'4M ^f^ ^;^ ^f '^m f ft f '- t~K^t t-y^ (uHl ayi/>i7 ^1^1 z. -/_^avc- £e€jf-^ \ I »' /SZ6 c^ yirJ^f ^...c, > ■ ^ '} /■ R4r ""m. '.^^%/ ^ ■ u--.. —- ■- r-^'0 ^^ — _- ■s,<^ , . -^ MM I BUILDER'/ JEWEL: OR, THE youth's instructor, AND V O R KM A N 's R E M £ M B R A N C E R. r X P L A I K I N G Short and Easy R U L E S^ Made famirar to the me.^nei^ C^piciry, For DRAWING and W O li K I N G. The Five Orders of Coluni:is entire ; or any Part oi an- Order, without Regard, to the Modiik or Diameter. And to enrich t.h'in 'ith their Riiflicks, Fhitings, Cablings, Dent\iIc?,:IModiIion?j Ci'r, AJfo iG pr'cporiicn ; heir Doors, Windovs-s, Intercoliimniatioiis, Porticoes, and iVrcadci;. T O G S T H :■: _8. ith Fourteen Varieties of Raking, CircuLr, Scroller?, Componnf', arvd ContraOed Pe.-iiments \ and the tri:e Fcrmation a d Accr.t eriiig of thc.r Rakiag and returned Cornices J and Mouldings for Capping liicir Dentulcs .^nd .Mudiiiocs. Block and Cantaiiver Cornites, E.\iitick Qiioins, Cornices propor- tioned to Room<^, Angle Bracke'.s, MouIcingE for Taternacl-i Frames, Panncilinjr^ ind Centering for Grons, Tru:Ttd Parii:ior)S, Girdei?, Roo's, and Dorr.es, Wuh - i Stcdijcn of the Dome o. St. Paul's, London. e Whole ilJuftrated by upwards of 200 Exarx^ole?, enaraved on ;oo Copper- PJates. By B. and T. LANGLEY. A New Edition-. LONDON: nted for J. F. and C. Rivington, T. Lcncman, B. Lav"^ H. Baldwin*, 3. G. J. and J, Robinson, VV. Lowkpes, and I. and ]. Ta^ lor. No. r6, -ijfchjioibern, 17?,^. [Price 4s. 6d.] •*^. \ / I N T R O D U C T I O X. NOTWITHSTANDING there are many Volumes alieaJy fxtanf, on tbe ^ Subjeft of Ajchitediue; yet, as not one of them arc marie a fit (:ze tor the ocket J and it being an Impoflibility for the gfneral Vixt of Workmen to le- in and carry in tLeir Minds, all the ufffnl Rules and Proportions, by wliich /"orks in general are performed : I have therefore, at the requeft of many good ^orkmicn, and for the Sake of young Students^, compiled this V/osk ; ubercin ha\e reduced the whole to fuch fhort and eafy Rules, that the Wo;krnan ay, not only at the firft View rene.v his Memory, as Occahons may rtquiif. It /Vppren'iccs, who may l>e abfohitely unacvjuaintcd with th s noMe Ar;, a?,l e fo unfortunate as many have been and art-, to be bound tx) Jobbing Mafiers, ho knovv but little J m*y without the Help of any, by alliduous Application at icir Leifure Hours, in Evenings when the Bufif.el's of Days is over, &c. make cmfeives fuch Mafters herein, that few Maf'eis are able or willing to xuska em. And indeed I muft own, that 'tis a Pleaftire to me, to fee the S, irit or- ;nuIation fo powerful amiOng young Builders et this Timej whan every oi.-e cf •nfc is endeavouring to become the moft excfllcnt in his Way, and theicbr ake himieSf the molt ufcful borh to himfelf and his Country. It is ufcful Know'cdge only, that makes one Man more valuable than arotiier,' id efpecially that pare of Krjowledge, which immediately concerns the Huhil^fs ; is to live by j and therefore, if this Work, flrould prove a Hf\p to the Jm- ovement of Knowledge in Toutb (for whofe Sakes 'tis chiefly inrendeo.) : and : no Affront to the frge JJ^crkman^ by re-intorming him «f thofe Rules wl;uh ive ftipt h's .\'emcry, and in'ormiiig him of others which hs never kne.v^. ,z ill anfwer the defired End of their hearty Wdl-wiilior, LorJcr, I\ra'cb i^th, i';4.r. THO. LANG LI r. 4 T H E E U 1 L D £ 1^ S J E W £ L. C H A P. -I. Of tie ^:rs in general, and of tbcir principal Parti. •-rflE Orders in ger.eral, aic the T^fcan, Dorich, hnick, C^intkian, Their principal Parts. ?re their rcJcflak, Columns, and Entablatures. Thi Height of the Pcdtaal in every O.der, is always one firth x.t 'they Heieht of the entire Order, r^ ■ i o \ i ■ The Height of the Tt./^.r« Column is ^ Diameters, the Dcrick 8, the l.nn and the ■C?r;«'Z,;<7rT and C'm/.o/;r?, each lo Diameters. ^ ., , The T/z/V^n Column is d.minifted at its Aftragal or Neck of its Capital 4th of its Diameter next above its Bale $ the Dorick one Jth ; the lomck, Corintl and Cq'>rp}/i!e, each one 6th. .. • , r .u cv f^* T4 The Dirr,inu:ion of every Column begins a^ one third of the Shift b H> above the Eafc. , , , i ^ j„* The Height of the ^ufcan ami Dorkk Entiblatures, are each equal to Rt fourth of their C .lumn's Height; and the lonick, Corir.diar, and CompoJiul<^ one filth of their Column's HeigJit. .", „ . . r^ „j» a^„j These gei.eral Proportions of the pn: cpil Parts being firft underftood ^ Proportions of their particular Part., may be eafi'y underftood alio as foUowing. CHAP. IT. Of Fedcjlah, end their Tarti, T7 VERY perfea Pedeflal confifts of three principal Part.: Namely, A ^' Dado or Die, and Cornice, vhxh are divided as foilows. Toe Dhlfion of the principal Farts of Pedefah explained. RULE. Divide the giv.n Height in 4 I'^^s. as in Pl^t« J. X. . XXXIX. and LVII. give The lower i, to the Height of the Phnth ^ one fftheaext I, to the Height of the Mouldings on the P^i"^^ 5,»^^'[ ^^^ Hf W theHerghtof the Cornice j and the Remains between will be the Haght c^l^ ^ w'hek a Column is placed on a Pedcftal the Projeaion of the^ Ped D- do is found by the Proieftion of the Pi n-h to the Bafe of the Lol wh ch 1-s ftand's perpendiclar over the Upright of the Dado. But if a Pf i to be made withcut a Column, th« Breadth of ^hc Dado nnuft be found .e c.n P>?cecd to determine the Projcaions of the fcvcral Members m the Baf. n i Tn the Cornice ; tecaufe 'tis frr m the Upright of ti.c Dado that their Projedu a ji^.nde ; and which are found by the following Rules rbc Breadths cf Dodoi to Fedcftah explained. RULE I. To find the Breadth of the Dado of the Tufcan Pedejfal, V : DiviDF the Height of the Plinth and its Mouldin- in 5 P-^^s, and the « , -^7 0nLwithaRa.Jiu.0f4 cf the grent Parts, and 4 feventh^, de.'cn ■,;ch xg ; then »g is the Scmi-br^adth required. 1; fd/ THEBUILDERSJEWEL. 5 RULE IT. To fnd th: Brearith of the Djdo of tl^e D'.r.ck PedefJitI, Plate X. Divide the He:ght of tlie Plinth in 5 Parts, aiij the upper i jd 3, turn np 1 bf the 1 Parts to r, and on x with the Radius of 5 Parts, and faid one thirt^, drfcribc the Arch by ; then xy is the Serai-breadth iequired. RULE IIL To fnd the Breadth of tie Dado cf tb: lonick Pcdejlal^ Plate XXL Divide the Height of the Plinth in three Parts, the uppcr^ i in 3 ^ and the tipper I thereof, in 3 again; then abating the 2 upper fmall Parts, vith the Re- mains of the Plinth's Height, on AT, defcribe the Arch t'^- ; then xy is the Semi' breadth require;^. RULE IV. lo fir.d the Brca-^th of the Dado cf the Corinthian and Com- pofite Pedepfs. Ph-te XXXIX. and LVi I. D.viDE the Heigi t of the Plinth in 3 Part?, and the upper i in 3, on x, with the Radius of two Parts, and the z thin'r, defcribe the Arch ty j t! en xy is the S*mi-breudth lequired. Before I fr.ew how to determine the Projeflions of die Mo'jidir.es on tl^l Plinths, and in t*jc Cornices of the Pedeftals ; I mu:t flie-.v how to d:vide (heir refpedive Heights. And, firfl> of the Mouldings on the Plinths of the leveral Pe^leftals. • lie Divifom cf Mouldings en the Plintls of Pedejlah explained. RULE I. To divide tbd Heights of the M>uldi»gi on the Plinth of the Tufcan ftdefid. Plate I. Divide the Heigh', in 6, as at B, giv^|^e under and upper ones to the Fillet?, and the Middle of 4, to the Citna reaa. '^ i RUL E II. To di^id§ (be JkigbiS sf.tie Mculdtr^gs on the Plinibof the Dorick IVcdefAL Plate X. ■-.-. *" * • r \. .p*vr-DE dw Height in 4 Parts, as at B ; give the upper one to the Cavetto ; jtliaifjthe next to its Fillet} half the lower one to the lower Fillet j and the Re- 1 mains to the Cima-reaa. il R U L E III. To di'vide the Heights of the Mouldings en the Plinth of the lonick ].Pede,'al. Plate XXL ;|; Divide the Height in ?, as at B ; and each in 4; give the upper i and half tj.to the Cavcrto ; the next half to its Fjllet ; the next i to the Aflragal : the lower .1-1 to the Fillet ; and the Remains to the Cima. % RULE IV. To dii-idithe Haghts of the MoulJi^'gs in the Plinth of the (Jo. j linthian Pedejial. Plate XXXIX. i Divide the Height in 4, as at B j the upper 1 and 3d downwards, each in 3 ; iigive the upper 1 and half to the Cavetto j the next half to the Fillet ; the next 1 to rthe Afiragalj the lov.er 4th to the Height of the Torus j and one ihiid of the next Ijito its Filler. ! RULE V. To di-vide the H:iglti of the Miiddir.g^ en tb; lUmh of the Com- j.P0lite Pidefal, Plate LVU. . ; ■ DiVjDt 6 THE BUILDERS JEWEL. Divide «he Height in 4; and the upper and third Part downwards, e.ich give the upper 2 oHh<^ upper Part, to the Cavettoj the next to' its Fillet: the o\v«r 4th Pjrt to the Tonii. and one third of the next Part to its FiJlct. The DiTtfioti tf MuuUftngs in tie C.rmca of Vcdeials (xflained, j r^yh^. '• J", f"'-'''^' '^' ^^^'^^" "f '^' MoultHng, amahied in the Ccrmce- ef tie 1 ufcan Pcdfjlul, Plate L Divide the Heii^ht, as at />, in 6 Parfs ; give the upoer i to the Reoula : the' next 3 to the Plat-band, and the lower 2 to the Cima rcverja. ° , RULE 11. To Ji-videthe Ihigln of the MouUijig^i contained in the Ccrnice op the Doriclc Ptdejlal Plate X. ' Divji)E the Height, as at A, in 4 ; give half th? upper i to the ReguJa ; the' rcxt 1 and halt to the P)at. band i the next i to the Ovolo ; the upper one third of the lower 1, to the Fillet^ and ihc remaining two thirds of the lower i, to the Cavetto. RULE in. To diiride the Hdgbts of the MrJdinrs contained in the Cornice cf the- lomck P(de/}ul. Plate XXI. Divide the Height in 12 Parts, as at A j give the upper one to the Regula j ' the next 3 to its Cinta rcu.rjj ; the next 3 to the Plat- bund j the next .\ to the Ovolo ; the next 1 to the Aftraga] : Half the rest 1 to its Fillet, and the Remains I and a ha'f to the Cavetto. RULE IV. To divide the Heights of the Mcuhiingi contained in the Ctnice cF theCoriT)tWnmp£deftal. Plate XXXIX. • "^ Divide tiie Height in 3, ns at A j jjl^the upper 1 in 6, the lower half of i' ^ middle I m 3, ai!d the lower half ofTfie lower i in 3. Of the 6- tipper fn Parts, give the u^-per i and one third to the Regula j the rcmainirg tvo tlui^.. and two Parts to the Cims rt-jerfa-^ and the next 1 to the Aftragal. Give tht laft I, and half the middle great Part, to the Plat-band: Alfo one thrd of thi remaining halfto the Filkt on the GW-rr-7tf; and the remaining two thirds, and upper half of the lower great Part to the Cimj-reHa. LaOly, give the up}>cr i Part 'of the half of the lower Part, to the Aftiagai j half the next 10 its Fillet, and the Remains to the Cavetto. R U L E V. To divide the Height i of tht Mouidings contained in the Cornice of -the Compofite PedeJ}a/. Plate LVU. -^ PiviDE the Height in 6 Parts, as at A ; give half the upper i to the Regula ; the next 1 to the Cima r^iierfa; the next 1 and half to the Plat-band; one third «f the next i, to tlie Fillet on the Cima-rerra\ the remaining two third?, and the next i, to the Cima-reSfa ; one third of the laft i, to the Fillet on the Cavetto ' and the remaining two thitd. to the Cavcrto. V Fhe Heights of the feveral Mouldings on the Plinths, ani in the Ctrnices, be- ing thus found ; I fiiall proceed to fliew, hcv to give each its prooer Proje Shaft, and ^ Capital The Height cf Cokmm explained, Tc fnd the Heights of CchrmSj hai'ing the Heights of the Cc/utnnsi^and Entj- iLturcS ^ii-en^ thefe are the Rules. RULE I. In the Twkm and VioxQk Orders. Pla'c I. and X. Divide tlic rJvcn Height cf the Column and Entabhture in q Parts; the up- per y is the Kei;4ht of the Entablature, and the lower 4 of the Column. Divide the Height of the Tujan Column in 7, and o^^e Dorick'm 8 j and 1 is the Diameter cf the Column. ^| RULE li. In the lonick, Corinthian, and Compofite Orders^ Plates XXI. XXXIX. ami LVn. Divide the given Height of the Column and Entablature in 6 Parts : the upper i is the Height of the Entabht'Jire, and the lower 5 of the Column. Divide the Height of the Lvick Column in 9, a:>d the Corinthian and Ccrrpofiu Columns each in 10 Parts, and i is the Diameter. The High's and Projeftiom cf the Safes cf Columns explained. The He ght cf the Bafe of every Column, is precifely half its Diameter next above the Bafe; and the ProjeClion of the Plinth, from the Upright of the Shafr, is always equal to ore 6th of the Column's Diameter. The Hegbt cf Plinths to the Bafcs of Colurr-.ns, is either equal to half the Height of the whole Bafe, as in the Tujcan Bafe, Pla»e IL or to one third of the Bafe's Height, as in the Dcrick Bafe on the Right-hand fide, Plate XL And in the lsn:c\y CorintH.m, and Corr.pofitc Bafcs, Plates XXII. XLL and LVHI. To make the ConjiruEHon of Bafes to Columns eafy, I will explain, How to divide the Heights, and terminate the Projeftions of the Members contained in the Ti.fciin and Dorick Safes ; by which thofe of the lonick, Corintiiany and Compofte 'niil be underftocd, as being no more thsn Repeiidoas of the like Rules. RULE S T H E B U I L D E R S J E W E L. ; RULE I. To H'^ide the Height:, and ttnninaie the Projc^iaii of the Mcu-i^ti COHtiiined in the Bajt of the Tufcan Column. Plate II. I. Tij dctermina their Heights, x^ Divi-K the Height in two, and give the lower i to the Plinth, 'as aforcfai'J., Divide the upper i in 4 j give the lower 3 to the Toru?, and the upper i^, tot the Cindlure. II. To determine their Frcj^Elurei. Divide the Projeftion of the Plinth,, from "the Upright of the Shaft in Parts, afld the (ccond Part in 45 then 1 Pait and 3 fourths of the feconc^, ftoglj the Cindlurej and the Torus is alwavs in every Order the fan^e Proic£lion as ih< Plinth. ' R U L E ir. To dinjide the Heights, and terminate the PiOjeRions of the Memi hrs contained In rix? Attick Bnfe to the Donc\fi Cclumn. on the Right-band fde oj PlateXl. I. To detcrmijie their Heights. Divide the Height in 3 Parte, the middle Part in 4, and the upper Part in] z : Give the lower i Part tj the i'linth^ ss alorcfaid j three fourths of the next' to the lower Torts j and hr.lf the upper i, to the upper Torus. Divide the Re- mainder between tr.e two Torufes in 6j give the upper and lower ones to the tv/oj nilets J and the middle 4 to the Scotia. \ il. To deiesmir.e their rrejeBurs-!, DivrrE the Projection of the Plinth in 4 Parts, and the 2d ?>nd 3d Parts^ in halves j from whence perpendiculat^fcnes being drawn up, will teiminaie the Cinflurc, and the two Fillets of the ^«r/fl. RULE r. To defcrihe tl:e Curie of this SccUs. .: Divide the Height in 3 Parrs, as at B j and draw the Lines c <^ a a^d a^'^ On h, defcribe the Qijp.drant acj and on the Point 2,. the-^Arch cd, vvhich t©^ gecher form the Curve of tl:c Scotia to the ^'tick Bafe. Iivill alfo nD70 Jhcvj, hctu to defcribe the Scotia in the lonick, Cor.'nthi^in, ajfid Compolite BaJeSj as exprrfj'ed at large by F'gnre A, P-late XLI. Divide the Height ^^ in 7 Parts, from the third Part' draw /f parallel to the Fillets, and equal to 3 Parts; ihro' the Point y* draw the Line a ^ paral- lel to bgf and make fa equal to 4 Parts of bg: Draw a Cj and then, on the Point r,. defcribe the Arch bxd, and on a the Arch de. Having thus explained the Bafes, or firll Parts of Column?, I /hall now pro- ceed to the fecond Parts, which is their Shafts. \ The Shaft of a Column is that Part, which is contained between its Bafe and Capital; and confifts of 3 Parts, ijiz. lis Cinfture, Trunk, and Aftragal ; ex-. cepting in the Tufcan^ where the Lin£ture is made a Part of the Bafe to thel Column. , To render the Shafts of Columns agreeable to the taper Growth of the Trunks^ of Trees, (with which the firft Columos -ttcrc made) "their Shaft?, cr rather their! Trunk 8-i THE BUILDERS JEWEL. 9 runks aie therefore dinniniflied from the lower third Part, up unto the Aflragal, following. The Shafts of Colt:tnns, ar.d their Diminution explalred^ RULE. To dimnijh the Shi/ft of a Column. Plate \. Fig. A. Set up the Shaft's Height j at ik, its Afiragal, fet of}" its d minl/hed Diameter, 2. three totirth?, as being T/^'riZ,'?. C cmpJete the icv.er third undiminifhed Part the Shaft, and on a ^ its upper Part ce'cribe the Semicircle abed. From iky |a\v the Lines ii, kc^ parallel K.0 h n tiie central Line, cutting the Semicircle b and c. Divide the Arch' s ab and c, agreeable to the Cha- tcs of ;hofe Orders. '^ RULE. 10 T H E B U I L D E R S J E W :E L. RULE. To cil'ide Ike Flutes of a T)oxK\i. Column. Plate XI. DivfnE the C'rcumlerence into 20 equal Parts, and draw Lines, thereby mak- ing a Polygon of 20 Sides; on each Side complete an erjuilateral fpherical Triangle, as abc on the Lett of Plate XI. and on the external .Angle, as b, defcribe the Curve ac, which is the Depth or Sinking ir. of a Fiiire. RULE. To d.vide tie Fluta and Fillcti of an lonick, Corinthian, or Compofite Column. Plate XXV. Divide the Circumt'erfnce of the Semi-' olumn in 12 Parts, and each Part :n 8, as ah. Give 3 Pans to each Semi-Flute as a h, and j b^ and 2 Parts to tach Filler, as k i. The Sii;king or Depths of thefe Fillets, are elher the Arch of a Quadrant, ?s thofe on the Ripht-hand defcribed on the (enters c s, Sec. or of a Semi-Circle, as thofe on the Left, drfcribed <^n the Centers x x, &c. RULE. To defcribe Catlings, {n the Flutes cf a Column. Plate XXV. Ok the Points 2J 35, with the Radius zjt, defcribe the Arches yxo, yxo, &c. which are the R.ifej of the Cablings, and whofe Height fini/hes, at the firlt third Part of the Shaft's Height. RULE. To fet ,ui Flutes and Fillets on the Shaft of a Column. Plate XXVI. On a Panml, Sec. craw a right Line, as a b, and thceon fet oft' 24 equal Parts at Pleafure, wh ch togetl er, muft always be lefs than the Girt at the Aftragal ot the Column to be fluted. DiviDr. any I Part in 4 Parts, and take one Part in the CompafTes, and fet it rfF i" everv of the otlier 23 Parts j and from (he fevcral Parts fo divided (which will be to oj e another as i is to 3 ; that i?, a Fillet to a Flute) draw upright Lines at ripht Angles from the divided Line. This done, ftiike a perpendicular ■*^h3U;-Line down the Fn nt of the Column. And be ng provided with two ftraight- edged P;eces of Parchmc-it, &c. theewith girt the Colunrn at its Bale, and at its Artraf^a!. Apply the Cirts fo taken to the parsllel Lines, aforefaid, lo that their Exrtremes nialj iuft touch the two outer-parallels, as at e c and df. Then kfcping the.-n there; with a Pencil mark their Ec'gcs at the Meeting of each Pa- rjjlel; and thereby the twn Girts vill be (divided into the Flutes and FiL'ets, rgreeable to ycur Column to be fli.tcd. This dor.c, apply any End of each of the I'arJiTent Girts to the Bottom and the Top of the Front Central Line: and r'-.cn embracing the Cch.imn at its Bafc and /'^Hr^^gdlj remove each Girt until you l.rirg the Middle of a Flute on t-he central Lire; and then irick ofl' the Breadth of every Fiute and Fillet in the tv.o Girts, which will ftand exaftly perpendicular over ?ach other. Notf, In large Columns it may be ncceflary to fet ont the Breadths cf the Flutes and Fillets, in one or more Places, between the firft third Part of the Shaft's Height and the Aftragal ; which, when required, may be moft exaftly done, by gi'.ting at the Parts required} and proceeding afterwards, in every other refpeft, as alorefaid. The THE BUILDER SJEW EL ii The Fluting of Pilajiers explained, RULE. Tee flute a PiLfler tvitb FilUts. and a Bead at etich Suain* Plate XXXVII. J J * -^ Draw a Line at Plea'ure, as a b, and thereon fet 31 equal Part?, which together, fhall be grea er than the Pilafter to be fluted. Take the 31 Parts in your Compafl'es, Arc. and on the firft and laft Points make the Sc-aion f, and drau- the Lines c a and c by which will complete an equilateral T/iangb.. Set the Br^jaJth cf the Pilafler from c x.o d and to e, and draw the Line de, which being prrallel to a b, is tberefcre equal to the Breadth of the Pila er. Now ri^ht Lines drawn, from ihe -i^x Partf, to the Point c^ they will divide the Line de in fimilar 31 Parts alfo. Of which give the two outer Parts to the two Beads at the Quoins J the next two outer ones, to the two outer Fillets; the next 5, to the Breadth of a Flute 3 the next i, lo^'a Fi.let j the next 3, to a Flute ; tLe-T.ext r, to a Fillet, ^c. Note, By the Cime Rule a Pilafter with Flutes and Fillets only, as Fig. A, 13 divided from 29 Parts, firft fet off at Pleafure ; and then proceeding as before. Having thus explained the Bales and Shafts of Columns, &c. I fhall now pro- ceed to their '. apitals. OF Capitals, there are two Kinds, i-ixx the one ccnfifTing of Mouldings only ; as thofc of the Tujtan and Dorick \ and the other of Moulaings and fculotured OiV- F.aments, as the ionick, Corinthiai, and Compofitc. The Heights of Cap:tdh explained^. The Height of the Tifcan and D.rick Capitals, are e.4ch precifery a Semi-dib- rneter, as in Plates IT. and XL The Height of the ancient lonick Capital, in its Mculdii.gs above the A-Ttraga! of the Shaft, is but ono: third of a Diameter, or 2s Winures; but including the Dep.th or" its Volute, -it is 35 Minute^v as in Pia.t XXIII. which exceeds the Volute to the modern Capital by 5 Minutes. The Heinhc- of the Confithw;: Capital is one D.ameter, and one fixth, as alfo is the Height of the Ccrr/ofte Capital. Iv: D:-jfcns and Frojeakns of the Members in the Tufcan and Dcrick Cjpit^: exj,h.ined. Plates II. and XL RULE I. To divide the Heights and determine the Projeaions of the Mem- bers m tiie Capital of a Tujcan Column or Pilafter. « I. To div.de the Heights cf the Members. Plate II. Divide the Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-iide). Divide the r^Iddle i Tn 6 : of which give the lower 1 to the Fillet under the Ovolo ; and the other c to tl,- Ovolo. Divide the upper 1 into 4 j give the upper i to the Fillet : and the oil.^r 3 to the i-afcia of the A' acus. Set down «X half the Height of the Yvzi Week of the Capital, from b to r, and divide it ia 3 Parts j give Uie upoer 2 to v.^ ■^^ragalj and the iower one, to its Fillet. B 2 XI r-^ li THE BUILDERS JEWEL. TI. To deUrrrJne the Frojecliays. DivrnE the Semi-dijmeter of the Column at its Afiragal (as is done above on the Capital 1 in 6 Parts, and give ^ to the Proieflion of the upper FiUet. But if the Capital is of an unciminifhed Pilafter, (as on the Right-hand fide of PUite IL) then divide the Semi-diameter of the Pilaiier (as above on the Capital) in. S Pii-ts, and give 'hrce to the Piojeftion, as before. Note. By the Scale of PrDJedion, placed againft tlie Neck of tlie Capital, you fee that the whole Projed^ion is divided in 35 the firft 1, in 2 ; and the la(l •I in 4; the half of the firft 1 i^ops the ProjefVion of the Fillets under the Aftragal and Ovolo ; and the 2 fuft of the 4-, in the outer i third Part, flops the Ovoio ?nd Fafcia of the Abacus. RULE II, To dii-i.i: the H:irhts, and dclcrmne the VrojeElions tf tie Mm- kts cor.taincd in the Capita^ of a Donck Column or Pilafier. Plate XI. J. To dii'idc the H-jgbts of the Meir,Lers. DiviDt tlic Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-^de), divide the middle i in 3 ; oF which the lower i divided in 3, give the upper 2 to the Aftragal, and lower i to the Fillet. Divide the upper 3d Part in 3 ; give the lower 2 to the Fafcia of the Abacus; and the upper i thereof divided in 3, give the upper i to the Fillet, and the lower 2 10 the C/.ra ret-erja. NoTK, The Height of the Aftragsl to the Shaft is found, as before, in the Tifcaa Column, Page u. IL T'j determir.e their PrcjeS'wJ. ■ - T^iTiDE the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Afir.7gal (as above on the Ca- pital) in 4; and five ?. >c the Prpjeftion* of the upper Fillet. But if the Capiral is of an undimin'fhccl»i'i!afier, fas on the Right-hand fide) then divide the Semi- diameter of t^ie Pilailer (as above on the Capital) in 5 P^rts, and give a to the Pre- jctfjion, ^J5l^fore. By th^tales of ProjefVion on each Side'of the Capital, you fee, that the wkole Pioje^ion is there divided in 4 Parts ; from which, and their Sub-divifions, the feveral Members in the two Varieties of Capitals have their Projedlions deter- mined. ^ The and en lonlck Caf^itnl, and i.'s Volute explained. Plate XXIH. Rule I. To divide the Height of its Members, and defcribe its Volute. I. T^ di-j'de the Height of its Members. Divmr the given Height as k x, in 11 Parts; give the upper i to the upper Fillet ; the next 2 to the Ciira retrcrfa, which with the aforefaid Fillet m. kes the Abacus : give the next i to the Lift of the Volute ; the next 3 to the Band of the Volute; and the remaining 4 to the Ovolo. This done, fet down 8 of the above 11 Parts from * to I ; give the firft 2 to the Aftragal ; the next i to its Fillet J and the lower 5 to the Depth of the Volute. Divide r s on the Right- hand (which isequal to kx, or 20 Minute;, the Height of the Mouldings of the Capital) in 4 P«»rtr, and turn dovvn i Part to dy then r d will, be equal to THE BUILDERS JEWEL. 13 fo 25 Minute;, which is equal to the Semi diameter of t' e Column at its Shaft. Now admitting ^ -z; to be the central Line of the Column, make v c equal to r d, an! draw the Line ecb, which will be the upright of the Column. Make hg equal to two thirds of a 1, the Height of the Aftrxgsl ; and from the Point p- draw the Cathetus or Line fg, parallel to the central Line. Divide g b \n ^ Farts J the firft i, flops the Alhagal at a. Make f n equal to ft, which will terminate the Pro]e£lion of the Abacus, RULE IL To defcrih tie lonick rolute. Plate XXHI. From i Part beluw x, draw the Line /> m for the central Line of the Af!ra- 53], interfefling the Cathetu? ig in 0. On the Point 0, wiih the Radius z, defcribe the Circle or Eye of the Vo!ute (which is rcprefented at large by the Figure R) : wherein infcribe the Geometrical Square, and draw its Diameters 2, 4 j 2nd ij 3 } divide each Semi diameter in 3 Parts, as at the Points f.ioj c.9 j :[2.6 J and ii»7: which are the Centers numbercvl in Order, on wh ch the Out- 1 ne of the Volute is defcribed, fix.. The Point i is the Center to the Arch x ot j the Point 2, of the Arch n: g \ the Point 3, of the Arch _g- />, ficc. The inwaid Line of the Lift of the Volute is defcribed on 12 other Centerf^ which are, atone Fifth of the Diftance between the other 12 Centers, and which are lignified by the fm.ali Divifjons next within the 12 Centers in the Eye of the Volute at large, in Plate XII. To gradually diminifh the Lift of this Volute, we muH: divide its Height or Breadtlijn 12 Parts, as ex-prefied above, in PI. XXII. and at every Quarter of its Rot?.tiin, abate' its Breadth i of thofe r arts, ?s expreded by the Numerical Figures afiixec', which wiil caufc it 'o terminate at the Eye in a Point, NoT£, Fig AP, PI XXIII. is a View of half a Side of the Capital, whereia B fhews the thicknefs of the Vo'u:e, whofe Height is equal to i g in the Front. The Heights of the other Parts, are (hewn by the Scale -ef Parts on the Left j and is the fame as the like Scale above. * No T E, The Abacus to this Capital being Aquare, is therefore called by Work- men a Trencher Capital: and indeed vety properly, becaufe the Word Abacus is de- rived from the Greek Word Abax, (Ign.f in^ a Square Trencher. The modern loriick Capital exdJned. Plate XXIV. RULE, To di-vide the Height i of tie Members contained in its Abacus, and to determne tkeir Fraje3:ons. This Capital, though called Modern, was invented byViNcZNT Scamozzij and Including its Volu'.e, is p ecifely half a Diameter in Height, r. Ts find the Higlts of the Mimbers. Divide its Height in 3 Parts, and the upper half of the upper i in 4, as on the Left J of which give the upper 3 totheOvolo; and the ■ ther one to the Fillet under it. Divide the lower z. Parts and half in 8 Parts (as on the Right), give the uprer i and half to the Fafcia of the Abacus ; the next half to the Recefs under the Abacus ; the nsxt a to the Qvoio : the neat i to the Aftragal ; 3nd the next half to its Fillet. H. r# 14 T.!I E B U I L D E R S , J E W E L. II. To fnd the Prtjeclures of the Members Draw the centra! Line of the Column h g-, and in any Place, as at j draw the Lir.e a h ^x. right Angles t«) A a, and ot leniith at pieifiire. Make g and g d, each equal to the Semi- diameter '»" /t ; and divide it into 12 Parts, ear xeprefcnting 5 Minuies (or i-i2th cf a Diameter); mxVt c a and d /;, each eqi to I5 Minutes or r-fourth of a- Diaminrr, which terminates the i'rojeilion the extrennd Parts or returned Horns of ttje Abacus j as exhibited by the dottt parallel Lines dr^wn thence up to them. And frcm the Sub-d.vifions of the 2 outer 5 Minute*, the Prnjcf^irns of tY ether parrs of the Abacus are i'eteimined in the Lme mJinn&r ^ as alio are th Projeftions of the Ovi>lo, Aftragal, and fil'et, leprflented by dotted Lhies \vithi theVolutc. The Volute of this Capital is reprpfented in Plate XXII. and is defcribed t} fame as that of the ancient Capital j for though it appears to be elliptical w he ieen in a direct View, as being thereby fomething foreihoitened j ytt it is circuU as the o'her. Under this Capi'al I have placed half its Plan,, whofe Conftruftion be plainly exhibited by the dottel perpend cuiar L'nes, proceeding from the Mcmbc in the Elevation, needr no further Explanation. Tte Lounthhn Cap/fal ex/Ia:nui. Plate XLI. This Capital^ was originally adorned with the Acanthus Leaves only j but fome delight in Variety, 1 have therefore ia Plate XI. given the Acanthus with tJ Olive, Laurel, and Pariley, to be employed at difcrerion. The Height of this Capital, was or^in.illy but i Diameter: but rrodern A chitedis thinking it too fhort, they theiefore added la Minutes, there^- maku its Height 70 Minutes, and gifing it a much more magnificent Afped than it h before. By the Meaftres aiT.xed, which is no more than the Heinht divided i|i 7 Pan cf which the upper 1 is the Abacus j the Height of-everv Part is adjuiled, by the Plan and Elevation in Pji^te XLII. the Bieadths and'D:ftanct£ of the Leave &c. are fully exempJified in the like manner. In the Drawing of this Capital, the )oung Student muft firft accuftom himf to expiefs only the Leaves in grofs, as etprefled in this and the XLlVtb PJa«-e, ur he has made himf;lf a Mafler of forming their Out-lines : when it will ke a Phafu to raffle them, as expreHed in Plate XLIII. a d XLV. And as the Capital of a Pilafler has all ks Leaves in each Tace in a direct Vie' contrary to thofe of a Capita] to a Cjluirin, srd is one-fjxth of a Diamel more in Breadth; I have therefore, to explain Uie Difference and Parts, flicivn Plate XLIV. the PJan and Eleva-ion of a Capital to a Pilafter, in the lame manr as that of a Coli^mn in Plate XLII, as, indeed I have alfo the Elevation cf a h Capital at Urge, wi^j its Leaves r.-ffl(;d, as thofc of Pbte XLlli. ^ THE BUILDERS JEV/ EL, j^ ^he Compofite Capital ixtlained. Plate LVIH. Tkis Order is called Comfofite, becaufe it? Capital is cfrnpofed of the Ln'ck id C5r/«r^/tf« Capitals ; that is, its Abaci?, Voluter, Ovclo and Afuagal between lem, are the very Members which form the mrdern JcnUk Capitaf. Its two eights of Leaves are the very f?me as ihcfe in the Cor'nvbwv Capita] ; and ! Stalks, which in the Corinthian Capital finifh with VoI'Jtes and lielices, are :re ftopt by th<' hnick Volutes, and made to fini/h inwardly with Hulks on Ten- els, called Caulicole's. The Height of this Capital is the fan^e as that of the Ccrinttian, an<[ is divided 7 Parts alfc, of v.hich the upper j is the Height of the Abacus; and which irg divided in z, and the upper i in ;; j the upier 4 is the Heiebt of the Ovolo, d the lower 2 of the Filler. Divide the lower ha f of the Height cf the Abacus itij the nex^ 2 Parts into ?, rnd then fini/h the Volute exadly the fame, as in aje modern hr.ick Capital, plate XXIV. Now, as the remain, ng Part or this Capital is entirely 0:;i„thiar^ as before jOved, it is needlefs to fa< mere thereof; but that it may be fully exemplified, have therefore /hewn its Elevation at large in Plate? LIX. and LX. as well for a laiter, as for a Column ; as I have done before in the CorintLiun Order. C H A^. IV. Of Entallatures. JN Entablature is the uppermoft cr laft principal Part of an Order, (which 1^ Vitru-viuico-Wti Ornament) and confifts of 3 Parts, 'visi. an Architrave, a Freeze I Prize, and a Cornice. ^iThe Heights of Entablatures being declared in Chap. I. we are now to obferve Ir.=it their Proje£iions are equal -to their Heights, in ail the Orders, excepting the trick, and that only but when its Mutules are introduced j when it then confifts half the Entablature's whole Height. .The Heights of the feverai Entablatures are thus divided into their Architraves, ■jizes, Cornices. &c. ■,RULE I. Ta divide the Txikdin Entallutures into its ^chitrave^ Frisse, Cornice. ^:. Plate III. * t * JF//-/.', Divide the given Height mto 7 Parts j gve 2 to the Architrave, 2 t» j2 Frize, and 5 to the ^ornice. 'iSeccn ty Divide the Heigh?: of the Architrave in 7 Parts; p\e 2 to the lovter _jfcia, 4 to the upper Fafcia, and i to the Tenia, whofe Projeaion is equal , its Height ; arid which being divided in three, give i to the Projeftion of the •Jper Tafca. ^Tbird/y, Divtbe the Height cf the Cornice in 3; divide the upper i in 4; ^d give the upper i Part to the Regula, and the other three to the Cinui-reSfa. Di- Me the middle i in 6; pive the upper 1 to the Fillet, and the other c to the {Tona. Divide the lower 1 in 2 ; give the upper i to the Ovolo j and the Jower If divided i»4, give the upper i to the Fillet, aid the other 3 to the Cavecto. Bv i6 THEBUILDERSJEWEL. By tl'.e Scale of Projed^ion is (een, that the Projeftion of the Corona, is t\ thirds J the Ovolo, one third j and the Fillet of the Cavetto, one fixth of t whole. NoTF, by well underftnndirg tne manner of proportioning: this Entahlatu- fwhich is very eafy) the other-. loHovv'ing will becorr.e as ta(y: But tliar the you Student may not be at any ftand therein, I will, for a further Explanation, « plain the Entablatures of the Dorick and lonick Orders, in the fame manner. RULE II. To dit'tde the Dorick Entablature into its Axf^itravf, Frixe, Co n'-ce, Sec. Plate Xll. Fir/}, DiviLi the Hci£,ht in 8 Pprts ; give z to the Architrave j 3 to t Frize, and 3 to the C orn'ce. Secondly, Divide the upper i of the Architrave into '3, and give the up^ I to the Tenia: Divide the lower 2, in 6 j give the upper i to the Fillet over t Gutta's, and the next 3 to tl>e Gutca's. Divide the lower third Part of the Keirht of the Cornice jn 3; and give t lower I to the Cap of the Triglyph. Divide the remaining Part of the Cornice Height in 4 Parts, anJ the Uj per i Part in 4; of which give the uj per i to t Regula, or upper Fillet on u\e Cim.i-reciti -j and the lovter 3 to the Cima-r.: The Jnext Part divided in 3, half the upper i is the Fillet.; and the rema • the Corona. T^e next Part being alfo uiviced in 3, the upper i is the C ping of the Mutule, and the lower 2 the Mutule. Liftly, tl.e lower 4th 1' divided in 3, half the upper i is the Depth of the Ground to the Mutulesj and \- the lower i, is the Fillet to the Ovolo of the Bed-mould. The Projcfl'ion of this Cornice (as before obferved), is half the Height of t whole Entablature ; and which being divided in 4, as on xht Cittia re£}ay hast pKJjedtions of its Members determined, as by Infpedion is fhewn. Now it is to be noted, that the Breadth of a Triglyph is always equal half the Column's Diameter at its Eafe ; that its Channellings and Gutta's f found by dividing the Breadth of the Triglyph into 1 2 Parts, as exhibited at lai in Plate XHI. That the Diftances between the Triglyphs muft always be eqv to the Height of- the Frize, and therefoie will become exaftly fquare. Th thefe intervals or Squares are called Metopes j and are fometimes enriched w: Rofcs, as here exprefled, or otherwife at the Pleafure of the Architeft ; s that the maimer of forming the Planceer of this Cornice is fliewn in PI, XIV. RULE III. To di'vide the lomck £ntablaturci into the Achltra-vc, Fitze, C. r.ice, &c. As tl^is Order has two Varieties of Entablatures, 'vix. the one with Dentulc and the other with Modilions : I have (heretore /hewn them both, and by explain! of one, the orher will be underftood. To di'vide the lonick Entablature ivitb Dentuku Plate XXVIII. F/r/?, Divide the Height in lo Parts, give 3 to the Architravt, 3 to t Ffize, and 4 to th« Cornice, &:(97:l a THE BUILDERS JEWEL. 17 « Standlyy Divide the upper 1 Part of the Architrave in 4 j give the upper i '■ ) the Fillet : the next 2, and i fourth of the lower i to the Cma-rcuerja ; Id the remaining 3 fourths of the lower i to the Bead. Thefe Members to- ^:ther are called the Tenia of the Architrave, whofe Fillet's Projeaion is equal ^') their whole Heights. , ;■ Thirdly, As the Prize of this Order' is made fwelling, therefore divide the [eight in 4, and on the middle 2 make the Seaion x, on which defcribe the ; :urveof the Prize. Fourthly, The Height of the Cornice being in 4 Part?, divide the upper i in i ; give the upper i to the Regula or Fillet on the CUna-reEla, and the remain- ig 2, with 2 thirds of the lower i to the Cima-recfa ; and the i third, give ? ) the Fillet on the Cima-reverfa. i Divide the next Part in 4 j give the upper x to ihe Cima-re^ a, and the ottier to the Carina . ^ 1 u 1 Divide the nexc or 3d Part in 6 ; give the upper 3 to the Ovolo, the next i { 3 its Fillet, and the next 1 to the Fillet between the Dentules. . , , r, i Divide the lower i in 3, the upper i will terminate the Depth of the Uen- 'ules. Divide the middle i in 3, and the upper i will be the Depth of the Den- iiculeor Fafcia, on which the Dentules are fixed, and the Remains will be the l^ima-re^erfa, and lower MeKiber of the Entablature. ^^^ ! The Projeaion is divided into 4 principal Parts, as by the Scale againft the ! ''rize is fhewn : by which its Members are terminated, as by Infpeaion is plain. To di'vide the lonick Btntules. i In an Entablature over a Column, Divide the Diftance between the Central i.ine, and the L^prght of the Shaft at its Neck, into 10 Parts; give 2 Parts to he Breadth of a Dentule, and i to an interval. But in an Entablature over an jmdiminiflied Pilafter, divide the aforefaid Diftance into 12 Parts, and proceed as ii»cfore. J Note, The Breadth of a Dentule is 5 Minutes, and of an Interval 2 Minutes iind a half; whi;h are defcribed at large In Plate XXX. : Now, as the lonkk Entablature with Modilions, as exprefTed in Plate XXIX. ^•las its Members proportioned in like manner, I therefore need only to note. That hiz Breadth of each Modilion is 10 Minutes ; that the Diftance or Interval between* !i:hem, is 25 Minutes in an Entablature to a Column ; and 30 ryJinutes in an En- rablature to an undiminiflied Pilafter. And that the Curve of the Sophete of the Ihnick Modilion, is defcribed at large in Plate XXX. as following. The Height and Prcjesfure being before found, J Divide the Length in 6 Parts ; and on the Point 5 erea the Perpendicular j^5 a«qual to 2 Parts and a half; aKo from the Point z let fall the Perpendicular 2 b equal to i Part and a Half, and draw the Vne a b. On the Point 2, defcribe the Arch i ^; on the Point b, the Arch ^ c ; and on the Point a, the J Arch c 5. . , % Note, The manner of forming the Return of the Planceer of this Cornice, is Iflie wn in Plate XXXI . C RULE «« THE BUILDERS JiWiL. C.rwV^e^^Phte XLvT'"^' '^' Corinthian Entablature intoiti Achitra-vt^ Trizt a I. Divide the Height into lo Parts j give 3 to the Architrave, 7 to ^^ Trize, and 4 to the Cornice. , j i-w u ^^^''>'°f ^'^^^^'g^^t of the Architrave, and of the Cornice, each in c Part and fub-divide them as exhibited ; and then proceed in every refpeft as in the pr ceding Orders. *^ Note, That though the Dentules are exprefled in this Cornice, yet they are n always uled. ' j j .V ^"r^Z. ^^"^ ^'"^^^ °^ ^^^ Modiiions are ro Minutes, as before in the lonicL b. their Diftances are greater. ^ The Interval between Modiiions in a Cornice over Columns is 2c Minutes : ar m a Lornice over undiminifhed Pilafters, 30 Minutes. To render the Parts of this Modilion plain and intelligible, I have fhewn at large in Front and Profile, with its Meafures, in Plate XLVII. wherein Fii th-7" n ^^' /r 'I' ^''^"'^ "' ^"'S'' ^^^^ '^' Centers numbered ; ^vhich Its Curves are dcfcribed la the very fame manner, as the Volute of t> Jcn:c Capital. rlrf 7'^!,'''o'^/ Modiiions the Planceerof the Sophete of the Corona is er ^fvnr u ?^',r"'«.^°"'''l ^'""'^'' '""'^ ^''^"'' ^' ^^Prcff'-'d in Pla. An le '^ manner of returning the Sophete at an extern, Co^i^e ^ Pla^tllx''' '^''^''^''^' Compofite Entablature into its Architra-ve, Frixe, ar. Fir'}, Divide the Height into 10 Parts j give 3 to the Architrave, 3 to th Jrize, and 4 to the ornice. •' ^W/y Divide the Heights of the Architrave and of the Cornice, each int 4; fubdmde th.ir parts, draw in and terminate their Members by the Scale c J^rojedtion, as before done in the preceding Orders. The Manner of enrichin l^exS:eTin°Pllt:Lxrr°' ^'^^ ''''''''" ^"' ^""^"^^^ it at an external Angh CHAP. IV. O/Dcors, JVivdonvs, Portico's, Arcades, and the Internlumniat.o of Calumns in general. 'pHAT the young Student may have pleafure in the proccfs of his Studv, I hav g'ven him an Example of a Dcor fquare and circular headed, with circular an pitched Pcd.ments, a Wmdow a Portico, and an Arcade, with theirlmpofts an Architraves in each ot the firft 4 Orders j which immediately follow their refpec tive Entabktures; and which having their principal Parts determined by thei Meafures affixH needs no other Explanation. And in order to farther enab^le h.r t^.r.c rh' ?'^i"'?^' ^ h.vefl^ewa the proper Intercohimniations, or juft Dif tanccs, that the Columns of every Order mufc be placed from each other, whe, CHAP THE BUILDERS JEWEL. 19 HAP. V. Of Pedimer.ti, and the Manner of finding their Raking and rtturned * Mouldings for their Cornices, and for Capping of their raking M^tuhs and . McdiFym. , , . « ^v r- '.EDIMENTS, which the French czW Frontons, from tht Latin Front, the 1- ore- head, are commonly placed over Windows, Doors, Portico's, ^c. to carry off '^ le Rains, and to enrich the Order on which they are placed. "Pediments are either entire, or open j and thofe are ftraight, circular, com- >und, &c. . , , An eatire ftraight Pediment Is generally called a pitch'd Pediment j as thelower cdiment in Plate LXIX. And an entire circular Pediment is generally called a ompafsPeeiment, as the upper Pediment in Plate LXIX. ^ t wT When a Pediment confifts of more than one Arch, as thofe in Plate LXXl. lid LXXII. they are called entire compound Pediments. Otek Pediments are thofe, whofe raking Members are ftopt in fome certain lace between the points of their Spring, and their Faftigium or vertical Point j as lofe in Plate LXIU. the lower Pediment in Plate LXXI. and the upper , in Tlate LXXIV, . . Entir£ Pediments are the firft Kind that were made, and were originally .aced to Fortico's at the Entrances into Temples ; but now we place them to .rontifpicces of Doors, Windows, &c. for Ornament and Ufe. '' As the entire Pediment by its reclining Surfaces carries off and difcharges the .sins at its Extremes, therefore none but entire Pediments fliould be employed abroad j hilft the broken or ofen are emplo.ed for Ornament only v/ithinfide, where no ains can come. 'Tis true, we may daily fee open Pediments placed withoutfide, as is done y l:igo ftn^s at khaftzbury Hcufe in Alderfgate-fireet, London. But, furely, Jothing canbefo abfurd, i^unlefs 'tis the placing of an entire Pediment wiihinfide 1 Building, where no Rains can fall j as done by MT.Gi^hs, within the Church f St. Mai-y U Strard) becaufe,- by their being open, they receive the Raius, and ifcharge them in Front, as a ftraight and level Cornice doth j and therefore of no lore ufe. As Pediments, when well applied, are very great Enrichments to Building?, n-l in many cafes are very ufeful, I have therefore given 14 Varieaes for the young tudent's Pradice, with their Meafures affi.ted ; by which they may be drawn and /orked of any Magnitude required. KWf -Plates LXIX. c^^t. IN the working of Pediments, the chief difficulty is, to form the Curves of the laking and returned Cornice^, that ftaii exactly accadeer, or meet at their Mitres ; vhich may be trub •"•oiked, as following. R U L E. 21) defer ibe tki Curve of the Ra'k'.ng Cima-re^a of a Pidiment, ha-ving tU ■I'i of tl^fraight or lenjel Corn':ce gii'cn. Pla;e LXV. Let a b g be ihe given C?>.'.'?-rev?a ; divide its Curve in 4 equal Paits at he «V3tiYts i/ f/, and draw the Ordinates i/A f, and aifo g c'j from the Points ' / t /, dr^w the raking Lines f q, £ r^ d x -^ and tb< F«iT«&<^^cwiar Lines dk. 20 THE BUILDERS JEWEL. 5/ ',/"*-,. ^" ^"y P^^^^ " 3t « ». draw a right Line at right Angles to tha Rakmg Lines ; and making the Ordinatcs in Fig. B, as 'w q, n r, t s, equal f theOrdinstes:/^,, ^^, in Fi^. A. through the Points^/,, trace the Curv t^^'"; "^ "^ '^ ''''' ^"'■''^ °^ *^^ Raking Cima-reaa required. And tho ^l,\ Tlr^'^L T^ ^'1'' ''. ^ ''"'■' ''^ ^" ^^''P^^i y^t if Centers be foun7 that fhali defcnbe the. Arch of a Circle to pafs through »he three Points* a r and ri «, ,t will not be in the power of the moft inquifitive Eye to difcover th i^jiicrence. ^ ornice. To defcrihe the Cur-ve of the returned Corm From p Fig. C, fet back p the Projedlion b g m Fig. A, and draw th* perpendicular.^ ontop of the Fillet /.«; make the Diftances * /, r ^, ^ w, cqua to the D. Ranees ^^, ki, I m,\n Fig. A ; and drawing the Lines%,; i, ^rTl parallel to the ptrpendicular n, they will cut the Raking Lines in the Point qri X. From the Point p, through the faid Points to v, trace the Curve pqrsx which ,s the Curve of the Returned Cima-reBa, as required j for its Ordinates a tho^e Points, are equal to the Ordinates in Figure A. tvJt^^u ^T^ ^"^^' the Curves of the Raking and Returned Ovolo's, Plat« 1.x VI the Rak.ng and Returned Cavetto's, Plate LXVIL and the Raking and T vt7mt ^"'f-''^-^'^^> J ^or the Capping of Raking Mutules and Modilions, Pi. l.A VJiJ. are found, as is evident to tiae firft View. CHAP. VI. Of Bhck and Cantalh,er Cornices, Ruflick ^uol^i. Cornices anC^ Lo^e^y proportioned to Rooms of any IL'ight, Aigk-Brackets, Mouldinrs for Tuber nacle Framtsy Fannels aid Centering for Groins. I. QF Block Cornices I have given 3 Varieties in Plate LXXV. where I hav« firft /hewn them in 'mall, to exprefs the Breadth of their Block-Trufles, and Diftances at which they are to {land ; as likewile the manner of applying them over Ruftick Quoins j and fecondjy at large, the better to exprefs'the Divifion" of their Members. IL In Plate LXXIX. I have fiven an Example of a Cantaliver Cornice at large, which in lofty Rooms under a Cove has a very grand and noble Effe6]-. The Breadth of a Cantaliver, is one 4th of its Height, which is equal to the Height of the Precze, and the D.ftance rhey aie placed ar, is the fame as their Height • thereby making their Metops exaftly a geometrical Square, as in the Doruk order. III. Cov£s to Ceilings are of various He-ghts ; as one third, one fourth, one filth, one fixth, two leventh^ two ninths, ^i^c. of the whole Height. A CW of one third, as Fig. A. Plate LXXXI. is beft for a lofty Room : and When Windows are made therein, the Groins make a very aereeabie Fi<.urf and take off the feeming Heavinefs, which an entire Cove of a Lige Height Tmpofe on the Eye. • - '■ The Curve of this Cove x h \^ ^ Quadrant of a Circle defcribed on the Crnter tfj.as aLo is the Curve a c of the fame Radius, dcfcribed on the Center i. To find THE BUILDERS JEWEL. sii ind the Center b, after having fet out the Diftances of the Columns at 9 Diameters nd a half, and defcribed the Cove x h, as aforefaid 5 make d b equal to a d. A Cove of one fourth, as Fig. A. Plate LXXiX. is alfo fit fcr a lofty Room, s a Hall, Saloon, &c. which is thus proportioned : Divide the Height in 20 Parts 5 ;ive 5 to the Cove, and z to the Entablature. ' To defcribe an Angle-Bracket for any Cove, fuppofe for Fig. B. hzT a b c be a Front Bracket, and a /the Bafe over which the Angle-Bracket, s to ftand. In C draw Grdinates from its Curve to its Bafe a n, at any Diftances, md continue them till they meet a/the Bafe of the Angle-Bracket, from whence L'aife Ordinates at right Angles to the faid Bafe, and making them refpedively equal :o thofe in^Figuve C ; through their Extremes trace the Curve a n e, which is one buarter of an EUipfi?, and the Curve of the Angle -Bracket required. ^\ Cove of one 5th, as Fig. I. Plate LXXIX. is fit for a Room of State, and thus proportioned, t-Zx. Divide the Height in 5 ; give one to the Cove, and one third of the next to the Cornice, which is Doi:ick without Mutules, and reprefented at large by Fig. H. A Cove of one 6th, as the two Coves in Plate LXXX. is fit for Dining Rooms, Sfr, and is thus proportioned. Divide the Height in 30 Parts j give 5 to the Cove, and i to the Cornice. ■ , -r. , ^t , A Cove of two yths, as Fig. B, Plate LXXXI. is fit for a Study or Bed-Chamber, and even for a Hall j as he ein exprefled, and is thus proportioned: Divide the Height in 7 j give 2 to the Cove, and i to the Entabkture, which is Dorick. IV. In Plate LXXVI. I have fliewn how to proportion the'Tufcan, Dorick, lonrck, &c. Cornices to the Height of any Room : a Work known, or atleaft praClifed but by few. I. To proportion the Tufcan Csrnice to a Rcom of any Height, Divide the Height, from the Floor or Dado, in 5, and the upper 1 in 5 ; of ■which give 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and a to the Breadth of its Stile and Height of its Rail, Fig. A.J II. To proportion the Dorick Cornice to a Ream of any Height, Fig, B. Divide the Height in 4, and the upper i in 10 j of which give 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and 2 to the Breadth of its Stile and Height of its Rail. HI. To proportion the loxnck, Corinthian, or CoiriT^ofiiQ Ccrmces to the Heigit of any Roo7n, Fig. C. Divide the Height in3, and the upper one in 5 ; of wfcich g've the upper i to the Height of the Cornice, and 3-5 ths of the next 1 to the Height of the Rail, and to the Breadth of the Stile. V. In Plate LXXVII. I have given eight different Mouldings for Pannels j, and in Phte LXXVI II. four different Mouldings for Tabefnacle-Frames, with proper. Enrichments, and their Meafures affixed ; by which they may be drawn and worked, of any Magnitude required. VI. In Plate LXXX II. I have fhewn the manner of finding the Curves, of the neceflary Ribs for Groins, bv one ge.aeral Rule, as follows, c I« aa THEBUILDERSJEWEL. r'^^S^' ^^If'^'^'^be the Plan, and the Semi-circle a cl> i^n End Rib \ r/us Hejcht Draw the Diagonal a d, as alfo the Ordinates , 2 ,\, o„ thelei Circle R.b, which continue till they meet the Diagonal, in theVonts c6 7^ from whence raifc right Lines perpendicular to ^ ^, lefpeaivelv equal to Ordinates , 2 3 4 ; and then tracingthe Curve through 'the.r ExtreLritwrn the Curve for the Diagonal Rib, as required. i:.x:remes, it will Wd'^i^T^^or ^^«R'^^^«J^" other kinds of regular or irregular Groins, : .Zttr I 'T ^ '"' "'^'' -^^y '''^^' ^""^ '^^'^' ^'^^i^" femi-circular /er lift' '''.r'^'^T'' '] '^''^'^'^"^^ ^y Figures BCDE and Fj which 'a lit Inrpedlion will make evident to the meaneft Capacity ' I TN"pktr'lXYVT?('^'''^''K^';;''""^? rrufs\iGtrd.rs, Naked Flo, ri.^, Sec, J. JN Piate LXXXIII are three Varieties of Trufs'd Partitions, of 40, co a 1 -A f u't'T"^'-l°^ ^""^'^^^""^ Warehoufes, &c. wherein great We /ht .1; hid J of which the middle one is for two Stories Height. >ve gnts . rll' J"* ^'k\^^^k^^^' ''''■ ^'^"'■" ^ ^ ^' ^^P^^^^"^ ^^^^^ Varieties of TrufJ, GilT.tr'r h "' I "^ J* T"' u'5 or 30 Feet in Length j and Figure D The Scantlings of Girders Jb> Feet Lengths from 1-I?.7 % . /" ^""^'^ ^'^* *' ^"^ 9 Inches bearng in the Walh, and t fc«.lded onL.ntels, kid ,n Loam, ^vith Arches turned over iheir Ends, that they ma he lenewed at any t.me without Damage to the Piei . ^ rionrV'^' 'k'"^^ P'"-^*^^^h^''FJ^t;, I have fhewn 3 B.vs of JoifJs, or nake fhat in VhetT," Vk'"^ '"•^''•^"^^ ^"^^^ ^^'^ ^^^''^ ^'"^"6 Joifts exp/efs'd j an thekund slJehMf ?' to be n,,,^.^ ,hat binding Joii are' fo framed as tha Iheir under Surface be level w.(h the unc'er Surface of the Girder and the UDoer Sur ^'^^^^'^^"•/"^^^"'E^ ^''h the upper Sur .ce of the Girder. ^^ 1 HE l.ftance of binding JoiPs /hould net exceed 3 Feet and a half, or a Feet h 2he clear j and their Scanthn.s fhould be as follow, 'vi;>; ' * ' iftUir Length be ^ jo S Thc'r Scantlfrg Aould be 5 7 ^ by j 5 I Inches. THEBUILDERSJEWEL. 23 Bridging Joifts Hiould be laid at 1 Toot in the clear, and their Scantlings ffljfiiO'jld be 5 by 4 } 3 and a half by 4, or 4 by 4, &c- ^ r j u 'i In common J^looring, wher^ neither Binding or Brulgmg Joifts are uled, the Scantlings of Joifts ought to be as follows, 'viz. Feet. J 10 J II >. Their Scantling to be -^ 8 V by •< 3 :2) (9) »w3 Note, No Joifts to exceed 12 Feet in Length ; to have at leaft fir Inches Bearing and that on a Lintel or Bond-Timber; and their Diftance in the clear not to excee.i one Foot. 'Tis ?^^ to be obferved, that all Joifts on the Breafts acd . Backs of Chimneys, be framed into Trmming Joift:s (whofe Scantlings are to be ajthe fame as thofe of Binding Joifts), at 6 or 8 Inches Diftance behind, and 12, 16, feff. Inches before, as a a, CHAP. VIII. Of Roofs. THE Requifites to Roofing, is the Scarfirg and completing of Raifings, or Wa;l-Plates, ^c. to determine the neceH'ary Height of the Pitch, a,ereeab!e to the Covering ; to find the Leneths of Principal and Hip-Rafters, and to Back them when neceflary; to contrive the proper Trufles for to ftrengthen the Principal Rafters ; and to 1 iy out in Ledgement the feveral Skirts ; thereby to determine the Quantity of Materials necei.ary ; and to find the feveral Angles and Lengths oi all Parts ; fo as to fet out Work, and fix at once, the whole in a Workman-like manner, and in the leaft time. . Now in order to make the young Student a Mafter herein, I have Ihewn, I. In Plate LXXXV, By Figures CDEFGHIKLM ten different Manners of Scarfing together the Raifings of Roofs j which is the firft V/ork to be done ; and then the Beams being cogged down thereon at their proper Diftances, which fhould never exceed 10 Feet in the clear j we may begin to confider, and work the Super- ftruftuie to be raifed thereon. ji The firft th;ng to be confidered is the Height of the Pitch, which muft: ede- termined according to the Covering ; which, if with plain Tile or Slate, the true Pitch, as Fie;. A, will be proper : But if with Pan- tiles or Lead, it may be much lower. But^ere, for Example's fake, we will fuppofe a Roef^o be true Pitch, whofe Plan isr-vtb, Fig. B, and whofe Breadth we will fuppofe is equal to g 4, Fig. A. To Jind the Length of a principal Rafter. Divide ^4, in 4 Parts j on g and 4 with the Radius of 3 Part?, make the Seftion h ; then draw the Lines ^ b, and /E) 4 j and each is the Length of a principal Rafter required. To find the Length of the Hip-Rafters. Draw the Central Line a, and the Diago-p.ls or Bafes, over which the Hip- Raftiis are to ftand 5 as r , which is the^Le^gth of tha^ LeT;trofii;;!H^oth^;"H;^;.^ - '-'-" ^^ ^^^^- ^-^^ ><^" -' ^^^ ^^^ To /«^ r^^ ^«5-/, <,/ ^i,. Sad of ary Hip-Rafter. Through any Po nt of us Baie, as . in Fig. B, draw a Tight Line at right Andc^ ZL; T'"^ '^I Out! nes of the Plan in/and b. Fron. the Point . 1 t falla £.' IZl \l^\ on the H,p^/. ; and make . . equal to . d. Draw the L nes^, and b^, and the Angle b ef, is the Angle of the Back required. "^ * ^° ^'^y °"i ^ Roof in Ledgemcht. Plate LXXXVI Let */^r, be a given Plan j « ^, Fig. B, the given Pitch : and h^. be. aPair •f principal Rafters agreeable thereto. ' *^ *' ^» ^ O a i-air ^r/^Vn^FirR'^^'^l ^''"' ^^;Ri^g^-Line.^, and the Diagonals . ^, ..and.^, ^ ' inFi.V' Th k'k'^p ^"^'^^•.^^^^1 ^°^J^« Diagonals.^, 'ac, and . ^ J /, in Fig. A. Th Gugh the Points ^ ^ in Fig. A, draw the two Beams ak and el Fig. B ; and draw the Lines d s, s r, r b, and / /, / ;;;, ^ c. On the Poin s B and On the Points, in Figure B, with the length bd in Fig. B, and on f with the Length Z, ., make the Sedion . , then drawing the Lines j .and " ., he at flleafl " """^ " '"' ' "^"^ ^'' "P "'^^ ^'"^^ -^ Jack Raf^r' r.^T ^Yx!"- '\' ^''''■'' "'^ * ^°°'' "'^ *^"' ^"^'" o" P^P^r, and are cut out round at their Extremes and be truly bent or turned up on the Outlin s of te a'Mo'del'f /k' t V '' ".' ' ' I ^'^^ "'^^ ^" ^^"^^ ^^^ ^°g^^I^"> - "be. P^r/^H^^, ff K '*^"^'''^' ''^''■''■" *"^^y ^=^^^" "'^y be exprefled in its Place, and the luft Lengths and Quantity known to a very great exaftnefs. .JVn A f ' l^'"\'^^^'' ^^^f> PI- LXXXVIL IS laid out in Ledgement, and Its Requifites found, as is ev dent at the firft view S^mcnr, forfheVf'Hft''H'T^^'"u''\?' P'^'""' ^'^"' every Pair of Rafters .will there- cnnfen f .'^/^"^"^ ^^'f ^^> ^l^^ough the Height of their Pitch is the farte, and fo confequently every Rafter muft be backed Vy taking away a Triar gle, as a^^ FirD and then the Sole of the Foot of a Rafter will be as , ^ j / ^ ' ■' ^' ' vZ"J ^""'"""^ P^^tesconfifting wholly of Trufles for Roofs and Domes, need ne Explanation more than their own Figures exprefs, to which I refer. F> I N J S, ^ ] ^.^ - ' « J ^ 'J^^ aJfj/f/ -/h////A '/?.///// A/^/j?,)/r// J/r/','/r^' ^y4t.\ 7'/i /,• 7'f/. i .:// /I Z/? ^^//' /v rtif / v r/.j/f. Tj , T//ff j^, r /// 7/,y/.7/t / V //f-. // V / , H'i'.iiiii1iii'lii|1iii!iii,i^^:;i'^ jr^A.Xvf/^ //. If . >^ ^ s lb s; £ S ': ^; j^/ ■ s ; \^ ' . ^ I . ■si 'm ' i i K' i^ /, ; ■^■^ IT p. .^ "$x T/. yr i M ■4 /:W.r/y/a}v. ■-'7^,>/^X-/'///.>Av- 3 / JfrrAf J 4 .' j — ii z "/'•'• ///'//V/Y ' -/iifj/A:a;\i 3 ■::^zL_^-^/.'//-.',i/u/ / 7 f^t ,y ■ '^vv/. 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