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 COLLECTION OF PKACTICAL BEC^EIPTB 
 
 rOR THE USE OF 
 
 pflWltrs, Stffnt Sasmis, §uilhi:s, 
 flatljk Pasfliis, |oIisI]tn, it, 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OP THE VARIOUS STONES IN THE CN H'EL) KINGDOM 
 
 SUITABLE FOR MONUMENTAL PURPOSES, iic. 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 JOSEPH B. ROBINSON, 
 
 SCULPTOR, DERBY. 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE FOLLOWING WORKS — 
 
 “ Designs for Monuments,” “ Gothic Ornament Adapted from Nature,” 
 “ Cemetery and Churchyard Memorials,” 
 
 "Epitaphs from the Cemeteries of the United Kingdom,” 
 
 “In Memoriam,” &c., <fcc. 
 
 DERBY: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, AND MAY BE HAD IN LONDON FROM 
 ATCHLEY & CO., 106, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE, 
 AND J. & C. MOZLEY, 6, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
Learning will accumulate wonderfully if you 
 add a little every day. Pick up the Book and 
 gain one new idea, if no more. Save that one ; 
 add another as soon as you can. When you 
 find or hear a good thing, endeavour to com- 
 mit it to memory. 
 
 Quality, not quantity, is an important axiom 
 in these days of rapid production, for by the 
 compression of valuable matter into a small 
 compass, more real information and genuine 
 instruction may be conveyed in a pithy sen- 
 tence, than if whole pages were elaborately 
 written on the subject. 
 
r isfanrig 
 
 HE wisdom of this age has been to bring 
 Science from her heights down to the prac- 
 ra tical knowledge of the workman, and the 
 number of inventions and discoveries have 
 kept pace with the increasing wants of man. 
 We give the knowledge which experience has sanc- 
 tioned, and what improvement has rendered more per- 
 fect. Scientific men, in the present day, who choose 
 to be nseful as well as celebrated, have studiously 
 noticed facts and formed discoveries which can only be 
 appreciated by those whose wants they supply. The 
 Editor of this Work had amassed for his own private 
 use a number of Practical Eeceipts, but of late, the 
 rapid diffusion of new discoveries, authenticated by the 
 most respectable names, has been such, that his collec- 
 tion grew every day in bulk and value, and he trusts, 
 by publishing the Work, it will prove as useful to others 
 as it has been to him, feeling convinced that men en- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 gaged in active business need all the information they 
 can get to manage their concerns with success. The 
 value of books of this kind does not consist solely in 
 what they state, but in what they may suggest, so 
 that a wide-awake man stands a chance of having an 
 idea suddenly darted into his mind, by which he may 
 materially and essentially improve himself. 
 
 In conclusion, we hope the Work will prove useful 
 to those for whom it has been prepared, and that those 
 friends who believe it will do good will take some in- 
 terest in its circulation. 
 
 J. B. R. 
 
 1, Stafford Terrace, 
 
The true way to excel in any work, is to propose the brightest and 
 most perfect example for our imitation. We must improve by the 
 attempt, even though we fall short of the full share of perfection. 
 
 HE law of order requires to be duly combined 
 with the law of work, else we shall walk at 
 hap-hazard, hindering our own usefulness, and 
 
 f irritating the feelings of others. There may 
 be much diligence and zeal without order, but 
 there can be only partial success. To do things 
 in order, appears to be a thing of easy attain- 
 ment, belonging to the essentially common-place 
 and uninteresting elements of work; hence, it is so fre- 
 quently neglected, and any admonitions on the subject 
 are generally received with weariness, if not contempt. 
 Those, however, who have known the sadness of failure 
 in their work, without any apparent cause — unless it be 
 a want of due regularity and design — will be convinced 
 that there is a necessity for method, punctuality, earnest- 
 ness, and patience. Method — The very idea of living by 
 rule is frightful to many, especially to those who pique 
 themselves on possesssing something of “ genius,” which 
 
2 
 
 THE BEST METHOD O# DOING WORK. 
 
 they consider incompatible with method. Now, if genius 
 has accomplished much in the world without method, 
 doubtless it would have accomplished much more with 
 it; while those who have neither genius nor method 
 will find themselves in but a melancholy plight. When 
 we rise in the morning to the light and work of a new 
 day, unless we have some rules of action ; unless we know 
 what we have to do, and when it is to be done ; unless we 
 have the hours parcelled out in some measure, so that 
 we need not waste large intervals in arranging and dis- 
 cussing ; we run great risk of having our duties ill- 
 balanced — giving undue space to the work that we like, 
 and crushing into a corner the work that we do not 
 like. While we allot, as far as possible, the different 
 duties for the different hours, it is well to leave some 
 but partially filled, to meet the emergencies of unexpected 
 claims, reserving some lighter employment for these 
 “ corners of time.” Punctuality is essential to method, 
 but a distinction is here made between the two, because 
 with some degree of .growing method, as regards our own 
 duties, we may yet be heedless regarding the work and 
 the method of others. Time is a gift, and if we choose 
 to undervalue and misapply our own portion, we certainly 
 have no right to appropriate what belongs to those 
 around us. Yet, when w^e forget to keep an appoint- 
 ment, when we arrive an hour too late for the work to be 
 done in concert with others, we have robbed our neigh- 
 bours of time that might have been usefully and profitably 
 occupied. In some cases, this is tantamount to the crime 
 of stealing silver and gold, for to many, time is money; to 
 artizans and tradespeople especially, the want of punc- 
 tuality is a positive injustice; and yet, how little is this 
 social sin guarded against. Earnestness — Do not aim at 
 more than you have strength or opportunity for; but 
 what you attempt, do well; it is better to do one duty 
 thoroughly than half a-dozen superficially. There is 
 nothing too small to be done thoroughly, no work so 
 insignificant that we can say, “ It is of no consequence 
 how I do it.” This thorough spirit will prevent procrasti- 
 
THE BEST METHOD OF DOING WOllK. 3 
 
 nation — there will be no putting off till to-morrow the 
 duty to be done, or the difficulty to be grappled with, 
 which, wdth each succeeding day will grow more distasteful 
 and more burdensome ; it will also prevent the opposite 
 tendency to undue haste, and the anticipation of future 
 duty, when we ought to be absorbed in the present. 
 Patience — If you measure your work by the work of 
 others, you will grow impatient ; they seem to do so much 
 more, and to succeed so much better j but Providence has 
 assigned to you one kind of work, and one kind of discip- 
 line in that work ; to them it has given another, and it 
 belongs not to you to judge which is the more useful, 
 which the more successful. If you are over-anxious that 
 the fruit of your work should look v/ell to the world’s eye, 
 you will grow impatient speedily ; but remember that the 
 outside may be fair, while the inside is imperfect, and the 
 imposture must one day be detected. 
 
OW many a struggling tradesman would give his 
 ears to find it out ; how many a poor author, 
 seeking for fame in the beaten paths of litera- 
 ture, and living literally, from hand to mouth, 
 would be happy to discover it ; how many a 
 speculator dreams of, but never realises it ; how 
 many a daring experimentalist woos the goddess 
 Fortune in every shape, and never arrives at the 
 solution of the giant mystery : how many a student makes 
 it in one way or another, the subject of his daily, aye, and 
 nightly thoughts, without once coming within sight of the 
 envied goal which all men strive to reach. The story of 
 unrequited toil — of patient, unremitting labour badly 
 paid — of bold hearts withering beneath the frown of 
 unsuccess — of mighty intellects damped and disap- 
 pointed — of golden day-dreams and glorious aspirations 
 crushed beneath the iron heel of want — is it not as 
 common as life. 
 
 And yet some favoured few have, almost without an 
 effort of their own, discovered the mighty secret. Some, 
 the sons of toil too, have achieved the great purpose. 
 Some, by intuition, as it were, have mastered the riddle 
 that the world — the great moral OE dipus — has given them 
 to solve, and guessed the secret of success. 
 
 Some men, said Shakspeare, are born to greatness ; some 
 achieve greatness ; and some have greatness thrust upon 
 them. There is yet another class who seek for greatness 
 and never find it. Of these are the thousands to whom the 
 secret of success is never vouchsafed, puzzle and seek they 
 never so hard. 
 
THE SECRET OF SUCCESS. 
 
 0 
 
 And why is this ? Why is it that some charlatan, with 
 nothing but a face of brass to recommend him, takes the 
 world by storm, while patient merit is neglected 1 Can 
 ho one answer the question — can no one solve the riddle — 
 no one guess the secret of success ? It appears not ; and 
 yet the answer is patent to the world. 
 
 In the nineteenth century — the age of civilisation and 
 refinement — one man was rewarded princely by public 
 subscription for having made a railway fortune ; while 
 another, the author of the railway system, pined in 
 poverty and gloom, and no man thought of him ; and 
 yet of these two men, George Hudson and Thomas Grey, 
 whose name will be most honoured by posterity ? The 
 first in disgrace, the last in his grave. 
 
 Again ; in the same building a great genius exhibited 
 the fruits of his mighty mind, and a charlatan abortion 
 was caressed and petted by the rich and fair, who flocked 
 in hundreds daily to kiss his puny cheek. Haydon the 
 painter died by his own hand ; and the keeper of the 
 manikin Tom Thumb retired upon a noble fortune. 
 
 While Thomas Chatterton pined and withered in a gar- 
 ret in Brownlow Street, and was laid in a pauper’s grave 
 in Shoe Lane — garret or church-yard, however, exist no 
 longer — men were making fortunes by the sale of cheap 
 poisons and quack medicines, and thieves and conjurors 
 were living in luxury upon the fruits of their unholy 
 callings. 
 
 Not to multiply instances, can we look around without 
 everywhere observing these inequalities of fortune — the 
 many striving in vain, the few rewarded without desert. 
 
 But is the grand secret unsolvable, except by accident ? 
 surely not. There is a story told of a carpenter who being 
 observed carefully plaining a bench that was intended for 
 the county magistrates, was asked why he took so much 
 pains with the work. He answered that he was making it 
 smooth and pleasant against the time when he should him- 
 self take his seat upon it. That was the purpose of his 
 life, and he lived to achieve it. Is there not a great moral 
 in the anecdote 1 
 
6 THE SECRET OF SUCCESS. 
 
 Columbus, when he had satisfied himself that there 
 must be a western world, was untiring in his application 
 to native and foreign princes for assistance; Ferdinand 
 and Isabella rendered it, and America was the result. 
 Wedgewood was a barber’s boy, and shaved for a penny ; 
 Dr. Johnson was the son of a poor bookseller in Lichfield, 
 and came to London in search of fame, with a single 
 guinea in his pocket; and yet both have left names that 
 will never die. 
 
 And so we might go on. It is vain to say that with | 
 some men all things seem to prosper, and that beneath the • 
 touch of others, all things seem to wither and to die : the 
 secret of success is not so very difficult to solve as some 
 imagine : it lies in a word, and that word is Peseverance. 
 

 
 BY DR. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 Remember that time is money — He that can earn ten 
 shillings a-day by his labour, and goes abroad, or sits idle 
 one half of the day, though he spends but sixpence during 
 his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only 
 expense- j he has really spent, or rather thrown away, five 
 shillings besides. 
 
 Remember that credit is Money — If a man lets his money 
 lie in my hands after it is due, because he has a good 
 opinion of my credit, he gives me the interest, or so much 
 as I can make of the money during that time. This 
 amounts to a consideral)le sum where a man has a large 
 credit, and makes good use of it. 
 
 Remember that money is of a 'prolific and midtiplying 
 nature — Money can produce money, and its offspring can 
 produce more, and so on. Five shillings turned is six ; 
 turned again is seven and threepence ; and so on till it 
 becomes a hundred pounds. The more there is of it, the 
 more it produces every turning, so that the profits rise 
 quicker and quicker. He that throws away a crown, 
 destroys all that it might have produced, even scores of 
 pounds. 
 
 Remember that six pounds a year is hut a groat a-day — 
 For this little sum (which may be daily wasted, either 
 in time or expense, unperceived) a man of credit may, on 
 his own security, have the constant possession and use of 
 a hundred and twenty pounds. So much in stock briskly 
 turned by an industrious man, produces great advantage. 
 
8 
 
 ADVICE TO A YOUNG TRADESMAN. 
 
 Remember this saying^ “ The good Paymaster is lord of 
 another mans purse' — He that is known to pay punctually 
 and exactly to the time he promises, may, at any time, and 
 on any occasion, raise all the money his friends can spare. 
 This is sometimes of great use. Next to industry and 
 frugality, nothing contributes more to the raising of a man 
 in the world, than punctuality and justice in all his deal- 
 ings j therefore, never keep borrowed money an hour 
 beyond the time promised, lest a disappointment shut up 
 your friend’s purse for ever. 
 
 The most trifling actions that affect a man's credit are to f 
 be regarded — The sound of the hammer at five in the 
 morning, or nine at night, heard by a creditor, makes him 
 easy six months longer ; but if he sees you at a billiard- 
 table, or hears your voice at a tavern, when you should be I 
 at work, he sends for his money the next day, and demands 
 it before it is convenient for you to pay him. 
 
 Beware of thinking all your own that you 2^ossess, and of 
 living accordingly — This is a mistake that many people 
 who have credit fall into. To prevent this, keep an exact 
 account, for some time, both of your expenses and your 
 income. If you take the pains at first to enumerate 
 particulars, it will have this good effect — you will discover 
 how wonderfully small trifling expenses mount up to large 
 sums ; and will discern what might have been, and may 
 for the future, be saved, without occasioning any great 
 inconvenience . 
 
 In short, the way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain 
 as the way to market. It depends chiefly on two things — 
 industry and frugality ; that is, waste neither time nor 
 money ^ but make the best use of both. 
 
ODELLING in clay. Few tools are necessary 
 ^ for modelling in clay. The clay being placed 
 on a stand or sculptor’s easel, the artist begins 
 the work with his hands, and puts the whole 
 into form by the same means. The most 
 expert modellers seldom use any other tools 
 than their fingers, except for the sunk parts 
 of their work and for finishing. If clay could 
 be made to preserve its original moisture, it would un- 
 doubtedly be the fittest substance for the models of the 
 sculptor ; but when it is placed either in the fire, or left 
 to dry imperceptibly in the air, its solid parts grow more 
 compact, and the work shrinks, or loses a part of its 
 dimensions. This diminution in size would he of no con- 
 sequence, if it affected the whole work equally, so as to 
 preserve its proportions. But this is not always the case : 
 for the smaller parts of the figure drying sooner than the 
 larger and thus losing more of their dimensions in the 
 same space of time than the latter do ; the symmetry and 
 proportions of the work inevitably suffer. 
 
 This inconvenience is obviated, by forming the model 
 first in clay, and moulding it in Plaster of Paris before it 
 begins to dry, and then taking a plaster cast from that 
 mould, and repairing it carefully from the original work ; 
 by which means you have the exact counterpart of the 
 model in its most perfect state ; and you have, besides, 
 your clay at liberty for any other work. 
 
 Modelling in wax is at first more difficult than modelling 
 in clay, but practice will render it familiar and easy. The 
 tools used are similar only of a finer sort. 
 
HE tools are chisels, made of good steel, well 
 tempered, and of a strength well proportioned 
 to the hardness of the material to be operated 
 
 f npon. The first thing to be done is to procure 
 ^ a block of stone or marble, of the same size as 
 the model, and also two scale stones of equal 
 size, one for the model and the other for the 
 block of marble, which are placed side by side, 
 and an instrument invented by the late Sir Francis 
 Chantrey, RA., termed by the profession a “Pointing 
 Instrument,” is adjusted to the model, by being placed to 
 a number on the front of the scalestone, and a moveable 
 point being fixed to some part of the model; the instru- 
 ment is removed to the same number of the scale stone on 
 which is the block of marble, and the sculptor then cuts 
 away the rough surface of the block, until he has obtained 
 the depth as given by the moveable point, this is repeated 
 until the block assumes the form of the model. The work 
 is afterwards brought to its perfect form, by means of 
 chisels of various widths, some round or square as required, 
 till at length by using a rasp he brings his work into a 
 proper state for being polished. 
 
 Kasps are of several kinds, some straight, some curved, 
 and some harder or softer than others. 
 
 When the sculptor has thus far finished his work, with 
 the best tools he can procure, wherever certain parts or 
 particular works requires polishing, he uses pumice-stone 
 to make all the parts smooth and even. He then goes over 
 them with tripoli, and when he would give a still higher 
 gloss, he rubs them with leather and straw ashes. 
 
SCULPTOR on wood should take care to choose 
 wood of the first quality, and the most proper 
 for the work he intends to execute. If he un- 
 dertakes a large work, requiring strength and 
 solidity, he ought to choose the hardest wood, 
 and that which keeps best, as oak or chestnut ; 
 but for works of moderate size, pear or apple- 
 tree will answer very well. As even these latter 
 woods are still of considerable hardness, if the work consists 
 only of delicate ornaments, the artist will find it prefer- 
 able to take some more tender wood, provided it is at the 
 same time firm and close ; as for instance, the sycamore 
 and lime, as the chisel cuts it more neatly and easily than 
 most other wood. The ancients made statues out of 
 almost every different kind of wood. At Licyon the statue 
 of Apollo was made out of box ; the statue of Diana at 
 Ephesus, was of cedar. As these two sorts of wmod are 
 extremely hard and undecaying, and as cedar, in particular, 
 is of such a nature, as according to Pliny, to be nearly 
 indestructible, the ancients preferred them for the images 
 of their divinities. In the temple built on Mount Cyllene, 
 in honour of Mercury, Pausanias relates that there was 
 a statue of that God made of citron wood, eight feet in 
 height. This wood was also much esteemed. The cypress 
 likewise, being a wood not apt to spoil, nor to be damaged 
 by worms, was also used f(jr statues ; as were the palm- 
 tree, olive and ebony, of which latter, according to Pliny’s 
 account, there was another statue of Diana at Ephesus. 
 
12 
 
 SCULPTURE ON WOOD. 
 
 Several other kinds of wood were equally employed for 
 this purpose, even the vine, of which the same author says 
 there were statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Diana. 
 
 Felibien speaks of a French artist at Florence, of the 
 name of Janni, who executed several statues in wood, in 
 a style of finishing equal to marble, and particularly one 
 of St. Roque, which Vasari considered as a marvellous 
 production . 
 
 The beauty of sculpture in wood, consists in the tender 
 manner of cutting the wood, free from all appearance of 
 hardness or dryness. 
 
 ' In the foregoing remarks I have said little respecting 
 the various tools required, but every thing requisite may 
 be had from Mr. G. Buck, Edge-Tool Maker, 245, Totten- 
 ham Court Road, London. If wood carving tools are 
 required, be particular to ask for those made by ‘‘ Addis,’” 
 as they are the best. 
 
IN MEMORY OF 
 
 RICHARD RAWLINS ON, 
 
 WHOSE SOUL ENTEREO ON THE ETERNAL WORLO JULY 6, 1856, 
 
 AGED 24 YEARS. 
 
 Jin iiiememlirance of 
 
 MARIA MARSHALL, 
 
 TOO CEASED TO SOJOURN ON EARTH, MAY 20, 1838, 
 
 AGED 16 YEARS. 
 
 liT IFOlsTHD OIF 
 
 hunter, 
 
 HIS SOUL QUITTED THIS GROSS EARTH, AND ENTERED THE REGIONS 
 OF IMMORTALITY, DECEMBER 13, 1850, 
 
 AGED a YEARS. 
 
14 METHODS OF ARRANGING AN INSCRIPTION. 
 
 In Affectionate Eemeinbrance of 
 
 HENRY, 
 
 THE BELOVED SOU OE 
 
 WILLIAM AND FRANCES BAMBLE 
 
 WHO DIED JANUARY 14th, 1858, 
 AGED 27 YEARS. 
 
 TO THE 
 
 BELOVED MEMORY OE 
 
 CHRISTIANA MARY, 
 
 ■x'omrOEST 33 ji. tj o n t e e. 
 
 JOHN AND CATHERINE TEMPEST 
 
 OBIT FEBHTTARY 18th, 1860, 
 
 >GXAT 21 YEARS. 
 
 HERE 
 
 REST IN HOPE OF A JOYFUL RESURRECTION, 
 
 THE HE3s/I.A-ZlsrS OT* 
 
 MARY, THE BELOVED WIFE OF 
 
 euts, 
 
 WHO DIED JANHAEY 17th, 1859, 
 
 AGED 63 YEARS. 
 
METHODS OF ARRANGING AN INSCRIPTION. 15 
 
 Tiizs stoztz: 
 
 LIE THE REMAINS OF 
 
 Sm of 
 
 HENRY AND HARRIET MOSELEY, 
 
 WHO DIED APRIL 26tli, 1855, 
 
 AOED 20 YEARS. 
 
 IN MOURNFUL REMEMBRANCE OF 
 JAMES CAMPBELL BELL, 
 
 BORN SEPTEMBER 30th, 1848, 
 
 DIED MARCH 1st, 1859. 
 
 TO THE FONDLY CHERISHED 
 
 MEMORY OF 
 
 €lt^a garrison, 
 
 WHO FELL ASLEEP IN JESUS, 
 DECEMBER 6th, 1857, 
 
 ^(3-EID 18 'Y'Zl.A.K.S. 
 
 TO THE LOVED MEMORY OF 
 
 SARAH MASON, 
 
 ¥H0 DEPARTED THIS LIEE 
 
 1859 
 
 AGED 30 YEARS. 
 
 7 
 
16 METHODS OF ARRANGING AN INSCRIPTION. 
 
 Sacrett 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 SAMUEL PARKER, 
 
 HIS SUBLUNARY DESTINY ENDED 
 SEPTEMBEE 16th, 1842, 
 
 AOED 5S YEARS- 
 
 ERECTED 
 
 STo Perpetuate t\)t Hetnorg of 
 
 JOHN RADFORD, 
 
 WHO RECEIVED THE AWFUL SUMMONS OF DEATH, 
 AUGUST IOth, I860, 
 
 AGED 14 YEARS. 
 
 The above style of lettering looks best for general pur- 
 poses, and also stands the weather better than Eoman 
 letters, the fine strokes of which in some kinds of stone 
 are soon obliterated. Do not abbreviate any of the words. 
 
 Avoid painting the face of the stone if possible, as after 
 a few years, if the painting is not renewed, the face of the 
 stone will shell off so far as the oil has penetrated. For 
 painting the letters, use ready prepared Brunswick Black, 
 which any painter will procure, the price of which is 
 about 4s. per quart ; with this mix a little lamp black finely 
 ground in turpentine, as the Brunswick Black has not 
 sufficient body in it. Paint the letters once with this 
 composition, and afterwards with good carriage varnish, 
 price 4s. per quart ; and when sufficiently dry, rub off with 
 fine stone and water any paint that has adhered to the 
 face of the gravestone. 
 
18 SPECIMENS OF ALPHABETS ANH NUMERALS. 
 
 a 1 j t i f g Ij i j 
 Ii 1 m a fl p g r s t 
 
 a & to ^ j ^ : 
 
 I ? a a fi ff fl 
 
 ✓ 
 
SPECIMENS OF ALPHABETS AND NUMEEALS. 19 
 
 abriFfg|ts|lm 
 
 aapqrsfutifeifi!; 
 
 1234 
 
 a 6 7 8 9 0 
 
 A B C D E F G 
 H I J K L M N 
 O P Q R S T U 
 
 V W X Y Z /E CE 
 
 1234 - 567890 . & 
 
20 SPECIMENS OF ALPHABETS AND NUMERALS. 
 
 ABCDEFGHI 
 
 JKLMMOP aR 
 
N" ordering stone for Monumental Works it is always 
 best to give the quarryman a little more than the 
 regular price, and ask him to send selected blocks, 
 stating for what purpose they are to be used. I 
 find it a good plan, to have a quantity of slabs 
 Y sawn and kept for sometime, as they will stand the 
 
 % weather better when fixed than if used fresh from 
 
 the quarry. There are many stones that answer 
 well for Tombs and Monuments, if placed upon their na- 
 tural bed the same as they lie in the quarry, that will not 
 answer for an upright headstone, and many of the soft 
 stones will answer for low tombs, as they absorb the damp 
 from the ground to their w^hole thickness, and the only 
 evil is their tendency to vegetate or moss over. 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS STONES IN THE 
 UNITED KINGDOM SUITABLE FOR MONUMEN- 
 TAL PURPOSES. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Portland Stone from Isle of Portland, average price at 
 quarry 20s. per ton. Messrs. Freeman & Co., 
 Stone Merchants, Millbank, London. 
 
 Ketton Stone — A dark cream-coloured stone, price from 
 Is. 6d. per foot. A good durable stone. Mr. Robert 
 Hibbins, Stone Merchant, Ketton, near Stamford. 
 
22 
 
 A DESCEIPTION OF VARIOUS STONES 
 
 Mansfield Woodhouse Magnesian Lime Stone — A yellow 
 brown stone, difficult to get in large blocks. A good 
 weather stone, and stands well for tombs or monu- 
 ments. Price per foot, from Is. upwards. Mr. 
 Kobert Lindley, Stone Merchant, Mansfield, Notts. 
 
 Mansfield Red Stone — A deep red colour, price 8d. per 
 foot. Ditto, white stone, price Is. per foot. Mr. 
 Pobert Lindley, Mansfield ; or Mr. J. Brooke, Deb- 
 dale, Mansfield. 
 
 Bolsover — Similar to the Mansfield Woodhouse stone, the 
 blocks run small. Price per foot, lOd. Mr. John 
 Hoskins, Bolsover, near Chesterfield. 
 
 Darley Dale — Sandstone, light brown. Will stand the 
 weather well ; price, delivered at Darley Station. 
 Is. 4d. per foot. Apply to Darley Dale Stone Com- 
 pany, 44, Chorlton Street, Manchester. 
 
 Hopton Wood — Light grey lime stone, much used for 
 gravestones, monuments, &c. Price per foot, from 
 2s. Gd. upwards. Apply to Hopton Stone Company, 
 Middle Peak, Wirksworth, Derbyshire. 
 
 Middleton — Light grey limestone same as above. Blocks 
 of large size may be had of good quality, suitable for 
 monuments, landings, &c. Price from 2s. Gd. to 5s. 
 per foot. Apply to Mr. William Killer, Middleton, 
 near Wirksworth. 
 
 Pillongh Quarry — Millstone grit, a light brown stone, 
 simdar in appearance to Darley Dale stone, but easier 
 to work. This stone is now much used for monu- 
 ments, tombs, and buildings. Price per foot. Is. 
 Apply to Mr. S. Deeley, Stone Merchant, Bowsley, 
 near Bakewell, Derbyshire. 
 
SUITABLE FOR MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. 23 
 
 Steetley — Magnesian limestone, a light cream colour, 
 stands the weather for monuments, Ac. Price per 
 foot, Is. Apply to Mr. J. E-utherford, Steetley, near 
 Worksop. 
 
 Watchill — Same colour as blue York, a good durable 
 stone. Apply to Messrs. W. Ward A Sons, Mat- 
 lock, Derbyshire. 
 
 Wmgerworth — A dark brown stone, used for ilatstones 
 and ledgers, for tombs or monuments. Price per foot, 
 Is. Apply to Mr. J. Eutherford, Wingerworth, near 
 Chesterheld. 
 
 Penh'idge — Sandstone, used for tombs, Ac. Apply to 
 Mr. W. Gilbert, Penkridge. 
 
 Endon or Ker ridge — Sandstone, used for monuments, 
 tombs, gravestones, Ac. Very hard and durable. 
 Price per foot, Is. 3d. Apply to Mr. John William- 
 son, Endon, near Macclesfield. 
 
 Callow — Light brown sandstone, used for tombs, Ac. 
 Price 9d. per foot. Apply to Mr. Thomas Chaffer, 
 Burnley, Lancashire. 
 
 Anstone — Light brown stone, used for monumental work, 
 can be supplied in large blocks. Price Is. per foot. 
 Apply to Mr. George Wright, Anstone, near Kiveton, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Brincliffe Edge — A blue stone ; good weather stone for 
 monuments, tombs, gravestones, Ac. Price per foot 
 Is. Apply to Mr. Thomas Vickers, Stone Merchant, 
 Brincliffe Edge, near Sheffield. 
 
 Ileddon Sandstone — Liglit brown ochre, used for the Grey 
 Monument at Newcastle. Price 6d. to lOd. per foot. 
 Address Mr. William Pearson, Heddon-on-the-Wall, 
 N ewcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
24 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS STONES 
 
 Brunton Sandstone — Light grey, used for monumental 
 work. Price from 5d. to 2s. per foot. Address Mr. 
 Robert Robson, East Brunton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Ancaster Oolite — Cream colour, used for tombs and build- 
 ings, a soft stone similar to Bath. Price 9d. per foot. 
 Apply to Mr. J. Wilson, or Mr. Thompson, Grantham, 
 or to Messrs. Kirk & Parry, Sleaford. 
 
 Hay dor Oolitic Limestone — Brownish cream, used for 
 tombs, &c. in the neighbourhood. Price 8d. per foot. 
 Address Messrs. Chapman & Haydor, Grantham. 
 
 BoltonHs Quarry^ Aislahy. — Sandstone, warm light brown. 
 Blocks of 100 cube feet have been obtained from this 
 quarry. Price lOd. to Is. per foot, at the quarry. 
 
 Gazeby Sandstone — Grey. Used for monuments, tombs, 
 
 gravestones, &c. Price Is. 6d. per foot. Address 
 Messrs. Vint Brothers, Idle, near Leeds. 
 
 Knareshorough, Lingerfield Quarry — Sandstone, strong and 
 fine grit, light grey. Price 5|d. per foot. Address 
 Mr. Duffield, Knaresborough. 
 
 Park Nook — Magnesian limestone, cream colour. Price 
 7 d. per foot. Address Mr. David Knowls, Park 
 Kook, Doncaster. 
 
 Pennant — Sandstone, blue, a first quality stone for 
 monumental work, stands the weather well. Price 
 Is 3d. per foot. Apply to Mr. W. S. Lawrence, 
 Stapleton, near Bristol. 
 
 Uictorw — Sandstone, light brown, used for monumental 
 work. Price Is. per foot. Address Mr. Joseph Lister 
 & Co., Victoria Quarry, Rodley, Yorkshire. 
 
SUITABLE FOR MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. 
 
 25 
 
 BoltoTbS Gray Moor — Sandstone of uniform whiteness. 
 This stone can be easily worked, and does not perish 
 by weather. Price, 9d. per foot. Mr. J. Bolton, 
 Whitby, Yorkshire. 
 
 Hollington — Sandstone, White. A good weather stone, 
 extensively used, and can be had in large blocks. 
 Price 8d. per foot. Address Messrs. Walker & 
 Clarke, Hollington, near Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. 
 
 Parh Quarry^ Tixall — Sandstone, light grey, used for 
 tombs and buildings. Price, 8d. per foot. 
 
 Seacomhe^ Isle of Purhech — Limestone, light brown, used 
 for obelisks, &c. Price Is. 2jd. per foot. 
 
 Bath — Oolite, Coombe Down stone, when properly 
 selected, is an excellent w^eather stone, the best quality 
 works easily, but the blocks cannot always be obtained 
 free from bars and vents, which constitute the chief 
 defects in the stone. Price, 7|d. per foot. Apply 
 Messrs. Randell & Saunders, Cor sham, Wilts. 
 
 Serpentine Marble — Used for tombs, vases, fonts, pedestals, 
 &c. Apply to Serpentine Marble Company, Penzance, 
 Cornwall. 
 
 Alabaster — Used for interior works, can be had in large 
 blocks. Price 4s. 6d. per foot. Apply to Mr. Thos. 
 Foster, Hanbury, Burton-on-Trent. 
 
 Marsh Quarries — Sandstone, grey, used for tombs and 
 gravestones. Apply to Mr. Sami. Hollingsworth, 
 IMarsh Quarries, Eckington, Derbyshire. 
 
 Handsworth — Blue stone, used for tombs and gravestones, 
 may be had in large blocks. Price, Is. per foot. 
 Apply to Mr. F. Birtles, or Mr. William Nadin, 
 Handsworth, near Sheffield. 
 
26 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS STONES 
 
 Green Moor — Light brown, used for gravestones and 
 ledgers. Price, per foot Is, 3d. Apply to Messrs. 
 Brown & Booth, Wortley, near Sheffield. 
 
 Huddlestone — Magnesian Limestone, whitish cream co- 
 lour. Price, 2s. per foot. Apply at the quarries, 
 Huddlestone, near Pontefract. 
 
 North Anston — Magnesian limestone, a yellowish brown 
 stone, used for monumental works. Price, Is. per 
 foot. Apply to Mr. Charles Wright, North Anston, 
 Rotherham. 
 
 Park Spydng — Fine gritsone, extensively used for monu- 
 ments, tombs and gravestones. A good weather 
 stone. Price, Is. per foot. Apply to Messrs. George 
 and Co., Caen Wharf, Rotherhithe, London, who will 
 send it by rail or vessel to any part of the kingdom ; 
 or to Mr. William Denton, Stone Merchant, Leeds. 
 
 Rawdon Hill — Sandstone of warm colour, used for monu- 
 mental works. Price, lOd. per foot. Apply to Messrs. 
 Trickett & Perkin, Kirkstali, near Leeds . 
 
 Roche Abbey — Cream coloured stone, used for gravestones, 
 &c. Price, lOd. per foot. Apply to Mr. J. Hawke, 
 Maltby, near Rotherham. 
 
 Southowram — Millstone grit, used for ledgers and plinths. 
 Good weather stone. Apply to Messrs. Farrar and 
 Son, Southowram, Halifax. 
 
 Warwick — Sandstone of warm colour, used for tombs, 
 &c. Price, 8d. per foot. Apply to Messrs. Ibberson, 
 builders, Manchester. 
 
 Sandivith. — Red sandstone, used for tombs and grave- 
 stones. Price, Gd. per foot. Apply to Mr. John 
 Glaister, Whitehaven. 
 
SUITABLE FOB MONUMENTAL PUBPOSES. 27 
 
 Walh Mill — Flagstone, used for monuments, tombs, 
 Price, Is. per foot. Apply to Mr. Samuel Farrar, 
 Wliiteliaven. 
 
 Binl:s — Grey limestone, used for gravestones, and chim- 
 ney pieces. Price, Is. per foot. Apply to F. Pearson, 
 Stone Merchant, Binks Quarry, Windermere. 
 
 Brusselton — Freestone, used for gravestones, &c. Price, 
 Is. per foot. Apply to Messrs. Clementson, Brusselton 
 Quarry, Bishop’s Auckland. 
 
 Kenton — Freestone, used for ornamental works. Price, 
 from Is. to 2s. 6d. per foot. Apply to Mr. K. Kobson, 
 Kenton Quarries, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 WALES. 
 
 Llanelhoed — Blue grey stone, used for tombs, &c. Apply 
 at the Quarries, Llanelwedd, near Builth, Brecon. 
 
 Ffestiniog — Blue slate used for gravestones, slabs, &c. 
 Apply to Welsh Slate Company, Port Madoc, Merio- 
 nethshire. 
 
 Ileullan — Limestone, takes a high polish. Price, 8d. per 
 foot. Apply to Mr. William Foulks, Heullan, Den- 
 bigh. 
 
 Bangor — Blue slate used for gravestones, tombs, Ac. 
 Price 30s. to GOs. per ton. Apply to Royal Slate 
 Company, Bangor, North W ales. 
 
 Penrhyn — Blue slate, used for gravestones, tombs, Ac. 
 Apply, Penrhyn Quarries, Bangor. 
 
28 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS STONES 
 
 ISLE OF MAN. 
 
 Foolvash — Black marble, used for tombs, chimney-pieces, 
 &c. Price, 9d. per cube foot. Apply to Messrs. 
 Quillian & Creer, Poolvash Quarries, Castletown, 
 Isle of Man. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Caen Stone — Oolite, cream colour, used for interior monu- 
 mental work. Price, Is. 3d. per foot. Apply to 
 Messrs. George & Co., Caen Wharf, Botherhithe, 
 London. 
 
 Auhigny Stone Cream colour, will stand the weather, for 
 tombs, &c. Price Is. 6d. per foot. Apply to Messrs. 
 George & Co., Caen Wharf, Piotherhithe, London. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Valencia — Slate, used for flatstones, slabs, &c., price, 4d. 
 to Is. 6d. per square foot. 
 
 Parkmoor — Blue limestone, used for tombs and grave- 
 stones, price, 4d. per foot. 
 
 Glogrennan — Limestone, pale blue, used for tombs, &c., 
 price. Is. 6d. per foot. Address H. Bochfort, Esq., 
 Carlow. 
 
 Royal Oak — Black marble, used for tombs and chimney- 
 pieces, price. Is. 6d. to 4s. per foot. Address Mr. P. 
 Brennan, Boyai Oak Quarry, Bagnalstown, Carlow. 
 
SUITABLE FOR MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. 
 
 29 
 
 Angliham — Black marble of superior quality, capable of 
 receiving a high polish, can be supplied in large 
 blocks, price, 5s. 6d. per cube foot. Address T. A. 
 Joyce, Esq., Angliham Marble Quarry, Galway. 
 
 Merlin Parh — Black marble of the very finest description, 
 and capable of receiving the highest polish, price, 
 5s. 6d. per cube foot. Address H. Hodgson, Esq., 
 Merlin Park Quarry, Galway. 
 
 Glannan — Hard limestone, takes a good polish, used for 
 tombs, (fee., price, Is. fid. per foot. Address George 
 M‘Coy, Glannan Quarries, Glasslough, Monaghan. 
 
 Glehe — Hard whitish sandstone, keeps its colour well, can 
 be had in blocks or slabs, any reasonable size, price, 
 from Is. to 5s. fid. per foot. Address A. Delany, 
 Glebe Quarry, Glasslough. 
 
 Armagh — Carboniferous limestone, price, 3s. per foot. 
 Address J. Gritten, Armagh. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Craignair — Granite. Price, Is. per foot. Apply to 
 Messrs. Newall, Craignair, Dalbeattie, Kirkcud- 
 bright. 
 
 Broadwood Gill — Grey sandstone, used for mausoleum 
 Hamilton Palace. Price Is. per foot. Apply to M. 
 Dickson, Broadwood Gill Quarries, Carluke, Lanark. 
 
 Ardeer — Blue freestone, used for monumental purposes. 
 Price lOd. per foot. Apply to James Boyd, Ardeer, 
 Ayrshire. 
 
80 STONES SUITABLE FOR MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. 
 
 CraiJcsland — Blue freestone, used for monuments, &c. 
 Prices from Is. 3d. to 4s. per foot. Apply to Mr. 
 John Murdock, Civil Engineer, Ayr. 
 
 Binny — Sandstone, used in the Edinburgh Cemeteries, 
 stands the weather well. Price from Is. 5d. per foot 
 and upwards. Apply to Mr. David Lind, Builder, 
 No. 3, Port Hopetoune, Edinburgh. 
 
 Laivers — Limestone, used for gravestones, &c. Price 8d. 
 per foot Apply to Mr. Donald Scott, Kenmore, by 
 Aberfeldy, Perthshire. 
 
 Brechin — Sandstone of grey colour, takes a high polish, a 
 good weather stone. 
 
 Peterhead — Red granite, for polished works in this ma- 
 terial. Apply to Messrs. Wright & Son, St. John 
 Street, Aberdeen ; or to Mr. W. Robertson, Union 
 Place, Aberdeen. 
 
As an illustration of a right and wrong way of mending, 
 we will suppose a plaster of Paris figure broken ; the 
 WTong way to mend it is by a thick paste of plaster, which 
 makes not a joint but a botch. The right way to mend 
 it is, by means of some well-made carpenter’s glue, wdiich 
 being absorbed into the porous plaster, leaves merely a 
 film covering the two surfaces, and if well done, the 
 figure is stronger there than elsewhere. 
 
 Take a quarter of a pound of virgin wax, a pennyworth of 
 flake white, half a teaspoonful of Venice turpentine, and a 
 little spirit of turpentine, and melt them down together. 
 
 Make isinglass and strong brandy into a paste, with pow- 
 der of egg shells finely ground ; you may make it whatever 
 colour you please, but cast warm water into your mould, 
 which should be previously oiled over. Leave the figure 
 in the mould to dry, and on taking it out, you will find 
 it bears a strong resemblance to ivory. 
 
The person must lie on his back, and his hair be tied 
 behind, then put a conical piece of paper, open at each 
 end, to allow of breathing into each nostril. The face is to 
 be lightly oiled over, and the plaster being properly mixed, 
 it is to be poured over the face until it is about half an inch 
 thick. In a few minutes the plaster may be removed, and 
 will form a mould, from which a second cast may be taken, 
 after it is thoroughly dry and been well oiled. 
 
 Take two parts of stearine, two parts of Venetian soap, 
 one part of pearl-ash, and twenty-four to thirty parts of a 
 solution of caustic potash. The stearine and soap are cut 
 into slices, mixed with the cold ley, and boiled for about 
 half an hour, being constantly stirred. Whenever the 
 mass rises, a little cold ley is added. The pearl-ash, pre- 
 viously moistened with a little rain water, is then added, 
 and the whole boiled for a few minutes. The mass is then 
 stirred until cold, when it is mixed with so much cold ley, 
 that it becomes perfectly liquid, and runs off the spoon 
 without coagulating or contracting. Before using this 
 composition, it should be kept for several days well 
 
METHOD OF HARDENING OBJECTS IN PLASTER. 33 
 
 covered. It may be preserved for years. Before applying 
 it to the objects, they should be well dusted, the stains 
 scraped away, and then coated, by means of a thick brush 
 with the wash, as long as the plaster of Paris absorbs it, 
 and left to dry. The coating is then dusted with leather 
 or a soft brush. If the surface has not become shining, 
 the operation must be repeated. 
 
 Make a weak solution of isinglass, and apply at the back 
 of the drawing, or immerse the drawing in cold skim milk, 
 and let it remain a short time, then take it out and press 
 between two sheets of blotting paper, by means of a heavy 
 weight on the top. 
 
 Take half a sheet of fine wove paper, and oil it w^ell with 
 sweet oil, after it has stood a minute or two, to let it soak 
 through, rub olf the superfluous oil with a piece of paper, 
 and let it hang in the air to dry ; after the oil is pretty well 
 dried in, take a lighted candle and move the paper over it, 
 in a horizontal direction, so as to touch the flame, till it is 
 perfectly black. When you wish to take off impressions of 
 plants, lay your plant carefully on the oiled paper, lay a 
 piece of clean paper over it, and rub it with your finger 
 equally in all parts for half a minute, then take up your 
 plant, and be careful not to disturb the order of the leaves, 
 and place it on the paper on which you wish to have the 
 impression ; then cover it wdth a piece of blotting paper 
 for a short time, and you will have au impression equal to 
 
 D 
 
34 TO TAKE IMPRESSIONS OF LEAVES OR PLANTS. 
 
 a fine engraving. The same piece of black paper will serve 
 to take off a great number of impressions. The principal 
 excellence of this method is, that the paper receives the 
 impression of the most minute veins and hairs, so that 
 you obtain the general character of most flowers. The 
 impressions may afterwards be coloured. 
 
 The best means of preventing the corrosion, is first to dip 
 the articles into very dilute nitric acid, and afterwards 
 to immerse them in linseed oil, allowing the superfluity 
 of oil to drain off ; they are by this means very effectively 
 preserved from rust or oxidation. 
 
 At the Slieffield School of Design, Mr. Young Mitchel], 
 the master, gave a lecture, illustrated by experiments, on 
 the art of making elastic moulds. It has great advan- 
 tages over the old plan. The moulds may be made at 
 small cost, and with great rapidity. That which would 
 occupy five or six days in the modelling, may be furnished 
 by this process in half that number of hours. By the 
 facility thus afforded, beautiful forms may be multiplied 
 so cheaply, as to be brought within the reach of all. The 
 principal material used for the elastic moulds is glue or 
 gelatine. The best fish glue will answer as well as gela- 
 tine, and is much cheaper. The material is dissolved like 
 
ELASTIC MOULDS. 
 
 35 
 
 glue, in a vessel placed over the fire in a pot of hot water, 
 stirring it during the process. To each pound of gelatine 
 it is necessary to add three quarters of a pint of water, 
 and half an ounce of bees-wax. It is ready for use when 
 about the thickness of syrup. The model must be oiled 
 carefully with sweet oil, and the composition must be 
 poured upon it while warm, but not boiling. Having set, 
 it may be taken off the model. When the model is small, 
 it should be placed in a shoe or case, which gives facility 
 for shaking the mould well when the plaster is poured, so 
 as to drive it 'well into the crevices. The plaster should 
 be fine, and in order that it may harden and set quickly, 
 about half an ounce of alum should be added to each pint 
 of water used in mixing it. Before using the mould, it 
 should be carefully oiled. Great care is required in mix- 
 ing the plaster, and watching it when in the mould, for 
 wdien it is allowed to remain long enough to heat, the 
 mould is destroyed. 
 
 Nothing more is necessary than to wash the mahogany 
 with lime ’^vater, which may readily be made by dropping 
 a small piece of lime into a basin of water. 
 
 This may be of use to those who wash to preserve good 
 specimens of fine draughts of curious medals, especially 
 as it is easily executed, and with but trifling expense. 
 Take isinglass, and breaking it in pieces, dissolve as much 
 of it as is necessary over the fire in a (piantity of water 
 
36 
 
 TO TAKE IMPRESSIONS OF MEDALS. 
 
 sufficient only to cover if, taking care to keep it stirring 
 till the whole is dissolved. This done, with a hair brush 
 stroke some of the glue over the medals, the impressions 
 of which you would take ; after placing them as horizon- 
 tally as you can, and when you have covered them per- 
 fectly all over, let them lie till the glue is hardened; and 
 afterwards, with the point of a pin or needle, raise the 
 edge of the glue from each medal, and the whole medal 
 in glue will fly off as hard as horn, with all the fine sharp- 
 ness of the medal as it was struck. This glue may be 
 made of any tint, by mixing the colour in the water the, 
 glue is boiled in. The impression must be dried imme- 
 diedely, but very regularly, not in a hot sun, nor in any 
 damp place. If isinglass is used, without any colour 
 mixed with the water, as soon as the impression from the 
 medals are taken, breathe gently on the concave side of 
 them, and then lay them upon the thickest sort of leaf 
 gold, which will adhere to them, and by shining through 
 the isinglass will appear like a gold medal. But to imi- 
 tate a copper medal, carmine should be mixed with the 
 water in which the isinglass is dissolved. Although 
 water may do very well for dissolving the isinglass in 
 for this purpose, yet brandy or spirit of wine will give 
 the glue a much greater strength, so as not to be subject 
 to soften in damp air. 
 
 The surface of the wood must first be planed smooth, and 
 then rubbed with weak aquafortis, after which it is to be 
 finished with the following varnish : — To three pints of 
 spirit of wine is to be added four ounces and a-half of 
 dragon’s blood, and one ounce of soda, which have been 
 
TO GIVE WOOD THE APPEARANCE OF MAHOGANY. 37 
 
 previously ground together ; after standing some time, 
 that the dragon’s blood may be dissolved, the varnish is to 
 be strained and laid on the wood with a soft brush. This 
 process is to be repeated, and then the wood possesses the 
 perfect appearance of mahogany. When the polish di- 
 minishes in brilliancy, it may be speedily restored, by 
 rubbing the article with linseed oil. 
 
 Take half a bushel of good unslaked lime, slake it with 
 boiling water, coveriug it during the process to keep in 
 the steam. Strain the liquor through a fine sieve or 
 strainer, and add to it a peck of clean salt, 23reviously 
 dissolved in warm w^ater; three pounds of good rice, 
 ground to a thin paste, and stirred while boiling hot; 
 half a pound of powdered Spanish whiting, and a pound 
 of clean glue, which has been previously dissolved by first 
 soaking it w^ell and then hanging it over a slow fire, in a 
 small kettle within a large one, filled with w^ater. Add 
 five gallons of hot water to the mixture, stir it w^ell, and 
 let it stand a few days covered from dirt. It should be 
 put on quite hot ; for this purpose it can be kept in a 
 kettle on a portable furnace. It is said that about one 
 pint of this mixture will cover a square yard upon the 
 outside of a house if properly applied. It retains its 
 brilliancy for many years. There is nothing of the kind’ 
 that will compare with it either for inside or outside walls. 
 Any required tinge can be given to the preparation by the 
 addition of colouring matter. 
 
STOIsTES 
 
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 T1i 9 following ingenious and practicable method of deter- 
 mining how far a stone will resist the action of frost, was 
 contrived by M. Brard, who communicated it to the Eoyal 
 Academy of Science at Paris. The destructive operation 
 of frost upon building materials is so well known, that 
 little need be said in introducing the subject. When 
 water freezes, it augments one-ninth in volume ; and 
 when it does so in the cellules of solid bodies, it exerts a 
 disintegrating power, which in due time destroys their 
 cohesion altogether. All stones are more or less absorb- 
 ent, though the humidity of some rocks is so slight, that 
 in reference to their power of withstanding frost, they are 
 entitled to be distinguished as the resistant, in opposi- 
 tion to the less dense or non-resistant class. It suggested 
 itself to M. Brard, after various experiments with water, 
 and with chemical freezing mixtures, that the striking 
 analogy between the crystallizing and expansive force of 
 salts and congealed water, rendered the former available 
 as media for ascertaining the amount of the resistant pro- 
 perty possessed by stones and other bodies ; and accord- 
 ingly pursuing his researches, with solutions of nitre, 
 alum, sulphate of iron, common salt, Epsom salts, and 
 Glaubers’ salts, he found that the last (sulphate of soda) 
 was the most energetic and active, and the best exponent 
 of the action of freezing water. The importance of the 
 subject obtained for it consideration at the hands of the 
 learned body before whom he laid his views ; and a com- 
 mission of inquiry was appointed, whose report was fol- 
 lowed by the publication of the following directions : — 
 
TEST, FROST-RESISTING POWER. 
 
 1. Choose from the quarry specimens of those parts, 
 which, from certain observed differences of colour, grain, 
 and general appearance of the stone, are of a doubtful 
 quality. 
 
 2. Form the specimens into two inch cubes carefully, 
 with sharp edges. 
 
 3. Mark on each specimen a number with Indian ink, 
 or by scratching with a steel point, and make memoranda 
 on paper corresponding therewith, so that the identity of 
 each specimen with the spot whence it was obtained may 
 be preserved, and notes added of such phenomena as may 
 present themselves during the investigation. 
 
 4. In making the solution, use rain or distilled water, 
 and continue to add the sulphate of soda until no more 
 will dissolve ; its perfect saturation will be ascertained, 
 by finding, after repeated stirring, a little of the salt re- 
 main at the bottom of the vessel undissolved, an hour or 
 two after it has been put in. 
 
 5. Heat the solution in any vessel usually put on a fire 
 (perhaps an earthen pipkin may be most convenient), and 
 when the solution boils, put in the specimens one by one, 
 so that all may be completely immersed. 
 
 6. Be careful to continue the boiling for half an hour. 
 
 7. Take out the specimens one at a time, and suspend 
 them by threads, so as not to touch over vessels contain- 
 ing a portion of the liquid in which they were boiled, but 
 strained first to insure the absence of any sand or dirt. 
 
 8. In the course of twenty-four hours, if the weather 
 be not very damp or cold, the surfaces of the cubes will 
 become covered with little white saline needles or crys- 
 tals ; to wash off these, plunge each stone into the vessel 
 below it, and repeat this two or three times a day. 
 
 9. If the specimen be of the resista7it kind, nothing 
 will be abstracted by the crystals ; if of the non-resistant, 
 the salt will chip off in little particles, vdiioh will be 
 found in the vessel beneath ; its quality will thus be 
 
TEST, FROST-RESISTING POWER. 
 
 47 
 
 discovered as soon as the salt appears on the surface, and 
 its sharp arrises and corners will soon disappear. By 
 about the fifth day, the experiment may be considered at 
 an end. When the salt has appeared on the surface, the 
 deposit is assisted by dipping the stone five or six times a 
 day in the solution. , 
 
 10. In order to ascertain the relative resisting powers of 
 the specimens, it is only necessary to compare the weight 
 of fragments detached from each, as found deposited in 
 the respective vessels, when the greatest weight will de- 
 note the specimen least adapted to building purposes. 
 
Date. 
 
 Patentee. 
 
 Analysis of Process. 
 
 1838. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1846. 
 
 1847. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Bethel. 
 
 Newton. 
 
 Teychenne. 
 
 Hutchison. 
 
 Bethel. 
 
 Moreau. 
 
 Barrett. 
 
 Baines. 
 
 Assanti. 
 
 Bellford. 
 
 Gilbee. 
 
 Treating with Coal Tar, Oil, Caoutchouc, or Resin, 
 &c. 
 
 Treating with Silicate of Soda or Potash. 
 
 Treating with Coal Tar, Bituminous Matter, Tal- 
 low, or other Fatty Substances, Linseed, or 
 other Drying Oils, Resins, and Gums. 
 
 After being dried in a chamber, the Stone or other 
 substance is immersed in a boiling Solution of 
 Resin admixed with Oils, Tallow, or other 
 Gummy or Fatty Matter ; or Pitch admixed 
 with Oils, Tallow, or other Gummy or Fatty 
 Matter ; or Coal Tai% with or without Pitch or 
 other Bituminous Substances ; or Glue, Gums, 
 and other Cohesive and Hard Substances, boiled 
 into a Solution with Oil, &c. 
 
 Immersing in Hot Tar, Bitumen, or Resin, with 
 Bituminous or Tarry Oil, 
 
 Treating with Silicate of Potash, 
 
 Treating with Sulphur dissolved in Vinega,r or 
 Acetic Acid, or Shell Lac, Seed Lac, Common 
 Turpentine, and Pyroligneous Spirits ; or Gutta 
 Percha dissolved in Coal Tar Naptha ; or Lime- 
 stone, Water, Alum, Beer Grounds, Gall, &c. 
 
 Treating first with a Solution of Alum or Sulphate 
 of Zinc, and then with Sulphur dissolved in Oil, 
 
 Treating with Gutta Percha dissolved in Sulphuret 
 of Carbon. 
 
 Treating with Silicate of Potash or Soda. 
 
 Treating with Silicate of Potash applied by means 
 of suitable Pumps. 
 
 Treating with Calcined Bees’ Wax, dissolved in 
 Coal Tar Naptha. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Page. 
 
LIST OF PATENTS FOR PRESERVING STONE. 49 
 
 Date. 
 
 Patentee. 
 
 Analysis of Process. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Ransome. 
 
 Treating" with a Solution of Silicate of Potash or 
 Soda, and afterwards with a Solution of Chloride 
 of Calcium, producing Silicate of Lime, in the 
 pores of the Stone ; or Solutions of Alumina and 
 Baryta; or any two Solutions, which, by mutual 
 decomposition, produce by deposition an in- 
 soluble mineral precipitate in the pores, or on 
 the surface of the Stone, &c. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Treating with Gelatine, Isinglass, Fish Glue, &c., 
 and afterwards with a Solution of Tannin or 
 Nutgall, Sumac, or Oak Bark, &c., or Silicate 
 of Potash or Soda. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Broom AN. 
 
 Coating first with a mixture of Flour, Water, and 
 Carbonate of Lime, then with a mixture of Sili- 
 cate of Potash, Phosphate of Soda, Sulphuret 
 of Baryta, Zinc-White, and Borate of Man- 
 
 
 
 ganese. 
 
 1857. 
 
 SZERELMEY. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Coating with a mixture of Water, Blood, Ground 
 Bricks, powdered Copper Slag, powdered Iron 
 Slag, Argillaceous Earth, and Gaseous Matter, 
 produced from Milk, boiled together, and after- 
 wards with a mixture of Gas or Coal Tar, or 
 Linseed Oil, or Rosin, or Asphalte, with Hy- 
 draulic Lime, Grit, and Calcined Flint, boiled 
 together. 
 
 1857. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 Treating with Aluminates of Potash, Soda, or any 
 other Aluminates, or Zincates of Potash or 
 Soda, or Phosphates of Alumina, or Zinc in So- 
 lution by Alkalies ; also similar preparations of 
 i Lead or Molybdenum. 
 
 E 
 
0f 
 
 From Mr. Scott’s report on the experiments made on the 
 rapidly decaying stone in Westminster Abbey, it appears 
 the following results have been obtained — 
 
 1. Water Glass tried in 1857 and 1858. Stone 
 
 hardened, but decay only partially arrested. 
 
 2. Paul’s Aluminate of Potash tried same date, same 
 
 result as No. 1. 
 
 3. Ransome’s Silicate of Lime process ; same result. 
 
 4. Szerelmy’s secret process. Stone much hardened, 
 
 decay only slightly visible. Mr. Faraday thinks 
 this method, to be the best. 
 
 5. Soap and alum process: effects appear to have 
 
 ceased. 
 
 6. Rocha’s Silicate : effects remain, but efficiency not 
 
 reported upon. 
 
 7. Shellac in Spirits of M^ine : admirably successful 
 
 where protected from rain. Scarcely so successful 
 where exposed to rain. 
 
 8. White Wax in Turpentine. Failure. 
 
 9. Same as No. 8, with addition of Stearine better but 
 
 failing. 
 
 10. Daine’s Oil and Sulphur process. Tried since July, 
 1859. Almost entirely successful. 
 
 The above results are most encouraging. When in a 
 matter of such import, 30 per cent, of the methods tried 
 are almost complete successes, every hope may be enter- 
 tained that soon some processes may be discovered quite 
 equal to the demands made upon them. 
 
L 
 
 A quantity of plaster of Paris is soaked in a solution of 
 alum, baked in an oven, and ground to a powder ; it is 
 then used as wanted, by being mixed with water similar 
 to plaster : it sets into an exceedingly hard composition, 
 and takes a high polish. It may be mixed with various 
 coloured minerals or ochres, to represent the various 
 marbles, and is a valuable recipe. 
 
 On the Cotswold Hills, in Gloucestershire, where lime is 
 dear, and sand not to be had, an excellent mortar is pre- 
 pared at a moderate price. Invention is seldom more 
 successful than when it is prompted by necessity. The 
 scrapings of the public roads over these hills being levi- 
 gated limestone, more or less impregnated with the dung 
 and urine of animals travelling on them, are found to be 
 a most admirable basis for cement. The scrapings alone 
 are frequently used for ordinary walls ; and the general 
 
 AS MADE ON THE 
 
52 
 
 ADMIRABLE CEMENT OR MORTAR. 
 
 proportioa, for even the best buildings, is not more than 
 one part lime to three of scrapings. This mortar, of less 
 than ten years’ standing, has been observed to possess a 
 stone-like tenacity, much firmer than the common stone 
 of the country ; and consequently, much harder than the 
 stones from which either the basis or the lime was made. 
 Similar scrapings may be collected wherever limestone is 
 used as a material for making or repairing roads, and the 
 mortar readily prepared, in all such places, with very little 
 trouble and expense. 
 
 In India, the plastered walls of rooms are stamped when 
 moist, and worked into patterns, over which is spread a 
 varnish of powdered talc, which closely resembles the rich- 
 ness and hue of new and unused frosted silver plate. 
 This might be introduced in England as a very cheap and 
 elegant drawing-room decoration. 
 
 
 To prevent damp exuding from the walls of apartments, 
 first dry them thoroughly, and then varnish them with 
 the following, to be procured at any oil-shop — Mix with 
 one pint of linseed-oil about an ounce and a half of ground 
 litharge, and two ounces of finely-powdered resin. Apply 
 this in successive coats, which, after the fifth time, will 
 form a varnish on the wall so hard and compact as to 
 exclude moisture. 
 
When damp walls proceed from deliquescence, in the case 
 of muriate of soda, &c., in intimate combination with the 
 sand used for the mortar, it is merely necessary to wash 
 the wall with a strong solution of alum. This converts 
 the deliquescent salt into an efflorescent one, and the cure 
 is complete ; or alum may be added to the plaster in the 
 first instance. 
 
 It is scarcely possible to see the bottom of a well by 
 looking down in the common manner, but it is perfectly 
 practical to do so with a reflector. When the sun is 
 shining brightly, hold a mirror so that the reflected rays 
 of light will fall into the water. A bright spot will be 
 seen at the bottom so light as to show the smallest object 
 very plainly. In the same way one can examine the 
 bottom of ponds and rivers, if the water be somewhat 
 clear, and not agitated by wands or rapid motion. If a 
 well or cistern be under cover, or shaded by buildings, so 
 that the sunlight wall not fall near the opening, it is only 
 necessary to employ two mirrors, using one to reflect the 
 light to the opening, and another to send it down perpen- 
 dicularly into the water. Light may be thrown fifty or a 
 hundred yards to the precise spot desired by one mirror. 
 
54 > 
 
 TO EXAMINE A DEEP TANK OR WELL. 
 
 and then reflected downwards by another. There is 
 another and very sinople manner of peering down into the 
 depths of the sea, which is practised by collectors of deep 
 sea specimens for the marine vivary. They put four 
 small planks together, about two feet long and six inches 
 wide, and fix at the bottom a square of glass. This case 
 is of suflicient length to enable them to see below the 
 surface agitation of the waves, when the sea is calm, by 
 immersing it by the side of a rock, the water below that 
 point being perfectly transparent down to the sand or 
 shingle. 
 
 Clean the picture well with a sponge dipped in warm 
 beer ; after it has become perfectly dry, wash it with a 
 solution of the finest gum- dragon dissolved in pure water. 
 Never use blue starch, which tarnishes and eats out the 
 colouring ; nor white of eggs, which casts a thick varnish 
 over pictures, and only mends bad ones by concealing the 
 faults of the colouring. 
 
 48 lbs. of sulphate of copper, and 2 lbs. of bichromate of 
 potash, are dissolved in the requisite quantity of water, 
 and 2 lbs. of carbonate of potash (pearlash) and 1 lb. of 
 chalk added to the clear solution. The precipitate is 
 pressed, dried, and rubbed to a powder. This colour is 
 
TO PKEPARE A BEAUTIFUL GREEN COLOUR. 
 
 55 
 
 particularly well adapted for painting dwelling-rooms and 
 workshops, there being no fear of any poisoning from 
 arsenic. By varying the proportions, a numl)er of differ- 
 ent tints of colour may be obtained. 
 
 ||2r03wnt3«. 
 
 A NEW PRODUCT TO SUPERSEDE THE USE OF GUNPOWDER FOR 
 BLASTING IN QUARRIES. 
 
 The loss of life from the careless use of gunpowder in 
 mining is so great, that we are glad to learn of a new 
 product, less liable to explosion from careless treatment, 
 and much cheaper than gunpowder for blasting rocks, &c., 
 and which, after having been exposed to damp or wet, 
 does not lose its explosive power, but becomes serviceable 
 again after being dried. This substance has been invented 
 by a Mr. Renaud, who has named it Pyronome. As com- 
 pared with gunpowder, it is much lighter and produces 
 the same effect. Its cost price is considerably less than 
 gunpowder, but it cannot be advantageously used for fire- 
 arms. It is composed of nitrate of soda, 52.5 parts; 
 residue of tan (after it has been used for tanning), 27.5 
 parts; powdered sulphur, 20.0 parts. The operations for 
 its preparation are as follows — 1. Dissolve the nitrate of 
 soda in a sufficient quantity of water. 2. Mix the tan in 
 this solution in such a manner that all parts may become 
 impregnated. 3. Mix the powdered sulphur in the same 
 manner. 4. Take the product from the fire and dry it. 
 When completely dry it may be placed in sacks or barrels 
 for use. This product is much superior to gunpowder 
 for the uses above-named, in every respect, and will, we 
 doubt not, be received as a boon by both miners and 
 quarrymen, and will come into general use. Arranged 
 in cartridges, no possible accident could happen ; and, 
 
56 
 
 PYRONOMK 
 
 besides being 15 per cent, cheaper than gunpowder, it 
 possesses the rare quality of retaining its explosive pro- 
 perties after being subjected to damp or wet — merely 
 requiring drying- — and its preparation is so exceedingly 
 easy as to bring it within the means of every one to 
 manufacture for himself. 
 
 The process of hardening wood by impregnating it with 
 sulphate of iron, is stated to have been adopted with great 
 success in the case of the American railroads and plank 
 roads. Wood thus treated, has been rendered so hard, 
 that after being travelled over for a twelvemonth, it has 
 not exhibited the smallest traces of the wheels. 
 
 ^^0 j|r:esierJj)ie tp00!&te)0tlk. 
 
 Boiled oil and finely-powdered charcoal ; mix to the con- 
 sistence of a paint, and give the wood two or or three coats 
 with this composition. It is well adapted for water-spouts, 
 casks, &c. 
 
 AS A 
 
 
 ©f 
 
 Procure a square sheet-iron case, the sides being penetrated 
 with holes to admit a current of air ; the bottom of the 
 case to be formed of iron bands, similar to those used in 
 
MODE OF APPLICATION OF WAX. 
 
 57 
 
 fireplaces. At each corner of the upper part of the case 
 there should be blocks also of iron, with a chain of iron to 
 pass over an iron ledger which is placed between two 
 tressels near the work. When this apparatus is suspended, 
 light a fire in the case, using, in the first instance, wood 
 and coals to light it — then feed the fire with coals till it 
 burns brightly. You may then place it at a proper dis- 
 tance from the marble or stone which is to be impregnated 
 with wax, say three inches distant from the sculptured 
 work, and in a few minutes it will heat the stbne suffi- 
 ciently to enable you to apply the wax, which should be 
 done with a hog-bristle brush ; the wax being previously 
 melted in a pipkin. Care should be taken to keep the 
 work free from dust. 
 
 Spread a little nitric or muriatic acid over the putty, and \ 
 in a short time it will become soft, when it may be easily 
 removed. 
 
 SI 
 
 In setting a stone of large dimensions without a lewis, a 
 difficidty is often experienced to lower it without chipping 
 the edges ; to avoid this, take some pieces of lump sugar 
 and place it at the corners, which will bear the weight of 
 the stone until it is in its proper place for lowering down, 
 when by applying a little water, the sugar will melt and 
 let the stone down gradually without injury. 
 
 P 
 
58 
 
 The Editor of the Mechanics^ Magazine gives the following 
 recipe for producing a tracing paper, “ that leaves nothing 
 to be desired.” Mix six parts by weight of spirits of tur- 
 pentine, one of resin, and one of boiled nut oil, and lay 
 on with a brush or sponge. 
 
 If a little magnesia (it will be well to try both the calcined 
 and the carbonate), is powdered over the grease spot, 
 with a piece of clean blotting paper laid again on that, 
 and a common laundry iron moderately passed a few times 
 over it, the grease is often readily removed. If it does 
 not come out at once, or if there is a very large spot, it 
 will be well to shake off the magnesia which cakes with 
 the heat, sprinkle a fresh quantity over it, and pursue the 
 same plan. 
 
 A Company has just been established for manufacturing 
 a kind of marine glue, invented by Mr. W. J. Hay, of 
 Portsmouth Dockyard, and patented by permission of the 
 Admiralty. The composition is cheaper than marine glue. 
 
WATERPROOF GLUE. 
 
 59 
 
 In addition to the purposes to 'which marine glue is ap- 
 plicable, the waterproof glue, from its extremely low price, 
 may be used for covering iron, wood, and all other descrip- 
 tions of roofing and fencing, and for posts, piles, Ac. The 
 glue, it is added, has been tested by seven years’ trial. Its 
 principal ingredient is Trinidad pitch or asphalte, which 
 is mixed with vegetable tar, and oil naptha, or a suitable 
 substitute. The best proportions for the ingredients which 
 Mr. Hay has yet discovered, are Trinidad pitch or asphalte, 
 60 lbs . ; vegetable tar, 15 lbs. ; oil naptha, 2 lbs. ^ 
 
 They take such a quantity of pitch and tar as they think 
 they have occasion for, and mix up with it such a quantity 
 of the best sort of soot as not to make it too thick for use ; 
 with this composition they paint all parts of the iron-work, 
 for which purpose they make use of short hard brushes, 
 because they must press pretty strongly upon the iron, in 
 order to give it a sufficient quantity, and they always 
 choose to perform this operation in the spring time of the 
 year, because the moderate heat of the season hardens the 
 pitch so, that it is never melted by the succeeding heats 
 of summer, but on the contrary, acquires such a gloss as 
 to look like varnish. This has been found, by experience, 
 to preserve iron from rust much better than any sort of 
 paint, and is as cheap as any that can be made use of. 
 
 The easiest method of removing rust from iron, is rubbing 
 it with a rag dipped in oil of tartar. The rust will dis- 
 appear immediately. 
 
60 
 
 ^0r)Miisi0i)i; 0f 
 
 Where they are united to their sockets by lead, it may be 
 lessened in the following manner — The cause of the cor- 
 rosion, as is well known, is the galvanic action which goes j 
 on between the two metals, through the medium of the 
 water collected at the angle of juncture by capillary at- 
 traction ; if then the lead, instead of being flush with the 
 stone into which the iron is fixed, were to be bevilled from 
 the iron to the stone at an angle of about 60 degrees, all 
 the water would drain off, and consequently the galvanic 
 action be stopped. 
 
 The following mode of preserving iron fencing is simple 
 and efficacious. Boil 8 lbs. of hog’s fat, cut very small, in 
 a glazed pot or pipkin with three or four spoonfuls of 
 water ; when well melted, strain through coarse linen, 
 then set on a slow fire with 4 ounces of camphor, broken 
 small, allowing it to boil gently. Take it off, and while 
 hot, mix in it as much black lead as will give colour and 
 consistence, and lay it on the railings hot. This will not 
 only preserve the iron in the air, but also whatever por- 
 tion may be placed underground. 
 
61 
 
 A French architect (M. Castala) has invented a new 
 method of employing tiles for the roofs of houses, so as to 
 save one-half the quantity usually emjdoyed for that pur- 
 pose. The tiles are made of a square instead of an oblong 
 form, and the hook that fastens them is at one of the 
 angles, so that when fastened to the laths, they hang 
 down diagonally^ and every tile is covered one-fifth part 
 on two sides by the upper row. 
 
 The following composition has been found to be of extra- 
 ordinary durability, as a glazing or varnish for tiles. No 
 sort of weather, even for a considerable length of time, 
 has had any effect upon it. It prevents that absorption 
 of water, by which common tiles are liable to crumble into 
 dust, hinders the shivering of the tiles, and gives to red 
 bricks a soft lustre, by which their appearance is much 
 improved — 
 
 Over a weak fire, heat a bottle of linseed oil, with an 
 ounce of litharge, and a small portion of minium, till such 
 
62 TO INCEEASE THE DUEABILITY OF TILES. 
 
 time as a feather, used in stirring it, shall be burnt to the 
 degree of being easily rubbed to powder between the 
 fingers. Then take off the varnish, let it cool, clarify it 
 from any impurities which may have fallen to the bottom, 
 and heat it again. Having in the meantime melted from 
 three to four ounces of pitch, mix this with the warm 
 varnish. The specific gravity of the pitch hinders it from 
 mingling thoroughly with the varnish, though it even re- 
 main so long upon the fire as to be evaporated to consider- 
 able thickness. It is not till the varnish be cooled nearly 
 to the consistency of common syrup, that this effect takes 
 place in the requisite degree. If it be too thick, let hot 
 varnish be added to bring it to the proper consistency ; if 
 it be too thin, add melted pitch. It is to be laid on the 
 tiles in the same manner in which oil colours in general 
 are put upon the substances on which they are applied. 
 The composition must be heated from time to time when 
 it is to be used. 
 
 Boil gall-nuts in wine. Then steep a sponge into the 
 liquor and pass it on the lines of the old writing ; by this 
 method, the letters which were undecipherable, will appear 
 as fresh as if newly written. 
 
 Scrape some French chalk very fine ; place the greased 
 paper on the powder, and scrape more chalk upon its sur- 
 face. Place another piece of paper upon the whole, and 
 then pass a hot iron over it ; when the grease will be ab- 
 sorbed by the chalk. 
 
 
63 
 
 Make a strong solution of American Potash (which re- 
 sembles burnt brick in appearance), mix this with sawdust 
 into a sort of paste, and spread it all over the paint, which 
 will become softened in a few hours, and is easily removed 
 by washing with cold water. If after the panellings, &c., 
 are diy it becomes cracked, apply a solution of hot size 
 with a brush, which will bind it well together and make 
 it better for varnishing, as well as destroy the beetle 
 which is often met with in oak, and is erroneously called 
 the worm. 
 
 Fresh lime-water is said to be a good stain for new oak, 
 another and better stain is to wash with hot beer and rub 
 it well, the grain will show admirably, and time will 
 mellow it down to a beautiful tone. The appearance of 
 old oak may be obtained by exj)osing any article of new 
 oak to the vapours of ammonia for a certain period. 
 Eveiy variety of tint may be obtained, according to the 
 duration and temperature of the volatile compounds. A 
 new carved oak arm-chair, exposed to the vapours of am- 
 monia, will in about twelve hours have all the appearance 
 of its being made two hundred years since ; and any other 
 wood similarly exposed, wiU obtain the appearance of oak. 
 
The following receipt for restoring old oak to its original 
 whiteness, has been used with success, viz. — two ounces of 
 oxalic acid, dissolved by friction in one quart of cold water. 
 If the oak has been varnished, it must be scraped clean 
 before using the acid. 
 
 A decoction of walnut or bicory bark, with a small quan- 
 tity of alum in it, to give permanency to the colour, makes 
 an excellent dye for white woods. 
 
 An important contribution to the comforts of eveiy-day 
 life is announced, a viscous vegetable fat, called Heveone, 
 the uses of which are thus described in an article on con- 
 temporary science — “ It possesses great powers of adhesion 
 to any surface to wd^ich it may be applied, and as it does 
 not oxidise nor alter in the air, it serves admirably to pre- 
 
A NEW USEFUL SUBSTANCE. 
 
 65 
 
 serve iron or steel instruments, and polished articles from 
 rust or tarnish. It retains this property even when the 
 coating is so thin as to be almost imperceptible, and con- 
 sequently may be constantly kept applied to surgical and 
 philosophical instruments, arms for warfare, hunting, &c., 
 which will thus be always bright. The lubricating pro- 
 perties of the Heveone are still more surprising ; applied 
 to stopcocks, pistons, screw connections, &c., it renders 
 them at once beautifully mobile and perfectly tight ; it 
 never dries or becomes sticky, nor does it attacks brass or 
 other metal-work as the generality of greases does. Being 
 quite impervious to water, Heveone is the best thing to 
 apply to articles made of leather, such as boots, harness, 
 &c., as they are, after a few applications, rendered quite 
 waterproof and extremely supple ; it also tends to preserve 
 objects against decay. Lastly, though by no means least 
 important in these warlike times, Heveone is the best 
 material to use for rifles, whether as a constituent of the 
 greased wad, or to protect the interior of the barrel from 
 rust. It prevents fouling to a far greater extent than any 
 other kind of grease, and renders the subsequent cleaning 
 a matter of no difficulty.” 
 
 \ 
 
 This process is founded upon the property which alabaster 
 or sulphate of lime has, of being slowly eaten out by cold 
 water, so that its polish is destroyed. In the first place, 
 the sculptures in relief, and all the parts intended to be 
 preserved are covered with a varnish insoluble in water, 
 composed of wax, dissolved in oil of turpentine mixed with 
 white lead, or rather with a turpentine varnish, to which 
 
 G 
 
66 METHOD OF BRINGING OUT SCULPTURE. 
 
 white lead and a little animal oil has been added, to pre- 
 vent the varnish from hardening and adhering too strongly 
 to the alabaster. This is applied with a soft paint brush, 
 moistened with oil of turpentine, into w^hich it must be 
 dipped every time that varnish is taken. The reserved 
 parts being thus covered, suffer the vessel or ornament to 
 dry for some hours, and then place it in a vessel filled 
 with cold water, and leave it there for forty-eight hours, 
 or longer if it is thought necessary. The varnish is then 
 removed with a fine sponge steeped in oil of turpentine, 
 and the vessel dried with a soft and very dry rag. When 
 the vessel is thus cleared of its varnish and dried, pass 
 over it a new soft brush, first dipped in finely-powdered 
 plaster. The powder fills the pores of the plaster which 
 has been attacked by the water, and renders it mat ; 
 which bring out the transparent parts of the alabaster in 
 relief 
 
 To take out grease spots, dissolve some Fullers’ earth in a 
 little hot water, to the consistency of thick paste, and let 
 it get quite cold. Cover the grease spots with it thickly ; 
 and after it has remained all night; or for several hours, 
 until thoroughly dry, scour it off with cold water. Should 
 the grease not disappear with the first application, the 
 operation must be repeated two or three times, or as often 
 as may be necessary for its removal. To take ink out, 
 apply strong muriatic acid, or spirits of salts to the stains 
 with a piece of cloth ; afterwards well wash the parts 
 with water. 
 
07 
 
 t® llieffilrjer ii: 
 
 raMspaiTiEttit:. 
 
 Grind to a fine powder three pounds of clear white resin, 
 and put it into two pounds of good nut-oil, to which a 
 strong drying quality has been given ; set the mixture 
 over a moderate fire, and keej3 stirring it till all the resin 
 is dissolved ; then put in two pounds of the best Venice 
 turpentine, and keep stirring the whole well together ; 
 and if the cloth be thoroughly varnished on both sides 
 with this mixture, it will be transparent. In this opera- 
 tion the surface on which the varnish is to be apj^lied 
 must be stretched tight, and made fast during the appli- 
 cation. This mode of rendering cloth, &c., transparent, 
 is excellently adapted for window blinds. The varnish 
 will likewise admit of any design, in oil colours, being 
 executed upon it as a transparency. 
 
 With a solution in water of palm-oil soap, mix a solution 
 of sulphate of iron, and sulphate of copper ; this furnishes 
 a brownish green precipitate, the colour of wdiich may be 
 modified at pleasure by the addition of a greater or less 
 quantity of one or the other of these salts. The precipi- 
 tate, after being washed and dried, is re-dissolved in a 
 mixture of good varnish of linseed-oil and wax ; and with 
 this solution the figures (having been previously heated) 
 are coated ; on becoming dry they will be found to be 
 perfectly bronzed. 
 
In preparing casts and moulds with gelatine, wax, fusible 
 metal, and similar substances, it is important to use them 
 at the lowest temperature compatible with fluidity, as 
 when only a few degrees hotter, the water which adheres 
 to the objects from which the casts are taken, is converted 
 into vapour and produces bubbles. Fusible metal may be 
 allowed to cool in a teacup until just ready to set at the 
 edges, and then poured into the moulds. When taking 
 impressions from gems, seals, &c., the fused alloy should 
 be placed on paper or pasteboard, and stirred about till it 
 becomes of the consistence of cream, from incipient cool- 
 ing, at which moment the die or seal should be suddenly 
 stamped upon it, and a perfect impression will be then 
 obtained. 
 
 Put upon a plate some of the best whiting ; have ready 
 some clean warm water and a piece of flannel, which dip 
 into the water and squeeze nearly dry ; then take as much 
 whiting as will adhere to it, apply it to the paint, when a 
 little rubbing will instantly remove any dirt or grease ; 
 wash well off with water, and rub dry with a soft cloth. 
 Paint thus cleaned looks equal to new^, and without doing 
 the least injury to the most delicate colour ; it will pre- 
 serve the paint much longer than if cleaned with soap, 
 and it does not require more than half the time usually 
 occupied in cleaning. 
 
69 
 
 Hint feiT I 
 
 A transparent cement for glass is made by dissolving one 
 part of india-rubber in chloroform, and adding sixteen 
 parts, by measure, of gum mastic in powder. Digest for 
 two days, and frequently shake the vessel in which these 
 substances are contained. The cement is applied with a 
 fine camel’s hair brush. 
 
 To make black japan, take ground burnt half-a-pound, and 
 asphaltum four ounces ; dissolve them in boiling linseed- 
 oil, so that it will be about the thickness of treacle when 
 finished. It is now cooled and thinned with turpentine, 
 so that it may be put on with a brush. If two ounces of 
 the sulphate of zinc are added cautiously, it will dry more 
 rapidly. 
 
 By saturating writing paper in a concentrated solution of 
 neutral chloride of zinc, then washing and drying it, the 
 sheets contract in size, become thicker, and resemble 
 parchment. The solution may be used either cold or hot, 
 but in all cases the paper must be washed in water before 
 it is dried. 
 
70 
 
 xm 
 
 To make a good black varnish for iron work, take eight 
 pounds of asphaltum and fuse it in an iron kettle, then 
 add two gallons of boiled linseed-oil, one pound of litharge, 
 half-a-pound of sulphate of zinc (add these slowly or it-« 
 will fume over), and boil them for about three hours. 
 Then add one pound and a half of dark gum copal, and 
 boil for two hours longer, or until the mass will become 
 quite thick when cool. After which it should be thinned 
 with turpentine to the proper consistency. 
 
 Boil together half-a-pint each of size and stone blue water, 
 with two tablespoonsful of whiting, and two cakes of pipe- 
 maker’s clajq in about two quarts of water. Wash the 
 stones over with a flannel slightly wetted in this mixture ; 
 and when dry, rub them with flannel and brush. Some 
 recommend beer, but water is much better for the purpose. 
 
 Take a bullock’s gall, a gill of soap lees, half a gill of tur- 
 pentine, and make it into a paste with pipeclay ; then 
 apply it to the marble, and let it dry a day or two ; then 
 rub it off, and if not clean, apply it a second or third time 
 until it is clean. 
 
 f feaM ft 
 
 't 03 w taira 0r 
 
71 
 
 Take two parts of common soda, one part of pumice-stone, 
 and one part of finely -powdered chalk ; sift it through a 
 fine sieve, and mix it with water ; then rub it well all 
 over the marble, and the stains will be removed,; then 
 wash the marble over with soap and water, and it will be 
 as clean as it was at first. 
 
 ^leawigHi!: far 
 
 Melt equal parts of yellow resin and bee’s-wax ; then stir 
 in half as much finely powdered plaster of Paris. Apply 
 hot, previously warming the pieces. 
 
 llaM&a” fram: 
 
 Mix equal quantities of spirit of vitriol and lemon juice, 
 shake it well ; wet the spots with the mixture, and in a 
 few minutes rub with soft linen until they are completely 
 effaced. 
 
 Take American potash and make a thin paste, lay on 
 with a brush and let it remain for a few hours, then re- 
 move with clean water. 
 
72 
 
 . V- 
 
 Dissolve five or six bits of gum mastic, each the size of a , 
 large pea, in as much spirits of wine as will suffice to ■ 
 render it liquid ; and in another vessel, dissolve as much 
 isinglass, previously softened with water, in as much 
 French brandy or rum as will make a two-ounce phial of ? 
 strong glue, adding two small bits of pounded gum al- ; 
 banum or ammoniacum. Mix the whole and heat. Keep ■ 
 the glue in a phial closely stopped, and when it is to be 
 used, set the phial in boiling water. Throughout the East 
 this is used for uniting glass, china, and even polished , 
 steel; and so strong is the joint, that the parts cemented ^ 
 never separate. 
 
 Put a quart or two of unslaked lime into a bucket, and 
 before lowering it into the well, put a sufficient quantity 
 of water on the lime to slack it ; then let it down to the 
 water, but not so as to get into it. In a few minutes the 
 well will be cleared of foul air, the slacking lime either 
 absorbing the noxious air or forcing it out of the well. 
 
 Smoky chimneys result from a variety of causes. The 
 wind may be let on too freely above, or the smoke stifled 
 below ; the vent may also be too contracted, particularly 
 
TO CURE SMOKY CHIMNEYS. 
 
 73 
 
 where several open into the same funnel. The situation 
 of a house may also affect the chimneys, especially if 
 backed by higher ground or loftier buildings. In many 
 cases, the remedy for smoky chimneys is of the most 
 simple kind, but the first step is to ascertain the cause of 
 the defect. The following are some amongst many others — 
 A single chimney is more liable to smoke than when it 
 forms part of a stack. Straight flues seldom draw well. 
 A northern aspect often produces a smoky chimney. 
 Large fireplaces are apt to smoke, particularly when the 
 aperture of the flue does not correspond in size ; for this a 
 temporary remedy may be found in opening a door or 
 a window ; a permanent cure, by diminishing the size of 
 the lower aperture. When a smoky chimney is so incor- 
 rigible as to require a constant admission of fresh air into 
 the room, the best mode is to introduce a pipe, one of the 
 apertures of which communicates with the open air, and 
 the other terminates underneath the grate j or openings 
 may be made near the top of the apartment, if lofty, with- 
 out any inconvenience even to persons sitting close by the 
 fire. Where a chimney only smokes when a fire is first 
 lighted, the defect may be guarded against, by allowing 
 the fire to kindle gradually ; or more promptly by laying 
 any inflammable substance, such as shavings, on the top of 
 the grate, the rapid combustion of which will wnrm the air 
 in the chimney, and give it a tendency upwards before any 
 smoke is produced from the fire itself. Sometimes the fault 
 lies in the grate not being set trzie to the mouth of the chim- 
 ney j this sliould be ascertained, and the grate set more 
 backward or forward, as the case may be. If a kitchen 
 chimney overpowers that of the parlour, as is often the 
 case in small houses, apply to each chimney a free admis- 
 sion of air until the evil ceases. When a chimney is filled 
 with smoke, not of its own formation, but from the funnel 
 next to it, cover each funnel with a, conical top, or earthen 
 crook ; by means of which the two openings are separated 
 a few inches, and the cold air or the gusts of wind cease 
 to force the smoke down with them. If these remedies 
 fail, it will be generally found that the chimney only 
 
 n 
 
74 
 
 TO CURE SMOKY CHIMNEYS. 
 
 smokes when the wind is in a particular quarter ; the fol- 
 lowing is then the best remedy to adopt — put on the top 
 of the chimney a box, in each of the sides of which is a 
 door hanging on hinges, and kept open by a thin iron rod 
 running from one end to the other, and fastened by a ring j 
 in each end to a staple. When there is no wind these 
 doors are at rest, and each forms an angle of forty-five j 
 degrees, which is decreased on the windward side in pro- 
 portion to the force of the wind, and increased in the 
 same ratio on the leeward side. If the wind be very 
 strong, the door opposed to it becomes closed, whereby the | 
 opposite one is opened to its utmost width. If the wind 
 shakes the corner of the box, its shuts two doors, and 
 forces open those opposite. This scheme is infallible ; 
 the expense is trifling and the apparatus simple. 
 
 To half-a-pint of milk put an equal quantity of vinegar, in 
 order to curdle it ; take the curd from the whey and mix 
 it with the whites of four or five eggs ; beat them well 
 together ; add a little quick lime through a sieve, till it 
 has acquired the thickness of paste. With this cement, 
 broken vessels of all kinds may be mended ; it dries quickly 
 and resists the action of water, as well as a considerable 
 degree of heat. 
 
 A French workman, who observed the effect on iron pipes ^ 
 in various soils, has discovered that iron gas pipes, and 
 water pipes, may be kept from rusting by laying them in 
 a bed of clay. The Paris municipal authorities consider 
 this of so much importance, that they have given him a 
 handsome income for life as a reward. 
 
75 
 
 
 Mr. Le Blanc, M^elbeck Street, has provisionally specified 
 an invention, which is intended to facilitate the cutting of 
 stones in open quarries. The Mining Journal says — 
 “ The machine moves on iron rails, and cuts the stone by 
 means of twelve pickaxes, about thirty inches in length ; 
 they are bolted to a cast-iron plate of sixty inches in 
 diameter : these plates are five in number. The boiler is 
 tubular, and is furnished with cylinders, the connecting- 
 rods of which act on the same shaft with a double crank. 
 Two pulleys on this shaft communicate the movement to 
 two other pulleys, the shaft of which is held by two sup- 
 ports, on windlasses placed in front of the machine. The 
 same shaft carries two pulleys, communicating movement 
 to two others fixed on the shaft, and bearing the five plates, 
 each armed with twelve pickaxes as above shown. The 
 machine when placed on the rails, runs from one extremity 
 of the quarry to the other, cutting the stone in a straight 
 line ; on arriving at the end it is made to go back, the 
 rails being placed obliquely, so that on arriving at the 
 side it began at, it is in a position to commence a second 
 cutting.” 
 
76 
 
 FOR INSIDE WORK ONLY, WHICH WILL DRY AND CEASE TO 
 SMELL WITHIN SIX HOURS. 
 
 Add to a gallon of spirit of turpentine, two pounds of 
 frankincense. Let it simmer over a clear fire till dis- 
 solved, then strain it and bottle for use. To a gallon 
 of bleached linseed oil add a quart of this mixture, shake 
 them well together, and bottle this also. Let any quan- 
 tity of white lead be ground very fine with spirit of 
 turpentine, then add to it a sufficient portion of the last 
 mixture, till it be found fit for laying on. If in working, 
 it should get thick, it must be thinned with spirits of 
 turpentine. This is what painters call a flat or dead 
 white, to distinguish it from common white paint, being 
 only suitable for the very best internal work, both on 
 account of its superior delicacy and expense. 
 
 
 AS DURABLE AS THAT PREPARED WITH OIL, AND FREE FROM 
 ANY BAD SMELL. 
 
 Take fresh curds, and bruise the lumps on a grinding- 
 stone, or in an earthen pan or mortar, with a spat Lila. 
 After this operation, put them into a pot with an equal 
 
A CHEAP SUBSTITUTE FOB OIL PAINT. 
 
 quantity of lime, well quenched and become thick enough 
 to be kneaded ; stir this mixture well, without adding- 
 water, and you will soon obtain a white-coloured fluid, 
 which may be applied with as much facility as varnish, 
 and which dries very speedily. But it must be used the 
 same day as made, as it will be too thick the day following. 
 Ochre, Armenian bole, and all colours which hold with 
 lime, may be mixed with it, according to the colour which 
 you wish to give the wood ; but care must be taken that 
 the addition of colour to the first mixture of curds and 
 lime may contain very little w’ater, else the painting wfill 
 be less durable. When two coats of this paint have been 
 laid on, it may be polished wdth a piece of w^oollen cloth, 
 or other proper substance, and it wdll become as bright 
 as varnish. It is certain that no kind of painting can be 
 so cheap, but it possesses, besides, other advantages ; in 
 the same day twm coats may be laid on and polished, as 
 it dries speedily and has no smell. If it be required to 
 give it more durability in places exposed to moisture, do 
 over the painting, after it has been polished, with the 
 w’hite of an egg. This process will render it as durable 
 as the best oil painting. 
 
 Imbue the cloth on the wTong side wfith a solution of 
 isinglass, alum, and soap, by means of a brush. When 
 dry, brush on the wrong side against the grain, and then 
 go over with a brush dipped in water. This makes the 
 cloth impervious (for a long time) to w^ater, but not to air. 
 
78 
 
 
 Mr. J. C. Martin, of Barnes, has patented a plastic ma- 
 terial, resembling wood in its finished state. It may 
 readily be moulded by pressure into moulds of any form ; 
 it admits of carving or cutting to any extent required; 
 may with facility be glass papered, and wall receive the 
 highest French polish. The material is in great part 
 composed of fibrous pulp, of as long a description as 
 possible (to which it owes its strength), which is worked 
 together with resinous and gelatinous gums, acted upon 
 chemically, and as nearly as possible to imitate the nature 
 of wood. 
 
 Mr. Calvin Adams, of Pittsburg, has recently discovered 
 that an important electrical change takes place when 
 molten iron solidifies in cooling. By insulating the moulds, 
 and the workman who pours in the liquid metal, the cast- 
 ings from common iron come out as white as silver, and as 
 hard as steel. This is another evidence of the universality 
 of this subtile force, and though it is not yet applied 
 to any practical purpose, such phenomena cannot fail 
 eventually to produce useful effects. 
 
 At the recent Meeting at Dorchester, of the Bath and 
 West of England Agricultural Society, Lord Portman 
 
DURABILITY OF ELM PLANK. 
 
 79 
 
 stated, that the elm planks which were taken up out of 
 the Thames previous to the building of the new^ London 
 Bridge, were quite sound, although they had been in the 
 water SCO years. 
 
 Make a strong brine of salt and water, heat it boiling 
 hot, then take a broom and scrub the wall with it. When 
 dry, put the paper on as you would on a new wall, and 
 it will stick quite as well. Or wash the walls with strong 
 vinegar previous to putting on the paper, and your paper 
 will be sure to stick. 
 
 Take any two rods of unequal length, place the short rod 
 at any convenient distance from the building, and the 
 long rod at such a distance from it, that looking over the 
 short rod to the top of the building, the top of the long 
 rod shall cut that sight. Then say as the distance between 
 the rods is to the height of the long rod over the short 
 one, so is the distance of the long rod from the building 
 to the height of the building, to which result add the 
 short rod, and you have the height of the building. 
 
80 
 
 
 Fasten the paper to a board with button drawing pius, 
 then wash it with water, in which is dissolved an ounce 
 of carbonate of ammonia to every pint of water. This 
 do with care, employing a camel’s hair brush for the 
 purpose. Then rinse the paper well with plenty of fresh 
 water. When dry, repeat the same process for the reverse 
 side of the paper. Now wet the paper with water made 
 sour with white vinegar. Finally, wet the paper with 
 water, containing a’ little bleaching powder, and again 
 rinse with clean water; then dry it by exposure to air 
 and sunshine. It will become white, excepting where 
 printed. To stiffen the print give it a coat of parchment 
 size. Most valuable prints have been thus “restored.” 
 
 When the eye is irritated by dust, or intrusive particles 
 of any kind, the sufferer invariably shuts and rubs his 
 eye, and not unfrequently the removal of the irritating 
 cause thereby becomes more difficult. The proper practice 
 is to keep the eye open, as if staring ; a sort of rotatory 
 movement of the ball takes place, the surface becomes 
 covered with water, the particle is gradually impelled to 
 
TO REMOVE SAND OR DUST FROM THE EYE. 81 
 
 the comer of the eye, and is there floated out, or can be 
 easily removed without any of the disagreeable conse- 
 quences that attend shutting and rubbing. 
 
 Permanganate of potash, dissolved in water, is capable 
 of staining light wood of a brown tint, or rather of a 
 series of brown tints, from very light to very dark, ac- 
 cording to the quantity absorbed. 
 
 The failures attendant upon employing iron cramps in 
 masonry are too well known to require any lengthened 
 remarks. Sir Christopher Wren forbade the use of them 
 when exposed to the air, but permitted them, if within 
 nine inches of air. Copper or brass are the best materials 
 for cramps, but even iron may be used if painted, or made 
 warm and then rubbed wdth bee’s- wax. 
 
 mmtMu 
 
 
 \umf, 
 
 Place a weighed quantity of fresh lime in an open vessel 
 in the room, and leave it there for twenty-four hours, 
 carefully closing the doors and windows. At the end of 
 the twenty-four houi's, re-weigh the lime, and if the in- 
 crease exceeds 1 per cent, of the original weight, it is not 
 safe to live in the room. 
 
 I 
 
82 
 
 Professor Edmund Davy lately read a paper to the Royal 
 Dublin Society, on a Cement which he obtains by melting 
 together in an iron vessel two parts by weight of common 
 pitch, with one part of giitta percha. It forms a homo- 
 geneous fluid, which is much more manageable for many 
 useful purposes than gutta percha alone, and which, after 
 being poured into cold water, may be easily wiped dry 
 and kept for use. The cement adheres with great tenacity 
 to wood, stone, glass, porcelain, ivory, leather, parch- 
 ment, &c. 
 
 M lleBuarfesMie 
 
 In the year 1856, Mr. March, am able chemist connected 
 ^ with the Royal Arsenal, discovered that it wns an in- 
 variable rule wnth iron which has remained a considerable 
 time under water, when reduced to small grains or an 
 impalpable powder, to become red hot, and ignite any 
 substances wnth w^hich it may come in contact. This he 
 found by scraping corroded metal from a gun, which 
 ignited the paper containing it, and burnt a hole in his 
 pocket. 
 
 Take an ordinary paint brush, or sponge, and run over 
 the glass once or twice a day a little alcohol, and it will 
 keep the glass as free from ice as in the middle of summer, 
 and it will also give as good a polish as can be got in any 
 other way. 
 
Take some leaf gold and white honey, and grind them 
 together upon a marble slab until the gold is reduced to 
 an impalpable powder. The paste thus formed is agitated 
 in a large glass tumbler with soft water, Vvdhch dissolves 
 the honey, while the gold falls down to the bottom. The 
 wa,ter is then poured off and the gold washed until all the 
 honey is removed, after which the gold is dried, and then 
 suspended in a mucilage of gum arabic. It may then be 
 used for waiting upon paper, and when it becomes dry, 
 it can be burnished and rendered brilliant. Silver ink is 
 prepared in the same manner, by substituting silver leaf 
 for the gold. 
 
 Mllar tilalk anit 
 
 Most cellars are built wdthout adequate provision being 
 made for keeping moisture from passing through the 
 w'alls from the outside, and up through the earthen floors 
 inside, during rainy w^eather. The cellar of a house should 
 be dry, so as to render it comfortable and healthy, as 
 moisture in the lower part of a dwelling generally makes 
 the upper stories damp and chilly, and causes mildew in 
 clothes, books, and all household articles made of cloth 
 and leather. Cellars can be easily built so as to liave 
 dry walls, and hard dry floors ; and the latter are in- 
 valuable, to prevent rats from l)urrowing, as well as damp- 
 ness from coming up from the soil beneath. To render 
 tlie cellar walls dry, they should be coated on the outside 
 
84 
 
 CELLAR WALLS AND FLOORS. 
 
 with hydraulic cement, mixed with sand. Many houses 
 have their cellar walls thus treated, but their floors are 
 neglected. To make a cement floor, the surface should 
 first be rammed down and levelled ; then hydraulic 
 cement, mixed with sand, of about the consistency of 
 thick mortar, should be laid on to about one inch in 
 thickness, and its surface levelled with a scraper made 
 of a thick plank. In laying down such a floor, sections 
 of about eight feet square should be marked off*, and 
 finished one after another. A coat of clean sand or gravel, 
 owe inch thick, should be laid on the top of the cement, 
 and after it has stood about half-an-hour, the whole should 
 be rammed down smooth with a pounder, when the work 
 is complete, after the surplus sand has been swept off. 
 In a few days, such a floor becomes as hard as a stone, 
 and quite impervious to water. 
 
 The cause of the dry rot in wood is moisture ; and to 
 prevent well-dried timber from decaying above, or under 
 ground, is by charring it well. 
 
 f0r 
 
 
 0if tn 
 
 so AS TO MAKE IT INDESTRUCTIBLE BY WATER. 
 
 Melt twelve ounces of resin in an iron pot ; add three 
 gallons of train oil, and three or four rolls of brimstone, 
 and when the brimstone and resin are melted and become 
 thin, add as much Spanish brown, or red and yellow ochre. 
 
CURE FOR THE DRY ROT IN TIMBER. 
 
 85 
 
 or any other colour required, first ground fine with the 
 same oil, as will give the whole a shade of the depth 
 preferred ; then lay it on with a brush, as hot and thin 
 as possible ; some time after the first coat is dried, give 
 it a second. This preparation will preserve planks for 
 ages, and keep the weather from driving through brick- 
 work. 
 
 It is well known, that carbonic acid often accumulates in 
 large quantities at the bottom of wells, and that its 
 presence may be ascertained by letting down a lighted 
 candle, which will go out as soon as the flame comes in 
 contact with the gas. Many men have lost their lives 
 from descending into wells in this state. M. Sylvestre 
 has discovered an easy way of absorbing this fatal gas. 
 He pours lime water (water in which lime has been slaked) 
 gradually into the well, allowing it to trickle down the 
 sides, and then throws down some five or six pounds of 
 quicklime, in lumps. By the next day the carbonic acid 
 gas is all absorbed, and the well is safe. 
 
 A new machine has been invented by Dr. Payerne, for 
 the excavators under water at the port of Fecamp, which 
 he calls the “ hydrostat.” It consists of a wrought-iron 
 case, divided into three parts by two horizontal divisions. 
 The lower story, or if we may so call it, the working 
 chamber, rests on the bottom of the sea. The double 
 sides, enclosed at bottom, contain the necessary ballast 
 for the sinking and stability of the structure. Thirty-five 
 men can work at ease in the working chamber. 
 
8G 
 
 Take common clay, well dried and powdered, and mix 
 with oil in the same way that putty is made from white 
 lead. This appears after a trial of several years to stand 
 the weather better than white lead, showing no disposition 
 to crumble or decay, but preserving a hardness like 
 earthenware. 
 
 In Russia, very little turpentine or varnish is used in 
 their paints. They use the curd of milk, mixed with 
 pigments ; it is more durable, and less dangerous on 
 account of fires. A very excellent fire-proof wash for 
 outside buildings, is made of clay, stirred up in water, 
 containing about an ounce of potash for every five gallons. 
 
 Take half-an-oiince of nitrate of potash, one ounce of salts 
 of lemon, and mix well with four ounces of whiting. 
 Spread it on the stain and leave for half-an-hour, then 
 take it off and wash well ; afterwards touch the stain 
 with a little fluoric acid, and wash it off directly, when 
 the stain will be removed. 
 
87 
 
 This mineral in its perfect form, consists, as our readers 
 are aware, of three constituents — mica, feldspar, and 
 quartz. The mica being that shining substance which 
 may be detached by a sharp instrument in their flakes ; 
 the quartz is the hard white body, which the masons call ^ 
 horsetooth, when in large irregular pieces ; and the feld- 
 spar is the cementing medium, in wdiich the others are 
 embedded. Sir Gardner Wilkinson has noted the liability 
 of the feldspar to decay under the action of nitre, so that 
 in Egypt, where a block of granite has by displacement 
 or accumulation of soil, been brought into contact with 
 the earth, the granite has suffered from nitrous agency, 
 while, where exposed to the air only, it has remained 
 perfect. The fact, he thinks, was well known to the 
 ancients, who usually placed granite on a foundation of 
 sandstone. 
 
 The following cement has been used with great success in 
 covering terraces, lining basins, soldering stones, (he., and 
 everywhere resists the filtration of water. It is so hard 
 that it scratches iron. It is formed of ninety-three parts 
 of well-burned brick, and seven parts of litharge, made 
 plastic with linseed oil. The brick and litharge are pul- 
 verized ; the latter must always be reduced to a very fine 
 powder : they are mixed together, and enough of linseed 
 
88 
 
 HARD CEMENT. 
 
 oil added. It is then applied in the manner of plaster, 
 the body that is to be covered being always previously 
 wet with a sponge. This precaution is indispensable, 
 otherwise the oil would filter through the body, and pre- 
 vent the mastic from acquiring the desired degree of 
 hardness. When it is extended over a large surface, it 
 sometimes happens to have flaws in it, which must be 
 filled up with a fresh quantity of the cement. In three 
 or four days it becomes firm. 
 
 
 ||jErj!jnra0. 
 
 Rooms where the plastering was never well dried, either 
 from the w^ant of time, or from being filled with frost 
 before it had chance to dry ; rooms in basements or on 
 the north side of a house shaded by trees, or other build- 
 ings, are very unwholesome for sleeping apartments. And 
 what makes the exposure greater, and the results more 
 serious, a cold is taken when the body is in an active 
 state, and it is very difficult, if not impossible, to throw 
 off such colds. Quite a number of cases of severe sickness 
 have occurred in the experience of the writer, from such 
 exposures, and in two or three instances death has followed. 
 No one thing is so conducive to health, as large, airy, and 
 w’ell-lighted rooms for sleeping. This is very important 
 where there are small children or feeble constitutions. 
 
 
 Make two or more openings in the external walls (says the 
 Builder), and put gratings on them to keep out vermin, 
 from below the basement floor. Insert a tile pipe into 
 
TO PKEVENT ROT IN DWELLING HOUSES. 
 
 89 
 
 the fire wall, with one end oj^en to the space below the 
 floor, and carry the pipe up the centre of the fire wall as 
 close as possible to the fire flue, and out at the chimney 
 head. The air in the pipe will be rarified, being in close 
 contact with the fire flue, thus causing a continuous up- 
 ward flow, sw^eeping the space below the floor of all the 
 foul air, which, in my opinion, is the chief cause of dry 
 rot. The whole of the apartments in the house may be 
 ventilated by means of this pipe, by inserting a tube into 
 it at the level of the ceiling, with a valve in it to prevent 
 down-draught. I have adopted this system for the last 
 ten years, because I know of no better. 
 
 If the room has not been papered before, but coloured, all 
 the old colour should be well washed and scraped off. If 
 the room has been papered before, you need only tear off* 
 wherever the old paper is loose or blistered. Care should 
 be taken to remove the old loose paper, or the fresh paper 
 will look very bad. The walls should then be well sized 
 (the size made with an ounce of glue to a gallon of water), 
 especially carefully size the walls close to the ceiling, as 
 the whitewashing of the ceiling splashed on the walls kills 
 the paste, unless it be well scraped and sized just there 
 all round. When the walls are dry they are ready to be 
 papered. The rolls require cutting at one edge before 
 hanging. Take hold of the end of a roll, letting the roll 
 fall off your knees on to the floor, and with your longest 
 scissors cut off the edge close to the pattern all throughout 
 the rolls you require. The paste should be thick for good 
 papers and thinner for common thin papers. (It is better 
 to put a nut-size lump of alum in it and use just made). 
 If the paper is thick, it should lie a minute or two after 
 it is pasted, but if tliin, tlie sooner it is on the wall the 
 
 j 
 
90 
 
 FOR PUTTING UP PAPER-HANGINGS. 
 
 better. Begin by placing the close-cut edge of the paper 
 at one side of the window, stick it securely to meet the 
 ceiling, let it hang straight, and then press it down lightly 
 and regularly with a clean cloth. The close-cut edge of 
 the next length will cover the half-inch left on the first 
 one, and so make a neat join ; and in this way you may 
 go all round the room and finish at the other side of the 
 window. If you intend to use bordering, which is very 
 cheap and much used, and sets olf a room very much, you 
 need not be so particular in cutting the top of paper next 
 to the ceiling quite straight, as the border will hide that 
 portion. Paperhangers will do well to remember, that the 
 cheap satin papers require quick drying. A good fire in 
 the room, and window little opened, will retain the glaze 
 on the paper when dry. Persons should avoid sleeping 
 in rooms papered during the day. Green papers have 
 generally done the injury complained of them while wet 
 and proper ventilation omitted. 
 
 The first thing to be done is to wash off the dirt and 
 stains with a brush and clean water, being careful to move 
 the brush in one direction, up and down, and not all sorts 
 of ways, or the work will look smeary afterwards. When 
 dry, the ceiling is ready for whitewash, which is to be 
 made by mixing whiting and water together till quite 
 smooth, as thick as cream. Dissolve half-an-ounce of glue 
 in a tea-cupful of water, and stir it into the whitewash. 
 This as it is called, prevents the white or colour 
 rubbing off the wall, and a tea-cupful is enough for a 
 gallon of wash. Stone colour is made by mixing a little 
 yellow ochre and blue black with the size, and then stirring 
 it into the whitewash ; yellow or red ochre are also good 
 colours, and with vermillion or indigo, any shade may be 
 prepared, according to taste. 
 
91 
 
 
 1.0 rBi 
 
 The storm glass is a very elegant and economical little 
 weatherwise,” whicli deserves more attention than it 
 has yet received. To prepare this instrument, take two 
 drachms of camphor, half drachm of pure nitrate of potash 
 (nitre or saltpetre), and half drachm of muriate of am- 
 monia (sal-ammonia), and triturate them together until 
 they are thoroughly pulverized. The operation may be 
 assisted by adding a few drops of alcohol. When well 
 triturated, the mixture is to be dissolved in about two 
 ounces of alcohol, and put into a tall phial, as an Eau de 
 Cologne bottle, or into a glass tube, of about ten inches 
 in height and three-fourths of an inch in diameter, the 
 mouth of which is to be covered with a bit of bladder or 
 the like, perforated with a pin. The instrument is then 
 complete. The indications which it gives are of this 
 nature — If the atmosphere be dry and the weather 
 promising to be fine, all the solid part of the composition 
 which appears in the glass will be closely collected at the 
 bottom, and the liquid above will be quite clear ; but on 
 the approach of a change to rain, the solid matter will 
 appear gradually to rise, and small crystalline stars will 
 be observed to float about in the liquid, which, however, 
 will remain otherwise pellucid. On the approach of winds, 
 flocks of the composition, apparently in the form of a leaf, 
 will appear on the surface of the liquid, which in this case 
 will seem thick and in a state of fermentation. These 
 indications often begin to exhibit themselves twenty-four 
 hours before the actual breaking forth of the storm, and 
 after a short experience in observing the changes of ap- 
 pearances of the materials in the glass, not only the mag- 
 nitude of the coming storm will readily be estimated, but 
 
92 
 
 STOKM GLASS. 
 
 likewise its direction ; for the quarter of the compass from 
 which the wind blows will always be indicated by the cir- 
 cumstance of the solid particles lying more closely to the 
 side of the glass opposite to that whence the tempest 
 comes. During the winter, the composition is rendered 
 white, by the multitude of small white stars which are 
 constantly floating about in the liquid : this is particularly 
 remarkable during white frost and snow. In summer, on 
 the contrary, when the weather is warm and serene, the 
 liquid is clear, and the solid matter lies at the bottom of 
 the glass. 
 
 If pure lime be slacked with water, and then mixed with 
 a proper proportion of silex, the whole will crystalize, as 
 it gradually imbibes carbonic acid gas from the atmos- 
 phere, and thus in a series of years become as hard as 
 unburnt limestone. (This proves that the “ carbonic acid 
 gas” of London, is not the cause of the decay of the Houses 
 of Parliament; it is owing to the sulphurous acid of coal 
 gas, or the bad mortar). Very large caissons of open 
 framework, or porous material, expeditiously filled with 
 pure lime slacked with water, and mixed with a proper 
 proportion of silex, and rammed down in these caissons, 
 if exposed to the vapours of this elastic air, in an artificial 
 form, is capable of making a very hard and durable stone, 
 suitable for many purposes. I leave others to improve 
 on my process for their own benefit. — J. N. 
 
 Printed by Bemrose & Sons, Trongate, Derby. 
 
A LIST OF WORKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 JOSEPH B. EOBIHSON, SCULPTOE, DEEWENT ST., DEEBY. 
 
 Piihlished in 1853. 
 
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO 
 
 THE RIGHT REV. LORD BISHOP OF LICHFIELD. 
 
 Price One Guinea, Handsomely Bound, 
 
 SIEI^IES Oir- IDESIC3-3SrS 
 
 MONUMENTS, TOMBS, GRAVESTONES, Ac. 
 
 This Work contains Fifty Designs in the Gothic and Grecian Styles, 
 
 From the Plainest Gravestone to the most Elaborate Monument. 
 
 Published in 1855. 
 
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD PALMERSTON. 
 
 Complete in One Volume, Price Sixteen Shillings, 
 
 CEMETERY A CHURCHYARD MEMORIALS. 
 
 Containing Forty Designs for Tombs, Monuments, &c., of a Plain and 
 Chaste Character, suitable for either Cemetery or Churchyard. 
 
 Published in 1857. 
 
 DEDICATED TO HIS GRACE 
 
 THE IjJATE 3DTJK:E OE ID.'EYT'OHSHIHE. 
 Price One Guinea, Handsomely Bound, 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT, 
 
 ADAPTED FROM NATURAL FOLIAGE, 
 
 For the Use of Sculptors, Carvers, Stone Masons, &c. 
 
 Tlie Designs are Drawn from the Foliage of the Maple, Oak, Hawthorn, 
 Geranium, Ivy, Vine, Strawberry, Sea-Weed, &c. 
 
A LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Pnhlished in 1859. 
 
 Complete in One Large Volume, Price Two Guineas, 
 
 MEMORIALS, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED, 
 
 A Series of nearly One Hundred Designs for Monuments, 
 Tombs, Tablets, Gravestones, Panels, Scrolls, Alphabets, &c., &c. 
 With Plans and Details Quarter Full Size. 
 
 This will be found a most comprehensive and useful Volume, the Details given 
 saving much time and labour in carrying out the Designs. 
 
 Published in 1859. 
 
 Complete in One Volume, Price Five Shillings, 
 
 EPITAPHS 
 
 Collected from the Cemeteries of London, Edinburgh, 
 Glasgow, Hull, Leicester, Sheffield, Manchester, Nottingham, 
 
 9 
 
 Birmingham, Derby, &c., &c. 
 
 WITH ORIGINAL AND SELECTED EPITAPHS BY 
 
 Tennyson, Longfellow, Montgomery, Mrs. Hemans, Eliza Cook, Words- 
 worth, Robert Nicoll, Charles Mackay, Mrs. Norton, &c., &c. 
 
 This Work contains more than One Thousand Epitaphs, suitable for all classes. 
 
 Published in 1862. 
 
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF ZETLAND, 
 
 GRAND-MASTER OF THE FREEMASONS OP ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 Complete in One Large Volume, Handsomely Botuid, Price Two Guineas, 
 
 IN MEMORIAM, 
 
 A Series of Original Designs for Monuments, Tombs, Tablets, Crosses, 
 Gravestones, &c., of a plain useful character for general purposes. 
 To which are added a Collection of Designs suitable for Freemasons, 
 Odd Fellows, Foresters, &c., forming a complete guide in every 
 department of Monumental Masomy for the Cemetery or Churchyard. 
 
JOSEPH B. ROBINSON, SCULPTOR, DERWENT STREET, DERBY 
 
 Pithlished in 1862. 
 
 Complete in One Volume, Price Five S hillin gs, 
 
 TRADE SECRETS. 
 
 For Sculptors, Statuaries, Carvers, Stone Masons, Engravers, Builders, 
 Painters, Polishers, &c., containing a Collection of Alphabets, and a 
 large amount of Useful Information connected with the above Trades. 
 Also a Description of the various Stones used for Monumental Work 
 in the United Eungdom, with the Price per foot at the Quarries, &c, 
 A most Valuable and Useful Work. 
 
 The Author will send any of the above Works Free by Post on receipt 
 of Post Of&ce Order for the Amoxmt. 
 
 Mr. Robinson also begs to announce, that he has in Stock a large Collection 
 of Drawings for Monuments, Tombs, Gravestones, Vases, Fountains, Chimney- 
 Pieces, Pedestals for Sun-Dials, <fec., &c., which he supplies to parties requiring 
 them ; also Working Drawings, full size for any of the Designs in his Volumes. 
 
 OPI^^IONS OF THE WOEKS. 
 
 I expected something very good, but it is altogether beyond my 
 expectations, and is the cheapest work now out, as I have books that 
 cost me above £20, and I have got more benefit from yours than all 
 the others. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Wilson, Sculptor, Berwick-on-Tweed. 
 
 I have received the Books safe. I think it is a splendid work, 
 and wish you success with it. 
 
 Mr. B. E. Powell, Statuary, Ely. 
 
 The Books have given me great satisfaction, I am proud to have 
 such a work in my possession ; it is the best that I have seen iniblished. 
 T am confident that it contains sufficient for me to study and execute 
 during the period which it may please God to give me existence. 
 
 I\Ir. J. Phillips, Statuary & Mason, Pembroke. 
 
 I consider it a first-rate Work. 
 
 Mr. John Wellspring, Builder, Dorchester. 
 
OPINIONS OF THE WORKS, 
 
 The Book is just what I wanted ; I am perfectly satisfied with 
 the Work, and trust it will be successful. 
 
 Mr. W, Peacock, Builder, Scarborough. 
 
 It is the most beautiful Work of the kind I ever saw. 
 
 Mr. S. G. Bollon, Builder, Donnington. 
 
 I am pleased to say, that I appreciate the Work much. 
 
 Joseph Stanley, Statuary, Norwich, 
 
 Your Book not only meets with my approval, but with my 
 warmest admiration ; it is just the thing that is wanted, for Cemetery 
 work in particular. 
 
 W. P. Ruddock, York Public Cemetery. 
 
 I am very much pleased with your work and the Epitaphs. The 
 public are indebted to you for what you have done to improve the 
 public taste. I feel under an obligation to you myself, and wish you 
 every success. 
 
 Mr. P. Rogers, Marble Works, Swansea. 
 
 I have great pleasure in enclosing you a P. 0. Order for your Book 
 of Memorials, and I trust you will succeed in circulating many hundreds 
 of them, in addition to the Subscribers, as it well deserves good support 
 from the Trade in particular. 
 
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 The Work is more than ordinarily well executed, and there is much 
 in it to approve and admire. 
 
 Rev. A. Bondier, St. Mary’s, Warwick. 
 
 It is long since we have been able to give a Book of this kind so 
 hearty a welcome, or such sincere wishes for success, as the beautiful 
 volume before us. 
 
 Derby Mercury. 
 
 I think the Work will do you great credit, and as you observed, 
 will be found really useful. 
 
 Mr. B. De Carle, Statuary, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 I am in the receipt of your very beautiful and interesting Book 
 upon Monumental Work, &c. ; it ought to be in the hands of every 
 one at all connected with the Church and Churchyards. 
 
 D. Smith, Esq., Easton Park. 
 
Jxist Published, Crown Ato,, Price 5s. Cloth, 
 
 Illustrated with upwards of One Hundred Designs, 
 
 a tt u a I 
 
 OF 
 
 tfoob (Japtiing, 
 
 WITH PRACTIGAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LEARNERS OF THE ART, 
 AND ORIGINAL AND SELECTED DESIGNS, 
 
 BY 
 
 W. BEMKOSE, Jou. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY 
 
 LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., Ac., Ac, 
 
 J. H. Parker & Sons, London and Oxford; Whitaker & Co., Ave Maria 
 Lane, London ; or. Post Free, from Bemrose & Sons, Derby. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 “ Wood Carving is one of the mechanical arts practised in the present day by- 
 amateurs of both sexes, and it is chiefly to assist these that Mr. Bemrose’s 
 Manual is intended ; its plan is brief but comprehensive. The first plate 
 exhibits the different kinds of tools necessary to the operation, and their 
 uses are explained in the letter-press. This plate is followed by several 
 others, consisting of Mouldings, Panels, Tablets, Pilasters, Picture-frames, 
 I'urniture, both Domestic and Ecclesiastical, each plate being accompanied 
 by text describing the processes of carving the objects A short intro- 
 ductory chapter on the art of Wood Carving, by Mr. LI. Jewitt, and two of 
 general instructions for the learner, precede the others. This book, though 
 published at a very inconsiderable cost, is most carefully got up ; the examples 
 are well selected, and engraved with much accuracy and delicacy. They appear 
 to have been copied from existing specimens of the best order, and are not 
 merely the fancies of the designer .” — Art Journal. 
 
 “ This promises to be a very useful book, more especially to amateur carvers 
 — a rapidly increasing class among us. The directions are plain and in- 
 telligible, and many of the illustrations are of great beauty .” — Notes and 
 Queries. 
 
 “A Manual of Wood Carving, \v\ih. Practical Instructions for Learners, and 
 original and selected designs, must recommend itself to every man of taste. But 
 this title does not sufficiently express the broad utility and excellence of thi.s 
 
 book 
 
book The plan of the work is such as to lead the learner gradually 
 
 through the selection and use of his tools, to the execution of some simple 
 well-designed articles of furniture and ornament. The various parts of which 
 are dissected, and beautiful designs for each part are submitted in ample num- 
 bers. The articles, the construction of which we verily believe to be within 
 the easy grasp of every man with but ordinary mechanical knowledge, are 
 Sideboards, Tables, Cheffioneers, Picture-frames, Cupboards, Caskets, Watch- 
 stands, Stools, Chairs, Church Furniture, and almost every article of use or 
 luxury in an English home. The author introduces a new style of carving, to 
 which he has given the name of ‘ Diaper Carving,’ which is exceedingly easy 
 to execute, and very effective. (See Specimens, No. 5207, Class 28, International 
 Exhibition). The drawings for Church Furniture, include Alms-bowls, Lecterns, 
 Stalls, &c., all capable of being executed by the amateur, who may desire to 
 contribute to his church or chapel some useful and ornamental gift. Mr. 
 Jewitt’s introduction is a very interesting one, and adds considerable value 
 to the work.” — Derby Kercut y. 
 
 “ Many persons, we feel assured, will be glad to possess themselves of this 
 useful Manual, which, as far as we can judge, really does give practical in- 
 structions for learners— a point on which too many Looks break down, and 
 are only to be comprehended by those who have no need for them. It shows 
 how easily and inexpensively many adornments may be procured for our resi- 
 dences ; and the chapter on Church Furniture indicates a way in which the 
 decent adorning of God’s house may be forwarded in cases where money cannot 
 be given. Clergymen, either for themselves, their families or friends, will find 
 hints as to thus utilizing any talent given, which we cannot think they will be 
 slow to appreciate. The work is of moderate price (5s.) but it is handsomely 
 printed, and contains, beside representations of the comparatively few tools 
 that are necessary, a large number of really tasteful designs for almost every 
 article that the skill of the carver is usually employed on.” — Gentlemen’ s 
 Muyazine, 
 
 “The Manual of Wood may be consulted with great advantage by 
 
 every amateur who desires to see his home furnished with articles of utility and 
 ornament, to which he may point with pride as the result of his own industry 
 and skill, and fifty per cent, higher in value than the modern veneered articles. 
 Many ladies have recently-^ turned their attention to this elegant art, which 
 several in Derby are cultivating with pleasure and success. To the tradesman 
 whose business it is to attract customers by novelty of design and the dura- 
 bility of his productions, this Manual will be a continual source of assistance ; 
 and we can heartily commend it as a work which may yield considerable plea- 
 sure and gratification to the amateur, and considerable profit to the cabinet 
 maker, 'ihe instructions are such as all can understand, and the designs are 
 so arranged, that a varied selection may be made without difficulty. 'I he book 
 is very cheap and may be ordered through any bookseller.” — Derby Reporter. 
 
 “ This work, we trust, will have the effect which it so ably aims at, of ex- 
 tending to all classes a mode of contributing, by the exercise of a pleasing and 
 beautiful art, to the pleasures and ornamentation of their houses. Mr. Llew- 
 ellynn Jewitt has given Mr. Bemrose an excellent introduction to the work, 
 and we commend both author and introducer, most especially to the favour 
 of the public. The work is beautifully printed and full of splendid illustra- 
 tions — so much so, that those who see it will find it very difficult to refrain 
 from trying at least to be a wood carver.” — Gateshead Observer. 
 
 “ The rage is now for highly polished and costly woods, which, seemingly 
 deemed sufficiently handsome in their lustrous surfaces, are left almost plain. 
 No one, however, can compare a piece of black oak furniture, with its elabo- 
 rate carving, as preserved in some of the mansions of the nobility, with the 
 rosewood furniture of the present day without giving the former a decided pre- 
 ference every way. Mr. Jewitt contradicts the prevalent notion, that carved 
 furniture must necessarily be very expensive, whereas, in fact, it is fifty per 
 cent, less than most of the veneered, and yet moi-e than 500 per cent, better 
 and richer looking. The letter-press and engravings forming the body of the 
 work supply every help. The manual, we may add, is really cheap, consider- 
 ing its QlQg-anQQ.”— Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 
 
Price 3s. 6d. (Second Edition.) 
 
 JU:ST PUBLISHED 
 
 THE FERNS OF DERBYSHIRE, 
 
 ILLUSTRATED FROM NATURE, WITH 
 2S COLOURED PLATES, LE T'J ER-PRESS DESCRIPTION, &c. 
 
 EDITED BV 
 
 W. E. H 0 WE, 
 
 WITH A PKEEACE BY THE 
 
 Rev. GERARD SMITH, B.^A. 
 
 OF OSMASTON, ASHBOURNE. 
 
 “ He rests me under the covert of Fern, and gently guides me by 
 the still waters.”— Psalms xxiii. 2. Literal. 
 
 “ A canny soft and flowery den, 
 
 ■Which circling brakes have made a bower.'’— Allan Ramsat. 
 
 LO NDON: 
 
 WERTHEIM, MACINTOSH, & HUNT. 
 BEMROSE SONS, DERBY AND MATLOCK-BATH 
 
 Post-Free from the Pahlishers, Derby . 
 
 OPINIONS OF THS PRESS. 
 
 “ ''The Ferns of Derbyshire’ is a very handsomely printed volume, which 
 must serve to enhance the already extensive reputation, which Messrs. 
 Bemrose it Sons enjoy for careful and elegant productions. There are 
 about two dozen illustrations, of exquisite finish, and truthful character. 
 All the delicate outlines and chaste colour of the Ferns, are reproduced 
 with marvellous fidelity, and probably, except in Bradbury’s Nature 
 Printing, no such specimens of reproduction of the Fern beauties have 
 
 yet been published The Preface is, however, not the least 
 
 valuable portion of the publication. Mr. Smith is evidently an earnest 
 lover of the Fern Plant, and writes like a master of the subject.” 
 I)eiby Mercury. 
 
 “The volume contains twenty-six plates, transferred to the atone 
 from the Ferns themselves, and coloured true to nature ; so that the 
 reader is actually put in possession, if not of the specimens themselves, 
 at all events of their exact counterparts, life size. Each plate is accom- 
 panied by a page of letter-press, living the scientific and common names, 
 
 and 
 
and their habitats, and minutely describings them in every particular. 
 The plates are preceded by a Synopsis of the Genera of Derbyshire Ferns, 
 and by ‘ Thotcghts and Memoranda upon Ferns,’ most pleasingly and 
 admirably written, by the Eev. Gerard Smith.” — Reliquary, Quarterly 
 Journal. 
 
 “Whether the Peak Country is really more favoured in the variety 
 and beauty of its Ferns, than other picturesque regions of hill and dale, 
 is a question, on which opinions may allov/ably differ; but there can 
 be none as to the zeal and ability which Messrs. Howe & Smith have 
 brought to bear on their subject. All the species recently observed in 
 Derbyshire (twenty-three in number), are elegantly and accurately figured, 
 and the descriptions are very models of precision. Mr. Smith furnishes 
 some preliminary ‘ Ihoughts and Memoranda upon Ferns.' "—Gentleman’s 
 Magazine. 
 
 “ A small volume which we can cordially recommend to any Fem- 
 loving tourist, whose steps are bent towards Derbyshire. Mr. Smith’s 
 Introduction is excellent, and we wish we had space for the very judicious 
 remarks, in which he exhorts lovers of Ferns to remember those that are 
 to come after us : and recommends all collectors to follow Dr. Grevill’s 
 proper rule — never to gather a duplicate, which is not complete enough 
 for the Herbarium.”— Aoies and Queries. 
 
 “Few subjects have of late years taken a more important place in the 
 consideration of the Botanist, than the study of Ferns, and when the 
 general beauty of form presented by these plants, together with the 
 important part they have sustained in the early vegetation of this country, 
 are taken into account, the interest which has been accorded to them 
 cannot be matter of surprise. The unaccountable pertinacity, with which 
 the Ferns of most, if not of all kinds, maintain their individual pecularities 
 is another link in the chain of their claims to observation, and when these 
 varied, yet striking characteristics are borne in remembrance, the affection 
 which they have awakened in the mind of the Botanist, and the lover of 
 nature, is more than accounted for. To collect and figure the ferns of a 
 district rich in its fioral distinctiveness, like that of Derbyshire, is at once 
 a commendable as well as an interesting task. In the small but really 
 beautiful volume before us, there is ample evidence of the pleasure which 
 has been felt in the performance of this task. The collection, figured in 
 it, is extensive and seemingly complete, while the accuracy of form, 
 detailed arrangement of parts and colour, are creditable alike to the 
 judgment, the industry, and the skill of the collector and the delineator. 
 The plates (twenty-six in number), have been most carefully manipulated 
 in every particular, and the fidelity, with which the different genera and 
 species are represented, is in the highest degree, creditable to all concerned. 
 Before concluding, it would be unfair to omit stating, that the letter-press 
 descriptions are succinct and accurate, and that the whole is got up in 
 an efficient and elegant manner.’’- Liverpool Albion. 
 
 “ Derbyshire is well known to Botanists as a rich field for the interest- 
 ing class of Cryptogamic Plants — a class whose popularity has grown to 
 
 be all but universal, since the introduction of the Wardian cases 
 
 The Drawings are very fairly outlined and coloured.” — Critic. 
 

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