:* ^ 1 ., ■«. ■'V •Bv 4 eoaei^ as^bce, t l£JS£-£.*r ' 'S ! %f ft 'bCiCwM^/^n- /A/ T?-t,r^ IV\Q'/£:rVtH aVT'- f Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/americansheaveseOOashb ' * I i ' I -.'■m ■>* , ERRATUM. Op p. 7 for Wickan? Fep read Wicker) For). V Y ;( A ■■ ■•'./*»• .4 k '■' 'g' I AMERICAN SHEAVES S ENGLISH SEED CORN: BEIFG A SERIES OF ADDRESSES MAINLY DELIVERED IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900— t90i. ,' 3— a r •«.-: 03HS Hausipa sk aavAgi^r, iiAoiagMis. ,i-:". ''!’< aaiiiij? aiiT hi uasrsvijaa yoki^^ .i09J-o09t,5aTA'''3 • > .'■A,' V >■'■ / ' ■ k"- ^•• V ' r ti.:'. r'lt *• 13 A.- ■ ■'•. ' ,i ' ' ' I, r ( • ■*" A CONTENTS. I. ON THE PURPOSE OF THE NA- TIONAL TRUST II. THE ABBEYS OF ENGLAND IN THE LIGHT OF A LESSON IN CITIZENSHIP III. THE COUNTRY HOUSES OF ENGLAND AND THE SENTI- MENT OF ELIZABETHAN ARIS- TOCRACY IV. THE ABBEY OF WESTMINSTER THE GREATEST OF NATIONAL TRUSTS V. CHELSEA: OR THE VILLAGE OF PALACES VI. ETHICS IN CITIZENSHIP: AN ADDRESS GIVEN BEFORE THE CINCINNATI CONFERENCES OF ART AND LITERATURE VII. THE NATIONAL TRUST TO THE GREAT VAING12RIOUS CITY OF CHICAGO VIII. or CERTAIN ASPECTS OF ENG- LISH APATHY , TaxISiTviAfiOIT ' r* ■ -.1 • • / m GsiAjawa 'to aYaasA hht .ii , mi Hoaaa^i a ao tk^i j sht , ' ''to'&HaooH YHTiiijoo. .ant .Hi ■ : ■ atlriaa mn . am amj^jns -miA HAKTaciASoa ao tkhh- ^•c - ". V,' -';,. Y 3 AiiCJOT. S»HT0HIHTaaif *50 YaSaA 3.HT ,7T- vIA 5 ! 02 TAI^ AO 'laaTAaKOuanT . JSiT ■ . ao H<;^£ j.ii¥ aiT'i: s-iojAaa jaHo- v >; . , - .' . ■■' moAiK ., ■ HA HT aomta.iY ^V' ■ ,BfiXKCA 5 iaTU,aiAA'ii{AaO . ■ JTXitO'C Tat:ia'i?vtAHOItfc.T SHT -:iY' ■ 'AO ^ti'O.aHOISiaOHIAV 'T-AaiiO - ■ . , -■ ■ O;MOIH 0 i. ■ ■ ■ -oHa ao ecxomnAKi AYamo yo .-i « r-; ^ ; . 'a ;:,X. PREFACE. T was n>y privilcgG for five years to serve ot) tbc Council of tbe National Trust fron) July, xZg6^ to Jupe, t 90 t; wbcp I re- signed rpy seat. During tbis period; witb a view to inaking tbc work and objects of tbe society known in tbe CInited States, a journey witb a series of lectures and addresses on bebalf of tbe National Trust was planned by iny Mend Canon Rawnsley tbe honorary secretary of tbe society and inyself. Canon Rawnsley went in tbe spring of xZgg and I followed in tbe fall of 1900 . Tbe fonnation of a sister society in W asbington— ^ Tbe National Trust for places of Historic Interest 82 Natural Beauty/ bas been tbe outcotne of these journeys. The ad- dresses presented inucb in the n>anner in which they were delivered by tpe in Washington^ Bos- toT)f New Y ork; Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, W orcester, Norwich^ ^ other cities, are here, with a few additions, offered in book fonn* They are in no way official 82 bind neither tbe ineinbers nor the councils of either society, the opinions ex- pressed in then) being iny own inere^y. As it is iny hope through ^ publication of ftw addresses to further the cause to which they refer, the pro- ceeds f^orn the popular edition? the original of which has been printed at rny Press, will be de- voted to public purposes in England 82 An>erica. C.R.ASHBEE. Essex House, Bow, E. ' ' ' igocixQ&^sivl-^i^r^ ii rj% F i'tijjollaK YialirOS 9tJJ , ■hr-<‘ ^ Xio caot4£-\3mi «Ki'S ^ ‘ ' ' a-i»olaHX’io ast^BlQ •i6i . 'Xfe:; 3'^ Ja.irtXrpl s't) b*»^j:,-<;9a^ IS9’J9So^^tiOi;i&b3Wa2B acil tiyb^fbXBn oot ” ' ■-:;r.5 S'sS'^ ,'^i^Sov,XiS(lJ?;3 Ip iiisp'yon S(i> . .. \;C9 ■ '■ v!i*.3a';i^fe>3a/#1oc’ai»3oHrftJg,a.'©dS - “-p'iq vsis"! Q# &eJi^i3 or ‘ib 9cfS x*ol)^’^'XjilrKjo ►!)B sd lite .ZiS'jfe Ta^! id (fi>r..t &c<<$ : ■ ■ I. ON THE PURPOSE OF THE NATIONAL TRUST. HEN I crossed froip Epglapd tbis tin?c apd got ipto copyersatiop witb a fellow traveller oi> board ship I told binp tbat I bad beei> ip- vited to give sorpe ad- dresses op bebalf of tbc Natiopal Trust for pla- ces of historic ipterest apd patural beauty: be listeped very atteptively to wbat I bad to say apd tbep rerparked, ^^Tbat^s ipigbty ipterestipg, but cap^t you suppress tbe title j Aipericaps bate Trusts.^^ I decliped froip ipotives of ipere political expe- diepey, it was op tbe eve of a presideptial electiop, to abapdop a word tbat was at least a tbousapd years older tbap tbe Upiop 8^ was copsecrated by cepturies of bopourable usage. Wbep we wapt to upderstapd tbe tpeapipgof a word we go straight to the root of it^ apd I reffected bow strapge it was that ■Qw word which stood for rigbteouspess^ for sapetity of coptract apd sirpple justice betweep ipap apd ipap,bad corpe to be sypopyrpous with coiprpercial disbopesty, tpopopoly apd corrup- tiop. A great word, however, like a great persop- ality or a great people, is stropg epougb to live these tbipgs dowp. We will, if you please, adhere to the word ^^Trust.^^ The ostepsible object of the Natiopal Trust as b X outlined it) its articles of association is ^^topro- n?otc tbc pcnnanGnt preservation for tl)c benefit of tbc people of lands or buildings of beauty or historic interest^ 8? as regards landS; to preserve tbeir natural aspect, features, anirpal and plant life 5 and for this purpose to accept fron? private owners of property gifts of places of interest or beauty and bold the sarne in trust for the enjoy- ipent of the people.^^ I would like to n>ake it n>y object to exainine not only tbe practical nature of tbe work and organ-' ization we are seeking to build up, but tbe deeper underlying forces, tbe entbusiasin if you will, tbat inspires it. A faitb alone deserves a proselyte, and I do not inyself tbink tbat anything is worth preaching about unless it has sotne direct 82 iin^ tnediate relation to what is inost real in life, to what stands to us for truth* But when nowadays we look like Pilate for a definition of this saxne reality, when we strip itof the jest or of the shanks surrounding it, it is reducible to a few siinple rules inCbiHlstian ethics. At such inoinents do we find bowftve progressof which weare apt to boast ourselves ftw exquisite children^seeins to be teach- ing us one thing before all others: a ineans of gauging our right relationship to, and our duty as citizens of ■ftw whole cotnrnunity* The Nation- al Trust claiins kith W the relationship; appeals to this set)se of duty. How to define the duly each rnan tnust in the end judge for hiipself, but there are one or two aspects of it that I would like to draw attention to. When we listen to the stray talk of the inan ip the street, it is ipucb alike or) oi?e side of tbc world as or) tt)Q other, we pote it to be tpostly about rr)or)ey at)d ipagpitude, apd the facts apd the fi£fures of tbipsfs^ wbei) it grows lighter it touches a little of Rabelaisian huipour, when n>ore serious it inay rise to a respect for personality : ftw average speech seetns to be the expression of soine ill^defined philosophy of inaterialisrn. For all this, there is within tis another quality, an iinpelling force that has set in inotion as it were these facts and figures — an Idealisin* An Idealisrn that in these later days takes the place of what in the old days stood for Truth* To this Idealisin we inake an ap^ peal direct^ we say, here are certain concrete things to be done, give us of your energy, give us of your enthusiasn?; coine and put the vitality, or a little bit of it, that you expend in the battle of in^terialisin ipto these other things that shall be of direct use and service to the coin*punity. To ine, an appeal to the Ainerican citizen against this inaterialisin has in it a special piquancy and ineaning* Here is an indictinent as it were lodged at the supreine court against its own president. It is in ftw United States that ftw probleins of ino^ dern civilization are being worked out 8? given consideration before all things else. It is here that ftw battle with ftw hard facts of life, ■ftw battle with natural forces, the stress of individual and racial developinent is fiercest. In talking with the rr)o^ dern Atnerican one is brought rnore directly in touch with the details that relate to these things than in discussion with any other citizen of any other country. We look to see therefore how the bz 3 judge is goips to justig^ bitpself bcftre tl)c bar of bis ovit) copscici^cG. Tbis ipaterialisn? be bas built up for biipselg is it goii>g to destroy bin>? Wbat will be shape it to? Wbat will it shape bin> to? It is bis Spbyrjx riddle. The National Trust takes its stated or> a belief that there is such ap Idealisip j it bolds that the ipate- rialistic forces are to be turi>ed ai>d tanked to a larger pui^ose, a pobler epd. Ai)d the tbir>g we are appealing for^ if you exarpipe it closely, is i)o petty little local Er>glisb epterprise — it appeals to that n>ost ipsubstaptial of all tbii^gs, to ser>ti- ipept. Who indeed that looks at the world through the cluipsy eyes of the ipaterialist, should care a casual docker, a Carolina cooi), or whatever froip bis poitjit of view be bolds least worth, for ai) old ruit> or ax) acre of tilth ip Epglapd! Who ipdeed? but for all that, as Bep Jopsop put it, ^^Wbat^s bred ip the blood will out ip the bope,^^ apd your Kipg of Dollars is as trapsiept a detail as ever was your Kipg of Epglapd ! apd tbep ! well, the septi- ipept reipaips, apd the iporal apd iptellectual worth of either ipakes out of bin? history for you apd ipe. As Froude opce happily said whep couptipg up ftw assets of ipoderp progress, the progress that the average citizepipthe New World ipost prides hin?self op: ^'Ip all the great rpoveipepts at pres- ept visible there is as yet po trace of the workipg of iptellectual or iporal ideas, po sigp of a copvic- tiop that rpap has ipore to live for 5)ap to labour apd eat the fruit of his labour/' That was writtep 4 a quarter of a ceptury ago. It ipay be that those of us who believe ourselves to be giving shape to these sarpe intellectual or rporal ideaS; are only shiftingf the sand^ playing with tiipej it ipay be too that we are really getting to a point when the forces that are ipaking for reconstruction in so- ciety arc growing Jporc intelligibly present. For rny part I believe this to be soj indeed I should not leave ipy work in England; work ipost dear S interesting to ipc; in order to tell you this, did I not believe it to be so. But of this at least I aip posi- tive that in the appeal which I ain here to set be- fore you conviction that rnanhasiporctolivc for than to labour and cat the fruit of his labour^' is the guiding and inspiring force. Docs 3)c object of the National Trust as I have so far stated it scein to you narrow, parochial, Eng^ lish 7 Look at it again in ^e light of the larger dc- vclopinent of the English-speaking people as a whole, and consider what is itnplied in it. To safe- guard the historic associations of the race and preserve the aipcnitics of life. That is what we stand for, and to that end we desire to rally all the forces, to unite with all ftw organizations that in whole or part ipakc for the saipe end. There arc certain aspects in the work of the Na- tional Trust that I find appeal iporc than others to the Aipcrican citizen; and one of then? is the principle of association to a great coipinon end, upon which it is planned. It is your custon? and ours to do things individ- ually and not through govcrnn?cnts — it is weak peoples who want strong govcrnipcnts—as a pco- 5 pie we do t)ot expect to g;et tbipss dope for uS; we set to apd do tbeip ourselves. Tbe Natiopal Trust is ap associatiop quite outside tt)Q political fratpework of society} we are proud to tbipk tbat as sucb it is ap associatiop ip wl)icb you stapd equally witb us. Ipdeed I would like to take tbis occasiop of tellipgf you bow strops a sytppatby tbcre is betweep those of us wbo are experiipeptips ip social recopstructiop ip Eps^ lapd, apd your experiipepts ip Aiperica.Tbc cp- tbusiasip wbicb ipade Ripl^ leave bis pulpit ip Bostop to take to tbc plousb^ tbc star lisbt tbat Eipersop sept forth upop ap outer world :ffoipbis little watch tower ip Copcord, the leaves of s^ass that Walt Wbitipap satbcred ip the ippenpost life of ipoderp Atperica^ftw cottasc that Tboreau built bitpself by the Waldep pool, these tbipgs have touched us evep rpore perhaps thap you, apd we resard theip as ipuch our heritasc as yours. We, ipdeed, are wearyips of the eippty objectless life of s^eat cities, we are searchipg for apother side ip hurpap developipept that rpoderp ipaterialisip depies us, we fipdthe socialisticaspiratiopsupop which we were brousht up pot iipipediatejy at- taipable} apd thus it coipes that we op our side, bripsips our historic copsciepce to bear upop our desire for hurpap prosress, have brousht to birth; aipopsst others, such ap updertakips as ftw Natiopal Trust. Its work rpay be broadh^ divided ipto two sroups, that which is of a pure^^ szsthetic social pature, such as is the securips or safe-suardips of parks apd opep spaces for the people, the preservips of 6 landscape or like tbipgfs tbat bripg beauty ax>d swccti)GSS ipto life j apd sucb as is distinctly bis- torical. Tbc a 2 Stb©tic side of its work, except in so far as it bears upon our iin^pcdiate surround- ings, will perhaps appeal to you less than tb® historical; and yet the nationalising of ■fihic Eng- lish lake district, which is an end sotqq of us would like to see, is for you as for us; so are the free roadways and the views ainong lakes of KilTarncy ; & the preservation of beautiful spots like Ide Hill in Kent, or Wickarn Fen W Can>- bridgfeshire,goes to inake that green England and Etnerald Isle which you love as we, 8? f^ oin which your ancestors, as ours, for the roost part canje. Turning to ftw historical part of theTrust^s work I could show you how in its possessions and in the public action it takes froro tiine to tiine, it ex- einplifles our joint national history. On the crest of d>e Cornish coast, where stands what is left of King Arthur^s castle of Tintagel — the hotne of Arthurian roinance — we have saved ftw land froro being built upon^ and let a shepherd graze his flocks. In Croxden AJbbcy, one of twelfth cen- tury inonastic foundations in Staffordshire, we have sought to help those who have this beautiful inonuinent of the Middle Ages in their keeping to find the needful funds for xnaintainipg the fabric; in the old post office, also at Tintagel, we own one of inost rotnantic fourteenth century hotises,— an ilTustration of the inanpers and life of the roiddlQ ages, — that one Height find in Eng- land* In the fi^t for Eashipg Bridges we have sought topreventftw replacetnent of a very beau- 7 tiful Gothic building by a n?odcri> con>n?crcial structure of steel. It) the old clergy bouse at Al- fristoi) IT) Sussex, we owi? a balf^tiipber 8S wattle ai>d dab buildir^g of the ear^ fifteeptb ceptury, ar?d tbc boipe probably of son?e religious guild before ■ftwRefonpatior). Ipftue ebureb of St. Mary Stratford atte Bow, whose beautiful fabric apd poble tower we helped to preserve on? fallii?g, ai?d whose debt we are i?ow assistir?g to pay off, we have associations that go back to the Prioress of Chaucer, the lady whose French was not the French of Paris. In the castle of Kanturk in Ire- land, given to us a year ago by Lady Egn?ont, we have a strange record with a wild and delightful story of the days of Elizabethan Ireland. The Joiners^ Hall in Salisbury we bought, by inort'- gaging the property, in order to preserve &on? destruction this hon^e of a trade guild of Tudor tin?es. In the Clotl? Hall of Newbury, whose pre- servation as a public library 82 n?uscun? we l?avc helped to voice, we can point to a record of Gw old staple industry of agricultural England before flue days of flue Stuarts. The Falkland n?onun?ent which we own, and have repaired, on the battle- field of Newbury, is a n?en?orial to Lucius Carqy , one of the noblest, gentlest, 82 n?ost hurpane Eng- lishn?en that ever lived. In the Trinity Hospital in Mile End, built by John Evelyn^ the diarist 82 Sir ChHstopher Wren, we helped safe-guard a unic[ue record of the origin of English sean?an- shiP; and flue building of Stuart tin?es. The Hardy Monun?ent, to Nelson^s ffag captain of Trafalgar, is another record of like nature j and in the ac- 8 Xiot) we took quite rcccpt^y^ it) tbi*owii)s out tbe Wcstipipstcr In>proycn?ci)t Bill a preposter- ous scbcipe for ruipipg tl)c di£fi)ity of tfee City of Westipipster — we bave safe-guarded ope of tbc ipost historic ceptres ip Lopdop. Tbese are but a few ipstapees of ■ftwTrust^s actiop or of its property^tb^ will serve as ipdicatiops^ but tb^y all poipt to aesthetic S historic records of fine utrpost iipportapce 82 •0w deepest sigpificapce to all Epglisb-speakipg people. Our very life as a people —yours as well as ours— our thought, our septiipept, apd what stapds to us for history, is boupdup ip these thiP2?s. They represept great deeds, the labour of heroes apd the best achieve- ipepts of the race 5 they stapd,each ip its way, for patiopal character : I hold it is a good tbipgf that we should preserve these thipgs frorp destructiop or obliviop. I have quoted theip as illustratiops, aipopg others that ipight be chosep, of what ip ftw last five years the Natiopal Trust has sought to do ip Epglapd apd Irelapd. The hope of soipe of us pow is to go fiirther afield, to upite with others ipftve doipg of siipilar thipgfs elsewhere. We wish to establish the pripciple that patriotisrp,ftw love of the past, 82 ipucb ipore ftw love of what is beau- tiful ip ^ great heritage that has corpe to ftw Epg- lish-speakipg people, ipust pot be local, por re- served to apy particular class. Therefore we are ipvitipg you to help us, apd you cap help us best by establishipg? ip Aiperica ap orgapizatiop siip- ilar to ours, whose coupcil shall work with ours towards the saipe epd. We ask you to federate all ftw differept ip terests apd epergies that are at pre- ser)t workips haphazard ip flue saipc dircctiop ip Aipcricaj wg ask you to co-rclatc their activities, apd by soipc fonp of represeptatiop or upiop to ipakc it possible for thcip to work alopg with us. The practical details of the orgapizatiop will be ipflwhapds of fliiecoupcil ip WashipstoP to work out accordips to the peeds 82 ipeaps best adapted to Aipericap citizepship^ all we would ipsist op ip this appeal of ours is a broad apd geperous ac- ceptapee of thepripciplethatflnetrusteeshipshalT be reciprocal, apd that flue two coupcils ip fepdop apd Washii)Stop shall work side by side apd to- wards the saxpe epd^ apd that all cases affectipg; the history apd the life of the Epglish^spGakipg people should thep have equal copsideratiop. The balapce of history will be with us, the balapce of beauty will ip the epd probably reipaip with you. The GStablishu^ept of such a force either thi^otigh ipdividuals or through soipe existipg orgapiza- tiop ip every city of Aiperica, or the British Col- opies — wherever there are folk ipterested ip the higher social developipept of life — is what we aiip atj 82 webelievethatflue solidarity ipvolved there- ip cappot but be helpful to all. Ip thuspleadipgfor solidarity wGwishittobedis- tipet^y upderstood that we are pot askipg Aiper- icapfupds for specifically Epglish objects. I have had this ^arriere pepsee ^ so oftep hi^^ted to ipe by Atpericap citizeps who are sepsitive, ipore especi- ally if they are rich; as to the givipg of ipopey to ^ Causes,^ that I wapt to ipake the positiop quite clear. We hold that the aitps of the NatiopalTrust capoply be ffillly realised ip a fuller upderstapd- to WS of our joipt citizcpsbip* Wc bold tbat tbc first duty of citizcpsbip is tl)c duty at tbc door, ratbcr tbap d)c SQV)XirQQT)X abroad. It is because we bold tbis so strops^y that we wisb to establish solidar- ity between you 8 ? us. Have you beautiful tbipgs to save, historic tbipgs to guard, we wish to help you j we wish you to feel 5)at there is a weight of opir)ioi) it) Epglapd that cap apd will be at your service if you will help establish thispripcipleof solidarity. Do you wish to keep Niagara free of factory chiippeys, to prevept the desecratiop of Thoreau^s ■Waldep,to preserve a digpified ipaip- tepapee jKr Wasbipstop^s Moupt Yerpop,to hold sacred the heights of Qjtebec, or keep greep the ipen?ory of the CopcordMipute Map who fought for the ^sacred rights of Epglishipep,^ we desire to help you ip these things. We wapt you to feel that your cause is our cause, your God our God, apd that what is historical apd what is beautiful ip the pew world is for us as well as for you. It is op ftw groupd of our coiprpop citizepship as Epg- lish^speakipg people, evep ipore thap op that of our joipt history that the Natiopal Trust takes its stapd; but the citizepship opce accepted, the his- toric duty grows clearer. The Abbey of Westipip- ster is yours as well as ours, so is the birthplace of Sbakespere,ft\c tpeadowofRuppyipead,ftw bat- tlefield of Newbury, the house of Thoipas Car- lyle 5 so are the caves of Fipgal or the lakes of Killarpcy. Apd whep we appeal to you op behalf of flie Dower House of Gh^eep of Hepry Y.,^ hero of Agip- court, or the Church of Stratford atte Bow, that n carries you back to Geoffrey Cbaucer, wbei) we ask you to bclp us save tbc fei)-lai}d borpes of Here ward tbc Wake^ tbc Huguei>ot n>erporials of Loi)dot>;Orthc records of Dutch apd Fleipisb life that we stiff have it) our ipidst^ we feel that we have a clain> ox) you that you cai> as little repudiate as you cai) your owp citizer>sbip. I hope I n>ay be thought to have disarrped the criticisip that the National Trust is ap English undertaking whose object is to divert funds &orn honpe to foreign sources^ if not I have soipethins to say that I trust inay bring conviction even if it give offence. Travelling through Hassachusetts^Connecticut^ Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Ohio, I have passed through scenery that for siinple Ibeauty, for glory of colour in its woods and waters, is ainong the loveliest I know anywhere in the world. I have also visited houses and churches of the old colo- nial and ear^ nineteenth century tinje, churches that Wren Height have been proud to design^ per- haps even did design^ and horpes that rank with our finest eighteenth century work in England. I have noticed that you have little regard for this scenery,thatyoudesecrateitwithadvertiseinents, that you pollute its strean>s,that you are reckless of its woods and trees, and that you destroy with light hearts the beautiful and historic buildings that your forefathers and ours have left behind thein- Here then are things at your very doors to do— we ask you to becorpe ipeipbers of the Na- tional Trust in order that you shaff do these things, and do theip conjointly with us. t2 Buttoi? up your pockets if you will agaii)st tt)Q ruiped abbeys apd falling palaces of Epglai^d, let tbe records of ber poetS; ber statestpep, ber kipgs be peglected j allow tbat tbey arc too large apd too rerpote a subject for you to deal witbj but at least n)ir)d wbat lies at your ir)i)crn?ost b^art at bon>c. Regard tbe bistory tbat you bavc apd tbe beauty that surrounds you as your ovii) Trust at least. Is pot our appeal op bcbalf of your historic copsci- epee apd tbe beauty tbat surroupds you^a partof tbe larger bistory, tbe fipcr life we bavc ip coip- ipop? Tbis shall you do, apd yet pot leave the other updopc. Our problcipsapdour aspiratiops arc the saipc. There was a fcllow-couptryipap of yours — for wboip rpapy of us ip Epglapd have the keepest syippatby — ope of your Brook faripcrs, of wboip it is told that wbep cpgaged ip practical agricul- ture be used to save ftie wild-rose bushes oipftve plough; apd plapt tberp tepder^y by the roadside so that they should give joy to the stray travelTcr, that passed by there at soipc later day. You will tell ipc perhaps that the agricultural cxpcriipcpt suffered accordipg^y : I have po doubt it did. But tbep,tbipk of the wild roses! Apd for a bupdred successful fanpers cap you poipt to a sipglc ope who has thought of plaptipg wild roses ? I have coipc over here to ask you to help ipe save the rose busbesj apd I do pot iptcpd to go boipc, till, at least, I have your proipisc that as as lies ip your power, you will help ipe save tbeip firoip the plough. ^3 II. THE ABBEYS OF ENGLAND IN THE LIGHT OF A LESSON IN CITIZENSHIP. HE Middle Agfes were tbc ages of Pilgriipage, ipet) K woipct) wept, for ipoptbs together, soipe- tiipes for years, op lopg jourpeys to the sbripes of saipts, todobopourto ipartyrs, to bripg back relics, to learp life ip foreigp lapds. Tbe guise was religiop — tbe sub- stapee bero-worsbip. Nowadays froip Aiperica ipep apd worpep do tbc saipe, tf)cy travel to Eu- rope apd ipore particularly to Epglapd. A per- sopal^y copducted tour by Mr. Cook is as earpest if pot so picturesque as a group of Capterbury Pilgriips: tbey are as iptept op spyipg ipto tbe lives of heroes, apd op stealipg relics, as ever they were. They give tbeipselves less leisure perhaps tbap the pilgriips of Chaucer, but that is because their tiipe is ipore takep up with the petty details of rpaterialisip which the coipplexity of ipoderp life has forced upop tbcip. As the history of Epglapd gets ipore kpowp ip Aiperica, apd the septiipept of artificial patriot- isip, upop which Aipericap childrep arc fed, gives place to a wider apd ipore geperous study of the history of their past, their heroes, apd the origip of their ipstitutiopsj wbep ipdecd they give up troublipg about George III. that rather foolish pig-headed kipgj whep they coipc to sec the Dc- claratiop of Ipdcpcijdcpcc as wfeat it was, a i>eccs- sary poipt it) tbe dcyclopipcpt of tt)Q wbolc Epg- lisl:)-spcakipgpcoplc,tbisscptin?ci:)tofbcro-wor- sbip will it)crGasG,ftwpilsriipagcs toEpglapd will grow iporG pun>Grous, 82 ftw thousands of bitbcr- to upkpowp bGautiGS apd lapdiparks ip Gw islapd cradlG of tl)G racG will bG rGVGalGd. It is tbcp that WG sbalf SGt ip tbcir right placG ip our scb^n;?^ of historical tGachips the AbbGys of Epglapd,thcy will bG for us po lopgGr pictur- GsquG ruips to grow SGptiipGptal ovGr, but will stapdforthc surGfactsof astropgapdbipdipgso^ cial ordGr, ap ordGr which has gopc toGw ipould- ipg of our patiopal character, apd laid the first grapd outlipGS of ipoderp deipocracy, Thep WG shalF discover that wg owg as ipuch to Hugh of Lipcolp as wg do toBepjaipipFrapJdpj apd that Williarp of Wykehaip S Stephep Lapg- top were Gvepiporethc fathersofourcouptry apd iteupders of our ipstitutiops thap George Wash- ipgtop hiipself. It is a quGStiop of focus ipere^y, apd Gw ipffuGpcGS of the cradle are pope the less great for beipg re- ipotG. Wg ipay have fergottep it, hurried over it ip our ipaphood, ip the press of our affairs, but the Lord^s prayer that was taught us ip our child^ hood hash^po little ipfPuepcGupop our life. Apd it is this that the ipopastic systeip apd the abbeys of Epglapd, the great expressiop of this systeip, have dope us. Th^y serve for the cradle of a c^ristiapised patiopality. The Epglish abbeys apd the life they represept, have pever yet beep property studied 5 the wop- t5 derful legacy tbcybavG left us we bave t)ot yet ex- an?iped. Here ai}d there a fii)e student like Jessop or Kitebep or Froude gives ns ap ipsigbt ipto tbe life of tbe Middle Ages, apd we are sbowi> tbe ii)- per workings of a great abbey like St. AllDaps, or Durban?, or Wipebester. We follow witb Deap Cburcb ftw life of ap Apseln? at Capterbury 5 Mil- ipap apd Moptalen?bert give us a large view of ftw growth of the n?opastic systen? ip Cbristepdon?^ we go with Deap Stapley to Westn>ipster, witib Carlyle to Bury St. Edn?upds ip ftw tin?e of Abbot San?psop } while Gasquet, frorr) the Ron?ap Cath- olic poipt of view, draws us a picture of the Epg- lapd before the dissolutiop. Treated as scieptific history, however, the rpop- astic systen? apd its ipffuepce op Epglisb life has yet to be writtepj apd treated as political philos- ophy, as a script that shalF have direct bearipg upop rpoderp life apd thought, I )o?ow of po work that has so far dope what has beep dope ip their way byGibbop^s ^Declipe apd FalP Car^yle^s ^Frepch Revolutiop.^ To ipe, whep I ask you op behalf of the Natiopal Trust, to regard the abbeys of Epglapd as your trust as ipuch as ours, there appear to hQ two les- sops which we n?ay draw frovc) a study of then? apd the record of the great life they have left us — the lessop of sirpplicity apd direetpess of charac- ter 5 apd the lessop of leisure apd its wise applica- tiop. Two lessops these which W ipoderp life we are apt lose sight of— let n?e explaip n?ore ftilly : Moderp civilisatiop,n?ore especially ip its rapid develop- t6 rx)ex)t it) tt)Q i)cw world, is bccoipipg njorc S ipore corpplicatGd,rporc apd iporc copfuscd,iporc apd iporc cxtravagapt, iporc difficult tbap ever to cope witb it) its details, pot opjy^by ipdiyiduals but by corpipupitics,so ^at tbc ipap biipsclf,tbG upit,is bcipg lost sight of ip the whole orgapisrp, apd the copsequept effect upop his ipdividual develop- ipept is oftephai^ful,soipetirpes ruipous. We are apt to ask ourselves every pow apd agaip, what do we live for, is it for God, is it for ourselves, or is it for the sake of the thousapd apd ope details of life that surroupd us? Sirpplicity apd direetpess of character have a hard stapd for it aipopg the ipy- riad coipplicatiops of our day. Whep Thoreau felt this, apd the peed for escapipg froip the coip- plexities of ipoderp life ip Aiperica to a silept spot ip the forest at Waldep, he did exactly what the earlier Bepedictipes did, he wished to be away froip it all, ■Qw ipess apd the ipoil of thipgs, apd so didd)cyj toliveasiipple life, build his owp house, apd be alope with his God. Ip the earlier Middle Ages this would have led to the buildipg of a her- ipitage or a house of hojy ipep by Waldep lake, ip our owp it has begup apd epded with ope ipap^s life apd protest: otibers are followipg. But what I would call your atteptiop to is toe great characters that stapd torth ip this study of toe ab- beys of Epglapd, that stapd as the outcoipe of this systeip of c[uietu^ apdseparatiop ffoip toe world. St. Hugh of Lipcolp, St. Augustipe, St. Thoipas a Becket, St. Apselrp, Abbot Saippsop of Bury, Williaip of Wykehaip, Stephep Lapgtop, ip all these ipep we have splepdid exaipples of huipap character tbatwcipay well follow. Mei? who stood up for buipai) right, for godlipess^rpet) who were reforn>ers, who were n?asters of thcn^selves, ai>d who, while they were Puritar>s, were also lovers of what was beautiful for the service of God at>d the happii}ess of ipapkipd. You will do well to look ipto their lives, ar>d place then) or) your list of heroes. Stephei> Lai)gtor), who led the baroi)S of Ei)glai)d ii) obtair)ii)gMagr)aCharta,^ four)- datior) of the liberties of all Ei)glish^spea)dr)g ^^peoplej Williaip of 'Wykehan;),the workrpai) ar)d ipaster builder, oi)c of ■ftw world^s greatest educa- tior)alists, who has leftus Wii)chester ai)dftve n)ot- to: ^^Mar)r)ers ipakyth Mar) 5^^ Abbot San)psor) of Bury, who stood up f6r purity of goverr)rper)t it) the corx)ri)ur)ity ir)to which he was called: let the pages of Carlyle tell you of hin). Thorpas a Becket who tanked ftw fury of Her)ry II., 8^ to whose hor>- our or)e of five grar)dest churches ir) Christer)don7, Car)terbury Cathedral, owes its glory 5 St. Hugh, or)c of ^ stror)gest ar)d sair)tliest Er)glishrper) ^at ever lived, ar)d whose n)en;)ory is wover) ir) an)or)g the ver)erable stor)es of his great Church of Lir)- coir) 5 K first of all perhaps St. Augustir)e, to whon) you as we owe our Chiistiar)ity,ar)d who was fired to the rx)issior) of brir)gir)g the Gospel to Er)glar)d wher) he saw the fair white boy slaves, the ar)gli sed ar)geli ir) the rparket place of Ron)e. These n)er) arc the outcorpe of the great rpor)astic systerr) of the Middle Ages, they arc for you ar)d for us, ar)d for all tiri)c, ar)d they cxcnoplig^ for us the lessor) of sirpplicity 8?dircctr)css of character. There arc n)ar)y n)or)urper)ts to Washii)gftor> apd Frapklii>; ai>d n>ai>y rporc to local apd corp- parativc^y upiptercstipg patriots } but is flierc over tbc wbolc of Aipcrica^ tbat owes so ipucb to tbctp, a sipglc ipopuipcpt of stopc or bropzc to great- ness of these ipen ? I know of non®* As a coipipunity develops it grows ipore coinplex. Throughout the history of the English abbeys, it is iinipensely interesting to observe how one after another the refonpers step forward, point to the funciainental gospel teaching and preach the lesson of sitnplicity, a siipplicity which W the splendid scheipe of life in the Middle Ages was never incornpatible with the splendid worship of God through all the finest creative faculties of ipen. Lead your siinple Christian life they tell us, put all the glory and pride of your invention into the service of the Most High. That is the ipeaning of ftw iponk^s cowl, !&ock, rope, and cell on ftw one hand, and on the other of the pageantry, ipag- nificence of architecture, ftw splendour of ipusic, painting and tpantiscript which ^ abbeys have bequeathed to us. And when the English abbeys fell it was not so ipuch because they had neglected ftw first of ftwir own lessons, or were incapable of further teach- ing thetn,it was because their position econoipi- cany was untenable. In the new developipent of English life they had fallen behipdj had tb^y realised this adapted thetpselves to the change, the iponastic orders with a Richard Whiting to lead then), could have stood up to Henry YIII. even as they stood up with Stephen Langton be- fore John; and the passion of Sir Thorpas More C2 19 would have bad a deeper n>eai>ii)g for us tbar> ever) ftw protest of ai) beroic individual coi)Sci^ ence.Tbc tponastic orders bad conquered leisure, but in tbc fulness of titne wben it caine to tbcxn to itseittbey abused it} tbey failed in its right appli- cation. And tbus it cotnes tbat tbis second of tbe lessons left us by tbcabbeys of England will per- haps corne borne to us yet tnore: Leisure and its right application. Not an abbey in England, in its ruins, or its recording dignity, if it be still stand- ing; but irnpresses us with the love and care de- voted to the building. There is no single structure in tnodern tirnes, nothing produced since ftw age of Elizabeth, that can show the care and the lei- sure and the love of labour that is shown in ^ old abbeys of England. We do not find in thern any^ thing tawdry, inean, cheap or pretentious, such as we find in inodern building. In thern we have workrnansbip of the purest and noblest. The great palaces and houses of England were built in the joy of the young life of the Renaissance,built for the JBunding of farnilies, 8S to ftw honour of rnan : they are nothir)g if not hurnan. But the abbeys were built for the honour of God^ built by rnen; ftw great English rnasonguilds of ^Middle Ages, whose whole lives were devoted to this service, and directed by churchrnen; the best and noblest of the abbots and founders as a rule, whose first ex- pression of piety and devotion was in noble archie tecture and the creation of beautiful things. It was the leisure of the rnonastic life that rnade this pos- sible. Stricken as we are nowadays by the disease of 20 u^lipcss; it is so difficult to realise wfeat tl)is life of beauty apd leisure ir) tt)Q Middle Ages was like, apd wbat it iipplied to those who shared it. But we ipay t^oi^c the less try apd reconstruct it for ourselves. And this we inustdoffointhc best doc- uipcntary evidence in existence froir) the build- ings ^einsclves. To do this appears to inc to be on® of fhc thipgfs^ National Trust is there for. What greater object is there in history, andhistory revealed in practical aesthetics, than to build up character in the cotn-" inunity and ernphasise purpose. Books and pa- pers, essays and lectures, as I have insistedbefore, will do these things less6>r us than will the things that rnen have left of ftveir brain and fancy in stone, for ainong the n>ost cornpelling of the ferces that inove inen is the lust of ftw eye. If I wanted to get a inantounderstand the inper n>eaningof thelifeof ftw English abbey, would I read hift) a lecture ? no indeed. I would have hin? go 82 look at the carven stones and ftw inasonry of Tintern and F ountains, Canterbury and St. Albans, and I would bid hift? sit still awhile and at leisure think. What ainount of leisure can ^Pen be trusted with^ what shall they do with it when they have it, how inuch labour shall entitle thein to it, what are its responsibilities.These are vitally in?portant ques- tions ftr us nowadays. And when we have once tnastered, as I do not doubt but we shalT, the thou- sand details and cornpHcations of tnodern civili- zation } when we shall, as a race, by the aid of our inechanical production^ have won back leisure for ourselves, and put the tnachine in the place of 2t tbc serf wbo ipadc leisure possible ii) tbc Middle Ages, tt)Q life of the abbeys apd five record tbis life bas left bebipd it it) tbe cburcbcs apd cathedrals of Epglapd, will stated out clear aipopg all beau- tiful tbir>gs as a guide ar)d star. Leisure is ftie ei)d apd tribute of every well orderedciyilizatior>,ar)d tbe right use of its leisure is what it iptist stapd or fall by. Use it it) personal yapity,ii> waste of bti- ipat) life, ii) it^dividual pleasures, ai)d it is poison- ous and brings destruction* Use it in the creation of beautiful things, by the joy of the producer, to the honour of God and for the healthfulness of ft\e whole cornintinity^and it is abiding and life-giv- ing. That is the second and the greatest of the les- sons that the abbeys of England, not only in their glory, but in their fall, when they were plundered and destroyed by ftw Tudor King; have taught us. It is a lesson that applies just as inuch nowadays as it ever did, and applies, tnore perhaps than else- where, to inodern Ainerica and the great civiliza- tion that is being built up there. For in inodern Ainerica there is inore generous application of wealth to public service, and inore personal inis- use of wealth to private luxury than there is in any other country in the world. 22 III. THE COUNTRY HOUSES OF ENG- LAND, AND THE SENTIMENT OF ELIZA- BETHAN ARISTOCRACY. HE abbeys of Epglapd represent a factor it) Epglisb lif® tbat bas re- n>aii)ed it) patiopal cha- racter, tbou£fb tbeir ser- vice has passed away. The country bouses re- presei)tafactor tbatstill bas to be reckoi^ed witb. Ii) tbe great cbapge tbat is about to con>e over ftw country tbrougb tbc action of tbc death duties, ■ftw Harcourt bill ipay it) ■ftve or) A be held, whether for good or evil, as drastic a ipeasure as the disso- lution of the inonasteries by Henry YIII. The principal difference between the two iconoclasts is that the one was able to construct soinetbins greater in the place of what be destroyed, while the other represents n>erely the spirit of negation in a party that have no constructive policy, and whose short-sighted Philistinisin knows not as yet when to conserve for public purposes. The object of the National Trust in reference to the country houses of England, that are rapidh^ passing frors) the hands of those who for centu- ries have been their traditional guardians, is to take such tiindy steps as shalT result in saving? for the use and service of the people what is finest or rnost historic. Of this I shall have tnore to say later. I would like 23 i)Qre to trace a picture of tbe life tbese places opce coptaiped, to sbow wbat is iipplied ir) these won- derful records of history ii> stone that stiff stand arnong? the greatest glories of England. Nowadays, everything is judged, inore especially in Ainerfca, froin th® standpoint of letters, every- body reads ne wspapers, inost people write books, yet Ew of us know how to live in the sirnple, hu- tnan, even-balanced inanner of our ancestors,to whoin building Sftw rnaking of beautiful things was as n>uch a necessity of expression as books. A tiine will corne when our books and lectures are forgotten, and we shall be judgedby the stone and iron we leave behinci us. I doubt but we shall not stand well with our kin W that tirne. There will not be inany that will say of us as we can say of the builders of the fourteenth; fifteenth; and six- teenth centuries: look with what a noble voice these inen spoke in stone. The building of ftw sixteenth century is ftw build ing of an aristocracy, an aristocracy as fine and chivalrous and cultured as any the world has known* An aristocracy that hunted and hawked and fished, that delighted in all inanly sport for its own sake — no record-breaking or gate rnoney — that was fundainentally agricultural in its pur- suits, loving the land, and living on it: devoted tnoreover as a leisured class inay be, to whatever was noblestin culture, loving tnusic, 8? draina, and expressing itself outwardly in noble archi- tecture as every great civilization will. When you speak in An>erica of a ^country seat^ I ain told you inean a group of offices fi>r local rpu- 24 picipal goycrpipcrjt. Wbcp we it) Ei)glai)d talk of a country scat, wc n)cat) tl)c bouse of tbc lord of tbc ipai)or witb its gardens ai)d fartps, tbc tepap- try op tbc estate, witb tbe village ebureb ceptu- rics old, tbc rectory ip tbc gift of tbc tpapor, tbc lapdlord perhaps Justice of tbc Peace, Sheriff of the coupty, or Cbainpap of the coupcil. Ip that tenp ^couptry scat^ you have a direct lipk with the life of the sixteeptb ceptury, for ip the six- teeptb ceptury the couptry scat was just what it is with you pow, the ceptre of local tpupicipal gov- crpipcpt. Tbc old tenp rcipaiped ip both coup- tries, but for differept usage, apd ip both the old ipcapipg has gopc froip it 5 with you it ipeaps ■0ne govcrpipcpt, with us the bouse apd ceptre of life ip which the goyerprpept opcc resided. Where there was a cultured apd residept aristo- cracy who ipapagcd their owp estates, apd tbcip- sclvcs worked op the lapd,you ipay well upder- stapd that the couptry scat was a good deal iporc tbap a ipcrc scat of govcrpipcpt: it was tbc ceptre of agricultural life. Just as the rpopastcrics of ap carltcr age bad beep the ceptre of the life of the couptry parts, so their place was takcp by the couptry bouses. Wc arc apt to disregard ipop- astiefoupdatiops as a social apd ccopoipic factor, but so regarded tJooy iipply a residept aristocra- cy with peculiar apd special privileges : the celi- bate copditiop, the rule of the order, the local au- topoipy, apd the appeal to Rorpe. The dissolutiop of ftw ipopastcrics by Hepry VIII. ipeapt the brcakipgupof this old aristocracy apd the creatiop of a pew ope of iporc restricted pow- 25 crs updcr tbc iporc iipipediatc authority of the crowp. The ipajority of the old ipopastic build- ii)gs were eitbergutted or converted ipto country bouses, ar)d tbe local patroi^age apd powers of ftw abbey were transferred to tbe pew lord of tbe rpanor. But tbc young aristocracy of Henry YIII. and Elizabefb were worthy followers of ftve tnonkisb r^iinc* The anonks of the dissolution tirne bad got into a back eddy. The life of the new learning was antagonistic to tbeanj but not so to the new aristocracy of the Tudors. The an^nof the Sidney type were filled with the new ideas frorr) Itab^, with the new sense of English unity. Tiyoy car- ried this generous life into their countary boanes, their gardens, and the cottages of their tenantary. At Pensburst, at Haddon^ at Hatfield, at Burleigh, at Audley End, we have the great Central Hall where the whole household, not as does the ano- dern aristocrat, anet at the coananon aneal^ at this coananon aneal there was often anusic and recita- tion going on. Few balls were without anii)Strels^ gallearies. The aa>ana:?er of living was sianple, and at the saane tiane suanptuousj that is to say, there was no luxury in our sense of the word, no ela- borate inade up dishes: cucuanc)ber sandwiches and icedcoffeej no expensive refineanents,^ kick- shaws 8S toys ^ as the seventeenth century ballad- anaker conteanptuously tearanedtheanj butsianple and generous fare, with a few finely anade vessels to contain it, and pewter or wooden platters to eat froan. la^ the centre of the table stood salt, often a superlD piece of goldsanitb^s aart in silver or gilt. 26 Tbcrc wasi?opcofftven>yriad rubbisl) of n>odcri:> ipiddlc-ciass coipfort. At ipapy of tbe older balls sucb as Haddoi>,^rc arc cbapcls wbcrc’ftve whole corprpupity worshipped, ope of the retainers act- ing as chaplaii) 5 82fticthirdof ftw great rooips was as a rule givcp to dapcc apd ipusic 82 paiptii>gs. I would like you to potc that atpopg the earlier Elizabctbap aristocracy r)o such thii^g as ipod- crp doipestic service, ip our scpsc offtw word, ex- isted. The whole coipipupity lived 82 shared their life together. A large ipodcrp household hipSfes op wealthy it is as a house divided agaipst itself, there is the life above stairs apd the life below stairs. But ip the old halls of ElizalDctb, though there was a stropg social distipctiop bctwccp lord apd rctaipcr, this was pot the case, apd the life, its pleasures, its duties, its rcfipcipcpts, was a cor- porate lifc,hepcc its grcatpcss. Look ipto Shakc- spcarc^s plays apd you will get the copfiripatiop of this 5 potc the charrpipg faipiliarity that exists bctwccp ipastcr apd ipap ip every play. The po- sitiop held by Gratiapo apd Ncrissa towards Bas- sapio apd Portia, or by the two Drorpios towards the two Aptipholuscs : ^^Kpock ipc herc,^^ says Pctruchio to Gruipio, poiptipg to the door of Hortcpsio^s house 5 apd Gruipio gives his tpastcr a clout op the back. Not cvcp ip ipodcrp Atpcrica, where pcrsopal service is adipittcdh^ iporc hu- ipap thap apywherc else ip the world, would such ap iptiipatc rclatiopship for a tpoipcpt be coup- tcpapced. The ^pcxus^ as Carlyle would have called it, was pot a ^cash pcxus,^ it was free apd hutpap. ^7 But tbcrc was n>orc yet tl)at wept to tbc building up of tbe gfreat life of ai) Ei^glisb country botisc of tbc sixtCGi^tb ceptury. Tbc people, like all Epgf- lisb people, except where they are enervated apd degraded by ir?dustrialisip,loved the oper> air 8S the supsbii^e, their life was out of doors. They hupted ai)d hawked S coursed it) coipipoi), ai^d to this day it) Epglai^d the n>ost deipocratic ii)- stitutiop it) ap Ei^glish county is the Meet, where everybody who has four feet of horseffesh turps out with J ohp Peel of Troutbeck to follow the fox. The great park,it was rather woodlapd apd xpoor- lapd ip the Elizabethap tirpe thap park, for the poble plaptatiops as we kpow therp were but be- gippipg, was used for the corpipop epjoyrpept of all the tepaptry, it was for fcastipg apd iperry- ipakipgs,apd ope of the ipost beautiful apd sug- gestive sights I kpow apywhere aipopg the old halls of Epglapd, is the opep air theatre at Peps- hurst, where they acted Bep Jopsop plays ip a half-circle of grass sward dug ip the Park, with the trees apd ffowers 22 suipiper sky of Epglapd aroupd therp. If you read ^Twelfd) Night^ apd ^ As you like it,^ pot ip your roorps by gaslight, por accordipg to the upholstered versiops of Sir Hepry Irvipg apdMr. AugustipeDaly,but out ip the supshipe, apd iipagipe therp acted there, with the sirpple trappipgs of the strollipg players of ' Harplet,^ apd ^ Midsurprper Night^s Drearp,^ you will get sorpe idea of what wept op, op ap August afterpoop at Sir Philip Sidpey^s horpe. Life al- terpated betweep a picpic ip ftw forest of Ardep, a rpusical rpasque at oldCapulet^s,apdthe healthy boorishpess of the house of Petruchio whep he 25 brought botpc the Shrew: that was the life of the aristocracy of Elizabcthap Epglapd. The truth of this is proved by the architecture. HaddojQ,Burleigh;AudleyEi>d;Newstead,Hard- wicke;ISi7gleat;Moptacute,Bolsoyer,Kepilworth; Kpole, Han>ptoi> Court, Bruce Castle, Welbeck, Pepshurst, Hatfield, Han? House, Hill Hall, these apd n?apy others are the books ip which we read the great ipper life of Epglapd. Fron? the layipg out of the whole plap to the ipiputest detail, the story of Elizabethap goverpn?ept apd n?appers is told ip theip. Their peculiar charn?is that they are Epglish right through* The Epglapd of Eli- zabeth illustrates n>ore con?pletely thap apy other of our great historic epochs, that racial quality upop which ipoderp Aiperica prides herself: Power of Assiipilatiop. Everythips ffowed ipto her, apd by the strepg^h of her character every- thiPS trapsn?uted. Italiap poetry, sculpture apd ipusicj Gem?ap paiptipgj Dutch epgravipgj Flen?ish weavipg, all is accepted, but all is Apgli- cised. Torrigiapo atyestn>ipster 82 Johp of Padua at Hill Hall 82 Han?ptop Court j Ferrabosco with his Masque ipusic at St. Jan?es^s } the Geripap Hol- beip paiptipg Will Son?ersj the Flerpish refugees fron? the Alva persecutiopj they all con?e ip, apd straightway there is produced ap eptirely Epg- lish civilizatiop. Of this civilizatiop Shakespeare strikes the di- vipe average. Scotchipap, Welshn?ap, Irishtpap, Flen?ipg, Frepchn>ap, Gem>ap, Italiap, Dutch- n?ap, alittle classic learpipg, alittle Italiap poetry, plepty of n?isquotatiops, here a pilfered n?etre, there a stolep air, a touch of this, apd a sn?atteripg 29 of that, all absorbed, every tbii)g bolted seen>ir)g- ly at rapdoip, ii> tbc ipost ipoderp Aipericar) tpapr^er, ai}d out of it all, sucb a n>ap, sucb ai) Ai^glo-Saxop after all! Exactly tbc san?e it is witb tbe architecture as we have it to this day: every conceivable forrn is ab- sorbed. J obn of Padua brings ■ftw classic 8S Italian feclins Hainpton Court and Hill Hall, but John Thorpe and Sinithson inould it to an Eng^ lish character. At Hain Hotise, Burleigh Long-- leat, Italian and Gothic inouldings are wedded to one another, and produce a new ftrtn. The archie trave is broken through and carried hither at)d thither 5 ■ftw coluinns and ^ order are depressed or elongated at will, 82 every classic note is rnade to beat tin>e with northern roinance. J ohnThorpe^s book of plans is ainong fee inosfin- teresting workshop records fee seventeenth cen^ tury has left to us. Wehave initsoineof the houses he built, and inany that were either never carried out, or being unnaincd, cannot now be traced. Soinerset House, Burleigh; Holland House, Gid- dy Hall, Audley End and Kirby are ainong th^ nuinber 5 and perhaps the inost interesting is the house, the ^whiinsical edifice,^ as Horace Walpole affects to call it, that the artist designed for hi«?^ self. The plan is in the nature of a setting together of the two letters I and T. A corridor joins then? in the centre. Scribbled in a n?arginal note at the side of the architect's design is the triplet: These two letters I and T Joined together as you see Make a dwellinghouse for rne.^^ 30 At)d it was just sucb a njetrical coi^ccit ti)at tbc Elizabetbai) loved it) architecture as ip verse. We have ip sorpe of the hottses great balustrades cut out ip letters; Latip ipscriptiops or verse, twisted scrollworksof stope with lovers^ kpots^ half tiip- ber work with pargettipg that bewilders you ip its variety of patterp or subject detail apd every ipapper of playful apd graceful arrapgeipept ip stope apd tirpber. Utility was thep as it always ipust be the basis of all soupd apd hopest build- ipgj but there were other thipgs ip huipap life that were regarded as equally pecessary to the ipakipg of the citizep, apd these the architecture brought out: Horace Walpole of a later 82 prosier age ipay call then? whin?sical if he will. That the fipal architectural product, if pot so po- ble as that of the work of the ipediaeval Churchy was great, goes without sayipgj but regarded as don?estic architecture, the buildipg of the house, tt)Q hoipe, the shell of d?e farpily life, pod?ipg has beepeverproduced thatwill equal ftwgreatEliza- bethap Hall, for serviceablepess of purpose, for beauty, apd for the expressiop of the siipple dig- pity of life. The very whin>sicalities had their basis of rea- sop apd utility, apd I doubt pot but that Johp Thorpe^s owp hon?e, could it have con?e dowp to us, would have beep foupd strictly applicable to the Epglish cliipate, the life of his owp tiipe, apd every possibility of beauty which he be^re all n?ep was apt to grasp. The ordipary plap of the Elizabethap house is either that of ap E or ap H, apd if you wish to be whin?sical you ipay trace 3t that ii) corpplinjei)! to Elizabeth or Her^ry j if you look closer ipto the ipappers of tt)Q tirpe, however, you will fit)d thatit was the ipost obviously prac- tical ar)d serviceable fonpof plappipg a n^apsior) that could have beer) devised. Place face of ftxo. E downwards pg, ■ftw cer>tre lin>b fortps ftw porch; the two am?s the wipgs for offices; the back the great Hall. Enlarge the house, apd you do it by constructing another open court at the back, and this iinplies the conversion of the (tJ into an H. The larger the house becaine, the n>ore variations did the architect play upon the H inotivc| 82 the conditions of life necessitated largeness 82 roorni- ness of building. That iinpi^ess of the systen> of goverptnent upon the conditions of building to which I pointed at the outset tpay be traced in npapy ways. Govern- inept ip the days of Hepry VIII. apd Glueep Eli- zabeth was a despotisip, teippered by a few cons- titutional forips, apd based upon the love apd af- fection of thepeople. Itwas benevolent apd dcipo- cratic. The royal ipethod was very siipple: the ipapors of England were ip the gift of theCrowp j what the King was to all Epglapd ip his great Court at St. Jarpes^s, the Lord of the Mapor was to his tenantry apd all folk op his lapds, S when the King wanted to see that all was going well, he ipade a royal progress, ffi passed froip ope coun- try scat to another. You will note at opcc how this affected the architecture: pot oply had the house to be planned for the ordinary uscof ipy lord apd his retainers, ^^soipc twenty old fellows ip blue coats 82 badges,^^ that wore the livery, were borp apd bred upop tbe estate, iparried ai?d ba<^ cbil^ drep op tbc estate, tbeir fortupes ipdissolubly tied to ^e fortupes of tbe House — ^pot oply bad there to be tbe coipipop ball, cbapel, kitebep, apd a few private roorps, witb ^ all-irpportapt stables outside j tbe bouse bad to be plapped too for pos- sible royal receptiopsj tberebad to be state apart- tpepts, usually tbe suite op tbe first fFoor to tbe froi)t. Tbe Queep ipi£fbt coipe soipe dayj soipe day there ipigbt be a royal progfress, apd that was ap evept great above all others. To have Qjieep Bess sleep ip tbe state bedrooip, that was a tbipg to live for. There is scarce a great bouse ip Epg- lapd to which the far-off traditiop of Qjieep Bess apdberprogresses doespotclipgj she slept upder this yellow satip coverlid betweep the four stu- pepdous oak postsj she plapted yopder ipigbty tree ip ffie park with her owp royal bapds. There is po little truth ip those stories — apd ope ipay always believe traditiop upless it is priipa facie false apd disprovepj but we kpow she ruled like her father by progresses, apd we kpow she was a grapd apd royal woipap 8? withal ipost borpely . At Burleigh there bapgs ap old picture op the wall, of very local iperit, of the Gtueep dapeipg with Sir CbHstopber Hattop — rufffesSlaccper- ipittipg, the dapee ipust have beep a high roipp, for fhcgallapt courtier is liftipg bis royal partper at least five feet ipto the air ! The ceptral features of^ftvesixteeptb ceptury bouse tbcp were ball, chapel, kitebep apd offices, suite of state rooips,guest cbaipbers,apd stables. Ip plap these ipevitab^y tepded to group ipto courts, the stabksbeipsarrapgcdoutsidGipascparatcblock, but so tbat, yA)qx) you caipc to tbc bousc^ you rode 'tbrougb tbcn> first apd got off your borsc. Apd yctwitballtbis'QiGElizabctbapbousGwouldbavc beep ipcorpplctG} tbc tpost iipportapt object of all would bave beep deeiped waptipg. There is ope tbipgaipopg others tbat tbeEpglisb^ ipap coipipg to New Epglapd ipisses: apd curi- otisly so, for it is ap azstbetic, ap architectural fea- ture which Puritapistp ip Epglapd has retaipedj ope of the few eleipepts of Beauty that wept to the buildipg up of the great life of the Epglish six- teepth ceptury, which the Puritap did pot rele- gate to Yapity Fair: the Gardep. ^^God ip Edep first plapted a gardep/^ says Bacop ip coipipepce- ipept of ope of his ipost fatpous essays^ apd evep the griiprpest of Puritaps, who would tolerate pei- ther fipe buildipg, por draipa, ipusic, por bells, was ready to allow that the Devil was pot the di- rect author of the li^ apd the rose for the lust of the eye. To this day Epglapd retaips her charac- ter as a gardep, &orp the great palace, to the tipiest cottage, you will potethelove of ffowersj apd per- haps the xpost delightful gardeps are the Q^taker gardeps, Pepjerrick at Falipouth; apd the lopg strips that leap dowp to the Corpish S Soiperset seas. But what has becoipe of this last reipaipipg traditiop of beauty ip Ci^aker Philadelphia for ipstapee ? What have the ffowers dope to you that you peglect theip? The derpocratic septirpept which ipsists that everybody's cocks apd heps, dogs apd cats ipay walk across everybody else^s beds is pot good fer ffowers. The gardep was ope of the first cot^sidcratiops it) tbe laying out of tbc great bouse of tbc sixteeptb ceptury 5 it was oftep laidoutbefore tbe bouse itself. Indeed I Ja^owopc gardei) it) Epglapd where there is r)o bouse^ for the bouse was pever built, the owper dyipg be- fore be caipe to^ buildii^g. Apd I kpow another where the gardep reipaii^s apd the bouse is gope, for the poverty of the owper n?ade bin? pull dowi? the bouse, butwbei?itcan?e to destroyipgtbegar- del? bijs heart would seen? to b^tve failed bin?. The n?ost beautiful bouse I ki?ow anywhere ip Epglapd: apd that ipeaps ip tbe world, for evep the exquisite palaces of Ita^^ hardly show the saipe copquest of Art over Nature as do our Epg- lisb sixteeptb ceptury bouses, por that power of assiipilatiop of ipapy divers styles^ is Moptacute ip Soiperset. Its peculiar beauty copsists ip that it is today just as it wasipfltwday of Qiieep Eliza- beth^ the faipily pever bavipg beep poor epougb to sell it, apd pever rich epougb to in?prove it. But what cbanps ipost is the gardep : the Italiap for- ipal gardep, straight paths, trin? clipped box edges, statuary, pereppials, so that the ffo wers for every ipoptb of ^ year coipe of ftwrpselves? such trees as will grow ip the Soiperset cliipate, apdftw whole laid out strictly ip subordipatiop to the bouse. There are but few of these gardeps left, for ip the last ceptury Capability Browp, apd Kept the lapdscape gardepers destroyed ipost of tbeip by relayipg then? ip what tenped the ^pa- tural style.^ Wbep we look tl?rougb Sir Tb. At- ky ps^ ^ Past apd Presept State of Gloucestersl?ire,' or Loggap^s ^Caipbridge,^ or apy of the books dz 35 that give Kypp apd Kt)yfPs ^ Pictures of Ei^glisb Country Seats/ witb tbeir bird^s eye views, we get soipe idea of wbat tbcy were like. We notice ii> eacb that tbc idea of building a bouse without at tbc saipe tin>e laying out tbc gardei) pever sug- gested itself to a sevepteeptb ceptury designer, ai)d to desigi) tbcip ii^depepdept^y was it)cop- ceivable. Here tbci) is ipy picture rour^dedoff. House, ball, gallery, tbc great table witb tbc salt,tbat iparked tbc barrier of blood, tbc stables, tbc park ar>d tbc gardep. Tbe whole expressive of a coiprpupal life that IT) itself has passed away,but that still has ar> in?rpei)se ipffuepce it) shaping the social apd aes- thetic destir^y of the Ei)glish^speakii:)g people. 'This set)tirpei)t of Elizabethat) aristocracy, as I have called it, is still with us, a tjonci) rpore power- ful force thap we are it?clit>ed oftei) to alfow. It colours the whole English poipt of view of life, politics ai>d social evolutioi}. Ir) the great patiopal orgai>isatior)S like the Church, the Clr^iversities, apd the Anpy it is it) oper) evidei^ccj as also ip ipuch of fine ipachipery of Goverpipept, but it ex- presses itself too ip the orgapisatiop of busipess, ip ■ftve professiops, ipdeed fonps part of the equip- ipept of the average citizep. Nor is it liipited to Epglapd, you cappot thipk ip Epglish, as it were, without postulatipg sotpethipg of that fiper qua- lity which wept of old apd we trust still goes to the tpakipg of the Epglish geptleipap. It is soipe- thipg of this that upderlies the vulgar persopali- ties of the sepsatiopalpress, that theyoupg Aiper- icap heiress feels whep she sets her cap at the 36 British peer; or that Gladstone had it) rpipd wher? he twitted ipodcn? English dci^ocrat with his speaking fopdpess for a lord/^ Froip it we are epabled to differeptiate betweep ffupkeyisip apd hopourable service, betweep leadership by right of tpight apd leadership by right of duties self iipposed apd wisely upderstood. Ip the light of what the past has left us apd what the presept is bripgipg, it is difficult to copceive of a deycloprpept of ^rpocracy that shall pot at the saipe tiipe bripg with it a leisured class, ap aristocracy broadly based upop ftw people^s will, havipg defipite duties apd defipite respopsibili- ties. To ipy thipkipg ftve greatest of these respop- sibilities at the presept ipoipept is the trusteeship for ft\e whole coipipupity of what is poblest ip ftw life apd record of the past: a trusteeship of septi- ipept. This trusteeship is as pertipept to the ope brapeh of ftve Apglo-Saxop race as the other. It is pot lirpitedtothe islapd cradleof the race, though it fipd^ there its syrpbolic expressiopj apd the septiipept of Elizabethap aristocracy which I have sought to distipguish ip ipy picture of the couptry house of Epglapd,is a subtle soipethipg ip our lives that is revealed to all of us ip leisure, S ip those fiper huipaprelatiopships,iptowhich tpapy of us froip tirpe to tiipe are called. Without apupderstapdipg of this we cappot lead, we cappot goverp, for pot to upderstapd irpplies * ap absepce ip ourselves of the fiper qualities that ipake for leadership. Apd ip the epd it is the cop- sciouspess of this ip ap aristocracy itself that ipaiptaips it, just as it is a forgettipg that destroys 37 it. lr)deed as soot) as it forgets its rcspor^sibilitics, at) aristocracy loses its fiipctiot) ii> tbc social or-' gapisip. If ye work i>ot peitber shall yc cat, is as true of tbc peer as of ^pauper, apdfihe ccoi^oipic cvolutiop by wbicb ope social order is slougbed off to rpakc rooip for apotber, shows but the work- ing out of a law that is divide. As lopg as at) aris- tocracy or a leisured class boldly accept their re- sponsibilities they rcinain, for in so doins they becoxne tbcinsciyes the inipisters of that divine power that rnoves behind, and is inscrutable to all. The cries of liberty, equality, ff aternity, or indeed any other of the shibboleths that have shaken the world, cease to have a value, for the truth withip then? stands proven. The whole thins once revealed to n?c in the illun?inatins fen?ark of a ffiend. He was whatftw Ainerican papers would call a ^scion of Ensl^sb aristocracy 5 ^ hehadn?ost of ftw ideals of hisclass, and a keen sense of ftw duties of leadership^ it was this that n?adc bin? coine down to live in East l^ndon SS call hitnself a socialist axnons socialists, at a tirne when the terrn was of less repute than it is at present. On all vital points we appeared to be agreed^ the cash nexus was abon?inablc, the in^ dustrial organisation rotten, the life of the great city horrible, the church inefficient, •Qrue trainips of the people in history, in esthetics, S in the re- sponsibilities of citizenship; a duty incun?bent on the rich. He threw hin>sclf with all the keen- ness of youth into ftve work of practical socialisn? as distinct frott) any spccificpropaganda,andftw inffuenceof his work has survived. wouldlike 3? to see all^tbipgstbat you arc for/' said be, witb ox>c rcscryatior>,let us bavctbecorpipu- pal life agaip apd a proper buipap rclatiopsbip betweep ipdiyiduals : tbc oply diffcrcpcc betweep you apd ipc is ip tbc positiop of tbe salt, I wisb to see it ip tbe ceptre of tbc table, you wapt to pass it roupd." Mapy is tbe tiipc tbat I bave tbougbt bow tpucb was rpcapt ip these words. Fiftcep years of subsc- quept life apd labour arpopgf tbe probleips of tbe great City, bavc forced upop botb of us, ipay be, ftic copyictiop tbat ftw actual positiop of salt is a detail after all. I, for ipy part, arp prepared to let it stapd ip tbe ceptre of tbe table where it stood of old, be I fiipcy is cqual]fy ready to pass it roupd, but we both add the proyiso that its syipbolisip rpust be upderstood. 39 IV. THE ABBEY OF WESTMINSTER THE GREATEST OF NATIONAL TRUSTS.v^^n OME twobupdrcd ai>d I fifty years ago Jan>es HowcIT wai^derips tbrougb JQi)dor) wrote : ^^Tbc IShhoy of West- rpipster batb always beep bcld tbc greatest Sapetuary apd rapde- youze of devotiop of tbc whole Islapd^ wbere- upto ■Qic situatiop of ftw place seeips to coptribute ipucb apd strike a bo^y kipd of reverepce apd sweetpess of ipeltipg piety ip tbc hearts of beholders/^ As the Elizabetbap felt tbcp so we feel pow; whether we be Lopdop- ers at boipe,oripakeour ^perlustratiop^ froip^ outeripostcorpers of the earth 5 apd whep weread our history, we fipd that this ho^y kipd of rever- epee apd sweetpess of tpeltipg piety was po pew septiipept to the Elizabetbap 5 but that right away back to the ear!|y Saxop, ipdced to the earliest le- gepdary tiipes, the hearts of beholders have felt the saxpe. The foupdipg apd dedicatiopof the Abbey by ftw Copfessor : the legacy left us by Epglapd^s first lipe of kipgs,the lipe of Cedric the Saxop : is ope of the great evepts ip the life of the Epglish speak- ipg peoples: ap evept that rapks ip iipportapee with Gw lapdipg of St. Augustipe, fbo. copquest of W illiaip ftw Norrpap,Gic sigpipg of Magpa Charta, the defeat of the Spapish Aripada, the Declaratiop 40 of Ipdcpcpdcpcc, tbc Battle of Trafalgar, tl)c Ab- olition of Slavery. Of strange and wistful poetry areftve legendstbat clins^feo^t its founding. So iinportant,so sacred to tbc Saxon kings was tbc ebureb on Tborny Island, tbat wben d)c new ebureb carne to be built, wbicb tbc Confessor^s superseded, and wbicb in its turn would seern to bave followed an older Roinan one that stood there, no ordinary conse- cration was good enough for it. St. Peter biinself inust consecrate bis own ininster, insist forestall the Bishop of l2ndon; andftve legend of bis coin- ing at night tiine to the Lan>bctbfisbennan,bail- ing bis boat to cross the river, and with a inulti- tude of angels leaving the seven crosses of bis coining on the ininster gate, while the salinon swain to the fisberinan^s net, is ainong the inost beautiful in the bagiology. As the influence of personal character in history, '^Man^s buinanity in n?an/' coines to be studied, we are beginnii^g to learn bow inucb the English^ speaking people owe to d)e kings of England. TboinasCar^yleperbaps wastbefirst who taught us wbatkingsbip ineant in history, ftw real force, the vital personality that underlies the fonx)S. He chose Oliver Croinwell, the uninaker of kings, whose statue has just been set up at Westininster, as bis textj but be inigbt equally well have chos- en Williain the Conqueror, Edward I., Henry Y., Elizabeth, or Dutch "Williain. Carlyle's choice of a hero was coloured by bis own teinperainent, and the needs of the tiine in which and for which he was writing; but there are other things that go to ipake up patiopal character, thipgs for which the sten? old Puritap, or the sour philosopher of detpocracy with all his hero-worship; had x)o syippathy. Whet? we pass by the torpbs of the Abbey apd see each of the great soycreigr^s of Epglapd ii) his last resting place, tpeet hin> ot) the coiptpoi) ground of our owr> hun?ar>ity, read his life as we ipight read the epitaph of a i&iepd to whon? our owi) life is indebted for ai)ii:)tin>ate soipethipg we feel how kipg after kii)g who has beei> strong ei)ough to hold the throve of Epglapd, 8S ipaylDe evep 3)ose who were pot, is still our creditor for soipe fipe quality that we respect, sorpe terppcraipept that we love, soipe heroisip that we adrpire. They are just citizeps of the earlier, the siippler state of so- ciety, apd the Abbey where their crowps were givepthetp, or their ashes laid,stapds as the syip- bol of their citizepshipor ftw character they have bequeathed. There is first the foupder hi«?self, Edward the Copfessor, the weird, faptastic dreaipy Saxop kipg, who saw visiops 8S coipipuped with apgels, fiill of the child-like faith of the ear^y world, full of syippathy for his people 5 the kipg who carried the crippled Irishn>ap op his back to the high altar to effect the cure that God had protpised. ThepfollowedftwstropgNorrpapftwCopqueror, who at the ipoipept of his coropatiop ip the Ab- bey tretpbled j he who pever kpew fear. Thep carpe the Apgevips, the fierce dark house that was taiped op^y by the Churchy aipopg theip the Coeur de Liop,the hero of roipapce. 42 Tbcr> caipc tt)Q Plar^tagGpcts: tbc first QQr)\xix)Q English wbo delighted ii) all tbipsfs beau- tiful ai?d all 5)ipgs splepdid, to the first of wboip indeed for bis fSryept piety apd eptbusiasrp we owe tbe body of tbc presept ipipster. Gl^iet Kipg Hepry as F uller tbc sbre wd apd witty pro- testapt bistoriap bas it, '^our Epglisb Nestor (pot for depth of braips but for lepgtb of life) who reigped fifty-six years, ip which tiipe be buried all bis copterpporary pripces ip Cbristepdoip twice over. All the rpoptbs ip ftw year rpaybe ip a ipapper carved out of ap April day : hot, cold, dry, ipoist, fair, foul weather^ just the character of this kipg^s life, certaip oply ip upcertaipty : sorrow- ful, successful, ip plepty, ip pepury, ip wealthy ip wapt,copquered,copqueror.^^ But greatest a- ipopg tbeip Edward I., the Epglisb Justipiap, the baipiper of the Scot: apd ipost splepdid a- ipopg tbcip the Kipg of Chivalry, Edward III. We owe soipetbipg, too, to the pathetic, the beau- tiful, the brilliapt Richard II, the last of the Plap- tagepets, whose totpb froir) the hapds of Hepry Eveleigh, Epglapd^s greatest architect, is aipopg the loveliest thipgs the ipipster holds. Whatever he did apd whatever he was, it is his persopality that has givep us perhaps the two fipest creatiops ip Epglisb Art, the bropze figure op his toipb,ip the robe with the harts wopderfully gravep, the folded hapds apd the foppish beard, apd Shake- speare^s drawipg of bin? ip the play. It has beep wise^ said that it rpatters less whether a hero or a fipe persopality really existed thap that the idea of bin) apd the belief ip bin? is iip- 43 planted ir) tt)Q buiparj Of t)o Epglisbipar) cap this be iporc fitly said tbap of tbc b^ro of Agipcourt. Let us accept Sba3^espeare^s charac- ter study of biiP; it is good epougb, apd lookipg at tbe pext of tbe great toipbs ip tbe Abbey let us get to feel wbat tbeboy soldier, tbe splepdid war- rior, wbo copquered pot oply Frapee but bin?- self : bostiuip victor et sui : stood for to bis people wbo so idolized bin?; tbat tbey laid bi^P at tbe very sbrfpc of St. Edward, ipade for bin? a ipopu- ipept coipiperporative of bis victories, bis fHepds apd tbe officers of bis court about bin?, S carved bin? out of Epglisb oak, witb a bead of solid sil- ver. Ip aipopg tbe syrpbolic stopework of tbis splepdid torpb is tbe ffaipipg cresset wbicb be took for bis badge, ^^sbowipg thereby, says ap old world bistoriap, to wboip other tbii?ss tbap scieptific tpetbod appeared of ipore irpportapee, ^^tbat although bis virtues apd good parts bad beep foriperly obscured, apd lay as a dead coal, waitipg light to kipdle it, by rc£^sop of tepder years apd evil corppapy, potwitbstapdipg, be be- ipg pow corpetobisperfecter years apd riper up- derstapdipg,bad sbakep off bis evil coupsellors, apd beipg pow op bis bigfb iipperial tbrope,tbat bis virtues should pow sbii?e as the light of a cres- set, which is po ordipary ligbt.^^ Hepry VI., too, the geptle, childlike kipg, the pi- ous foupder, has left us ipetpories ip the Abbey j apd the fiery Edward lY. who followed bin?, but whose farpe pow rests as ipucb upop bis patrop- age of Caxtop, Epglapd^s first pripter, as op the crowp be wop. It was the Abbey that gave the 44 printers tbeir first ^ cbapcl 5 ^ tb at strai^gest of lipks between ipodcrp Trade Qpiopisn) ai>d Hcdiseval life. Ai)d so or) to the Tudors, tbc first of wboip, close, keep, skipfPipt Hepry VII. gave us tt)Q last of tfee great works of tbc Middle Ages, St. George's Cbapel, Wipdsor, Kipg's Cbapel, Catpbridge, 8S bis owp cbapel at Westipipster. Apd Hepry YIII. Gw destroyer, Gw stropg, bluff, bully, wbo sacked every sbripe ip Epglapd, but left tbc Abbey alope. Apd tbe glorious Queep Elizabeth wbo lies witb ber rival Mary Stuart ip ope toipb. ^^Regpo cop- sortes et urpa, bic obdonpipus Elizabetba et Maria Sorores,ip spe resurrectiopis," is tbe epi- taph that Jaipes I, Gw wisest fool ip Cbristepdorp, cotpposed for tbcip. There is a pathetic apd sirp- ple digpity about it which it is quite iippossible to repder ipto Epglisb* The first of the Stuarts bin?self lies ip the toipb of Hepry YIL, apd the destroyer of the Stuarts, the great Oliver, was laid there, too, bard by j but ip the reactiop of the Restoratiop bis body was dug up apd bis reipaips scattered. The last of the Stuarts, Qjieep Appe, the quiet, coipfortable queep, S her sister Mary, with the stropg, silept, siipple, clearheaded Dutch Williaip, whose rule wrought Epglapd so ipucb good, close ):wside. Right ipto ipoderp tiipes, whether to crowp or to eptoipb, does the traditiop of the Abbey take us. George I Y. was the last of tt)e kipgs actually bu- ried 5 )ere, but the last of the coropatiops over 60 years ago, was that of the veperable lady whose tact apd piety, syrppathy apd affectiop,hasipade 45 flic tbroi)Gii? Et^glai^d ap it>tcgral part of tpodcri) Dcipocracy. No n?Gai> SGquGpcG tbis^ lookGd at n>GrGly froip tbcpoiptof yiGwof cbaractGrj ipdGGdtbc apoipa- lous blGi^dipg of ft\c corjstitutiopal authority with tbc berGditary right would SGGip to bavG bad the rGSult of bripgit>g the strong opGS to the top j apd takG then? for all it) all wg cai)r)ot but adipit that the i)oblG ipjupctioi) laid upor> the sovGrGigps of Epglapd wbGp, at tl)G coropatiop it) the AbbGy, they arG wGddGd to their pGoplG with Kipg E^ ward^s rii>g^ as tbcDogGof VGijicG was WGddGd to the Adriatic, has bGGt) wisGly guardGd. ScarcGly a dynasty ip ipodGrp tiipGsbasbGGp ablGtoGScapG tbG stonp apd turrpoil of the rGvolutiopary agG, the agG that built up the AipGricap rGpublic, apd crGatGd ipost of the ipodGrp statGS of EuropG. It was said of the Bourbops wbep they catpG back to FrapcG,tbat they bad ^^Icarpcd potbips forgottGp potbipS;^^ but the kipgs of Epglapd rcipcipbcrcd, the kipgs of Epglapd were wiser, 8S pot alopG bavG they preserved ip the beautiful old forrps a great ipeasureof the popular quality of the early kipgsbips, but they have learpedapd upderstood the lessops of ipoderp Deipocracy, ftw Cro wp at this ipoipept ip Epglapd is as stropg apd as popular apd as coippatible with the free ipstitutiops of the couptry as it has beep for the last tbousapd years. Who shall say tbereispo virtue ip syrpbols? Not, certaiply, the ipoderp Aipericap, as be sets ap- other of the ipediaeval rowels op George Wash- ip^op^s coat of anps to eplarge the bapper of the 46 CIpitcd States, or shakes bapds with his presi- dent in the white house. Consecrate with a few hundred years of honoured 82 honourable usage, and you convert a dernocratic fonn into a reli- gious ritej 82 whether we shake hands with Jef- fbrson or shout in the Abbey for Victoria, pro- vided the huinan quality is there, the syinhol is as virtuous as ever. '^The Qiteen sitting W King Edward^s chair,^' says the grand Elizabethan rubric of the Coro- nation Service, ^^the Archbishop cornes frorn the altar: the Dean of Westrnii^stcr brings the crown, and the Archbishop, taking it of hin?, reverently putteth it upon the Qjieen^s head. At the sight whereof the people, with loud S repeated shouts, cry ^God save the G^j^een!^ and the truinpets sound, and, by a signal given; the great guns at the tower are shot off. As soon as the Q^een is crowned, the peers put on their coronets 82 caps. The acclaination ceasing; the Archbishop goeth on andsaith: ^Be strong and of a good courage. Observe the cornrnandinents of God and walk in his holy ways. Fight the good fight of faith; and lay hold on eternal lifej that in this world you inay be crowned with success and honour, and, when you have finished your course, receive a crown of righteousness, which God the right- eous Judge shall give you in that day.^^^ I have said so inuch about the kings and their toinbs and their coronations, that I would alinost seein to have passed by what will to inany he the Abbey^s inuch inore sacred function : the st)rir)Q of English greatness. But I would have the kings 47 treated as bistory would treat tbcn>; bave tbc croviT) taker) as tbc syipbol of tbat greater kir)g- sbip; tbat fir)er reyerei)ce wbicb as a people we yield to our beroes. Wb^tber we carve two words aloi)e or) tbe torpb of our Ber) Jor)Sor); or cbisel out a whole court of sair)ts ar)d ger)crals to watcb over our Her)ry V., wbetber we set a statue to Shakespeare, abust to Lor)sfellow, or a bough of withered laurels fron) the bar)ks of the Hudsor) to bor)our the ren)air)S of At)dre, the ser)tiu)er)t is the sarpe. Ir)deed were I to atterppt to describe to you, or ever) recour)t the list of the worthies of Er)glar)d wbon) the Abbey has received, I should have to give a history r)ot or)ly of her kir)gs, her prelates, her statesrper), ar)d the lot)g lir)es of ber great fa- n)iliesj but trace the story of her acbieverper)t ir) Art, ir) Scier)ce, ir) Letters, ar)d ir) Music, for the Abbey rcprcser)ts all these things, 8S of each there are great or)es. Mar)y have crept ir), doubtless, whohave t)o righttobe there, crawled ir) throtigh the loopholes of privilege 5 ri)ar)y are rpediocri- ties, a few lie there forgotter) ar)d ur)r)an)edj but that there is sorpe record of Er)glar)d^s greatest, wisest, ar)d best there is r)o doubt, ar)d that the average foelir)g of her citizer)S is surprped up ir) ■ftw prerpor)itior) of Nelsor) or) ftw eve of Trafalgar there is t)o doubt also: Either Victory or West- ri)ir)Stcr Abbey ! It is r)o exaggeratior) to say that the Abbey is a rpirror, ar) epitorpe of the whole history of Er)g- lar)d, of her political dcvelopn)cr)t, her social life, her thought, her n)ar)r)crs, her custorps, her poli- 48 tics, bcr literature, ber tpusic, ber poetry, art. Every great rryoverryQiyt tbat bas drivepber, every ipspiratiop tbat bas awakeijed ber, every crea- tioi? tbat bas eppobled ber bas its record ii) these venerable stores. ^^Tbc ipost lovely apd tbc ipost lovable tbipg ii) Cbristepdoip,^' as Street tb® ar- chitect ot>ce called ftve Abbc^, is i>ot oply ftve type of her poblest art,but ^ syipbol of that buipai>ity which inspires it, apd tb® ethical principles of which it is the outcorne. Study the history of ftw Abbey and you will find answered there d)e probleips and the inconsist- encies that puzzle the foreign student of English history. The xpeaning of British cornproinise, ftw reason of fhc popularity of the Crown, ftw anoin^ alies of English party governinept. It is tbc Abb^ that shows why each royal dynasty has chosen to rest beside ^ one it has followed or displaced, and how as Dean Stanley has said, '^it has been the peculiar privilege of the kings of Englanc^ that neither in life nor in death they have been parted froin their people.^^ It is the Abbey that holds ftve records of ■Qic early kingship of Ireland and Scotland, that stands for what is finest in feu- dalising that contains what was grandest in the personal Monarchy 82 what has so far been inost generous in Denjocracy . The very constitutional systein of England itself, and the House of Coin- inons which Siinon de Montfort first created, can be traced to that early protest against the sun?s that Henry III., ftw Abbey ^s second Sunder, lav- ished upon this inost splendid of ininsters. In a sense too the Abbey, as it has been aptly put, is a e 49 gift ff on? tbc Crowi? to tbe people of Er?glai?d. Other great churches or terpples of the world, arc perhaps n?crc foupdatiops of personal piety, son?c arc the ton>bs of kit>gs alor?e, son?c like the Par- ther?or?, arc a spoptapeous outcon>c of patiopal life, son?c the Walhallas of the people 5 the Abbey is all these things ai?d there arc r?opc ^at like the Abbey are at the san?c tin?c a gift &on) the 3dr?gs to the people, or that have beci? accepted by the people whole-heartedly, as the ipost sacred of gifts, or honoured by then? as the sl?ripc 82 syn?- bol, the record ai?d rcstir?g-placc of what they hold dearest ar?d greatest ii? r?atioi?al character. Above all it is the ii:?tin 7 atc coi?i?cctior? with n?o- dcri? life that n^akes the story of the Abb^so ii?- tin?atc to us. Its chiefest glory is that it is alive to-day asit was wher? the Coi?flssor laid ftw K>ur?- datior? stoi?c i?car tooo years ago, alive ir? the very cci?trc of n?odcn? Lot?dox?, it? very heart of n?odcn? Dcn?ocracy, tl?c Dcn?ocracy t?ot ot?ly of the n?other country, but of every people that has beet? i?urscd it? English traditions, or, like ^c n?ii?utc-tnai? of Concord, has stood up against England for the sacred rights of Englishft?en* 5o Y. CHELSEA: OR THE VILLAGE OF PAL- ACES. I was sitting at work ip n>y office atftwMag- picSStuippopc iporp- ipg, two years ago^ tl^c door opeped^ apd a tall raw-boped Aipericap geptleipap, ip a grey top bat apd patept lea- ther boots, walked ip. Hesipiledkipdtyj^^Mr. Asbbee/^ be said/^Iaip apxious to bave tbe pleasure of sbakipg you by ftwbapd." I bowed. I aip Mr. Browp of Kapsas.^^ Tbe paipe was upfaipiliar to ipe, apd I was pot copscious of apy iptroductiop. You kpow bow cluipsy apd eipbarrassed ap Epglisbipap fSels upder sucb circuipstapces. Tbe strapger however put ipe at ipy ease. He explaiped that a fipiepd of bis, who bad beard ipe lecture at Philadelphia a year before, bad suggested bis corpipg to see ipe wbep be wept to Lopdop, Epglapd. I have read of this Chelsea of yours, apd ipade up ipy ipipd to coipe apd look at it.^^ I asked if I could do apy- tbipgfor biip^ direct bin) to its objects of ipterest. He bad very little tiipe be said, but seeiped apxi- ous ^r soipetbipg. Webotb hesitated." I have soipe fHepds who would also like to shake you by the bapd.^' "My dear sir wop^t you bripg tbeip ip?" He looked roupd the rooip upeasijy. "I guess," be said, " they wouldp^t all fit ip here ! " " Tbep let ipe coipe out apd say good-day to tbeip ! " Opep- ez 5t ir)Q tbc ball door Isawstar>dipgaroui)d tbc door- step fburteci) or fifteer? other Arpericap ladies at)d geptleipei), presuipabjy frorx) Kansas, but wbe^ 5)er of tbc sarpe patpe I cappot say. We all shook bapds cereipopiously, apd after a few words of epcouragexpept apd welcotpe, a short extenypore speech* ^^Over yopder^^^said I, lived George El- iot, apd hard by Rossetti, dowp there where the sup light^s op ftw bridge, died Turper : the whole Eipbapktpept is full of paipters,poets,politiciaps, wits apd worthies ffotp ope geperatiop to apother. Y ou^ll fipd Sir Thotpas Morels toipb ip ftve church yopder j that ffower shop pext door is all that re- xpaips of Shi*ewsbury Palace, apd this is the Ap- ciept Magpie apd Sturpp.^^ Such a brief greet- ipg, ip short, as ope ipight coippress ipto two ipip- utes^ street oratory op the doorstep} I guided ipy ff iepds dowp the pext street to the house of Tho- rpas Carlyle. I have oftep thought sipce how rpucb tpore thap iperely shows op the surface was itpplied by the hasty scraipble of tpy friepds froip Kapsas over ope of the ipost historic spots ip the world} 8S stiff ipore by the kipd^y hapdshake that brought us for so brief a ipoipept together fron) the epds of the earth* The Chelsea of today ispriiparijy thehoipeof ar- tists} it is the hotpe of politiciaps 8S ipep of letters too, but the sestbetictraditiop which hasdrawp to it ftw leaders of alipost every artistic iippulse,&oip Holbeip to Whistler, is apd retpaips^ stropgest. It is curious to pote how this holds: evep if 3>cy did pot actually live d)ere, they each ip their turp 52 left tk)Qir ipark. Tl)cre arc works of Dutch Lch^S Epgflish KpcIFcr ii> Chelsea Hospital^ thei) caipe the French ipffuci>cc upder Yerrioj later agaii) the gfreat English painters of every school right through to d)c Roipaptic n^ovcipcpt. The Pre- Raphaelites, at Rossetti's house ot) Cheyi>c Walk, ipade it their centre, ai>d Holipai) fiur>t painted his 'Light of the World' it) ope of ftw little houses by Chelsea Church* Pugip left there sotpc of his best work, a little shop he built still stapds ip the Q^eep's Road, apd the graceful ccrcrpopy of the goldep hawthorp cross for the Qjtcep of the May at Whitelapds CoITcgc owes its origip or revival to Johp Ruskip. At Chelsea it is d)at Williatp dc Morgap coptipued the traditiop of Pottery as ap Art, apd Ricketts apd Shappop started the Yale Press. There arc half-a-dozcp horpes at least that claiip ftw hopour of harbouripg Whistler j apd ip Chelsea Johp Sargept works at his ©cscocs for the Library ip Bostop. Evep ip the last few years the leaders of the Glasgow School, I have built a house for ope of theip, have coipc apd settled ip Chelsea j apd the whole quarter htups with the work of sculptors,paiptcrs, apd decorative artists. i©kBut I would Icavcftw workof ftw presept gep- cratiop to be told by a later ope, apd would rather draw a picture of historic Chelsea, of the little vil- lage by Lopdop, 'the village of palaces,' that has growp to be so iptiipatcly associated with what we hold ipostsacrcdipourpatiopaldcvcloprpcpt. Ip Cheype Row, a priip little street of red brick houses of Williatp III. tiipc j ope of thetp, Orapgc House, stiff stapdipg a few years ago, where Mr. 53 Willian? dc Horgap n?adc son>c of bis fipcst pots, is tbc bouse wbicb fifty years was tbc intellec- tual centre of England : tbe borne of tbc Carlyles. We saved tbis bouse ^oin tbc destruction witb wbicb it was tbr*Gatencd after tbc old inan^s death in t3S4, not so rnucb for its own or bis sake, as frorr) ti)Q fact tbat in its borncly walls bad coinc at one tirnc or another all the leaders of English thought and life. Like ffies to tbe honey pot they were at- tracted to the sage of Chelsea. John Stuart Mill, who lost the precious M.S.j Leigh Hunt, the wit, the Bobeinian^ the poetf Count d^Orsay of the thousand curls 5 Edward Irving the preacher 5 Richard Owen ftw naturalist 5 Harriet Martineau, the Sterlings, Margaret Fuller, Lord Jeffry, Dr. Cbaltners, Mazzini with ftw entbusiasrn of Italian liberation ; Charles Kingsley, who also bad other ties to Chelsea 5 Dean Stanley, Charles Dickens, Matthew Arnold, and Richard MoncktonMilnes 5 Arthur Hugh Clough^and a poet of an earlier gen^ eration; Southey 5 Ralph Waldo Einerson^ whose roon> in the house is stiff pointed out 5 Tennyson and Ruskinj of historians Foster, Froude, and Lecky 5 of scientists,Tyndaff and Huxley 5 of ar- tists, Watts, Millais, Boehrn, and Whistlerj these were ainong his iends, but inany inore inight be inentioned. Carlyle hi^nself describes the house.To hiin it is ^^eininent, antique, wainscoted to the very ceiling; and has been all new painted and repaired j broadish stair with inassive baltts- trade (in the old style) 5 corniced and as thick as one^s thigh; ffoors thick as a rock, wood of then) here and there worrn^eaten;yet capable of clean- 54 pcss; ai)d still viitk) tbfice tbc strcpgtb of a ipod- QTi) ffoor. Ax)d d^QT) as to roorps, Goody! Tbrcc storicsbcsidctbc supk story, ip every opcof tbcip three apartipepts, ip depth soipethips like forty feet ip all j afroptdipipg-roorp (iparblechiippey, piece, etc.); thep a back dipipg-rooip or break- fast-rootp, a little parro wer by reasop of ftve )dtch- ep stairs^ thep out of this apd parro wer stiff (to affow a back wipdow, you copsider), a chipa-^ rooip or paptry, or I kpow pot what, all shelved apd fit toholdcrockery ferthe wholestreet. Such is the groupd area, which of course coptipues to the top, 82 furpishes every bedrooip with a dress- ips-roorp or secopd bedrooip j op the whole a ipost ipassive, rooipy, sufficiept old house, with places, for exaipple, to hapg;, say, three dozep hats or cloaks op, apd as ipapy crevices apd queer old presses apd shelved closets(all light^pewpaipt- ed ip their way) as would gfrati:^ the ipost cove- tous Goody j rept,thirty'^fiye poupds! I copfess I aip stropgly teippted.^^ There was or))y ope disadvaptage as he after- wards discovered — the crowipg of ftve cocks 5 Deipop Fowls ' that pursued hin? through the writipg of his books so that a soupd-proof rooip had to be builtop the roof. It pever occurred toftw great philosopher, said afanper^s wife to ipe opce whep I was restoripg the house, that the puttipg of a woodep bar above the roost whep chapticleer lifts his coipb to crow would have stopped all the trouble— altered perhaps the whole thought of ipoderp Epglapd apd Aiperica. The scepe of the life apd death of Carlyle takes us 55 to aijotbcr Cbclsca sccpc, tl)c Dcccipbcr day ii) t85t wbcp tt)Q greatest landscape paipter ftve world bas ever seep lay dyipg ip tl)e little bouse at tbc bepd of tbc bay. Jobp Ruskip, ip writipg of Tur- per apd bis record at Cbelsea, says of biip 2 ^^Cut off a great part froxp all society, first by lalDour ffi at last by sickpess, bupted to bis grave by tbc ipaligpities of sipalTcritics apd jealousies of hope- less rivalry, be died iptbcboipe of a strapger,ope cotppapiop of bis life apd ope op^y stayipg witb biip to tbc last. Tbc wipdow of bis death cban>- ber was turped towards ftw west, 8 ? the sup sbope upop bis face ip its settipg,apd rested there as be expired.^^ For this bouse, partly becatise of its iptripsic ebanp, the two cfuiet riverside cottages with their gardeps looJdpg to the bay, apd partly because it gives the key to so ipucb of Turper^s later work, we bad a great fight. It wascopdetppedas ipsapi- tary apdupsoupd by foolish people who deeiped tbeipselves practical^ a coiprpittee was fonped to purchase it op behalf of the public, with the re- sult that ap iippossible price was asked for it by owpers whose appreciatiop of history was ipea- sured by the coipipercial ipcreipept resultipg &oip the advertiseipept, the whole sebeipe fell through. Owpipg soipe of the adjoipipg proper- ty, I thought the wisest plap, as the bottse was dooiped, was to say pothips to apyope, but buy it 5 so ip copjupctiop with n?y ffiepd MaxwelT Balfour, who pow lives ip it, apd for whoxp I put it ip order, I built the studio at the back, apd the house was quietly saved. We left the part that 56 Turner lived it) just as be left it^carcfully repair- ing tk)Q window of bis death ebarnber, and tbe quaint little iron railing tbat be put on tbe roof to paint ftw sunsets frorn. Before ftw botise caine in^ to iny bands I found lying ainong tbe roof luin^ ber in ^e thick dust the torn reinpants of an old portfolio^ what becaine of this last token of tbe inaster^s work I cannot say. The best of ftw English school of painters seen? to have been drawn to Chelsea, whether by ftw beau- ty of the spot, the tnodest coinfort of its little old- i^sbioned bouses, or its sacred traditions. It was here that Norland painted the sign of ftw ^ Goat in Boots ^ fora tavern score, and that Girtin; Yarlcy, Prout 82 de Wint drew&orn their windows by ^ streain^ while Dyce and Maclise lived in Cbeyne Walk in ftw bouse where George Eliot died. In ftve yard of the old church is the toinh of Cipriani which Bartolozzi set up for his friQi)d and col- league; and Gilray the caricaturist, the son of the sexton of the Moravian chapel, a quaint little building that still stands off the King^s road, has inocked at the follies of his tin?e, as I have seen Fhil May do it at our own in the Chelsea Arts Club. A little Ki-rther back again^ and a different sort of burnour, takes us to a different centre of life. In Lawrence street, the next street to Carlyle^s, lives the author of ^Hutnphr^ Clinker,^ 82 ^Roderic Randon?.^ As Carlyle in his own way puts it : We could shoot a gun into Srpollet^s old house where he wrote ^ Count Fathoin/ and was wont every Sunday to dine a coinpany of hungi*y authors, 5 ? 8S tbci> set then? figbtit^g togetber.^^ Apd wbo arc these saipe bupgry au5)ors? Lawrence Stcn?e, Oliver Goldsxpitb; David Garrick, BoswcIT, ar>d tbe great Dr. Jobpsot). It is opep bouse berc of a Sunday at Dr. Sipollct^s, apd wbat a feast it is, r)Ot or)ly of bccf,puddit>g ai>d potatoes, port, pui>cb; apd Calvcrt^s entire butt beer, but of tbe o^cr sort of food as we read of it it) BoswcIT or Gold- sxpitb* Do we t)oi appreciate these Sunday gatherings at Chelsea ftveinore when we read bowSipollct out- ran ^ constable to pay for then?, then writes la- conically: live in ftw shade of obscurity,neitber neglecting; nor neglected, 8? spending; n>y vacant hours ainong; aset of honest, pblegipatic Engflish^ inen whorn I cultivate f6r their integrity of heart and siinplicity of n>anpers. I have not spoken to a noblctnan for son?e years, and those I once had the honour of knowing were such as h£^ very little interest of their own^or very little consider- ation f6r ine.^^ Horace Walpole, for he too lived at Chelscaj^^inypoorfavouritcChelsca,^^as be calTs it in wistful n>cinorics of his boyhood there, is out of place evidently in this btwnble party of wits 5 82 the great Sir Robert waits behind Qj^ecn Caroline's chair while she coines to Walpole House to dine. To have broken bread at Gw house of England's first priine rninistcr 82 parliarpcnt- ary leader, would have been an interesting expe- rience. Better stiff to have inet his son Gwrc twenty years later 5 but best of all to have spent the vacant hours at Sinoffct^s in coinpany with Dr. Johnson the other honest, phlegrnatic Englishtpen.^' 53 Agaip flic scet)Q cbapgfcs. It is ii>flic tin)c wbepflic altl)6a blooips, as it stilT blootps ix) tbc riverside gardens j a bot surpiper day, tbe youpg colopial BepjaipipFrapMip bascoipeout toseefi)e^Cbcl- sea Kpackatory^^ tbe curiosities at Dop Saltero^s Coffee House. Tbe brawpy pripter^s boy is pot baippered by apy pruriept ipoderp potiops : ^ ip- decept batbips ^ as tbe Tbaipes Copservapey bye- laws are pleased to terip it j be strips, jurpps ipto tbe river, apd swiips dowp tbe tide to Blackfriars. A splepdid pobleipap, strollipg alopg tbe bapk, is delighted witb tbe perfortpapee, apd sepds bis lackey to look up tbeyoupg atbletej it leads to ap offer to act as 4 pstructor ip patatiop ^ to bis sops. Tbe teipptatiop is a severe ope j butFrapklipfip- ally decides to go back to tbe New Epglapd pript- ipg press. I bave watebed tbe Cbelsea boys div- ipg ipto tbe river frorr) tbe very saipe spotj but oi)\y ip tbe bot suipiper pigbts wbep tbe police- ipap is out of tbe way, apd ipto a streatp tbat is peid)er so sweet porsocbeerfulasitwas ope bup- dred apd fifty ago. At ipucb about tbe sarpe tiipe, or a little earlier, other great coippapy has beep by the riverside. It is ip the goldep age of Epglisb poetry, apd here, to use the polished phrase of the ceptury, is 'where the litterati sit ip coupcil.^ Steele is there, be is busy with No. 34 of tbe 'Tatlerj' the 'cos- ipetic philosopher,^ barber, ipusiciap, gipgivista, taverpkeeper, bripgs bin? bis bowl of coffee, or ipore probably bis bowl of 'CbelseasuperPupcb,' Addisop has strolled over frorr) Sapdford Mapor across flic fields j the bouse stiff stapds,butupless 59 the Natioi>al Trust cat) step it) ai)d save it, it is dootped. Addisot), perhaps to be ffcc for a wbilc iron) bis wife, joii)S tbc crowdj perhaps be bet^ ever), it) ftic sct)sc of a secure bacbelordon), batches ftve fan)ous epitaph upot) her which lady sur- vived: ^^Here lies ipy wife, here let her lie 5 she^s i)ow at rest, 8? so an) Bolipgbroke has crossed over fron) Battersea,at)dthcy are joipedby Atter- bury 8SSwift,for all live at Chelsea. The authorof ^ Gulliver,^ indeed, growls as is bis woi)t, 8S writes to Stella of bis lodging just over agaii)St Dr. At- terbury^s House,^^ where he pays t)o less that) six shillit)gs a week '^for ot)e silly roon) with cot)- foupded coarse sheets ai)d at) awkward bed He growls at the Bishop too, but he accepts his hos- pitality t)ot)Q the less. Tl)e latter, i)o doubt, has other ties with Chelsea 5 pot that he freqttepts it hitpself, but a few doors off is the ' Magpie apd Stun)p,' a poted house for Jacobites, 8S his rever- epce^s letters, upder the pseudopyrp of Robert YoupgtoKipg Jan)es III.,n)ay be,pass by n)eaps of other hapds through the great updergroupd passages of ^e ^ Magpie,^ to go by boat of a pight dowp strean). A portiop of this passage is still stapdipgbepeath n)y n)otber^sgardep} I weptip- to it with lighted capdlewhep we were at work op the foupdatiops of tibe presept house} the rats ip their hupdreds scraipbled through lopg galler- ies of old place bricks. Jacobite n)cn)ories take us back yet apother step ip the life of Chelsea} the scepe shifts agaip, apd it becoipes a ceptre for the Court of the witty, ip- dolept, dissolute Charles II. Hither he stroITs to 60 pay a visit of cercrpopy to bis retired Q^eei); for Catberipe of Bragapza lives ip Cbcypc Walky'Qic bouse that we were introduced to before as tbc boxpe of tbc pre-Rapbaelites, or ipore probab^ to visit ope or otber of bis brilliapt bareip. Ip Paradise Row, of wbicb a portion is still stapd^ ipgf, dwells tbc wonderful apd witty Duebesse de Mazarip, tbc piece of tbc Cardinal, where witb Saipt Evrerpopde tbc Italian Opera is first beard ip Epgflapd, apd where, wbep they coipe ip tbeir £filded coaches these poble guests, out of respect for her geperosity apd pity for her extravagance tb^ leave ipopey upder tbeplates topay for their eptertaipxpept. At Sapdford Mapor too, we poted it just pow as the boxpe of Addisop, lives the tpost popular apd xpost buipap of English grisettes, NelP Gwyp, whose portrait tradition stiff fixes op the orapge girl ip the Yerrio paiptipg op Chelsea Hospital ceiling hat’d by, the '^pretty witty Nelly," as Pepys calls her. Like a gepuipe Stuart, the kipg^s heart is set op beautiful ^ipgs of all sortsj he is the ipoparch of architects, K whatever he touches it is with taste. We follow his train op February tyth, t65z, apd fipd ourselves with apother group of ipep whose hearts are ip Chelsea. There is the father of the great Whigfaipily that feupdedipoderp Liberal- isip. Sir Stephen Fox. Sir Christopher Wrep is wi^ bin?, apd John Eveh^p the diarist. They are laying the foundation of the great ipilitary hos- pital which is stiff ope of the ipost glorious things of its kipd ip Epglapd. Evejyp records for us 6x poipt by poipt tbe progress of tbc scbcipcj be ipust be tbcrctoipakc bis rjotcsSS write tbipgsup of ap evepipg wbcp be gets botpe. Little by little bastbis splendid palace becorpeftve chief treasure bouse of ^ n>ilitary glories of Epglapd^ just as fho. Palace of Greet) wicb;lower dowt) tbe river, stapds for tbc seatpei). Designed origii)airy as a recon)- pei)sc for those who bad fought for the crowi) ii) ftw civil war, though fS w of then) ever can)c ii)to it> it bolds records of English beroisn) right away fron) Stuart tin)cs. There are ^ trophies of all ftw great F rei)cb wars, rows 8S rows of F repcb eagles, Aipericai) eagles too it would seen) 5 ai)d the old pet)Siot)er^s Sunday service is oi)e of the loveliest sights it) Lot)dot). Indeed to walk dowi) ftw opei) courts, where Wrei) has chaii)ed the war-dogs ii) carvei) stox)e, at)d read ftve ii)Scriptioi)S of ipilitary history op the c(uiet sun)n)er Supday afterpoops f?on) first to last is deeply suggestive. Ope of the later opes ipdeed is to Colopel Setop apd his 357 cotprades who wept dowp ip the ^Birkephead,^ firipg ftwir last salute to ftw sharksjftw story of that goipg dowp it was that ftw old Genpap En)peror had regularljy read to his soldiers. The delight that this splepdid n)eiporial of the Stuarts has givep to all the paipters right up to our owp tin)e is evidepced ip their hapdlipg of it. Capaletti, Turper, Prout, DeWipt, Maltop, Pether, Whistler, Herkonoer, all ip their way have touched itj but to ipe ope of the n)ost cham)ipg of the ^gepre^ pictures of ear^y pipeteepth ceptury Epglapd is Wilkie^s paiptipg of the old pepsiopers sittipg roupd their taverp at the corper of Frapklip^s 62 row, tbe Palace bebipd tbeip, ffi bearing tbc i)cws of tbc battle of Waterloo. Tbc taverp arjd tbe pal^ ace ai?d tbe pepsiopers are bere, just as tb^ were ix) xZxS wbci? tbc rjews caxpe^ but tbe tayerp is dooiped ii) a great building scbcipe or) "ftw Cado- gap estate^ apd ipdeed it is difficult to believe it, 5)ere loavo actually beep two coiprpissiops ap- poipted to copsider wbc^r ■&« palace itself ipay pot be profitably dope away witb; tbc iprpates out-pepsioped,apdftwwbole copverted iptocasb by ap upiptelligept war office j you see tbe peed ip Epglapd of a Hatiopal Trust! Froip tbciperry ipoparcb to Waterloo is a far cry 5 let us shift tbe scepe opce agaip. We turp back apotber page, ap earlier geperatiop still, apd fipd ourselves ip a Cbelsea tbat bas becoipe a bot^bed of political iptrigue, for bcre lives Kipg Pyip, tbe leader ip tbe parliaipeptary struggle with tbe Crowp. We are at tbe bouse of Sir Jobp Dapvers, ftw ^ regicide,^ ope of patriots or traitors wbicb^ ever you prefer, wbo witb Bradsbaw apd Iretop sigped tbe death warrapt of Charles I. Hapdsoipe, brilliapt, accoipplisbed, 8 ? extr avagapt, be draws aroupd biip ip bis beautiful bouse at Chelsea, where pow is Dapvers street apd Paultop square, pot alope the iptrigue of parliaipeptary party after the outbreak of ftw war,but soipe of ^ ipost lovable apd soipe of the ipost learped ipep of the earlier Stuart tiipe. It is pot so ipucb tbe political sapsculotte that ipterests us, as the brilliapt bu- ipapist, a little of type of Falklapd, a little of tbe spirit of Yape, who iptroduces ipto Chelsea apd so ipto Epglapd tbe art of Italiap gardepipg. Bt)d to whose criticisn? the great I2rd Bacoi> self subrpits bis MS. Izaac Waltop tells bow tbeir iputual fHepd Dr. Doppe tbc geptle Puritap ai>d poet preaches ii) old Chelsea Church the fiiperal senpop to Lady Dapyers. Doppe was too gepuipe a tpap to have wept the tears, with which the ser- ipop was brokep, without good cause. Nothing rerpaips of Dapvers House itself, but three quiet little Williaip III. houses are still stapdipg at the south--westerpepdof the street j Stover ■ftwhaker^s shop two doors fron) tpy house is a little stope tablet with ■ftwipscriptiop : ^^This is Dapvers street begup ip ye year x6g6 by Bepjaipip StalTwood.^^ t@.But a stiff ipore brilliapt S still ipore splepdid picture is left us ip the Chelsea of Elizabeth 5 as we go further back ip the historic story of Chel- sea it seen>s to grow rpore vivid. We are pow ip a veritable gaffery of Creeps, Catheripe of Brag- apza we have already ipetj pow we are to tpeet Catheripe Howard, Catheripe Parr, the hurpble, hoipeh^ Appe of Cleves, apd greatest of all C^^eep Bess. Her childhood is spept with Lady Jape Grey, the tep day^s queep, ip the ipapor house at Chelsea, the sacred spot which we have already crossed® re-crosssd as ftw hoipe of George Eliot, of Rossetti, of Dyce, of Maclise, ® also for a brief space of Swipburpe apd of Ruskip. Let us look at Chelsea for a iporpept ip the great days of the Yirgip Gl^jeep. Adjoipipg ^e tpapor bouse stapds Wipchester Hottse, we shall cotpe to it agaip ip a ipore sacred associatiop directly, apd ip coppectiop with a*? evep pobler paipe, where dwells Cecil the great Lord Burleigh? apd hard 64 by is ISrdHowardofEffipgbatt^^bcro of fticAr- ipada j it) bctwccp is Shrewsbury House, a ag- 10021)1 of it stiff stands, apd a wall of it abuts or> ipy ipo^cr^s gardep. The Earls of Shrewsbury keep state ip Chelsea j of ope of theip writes thus the chropicler Machyp : The fifth day of Jupe caipe to Chelsea the Earl of Shrewsbury with sever) score horse, apd after loirr) forty velvet coats apd chaips apd ip his owp livery, to his place, apd the residue of his servapts." There are records of the hapgipgs of greep apd gold, the carpets apd fur- piturej but the old adage that wealth apd hap- pipess are pot of pecessity sypopyrpous, holds of a ShrewslDury as of apy ipap. Of apother of ftw earls we hear that he is pot as happy as he ipight be, for he is ht^^sbapd to the terrible Bess— Bess the builder, who loved the architects, but tpade life hard forherhusbapds. Hardwicke,Chatsworth^ apd Old Cotes she built, apd he is ftic third of her four husbapds : ''it cappotbutbe,"says a letter ip the Rutlapd MSS., "a presage to a geperal peace throughout Christepdorpj for ip cotpipop opip- iop rpore likely were the warres ip ftic ISw Coup- treys to take epdthap these civil dicords betweep loin) apd her.^^ Nor does the Gljtccp hold hi«? al- together a success as ft\e custodiap of Mary Q^eep of Scots, so she sepds hin? away both frotp teippt- atiop apd frorp his wife. Devoutly he thapks her Majesty, the record is stiff extapt, for relievipg hiip of "two she-devils.^^ Whether to Shrewsbury House or to the ipapor the great G^teep^s visits to Chelsea were frequept. We have it writtep ip her progresses how she cotpes apd dipes with the f 65 Coui>tcssofNottii>sba«>;bowSirWalterRalGisb^ tl)G Lord CbapcelTor, tbc Lord Keeper, ai)d tbc rest of tbcn? joip tbc party at Cbclsea, ai>d there is still a taverp of tbc ^Qjjeei>^s Eln?/ apd a record it) tbc parish books of xSZ6 of the ^G^jteep^s Tree/ where, traditioi} says, I2rd Burleigh 8? tbc Q^qqx) ffed for shelter it> a shower of raii>. It is all grin>y streets apd slippery aspbalte apd Impberii^gorp- pibuses it) that part i)ow whet? it raips, 82 a n>od- erp ^ pub ^ is i)ot ar> Elizabetbap taveri). Y ou tbipk a^pub^ is a ^pub^ ipor^e age as well as ii) another? I tbii>k pot. We do pot pow ipvept the ^ Adaip apd Eye,' the ^ White Swap,' the ^Goat ip Boots,' ^e ^ Black Dwarf,' por do we have Morlapd to paipt our sigp boar^. Degradatiop 82 gip do pot yield the peedful ipspiratiop. Atpopg the debris of ope of the foupdatiops of ftw riverside houses I built three years ago, it ipust have beep just about whereStrapthebarber lived ip ^Roderic Rapdoip,' I caipe across three sack bottles greep 82 stropg, with their thit> pecks apd arpple bellies } two tiggs or blue beards, ope with the Tudor Rose apd the date of Q^eep Mary's reigp, apd apothcr with the head of the reactiop- ary cardipal, the Bellanpipe, of whotp the potters showed their hatred ip the vigorous iparkipg of his lopg griip beard 5 apd whole anpies of tipy stuippy clay pipes. They are all carefully trea- sured 5 I like to Kpey soipetiipes that evep if F al- staff ipay pot have filled frotp the sack-bottles, certaip^y Fletcher did, for he was borp ip Para- dise row} apd tpaybe evep the ^rare Bep Jopsop ' hiipself, who kpew his Chelsea taverps apd the 66 life tbat was led tbcrc, will bavc talked ar)d rcv^ died apd drcanjcd aipopg tbctp, ipct percbapcc tbc ipoody Lovcl at tbe li)i) of tbc ^ Light Heart/ or ipeditated by ftw sapdy fields ot) tt)Q terrors of tbc ^Silept Worpai}.^ Oi?ce agaip, apd pow for tbc last tirpe, we turr? a geperatiop back, apd we fipd ourselves arpopg tbc n>ost sacred associations of all. “We arc in tbc household of Sir Thornas More, Engfland^s great- est chanccITor,thc n?an who was her first histor- ian, who fixed her language, who fonned her or- atory, who pointed to her ^Cltopia,^ whorn Roine has honoured with ’frue title of ftw ^ Blessed Thoinas Morc,^ and who has set us for all titn© a standard of character, gentle and htwpane in inanpcr, as it is inflexible of purpose. Holbein is painting there in the house, do we not know that wonderful por- trait, Margaret Roper sits ather father^s knee, and Erasn?us laughs as they rest in the garden by the waterside, the fiiithful fbol is hard by ainong the ffowers on the terrace, and Will Roper, whose life records forusftw picture, is watching reverentty. This household at Chelsea Erasrnus called ^Tbc University of the ChHstian Religion;^ and as the centre of the intellectual 8? aesthetic life of Europe, that had passed &orr) Itajy to England, where all the ideas of tbenew learning were firstcxprcsscd, and the btunanisin of the ^x)QO platonists ^ and ftve trenchant wisdon? of Martin Luther weighed in the balance, the phrase has a rncaning deeper than we, who have inherited its sentitnent and tcach^ ing^can cotnprehend. I atn telling you of Chelsea as ftve cradle of inein- fz 67 oricS; ai>d it is perhaps goipg too far afield for cf>c to seek to relate it to tbc it)r>er life of tbc Revival of Lean)it)g,but tbc scei)es ii) Morels life tbat are in- dissolubly connected witb Cbdsea cannot be too often recalled.Tbere is ftie picture of ftve king con?^ ing to Cbelsea, and walking up 8S down ftv 2 garden witb bis arin round tbe chancellor ^s shoulder j that was in the days of bis favour. But, says More afterwards, I find His Grace iny very good I2rd indeed,® I do believe be doth as singularly favour ine as any subject within this Realinej bowbeit, Sonne Roper,Iinay tell thee, I have no cause to be proud ftwreof. Fr ^iny bead would winne bin? a castle in Fraunce,yt should not faylc to go.^' And a little later when the end is drawing near we see bin? again ^^so rpcrry,^^ as Roper puts it, walking by the river^s bank, telling as in wistful pleasure of the sun?n?oning W the Tower and the interview with the Lords j it was after Getbsen?ane. will tell you why I was so n?crry^ because I bad given the DevelTso foule a fall, as without greate sban?e I could never goe back againe.^^ Sir Tbon?as More stands f6r all tirnej there is no death except that of Socrates, and d?e greatest of all, that can be lik- ened to bis. Tl?c political force dies out, the n?oral force lives on^ the cause for which the n?an gives bis life is inerged in the bnn?anity that itnpelsftw gift. It is the character that survives. Back into tbeMiddle AgesI will not take youj the glory of Chelsea consists in that it leaps into fan?e as it were just when England realises herself as a people. When the new life and the new purpose awakens in her, then Chelsea con?es to be the fav- 65 ouritc residential suburb of London, and as sucb tbe centre of ber inoral and intellectual life 5 and tbis sbe bas in great part retained ever since. It is an odd ebance, perhaps, in tbc bistory of a people, tbat bas thrown together, that has caused to dwell side by side, and tread upon each other ^s heels, or pass fi)e one over the dust of the o^er, such inen as Holbein and Walpole, Boyle the sci- entist, and Whistler the painter, SirTboinas More and Pope, Rosetti and ^ Liberty^ Wilkes, Ralph Waldo Einerson? and the author of the letters of ^ Junius,^ Tboxnas Carlyle and Cipriani, Isarn- bard Brunei and Q^een Elizabeth* That has jos- tled the niece of Cardinal Mazarin, S Nell Gwyn up against the granddaughter of the Pennsyl-- yania Quaker, Philadelphia Crernornej 8? found a hoine for the authoress of ^Adan? Bede^ where once lived Lady Jane Grey. These nances put in juxtaposition sound all but burlesque^ and yet, if we take thein W ^eir sequence historicalTy, all grows to a reason* Then it is that we note how and why each ip their turn caine and lived and la- boured at this inost pleasant spot of England, hard by London and yet not of it 5 jtist where the soletnn Thaipes bends by Battersea, and forrns a suntrapforthe cleinatis and wisterias, with a view for iniles up and down strean). We cannot but coinipend their choice, ^ the iporal of it all seerns to be, that whether we will or no, whether we know it or not, it is history that ties thern as it ties us to- gether 5 the painters go where the painters have been, the poets and wits love each other^s society, the architects and builders take up the spirit of 69 tbc life apdgivc it concrete expressior) as cacl) age gives tberptbeir bread, apd all areipovedby soipe historic septiipept, that n>akes tijexr) love to be where greater that) they have beer) before. The kir)gs ar)d the courts 82 their i)obles that surrour)d their) have a h^rpai) as well as afonpal life, it is^ huir)ar)ity it) ■ftwip that gives then) their real great- i)ess. This it is that we trace an)oi)g the stoi)es of such an)icrocosn) as Chelsea,'Q:w village that i)cver had ai)y official stai)dir)g so to speak, i)ever ai) abbey i)or a parlian)ei)t house like 'Westn)ir)ster, i)or a palace like St. Jarpes^s, i)or a shi^e like Cai)terbury, t)or ai) acaden)ic life like Oxford, but that always ren)aii)ed a village dedicated to the n)ost sacred, n)oral,ir)teirectual, ai)d azsthetic traditioi)S of Ei)glish life. It is history, whether we will it or i)o, that ties us together, ai)d fron) this tie we car) x)o n)ore escape that) we car) efface our owi) existei)ce. Fool away our birthright we car), forget what has giver) us life or rpade us great, destroy the records of our past we car), ar)d rur) ii)to igr)orar)ce ar)d var)ity as docs the fool it) Ecclesiastes who lives or)ly ir) the prcscr)t, ar)d ir) the thought that he is a self- n)adc n)ar), a law ur)to hirpsclf. But we car) r)o rx)ore escape the past thar) we car) our owr) shad- ows, ar)d it is the glory of a‘ great people to live ir) the prcscr)t ar)d yet r)ot forget its past. Wher) I told a fellow traveller the other day that or)c of the objects of n)y visit ar)d of the Natior)al Trust for which I had con)c over, was to wir) Arpcricar) syrppathy for savir)g the beautiful ar)d historic n)cn)orials of Er)glar)dj he said, drily: 70 "Wby7 cai>^t tl)cy look after tfeeir owt> tbipgs?^^ Tbat is tt)Q first ax)d ipcvitablc uttcrapee of the ipap it) tbc street. It is like tt)Q talk of tl)c ger^tle- n)ai) it) Ecclesiastes just referred to^ be iipagipes tbat be owes potbipg to bis past bistory, tbat bis interests are iperely it) tbc presept, bis words too iipply tbat bistory is private property: ^^Cap^t tbey look after tbeir owp tbipss 7 as if Sir Tbo- ipas More apd Q^eep Elizabeth; as if Sir Cbris- topbcrWrep'spalace,orftwgepiusofTurper^ft\e Abbey of Westipipster, as if Bep Jopsop^s plays were pot as ipucb fticirs as ours, bis as rpipe. Wb^p I told rpy friepd tbat it was tbc Atpericap sub- scriptiops tbat saved iron? destructiop tbc bouse of Tboipas Carlyle, bis poipt of view cbapged ip a ipipute, be saw it ip dollars apd cepts. It ipay bave beep respect for eptbusiasip or surprise at ^lly ^ it ipay bave beep tb® ipklipg of a pew idea, ortbetipy prickipgsof a historic copsciepce j but be felt at opce that this little ceptre ip the iptellec- tual life of the Epglapd of the last half ceptury was bis as rpucb as apy ope^s. I would ask you to tbii^k well over wbat lies at ftw root of both this appeal of ours, that you should help us save our corpipop history, apd this ipdif- ferepce of your average citizep op behalf of it that is after all op^y superficial. The rapid ecopoipic cbapge that is goipg op ip Epglapd apd which irpplies the breakipg up of great estates apd the passipg of historic property frorx) the guardiap- ship of those who have for cepturies beep its tra- ditiopal trustees, is alteripg our whole poipt of view ip regard to bow these tbipgs sbalT be held 7t apd cared for. Tbc qucstioi) bccoipcs ope of pub- lic service, ai)d for ^e whole race, for does it pot ipyolve tbc right of the whole Epglish-speakipg people to the epjoytpept of their owp history? Nowhere is the effect of the ecopoipic chapge ipore visible thap ip the absorbtiop of the historic vil- lage of palaces ipto the great wep of ISpdop. Much is gope,but ipuch yet reipaips. It is ope of fine ob- jects of the Natiopal Trust to ipstil pot op^y ip the ipother couptry but over the whole Epglish^ speakipg world, a love for the beautiful thipss the sacred ipeipories that all of us have ip coip- ipop— to stiipulate the ^historic copsciepce.^ It was the historic copsciepce after all,this ipstipc- tive feelipg that he shared ipy world apd I was part of his, that brought Mr. Browp of Kapsas to ipy door for that brief greetipg at Chelsea two years ago. If by apy chapee I should ipeet hin? agaip op either side of the Atlaptic, I should be glad to shake hin? by the hapd opce ipore, apd I shall thep ask hin? to take up his ipeipbership W the Natiopal Trust. 72 YI. ^ETHICS IN CITIZENSHIP:' AN AD^ DRESS GIVEN BEFRE THE CINCINNATI C^NFEREFCES OF ART S LITERATURE. OU REMEMBER THE devout reffectiop ,of tt)Q old Gcnpap ipopk wl)o praised tbe goodness of God ii) always bripg- ipgftw great rivers wbere there were tbe great cit- ies. There is a geperous disregardofUtilitariai)- isrr) it) this that the ipod- err?Aipericai> founder of cities will do well to bear ip ipipd. We peed alittle of it. By the foupder of cities I do pot ipeap the ipap who first drops a shaft or opeps a saloop^ but he who first ip copjupctiop with others set up soipethips to hopour of corpipupal life. Ip ftw ipeptal attitude of the ipopk of Ratisbop there is ipore tbap at first blush appears. He kpew that the site of a great abbey was chosep pot so ipuch for the Friday's fish as for the hopour of Godj what tpore obvious apd pious deductiop tbap that the Lord would repay this siipple copfidepce ip Hixp by bripgipg the fish ip His owp good sea- sop. My fHepds, ip the layipg out of our towps cap we pot thipk a little ipore of the Lord apd a little less of the fish 5 ipore of the lapdscape He has givep us, less of the irop apd the coal that we ipust perforce draw out froipbepeathit? Better give up buildipg church spires altogether if they are to be always topped 82overtopped by factory chitp- 73 x)&ys at)d it)S\xrat)ce offices. T1 )g few words that I an? bere offerir?g, strung together or? tbe tben?e of the National Trust, are ir?tet?ded to poipt to tbe truth that ii? the building up of a great city as it? the conduct of the great business enterprises or? which her prosperity ri?ay deper?d, there should be a cor?scious ethical purpose. That I think is fee latest truth that the stress and storrn of industrial developrnent is teaching With tw in fee old worldfee cities have been found- ed so rnany htind^edsof years ago, where the dis- ciples of St. Benedict set their n?ark of the cross, or hundreds of years earlier stiff, laid out by the cows asfeepindar offeevilfage cornn?unity inipd- ed thern* The cows you inay say were quite as util- itarian it) ^ choice of sites as ever rnodern Atner- ican pioneer or inillionaire. I arn not so sure of thatj cows at least have leisure. And the disciples of St. Benedict! Well, we know little about thern perhaps, but we are prepared to concede that tl?ey at least had an ethical purpose in their work. This consciousness of the ethical purpose need not af- fect our utilitarianisin^ but it should direct it. I believe in strict utilitarianisn? in fee buildings of con?n?crce; I would have a factory a factory, a bridge of steel to be a bridge of steel, with i?o ffouncenorffun?n?ery of architecture about eith- er. But I would have fee finest sites 8S points reserv- ed for fee honour of fee whole con?n?unityj8Swben a noble building is raised for public worship or public service I would have its architectural fea- tures safeguarded — else why build it at all? It is by such regard paid, and such sacrifice n?ade for tl)c beauty tbat surroui)ds that ipci) nowa- days yield a little of tbat reverence wbicb tbe old inon^^ of Ratisbon yielded to bis God. So I would see laws passed tbat should lin?it, except in cer- tain areas or under certain conditions^ tbc beigbt of buildings, tbat should restrict advertiseincpts tocertainplaces, and perhaps ccrtaindiincnsionsj and I wouldallowno wanton desecration of scen^ cry. And when your rich n?an coincs along 82 of- fers to build you a fine building out of the n?oney be has inadc by defacing the landscape with ad- vertisernepts, or defonnipg ^ city with steel tow- ers, I would not refuse it, because it inigbt be con- science inoncy : and it is good for bin? to pay con- science ir)or)Qy} but I would tell bin? if be wants to be clean be n?ust first wash ii? Jordan* When I sec the work of the Trustees of Public Reservations in Massachusetts, drive round the Schuylkill Park in Philadelphia, or n?ark the inany beautiful and noble records of historic a- cl?icvcn?ent that have been preserved to us by ftw energy of the Societies of Colonial Dan?es, and the Daughters of the Revolution ; when I sec tl?c Natural Park at St. Louis, the Lake Sl?orc at Chi- cago, and that loveliest of all things in this coun- try Washington's Mount Yernon, I ain in?prcsscd by the swiftness and the earnestness with which you carry out a great idea wl?cn it takes hold. The appeal which I an? here on behalf of the Na- tional Trust to set before you is of a yet greater kind 5 it is to ask you to treat our con?n?on history, and tl?is new love of what is beautiful and health- giving in the life of our great civilized con?n?uni- 75 tics, as a n>attcr of iptcrpatioi^al stcwardsbip* Wc ask for solidarity, for a coiptpupity it) tbis ideal- isn? by wbicb you as we arc coipipg to under- stated tbat there is neorc it) these yellow pritproscs by the river^s brinetbapatfirstappcars. Wetbipk that by cppoblipg^ youpg cities that arc spring- ing up into life ip ftve pew world, 8S as a Lopdoper perhaps I ipay be penpitted to call apy city y oupg that has potcptcrcdop her tbirdeeptury, by pre- serving the ipcipory of their great citizeps, their heroes, by saving their fipc trees apd regarding their open spaces, by discouptepapeipg waptop advcrtiscipcpt apd disfigurcipcpt, ip short by ap honourable observance of the atpcpitics of life, S the ethical purpose that underlies it, you will be working iporc trujy ip the interests of the Na- tional Trust than by apy petty subscription to- wards siipilar work ip Epglapd. But pope the less it is a large general ipetpbership ip this idcalisip, apd a feeling that others arc doipg better thap our- selves, apd at titpes tpay Icpd us a helping hapd, that ipspircs,ipspircs iporc keenly perhaps thap even the local patriotisip that unlocks the ipopcy- chest. Apd indeed ip these youpg cities of the pew world there is a cosipopolitapisrp that secips to dc- ipapd soipctbips pcw,soipcthips different. How ip a city like Chicago arc we to appeal for history to a people that have pope, for beauty to a people that kpow pope : at least such as we of the old world conceive it. The New Epglapdcr 8S we claiip kip- ship iporc iptiipate^y 5 he has our traditions, his workshop history is the saipc as ours, his art ours, his ethics arc the saipc as ours, be has created, apd 76 is alas as oftct) destroying the beautiful tbipgfs of bis creation even as we are, for be is netted in tbe toils of tbc sain® industrial systern* But these cos- rnopolitan cities of tbe West^ bow are these great un^^exnpt bear-cubs of deinocracy tobe touched ? bow can ^e clip tbeir claws or tritn their fur? I clain? for yoU; and I trust I have you with ipe, that your regard for history should be as earnest as ours, even if you are not to observe its traditions in the sarne ipanner as we. But in speaking to the new cities of the West we of the National Trust take our stand on ^ other side of ftwwork that we in England are seeking to win your help in: regard for the aipenities of life, for the beauty of actual things, for the inunicipal no- bility that is to be the outcoipe of the extraordin^ ary industrial conditions that you arc establish- ing* I thin^^ son>ctirncs that there is tnuch virtue in the stolid Aincrican scntiincnt expressed in the proverb,^ you stick to your last and let us rnin^ ours j ^ or, as iny friend the baginan put it, ^ Why can^tthey look after their own things?^ But it has its lirnitations. It is a part of the healthy in^^epen- dence of old-world puritanisin^h^t it is of an age gone byjftw cosinopolitanisin of your greater ino- dern cities has superseded it. I wish I could ex- press to you howcosrnopolitanisour grcatcity of ISncion* W alking down by Hull House in Chicago ft\c other day,for ftw foreign tongues I heard spok- en I alinost fancied inyself in Whitechapel ainong the Polish Jews : but I wish yet inorc that I could bring boine to you how inuch inorc cosinopoli- tan stiff is the inovcipent for the inodern revival of 77 industrial art, of wbicb you as well as we arc tbc beirs. Tbcrc, as in our cornrnon heritage of bis- tory, is tbc bondtbat tics us together j and for you to !^cl in Chicago or Cincinnati that saine stiinu- lus and inspiration towards the creation and safe- guarding of ftw beautiful things of life, for you to realise that saine ethical purpose which is the inainspring of our artistic creativeness, our sense of reorganization and our love of life in England is to bring a inutual helpfulness, a sense that we arc one in the greatest of causes. As I looked oyer your beautiful vaUsy of fee Ohio in the inoonlight, with feelast leaves of fee fall stiff on the trees, and the electric lights hanging like stars that had fallen half way in between the sky 82 fee river far below, I thought how inany beau- tiful things there were to fight f6r, and how un- conscious we often arc of fecin j thought too of the disease of ugliness that scenes to cat all over the skin and coinplexion of inodcrn life. But I was rcininded too how the realisation of this begets the need for n>aking it known to our fellow inen^ begets in tis this very consciousness of ftve ethical purpose that is to inspire ftw great cities of the fu- ture. The disease of ugliness! perhaps it is rather a bad habit than a disease, and should be cured as such; cautiously and little by little, as a well ordered coininunity cures the bad habit of pub- lic spitting by localising the spittoons. I would sceftw steel towers localised, 82 fee advcrtiscinents localised, and other ug^y tbii)gs kept at least with- in bounds. I like soinetiines to hope that it is but a bad habit, and that this ugliness is not a part of 78 our ippatc character but rather sprii^gs frotp a waptofui>dGrstat)dii:)g of what our surroupdipgs rx)QBi) or what wc should do with then? : n?erc stu- pidity. Ai?d the test of uglipcss? there is I thipk oi)\y’ ot)Q testj the traditional appreciation of the con?n?unity^the standardofthepastby which we know that Venice and her Rialto^ Florence 82 her Ponte Yecchio, the inediazyal cities of Gertnany^ the creations of ancient Greece or the country hon?GS 82 abbeys of Ensland are an?ons the inost beautiful thins^ of all titne. Measure all our crea- tiveness beside these things; not in its yolun>e but in its intensity; and we arriye at son?e estirnate of how far we fall short. I hear the Ainerican architects; the younger n?en; the enthusiasts; the n?en of the diyine spark up- on n?G; they are lying W wait to trip n?e up; to spring at rt)Q} '^And you would haye us n?odel our work upon antiquity? Copy England; Ven- ice; Florence ? We are sick of the azsthetic fbrinulse of the past 5 giye us a standard in the present!^^ To this I reply that the standard of beauty is not an external; a superficial onej we do not arriye at beauty by putting Gothic crockets l^on? Salis- bury Cathedral; or replicas of the Bogeys palace to face the steel construction of the ^ Trust ^ build- ings in Chicago. The inen that do this haye not studied properly either the past or the present; they haye not discoyered in the past the secret of beauty that reyeals the standard j and thus they haye not learned to apply it to the conditions and the inaterials of the present. To discoyer rightly the standard of the past we haye not only to look 79 at the Gothic crockets, at)d how they show it) the sketch book, we have to search out why apd up- der what copditiops they ever carpe to be tpade. All pobility ip architecture apd the decorative arts is traceable totwothipgs: aratiopalhapdlipg of ipaterial, apd such leisure apd joy of life as tpakes it worth ipep^s while to put fapey ipto fine hapdlipgf. This is what the study of the past re- veals to us, apd if we wapt to rediscover beauty ip the presept we ipust accept the revelatiop. Apd we cap rediscover beauty ip the presept by settipgto work ip the saipe way as the old ipep set to work, by observips the copditiops of the titpe ip which we live, by hapdlipg ipaterial ratiopalTy, apd by seeips to it that the life of the producer, the tpap out of whose braip coipes the fapey, the creative- pess,is properly cared for apd cherished, 8? giv- ep the pecessary leisure j ip short by discerpipg agaip that ethical purpose S applyipg it directly to the tpethods apd details of productiop. Thus you see the artist, ■ftw architect, ■One desigper, apd cvep the busipess ipap, who sets foot op the artistic threshold, if he pursue his subject for the love of the subject first, apd if the ipere ruppipg of a busipess be pot his airp^ every ope who has a thought beside the ipere ipakipg of ipopey is brought pluippup agaipstfccprobleip of ipecha- pical productiop, ftw thipg he fipds to hapd isftw ipachipe. Here lies the crux of the artistic pro- blerp of our owp tirpe. We show loitt) Florepce, Rotepburg, Guildford, the beautiful cities of the past op the ope hapd, 82 we tell hin> to shape with this tool that ipakes everythipsupifbnp a ipoderp 3o city with ai 7 ii^dividuality of bsf owi>. But r)oi)c tbc less it bas got to be dopc; apd I bold tbat tbc priipc quality wbicb every great city should pos- sess, 82 will possess ii) ftw fixture, is at) ipdivuality . Perhaps the strayvisitor,if b^bappep to be a stu- dent of life, tpay pote tbipgs that the dwellers by the fireside tbeipselves do scarcely see. The soipe- what frigid elegapee of Bostop, the roipapce apd diffusive apathy of St. Louis, that ipakes of her a queeply city despite herself, the iptellectual activity apd copceptratiop of Chicago burpipg through the press of bci^ affairs, the rather arid exclusivepess of Philadelphia, these thipgfs as they strike ap outsider are all eleipepts of civic ip- dividuality which should be epcouraged ip the right directiop. Apalyse their ipdividuality how- ever, trace it to its source, apd we fipd it ip the orgapisip because it is ip the ipdividual citizep. Deipocracy is the leveller, S what the ipdustrial orgapisatiop of society seeips to be doipg is to drill apd disciplipe deipocracy. But the aipepi- ties, the beautiful thipgs apd the sacredpesses of life ipust always be the outcoipeof the buipap ip- dividuality, of the ipap bin?self. Thus are we brought back agaip, like the serpept for ever devouripg its owp tail, to the old ques- tiop of ipechapical productiop, the ceptral fact of ipoderp ipdustrialisip, the liipitatiops of the ipa- chipe. How far should it be allowed to go ip this or that directiop, is its developipept ipfipite, where does it iippipge upop the life of the producer, five citizep, do we really wapt all these thipgs we pro- duce? The ethical questiops these that every city S 5t 170W; as ir) tbe old days,bas before ber^ ai)d if sbc wisb to justig^ bcr existepce^ n>ust sorpebow solve. Ai)d bow, do you ask? Well tbat you n>ust fipd out for yourselves, v/e eacb bave our i^ostrurp, but I for Toy part believe tbat tbc artist, archi- tect, pair)tcr, bar^dicraftstpar), wbo is rpore tbap apy otbcr tbe outcoipe of tbc soipewbat blood- less leisure of tpoderp industrial developipept bas a duty above all others. For bi«? it is to ipark down what shall be done by the band 8 ? what by the inacbipe. I would have established in every city, S I see signs that it is already corning about, groups of incn and wornen whose study and care should betbernakingof things tbatrnay be inade by band, 8 ^ that for the sake of burnan individu- ality should not be rnade by inacbii}es. It would go bard with us, but we should so find outin tirnc where fiw inecbanisrn ended, where ■ftic btupanity begani and so should we discover bow a band- batnnjered dish of silver was a delight not for us only but for the rpaker, and a rpacbine-carved table as equally an abornii?ation» I arn told that in Cincint^ati I stand before the lov- ers of inusic, that here is a city that has won for herself the faine of being the inusical centre of Ainerica. Has it ever occurred to you why it is that inusic and Pbilistinisin so often go band in band? It is because inusic is the art before all others that protests, the art that has the power of drawing us into ourselves and away fr on? fiw ug- liness or apathy of our surroundings. The ab- nonnal developinent of picture painting nowa- days and the great Krwardness of n?usic are the 32 direct outcon>e of ti)e lopsidedness of our indus- trial evolution* I say tbis in no disparaging; sense, I love tbc 9tb Syinpbony as inucb as anyone, but I adrnit to greater enjoyinent in a Sbaksperean inadrigal rendered as part of tbe inasque of bu- inan fancy. We bave lost touch witb our own bands in d)cse later days, our own inspiration, our own little bit of lomr)ar)ity^ like Clyincne a- inong; ^ Titans wbo are absorbed in^tnacbin- ery of Etna, we put tbe shell to our ears and seek to bear the n)usic of Apollo. But it is only veri- siinilitude after all. Apollo has tobetnadetocorpe nearer. And there I think is where the fixture of ipusic, as of all five other arts lies, their union with? their corpbined ininistration towards nobility of life. I go back once again to tpy old rponkof Ratisbon* Why is it that you ask ipe to speak to you on the work of the National Trust and the application of its principles to the great cities of Aiperica? Be- cause you have arrived at a point in your indus- trial developipent when you realise that consid- eration should be given to such thingfs, because there is growing; up in your corprnunity a senti- rpent of leisure, because you feel that the sordid utilitarianisn) that sacrificesall consideratiohsof higfher or cotnipunal life to the irptpediate ends of personal gain is not the only object of living;? because in short you discern an ethical purpose? not unlike five enthusiasn? that proinpted five naive utterance ot the old iponk of Ratisbon* I have visited ipany Atperican cities now? not only on this present but on a previous journey? S rpy S 2 53 cpdcavour l>as always beet) to search out, it) the visible expressioi) of tbeir buildings, apd ip cop^ versatiop with tbeir citizeps, wbat is the ethical purpose that upderlies their actiop as citizeps, their copceptiop of citizepship. I hope that the fact of tpy havipg ipade this subject ope of ipy special studies tpay be tpy excuse if I say hard thipgsj but ip the course of tpy jourpey I have cotpetoopecity,ope of your greatest apd wealth^ iest where seetped to tpe to be typified alipost ev- erythipg that a city should pot be, or that a citiz- ep should pot do. Now I have eatep of her bread, apd I haveaccepted'Oruehospitality of her citizeps, so it does pot becotpe tpe to hold her up to public shatpe, therefore she shall be the Naipeless city. This is what I foupd. To begip with; two poble rivers 5 the old tpopk of Ratisbop would have thapked his God twice over for such; at the cop- ffuepceof which "ftw Natpeless ope stood j 8? bo^ these were covered with a black slitpe,the scutp of her works apd factories) the thought that the re- fuse 82 rubbish of the works should be copsutped apd pot left to befoul the whole waterway had pever occurred to ft\c citizepsof ftve Naipeless city as a possibility,ipuch less as a duty. Across these streaips epgipeers had built brieJ^es, fipe, pur- poseful apd digpified structures because strict- utilitariapj but the steel ties were disfigured by the placards of tradesrpep. All aroupd was a chaip of hills of such patural beauty, that the lie of the lapd seeiped to rival that of apy city ip the world. As little regard was paid to the trees as to the streaips, the fipest poipts of view were 34 disfigured by adyertiserpepts, ar>d used as ipid- dcr> bcaps. As tbc city burpt soft coal, there were laws ii) d)e direction of sn>oke copsuipptiop; but because the erpployers of labour did pot care to have these laws enforced, the city was always coy-- ered with a depse paH of sipoke apd soot. Thep I looked ipto the history of the Haipeless city apd foupd her fuIT of records of the heroisip of past tiipes, the carjy war of Ipdcpepdcpce, 82 ftw strug- gle with Frapeej ope little lapdipark alope had beep sayed by soipe pious ladies froip afar. I asked ope of her leadipg citizeps if pothips could be dope to record or acceptuate those thipss. No- body kpew of theip/' he said, 82 pobody cared,^^ except it would seerp the strapger apd the Epg- lishipap who eptered her gates. Thep I thought, if the Haipeless city has po care for her past history or the beautiful scepery that surroupds her, she will at least haye soipe regard ^r her presept ar- chitecture, the yery ipark apd tokep of her pros- perity j apd I foupd that she had two great public buildipgs, a court house apd ap art gallery. But lookipg further ipto the ipatter I foupd that the latter was built by ope of her doIFar kipgs whose philosophy of wealth wept so far as to giye back to the city soipethips of the riches she had ipade for hiip,but pot so ^r as toliyehiipself aipopgftw thousapds of ipep he was exploitipg, or to take apy direct or huipap ipterest ipftwsortof lifethcy led : there were too ipapy of theip. The other dol- lar kipgs— apd I had the priyilege of talkipg with seyeral of theip— were eyep ipore ©apk apd cypi- cal ip their expositiopofftw ethics of ipoderpciti- zci>sl)ip. I foupd that ^ sccopdof bcr great build- ings was about to be destroyed— extinguished by a steel tower. It was a fine building in its way, the rpasterpiece perhaps of one of the best architects An?ericahasproduccd.Itwassurroundedbypet- ty and squalid property, and this property hap- pened to be in the inarket, and was about to be bought to build a sky-scraper on, which iinplied the ultiinate absorbtion of the whole property round the court house for a siinilar purpose. As the subject was one that directly concerned the objects of frue National Trust, it was sought to set a inoyernent on foot ainohg the leading citizens to preserve this site froin being built upon* To iDuy it theinselves th^ were not asked, but to bring pressure upon those who n>ight preserve it for public uses, as a lung, or a garden^ and thus at ■&\c saine tin>c save their court house ^oin the archie tectural annihilation that threatened it. I spoke inyself to a nuinber of the leading citizens who were reputed the roost influential 82 the tnost in^ terested in such njatters^ but I found there was not public spirit enough an>ong thein to alTow of their evengivingGwinatterahearingon its own inerits. t^That is all I have to say about the Narneless city, save that in her dwelt over a inillion souls, 8? that I saw in her streets poverty and squalor and filthlthat looked as if it sought to rival the n>isery of our industrial creations in England; 82 when I endeavoured to point to the connection between what I saw, and the public spirit of her citizens, I was told that they were very practical people, fee people of ^Naineless city, that they could not be 26 botbcrcd witl) questions of tbis sort, tbat tbcy bad r) o tin)Q, tbat sucb tbipss njigbt interest wotpcp ai) d so forth; butfortbcirpartftveobjcct of life was to get ricb as soop as possible, pot to be tbeipselycs troddep upop ip tbc race for wealth; 82 to leave ftw Naipeless city as soopas they could; apd live else- where, New York, Lopdop, apywbere. Labour was costpopolitap, so were the erpployers of la- bour, fiiere tpigbtbe apbilosopby ofwealtb,ftwre were po ethics of citizepsbip* Tbcp I turpedtoftw siipple people, the porters, the railway servapts, the ipep that go op strike frorr) tirpe to tiipe, apd wopdered bow soop the day would coipe wbcp they would be educatipg their exploiters, 82 that perhaps ip theip after all lay the ipakipg of the great city. My friepds over here tell rpe that the terrp ^bear cubs of deipocracy ^ is ill chosep, that cubs have claws that scratch; that ■61c ipetaphor ipight be up- pleasapt^y coptipued— that ■&\c East ipay take these thipgs frotp ap Epglishipap, but that I ipust pot trifFe with ^e West. I stapd rebuked, apd claitp ■ftw privilege of salt ! W ith your help we wilT search for apother ipetaphor. To ipe there is soipethipg electric, soipethips vital here ip these pew westerp cities. I do pot kpow what it is, but I aip thrilled oftep with the sarpe epjoyrpept that I have ip bear- ipg the Elizabethap ipadrigal, or the rpusic of Beethovep, or, bizarre as it ipay seeip, whep I look at pictures of Piero delTa F rapcesca or Carpaccio. It is ip the people, their deboppairety, their light- heartedpcss,their caiparaderiej they seeip to have shakep off the sorrows that have ipade us ip the ^7 old world for tbc last two decades socialists. I do i)ot look at tbe large rar)don> ugHpess of every tbipg. I try i)ot to listei> to tbe r)oise, apd for a wbilc I xpake shift to do without the repose j but I do look at the people, at the vigour apd the spripg of life, 82 1 have a reverepce such as I would op^y yield to the fipest type of old Epglishcouptry geptleipap, or to a Tuscap village ippkeeper, for ^e free opep- hearted, straight-seeipg derpocratic spirit such as ope rpeets ip the streets or the cars or wherever ope says a friepd!(y word to hin> who looks you betweep the eyes. Sokeep!|y dolfeel all this,soipuch does it ipeap to ipe,that were I to be givep ipy choice ip the fable of Er ^ sop of Chaldaus over agaip, apd has pot every patriotic soul ipstipetive^y chosep? I would be ap Atpericap. Y es, but for ap If! Apd that If cop- taips the whole of what I arp pleadipg for to you— ftw greater pearpess to what is great ip the past, ip our joipt history, apd the delight apd reverepce for what is ipost loveh^ ip. the presept, pot op!|y here but ipore especially ip that craipped apd crowded little Epglapd across the seas. Is that all, you say 7 Apd would you be fool ep- ough to give up a glorious presept for the dust of adrypast? Notsol. Butdopotrpistakeipyipcap- ipg. Life ip Epglapd is ee too, &qqv ip soipe ways thap life ip Arperica, it is fiill of creativepess, it is all tipglipg with pew ideas, at least ip the work that I stapd for j ipoderp Epglish architecture S the kipdred crafts, apd it is just because of this that our sytppathies are so with you. The fact that your greater elbowrooip alters your copditiops 5S is son^ctiipGS our Qi)vy, but it is also sorpetiipcs yourn7isfortupG.A5aii>,doi>otipistakcn>yn?cai>- ipg. As WG travGl fertbGr away froip tk)Q poipt wbcrG origipalPy wg SGparatGd^bG it at tbc sailing of ft\e llaylfowGr or at DGclaratiop of IpdGpGi)- dei)ce,or wbcp your buoyant ^iGt-all-tbc-world -con>G-ir> ^ GagGrpGSS first ipadG you injagipG that dGipocracy was ary AipGricap ipyGptiop, wg grow pGarGr togGtbcr. It is ipdustrialisip tbat bas doi>G tbisj it is ipdustrialisip tbat bas njadG ipodGrp Epglapd as it is ipakipg ii^odGn? An?Grica, ai)d if ir> tbG cboosipg of Er, wg or you WGrG to stipulatG for a littlG iporG roYQverycQ to history^ apd a littlG iGSsdisrGgardfor’ftw GxtGrpal bGautyapd dignity of lifG, Ski) updGrstapdipg of tbc Gtbical purpoSG tbat updGrliGS it} wg rpigbt Gitbcr of us toss up for citizGpsbip as far as I an? copcGrpGd oi? tbc n?or- row of tbc PGXt crossing. My friGi?ds wg bavG tbG sai^G probkn? to work out? oi?G of tbc tbipgs I bavc SGt n?ySGlf to do oi? bGbalfof’&ve National Trust is to GffGCt a solidarity an?oi)g all wbotbii)kai?dsyn>patbisG towards tbc saii^G Gi?d. 39 VII. THE NATIONAL TRUST TO THE GREAT VAINGLORIOUS CITY OF CHI- CAGO. v^rj: days did rcipoyc ipouptaips^but it pcedcd ■ftve faitb of a Chicago joun^alist to bripg n>ouptaips to the city of the plains. I was ipyited to speak at the Art Institute or) the National Trust apd ftw possible applicatioi) to the city of Chicago of its prir^ciples K of those ethics of citizenship dealt with in the preyious essay. I had drawn picture of ftw Natncless City, when afftwcloseof iny lecture a youns reporter of soine t8 surniners, alitnb of journalisrn h^t full of snap, begged the loan of n>y MS. for Kye rpinutes. On •Qw inorrow there appeared in the ^ Illinois Chan^ ticleer ^ two coluinps of the inost astounding bal- derdash under n>y naine, purporting to be the denunciation by an Englishn>an of 5)c city of Chicago through the thin disguise of the ^Naine- less City W as eyer such a thing heard ? The ^Chi^ cago Manhunter^ followed next n?orning with a ET hirp step forth who has not heard of ■Qw Chi^ cago press, of that won- derful systein of sensa- tional journalisrn by which if youonly yili^ a thing sufficiently you rnake it in self-defence screain forth fee good it has in it. It was by faith alone that inen in old 90 fFaipips editorial xxijder a varying selection of bcadipgs: BRITON ATTACKS CHICAGO SPIRIT. SAYS THERE IS NEITHER BEAUTY NOR HUMANITY IN CHICAGO. CHICAGO CITIZENS BAD CITIZENS. SAYS CHICAGO IS A BEAR CUB OF DEMOCRACY. HIS AUDIENCE AGHAST. Before tbc correct wording of n>y MS. bad beer) sei)t witb a r)ote sbowii)g tbat tbc Naipeless City witbits ipour)tair)sai)d rivers was a pei^ctly well ki)owi) rpai)ufacturir)g cet)tre it) ai)otbci* state, 82 ' tbat Chicago bad fitted teapot) to berowt) bead, tbc fiery cross bad goi)c roui)d, ar)d tt)Q other pa- pers followed ii) varyir)g bells of wour)ded fury till, to crowi) all, the subject was taker) up with ar) added political dash by the ^ New York Cour)ter- blast.^ Frorp that rporpeptl was quarry for the re- porters, I bid, but was bupted dowp by telepbope, apd fipally rup to earth W the cover of a dipper- party. Would I allow the ^New York Mercury ^ to see rpe?^^ The request carpe dowp the wire a veiled corprpapd. My hostess of wborp I clairped sapetuary said: You rpust obey— dop^t op apy accoupt offepd tberp/^ So wbcp dipper was three quarters through 82 Ibadperved rpyself for afor- rpidable epcoupter, there eptered apotber youpg reporter, a Caduceus of xZ suiptpers,blue eyed S very eager. I told bin) what I wapted said apd the 9t application of tl)c xpisquotcd lecture to Chicago. He ipacJe his notes and we parted ffiends. Two hours later he htu?ted rne down again in another part of the city, he was pale and troubled. '^Pye telegraphed it to New York, but they won't have it 'What do they want then 7 " The wording of the editorial reply was einphatic. " D— n Chicago, send a tooo words of his lecture "Will you let ipe have your MS.?" "Not I." "Won't you trust ine?" "No indeed!" "But how art) I to get n)y tooo words? It doesn't inatter what they are, as long as they're the right nuinber!" This was irresistible, he got his thousand words, and I have yisionsof feeding hitp on apple pie late into the night, for when inen go a-htu?ting they fast greatly. And so it all ended, and we settled down to work, and though it struck rpe as being a rather wasteful way of getting at the truth; for iny part I an) content, for I feel that I owe son)e of the best Mends I haye to the yellow press of Chi^ cago. The presun)ption was that an unwarrant- able slur had been cast upon the great yainglori- ous one, and such a thing ff on) an Englishn)an aboye all was intolerable. But it set rpe thinking all the n)ore as to what it actually was that I stood for. Why in the world was I in Chicago? what had I to say? what as re- presenting the National Trust was I the spokes- inan of? 92 Boldly tbep of two tk)ir)QS, sestbctics ar>d history. The things that go to ftve building up of character OX) the ope hapd^ apd or) the other the things that give the background to character j that yield the necessary standard whereby to judge esthetics and their iinpoi^ancetoftve coininunity. Aesthete icsffihistoryinshort as containing certain ethical principles which we are perishing for want of. I atn sorry to have to use such long words, the thought I wish to convey is a hard one, perhaps it can be stated siinply? only when it is stated siinply it is still harder of acceptance. I hold, and I atn hut the spokesinan of inany who hold the saine, that in the great cities of inodern civiliza- tion we are creating a state of life that has becoine intolerable. Intolerable for its vulgarity, its sor- didness, its squalor, its ugliness, its unreality, above all for its waste, whether in London or in Chicago, whether in Pittsburg or in Manchester, inCincini^ati or in Sheffield, the great cities have either to be destroyed, or their whole conception of citizenship saved froin the sordid ipaterialisin upon which it at present rests. This rescue work I take to be the function of szs- thetiesg^historyin inodern life. Webave to show, in the words of Froude which I quoted before, that inan— the citizen of the great town inore par- ticularly, who cannot see God overhead for the soft coal and the Babel towers, and whose han^ no longer touch Hin? in the soil beneath— '^has inore to live for than to labour and eat the fruit of his labour.^' You thii>kthatft\cse are inatters that concern eco- 93 i)on>ists apd statcstpcp; pot artists. You ask wbat questions of szstbctics apd historic tcacbipshave to do with ipattcrs of political apd social orgapiz- atiop 5 iporc perhaps thap at first sight appears, for our purpose it is epough to ipsist that they ipust have the saipe ethical basis, stapd op the saipe broadly chHstiap lipes. For the rest all of us who are workipg ip or for fifcwNatiopal Trust copsider ourselves ^ee to go our owp way as ipdividuals. We are pot directly copcerped with the practical questiops of Socialisrp, with the great ipatters ip- volved ipftw reorgapizatiop of ipdustry. Soipeof us ipay thipk ope way, soipe apother, we have iperejy to adipit that the presept copditiop is ope of rapid apd drastic chapge,apd chapge towards a pewer state of society, what that is ipay be avep- ture but we hold the stakes. Our practical busi- pess is to poipt to the thipgs that arc beautiful apd hcalth^Sivipgi ip ipodcrp ipdustry, 82 to this cpd we cap work alike with the dollar 3dpg82 with the socialist who is scckipgtoupcrowphin?, wctouch cither op the huipap side 5 the side apart ffoip his ipatcrialisip. Those of us who arc artists, pot ip ^ parrow sepse of 'ftw fipc arts, paipters, sculptors or architects, but those of us who arc ip apy way ipakcrs of thipss for the service of the coipipupi- ty apd as such artists of a sort apd ip direct touch with ipdustrialisrp, apd iporc particularly those of us who have to do with the buildipgof ipodcrp cities, ipep or worpep who have the aipcpitics of life at heart, we, I hold, have a special ipissiop to fulfil ip this regard 5 we stapd betweep these great cities apd this ipatcrialisip. 94 Tbis or)CQ copcGcJcd; tbc appeal of tbe National Trust to toe citizens r)ot oi)T^of Cbicago but of all tbc great cities of ipoderp An>erica ipigbt alipost, indeed it oftep does presei)t itself it) tbe light of a duty. It is i)otbipg ipore i)or less tbai> ap appeal ^r the safeguardii^g of wbat has gopetobuildii^g up tbeir ovir) greatness ai)d wbat is to yield tbcip fresb ii>spiratioi> towards a fuller expressior) of tbat greatness it) tinges yet to con?e. But before Gw great industrial cities of tbe west and to Chicago before all, we stand with a very clear and definite inission. W e say to Gwin,you are engaged in build- ing up soinetbipg great, but you have hardly yet begun the superstructure, you think that in this burry and stressyou have achieved great results, but you are deceiving yourselves, the ffower is to follow but as yet it is not there. We ineantiine ask you to preserve whatever you can of the things that are beautiful and the things that are health^ giving. Your citizens coine over to England W 3)eir thousands every year, we believe we give then? soinething W return. Is it unreasonable in us to set the preservation of the historic 82 aesthetic associations of English life, qualities that go to inake up the finer fibre of citizenship^ as a duty before the Ainerican citizen? Understand our point of view as trustees for thehistoricand beau- tiful things of England, for the things that have so n>ucb to do with the education of the Anjerican citizen as soon as he has scraped toge^er enough to scrainble over to Europe and ^get culture,^ and inore stiff with the ideas as I have sought in pre- vious essays to show, upon which this culture is 95 baSGd^ax^dwcbdicycbc would regard it as atrifF- ii)g duty to take up bis n>en>bcrsbip W tbe Na- tional Trust were it tpere^y an English organiza- tion. But wben we put it in tbe light of an obliga- tion by the fire side, when we say^lbc best culture inust be obtained at borne, that ftw real life and ed- ucation W citizenship is here, and not abroad, it becornes a duty froin which no inan; if be be a conscientious citizen or pride bin>self upon the least tittle of culture, can escape. Itbecoines an ar- ticle of faith in those saine ethics in citizenship that we have been discussing. Moreover, the larger, newer and younger a city is nowadays, ■Qw greater grows ftw obligation. Mod- ern industrialisin does not contain within itself those elernents of personal and httrnan education which we saw in Gw English abbey or ftw Eliza- bethan hall which every inan needs as he needs the bread by which he lives. There are excep- tions, but ftw average trade nowadays is no longer an education in itself, it inay teach a speciality, it does not train a htiinan being. The great inodern city, and Chicago is always our standard for such a city and prides herself on so being, accentuates this want in inodern society. Conditions in Ainer- ica are stiff sufficiently ffuid for it to be but little observed, but the industrial tightening np is as inevitable as the industrial expansion; and the huinanity will out soinehow, even if it be but in the sweat shop songs of a Yiddish tailor. In order to inake good this want of huinan nourishinent our greatcity has to supply ffesh foodof her own, if she has no past to draw upon; she inust have ftic 96 fiper present, if sl)8 l:)as T)0 leisured class to set a standard of life sbe n>ust create ber owi> coi)di^ tiops of coiprpui^al leisure. I bavG beep asked; r)ot oi)cq but a dozep tinges, it) wbat practical way prii^ciples of tbc National Trust could be applied to Chicago 5 apd I bave al- ways answered it) tbe san?e way;f6r is i)ot tbc an- swer obvious? Wbat is dope towards tbcaipepities of life ip Chicago is a ipere pitiful triffe by coip- parisop wid) wbat ip so great a city ought to be dope. Apdbowipapy tbipgsipigbt ope pot quote; the preservatiop of ^ lake shore; the developipept of the park systerp;tbe regulatiop of high build- ing; the reservatiop of sites for public purposes; the extepsiop of the art galTery K the educatiopal systeip growipg out of it;tbc regulatiop of adver- tiserpept; the cleapsipg of the streets; the epcour- agerpept of such ceptres of life as Hull House; where alope it would seeip is apy buipap atterppt ipade to give upity to the idea of citizepsbip; apd perhaps ftw copsolidatiop of due city societies apd activities to a coiprpop epd. These arc but a few of dve thipgs that strike a strapgcr as wapts updilfil- Icd. Is it a rpisapprcciatiop of Chicago if we ask her to do these thipgs? Surely pot; it is but a rc- cogpitiop op our part that high statiop iipplics respopsibility; ap adipissiop that her gaip is our gaip; d)at as she stapds for so ipuch iporc ip ipo- derp life thap the cities of the past; so ja>uch ipore is asked of her ip rcturp. Ope thipg before all others caipe hoipe to ipe ip Chicago; carpe ip the light of a rcvclatiop; apd ap- peared to give all the greater poipt 8S sigpificapee b 97 to wbatibad con>c tosay ojo bcbalf of fee National Trust. Tbis great city witb b^r historic blapk, ber Gptire wapt of background, was teaebips tbc Clpited States a lessop, curious apd suggestive, was sbowipg up a certaip artificiality ip Aipericap patriotisip. Here was ap iipipepse ecopoipic force suddenly consolidated, ipade up of thousands of upits drawn ^oip fee uttertpost parts of fee earthy with pew problerps, pew desires, pew wapts 5 with po history, po corptpupal sepse, po traditional reverence of the fonpsof the past, or the arpepities of life, 82 yet upited these thousands by a certaip iron industrial tie apd inspired by a copvictiop that their^s was the tpost wopderful city of all tiipe. To wave the stars apd stripes or father this creation of ipoderp ipdustrialisrpupopfeefather of his country, appeared pothips l®ss thap child- ish. It was like tellipg growp-up ipep apd worpep that their parents were Adatp 82 Eve j a stateipept that tpay doubtless coptaip a truths but to the a- dult tpipd nowadays requires soipetbips fiirtb- er to quali:^ it. We cast po reffectiop op George Washington, who was as fipe a type of English geptleipap as ever lived, whep we say that his life is igporaptly studied. But we have cotpetoapoipt ip our racial developipept, apd it is the great in- dustrial cities of the West that have taught us this lesson, when we are discovering that ipore wept to his tpakipg thap we have hitherto supposed. That John fiaippdep, that Lucius Carey, Lord Falkland, Wallace 82 Bruce, Sir Phillip Sidpey apd King Hepry V., Stephen Lapgtop, Hugh of Lincoln apd tpapy others, the ipep of whoip oip 93 tin?G to tin^c I bavc spokci^, bavc bad as n>ucb to do witb tbe building up of n^odcrp Anjcrica typ^ ificd ii) Chicago as be. It is frorr) ftue great cities of tbc West tbat we are leari^it^g tbat tbc septirpept of patriotisip is artificial^ S? tbat there are other ai>d greater forces at work ii> the developrpept of the race. These forces deipapd pourishmept, apd whether we are digging ipipes ii) Johappesburg or stitch^ ipg boots ii) St. Louis, gripdipg razors ix) Shef^ field or ipakipg air-brakes ii> Pittsburg, we n?ust have it. It is it) a directer, a less political, a tpore discerpipg, a n>ore h^upap study of history apd the facts of life that rpake it, that we shall get this, apd it is the great westerp cities who go ipore di- rect for character that will fipd the way. Ip all this coipplexity of ipoderp developrpept there is a cryipg peed for us to coipe agaip ipore directly ipto touch with what is stropg, with what is siip- ple, with what is huipap ip character or the sur- roupdipgs of life. It is strepgtb; sirpplicity apd buipapity that we fipd ip the studies we igpore, or the copditiops of pature that we peglect. My NewEpglapd fipiepdswill forgive ipe I hope, if I say that they are priiparily to blaipe for the parrow apd parochial readipg of history to serve purely political purposes which is pow havipg apd ipay ip the jRiture have results they little reckoped with. Perhaps also they will recall the story of the Aipericap boy who wbep asked to say who was the first ipap prorpptly replied George Washipgtop, apd wbep the teacher said: No, po ! ipy little ipap, pot George W ashipgtop,— 1)2 99 Adaip ! ^^Ob/^saidl)G/^Ididx}^t ki)owyoun?cax>t foreigners Wbere Hois lad caipe fron? I forget, but I sbi*cwd- ly suspect it was ff oip sorpe New England city, sornewbere poked away in Massachusetts, 8S not froin Chicago. The illustration is double-edged inay be,but does it not show a line of cleavage between the old way of thinking 2 tnd the new, between the political Ainerica of half a century ago and the industrial Ainerica of to-day, and what is inore does it not point to the need for a broader, saner understand- ing of the real probleins that arc threatening inodern life? It is the sirnplc folk that arc ask- ing these things of us, asldng for the fulfilinent of certain wants in life, the folk who in the end solve the problcrns^the ^Hcnnescys of the world, ^ strange as it rnay scern^ ftw folk whoin we are spoil- ing and destroying in the great cities of inodern civilization. Once n>orc I pick up the thread of moy ethics in citizenship and seek to apply thetn with all de- ference to ^ great vainglorious city. Down to five bed-rock, or if you prefer the tnarsh bottoin of it, whatsofar is your great city ? Merely a very large aggregation of individuals with connections in various parts of the world, gSher civic conscious- ness cxprcssed,it would sccn> by the juvenile re- porter of the sensational press. Let us thank God for the fact that the siinple and direct boy only wanted his thousand words. Well, that is the bi- ased point of view perhaps of an Englishu?an who hascotne druxnxning an idea, S been laxnpooned. too But tbcrc is opGtbipgtbatftvacity of Cbicagopos- SGSSCS wbicl) tbc cities of •Qic old world n}igl)t ci>yy, it is ftw greatest of ber qtualities,a willipgi)ess,frapk generous, to listeptoapew idea-Wbat Er^glisb-- n^ap cap feel, ever) if bedo bripg grist to*ft\eipill of tbe laippooper, tbat tbc citizeps of Chicago ipeet biip balf way. We of ftw NatiopalTrust believe tbat wbcp ftw great vaipglorious ope realises wbat ber xpissiop is our epds will be tbc sarpe. We wait tbc result witb eptire copfidepce; we kpow tbat sb® will be our greatest ally,our ipost geperous ^epd. Her artistS; gSsbc is goipg to produce a superb art of bci* owp as soop as sbe gives tben? a little ipore leisure, are goipg to speak out soipetbipg quite distipetive, already tbc ipost ipdividual work ip ftw later buildipgs of New York is piped frorp Chicago. The very story of culture coipipg to Chicago, a story with ap Epglisb triiprpipg, cop- taips a truth of which the vaipglorious ope ipay be proud. Culture ope of her dollar kipgs is reported to have said, Culture has pot yet coipe to Chicago, but wbcp she does, I guess Chicago will ipake culture buip ! " apd that I read as abso- lutely true, for does it pot ipeap that wbcp fire, the eptbusiasrp, the buoyapt spripg of life is ap- plied to the art of pobly livipg, to the ethics ip citi- zepsbip;^ fullest pobility will be obtaiped. Not culture the exotic which the wealthy ipap cap af- ford to speer at, hapgs op his wall as a patterp of his patropagej but that ethical purpose, that cop- victiop that ipap has ipore to live for thap to la- bour apd eat the fruit of his labour. What Aiperica is teacbii?sr&ic world is flwperfect- ii)gof n^acbipery. Wbattbc world bas yet to lean) is its right applicatior) to tbc i)ccds of society. Wbetber An^erica will teacb tbc world tbis bas yet to be seep. To ipy tbipkipg it is tbc practical aspect of tbc etbical problerp wbicb ip Ibcse ad- dresses bas beep so oftep touched upop. Do we fight for iperease of wage^ do we deyelope the or- gapisatiop of Trusts Trade Qpiops, do we per- fect our tpacbii)es for purposes of funber produc- tiop or for the iperease of health 8? coipfort to our workpeople, the probleip is still op the ipaterial plaip,but let us opce apply the tpetipg rod of use, apd ask ourselves why? Ipsist as to bow far ip so doipg we ipay best yield the public service, apd the probleip at opce becoipes ap ethical ope. We accept as truth the dicturp that 'ipap has ipore to live for tbap to labour apd eat the ffuit of bis labour.^ The great vaipglorious ope chafes with iippati- epce. The fact of her existepce 82 her suddep ap- pearapee ip the world^s ecopoipy should suffice she tbipksto justig^ber public service. Is pot fee product its owp justificatiop?^^ say s sbe.^^I aip that I aip.^^ There we have it, opce agaip ft\e serpept de- vouripg its owp tail, the old probleip of ipecbap- icalproductiop,apd itsresultapt the vast produc- tiop of tbipgfs irrespective of their iptripsic value, the productiops of waste, of the iputilities of life, of the tbipgs ipade to sell. I ask, is it true? Is the product its owp justifica- tiop? Ip the course of ipy travels I fell ip with a Pittsburg ipapufacturer, as keep 82 shrewd apd hard-headed a tpap as you would ipeet either t02 side of tt)Q lipc. He was dnAiptpipg ii) glass; as I was it) azstbctics, apd as we bad tin?c to spare we trafficked ir) each otbcr^s wares. He was full of vitreous facts bat’d apd angular 82 of ipucb i>aivc 82 natural wisdotp^ but be could pever allow tbat apytbips could be better dope, or apytbipg better kpowp outside a zo-r^ile radius of Pittsburg, ai>d tbe reasot) of tbis wbep I can?e to look ii)to it was tbat be was able to beat tbe Epglisb it> tbeir owt) iparket. But wbat be prided bitpself rpost or? was bavir?g scr?t over tbe world ir?illior?s of little glass shoes to bold scer?t bottles, ar?d n?illior?s of little glassbootstobold toothpicks. He ffar?kly adipit- ted tbeir er?tirc usclcssr?ess, but wbat of tf?at, they took or?. Ar?d the ethical aspect of d?e questior?, of the waste of it all, of the wor?derful rr?acbipery, the ir?fir?ite burpar? labour, the exploitir?g of n?er? ar?d won?er?, the ugly copditior?s of life that were beir?g developed ir? order to do these things,— the ethical questior? j do you tbipk be bad the slight- est scruple of cor?scier?ce as to the right or wror?g of all this? r?ot a bitof it, such a tl?ougbt badr?ever occurred to bin?- 1 could r?o n?ore drun? it ir?to birp, tbar? be could drurp the purchase of or?e of bis slippers of Cir?derella ir?to n?e. You will tell rr?e perhaps that wbat applies to glass toothpick boots is ar? isolated detail. You n?ay go so far as to allow that that rpay be obvious waste, you n?ay ever? accept the prcrr?ise that whatever, ir?ter?ded for the joy of n?ar? is r?ot n?ade ir? the joy of the producer is waste, but, say you, this does r?ot apply to the great things we are doir?g ir? our city, totberpigbty busir?esses weare buildir?g up, 103 XoiY)Qitx)TQQX)SQ foocUstuffs tbatwcscpdtotbcGijds of tbccartl), totbc gallery we have built ai)d ipyite you to lecture to us ii) evei) tbougb you say ui)-* pleasai)t tbipgs, or to tbc greatest of our receipt aebieverpepts our poble uijiversity, I reply, tt)e preparation of food-stuffs bas just as any other production to be tested by tbe applica*^ tionof ethical principles, that in order to discover the econornic we have also to discover the intrinsic value of everything we produce, that for iny lee-* tures, if they serve you nought you inay apply the saine test and show rne the door, but in your great university I could find an illustration as pointed as in the glass slippers of Pittsburg, It is not that we undervalue the enthusiasin that has created or is inspiring it, but that the guise in which your great university at present appears, the fonn she wears will not stand the test that we apply. You will rernen?ber how I pointed to the AJDbeys of the Middle Ages 8? the Country Hoines of England as the voice in stone of two great peri^ ods of hta-inan life. Those of us who have studied and lived in these precincts of the old world Ideal- isrn, those of us who have been taught to regard their fbrins as the expression of what the inen felt who built thein for all tiine, how do you think we judge the Chicago university buildings? those spurious Gothic windows, those dark iron stair- cases, the veiled and factitious construction^ the pretence and unreality of the fbm)S. What do you think we take then) as the expression of? Hustle. Mere activity that is non^i*)tGllectual. The work of it>en in a h^Arry. Work all of it that will have to be dope over agaip; work tbat is as ipucb waste as are slippers of glass outside a fairy story. No wop- der your youpg architects repudiate traditiop wbep it is thus proffered. No wopder they rebel} I should! Howoftep do we pot hug ourselves ip the thought that hisb pressure produces the best work. But is it true? As a probleip ip ipechapics does pot the aipoupt of the pressure to be applied depepd op the strcpgth of fiw ipechapisrp ? Apd over pressure op that creature ^of ipfipite faculty so express apd adipirable.^ oftep bripgs out traits bad as well as good^ apd all to the bad is sheer waste; waste of the worst descriptiop, for it wastes especially that fipcr fibrc; those choicer 82 ipore sepsitive spirits, whose fupctiop it is to express the greatpess of a coiprpupity apd of whoip a corpn>upity without traditiop has the utipost peed. WhepI was ip the Pittsburg ArtGallerywatchipS the people lookipg at the pictures a boy caipe apd sat dowp beside ipe. He took out a sketch-book 8S begap to draw. I grew ipterested ip his work apd talked to hin? apd we exchapged cards. Ipcidep- tally he asked ipe if I wapted apy tiles as he was travellipg ip such ware, but I explaiped to hiip as copcisely as possible that I wapted pot his tiles but hin}, apd that though ap evil chapee had set ipe druipipipg, I also was by way of beipg ap ar- tist. He opeped out at opce, 82 before I kpe w it I had his poipt of view ip life. But what do you thipk it was he told ipe? That he hated what he was set to, that all his people wapted hin> to do was to ipake ipopey, but that he wapted to draw, apd above all, to5 get away froro Pittsburg as soop as possible at)d coipe to Ei)glar)d ar)d study, could be but scrape tbe n?opey together. He was so copyipcipg that I would have placed ai> order for tiles there apd thep, despite all ipy prii>ciples, had I thought it would have paid his passage ipopey. But is it t)ot a suggestive reffectiop that the first effect of ai> art gallery is to sei)d the youpg opes off ip dudgeop? You have peed of these childrep ipore thap apy others, why do you tratpple upop therp apd drive theip forth. Your vast output of tpaterialisip ipy lady of vaipglory, is pot the thipg you will be ul- tiipately judged by, but just by ope or two of these childrep, apd the souls you have slaip or cast out ip the process rpay rise up apd curse you, pot ip the sepsatiopal ipapper of your owp pewspapers, por evep ip the sopgs of the Yiddish sweatshop, but iperely say to you: Is this all? Could youdo po rpore for us thap this? For v/hat thep were we used?^^ Apd souls have a terrible way with therp whep they fipd out what they did pot kpow be- fore, that they are beipg pulped up ip ipachipery. What is rpeapt do you thipkby the appearapee ip fi^ee Aiperica of the pheporpepop of Aparchisrp? Why tperely that ip the gross ipaterialisip of the ipoderp state we have peglected the irpagipative terpperarpept. It craves for colour, light, beauty, apd the httrpap thipgs of life. Depy itthose thipgs apd you drive it ip blipd fury apd hatred agaipst the established order that has starved apd up- hipSfed it. to6 It n?ust bayc beep witb son?c sucb thoughts as those ii) YJoy head that I carpe back ope pight to Hull Housc^ weary with walking ipapy ipiles of Halstead Street apd n?aybe tryipg to coupt the ii^utilities it) the shop windows by the glare of the electric lights. The cable cars were fiill to oyer- ffowii>g. Thousands of souls there were that seen)- ed to haye r)o corporeal existei^ce, apd they were beipgcanied hither apd thither aiiplessly^cease- lessly, hopelessly. Perhaps ap Epglishn?ai> loses cor>sciouspessof tiipeapd space after ipapy hours of Arpericap locoipotiop^ but after awhile I son?e- how foupd n^yself oi) ik)Q top of ope of the city^s steel towers, it was after business hours apd frorp bepeath the oyerhapgipg eayes through ftie clearer air I saw stretch far below ipe the great grey sea of Michigap ip ope of her ceaseless ipoods of light shade. Passipg alopgipthedirp glowlfoupdipy- self by sotpe strapgepess of fapey opposite a gate of Mr. Sulliyap^s, a wopderftil bropze gate it was, ftill of tibe roipapce of architecture. You saw stars whep you looked at it, like you see whep soipe ope hits you betweep the eyes apd you appreciate the yigour of the blow. The forrps ip it were peryous, electric, restless, but through all was a septirpept of growth, eyep, yes eyep of traditiop, for there was a pathos of beauty ip the last ffutteripg rerp- papts of the dear old Greek acapthus, that ipost tepacious of plapts, as she ipocked Sulliyap^s ep- deayours to repudiate all traditiop apd be ipore origipal thap tiipe. The gate opeped 8? as I passed through a figure ipet ipe, I kpew Y)ito to the life^ 107 it was r)Oi)e otfeer tbai> tt)e great Mr. Dooley of Arcbery Road. He took ipe by tbc bat)d; told n^e frar>kly tbat tbougb circurx)stai}ces necessitated reticence be bad always believed sucb ^ipgs bi«}^ self, tbat bere at last we were in tbc land of reali- ties; I bad butto wait. Scarce bad be spoken wben everything opened out as witb great light, nervous white light, 8S there was sound of swift unintelligi- ble jnoveinent, of power that was rythipic, only the sense was not yet born to understand. Then through the light shone a figure, lit with lainbent fPaine and veiled, it was the figure of our lady of vainglory herself, and bending towards ine she stretched out a pair of in>rncnsc scales. I was bid- den to put n>y hand upon the centre bit and as I did so I understood. I realised how the one little work of art on the one side weighed down as a- gainst a fcather^s vreight the n>ighty inass of her inaterial production on the other. And then it seerned to ine that she was about to speak and un- cover the inystcry of her face, when all was blot- ted out in a rain of soot. But the strangest thii^g of all was the feeling she inspired in n?e. I cannot ex- plain it, but it was wonderful, a sense of creative- ness, abuoyancy, an exhilaration, and I had it on iny lips to utter, what ipight have been a prayer, inight have been an iinpertinence but in so far as I could framoQ it, was this. Before you, lady, I have felt what I have felt only in the rnost sacred precincts of the young activi- ties of life, in n>y own university in England, tpy own Cainbridge, the ^alina n>ater^ of all Arperi- cai> lQart)it)Sf wl)ei? years ago sl)c stood revealed tons ii) all ber traditional beauty and tbc glory of ber centuries of bistory. Before you lady I bavc fSlt again wbat I fSlt tb^n apd at tbat one n?oinept only wben tbe sense of tb® industrial etbics first touched ber undergraduate life, and we dreained of tbe new age, in ^e inoonligbt over tbe Bridge of Kings. It was an odd drean? to have in South Halstead Street. 109 YIIL or CERTAIN ASPECTS OF ENGLISH APATHY, N tbc foregoing essays 82 addresses, wover) roupd tbe n>otiye of tbc Nation- al Trust and its work in Engfland, I bave sought to present a series of ideas and thoughts that deal with n)odern citizen^ ship* Sornc of these I would now recapitulate, and in so doing desire to touch upon those points of divergence and kin^ ship between ourselves and our brethren over sea which give the Trust^s appeal its justification* Fron> ai? Englishtpan invited to speak to Aineri- can citizens on the n)ore intiinate things of life which both peoples hold equally dear this is not only dernancted but he is challenged to justi^ hirpself at hon>e— is touched upon a tender point perhaps and asked how these things look upon the other side. Y ou weigh in the scales An>erican hustle and find it wanting;—how about English apathy Soine answer to this challenge in a question is now ventured. In offering the answer however we leave the ipore in>inediate and direct issues such as we have seen then) W the work of the National Trust in Eng^ land, or the sirnilar work that is done in An>erica, we deal rather with 'Brue ideas, with the larger work that n)ay yet with a wider awakening of national consciousness coine to ^Ifiln^ent in both coun- tto tries. Tbc Trust indeed; so liipitcd at>d slight isits work as yet by cotpparisop with what ipai^y of its friepds hope to see accoipplishcd, ipight al- ipost be said to serve as ai> excuse for the present- atioi? of these ideas. It) itself it offers a n?odel it) little; as it were; a ipicrocostp; of the policy that a well ordered coipipupity; with a reverence for its past traditions; or a wise understanding of the present needs of its citizens; should pursue. The fact that its sphere of action as yet is srnall or that n>any who arc doing the very filings it is seeking to dO; have perhaps never heard of its nainc; will not be taken as an in<^ex of its influence. The crocosinisnone the less coinpletcforbcingunob- served in the larger world. Let us then leave it at this and consider the other general principles which I have sought in the feregoing addresses to developed they rnay be thus recapitulated. That the danger; first and befbre all other dangers; to the coinn?unity of which we arc citizens whether in England or Anjcrica; is inatcrialisin. That the great cities of our civiliza- tion with their artificial conditions; their sterile g? coinplcx lifc; arc the breeding grounds of this inatcrialisin. That they have cither to be destroy- ed or to be in:Rlscd with an ethical consciousness; the conscious application;^^ to quote once inorc the words of Froudc; '^of intellectual and inoral ideas to rpodern citizenship. That the way in which weean to begin with best do this isby safe- guarding the historic associations of the race in the past; built up as they arc on an idealistic basiS; and the arnenities of life in the present; for in so in doii )5 wc directly ii>ffuer)cc character. To show the value ar)d sigi)ificar)ce of these historic ai)d szsthetic associations in their bearing on the ino- dern industrial systein, I drew a picture of the abbeys of England, pointed to the great inen who were the outcorne of the n>onastic systern, and showed that the two leading lessons which the English Abbeys had for us were the lesson of sitn- plicity and directness of character and the lesson of leisure and its wise application* Thedocuinen^ tary evidence before us was the building and the craftsrnanship; as expressive of the life S leisure of the English iniddle ages, 8? the saine evidence we used when we considered the Country Houses of England 8S the sentirnent of Elizabethan aris- tocracy. Wecoinpared the social nexus by which the aristocracy of Elizabeth was tied to the life of its tiine with the nexus that binds us as citizens in and to the n>odern state, and we showed how this saine sentiinent as expressed in the English aristocracy and leisured class, was afactor still to be reckoned with in inodern life, how it sprang originally &orn the soil, and how it had given to the world the conception of the English gentle- inan^ a conception that had weight in all parts of the English-speaking world. The social as dis- tinct fforn ftw political evolution of Dernocracy we suggested was probably destined to bring with it the contintied existence of a leisured class iin- piyit)g leadership by right, not of inight but of social obligation^ 8? that one of its first fiinctions in the near future, if not already, was the trustee- ship of the results of leisure in the past. The sug- ttz gcstiop was pcxt offered tl)at it xpattered little if ap old world aristocracy of blood fulfilled these fupctiops provided the fui)ctiops were fiilfilled, the syipbolisrp of the salt understood; for the vi- tally iipportant thins W these inatters non^n?ate- rialistic; was toe gettins then? done, rather than the inanner of the doins* Continuins picture fron? the practical— the extant history of Ens^^^^^^^ writ in stonc; weshowedwhat the Abbey of West- n?inster; the greatest of National Trusts,stood for to all English-speaking people; 82 we illustrated through the toinbs of the Kings the inffuence of personal character in history. We noted the great traditional value of thiS; and of the syrnholisn? it irnplied; to the race; 82 we saw how all such syn?- bolS; whether cn?bodied in the coronation of a king or the salutation of a president; were an>ong the greatest aids we had in our battle with n?a- terialisn?. We then drew another picture of another seeding ground in the n?oral and intellectual life of the English-speaking people; 82 showed; by a series of historical sketches; how Chelsea;One of toe chief artistic centres; now and for the last 400 years was aliving exainple of historic tradition. Wereview- ed age after age the characters it had horned, right away back to its first beginnings and those of England's conscious nationality in the tin?es of the early TudorS; and we pointed to the inany inextricable historic tics between English and Ainerican citizenship that it recalled. From? this once again we deduced the obligation incuinhent on the new corninunity of regarding bistory as a cototoot) bcritagc, apd t)0 logger ix> light of the private property of iijdividtials. Tbe ecopoipic cbaijge tbat was corpipg over tbc n>otbcr country ii) tbc breaking up of tbc great estates tbfougb tbcHarcourtBill apd other ipea- sureS; was used as a fiirtber argun>er>t for the peed of recogpisipg the obligatiop. The personal trusteeship we insisted had to be ipade a coxp^ tpupal trusteeship* Coptipuipg the applicatiop of these ideas to the great industrial cities of Aiperica we sought to show howupop then? tooftwbearipgwas twofold, that is to say, historic apd 82Sthetic,3)c latter, per- haps ftw rpore irpportapt of the two, ip ftw recogni- tion of lapdscape,of architccture,of ftxc reservation of sites, 8g of the ipapy different hurpap peeds re- vealed by ipoderp industrial art} but ■frte fonper, itpportapt also towards ftve building up of charac- ter. To ftTLC ipakipgof a greatcity— both, we insist- ed, were essential, as part of that ethical conscious- ness with which she ipust needs be endowed. The direction of this ethical purpose to the ipa- chipery of production was next considered, apd we looked to'&xc artists, the architects, apd to ^ose erpployers of labour who ip apy way touched upon the field of industrial art, as its leaders apd its interpreters. Theirs it was to search out apd apply the standard of Beauty, apd it was they who before all others stood between ftw great cities apd their ipaterialisip. These speculations took us to a closer exaipipa- tiop of Industrial Art, the force that ipEnglapdat least is ipakipg for a conscious application to life of ethical principles we arc in search of. In this force we saw cn?bodicd the principle that inan the creative unit had to be considered as independent of the rnachinc or the incchanical power that he has brought into being; and we rnaintained that the fundarncntal test of what was productive or nonproductive was not the cco^ notnicbutftw intrinsic valucof every coininodity produced; and that the application of the test lay with the producer not the consuiner. We cited ainong other cxainples the crninently successful productions of a Pittsburg inanufacturcr as in^ stances of cointnunal waste. It was next pointed out that part of the problcrn of inodern inachine production was the irnper- feet education it gave to ftw citizen; and we insist- ed that it was not only possible for the great cities of Aincrica to supply the educational want; it was their duty; first as they were in the van of ina- tcrial progress; last in the progress of Idcalisn?. In conclusion it was suggested that the great city of Chicago; the essentially modern city; vainglo- rious at present of her material progress; had in her none the less the potentiality of a moral and intellectual awakening; and that in her we had the type. In this sum« 9 ary the first truth which the prac- tical Idealist will probably fix on is the need for a wiseapplication of history and aesthetics in tno- dern life;— the fundamental need for applying the teachings of history to character in modern democracy. This question of the popular teach- ing of history is vital; for in history arc flue springs iz u5 of that Idcalisn? wbicb bavc n>adc tbc race. Yet tb® fact rcn>aii)S tbat r)eitber it) Epglapd i)or ip Aipcrica bavc we apy stapdard at all ip our pop^ ular teaebipg of bistory. Tbc scicptific ipetbod ip wbicb at our upiversities we are traiped is, for tbe purpose of arrivipg at sucb a stapdard, useless, or worse tbap useless. Tbe purposes of scholarship it tpay serve, but with Ibe applica^ tiop of history to character, the vital peed of our tiipe,it is pot copcerped. Ap artist &iepd of ipipe was opce paiptipgNclsop^s oldffagsbiptbe^ Yic-^ toi^,^ by Portsipoutb Harbour. A lad froip the peigbbouripg board school caipe ffi looked over bis shoulder, apd wbep ipy friepd got to talk with birp be discovered that tbe^ Victory,' the battle of Trafalgar apd Nelsop biapself were quite up-- kpowp to the ladj ip surprise ipy friepd asked bitp bis paipe— apd bis paipe was Nelsop. He bad pever beep as rpucb as taught that apy other Nel^ sop beyopd bis owp little derpocratic ego existed. Yet we expect ap upderstapdipg of citizepsbip frorp the sops wboip we thus traip. It seeips dif^ ficult to believe this, but it is oply ap illustratiop of bupdreds of cases which tpisfet be cited to sbowbowipEpglapd just as ipucb as ip Aiperica the fupdaipeptals of character oftep go peglected. That sipall Epglisbn?ap was, I fapey, kip to the youthful Aipericap citizep of the saipe age who bad pever beep taught to differeptiate George Wasbipgtop froip Adaip. Apd wbep the peed for the teacbipgf of history is opce copceded, it ipust be taught geperously, po petty, parrow or parochial bias ipust be allowed u6 to interfere witl) its bcaripgf or cbai^ctcr. ^^Our British cousips," said at) cn?it>cpt New York cit- izen, as he took the chair at a public ipcctipg, it) reply to ipy plea for this wider apd ipore ger?er- Otis study of history, ^^ipake the ipistake of as- su^ii^S d)at the English tradition appeals to us as it appeals to then?— we have Dutch apd French ai?d Irish blood it) our yeii?s as well as English; ai?d it is oi?ly what is distinctively An?erican or what goes to the forrping of other history as well as English; that touches us Ainericans. Castles in other countries, said he with a dig at iny appeal for Tintagel and Henry Y., ^'interest us as n>uch as castles in England.^' That was spoken in the city where thc^appeartobe entirely thoughtless of records of their stately and delightful Dutch tradition, and by a gentlernan whose bias in say- ing it caine with the Dutch blood in his veins. I thought this over, ^ two days later it was brought hon?e to ine with peculiarpointby two little Rus- sian Jew boys of twelve who were piloting n?e back frorn the Bowery to the west. We were pass- ing by a certain fainous church in those parts, w]^n one of the lads halted in the twilight of the arc lainp and whispered son?ething to his con?- rade. lasked hin? whatit was,and in n?ost chosen; inost unselfconscious English; he said,^^ I an> try- ing to picture to inyself now what old Peter Stuy- versen looks like in his grave there ! " Instantly it was flashed upon ®pe that this child was instinct- ively wiser than n?y ^iend the chaim?an with the Stuyversen blood in his veinS; and ^at here was history properly taught. ^7 Castles ii) otl)cr countries forsootb. It is tbis spirit of sbalTowcopfonpity to beliefs po logger accept- ed ii> practice wbicb is tbe best bulwark of Ma- terialisip; tbepresepceof Goetbe^s ^Geist der stets yerpeipt^ wbicb is your dagger as well as ours. Witb us it shows itself ii> tbc cippty altruisip of tbe British Fortur^atus, who is it) politics a Lib- eral, ii) practice a Tory,apd ii> faiths through the tbit) filipof Cbfistiai) doctrine, at> agnostic. Wi^ you it) Aiperica it displays itself it> the cock-a- wboop Jeffersopiap Idealisn}ruptoseed,tbatbe- lieyes ir) the ui}lin)ited capacity of the Aipericap people, if they oi)ly baye copfidepce enough W the political foripulse of the eigbtcei^tb century, to absorb all aliei) races. But, apd Ioqtq is the rub, are these foripulK apy logger belieyed? I do pot rpeap ip the abstract or frorp the poipt of yiew of the syipbolisrp they coptaip,but practically. Ask ^ ayerage Aipericap citizep bis capdid opip- iop of certaip clauses ip the preaipble of the De- claratiop of Ipdepepdepce, apd be will sbi^ bis shoulders 8? refer you to Mr. Dooley op ■ftw Negro G^estiop. For us ip Epglapd this sbakep copfi- depce ip the idealistic bases of patiopal life is as sigpificapt as it is with you, for both of us it is the ipark of eperpy with wboip we baye to do bat- tletogetber. Apdbow7youask. By strepgtbepipg as far as possible that ebaip of sy tppatby S iptelU- gepce which I have tried throughout fhese addres- ses to etppbasise ftw peed of. Wbep I was ip Phila- delphia, ope of Qic city^sipost proipipept ipep said to ipe, '^Our greatest difficulty ip this couptry is u8 Dcipagogisip," apd be dcfir>cd bis word of ill ipeapipsf as d)c cox^ditiop of affairs tbat leaves tbe ultixpate decision op questiops affectipg tbebigb^ er life of tbe coxpipupity witb ipep wbo do pot upderstapd tbat tbey bave a duty ip tbis regard, apd wbo ipake a professiop of local politics. We ipEpglapd too bavc ofteptirpestobow before Mr. Gubbips tbe local grocer. But where we still bavo a leisured or aristocratic class wbo recogpise a respbpsibility to tbe cotpipupity for tbeir exis- tepee, wbo do public work, tbey ipake-weigbt Hr. Gubbips, apd Hr. Gubbips is alipost ipvari- ably a spob. But wbat I arp pleadipg for, apd wbat perhaps is the best, if pot the oply way of rpeetipg the ipefficiepcy or well-ipeapipg stupidity of De- xpagogisxp pot alope ip Aiperica but ip Epglapd, apd wherever Apglo-Saxop derpocracy is work^ ipgout itsdcstipies,is the solidarity of syippatby apd iptelligepce. We should strive to establish a petwork of cultured apd educated opipiop all over the Epglisb^speakipg world. To apply a siipile froip Aipericap life, we should effect a tele-- pbopic systeip for the awakepipg civic copsci^ ouspess, a systerp by which all who feel that tlooy arc ip their owp way tryipg to cppoble, to puri:^ or to preserve wbat is beautiful ip life, shall be op call to the rest. If ip these essays I have sought to effect apytbipS; or ip ipy jourpey tried to preach apytbiP2i;it has beep this. But pow to apotber poipt already touched upop, but op which ipuch yet reipaipstosay— theipffu- epees, educative or the reverse, of ipdustrialisip it) so far as tl>cy affect you ffi us j apd ii) so far as they bear upoi) this great peed of safeguarding tbc historic apd aesthetic associations of life. To the foreign observer of English rpappers ope of ftve characteristic features ipipoderp English life is a certain want of sociabilty— ftve apparent inca- pacity of pcopletobehuipan^or at least courteous 8? urbape^to ope another. There is po doubt ftve for- eigner is right apd that his criticisip applies with soipe exceptions to all rapks of English society. The exceptions would be foupd ip the life of ap English country house, at the universities, ip the Boherpia offtveartists,82ip ■Qw cottage offtveyeoipan fariper, if you takehin) as ahuipap being, 8? pot as expecting the obeisapee of ope class to another. I have sought ip observation of the ways apd ipappers of ipeptolearpthereasop of this, apd the reason has beep taught ipe by youpg colonials, by Atpericaps who have brought a freshness of light op these ipatters, by Lopdop artisans with whose inner life I have becoipe iptiipate, apd by the few siipple old-world people ip rerpote Eng- lish villages whoip it has beep ipy good fortune froip tiipe to tirpe to ipeet or grow fopd of. The reason stated epigraipipatically is this: Ipdus- trialisrp, igporapt apd ipsolept, has stereotyped feudal custoips without understanding theip. Let ipe offer a few illustrations. The Arpericap dollar king when he clothes hin>self ip the starch of ap English landed geptleinan,is apt to becoipe a very intolerable person, a Belgraviap dipper party at the house of a iperely rich n>ap is a con- ventional function of disrpal dulpcss,the lapdop t20 artisax) wfecp ox> very rare occasions 1 )g foregatb- ers with bis fellows, will sipg you xpost aboipii}- ably, sopgs of ipaudlir) septiipept or tbc latest tpusic ball vulgarity, turpipg for tbc rpost part oi) tbc beer sbop, but without ai>y of tbc redeerp- ii 7 g beauty of tbe older English dripkipg sopgs. An?opg all tbese groups of society tbc sepse of gepuipe sociability bas beei) lost, tbc ^euetbeia,^ tbc pleasai)t paive cbarip of n?ai>per bas passed away fron? life, tbe cbarip that n?ade so beautiful tbc life Bep Jopsoi) apd Shakespeare drew for us, or tbc life that we read of iy) ^tbe towp,^ or it) Chelsea of tbc eighteenth century. Why should this be so? On the other band; talk to the young colonial who has knocked about the world, now in Canada, now in South Africa, or to tbc old far^ incr whose dialect itself is culture by coinpari-» son with the truculent vulgarity of the citizen^s twang J or again to the young Virginian or Irish lads wboin one rneets fron? tiine to tiine as rail^ way servants or bell boys in the United States, and you areiinpressedwitbasense that it is there none the less, this fine quality— did we only give it a chance. It is there, in short, where industrial- isrn has not entered to directly inffuence charac- ter, or to unintclligently stereotype the beautiful forins and custoins of that fcudalisin to which the race owes cbildbood^s teaching* This is said neither in praise nor blaine of those who have or those who lack the ^cortesia,^ but to point to the fact that certain conditions of life give it, and others give it not, and to point Kirthcr to the need for a conscious search and effort in X2.X tbc coipipupity towards safeguarding w^at is a virtue and quality inost precious. Of tbis virtue industrialisin is in a fail* way to deprive us en^ tirely. In 'Qw iniiddleof inodern education we see little effort to provide it, tbe voqtq scrarpble for wealth does not give it,tbc organising ability tbat teacbes a inan to bandit tr)Qi) in tntsts and con>- binations does not bring it, but tbc arts give it if not divorced fron? life; and so does tbe cainara- derie of tbe University, contact witb tbe soil gives it, and skilled craftsn>ansbip gives it,if labour be not over-divided, or doininated by tbe rnaebine. It finds little place in Atn^rican btistle. In ftw con^ sideration of our English apathy if we set to our credit tbefaettbat westill stand possessedof soine of it, we rx)ust set to our discredit, too, ftw fact that we have as yet inade no atteinpt at its conscious cultivation. The inffuences educative or the reverse, in inod- ern industrialisn?; of which on® has just been cit- ed, bring n)c to another aspect of English apathy: an apparent apathy W the concerns of business. The speculation is not, as it at first sight appears, reinote fron? ^ purpose of these essays, it touches very near on that application to deinocracy of in-» tellectual and n>oral ideas. There is an apathy; but it is not quite what it seerns. There is disbe- lief in the inethods of the past, but the recon- structive force within is none the less present. Sorne of us were destined by our fathers to take a prorninent place in great business enterprises, to lead in the way the English captains of indus- try led in the last generation; soine of us have 122 voluntarily surrendered tbis place, bave even, strange as it ToaysQQro^proferred to reinain poor, because there bas appeared to us to be a gfreater prize,abigber end. Disbelief in toe objective inay iipply apa^y,but inay it not also iinply reserve force, a building up of tbe new order inore sure^ ly tban if we bad given our energies towards con-* tinuing to roll up bill tbe stone of Sysipbus? Take but that section of English industry, by no ineans a sipall one, which is covered by toe tern? Industrial Art, and there is no question but that the njoverpent of the Arts and Crafts, which be^ gan with Rttskin and Morris nearly fifty years ago, 82 which the n?asters of industry for so long benevolently patronised, is having far-reaching econon)ic consequences not only in Bngland,but throughout the whole English-speaking world. Appealing as it does to the spirit of hun>an in^ dividuality, it takes its stand not only on the in^* dependence of the producer, but on an ed?ical developipent in the consun?er. Andit wouldseen? that hardly is the systen? of n?echanical produc- tion perfected for toe uses and affairs of life, when a new force is already called into being destined to cut the very ground away froin beneath it. Such things have happened before in history. At a recent exhibition in London a wise and far- seeing Englishtnan; for whose inventive genius all that know bin? have a profound regard, was heard to say, ^^It is an extraordinary things hut all the talent of the country seerns to be going in^ to arts and crafts.^^ There is tnore in this perhaps than the stray words of a philosopher 5 it would seen) to in>ply tbat we feavc reached the swipg of the pei^duluip ii> the developipept of coipiper- cialisrp, that the younger geperatioi? is coi)cen>ed oftep with other things thap the n^ere ipechapisip of business, with questions that consciously and directly affect national life and character, ^at to use our own expression; it is apathetic concern- ing n>any things our fathers deetnedof the great- est iinportance. Nor is the econoinic aspect of the Arts and Crafts n>oyernent significant alone in ^ narrower sphere of aesthetic production; in so far as it inakes an appeal to five consuiner,tohis sense of duty as a citizen; to the tnoral instinct in hitn; it affects flue whole econorny of life.It is early ciays perhaps to say that through it a new ethical pur- pose has entered into English life;but signs are not wanting of the new constructive force, 8S of this we rnay be sure, that whatever thisnewforceis,ithas corne to stay, that it is accountable for a good deal of the paralysis that has corne upon English ip^ dustry in the last decade, that it will swiftly fol- low on the heels of corninercialdeveloprnent else- where, and that in England at least it has given the 'coup de grace ^ to the teachings of the old Manchester school. To beat a dead dog is ever a graceless act, but rnay we not in the light of this reconstructive force in rnodern English industry recall for a rnorpent what was irnplied in sorne of the older teachings. There is a certain fSrnous saying by one of ^e kindliest and rnost disinterested rninisters Eng- land ever had, John Bright, upon adulteration: adulteration; which applied to the produce and X24 distribution of tbc necessities of life, we nowa- days should dub a eupbetnisip ^or coininei’cial dishonesty • ^^Adulteration/' said he/^ arises froin the great, and perhaps inevitable cornpetition in business, and to a large extent it is proinoted by the ignorance of custotners/^ Frotn anybody else but ftw ^poor tnan's ffiend^ such a staternent and the inferences deducible fron> it inight savour of the cynicisin of the Second Einpire. Nor did it apply only to foodstuffs,but to all other stuffs, to all that surrounds us in our daijy lives, to all the things that huipan beings inake, froin the bread of life to the Cinderella slippers of Pittsburg. Yet think of it, this utterance froin a follower of Fox, Penn; and W oolinan. Why; if ftw gentle quaker of New Jersey were to visitus once again nowadays, he would, instead of writing letters to fiends against the ovenpuch use of silver dishes ainong the rich; be on the side of the artists,pleading for huinan individuality in the fashioning of silver dishes, as against the overinuch inaking of ina- chine produce for the poor. He would be the en^ einy of the ^poor inan's i^iend.^ Nor inust this saine force which is inaking for reconstruction in English industry and to which we inust attribute soine of this apathy of ours, be considered only in its internal bearings j outside and beyond ftw productive sphere, and upon ^ actions 82 conduct of n?en; it is having far-reach- ing effect. It is too soon perhaps to say, as soine do, that the inaking of England's African einpire in the last quarter of a century has either been her salvation or cured her, even teinporarily, of t25 pbarisaisip^butopctbipgit is perhaps safe to say, that the war she has just passed through has beep the death blow to the old fashioned Liberalisn) which for the last twei>ty-fiye years has strickei) her with ar)seti)ia. Liberalisn?, understood as the political creed which has rested oi? ^laissez faire,^ and in^plied unlin?ited cotnr^ercial expansion^ unrestricted con?petition; and the n?ere reinoval of n?easures without any corresponding con^ structiyestatesn?anship— "Owpoliticalphilosophy of Plugson of CIndershott, generally— is a curse that has happily been taken fron? us. And this has been done for us by our colonies. To the de- n^ocracy in England this war has reyealed the cn>pire state as outside and distinct fron? ^ ^ little England^ of Lancashire or the cities of English industrialisrp: the en?pire state, a social as well as a political organisn?, and as such the splendid field upon which the greater n>oyen>ents of our tin>e are to be tried and brought to fulfilinent. And of these inoyeinents the two greatest in Eng- lish life during the last quarter of a century haye undoubtedly been the sesthectic n?oyeinent and the trade union inoyen>ent. There has ^en no- thing in politics, in philosophy^*? literature, or in religion that has con?e anywhere near these two forces in actiyity. In An?erica, until quite recent- ly, their significance has been n?*ssed and their inffuence underrated. No one can study the his- tory of English Trade Qnionisn?,inuch less dis- cuss its problen?s with leading English trade unionists, without being in?pressed by tl?e ear- nestness which peryades it,ftw ethical sense which 126 ii)spircs it. It feas stood up for buipai) individu- ality against tbc industrial systcn?; it bas safe- guarded tbe standard of life, and it is destined to play tbc chief part, if it does not do so already, in the reconstruction of indtistry of which we have already observed the forces at work. Sideby side with trade unionisrn has advanced the aesthetic inovernent, which through its hundred of raini- fications is fightins the battle for h^unan indiv- iduality and ^standard of life on another plane and with other weapons. At certain points ftic two forces ipeet, often antagonistic, often allied, but having i^ndainentally ftve saine ideal. I have said that in Ainerica, so far, little attention has been paid to this. There has been stnall need to do so^ but titpes are changing quickly. Elude ftw diffi- culty as he will, the Aiperican ipaster of industry knows perfectly well that his control overlabour depends on his keeping it incohesivej but the tiipe is rapidly coining when Aiperican cosipo- politanisin will becoipe racial, when labour,asin England, will develop a consciousness^ then will the battle that has been won for the world by English Trade Unionisrn, and the standard of life that bas been set in the English Arts S Crafts be given their proper value. It ipay alrpost be, therefore, that what on the face of it appears an evidence of this apathy ip certain of the vital is- sues of national life ipay iipply rather a disbelief in the ipetbod or ftw objective, and, what is ipore, a stern conscious effort of tbe forces thatipake for reconstruction. Now apply this growing disbe- lief in the existing industrial systerps to our pol- 127 itical philosophy it) Ei)gflai}d ar)d what do wg observe? To begii) with; the agricultural stock, which is the basis of citizenship, is beii)g rapidly destroyed through our industrial developinent, and we can only look to its replenishi^gfroin our colonies. This we are instinctively doing, and in this lies the ^priin^n? inobile^ of our colonial ex^ pansion in its rnore inodern aspects, the instinct^ ivG need that rpakes our colonies irpperialistic,to use in its ordinary acceptance a worduncongen^ ial to n>any ^ho call therpselves Liberals. In the next place we observe a growing tnistrust of the systein of corninercial exploitation.This is notice^ able on all sides. Originating in English work^ ing^class sentiinGnt,it inffuences the action of ftw British Governinent in foreign affairs, inffuences yet n>orc strongly the colonial legislatures, and has resulted in what appears at the outset to be a checking of the activity in British cointnercial Gxpansion.ThisrGStriction,howGver,inayitnply an instinct towards a racial consolidation strongs er and anore vigorous than ever conteinplated. British retrocession in China, and the consolid- ation of British interests in South Africa are as inuch illustrations of it as is the socialistic legis- lation of New Zealand or the self governing col- onies. The question which the English artisan, whether at honje or abroad, is continually put- ting, is ^^For what purpose is coloured labour to be exploited 7 and he ans wers it only in one way, ''To bring down n>y own standard of life.^' He inay be right or wrong, that is neither here nor there— the thing to observe is the inffuence his at- X2Z titude TT)By be bavipgop racial developn;>ex>t^ai)d tbc Icgislatior) it) wbicb it fii>ds expression. Pol- itical altruisrp at>d econotpic necessity inay thus be at one in setting restrictions on industrial de- yelopinent. And would anyone wbo looks at tbe question pot froin tbe narrow standpoint of tbe coxninercial tx)Bt) interested in a particular busi- ness venture, be daring enough to disallow tbat there njay be ipucb virtue and inucb wisdon? it? sotne such restriction. May it not even point to a growing consciousness in the con?tnunity to- wards the inaintenance of that standard of life in the race, that finer conception of citizenship which we in ■Qwse essay s have sought to keep con-* stantjy before us. Perhaps indeed it is but ftw old ideal of Ainerican continental self dependence, and the still older ideal of British island inde- pendence that ended with the industrial revolu- tion of the eighteenth century, instinctively ap- plied on a larger S grander scale to the English- speaking federation that is forn?ipg throughout the world. The inaintenance of the standard of life, and the ennobling of our conception of citizenship is ftw objective now, and that he shall consciously strive for this, is the high prerogative of the Anglo- Saxon. It rnay be that he has coine to a point in his developinent when he shall pit this against unrestricted cointnercial prosperity, when he shall hold the blood in hi

ot of Epglapd oi)ly but of Massachusetts, of Virsii)ia, ar)d of the Pa- cific coast, will have son?etbii)S to say to this, for it is with tbcip, before all, lies the shaping of the destipy of the race. It is for tbetp too to see that the battle agaii}St slavery, filially woi> ip the sixties, shall pot have to be fought agaip ei- ther for their owp or aliep races, apd upder ap- othcr paipe. Whep Johp Ruskip said forty years ago that the future of Epglapd depepded pot upop her supply of coal apd irop but upop the good ipep apd woipep ip her, the Mapehester ecopoipists dubbed hiip ipad. The truth reipaips, oply it is revealipg itself op a larger plape thap ever dreaiped by the Little Epglapder of Map- ehester, apd every thipkipg Epglish*pap kpows that ftw real dapger to Epglapd lies pot ip the ex- haustiop of her coal apd irop, but ip the growth withip her of a class of upderfed, upderbred wage slaves who have peither part por lot ip her his- tory, her life or her traditiops. Just so does ftw real dapger to Aiperica lie ip the uprestricted iippor- tatiop for coiptpercial purposes of a low grade foreigp populatiop, the gapgs of Italiaps, Bohe- ipiaps, apd Poles that go to build up the riches of Pittsburg apd Chicago, apd add to the wealth; or as the case ipay be, the iputilities apd waste of flic world. Ip a prettily writtep tpopograph op the ^Ecopo- ipic Supreipacy of Aiperica,' a ipopograph ip which the geperalisatiops arc as liberal as the as- suipptiops, a youpg Aipcricap author rcccptly sought to show that Epglapd was op the verge of xzo bankruptcy, tbat ber creative activity was ex- hausted, that her aristocracy was played out, that the recent war bad proved ber collapse, tbat b«^ educational systern was inefficient, and tbe best tbinstobedone underlie circuinstances, was for tbe United States to take tbe einpire over as a go- ing concern, and inake of tbe British Isles an anned outpost of— be calls it ^Anglo-Saxon civi- lisation,^ but in bis heart be ineans ^Massachus- etts!^ The author in^^st I ain convinced be a de- lightful n>an; btit be has fuddled too inucb with statistics and not talked enough with btiinan be- ings^ for be has rpissed the ineaning of tbe real ^rces of life in Englanci and her colonies. Eng^ land has stood for inany different things to the children of her race, her language, or her tradi- tions in the last thousand years j but at^begin- ning of the new century, in what would seen) the apathy of her later days, she upholds the stan^ dard of life and the spirit of buinan individual- ity, protesting, as the spirit of rnan has protested before in other conditions of buinan develop- inent, against tbe industrial system? she has her- self created. W illiarn Blake in one of bis n>ad prophetic inoods, did be see her in bis ^City of Golgonooza,^ the sacred city of spiritual art that was always being built, and where an>id the bun? of bainn?er and anvil thoy were ever ^striving with systen?s to de- liver individuals from? those systerns ? ^ The ques- tion of the standard of life, with tbe ethical prin-' ciple involved init, of ^intrinsic value^ in the pro- ductions of life is inextricably woven with the ^ 3 ^ qxxQSiiox) of race. Where ii> Ei)glar)d ot^e side of ftveproblen? is beipg worked out^Aiperica, Africa, Australia, ai>d New Zealand are, each it) their way ei^gaged it) apotherj por, would it seeip, cap the recopstructiop of society op the pew ecoporpic basis be effected upop apy except racial lipes. Ip short, socialisrp S iipperialisrp gohapd ip hapd. Socialisrp, the political creed which iipplies a social recopstructiop, op tpore or less collectivist lipes, apd iipperialisrp, the political creed which ixpplies the preparatiop of the way for the expap- siop of the race. Coiprperce, social lcgislatiop,the devcloptpept of deipocratic ideas, a truer represeptatiop, ahealth^ ier copceptiop of citizepship; the saper relatiop of the ipdividual to the state, all these thipS^ have had their iporal filip frotp Epglapd at ope tiipe or apother,but all these thipsS; you 8? the youpg detpocracies that go to ipake up the Epglisb^ speaMpg world,cap develop better thap we.There is ope thipg however you cap pever becorpe, ope thips you cap pever do. Y ou cappot pick up past history, you cappot ipake it, you cappot sever yourselves froip it, you cappot be the ceptral poipt ip the history of the race, you cappot be its storehouse. What Atheps, after the brief period of her hegerpopy ip Greece, was to ftw whole of clas- sic civilisatiop, this little islapd Epglapd, this ^precious stope setipasilversea,^ipust ipcvitably becoipe,or if you prefer it, reipaip to the greater Epglish-speakipg copfederatiop that is to be,— ftw iptellectual apd iporal storehouse of the race. To plead, as I aip doipg, for a right upderstapd- t32 ii>S of tbiS; for tbc historic associatioi) apd tb® aipcpitics of life iijyolycd, is t)o pleading witb tbe lips of Epglisb apatby. Apd to brit>g it about tbcrc arc tbrcc tbix^gs wbicb pot alopc it) Epglapd but it) ftve wbolc Ei^glisb^spcakipg world wc bayc ’ tofigbt agaii)St.Tbe fii*st is tb® igi)orai)CG of coip- njcrcial bred, towp bred dcipocracy wbicb de- stroys or yulgariSGS because it kpows i)o better, ftve SGCopd isftw persor>alistp of aristocracy wb®- tb®r of blood or of wealth that regards beautiful or historic things pot as trusts but as priyate pro- perty, apdftw third isftw utilitariap spirit which sacrifices Gyer;^bipg to iiprpediate or sordid epds. These three all of us who look to tb® build- ipg up of tb® greater citizepsbip; wb®tb®r ip tb® old couptry or ip tb® P®w, ipust fight at all haz- ards. Apd I bav® sought ip this book to show that sipcG tb® probleips are tb® saipe, tb® battle with ipaterialisip tb® saipe battle ip ope part of tb® Epglisb world as ip apotber, so it beboyes us if we lay claiip to apy culture or iptelligepce, whe- ther ip Epglapd or ip Aiperica, whether ip Bos- top or Chicago, to draw together. It ipay be that tb® little ipicrocosip of tb® 'Na- tiopal Trust ^ roupd which these addresses of ipipe baye beep woyep ipay help tis to do this, if so we owe it our support j but at least it is a por- tiop,bowGyer slight, of that copstructiye idealisip which is spripgipg up with you as it is with us. Here ip this copstructiye idealisip is tb® youpg Epglapd appealipg tb tb® youpg Aiperica, apd to ftwEpglisb-speaMpg coipipupities oyersea. Ap- pealipg as sb® has appealed before ip b®r litera- t33 ture, her art, ip ber ipreptiop, Ijer coipiperce, or as ip the days of tlje last sterp crisis of tbc race wbep Hepry Ward Beecbcr ip bis great Map~ cbcster speech touched the real heart of her peo~ ■ pie with the words, ^^We bripg back Aipericap sheaves, but the seed corp we got ip Epglapd/^ HERE END THE ADDRESSES DELIVER- ED BY ME C.R. ASHBEE IN THE UNITED STATES IN tpoo AND tpoi, PRINTED UN- DER MY CARE AT THE ESSEX HOUSE PRESS, IN THE SAME YEAR, AND NOW ISSUED IN THE HOPE THAT THEY MAY FURTHER A GOOD CAUSE. t34 Published it) Er)slai7d by Edward Arnold, 37 Bedford Street, Strai)d5 apd ip Aiperica by Saipuel Buckley S Co., too Williaip St., New York. 300 copies. No. 1^99 / , mi I , (. ,v V V . ■ r ■ ' ■ ^ ' ' s • ^ ' ' 'T’ ; ^ " ry ’i ~ T 1 V , <•{!!* ‘V'-' ■-■■' ( ;. 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