the piscines, were always lined with a par- 
 ticular kind of cement, called Opus Signinum. 
 
 It has also been observed that the base of the channel is con- 
 stantly broken up by inequalities, or dips, if they may be termed so, 
 as if purposely introduced to agitate the water in its course, and, con- 
 sequently, to aerate it. No doubt also the inequalities, provided they 
 were rugged, would tend to check the passage of any earthen matter 
 held in solution by the water. Of most importance, however, and 
 shewing still more remarkably the engineering qualities of the builders 
 of the Aqueducts, were the ventilating-shafts which were introduced 
 at proper intervals. Such shafts were often used as wells also, to 
 let buckets down for water, and steps were cut on the sides for the 
 aqiiarii to descend and remove obstructions. At about every half-mile 
 the specus forms an angle to break the force of the water, and at 
 such points there is usually a reservoir also. Advantage was taken 
 of these angles for the later aqueducts to be carried over the older 
 ones, as at the Torre Fiscale and the Porta Maggiore. These pre- 
 cautions, combined with the system of Piscines, rendered the water 
 constantly fresh, pure, and wholesome. 
 
 From some considerable remains of the Piscince, the system can 
 be clearly made out. The building consisted of four chambers, two 
 beneath and two above. Supposing, for the sake of illustration, in the 
 
 annexed diagram, the letters ^' j ^' represent the four chambers. 
 
 The channel of the aqueduct, coming at a tolerably high level, 
 enters the chamber A. Thence the water passed (possibly over 
 a large waste-pipe) into the chamber beneath, B. Between B. and 
 C. there were small holes communicating through the wall (pos- 
 sibly provided with fine grating). Through the roof of C. there 
 was a hole, and the water passed upwards, of course finding the 
 
7 2 Appendix to Chapter I V. Part I. 
 
 same level in D. at its exit, as in A. at its entrance ; on leaving 
 the piscina the water was carried off into another spccus. By the 
 aid of sluice-gates the water could be transferred direct from cham- 
 ber A. to chamber D. Access was obtained by an opening to the 
 chambers beneath, and the mud was from time to time cleaned out. 
 Curious details of the sluices, &c., have been found ; but it is not easy 
 to determine their age, as the aqueducts have undergone so many 
 repeated alterations. 
 
 As a typical example of the size of the specus, or channel of the 
 Aqueducts, the Marcian may be taken, which measures in the open- 
 ing five Roman feet in height, two and a-half in breadth, and the 
 thickness of the wall on each of the two sides one foot. The roof of 
 the Marcian being surmounted by the Tepulan and Julian, no great 
 solidity was needed; but so far as can be ascertained, the roofs 
 were generally of considerable thickness, to prevent, as much as pos- 
 sible, the heat of the sun spoiling the coolness of the water. The 
 channels and general structure of the Anio Novus and Claudian 
 were larger in every respect, those of the Tepulan and Julian some- 
 what smaller, as shewTi by the accompanying diagrams. 
 
 It will be seen that the period of the construction of the nine 
 aqueducts which have been described, embraces some four centu- 
 ries, as Frontinus was employed in surv^eying them towards the 
 close of the first century after Christ, and the first aqueduct was 
 commenced more than three centuries before the Christian era. 
 If we omit the Alsietina, which was on the other side of the river, and 
 which ought scarcely therefore to be taken into account, the order 
 of level follows almost exactly the order of construction, the only 
 exception being that of the Virgo. This increase of height of level 
 as each new aqueduct was added, is pointed out by Frontinus in 
 his eighteenth chapter. 
 
 It will be perhaps convenient to have the several aqueducts 
 already described represented in a tabular form, shewing the dates 
 when they were made, and the order as to level, together with the 
 distances which they traversed. 
 
 The aqueducts, especially those which were mostly underground, 
 it will be observed, made long detours, as compared with the 
 direct line of road ; as, for instance, in the first on the list, the 
 distance by road was but eight Roman miles, but that by the channel 
 of the aqueduct was eleven miles. The total length of all the 
 channels of the aqueducts, constructed in less than four centuries, 
 was upwards of 285.610 Roman miles, of which 242.697 miles were 
 cut beneath the surface, and 42.918 miles carried on substructure, 
 arched or not, as the case required, above the surface of the ground. 
 
Order as 
 DATE, No. to Level. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 B.C. 312 
 
 I. 
 
 8th 
 
 AQUA APPIA 
 
 „ 263 
 
 II. 
 
 6th 
 
 ANIO VETUS 
 
 „ 145 
 
 III. 
 
 5th 
 
 AQUA MARCIA 
 
 „ 126 
 
 IV. 
 
 4th 
 
 „ TEPULA 
 
 „ 34 
 
 V. 
 
 3rd 
 
 „ JULIA 
 
 „ 21 
 
 VI. 
 
 7th 
 
 „ VIRGO 
 
 ,, c. 10 
 
 VII. 
 
 9th 
 
 „ ALSIETINA 
 
 A.D. 33 
 
 VIII. 
 
 2nd 
 
 „ CLAUDIA 
 
 „ 33 
 
 IX. 
 
 I St 
 
 ANIO NOVUS 
 
 LEN&TH OF CHANNEL,' 
 
 Above ground. Under ground. 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 in. 
 II 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 221 
 
 42 
 
 779 
 
 7 
 
 463 
 
 54 
 
 247I 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 426i- 
 
 I 
 
 240 
 
 12 
 
 865 
 
 
 10 
 
 358 
 176 
 
 21 714 
 
 ? in channel 
 36 230 
 
 9 
 
 400 
 
 49 
 
 300 
 
 Totals according to computation of Fro7itinus 42 918 242 692 
 
 Of the above, six are carried to Piscinae on the Via Latina. 
 
 V. Julia \ 
 
 I carried from the same reservoir on the same 
 I series of arches. 
 
 The three 
 
 [k 
 
 Tepula 
 I III. Marcia 
 
 ry, . j IX. Anio Novus \ carried on higher arches, which end after 
 
 inetwo I VIII. Aqua Claudia/ the Pallantian gardens. 
 
 The one II. Anio Vetus, has a reservoir on the Via Latina. — {Froii.., c. 19.) 
 
 SUPPLY. SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 As given Measured 
 
 intheOom- at the Outside Inside No. of 
 
 No. mentaries. head. City, the City. Regiones served. Castella . 
 
 I. 
 
 IL 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 vin. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Appian 
 
 qiiin. 
 841 
 
 quilt. 
 1825 
 
 qitin. 
 
 5 
 
 qiiiil. 
 699 
 
 Anio Vet. 
 
 T54T 
 
 4398 
 
 573 
 
 1508^ 
 
 Marcian 
 
 2162 
 
 4690 
 
 26li 
 
 1472 
 
 Tepulan 
 
 400 
 
 445 
 
 114 
 
 331 
 
 Julian 
 
 649 
 
 1206 
 
 206 
 
 548 
 
 Virgo 
 
 652 
 
 2504 
 
 200 
 
 2304 
 
 Alsietine 
 
 
 
 392 
 
 
 Claudian 
 Anio Nov. 
 
 2855 
 
 3263 
 
 4607 
 4738 
 
 685 
 728 
 
 3498 
 
 II. VIII. IX. XI. XII. 
 
 XIII. XIV. 
 I. III. IV. V. VI. VII. 
 
 VIII. IX. XII. XIV. 
 
 I. III. IV. V. VI. VII. 
 VIII. IX. X.XII. XIV. 
 
 IV. V. VI. VII. 
 
 II. III. V. VI. VIII. 
 X. XII. 
 
 VII. IX. XIV. 
 
 /"Outside the city and 
 \ the XIV. in the Nau- 
 (^ machia. 
 
 ( United within the 
 j city, and distributed 
 \ throughout the XIV. 
 V Regiones. 
 
 35 
 51 
 14 
 17 
 iS 
 
 92 
 
 The 
 
 12,363 24,413 3164I io,36oi 247 
 
 ' In the above the jn = to the Roman mile = 1,000 Roman passus. 
 / = to the Roman passus = 5 Roman feet. 
 Roman mile [luille passus) = 1,618 English yards. 
 
 The Roman passus = 4 English feet lO"428 inches. 
 The Roman foot = 1 1 '6496 English inches. 
 
74 
 
 Appendix to Chapter IV. Part I. 
 
 
 DETAILS or DISTRIBU- 
 TION. 
 Imperial. Private. Public. 
 
 DETAILS OF THE 
 Oastra. Public Works. 
 
 PUBLIC SERVICE. 
 Mnnera. Lacns. 
 
 I. 
 
 qiiin. 
 151 
 
 qiiin. 
 194 
 
 guilt. 
 354 
 
 I 
 
 quilt. 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 quill. 
 123 
 
 I 
 
 quilt. 
 2 
 
 92 
 
 quill. 
 226 
 
 II. 
 
 66i 
 
 490 
 
 503 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 19 
 
 196 
 
 9 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 218 
 
 III. 
 
 116 
 
 543 
 
 439 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 12 
 
 104 
 
 113 
 
 253 
 
 IV. 
 
 42 
 
 237 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 32 
 
 V. 
 
 18 
 
 196 
 
 3S3 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 10 
 
 181 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 28 
 
 65 
 
 VI. 
 
 509 
 
 338 
 
 1167 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 1380 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 VII. 
 
 354 
 
 138 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 VIII. 
 
 |-i793 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IX. 
 
 1506 
 
 1012 
 
 9 
 
 149 
 
 t8 
 
 384 
 
 12 
 
 107 
 
 226 
 
 482 
 
 3049I 3642 3908 19 325 95 2312 39 394 591 1327 
 
 Buecheler, in his edition of Frontinus, pp. xi. , xii., xiii., explains the mathematical 
 part of chap. 78 differently from Poleni and DederichJ. 
 
 In order to regulate these several aqueducts, so that deflection in 
 any part should be easily ascertained, means were provided for 
 estimating the abundance of the water, and in this respect for its 
 minuteness and clearness the treatise of Frontinus stands unrivalled, 
 when compared with any work of ancient or even modern times. 
 The mode of measurement is to take the area of a vertical section 
 of the water flowing along the spems, — the object being to test each 
 aqueduct by itself, and to see whether its proper supply was given 
 or not. Had he been called upon to estimate the actual supply of the 
 water, and not the relative, other points would have had to be taken 
 into account, namely, the average fall of the aqueduct, from which 
 to gather its velocity. On this, however, he does not touch. It 
 must be borne in mind, also, that when Frontinus was appointed, the 
 system had been long in force, and he had to follow the traditions 
 and rules of his office. He made no revolution, he was simply 
 a reformer. He tells us that in examining the books belonging to the 
 office, he found certain measures given to certain aqueducts ; these 
 he had to verify, and a great part of his work is taken up in the 
 
 ■' The Roman foot was nearly as long most accurate estimate, about 11^ 
 as our own, being, according to the English inches (11.6496). 
 
TJie Nine Aqiwdiicis. 75 
 
 account of his operations. To begin with, he is much troubled as 
 to the measures employed. The digitonim iiiodulus (i.e. a pipe with 
 a given measured orifice) is uncertain. There is the square digit 
 and the round digit (in other words, a square pipe of which each 
 side is one digit, and the round pipe of which the diameter is one 
 digit). As an instance of his accurate and clear expression, it may 
 be worth while to quote his words on this point ■" : — 
 
 "The measurement of the UToJiili is taken either by digits or inches. In Cam- 
 pania and in many places in Italy, the digit is used ; in Apulia, the inch '. The 
 digit, as all agree, is the sixteenth part of a foot ; the inch, a twelfth part. But 
 just as there is a different usage of inches and digits, so also there is no uniformity 
 in the simple computation of the digit itself. There is one which is called the 
 square digit, another the round digit. The square digit is three-fourteenths greater 
 than the round ; the round is three-elevenths smaller than the square, because the 
 angles are taken off." 
 
 In this we obtain a key to most of his calculations ™, because they 
 depend throughout upon the computation of the area of the circle. 
 
 The base measure chosen was the " quinary," so called (according 
 to the most natural derivation) because its diameter was five quarter- 
 digits. And to this basis are reduced some twenty different vioduli, 
 to which the names were given of senary, septenary, octonary, de- 
 nary, duodenary, and so on up to centenary. The reduction of these 
 seems to be tolerably accurate according to the system which he 
 pursues, and making allowance for transcribers' errors. But either 
 the relation of the circumference to the diameter of a circle had not 
 been worked out to the same extent to which it has been in later 
 times, or Frontinus considered the ratio adopted sufiicient for his 
 purpose. One of his calculations stands thus : he is measuring the 
 Appian at a point where it is joined by a later branch ; it had been 
 assigned in the register as giving 841 quinaries : he says — 
 
 "I found the depth of the water five feet, and its breadth one foot and three 
 quarters, which gives an area of eight feet and three quarters. This is equal to 
 twenty-two centenaries and a qnadragenary, which make 1,825 quinaries, or 984 
 quinaries more than is given in the Commentaries"." 
 
 Each centenary is shewn elsewhere to contain 81 quinaries and 
 a fraction, and therefore 22 would give 1,792 in quinaries and a frac- 
 
 ■' Frontinus, c. 24. same diameter, that he takes the ratio 
 
 ' Dederich reads "uncia; in popu- of the area to the diameter as -fi to 
 
 laribus rationibus adhuc observantur," diameter i. This is very near to the 
 
 which seems better. The nncia was an truth. The converse as given by him 
 
 Italian, the digitus a Greek measure. also agrees, as is seen by \\ + j\ t)f 
 
 '" It is evident from his making the ii^'''- 
 square of the diameter -fj- greater than " Frontinus, c. G5. 
 
 the area of the circle drawn upon the 
 
76 Appendix to Chapter IV. Part L 
 
 tion. The quadragenary is marked to contain 32 quinaries and 
 a fraction. Together, therefore, the 1,825. Now the area of each 
 quinary, according to the system of Frontinus, would be the square 
 of its diameter (i.e. i^ digit), multipHed by \\ (the ratio already 
 ascertained). This equals fif, which, multiplied by 1,825, produces 
 2,24oJ digits (nearly). Finally, the area of 8f square feet, reduced 
 to square digits, gives 2,240 °. 
 
 This calculation illustrates his mode of computation from absolute 
 measure of the water ; but the ordinary way was to affix the moduli, 
 which were of brass, or rather of bronze, to certain openings. Pro- 
 vided the modulus was placed perfectly level, the water flowed at its 
 ordinary rate ; and when the moduli were sufficient to prevent the 
 Avater rising in the reservoir or channel, and, on the other hand, not 
 too numerous or too large to reduce the mean level of the water, the 
 sum of them represented the amount of water. 
 
 We next come to the question of distribution. On examining the 
 registers, Frontinus says that he found that there were assigned to 
 the nine aqueducts 12,755 quinaries; but it appeared that the dis- 
 tribution amounted to 13,470 quinaries. To account for this dis- 
 crepancy, the whole were re-measured. In the annexed table the 
 measures of each aqueduct are given separately, and by adding 
 together the results of each, as calculated from the data which Fron- 
 tinus gives of the water measured at the head, the total, as the table 
 shews, comes to 24,413 quinaries. The fact was that in process of 
 time some of the channels had fallen into decay, and the water was 
 wasted. In other and more numerous cases, it had been abstracted 
 by persons for their own use without authority ; in addition to 
 which there were no doubt errors in the computation, which had 
 crept into the books, and if we are to believe Frontinus, these errors 
 had been turned to the profit of his predecessors. 
 
 In the table of distribution will be seen the number of quinaries 
 distributed outside the wall of the city; next, the Regiones which 
 they serve within the city ; thirdly, the measure of water so distri- 
 buted within the city, and the number oicastella^ or reservoirs, used for 
 that purpose. These reservoirs, at least such as remain, -will be de- 
 scribed in the several Regiones in which they occur. That over the 
 arch of Dolabella on the Coelian Hill, and the so-called Castellum 
 Aquae Julice on the Esquiline, are the most prominent. Many, no 
 
 " It is of little consequence, but per- byo. 7854 (the corrected ratio), we obtain 
 
 haps it may be interesting to know more the result in square digits, 1. 22718. This 
 
 accurately the result of the calculation. multiplied by the 1825 gives 2239.6, 
 
 If we take 1.25 as the diameter of the that is, the result within one digit as 
 
 quinary, and multiply the square of this given by Frontinus. 
 
TJic Nine Aqueducts. yy 
 
 doubt, were of much smaller size, and merely large cisterns, as the 
 total number was 247. 
 
 The supply of 13,470 quinaries is thus accounted for. Outside 
 Rome 3,164 quinaries were distributed, inside 10,306; of that out- 
 side Rome 1,718 quinaries were used "in the name of the Em- 
 peror," that is, to supply the imperial villas and gardens, &c., while 
 2,345 were charged to private persons. Inside Rome 1,707 were 
 charged to the Emperor for his palaces, &c., while private persons 
 used 3,847 quinaries, leaving 4,401 quinaries, which were for the 
 "■ Public Service." These, together, account for the 9,955 distributed 
 within Rome. 
 
 In the details of the distribution, we learn how much water was 
 employed in the palaces, &c., in the service of the Emperor and his 
 household {iiomine Ccesaris), how much was carried into houses for the 
 use of private persons, and how much was used in public buildings 
 and the public reservoirs or fountains which were established in all 
 convenient positions, and generally accessible to the population. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be interesting to examine more carefully the dis- 
 tribution for the " Public Service." We have four classes of reci- 
 pients, and we know from Frontinus how much was served to each 
 class from each aqueduct. There were first of all 19 castra or bar- 
 racks, in which the army were kept when not out on service, and in 
 which also the guards were stationed. These required in all 279 
 quinaries. There were next, 95 different Public Establishments 
 which used 2,401 quinaries, and 39 theatres and places of entertain- 
 ment {munerd) which used 386 more. Lastly, there were 591 open 
 reservoirs {lacus) for the service of all comers, using 1,335 quinaries. 
 These reservoirs were what we usually speak of as fountains, and 
 some hundreds are in use to this day, many probably on the site of 
 the older ones. There were very stringent laws respecting their use. 
 Heavy penalties were inflicted upon anyone dipping a dirty bucket 
 or other vessel into the reservoir ; there were also laws respecting 
 the "overflow," as the fountains of course were constantly running. 
 These were the most important to keep in order, as all the poorer 
 classes depended entirely upon them for their supply of water. 
 
 The more wealthy had water brought into their own private reser- 
 voir in the court, with buckets and windlasses for drawing the water 
 to the upper story, and this is the case to the present day p. 
 
 P An Anglo-Roman company has now of the houses. At present a number of 
 
 (1872) brought the Aqua Marcia (III.) ingenious contrivances are in use for 
 
 again into Rome at so high a level, sliding small buckets of water from 
 
 that it will supply cisterns at the tops the well or reservoir in the courtyard, 
 
72> Appendix to Chapter IV. Part I. 
 
 These details, while giving us an insight into the social state of 
 the city, go to shew how thoroughly the supply of the water was 
 under control. The pipes supplying every one of these 744 points 
 of distribution were all registered, and their sizes being known, the 
 system of computation, as explained by Frontinus, was brought into 
 play : thus every part was checked, and any irregularity could be 
 traced to its source. 
 
 It may be asked what amount of supply, in gallons, would the 
 water represent, in order that a comparison can be made between 
 the supply of towns at the present time, and that of Rome at the 
 time at which Frontinus wrote. The answer is not easy. As said 
 before, we have not sufficient data for an accurate determination ; 
 still we may attempt an approximate estimate. It is easy to com- 
 pute the section of water given by the 24,805 quinaries. This being 
 just upon 120 square feet, we can form some notion of the vast 
 quantity, if we picture to ourselves a stream twenty feet wide by 
 six feet deep, constantly pouring into Rome at a fall six times as 
 rapid as that of the river Thames. It has been computed by a 
 French engineer that, together with one or two additional aqueducts 
 which were added between the time of Trajan and Aurelian, the 
 supply of water to Rome was 332,306,624 gallons daily. If we 
 assume the population to have been a million souls— and it is 
 scarcely probable that there were more — we find that the rate was 
 332 gallons per diem for each person. In our own day we consider 
 40 gallons sufficient, and many think this excessive, including the 
 use of water in manufactures, &c. No wonder, with the facilities for 
 drainage which the rapid Tiber afforded, and with this plentiful 
 supply of really good water, the great city was rendered, in spite of 
 overcrowding and an unhealthy situation as regards its neighbour- 
 hood, comparatively free from those epidemics which are so fatal in 
 all densely-populated towns. 
 
 One part of the system which Frontinus seems to have been the 
 first to adopt was this : he had 247 casiella, or main reservoirs, 
 from which the pipes were carried to the smaller cisterns and foun- 
 tains, and he so arranged the supply of water to these that the seve- 
 ral aqueducts could be interchanged. A net-work was established, 
 so that when one channel, from whatever cause, failed, whether from 
 requiring to be cleansed or repaired, another could supply its place. 
 But this was not all. He tells us, cap. 87, that many of the parts 
 
 to the upper windows and galleries whether large or small, are called lacus 
 round the central courts of the old by Frontinus and in the Regionary 
 houses or palaces. These reservoirs, Catalogue. 
 
The Nine Aqiiedticts. 79 
 
 of the city which were dependent on one source for their supplj^, 
 v/ere, by careful distribution of the water, able to avail themselves 
 of a second in case of need ; and he gives as an instance that the 
 Marcian was made available in the Aventine, by being carried 
 across from the Ccelian •>. He also speaks of the improvements 
 which were made in keeping the water pure. Hitherto a very slight 
 shower had made many of the streams muddy, although at their 
 source they were pure ■". 
 
 The least pure, however, before the time of Trajan, were the Anio 
 Vetus and Anio Novus. This arose from the banks which, being 
 soft, gave way, and the stream, even in fair weather, thus became 
 muddy. He points out that hitherto, by the mixture of the waters 
 which had been adopted to prevent failure in supply, proper skill 
 had not been shewn, and these new streams were allowed to destroy 
 the purity of others ^ His object, therefore, was to keep the pure 
 streams separate, and in addition to that, arrange that they should 
 be used for drinking purposes only ; while the water which was less 
 grateful to the taste, and which was subject to be at times muddy, 
 should be used for cleansing the city, or watering the gardens, or 
 other ordinary purposes, which it might fulfil equally with the fresher 
 and purer water. In considering the supply of water to our large 
 towns, which is one of the great problems which at the present time 
 has to be solved, it is not too much to say that — the plan adopted 
 by the Emperor Trajan, by the advice of Frontinus, the head of the 
 aqiiarii^ and of that department of the government of Rome which 
 had charge of the aqueducts, the importance of which in that climate 
 can hardly be over-estimated— is worthy of more attention than it 
 has received *. 
 
 1 The expression reddita would imply pure water, contrived in the vault or 
 that originally the Marcian had sup- upper part of the great cloaca or drains 
 plied the Aventine, and that, it having for the refuse water. Could not the 
 been superseded by the Claudian, it same plan be adopted in London with 
 was now restored and used in addition advantage ? But while this is can- 
 to the other. See the extract —Fron- vassed, it seems singular that we hear 
 tinus, c. 76. little of the division of the supply, 
 ■■ Frontinus, c. 89. which, on the same principle, should 
 • Ibid., c. 90, 91. certainly be divided. There are seve- 
 ' The division of the surface water ral towns so situated, that a fair supply 
 from the sewerage, in the question of of pure water might be brought very 
 the drainage of large towns, is meeting acceptable for drinking, but not in 
 with much favour, as it appeals to rea- sufficient quantities to be applicable to 
 son that what is good for the purposes other offices. The words of Frontinus 
 of manure, is destructive to the healthy are very concise and pointed : — 
 condition of the river, while the surface " Marciam ut ipsam, splendore et 
 water, which finds its proper place in frigore gratissimam, balneis ac fulloni- 
 the river, interferes with the proper dis- bus et relatu quoque foedis ministeriis 
 tribution of sewage. In Rome, there is deprehenderimus servientem. Omnes 
 frequently a small specus or channel for ergo discerni placuit, turn singulas ita 
 
8o Appendix to Chapter IV. Part I. 
 
 The Curator Aquarum. 
 
 The care of the aqueducts was assigned by Augustus to a Curator 
 Aquarum, of whom Marcus Agrippa was the first, and held the office 
 for life. Frontinus, to whom we are indebted (as we have seen) 
 for nearly all that we know respecting the early history of the 
 aqueducts, held this office under Domitian, a.d. 94; he remained 
 in office under Nerva, wrote his treatise at that time, and died 
 under Trajan, a.d. 107. The office continued to exist till the third 
 century, in the time of Diocletian, when it was superseded by 
 the magistrates called Consulares Aquaruiti, a title changed in the 
 fifth century into Comes Formarum Urhis. These several magis- 
 trates had 700 servants, charged with the superintendence, repair, 
 and distribution of the water from the aqueducts, divided into fa- 
 milia piiblica smd famllia Ccesaris ; the former, comprising 240 per- 
 sons paid by the State ; the latter, 460 paid by the Emperor. 
 Agrippa supplied the city with 700 laais, 105 fountains, 130 castella 
 for distributing waters, and 170 gratuitous baths for public use. 
 These structures were adorned with 400 marble columns, and 300 
 statues of marble or bronze. After the devastations caused in the 
 Gothic wars, under Vitiges and Totila, only the most important 
 aqueducts were restored, either by Belisarius or Narses. Ruin and 
 neglect again undid much of what had then been restored to use. 
 At the beginning of the ninth century, the only aqueducts supply- 
 ing water were the Appian [I.], and IMarcian [XIL], then called 
 Jobia or lopia, by corruption from "Jovius," the name assumed 
 by Diocletian. 
 
 During both the eighth and ninth centuries, indeed, various repairs 
 for maintaining the aqueduct of Trajan [X.], which carried water from 
 the lake Sabatinus (di Bracciano, Acqua Paola), are mentioned by 
 Anastasius; and in 786 the "Jovia" aqueduct was restored by 
 Hadrian I. In the twelfth century, the Aqua Lateranensis is men- 
 tioned as still in use, being that part of the Claudian aqueduct 
 carried upon the arcade called the Arches of Nero near the Lateran, 
 where the spccus is very conspicuous. The aqueduct of Trajan [X.], 
 and that of Agrippa [VI.], continued to supply water, though but 
 scantily, for about two centuries later. The Appia [I.] has long 
 
 ordinari, ut in primis Marcia potui tola bus ex causis, quo inferior excipitur 
 
 serviret, et deinceps reliquse secundum minus salubris, in hortonam rigationem 
 
 suam quaeque qualitatem aptis usibus atque in ipsius urbis sordidiora exiret 
 
 assignarentur, sicut Anio Vetus pluri- ministeria." (Frontinus, c. 91, 92.) 
 
The Curator A qitarinn. 8 1 
 
 been supposed to have been gradually stopped up by the deposit 
 of clay, and thus rendered useless " ; and so total was the failure 
 of all these waters in the fourteenth century, that the population 
 (said to have been not more than 17,000 during the absence of the 
 Papal Court at Avignon) were without any supply of running water, 
 except from the Tiber ^ The first restoration, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, was that of Agrippa [VI.], by Nicholas V., whose aims and 
 efforts were renewed by Sixtus IV., and by later Pontiffs. Sixtus V. 
 [Felice Peretti] determined to restore to Rome the water then sup- 
 posed to be the Marcia, but really of Hadrian [XIII. ] The arcade 
 of the Claudian [VIII.] and Anio Novus [IX.], was the most mag- 
 nificent of all, and conveyed its several streams along a distance of 
 forty-six miles. This had been restored by Vespasian and Titus, 
 by Trajan, Septimius Severus and Constantine ; but, in the greater 
 part, especially Vt'ithin the first few miles from Rome, the existing 
 stone arcade is of the time of Claudius, with repairs in the brick- 
 work of the Flavian emperors. At the beginning of the ninth ccn 
 tury, it was certainly still serviceable, and was known by the name 
 Forma Claudiana. The piers of this arcade were used by the 
 engineers of Felice to carry that specus on the part near Rome; 
 but the greater part of the Marcian arcade, and considerable parts 
 of the Claudian, near Rome, were used as a stone-quarry by them. 
 The channels through which the Anio and the other streams flowed, 
 were the first, 9 ft. in height and nearly 3 in breadth, the second 
 6 ft. by 3, as seen in their ruins at the Porta Maggiore. The more 
 ancient portion is not in brickwork, but of enormous squared blocks 
 of tufa and peperino. 
 
 The popular notion that all these aqueducts were a mere waste 
 of money, arising from the ignorance of the ancient Romans of the 
 simple fact that water will rise to its level, is altogether erroneous. 
 Vitruvius gives directions for taking the levels for carrying water 
 through valleys, where, he says, there should be standing or upright 
 pipes {cohimnaria), now called respirators, to let off the confined air 
 {spiritus"^), and explains how to bring the water on by earthenware, 
 lead, and even leather pipes. 
 
 Within the last few years a large leaden pipe of great antiquity, 
 
 " See C. C. J. Bunsen's Beschrei- Furba, two miles from Rome, (previ- 
 
 bitng tier Stadt Rom, Stuttgart und Tii- ously mentioned, ) seems to have been of 
 
 bingen, 1830, 8vo. this description ; it rises considerably 
 
 " The mother of Cola di Rienzi was above the level of the conduits, verli- 
 
 one of those who gained a livelihood cally, as if either for water or air to 
 
 by selling water in the streets. rush up it. 
 
 * The ruined castellum at the Porta 
 
82 Appendix to Chapter IV. Part I. 
 
 not less than two feet in diameter, was found under the Via de' 
 Condotti, encased in ancient brickwork, evidently shewing that they 
 were afraid to trust to the strength of the lead. The force of the 
 water running in a strong current from such great distances, required 
 to be broken at frequent intervals, by being turned at a sharp angle, 
 and then allowed to return again to its course by another angle. 
 This arrangement occurs continually along the line of the aqueducts, 
 generally at each half mile, with a piscina or a castellum, or both 
 filtering-place and reservoir, at each of these angles. The great 
 object of constructing these magnificent aqueducts was to bring the 
 water to the highest levels in the city, from which it descended by 
 a succession of reservoirs {cast ell a aqiiannii), some with piscincB or 
 filters, others with fountains, each one below the level of the preced- 
 ing one. The lower town along the valley, or Campus Martius, was 
 also supplied by other aqueducts at a much lower level. The ancient 
 Romans had abundance of leaden pipes to convey the water to the 
 baths or thermce, and bronze stop-cocks, as may be seen at Pompeii, 
 and silver ones for the emperor; but they had no pumps. From 
 each castellum there were pipes to supply the neighbouring baths or 
 palaces, with moderate pressure ; also wells or cisterns in the court- 
 yard of each house, which had frequently a fountain. On the Janicu- 
 lum, the water of the aqueduct passing from one castellum to another, 
 has sufficient force to turn several mill-wheels. 
 
 A letter of King Theodoric, printed in Cassiodorus ", addressed to 
 the Roman Senate, enjoins them to assist Joannes in his enquiries 
 after those who have diverted the water from the aqueducts for tlieir 
 own uses, and those who have stolen the brass and lead, or those 
 who have helped them. This proves that they were not destroyed 
 by the Goths^ and that they were in use in the sixth century. 
 
 * Cassiodori Var. , lib. vii. 6, and iv. 31. 
 
CHAPTER IV., PART II. 
 THE LATER AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 X. Sabatina, A.D. no; Trajana and Paola, a.d. 1540. 
 
 The Aqua Sabatina came from the springs which supply the lake 
 Sabatinus, now called di Bracciano (in the Middle Ages it was, 
 and is still often called, Anguillara), on the side opposite to Rome, 
 about twenty-four miles from the city, in a tunnel at a considerable 
 depth. It arrives at the line of the tunnel of the Aqua Alsietina 
 in about three miles. (See Aqueduct VII.) 
 
 The line of this aqueduct, which is chiefly subterranean, can be 
 traced backwards by the respirators of Paul V., who repaired it, from 
 his fountain on the Janiculum in Rome across Monte Mario to 
 La Storta, and a little beyond it to the junction of the roads from 
 Viterbo and Bracciano. Here the present road follows a winding 
 course for the sake of better gradients, but the old one [C/odia) 
 followed a more direct line in a cutting through the hill, to the 
 left of the present road, as may be seen by the old paving-stones 
 at intervals ; and here, instead of the clumsy respirators of Paul V., 
 are wells only, one of which is near the present road at the junction. 
 The respirators are built over old wells, and serve to shew that 
 Paul V. restored the spccus from La Storta to Rome only in this part. 
 There are no respirators beyond that point for some distance, but 
 the specus may still be traced by the wells descending into it. About 
 two miles further on, this speciis is carried on an arcade across 
 a valley, and it may be traced from thence to the point where Nibby 
 explored it in 1826, near the lake of Bracciano. From the Osteria 
 Nuova (fifteen miles from Rome) to La Storta (ten miles from 
 Rome), the rough pyramids continue along the line of the aqueduct, 
 and at the Osteria itself there are two of different dimensions close 
 together at the end of the house or castellwn aqiim; one is nearly 
 double the size of the other, and both are of very rough construction. 
 Probably one of these is of the time of Trajan, the other of the time 
 of Pope Paul; these wells, with the smaller pyramids over them, 
 are continued to near La Storta ; here a change takes place, and the 
 respirators are modern, as has been said. 
 
 Procopius expresses his amazement at the quantity of water thus 
 brought to the top of the Janiculum, and poured in torrents over the 
 whole of the region of the Trastevere. This is still the case, and 
 
 c; 2 
 
84 TJic Later Aqueducts. — X. Sabatina. [chat, iv, 
 
 the fountains in front of St. Peter's and in the gardens of the Vatican, 
 are also supphed from this aqueduct. The water is so abundant 
 that it is even brought over the bridge and supphes a fountain on 
 the other side. 
 
 Paul V. also mentions (in his inscription at the fountain above 
 S. Pietro in Montorio) that it had been previously restored by 
 one of his predecessors, Hadrian I., a.d. 774. This was after 
 it had been damaged by the Lombards under Astulfus, as recorded 
 in the Pontifical Registers of Stephen III., Hadrian I., and Gre- 
 gory IV., in whose time (a.d. 830) the work was completed. The 
 Saracens again destroyed it in 846, and it was again restored by 
 Nicholas I. (a.d. 860). It continued in use in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury ; but in the sixteenth it was much out of repair, and the branch 
 to the Janiculum almost entirely failed. That to the Vatican con- 
 tinued to flow in 1 56 1, and was repaired by Pius IV., as recorded 
 on an inscription in the garden of the Vatican. In 16 18, it had 
 become almost entirely ruined, and was restored in a more thorough 
 manner at great expense by Paul V., a member of the wealthy Bor- 
 ghese family, from whom it is now commonly called the Aqua Paola. 
 The Orsini family, to whom the lake Bracciano belonged, contri- 
 buted 2,000 ounces of water daily from that lake. Hadrian I., 
 who had made the first great restoration of this water-course, was 
 a Colonna, so that three of the greatest medieval families of Rome 
 have contributed towards it. 
 
 The cascade which now falls down the face of the Janiculum, in 
 a specus, turns the water-wheels of three mills in its course ; this is 
 mentioned by Procopius, they having been destroyed by the Goths, 
 and their place supplied by other mills made in the Tiber by Beli- 
 sarius, which continued in use for a long period. The ruins still 
 visible in the river, opposite the mouth of the Cloaca Maxima, are 
 supposed by some to have belonged to these mills. They were of 
 wood only.>', and may have been built on the stone foundations; 
 but these ruins in the river more probably belonged to the forti- 
 fications at the head of the Port of Rome, where there was a chain 
 across the river to prevent boats from being carried down by the 
 rapid stream into the Port '. 
 
 y Procopius, de Bello Gothico, lib. i. bels remain perfect on the western side; 
 
 c. 19. on the eastern side, they have been de- 
 
 ' This is shewn by the large corbels stroyed, or covered over by medieval 
 
 in the wall on the bank of the river at houses. Those which remain are carved 
 
 this point, opposite to the Cloaca into the form of gigantic lions' heads, of 
 
 Maxima, which are pierced with holes the character called Etruscan, but are 
 
 through them, in which a pole was of the time when the Port of Rome was 
 
 placed to attach the chain. These cor- made in the Tiber, li.C. 180. 
 
TART II.] X. Sabatiiia. 85 
 
 Immediately outside of the Porta S. Pancrazio the specus forms the 
 boundary of the beautiful garden of the Villa Pamphili-Doria, on 
 the northern side, for about a mile. It is faced with fine reticulated 
 work of the time of Trajan, excepting where it has been clumsily re- 
 paired with brick in the time of Paul V., and it has a wall built upon 
 it. Shortly after passing the limits of the garden, it arrives at the 
 old junction or fork where the stream was divided into two branches, 
 one going to the fountains in front of S. Peter's and the Vatican, the 
 other to the great fountain rebuilt by Paul V. above S. Pi'etro in 
 Montorio, as before mentioned. In this part the spcciis, being above 
 ground, had been much mutilated, and the engineers of Paul V. 
 found it more convenient to cliange its course and make a new 
 specus for a short distance, than to repair the old one. The ancient 
 reservoir and the fork in the specus were abandoned, and new ones 
 made about a hundred yards off, on rather a higher level. The 
 old reservoir or castcUuin aqua was turned into a farm-house, by 
 piercing the walls with windows and doors, and putting on a new 
 roof. The original arrangement for the separation of the great 
 stream into two smaller ones- may still be seen in the farm -yard. 
 The old specus is here just below the level of the ground, with its 
 reservoir, but there is an opening into it. A portion of it can also 
 be seen under the Villa Spada, just within the Porta di S. Pancrazio. 
 From the point of junction, or rather of division, to La Storta, and 
 nearly all the way to the lakes, the specus is underground ; but the 
 line of the branch added by Trajan can be traced by the respirators 
 as far as the junction, ten miles from Rome, where, in the year 1830, 
 an inscription " was found on the Via Claudia, near the tavern of 
 La Storta, stating that Trajan had carried this water into the city 
 at his own expense in a.d. 109. In the inscriptions put up by 
 Paul V. after his repairs, a.d. 161 i '', the Alsietina, Sabatina, and 
 Trajana are all considered as the same. 
 
 " IMP. CAESAR inVI '' PAVLVS V. PONT. OPT. MAX 
 
 NERVAE F. NERVA FORMIS AQVAE ALSIETINAE 
 
 TRAIANVS AVG GLIM AB AVG. CAES. EXSTRVCTIS 
 
 GERM. DACICVS MOX COLLAPSIS. AB. ADRIANO I. P. M 
 
 PONT. MAX. TR. POT. XIII INSTAVRATIS 
 
 IMP. VI. cos. V. P.P IISDEM RVRSVS OB VETVSTATEM 
 
 AQVAM TRAIANAM DIRVTIS. OPERE SVBTERRANEO. ET 
 
 PECVNIA. SVA ARCVATO AQVAM EX AGRO 
 
 IN VRBEM PERDVXIT BRACHIANENSI DITIONIS VRblNORVM 
 
 EMPTIS LOCIS SALVBRIORIBVS FONTIBVS DERIVATAM 
 
 PER LATITVD. P. XXX IN VRBEM PERDVXIT 
 
 ANN. SAL. MDCXI. PONT. SVI VIJ. 
 
86 The Later Aqiicdiicis. — XI. Trajann. [ciiAP. iv. 
 
 XI. Trajana or Hadriana '■(?), (a.d. 1 20). 
 
 "In the time of the Emperor Nerva the health of the eternal city was sensibly 
 improved by the increased number of castella, public works and buildings, 
 and cisterns. Nor was his generosity less for the benefit of private individuals, 
 so that those who had previously timidly obtained water in an unlawful man- 
 ner were now allowed to do so by his favour. Lest some of the waters should 
 perish uselessly great cleanliness was adopted, and there was better ventilation, 
 and the causes of the bad climate for which the city was formerly infamous 
 were removed. I must not pass by the necessity for a new distribution of the 
 waters ; but this, with the increased quantity we have added, can easily be 
 arranged, that is, when the work is completed''." 
 
 These and other passages in the work of Frontinus shew that great 
 works were carrying on under his direction, not then completed, 
 their object being to improve the quahty of the water, and to supply 
 an additional quantity in case any of the existing aqueducts should 
 fail, as they did occasionally, and to increase the power of distri- 
 buting it, with a view to improving the climate. This is a proof that 
 Malaria existed at that time % and that the best remedy for it was 
 an abundant supply of water in the hot weather, for which the sub- 
 terranean aqueducts were most useful. The improvement of the 
 Aqua Alsietina, and the addition of the Sabatina, Avere not suffi- 
 cient for both these purposes ; and, as they supplied the district of 
 the Trastevere only, this could not be all that was intended by 
 Frontinus in describing the great works begun by him under Nerva, 
 carried on by Trajan, and completed by Hadrian. The only work 
 which will correspond to this account is the great aqueduct called 
 
 •^ In the life of Hadrian by Spartia- To Seinte Peter 'is brige of Rome : 
 
 nus (c. 20), we are told that a number Thar he schel leggen ai (lay for ever) 
 
 of aqueducts were made in his time Til hit come domesdai ; 
 
 and called after him. But his name is And everi seve yer ones, 
 
 not retained in the Regionary Cata- Whan the dragoun moweth (moves) 
 
 logue. •* Frontinus, c. 88. 'is bones, 
 
 ^ We have seen before that Eadmer Thanne cometh a roke (reke, smoke) 
 mentions the malaria in Rome as early & a stink 
 as the twelfth century. (Historic Novor., Out of the water, under the brink, 
 lib. ii. ad calcem S. Anselmi opcram. Than men therof taketh the fevere, 
 p. 51, D. Lut. Par. 1675, fol. ) In the That never after mai he kever (re- 
 following century, the author of " Sir cover) ; 
 
 Bevis of Southampton" gives a strange And who that n'el nought leve (be- 
 
 account of the fevers arising from the lieve) me. 
 
 Pontine Marshes into the Campagna Wite (know, inquire) al pilgrimes 
 
 di Roma. There were, says he, two that ther hath be ; 
 
 dragons there ; one having fled to For thai can tell yow, I wis, 
 
 Toscan [Tusculum ?], — Of that dragoun how it is. " 
 
 "That other dragoun 'is flight nomc (Weber, "Metrical Romances,"&c., vol. 
 
 (took) iii, p. 315. Edinburgh, iSio, l2mo. ) 
 
PART II.] AY. Trajana, 87 
 
 bv modern writers the Aqua Alexandrina, and erroneously attributed 
 to Alexander Severus only. 
 
 The sources of this aqueduct are about three miles from Gabii 
 in a watery meadow, nearly under La Colonna, the ancient Labicum. 
 The reservoir of the Aqua Felice is in the same meadow, very 
 near that of Hadrian. Several of the springs that supplied that 
 of Hadrian were intercepted by the engineers of the Aqua Felice, 
 who mistook these springs for those of the Aqua Marcia, shewing 
 their ignorance of the line of the aqueducts. One of the streams, 
 which is rapid and has a considerable body of water, is not used, 
 because the water is of bad quality, and is so full of chalk that 
 it is a petrifying stream. The first central castellum and piscina of 
 Hadrian remains nearly intact, lined with the usual brickwork of that 
 period, but much disguised in outward appearance. It is divided in 
 the inside by a rough stone wall, as was frequently the case ; the 
 upper chamber to it has an external staircase added, and windows 
 pierced in it, giving it now the appearance of a mere farm-house. 
 Here the speciis is perfect, and from hence it goes at first on a sub- 
 structure, then on an arcade across the fields, and along the line of 
 arcade to the Cento Celle. The part near the reservoir is destroyed, 
 as is the opposite end near that place, but great part of the arcade 
 in the intervening portion remains nearly perfect, and is one of the 
 finest arcades of the aqueducts, extending for miles across the country 
 between the Via Gabina and the Via Labicana. In some places it 
 is double, one arcade over another, to cross a low valley or a stream. 
 At about a quarter of a mile from the source, the specus is open in 
 two places, so that a man can walk along it, being nearly six feet 
 high and three wide. Small openings have been left on the sides 
 of the specus at regular intervals to let the chalky water escape ; 
 and in falling from above it has left the marks of a small cascade in 
 each place, in the form of stalactite, a solid deposit of chalk or lime 
 or tartar against the side of the piers, down which it ran. These 
 petrifactions continue all along the line as far as Cento Celle, and 
 near that point there is a part where the stones and bricks of the 
 arcade have been carried away for building-materials, and the masses 
 of hard chalk remain standing up from the ground, in small py- 
 ramids, having very much the appearance of concrete respirators 
 belonging to a subterranean aqueduct ; but this appearance is de- 
 ceitful. There is no pipe in them ; they are merely petrifactions 
 formed by the deposit of the chalk from the water. 
 
 By the side of the line there are some f\ne piscina; and reservoirs, 
 of Opus Rcticiilatuni^ at intervals, belonging to the time of Trnjan 
 
88 The Later Aqueducts. — XI. Trajana. [CUAP. IV. 
 
 or Hadrian. Some of the arches near the sources seem to be earlier. 
 The brickwork is so fine that it appears more like the work of Nero ; 
 but most of the work agrees well with the time of Hadrian, and 
 Visconti states that an inscription of Hadrian ' was found at the re- 
 servoir in his time, towards the end of the eighteenth century, and 
 given up to the Borghese family, the proprietors of the ground, 
 who also drained the lake of Gabii, with the aid of Canina the 
 architect. This inscription is believed to have been sold to the 
 French, witli other things. 
 
 The character of the construction of the castella, or reservoirs, 
 does not agree with the time of Alexander Severus, but suits per- 
 fectly well with those of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, whose works 
 are so well known. It is work of the first or second century, not 
 of the third. It does not follow the line of the Via Gabina, but 
 is carried at once to the south of it, towards the Via Labicana, 
 and passes nearly parallel to it between those two roads until it 
 crosses the Via Labicana at five miles from Rome, at the place 
 called Cento Celle. 
 
 The bad effect of the petrifying stream was noticed by the en- 
 gineers of the Aqua Felice, and, as that stream was carefully excluded 
 by them, it now runs to waste through the meadows. This discover}'- 
 was probably made before the third century, and the specus being 
 then found to be choked up with stalactite, was restored to use on a 
 higher level by Alexander Severus. Although the castcHa, or reser- 
 voirs, are all of the time of Trajan and Hadrian, the specus and the 
 arcade to carry it is of two periods, the later portion of it being of 
 the third century. The principal intention of this aqueduct has 
 been originally to supply the great villa of Hadrian at Cento-Celle, 
 but a branch of it does appear to have been brought into Rome. 
 Although it is very difficult to trace it for the last two miles, this 
 may arise from the general use of all the aqueducts near Rome as 
 quarries, by the engineers of the Aqua Felice. In the excavations 
 made in 1871, in the high ground near the Minerva Medica, be- 
 tween the Porta Maggiore and the Porta di San Lorenzo, by the 
 
 ' The fragment of an inscription re- The second line appears to be an in- 
 
 lating to this aqueduct was found near terpolation of the editor, but this is not 
 
 Gabii, and is described by E. Q. Visconti material. The aqueduct begun by Nerva 
 
 in his Momimenti Gabini, Roma, 1797, was not finished till the time of Hadrian. 
 
 Svo. maj., p. 14. The aqueduct of Gregory XIII. and 
 
 IMP. CAESAR Divi TRAiani Sixtus V. (Felice) (a.D. 1572 — 1590) re- 
 
 (Parthici filius Trajanus Hadrianus) ceives the water of this aqueduct, but 
 
 AVG. PONTlF[ex Maximus] at Colonna other springs are collected 
 
 AQVAE DVCTVM CABIN IS . . . and added to it ; this was the work of 
 
 QVAM P"ontana. 
 
FART II.] XL Trajana. 89 
 
 side of that portion of the Marcian arcade that has been mentioned 
 as found there, was also part of another arcade of an aqueduct of 
 the third century, which may have belonged to this, and it was in 
 that neighbourhood that the inscriptioji belonging to the aqueduct 
 of Severus was found. 
 
 About a mile nearer to Rome, at the Torre Pignattara?, or Mauso- 
 leum of S. Helena, there is a branch from the Marrana, passing 
 under the Aqua Marcia, apparently to convey water to an imperial 
 villa. The construction of the arcade of this branch to the south of 
 the road is not of the same period as that of the other arcade on 
 the other side to the north. It is usual for modern topographers, 
 following Fabretti, to consider this branch a continuation of the 
 Aqua Alexandrina; but as the water from the Marrana, which is 
 at a considerably lower level than the Aqua Marcia, runs down 
 the gentle incline of this arcade towards the road and the Mauso- 
 leum of S. Helena called Torre Pignattara, this is impossible. The 
 construction is chiefly of the fourth century. The Mausoleum of 
 S. Helena is on lower ground than this part of the Marrana. 
 
 Constantine is said to have built a villa for his mother near 
 her tomb ; but there are no remains of an imperial villa nearer 
 than those called the Cento Celle, a mile further along the road, 
 or the one called "Torre de' vSchiavi^," i.e. Tower of the Slaves, 
 about a mile across country, on another road, but on the same 
 level. A milestone for the third mile, found opposite this mauso- 
 leum, with an inscription of the time of Maxentius, has been pub- 
 lished by Ciampini. This indicates that some works were going 
 on there at the end of the third century, and the arcade may be 
 of that period. 
 
 A large and a very remarkable reservoir of the time of Trajan or 
 Hadrian remains a little to the west of the mausoleum, and on 
 rather higher ground. This was probably to receive the water for 
 a branch to the imperial villa, afterwards taken possession of by 
 the Gordiani, who built at that place their great family mausoleum, 
 on which a tall medieval tower was afterwards erected ; of this, 
 very picturesque ruins remain, under the title of Torre de' Schiavi. 
 
 B The Torre Pignattara is so called was situated there during the first three 
 
 from the earthenware pots {pii;itattc) of centuries. 
 
 which the vault was built. Other re- '" Some say the popular name is 
 
 mains of buildings of importance have Torre de Scavi, or of the excavations 
 
 been found near the Mausoleum of from some great works of excavation 
 
 S. Helena, and there is some reason made there in the twelfth century, 
 to believe that another imperial villa 
 
QO TJie Later Aqueducts. — XI. Trajana. [chap. IV. 
 
 There are at the same place other large reservoirs of the time of 
 the Gordiani, shewing that the great imperial villa was still sup- 
 plied with Avater from the Marcian aqueduct in the third century. 
 
 No water under the name of Hadrian is mentioned in the Re- 
 gionary Catalogue of the fourth century, it is therefore evident that 
 this great aqueduct was not called then after that emperor, although 
 we are told in his life by Spartianus, that many were made in his 
 time, and were at first called after him (as we have said '). At the 
 first reservoir, the starting-point, there was an inscription of Hadrian, 
 and the other reservoirs belonging to it are also constructions of the 
 same period. It may be that this water did not come into Rome at 
 all, but that the aqueduct was made to supply the great villa in the 
 place now called " Cento-Celle," to which it leads in a direct line, 
 and where it appears to terminate. If any alterations were made, 
 these may have been done in the time of Alexander Severus, and 
 this may now represent the so-called Aqua Alexandrina, as Fabretti 
 thought, although he was Certainly mistaken in one part of his ac- 
 count of it. The branch which went by the Mausoleum of S. Helena, 
 and which apparently ran underground to the Villa of the Gordiani, 
 was not a branch of the aqueduct to convey water into Rome, but 
 a branch from the great aqueduct for the villa or villas, as it now 
 does from the Marrana at a lower level. This short arcade is of 
 the time of Constantine. The great and long one that leads to 
 the Cento-Celle is of two periods, the earlier part of the time of 
 Hadrian, the latter of the third century. It is quite possible that 
 the original specus had become choked up with stalactite in the 
 course of a century, and that it was restored to use for a time by 
 Alexander Severus, and so called after him. 
 
 The Branch of Trajan on the Aventine. 
 
 It has been mentioned in the account of the Anio Novus (IX.) 
 that, after the main conduit reached the great reservoir at the arch 
 of Dolabella, it was divided into three branches, and that one of 
 these was not completed until the time of Trajan and Hadrian. 
 This important branch was carried over the valley between the 
 Coelian and the Aventine on a lofty arcade, built upon -the agger 
 of Servius Tullius, and over the Aqua Appia, also passing over the 
 Via Appia upon the arch of the Porta Capcna to the Piscina Pub- 
 
 ' Note f, p. 88. "Aciuanini ductus nuncupavit." (Spailianus in Iladriano, 
 eliam infinitas hoc nomine (lladriani) c. 2o.j 
 
TART II.] XI. Trajana. 91 
 
 lica. It then ran along the edge of the cliff to the north of 
 S. Balbina, and crossed again the valley between the Pseudo-Aven- 
 tine and the Aventine itself, a little further to the west, by the 
 side of the road which goes down the hill towards S. Prisca. In 
 the vineyard of S. Prisca a portion of the specus remains perfect, 
 at a very high level ''. From thence it was carried across the hill 
 to the cliff above the Tiber, where the monastery and garden of 
 S. Sabina are now placed. These are on the site of a palace of the 
 time of the early Empire. Some extensive and important excava- 
 tions were made there in 1855 — 57, by the Dominican monks of 
 S. Sabina, and among the discoveries then made were an exten- 
 sive series of conduits, with 2^ piscina and a nyiuphcciDii of the same 
 period, — of the end of the first and the beginning of the second cen- 
 tury of the Christian era. A cascade specus served to conduct the 
 surplus water down to the more ancient cave reservoir at the mouth 
 of the Aqua Appia, at the Salaria. An account of these excavations 
 was drawn up by M. Descemet ', and published in the Memoirs of 
 the Institute of France, with an excellent plan and section. Several 
 brick-stamps, of which the words are given in that work, with the 
 names of the consuls, and some terra cotta water-pipes, with the name 
 of Trajan, were also found here. Others were discovered on the Aven- 
 tine and near the same spot by Fabretti, who was puzzled by them, 
 because they did not agree with his theories about the aqueducts. 
 Donatus also mentions some of the same facts as known in his 
 time. Some of the bricks were made at the kiln {figlina) of Annius 
 Verus, said to have been on the Aventine,' near the Salaria; and, if 
 this is correct, that was the spot where they were found. Others 
 have the stamp of Trajan himself. Another is the work of an 
 Arabian servant of Q. Servilius Pudens, a.d. 139, when the Emperor 
 Antoninus Pius and C. Bruttius Praesens were consuls. A piece of 
 leaden pipe, with an inscription upon it, aqva traiana, was also 
 found on the Aventine. 
 
 •* It is immediately opposite to the removed, and it is used as a terrace. 
 
 Palatine, and there is a remarkably fine ' Memoire sur les fouilles executees 
 
 view from the portion of the specus that a Santa Sabina. Paris, Imprimerie Im- 
 
 remains, the vault of which has been periale, 1868, 4to. 
 
92 The Later Aqueducts. — XII. Anrelia. [CHAF, IV. 
 
 XII. AURELIA, A.D. 185, AND XIII. SeVERIANA, A.D. T90. 
 
 The Aqua Aurelia of the Regionary Catalogue must be the one 
 made by Marcus Aurelius to convey water to his villa on the Via 
 Appia, usually called the Villa de' Quintilii, where a brick-stamp of 
 the time of Marcus Aurelius (a.d. 162) was found on the aqueduct 
 itself by Fea in the eighteenth century ■". This water was afterwards 
 conveyed to Rome by his successors, ^lius Aurelius Commodus 
 and Septimius Severus, to supply the great thcnnce begim by Com- 
 modus and finished by Septimius Severus, which were in the first 
 Regio just inside of the Porta Latina, and must have been begim 
 about A.D. 185 ". 
 
 The Aurelia was an important aqueduct, and there are slight 
 remains of its piscina just outside of the Porta Latina on the 
 southern side : its speciis was traced nearly to that point in the 
 excavations made in 187 1. The modern road is cut through this 
 old piscina, forming a foss-way in this portion : the aqueduct there 
 passes underground, and has been destroyed or is not visible in 
 this part ; but, about a mile from Rome, it can be seen on the 
 bank in the western cliff of the valley of the Caffarella. The specus 
 remains as a tunnel for a short distance, and this was laid open at 
 both ends in 1872 under my direction; it had been concealed and 
 covered over -with Pozzolana sand, which had fallen over it from 
 the cliff above, but it can now be seen again. The greater part 
 of the spccns has been destroyed, and used for building the large 
 modern farm-house on the opposite side of the valley, the building 
 material having been good brick. As it would not pay to destroy 
 the tunnel, that was let alone. 
 
 These remains of the specus are near the well-known tomb called 
 Dio Ridicolo. To this point it runs along the bottom of the valley 
 at the foot of the hill on the side of the small stream or Marrana, 
 here artificial, and parallel to that branch of the river Almo. This 
 open conduit Avas probably made in the twelfth century, at the same 
 
 "' EX . FIG .... AEAM . . AUGVS . of 31 ; and it is probable that this great 
 RUST . IT . ET . AQVi . . (Ap. Fea, work was left unfinished, and was corn- 
 Fasti Consul., p. cxviii. No. 62. ) Junius pleted by his successor, Septimius Se- 
 Rusticus et Aquilinus were Consuls, verus. In the Regionary Catalogue 
 temp. Marci Aurelii, A.D. 162. they are mentioned together, and there 
 
 ° Commodus was emperor from i8o was probably no division between them, 
 to 192, Init was slain at the early age 
 
PART II.] XII. AiLVclia, XIII. Scveriana. 93 
 
 time that the other branch of the Ahuo, which runs through Rome, 
 was altered and made into a canal or mill-stream where necessary, in 
 order to keep up a constant supply of water, and to avoid its being 
 wasted in floods. 
 
 Let us now trace this aqueduct backivards from Rome, in that 
 part near the city. At the Nymphaeum, called the fountain ot 
 Egeria, it turns at a sharp angle up to another small castelliDii 
 aqtice, close to the church of S. Urbano, which is usually mistaken 
 for a tomb ; but the walls are lined with opus signinum or coccio- 
 pisto, the invariable test of an aqueduct. At this point it turns 
 again towards another fine castelhun aquce, at the end of the Circus 
 of Maxentius and of his son Romulus. It comes on there from 
 the head of the valley of the Cafifarella, and to that point from the 
 villa of the Quintilii in the Via Appia Antiqua. Thus far we have 
 traced its course backwards from the thei'iiia ; in order to identify 
 it more clearly, we will now go to the sources, and bring it down 
 to the same point to which we have traced it from the thennce. 
 
 The sources or springs are on the side of the hill of Marino, 
 below Grotta Ferrata, in the same swampy district as those of 
 the river Almo, and of the old aqueducts of the Tepula and the 
 Julia. Several springs are collected into a central reservoir ; and, as 
 is usual with other aqueducts, they are then brought into a spcais, at 
 first underground to the foot of the hill, then upon an arcade, 
 of which there are considerable remains at the Torre di Mezza, 
 Via di Albano, about seven miles from Rome. This fine arcade 
 of the third century goes on to the villa of the Quintilii, and was 
 no doubt built under Aurelius Commodus, after he had obtained 
 possession of that great and fine villa. In various parts of that 
 great building are remains of reservoirs for this aqueduct, and of 
 baths connected with them °. About half-a-mile nearer to Rome is, 
 at an angle, as usual, another large reservoir, which has been turned 
 into a farm-house; and the appearance of a medieval chapel or 
 church has been given to it, by building a tower at one end. 
 Possibly it was used for that purpose in the Middle Ages. From 
 thence to the head of the valley of the Caffarella is but a short 
 distance. Where the specus has been carried on an arcade above 
 ground, it has been destroyed as a quarry for the good old bricks ; 
 where the ground is higher and the specus is underground, it has 
 been traced in parts only. 
 
 " It was usual to take advantage of kinds, both for hot and cokl and swini- 
 the castella aqua of the great aqueducts ming baths, 
 to conbtruct bath-chambers of various 
 
94 XIL Aurelia, XIII. Scvcriana. [chap. IV. 
 
 The Therms of Septimius Severus and Commodus were close to 
 each other, and probably connected. They are mentioned together 
 in the Regionary Catalogue as in the first Regio, and there are re- 
 mains of them under the small hill, called Monte d' Oro, probably, 
 from the golden colour of the sand in its original state, which is 
 situated just within the Porta Latina, between that and the Porta 
 Metronia. Some excavations were made there in 1870 by the 
 Archaeological Society, and large subterranean chambers and cor- 
 ridors were found similar to those under the Thermae of Anto- 
 ninus Caracalla. The sptxiis of an aqueduct was also followed 
 for a considerable distance in the direction of the Porta Latina. 
 This must have been for the Aqua Severiana. Just outside of that 
 gate are remains of two piscincB or castella aquariun, one on either 
 side, and on different levels. One of these belonged to the Aqua 
 Aurelia, the other to the Severiana. The course of this latter is more 
 doubtful, but it was probably only a branch from one of the great 
 aqueducts, and would appear to have come in the bank on which 
 that part of the wall of Aurelian was built, from the Porta Me- 
 tronia to the Porta Latina. It arrived at the bridge over the Almo 
 (on which the gateway-arch of the Porta Metronia is built), from the 
 great piscina and castellum agues, on the cliff of the Coelian, near the 
 Porta Capena and the Camense, where two aqueducts are now 
 visible, having been brought to light by the excavations of the Archae- 
 ological Society. The construction of one of these aqueducts agrees 
 with the time of Septimius Severus. 
 
PART IT.] XIV. Antoniniana. 95 
 
 XIV. Antoniniana, a.d. 215. 
 
 This aqueduct enters Rome at the south-east corner near the 
 Porta di S. Sebastiano, and passes over the arch of Drusus ; a part 
 of the arcade is visible by the side of it. The specus can be seen 
 both in the wall of the city, through which it passes, and over that 
 arch, and one of the arches of the arcade remains on the east side 
 of it. It was carried in that manner for some distance across the 
 valley or foss, until it reached the high bank of earth on which 
 the Wall of Aurelian is built, near the Porta di S. Sebastiano, and 
 then along the edge of that bank, which is the great agger of the 
 ancient earthworks, against the outer side of which the Wall of 
 Aurelian is built. The inner side of the bank is supported by a low 
 wall here as in many other parts, and upon or against that inner 
 wall the specus of the aqueduct is carried. It is sometimes on an 
 arcade, in other parts it is carried on the wall to the Thermce of 
 Antoninus Caracalla. The demolition of part of this arcade in 
 modern times is recorded by contemporary authors. 
 
 The specus passed upon an arch over the road in the old foss out- 
 side the wall into a garden on the opposite side, where it can be seen 
 on the level of the ground ; thence it can be traced through that 
 large garden or vineyard as far as the railway, which passes on the 
 outer side of it in a deep cutting. The remains of the brick arcade 
 here form a wall between this garden and another. It is covered 
 with shrubs, and looks like a hedge, from which circumstance it 
 has hitherto escaped observation. The wall is cut through by the 
 railway, but can be traced on the other side of it along the bank of 
 a narrow deep lane, like what we call in England a Devonshire lane. 
 This lane goes parallel to the Via Latina, on the southern side of it, 
 for about a mile; the aqueduct then leaves it, turning short to the left. 
 Near to this angle, at about half-a-mile outside of the Porta Latina, 
 is a large reservoir belonging to this aqueduct. It is built against the 
 western cliff of the valley of the Cafifarella, the top of it level with 
 the summit of the cliff, and therefore is not visible from above, 
 as a person standing on the higher ground looks over it. It is also 
 hidden by a clump of trees ; but it is very distinctly visible from the 
 valley below, and from some parts of the Via Appia, and is readily 
 seen to be a castellmn aqim by the boldly-projecting buttresses to 
 support the wall with the weight of water behind it. The Aqua 
 
96 Tlic Latc7' Aqncdiicis. — XIV. Ajitoniniana. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 Antoniniana ran along the edge of the cliff, and supplied this large 
 reservoir, which is oblong as usual, and divided down the middle by 
 an arcade, similar to the fine one of the Marcian near Tivoli, and 
 many others. This has been plastered over, and made into a cow- 
 house. It is far above the level of the Aqua Aurelia, which runs 
 below along the side of the valley of the Caffarella. The Aqua 
 Antoniniana clearly came from the higher aqueducts in the main 
 line ; and, according to the Einsiedlen Itinerary, it was a branch 
 of the Marcian which went to supply the Thermse of the Antonines 
 called that of Caracalla. Part of the brick arcade, with the specus 
 upon it, is here visible in another garden against a cliff; it then passes 
 underground for a short distance, but soon emerges again, and can 
 be traced against another cliff as far as the Via Latina, which is here 
 upon a bank, or rather on the edge of higher ground, with the re- 
 mains of a piscina by the side of it. The specus then again passes 
 underground for some distance, and the next point where we have 
 been able to find it is an old stone quarr}-, the vault of which fell 
 down in 1870, and revealed this specus, which was not visible before. 
 This is in the garden behind the Albergo de' Spiriti, on the Via 
 Appia Nova, about two miles from Rome, and near the point where 
 it crosses the old Via Latina p. 
 
 A large reservoir remains near the Porta Furba, about a quarter 
 of a mile nearer to Rome, and just two miles from the Porta Mag- 
 giore. Here we excavated (in 187 1) this large subterranean reservoir, 
 near the Claudian arcade on the southern side, but not very close 
 to it, rather nearer to the road to Tusculum (Frascati), which passes 
 near the Porta Furba. This reservoir appears to have belonged to 
 the Anio Vetus, which agrees with the account in Frontinus, of 
 a branch of the Anio Vetus at two miles from Rome, going in the 
 direction of a new road. The specus crosses the Via Appia Nova 
 near the Albergo de' Spiriti, and the Via Appia Nova was probably 
 a new road in the time of Frontinus, as indicated by the tombs of 
 the first century along the side of it. 
 
 P This is also mentioned in our ac- branch came from the Anio Vetus than 
 
 count of the Anio Vetus (II.), as the from the Marcia, and an itinerant 
 
 branch at the second mile from Rome pilgrim of the eighth or ninth century 
 
 according to Frontinus. From the low may have been mistaken on this point, 
 level, it is more probable that this 
 
TART II.] A' V. Alcxandrina. 97 
 
 XV. Alexandrina, a.d. 225. 
 
 The Aqua Alexandrina is distinctly mentioned by Lampridius in 
 his life of Alexander Severus (c. 25), as made to bring water to his 
 thermce, which were near those of Nero, and therefore near the 
 Campus Martius and the Pantheon in Regio IX. This could only 
 have been a branch from the Virgo '', as there is no aqueduct of the 
 third century along the Ccelian, and no trace of a branch from 
 the Palatine or the Capitol. 
 
 There is no probability in the theory of Fabretti, that the great 
 aqueduct coming from Gabii, on the eastern side of Rome", was 
 the one mentioned in the life of Alexander Severus as made by him 
 to carry water to his thennce, near those of Agrippa, in the Campus 
 Martius, on the northern side of Rome. A branch from the Virgo 
 on the Pincian, or from one of the great reservoirs on the eastern 
 side of Rome, could be made at a tenth part of the cost. There 
 is some reason to believe that there was such a branch passing 
 near the Barberini palace. 
 
 Another branch may very well have been made from the great 
 aqueducts between the Porta Maggiore and the Porta S. Lorenzo, to 
 the Nymphseum of Alexander Severus, on the Esquiline in Regio V. 
 An inscription relating to this is said to have been found at the 
 piscina in the garden of S. Croce '. It is far more probable that 
 this inscription was found on the wall of the great reservoir, on 
 the other side of the Via di S. Maria Maggiore, near the Minerva 
 Medica, where other reservoirs of extensive thcntice of the third 
 century are visible'. These were supplied with water from other 
 reservoirs just within the Porta Maggiore belonging to the dif- 
 ferent aqueducts ; the Anio Vetus, the Marcian, and the Claudian, 
 
 1 This was probably the branch that AVG. AC. OPTIMI . PRINCIPIS 
 now runs under the Via dei Condotti. m. avrelivs . pkiscillianvs 
 The main line to supply the Thermre of v. c. cvrator . nymphaei 
 Agrippa has been traced beyond the devot . nvm . M. Q. E. 
 fountain of Trevi to the Piazza di S. ' The great Thermce of the third cen- 
 Ignazio, very near the Pantheon, which tury in the Esquilire, where the build- 
 was the entrance-hall to these thcniuc. iiig kno\\n as the Minerva Medica 
 Those of Nero and Alexander Severus stands, and to which the other building, 
 were more to the north. called after the Trophies of Marius, is 
 ' See Aqueduct XL Trajana. supposed to have been the entrance ; 
 • HERCVLI . CONSERVATORI this has been identified as a Nymphauni 
 INVICTO . COMITI of Alexander Severus, by the represcii- 
 D. N. SEVERI . ALEXANDRI tation of it on one of his coins. 
 
 I'll . VICTORIS . SEMPER 
 
qS TJic L aicr A qucducts.—X I \ A Icxandrina. [cil A r. IV. 
 
 all appear to have contributed their share. The one specially 
 called Alexandrina was probably the lofty one carried upon a tall 
 arcade, from the reservoir of the Claudia near the Baker's tomb, — 
 forming part of the present city wall. The lower part of the piers of 
 the arcade of this period may be seen built up in the wall ; the 
 arches lead to another reservoir between that and the building called 
 the Temple of Minerva Medica, and are there brought to an end, 
 just on the south side of the new arches made for the railway. 
 The specus or conduit, and the arches for it, on these brick piers 
 of the third century, have been rebuilt for the Aqua Felice, in the 
 same rough way as that specus is usually built ; but, as that conduit 
 is carried on to the Porta S. Lorenzo in the wall, and as these piers 
 of the third century cease exactly at the point where the conduit of 
 that period would naturally turn off, there seems every probability 
 that this was the Aqua Alexandrina, which was merely a branch from 
 the Claudia and Anio Novus united to supply these therjim, just as 
 the Aqua Antoniniana was a branch from the Marcia to supply the 
 thermiv. of Antoninus Caracalla. 
 
 I'he specus of this branch was carried over the Julia on the 
 Marcian arcade to the point where it temiinates, which is exactly 
 in a line with a lofty piscina and castellum aqucE, now a gardener's 
 house, between the wall and the Minerva Medica, and there are 
 remains of the tall arcade from one to the other; the last pier 
 which joins to that building looks like a large tall buttress to it. 
 
 The Temple of Minerva Medica is a brick building of the third 
 century, agreeing with the time of Alexander Severus, and there has 
 evidently been a fountain of importance in the middle of it, with 
 an aqueduct to carry water to it from the large castelluui near to 
 it. Upon this casteUum aqucn a villa of the sixteenth century has 
 been built; but the vaulted chambers, with the tartar deposit of 
 water, remain in the lower part of this building, and there is a tomb 
 or columbarium of the third century at one end of it. 
 
 The dedication of a temple to Minerva Medica, in connection 
 v.-ith an aqueduct, is natural, and that this was not an isolated ex- 
 ample is shewn by an inscription found near Subiaco", and published 
 in 1830 by Martelli, in his work on the Antiquities of Sicily''. The 
 Regionary catalogue of the fourth century gives, in the fifth Regio, 
 which contains the Esquiliae, the Nymphsum of Alexander and the 
 
 ° SOPRA TREBIA (TREVi) VICINO AR- IXDVLGENTIA . MEDICI 
 
 ciNAZZO (upon Trevi, near Arcinazzo). narvm . infirmitate . eivs 
 
 » MINERVAE . MEMORI GRAVI . SANATA . D. P 
 
 COEI.IA . IVI.IANA 
 
PART II.] XV. Alcxandj'ina. 99 
 
 Minerva Medica, all which agrees with the existing remains of this 
 Nymphgeum. In the same vineyard, to the north-west or opposite 
 side of the Minerva Medica, and very near to it, are the ruins of 
 another building, called by some " a 7/yi/ip/icEU/n" now also a gar- 
 dener's house, under which the marble pavement remains very evident, 
 the construction belonging to the period of Alexander Severus y. 
 
 Both the Pantheum or hall for the men, and the Nymphseum or 
 hall for the women, had images in the niches round them, and fre- 
 quently an altar also, so that they were temples at the same time 
 that they were used as waiting-rooms for the baths. Tlie Pan- 
 theum of Agrippa was the entrance to his thermce'^ ; the building 
 usually called the Temple of Minerva Medica, from an image found 
 there, is called in the Regionary Catalogue Minerva Medica only. 
 A Nymphfeum and a Pantheum equally required a castelluin aqnce to 
 supply it with water for the fountains and the stream that ran round 
 it, and there are remains of bath-chambers and niches outside of 
 many of the larger reservoirs, as in this instance. 
 
 During some extensive excavations, which were carried on in the 
 spring of J 871 by a company, with a view to building new streets 
 in the eastern part of Rome, considerable remains of the lower 
 part of the walls of these great thennce of the third century were 
 found on both sides of the road made in the sixteenth century, 
 from S. Maria Maggiore to S. Croce. The company bought two 
 large vineyards, in one of which stands the fine ruin called Minerva 
 Medica, which was evidently one of the halls of the thcrmce; the 
 ground is full of ancient reservoirs for water at different levels, some 
 underground, others at a considerable elevation, turned into houses ; 
 they may be traced at intervals all along the line within the Wall of 
 Aurelian, from the Porta Maggiore to the Porta S. Lorenzo, which 
 is itself here built against the Marcian arcade, and in one part 
 the outer wall of the large piscina and castellum aquce of the Tepula 
 is incorporated with the wall, of which it now forms part. This 
 ground had been at one period the Esquiline or great burial-ground, 
 and afterwards the garden of Maecenas, so that remains of great 
 works for the supply of water at different periods were likely to be 
 found there, as was the case. 
 
 y There is a subterranean reservoir of all divinities, and also a hall for the 
 
 under it, and there are several otlier men, being connected by a large vaulted 
 
 subterranean reservoirs in this ground. passage at the back with the thcniuj:, of 
 
 '^ This great Pantheum was a temple both of wliich there are visible remains. 
 
 H 2 
 
lOO TJic Later Aqueducts. — XVI. Algeutiana. [cilAr. IV. 
 
 XVI. The Algentiana, a.d. 300. 
 
 This aqueduct is said by some to be only a branch from the Aqua 
 Marcia from the castellum or piscina at the Porta S. Lorenzo, to the 
 Thermae of Diocletian, and to have been made by him. Consider- 
 able remains of the large piscina for these Therm.ae were found when 
 the railway station was built, a plan and section of it was preserved 
 by Visconti ; it was not destroyed, but was built over and effec- 
 tually hidden. The aqueduct was continued, a.d. 330, by Constan- 
 tine to his Thermos on the Quirinal, now in the Colonna gardens. 
 Others say that the Algentiana comes from the Mount Algidus, near 
 Tusculum. In the Campagna between Frascati and Rome, there are 
 remains of large reservoirs or castcUa aquarum of the third century, 
 which do not appear to belong to any of the aqueducts hitherto de- 
 scribed. They are usually said to be only reservoirs for the supply 
 of the adjacent fields ; but they are all on the highest points, and 
 it is difficult to see how the water was conveyed to them. There 
 appears to be a regular line of them, not indeed a straight line, (the 
 nature of the country would not admit of that,) but still a line of 
 them at comparatively short intervals, always within sight of one 
 another. It seems probable that the Aqua Algentiana was brought 
 in a subterranean channel or speciis from the great reservoir at Tus- 
 culum, which is on very high ground, and that the water was per- 
 mitted to run into these reservoirs at frequent intervals, instead of 
 being carried on an arcade across the country, as had been done in 
 the case of the earlier aqueducts. It is beyond dispute that the 
 ancient Romans were well acquainted with the principle of the 
 syphon, and that they were quite aware that water will rise to its 
 level after a very considerable distance : they may have therefore 
 thought it expedient in this aqueduct to avail themselves of that 
 principle. It is difficult to explain how water could be supplied to 
 these numerous high reservoirs in any other manner. 
 
TART II.] XVII. Aqua Crahra, &c. loi 
 
 XVII. Aqua Crabra, and Marrana, a.d. 1124. 
 
 This stream was brought into Rome in the bed or foss of the river 
 Ahno (Flumen Almonis), mentioned in the Regionary Catalogue as 
 in Regio I., and not otherwise accounted for in this enumeration. 
 The water now comes from the Marrana, which has its source 
 near Marino, and from the Aqua Crabra, which comes from Rocca 
 di Papa, near the lake of Albano, some miles further up the hill ; 
 the waters of these two streams are united before a part of them 
 is carried through the tunnel of the Aqua Julia to a point of junc- 
 tion with the bed of one of the many branches of the small river 
 Almo. The Almo itself comes also from the hill of Marino, but 
 from a different part of it, and is divided into many branches when 
 it arrives on the low ground of the Campagna. One of these was 
 made use of for this mill-stream, a canal being carried in banks of 
 clay in straight lines, where the old bed of the river passed through 
 low ground, and had been therefore liable to floods ; but this old 
 bed or foss was used, to save expense, where it passed through 
 higher ground in its old winding course. 
 
 Originally that part of the branch which passes through Rome 
 was alternately wet and dry, as many of the other branches are, 
 and was liable to floods after heavy rains. The main branch of 
 the Almo turns off to the south near the Torre Fiscal e, follow- 
 ing nearly the same line as the cross-road from the Via Appia 
 Nova to the Via Appia Antiqua, and passing under this road twice. 
 In this part of its course it is generally dry in dry weather ; but 
 when it arrives at the head of the valley of the Cafifarella, several 
 other springs that never fail run into this old deep foss. One comes 
 from near the villa of the Quintilii, another is called the fountain 
 of Egeria, a third the Aqua Santa, from its medicinal qualities. 
 There is a bath-house built over that spring. The original springs 
 on the hill of Marino bring little water in dry weather, not more 
 than sufficient to supply ponds near to them for the cattle ; but, in 
 wet weather, the water runs off in the old deep winding foss, which 
 also drains all that part of the country. 
 
 The sources of the Marrana are about a mile above Marino, 
 and nearly three miles from Albano ; they are in a long, narrow, 
 deep valley in the rocks, and the water gushes out in several places 
 at short intervals on both sides of this vnlley, which continues on 
 under the rock on wliich the small town of Marino is built. Close 
 
1 02 The Later A qncdncts— X VII. A qua Crabra, &r. [cil. IV. 
 
 under the town is a tall medieval tower, and at the foot of this 
 is a piscina of rude early character, the lower chamber of which 
 is still full of water. A spccus cut in the rock as a tunnel is also 
 visible at this point. On the side of the valley opposite to the 
 town are the splendid ancient quarries oi pepoino, called by Vitruvius 
 lapis A/banus, because Marino was in the district of Alba Longa. 
 The stream flovis on in the same deep valley, winding down the hill, 
 and, at the foot of it, the Aqua Crabra, coming from Rocca di Papa, 
 is united with it shortly before it is crossed by the bridge on the 
 road to Grotta Ferrata, ten miles from Rome and near the tunnel 
 through which flows part of the united water, the main body going 
 on straight to the river Anio ; the part which is carried through 
 the tunnel turns at a sharp angle to the left, or west, towards RomiC. 
 At each end of the tunnel is a loch of early character, partly cut in 
 the rock and partly built of travertine, with the grooves of flood- 
 gates. Over the exit from the tunnel is a piece of old wall faced 
 with Opus HeticiiLitmn, of the same rude early character as that of 
 the Aqua Julia. 
 
 After the water emerges from the tunnel, it passes in a deep 
 bed to a bridge over the stream of the Marrana, near the piscime, 
 six miles from Rome. At this point the deep foss of the river 
 Almo is close to it. This is dry in dry v/eather, but has abund- 
 ance of water in wet weather, and here the foss is dammed across ; 
 this appears to have been done originally to effect a junction 
 with the water of the Marrana, which from this point flows in 
 the foss of one of the many branches of the Almo that inter- 
 sect the Campagna in this part. This mountain -stream is a very 
 uncertain one ; sometimes the deep foss is full of water, flow- 
 ing at the rate of five or six miles an hour, at other times it is 
 dry. Numerous winding streams are collected into one at the 
 head of the valley of the Caffarella, near the church of S. Urbano. 
 Here it passes through swampy ground at a place called Aqua Santa, 
 on the cross - road from the Via Appia Nova to the Via Appia 
 Antiqua ; here also several springs fall into the deep bed, one of 
 which is miscalled the fountain of Egeria^ In dry weather this 
 branch of the river Almo appears to begin here, and from thence to 
 the mouth of this branch near S. Paul's, mentioned by S. Gregory as 
 the Almo, the water never fails. All the other branches are deep, 
 dry fosses after dry weather, and the branch that now flows through 
 
 " This spring is considered by some it falls into the deep bed of the river, 
 authors as the one source of the river coming from some miles beyond that 
 Almo ; but it is only one of many, and poiiU. 
 
TART II.] XVII. Aqua Crabra, &c. 103 
 
 Rome must originally have been frequently dry, and at other times 
 liable to floods ^ 
 
 To remedy this evil, a branch was made from the stream, con- 
 sisting of the Marrana and Aqua Crabra united, which never fails ; 
 and, in those parts where the water passes over low ground liable 
 to be flooded, it is carried in a bank of clay covered with sand, 
 and planted with canes. In such a bank it is carried from near 
 the ford in the natural bed of the river at Roma Vecchia to the 
 Torre Fiscale. Between these two points there is a loch with 
 a flood-gate and a lasher, over which the water falls into one of 
 the deep beds or fosses of the Almo ; but this deep bed of 
 a mountain-stream has no other beginning than this same stream, 
 here raised in a bank of clay, into which the water of the Marrana 
 has been turned. In other parts where the ground is high, and con- 
 sequently the water is below the level of the ground, it follows its 
 ancient, natural, winding course in a deep foss. This is the case 
 both near the original point of junction before reaching the ford 
 at Roma Vecchia, again after passing the Porta Furba, and again 
 under the walls of Rome near the Lateran. From Roma Vecchia, 
 passing by the Torre Fiscale to the Porta Furba, it is carried in 
 a bank of clay many feet above the level of the meadows ; but after 
 passing the Porta Furba, it again falls into the old deep foss for about 
 a mile at the foot of the Claudian arcade, winding about sometimes 
 on one side, sometimes on the other, then near to a part of the road 
 to Frascati. For the last half-mile to the Porta S.Giovanni, this 
 road is modern on a large bank of earth across the valley or great 
 foss outside the Wall of Aurelian, and for most part of this line 
 the Marrana is carried in a small bank of clay against the side 
 of the larger bank of the road ; but before it reaches Rome it 
 falls again, that is, the eartli rises on the terrace under the wall, 
 and the Marrana falls into the old deep bed near the Porta 
 Asinaria, after passing through two mills built on bridges, one 
 on the line of the old Via Asinaria, the other of the old Via 
 Lateranensis. 
 
 This small stream enters Rome under the Porta Metronia, which 
 is built on a bridge over it ^ This bridge has a brick arch of the 
 
 '' In the valley of the Caffarella, a ^ The two arches of the Porta Me- 
 
 stone specus has been made by the side tronia remain, both buiU of brick of 
 
 of the natural bed of this branch ; it the time of Aurelian. The outer arcli 
 
 is open at the top, has lochs in it, is visible in the city wall ; the inner one 
 
 and is on a higher level than the natural is concealed by a medieval tower built 
 
 stream. The object of this was ob- up against it. In the year 1871, Signor 
 
 viously to keep a supply of water from Rosa made a new gate on the east side 
 
 the springs in dry weather. of the Porta Mctrunia for his carls to 
 
I04 The Later Aqueducts. — X VII. Aqua Crabra, &c. [CH. IV. 
 
 time of the early P^mpire, partly concealed by a medieval arch in 
 front of it. Shortly after entering Rome the stream passes at the 
 north end of what is now the nurser^^-ground of the city, called Orto 
 Botanico, and under a bridge on which another mill is built; by the 
 side of it is the road into that large garden, known to have been 
 that of Crassipes, the son-in-law of Cicero, who mentions in one 
 of his letters a flood of this stream carrying wooden shops from the 
 bank in front of it to the Piscina Publica ''. 
 
 This is exactly the direction that the stream takes, as it turns at 
 a sharp angle to the north directly after crossing the Via Appia, 
 and passes close to the Piscina Publica; while the Tiber flows 
 from north to south, and a flood of that river would have carried 
 the shops the other way (if it reached that level at all). There is 
 another mill near the angle on the Via Appia. The stream then 
 passes along a curve at the southern end of the Circus Maximus, 
 (washing the foot of a lime-kiln,) then under the slope of the Aven- 
 tine and through the gas-works on the site of the Carceres of the 
 Circus, then underground and through another mill in the Via della 
 INIarrana near the Bocca della Verity. The eighth and last mill is 
 on the bank of the Tiber, and is built over the mouth of the stream, 
 the back of the building resting on the old tufa wall, called the 
 Pulchrum Littus of the Kings, in which an aperture was left for the 
 Almo when that wall was built. The front of the mill is built on 
 medieval arches standing in the bed of the Tiber. 
 
 This alteration of the bed of the Almo may have been made at 
 an early period, of which we have no record, and restored to use in 
 1 124, under Pope Cahxtus II., or it may have been entirely made 
 out of the remains of the old aqueducts at that time. We have dis- 
 tinct records of the work done then ; but in one of these the expres- 
 sion used is redtixit, that is, he "led again" the water from the old 
 arches. In any case, a great benefit to the city was made at that 
 time, and the account of it fairly belongs to the history of the aque- 
 ducts, from which it was made. The following account of it is 
 given by the Cardinal of Arragon, in the time of Pope Calixtus II., 
 A.D. 1 124 :— 
 
 "lie (the Pope) also brought water from the ancient arches, and conducted it 
 
 pass through, in which the earth, exca- Wall of the Kings under S. Balbina 
 
 vated from the Palatine, is carried out and burying more of the Aqua Appia, 
 
 into the meadow beyond, outside of the than has already been done under his 
 
 walls. This is certainly better than orders. 
 
 continuing to fill up the valley between ** Cicero, Epist. ad (J. Fralreni, lil). 
 
 the Aventine and tlie Pscudo-Aventine, iii. ep. 7. 
 
 and therel)y concealing more of the 
 
TART II.] XVII. Aqua Crabra, &c. 105 
 
 to the Porta Lateranensis, where he formed a lake to receive it, for watering 
 horses. He also built several mills on the line of the same stream of water, 
 and planted many vines and fruit-trees round the borders of this lake with 
 great care^. " 
 
 Another writer of the same period, called Pandolph of Pisa, 
 relates the same thing : — 
 
 "He reconducted a stream of water into the city, and made mills, with vines 
 near a lake'." 
 
 The ancient aqueduct which was made use of for the purpose 
 was the JuHa (V.), (which see,) and the ancient arches mentioned 
 probably mean the tunnel through which the water of the Aqua 
 Crabra and the Marrana united is brought. Its course has been 
 already described, the great reservoir or lake {lacus) opposite to the 
 Porta Lateranensis is very distinctly visible in the vineyard by the 
 side of the stream, between that and the Aurelian wall. It is still 
 swampy ground, and is planted with canes ; when these are cut 
 at the end of the month of January, it can be clearly seen, and 
 the remains of the lake intercept the path on the bank of the stream. 
 This reservoir might be restored to use with great advantage to the 
 neighbourhood, and at little expense. 
 
 There are two mills on bridges across the stream on the side 
 of this lake, and several other mills on the line of the stream, 
 as has been mentioned. The water must always have flowed out of 
 the lake in the old deep bed of the small river Almo, and passed 
 under the bridge on which the Porta Metronia is built, into Regio I., 
 and then under the foot of the Aventine by the side of the Circus 
 Maximus into the Tiber, as before described. The tower built in 
 the twelfth century, against the inside of the gate and the bridge, 
 conceals this from view. 
 
 e " Ilic etiam derivavit aquam de sissime fecit." (Muratori, Rerum Italic, 
 
 antiquis Formis, et ad Portam Latera- Script., torn. iii. p. 420, col. 2, E. ) 
 nensem conduxit, ibique lacum pro ada- ' "Aquam ad Urbem reduxit, mo- 
 
 quandis equis fieri fecit. Plurima quo- lendina cum vineis juxta lacum ap- 
 
 quemolendinaineademaquaconstruxit, tavit,"&c. (Pandolphus Pisanus, ibid., 
 
 et multas vineas cum fructiferis arbori- p. 419, col. i, E. 
 bus secus ipsum lacum plantari studio- 
 
io6 TJic Later Aqueducts. — XVIII. Aqua Felice. [CIIAP. iv. 
 
 XVIII. Aqua Felice, a.d. 1587. 
 
 This aqueduct is named after the Pope, Felice Peretti, whose 
 title was Sixtus V. ; he brought it from a place near La Colonna, 
 the ancient Labicum, about twelve miles from the city, to the 
 fountain of Moses (now so called from a statue) at the Termini 
 on the Esquiline, as recorded on an inscription^. It is still in 
 use, supplying the fountains at the Termini, near the Thennce of 
 Diocletian, of Monte Cavallo, near those of Constantine, and the 
 whole of the upper town. The waters of the Aqua Hadriana were 
 united with some others in the territory called Pantano, at about 
 twelve miles from Rome, where they emerged from the mountains. 
 All these sources or springs of water were collected during the 
 pontificate of Gregory XIII., a.d. 1572 — 1585, in an immense reser- 
 voir, repaired in 1869, with several other smaller ones subservient 
 to it for purification. The aqueduct was built in the time of 
 Sixtus V. (a.d. 15S5 — 1590), but the reservoirs were not completed 
 until the time of Urban VII. or VIII. [1623 — 44]. From this point 
 the w^ater is carried into the canal or channel through an opening 
 called the fistula Urbaua, made in a piece of marble. According to 
 Fontana, this water was brought to the Porta Maggiore on a new 
 arcade made out of the materials of the old aqueducts in a very 
 clumsy manner. It was the intention of the Pope to have made use 
 of the canal or conduit of the Aqua Marcia, but that was found to 
 be at too high a level, and his clumsy engineers were obliged to 
 make a new arcade at immense expense. He availed himself, how- 
 ever, of the old arcades as far as he could, by building his new con- 
 duit up against the side of the piers of the old ones, sometimes 
 on the Marcian, as may be seen at the place called Sdtc Bassi, and 
 near the Porta Furba, sometimes against the Claudian as near Rome. 
 After bringing it into the city in this canal of rough stone, the water 
 was carried in leaden pipes into the old subterranean channels, as 
 may still be seen in the deep spccus on the Ccelian, and the metal 
 pipes pass through the tall brick piers of the arcade of Nero, 
 
 B SIXT. V. PONT. MAX. PICENVS. CVLO . MIL. XX. 
 
 AQVAM . EX . AGRO . COLVMNAK. A. CAPITE XXI I. ADDVXIT. 
 
 VIA . PRAENEST . SINISTRORSVM. FELICEMQVE . DE . NOMINE. ANTE 
 
 MVLTARVM . COLLECTIONE . VE- PONT. DIXIT. 
 
 NARVM. COEPIT . ANNO. PRIMO. ABSOLVIT 
 
 DVCTV . SINVOSO . A. RECEPTA- III. M.D. L. XXXVII. 
 
PART II.] XVIII. Aqua Felice. 107 
 
 and are supported on flat arches across from one pier to the other, 
 with a rapid descent over the first or ancient road from S. Croce to 
 the Porta Maggiore, and into the Specus Vetus underground, before 
 arriving at the second or modern one from S. Croce to S. Maria 
 Maggiore. The point of descent is marked by a respirator. 
 
 Pantano is about two miles from Gabii, and this reservoir is still 
 in use. It is very near to the ancient castelluvi aqua, which was 
 made originally by Hadrian'' for his aqueduct, as is shewn by an 
 inscription found there. The other streams coming from Tivoli are 
 said to have emerged also near this point, and the first engineer 
 of the Felice, Matteo da Castello, considering the Claudian and 
 Marcian lines as the best, followed those to the piscince ; but 
 having made a mistake in the levels, instead of using the Mar- 
 cian specus and arcade from the piscincz into Rome, and merely 
 repairing it as the Pope had intended, Fontana was obliged to re- 
 build it entirely of the materials of the old Marcian arcade, with the 
 help also of those of the Claudian, all the way to Rome. This was 
 done in great haste and in a very clumsy manner '. 
 
 From the Porta Maggiore one branch of the Aqua Felice is carried 
 across the great foss to the Lateran, through the piers of the arches of 
 Nero, and down a cascade-pipe into the old specus of the Appia, 
 and along that to the fountains and reservoirs at the Lateran. This 
 is the branch that goes straight on from the corner of the Sessorium 
 to the west. Another more important branch of the Aqua Felice 
 turns short to the north from the same angle and over the Porta 
 Maggiore, along the city wall to the Porta S. Lorenzo, in a new 
 channel very badly and clumsily built of rough stone from the 
 materials of the old aqueducts, making use of the piers of the 
 Claudian arcade as far as they go, and then of the inside of 
 the wall of Aurelian over the Marcian arcade. The Aqua Felice 
 having here been brought to a higher level, that is to say, the 
 descent from the piscina; being less rapid than that of the Marcia, 
 after passing the Porta Maggiore, goes over the Marcia upon the 
 Arch of Augustus at the Porta S. Lorenzo. There is a castelluvi aqua. 
 for it in the wall just to the south of the Porta S. Lorenzo, where 
 the water may be heard rushing through, and the surplus water runs 
 off into an ancient drain on the outside of the wall. With the 
 rapidity of all the public works under that energetic Pope, the under- 
 
 *■ See Aqueduct XI. of his engineer made it necessary to 
 
 ' The Pope insisted on the work rcljuild the whole arcade for seven 
 
 being completed at tlie time orii;iiiaUy miles. 
 
 fixed, notwithstandhv; that tlic bluiulcr 
 
I oS TJic L (iter A queducts. — X VIII. A qua Felice, [chap, i v, 
 
 taking, a decree for which he had signed in April, 1585, was com- 
 pleted in two years, by the labours of from 2,000 to 3,000 men, and 
 the waters were seen to gush from their sculptured fountain in the 
 Piazza di Termini, on the 15th of June, 1587. The Aqua Felice 
 was conducted for fifteen miles underground, and for seven miles 
 upon arcades. Besides the Aqua Felice, the Via Felice and the 
 Via Sistina (Sixtus) in continuation of it, and many other great 
 works were inaugurated by the same Pope, who has been called the 
 real founder of modern Rome. Other old subterranean conduits 
 are employed to carry the pipes of the Felice where convenient for 
 the purpose of conveying water to different parts of the town. 
 
 Junctions of the arcade of Sixtus V., or Aqua Felice, with that 
 of the Claudia, take place at an angle where the Torre Fiscale has 
 been built, and again at another angle where there is an archway 
 called the Porta Furba, about two miles from Rome, and a most pic- 
 turesque ruin of a piscina, with a tall tower by the side of it, in 
 which is the ventilating -shaft of the conduit. The difference of 
 construction and of level is very evident, and the three conduits 
 carried on the same arches may be seen distinctly. The construc- 
 tion of the Claudia (VIII.) is of large square blocks of stone. The 
 Anio Novus (IX.) is merely an additional brick conduit, the work 
 is part of that of Claudius and Nero, and is carried over the original 
 one at a great height from the ground. Near the city only small 
 portions of this upper conduit remain here and there, as, for instance, 
 over the Porta IMaggiore, and in a few places on the wall. In some 
 places, the arcade of the Aqua Felice runs parallel to the Claudian 
 for a considerable distance, and is joined to it at both ends, as 
 near the Porta Furba. This lower arcade carried part of the con- 
 duits of the Aqua Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, which ran from the 
 Porta Furba into the city parallel to the later one of Claudius, at 
 a lower level. 
 
 Where the Aqua Felice enters the city, it is carried on the piers of 
 the arcade of Claudius, from the junction with the arches of Nero, 
 over the Porta Maggiore to the old castcllum at the comer of the 
 wall, where it turns at a sharp angle. Here the arches of Claudius 
 cease ; but the conduit of the Aqua Felice is continued along the city 
 wall, of which it forms part, upon the ancient embankment as far as 
 the Porta S. Lorenzo, and over the archway of Augustus there, using 
 one of the older conduits. It then makes a sharp turn to the west, 
 and after being carried along the north side of the road for a short 
 distance, crosses it again on an archway built for the purpose by 
 Sixtus v., as recorded by an inscription uj)on it ; then it turns sharply 
 
PART II.] XVIII. Aqua Felice. 109 
 
 to the west again, and is carried on an arcade between the road on 
 the north and the railway on the south, to the great inner aggcj-^ 
 which it reaches at a point near the Thermae of Diocletian and the 
 railway station. It is then carried in an old spccus in that bank 
 along the east side of the Therms, and turns at an angle to the 
 north, at the Via Nomentana, near the Porta Nomentana, a little 
 to the south of the modern Via di Porta Pia ; then along the north 
 side of the Thermae till it arrives at the great reservoir behind the 
 fountain of Termini. The speais is three feet wide, and the water 
 in it is usually from three to four feet deep, running with a rapid 
 current about five miles an hour, and constantly flowing day and 
 night. Thence it is carried in pipes to the different reservoirs and 
 fountains of the upper town. It also supplies the lower part of 
 the city from the Ghetto to the Marmorata, along the bank of 
 the Tiber. 
 
no TJic Aqueducts. — Summary. [CHAr. iv. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Froxtixus, who wrote in the time of Nerva and Trajan, mentions 
 (as we have seen) nine aqueducts'', reckoning as distinct several 
 branches, or additional channels, subordinate to others more im- 
 portant. There is one more important record to which reference has 
 not hitherto been made, namely, the summary at the end of the 
 Cnriosum and Notitia, in which nineteen are enumerated. 
 
 The entry in the Summary of the Regionary Catalogue is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Aquos XIX. 
 I. Traiana [X.] xi. Alseatina [VII.] 
 
 II. Annia(or AnioVetus?)[II.] xii. Ciminia (?). 
 
 III, Attica (Anio Novus) [IX.] xiii. Aurelia [XII.] 
 
 IV. Marcia [III.] xiv. Damnata(CloacaMaxima?). 
 V. Claudia [VIII.] xv. Virgo [VI.] 
 
 VI. Herculea [XVII. Almo?] xvi. Tepula [IV.] 
 
 VII. Cerulea [IX.] xvii. Severiana [XIII.] 
 
 VIII. Julia [v.] XVIII. Antoniana [XIV.] 
 
 IX. Augustea [I.] xix. Alexandrina [XV.] 
 x. Appia [I.] 
 
 Those not previously mentioned are (i.) Attica, (2.) Herculea, 
 (3.) Cerulea, (4.) Augustea, (5.) Ciminia, (6.) Damnata. 
 
 1. Attica is supposed by Fabretti to be the same as Alseatina 
 [VII.], but then how is the number of nineteen to be made up ? 
 It was probably the Anio Novus, as already described. [See IX.] 
 
 2. Herculea. This is mentioned by Frontinus • as receiving a part 
 of the Aqua Marcia after its entrance into the city '". Another stream 
 of the same name, thirty-eight miles from the city, was added to the 
 Anio Novus ° ; but it seems most probable that the stream here 
 intended is the Almo, which enters Rome under the Porta Metronia, 
 and conveys the water of the Marrana, or Aqua Crabra, coming from 
 
 '' "Nunc autem in urbem influunt : tinus, 4.) ' Id., c. 19. 
 
 I. Aqua Appia, 2. Anio Vetus, 3. Mar- ^ See Aqueduct III. 
 
 cia, 4. Tepula, 5. Julia, 6. Virgo, 7. Al- " Frontinus, c. 15, in both cases called 
 
 sietina (quce eadem vocatur Augusta), In' him, Herculaneus. 
 S. Claudia, 9. Anio Novus." (^Fron- 
 
PART 11. ] Siniiviary. 1 1 1 
 
 these two mountain-streams united, as already described. This is 
 ahvays a very strong stream. It follows the line of the aqueducts 
 for miles towards Rome, and received the surplus water in many 
 places, where there were piscina; ; it passes very near to the point 
 where the aqueducts enter Rome at the Porta Maggiore, and may 
 very well have received the surplus water there also of the Marcia, 
 as stated by Frontinus. 
 
 3. Cerulea. This is the name of one of the branches of the 
 Claudia, among its sources, and is mentioned in the inscription at 
 the Porta Maggiore ; but again, this does not account for one of 
 the nineteen Aquae. 
 
 4. Augustea. A stream was added to the Aqua Marcia by Augustus, 
 and called after him ° ; but that would not account for another 
 stream in Rome here indicated as one of the nineteen Aquaj. 
 It is more probable that the water here intended is the Augustan 
 branch of the Aqua Appia, which was united at the Gemelli within 
 the outer wall of Rome. Frontinus (c. 4), indeed, mentions that 
 the Alseatina was also called Augustea, but that would not account 
 for another of the nineteen streams ^ 
 
 5. Ciminia, another name for the Sabbatina [X.], according to 
 Onuphrius Panvinius ; but the sources of the Sabbatina are very 
 distant from the Monte Cimino. Ciminia is perhaps written for 
 Curtia, another source of the Claudia ; but again, this does not ac- 
 count for another of the nineteen streams. 
 
 6. Damnata. This may be the stream that comes from the 
 Quirinal and the Palatine, and which formed the lake of Curtius, 
 whence it was conveyed into the Cloaca Maxima, as it still is. It 
 was therefore condeinned to serve for washing out a drain only. 
 
 There is reason to believe that some of these nineteen streams 
 are the natural watercourses, and others merely branches from the 
 great aqueducts, as has been said. 
 
 There were 1,452 lacus, that is wells, or cisterns of water, supplied 
 by the aqueducts in Rome, according to the Horum Breviariiim of 
 the Notitia, or Catalogue of the fourth century, and they must in 
 many instances have been very near together. A reservoir for the 
 distribution of the water was almost a necessary termination of an 
 aqueduct, and at a junction it was equally necessary. 
 
 Rutilius describes the aqueducts about a.d. 417, in such tcnns 
 
 " Frontinus, c. 12. i' L!., c. 5. 
 
I 12 
 
 The Aqueducts. — Sjuinnary. [CH. IV. rT. IT. 
 
 as shcAv that they were not destroyed in the first siege of the Goths "5. 
 Cassiodorus represents them as perfect, about twenty years before 
 the siege carried on by Vitiges ^ At the time of the siege by that 
 king, Procopius (i. 19), writing in the sixth century, records only the 
 fourteen aqueducts already mentioned '. 
 
 1 ' ' Quid loquar aerio pendentes for- 
 nice rivos, 
 Qua vix imbriferas tolleret Iris 
 aquas ? 
 Hos potius dicas crevisse in sidera 
 montes, 
 Tale giganteum Grcecia laudat 
 opus. 
 Intercepta tuis conduntur flumina 
 muris ; 
 Consumunt totos celsa lavacra 
 lacus." — (CI. Rutilii Itiner. , 1. 
 I, V. 97, and following. ) 
 ' " In formis autem Romanis utrum- 
 que prsecipuum est ut fabrica sit mira- 
 bilis et aquarum salubritas singularis. 
 Quod enim illuc flumina quasi construc- 
 tis montibus perducuntur, naturales cre- 
 das alveos soliditates saxorum, quando 
 tantus impetus fluminis tot sseculis fir- 
 miter potuit sustineri. Cavati montes 
 plerunque subruunt, meatus torrentium 
 
 dissipantur, et opus illud vetenmi non 
 destruitur, si inclustria suffragante ser- 
 vetur." — (Cassiodori Variar., 1. vii. c. 6.) 
 
 " It is possible that the number of 
 nineteen was made up by adding the 
 different branches that supplied the 
 Thermae of the later Emperors, (Sep- 
 timius) Severus, Antoninus, Alexander 
 (Severus), (Aurelius) Commodus, Con- 
 stantinus. 
 
 To these must now be added the two 
 modern aqueducts, the Marrana and 
 Aqua Crabra [XVII.], united and 
 brought through Rome in the twelfth 
 century in the bed of that branch of 
 the river Almo, and the Aqua Felice 
 [XVIII.], made in the sixteenth ; also 
 the Aqua Marcia-Pia, made between 
 i860 and 1870, which now brings the 
 water of the Aqua Marcia into Rome 
 by a different line. 
 
APPENDIX.— AQUEDUCTS, 
 
 Since this chapter was printed, the great excavations that have 
 been carried on in Rome have brought to light many remains of 
 the old Aqueducts in places where they were not previously known 
 or thought of. These are so numerous that we can do little more 
 than mention them, beginning at the Sessorium, where the prin- 
 cipal aqueducts entered Rome. In the Sessorian or Palatian gar- 
 dens, now those of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, a pit was dug in 
 the reservoir which was used for the Thermae of S. Helena, which 
 is a large cistern of two narrow chambers, with others similar under 
 them ; this was ascertained by digging this pit. Remains of other 
 reservoirs along the line of the north wall of the garden, which is 
 made out of the old aqueduct, were brought to light more clearly. 
 Just outside of this garden is the road from the church of Santa 
 Croce to the Porta Maggiore *, which is carried on a bank of earth 
 that was the boundary of the Sessorian garden, and on the outer 
 side of it, this bank is supported by a wall of the time of Constan- 
 tine, no doubt built when his mother, S. Helena, resided there. Just 
 beyond this bank, and in the great foss of the ancient fortress, are 
 two large reservoirs close together, one on either side of the foss. 
 These appear to correspond with the Gemelli^ or twin reservoirs 
 of Frontinus ; an excavation made here was stopped by water, 
 but enough was seen to make it evident that there were other 
 chambers under them, and that they were very deep, but have 
 probably been used for one of the later aqueducts, at a higher 
 level also. It was very usual to carry one aqueduct nearly over 
 another, in order that the older subterranean reservoir might re- 
 ceive the surplus water of the later and higher ones. It is probable 
 that in this instance the Claudia and Anio Novus had each a reser- 
 voir here on the higher level, and that the water of the two was 
 here united and carried on along the Coelian Hill in one specus, on 
 the arches of Nero, to the middle of the city. 
 
 The inscriptions on the Porta Maggiore record the distances from 
 the sources of the aqueducts to this point, clearly shewing that this 
 
 = This was also the principal gate of the Sessorian Palace, and was sometimes 
 called the Porta Sessoriana. 
 
114 Appendix. 
 
 was the entrance into Rome in the outer wall, though not into the 
 City, until the boundary of the city was extended to this outer wall 
 by Aurelian, in the third century. On the northern side of this 
 great gate remains of the Marcian arcade were found going from 
 this point, where the three aqueducts pass through the outer wall 
 at one of the angles, and go straight on to the high bank on which 
 the wall of Aurelian was afterwards carried, to the Porta Tiburtina 
 (now di S. Lorenzo), and the reservoirs there. The speais passes 
 underground for some distance, about half-way between the two 
 gates, and is carried on arches near the gates. The fine building 
 called Minerva Medica was full of fountains, as Avas all the great 
 public garden in which it stands, and all the fountains in Rome 
 were supplied by the aqueducts. Between this building, of the 
 third century, and the wall, is another large reservoir, turned into 
 a house, where considerable excavations have been made. The 
 later aqueduct, called Aqua Alexandrina, was carried in the wall 
 over the earlier ones, to a point just opposite, to the remains of the 
 Minerva Medica. The piers of the arches that supported the speciis 
 can be seen in the wall, both outside and inside, as far as this, but 
 they go no farther. This point, where they cease, is close to the 
 place where the railway passes through the wall. Beyond these 
 arches other excavations were made by the archaeologists near the 
 Porta di S. Lorenzo, and the arches that carried the Marcia, etc., 
 were shewn. There are remains of two reservoirs near this point ; 
 the outer wall of one now forms part of the city wall, and is foolishly 
 called " the house of Cicero ;" the other is just within the line, but 
 still on the bank, with the wall of Aurelian built close against it on 
 the outer side. There are remains of another reservoir on the other 
 side of the gate, and one branch goes on from thence to the Prae- 
 torian Camp, passing by the Porta Chiusa, where the speais was 
 shewn in some other excavations of the archsologists ; and near to 
 it, on the south side, is a large reservoir on the bank, cut through 
 the middle by the wall of Aurelian. This proves that the great 
 bank of earth was there, and had the aqueducts carried upon it, 
 before the time that the wall of Aurelian was built. The specus then 
 goes upon the bank round this camp, but is for the most part con- 
 cealed ; it is visible again on the northern side, which is the only 
 perfect part of the fortification of the camp by Tiberius, and his wall 
 stands upon the earlier specus of the aqueduct; the latter is faced with 
 opus reticulatum where perfect ; the wall is of fine brickwork. 
 
 The branch that goes from the Porta di S. Lorenzo to the other 
 reservoir, under the Trophies of Marius, is carried on a fine arcade 
 
The Aqueducts within the Walls. 115 
 
 of the first century ; this has been brought out far more clearly than 
 it had been for many centuries. The remains of the reservoir at 
 this very high level are also made visible. Signor Ernest de Mauro, 
 the surveyor who took the levels, considers this branch so high, that 
 the only water that could reach it was that of the Claudia and 
 Anio Novus united, which we know from Frontinus was carried into 
 all the fourteen Regiones of Rome, but it was considered by 
 Fabretti to have belonged to the Aqua Julia; the difference of 
 level between the two aqueducts is only ten feet. At this high 
 point the water was divided, and carried in different directions ; one 
 branch, of which part of the specus is visible, went to the other great 
 reservoir called the Sette Sale, which supplied the Therms of Titus 
 and Trajan on the Esquiline, and the surplus water passed on to 
 the Colosseum and to the fountain called the Meta Sudans. From 
 the other great division of the aqueducts, at the corner of the Sesso- 
 rian gardens, near the Porta Maggiore, the well-known arches of 
 Nero go along the bank to the Lateran, and from thence along the 
 Coelian Hill to the great central reservoir of Nero, over the Arch of 
 Dolabella. At that point it has been already shewn that several 
 of the aqueducts met, and were divided into three branches, one 
 straight on to the Palatine, on a double arcade across the valley 
 from the Coelian, of which there are considerable remains of the 
 lower tier of arches, and one arch of the upper tier, which forms a sort 
 of back gate to the palaces of the Caesars. A second branch passed 
 over the Porta Capena to the Aventine, at different levels ; the 
 earliest and lowest, the Aqua Appia, is the one that can now be the 
 most distinctly traced. After passing over the short agger of Servius 
 Tullius it goes underground under the cliff, at the north end of the 
 Pseudo-Aventine, and at the further end under the hill on which 
 S. Sabba now stands ; a series of stone-quarries have been made 
 by cutting away one side of the specus, leaving the wells to give air 
 to the quarry. 
 
 At this point excavations have repeatedly been made by the 
 archaeologists, and as often filled up again by the workmen in 
 the summer months, until 1876, when an arrangement was made 
 with the proprietor to make a more complete excavation, and put 
 up a door to protect it. In this part, which is just before the spect4S 
 crosses the last road on its way to the Tiber, seven different 
 branches of other aqueducts cast their surplus water into this earliest 
 and lowest ; in many parts this was only a tunnel cut in the bed 
 of tufa, and generally half full of a deposit of clay, left by the 
 water which comes from the clayey fields of Lucullus, but in one 
 
1 1 6 Appendix. 
 
 part it is built of large blocks of tufa, like the walls of the Kings ; it 
 is here six feet high and two feet wide ; on each side of it is a terra- 
 cotta water-pipe of very early character, and bringing different water 
 in the same tunnel '*. 
 
 Near this point it crossed over the road on a bridge (?), or perhaps 
 from the low level ziuder it, at the site of a gate where the four roads 
 meet, to another old stone-quarry of the same kind nearly under 
 Santa Prisca, where the specus was visible in 1874, but is now con- 
 cealed by some of the vault having fallen in ; and from that it has 
 been traced through another series of old stone-quarries to the 
 mouth on the bank of the Tiber, in the very curious cave called 
 that of Picus and Faunus, and Hercules — having previously passed 
 through another reservoir, with water still in it knee-deep, remaining 
 at a considerable distance under the hill, with a spans from thence 
 to the cave at the mouth, partly a natural channel for the water to 
 escape, and partly cut when the aqueduct was made. 
 
 The third great branch from the Arch of Dolabella went direct 
 to the Colosseum, and two subsidiary springs still flow there, one 
 under the garden of the Villa Celi-Montana, the other under the 
 garden of the monastery of SS. John and Paul, near to the Colos- 
 seum, the latter a very abundant stream, bubbling up copiously ; and 
 there are three small pools supplied by it in that quarry, which was 
 formerly called the Vivarium, and supposed to have been the place 
 where the wild beasts were kept, but this was a mistake ". From that 
 reservoir another branch went in a specus at a considerable depth 
 under the garden of the Marchese Rappellini, behind the monastery 
 of S. Gregory. In this garden there was a landslijD in the spring of 
 1876, and the Marchese thought it probable that the palace of Scaurus 
 had stood there, as it is close by the sloping road called the Clivus 
 Scauri ; I thought it more likely to have been the aqueduct which 
 had fallen in, but agreed that the archajologists should excavate it, 
 which was done in May. It turned out to be an old stone-quarry 
 that had fallen in, at the depth of more than 20 ft., but the specus 
 of the aqueduct had passed through the quarry, and remained visible 
 in the pit coming from the cave called the Vivarium^ and going over 
 the Porta Capena. There is, however, so little of interest left, that 
 the pit was filled up again, after a plan and sketch had been made 
 by Signor Cicconetti. 
 
 Another branch of the three aqueducts (Marcia, Tepula, and 
 
 *> See Diagrams III. and XIX. 
 « See the Plans and Sections of this, Plate XXI. 
 
The Aqueducts within the Walls. 1 1 7 
 
 Julia) went from the Porta di S. Lorenzo along the side of the road 
 or via, so called, partly in the bank, by the side of it ; the upper 
 sj>ecus is now visible, the other two are under it. The whole were 
 underground until the levels were altered in the arrangements for 
 the new city. This branch led straight to the Mons Jtistitice, in the 
 centre of the great agger of Servius Tullius. Near this point the 
 four young princes found in their excavation, in 1870, two cippi near 
 together, with inscriptions upon them, stating that the three aqzieducts 
 passed between them, and the specus of the upper one, the Julia, 
 was brought to light ; the other two, Tepula and Marcia, remained 
 underground. Not much more than a hundred yards from this, 
 another cippus had previously been found, on the top of a well, 
 recording that it descended into the Anio Vetus, which therefore 
 ran under the others, at a great depth in this part, on account of 
 the different levels of the ground, and was then carried along the 
 inner side of this great bank both right and left. The one to the 
 right, or north, going to the gardens of Sallust, or at least a branch 
 from one of the three, went along the horn-work at that corner of 
 the old city, and had a reservoir under the house (now rebuilt by 
 Mr. Spithoever), and then to the iiymphaum at the end, and (to the 
 east) of the Portiais Milliarius of Aurelian. In the opposite direc- 
 tion, the left, or south, it went along the inside of the agger, on 
 which a row of houses of the first century had been built. It has 
 been found at intervals in several places, one of which is close to 
 the house of Maecenas. Another branch of an early aqueduct has 
 been found in the tufa rock behind the houses, near the great 
 church of S. Maria Maggiore, on a high level, at the south end of 
 some great building of the first century, or earlier, which was 
 formerly called the Portiais Livice, and an account of it was pub- 
 lished under that name, but the fragment of the Marble Plan of 
 Rome, with the plan of that building and the name upon it, clearly 
 shews this to have been an error. The Macellmn Liviamim, or 
 meat-market of Livia, was found in these excavations near the arch 
 of Gallienus, but there is no connection between the Macellum and 
 the porticus, which is represented as an oblong platform, with steps 
 up to it at one end, and with a grand double colonnade all round it. 
 Nothing like this was found near the Macellum, and as the earth 
 was carried away to the depth of several feet, if it had been there it 
 must have been found. 
 
 In the third century, when nearly all the temples in the Forum 
 were rebuilt, the great public building which forms the north end 
 of that Forum (by whatever name it may be called), was also very 
 
1 1 8 Appendix. 
 
 much altered in many ways ; the main fabric, at the west end, is 
 still original, as it was in the time of Varro, when it was justly men- 
 tioned as one of the oldest buildings in Rome. But in the interior 
 great alterations were made, and amongst these, at the west end of 
 the ^rarium (or bank-vaults as they might have been called), the 
 arrangement was entirely altered ; the public treasury was trans- 
 ferred to the imperial offices on the Palatine, in what are called the 
 palaces of the Caesars, and at the west end of the ^rarium an 
 aqueduct was introduced, with a reservoir and a well. A specus of 
 brickwork of the third century is visible, but to which aqueduct it 
 belonged is not easily ascertained ; from its level it would agree 
 with the Marcia ; it is not high enough for the Anio Novus carried 
 over the bridge of Caligula, though that must have passed near this 
 point; and it is too high for the Anio Vetus, although remains of 
 this have been found also at a short distance ; but on lower ground, 
 under, and at the back of a wine-shop in the Via del Consolazione, 
 but quite at the east end of it, and near the corner of the steps that 
 ascend from it to the door of the Municipio, on the level of the 
 Tabularium, a reservoir that must have belonged to that aqueduct 
 has been found, and the specus traced at the back, parallel to the 
 street, apparently cut out of the tufa rock. Two doors further from 
 the steps the specus is again visible at the back of the shop ; and at 
 the same point, but going in an opposite direction, a subterranean 
 passage, which also appears to be cut in the tufa rock, going in the 
 direction of the Piazza del Campidoglio, and said to go as far as 
 the statue of Marcus Aurelius. Whether this had any connection 
 with the aqueduct, or what its object was, is at present not known. 
 
 The Plan and Section of the Aqueducts at the Claudium which is 
 also at the end of the arches of Nero, on the Coelian Hill, the point 
 from which the water was divided into three branches, have been 
 partially shewn in this work, but this could not be done completely 
 until the explorations were made in 1875 ^"^^ 1876. Subsidiary 
 springs were continually used for the old aqueducts, that no water 
 might be lost that could be used. Of these springs two were found 
 in the space indicated in this Plan, one under part of the garden of 
 Baron Hoffman, near the Navicella, the other under the garden 
 of the monks of SS. John and Paul, in the cave or old stone-quarry 
 which was formerly called a vivarium, but which really was a re- 
 servoir of the old aqueducts, and this is the most copious spring 
 of the two. It seems almost certain that the water from both 
 these springs found its way into the Colosseum, after the great 
 
The Aqueducts at the C I an dim n. 119 
 
 excavations were made there in 1874-75. To get rid of this water 
 is now (in 1876) a great object. The Government and the Muni- 
 cipahty propose, at an enormous expense, to make a new drain 
 from the Colosseum to the Tiber at a great depth. Careful en- 
 quiries have been made of the workmen employed in repairing the 
 original drain of the time of Sylla and Scaurus ; it was found in 
 a very bad state, and the workmen were afraid to go along it with- 
 out putting a wooden centering under the old vault, as they were 
 made to fear lest the earth should fall in behind them. This was 
 done for the whole length of the Colosseum, nearly as far as the 
 Arch of Constantine, but the men were then obliged to give up this 
 examination of it for want of air. They state that the main body of 
 the water appeared to come in from under the road from the Navi- 
 cella, and to run in a continuous stream as if from an aqueduct, and 
 not to bubble up out of the earth as in a spring. This led to the ex- 
 ploration shewn in Plate XXXVI. , to ascertain where the water came 
 from ^. The two springs above mentioned are both on a much higher 
 level than the Colosseum, as will be seen by the Section ; and as 
 both are good drinking water, always fresh, it is certain that they 
 must each have some outlet, or they would soon be stagnant and 
 putrid. Every probability seems in favour of these being the springs 
 that supply the inundation of the Colosseum, and if they could be 
 turned off in another direction, as suggested in this Plan, the chief 
 difficulty would be removed. A steam-engine would soon pump the 
 water out, if it did not come in again. The so-called vivariujn, 
 under the Claudium, is marked on the excellent map of NoUi, in 
 the eighteenth century, as a reservoir for water, which probably had 
 been true ; there are three small reservoirs there now which might 
 easily have been united, and the whole be filled by closing the 
 outlet. 
 
 Frontinus tells us that the aqueduct of Nero terminated at the 
 temple of Claudius, which was in the centre of the Claudium ; this 
 was in fact the sacred enclosure round his temple. A fragment of 
 the Marble Plan of Rome also confirms this, but it is equally clear 
 
 ■^ The water pumped out by the had been constructed by the Munici- 
 
 steam- engine employed by Signor Rosa pality about 1866. At last it was ob- 
 
 was always good clear drinking water, served that an aperture into that drain 
 
 and had all the appearance of coming might easily be made on the inner side, 
 
 from an aqueduct ; it was sent along an and so avoid the swamp in the road, and 
 
 open channel the whole length of tlie washing the foot of the arch. Soon after 
 
 Colosseum, and made a great swamp this the stenm-engine was stopped on ac- 
 
 round the arch of Constantine for seve- count of the enormous expense of it, 
 
 ral months in the spring of 1875, the after it had gone on for more than a 
 
 outlet for it being made on the outer year, always pumping out good drinking 
 
 side of the drain under that arch, which water, and sending it to waste. 
 
120 Appendix. 
 
 that soon after the time of Claudius and Nero the water was carried 
 on in three branches, one to the Aventine, another to the Pala- 
 tine, and the third to the Colosseum, as has been before stated, 
 and there are remains of the arcades of each in all three directions. 
 The specus found in April, 1876, under the garden of the Marchese 
 Rappini, must have come from the reservoir mis-called the vivarium, 
 but it had been long out of use. 
 
 Many other remains of the aqueducts within the walls of Rome 
 have been found during the great excavations of 1874 — 1876, in 
 different parts of the city. Some of these have been already 
 mentioned. 
 
 Dr. Fabio Gori has sent me an important notice of some exca- 
 vations recently made between Subiaco and Vico Varo, which throw 
 new light on the line of the specus, or channels of the aqueducts, 
 in several places. 
 
 On p. 13, note h, it is stated that " the Anio Vetus has its source in 
 the district called La Cannotta, and passes under the hill of Marano;" 
 but it now appears that the aqueduct in La Connotta belongs to the 
 Anio Novus, because they have discovered at the sources of the 
 Aqua Marcia another aqueduct on a lower level, which must be 
 the Anio Vetus. This is on the opposite side of the river Anio, 
 and passed over the river on the bridge at Vico Varo, of which the 
 great stone piers remain in the bed of the river. He could not 
 find the sources of the Anio Vetus at the fortieth mile, near the 
 bridge of Agosta (twenty miles above TivoH), because the torrents, 
 in time of flood, have brought down such a quantity of stone in the 
 bed of the river Anio, and the valley through which it flows, that 
 the level of the ground, and of the bottom of the river in this 
 part, is now nearly twenty feet higher than it was when that aque- 
 duct was made. 
 
 At p. 60, it is said that Dr. Gori had found the Piscina Limaria 
 of the Anio Novus, made by Claudius, " at the Praia della Cariicra 
 of Subiaco ;" that was written when they had found a large aque- 
 duct by the side of the Emissarium Barberini; but the recent 
 excavations have shewn that the water for that aqueduct came from 
 the third loch, near the bridge of S. Mauro, where the opening at 
 the entrance to the specus was found, covered with an iron grating. 
 From this it was inferred that there was a special aqueduct with 
 a private specus to supply the baths and thermae of the Villa Nerofiis 
 Sublacensis. A quantity of marble of very rare kinds, from this 
 
The A queducts. 121 
 
 villa, on the margin of the river, has been found, and in the bed 
 of the river the foot of a colossal bronze statue. 
 
 The question of the true site of the Piscina Limaria^ of Frontinus, 
 still remains to be settled, and with it the beginning or source of 
 the great Aqueduct of Claudius, called the Aqua Claudia. After 
 carefully examining the bank of the river at a quay at the forty- 
 second ancient mile of the Via Sublacensis, that is to say, between 
 three and four modern miles below Subiaco (which is forty-five miles 
 from Rome), they found the remains of an aqueduct called the 
 Muraccio, almost always washed by the water of the river, which 
 enters into it, and then turns at an angle. 
 
 On entering into the Muraccio, Dr. Gori became convinced that 
 it was the Piscina Limaria of Claudius, as described by Frontinus, 
 c. 15, because the water enters freely into the lower chamber, and 
 to the right the specus of the Anio Novus is seen. The water, ac- 
 cording to Frontinus, between the entrance from the river and the 
 specus {inter ajnnetn et specwn), was stopped and purified in the same 
 chamber, before it entered into the conduit. Considering also that 
 between the three lochs, where the water is now pure, and this 
 piscina, there is a considerable distance. In the rainy season the 
 floods bring down a considerable quantity of earth from the neigh- 
 bouring fields, which makes the water of the Anio Novus muddy j 
 for which reason the Emperor Trajan began, as Frontinus states, 
 to lengthen that aqueduct to the second upper loch, above the 
 Villa Neroniana Sublacensis. Dr. Gori has found that this work of 
 Trajan was completed, by tracing the whole line of it along the 
 left bank of the river Anio. 
 
 i*» 
 
122 Appendix. 
 
 Another Aqua Augusta. 
 
 At a meeting of the *' Institut de Correspondance Archeologique," 
 in 1873, the Commendatore G. B. D. Rossi gave an account^ of 
 another Aqua Augusta, the springs and source of which have been 
 found with that inscription, in the district called Le Macchie di 
 Rocca di Papa. This aqueduct appears not to have gone to Rome, 
 but descending into the meadow called the Camp of Hannibal, it 
 went on to the imperial villa at Tusculum, where the magnificent 
 piscina of the time of Trajan or Hadrian is miscalled the House 
 of Cicero. 
 
 * This article will be found in the Annales de PInstiiiit de Correspondattce 
 Archeologique, 1873. 
 
ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 Errata, 
 p. X. Julia (v.) Sources on Mons'Algi- 
 dus (near Tusculum), Frascati, and 
 Grotta Ferrata. 
 
 /. X. col. I. (vii. ) Lacus Alsietina. 
 
 col. 2. Lacus Sabatina. 
 At the Cariee. 
 Casale Bianca. 
 
 A xi. col. I. (x.) Lacus Sabatina. 
 
 col 2. (xi. ) Torre de' Scavi. 
 
 Ibid, (xii., xiii. ) Villa de Quintilii. 
 
 /. xii. (xvi. ) (Algentiana). The water 
 is said to have been brought by 
 a branch from the Marcia at the 
 Porta di S. Lorenzo. 
 
 Corrigenda. 
 The Sources are near Grotta Ferrata, 
 not Tusculum : see p. 42. 
 
 Lacus Alsietinus. 
 
 Lacus Sabatinus. 
 At the Careise. 
 Casale Bianco. 
 
 Lacus Sabatinus. 
 
 Torre de' Schiavi. 
 
 Villa de' Quintilii. 
 
 That opinion is not correct (?). The 
 name oiAlgentiatia given to the water 
 is from the Mons Algidus, near Tus- 
 culum. This water now supplies the 
 Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati. 
 
 /. 3, note h. loco nomen respondenti Gemellorum. 
 Gemellarum. 
 
 p. 5, notem. Torre de' Scavi. 
 
 Torre de' Schiavi. 
 
 p. 10, notei, under the monastery of for Monastery read S. Maria Aventi- 
 
 nense, or il Priorato di Malta. 
 
 S. Maria del Trinita di Malta. 
 
 /. 27. (i. ) et . . . novum ramus Augustae, 
 hac tres. 
 
 Ibid. (iii. ) que vocantur ... hi directe. 
 
 Ibid. (iv. ) intra portam exquelinam. 
 
 Ibid. (v. ) que locus infra. 
 
 /. 35, note *. Delle varie Sorgenti. 
 
 /. 41, line 2,2. Squaricarelli. 
 
 ... novum, i. 5 ... hac tres ... fluentes ad 
 Viminalem usque portam. i. 19. 
 
 qui vocantur ... hi directi. 
 
 intra portam exquilinam. 
 
 qui locus est infra. 
 
 Delle vere Sorgenti. 
 
 Squarciarelli. 
 
 /. 42, /i«^8. Canina cleared out the That j/^r«j was of the Aqua Algentiana, 
 ancient spec us of the Julia. and not of the Julia. The source of 
 
 the Angelosa is not that of the Julia 
 but of the Aqua Crabra. 
 
124 
 
 Errata. — The Aqueducts. 
 
 Errata, 
 p. 43, lifie 8. Near Rocca di Papa an 
 arcade, . . . probably a part of the Julia. 
 This arcade is called Arcioni. 
 
 p. 50, line 20. Carice. 
 
 Ibid. , tine 22. Lacus Alsietina. 
 
 Ibid., line 30. Strachia Capra. 
 
 Ibid., line 32. Lacus Alsietina. 
 
 /. 51, line 5. from the Alsietina Lake. 
 
 Ibid., line 8. Lacus Sabatina. 
 
 3id., note I. This lake, called Sabatina 
 ... from the names of the proprietors. 
 
 Ibid., notem. ALSEATINA. 
 
 /. 52, line I. Cariae. 
 
 p. 53, tine 5. Lacus Sabatina. 
 
 Ibid., tine ^. Carise. 
 
 Ibid. , note s. Lacus Alsietina. 
 
 p. 89, note h. Torre de Scavi. 
 
 p. 90, note i. Aquarum ductus etiam. 
 infinitas. 
 
 p. lOO, line 2. from the Aqua Marcia. 
 
 p. 106, tine 19. fistula Urbana, made 
 in a piece of marble. 
 
 p. no. (xi.) Alseatina. 
 
 p. 118, //«^ 33. Garciano. 
 
 /. 121, line 33, col. 2. Torre d' Scavi. 
 
 p. 122. (vii. ) ALSEATINA. 
 Ibid. Cari«. 
 
 p. 132, line 6. Alseatina. 
 Ibid. Pantana. 
 
 Corrigenda. 
 This arcade was of the Aqua Atgen- 
 tiana. See Canina, tom. v. 
 
 Careice. 
 
 Lacus Alsietinus. 
 
 Stracciacappe. 
 
 Lacus Alsietinus. 
 
 from the lake Alsietinus. 
 
 Lacus Sabatinus, 
 
 This lake is called Sabatinus ... from 
 the names of those villages, Anguil- 
 tar a and Bracciano. 
 
 ALSIETINA. 
 
 Careiae. 
 
 Lacus Sabatinus. 
 
 Careiae. 
 
 Lacus Alsietinus. 
 Torre de' Schiavi. 
 Aquarum ductus etiam infinites. 
 
 The Aqua Algentiana really comes from 
 Mons Algidus, near Tusculum. 
 
 the fistula Urbana is of lead, not 
 marble. 
 
 Alsietina. 
 
 Carciano. 
 
 Torre de' Schiavi. 
 
 ALSIETINA. 
 
 Careice. 
 
 Alsietina. 
 
 Pantano. 
 
LEVELS OF THE AQUEDUCTS, TAKEN BY 
 ERNEST DE MAURO, 187 1. 
 
 The seven Specus at the Porta Maggiore, arranged 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE LEVELS ABOVE THE SeA, 
 
 I. Anio Novus, 65.000, 
 II. Claudia, 62.336. 
 
 The species at the Trophies of Marius, 59.936. 
 
 III. Fehce, 59.560. 
 
 SpecHs on the high ground, between the Porta Maggiore and 
 
 S. Lorenzo, 59.100. 
 Reservoir at the fountain of Termini, 58.600. 
 
 IV. Julia, 58.192. 
 
 Reservoir behind the wall near the Porta S. Lorenzo, 53.000. 
 V. Tepula, 56.712. 
 
 Reservoir in the wall near the Porta S. Lorenzo, 49.525. 
 VL Marcia, 54.788. 
 
 Specus at the Porta S. Lorenzo, 54.405. 
 VIL Anio Vetus, 45.688. 
 
 Reservoir near Porta Furba, two miles from the Porta 
 
 Maggiore, 47-i93- 
 Reservoir in the Vigna Berardi, 41.731 °, 
 Reservoir between the Porta Asinaria and the Amphithea- 
 
 trum Castrense, 34.030. 
 Reservoir in the Vigna Mangani, near the Minerva Medica, 
 
 47-735- 
 Two small specus in the Via Labicana, 43.857 °. 
 
 Antoniana — Specus in the City wall and over the Arch of 
 
 Drusus, 40.374. 
 Aurelia — Reservoir on the south side of the Porta Latina, 
 
 36.000. 
 Severiana (?) — Reservoir on the north side of the Porta 
 
 Latina, 33.400. 
 Aqua Marcia Pia^, 60.088, at the Porta Pia. 
 
 " Near the Porta Matrgiore, and under years of very arduous work, and over- 
 the arches of Nero. There are two large coming many difficulties. The corn- 
 reservoirs close together in this vineyard, pany who made this great aqueduct con- 
 probably the Gemelli of P^ontinus. sisted chiefly of English shareholders, 
 
 ° Descending from the reservoir into with a mixture of French and Italian, 
 
 the old specus under the arches of It was long under the direction of the 
 
 Nero. late Mr. Shepherd, an Englishman, 
 
 p The Aqua Marcia was brought whose loss was much regretted in Rome, 
 
 again into Rome by a new water com- and latterly under a Belgian engineer, 
 pany in the year 1870, after several 
 
HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 {The numbers refer to Mr. Parker s CataIogue.\ 
 
 Those marked ivith * are from drai 
 but not as 
 
 In his admirable treatise on the Aque- 
 ducts, Frontinus mentions in his first 
 book, as an introduction, that before 
 they were made, the Roman people, 
 for the space of 441 years after the 
 foundation of the City, were content 
 with the water from the Tiber and 
 from certain natural springs which 
 from their salubrity were supposed 
 to be sanctified. 
 
 One of the springs, called Aqua Ar- 
 gentina, deserves special attention ; it 
 comes out of the rock in a consider- 
 able body, and with much force, 
 under the north-west corner of the 
 Palatine Hill, at a great depth, 
 in the cave called the Lupercal, 
 which from its situation may very 
 well have been a wolf's cave at the 
 time of the foundation of Rome. 
 (702* is the plan and section of this). 
 It falls into the larger stream that 
 comes from the Quirinal and Capito- 
 line Hills, and nownins in the Cloaca 
 Maxima (690*). The point of junction 
 of these two streams can be seen in an 
 opening where the vault has been 
 destroyed (158), near the arch of Ja- 
 nus and the church of S. Georgio in 
 Velabro, which was the silversmiths' 
 quarter in Rome, as is shewn by the 
 arch they erected in honour of Septi- 
 mius Severus near this spot, the in- 
 scription on which remains. 
 
 The stream that comes from the 
 foot of the Quirinal, and now runs 
 through the Cloaca Maxima, emerges 
 in a cellar under a house at the back 
 of the church of S. Hadrian, and 
 
 viiigs, valuable for historical purposes, 
 
 photographs. 
 
 a great body of water rises with con- 
 siderable force. Such a spring is no 
 doubt in its original place. Another 
 spring that runs into this stream is 
 the one that rises in the crypt under 
 the church of the Crucifixion, at the 
 foot of the Capitoline Hill, called the 
 Prison of S. Peter, which is another 
 natural source. 
 
 Of the wells or reservoirs of rain- 
 water, we have one remarkable ex- 
 ample still preserved ; it is on the 
 Palatine Hill, at the north-west cor- 
 ner, just behind the most perfect part 
 of the Wall of Romulus, and at one 
 corner of his arx or citadel, called 
 Roma Quadrata, and there are cer- 
 tain peculiarities about it. It has 
 specus, or subterranean conduits, to 
 carrj' water to it from different parts 
 of the hill. The cistern itself is 
 seven feet high, of about the same 
 width, and of considerable length. 
 Into this reservoir descend certain 
 wells of a peculiar and unusual form, 
 like a hollow cone with the wide 
 mouth downwards. This form of 
 well is said to be common in the 
 east ; but the only examples known 
 in this part of Italy are this one on 
 the Palatine under the arx of Romu- 
 lus, and one at Alba Longa, under the 
 corner of the arx or citadel of that 
 ancient city, from which the Romans 
 are said to have been originally a 
 colony. This is certainly a remark- 
 able coincidence, if it is nothing more. 
 One of these wells is shewn in 764 
 and 765 from nature, and in 366*, 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Appia. 
 
 115 
 
 3S4*, from a drawing. 1630 is a view 
 of the reservoir at Alba Longa (mis- 
 called the Prison). 1940* is from 
 a drawing of the two compared. 
 
 The remains of the aqueduct and reser- 
 voir at Tusculum (shewn in 1903) 
 are of opus quadraium, of very early 
 character, and seem to shew that 
 the inhabitants there had aqueducts 
 before the Romans. Frontinus, in- 
 deed, makes no claim to invention, 
 nor were the Romans generally in- 
 ventors, they rather turned to useful 
 account the inventions of other people 
 whom they had conquered. 
 
 I. The Appia — was made by the Cen- 
 sor, Appius Claudius Crassus (Crecus") , 
 in the year of Rome 441, B.C. 312, 
 and has its origin in and near to the 
 Latomife or Stone Quarries of the 
 time of the Kings of Rome, on 
 the bank of the river Anio, in which 
 one of the sources of this aqueduct 
 is found. 865, 866, 867 
 
 The Caves of Cervaro are a continua- 
 tion of these Quarries, shewn in 
 1557- 
 
 1 1 55* and 1968* are plans of the sources 
 of the Aqua Appia and Aqua Virgo, 
 in the Meadows of Lucullus, near 
 Collatia. 
 
 These meadows are now known by 
 the medieval towers called La Rus- 
 tica, Sapienza (1551), and Cervaro 
 (1552), and the lines of the aqueduct, 
 crossing them from different springs 
 and meeting in a central reservoir, 
 can be traced by the clumps of shrubs 
 over each well. The aqueduct itself 
 being at a great depth, but still having 
 water in it for the greater part of the 
 year, and moisture always, the line 
 
 of these wells is thus distinguished. 
 From the central reservoir, in which 
 the water was collected, the Specjis 
 or Conduit was carried into Rome, 
 always at a great depth. 
 
 The spring of the Augustan branch 
 (added A. D. 10) is found under a cot- 
 tage (1550), near the town or castle 
 of Cervelletta. 
 
 The Speciis, or Conduit of each of 
 the aqueducts, is distinguished by 
 a slight change of form, and often of 
 size also. Sections of fifteen of these 
 are given in the map, and shewn in 
 the photographs of it, 1982*. That 
 of the Appia being the lowest, and 
 always at a great depth, has been the 
 most difficult to distinguish ; but with- 
 in the walls of Rome it passed along 
 the Coelian Hill'' (691*, 890*), and 
 then across the short space between 
 the Coelian and the Aventine, upon 
 the bank or Agger of Servius Tullius 
 (1 100, 1 136, 1 164, 1 165, 1289, 1288, 
 1 166), and very near to {proximo) the 
 Porta Capena (1138*). After passing 
 the Piscina Publica, and serving as 
 a drain for the surplus water, it is con- 
 tinued at the foot of the cliff of the 
 Pseudo-Aventine, under S. Balbina 
 and S. Sabba, to the mouth of it (84*) 
 on the bank of the Tiber, under the 
 Priorato near the Marmorata and 
 the Porta Trigemina. The specus is 
 here distinctly visible, filled up with 
 the clay deposit to one-third of its 
 height (11 16) ; the view in the stone 
 quarry and a section of one of the 
 wells is shewn in 889*. A Plan of the 
 stone quarry under S. Sabba shews 
 several aqueducts meeting in it, and 
 throwing their surplus water into the 
 
 * See Frontinus de Aqueductibus, 
 c. 5. 
 
 •^ There is a large and deep reservoir 
 for it near the arch of Uolabella, under 
 the garden of the Villa Mattei, now 
 called the Villa Coelimontana, and from 
 thence it passed, still underground, to 
 
 I 
 
 the cliff of the Coelian, opposite to the 
 Aventine. A short tunnel was made 
 from this deep reservoir to a Nymphaeum 
 under the Cceiian, now S. Stefano Ro- 
 tondo, called of Septimius Severus. The 
 ruins of it are shewn in 895 ; a specus 
 has been traced from one to the other. 
 
1 1 6 PJiotograplis of the Aqueducts. — Anio Vctiis. 
 
 Appia, as the lowest (this is given in 
 834*, 1941*). 
 The Reservoirs of this most ancient and 
 very deep aqueduct vv^ere first in the 
 quarries before mentioned, and even 
 in Rome were chiefly also in quarries, 
 as at the mouth ; but just within the 
 Porta Maggiore, and close to the 
 gardens of S. Croce, formerly the 
 Sessorian Palace, are two large reser- 
 voirs very near together, supposed to 
 have been the Gemelli or twin reser- 
 voirs mentioned by Frontinus, and 
 these are so deep that they appear to 
 have belonged to the Aqua Appia. 
 Some excavations attempted in them 
 in 1867 were stopped by water (410, 
 41 1, 695*). This aqueduct is believed 
 to have entered Rome on the northern 
 side of these gardens, and to have 
 been first received in the reservoir 
 afterwards called after S. Helena, 
 which is very deep, and in this 
 situation (546). 
 
 II. Anio Vetus, made in the year 
 OF Rome 481, b.c. 272"=. 
 
 The Anio Vetus and the Anio Novus 
 are in fact branches of the river Anio, 
 which falls into the Tiber a short dis- 
 tance above Rome. The water is 
 there seen to be much more pure than 
 that of the Tiber, and after it falls 
 into the muddy Tiber its clear water 
 can be distinguished for a long dis- 
 tance. Several of the aqueducts, as 
 the Appia and the Virgo, are springs, 
 that fell into that river; but part of the 
 water was intercepted and brought 
 into Rome, each in its own distinct 
 specus. This was the case with the 
 Anio Vetus, at a much higher level 
 above Tivoli, but below Suljiaco. 
 The river itself may be considered to 
 belong to the system of the Aque- 
 ducts, and the series of magnifi- 
 cent cascades by which it falls from 
 
 its high level, are partly artificial, 
 are connected with them, and illus- 
 trate their history. Those in Tivoli 
 (1545. 1546, 1547, 1548), the en- 
 gineers had great difficulty in avoid- 
 ing. The one near Vico - Varo 
 (1544), above Tivoli, is near the point 
 from which the aqueduct was taken, 
 which is near the valley called Arsoli 
 (1549). It can be seen in the valley 
 of the Arches, two miles above Tivoli, 
 at the foot of one of the piers of the 
 Marcian Arcade (1054), and the one 
 seems to have followed the other all 
 the way into Rome. It passes along 
 with it over the Ponte di S. Antonio, 
 which is one of the finest bridges on 
 the whole line of the Aqueducts, 
 eight miles below Tivoli, across the 
 valley and mountain stream called 
 S. Antonio (1530). This aqueduct 
 can generally be distinguished by 
 being half-underground, or very near 
 the surface. It was repaired or re- 
 stored by Augustus and Trajan '', 
 and most of the remains now visible 
 are of their time, and both the specus 
 and the castella can generally be 
 known by being faced with opus re- 
 ticidatiini, so much used at that time. 
 There is a fine reservoir or castelliun 
 for it near Tivoli, with very peculiar 
 work of this description, and ex- 
 tremely picturesque (950). Another 
 is against a bank, and half under- 
 ground, near the Torre Fiscale, three 
 miles from Rome, and close to the 
 foot of the Claudian Arcade (S96, 
 1028, 1029). Remains of others may 
 still be seen at the foot of the Wall 
 of Rome in several places, they were 
 distinctly visible in 1870, when these 
 photographs were taken ; but have 
 been almost obliterated since in the 
 restoration (?) of the wall by the mu- 
 nicipal architect. One is near the 
 Porta Metronia (983), and another 
 
 "= See Frontinus de Aqueductibus, c. 6. 
 
 Ibid., c. 125, and 93. 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Anio Vetus. 3Ta?ria. 117 
 
 at the Porta Latina (985). Remains 
 of other piscincB are visible near the 
 AmphitheatrumCastrense, on the rock 
 at the foot of the wall (868, 969, 970) ; 
 at this point one branch of it seems to 
 have been brought into Rome along 
 the line of the Via Appia Nova, 
 which runs near the spot, and entered 
 Rome just beyond, by the Porta Asi- 
 naria. It can also be seen at the 
 foot of a wall by the side of the Via 
 Labicana, near the Porta Maggiore, 
 and readily distinguished by the usual 
 reticulated work (1337). One branch 
 enters Rome at the foot of the Mar- 
 cian Arcade, close to the Porta 
 Maggiore (59), and the specus was 
 visible at that gate, until it was con- 
 cealed by a brick wall by the modern 
 builders. It passes through the City 
 Wall there, and is visible on the 
 other side in the inner road, in tlie 
 wall of the garden still under the 
 level of the Marcian Arcade (1876). 
 Here it forked off, one branch went 
 to the left, along the line of the wall 
 of the garden, to a great reservoir 
 for it at an angle close to the junc- 
 tion of two roads, one called the 
 Via Labicana the other the Via di 
 Porta Maggiore, coming from the 
 church of S. Maria Maggiore. At 
 this spot there is a very large and 
 fine reservoir in several chambers at 
 a considerable depth, corresponding 
 to the level of the Anio Vetus ; 538 
 is a view of it, and 700* is a section 
 of it. P'rom this great reservoir two 
 small specjis in this part appear to 
 have gone into the specus of the 
 Appia in the Ccelian, under the 
 Arches of Nero, and are visible 
 going into the bank on which this 
 fine arcade stands (854). 
 
 Another important branch turns to 
 the north upon the high bank of tlie 
 Kings, on which the Wall of Aureliau 
 
 was afterwards built. There are re- 
 mains of castella for it near the Porta 
 S. Lorenzo (869), and further to the 
 south near the Porta Nomentana 
 (871), after passing the Praetorian 
 Camp. It had previously gone un- 
 der the Porta Chiusa, which was 
 shewn in the excavation of 1868, 
 and in the photograph 1057. The 
 specus runs under the wall of the 
 Camp all round. It is still visible on 
 the north side, faced with the reticu- 
 lated work under the fine brickwork 
 of Tiberius (870). There was an 
 opening into it at the north-east cor- 
 ner of the camp, into which a dog 
 or a boy might be sent (981, 982), 
 until it was closed in the recent re- 
 storation. Remains of it may still 
 be seen at the foot of the wall in 
 several places by experienced eyes. 
 The general plan of this aqueduct is 
 shewn in Nos. 1970*, 1971*, 1976*, 
 1977*, and 1967*. 
 
 III. Marcia, made in the year of 
 Rome, 608, b.c. 145*. 
 This aqueduct was made in the year 
 B.C. 145, and has its source a few 
 miles below Subiaco ; the springs are 
 collected in a small lake called Aqua 
 Serena (1537), the water from which 
 flows into the river Anio ; but a por- 
 tion of it was intercepted for this 
 aqueduct, and is now again taken 
 from the same spot and brought into 
 Rome. It has always been celebrated 
 for its extreme coldness and great 
 purity. The old specus or viaduct 
 was found in 1870 in this lake, having 
 long been concealed by being under 
 water ; but by drawing off some of 
 the water it was brought to light, 
 and the engineer of the new com- 
 pany decided on carrying his new 
 specus up to this point. The previous 
 plan had been to draw the water 
 
 Fioutinub do Ai|uoductibus, c. 6. 
 
ii8 
 
 Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Marcia. 
 
 from another lake nearer to Rome, 
 which is nearly equally good water, 
 but not the real Aqua Marcia so 
 much prized, and this is now again 
 brought into Rome. The source of 
 the old aqueduct is celebrated for its 
 extremely picturesque character, as 
 well as for the fine construction of 
 the arcade of large square stones, 
 and the scientific arrangement of the 
 reservoirs {castella aqiiarujii) and fil- 
 tering-places [piscina:). The sources 
 in the Aqua Serena are shewn in 
 Nos. 1538, 1539. Another source 
 for an additional supply was on the 
 lake of the Mole d'Agosta, 1543. 
 
 In the earlier part of its course the 
 spccus is underground ; but on arriving 
 at the valley called the Valley of 
 the Arches, about two miles above 
 Tivoli, it emerges upon the fine 
 arches which give the name to the 
 valley, and is here carried across the 
 river Anio. These arches are in two 
 series, and are among the most 
 picturesque objects in the neighbour- 
 hood of Rome ; the effect is improved 
 by a medieval tower built upon the 
 first pier of the bridge. This is shewn 
 in Nos. 1053, 1054. 
 
 It then appears again on the other 
 side of Tivoli, on the road called the 
 Promenade of Garciano, which is on 
 the edge of the hill looking towards 
 Rome, and above the winding road 
 up the hill ; S. Peter's is visible from 
 this point. On this platform there 
 are a number of fine remains of the 
 specus and of the castella of the Aque- 
 ducts, some of the finest of which are 
 of the Marcia. The Plan and Section 
 of a very fine Reservoir and Piscina 
 here is given in No. 535*. 
 
 Another very fine one has a wall 
 on the edge of the cliff of the cha- 
 racter called Cyclopean (Nos. 15 13 
 and 1528). Chambers of this re- 
 
 markable early reservoir are shewn 
 in Nos. 1520 and 1521. 
 
 A considerable part of this aque- 
 duct was rebuilt by Augustus' (b.c. 
 11), and again about a century after- 
 wards by Trajan ^, and of the spccus 
 of that time we have examples in 
 1524 and 1525, shewing a very pecu- 
 liar kind of the ornamental construc- 
 tion called Opus Reticulatum. An- 
 other reservoir of this time is shewn 
 in 1526, and an earlier one belong- 
 ing to the original construction of 
 the kind called Opus Incertuni, which 
 probably belongs to the earlier period, 
 is shewn in 1527. 
 
 From Tivoli the Aqueducts again 
 pass underground for some miles, 
 gradually winding down the hill from 
 the high level to that of Rome on 
 the Campagna, at about seven miles 
 distance. They were carried upon 
 bridges, some of which are very fine 
 and picturesque, across the gorges of 
 the hills and the mountain streams. 
 At the place where they arrive at the 
 lower ground, there are large reser- 
 voirs and filtering -places for them, 
 and the locality is called from them 
 the Piscinae. 
 
 From thence they are carried on 
 the fine and celebrated arcades aci"oss 
 the Campagna, presenting some of 
 the finest pictures in the neighbour- 
 hood of Rome. 
 
 At the Piscina;, the Tepula and 
 Julia, from the Alban Hills near Ma- 
 rino, were added to the Marcia, and 
 carried on the same arcade. The 
 greater part of them was destroyed, 
 and used for building materials by 
 the engineers of the Aqua Felice in 
 the sixteenth century ; but there are 
 some very remarkable and picturesque 
 remains of the arcade at intervals, 
 the more interesting because so little 
 is left of it. One fine piece remains 
 
 ' Frontinus, c. 125. 
 
 s Ibid., c. 93. 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Marcia. 
 
 119 
 
 at a locality called Sette Bassi and 
 Roma Vecchia, five miles from Rome 
 (1435), where a small portion of 
 each of the three Aqueducts on an 
 arcade can be seen in Nos. 1006 and 
 536, and the Piscinte near to it, 534, 
 1434, 1438. 
 
 This arcade is seen again at the 
 Torre Fiscale, a medieval tower built 
 upon the aqueducts at one of the points 
 of junction, and at one of the angles, 
 which they made at every half mile. 
 Here the more lofty arcade of the Clau- 
 dia and Anio Novus is carried over 
 that of the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia ; 
 while the Anio Vetus runs under- 
 ground at the foot of it, and the Felice 
 is built up against it ; so that at this 
 point seven aqueducts cross each 
 other, and have a tall medieval tower 
 built on the top of them ^. The Torre 
 Fiscale, with this remarkable junc- 
 tion, is shewn in Nos. 528, 529, 530, 
 531, 532. A plan and section of it 
 are given in 689*, 
 
 There is another angle and cross- 
 ing at the Porta Furba, half-a-mile 
 nearer to Rome, which makes another 
 very picturesque point of view (shewn 
 in Nos. 551, 552). A small portion 
 of it remains built into a gardener's 
 cottage at another angle, about a 
 mile from Rome, and a fine large 
 reservoir near to it. The ground then 
 rises, and the arcade is buried for 
 some distance ; the upper part of the 
 arches of brick, as rebuilt by Trajan, 
 are then visible by the side of the old 
 road that runs close to the northern 
 side of the great Claudian arcade, 
 on the line of the Marcian, which 
 was parallel to the Claudian for some 
 miles into Rome. 
 
 It then occurs again very conspicu- 
 ously at the last angle, close to the 
 Porta Maggiore, where the Claudia 
 
 was again carried over it, and after- 
 wards incorporated in the City Wall 
 of Aurelian. Here the last pier of the 
 arcade remains with the three specus 
 of the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia 
 passing through the wall at a right 
 angle (31, 59). Inside the wall a part 
 of the first arch remains with the 
 speciis upon it (60) ; on the other side 
 of the road, the pier of the same arch 
 remains built into the wall of the 
 garden ; and a little further on in 
 the garden or vineyard, a gardener's 
 house is made out of another reser- 
 voir or castelliim aqu(B (538 ; section, 
 700*). 
 
 It then passes again underground 
 parallel to the city wall for a short dis- 
 tance, and near the Minerva Medica 
 it runs into the bank on which that 
 great wall is carried. A portion of 
 this underground arcade was brought 
 to light in some excavations in 1871, 
 but is now covered up again (2320). 
 After passing underground in the 
 bank on which the wall stands for 
 some distance, it emerges near the 
 Porta Tiburtina, • now called Porta 
 di S. Lorenzo (see a plan and section 
 of this in No. 1938*). As the ground 
 here is lower it is on an arcade, one 
 arch of which is made into the gate 
 (21, 1870), and a portion of the spirits 
 is very distinctly visible on the south- 
 ern side of the gate, with an opening 
 into it by which persons can go inside 
 of it (shewn in Nos. 69, 572*, and 
 14S7). 
 
 After passing the Porta Tiburtina, 
 it went on upon the bank or outer 
 mcenia of Rome to the Praetorian 
 Camp, and there was a large reser- 
 voir for it near the Porta Chiusa, 
 remains of which were visible in the 
 excavations of 1868, with the wall of 
 Rome built across it (shewn in 1059). 
 
 '' Tliey remind English people of the I>ondon, where trains crossing each 
 Clapham Junction of the railways near other at different levels can be seen. 
 
1 20 Photographs of the A qncdncts. — Tcpula and Julia. 
 
 From this reservoir the three aque- 
 ducts, Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, 
 were carried along the side of the 
 old road to the inner gate in the 
 great agger of Servius Tullius on the 
 Viminal, where the railway station has 
 now been made, and where the three 
 Roman princes carried on excava- 
 tions in 1869, in which they found 
 the upper specus ; that of the Julia, 
 which was left open for a time, pass- 
 ing between the cippi or boundary- 
 stones, with inscriptions upon them, 
 recording that the three aqueducts 
 passed there between them. 
 
 Another division of the Marcia 
 went along the same line as the 
 Arches of Nero to the Ccelian, and 
 along that hill as far as the great 
 resei-voir over the arch of Dolabella ; 
 then turning to the left or south, it 
 came to an end above or over the 
 Porta Capena'. These words may 
 mean — either, in the reservoir on the 
 cliff of the Coelian Hill just above 
 the gate, rebuilt in the time of Trajan, 
 of which the remains are shewn in 
 I147*;— or, in the reservoir in the 
 valley close to the west side of 
 that gate (also rebuilt in the time 
 of Trajan, and now a gardener's 
 house, as before mentioned). In that 
 case it must have passed over the 
 gate, and the specus that is cut in 
 the wall of the western tower be- 
 longed to it (710*). 
 
 The general plan of the Aqua 
 Marcia near its source is shewn in 
 1972*, and the line of its course in 
 1981*, 1982*; the bridge for it in 
 1983*. 
 
 In the early part of its course, above 
 Tivoli, the new aqueduct for this 
 water, called the Aqua Marcia Pia, 
 is carried on a stone specus upon an 
 arcade, after the same fashion as the 
 old one (a portion of this new arcade 
 is shewn in No. 1553 j. 
 
 IV. The Tepula, and V. The Julia, 
 being carried on the same arcade as 
 the Marcia for the seven miles into 
 Rome, have left remains visible in 
 some places, especially at the Gates of 
 Rome, the Porta Maggiore (31), and 
 the Porta Tiburtina (21, 572*); in 
 other places, they have generally been 
 destroyed. Near the Sette Bassi, 
 there is a portion of the specus of the 
 Julia visible just at the surface of 
 the ground, the other two being 
 then subterranean, as the level is 
 rather higher in this part than usual. 
 This portion has been examined by 
 Signor Moraldi, at a junction whence 
 a branch was carried to supply a 
 reservoir at the great villa called 
 Sette Bassi, and there are remains 
 of the loch in the channel to turn 
 off the water, shewing the same 
 arrangement as in a modern canal. 
 (A plan and section of this is given 
 in 696*.) The specus near this 
 point, built of concrete faced with 
 brick, is also shewn in 1006. The 
 specus of the Marcia is always of 
 squared stone, so that one is" readily 
 distinguished from the other. There 
 are remains of a castellum aquce or 
 reservoir for the Tepula, near the 
 Porta Tiburtina, or Porta Viminalis 
 of Frontinus, now called Porta di 
 S. Lorenzo, This is shewn in the 
 Plan of that Gate, Nos. iiii* and 
 1238*, and a view of it in No. 25. 
 It is a remarkable building of brick 
 of the first century, and has on a 
 level with the specus a series of small 
 corbels projecting from it, evidently 
 intended to carry a hourd, or wooden 
 balcony as a passage for the Aquarii, 
 and perhaps for defence also. It is in- 
 corporated in the great Wall of Aure- 
 lian. It projects slightly from the line 
 of that wall, and the end of \h& specus, 
 with its triangular head, is visible in 
 the angle. 
 
 ' Supra Portam Capenam, F. i. 19. 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Virgo. 
 
 121 
 
 V. Julia. 
 
 Between this building and the gate, 
 but within the wall, though on 
 the bank on which it stands, are 
 slight remains of another castcllum 
 aqucB, supposed to have been for the 
 Juha (Nos. 26, 869, 1873), which has 
 its external face in the direction of 
 the wall, and must have been con- 
 cealed by it when that was built. 
 This is also of the first century, as is 
 shewn by the brickwork, and it seems 
 to have been a castellum aquce by the 
 disproportional size of the buttresses 
 used to support the weight of the 
 water, one of the invariable marks of 
 such a structure. The other mark is 
 the peculiar cement with which the 
 wall is lined, called Opus Signinuiii in 
 Latin, Coccio Pesto in Italian, which 
 is made of broken pottery, and is 
 the hardest cement that is known ; it 
 is often impossible to break it, even 
 after it has been exposed to the 
 weather for centuries. 
 
 A plan and section of the ground 
 between the two gates, called by 
 Frontinus Esquilina (S. Lorenzo) 
 and Viminalis (Maggiore), shew the 
 difference of level, and the three 
 aqueducts passing underground in 
 the middle between the two gates, 
 and carried on arches at both ends 
 near the gates (see No. 1938*). 
 
 The plan of the ground at the 
 sources of the Tepula and Julia is 
 given in 1980*. 
 
 VL The Virgo (now called Aqua 
 Di Trevi) was made in the year 
 OF Rome 732, B.C. 21. 
 
 This aqueduct has its sources in the 
 meadows of Lucullus, on the banks of 
 the river Anio, on the old Via Col- 
 latia, eight miles from Rome, about a 
 mile further than the Aqua Appia, not 
 at the same level, but comparatively 
 near the surface. There are several 
 
 springs, each of which has its own 
 separate reservoir just below the 
 surface of the ground ; in some of 
 them the vault is scarcely perceived. 
 These are also called conduit-heads 
 (864, 863, 862). From each of these 
 small reservoirs a conduit runs into 
 the central reservoir (860,861), which 
 is considerably larger, circular in form, 
 surrounded by a wall, lined with the 
 cement called coccio pesto, and one 
 part of this central reservoir under 
 the road now remains. This is near 
 Salone, with its medieval tower. (See 
 the Plan, 1155*.) 
 
 From this large central reservoir 
 the surplus water is carried off by 
 short conduits into the country 
 ditches, and so into the river Anio. 
 The main speciis into Rome begins at 
 the central reservoir, and runs gene- 
 rally underground along the line of 
 the old Via CoUatina, now called 
 Lunghezza. The course of the aque- 
 duct can be clearly traced by the 
 small pyramidal or conical structures 
 over the wells at regular intervals, 
 called Respirators (660*), or which 
 might have been called Ventilators, 
 as they give air to the specus below. 
 It runs in the high bank of the old 
 road for two or three miles, be- 
 hind the ruin called Torre d' Scavi, 
 supposed to be the Thermae of the 
 Gordiani, in a direct line towards the 
 Porta Maggiore ; but about half-a- 
 mile before arriving there, it turns 
 sharp to the north along the bank 
 of the great foss or valley, and 
 being underground is traced by the 
 Respirators. Further to the north, 
 beyond S. Agnes, at some little dis- 
 tance, the old line can be traced 
 in the catacomb of S. Priscilla on tlie 
 Via Salaria, where the specus is visible, 
 half filled up with the deposit of clay 
 (1109*, 1466). In the road on the 
 bank on which the Wall of Aurelian 
 is built, near the Porta Salaria, it can 
 be traced by the low arcade at the 
 
122 Photographs of tJic Aqueducts. — Alscatina, Claudia, &c. 
 
 foot of the wall which is built upon 
 
 it (5). 
 
 But when the line was altered, it 
 was carried still further to the north, 
 and it enters Rome under the garden 
 of the French Academy (the Villa 
 Medici) ; it here is marked by two 
 cippi (2088, 20S9), with inscriptions 
 upon them, and under the garden 
 is a large reservoir very deep, level 
 with the ground in the great foss on 
 the outside, and with the Campus 
 Martius inside the walls. It was 
 then divided into two branches, one 
 of which went along the Via de Con- 
 dotti, the other along the Via del Naz- 
 zareno (83, 1108*) to the Fountain 
 of Trevi, rebuilt in A. D. 1735 (1356) ; 
 originally, it went to the north end 
 of the Septa, near the Pantheon. 
 Some remains of this were shewn 
 in 1 87 1 in the Piazza di S.Ignazio 
 (2326). The speciis can be seen, 
 with an inscription upon it recording 
 repairs by the Emperor Claudius (82), 
 in the yard behind a house near the 
 Palazzo del Buffalo. 
 
 The plan of the ground at the 
 sources of the Aqua Virgo (or de 
 Trevi), is given in 1968*, and Sections 
 of it in 1979*. 
 
 VII. The Alseatina. 
 
 This aqueduct was made by Augustus 
 in the year of Rome 763, A.D. 10, to 
 bring water for his great Nauma- 
 chia, or sham naval battles in the 
 Trastevere ; the water was not good 
 for drinkiiig ''. It was brought from 
 the lake called Alseatina, in the hills 
 on the western side of Rome. It 
 is altogether distinct from the great 
 series of aqueducts on the eastern 
 side. The source can be seen in 
 the bank of the lake, and the spccus 
 or subterranean conduit can now be 
 entered, the water of the lake having 
 
 recently been drained, and reduced 
 to a much lower level. 
 
 To these was added from another 
 lake about three miles distant from 
 the Alseatina, another branch called 
 the Sabatina The two conduits were 
 united after a few miles near the old 
 city of Carice, at a castellum aqua or 
 reservoir, now made into a house, 
 and called the Osteria Nuova. The 
 Alseatina was at the lowest level of 
 all the aqueducts, and it is now very 
 difficult to see any remains of it, ex- 
 cept the specus in the lake at its 
 source. 
 
 Trajan afterwards adopted the 
 Aqua Sabatina, but omitted the Al- 
 seatina, and carried the Sabatina 
 at the highest level instead of the 
 lowest (see Aqua Sabatina, Aque- 
 duct X. ) Pope Paul V. , who restored 
 these aqueducts to use, went back to 
 the Alseatina lake, and his specus can 
 be seen there on a different side of 
 the lake to that of Augustus ; both 
 are now left dry. There is, near the 
 junction at the Osteria Nuova, a 
 remarkable flight of steps for the 
 use of the aquarii, or the men who 
 had charge of the aqueducts. It 
 passes through the upper specus, and 
 goes down to the lower one (No. 
 2959*). The respirators of these two 
 lines can be seen and traced ; they 
 are of a different size and form. The 
 two can be seen close together at the 
 Osteria Nuova (No. 2960*). The 
 specus is also seen in No. 2961*. 
 
 VIII. The Claudia, and 
 IX. The Anio Novus, a.d. 38 — 52. 
 
 These two aqueducts were made toge- 
 ther, or were so closely connected 
 that we cannot separate their his- 
 tory, although they were not the same 
 water ; the Anio Novus came from 
 some miles higher up the river Anio 
 
 i' See Frontinus de Aqueductibus, caps. 11, iS, 22, and 71. 
 
P holographs of the Aqueducts. — Claudia & A/iio Novns. 1 23 
 
 than the Claudia. The latter was, 
 like the previous aqueducts, taken 
 from springs, that were intercepted 
 before they fell into the river Anio ; 
 but the Anio Novus was part of the 
 river itself, in which a gigantic loch 
 was made by building a great wall 
 across it, about a hundred yards in 
 front of a natural waterfall, and forc- 
 ing the water to flow over it, forming 
 a magnificent cascade, and at the 
 same time causing some of the water 
 to flow through the specns which was 
 cut in the cliff by the side of the 
 river, at a rather lower level than 
 the top of the wall. The sources of 
 the Claudia are below this cascade, 
 those of the Anio Novus are above 
 it. The line of each of these aque- 
 ducts is distinct in all the early part 
 of its course ; but after they come 
 down to the valley of the Campagna 
 of Rome, at the Piscince, the two are 
 carried on the same fine lofty arcade 
 into Rome. 
 
 These were the highest, and passed 
 over the Marcian arcade with the 
 three aqueducts upon it. They form 
 the finest feature in the landscape 
 on the eastern side of Rome. The 
 sources are above Subiaco, and in 
 what is considered by artists as some 
 of the most picturesque scenery in 
 the world. The photographs illus- 
 trating this are very numerous, the 
 subjects being some of the best that 
 can be imagined for this purpose. 
 The history of these two most im- 
 portant aqueducts can now be better 
 seen in this series of photographs 
 than in any other manner, and better 
 understood than by any written de- 
 scription of them, after the outline of 
 their history is once given. 
 They were begun in the year of Rome 
 789, A.D. 38, under the Emperor 
 Caius Coesar, or Caligula ; carried on 
 and completed by his successor, Clau- 
 
 dius, in the year of Rome 803, A. D. 
 52. They were therefore fourteen 
 years in construction, according to 
 Frontinus ' ; but Nero was then mar- 
 ried to Octavia, he was the actual 
 governor of Rome, and he carried on 
 the great work upon what are called 
 the Arches of Nero, along the Coelian 
 Hill, as far as the arch of Dolabella, 
 where a large reservoir for this water 
 was built. This work was afterwards 
 carried on by his successors in three 
 branches, one to the Colosseum, a 
 second to the Palatine, and over it to 
 the Capitol, and a third to the Aven- 
 tine. Frontinus himself, who has left 
 us his admirable treatise on the sub- 
 ject, had the direction of these works 
 for many years ; he was Curator 
 Aquarum under the Emperors Nerva 
 and Trajan, and some of the greatest 
 works were done in his time, — at 
 his suggestion, and according to his 
 plans. 
 Some of the sources of the Claudia were 
 in the lake of S. Lucia, below Su- 
 biaco, between that and Vico Varo 
 (see 1536). In its course through the 
 hills the speats is almost entirely un- 
 derground, and cannot be shewn in 
 photographs ; but the line of its course 
 is shewn in the map of the aqueducts 
 from Rome to Subiaco, reduced by 
 photography in Nos. 1967* to 1984*, 
 especially in Nos. 1976*, 1978*, 
 1979*, 1981*. It crosses mountain 
 streams on the bridges called Ponte 
 Lupo (1532) and Ponte di S. Antonio 
 (1530) ; and an inscription relating to 
 it, of A.D. 88, is given in No. 1976*. 
 When it reaches the level ground 
 of the Campagna, nearly on the same 
 level as the hills of Rome, the piscina 
 for it is subterranean, and only the 
 summit of this is visible, looking like 
 a tuinulus only (688) ; but from this 
 the speciis is seen to emerge, at first 
 only just above ground, but gra- 
 
 ' Frontinus de Aqueductibus, cap. 13, 14, 18, 20. 
 
124 PliotograpJis of the Aqueducts. — Claudia & Anio Noviis. 
 
 dually getting higher (or the soil, 
 in fact, is getting lower), until it 
 is carried on the grand series of 
 arches or arcades across the country, 
 which remain nearly perfect for some 
 miles, as far as the Sette Bassi and 
 Roma Vecchia. In 1002, a long 
 line of this arcade is shewn with 
 the Claudian specus upon it, and the 
 Anio Novus over that in many places ; 
 the two can readily be distinguished, 
 by the Claudian being built of large 
 blocks of stone (with the edges cham- 
 fered off), and the 4-nio Novus being 
 faced generally with brick, occa- 
 sionally with opus retkiilatum. Nearer 
 to Rome, this fine arcade has been 
 very much damaged, or carried off 
 altogether as building material by the 
 farmers, and by the engineers of Pope 
 Sixtus V. to build the Aqua Felice ; 
 but some portions of the old arcade 
 remain, and are shewn in No. 1006, 
 where the distinction between the two 
 speais comes out very clearly. In 
 1005, two of the brick arches with 
 which it had been strengthened by 
 Trajan are shewn, the stone-work 
 having all been carried away. 
 
 In 689*, a plan and section of the 
 ToiTC Fiscale is shewn, with the 
 crossing of six aqueducts. 528 is a 
 view of this tower and of the arches 
 of the aqueducts crossing each other 
 under it, with the Aqua Felice in the 
 background. 529 shews the arch of 
 the Claudia separately, and the con" 
 struction of it, with the Aqua Felice 
 passing under this arch of the Claudia. 
 
 530 gives very distinctly the arch of 
 the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, with 
 that of the Claudia passing over it. 
 
 531 and 532 are more distant and 
 general views of that tower, and the 
 aqueducts passing under it. 1439 
 is a side view of it, and of the old 
 tombs on the Via Latina in that part. 
 1004 shews the arches of the Claudia 
 and Anio Novus in perspective, and 
 the opening into the specus of the 
 
 Claudia. In 550, another fine portion 
 of the arcade is shewn, with brick- 
 work of Trajan. The Porta Furba 
 and a long line of the arcade is seen 
 in the distance. 548 shews the Porta 
 Furba at another crossing, with the 
 fountain, and a portion of the arcade 
 of the Felice ; with the Marrana in 
 the bed of the river Almo passing 
 under it. 
 62 is a portion of the Claudian arcade, 
 about half a mile nearer to Rome, 
 with the arches filled up mth brick- 
 work of the time of Trajan ; at this 
 point there is another crossing. 63 
 shews a portion of the brickwork of 
 Trajan, originally built to strengthen 
 the stone arcade ; but the latter has 
 been carried away by the engineers 
 of the Felice. 549 shews some inter- 
 esting repairs of the time of Nero, 
 with massive square buttresses faced 
 with reticulated work. 70 is a medi- 
 eval tower at the angle of the garden 
 of the Sessorian Palace, now of the 
 monastery of S. Croce, near the point 
 where the aqueduct enters the wall. 
 
 547 shews the interior of the Tower 
 and a piscina, at the entrance into 
 Rome, the four chambers of which are 
 visible, the inner wall of this tower 
 having been destroyed ; and into the 
 interior of this the water of the Clau- 
 dia entered in the first chamber and 
 went out at the fourth. This photo- 
 graph also shews the remains of a lai-ge 
 castclliim aqticB, now forming part ot 
 the Wall of Rome, on the north side 
 of the garden, with a continuation 
 of the arcade in the Wall of Rome 
 in this part. In 544 the specus 
 of the Claudia is plainly visible on 
 the top of the wall, and remains 
 of the Anio Novus over it. In 
 the distance are seen some of the 
 arches of Nero, across the valley and 
 foss (?), from the angle near the Porta 
 Maggiore to the Coelian Hill. This 
 garden might very naturally be called 
 by Lampridius "The Garden of the 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Anio Nov us. 1 25 
 
 Specus,"' for the specns in the time 
 of the Emperors must have been 
 the most conspicuous object in it, 
 or visible from it (542). 
 412 shews another of these reservoirs in 
 the same garden, with repairs in brick 
 by Trajan. The arcade of the Aqua 
 Felice, built against the outside of 
 the Wall, is also seen through the 
 arches of the Claudia. 
 
 31. The exterior of the Porta Maggiore, 
 with the specus over it, the lower one 
 the Claudia, the upper one the Anio 
 Novus. (The inscription of A. D. 404 
 is given in 1872.) Under these, but 
 still on the top of the wall, the specus 
 of the Aqua Felice may be seen, built 
 as usual of rough stone concrete. To 
 the right or north of this may be seen 
 the three specus of the Marcia, Tepula, 
 and Julia, passing through the wall 
 in the opposite direction, now under 
 the Felice, and originally under the 
 Claudia and Anio Novus. These three 
 specus are carried upon one of the 
 piers of the Marcian arcade, built into 
 the great wall. Just beyond these, 
 further to the right, is part of the last 
 tower of the Claudian arcade. 
 
 32. The Porta Maggiore, with the specus 
 on it, seen sideways, and the north 
 side of the Baker's tomb. 
 
 The last tower zxiA piscina of the Aqua 
 Claudia ; it stands at an angle of the 
 wall projecting from it, and shews 
 clearly that it stood there when the 
 wall was built by Aurelian, and then 
 incorporated into it. When the for- 
 tifications of Honorius at this gate 
 were destroyed in 1833, the inscrip- 
 tion relating to the aqueduct was 
 preserved and built up to the right 
 or south of the gate (shewn in 1S72) 
 Within the wall, behind the tower, 
 is a large reservoir or castellum aqua, 
 of which there are slight remains, 
 shewn in 967 and 968. 
 
 A panoramic view of the line of the 
 Claudian arcade, on the north side 
 of the Sessorian gardens, taken from 
 
 the extreme end of them at the west, 
 is shewn in Nos. 542 and 543. On 
 the left hand is the beginning of 
 the arches of Nero, "going across the 
 foss towards the Coelian ; then the 
 Porta Maggiore is seen sideways, 
 with the two specus on the top of it. 
 Under this is part of one of the two 
 great reservoirs believed to have been 
 the Gemelli of Frontinus. Then 
 comes the western wall of the Sesso- 
 rian gardens, rebuilt by S. Helena, the 
 construction being of the time of Con- 
 stantine. To the extreme right is the 
 ruin of the Basilica or Great Hall of 
 the Sessorian Palace, repaired by 
 him. This is miscalled a temple 
 of Venus and Cupid on some of 
 the maps. 
 
 Having thus traced the Aqua 
 Claudia from its sources into Rome, 
 we must now do the same for 
 
 The Anio Novus, 
 which in its early part is distinct from 
 it, as we have said. 
 
 15 14. Sources of the Anio Novus above 
 Subiaco. The river Anio in the 
 highest point, with which the aque- 
 ducts are connected, is seen winding 
 through a gorge in the rocky moun- 
 tain, with remains of the bars or 
 dams, across the river, forming the 
 two upper lakes or lochs. The cele- 
 brated monasteries of S. Scholastica 
 and S. Benedict are visible on the 
 hill to the left. 
 
 15 1 5. The River Anio, a little lower 
 down, with remains of the second 
 barrage or dam across it, forming 
 the third loch or lake, with the 
 modern bridge built upon the ruins 
 of the old wall that formed the bar. 
 Chapels of the monks of S. Benedict 
 are visible on the hill to the right. 
 
 1534. The Bridge of S. Francis, over 
 one of the branches of the Anio that 
 meet near the rocks before mentioned, 
 above Subiaco. 
 
 15 1 7. Remains of a great reservoir or 
 castellum aqua, of the time of Trajan, 
 
126 Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Anio Novits. 
 
 on the bank of the lake or loch before 
 mentioned. The wall is faced with 
 ojius reticulatum, with layers of brick 
 at intervals, the usual construction 
 of the time of Trajan. 
 
 15 18. The modern bridge, far below, 
 and remains of the old high wall on 
 which it is built, are seen under it ; 
 below are the cliffs of the third lake 
 or loch, cut into a circular form. In 
 the bed of the stream are large stones 
 fallen from the wall or bar across 
 the river. 
 
 1 5 19. Remains of another castelhtm 
 aqua above Subiaco, and the mouth 
 of a cave connected with the aque- 
 duct. 
 
 1555. Speais of the Anio Novus cut in 
 the cliff of the valley of the Anio. This 
 is below the level of the great bar, 
 and the water was forced to go 
 through the specus into Rome by 
 the bar being higher than the spcctis. 
 A modern winding road has now 
 been cut here, and the rock has 
 been in part cut away, shewing an 
 opening into the specus, which is six 
 feet high and two feet wide. Above 
 is seen a tower and an embattled 
 wall of the modern Villa Gori. 
 
 15 16. Part of the specus of Trajan, who 
 repaired this aqueduct. The specus is 
 cut as a tunnel in the cliff, with a 
 reservoir by the side of it. 
 
 1556. A view of the gorge in the moun- 
 tains above Subiaco, where the three 
 lakes are situated. 
 
 1536. A small lake at the source of the 
 spring called Fons Novus Antoninia- 
 nus, one of the sources of the Anio 
 Novus. 
 
 1558. Cascade at the Paper Mill, on the 
 site of a piscina of the Anio Novus, 
 above Subiaco. 
 
 1057. Arches of the bridges of the 
 Marcia and Anio Novus, in the Valley 
 of the Arches above Tivoli. 
 
 1052. Arch of the bridge on the Anio 
 Novus, in the Valley of the Arches 
 above Tivoli, with a medieval tower 
 
 built upon it, forming one of the most 
 picturesque objects in the neighbour- 
 hood of Rome. 
 
 1522. Specus of the Anio Novois below 
 Tivoli, on the road to Garciano, 
 called the Promenade, with open- 
 ings into it, and an old tomb in front 
 of it. This promenade is through an 
 olive wood, and the roots of the olive 
 trees run into many of the ruins. 
 
 1523. One side of a castcllum aquce 
 of the aqueduct above the road to 
 Garciano, faced with opus reticulatum. 
 
 1529. A bridge across a valley that 
 passes the road to Garciano. This 
 bridge is above the road on the left, 
 in the valley called the Arcinelli. 
 
 1531. Ponte de S.Antonio, a fine bridge 
 for the aqueduct below Tivoli, across 
 a gorge. It is seen from above look- 
 ing down upon it, with the chapel 
 of S. Antony at the end of it, and 
 a medieval castle in the distance. 
 The road for horses, and the remains 
 of the specus by the side of it, are 
 here visible. 
 
 1532. Ponte Lupo, near Poll, west side, 
 below Tivoli, the finest of all the 
 bridges of the aqueducts. It crosses 
 a valley from one cliff to the other, 
 and is a solid wall for part of the 
 way, the rest on arches. The two 
 specus are here visible, as seen from 
 below on the west side. 
 
 687. Arrived in the valley of the Cam- 
 pagna, the great piscina of the Anio 
 Novus and that of the Claudia, which 
 is near to it, is underground, and the 
 summit of it only is visible, appearing 
 like a tumulus. It is near the old 
 Via Latina, and below the present 
 roads to Albano, Frascati and Marino. 
 
 74 and 75. After leaving the great 
 piscina, the two specus are carried on 
 the fine arcade, of which a panoramic 
 view is here given, shewing its general 
 effect for some miles. 
 
 554. Passing by the remains of Roma 
 Vecchia to the Torre Fiscale and the 
 Porta Furba (given under the head 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts. — A relics of Nero. 1 27 
 
 of the Aqua Claudia), the specus rises 
 to a remarkable reservoir, which from 
 its great elevation must have belonged 
 to the highest of the aqueducts. It 
 is a most picturesque one, near the 
 Mausoleum cff S.Helena, but is earlier 
 than her time ; it belongs rather to 
 that of Trajan, being faced with fine 
 reticulated work, with layers of bricks 
 on the exterior. The interior is dis- 
 tinguished by remarkably solid cen- 
 tral buttresses, to support the wall 
 against the pressure of the water (553). 
 926. Another large reservoir of the same 
 period and style, and at nearly the 
 same level ; it occurs about a mile fur- 
 ther from the main line of the aque- 
 ducts, at the place called Torre de' 
 Scavi, where the Thermae of the 
 Gordiani were afterwards made. This 
 appears also to have belonged to the 
 Anio Novus, as no other aqueduct 
 is high enough for the water to have 
 reached it. 
 
 Arches of Nero. 
 At the great reservoir inside the Porta 
 Maggiore (the Porta Esquilina of 
 Frontinus), the water of the Claudia 
 and the Anio Novus was imited for 
 the general use of the City. This 
 aqueduct entered on the highest 
 ground in Rome, and the water 
 supplied the deficiencies of any of 
 the other aqueducts in case of need. 
 Being a part of the river Anio, 
 it never failed. It was forced to 
 come through Rome, as has been 
 shewn by the arrangements in the 
 bed of the Anio above Subiaco. This 
 united water was carried to all the 
 fourteen Regiones of Rome, and in 
 order to ensure an abundant supply, 
 it was conveyed in the great stone 
 specus, on the fine arches of Nero 
 along the whole length of the Coelian 
 Hill for more than a mile ; at the 
 west end of the Coelian an enormous 
 reservoir was built for it on the level 
 of the specus at the top of these arches, 
 
 so that the base of the reservoir was 
 fifty feet from the ground, and the 
 road passed under it. From this 
 great central reservoir, at a very high 
 level, the water was distributed in 
 various directions. 
 
 Before arriving at the Coelian Hill, 
 it had to be conveyed to and along 
 the Coeliolum (now the Lateran 
 Hill). It had come through the 
 gardens of the Sessorium, as we have 
 seen, in the two separate specus, after 
 it had entered Rome at the extreme 
 eastern comer, on the north side of 
 these gardens, which are nearly half 
 a mile long. These are the palace 
 gardens mentioned by Frontinus. 
 The Sessorium with its gardens (now 
 the monastery of S. Croce in Geru- 
 salemme) had been one of the two 
 Praetorian camps, this one being at 
 the south end of the great agger of 
 the Tarquins, which formed the outer 
 vKEuia of Rome on the eastern side. 
 The one, called the Prretorian Camp, 
 is at the north end of the same great 
 bank. 
 
 Each of these fortified camps was 
 surrounded by a great wide and 
 deep foss or trench. These great 
 banks and trenches are usually mis- 
 taken for natural hills and valleys ; 
 but natural hills and valleys are 
 not merely high banks fifty feet high 
 and perhaps a hundred feet wide, 
 nor are natural valleys long narrow 
 trenches of the same dimensions, run- 
 ning on each side of the great banks, 
 being in fact the trenches from which 
 the earth has been thrown to form 
 the banks. Such a bank with such 
 trenches can be clearly traced all 
 round Rome by eyes that are ac- 
 customed to examine such things, 
 although modern buildings have dis- 
 guised them so much that an ordi- 
 nary observer does not see them. 
 People cannot see over modem walls 
 of twelve feet high, still less over the 
 great Wall of Aurelian fifty feet high, 
 
1 2 8 PhotograpJis of the A qiteducts. — A rcJies of Nero. 
 
 and they do not think of comparing 
 the level of the ground on each side 
 of that wall, nor can they easily do 
 so. These great ancient earthworks 
 were extremely convenient for the 
 engineers of the Aqueducts, which 
 were brought upon the high banks 
 at the farthest comer. They were 
 carried along the bank on the north 
 side of the Sessorium, from its north- 
 east corner to the south-west angle, 
 where the great bank of the Tarquins 
 joins on to it. Some branches of the 
 Aqueducts, perhaps the main stream 
 in some cases, were then carried 
 along this high bank of the Tarquins 
 to the north, as far as the other 
 Praetorian Camp, and beyond it along 
 the outer wall of Rome, as we have 
 seen in the case of the Anio Vetus, 
 the Maixia, Tepula, and Julia. These 
 did not pass through the Sessorium, 
 but parallel to it about a hundred 
 yards on the north of it. The Clau- 
 dian arcade had been at about that 
 distance on the north of it, all the 
 way from the Piscinse into Rome. 
 The Marcian arcade was made nearly 
 over the Anio Vetus, which ran be- 
 tween that arcade and the Claudian, 
 but much nearer to the IMarcian. 
 
 On entering Rome, this main stream 
 went straight on through the great 
 bank to the large reservoir on the inner 
 side. The reservoirs for the Tepula 
 and Julia were much to the north, near 
 the Porta di S. Lorenzo (the Porta 
 Viminalis of Frontinus), as we have 
 seen ; that of the Marcia was much 
 closer to the Porta Esquilina. The 
 two great reservoirs, called by Fron- 
 tinus the Gemelli, were made in the 
 great foss between the Sessorium (S. 
 Croce) and the Creliolum (the Lateran ). 
 They had probably been originally 
 made for the Aqua Appia and the 
 Anio Vetus, being both at a low level, 
 though one was much deeper than the 
 other. Advantage was taken of these 
 ancient reservoirs to erect the hitjlier 
 
 one required for the reception of 
 the waters of the Claudia and Anio 
 Novus over it, or by the side of it, 
 as was very usual throughout Rome. 
 The later reservoirs are always made 
 nearly over the old ones. This is 
 equally the case here at the entrance 
 into Rome and at the other end of 
 the Ccelian. The great high reservoir 
 of Nero is close by the side of, 
 and really over, the great subterra- 
 nean reservoir of the Aqua Appia 
 (now under the garden of the Villa 
 Coelimontiana, as described in the 
 account of the Appia). 
 
 The foregoing explanation seems 
 necessary to explain the photographs 
 that now follow, belonging to the 
 Arches of Nero. The first of these 
 (No. 77) shews the junction with the 
 Porta Maggiore ; the two spectts that 
 pass over that great gate are visible 
 to the right of the photograph. The 
 beginning of the Arches of Nero is 
 then seen, where they have to cross 
 the great wide and deep foss of 
 the Sessorium, and were therefore 
 strengthened by sub-arches, as seen in 
 No. 76. A more close view of these 
 arches, nearly at the same point, is 
 seen in 66. 
 
 These arches were used by the en- 
 gineers of the Aqua Felice whenever 
 they suited their purpose, and cut 
 about or destroyed without mercy ; 
 they also made use of an old species 
 to cany their metal pipes when- 
 ever it was convenient to do so, and 
 the old speciis that ran along the 
 Ccelian was very convenient for that 
 purpose, 1295* is from a draw- 
 ing made to shew this. The specus 
 of the Aqua Felice was first carried 
 on the lower arches of the double 
 arcade of Nero, the upper part 
 of the arcade being destroyed. The 
 metal pipes were then carried down 
 into the old subterranean specus (the 
 Specus Vetzts of Frontinus). This 
 is in the same garden or vineyard 
 
Photographs of the Aqueducts, — A rcJies of Nero. 1 29 
 
 as the Gemelli, in the great foss 
 between the Sessorium and the end 
 of one of the banks of the Tar- 
 quins, (on which the garden of the 
 Villa Volkonski has been made, and 
 along which the Arches of Nero run.) 
 A portion of the grand arcade, with 
 the specus very visible on the top of 
 it, is shewn in 759. This is close to 
 the Scala Santa of the Lateran ; the 
 arcade carrying the aqueduct passed 
 along the bank on the north side of 
 the Lateran fortress on the Cceliolum, 
 and supplied that with water. 
 
 On the western side of the Lateran 
 fortress is another great foss, be- 
 tween the Cceliolum and the east end 
 of the Coelian Hill. It was either 
 thought more convenient to make a 
 bank across that great foss for the 
 aqueduct to rest upon, or this bank 
 which traverses that great foss had 
 been made before for an upper road, 
 and was used first for the Aqua Appia 
 and the Anio Vetus, and afterwards 
 by Nero. The existence of such a 
 foss between the east end of the Ccelian 
 Hill and the Cceliolum is denied by 
 those who have not paid attention to 
 the subject, and have not been into 
 the gardens and vineyards to examine 
 it ; but the fact is a matter of demon- 
 stration. The tomb of the first cen- 
 tury (miscalled the House of Verus, 
 probably a tomb of the great Late- 
 ran family), being on the western 
 bank of that fortress and the eastern 
 bank of the foss, and the other tomb 
 of the first century also, in the garden 
 of what was the Museum of Cani- 
 pana [under an arch that carries the 
 modern road), on the western side of 
 that great foss, are a demonstration 
 that there was such a foss on the 
 east side of the City of Servius Tul- 
 lius, i.e. that the Cceliolum and 
 Lateran did not form part of the 
 City at that time. (See my chapter 
 on the Tombs, and the photographs 
 of these two tombs, 174 and 1942). 
 
 The Arches of Nero remain on the 
 Coelian in many parts of the line, by 
 the side of the road from the Lateran 
 to S. Stefano Rotondo and the Navi- 
 cella, with the arch of Dolabella, 
 which was under the great reservoir 
 of Nero, and formed the entrance of 
 the Claudium. The Arches of Nero 
 are faced with the finest brickwork 
 in the world (ten biicks to the foot, as 
 usual at that period, and are chosen as 
 typical examples). This is well shewn 
 in 78, and the internal construction of 
 rubble, faced only with the fine brick- 
 work, in 358. A line of these, shew- 
 ing the picturesque effect, is shewn in 
 131 and 357. The aqueduct formed 
 one of the usual angles between the 
 Lateran and the arch at the west end 
 of the Coelian. It has been destroyed 
 in this part ; but this accounts for 
 the arches being sometimes on one 
 side of the road and sometimes on 
 the other. 
 
 We have now arrived at the arch of 
 Dolabella, built when he was consul, 
 A.D. 10, as an entrance to that part 
 of the Coelian Hill which had been 
 the keep when it was a separate for- 
 tress, and was afterwards made the 
 Claudium. This arch is of very simple 
 construction, of travertine, the same 
 construction as the early part of the 
 Basilica Julia, built by Julius Cssar 
 and Augustus. It was used by the 
 engineers of Nero as a foundation for 
 their great reservoir, or rather for 
 one corner of it, as we clearly see 
 in 72. The work of the time of Nero 
 terminated here, but the design was 
 carried on by his immediate succes- 
 sors. The water was then divided 
 into three branches ; the one on the 
 right hand, to the north, went to the 
 great reservoir between the Coelian 
 and the Esquiline, called the Stagna 
 Neronis, and was used for the sham 
 naval battles. Around these Stagna 
 the Colosseum was afterwards built. 
 A portion of the arcade on which 
 
I30 
 
 Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Trajan. 
 
 the specus was carried is visible in 
 the garden of the monks called the 
 Passionists of SS. John and Paul, 
 and is well shewn in No. 1773, look- 
 ing towards the east, with the rains 
 of the reservoir over the arch of 
 Dolabella, and the church of S. Ste- 
 fano Rotondo in the distance. There 
 are remains of a reservoir for this, 
 of the third century, in the garden 
 of the monks on the terrace of the 
 Claudium, opposite to the Palatine, 
 shewn in No. 1765. The ruins of 
 the fine arcade of the Claudium stand 
 on this terrace ; the specus also is in 
 a wall here, behind the arcade. A por- 
 tion of another reservoir ox piscina for 
 them can be seen at the foot of the 
 cliff of the Claudium, at its north-east 
 corner, opposite that part of the Co- 
 losseum near the Meta Sudans ; this 
 is also shewn in No. 1 743, with optts 
 reticulatum of the time of Nero. This 
 branch continued in use in the third 
 century ; for there are remains of 
 another reservoir for it, again at the 
 foot of the Claudium opposite to the 
 Colosseum, but more to the east, near 
 the north-east corner of the Clau- 
 dium, and near to the eastern end 
 of the Colosseum. The remains of 
 this reservoir are shewn in No. 1735- 
 A colonnade carrying the specus from 
 this reservoir to the second story of 
 the Colosseum, is shewn on one of 
 the coins of Septimius Severus, who 
 probably built this reservoir. In the 
 corridors of the Colosseum are open 
 stone troughs lined with the cement 
 for water. These carried water from 
 this aqueduct in a constant running 
 stream to cool the air. They are 
 work of the third century, with old 
 inscriptions on some of them, shew- 
 ing that they were made of old 
 materials. 
 
 Another branch from the great re- 
 servoir went straight across to the 
 Palatine, and from thence to the 
 Capitol ; it first follows the line of the 
 
 road down the Clivus Scauri, on the 
 left or southern side, and a fragment 
 of it is visible opposite to the church 
 of SS. John and Paul, as seen in 
 No. 305. At the foot of the Clivus 
 Scauri it formed an angle, and passed 
 against the cliff on which the apse of 
 the church was afterwards built ; it 
 now forms the lowest and last of the 
 series of arches that are carried across 
 the road to support the side of the 
 church. Then, after this angle to the 
 north, it resumes its course to the 
 west upon the arches across the valley 
 to the Palatine, which was a double 
 arcade ; but the lowest tier of it only 
 remains, as is shewn in 1 16. A portion 
 of the upper tier is also visible at the 
 end of it ; an arch of this upper tier 
 remains, which, having been made 
 into a back gate of the Palatine, has 
 been suffered to remain, and is shewn 
 in No. 72. A large reservoir for it 
 was made at the south-west comer 
 of the Palatine, on which the palace 
 of Commodus was afterwards built ; 
 part of this reservoir and specus is 
 shewn in 683 (made from a draw- 
 ing). The specus went across the 
 middle of the Palatine, and has 
 been found more than once in some 
 of the recent excavations, but not 
 understood. It was then carried on 
 the bridge of Caligula to the Capitol, 
 a small portion of which remains 
 connected with his palace, as is shewn 
 in Nos. 1447 and 145 1. 
 The third branch from the great re- 
 servoir over the arch of Dolabella 
 on the Ccelian was made in the 
 time of Trajan, to cai-ry water to 
 supply the thermse on the Aventine, 
 called after Sura, the cousin of the 
 Emperor ; these therms were closely 
 connected with the private house of 
 his family, rebuilt in his time, and 
 called in the Regionary Catalogue 
 " Privata Trajani," of which there are 
 considerable remains, now subterra- 
 nean. The first place where this 
 
PJwtograpJis of the Aqueducts. — Trajan. 
 
 131 
 
 branch of the aqueduct is visible is in 
 another reservoir(i I47)against the cliff 
 of the Coelian, opposite to S. Balbina. 
 This is partly above the level of the 
 hill, and has been thought part of 
 the Palace of Commodus, on the 
 Coelian (which may possibly have 
 been built over it, but the existing 
 remains are of the time of Trajan). 
 The lower part is under this, and is 
 excavated in the cliff. These were 
 brought to light in the excavations of 
 A.D. 1868 (559, 1008, 1009, lOIO, 
 loi i). The plan and section of it are 
 to be seen in 1 1 50*, 692*. Against the 
 cliff the aqueduct formed one of the 
 usual angles towards the north, and 
 this was carried across the valley on 
 the agger or bank of Servius Tullius, 
 first passing over the arch of the 
 gate of the Porta Capena, above the 
 Aqua Appia, on a much higher level, 
 and on an arcade, probably a double 
 arcade, like the Arches of Nero near 
 the Porta Maggiore, on account of 
 the great height at which the water 
 had to be carried from one hill to the 
 other. All that remains of this lofty 
 arcade is a line of brick piers passing 
 across from the Coelian to the Aven- 
 tine, over the Aqua Appia, before 
 described, and passing by the north 
 end of the Piscina Publica, as re- 
 built in the time of Trajan over the 
 old one, which had belonged to the 
 older aqueducts. There are consider- 
 able remains of the walls of this 
 period, that divided the chambers 
 shewn in 557, 558, 1288. 
 This arcade can then be traced against 
 the cliff of the Pseudo- Aventine, 
 on the north side of S. Balbina, 
 though partly concealed by the fill- 
 ing up of the space against the 
 cliff before mentioned. The tall 
 arcade then crosses the valley from 
 the Pseudo -Aventine to the other 
 part of the Aventine, and from 
 the garden of S. Balbina to that of 
 S. Prisca, and, in tlie latter garden, 
 
 there are considerable remains of it 
 on the cliff opposite to the Palatine. 
 At the north end is the specus upon 
 the arcade (the top is open, and 
 there is a walk upon it), 79. A small 
 portion of the Thermae of Sura is 
 also shewn, with the specus in front 
 of the ancient wall of tufa, called the 
 Wall of the Latins (833). 
 
 From the piscina and reservoir on the 
 cliff of the Coelian another branch 
 went to the south, over the spring 
 of the Camenae (?) 692, and near that 
 of Egeria (?) ; it was carried over 
 the Porta Metronia, and on the bank 
 of the City Wall as far as the Porta 
 Latina. 
 
 Another fine arcade of the time of Nero 
 (No. 13 1 7) leads to the Nymphjeum 
 before mentioned, where the Trophies 
 of Marius were hung. The elevation 
 shews that this water must have come 
 from the highest of the aqueducts, 
 the Anio Novus ; and the remains of 
 the reservoir near the Porta di S. 
 Lorenzo, supposed to have been for 
 the Aqua Julia, being on high ground, 
 may have been for this branch, which 
 conveyed water to the Thennas of 
 Titus. 
 
 X. Sabatina Trajana. 
 
 Great works for the aqueducts were 
 carried on in the time of Trajan. 
 One great work of his time was to 
 bring water from the lake Sabatina 
 to the top of the Janiculum. Augus- 
 tus had previously brought water 
 from that lake, supplementary to his 
 aqueduct, from the lake Alseatina 
 (VIL), to supply his Naumachia in 
 the Trastevere ; but the Aqueduct of 
 Augustus was on the lowest level, 
 that of Trajan on the highest. It 
 does not appear that Trajan made 
 use of the old specus of Augustus ; 
 but his aqueduct was afterwards made 
 use of by the engineers of Pope 
 Paul V. for the Aqua Paola, although 
 
132 Photographs of the Aqueducts. — Hadriaua, &c. 
 
 they also brought a branch to it 
 from the Alseatina, as Augustus 
 had clone. 
 That of Trajan is chiefly subterranean, 
 and has been described under the head 
 of the Alseatina (VII.), but nearer 
 Rome it is above ground, and is 
 carried on an arcade against the wall 
 of the Villa Pamphili - Doria, near 
 the Porta di S. Pancratio. Both the 
 arcade and the speciis are faced with 
 the opus reticulahon of that period. 
 (664* is from a drawing, 1065 from 
 nature.) In some parts, one side of 
 the specus has been cut away (1063). 
 Just on the outside of that garden 
 a large castellum aqticB of this aque- 
 duct has been made into a farm- 
 house, and in the yard of that house 
 a branch from it can be seen (665*), 
 apparently for the purpose of irriga- 
 tion ; or, as some think, this was for- 
 merly the point of division, one 
 branch going to the Vatican, the 
 other to the great fountain on the 
 Janiculum (960), above S. Pietro in 
 Montorio. The division now takes 
 place at a short distance from this 
 point. Procopius, writing in the 
 sixth century, admires the enormous 
 quantity of water brought by this 
 aqueduct to the highest point in 
 Rome ; as it descends the hill, it 
 turns the wheels of the flour-mills. 
 After it arrived at the low level of 
 the ground in the Trastevere, the 
 respirators of the pipes for this aque- 
 duct are carried in tall pyramids re- 
 sembling chimneys (540). Part of the 
 arcade and specus rebuilt by Paul V., 
 near the garden before mentioned, 
 is shewn in 1064, with the inscrip- 
 tion of A. D. 1609 above it. 
 
 XI, Hadriana(?), Trajana (?) or 
 Alexandrina (?). 
 The next great work of the period of 
 Trajan or of Hadrian, on the east- 
 ern side of Rome, was probably 
 
 begun in the time of Trajan. It 
 brought water from springs under 
 Labicum, now La Colonna, the same 
 that is now brought for the Aqua 
 Felice. The water from several 
 springs was collected in a central 
 reser\'oir, on which an inscription 
 of Hadrian was found by E. Q. Vis- 
 conti in the eighteenth century. This 
 is between Pantana and Gabii, in 
 the valley under La Colonna (1540). 
 There are several other resers'oirs 
 of the time of Trajan or Hadrian 
 along the line (1637, 1638). This 
 aqueduct was considered by Fabretti 
 to be of the time of Alexander Seve- 
 rus, and since his time it has usually 
 been called the Aqua Alexandrina. 
 It may have been partly rebuilt and 
 brought into use again in his time, 
 after having been choked up with 
 stalactite, one of the springs used 
 pro\'ing to be a petrifying spring. 
 
 Near the sources this arcade is 
 low and much damaged, and the spe- 
 cus where it remains is nearly filled 
 up with stalactite (1541, 1542). In 
 some parts of the line the stalactite 
 has all the appearance of a petrified 
 cascade, and is e%'idently formed by 
 the water oozing out and dripping 
 and petrifying as it fell ( 1436). Fur- 
 ther on there is a fine arcade for it 
 across the country in the direction of 
 Cento-Celle ; and in som.e places the 
 arcade is double to raise the specus 
 to the necessary level, as in the 
 Arches of Neix) (1428, 1429). A por- 
 tion of the arcade, where it is broken 
 off, is seen in 1427, with the tower of 
 Cento-Celle in the distance. Another 
 portion of this fine arcade is shewn 
 in 1640. It is of two periods ; the 
 upper part is of the third century, 
 and may have been rebuilt by Alex- 
 ander Severus (as has been said). 
 At Cento-Celle the ground is high, 
 and the aqueduct passes underground 
 for some distance, along the side of 
 the road towards Rome. 
 
Photographs of the A qiieducts. — A nrclia & A ntoniniana. 1 3 3 
 
 About a mile nearer to Rome, there 
 is a branch aqueduct from the foot 
 of the Marcian arcade, in the direc- 
 tion of the Mausoleum of S. Helena, 
 which Fabretti considers as part of 
 the same aqueduct ; but it is difficult 
 to see upon what grounds. There 
 is a fine arcade here also for about 
 a quarter of a mile ; but it is of the 
 time of Constantine, and I have not 
 been able to trace any connection 
 between this and the other. This 
 arcade has been originally double, 
 and the lower one only now remains, 
 with a modern speciis made upon it 
 (555 and 556) ; but the water now 
 flows frotn the Marrana, at the foot 
 of the arcade of the great aqueducts, 
 which were here on higher ground, 
 and runs do-wn upon this arcade to 
 the garden and small monastery of 
 S. Peter and Marcellinus, at the Mau- 
 soleum of S. Helena, called the Torre 
 Pignattara, from the earthenware pots 
 of which the vault was made. 
 
 Xn. AURELIA, A.D. 185, AND 
 
 XIII. Severiana, A.D. 190. 
 
 These two aqueducts were made to 
 convey water to the Thermae of Com- 
 modus and Severus in Regio I., of 
 which the remains were found in the 
 excavations of 1870, just within the 
 Porta Latina. The first part was 
 originally made by Marcus Aurelius, 
 for the use of his great villa on 
 the Via Appia, called the Villa dei 
 Quintilii, and the great reservoir and 
 thermee connected with it remain 
 (2346,2349,2350,2351,2352). From 
 thence it was brought into Rome by 
 his successor, ^lius Aurelius Com- 
 modus. The water came from the 
 Alban hills, near Marino (2358, 2359, 
 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363), at first un- 
 derground, and then on an arcade, 
 of which there are considerable re- 
 mains near the Torre di Mezza Via 
 di Albano (1626 and 1627). 
 
 I''roni the Villa dci (Quintilii it went 
 
 parallel to the Via Appia. One of 
 the reservoirs of it nearer to Rome is 
 made into a farm-house, with a tower 
 to it, and has the appearance of a 
 church at a little distance ; it is called 
 the Casale di S. Maria Nuova(2348) ; 
 it then passed again underground. 
 Near the head of the valley of the 
 Caffarella there remains a piscina for 
 it nearly perfect (1372); this is very 
 near also to the Circus of Maxentius 
 and his son Romulus. There is an- 
 other piscina or small i-eservoir for it 
 near the church of S. Urbano, often 
 mistaken for a tomb ; here it again 
 forms an angle, and the specus descends 
 (plan and drawing, 831*) to the Nym- 
 phseum, or so-called Fountain of Ege- 
 ria (262). The specus is then conti- 
 nued in the cliff of the valley of the 
 Caffarella, from that fountain towards 
 the tomb of the first century called 
 Dio Ridicolo. Nearly opposite to 
 that tomb the specus is visible in the 
 cliff, with large openings into it, be- 
 tween which it passes underground. 
 Wherever it was above ground it has 
 been carried off as building materials 
 and destroyed, so that it has not 
 again been found until it arrives at 
 the remains of a piscina, just to the 
 south of the Porta Latina (984). It 
 then entered the city of Aurelian 
 through the bank on which his wall 
 is built, and supplied the Thermte of 
 Commodus within that gate (as has 
 been said), 14S5, i486. 
 
 XIV. Antoniniana, A.D. 215. 
 
 This aqueduct was used to supply the 
 great Thermae of the Antonines, now 
 called after Antoninus Caracalla. It 
 is more easily traced backwards, 
 passing along the inner side of the 
 bank on which the Wall of Aurelian 
 is built, then upon an arcade which 
 has been destroyed in this part, but 
 of which remains are visible inside of 
 the Porta Ardeatina (986), by the side 
 
134 Photographs of tlic Aqueducts. — Alcxandrina, Algcntiana. 
 
 of the Arch of Drusus, just within 
 the Porta di S. Sebastiano (73, 1772, 
 1202). It then passes underground 
 through the bank, and emerges in 
 the city wall at the angle between 
 the Porta di S. Sebastiano and the 
 Porta Latina (539, 883). It here 
 crosses the road, and is visible in the 
 garden on the opposite side (884). 
 
 XV. Alexaxdrina, a.d. 225. 
 The Aqua Alexandrina is mentioned by 
 Lampridius in his life of Alexander 
 Sevems, but it was probably a branch 
 from the Anio Novus only, as the 
 Nymphseum engraved on one of his 
 coins "" has been identified with the 
 ruins near S. Maria Maggiore (2126, 
 2127). This stands on veiy high 
 ground, and the only aqueduct that 
 could reach it was that of the Anio 
 Novus. This branch can be traced 
 in the wall by the piers of the 
 arcade, which have been built into 
 the Wall of Aurelian near the Porta 
 Maggiore (80 A, b). The specus and 
 the arches were destroyed by the engi- 
 neers of the Aqua Felice ; the piers 
 only remain, and these cease just be- 
 fore we arrive at the point where the 
 railway now enters Rome through the 
 wall (99). They come to an end directly 
 in a line with a large reservoir, now 
 a gardener's house, near the Minerva 
 Medica, almost between that and the 
 wall, but a little to the south of it ; 
 one pier, however, of the tall arcade 
 of the third century remains, as a sort 
 of buttress, against that side of the 
 fine building of the same period called 
 the Temple of Minerva Medica (537). 
 There are great remains of thermce 
 and fountains in the large vineyard 
 in which this building stands. Some 
 of these are of an earlier period ; but 
 
 a considerable part of them are of 
 the third century, and of the time of 
 Alexander Severus. The Nymphseum 
 before mentioned was at the north 
 end, and is a fine picturesque ruin, 
 with very evident remains of the 
 aqueduct in it (61, 963, 964). The 
 water was here divided into several 
 branches, of which we see portions 
 of the specus going in different direc- 
 tions. One of the most important of 
 these goes to the great reservoir of 
 the Thermae of Titus and Trajan, 
 called the Sette Sale. This was 
 made long before the time of Alex- 
 ander Severiis, who only rebuilt the 
 Nymphjeum ; and there is an arcade 
 of the first century leading to this 
 Nymphseum from a reservoir near 
 the Porta di S. Lorenzo. 
 
 At a short distance to the south 
 of this celebrated Nymphseum is 
 another very curious reservoir, now 
 in a very bad state, having been 
 turned into a gardener's house, but 
 which must have been of considerable 
 importance, and probably belonged 
 to the thermae of the third century 
 (2322, 2323). There is a cippus with 
 an inscription, which indicates that 
 the building was a castdliim aqiice 
 (2324). 
 
 X\T. Algentiana, A.D. 300. 
 
 This aqueduct was made to supply the 
 great Thermae of Diocletian on the 
 Viminal Hill, but is believed to have 
 been entirely subterranean, so that 
 little is known about it. There was 
 a reservoir for it on the eastern side 
 of the Thermae, under the present 
 railway station. Drawings and a 
 plan of this were preserved by Vis- 
 conti ". 
 
 " Cohen. Med. Imp. Alex. Sev., 
 (Nos. 239, 334). 
 
 " This water is not mentioned in the 
 Regionary Catalogue, and its whole 
 history appears doubtful. Some think 
 
 the name is a corruption of Argentina, 
 the short stream that rises in the Luper- 
 cal or Wolf's Cave, under the north- 
 west corner of the Palatine, as before 
 mentioned. 
 
Photographs of the A qncdiicts. — A qua Crabra, A qua Felice. 1 3 5 
 
 XVII. The Aqua Crabra, the 
 
 MARRANA, A.D. 1124-, AND THE 
 
 River Almo. 
 These three may all be treated as one 
 aqueduct for the supply of Rome, 
 partly natural and partly artificial. 
 They all come from the Alban Hills ; 
 the first from near Rocca di Papa 
 on very high ground, the second 
 from about a mile above the small 
 and very picturesque town of Ma- 
 rino ; the third lower down the 
 same hill. They are all mountain 
 streams, and partake of the usual 
 character of such streams ; in dry 
 weather the springs that supply the 
 Almo bring so little water, that it is 
 only sufficient to fill some ponds for 
 cattle at the foot of the hill. The 
 deep bed of the river, which winds 
 about the Campagna for miles, is 
 therefore dry for a great part of the 
 year, but the other two streams never 
 fail ; they are united at the foot of 
 the hill, not far from the place where 
 the Aqua Aurelia came from. The 
 greater part of their united waters nms 
 into the river Anio, but a portion of 
 it is diverted near the ruins of the 
 ancient fortified village or pagus, 
 called Ceiitroni (23 1 5, 23 1 6, 23 1 7, 23 1 8, 
 2319), on the road to Tusculum, (now 
 Frascati,) about eight miles from Rome. 
 This branch to supply Rome is first 
 brought through an ancient tunnel of 
 the Aqua Julia, at each end of which 
 remains can be seen of the stone 
 specus and the flood-gates (2310, 
 231 1, 2312, 2313). The water is 
 then conveyed in a bank of clay 
 for about a mile, and then in the 
 bed of one of the many branches 
 of the mountain stream called the 
 river Almo, and so brought into 
 Rome (1309, 1318), under the Porta 
 Metronia, which is built upon a bridge 
 over it. The stream passes under 
 some other bridges with mills upon 
 them, and eventually falls into the 
 Tiber through an aperture left for 
 
 it in the Pulchrum Littus, or fine 
 tufa wall of the Kings (drawing, 
 1235*; plans, 368*, 1234*; views, 
 77, 166, 157). 
 
 Another branch from it is carried 
 from the junction or separation be- 
 tween the Torre Fiscale and Roma 
 Vecchia (1937*) by the side of the 
 cross road from the Via Appia Nova 
 to the Via Appia Antiqua. Some- 
 times in the bed of the Almo, and in 
 other parts, where the gi-ound is low 
 and the stream is liable to floods, an 
 artificial canal is made for it, which 
 may be seen in the valley of the 
 Caffarella. This excellent plan was 
 carried out in the most economical 
 but effectual manner by a company 
 in the twelfth century. This is really 
 an aqueduct, though not usually so 
 called ; it is kept in repair by the 
 present Water-Company, and is of 
 great importance for Rome ; as the 
 floods to which the Almo was always 
 liable along its whole line, and within 
 the walls of Rome, (as is mentioned 
 by Cicero,) are effectually kept out of 
 Rome, and a constant, regular supply 
 of water is obtained. 
 
 XVIII. Aqua Felice, made a. d. 1587 
 by Pope Sixtus V. (Felice PerettiJ. 
 
 The sources of it are the springs 
 under the hill on which La Colonna 
 stands. The same water had been 
 used long before, and brought into 
 Rome by the aqueduct (XI.) of 
 Hadrian and Trajan before men- 
 tioned. The large reservoir for the 
 water now in use is very near to the 
 remains of the old one of Hadrian. 
 The construction of this aqueduct is 
 very rude and rough, of concrete and 
 rubble-stone only, and this stone con- 
 sists entirely of old materials; still the 
 large scale of the work, and the height 
 at which the specus is carried upon 
 the arcade, give it a grand effect. At 
 a little distance, the inferior constnic- 
 
36 Photographs of the A qiicducts. — A qua Marcia Pia. 
 
 tion is not seen, and this almost mo- 
 dem aqueduct is frequently mistaken 
 by strangers for one of the old ones 
 of the time of the Empire, of which 
 it is only an imitation. It is seen 
 in several of the views of the older 
 aqueducts in the Campagna, espe- 
 cially those at the Torre Fiscale 
 (531, 1028, 1029) and the Porta 
 Furba (68, 1437). Here it crosses 
 the road to Frascati on an arch, 
 with an inscription upon it. In the 
 latter part of its course it is made on 
 the piers of the Claudian arcade, and 
 it enters Rome at the same point, 
 the north-east comer of the gardens 
 of S. Croce. After passing along 
 the north side of them, it is divided 
 into different branches by a reser- 
 voir at the angle, close to the south 
 side of the Porta ISIaggiore (30). The 
 principal stream then passes along 
 upon the Wall of Aurelian (80 a, b, 
 81), on the same high bank as the 
 earlier aqueducts had done ; it was 
 cut through in making the railway, 
 but a new bridge over that road was 
 built for it (29). Near this it can 
 be seen that it is carried on the piers 
 of an older aqueduct for some dis- 
 tance (28). See Alexandrina (XV.) 
 Further on towards the Porta di S. 
 Lorenzo the ground is higher, and in 
 order to keep the level necessary for 
 the specus, it is brought within the 
 wall, and built up against the inside 
 of it (1871). The Marcia, Tepula, 
 and JuUa, over which it is carried, as 
 is seen at the two gates where their 
 arcade is visible under the specus of 
 the Aqua Felice, are here still under 
 it, but iiitdcrgrouiid also, owing to 
 
 the higher level of the ground. It 
 passes over the Porta di S. Lorenzo 
 to a reservoir on the north side of it, 
 and then turns to the west by the 
 side of the road, which it crosses 
 upon an arch, with an inscription 
 upon it, at a short distance within 
 that gate (81). The principal ter- 
 mination of it is at the Fountain 
 of the Termini (called of Moses,) 
 71. Behind the fountain is a re- 
 servoir after the old fashion, which 
 is illustrated by a plan and section 
 (704*). The celebrated Fountain of 
 the Triton (1196), in the Piazza Bar- 
 berini, is also supplied by this aque- 
 duct, as well as all the upper ter- 
 races upon the hills. The lower 
 range, on the Campus Martius, is 
 chiefly supplied by the Virgo. An- 
 other branch goes from the reservoir 
 at the Porta Maggiore along the 
 bank on which the Arches of Nero 
 are carried, to the Lateran, where 
 the fountains are supplied by this 
 water. The old aqueduct was used 
 according to the custom of the time, 
 and there is a cascade specus from 
 the level of the Marcia to that of the 
 Appia (shewn in 54i)' 
 The specus of each of these old aqueducts 
 was used to carry the metal pipes of 
 the Aqua Felice, when it was con- 
 venient to do so (1295*), as has been 
 previously mentioned. 
 
 The Aqua Marcia Pia was made by 
 a Company between i860 and 1870, 
 and has been mentioned under the 
 head of the Marcia (a part of it is 
 shewn in 1553). 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 ANIO NOVUS.— THE RIVER ANIO. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Appia. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry 
 of the time of the Kings, in the meadows on the bank of the river 
 Anio, formerly called the meadows of Lucullus. They are not far 
 from Lunghezza, the site of the ancient city of Collatium. This cave 
 has two springs of water in it, and the two streams meet at the 
 mouth of the cave in a channel, which is at first open at the top, 
 and crosses the low meadow with the appearance of a ditch only, 
 to a central reservoir, also in a cave, from which the tunnel specus 
 begins that runs on, into and through Rome. Three streams meet 
 at the same central reservoir, and their united water goes through 
 the specus. Each specus can be traced by the line of bushes in 
 the meadows, each bush being over one of the wells ; these de- 
 scend at regular intervals into the specus. These wells are also 
 called respirators or ventilators, as they give air to the current of 
 water, or as the people say, enable it to breathe. This cave is 
 easily overlooked, and any person passing on the higher ground 
 over it, is almost sure not to see it. It is scarcely visible until 
 close to it. The ancient quarry from which it comes is earlier than 
 others in the neighbourhood. The celebrated Caves of Cervaro 
 are also ancient quarries ; they are about a mile from this point, and 
 although very early, are not quite so early as this, which is more 
 distant from the river Anio. It seems probable that this was one 
 of the quarries for the city of Collatium, before the time of Servius 
 Tullius. 
 
> 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 Id 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 m 
 o 
 c 
 o 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 lO 
 
 c 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 ■D 
 
The At^uEDUCTs.— Apfia. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Source of another Spring of the Aqua Appia, in another 
 ancient stone quarry on the bank of the river Anio. This is one of 
 a fine series of ancient quarries, now caves, about a mile higher up 
 the river than the Caves of Cervaro. These are beUeved to have 
 been the quarries from which the large blocks of tufa for the walls 
 of the Kings of Rome were taken, especially the great wall of Ser- 
 vius Tullius, which was a mile long, fifty feet high, and in some 
 parts twelve feet thick, and which would require an enormous quan- 
 tity of stone. This was probably floated down the Anio on wooden 
 rafts, which served for timber also. The pool at the source of this 
 spring appears as if it came from the water dripping through the 
 rock above, which serves for a roof ; but the old shepherds, who have 
 watched it for years, say that the water never fails, and that it is 
 a natural spring, although the quantity of stone refuse thrown into 
 it makes it impossible to see exactly where it rises. These caves are 
 extremely picturesque, more so even than the Caves of Cervaro, 
 though these are the favourite resort of the German artists in their 
 annual festival. 
 
> 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 Ki 
 
 o 
 
The Aqueducts.— Anio Ncivus. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 1. The Aqueducts above Subiaco. 
 
 2. River Anio, the Upper Lochs. 
 the third Loch and the Bridge. 
 
 The water for the aqueducts of Rome was chiefly drawn from the 
 river Anio, or from springs or tributary streams that fell into that 
 river. It rises in the high mountains above Subiaco, which are 
 generally covered with snow for the greater part of the year, and the 
 supply of water never fails entirely, though it is not always equally 
 abundant. It is generally a clear, bright mountain stream, coming 
 through rocks, but it is liable to sudden and violent floods, which 
 bring down a great deal of mud, and therefore great precautions are 
 taken for filtering it. The latest and most important of the great 
 aqueducts were the Claudia and Anio Novus ; the latter was the 
 most abundant of all, being in fact a branch of the river compelled 
 to pass through Rome by clever engineering. A series of great lochs 
 was made by building dams across the river, with cascades from one 
 to another. There were three of these about two miles above 
 Subiaco, and about forty-two miles from Rome. The uppermost 
 one of them is seen in the upper part of the plate, but in the third 
 loch, the lowest of the three (shewn in the lower part of the plate), 
 the bed of the river is so deep, that the water is not seen. The 
 country through which it passes is celebrated as among the most 
 beautiful in Italy. 
 
AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO 
 
 RIVER AN 10 THE UPPER LOCHS 
 
 THE THIRD LOCH AND THE BRIDGE 
 
The Aqueducts.— Anio Ncjvus. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 1. Anio Novus, the third Loch, as seen from below, where the 
 dam, that formerly kept up the water and formed a great cascade, 
 has been thrown down, and appears only as rocks in the stream ; 
 the modem bridge seen in this view is built upon the two ends of 
 the old dam. 
 
 2. Anio Novus, Specus. The speais is here a tunnel cut in the 
 cliff, on the side of the valley on which the town of Subiaco stands ; 
 it is six feet high, and only eighteen inches wide (an opening into it 
 may be seen in the cliff, on the left-hand side of the view). The 
 round tower, seen on the right, is that of the Villa Gori, about 
 a mile above Subiaco. 
 
AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO 
 
 
 ANIO NOVUS, TliE THIRD LOCH 
 
 ANIO NOVUS, SPECUS CUT IN THE CLIFF 
 
The Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Aqueducts above Subiaco— Anio Novus, Castellum. 
 
 This is the loch below the modern bridge, which is made upon 
 the remains of the old dam across the river, destroyed in the four- 
 teenth century by making a hole at the bottom to let the water 
 escape from a flood in the upper country. The force of the water 
 once let loose soon destroyed the dam, and the large stones of 
 which it was built are still lying as rocks in the river, and are seen 
 in the photograph and the photo-engraving. 
 
 Line of the Specus of the Anio Novus. It is here carried in 
 the clifif of the valley of the river Anio, seen on the left of the 
 picture. Both of these views are continuations of those seen in 
 Plate IV., and one helps to explain the other. The specus continued 
 in this way for many miles underground, in one sense, when seen 
 from above, but not underground when seen from below. When 
 it has to cross the mouths of the small subsidiary streams that fall 
 into the Anio, it has to be carried over bridges or arches, at other 
 times it is cut in the rock or cliff. 
 
AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO 
 
 ANIO NOVUS, CASTELLUM 
 
 LINK UF THE SPECUS OF /vrJi" W 'Vv i 
 
 P/,ott;/,;,our,' /h,/,i,;/i„ , /'.,, 
 
The Aqueducts. — Anio Nuvus, &c. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 The Claudia, Anio Vetus, and Novus, and Marcia in 
 THE Valley of the Arches above Tivoli. 
 
 This valley is about two miles above Tivoli, where there is 
 a junction of another stream with the Anio, in rather a wider valley 
 than the usual valley of the Anio only. One arch of the lofty 
 Claudian arcade is left on the side of the valley next Tivoh, and on 
 the top of this a medieval tower has been built, which has an ex- 
 tremely picturesque effect. Through the arch may be seen a small 
 portion of the Marcian arcade, and at a few yards to the left the 
 Anio Vetus, which there passes half-underground at the foot of the 
 tall arcade of the Anio Novus. 
 
o 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 X 
 X 
 
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 X 
 
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 c 
 m 
 o 
 c 
 o 
 
 H 
 0) 
 
The Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 Two OTHER Views of the Ruins of the Arcades of the 
 Claudia and Anio Novus, in the Valley of the Arches above 
 Tivoli. In the foreground, the Marcian seen through the arch, and 
 the Anio Vetus again through the arch of the Marcian. These 
 views are celebrated for their picturesque character, as indeed is all 
 the country about Tivoli and Subiaco. 
 
AQUEDUCTS ABOVE TIVOLI 
 
 ATSIIO NOVUS . MEDIEVAL TOWER 
 
 IIM Tllh; VALLEY OF THE ARCHES 
 
 I'holocfraviue Vu/,tJc/cn , P„. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Axio Vetus. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Aqueducts at Tivoli. Cascades of the Anio, with the 
 Round Temple of the Sibyl at the top. 
 
 This cascade shews the character of the country through which 
 the aqueducts had to be carried, but the waters of the aqueducts 
 taken out of the river Anio were necessarily confined each within 
 its own specus, here in tunnels, which are carried in a zig-zag course 
 gradually down the hill to the level of the Villa of Hadrian in the 
 valley below. 
 
AQUEDUCTS AT TlVOLl 
 
 TEMPLE OF THE SIBYL AND CASCADES 
 
 CASCADES OF THE ANIO 
 
The Aqueducts.— Aqua Marcia. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Aqueducts below Tivoli. 
 
 The Marcia, a great Castellum Aqu^ or Reservoir on the 
 Via di Carciano. This is sometimes called the "Promenade" of 
 Carciano, being a favourite walk on the brow of the hill, from which 
 there is a distant view of S. Peter's at Rome. This fine reservoir 
 (of which two sides are here shewn) is of the time that this aqueduct 
 ■vyas made, B.C. 145. It was probably from this reservoir that a 
 branch specus descended to the Villa of Hadrian below, to which 
 there is a bridle-road from near this point. 
 
AQUEDUCTS BELOW TIVOLI 
 
 MARC I A ON THE VIA D: 
 
 MARCIA CASTELLIJM.B. C. lii-S 
 
The Aqueducts.— Aqua Marcia. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Aqueducts below Tivoli. Aqua Marcia, Reservoir. 
 
 This is another of the great reservoirs to receive and retain 
 a supply of water on the edge of the hill, both as one of the many 
 such reservoirs for the supply of water to Rome, and for the purpose 
 of local irrigation. It consists of two large chambers, divided by 
 an arcade, which is the usual plan, and is probably part of the 
 original construction of B.C. 145. These reservoirs are remarkably 
 picturesque and finely situated. 
 
AQUEDUCTS BELOW TIVOLI 
 
 AQUA MARC I A RESi.x^:v■w 
 
 RESERVOIR OF AQUA MARCIA INTERIUH 
 
The Aqueducts.— Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 Aqueducts below Tivoli. Anio Novus, Castellum. 
 
 This is another of these fine reservoirs, about a mile further on ; 
 it is faced with the reticulated-work of the first century, and is part 
 of the original work of the time of Nero. 
 
 Marcia, Castellum of Trajan, who repaired the aqueducts in 
 several places, as is recorded by inscriptions. The reticulated-work- 
 with which this is faced is very peculiar, and is believed to be unique, 
 at least it has not been observed elsewhere. 
 
AQUEDUCTS BELOW TIVOLI 
 
 ANIO NOVUS, CASTELLUM 
 
 •y. 
 
 
 •fi 
 
 
 >^: 
 
 
 MARCIA, CASTELLUM OF TRAJAN 
 
The Aqueducts.— Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 The Claudia and Anio Novus in the Campagna of 
 Rome, near Roma Vecchia. 
 
 This grand arcade is the most perfect part of this finest of the 
 aqueducts, and extends for about a mile, from near the farm-house 
 called Roma Vecchia, about four miles from Rome, to the piscinae 
 where the arcade becomes gradually lower as the ground rises 
 towards the foot of the hills. The two speciis are clearly seen with 
 their usual characteristics, the Claudia built of large squared stones ; 
 the Anio Novus is visible, faced with brick in most parts, but here 
 is faced with reticulated-work. In the first part of this view are seen 
 the ruins of one of the enormous reservoirs, or Castella Aquarum, 
 at one of the angles which occur at each half mile along its course. 
 The object of these very numerous reservoirs probably was two-fold, 
 one for local irrigation, the other for keeping up a constant and 
 never-failing supply for Rome, even in the hot season, when many 
 springs cease to flow. 
 
-I 
 1 
 m 
 
 > 
 
 rO 
 
 c 
 m 
 O 
 c 
 o 
 
The Aqueducts. -The Ck(jssing. 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 The Marcia, Tepula and Julia passing under one of the arches 
 of the Claudia and Anio Novus, now under the Tor Fiscale. 
 A medieval tower built upon the celebrated crossing of the aque- 
 ducts, where seven aqueducts crossed each other at different levels. 
 The Anio Vetus passes under it just underground, and the Aqua 
 Felice by the side of it. The specus of the Aqua Marcia", built as 
 usual of squared stone, is seen upon the arch that carried it ; the 
 others are concealed by a modern wall, but can be traced passing 
 under the stone arch of the Claudian. The other view in the upper 
 part of the plate shews another crossing, at one of the angles made 
 to break the force of the water. The Marcian and the Claudian 
 arcades running parallel to each other at a short distance only, the 
 angle of this goes across the intervening space, and then changes 
 sides for a time. The road which here runs between the two arcades 
 passes under the arches at both ends of this junction, near the Porta 
 Furba, which is seen in the distance. The character of the brick- 
 work of the arch in the foreground indicates the time of Trajan, with 
 later rei)airs, which were made at all periods in this arcade. 
 
AQUEDUCTS ON THE VIA LATINA, 
 
 UNDER THE TOR FI SCALE MARCIA Qc CLAUDIA. 
 
 Phofoaraz}U/-e /)u/ar(/in , Pdri'j' 
 
The Aqueducts. — Aqua Marcia. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 The upper view represents the stone spccus of the Aqua Marcia at 
 the Porta Tiburtina, now of S. Lorenzo, just within the gate, and 
 in the wall on the southern side, with an opening by the side of it, 
 through which a man can now walk into the specus and along it. 
 To the right of this, still in the wall, is a Castellum of the Aqua 
 Felice, which is here, as at the Porta Maggiore, above the Marcia, 
 Tepula and Julia, and below the Claudia and Anio Novus. 
 
 In the lower view is the Claudia and Anio Novus, at the north- 
 east angle of the gardens of the Sessorian Palace (now of S. Croce 
 in Gerusalemme). One of the stone piers of the Aqua Claudia is 
 seen just within the projection of the tower at the angle, which is an 
 addition of a later period. Within this portion of the City wall is 
 a great Castellum Aquae, extending from the corner to the tower, 
 through which the aqueducts entered Rome. The interior of the 
 tower is a piscina, which is shewn in another plate. 
 
Agu E DUCTS 
 
 CLAUDIA AND ANIO NuVUo A'l AIJCLE OF THE 3E3S0RIUM 
 
The Aqueducts.— Marcia, Tepui.a, Julia. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 
 Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore. The Marcia, Tepula, 
 AND Julia entering Rome. 
 
 The upper view shews the exterior of the wall, with the three 
 specus passing through it, under an arch of the Claudian arcade, now 
 destroyed. These are carried upon one of the piers of the Marcian 
 arcade, built of squared stone, as the part near Rome always was. 
 In the left lower corner of this view may be seen the Anio Vetus, 
 half underground, as usual for this aqueduct. [This opening has 
 been built up since the photograph was taken. The demolition of 
 all traces of the old aqueduct as far as possible was part of the plan 
 of the architect, who directed what were miscalled the restorations 
 of the City wall.] 
 
 The lower view represents the specus of the Aqua Marcia, of 
 squared stone, carried on one .of the arches of the Marcian arcade 
 through the wall, within it at the same point as that of the exterior 
 shewn above. 
 
AQUEDUCTS AT THE POR TA M AGGIOR E 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .^- \ v^^'f - 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 '4,^,-^^:v-v-^ 
 
 ^■^S 
 
 
 
 i&M^ 
 
 ^fc--;- 
 
 
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 ^^L "^fZi^^^HB^^B 
 
 '''■-'•-"''a^^ 
 
 Vl^i^-i^MSM 
 
 \'y cvi*t»^T?^^'?y' 
 
 
 e*-:^'.^^' •.;:■"-: 
 
 ^' ' %i^:.-J''''JS' "' 
 
 ^^tT*- "^ WiVi^ 
 
 •^ ^^^ .mr-SmJJm' * 
 
 mim^l^^^B^^pF^^M 
 
 f-^^ 
 
 ^^^ ^"Wt 
 
 
 i^m\:-^^ 
 
 !^«ii> «>B^b:;«a^^ 
 
 
 M^^Sht; ' ^^ ^ __^^M 
 
 ^M: 
 
 *-%^^^p^^?i;: 
 
 
 Sesi-.'--: ■• 
 
 .':::':1:-'::^ " 
 
 MARCIA TEPULA JULIA ET^TERING ROME 
 
 MARCIA ETC. WITHIN THE WALL. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Claudia and Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 Claudi.\ and Anio Novus. 
 
 I. Over the Porta Maggiore. In the lower view the two specus 
 are seen endways, built of squared stone, as part of the gateway. 
 The point of view for this is nearly the same as that of Plate XV., 
 looking south instead of west. The curious tomb of the Baker 
 Eurysaces is seen on the left, with the stone kneading-troughs of 
 which it is built. 
 
 II. The upper view is one corner of the great reservoir of Nero 
 on the Ccelian, near the west end, over the Arch of Dolabella, which 
 is seen built of well-cut stone, and perfectly plain. This has an 
 inscription, with the names of the Consuls of the time of Augustus 
 (a.d. lo), forty years afterwards; the arch, which was the eastern 
 entrance into the Claudium, was used by the engineers of Nero as 
 a substructure for the corner of the great reservoir of water for the 
 supply of that part of Rome, which was carried at the height of 
 thirty feet from the ground. Some small square windows are seen 
 in the wall, which belonged to the chapel of S. Thomas in for mis (or 
 in the arches), made in the remains of the arcade in the eighth cen- 
 tury, and removed in the twelfth for a larger chapel, now in the garden 
 of the Villa Celi-montana near to it. At the left-hand corner of this 
 view is seen the gateway of the small monastery of the Redemptorists, 
 with the celebrated mosaic picture over it, representing Christ be- 
 tween a black and a white slave, shewn in another plate of this work. 
 
AQU E DU CTS 
 
 
 
 ■P^^^^*** ' .^^33H^BB 
 
 ■e^^^ssaii 
 
 iS'jiiSw' ifflt '^'^^^hSBB 
 
 ANIO NOVUS .II 
 
 CLAUDIA AND ANlU NUVUiS UVEK THE PORTA MAGGIORE 
 
 Photoaravure Dufiinhi 
 
The Aqueducts. — Arches of Nero. 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 Arches of Nero within the Porta Maggiore. 
 
 This double arcade crosses the valley or inner foss of the Sessorian 
 Palace. It was built on this plan for greater strength, as the piers 
 are of a great height. This arcade is a continuation of the one that 
 forms the northern wall of the Sessorian gardens, in a direct line to 
 the west, over the Coelian to the great reservoir over the Arch of 
 Dolabella (shewn in the last plate). The specus was carried at the 
 top, and conveyed the water of the Claudian and Anio Novus, 
 united at t/ie Gemelli (a great twin reserv'oir which was close to that 
 point, and at the north-west angle of the Sessorian gardens). The 
 Claudian as a separate water turns at a sharp angle, and goes on to 
 the Porta Maggiore, with the Anio Novus over it, and terminated at 
 another tower just to the north of the place where the Marcia, 
 Tepula, and Julia pass through the wall. But they left a consider- 
 able part of their water at that angle to be united to that of the 
 Anio Novus at the Gemelli. 
 
 The lower view represents a fragment of the Aqua Marcia, as 
 repaired and restored by Trajan, to the north of, and near the Porta 
 Maggiore, in the vineyard in which the Minerva Medica stands, 
 which has been the Exquiliae, and afterwards the gardens of Mae- 
 cenas. This, which is parallel to the City wall, is joined to it 
 a little further on. It was accidentally brought to light by some 
 excavations in 187 1, and is now buried again. 
 
AQUEDUCTS. ARCHES OF NERO 
 
 WITHIN THE PORTA MAGGIORE. 
 
 AQUA MARCIA.WITHIN THE PORTA MAGG:I871. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 The Claudian and the Anio Novus, in the North Wall of 
 
 THE SeSSORIAN GARDENS, NEAR THE PORTA MaGGIORE. 
 
 The wall for about a quarter of a mile is entirely made out of this 
 arcade, with the arches filled up, but it is built upon the old earth- 
 work of the Sessorium, probably of the time of the Kings. The 
 arcade extends from the angle at the north-east comer, where the 
 aqueduct entered Rome, to the north-west angle near the Porta 
 Maggiore, which was called Porta Sessoriana, because it entered 
 into the Sessorian gardens. 
 
 The lower view represents the Nvmph^um of Alexander Seve- 
 
 RUS, WHERE THE TrOPHIES OF MaRIUS WERE HUNG. 
 
 This is identified by a representation of it on one of the coins of 
 that Emperor. It is commonly miscalled a Castellum of the Aqua 
 Julia, but it is on too high a level for that water, and there is no 
 other but the Anio Novus which is high enough ; this was brought 
 along the wall to another reservoir near the Porta Tiburtina, and 
 then by a branch arcade to this point, where there is another 
 large reservoir on high ground, from which the water was dispersed 
 in different directions. One branch went to supply the great reser- 
 voir called the Sette Sale, which supplied the Thermae of Titus and 
 Trajan on the Exquilise, and from thence went on to the Colosseum 
 and to the Tiber. Another branch supplied the Thermre of Con- 
 stantine, on the Quirinal. 
 
AQUEDUCTS NEAR PORTA MAGGIORE. 
 
 CLAUDIA AND ANIO ITOYUS IN THE WALL 07 THE SESSORIUM.. 
 
 NYMPH AEUM OF ALEXANDER 3EVERUS 
 WHERE THE TROPHIES OPMARIUS WERE HUNG. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Anio Novus. 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 Reservoir on the Arches of Nero over the Arch 
 of dolabella. 
 
 This Plate is almost a repetition of Plate XV., but from a different 
 point of view, and this great reservoir is of so much importance for 
 the history of the aqueducts in Rome, that it was necessary to shew 
 it as clearly as possible. Without repeating what has been said 
 before, we may add that the arch seen to the right in this view is 
 the beginning of an arcade which led to the Colosseum. Another 
 branch in a more direct line led to the Palatine, after passing first 
 along the north wall of the garden of the Villa Celimontana, then 
 by the western side of the Clivus Scauri, parallel to the church of 
 SS. John and Paul, and at the foot of the hill passing across the 
 road, and under the apse of the church ; then turning again south- 
 wards on an arcade across the valley to the Palatine, of which there 
 are remains ; afterwards passing along the whole length of the 
 Palatine underground, it is visible at the mouth of a tunnel on 
 the platform opposite to the Capitoline Hill, and went across the 
 Forum Romanum over the bridge of Caligula. The work of Nero 
 stopped at the Arch of Dolabella, but it was taken up and com- 
 pleted by his successors. 
 
 Another branch went also to the left, on the west wall of the 
 garden of the Villa Celimontana, to the valley between the Ccelian 
 and the Aventine. There is a large reservoir for it on the cliff of 
 the Crelian, partly below and partly above it, and in the garden 
 of the monks of S. Gregory. It then went on a tall arcade, over the 
 Porta Capena and the agger of Servius Tullius, to the Piscina Pub- 
 lica, and from thence, again crossing the valley between the two parts 
 of the Aventine, to the Thermae of Sura, and the private house of 
 Trajan, and the temples on the edge of the Aventine, and to the 
 mouth of tlie acjueducts in the cave under the Priorato at the Porta 
 Trigemina, and so to the Tiber. 
 
AQUEDUCTS _ ON ARCHES OF NERO, 
 
 OVER THE ARCH OF DOLABELLA 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 DESCllIPTION OF THE DIAGRAMS. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Aqua Appia. 
 
 Plate I. 
 Plan of the Sources of the Appia (I.) and Virgo' (VI.) 
 
 I. Farm-house of Cervaro. 
 
 2. Cervelletta. 
 
 3. La Rustica. 
 
 4. Salone. 
 
 5. Church. 
 
 6. Sources of the Aqua Appia. 
 
 S. Augusta. 
 
 9. Tombs. 
 
 10. Aqueduct of the Virgo. 
 
 11. Road of Cervaro. 
 
 12. La Rustica. 
 
 13. Praenestina (?). 
 
 14. Collatia. 
 
 15. Bed of the stream of the Fontanille. 
 16. of Tor Sapienza. 
 
 17. of Ponte Nono, the Rivus Herculaneus. 
 
 18. Direction of the Aqueduct of the Appia. 
 
 19. Stone-quarry of Collatium and Necropolis. 
 
 » These sources are on the cliff'-, from Ponte Nono, in swampy meadows 
 above the river Anio, at from five to called " the meadows of LucuUus," and 
 seven miles from Rome, and two miles some in old stone quarries. 
 
The Aqueducts,— Aqua Appia. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 The Appia (I.) at the Porta Capena, in the eastern tower of the 
 gate, now. in the house of the gardener of the monks of S. Gregory. 
 The spccus is built of large blocks of tufa, and the lower part of it 
 cut in the tufa wall of Servius Tullius ; it was distinctly visible in 
 the excavations of 1S70, when this drawing was made. The line 
 of the aqueduct upon the short agger between the Coelian and the 
 Aventine was also visible for several yards, and in three different 
 places, where pits were dug fifteen feet deep, the last was where 
 a branch was carried into the Piscina Publica. The middle pit was 
 in waste land on the western side of the present south road through 
 the gate of S. Sebastian, or the modern line of the Porta Appia. It 
 was to this pit that his holiness Pius IX. was taken to see it by the 
 Cavaliere Guidi, and he said there was no denying that this was 
 part of the wall of Servius Tullius, but he was surprised that his 
 Roman friends had not discovered this. The greater part of the 
 pits that he opened might have been left open, if it had not been for 
 the prejudices of the subordinate ofificers of the Government. The 
 particular pit in question was in waste ground by the side of the 
 road, and might have been left open without any inconvenience. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Aqua ArriA. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 The Appia (I.) under S. Sabba, in an old subterranean stone 
 quarry. Several branches of other and later aqueducts here cast 
 their surplus water into the specus of the Appia, the earliest and the 
 lowest (as shewn in the plan). The specus is also visible in several 
 places, filled up to one-third of its depth by the deposit of clay left 
 by the water, which comes from swampy meadows on the bank of 
 the river Anio, in which the soil is clay, upon tufa rock, called the 
 " Meadows of Lucullus." 
 
 Over the plan in this plate are two sections of the specus ; in the 
 one to the right the clay deposit left by the water is shewn, in 
 the one to the left a small pipe coming into the specus^ probably part 
 of the system of irrigation, which was one great use of the aque- 
 ducts ; the green lines vending through the quarry represent the 
 lines of the various streams of water coming at different levels, some- 
 times with a very rapid descent, and all falling into the old deep 
 specus of the Appia, before that was carried across the last road that 
 it had to pass. In this instance it was probably carried under the 
 road, and not over the arch of the gate. At this point four roads 
 meet, which is almost a certain indication of the site of a gate. In 
 most cases the specus was carried over the gate, but here the level 
 seems too low, unless the old foss-way has been filled up even more 
 than the usual fifteen feet. The specus is visible again in another sub- 
 terranean stone quarry under S. Prisca, in the same large vineyard 
 formerly of the Jesuits, now of Prince Torlonia, in which, at a higher 
 level, are also the remains of the Wall of the Latins on the Aven- 
 tine, and of the Thermce of Sura and the private house of Trajan. 
 Another aqueduct passed over this to supply the Thermas ; this 
 is on a very high level, and was carried on a tall arcade across the 
 valley, from the Ccelian to the Aventine, passing over the Porta 
 Capena and on the old agger. There are remains of the tall brick 
 piers in several places, and of the arcade and specus on the hill 
 near S. Prisca, visible from the Palatine. 
 
rO 
 
 c« CO 
 
 ►0 a 
 
 ^ :^ 
 
 
 W 
 
 > 
 
The Aqueducts. — Aqua Appia. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Mouth of the Appia (I.), in a cave under the Priorato or Priory 
 of the knights of Malta on the Aventine, near the Marmorata and the 
 Porta Trigemina. At the back of the cave, and connected with it 
 by a natural tunnel, is a large reservoir of water in the heart of the 
 hill, supplied by a natural spring, which was added to the water 
 brought by the aqueduct for distribution. The latter part of this 
 cave, behind the part here shewn, is under the garden of the monas- 
 tery of S. Alessio, and the cave belonged to those monks. A plan 
 and section of it is given in another plate. In the inner part of the 
 cave is the natural spring, so that it is always knee-deep in water. 
 This seems a likely .place to have driven cattle into for concealment ; 
 there is no other natural cave under the Aventine, and this is close 
 to the Porta Trigemina. The idea that there was a cave near the 
 Forum Boarium seems to have arisen from a misunderstanding as to 
 the exact site of the Porta Trigemina, which was supposed to be 
 close to that Forum, instead of being a quarter of a mile from it, 
 and close to the Sublician, or wooden bridge, where some remains 
 of it have been found. The species of the Aqua Appia leads directly 
 into this cave, and other aqueducts also meet there. The surplus 
 water of the Trajan, far above this level, descends into it by a ver- 
 tical pipe of terra cotta. Piranesi, in the last century, recognised the 
 cave as the mouth of the Aqua Appia, and gives one of his admirable 
 etchings of this part of the Aventine, with the cave at its foot. He 
 was in advance of his time, but a great deal of fresh evidence has 
 come to light since that period. 
 

 ;^t Ui V-! W H 
 
 
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 c: 
 
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 H 
 
 en 
 
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 (O 
 
The Ac^ueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 I. Aqua Appia. 
 
 The Aqua Appia (I.) is at so great a depth near the Porta Mag- 
 giore (which stands on very high ground), that it is difficult to trace 
 it, but the specus was found in making the railway in a deep cutting 
 about half-a-mile outside of that gate, and Avas described in the 
 BuUetino di Correspondeiiza Anhceoligia at the time it was found. 
 There is reason to believe that it entered Rome under the wall 
 on the north side of the Sessorian Gardens, and was received in 
 a reservoir, of which there are remains at a considerable depth, espe- 
 cially the lower story. This is near the reservoir of the great Basilica 
 or Hall of the Palace, of which the apse remains. The plan and 
 section of this reservoir are shewn in this diagram. The speais from 
 this point turned to the west, and passed along the Coelian Hill at 
 a low level, nearly under the arches of Nero ; but before arriving at 
 these, it passed through another large and deep reservoir to the 
 south of the Porta Maggiore, now in a vineyard, with another large 
 reservoir close to it. These two are believed from the situation to 
 be the Gemelli of Frontinus. An inscription was found on the one 
 in the garden of the Sessorium relating to the Thermae of S. Helena, 
 who resided in that palace, and probably the water for her bath- 
 chambers was taken from this reservoir. 
 
THE AgUKDUCTS.— APPIA. 
 
 V. 
 
 Rkskkvoik jn thk (;aki)i:.\ of thk Sessorum, nuw oi- S. Ckuck, 
 
 CAl.LKI) 'I'HKRM.* UK S. HELENA. 
 
 A. Section. 
 
 B. Plan. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 II. Anio Vetus. 
 
 The reservoir, of which the plan and section are given in this 
 plate, is situated at about a quarter of a mile from the Porta Furba, 
 near the junction of the old Via Latina with the Via Appia Nova. 
 It is just two miles from Rome, and so agrees with the text of 
 Frontinus. It seems clear that at this point part of its water was 
 carried by the Octavian specus to the Porta Maggiore, while the main 
 stream went on along the side of the Via Appia Nova to the Asinian 
 Gardens, just within the Porta Asinaria. It was shewn in some 
 excavations made under my direction in 187 1. We had long been 
 looking for it, and the gardener informed us that there was a vaulted 
 chamber under part of that garden or vineyard, where we found it, 
 a i^y^ feet underground, and about a hundred yards from the arcade 
 of the great aqueduct on the southern side, nearer to the present 
 road than the reservoir. 
 
o 
 
 H 
 
 > 
 fO 
 
 d 
 o 
 
The Aqueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate VI I. 
 
 Loch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called 
 THE Sette Bassi (Septimius Bassus?). 
 
 The Aqua Julia at this point, which is about four miles from 
 Rome, is just underground, and this loch and branch to supply the 
 Villa was discovered about 1850 by Signor Moraldi, when he was 
 making a map of the Aqua Marcia, with a view to having it brought 
 again into use ; which has since been done, but by a different line. — 
 To save carrying it so far round as the old aqueduct was carried (in 
 order to avoid the mouths of the many streams that run into the 
 river Anio), the modern engineers used metal pipes in this part. 
 Above Tivoli they built a stone specus after the old fashion, as in 
 that stone country they found it the cheapest and the best plan. 
 They now say they regret that they did not continue the stone specus 
 over the level Campagna also, as the metal pipes are continually 
 bursting from the force of the water. Previous to this discovery of 
 Signor Moraldi, it was not known that there were lochs in the aque- 
 ducts, though it is obvious that when branches had to be taken 
 from them, such an arrangement would be required. The Tepula 
 and the Marcia are underground in this part. The Julia, being the 
 uppermost of the three, was close to the surface. This was also the 
 case on the side of the great agger of Servius Tullius near the railway 
 station, where the Julia only was excavated, with two cippi, on which 
 were inscriptions stating that the three aqueducts passed there. 
 
THE A(>UEI>UCTS. VH. 
 
 A I.ocH IN THT. Aqua Jiu.i\. nkar the Vim. a c-m.i.kd Si'.t'ik ISasst. 
 
 Plan and Sittion. 
 
 A. Six rioN 1)1 Tin: l>R\NCi[. 15. Tiik Sim.cus. 
 
 1! Pi.w, SinwiNc. Tiir. Division \nii the Loch. A. A. Tm: Si-Kcus. 
 
 1',. Tin. l.oni i<iK TiiK Branch. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Diagrams. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba. 
 
 A. Arcades of the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia ; the Claudia and 
 Anio Novus at one of the angles and crossings ; and the Aqua Felice, 
 which is carried first on one and then on the other of the old 
 arcades. Also, there is an indication of the situation of the great 
 tumulus and tomb called "Monte del Grano," in which the fine 
 sarcophagus was found which is now in the Capitoline Museum, 
 and was long supposed to be that of the Emperor Alexander Severus 
 and his wife Mammea. This is given to indicate the situation. The 
 river Almo is seen crossing the two arcades near the gate or arch 
 over the road. 
 
 B. The same two arcades, at about a quarter of a mile nearer to 
 Rome, or just two miles, with the river Almo winding between them ; 
 and a Section to shew the elevations. 
 
 C. Plan of the junction of the old Via Latina, with the modem 
 road to Albano, at two miles from Rome, shewing the situation of 
 the aqueduct in a stone-quarry at the back of the "Albergo dei 
 Spiriti," near C. 
 
 D. Plan and Section of the reservoir, at two miles from Rome, 
 near the Porta Furba. 
 
5 n 
 
 7-. a 
 
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 2 w 
 
 
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 a 
 
 w 
 
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 C -d 
 
 
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The Aoueducts. — Diagrams. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale. 
 
 At this important junction and crossing of the aqueducts the 
 Marcian arcade originally made one of the usual angles. The more 
 lofty arcade of the Claudia and Anio Novus was then carried over it, 
 with the Anio Vetus half underground, nearly on the same line; and 
 the modern aqueduct, called the Felice, is here carried against and 
 partly upon the old Marcian arcade. The medieval architects took 
 advantage of this crossing to build a tall tower upon it ; the five 
 conduits or specus can be seen inside the tower, and half arches 
 abutting against it in a very picturesque manner, all of which are 
 shewn in the Section in the upper part of the plate, and in the 
 Photo engravings. 
 
 The Plan in the lower part of the plate shews the arrangement, 
 and also the small river Almo, now called the Marrana, winding 
 round it. 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS AT THE TOR FISCALE. 
 
 IX. 
 
 A. Section. 
 
 B. Plan, siikwixc; the ckossing ok Five Aqueducts 
 
 IN the ToWKK, AM) TWO UNDER IT. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Diagrams. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Piscina of the Anio Novus at the entrance into Rome, in 
 a tower of the Wall of Aurelian, and of the gardens of the Sessorian 
 Palace, now of S. Croce in Gerusalemme. 
 
 A. The Section. 
 
 B. The Plan. 
 
 By a singular coincidence it happens that the inner wall of this 
 tower has been destroyed, so that the whole of the interior is dis- 
 played, and shews exactly what an ancient piscina was. The water 
 comes into the right-hand upper chamber, it then descends into the 
 chamber under it, as is marked by the arrow in the drawing, it then 
 passes through small holes in the partition wall into the left-hand 
 lower chamber. [The artist has represented a large opening through 
 this wall, but this must be a mistake, owing to the wall being 
 partially broken away ; there are always small holes through this 
 partition wall.] The space between this tower and the corner of 
 the wall in the Sessorian gardens, where it turns sharp to the west, 
 was a large reservoir, or Castellum Aquae, for the Claudia ; it is not 
 at a sufficiently high level for the Anio Novus. 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS.— CLAUDIA AND ANIO NOVUS. 
 Entering Rome in a Tower of the Sessorium. 
 
 A. Section. B. Plan, of the Piscina made in the Towkk. 
 
The Aqueducts. — Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the 
 Porta Tiburtina. 
 
 In the lower part of this plate is seen the Wall of Rome on the 
 northern side of the Porta IMaggiore, with the tomb of Eur^-saces 
 the Baker in front of it. The wall here makes an angle, and the 
 section of it is shewn just beyond the gate ; the Claudia and 
 Anio Novus (which here passed ov^er it) are shewn in section, the 
 specus of the Claudia being nearly square, that of the Anio Novus 
 over it considerably higher in its proportions. The Marcia, Tepula, 
 and Julia here pass under these at a right angle, and through the 
 wall, which in that part is made by filling up the arches of the 
 Claudian arcade of the aqueducts. A pier of the Marcian arcade is 
 shewn in the lower part of the section. The Aqua Felice is carried 
 between the Julia and the Claudia, and it continues on to the Porta 
 Tiburtina, always at the same level, over the Marcian arcade, but 
 between the gates it passes through higher ground, and is therefore 
 in that part underground, but emerges on arches at the tvvo ends, 
 near the gates, as Frontinus mentions. The Claudian arcade termi- 
 nated at a tower in an angle of the wall, just to the north of this 
 view, and with a great reservoir within the wall. In the upper view 
 the Porta Tiburtina is shewn, with the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia 
 passing over it. The different levels of the old road and the new 
 one are also shewn. The arch on which the aqueducts are carried 
 has inscriptions upon it of the time of Augustus, a.d. io, and is of 
 his time ; it is buried up to the springing of the actual arch ; the 
 jambs are entirely buried by the filling up of the foss-way, but the 
 two arches of the time of Honorius, a.d. 405, are tall arches, stand- 
 ing on the ground at its present level ; the raising of the level of the 
 road, therefore, took place between a.d. 10 and a.d. 400. 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS.— AT THE PORTA TIBURTINA. XI. 
 
 A. Marcia, Tepula, Julia, and Felice. 
 
 THE AQUEDUCTS.— AT THE PORTA MAGGIORE. 
 
 B. Marcia, Tei-ula, Julia, and Felice ; Claudia and Anio Novus 
 
 CROSSING OVER THEM. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 AnIO NoVUS — NVMPHiEUM, WHERE THE TrOPHIES OF 
 
 Marius were hung. 
 
 A. Section of the Tower and Arches. 
 
 B, C. Plans of the Three Stories. 
 
 This Nymphjeum is represented on one of the coins of Alexander 
 Severus, and belonged to the great Thermse of the third century on 
 the eastern side of Rome, which, having been long in progress, are 
 called by the names of different emperors of that period. The 
 ground had been originally the Exquiliae, the great burial-ground 
 of the time of the Republic, afterwards the garden of Maecenas ; it 
 is full of aqueducts of different periods, and at different levels, and 
 there are several reservoirs for them, some underground, others at 
 a higher level. This one was formerly considered to have belonged 
 to the Aqua Julia, but on taking the levels it appears that the only 
 water in Rome that is high enough to reach it is the Anio Novus, 
 the highest of the aqueducts, and the water has been brought from 
 a reservoir belonging to that, near the Porta Tiburtina ; having just 
 been brought along the high bank on which the Wall of Rome 
 stands, part of an arcade of an aqueduct leading to it remains, 
 coming from that gate. Near the Porta Maggiore there are also 
 remains of an aqueduct at a very high level, coming from the Anio 
 Novus, but the construction of the arcade is of the third century. 
 It is now part of the wall. 
 
 This NjTnphseuni or reservoir at that high level has several 
 branches leading from it, one of which goes in the direction of the 
 other great reservoir on the Esquiline Hill, called the Seite Sale, 
 and this, from the high level, probably supplied the Sette Sale 
 and the Thermae of Titus and Trajan. 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS.— ANIO NUVUS. Xll. 
 
 At the Nymi'il^um, where the Trophies of Marius were hung. 
 
 N 
 
 A. Section of the Tower and Arciies. B. C. I'lan.s of ihe tukki. Si(ikik:>. 
 
The Aqueducts. —Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 River Almo. Division into two Branches, now a Loch 
 
 OF THE MaRRANA. 
 
 This loch is situated about half-way between the Tor Fiscale and 
 the farm-house called Roma Vecchia, rather more than three miles 
 from Rome, and a quarter of a mile to the left of the Via Appia 
 Nova. The Almo is a mountain stream coming down from the 
 Alban hills, often flooded in the rainy season and dry in the hot 
 season, with a very deep bed called a foss. This bed was con- 
 venient for the engineers who made the mill-stream, now called the 
 Marrana, in the twelfth century, and they used it when the ground 
 was high and the foss deep ; but in other parts, when the ground was 
 low and liable to be flooded, they banked up the stream, or made 
 a new channel for it on a raised bank, for sometimes half a mile 
 together, then joined the old winding bed again for perhaps another 
 mile. At the point where the division into two streams takes place, 
 one branch is banked up and comes through Rome, the other re- 
 mains in the deep bed and receives the surplus water from the loch, 
 made at this point, and this second stream runs through the valley 
 of the Caffarella, and has its mouth near the church of S. Paul f. m. 
 The Plate shews the plan at the division, one section of the loch, 
 and the lasher. The second stream has no other beginning than 
 this division, and the deep bed or foss can be traced in its winding 
 course by the side of the cross-road from the Via Appia Nova to 
 .S. Urban, at the head of the valley of the Caffarella. 
 
n 
 
 H 
 
 y^ 
 
The Aqueducts. — Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 River Almo, now the Marrana. 
 Entrance into Rome under the Porta Metronia. 
 
 A. Elevation, with the bridge under the gate. 
 
 The lower bridge under the modern road is of the time of the 
 Early Empire, and can be seen, though not without some little diffi- 
 culty, by climbing upon the bank of the mill-stream, which now 
 runs in the deep winding foss of the Almo, and makes a bend under 
 the gate, as is seen in the small plan in the centre, marked M. 
 
 B. Plan and sections, longitudinal and transverse, of the bridge, 
 with the gate upon it. The longitudinal section A B has the line of 
 it, marked on the small plan M ; the transverse section is marked 
 C D. 
 
 C. Map of the corner of the Wall of Rome, shewing the great 
 bend that it makes to the south at this point. The wall is in- 
 dicated by the towers at short intervals, and the stream of water 
 by its winding course. The roads within the walls, and the road 
 on the outside under the wall are also indicated. The house shewn 
 in the lower part, to the left in the plan, is believed to be on 
 the site of that of Crassipes, the father-in-law of Cicero, near the 
 Via Appia. The stream after passing the road turns sharply round 
 to the north, under the cliffs of the Aventine, and runs through the 
 Vallis Murcia, in which the Circus Maximus was made, first having 
 passed by the Piscina Publica, under that part of the Aventine on 
 which the Reformatory of S. Balbina now stands. 
 
RIVER ALMO, NOW THE MARRANA. XIV. 
 
 ENTRANCE INTO ROME UNDER THE PORTA MeTROMA. 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 A B 
 
 C D 
 
 .^" M 
 
 A ElFVATION, WITH THE BRIDGE UNDER THE GATE. 
 
 M pt\m ;;.) Sections-a. b. The Bridge ; c. d. Sections 
 
 pI^NOETHE GROUND WITHOUT AND WITHIN THE WAEE OK RoME. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 River Almo. Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. View. 
 
 This is the mouth within the Walls of Rome from the earliest 
 period, and it was here in all probability that the priests washed the 
 blood off their knives, and not at S. Paul's, a mile outside the town. 
 The remains of the early wall of tufa in this part are well shewn in 
 the drawing, and the mouth for the stream to pass through, left 
 when the wall was built. This was part of the second Wall of Rome, 
 built when the peace was made between the Romans and the 
 Sabines. The construction of that period, of the usual large blocks 
 of tufa with very fine joints, is clearly shewn in the drawing. 
 
The Aqueducts.— Diagrams. 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 River Almo. Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. Plan. 
 
 In the Plan the old arrangement is clearly shewn, and the division 
 of the stream into two branches, one of which now turns a mill- 
 wheel, and is probably part of the alterations in the twelfth century, 
 — this is the straight line. The other is probably the original end of 
 the stream, or at least of this branch of it. The frequent change of 
 the sand-banks by the great floods of the Tiber sometimes obscure 
 this part. Advantage was taken of the water being low in the Tiber 
 to get this plan and the view in Plate XV. 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 PLANS AND DIAGRAMS. 
 SOURCES OF THE AQUA APPIA. 
 
The Aqueducts. 
 
 Description of Plate XVII. 
 
 SOURCES OF THE AQUA APPIA^ 
 
 A. Spring in a very ancient stone-quarry on the bank of the 
 river Anio, probably one of those from which Servius TulUus had 
 obtained the stones for his great wall, which had been floated 
 down the river on rafts. The spring is so filled up with broken 
 stones that it looks like merely a pond formed by drippings 
 from the roof and the earth above, but the shepherds are certain 
 that it is a spring, and the water never fails. 
 
 B. Central reservoir where two streams meet and are united in 
 one specus^ which conveyed the water into Rome. The aperture 
 in the rock above is not original, or it has been greatly enlarged. 
 This was probably a well to draw water for the cattle, and to give 
 air to the specus. 
 
 C. Two streams coming out of a sort of double cave, and meet- 
 ing at the mouth of it, from whence they are carried across the 
 meadow in a specus open at the top for a certain distance, and 
 having the appearance of a ditch only ; but the water from this 
 spring also never fails, and these two streams united gave a certain 
 steady supply to the aqueduct The meadow through which these 
 streams flow has a clay soil, and the water is always liable to be 
 muddy after rain, and left a large deposit of clay in the specus, as 
 is shewn in other plates. 
 
 ■ See also the Photo-engravings, Plates L and IL ; and Historical Photo- 
 graphs, Nos. S65, 866, 867. 
 
SOURCES OF THE AQUA APPIA 
 
 B 
 
 l^^f^^- ■- 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS, 
 PLATE XVIIL 
 
 AQUA APPIA, OR APPIAN AQUEDUCT. 
 
The Aqueducts. 
 
 Description of Plate XVIII. 
 
 AQUA APPIA, OR APPIAN AQUEDUCT. 
 
 Crossing the valley from the Ccelian to the Aventine upon the 
 agger of Servius Tullius and over the Porta Capena, this was the 
 only part that was above ground, as we are told by Frontinus ''. 
 In this view the pavement of the Via Appia is seen in the fore- 
 ground, then the wall of Servius Tullius, twelve feet thick, (as usual 
 with the walls of the Kings ;) by the side of this, to the left, is 
 seen the arcade that carried the specus of the aqueduct ; this goes as 
 far as the branch of the river Almo (now called the Marrana), which 
 runs through the valley. On the further side of the stream the land 
 is high, and the aqueduct is again underground, but it has been 
 traced not only across the valley, but under the cliff on the northern 
 side of the Pseudo-Aventine, with a branch to the left to supply the 
 Piscina Publica, which was an enormous swimming-bath for the 
 whole population of Rome at that period, extending as far as 
 the north end of the Thermae of Caracalla, where the hollow with 
 the bank round it can still be seen, and where a great reservoir 
 remains, lined with the cement called opus signinum (or coccio plsto). 
 The ruins of another great reservoir rebuilt in the time of Trajan 
 are at the north-west corner, nearly under the Aventine, and are 
 called the Piscina Publica. 
 
 '' See page 3, and Historical Photo- X. and XI. of the Supplement to 
 graphs, Nos. 632, 710, 1138, 1139, Parti. 
 1140, 1141, 1142, 1253; and Plates 
 
ir . , .^. , .. 
 
 » i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 * * 
 
 ♦ ^ 
 
 THE APriAN AciUEDUCT PASSING OVBK THK POKTA CAPKNA 
 AND THROUrrH THE TOWER 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 PLAN AND SECTION IN A CAVE IN THE AVENTINE. 
 
The Aqueducts. 
 
 Description of Plate XIX. 
 
 PLAN AND SECTION IN A CAVE IN THE AVENTINE. 
 
 This is the same cave on the Pseudo-Aventine, nearly under the 
 church and monastery of Santa Sabba, which has been before de- 
 scribed when partially excavated (Plate III.''), but which has now, 
 in 1875-6, been more thoroughly examined and made accessible. 
 
 A A. General Plan of this part of the speciis of the Aqua Appia, 
 made into a stone-quarry for many years, and part of it still in use 
 for that purpose, but another large part has been long out of use ^ 
 
 B. Entrances to the two parts, the steps distinguish that leading 
 to the part excavated. 
 
 C C. Section of part of the cave-quarry. 
 
 D. View of that part of the specus of the Aqua Appia which is 
 built of squared stones, and has a terra-cotta water-pipe on each 
 side of it. 
 
 E E. Longitudinal Section of this part. 
 
 F. Transverse Section of the same. 
 
 Details of the Plan A. 
 
 a a. Entrance to the cave or quarry. 
 
 b b. Via di San Paolo, the carriage-road to that gate. 
 
 c c. Via di Santa Sabba, the carriage-road up the hill to the south. 
 
 d. Via di Santa Prisca, the road up the hill to the north. 
 
 e e. The most perfect part of the specus where it is built, and not 
 merely a tunnel cut in the bed of tufa, as in other parts. 
 
 f f f f. Windings of the tunnels for the Aqueducts. 
 
 g g. Water-pipes of terra-cotta, by the side of the specus in the 
 part where it is built, and not merely cut out of the tufa. 
 
 h. The specus half filled up with the deposit of clay. 
 
 i. Steps made to give access to the cave. 
 
 * See Photos., Nos. 11 16 and 889. sent of the owner of the ground, who 
 
 '' This is now, in 1876, taken pes- has allowed a door to be put up at the 
 
 session of by the British and American entrance. 
 
 Archreological Society, with the con- 
 
1^ , v-^^'" 
 
 I 
 
 ■' %. ^ 
 
 p 
 
 Wi 
 
 "^;: 
 
 -t 
 
THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 THE JUNCTION AT THE WEST END OF THE CCELIAN, 
 NEAR THE CLAUDIUM. 
 
 Plan and Section, 
 
The Aqueducts. 
 
 Description of Plate XX. 
 
 THE JUNCTION AT THE WEST END OF THE CCELIAN, 
 NEAR THE CLAUDIUM. 
 
 Plan and Section. 
 
 ABC. Line of the Section. 
 
 a. Colosseum. 
 
 b. Claudium. 
 
 c. Arch of Dolabella. 
 
 d. Reservoir and Spring of water. 
 
 e. Aqueduct of Nero. 
 
 f. Cave-reservoir and Spring, with 
 
 ten wells down into it, erro- 
 neously called a vivarium. 
 
 ggg. Porticus of the Claudium. 
 
 h. Church of SS. John and Paul. 
 
 i. S. John of Mata. 
 
 k, S. Maria in Domnica. 
 
 1. S. Gregory. 
 
 m. Clivus Scauri. 
 
 n. House of the family of S. Gre- 
 gory the Great. 
 
 o. Villa Celi-Montana (formerly 
 called Villa Mattei). 
 
 p. Vineyard of MarcheseRappini. 
 
 q. Ground called Orto Botanico. 
 
 r. Place of S. Gregory. 
 
 s. Arch of Constantine. 
 
 t. Meta Sudans. 
 
 u. Via Sacra. 
 
 V. Summa Sacra Via. 
 
 X. Proposed Drain, for turning off 
 the water of this spring from 
 the Colosseum. 
 
 y. Branch of an existing subter- 
 ranean drain under the Via 
 di S. Gregorio, between the 
 Coelian and the Palatine. 
 
 z. Excavation made in 1876 in 
 the Vigna Rappini, in con- 
 sequence of a land-slip ; but 
 nothing was found beyond 
 an old quarry of tufa, at a 
 great depth, and a branch 
 of an aqueduct at nearly the 
 same depth, the water hav- 
 ing come originally from the 
 spring in the cave (?) or 
 quarry (?) called a vivarium. 
 

THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 SECTIONS OF THE SPECUS OF EACH OF THE 
 FIFTEEN AQUEDUCTS OF ROME. 
 
The Aqueducts. 
 
 Description of Plate XXI. 
 
 SECTIONS OF THE SPECUS OF EACH OF THE 
 FIFTEEN AQUEDUCTS OF ROME. 
 
 The names of each are given under the section of it, and it will 
 be observed that no two are alike ; this was no doubt done in order 
 that the workmen might always know which aqueduct each belonged 
 to, at the points where they cross each other, so that if there was 
 any obstacle in one of them it might be readily removed. Some of 
 those which came from a clay soil, as the Appia and the Virgo, 
 were liable to get choked up by the quantity of deposit left by the 
 water, and it was necessary to have them cleared out from time to 
 time, as is still the case with the Virgo, now called the Aqua di 
 Trevi. One of the small streams that were collected to form the 
 Aqua Hadriana, which comes from near Gabii, was a petrifying 
 spring, which quite choked up the specus in the course of a century. 
 It was restored by Alexander Severus, but the same water seems still 
 to have been used. The Aqua FeUce comes from the same sources, 
 but the petrifying spring was carefully excluded, and now runs in 
 a ditch, giving a coat of stone to the sticks and the weeds. 
 
.00 
 
 m^^iyii^i::^-' ■ ^' « 
 
 Ip 
 
 V ■< 
 
PLAN OF THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 ON THE CCELIAN. 
 
PLAN OF THE AQUEDUCTS. 
 On the Ccelian«. 
 
 Three branches diverge from the great central reservoir at the 
 Arch of Dolabella, — one goes straight on, nearly due north to the 
 Palatine, the second north-east to the Colosseum, and the third 
 west to the Aventine. 
 
 And on the Esquiline, 
 
 From the other great reservoir called the Sette Sale, or the 
 Thermae, and from thence to the Colosseum. 
 
 A.A.A. The drain under the road between the Ccelian and the 
 Palatine, now called Via di S. Gregorio, leading to the Via Appia. 
 
 B. Arch of Constantine. 
 
 C. Meta Sudans. 
 
 D. Thermae of Titus on the Esquiline, with the great piscina called 
 Sette Sale, and the aqueduct leading from it to the Colosseum. 
 
 E. Monastery and Church of S. Gregory. 
 
 F. Site of the Porta Capena, with the aqueduct over it, leading 
 to the Piscina Publica under the Aventine : and on to the mouth 
 at the Porta Trigemina, in the bank of the Tiber. 
 
 G. Church and monastery of SS. John and Paul. 
 H. Church and m.onastery of S. Clement. 
 
 I. The great reservoir and Piscina of Nero over the Arch of 
 Dolabella, and reservoir of the Aqua Appia to the left of it ; this 
 is underground in the garden of the Villa Celimontana, and from 
 thence the specns goes underground to the cliff of the Ccelian, where 
 zxiOXkitx piscijia is shewn, near the bottom of the plan, to the left. 
 
 Under that part of the Ccelian Hill on which the Claudium stood 
 are seen four piscince, two on the western side opposite to the Pala- 
 tine, and two on the northern side opposite to the Colosseum ; of 
 these latter the one at the corner is of the time of Nero, that in the 
 middle of the northern front is of the time of Alexander Severus, 
 when the upper storey of the Colosseum was building of stone. 
 
 ^ See also Plate XX. 
 
\ 
 
 '^mm^ 
 
 EXQVILIIsrVS 
 
 AO> TO THE COLOSSEUM. 
 
 1 
 
AQUEDUCTS ON THE CCELIAN AND ESQUILINE LEADING TO THE COLOSSEUM. 
 
 Q 
 
w 
 
 Map op- the Ac^uequcts ov the EASrEfn^ S/U£r or Rome 
 
 A)fpi&. AnidAfetas Maraa. Vii^o TepiOa Ivba Avdrstv AnioNiivus Clavdia Hadriaiu.^ ftevcnana^ Alacaiulniui? Algeiiliana 7dix Ka 
 
MAP OF THE AQUEDUCTS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 EASTERN SIDE OF ROME. 
 
 This map is reduced by photography from one made for this 
 work on a very large scale, which was thought necessary in order 
 to shew the line of the course of each aqueduct, which, being to 
 a large extent subterranean, are not shewn in the usual maps of the 
 country. In the immediate neighbourhood of Rome the lines are 
 so complicated that they could only be shewn on this large scale. 
 (At the Tor Fiscale, for instance, they remind English travellers of 
 the railways at Clapham Junction near London. There are many 
 coincidences between the aqueducts and the railways; both are 
 carried at different levels in order to cross each other ; both are 
 in some parts in tunnels, and in other parts carried on embank- 
 ments, or on arches). This map was made by Signor De Mauro, 
 an engineer and surveyor, who took much interest in the work, 
 and is generally very careful and accurate, under the direction 
 chiefly of Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of Subiaco, near which 
 the principal aqueducts have their sources. The author of this 
 work went with them from time to time to verify what they had 
 done, but as it was a work of several months, and necessarily done 
 in the summer, it was not practicable for him to do more than to 
 go to the source of each aqueduct and follow it down to its mouth. 
 The large map, which covers one side of a room, being 135 ft. long 
 and 90 ft. wide, has been reduced by photography to three different 
 sizes ; the first makes eighteen photographs of the usual size, called 
 the "normal size," and the whole on this scale is about 15 ft. long 
 and 10 ft. wide ; this again has been reduced to two sheets *, 
 21 ins. long and 14 ins. wide; and then to the same size as this 
 outline ; but on this small scale the lettering requires a powerful 
 magnifying -glass, and therefore the bare outline has been taken 
 from it to shew the general features of the line of the great aque- 
 ducts. The reservoir at the source of each is marked by a dark 
 circle, and from each of them the line can be traced into Rome. 
 Within the walls a separate and careful examination was required, 
 
 ' This map is to be had on either of these two larger scales, for those who 
 require more minute information. 
 
Map of the Aqueducts. 
 
 as so much of the work is subterranean; this examination has 
 been made, and the line of each of the aqueducts has been traced 
 to its mouth. It will be observed that the specus or conduit of each 
 aqueduct is of a separate form, and this was no doubt necessary to 
 distinguish one from the other, as they frequently intersect and cross 
 one another in a very singular manner, and in case of repair being 
 necessary, it would have been very difficult for the workmen to 
 know which aqueduct was at fault, or how to find the part that 
 wanted repair, without this arrangement, 
 
 1. The earliest aqueduct, the Appia? (b.c. 312), being entirely 
 underground at a considerable depth, is marked by a dotted line. 
 It comes from old stone quarries on the bank of the river Anio, just 
 beyond the Caves of Cervaro, about eight miles from Rome, near 
 the ancient Via Collatina, called by Frontinus Praenestina, because 
 in his time the road to Prasneste went through Collatia. 
 
 2. Anio Vetus^ (b.c. 272), comes also from the bank of the 
 river Anio, but at a much higher level than the Appia, between 
 Tivoli and Subiaco, near the village of Agosta, twenty miles from 
 Rome, but the winding course makes the whole length of the aque- 
 duct 42 miles, 779 paces underground, and 221 paces (about 350 
 yards) above ground on a substructure. It is brought at a con- 
 siderably higher level than the Appia, but still underground for the 
 most part, though near the surface, and sometimes only half under- 
 ground. It was not legal to build over an aqueduct anything but 
 another aqueduct, consequently the later aqueducts are all brought 
 on the same line, each on a higher level, so that the line of the 
 Anio Novus, carried on the arches of Nero, shews at the same time 
 the line of the Anio Vetus nearly under it. 
 
 3. Marcia ' (b.c. 14s). This stream also comes from near Subiaco, 
 39 miles from Rome, 36 on the Via Valeria, and 3 oft" it on a cross- 
 road, near the village of Arsoli. There is a small lake 38 miles 
 from Rome on the same road (which is another source of this aque- 
 duct), into which the water gushes out from under the limestone 
 rock ; it is intensely cold in all weathers, and the water is of a light 
 green colour in the lake. "The length of the course is 61 miles 
 710 paces, of which 54 miles 247 paces are underground, 7 miles 
 463 paces above ground, on an arcade for 6 miles 472 paces, on 
 a substructure for 528 paces," and in several places on bridges 
 across the gorges in the hills. This water was brought into Rome 
 again in i860 — 70 by a new line, and was then called Aqua Marcia 
 Pia, from Pius IX. ; the name of Pia has since been dropped. 
 
 « See p. 3. h Seep. 13. ' See p. 32. 
 
Map of the Aqueducts. 
 
 4. Virgo'' (b.c. 21), made by Agrippa for his Therms, restored 
 to use by the popes in the eighth century, and frequently repaired ; 
 now called the Aqua di Trevi, from the fountain so named. The 
 source is on the Via Collatina, 8 miles from Rome and i mile be- 
 yond the source of the Appia. There are several springs, each with 
 a separate small reservoir, collected in one large reservoir, now 
 under the road. "The length of the course is 14 miles 105 paces." 
 
 5. Tepula^ (b.c. 126). The sources of this are 12 miles from 
 Rome, near Grotta Ferrata and Marino, 2 miles from the old 
 Via Latina. 
 
 6. Julia" (b.c. 34). This source is on the cross-road from Grotta 
 Ferrata to Marino, on the old Via Latina, 14 miles from Rome, and 
 also 2 from the Via Latina (there are still washing-places at each of 
 these two sources). The two streams, when they arrived on the 
 level ground at the foot of the hill, were carried on the same 
 arcade as the Marcia for 6 miles into Rome. 
 
 7. Augusta >*. This name is a mistake of the artist for Aurelia ; 
 it is the aqueduct made by Marcus Aurelius for the Villa de Quin- 
 tilii on the old Via Appia, and united with the Severiana to supply 
 the Thermae Aurelianse et Severianse in Rome. 
 
 8. Anio Novus° (a.d. 52). "The source of this is 42 miles 
 from Rome, on the Via Sublacensis ; the length of the channel 
 is 58 miles 700 paces, of which 49 miles 300 paces are underground, 
 9 miles 400 paces above ground, 2 miles 3 paces in the upper part 
 and near the City, 609 paces on substructure, 6 miles 491 paces on 
 an arcade of the highest arches, in some places 109 ft. high." This 
 stream was part of the river Anio itself; a great dam was made 
 across the river in a rocky part, about 2 miles above Subiaco. 
 A great loch {lacus) was formed between this dam and a natural 
 cascade about a hundred yards higher up the river, and a speciis 
 was cut in the rock by the side of it at rather a lower level than 
 the top of the dam, so that the water of the river must go into the 
 species and so into Rome, before any of it could fall over the arti- 
 ficial cascade made by the dam. From this cause the water of this 
 aqueduct never failed in the hottest and driest weather, but it was 
 sometimes muddy after a flood in the upper country, and had many 
 piscince or filtering-places for that reason ; there is usually one at 
 each half mile in the arcades near Rome, and a castelliim aqucB or 
 reservoir along with it, at each of the angles, made to break the 
 force of the water. 
 
 '' See p. 46. ' See p. 39. •" See p. 41. 
 
 " See p. 92. " See p. 55. 
 
Map of the A qitedacts. 
 
 9. Claudia P (a.d. 38). The source of this is 38 miles on the 
 Via Sublacensis, just above Subiaco, about 2 miles nearer to Rome 
 than the Anio Novus. They are carried in two distinct spccus as 
 far as Tivoli and to the foot of the hill, but on the level ground ; 
 both specus are carried on a lofty arcade, which turns at an angle at 
 every half-mile, and there has a piscina, and at each of these points 
 it was carried across the lower arcade, which served for the Marcia, 
 Tepula, and Julia. 
 
 10. Hadriana or Trajana "^ (a.d. i 20), and Alexandrina (?). The 
 sources of this are under La Colonna, about three miles from Gabii. 
 The specus is carried on a fine arcade for two or three miles be- 
 tween the two great roads. The same water was afterwards used 
 for the Felice, with the exception of one of the springs, which was 
 found to be of a petrifying quality, and had choked up the specus 
 of the old aqueduct. It seems probable that the stalactite pro- 
 duced by the petrifying spring had choked up the specus of Trajan 
 and Hadrian before the time of Alexander Severus, that he restored 
 it to use, and it was then called by his name. The construction of 
 the Piscina and Castella Aquse near the source is distinctly of the 
 time of Hadrian, but in some parts the arcade which carries the 
 specus is of the time of Alexander Severus. 
 
 11. Severiana'' (a.d. 190). The sources of this are in a swampy 
 ground on the lower part of one of the Alban Hills, under Marino 
 and Grotta Ferrata, nearly the same as those of the small river 
 Almo, and the Tepula and Julia. The course is at first underground 
 as far as the Torre di Mezza Via di Albano ; from thence it is car- 
 ried on a fine arcade of the third century to the Villa de Quintilii, 
 and from thence into Rome for the Thermae of Aurelius Commodus 
 and Septimius Severus, near the Porta Latina. 
 
 12. Alexandrina (?) ^ There is some doubt about the source 
 and the line of this aqueduct. 
 
 13. Algentiana*. This aqueduct went to the Thermae of Dio- 
 cletian, where the specus has been found, but it is almost the same 
 as the last. Both were probably branches from the great early 
 aqueducts. 
 
 14. Aqua Felice'^, a.d. 1587. Made by the Pope, Felice Peretti, 
 or Sixtus V. Its source is the same as that of the Hadriana, which 
 was mistaken in his time for the celebrated Aqua Marcia. 
 
 15. Aqua Marcia Pia. The real old Marcian water was brought 
 into Rome by a Company in i860 — 70. The course as far as 
 
 p See p. 54. 1 See p. 86. ' See p. 92. ' See p. 97. 
 
 ' See p. 100. " See p. 106. 
 
Map of the Aqueducts. 
 
 Tivoli is in a stone specus, like the old aqueduct, but after it reaches 
 the level ground it is carried in cast-iron pipes on the other side of 
 the river Anio, and passes under it by a great syphon. This was to 
 avoid repeating the great circuit made by the old aqueduct, and was 
 also done to escape the necessity of crossing the mouths of the num- 
 ber of small streams that fall into the river Anio and drain the 
 Campagna; these are often flooded in the wet season, and would 
 have been likely to injure the bridges of the aqueducts where they 
 crossed the stream; the iron pipes avoid them by being on the 
 other side of the river. 
 
SJVOi/ zio 3ai^ NM3±S3/i/\ 3H± No sxor,a3nbv 
 
MAP OF THE AQUEDUCTS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WESTERN SIDE OF ROME". 
 
 The account given of the map of the eastern side of Rome appHes 
 almost equally to this, but the difficulty to be surmounted was here 
 greater. Neither Dr. Gori, nor Signor De Mauro, nor the author 
 knew the ground ; we had only Frontinus and Fabretti to help us, 
 and the course is much more subterranean on this side than on 
 the other. There are none of the great arcades to carry the spccus 
 for five or six miles ; the only portion where they are carried on 
 an arcade for any distance is on the side and upon the wall of 
 the garden of the villa Pamphili-Doria, and there the arcade as 
 seen is the work of Pope Paul V. (Borghese), who restored them 
 to use in the sixteenth century, making use of the old subterranean 
 specus and the ruins of the old arches, which can be seen against 
 the wall of that garden. From this point they are mostly subter- 
 ranean, we traced them to the three lakes which served as reservoirs 
 for them. The first specus on this side of the Lacus Alsietinus has 
 been kept separate from the one on the other side. In the time of 
 Augustus the water came from the two upper lakes, but it was 
 brought at a very low level, and the water from these being always 
 muddy and bad, Frontinus, under Trajan, rejected it, and brought 
 the water only from the Sabatina; Pope Paul returned to the use 
 of the upper lake, Alsietina. 
 
 This map is also reduced by photography from one on a much 
 larger scale, though not so large as the one for the eastern side, as 
 that was found inconveniently large, and on this side there was less 
 complication to examine and explain. Great credit is due to Signor 
 de Mauro for the tact with which he traced the subterranean lines. 
 He found that there are wells and air-holes at intervals, not always 
 regular, but nearly so, and that when they are in grass-land or barren 
 land, shrubs have always grown over the top of each well on ac- 
 count of the moisture that remained in it, and by means of these 
 shrubs he was able to follow the line. 
 
 These aqueducts, which supplied the fountains in the Trastevere, 
 all come from the lakes on the hills. The Alsietina of Augustus 
 comes from the lake of that name (now called Martignano), between 
 
 » See No. VII., p. 50. 
 
Map of the Aqueducts. 
 
 the Via Claudia and the Via Aurelia, but not very near to either, 
 being 6| miles from the Via Claudia at the fourteenth milestone, 
 as Frontinus states. This was made to supply the Naumachia of 
 Augustus, which were near the present monastery of S. Cosimato in 
 Trastevere ; the water was very abundant, but not fit for drinking. 
 It entered Rome at a lower level than any of the other aqueducts, 
 because the Naumachia were very little above the level of the Tiber. 
 At the small town called the Carise (near the present Osteria Nuova), 
 about fifteen miles from Rome, it received an additional supply of 
 water from the Lacus Sabatinus. Trajan restored to use that part 
 which came from the latter lake ; this is better water than the Alsi- 
 etina. Pope Paul III., a.d. 1540, again restored this to use, and it is 
 now called Aqua Paola. His engineers brought the water from three 
 lakes, the two before mentioned, and a smaller one above the Alsie- 
 tina, called Stracciacappe. The object of bringing the water from 
 this very high level, 500 ft. above Rome, was to supply the splendid 
 fountains in front of S. Peter's, the water of which rises to a great 
 height. This lake was drained in 1870, and at the same time the 
 water in the Alsietina was also much lowered, by which means the 
 three specus were brought to light on the bank, and the sites are 
 shewn on this map. The Aqueduct of Trajan was carried at a much 
 higher level than that of Augustus, and entered Rome on the top 
 of the Janiculum. Procopius, in the sixth century, admired the 
 profuse supply of water at that point ; and the water was then, as 
 it is now, used for a series of mills on the slope of the hill. The 
 engineers of Pope Paul made use of the water of all the three lakes, 
 and a most abundant supply still flows into Rome through the 
 Fountain, above the Church of S. Pietro in Montorio. How far 
 the old speciis was used it is difficult to tell, but most probably that 
 of Trajan was used for a large part of the distance ; it is almost 
 entirely underground until the last mile into Rome, where it was 
 carried on an arcade of the time of Trajan. The Aqua Paola is 
 there also carried on an arcade, parallel to it and near to it, but not 
 the same. 
 
THE 
 
 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT 
 ROME. 
 
THE 
 
 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT 
 EOME, 
 
 TEAOED FEOM THEIR SOURCES TO THEIR MOUTHS, 
 
 CHIEFLY BY THE 
 
 WORK OF FRONTINUS; 
 VERIFIED BY A SURVEY OF THE GROUND. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HENRY PARKER, CB. 
 
 Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lond., &c. 
 AND ASSISTANTS. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 JAMES PARKER AND CO. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. 
 1876. 
 
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