PITFIHRAIXE . 1 €■ m a u \ f 'Q /7 OF ANTIENTf!/"/ //"//Y/rV COINS, WEIGHTS, and MEASURES, Explained and Exemplified in Several DISSERTATIONS. By JOHN ARBUTHNOr, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians, and of the Royal Society. The SECOND EDITION. To which is added. An A P P E N D I X, CONTAINING OBSERVATIONS O N Dr. Arhuthnot\ Differtations on Coins, Weights, and Meafiares. By BENJAMIN LANGWITH, D. D. LONDON: Printed for D. Browne, without Lefnple-Bar A. Millar, in the Strand-, andj. Whiston and B. White, \n Fleet-Jircct. MDCCLIV. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/tablesofantientcOOarbu TO THE KING. RE AT Name, which in our Rolls recorded ftands, Leads, honors, and protedls the learned Bands, Accept this Offering, to thy Bounty due ; And Romani in Englijh Sterling view. Read here, how Britain^ once delpis'd, can Raife As ample Sums, as Rome in C^fars Days ; Pour forth as numerous Legions on the Plain, And with more dreadful Navies awe the Main. [*A] Tho’' ♦ The King’s Name ftands firft in the Buttery Books of Chriji Clnrch ColUge^ Oxm. Tho’ ftlorter Lines her fix’d Dominions bind, Her Floating Empire ftretches unconfin’d. From Thetis^ Stores, and not her Neighbours Spoils, She draws her Treafure, Fruit of honeft Toils. Rome fack’d, and plunder’d 5 Britain cloaths, and feeds ; Acquires their Riches, but fupplies their Needs. Sweet Seat of Freedom! Be thy happier Doom To Tcape the Fate, as well as Guilt, of Rome. Where Riot, Offspring of unwieldy Store, Enery’d thofe Arms, that fnatch’d the Spoil before 1 With coftly Cates Ihe ftain’d her Frugal Board, Then with ill-gotten Gold Ihe bought a Lord. Corruption, Difcord, Luxury combin’d, Down funk the far-fam’d Miftrefs of Mankind. Hear, Righteous Prince ! O hear us loud invoke Thy Worth unblemilh’d, to avert this Stroke : Your felf fo free from every Lawlefs View, You fearce -admit the Homage that is due. Let other Monarchs, with invafive Bands Leflen their People, and extend their Lands ; By By gafping Nations, hated and obey’d. Lords of the Defarts, that their Sword has made: For Thee kind Heav’n a nobler Task defign’d. To fix thy Empire in thy Peoples Mind. High on thy Britifh Throne, to mark from far. And calm the Billows of the rifing War; 'To fmooth the Frowns on fair Europah Face, And force relu6lant Nations to embrace. As late the warring Winds, with mingled Roar, Strugl’d to wreck, yet wafted you to Shore. So fliall the Storm, that threats your peaceful Land, Roll harmlefs o’er, or Burft where you Command. Charles Arbuthnot, Student of Chrift Churchy Oxen. i'-; 1 ■ ' - o ' ' ' h'f:' ,;!.;'j 3,.':{ 'io :-'oa Xiido-ii fi ( ■:'vryyy . ;.' 70' r. ^ V ■--- ^ »• •■■.ra *i ■;•. . . ■' r ' ‘ c':’: :ri-;r t'.'iiirr :M5';\rL 7r^ jC-?';- ;-■ .,’.7 ^a' ^ ' . J ■; > ?., .-'■ I - ■;“ ■ . e* :!a , o': 1... A l r ;■;" ^ 7 ; 01 i, ;o. ;■ oo 7 :-V i>io ':'o /-r.n ,ft: ') :-V 0 ,7 , t'.A:,/- \-'; :,;• PREFACE. BeUeve it v)ill Be readily own'd that the Knowledge of the Value of the Money X Weights and Meafures of the Ancients, is neceffary to the un- derjianding of their Writings. The Value of Coins, Weights and Mea- fures is known, when the Proportion, which they bear to other known quantities of the- fame kind is determin'd, which are commonly thofe of the Rea- der's own Country. In order to afijllcxig]s{h Rea- ders in this particular, I publijh'd about twenty Tears ago fome Tables, which being out of Print, it was fuggejled to me that if I would ghe the Co- py, with fome other Calculations relating to the fame Subjebl, to my Son, he might make fome Profit of them. This interefied Mothe I frankly own had its Share in producing the prefent Treatife. The fir ft Tables were publijh'd before the learned Dr. Hoopers Bijhop of Bath and Wells, his En- A 2 quiry P R E F A C E. quiry into the State of Ancient Meafures; which if one confiders the Uniformity of the whole Defign^ Accuracy of the Calculations, Sagacity of the Con- jeBures, Skill in rejloring and comparing Pajfages of Ancient Authors, and the incomparable Learning that Jhines through the whole, excells very far all that was ever publijhed upon the SubjeB’, and in- deed had my Defign been merely the fame with that of his Lordjhip, 1 jhould not have prefum'd to have wrote any thing further on this matter. As my Calculations differ'd not in any confiderable matters from his Lordjhip' s, / thought it was fufficient to take notice of thofe differences without chan- ging the fables in any material Article. New Books on ufefulSubjeBs, if not erroneous, are fo far advan- tageous to Learning, that being put as it were by accident into a great many Hands, engage fame to fludy a Matter which they would not otherwife have thought of. L have been always of Opinion that young Gentle- men of an Age to confider more than the mere Words of an ancient Author, ought not only to take along with them the Chronology, Geography, and a clear Idea of the Antiquities form'd by ocu- lar Infpetlion on Models and Fibres', but likewife to P R E F A C E. to exerctje their Arithmetic k in. reducing the Sums of Money, Weights and Meafures mention'd in the Author, to thofe of their ov^n Country. And I will venture to affirm that any Touth who is not taught after this manner, is in fome meafure ■ deceived. The Reader will find a gyeat many Pajfages no- ted in the following Treatife, of which without this Knowledge he can neither underfiand the Terms nor Phrafeology. It is in fome meafure neceffary to explain Poets, Orators and Hiftorians. But the Language of Manual Arts, Bu fine ft. Traffic k, &c, naturally obfcure, is not intelligible without it, I believe I need not advertife the Reader that in a Work of this Nature it is impoffible to avoid Pueri- lities, Trifles, and joyningthings naturally incoherent, it having that in common with Diliionaries and Books of Antiquities. The Faults (ofwhich I amfenfiblethere are agreat many ) are in fome meafure owingto my want of Lei- fure. The Miftakes are eafily correBed from the Principles and Materials contain' d in the Book it felf With ff eat Submiffion I deprecate the Wrath of all Criticks aud Antiquaries, which is wont to be very flagrant on fuch Occafions. 1 do not value my P R E FACE. my felf on my Skill either in Languagesy Hiftory or Antiquity \ far lefs on the little Skill in Numbers •which is demanded for the whole Performance^ whichy bating one Problem about Interejly requires no gyeat depth of Calculation. / quejlion not but any of them would have executed this Work bet- ter than my felf Befidesy / have hardly Couragey I am fare not Leifurey to defend my felf Thus they fee what they generally aim to provey is no more than what I freely own before-hand. It is the ProduB of Labour more than judgment y confijling chiefly of ColleBions from fever al Authorsy and for which I am much obliged to HoftusV Hi- ftoria Rei NummariiB. I propofe no Reputation by ity and I hope I Jhall lofe none. THE CONTENTS. Vijfertation containing the Principles and Authorities upon nuhich the Tables are founded. Chap. I. Of the Antiquity and Inventors of Money. page i Chap. il. Of the Metals and other Materials that were commonly Jlampt P -3 P -9 p. II p. IX P-i^ p. X 3 p. xq P- ^9 P. 30 p. 3 X into Moneys and of feme of the mofi common Imfrejfes, Chap. III. Of Roman Coins. Of the hS or JES, ' of the Seftertius. Of the Nummus. Of the Denarius. Of the Roman Pondo. Chap. IV. Of the Graecian Coins. The Mina Attica of Silver. Of feme Afiatick and Barbarian Coins. Of the Talent. Chap. V. Of the Coins, in which their Weights are likewife con- fiaer'd. p. Chap. VI. Of the Proportion of the Value of Gold to Silver amongft the Ancients, and of their Gold Coins. p. 43 Chap. Vn. Of Roman, Greek, and Arabian Weights. Roman Weights. Greek Weights. Arabian Weights. Chap. VIII. Of Meafures of Length, fures. Of Superficial Meafures, and feme Terms of Husbandry.. Greek Meafures. Jewifh Meafures of Length, &c. Chap. IX. Of Meafures of Capacity. Roman. Of Roman Meafures of Capacity for things dry. Greek Meafures of Capacity. Greek Meafures of things dry. The Jewifli Meafures of Capacity. Jewiih Meafures for things liquid. The Account of the Hebrew Veffels according to Jofephus, taken from Bifhop Hooper. p. lox Of the Meafures of Capacity of the mojl noted Ealtern Nations, p.104 A Superficial Roman P- 47 P- 49 P. Mea-^ p. sS p. 60 p. 61 p. 65 p. 80 p.88 p. 91 p. 95 ibid, p. 99 p. I lO p. II3 p. no p. 114’ p. ii 6 p. 129 p. 140 P- *49 P. 15^ ^gO NTE NTS. ^ Difertation of "Komm Money Affairs. Chap. 1 . Of Roman E fates. Chap. 11 . Of the Trices of Bread-Corn. Chap. 111 . Of the Trice of Wine. Chap. IV. Of the Trice of Cattle. Chap. V. Of the P n S' Grecian iiicafii/ra^ o) K«n. G CZ. 7 CII 4 /A.C 3 e-. t^'rZpO'. dbxtt? V 10 'Xl)(^c 11 ifo 60 QoJcwOOJ/ 12 3 -A 14 j®iG jyz-ii 16 4 "A ttVc .r, 18 4-4 1 ^l*Ci G ‘TCvyfi 20 5 *2 4 . ti ^T^'u'yro V ‘2 4 6 2 li- p6 ‘24 Q-C SB u S 6 53 -+^ 4 OP^TJli gOoc 2400 06c 57^1 8 00 600 5333 4 So 4.00 100 r»^Z, 76800. 19200 , ,70 L 6400 4800 4 ' 21 «| 3840 3200 Soo 8 . 1 I1..I,. l)-r. - \',4 i - 4- 7^^540“ E.‘4C4i 3 si .100 1 oi" Roman mcajurej l*ajc« . Feet . 1 nr h , 1 ) ec . Digitiis b'aivtverfus .Vr :A. o__ o__ 0^725^ uiicia 4 3 palinus minor 0 _ 0 2,901 16 12 4 20 ^5 -5 paiinipes 0 _ 1 -0^50^ 24 18 6 1-2 4 cubiats 0 _ 1 _ ^ .406 40 10 2^ 2 to 0 1 1 1 0 80 60 20 5 4 n k i2 pafliis 10000 75 °° 2500 6' 25 300 4 .tff 250 123 Itadiuin i2o_ 4 4j 4 80000 60000 20000 3000 4000 33333 2000 1000 8 Imilliare 96*7 0 0 Digit 12 24.. 9 ^ 144 192 1Q20 S CHIPTURE mealures oflengtli. pall 24 3 ^ 48 48c Ipt 8 160 cubit fadioiu Ezekiels Reed xki'abiau 20 134 pole Sell cm VIS uieafiiriug line" EngLl'c InrK. Drr. - O , Q 1 2 - 3 -’ ^ 4 ? _io , 444 - pjSSS ■ ' O-'OL 10 _ _n . -i- >4 '43 7 , 104 _ —11.04 Tlie longer SCRIPTURE meallires . Note thc'^-iS^i^cLarwlkcr Span ajuai to^ ^ Cubit. Cubit o _ _ o 1 Enffl. Allies. Paces. Veet.lVe. 400 2000 5 Sab days joume^^ 0 - 2 0 ^ . 0 4000 10 2 Eafierii mile 1 40 1 .0 12000 6 3 paralang 4 1^3 3 .0 96'ooo 240 48 24 8 acLa^"s jom'iie\'" i “2 4.0 ■ -t"" Liches E.ni lumr ujroi . 144 Feet 9 TW-ds 3^00 23 Paces 39204 3 ^i 10,89 Poles i56‘8it'o 10890 1210 435.6 40 Rood 627264^ 43560 4840 1743,6 160 4 I- ]Ac Soua Tne^, PinF^ I 4 nn £^ in £ afure > - Gallon ^ / 231 8 4158 144 18 Riuidlet 7276.1 252 3 ^ Barrel 9 702 33 ^ 42 -% '■3 Tiei'ce ^4553 504 63 3 i 2 Hogsliead 19279 672 84 +1 2 ^5 Puiu'liion 29106 0 0 QO 126 7 4 3 2 1 * Ruu 58212 2016 252 14 8 6 4 3 2 ^urc^ oj' ca^pacLty , Tun Solid Inches rujliPi ^om, mca/u/rtU'f. ilj^djlrorn a \ViiiclieltiL’i’ Gallon, afiry in. 343^2 Pints n < fn/tu* , *2 ^ ^ ^ 8 Gallon 5441 16 2 Peck 2178 64 8 4 Bulhel 17424 512 64 3 ‘4 8 Qtiai‘I:er 3 Vi,', t * GRECIAN SQUARE MEASURE. YTX^iboov L^fJ oiizi. j cu^ to contoj/fv\^/^^. cthi/r^ \oooo Sq^eet. ^'\o ^j)ou tire Jialf erf thi. IlAs bpov. The A^gyptian Ap S^p^wasy fquare oP looCubl'" ROMAN ^UARE MEASURE. Romans (ImicUo t/zd/?^K&, I^ibra or a/tvy Integer afic/r the hi^Uanju^ ma/nia.&r^o the Jiigenim nr cut veckenffy Integer. JUGER UM contauf As Deimx — llextans.. Oodrans.. Res SeptLoix.. Semis Qumeunx. Triens Quadrans. Sextans. .. Uncia Uncia? . ..12 ..11 ..10 "9 ..8 Square Feet . S cmples . .. b ”5 .-4 As Deimx Dextans... Dodrans.. Bes SeptLLnx... Semis Trieris Qnadraris . Sextan Uncia . 28800 . .2 S 4 OO. . 24000 . .2160 O. .iq 2 o o... .16' So o... .14400.. . J 2 O O O. ....QO 0 o. ...^2 0 O. .. 4800 . .. 2400 .. 288. 2 6 ' 4 - 240. 2 1 6 . .. 102 . 1 6 8. 144 - 120 . - 5 ^- .72. .48. ,24. EnglJtoods.SqPoleS, Sq.Feet . 2 18 2^C,(ly 2 10___1 8^.% 2 2 117^^4 3 34 JI .44 > 1 17 101,2^;^ 1 09 I on o 24 lot. ..4 lb 1 — 4 ,' oS XO'L'E Achrs Maior zivm 14400 Scjuarc jccl cguai to a Seinis- G.\i\\sz SqiKif^z j-rrt ctjiiai (o a. Selciincia, AiAiis mininins ajuxil to a S^ans. ■ Xv'AA « ? * ', ^^\'V\> i'-L >,' ^ , ■ ./ ;: 51 /, j s,' '- y'‘ i' ' ; . V. J '• i t .i •"■a;;;,! ;. , 'pv; ■ J •. N' ; , * ' ■'•^. * ' ‘ • ';n‘ yi , } .; -...I;' •i ;-.<, ,. . < lO A'r'l'TCK oj'ca/Mjdti/^ English Wine MEASURE^ Ga31 . Ents . S oL InclLDec . 1 0 V- , 0 2 •2|- /^,yc,p 3 2 10 5 4 2 tcvolBoc^ - ^5 7l d n 0 4 60 3^ 24 12 6 4 'ico'X-{iKy\ 1-2 0 60 48 24 12 8 2 Merc, ' 720 360 288 144 72 48 12 6 8640 4320 3456 172 8 8 64 57^ 144 72 12 fjLS^pn^n c, - tco 1l ~ 6o 1 ~ 4S 1 - C4 . 0 , 0356*4 __o,o;i2f o, 089 ^ L g .0 i .0 1 4 __ 0 , 356 # -^'33oi _o, 141 ^ - 4 , 285 _6 — 25, 69S .2 _ jg, 626 At tick mca/ure^ of capadh/ for t/il ngo'^ffj'i/ . Engi.ish Corn mea'sure. Pecks.Gall. Pints. SoIIdcIl 2 7 6i 11 lev. O — o — o — 0,-^5 O _ O __ O _ o __ 4,1444 o _ o __ 16,^50 o_ o_55,i 5 8 o_ i__i5.-o5f’ o_ lO ^"ja^hoc^ 15 oHv/^'oe^/OV. 60 6 4 eeeTvA.n 120 12 8 2 ■ 180 18 12 3 It 8640 00 57^' 144 72 /l 8 lu'itittv'Sc . . .. . A w //4i Mt-dinmus Tirfuch us the. }>^[e2-_Lhy )_ _ _o_ & ' O 04- -13 f ' o o d _ _ 1 i- o o xS-_3^- -10 1S--134 Tke Koman Ounce ii tJu E7Ufli/hAyo^-iirpo\$ Ounce, vr/i/r/t t/ici/ divii^ mtc- 7 Deuarij.cw n’c//rt^ S Drachms, rttjy/;/cr Mr?/ /vr^r/tl) //ic/r DenariiLS equal to XVadtL tvciahU \liem’ic7-thanthc coiivfpcudmt the -\ltickDi'arhm ihb rviU make t/u Roman . XoteT^lirecians divided tdieirOhchis, inte Cbalci utt^~X.C'TC'T(Zf?'7ne ae Diodoms a7/d Swidas divided the Obolus ititc 6 ChaJei mO cve^-tf C’nalcus itxtn y\.Z'Ti'ta:.othe7V divided the Obolus inta% Cbalci and ctwri/ Chalciis inter 8’X-£'7rT'iX c/- tTiituita . 7 rmtei^/vdc w/ mag. t Libra 1 ^- A ^Ena Attic 1? Alina 00 Aii' •a coiTuniuiis 0 _ii _C7 _ ic-^ Attica ^ledica 1 _C2 11 _ 1 o ^ Aote ‘TA’/r rra.! anctke.r Attack ^laleiit %xi jcnu to ccrtflf a 80 In/ olkaro a. too Clarice. «y - t Aote e'vcTi/ ^Ima contains a loo 1) raclinia* an^ oocrx/ ralent 60 ^riiitp T- alents difjer acccrrdiii^ to tho clljj-cront Standard tr/^ A/? c DracbtonEe ^Savls nmich thco/ arc amvpopd . W\e oaluc of' .fame digerent Aliua^ ad Talents iri'^ Acrick Drackma? Eiigli ill Troy v\'ei2;bt,/r cxhUxitck in the fcllcrvinq^’^dL^,. Miin^a. gvptiaca Antiocliica Cleopatrap Ptolemaic a Alexanrlrina I^iofcoridis. ell 1) . Atlacair . !T 333 '^333 144 _ - 160 i{^ C)unc. Peij^' '^(rra . -.1 _ ojj _ o 6 '_ 22 II -_1 __ OJ ^o 6'__22 0 --1 _ Ob _ J 4 _i 0 4 g Talentu^ A^fryptiaenm . Ando chic um. P tolemaicurn . C leop Alexandria? Infill anum. Antiocliia- CO - S 0 - S 33 - c )6 . i -2 0 - I 300 -Cb .8 b . ob — — / - Ob ;S _ 10 'S _ 30 _ oc . _ 11 _ 11 _ 00 .104 _ 00 _ 1 q _ 14 -1^0 _ 01 — 04 _ i- y^^O _ OJ _ 14 _ 1 1 I , ir Xote cp tJx^ tkc Drachma, Didi'acKin Ldc. nny/T o/^ Silver, ^r^/Zy^r t/tc mo ft j'ar't of J^r-^Cs-fto clkcrjoaT7^^ Triclraclim,Tri<)bolus wore fame time X 2 Ihavi^ippofdmitf tkc qcrLcyi'alitn/ ofk.Aiijfwv that theYhc^Q)a\vexai\f\k\isAx\z tv ere eipual, tlxo t/ic/i''o ira fan to Lcliavc the Drarbma wae Icmocokat tkc rvcicjlztiaT’ The Grecian Gold coin Tvae y Statei* Auiviis rvaphiiuj 2» itticl^^i'ocfinie oi' StaXer Argenteus ^cexcJtm^nq nfuatt^JoT 23 AttickDraclims ^Silver iv cm' rnoixeif, 00 — 16— 1|- ,Aaxrrcii 7 ^ oiir 'lercriiOvlLoiL of' Gold to Silver. ci — oc—^ ^kere ivere tikeioifcy Stater Cyzicemis cachanyiny foi' 2S Attick. Draclitns oiz 00— iS — 1 ^ Stater Pbillippicus 3c Stater Mexaiidrimts oft/ie^fanic value Stater XyM^xeni acrwi'diug AeJoleplms ^/.wc^h ^<7 Attick Dracluus oi: 01— 12— ilA State;- (Vfplius of the fame loaJuc.^ }S5a\ '' : 1 ‘ hini'. :.l !' 1 r. ■ ! 1 \ -M^ n-A' a;. ■. A . ;‘>A,.!/ ' , ■^A..A stiJ-. 5 ir Viv,;A; > I ^ vW >\V\:;^r . V \ ^ - . . - - A. 'A.-- yv . . ,\ : M" i i u'-u .L.iAj.,.-L i..:^ .... .I_... ■ T , A t- H 1 A.i i r ^ r ,, ;■ \v.. .7, *7,^ ... .^• V.. -<;i;,. / ■ ■■ ' X.X- . ' - A-'aCnCaa . o-M,: •,* i r ) A ^ ■ ■ •.■ •:. :'.,7 / ■■••. •-•VA'- ' r ■ 7 ' ■ ’ ■ 1 \\^G%^ 6 ^<^' 5 \^ 77 iani 2 f'r cf' 7 xck C7ilnc]jiun. < cr7uy , nvTi.< bh /Drachm iE. ^ 1 - 111 . d oo.oy\ 10 o . . cQ -O 100 equal to a ^Eua . 9 ^. . c Aim A. 1 3. .04-07 . 10 ..32 .. 05 _ 10 00 equal to a Taleiituiii...iq3 . - 13 _ 00 TALENTA 1 - ---i 93 --i 3 _oo 10 ^957 - - io _ 00 100 - ^9375 - - oo -00 24 ny. ilCUVX tkc value af^ diyermJ: Talents'iJi^ l^J^^^corydera butvAiea tJ'i^ delruftc Swmd af^rwn&^j yy vyry ytev tlxyoiloiyny ^nmvn&r . MINA Syra \ 25 Ptoletuaica 1 33 J Aiuiochaca 1 100 l>ftDi«clim-. liabAouica 110 Atticain^or. 'lyri a . . . A^giria?a Rhodia... TALENTUM SyruDa] ■^ 33 f -^ 33 f .i 664 .166$ 15 P tolemaia ttn I 20 An ti o c hicum 1 60 EuRanun L ^ 60 iMinarum A--- - 70 AtUcarum. 80 100 100 So Babylonicum . . . Atucum majus Tyriit A. in Hi giiispum Kliodiuni ^hc uraLuc y 7 vpo 7 'Uc 7 i. ^ Teruucius ../r". 00-00- 00 - C 4 -, 75 •2 Sembella oo 00 00 ^ lie 4 2 Uibella . 1 10 3 ■ 2 \ Sefteidius 00 00 01 3 20 10 J 2 1 1 liunaj'Liis , \Teboriatus ■ - 00_00_ oq _ 3 40 20 10 4 •2 lllenainus . . 00 OO C‘~ 3 Xote of thyl tkc Denarius ,Vi AoKatiis . SefteidiiiS anl faiyic timee the AT rv(yrcy-^\\sr^c^tiic rpl oh BralE Eiere lom'cj mrictwne^ c^cr Coi/tlk y BraG tkc Trie ns , S extans, Unci a Sextula cl^ Dupondliis. .:-.---S. . '-'T • -V^ \^'■;v^'Y,^^■. 'v'.-'/.-i ^NVVNi'.j' ^:VA wyvs.s 'j’ \ >-V»\ v , , •.VA•^\^^ ;v''. W --y »v.i /j:f!!l4 A\\\> ill! jli;] ,-N.V - \\SA\ V\^'^ .:.V:\s-\ ' >■ •^■ ■ : 'A. ’ -V .- 1 / Air.Ujy f- i:Vu‘ " r Ha • ri . ■: * _ ?'/?;/■- ■ .'I <-L r( .•; ' it f .. . '-'.'i: h:u- .H « " j 'j/;r anrw'i.'f: .>iv>j' I ;#V iv,ti :i • -• ,\V V\VA'.HiV:)';N'\ . / . < - 1 i / -H. HIU \ h\ 'H^. \ ■•' ■ !H^ di ; i " ■ ■ •' .. ■ ■ ' •' ■■ r r ■ . ~ ■f I ^ ‘ - V- • y - .- : ; - •■: - ■ ■ -. ■ ..o'; y 0 ^ (- i ...... Kffi:!/! O', . ’ ■ ^±'yii/. ;h .4-0 ■ - ; .... y. - o.( yyo - • -0- - 00. I . ..ryov 1 .. . li.'-fj i.'riii; ]' i-;Hh i/Jitij • o ' ■ '/.TX.'l !A'r '• 0 . f^.'. - ! . ..... 0 0 , o i . o! ..■. .. . ... . ..■ V ' 00 . o'>.. .; r;-o ... r V -'H '' >- ‘■Hjiv,- .■;j - V ; A -V H .'.on _ I I • L. -O.aV tjOi';'. li-l :/'■'■ y-.r-;"^ '•.;v ■ . ' ' ■' t:; ■ ; j -5 1 he Ro^l\x Gold Coin was die SI I ^ "Sy ivhick n>clqlr^ S/c - iicmlli/ d(^aklc du Denarius imlac cp IV Inch acavding tcl:hcJii'jk^?rvj>or- tivn cp Coinae;e incndoncd Iru Pliny LibrXXXm.Cap.Itt . 1 - f- d was worlh * A^cccrbino tr the jyrcj^ci'licri tJiat^ cbUiin^* ixcTT amon^t u.f, xiwi^h . | t Accerbir^ to tlxcSSccajAx. ^'opor-\ lion ‘mcntwrPb ^Inp 1 70 ’ onb l J ULIUS PbtL UX uocrlJx . J ^ -Iccorbiru} 'fc^fupirrpcVtixrrL rtun- nSncb^n/ iCiP US ■, anb ruhlck a^titxoaibj cirlalrC^ •urfurcln/ the. • ^ 4 . UI\EUS exchm^b ^ . Denary , xU ooIilOju,^^^ 1 -04 - 3I 1—00 — p 0 — 12-31 0—16' SomeiMrerations ofthe^Pdlu£ ofl/ijt AN C OIN mcnlioiSb^ Pliny. In tkc‘T*)^iv^‘^€r\'m?\ Poimd . ^I.UrU 400 1 The rva'q/^ 2 OiiDces . ... i.Url'. ^27 f oi' Brals \ 1 Ounce . ^.Urk 5S6 J. [ iO^mce. 4S3..... I DENARIUs( loAiTes. W’, ;^37 pexc/w^b for | 16 Alles . 2 6 The RoXf AN manner ofreckon- big Sums of money reduc ’d to die ENGLISH STANDARD. Selterlij nummi . Q . 1 lb d 4 3 oelterlius o-oo-oi-3|- Decem 0-01— 07-1^^ CenUmi 0-16-01-3 Mile eguoL taa SefteUmm 8 - 01 - 05- 2 Sellertia . S elleUiiim 8 _oi_ 05^ DeeeiTi 80 _ 14 .07 Centiimy/?/i Simz tizc Ro 7 mm.< cxpi^l tkiio\ debet milii centum , debet miVii centiimSellenia.w/ debet cmUim rraHia SeP teUium . Mille.... 607-05 - 10 ,8. •18 - 04 pccies Sefteidium 8oc. Uiic adx'ci'b T ewKxei, xin^x-x'llecb . Decies Sepertlnni vc/l Decies cenlima miilia > 8072-18-04 nuinnimn . j Centies zh 4 CentiesH.S.8c723-o3 -04 Millies Tl S 807201-15-04 Millies Centies LI S ... SS8020-1 C -ob ^l.Url’. 547 Scruple C/rOOLDYee?^ ( om d ^ the Pound * • I ■ ■ ■ .xu}. (ii I 29 The EXPLANATION ^JonieoJ^y irwjx u/llclI Characlers cf' \\ ei«;lirs cv^ Meafiires foim^ ^^/xGixek &LRonian Authors. ^ ..Amphora . ^ S .1. i*na . Ky (Z-./jCsrpyi^nc, ^,X.Lihra. jjD ^.Pnpondiimi . zz.\S extans . 3-.(^uadrans . jC—ysuiz, A A.Ni'T^-x i.Conodus. 0 ^e..^BC,inc, , — L .Uncia . m.Triens. D.Sextainns. £ S .Seminncia . .Qnincunx . OSlIemina. ) (^..Sicilicns. S.Sl’Semilihra. . Qnartaidn s - l<^...>CVO^,0rJC, U...Sextnla . V...Septunx. chcvj.OjSoXoc, K'' cv.Cyadins . li. .Drachma . _S_.Bes. ¥d'...'^Sp(zrCi'jv AI . Alodins . a,SS.Scriptuius . S ir-.Dodrans . 'yhy^/\oyeaA ....2,4^ 1 o Fecks G/j/uj/? 1,0 q q 1 Biisliels aAyee/?.. 4 S 07 Bushels Gcirvi ) ,, /V ' 1 , :> 7 o 2 On ar re a L>/i(A 22 r.r> ) ' / ^ Rom-\n Measure s foi THixg's Liquid o,.'^ 07 0 Elllts -j.,j 9 ,3 1 S Pints ..“,17 j 2 Pinrs Z/'/iA s,."*' 85 ** CTaUons t //22/j/io?'(r —.7,1 ~ 12 CtuEoiis fv/Z/VA*: '2 2 ^ -irHos^slieixIs /A 7 3 ^ ^A^ctick MedSiu'ei. forTliiixgrs Lic^ui cl o, sy 4.^1 Piii^s ^ -J - MtTCX TT ... 1 , 1483 ...b, 8 Q c* o 10,33 w^cCjallons 1 1 3 4 6 " 7 8 lewisli >Iea^ure$forTliings Li c\ui c] j\^c c or cl in g’ t o lo $ e pliu s o. 8012 Pint^ ^ / 7 . 1 , 1483 fn.... •yia/z . 1 , 0 S 3 2 'IS C jail 011 ;^ -3 , 4 4 -'^*-^ la, 33 o‘ o Drachma or D enarius in Fr acti o n s ojp a lih Sterling , o 3 2 2 a 1 6 Gy , Q 6^0 S 3 3 , 33 , o^ 69 .ySooo. , 1 9 Of ^ 6 G G 6 y , a 014^8333 , 1 ^ 37^0000 , 2 2 Go 4 ih 6'7 ,< 2 S 83 3 3933 , q.^oG 2 .Sooc , SesterhuiS in Fraction oh zuLih Sterling . ,0 080 ^ \ G 6 y , 01 h 14^53333 , o 2 42 t 8 yScoo , o 3 2 2 ^ 1 , c 4036' 8 3 33 ,0 ^.B^-SySocoo ,0 3^6*^1041667 , o G' 46* 8 o 33333 , o y Q. (GS 6 9.S o oc C 07 y/n 1 , 6 4 o ."I'Togj^lieacl TViE Ax ClEXnAjRABL^xWhlCHT sFeDIICD To Ti ’o y Lg^h 1 8 kes tii£.. - j — 1 4 i i 7 kiraf 2 |Daiii 6 lj : ‘ 1 i 1 Onolof^af i rz J 6 0 2 riariTK* : 3 6 1 8 0 6 Gy Dai’chunL- 41^ 2O7 lOf 6 f 37- 1 i ^ / Denai-iTt8 i 44 7 ^ 3 6 24 1 2 4 3 # S exfariTim 2 8 144 7 '^ 4 ^ ^4 s 7 2 Saoro s 34.56 1728 8 64 .576 28 8 0 6 8 4 24 12 Ra rel 4608 2.',' 04 11.52 768 3 S 4 l'l8 1 12 3 2 1 (’ 1 \ LV] 1C a lie a. Lib OiinC.Peir^ Gramsl 00 . _ 0 0 _ _ 0 0 _ - OlH ..0 0 . _ 0 0 0 0 _ -c3* .0 0 . _ 0 0 0 0 _ Obi 0 0 . — 00- _ 0 0 _ 00 ?, C 0 0 0 _ _ 0 0 _ 0 0 _ 0 0 _ _ 0 2 _ obiV .. 0 0 . _ 0 0 0 2 _ ‘-T ^4l? L 8 13 ^ 32 ModernMeasures ^ hiArn ^'vTfi (^n/rA t fnto.-'z/za ur ^i/j^A o^^t'^/rzA (jounA/x/tf A^/'ezfx C- / 2 / 7 zzA> rancA Azr (^/i^Az^A ^^Tncbes. Inches CJn// AzyAx y%oA~. looo. A^az^j^ ^zraA. .1 oG 8. / z- 7 't.rAz zz y^-rr-f-^ A^AzziAcz yy y^rrA: ^Az'rz.'A’z/z'r/Ai ^zzt:. qJ’2. r \ o/'zmA'^zyA ^ytrA. 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A^crAoTjzrUi ^ly^zz Arz/i^y^ r/A ya/m ’O^ y^WrA-.. ’iyyo yAy rAfZZ 6// 2/~rz^j rzxr Ay^rx/rzj •’ yfe?yy’7;r r^A ' 7 / 8i5* 00 E- iJ'. 27,396 2 268 27, 216 27,12 ^929 47 , 14 8 3 9 37 47,244 Oi’a jiis 4- ’4 4 ThpEoEovvii^W^ohaif.s' arp FroinE^2iczztl. 4402^ ^AezryzozcyicA oy\.2 Ozzoycey 52 S 6 2zzmc£^ zxA^ 2.eTZCt 43iT G/zeoxzz. yzTioruA cryi 2 AAJiZ/zzzye^ 5178 27 ie^ AA 7 zzoxc^ cz^ y-e>zzzzzx 4 o 52 " ^ATze ^zz^/z Ayzzrtce^ 5yo t TyToTTzir^^A 2A.zyz/f zyA^ o o » G/tzr z' ^z^zrA. zzi^c^i 2 8 ty^^y 7 /t/oz' 2 /rzz'Azzz zm. 2zzz'/^j> z/, 7 ^>?ytczr) zzy/Z( 7 A/zx’ 7 ? Azzz/^zzAj^ GznizzA-z'i/, j^7^o GTTzz GAzZz AzjA ^^/AzZZZZ . 07 ' Zyo/^AzZ ZZ 2/1^ z^y /'z-zozzyr zz Gold , Gcrz rz Gy AA.z i^Tarzie zx’y?zzyAjr nxAA y 7 z'zzez^zz rzzzz/ \ L^a Z'AzzZzT'z/ G A.£yz zze.^ zi y A Azrz zzx A'rz'zjzAz _/ zzzzzA^ . 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Oz .Penwtora i52 00 - 00-004 i'^6 Englisch 31 2 g Drachm T 00-00 -'23^ \5 00-02 oSf ,3049 1608 4864132 19 8 64 Lochi^' — Ounce. . 16 00 - 09 00-18 8 Marc. 07 - 10 o9t 19 i 11 33 Paris Me afure s Eng.Wne Meafur e 2<^/2^ 2 ^^a// 27 /?J \.J S trail) nr gh MCeafures . / Pints - - . -0,8 171 1,63 4 2 T/Ta/is/y 3,2 684 t 9 / 7 .^/?/ 7 yyz ...98,042 o 2343,2 500 • OTHEK Measures //y)o,6'o4 cyhAAA yA^/rA^ = 2 ^ (7r5y^7nyL^07^e-S5^o d\^^rzia/7'V Ay?pyy5^d^i4 SAieyA22j/2/y2/A.yA?r£.= 2/ y 3/ ypz/72^7^ y/?p/y/y'h2A^a/r<7i6A7A^zA^a<7z^ynp..y^ •yVie Az ^7ym27/77/ az/Ay/ZAhyrm/zzAe ayeo/yvrA^pz 'pp tAe Tienj/A a/zzAyAzjy /Zzne^ zAzA Orz/zZTarz/?/ rz7/7/zzzn ^^yziz/zz^ zy^,yA?yA^z/zi77? . < 77 ^ 2 y'nyAz^A yAru ■■ ’A/Aiz ‘^yA/zz/ne yAz/p^rzA^m f.'z7/?zz?z7h2 AJAzAzztzj z7' 2zz /A ry^ zTz^/ArZzy^ Aezzzp /vAzz/- zA SzpAizzz/ A zzz/ZrzA zz .A7z'-rzz2 czz^zy zy^zz AAzzn zp^y9rz/?z:e z/ry zz^^z/^ CTAe rzzrzz^zAj /(A-.^zA^yAif, ^zzizA zy^/?Az/A zzzzzAz: ^zz^z? ^AAzzzAf zAA-^z^*A yA /i£- JAAyyz^Aj^y zy^AASzzurzAzzzzzzr, zzrzZTz/zhp zA yAs y/zjA mz'zzjzzzv tAzzrzp^^^zzzz/z/ ZZZrtTzZZZZ 72^ ‘JAzAzZZ'Zyr ZTZ^ 2 (9 zz •.^yA^zApzAzf zy^AAzZZe zzzzz/yzkz , ZZZZzA 72 y'AZ'Z'AzZZZJ ZV' 7^2 .^y/Az72^Azf czAzzr' /A zAzz zAzzA zj zAAzzxzA^ zz^zzzz Atz^ AtA yAzzpTAezzzA ^zTzrzzAzzTzzTz: yTzn zpWzAe AA/nz/z/ nzz’zzp'A /i^ 'zTz tA 7 A^z/^Azzzzzz / 2 pz^z>7^^7z/?A zzzzzA zAz ^yArz/M zyA^AAzz'zzze zzz .AAzzzpAzA Az/ zyAUAzpz.^ At/ zz/zz/z zj zzzzzzzz/' 2cz?o 7Z'e/pAzz^ tA^re A^zzz/ z^ztAztzz 'zA 7/2 /3zrzzrzzA Z3r zAzz AAAzzzzzAzyztA . jAArz. zzy^ fyArzzzz:^ zAzr/zzAxz'ZZJ 3 AAAzzzzzA zzz^J y Ozz^/z^y ^yypyyz-zzzA^, . ! i ■i ( <3AzZt3Z2 Y ZIZZ Z^ZZzZtAufA AAzz/z . zzp ■ ‘ ■■r’ The Afsavs Weij2:hfs Values of ar. 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J yBz:2 8r:-z lh.2 lir.2 /.Zt .2 737.2 lU:,i 879 -i t/d:o. ysz. 4 : 06 2:04 3 ■ ‘3k 2 : 0-7 ! 79:06 6 : 16 4:06 6:/6‘i y-.cY'i (•/(zpob 79:07. 02:09:14 6:09. •9:16 -lo.vY 4:07:06 ry.vji/ 6:274 3 -‘‘ 7 : 19:. 2:099 2 o; i -z.o; 4:10 ■^■‘' 5/1 2:69-! 2:0; 2.69 2:04, ■-'■TfYi 4:06 6: 7 4-2 ■2:774 fi.'YO. 6 :/ 6 . 4:067 4:06 ; 4 2 :Z7;z 4 ■J :o;-i 4:06 6 :/ 7 :rz^ <■7 or 6 ^.■zy.-oi '.09:0] 2:09:09 ppb 'i 6 h:70. 9:6:9 ■og.oj 2:og:o; RT-'.. ■Z 7 d./J ■Oz/Oj ■2:09:09 :og r6’: 35 P ^5 A 95 A 2:oS:z2 prfizYx,' V2: Herodot. lib. t. cTe reHv dv^pco'Truv, TMV vo^JLia/JM xcu dpyCpu 1 Primus Theflalicse redbor telluris lonus In formam calidas percuflit pondera MafPe : Fud it & argentum flammis, aurumque moneta. Fregit, & immenfis coxit fornacibiis sra. iliic quod populos fcelerata impegit, in arms, Divitias numerare datum eft m Gelius lib. 21. Antiqu.ledl. n Plin.lib.33. cap. 3. Servius Rex primus fignavit .^s. antea rudi ufos RomsTimseus tradit. Signatum eft nota pecudum : unde & pecunia appellata. Weights and Meafures, dec. Roniavs ufed before unftampt. It (eems an obvious invention by a publick Stamp to fave the people the trouble of weighing and eflay- ing. “Silver was ftampt A. U. CCCCLXXXV, ^and Gold was coined (ixty two years after. ^ On the other hand, Smdas affirms that it was Ntma the fecond King of the Romans who gave them tlie firft money of Brafs and Iron ; for before his time they had no other but what was made of hides and fhells, and that they were called from his own name Nummea, Thus much of the original of money; which has been a great conveniency in the commerce and af&irs of mankind; but whether that will balance the mifthief it has done, I ftiall not determine. CHAP. II. Of the Metals and other Materials that were com^ monly Jlampt into Moneys and of fome of the mojl common Impreffes. T H E Metals diat Money was commonly made of amongft the Greeks^ Romans and Hebrews, were Brafs, Silver, and Gold; in the language of thofe feveral nations, Ar* gentum, Aurum-, d^yv^og, Nahus^ Kefeyh, Zaha^w. The firft Coin being made of BraG, /Es, gave the Denoniina* don to money in general among the Romans^ and the whole turn of their expreffion is derived from it. ^ /Ere mutarey to buy or fell. /Es alienumy debt; /Es fmmy what is owing to us. x^s circumforaneum by Cicero is underftood money employed in Ufury. /Erariumy the Treafury, or place where the money is kept. /Era-^ B z riiy o Ibid. Argentum fignatum eft anno Urbis CGCCLXXXV. Q. Fabio Confule, quinque annis ante primam bellum Punicum. r Ibid. Aureus nummus pod annum LXXII percuf- fus eft quam argenteus. q Suidas in voc* a Plin. & Columella. 4 Tables of Ancient Coins-) rti, Officers of the Mint. /Erarii Milites^ Soldiers that ferved for f 5ay. ^ JErufcare, /Erufcatoresy thofe who got money by fcanda- ous ways. Adcerare, to fet a price upon a thing. ** Oheeratus^ op- prefs’d with debt. « > ^ \ Argentum, Silver, was ufed after the fame manner 'fc?v;moiiey in general, tho’ not fb frequently. Avgenti fitis ^ fames, a defire of money, or covetoufhefs. Argentum confumere, to fpend money. Argento aliquem circumiog and '^a7\}tiov for money in general, without money : to be poor. * to play for money at even and odd. ^ ^oiT.Ki(FiTig Meretrix, dec. 'Aeyv^io]/ is ufed in the fame feiife by the Greeks for ageneral appellation of money. Wo q ct§yv^iov ytcuXmcu yctf vo- fjiWluLOLTay that is, Money and Riches are called ^Xoy^v to colle6t money. 'A^yv^o7\oyogy a Colledor of Taxes, c^c. X§vcrog is ufed in the fame fenfe. “ foi' poor, or defli- tute of money. Nahus, Kefeph and Zahaiie,ucti denoting little pieces of money as fit to exchange greater. I need not infifl upon the ufe of moneyan^the Commerce and Traffick of mankind, the principal is that of faving the commuta- tion of more bulky Commodities. Merchandifing both by Money and Exchange of Commodities was ufed in Homers time. There is a great dilute among the Lawyers, ^ whether Glaucus his exchanging his golden Armour with the brafen one of Tydides was to be reckon’d emption or commutation. I fliall not trouble the Reader with the different names of pieces of money arifing from their different form, weight, quantity, from the Princes, States, Nations, Times, Places and Occafions, un-^ der which they were coined. It may be of more ufe to mention fbme of the ufual Types or Figures, with which different Nations ftamped their Coin. 0 Ifodor. Etjmol. lib, i6. cap. 17.- P Homer. Iliad. 7. The 6 Tables of Ancient Coins, ^ Tlie /Etolians (lamped upon their Coin Hercules with his Club breaking Achilous's horn. Alexander^ Bucephalus or his own Image enthroned, with a Bird in hand, or a winged Victory. * The Argivesy a Wolf or a ^Moufe. The Afpendiiy PaUJlritasy Wreftlers. Ajidy a boy riding on a Dolphin. Atheniansy an O'w/ with Vallasy likewife an Ox. Auguflus CeefaVy the Conftellation of Capricorn under which he was born ; and on his Copper Money, the figure of Cicero. Boeotians y a Fly with a Stag : a Cantharus of Bacchus with a Bunch of Grapes. Brutus y on one fide his own image, on the reverie a Vileus or bonnet with two Daggers. Byzantines y a Dolphin twified about a Trident. ' Cephalenes, a Horfe. Chiiy a HarpyCy likewife a Homer. Corcyriansy a Triremis or Gaily rowing! Corinthians y Pegafusmxh ^Neptune fitting and carrying his Trident. CrotoniateCy the Delphick Tripode. Cyreneemsy Ammony on the reverie the SilphiuMy a plant of whole juice the Ajfa feetida is made, whence it is called the Succus Cy- reniacus. Cyziceniansy a Lyon. Dardanidy two Cocks a fighting. Demetriusy a Neptwne ReduXy or come back. Dymeeansy a Goat tearing a Frog. Eretrienfesy a Diana. Hadrian the Emperor, the figure of JuJlice fitting. HehrenijSy on their Shekely Aarons Rod budding, with a Confer fmoaking. Hifeeansy Neptune on a Whale. “ lafenfesy a Boy riding on a Dolphin. Italiansy q Hoftus reiNumm.Vet.pag. 6o. * luterpresSophoelis. f Julius Pollux. ^ Pollux, u Plutarch. 7 fVeights and Meafures, See. ttaliattf, a double-faced with a Shif, likewife an and a Sheep, Leucadmis, a Ship. U'Vtay a Ceres leg^era, or reaping. Locriansj (bme a Star, (bme a Grajhopper, others a Pugik Lycians, a Lyon with a Goat upon him. Macedonurnsy a Hercules s Cluh, and Goafs Homs, Myteleniansy the image of Sappho their Citizen, Metapontimansy Ceres widi an Ear of Corn. NaxiatiSy a bearded Bacchus y and a Satyre with a Cupi- Partansy upon their Drachms an Aratus. * Perfiansy an Archer. ' Pelopofine fans y a Tejludo or a Shell. Philip of Macedorty Bigas y id efty Chariots with two horfes; or his own Buft ; on the reverie himfelf enthroned with a Bird iti- hand : which reverie his Ion Alexander took from him. Phocenfesy d^dBa^e and a Tripode. Pyrrhusy a Pallas with her Spear enthroned. Reginians, a Hare and a Chariot, Samiansy a Peacock. ^Seleucus Nicatory an Anchor. Tarentinesy their founder on a Dolphin. * Tenediansy a Bipennis or Ax, with two Heads ©f a Man and a Woman averle, a Symbol of the punilhment of Adultery. Thafiansy a Perfeus-^ upon their Tetradrachms a Hercules their prelerver, and a Bacchus crowned. Thehansy Hercules's Bipennisy a weapon which we may tranllate a Poll- Ax. Thejfaliansy a Horfe. Trachiniansy Hercules fitting. Tr^ezeniansy a Trident y on the reverie a Minerua. Trojansy Troiam a Sow. Vefpajiany a Dolphin and an Anchor. The X Plutarchi in Laconicis. y Hefych. z Nico. leonicus lib . 2. cap. 20. de varia hifloria. X Stephanusde Urbibus. Tables of Ancient CoinSi The Romans commonly inlcribed the heads of their Emperors. There are many other Stamps. Vide Camerarii hijioriam rei Hummariee. The value and weights of the common current Coins the Rea- der will find in the following parts of this book. There were Ibme very tare Coins ftruck of a pound weight, both of Gold and Silver, particularly thole of Gold which the Emperor Con- Jfantine lent to Chilperick King of the Franks. There were but fifty of them, with this Inicription, on one fide, T I B E R 1 1 CONSTANTINI SEMPER AUGUSTE on the other, GLORIA ROMANORUM. Heliogabalus the Emperor ftruck fome Gold Coins of two pound weight, which his Succefibr Alexander Secerns ordered to be mel- ted down. The Ancients were as careful as we to Coin their Money in due weight and finenefi, and keep it up to the Stan- dard ; only in times of exigence they have done what has been imi- tated by all Governments, diminifhed both the weight and findk nefi, of which more afterwards. There was this difference be- tween their infpedion of money and ours, that the care of the Coinage was committed to the inferiour Magifirates, and I don’t find that they had a publick tryal by a P/>, as we folemnly pradife in this Country. The penalties againfl adulterating the Coin, tho’ not the fame, were very fevere in all Natior^. One ^Diogenes Sinopms was only banifhed for it. ® Among the Egyptians, both the hands were cut off. ^By the civil law they were thrown to wild beaftsj which was founded upon the Cornelian Law, whereby they were to un- dergo the penalty of Forgery, and the concealer of the Crime was equally guilty. By the fame Law it was provided that none fhou’d buy Coin made of Tin or Lead. « In Falfe-Coinage Slaves were allow’d to difcover their Maflers, and they were rewarded with their b Georg. A^icola. c Cicero lib. 3. de adL. Corneliam de falfis. g in ff, ubi quis Legibus. d Diogenes Laert. lib. 6. e Dio- agere, &c. dor. Sicul. lib. 2. f Ulpian. quicunque, ff. Weights and Meafures^ See. their fieedom for it ar the publick Charge : I fuppofe that was in the cafe where they ferv’d another, befides their proprietor. The Emperor Tacitus enacted that counterfeiting Coin fhould be Ca- pital, with the forfeiture of goods and chattels. It was ena6ted Treafbn by the Emperor Conjlantine^ as amongft us. ' George Agricola reckons feven kinds of falfe money, too long here to enumerate. CHAP. III. Of Kou AN Coins. Of the AS or JES. T he Romans reckon’d their Money by j£s, Ajjes, Sejlertii or Nummi, Denarii^ Solidi or Aurei, Pondo or Lihra. /Es, /Erisy befides its fignification of Money in general, denoted a particular Coin made of that Metal. ^ There is mention made of fEs gra^Cy \vhich was paid by weight and not by tale. ^ris in the genitive is ufed for an^ adjedive, pro JEreis num- mis feu Afphus. Milk A^ris and Milk Ajfes fignify the fame thing, whereof there are numberlefs Examples. This Coin was at firfl lihralis or of a pound weight, and ev’n when it was diminifhed, retained the name of lihella. So Dupon- dius denoted two Ajfes. The Emperor Jufiinian forbade the cal- ling the Students of the Law of one year’s Handing Vupondii, which name was given them it Teems in contempt. The firfl imprefs of this Coin was a Janus geminusy and on the reverfe the Rojlrum of a Ship. C As h Flav. Vopifeus in ejus vita i Geor. /gentum figna-tum crat, grave ses plauflris qui- Agfic. fine liD. I, dc pretio metall. I dem in .Alrariuin convihentes, fpeciofam col- A lib. 4. in fine. Et quia nondum ar- J lationem faciebant. ^ Plin. lib. 34. c^. 3. lO Tables of Ancient Coins, As not only fignified a piece of money, but any integer, from whence is derived the word Ace or Umt. Thus As Signified the whole inheritance. Hares ex Affe, the Heir of the whole eftate. Juft the Jugerum or Acre of land being reckon’d the integer was divided into I z Uncice as the As, after the manner fet down in the Tables. There is often mention made of the ^ijiadrans and Teruncius as pieces of Coin. ’’The ^adrans is called by Pliny Triuncius: both §uadrans and Teruncius are ufed to fignify the ftnalleft Coin. On- ly ^adrans was underftood to be the fourth part of the As Li- hralis, and Teruncius the fourth of a LihelJa or diminutive As. To be called ^adr ant aria was the utmoft reflection on a Gen- tlewoman. ' To this Cicero alludes in his Oration for M. Calius. Ccecilius the Poet call’d CJytemneJlra fb. ^adrantilla is the name of a Strumpet in Petronius. ^ That the Triens or one third of the As was a Coin, is made out from a ridiculous Story in Pliny, The family of the Ser^iln had a Triens which they fed on feftival days with Gold and Sil- ver (proper aliment for a piece of money) and as it throve or decreafed, they calculated the fate of the family. Pliny tells you the Story from the relation of an old Slave, one Mejfala. ^The As was by degrees diminiflied; from the pound weight (as is told at length by Pliny) it fell to two ounces in the firft Pu^ nick war, afterwards when Hannibal invaded Italy to one ounce,, then by the Papirian law to half an ounce. Thefe alterations were occafioned by the neceflities of the commonwealth, j but to be lure Plin.lib. 33. cap. 3. c Cic. in Orat.pro M. Cffilio. Nil! forte mulier potens quadran- taria ilia permutatione familiaris fafta efl^ baliie- atori. d Plin. lib. 33. cap. 13. Ununietiam- num iEris miraculum non omittemus, Servilii fitmilia illufiris in faftis, Trientem i^lreum paC- cit Auro & Argento, confumentem utrumque, origo atque natura iiicomperta eft mihi, verba ipfa eade re Meftals fervi ponam. Serviliorum fa- milia habet T rientem facrum cui fumma cum cu- ra&magnificenlia facraquotannis faciiint, quern ferunt alias crevilPe, alias decrevifle videri ; & ex eo autdiminutionemauthonoremfamilissfignificari. * Et placuit Denarium pro decern libris .ffiris, Quinariumpro qumque, Seftertium pro dupon- dio ac femifle. Librale autem pondus iEris imminutum bello Punfeo primo, cum impen- fis Refp. non fufficeret ; conftitutumque ut Af^- fes fexantario pondere ferirentur. Itaque quin* que partes fadse. lucri, diffolutumque JEs alie- num. Poftea Hannibale urgente, Q. Fa* bio Maximo Didatore, Afles unciales fedi : placuitque Denarium fedecim Aliibus.permuta. ri, Quinariumodonis, Seftertium quaternis. Ita Refpublica dimidium lucrata eft Mox lege Papirianafemiunciales Afles fadi. Livius Dru- fus in 1 ribunatu plebis odavam partem .^is Argento mifeuit. Weights and MeafureSi &c. fore the plenty of Silver and Gold would have done the lame thing, and brought down (iich an enormous Brafi Coin. As amongft the Latines is put for the diminutive of money, non Ajjls facere, ad AJfem omnia perdere. From As is derived TreJJlsy §^adrej/is, Nonuffis, Vecuffts, Vigef- fs. Some think that Ajjidms likewife comes from As, a man in- tent upon the penny. Of S E S T E R T I U S. Q Ejlertlui is fb called, quafi Semiflertius, according to a Gre^h Fi- ^ gure : for gjScfbjttoi/ nfJUTOLKoLvloVy which literally tranflated fig- nifies a feventh half Talent; yet according to Folujius MeBti- anus, fignifies fix whole Talents and one half: So a Sejlertius which contains z Aps and one half, or duos Aps cum tertio femip, is (b called from Semijlertius, '‘This is affirm’d by Farro-, and likewife by Fitrumus, who faith, Etiam quartam Denarii par- tem, quod efficiehatur ex duohus Affihus et tertio femipe, Seflertium fvocita^erunt. And the fame is afferted by Prifcianus. The Se- jlertius was a Silver Coin, and never of Brafs, it was equal to the fourth part of a Denarius, according to Eejlus Pompeius and the above-quoted Paflage of Fttru^ius, and feveral others to be found in Authors. Cicero againft Ferres fpeaking'. of the price of Corn, makes 3 Denarii to be the fame with i z Sejlertii. a Varro lib. 4. de ling. Lat. b Vitruv. jftertiu?, &c. — Dupondius enim & femis, anti' lib. 3. cap. I. c Seftertius olim dupondius & huus Seftertius eft. femis, id eft, du» libra & femis, quafi Semi - 1 12 Tables of Ancient CoinSy Of the N u M M u s.’ T H E Hummus when menrion’d as a piece of money was the fame with the SeJIertms, Cicero againft Ferres faith, Cogit ScandiUum quinque ilia milUa nurnmum dare Apronio, and immediately after adds, Cogit ScandiUum Apronio H. S. quinque millia mer cedis nomine ac preernii dare. Where it appears that 5000 Nummi 2 iXt put for JO 00 H.S. or Sejiertii. ‘‘So Pliny and ® Varro (peek- ing of the gain arifing from the fattening of Peacocks,- the for- mer calls it tJooo o Sejlertiiy and the latter 60000 Nummi. Befides Sejlertius and Kummus are frequently join’d by Authors, and then fignify the fame that either doth feparately. This is plain from ^ Columella y ^ Valerius Maximus and others. So Mille Nummiy Milk Sejlertiiy and Milk Sejlertii Nummi fignify the fame j as do likewife Milk Nummumy Milk Sejiertiumy and Milk Sejlertium Mummwn. The Greel Computations proceed upon the fame Suppofition, the Denarius and the Drachma being reckon’d, equal. Plutarch in Syll a {sXth. that 1000 Nummi was equal to 250 DrachmeCy confe- quently ono Drachm is equal to iom Nummi. ^ Arijlotk faith that a^ Nummus was equal to 3 Semioholiy which make the fourth part of 3. Drachm. Plutarch faith that Ceefar left by will to every Citi- zen 75 Attick Drachms y Suetonius faith he left to each of them 300 Nummi. Sejlertium in the neutral gendre fignifies Milk Sejlertium Nimmorum. It is a great difpute, among Authors whether they are the fame word. Some are of opinion that as a Sejlertium fignified two pounds and a half of Brafs, according to the weight of the firft Affes ; fb Sejlertium fignified two pounds and a half of Silver, . which feems to be but a groundlefs imagination 5 and Gronouius is. A Plin. lib. TO. cap. 20. e Varro lib. 3. 1 apud Pollucem lib. 9. Hvatm H v yi'ujxef rpla . cap, 6. de re Ruflica. S Colum. lib. i. & 3. 1 w^/oo Kummi, or in En^ifi mo- ney 5047/. 3 f. 9 d. Pliny faith that feVen years before the third Punick war, there was in the Roman Treafury Auri Pondo XVI. DCCCX, 15 JVei^ts and Meafures^ Sec. DCCCX, /irgentt Pondo XX. LXX. & in numerato LXII. LXX V. CCCC. which is to be thus interpreted, i 8 r o Pounds of Gold, 11070 Pounds of Silver, and in ready money (J 1 7 5 40 o Nummiy or 50741/. 10 s. i.\d, I know by experience that thofe Expreffions in ancient Authors create a confufion in the minds of the Readers, and that they have no notions of the numbers^ in reading the Authors. There- fore I hope to be excufed in being, a little particular on this Subjed. Of the D E N A R I xj s,. T he Denarius was the chief Silver Coin' among the'Ro- mans. As a weight it was the feventh part of a Roman Ounce. It is from this Standard that both the value of the Romaw Weights and Coins in the Tables are deduced. In the fetling, of which I have follow’d Mr. Greases, who may be juftly reckon- ed a Claflical Author on this Subjed. That indufrrious, learned, and honeft perlbn affirms that having in Italy and elfewhere perufed many hundred Denarii Confulares, he found by frequent and exad Tryal the bell; of them to amount to <^i Grains En^ijhy fiich as he had carefully taken from the Standards of the Troy or Silver Weights kept in the Tower of London y and in Goldfmiths-Hally and in the Univerfrty of Oxford. He arrives very near at the lame conclufron by two Experiments' that were made of the weight of water contained in the Congius of Vefpajran, which was i o Roman Pounds. One Experiment was> made by Fillapandus on the Congius it felf, and the other by Gaf- fendus upon a model. By the firfl of thefe experiments the weight of the Denarius or the (eventh part of a. Roman Ounce comes out 6 1± Grains, by the freond 6 1 ifi : negleding the Fradion, he has {fated the value 6 1 Grains, or 7 pence 3 farthings Englijh, allow- ing 8 Englijb Grains to the Silver Penny. This valuation I have follow’d Tables of Ancient Coins t follow’d in the Computation of Sums, mz. fuppofing Silver at 5 Shillings the Ounce, which although not exadiy true, (for by the prelent Standard of the Coinage, 6 2. Shillings, or 3 Pound 2. Shillings, is coined out of one pound weight of Silver.) fincewe don’t know the finenefs of the Roman money, may be a Suppofition as good as any other, and prevent (bme trouble in computation. The Roman Ounce is certainly our Auerdupois Ounce, but I mufi: own that I have differ’d in a fmall matter from Mr. Greases in fettling the quantity of Troy Grains contained in an Ounce A^erdupois j for fuppofing the A^erdupois Pound to be to the Troy Pound as 175 to 144, and confifting of 16 Ounces, makes the Roman or A^erdupois Ounce to be 437^ Troy Grains, and the Ro- man Pound 5 250 Grains. The proportion that was given me as a true one, was 17 to 14, negleding the lafl: Figures, and con- fequently the proportion of the Roman or A^erdupols Ounce to the Troy Ounce is precifely as 5 i : 5 and by this the Roman pound according to my Tables will confifl of 52451 Grains Troy, which is 41 Grains lefs in the Pound, and if it be a miftake is a very in- confiderable one. The Denarius according to my fuppofition will come out Grains : the fradion is not to be negleded in reckoning the Pound. This makes it highly probable that the Romans left their Ounce in Britain which is now our A^erdupois Ounce; for our Troy Ounce we had elfewhere. That the Denarius was the 7th part 01 Roman Ounce, is clear from multitudes of paffages. Celfus lih. y. cap. 17. Sed ^ antea fcire ‘volo in uncia pondus denariorum ejfe feptem. Another way that Mr. Greases made ufe of to find the weight of the Denarii, was by the weight of Greek Coins, efpecially Attick Tetradrachms, for the Denarius was always reckon’d equal to the Drachm-^ but thofe experiments bring out the Denarius heavier: for weighing many Attick Tetra- drachms with the image of Pallas on the forepart, and of the NoBua on the Reverfe, he found the bed: of thofe to be 248 Grains, that is each particular Drachma 67 Grains, and from the Golden Didrachms *7 Wei^ts and Meajurei-, See. Vidrachms much the fame. He mentions one from Snellius that weigh- ed 1 3 4,5 of ourTr^ Grains, which makes it That the an- cient Roman Denarius and Attick Drachma were reckoned equal, appears partly horn what has been oblerv’d before-, and further from the Teftimony of Pliny , who lived from the time of fefpafan to that of Trajan, who affirms exprefly ^ that the Drachma Attica had the weight of the Silver Denarius. Cleopatra ^ affirms that the Italick Denarius was one Drachm. Cicero naming the Donative of OUa- ^ius to the veteran Soldiers, calls it 500 Denarii, and Dion ^ calls the fame 500 Drachms. Galen ® faith that by 3. Drachm is mea.nt the fame weight the Romans call a Denarius. This is plain from an interpretation of ^Aulus Gellius. Plutarch computes the Sums which the Romans exprefs by Sejlertii in Drachms at 4 Sejlertii to the Drachm, ^iz. the number of Seftertii in th-e Denarius. Straho ® faith that in the Siege oF Cajilinum a moufe was fold for 2,00 Drachms, tliis Valerius Maximus *’tranflates zoo Denarii. Athe- naeus * faith that 400 Attick Talents make 240 myriads of Denarii, that is, 2,400,000 Denarii, =400 Talents, or one Talent = 6000 Denarii, the number of Attick Drachms in a Talent. Fejlus Pom- peius faith in exprefs Terms that an Attick Talent contains <^ooo Denarii. The fame appears by comparing ^ Lhy with Polyhius. I have been the more copious in quotations upon this Subje( 51 : to fhew the general confent of Authors of all ages and times in the equality of ’value of the Attick Drachm and Roman Denarius. And it would bring in a great confufion to change that way of reckoning, but then the difficulty is how to preferve the equality’ between two Coins which appear fb different in weight, as ^2 and Grains, D I aPlin. lib. 21. cap. ult. Drachma Attica Denarii argenti pondus habet. b Cleopatra, TO jraA/itav Syiviiftov iyet d. ^ Cice- ro lib. 16. Epift. ad Atticum. OOiaviam vetera- nis militibus, quiqui Cafilini Se Calatiae erant, ■dedilTe donativam denarios quingenos, quo eos in fuam fententiam perduxit d Id Dio. lib. refert kai ’iS'aMv iuQv'i tb'tj kata neiviAM- atAi e Galen, lib. 8. cap. 3. deMe- dicam, cornpofit. 'Trp'oj'nKoy J'e oti \ir- yoixiv vvy h Toii a'UAtriy, oV;p 'Pom^o/ S'YivA.pioy ovoy-ATiiTtv. f Gellius. lib. i. cap. 8. g Strabo lib. $■. •» Val. Max. lib. 7. c. 6. i Athen. lib. 4. Dipnofoph. k Liv. lib. 4. Decad. 4. Tables of Ancient Coins^ I jdiall in the firfl: place give you Greases s Solution of this Dif- ficulty, in his own words, i in the Greek , fignifying the fame with Rondus or weight in general. The Romans made ule of the word Talentum or Talent in Grecian affairs. G H A E Weights and Meafuresi &c. 2 $ CHAP. IV. Of the Grecian Coins. T he Greeks made u(e of Drachma in reckoning Sums ei- ther in their own or Roman affairs : as the Romans did of J^ummi Sejiertii : of which there are many Examples in all Authors, efpecially in Plutarch. *A Drachm is the hundredth part of a Mina. ** Afctxi^n is a thing taken or apprehended by the hand, ^ S'^drlofjLou, or as you would fay a handful of fix Obo- U, which are equal in value to it. It is a Weight as well as a Coin. The Attick Drachm is com- monly reputed equal in value to the Denarius. And a§ amongft the Romans the Denarius^ fo amongfl the Greeks the Drachma was coin’d both of Silver and Gold. But in reckoning Sums, where it is not otherwife fpecified, the Silver Coin is underflood. The value of which we have ftated in the Tables and in all the following computations to be the fame with the Denarius, viz. 7 i y raro Ihiyiro cTpa^Mi), ToiiTuv. t^^{> Straij/ cm S'iJ'csi-X,'' 9«< J'tVctTcM X«P’ 56 -Tables of Ancient CoinS) or divcrfify in a few inftances that may be in earlier timesi But if this Suppofition be true, and the Reader of ancient Authors is refblved to be nice, the value of the ieveral Vrachmas, according £0 the Bilhop’s Suppofition,From 70 Grains downwards is as follows. Value d. q. 8 3 . 8 i * 8 o I 7 3 I • The Drachma was divided into i 8 or SiJiqude as well as into 6 Oholi. There were different Drachms in different Countries. ^ The Drachma JEgineea is commonly reckon’d to be equal to I I of an Attic'k Drachm or 1 o Auick Oholi. The Athenians called it Trax^cai or thick. 'It was the pay of a Horfeman even amongfl: the Athenians. There is frequent mention made of it in Hippocrates. ^ There is mention likewile made of the Corinthian Drachm, but it’s value is uncertain ; it is (uppos’d by fbme Authors equal to the Attick. « The Egyptian Drachm according to Cleopatra was equal to an Cholus or the 6 ih. part of the Attick Drachm. There were coin’d likewife the Patts and Multiples of a Drachma, the ^ Semidrachma, ^Didrachmum , " Tridrachmum, zxA^Tetradrachmum, which was called the ^ rAoty| or Owl, likewife ^Fentadrachmum, and ^ Hexadrachmum. In fome Authors you find the word °Pen- uivtiv. g Cleopatra. o 59 saam of^cuw- txo( aiyuTrlictithi nV/f iKTov 'Ch iT 7 />cMf ayov(ra. o^o\bv d. h JuL Pollux. > Ariftoph. m Pace. k Cicero Epift. lib. iz. 1 Interpres Ariftoph. TO vo//.i(rui TV TCT£ }j y\a,v^, ™Numifma Cyrensorum apud Pollucem. a Hefychius, & Ariftoteles lib. 2. Oeconoroic. « Hefychius. “ Julius Pol. Iib. p.ctAAa //«(' T diyivauAV S'pctXM-riy 4 (J'iKet yap bSoMi tii> bi cl^wcuoi 'Tra-yeL^v dpayiT-riv kmhvv, (jlio-ih tuv diymruv^ di- yivalav KaK^v e Thucyd. hift. f Thucyd. Hift. I. ei di t/( tv >s^JT'iKa. [jv WiKot {T.iTiy^eiU J's aTTOt- alctj, 'srerltiKOj'l* d'psiyuds Kco-A^i/la. Kop/yQinf'S Weight f- 70, 28,4 2 y ,5 2 z ,57 Weights and Meafurest 8cc. * Pentecdfitadrachmum, or 50' Drachms, which if it were a Silver Coin, muft have been very large. ^When the word ci^yv^ia is join’d with a number, ic is to be underftood of Drachms. ^ There is mention made of Bos, the Ox, fo called from the Scamp ; * it is reputed equal to the Didrachmum, ® and was coin’d both of Gold and Silver. This Coin was perhaps one of the ancienteft of all in Greece'^ it is mention’d by Julius Pollux and le- veral other Authors, who lay it was known to Homer, and he is thought to allude to it, when he ]^eaks o£jGlaucus .exchanging his Golden Armour, that were worth 100 Oxen, for the Brafs one of Diomedes ; from whence it would follow that this Armour mull not have been entirely of Gold, becaule a gy? being only a Didrach- mim, as Pollux affirms, and is likewile plain from Arijlophanes ; the Armour according to this way .of reckoning was worth a very Ifnall Sum. O^oAoVj Oholus, fo called from the form of a Spit, becaule it was coined in an oblong lhape. There are mentioned the Semioholi, the Duoholi, the Trioholi and TetrobolL 'XotAJioV a Ihiall Brals Coin, ,che ^th part of an Oholus^ Di- chalcus tlie third part of an Oholus. “ There is even mention’d the AgTrloi/, the levench part of an Oholus. * The ^TCiTYip fo called from weighing. Stater as a weight hg- nifies a pound. They were coin’d both of Silver and Gold, but moll commonly of the latter. They were of different Weights and Names, according to the different Princes and Countries who coin’d them, as Philippick, Alexandrian Daricks, lb me were Didrachmi, others Tetradrachmi. E z The o Apud Platonem & Jul. Pollucem. ^ P Athenasus lib. 4. ^ ri 0 'jra.Ko.iov nTo h aQh* raJoif v6/y.iy h 'JAOj Kilpvaa. (pa.oAA(^ a fbrt of an Ohoks. ' AY\fJLci^inoV:> fo called from Pemareta the wife of Gelon. ^ Ait^U} which fignifies Libra a pound weight, is likewife a name for a finall Coin equal to an JEginesan Ohoks. ^ There is likewife mention made of OvPyioL, or the Uncky which the Sicilians borrowed from the Roman Libra. “ KoJ^^otvlrjg} quadransy or the fourth part of an Obolus. T^Vy a fmall piece of Coin ufed proverbially. ® 'Aord^ioVy ufed for the Asy and fbmetimes fbr the Obolus^ ^Uihavo^y equal to 4 Chalei. Tov r»( (fikMaf. ^ ^ Polluxjib.p. /o[xia-i/.a,, » SitjufiTti yi.Kiivoi «cra ywh, kata t T fOf \lCvAf ToKilJ.OV ATTOf^v]©- T KO(rjJ.^V tlTiHSAfMiftl TTA^A TUV yvVeUKCOV voyig'^A ’'iKO-^-ATo^ k Pollux lib. 9. h a- K^AyAvlivuv ToA./T«(;t> 9 i) 7 ;V ^ TIVA TetAKOvlA ArpAtt J'vvaQ^ ^ KlTettV oSoKov Aiyivcuov. 1 Pollux lib. 9, •nHc/y- chius. o Suidas AaidpiA oSokoL p Hcly= ’lius. TTtMyop 79 Act9t9r£f. y Jul, Pollux lib. 9. 2 rol. ibid. "ZviaZoKov ^fAX’i t>OUI(r/U.ATlPV, ^'XlTOfAOV T! V ou'l CT uUTOf. a L. Gsslius lib. lo. cap. 2. _ b jui. PoUux lib. 9. c Paufanias in Corinthiacis. d Hefy- chius & Pollux lib, 3, & 7. e Pollux lib. 9. ei» S'‘av >y KQK\vvov,Ai'7rVoy 'Tt voixio’/j.atiov. f Sui* das KeA.u/wg’wt' acTfif voy.Uy.ATPi. g Suidas inter- pretatur k^^ixata, ta mt'Iotata, hoc ell, mi- nudflimos nummos. *> Hefyehius in voce X-oSpAvIh fic aitl KOittAvlui TO 'n-AV, « 75 Ti 29 Weights and Meafuresy &c. Crtt'ian OholL ’ from Hummus^ interpreted likewife OlolL Meliffa, an Oholus. The vaft number of fmall Governments in Greece occafroned a great variety of names of Coins. "fhe Mina Attica of Silver. M N A) Mina Atticay contain’d i o o Drachma or Denariiy and the Tables proceed on that principle in reckoning Sums of Mo- ney, where a Mina is made 3 /. 4 x. yd. Thus Dimyfius Halicamajfeus in reckoning up the Roman Cenfus makes the feveral Clafles Hand thus : Fifth, Mma XII. cum femijfe, on JEris XII. millia cum femijfe Fourth, Mina XXV. — jEris XXV. miiiia Third, Mina L. - -- -- -- ALris L. millia Second, Mina LXXV. ^ris LXXV. millia Firft, Mina C. — JEris C Millia. In the fifth Cenfus he differs from Li^y, who makes it XI millia JErisy which is lome miftake or falfe reading j for in the reft they are exaV, fc? iJLATe; ovoy.ct, o 7 oi( ri/.c/is iJ'lSo'TAV, TTAKaJi O’vfx.nJ^SVOvjsi, cJ( ^ivc'iAi ImQA^^v. > Aavah vo{/.ia-uATiov rt ^.(.CAeXtliv, J'vVA/XiVOV TTKiOV oMyu TIVt. k Thucyd. lib. 8. o q y.ivitA^i h t^tu cu ^ 'f TTiKoTowmlm I'itsf \nri(nTt(Tciy.ifae S'VAIV >y \ACop]i{ >C**^*' \TiaiCtpAKO?-Ai iKATOf ^lAi, Tp'tTjf J'/* 7<£;^4«i>y- Ayrcup^sg-iv hv. yi'i '7[^KlLy^cu. \ 32 Tables of Ancient Coins , Ak^ctvo]/ St S'i^ciroy vofJLiTfJLcLi as the name imports^ had two heads like the Roman Coin with a Janus hifronsy and that of Tene- dos formerly mention’d. 'Rni’xvTQVi a Coin faid by Hefychius to be made of Silver or Lead. XctA^coh an jEgyptlan Coin of the weight of a Drachma, both Silver and Gold. ©oLTiog, a Coin weighing four Drachmae. Kiv(rog was either a Coin, or a certain Sum of Money, 'H/uciSov, a Cyzicenian Coin mention’d by Hefychius. Of the Talent. AXcL^oVi or TaJentum, has a great many Significations. In Homer it commonly fignifies a Balance; and therefore the Grammarians derive it from tAJii/cw, dno tQ TAyji/cu to Sct^og, becaufe it fupports a weight ; from hence comes rctKoLvlici)) Tct- AolUJolo), Sc TOLAoLvliva, which fignify to hang or weigh. The Romans borrowed the word Talentum from the Greeks, but they (eldom ufed it, except when they {poke of Greecian or Ajia- tick affairs ; and when they had occafion to tranflate Greek Authors. Terence and Plautus who took their fables from thofe Writers, ufe it commonly. TctT^dvIov (faith Pollux lih. 5>.) Ig-i ^ ct^yvfm And Epiphanius lih. i . defines it fb : tcL7\cu\o^ WhTO UTTg^- ScthAov Ttdiv y,ri' Teojctpcth/M-Ird dJo. (svv 'j roAa tv m/x/o-v Td^ccyjoy rpia npxt- cv ret^avlci, » dvo^ttixis-Vyii }y oKcoi AixTvATeiKctla. Aiyety, uf rpto, n^//xycuse, r 7/{,7v»^{TctAa,y]ey)rTrp9ciVT^dpi9^xoyoAi)iAfl’lffeiay [xyayt Weights and Meafuresy See. ^Egyptians made ufe of the (ame word, to exprefs a certain Coin. The following Tables are founded upon the Suppofiti- on, and that of Dr. Cumberland late Biihop of Peterborough, ^iz, that the weight of a Shekel is half a Roman or half an Ounce Ai^erdupois, which according to Dr. Cumberland is z 1 5) Grains, Troy weight, according to the fuppofition in the Ta^ bles A I 8 ±, which perhaps may be a miftake ; but as I (aid be- fore, the proportion of the Averdupois Ounce to the Troy Ounce, that was given me as a true one, was 51 to ^ 6 . The difference is very inconfiderable, being only | of a Grain in half an Ounce. This value of the Shekel has been colledfed from the experiment of weighing feveral remaining Shekels. From the teftirnony of the later Ancients the Biftiop of Peterborough quotes that of St. Jerome on the 4th Chapter of Ezekiel, who affirms the Shekel to contain four Drachms of the Latin Ounce : and is agreeable to the con- current teftimonies of all the Rabbins. According to this weight and the value of Silver, fuppos’dto be in the Tables at 5 Shillings the Ounce, the Shekel muff be in Englijh Money zs. 3 {^d. for which fradion of a Penny, I have put 4 for fbme conveniency in computation, and approaching nearer to the real value of our Silver : The difference being lefs than i of a Farthing. But becaufe I will conceal nothing, that may tend to the in- formation of my Reader, I muff acquaint him that the learned Biftiop of Bath and Wells is of opinion, ‘‘ that the Talmudic al “ Je^ws have deliver’d to us a very different value of the old He- “ bre^ Coins, from what fbme great Men of their own nation, Philo and Jofephus, had formerly given us ^ and that for exam- pie, when thefe had rated a Shekd to us at near zyz oE our Grains, and a quarter Shekel, at thofe have lower’d the She- kel to 215?, and brought down the Zuza to an equality with “ the Roman Drachma and what the Biftiop faith is indeed true. * For Jofephus reckons the half Shekel or what they call the Siclus prof anus, as a Didrachm, and puts for 5000 Each. Shekels a Jofeph. lib,. 3 . 9 <^1 ff'iKKoi uv this h [aid of tbt Siclus facer. 97 Tables of Ancient Coins, : And the facred Shekel he reckons as a Tetradrachm ; '’and (b it is in Hefychius, Philo liicewiie, who lived in the time of Claudius, pofitively affirms that the Shekel of the Hebrews was e- qual to the Tetradrachm of the Athenians. And this value of the Shekel is the fame which is given it by the LXX Interpreters. They render a Shekel ok zo Gerahs by Tidrachmum the Alexandrian Coin, which was equal to the Attick Tetradrachm. The Bifhop fuppofes that St. Jerome and Epiphanius, who are quoted againft this opinion, when they mention the proportion of the Je^ijh weights to the and Ounce, mean an Attick Ounce and an Attick Pound greater than the Roman. The Reader will eafily perceive that according to this way of reckoning, the Shekel mufi have weighed 4x^7 or4X(j8,4 Grains: which as a Coin would make, z s. p \d, or zs. 10 ^d. The Type and infeription of the Shekel was in Hebrew letters, on one Side SEKEL B I SRAEL, (that is, a Shekel in Ifrael) with an Altar or Chalice fmoaking Incenfe: on the reverie HE- KA BOSCH lERUS ALAIM (that is, holy Jerufalem) with Aaron's Rod budding. The half Shekel was called Beka, from the verb Baka, which fignifies divided in two parts. It was the fame with the Didrach- mum, or what they call the Siclus profanus. The Pole-Tax of the Je^s under the Government of the Ro- mans was this Bidrachm. The Zuza was the fourth part of a Shekel, for fb the fourth part of a Shekel 1 Samuel ix. is tranflated by the Chaldee Pa- raphraifl. This is not mention’d in the Tables, becaufe not fb common. Gerah was the twentieth part of a Shekel, and is underftood to be the fame with Agorah mention’d i Samuel ii. ^ 6 . The LXX interpret Gerah an Obolus, which is the fmall Coin that comes the nearefl to it j but a Gerah being of a Tetradrachm, mufl: have b Hefyehius drl/Koy. c Gen. 24. & Exod. 38. d Exodus 30, & 13. Levit. 27. Numb, 3. 18. Ezekiel 45". Weights and Meafures, &c. have been | of a Drachm, of which the Oholus is the Tho’ Billiop Cumherlaiid iaiththat tliere are Attick Oholi ftill remaining of 105)5 Grains mention’d by Mr. Greases, which prove that the weight of the Shekel hath been rightly Bated 2. 1 5) Grains. The greater (urns of Money and Weights among the Hebrews were a Talent and Maneh. A Talent was 3000 Shekels, as appears by EaW. xxxviii. z6, which runs thus. And the Siher of them that ^ere nmnhred of the congregation, ^as an hundred Talents, and a thoufand fe^en hundred and threefcore and fifteen Shekels, after the Shekel of the SanBuary. A Bekah for ewry man, that is half a Shekel, after the Shekel of the SanBuary, for e^ery one that nvent to he' numhred from twenty years old and up^ward, for fix hundred thoufand, and three thoufand and fi^e hundred and fifty men. So ^03550 half Shekels or 301775 Shekels made 100 Taleitts and 1775 Shekels over: which fubftradted from the former (urn leaves 300000 equal to 100 Talents, or 3000 equal to one Ta- lent. In the computation of the Maneh, Dr. Cumberland commits a miftake : for the Maneh (faith he) “ being fet for a mere weight without refped to Coinage, contain’d juft 100 Shekels, this ^^feems clear by the comparing of i Kings vii. 17. (where it is laid that in each of Solomon^ Shields there were three Manehs, or, as we tranflate it, pounds of Gold) with z Chron. ix. 1 6. ‘‘where our Tranflation affirms that 3000 Shekels of Gold went “ to one of thofe Shields. And indeed tho’ the word Shekel be “ not in the Original expreft, yet it muft be underftood ; becaufe “ Ezekiel allures us, Ezek. xlv. T 2. that by the Shekel the Maneh “ was adjuftcd. And Pollux lib. 5) cap. 6. affirms, that when we “ lay a Golden One, we underftand a 5 as when we lay a “ Silver piece, we mean a Shekel.'' According to this rate of the Maneh, a Talent would contain 5000 Shekels, whereas it is ac- knowledged by all to contain only 3000. It is plain that the nummary Maneh confifted only o£ 60 Shekels, for Ezekiel Chap. xlv. 12. reckons 20, 25, and 15 Shekels to the Maneh, which make 39 4p Tables of Ancient Coins, make the number 6o. The ponderal Maneh confined only: of 5 o Shekels. The Talent was the fame inboth^ confiding of 5000 Shekels. There is another pafTage concerning the weight of AhfalonTs hair, which is faid to weigh zoo Shekels, z Sam. xiv. i6. This Jofephus calls 5 Mince, which would make the Mina to confifl: of 40 Shekels, and hath made fbme imagine there were Sicli Tridrach- mi. For the clearing of this matter I refer the Reader to the learn- ed Biftiop of Bath and Wells, in his ingenious enquiry into the State of ancient Wei^ts and Meafures, fag. 1^6. the whole being too long to infert here. The Rahhins affirm that thtje^i/b Weights and Coins received a confiderable alteration after the Bahylonijh Captivity, of which there cannot be a more difl:in£t Account than what is given by the above-mention’d learned Prelate. The Standard of their Money *^Minder the fecond Temple was | of that under the firO:. Thefe new pieces of Money went alfb under different names, than thofe had with which they nearly correfponded. For the f of the old Shekel was ftyled a Sela and the | of a half Shekel was cal- ed a Tohha-, and the f of a quarter Shekel, a Beinar-, and the Gera, which was the zo of an old Shekel, and was now to be the Z4 of the new Sela, tho’ it remained in the account, yet took a new name ; and was termed a Mea. Thefe Chaldaick or Syriack appellations (as all are fo, excepting the Beinar) thefe new Coins are prefumed to have brought from Babylon : and another Coin was alfb added thence to the old number 5 which was a double Sela, and | of a double Shekel, and called a Barcon. All thefe pieces of money down to the Gera 5 or as they call it Mea, which is they fay the loweft Silver piece; and alfb the minuter Subdivifions of the weight of that Species into Grains, and Rerut as ; are with the relation they bear to one a- nother reprefented in the Table fubjoined, 4 Peruta M^eights and Meafures, &c. 41 Peruta 2 I Granum I 16 I Mea ipz \ S)6 \ 6 \ Deinar 384 1 ipi I la 1 2 I Tobba 768 ! 384 I 24 I 4 I 2 iSela If 32 I 758 I 48 I 8 I 4 I 2 ""l Darcon 38400 I ipaoo I 1200 I 200 I 100 I fo 1 ^f I Maneh or Mani 2304000I1 if20oo| 72000 I 12000 I 6000 I 3000 I If 00 I 60 [ Kibbera The Meah is believed to be a ChaJdaan word. The Chaldean Pa- rafhrajl renders Gerah {Exod. xxx. Ezek. xlv.) by Meah, as the LXX does by Oholns. The Sela confiding of 24 Meahs, and the Shekel of 20 Gerahs, the Deinar of 6 , and the quarter Shekel of f, will make the Shekel bigger by one fixth part. The learned Pre- late abovemencion d is of opinion that this increafe of the Je^tjb money after the Bahylonifi captivity, is but an invention of the Rahhins, and that Jofephus and Philo, who dill make the Je^ijb Shekel ec]ual to the Attick Tetradrachm, mud be allowed to take place before the Compiler of the Mifna, their authentick tradi- tion, if wrote as early as they would have it, and in the time of Adrian', and as for the Titei or Comments on that Mifna, they are undoubtedly late compofitions of hearfays, and taken up at a great didance from the times they {peak of. He has given a mod ingenious reafbn for this invention : which I will fet down in his own words. “ For when upon the dedru- “ clion of the Temple hy Titus, the Je^s were condrained to pay the half Shekel yearly due to That, into the Roman Treafury; it was then their intered to bring this offering to a low Edimate, at fbme favourable opportunity ; And this they might erfed, to “ the diminutioii of it to a fixth part, if they could peiTuadeone “ of the mild Emperors after Hadrian, who had not been provoked by them, Alexander for example, that fuch Shekels as had “ been coined by their late Princes, fuch as they now lliew to per- fuade us into that opinion, were the old ones in which that G duty 42 Tables of /Ancient Coins, duty was to be paid by their Law. And fuch a perfuafion ‘ ^ might be the more acceptable to the Romans \ becaufe it gave their Standard fo high an Antiquity, and made it as old as Mo- fes. For fuch a notion from the Jenvs would have been as flat- ^^tering now to their Mailers, as the Coinage had been before: And they might by it claim Tome kindred with them, as their Ancellors had prepared for it before j when in their exigence they challenged kindred with the Spartans ; who, as Dionjfius Ha- Ucarnajfeus tells us, had a better title to that ambitious pretence. He propoles the Phoenician money as a medium to attain the knowledge of the Hebrew, for leveral very weighty confiderations ; particularly the Tyrian Talent is faid by ancient Authors to be equal to the Attick, There is mention made in the Scriptures of a Kejitah or Lamb, Gen. xxxiii. i p. And he bought a parcel of a field, ^here he had fpread his Tent, at the hand of the Children of Hamor Shechem's fa- ther, for an hundred pieces of money, {Kejitoth, ‘which figmfies Lambs. E‘very one ga^ve him a piece of money. Job xlii. 1 1 . This piece of Money was lb called from the Stamp of a Lamb. When the word Kefeph is put with a number in the Old Tejla- ment, and rendered in our tranllation pieces of Money, it is com- monly underllood of Shekels. In the new Tejlament the Coins commonly mention’d are the Roman Denarius, the As, the Affarium, Matth. x. 25?. determin’d by Cleopatra to be { of the As : ^adrans, \ of an As. Matth. v. z 6 . and the half of the ^adrans called Mytloh which we tranllate a Mite. CHAP. Weights and Meajures^ See, 43 CHAP. VI. Of the Proportion of the Value of Gold to Silver amongjl the Ancients^ and of their Gold Coins. T H E lowefl: Rate of Gold we find mention’d amongfl; the Romans, came from an accidental caufe. The vafl: quan- tity of Gold which Julius C^far had got by plundering Cities and Temples (which, as Suetonius faith, he deftroy’d from a motive of Covetoufnefs, rather than Revenge) made it fuch a drug, that "he exchanged a Pound of Gold for 5000 Nummi : In 3000 Num- mi there are 7 5 o Denarii, and in a pound 8 4 Denarii j therefore ac- cording tothis Reckoning, the proportion of the value of Gold to that of Silver is as 7 5 o to 8 4, or as i i 5 to 14, which is nearly as ^ to I . Some Authors from this pafTage of Suetonius infer that the proportion was 7 i to i j but this miftake arifeth from their con- fidering the Roman Ounce as confifting of 8 Denarii as the At- tick, whereas it confifted but of (even. The mofl common, conftant, and flated rate of Gold to Sil- ver was the Decuple, which Julius Pollux confirms from Menander the Poet, calling a Talent of Gold S'iy.cLTCLK&.vlov. ‘ Thus Hejychius from Polemarchus ^ An Aureus is 2. Drachms, and a Drachm of Gold is nxorth 10 Drachms of Siher. The fame proportion is aflign’d by Livy, it being permitted to the JEtoUans ^ to pay one Talent of Gold for i o of Silver. The fame proportion is allowed by * Suidas. G 2. The a Suet, in Csefare cap. ^4. In Gallia fana tcmplaque Deum, donis referta expilavit, nrbes diruit, fepius ob prasdam quam ob delidtum ; unde fadtum eft, ut auro abundaret, ternifque minibus nummum in libras promercale per Ita- liam provinciafque divenderet, b Lib. 9. e r yj'j'jcv 'TTUfx 7 o 7 i dr'l/Kolf 'johiy.a.y/^oi prio-j S'Co, r 3 yyv7\>i uriv vo/McruxTof dpyveli iSiy.x. d Livius lib. 8. Dec. 4. Si pro argento aurum dare mallent, dare convenit, dum pro argenteis decern aureus unus valeret. e 3 voixlo'y.ATOf iif tSiKA. 41 * Tables of Ancient Coins ^ The duodecuple proportion is mention’d by Vlato in Hipparcho, who makes Silver to Gold S'od'im OhoUi or i 6 Silver Drachms ^ were equal to the Aureus of 2 Drachms. Confequently there mufl: have been one 5 th part Brals in it^ for if it had been of pure Gold like the Darick, it would have been exchang’d for 20 Silver Drachms. But the misfortune of this Argument is, that the Athenian Didrachm and Darich Stater were commonly exchang’d for one another : and the Athenians had the reputation of having the fineft and faireft Coins in the world. iioih?\tg'CL Ttctvlm, &c. Arijlophanes. They urge likewife for this opinion of the proportion of Gold to Silver, being i 2 i to i, a paflage of Pliny, where he faith the Byjfm, a fort of fubftance which the Ladies fpun into thread, was exchanged like Gold for 4 Denarii the fcruple. That makes the Didrachm 24 Denarii. But this pafTage is nothing to the purpofe, for if Drachma here be meant of the Attick Drachm of which the Aureus made two, it will make the proportion of i 2 to i . If it be underftood of the Ro?nan Drachm one 8 th of their Ounce, it will make it 13,7 to i, neither of which is. to the purpofe. There- fore in all appearance P/mj put a round number near the truth rather than a fraction. For which reafon believes that the Decuple proportion fubfifted, but that the Aurei were firft of a great- er weight, than the Athenian Didrachmus, which he thinks is jufti- fied by the weights of feveral ftill extant. The Roman Aurei, which were firfl coin’d of 7 ^ Scruples came by degrees in Con- Jlantines time to be only 4 Scruples, called Solidi, and fometimes Sextuls. A pafTage in the Code, de Argenti pretio, runs thus, Juhemus ut pro Argenti fumma quam quis Thefauris fuerit illaturus, infer endi Auri accipiat facultatem, it a utpro fingulis lihris Argenti, quinos folidos in- ferat. Suppofing the Solidi to be 4 Scruples, 20 Scruples of Gold -^6 Tables of Ancient Coins, Gold were changed for 2-88 Scruples of Silver, this makes the pro- portion of Gold to Silver as 1 4 4 to i . * There were of Grecian Gold Coins, the Stater Aureus Atticus, which was a Didrachm, the weight of two Drachms. Alfb fome Tetradrachms called TKavzig ?^ctveACdTr/.ct]y noBu£ lau- reoticce^ from the Stamp of an Oou/ upon them. There was likewife the Stater Aureus Dhilippms, Didrachms flruck hy Philip of Macedon. Horace terms them in ftiort, Philippas. Rettulit acceptos regale nomifma Philippos. Thofe according to their weight and the Decuple proportion of Gold to Silver, which then obtain’d, were worth 20 Drachms or Denarii, ox 1 % s. 1 i d. It was obferv’d before that the Rotnan Aurei falfly fuppos’d to be of the fame weight, were worth 1 5 De- narii or 16s. i i.d. Stater Alexandrinus, fome Didrachms, fome Tridrachms. Stater Aureus Prufii King of Bithynia. ^ Stater Cyzicenicus, exchanged for 2 8 Atticlz Drachms, i. e. iS s. i d. Some make the Stater Alexandrinus and the Stater Philippicus of the fame value with the Stater Cyzicenicus : and accordingly they are flated in the Tables. The Cyzicenian Staters were ftampt with the figure of a Cyhele. There is mention made of a Stater of the Phocakee, by Thucy- dides. Phocaa was a City in Ionia. AcL^iKog or Act^mog^ " firft they were coin’d Didrachms, but after- wards they were coin’d Tetradrachms : and Jofephus makes them equal to the 'Je^ijh Shekel. Julius Pollux makes a Stater worth a Mina, which mufl be un- derftood of one of 8 Drachms ; according to which proportion the Tetradrachm was worth 50 Attick Drachms. This proportion is obforved in the Tables, which I have non chang’d, being according to the Roman way of reckoning, 25 Denarii for the * Pollux lib- 4. cap. 24. b Demofthenes. 5 ^ Kv^iKwh rariip ^ Suidas. 47 Weights and Meafures^ &c. the Aureus : tho’ the decuple proportion of Gold to Silver obtain’d and was the moft common way of computing. The Hehre'cj Aureus was fometimes drachm A, or fbmetimes \ of the shekel or Silver Coin. It was called Darckmon. We have obferv’d before that Jofephus differs from the Rahhins in the ac- count of the Weights and Meafures: according to hisreck- ning, the Shekel is equal to the Attick Tetradrachm j according to the Rahhinical account, it is equal to four Roman Drachms^ or i of the Roman Ounce. Thofe two ways of reckoning will make an 8 th. part of difference in the value of their Gold as well as Silver Coins. The Rondo or Lihra Auri amongfl the Romans, and the Mna amongft the Greeks, when it is nummary, or put for a Sum of money, always fignifies loo Rrachmes. The general fuppofition of Authors is, that there was a 5 oth part of Alloy in the Gold Coins of the Ancients. I have eflimated the Gold Coins according to the proportion of Gold to Silver, v/hich then obtain’d. They would be of more value now amongfl us according to their weight and finenefs. CHAP. VIL O/Rom AN, Greek, and Arabian Weights. ~ ROMAN Weights. H E Romans ufed the Lihra, which they divided into 1 1 M Unciee or Ounces, and the later Greeks in imitation of them had their Litra, which they divided after the fame manner. This is plain from abundance of Authors, Folujius Metianus, Ga- len, &c. They 48 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ They divided their Ounce into 3 I)uell Fannius, Semioholi duplum ejd Oholus, quern pondere duplo Gramma ‘vacant , Scripulum nojlri dixere priores. The Denarius was divided in two ViUoriati, not only as a piece of money, but as a weight. Plin. lih, 21. cap. 24. ^ Uh. 24. cap. Xy 5 j c, and Scrihonius Largus in many places. The Weights and Meajares, &c. The VefJorius was alfb divided into 6 Sextantes, Cor, Celfus, Uh, 5. cap, 7. 17. in imitation of the 6 Oholt o£ the Drachma, accord- ing to which divihon a Sextans would contain in EngUjh Troy weight about 6 | Grains. Cornelius Celfus, lib, 4. cap, 4. mentions the §uadrans Denarii, Aut fulphuris i^em non experti pondo x ^ quadrans. And like- wile the Triens Denarii lib. 4. Salis Ammoniaci, P, 3 . hoc ejl, Pondo triens. The value of the Roman Pound is determin’d as in the Tables from the value of the Denarius, 'viz, 5145 ^ Troy Grains; accord- ing to the common reckoning, it is 515^; this fmall difference, as I have faid before, proceeds from affuming the A'verdupois Ounce to the Troy Ounce precilely as 5 i to $C. The reft of the parts of the pound follow from this, as in the Tables, Gre E K Weights, ^ I HE Talent was the greateft Weight as well as the greateft Sum of money among the Greeks. And this ponderal Ta- lent was divided, as the nummary Talent, into 6 o Mina, and every Mina into 100 Drachma. The Coin was fo call’d, becaufe it weighed a Drachma, Rhemnius Fannius, In Scrupulos ternos Drachmam, quo pondere doUis Argent i facilis Jignatur nummus Athenis, A Drachma was ^ of the Ounce, and -.h part of a Mina-, tho’ perhaps this way of reckoning by Ounces and Drachms was bor- rowed by the Greeks from the Romans', for the old Divifion of the Drachma was into 6 Oboli, Suidas o(^o?\£v. The Di- dr achmum, Hemidrachmum, Sic, exprefs’d Weights as well as Coins. The Greeks ufed the expreffion rg/Voi/ rifjcitS'^xf^oVy to fignify 2 i Drachms, as well as TeJ>rov ;^^tTct?^civloy* H 49 An 50 Tables of Ancient Coins, An Ohlus contain’d 6 ^ciMoh or as the Latm call them oU. Suidas ex Diodoroy ' K^mctioiq \<^i ;i^ctA;c&)’v. An Ohlus among the Athenians conhfts of 6 j^reoli. The Greeks u- (ed the word ^mioT^og s the Latins tranflated it not diohlusy but duos Oholos. Plin^ lih. zo. Mox in Aceto pondere Oholorum dvmm„ And almoft every where Co. An ijjuii^'/ 2 >oT.oVf or Semioholusy contains one Siliqua and one half j and 4 TEreoIi according to CleopatrUy but 3 only according to Diodorus apud Suidam. or A^reolusy contain’d the ^th part of an Ohlus i and 7 AgTrIct, according to Suidas. 0 3 %otA>ta? MTrlm STflct- that is, contained 7 AsTtlot. Ailflov was the 7th part of an JEreolusy and was called by the Latins MinutUy and fometimes MinutUy and is not divided into any lefTer Weight. The Greeks ufed the ^Cyia. and divided it as the Romans did : when they began to ufe that Meafure, is fomewhat uncertain. I did not think there was any particular Table necelTary for that divifion of Grecian Weights. They us’d the in latin Si- liqua y which was the i8th part of a Drachma y as appears from Hejychius. The Medical Weights, were the Mina, of 1 6 Roman Ounces, as appears by Diofeorides and Galen, and Cleopatra in Coffneticis, who tells you that Mina as a Weight contains i 6 Ounces, 1 18 Drachms, 384 Scripula, y6^ Oholi, 1051 Lupini, 2304 Siliquce, 6" 144 j^reoU. But when Celfus and Scrihonius Largus make ule of a Denarius of about 6 z Grains, the Drachma being fuppofed equal to that, 100 fuch Drachmee muft have made a Mina of 6zzz II Grains, whereas a Mina of 16 Ounces is about 7000 Troy Grains, or our A^eisdupois pound. The reaibn of this difference is affign’d before. The PhyGcians likewife made ufe of the Litra of ^6 Drachms, The iifyict or uncia being divided as ufually. This laff way of reck- oning was common after Galenas time, The k^oItiov or Siliqua, mention’d Weights and Meafures, See. mention’d before, was likewife a common weight amongft the Phyficians : and the (riTcteAdV or Grain, ^ of the Siliqua, There were among the Greeks, Eippoiatrkal, or what we might tranflaie in En^ijh, Farriers weights : or, as they were called by (bme, Mulomedici, Mule Do&ors. They are mention’d by an uncertain Gi‘eek Author. The Mina Hippoiatrica contain’d 1 5 Ounces, oAy.ctV 1 1 i rhe Litra contain’d ^o Drachms, the Ounce 7 i Drach 7 ns\ the Drachm 3 Scruples or 6 Oholi. The Romans dividing their Ounce into 7 Denarii, and likewifo into 8 Drachms, the Greeks of later ages dividing likewife their Ounce into 8 Drachms, and the Roman Denarius being (iippos’d equal to the Greek Drachma, have occafion’d great confufion in the expreflions of Authors, about the weights of both Nations, moft of them afferting that the Attick Tetradrachm was 1 of an Ounce, and the Didrachm i , d^c. This difficulty has been ftill encreas’d by the Diminution of the weight of the Coins of both Nations. Befides (bme of the antient Attick Drachms weighing 6 j Grains, and the Denarii only 6 z, occahon’d a new difficulty how to pre- ferve the equality that is fuppofed betwixt thele two Coins. The learned Bilhop Hooper fuppoles that the Attick Drachma might change as a Coin, and the Weight continue the lame: that when the Athenians, in imitation of x[\t Romans, divided their Ounce into 8 parts under the name of Drachmas, for the eafier management of this account they divided not their i o o Drach- mas into i z Ounces, but 100 lacking 4; by which means, in perfed conformity to the old Roman divifion, and to the latter of the Ounce into eights, they had a Litra of their own, want- ing but little of their Mina, and confiding of ^6 oE their own ^‘Drachmas, fuch as were not of the Roman, but Attick “ Pound. It is evident there was an ancient Attick Mina of 1 6 Roman Ounces. All Authors, and particularly the fragment printed with Galen of the Compofition of Medicines, agree in this. It is affirm’d, in Cap. 2. of the fragment, that che^^//V^ and /Egyptian Mina contain H z I Plin. lib. If. cap. 24. c lib. 21. cap 33 d lib. 13. cap. If. Tiberio priacipi menfam quatuor pedes fextante & Sicilico excedentcm ; tota vero crallitudine fefcunciali. cap. f. f Plinius lib. 27. cap. II. cap. 4. h lib, 3. cap. 19. is e lib. 27. S lib. 7. 57 Weights and Meafures^ &c. is a furrow of ^ inches deep. ‘''Pliny mentions Pygmies who were not higher than terms Dodrantes, that is z Feet and a Palm. ^ Pltru^ius faith, that fteps fliould not be thicker dextrante, i. e. than 1 o inches, nor thinner than dodrante^ i. e, 9 inches. In confequence of the Pes being reckon’d the As, Vupondium is uied for 1 Feet, as you may read in Columella-^ which (entence at the bottom of the page might puzzle any Country-fchool-mafter, if he were not ad- vertiied of the meaning ^ therefore fuch little remarks, tho’ they may feem trifling to fome, are uieful to others. In the Laws of the XII Tables, Sejiertius pes is uled for z s Feet: and tripeda- 7iey TST^TTYiXVi or a walking Animal with two feet, and four Cubits (above 6 Feet) high. There are (everal that pa(s for human Creatures who are excluded by this definition. Pajfus, fb called a pajjts pedihus, is a (pace of 5 Feet long. PUry ufes this Meafure frequently in defcribing the diftances of places. Centenaria and Millenaria^. when join’d to Subftantives, pajfus is often underfiood, as Porticus. Cmtenariiy that is Porticos of i oo~ paces. ^ DecempeJd was a (brt of meafuring Rod for taking the dimen- fions of BuildingSy Are£y Land, Ways, Meadows, Mines, &c. and fignified the (ame thing as Pertica taken as a Meafure of length. From hence came Decempedator for a Surveyor uled by ^Cicero, "" Decempeda was (ometimes u(ed for the Meafure likewise, by the (ame Author. ^The common word for a Surveyor was 'Bnitor, and the Law word Agrimenfor. ^Stadium z Lib. 16. cap. 32. Antandri Platanus etiam circumdolatis lateribus redibilis fponte faSa, vi-^ taeque reddita, longitudine XV Cubitoruin, craffitiidine quatuor Ulnarum. . a Lib. t 6. cap. 40. b Lib. 4. cap. 3. Si ambas manus exp’.ices a pedore, in lineam rcdam, ulna dici- tnr. c Palladius lib. tit. 12. d Philip. 13. Cayebat etiam G. Antonio, qui fucrat xquiifi raus agri privati & public! decempedator. 'Cicero Philip. 14. Quam jam peritus & cal- Hdus decempeda fua faxa diviferit. f Plautus ■ in Poenulo. Nunc regiones, limites, confinia determinabo: ejus rei ego fum fadlus finitor ; Et Cicero contra Trullum. Finitorem mittat, ratum (itj quod finitof uni. iUi, a quo ini^Tus erit, jteaunctaverit. Weights and MeafureSi See. ^ Stadium conmn'd. 125 Roman Paces, or ^25 Feet, according to Pliny and Columella. Pliny tells you that Pythagoras a very la- gacious man reckon’d the diilance of the Moon i 2 (jooo Stadia^ and double of that to the Sun. A Stadium was 4 of a Roman Mile, and equal to 120 EngUjh paces, 4 Feet and 4 Inches and According to Pythagoras therefore the diftance of the Moon from the Earth is about 14418 i EngUjh Miles. Milliare fometimes MilUarium fo called from the thoufand paces which it contain’d. ^Vitruuius makes 5000 Feet and 1000 paces the lame thing. ’ Columella tells you that a Stadium has 125 Pajfusj 2 5 Feet, which multiplied by 8 makes a Mile. Cicero feldom ules the word Milliare^ but mille pajfus. The Miles of old were mark’d with Stones, which were ufed to exprels Miles. Thus ad fecundum Lapidem citra oBa^um Lapidem ^ ad Lapidem duodecimum-, XX. ah Urhe Lapidem. Bis decimus Lapis ah Urhe ; denote fo many Miles. Centum Millia is uled in the Code, for centum milliaria. Valerius Prohus faith the Ancients uled ad quartum Cippum, inftcad of ad quartum Lapidem. Boetius mentions the Gradus as a Roman Meafure, which may be tranflated a ftep, or the half of a Paffus or Pace. But this word is not to be found in any Clallical Author. Some Writers mention Granum as a Mealure, being the fourth part of a Digit. All the Mealures are comprehended in thefe verlb. Ex Grams Digitus quatuor formaUtur unus : Ejl *quater in Palmo Digitus : quater in Pede Palmus i ^inque Pedes Pajfum faciunt: Paffus quoque centum Vigimi quinque Stadium danti fed Miliare OBo dahunt Stadia: at dupUcatam dant tihi Leucam. Schonerus de ufu Globi, cap. i g Plin. lib. 2. cap. 23. Vitruv. lib. lo.l decern pedes colligit, paffus quinque gradu? 14. ‘ Lib. f. cap. i, k Decempeda 'duos cum femiffe. I 2 59 Of 6o Tahki of Ancient Coins, Of Superficial Meafures, and fome Terms of Husbandry. ‘ A CTUS is the length of one furrow, as far as a Plough goes before it turns : it is properly tranflated in Englijh a Furlong. This Meafiire is ufed by Pliny. Taken as a determin’d Meafiire it is I lo Roman Feet. The Romans mention an AStus minimus.^ and quadratus. They tell you that the minimus 1 2,0 Feet in length, and 4 in breadth-. So Varro and Columella. The ^adratus was the Square o£ 1 2.0 Feet, or 14400 : this was called Modius and iW/W. ^Climia according to Columella is a Square, whole fide is 60 Foot, being 3 Inches. Plin. lih. 7. c. 16. faith that was feven Cubits high, or 10 Feet 7 Inches, wiz. Greek Cubits. Pliny lih. y. c. 2. faith that the Syrhota a people of /Ethiopia v/ere above 8 Cubits high, that is above 1 1 Feet 7 Inches. The Bed of Og King of Bafan was p Cubits long, that is it; Feet 5 Inches, and 4 broad, that is 7 Feet 3 Inches. Deut. Chap. 3 . 64 Tables of Ancient Coins t Suidas faith that King Ganges was i o Cubits high, or 1 5 Feet I Inch. Homer Odyf, A- faith that Otus and Efhiakes were p Cubits broad, and 3 C Cubits high. From are derived Tfod'ctiogy Amd^cuog, that is I, 5 Foot long. They uled half a Foot, with the compounds of it, 7 r€flt}/ui 7 roJ)oVy to .fignify 3 half Feet, or I 4 Feet, and 5 half Feet or i Feet. Solon fix’d boun- daries of people’s grounds by the following meafures j a hedge or a wall was to be diftant one Foot from your neighbour’s ground; a houfe two Feet ; a Sepulcher or a Ditch as much fpace as they were deep; an Olive and a Fig-tree nine Feet, and all other Trees five. Thisiwas copied in the Laws of the XII Tables with very little alteration. The walls of Nma^ ot\ Nineveh were 100 Foot high, and the Towers 2,00. ’ ^ Cubit contains one Foot and a half. Hejychius ’^ci 7 \ou Ipyvid T^l'. Weights and MeafureSi &c. may be (een in the chapter of Komcm meafiires. He tranilates TTv^fJU? TSOTCt^cocovlo^yvio^) fyramis quadragenarufn ulnarum. The Pillars of the Cyzicenian Temple were in circumference four Vina or O^yvicUt and j o Cubits high, all of one Stone. The Circumference of the Pillars of Herod’s Temple was 5 ofyviui. Strabo tells you of vines in Mariana, in circumference at the root, of the o^yviou of two men. Hejychius mentions yvir] a mealure equal to the o^yvtct- or is a meafure of 100 Foot according to Sui- das, iyH Ttod'ag p- In the Epitome of Strabo, it is reckon’ dixjYiiuio^ov tQ the ^th part of a Stadium. From comes 7rAf0£>tcM^, an adjedive fignifying a hundred feet long ^ as in Herodotus, (pomKOLg TtAs^e/oung Palm Trees 100 feet long, which he iaith grew in Ba- bylon. And Strabo mentions a Dragon about that length. IlAeO^yt' alfo fignifies a Jugerum or Roman Acte. H^cbiusfmh, fmW^v ytig, 0 Wi 7r7\.i&^Vy i- e. a meafure of land. Plutarch in the life of Camillus calls what Lhy calls Jugerum. So Laurentius Valla tranilates it from Herodotus. ’ according to Suidas, is a mealure of 5 o Feet. And it lignifies likewile a field, or manured ground. according to Herodotus, lib. 2. is a meafiire equal to 100 o^viouy or of 600 Grecian Feet. The lame Author Iaith it is 400 Cubits, v/hich is the lame thing. From comes S'oii’iou^y in Strabo Ttv^fJiihg to v'J/og <^cLS'moi, fignify Pyramids of the height of a Stadium, or 600 Feet. The City Nina, which in the Scripture is called Nineveh, was in Circumference 480 Stadia, according to Diodorus Siculus : which comes near to 5 5 Englijh Miles, reckoning 600 Grecian Feet to a Stadium. The lame was the circumference of Babylon. Strabo lib. I 6. Iaith that Belus’s Sepulcher was a Stadium in height, and in. other every dimenfion''; which if true, it far exceeded the greatell of the /Egyptian Pyramids. K 66 Tables of Ancient Coinsy '%T(Lhm by the ancient Greeks was called avAoVi &om whence came S'lavKo;, a (pace pf two Stadia. 'iTTTttKov is reckon’d 4 Stadia by Plutarch in the life of Solon. And Hefychius faith, Ti?. /. e. a horfe’s courfe of four Stadia. M/Atov a Mile, was taken from the Latin Milk. It contain’d 8 Stadia. Suidas faith, m id . h. e. r o Miles has 8 o Stadia. Some reckon’d it more than § Stadia. Jewifh Meafures of Length, See. r-T'-' Meafures of Length for the firft period are fbme- what uncertain, and in a matter fb obfeure, one mufl; follow common opinions. The Cubit in the Tables formerly publifliedis that of Dr. Cumherland late Bifliop of Peterhoroughy who himfelf follows that of Rahhi Godoliah. This Rabbi, as the learned Dr. Hoofer faith, is fiippofed to fpeak the mind of Maimonides, one of the mofl knowing and learned of their Writers. Accordingly I have ftated the meafure of the Je^ijh Cubit or Ammah to be 2-1,888 Inches Englifi , which is the length of the prefent Cairo Cubit. This depends on the proof of two Pro- pofitions j Firfl, that the prefent Cubit of ^gyft is the fame with the ancient. Secondly, that the Jenuifi Cubic was the fame with the ancient JEgyftian Cubit •, the proofs of which, according to Bifhop CumberJandy are as follow. That the inhabitants of -^gyft have always made ufe of the fame Cubit, is inferr’d from the following reafons. Firft, That there is no intimation in hiftory of any fuch change of their meafure. Secondly, that the Nilometrion or Column divided into ^Egyptian Cubits to meafure the increafe of the height of the Nile, is fuppo- fed by mofl Authors to have continued the fame, ever fince Jo- fefh's Regency. That a certain height of i 6 Cubits (according to Herodotus and other writers) was neceffary to produce the com- mon Weights and Meajures, &c. 67 mon fetcility of the Soil, and by this the people judg’d of the fu- ture Crop. For fuch a natural reafon the government would not, and the people neither would nor could, change the Standard meafiire. Secondly, The Kile by its annual overflowing (bmetimes con- founding the boundaries of people’s properties, it was neceflary to have a ftated Meafure of length to let them out again. Of this Bifliop Cwnherland gives an Example in the land aflign’d to the Militia, as follows. The ftrcngth of this realon may be underflood more clearly / by help of an Example in Herodotus his Euterpe. There he tells that in ^gypt their fettled Militia conflfled of thefe two forts of Soldiers, who were efleemcd above all Tradefmen, the Her- motylite, and the Calajiries. The full number of the later of thefe was ^50000 Men, who in courfes were their King’s Guards, and every one of them had to maintain him and his family Land, (free from Taxes) whole Area, or fuperficial con- tent, was 11 Aroura, each Aroura being 100 Cubits on every Side; which imports that it was the Square of 100 Cu- bits. Wherefore to know how much land this was in our mea- fure, I took the Cairo Cubit an hundred times, which is i 8 2.^4 in our foot meafure, as may be inferr’d from Mr. Greaves his Table: and by fquaring this number, I find an Aroura to be 3 3 2(^5), 7 fquare Feet. Which is confiderably lefs than one Englijh Aciq, for that contains 435(^0 fquare Feet. Hence it will follow that 12 Aroura will amount to ^ 2. fquare Feet. And this divided by the feet of an Englip Acre, will quote which demonflrates that the Land of each Calaji- “ ry amounted to p Englip Acres, and 1 6 5 Millejimals of an A- ere, or i tenth of an Acre, 6 Cents, &c. above the p entire Acres ; And it’s clear, that fo much good land lying where he places it, might maintain any of them with his Family very well. A Cubit fhorter than the Standard, men of their charader would not bear ; a longer mufl either make a Mutiny among themfelves, K 2 ^uiz. 68 Tables of Ancient Coins-, •viz. amongft thofe who were laft ferved; or a Sedition among the people. This is a plaufible argument ; however it is not to be imagin’d that after every overflow of the Nile, there was always a menfura- tion, but fuch a thing might be neceffary (bmetimes. Thirdly, The Nation who conquer’d ^gypf, could not have introduced their meafures j for the Bahylonian Cubit of 5 Palms is much fliorter, and (o is the Roman and Greek and the Turkijh Pike, which is deriv’d from much longer than this Cairo Cubit. Another prefumption arifcs from the Dimenfions of the great- efi: Pyramid^ which meafur’d by this Cubit falls into round num- bers, as it may be fuppos’d an ArchiteB would chufe in fetting out the plan of a (lately building, rather than fuch as end in Fradions. The fides of the Bale of the great Pyramid arc delivered, p. ^ 8, of Mr. Greases s Pyramidographia, to be 6^3 En^ip Feet. For Redudtion, thefe muft be divided by 1,82,4, which is his length, of the Cairo Cubit in our foot meafure, the quote is 3 75»,,5)3 4,, which is fo very little fliort of 3 8 o Cairo Cubits, that I think it reafonable to believe that the old ArchiteBs defign’d juft this even number of /Egyptian Cubits. For if we fuppofe Mr. Greases to have miffed but of a foot, which is not one Inch and an half, in taking this long meafure of near 700 feet, then the Side muft be put <^5?3,iz: this number divided 1^824, will give precifely 380. In like manner I remembred, that Greases, p. 5)6', 5? 7, gives « the length of the exterior Surface of the Tomb, contain’d in the “ midft of the greateft Pyramid^ to be in our foot meafure 7,196, ‘^This reduced into Cairo Cubits, by dividing by 1,842, gives juft four fuch Cubits. I cannot admit of this Argument of the Bifhop’s, at leaft of the inference which he draws from it. For a fliorter Cubit will bring out the dimenfions of the great Pyramid and its parts in round numbers, with better analogy than the Cubit of 2 1 ^8 8 8 Inches. 3 He Weights and Meafures, &c. . 69 He finds the fide of the Bafe to confifi: of 3 8 o fiich Cubits,^ and that of a Tombftone of four, nearly. Mr. Greases has given the dimenfions of fo many parts of the Pyramid, that any Cubit whatfoever would probably anfwer to one or two of them nearly in Integers. So the Strength of the Bifhop’s argument de- pends chiefly on 3 8 o being a remarkable number, fuch as an Ar- chiteU would chufe for the dimenfion of the Principal part of his Fabrick. But why it Ihould be thought fo remarkable for its Square 144400, does not appear, or even la fit for the Side of the ramid, is not fo obvious, fince it confifts of 3 ao and 8 o over. I will luppofe rather that the ArchiteU choofe 400 Cubits for the Side of the Bale-, this is properly a round number, and the Cubit from thence deduced will be found to agree better with the other Dimenfions than the prefent Cairo Cubit. Divide 69^ the number of feet by 400, the quotient will give the ancient /Egyptian Cubit equal to i ,7 3 2. 5 Feet : which is fliort- cr than the Billiop’s : and is compared as follows with Ibmc of the moll remarkable dimenfions. Mr. Greases mentions three Square holes, each in breadth exadly 344(^5 Feet; this number divided by the Cubit 1*732.5 quotes 1,5)5)88, this diflers only iz ten thoufandth parts from z, which therefore I fuppole was the num- ber of Cubits defign’d. Now dividing that number 3,4<^3 by the Bifhop’s Cubit 1*8x4, the quotient 1,85)8 diflers above i tenth from X. The Breadth of a Gallery in the Pyramid is 6,8 7 Feet, which divided by 1*732.5 gives 3*5)6^, which diflers from 2 but by 4 hundredth parts ; but being divided by 1,8x4 gives 3*7 1. 43. ft', de Pignor. ad. Titius pecuniam mutuamac- cepit a C. Seio fab Pignore Cullcorum: iftos GuIIeos cum Seius iu horreo haberet, miftus ex officio annonse, cetiturio culleos ad Aunonara tranftulit. c Si in vetuftatem fervare voles, cado duarum urnarum quam optimi viiii Sex« Urium addito. 84 Jables of Ancient Coins, the Attlcus. Viofcor. Uh. 5 . cap. de ^ino Scillitico. There was a Model of the Amphora kept in the Capitol dedicated to Jupiter^ called the Amphora Capitolina, Rhem. Fannius, ^am ne wiolare liceret, Sacra^ere Jonji Tarpeio in monte i^irites. Cato de re rufiica cap. 5 7. {peaking of the allowance of wine for a family, makes it i d (^adrantalia or Amphorae per man a year, that is about 7 1 Gallons, 8 Pints ^ which is above a Pint and a half a day. Urnay ah urinando, according to VarrOy quod in aqua haurienda urinaty hoc ejl mergitur ut urinator. It is the 4och part of the Cu- leusy and the half of the Amphora : Columella lib. 3 . cap. 3 . Volupus Mcetianus. Columella ibid, (peaks of Vineyards that yielded ^00 C 7 r- 7imetimes life Hemma, adding f>c&juam or iraAwtn'. ^artariusy the fourth part of the Sextarius, as was faid before. Acetabulum, the half of the (^artarius, was firfl: fo called from Ace- turn, in imitation of the Greeks, by whom it is called o^vSoL(pog and o^vSaCpoh becaule it was firil us’d for holding Sauce for meatj and afterwards became a certain meafure of liquids. Cyathus, the i ithpart of the Sextarius, is a Greek word coming from yyah frvdere. Ligula, likewife called Lingua, firfl: fignified a Spoon, but after- wards the Latin Phyficians came to ufe it as a meafure, containing one 48th of the Sextarius. Columella lih. i x. cap, zi. faith it was the fourth part of the Cyathus. Cochlear, Cochleare and Cochlearium often denote a Spoon, and fometimes a Meafure equal to the Ltgula. They are us’d by Fliny and Columella. There was alfo amongfl: the Romans a Libra menfuralis, which the Greeks called jULirPAmj and diftinguiflied from the a/t^ or the libra ponderalis. This confifted of i z Ounces^ and was divided likewife as the As. It was made commonly of horn, and divided by i z lines, marking the Ounces, from whence it was called by Galen fJUT^ciiOV, cornu menfurale. According to Ga- len lib. 6. de compof. Medicament . this Libra menfuralis weighed i o Ounces of Oyl, and of Wine ii Ounces, z Scruples, i Obolus, and I Siliqua, according to the ponderal Libra. The Ancients all along fuppos’d the weight of Oyl to be to that of Wine, as 9 to 1 o, which tho’ it differs from our proportion, might be true in a warmer Country, the warmth of the Air expanding Oyl more than Wine. This proportion of the fpecifical gravity of thofe two li- quors holds in this computation ; for 1 1 Ounces, z Scruples, I Obolus, I Siliqua make i 18 8 Alexandrian Z'L-jfii.l 18 III £ Boeotian 2 . 25 : 442 ' African 2-37<^37 5>l According to a Table of Sir Jonas Moor\ a Peck of EngUjh Wheat weighs 104,884 Ounces, or, ijlh. 1 oz. The lighted: Grain in the former account weighs above one i 8 th part more than EngUjh Wheat. The Wheat was that of the fouthern parts of GW, and I believe the fame proportion would anfwer obfervation at this day. All which is to be underftood at a medium^ for the weight of grain differs very much in different years. I have been more particular in the account of this expe- riment of P//«y, becaufe it fliews that the Meafiire of the Roman AfoWj is calculated pretty true, tho’ by fbme Writers it is reckon’d an uncertain Meafure. There are Trimodia and Vecemmodia, ruftick Veffels. Colum. lih. 1 1. cap. 18. ^ 5. Cato fpeaking of the allowance to Servants, gives it as follows. Familiee ciharia^ qui opus facient per hjemem mtici modhs quaternos^ per ajlatem quatemos femis : VilUco, Villicce, Epifiatee, Opilioni modios Ternos : Compeditis per hyemem panis pondo quaterna : uUwneam fodere c^permt, ufque adeo dum ficus ejfe ceeperint : deinde ad panes of four or five Modii of Wheat which is fomewhat more than fo many of our Pecks, muff be fuppofed monthly, for Vonatus in Vhormionem Terentianum informs us that the monthly Al- lowance of Servants was four Modii : from whence it was called Vemenfiufn either from Menfis or demetiendo : which is a v/ord ufed by Terence, as follows, ^od ilk uncial im ^ioc de Vemenfo fuo, fiuum Jefiraudans ^genium comparfit mifier, id ilia unherfium ahripiet, hand N exifimans panis ponao quina, quatemos redito. This allowance Tables of Ancient CoinSi mpmam qmnto labor e Jit par turn. It is to be oblerved that the Bayliffy Rehe and Shepherd, had \eCs allowance of Wheat than the reft, but it is to be prefum’d they had befides their Wheat other provifions given them which the inferior (ervants had not. As for the four or five Pondo of Bread which the Compedites had, it’s not certain what time it was to (erve them. It will afford fome light in the analogy of their Meafures fii- perficial and of Capacity, as well as in their Husbandry, if we take notice what quantity of feed of feveral grains they us’d to fbw in a given quantity of ground j which according to * Pliny was 5 Modii of Wheat ) 6 Modii of Barley C 6 Modii of Beans f 5 Modii of Peafe } to the Jugerum» Which in En^ijh Meafure is BuOi. Pecks. 2 - - - - O f Wheat ) * U ®”'®yC.rAcre. 2 If Beans f ^ 1 o{| Peafe ) There are feveral other Grains mention’d in that Chapter, but this is fufficient for a proof Semimodim, or the half Modius containing 8 Sextarii, is menr- tion’d by Cicero^ Varro and others. Sextarius was likewife us’d as a Meafure of dry things : as in Palladius: Triginta columbis ^olantihus diurni tres Sextarii tritici fuf- ficiunt, Hemina is a meafure of things dry in Cato, Columella and Palla- dius, §uartariusy * Plin. lib. i8. cap. 24. Serere in jngera tem- 1 os V. — Hordei VI. _ Fab$ qu ntam parteq^ perato folo jullum eft, tritici autliugiiiis Modi- jamplius quam Tritici - - . - - Pifi 111. Weights and Meafures, See. 91 ^artarius, Pliny ufe as aMeafure of things dry. lih, i8.r. 43. And Co were Acetabulum, Cyathus and Ligula, whofe capacities and proportions to one another, are already given in the chapter of li- (juid Meafures. Vairo and Pliny mention Concha as a Mealure for things Dry. Cleopatra faith it was of two forts, the lefTer was equal to one half oxyhayhum j and the greater to an oxyhathum and a half. Greek Meafures of Capacity. 1 N reducing the Greeh folid Meafures to the EngUjh I fliall make ufe of the which made in Weight 72.0 Drachms accord- ing to all Authors, fuppofe of Rain-water, the Anients making no difference betwixt the weight of that and Wine. Taking the Ilea vied Attick Drachm, which is the hundredth part of the old Attick Mina or our A^erdupois Pound, and neglecting the fmall difference in the Tables, I fhall date it at 70 Grains Troy. According to this Drachm, the weight of the Attick mud be 50400 Grains. There are in a folid Foot 17x8 folid Inches, weighing ■j 6 Pound of Rain-water: by this Experiment, -jCo Grains make 3 folid Inches, therefore 50400 make i5>8,5?47 3 7 folid Inches, the number of folid Inches in the yQg ; which is C Pints, folid Inches, fomewhat lefs than the Roman Congius, tho’ the Greek ^Qg and the Roman Congius are ufed indifferently as the fame Meafure by anci- ent Authors; as likewile are the (jth part of them, the and Sextarius, and the i zth, the kotvTkyi and the Hemina. There is great probability that the Greeks meafured the capacity of their weffels by the weight of Oyl, the produCt of their Country. For the Phyficians fpeaking of thofe Meafures always mention their weight in Oyl 5 and Galen fpeaking of the Cotyla, faith that Ueras underdood the Cotyla to be of Drachms, reducing the weight to Oyl. Galen Uh. 5. de compof. Medicam. I find likewifc that it is a general Suppofition among the Ancients, that the weight of N Oyl 92 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ Oyl was to that of Wine as p to lo; fo in the fragment printed after Galen of the Compjition of Medicines, 7 1 Pounds of Oyl is made equal in bulk to 80 Pounds of Wine, s> Pounds of Oyl to 10 Pounds of Wine, and Co every where. According to our ex- periments the weight of Oyl is to that of Wine or frefh water as 47 to 5 17, which is very near as p to ^,96. So fmall a diffe- rence, as we obferv’d before, may be accounted for_, by the Oyl weighing lefs in a warm country than in ours : for warm Air ex- pands Oyl more than water. If we were to make a from holding 720 Drachms or 70 Troy Grains of Oyl, upon this fuppofition of the ipecifick weight of Oyl being to that of water, as 5? to i o, it would be much larger than the Roman Congius, the contrary of which is known. But if they fettled their ^^g by the weight of Oyl, it muff have been by a Drachma of 6 3 Grains, very near fuch as that of the Tables. The largefl: Greek Meafure for things liquid was the Attick Tf >5T«V of J^he mafculine gender, (tho’ Cato and Columella ufe Metreta feminine) that is, the Metretes is 72 afud Nicandri interpretem. Diofcorides de njino ^veratro, faith %cvciSog, and }Lox'^ict^o]/, were alfo us’d as Meafures for things dry ^ their capacity and proportion to one another is the fame as when they are Meafures for liquids, which have been fhown already. The Jewish Meafures of Capacity. 1 N determining the capacity of the Jenxip folid Meafures I have followed Dr. in the Tables formerly publiihed. There is a greater difference between the Rahhins and Jofephus in the account of the Jenxifi Meafures of Capacity, than in that of their Weights and Coins, However we fhall not pofitively adhere Weights, and MeaJureSi &c. to the one or the other, as to omit giving the Objections and Arguments on both hdes. Dr. Cumberland takes the Ephah to be the ^th part of the Cube of the Jenvijh or Egyptian Cubit, which Cube is called Arduh, The /Egyptian Cubit is according to him ii^8 88 Inches, anditsCube 1 04 8 <>^2, whole fixth partis 1 747,7 fblid Inches equal to the Ephah. That the Ephah was the (>thpart of the Cube of the /Egyptian Cubit, the Bifliop proves from the accounts of the Arabian Mathematicians, in which by an ulual commutation of the quielcent letters it is called Oeba or Waiba, which laft word is us’d in the Arabian tranflation to exprels Ephah. According to Golius, at Babylon the Ardub was equal to fix Ephahs, and this proportion was generally acknowledg’d in the Eaftem Countries. He obferves that 1747.7 folid Inches differ very little from 1728, the Cubick Inches of an Englijh Foot. The neglect of a few centefimals in the fide of the Cube would bring it to an equality with the Cube of a Foot. The Bifhop obferves likewife that his Ephah or 1747,7 Cubick Inches contains 1000 Ounces of pure Rain water; this is not true, fuppofing the niceft proportion that the A^erdupois Pound has to the Troy is that of 175 to 144; tho’ that in the Tables be only as 1 7 to i 4, negleding the lafi: figures. According to which the A^erdupois Ounce (whereof there are i ^ in the Pound) is to the Trey Ounce as 17J is to ip2; and 100 Ounces A^ter^ dupois are equal to 43750 Grains Troy, which allowing 7(^0 Grains to a Cubick Inch of Rain-water, make fblid In- ches; which is exceeded by theBifliop’s Ephah or 1747,7 2.0,75 fblid Inches, above f of a Wine-pint. The Ephah or i 747,7 fblid Inches make of Wine-meafure 7 Gallons, 4 Pints, 15,2 fblid In- ches: and of Corn-meafure 3Pecks, 2 Pints, 32,075 fblid Inches. Jofephuslib. 15. cap. ii. faith 0 d'vvctTOU cltIi- Y.i; di'/ct: whereby it is inferr’d that the Ephah, the tenth part of the Corus, was equal to the Medimnus Atticus: which according to the Tables contains 2.354,75 i fblid Inches: and exceeds the Biihoip's Ephah by <>07,051 folid Inches, which make above a O quarter 97 Tables of Ancient Coins, quarter of the whole Mcafure : and (eems to be too great a diffe- rence to happen by any negled in the menfuration. The Bifliop propofes an Argument drawn from his emendation of the following corrupted paflage of Hefychius oi^) fAr^v AU yvTrlkov ^phah an ^Egyptian Meafure e- qual to four Choentces : which is certainly very far from the truth. The BiHiop for puts AAAIIII, which %iify 3 4, and fb makes the Ephah to be 34 Chmicesy which coincides nearly with his determination of it. But this feems to be a very weak argument. Salmafius in his Epiflle to WalmtSy cites an ancient Anonymom Latin Author, who affirms that duo Cori Culleum reddmty h. e. that two Cori are equal to a Cullens, A Cullens contain’d 20 Amphoveey and a Corns I o Ephahs. Therefore according to this paflage the Ephah was equal to the Roman Amphora, which, according to the Tables, is 7 Gallons, one Pint, and 10,6 S (olid Inches, or i. Epiji. calls it Semigomer^ iVeightJ and Meafures\ See. Ephah was a Meafure of things dry, as of Barley, Ruth i. and Meal, Judges 6 , and Numbers y and was of the fame capacity with the Bath in liquids. It contain’d 3 Sata or Seahs, The Chaldaic Paraphrafe renders the Ephah 3 Seahs^ the ancient verfion 3 Modii, Ruth 2. Jofephus Uh, cap, 2.- makes the Seah equal to 1 1 ItaUck Modius^ the Sefquimodms con- taining 24 Sextarii, which multiplied by 3, makes 72, the Mea- fure of the Ephah affign’d by him. The LXX render Ephah vari- oufly, fometimes by the word it fell:^ or Le^it, 5. Numbers i 5 and 18. Judges 6. Ruth z, 1 Samuel 1, and 25 . Some- times by the word jtifJifJLcL- Ezek. 45. So the Latin Verfion has Ephah varioufly tranflated : as by Ephiy a. corruption of Ephah j and by Modiusy Le^it. 1 5?. and fometimes k’s render’d ^ Modn, EfaL y. Ruth 2. fometimes it is confounded with Saturn or. Seaht It’s ren- der’d Amphora by the old verfion, -Zachar. 5 . Saturn or Seah is one of the oldefl Meafures for dry things, as of Meal, Gen, 18. i Kings 18. 2 Kings 7. k was the third part of the Ephah. The LXX render it varioufly ; fometimes by in general: Gen. 1 8 . fometimes very improperly by which is a Mea- fure for liquids, and much larger than a Seah-, fometimes they render it oitplj I Sam. 25. which contains 3 Seahs. And Hagg. 2. the LXX has cretVet, whereas in the original there is no particular Meafure mention’d. The old Latin Verfion has Seah differently render’d, as by Sa- turn y I Sam. 25. hy ModiuSy Ruth 3. i Kings 18. it’s tranflated 2 aratmicula. Omer or Gomor is a Meafure for things dry. Exod. 16. Le^it. j and it was the loth part of the Ephah. The LXX and Epiphanius confound this Meafore with Chomeror Co- ron, (which is a much greater one:) and render them both by Ajfaron and to di>icLrh) fignify the fame as Gomor, Jofephus lib. 8. calls it Ifxrdpm- In the Hebrew inftead of Gomor, Ajfarith is often us’d, it fignifies the i oth part, ^viz. of the Ephah. Jo- 2 fephus lOI loa Tables of Ancient Coins, fephus !ih, 5 . fays that in the time of Claudius an Affaron or Omey^ or Meal was fold for four Drachmay that is at the rate of 8 Shil- lings the Peck : but it was in the time of a dearth. Cah or Kahy and in Epiphaniusy in Latin Cahusy was the <>th of the Seah, Benedi&us Arias laith that a Cah of Wheat fbwed I o 1 fquare Cubits of Ground, which is at the Rate of ^ Quar- ters, 7 Bufliels and i Peck to the En^ijb Acre. In the Scriptures are alfo found Nehely Afifay Nody Cady Ahoth, Purahy Bachucy which fbme Authors take for certain Mea{Lires5 but they rather feem to have been the names of Veffels of no determi- nate bignefs. "The Account of the Hebrew lyeffels according to Jofephus, taken from Bijhop Hooper. H E Quantity of the Je^ijh concave Meafiires, as it is de- liver’d by the Rahhinsy is uncertain. Jofephus the Hifto- rian of that Nation gives a plainer account of them ; and very confiftent with that he has made of the Je^ijh W eights j making them alfo equal to the Attick. He manifeftly {peaks the Log equal to the Attick Xejlesy when he exprelTes the quarter of 2 iCah (in the (econd Book of Kings y Chap. 6 . ‘ver. 2-5 .) by it: And likewifo when he (ets a Bin of i i LogSy at a par with an Attick double Chous of I z Xejles : and alfo a Bath the fame Meafure for liquids (as appears from Ezekiel xlv. 11.) as an Ephah is for dry, and con- fequently of 7 z Logiy or 7 z fuch Xejles 5 not to add that he puts I o of thefe Ephahs in a Corusy as equal to i o Medimni : thole telfimonies of equality in thefe Meafures, are fufficient to let us know, that the Je^ijh VelTels of any certain number of LogSy were ec]ual to the Attick of the fame number of Xejl^y and that if there be an Exprellion of one or two of them, that Teems to import a difference*, it mufl either be wrong read, or not right underftood. An Weights and Meafuresy &c. An Omer or GomeVy for Example, which is declared to be the tenth of an Ephah in Exodus ^ and by the name of a Tenth-deal, or Affaroriy in Numbers ; and can be nothing elie but the tenth of ‘‘71 XeJ}es\ or Xejies is yet under that very name exprefled in Jofephusy as he is now read, by 7 not Xeji^e but Cotylee, And this Diderence muft, in all probability, have rifen by ibmc error “of his Tranlcribers. Epipbantus giving an account of that Afa^ “ roriy makes it coniift of 7 Xefies and a fifth, which is cxadly “ its due quantity j and leaves us to fuiped, that in Jofephus, Xe- Jles at leafl: fliould be read in the place of Cotyla-y and with or without a fradion, as the Author may be fuppoled to have de- “ figned Exadnefs, orbeen content with a near ordinary Approach: “ Or din ary y I lay, becaufe tho’ the fifth part of a Xejies being a fimple fradion, and Arithmetically regular j it is yet no proper “ part of that Meafure, nor can it be expreffed by the lower Mea- fares. But theodoret, on the other fide, fcems in his Copy to “ have read Cotylay as it ftands now in ours. And if we therefore chu/e to make no change, and take in the ^pLtcrv KorvAag cLTlr/toLgy which he cites as from Jofephus ; we may then conjedure, that the j^^g now in Theodoret y was an abbreviated in “ in a berter Copy j and that S'lTict before rioTct^g had been once read, and by this reckoning we then have 1 4 Cotyl^e and a half, “or 14,5 j which exceed the due quantity, ■j^'l Xejl equal to the TryUton. Hejychms. Tcl^ool^oV) the fame with the former. Hejychms. Tct(ULSefoV} the fame alfo as Tryhliom Hefychius.. Fyd/ucoy, the tenth of an Art aha. Epiphanius. equal to fix Choenices. Pollux lih. 4. Adyog, equal to a Metretes. Athenms lih. 1 1. Aii)Ticti half a Medimnus. Hefychius. AiTtlvoy, of uncertain capacity. Hefychius. A^^cUi a quarter of a Xejles. Hefychius. ETKiVtog, equal to the former. Hefychius. ^'EA€(pcig, equal to three Choes. Hefychius. Athenmsi. 'EkIcuoU) equal to ten Cotylce. Hefychius, "ExJcuoh Hefychius. EjULSct(pioy} equal to an Oxyhaphum. Hefychius^ EncLfJLiT^oy, a Cnidian Meafure, Hefychius. 'HfJiUiSoV) equal to four Choenices. Hefychius. "Hpiioyd'ooy} equal to two Choes. Hefychius. "HpLid'Csdd'iactTQyy equal to half a Chous. Hefychiusi *H]W.iX(3AAiov, a Wine Meafure. Hefychius. » 'HfJHavTre/ov, half a Medimnus. Hefychius. Epiphanius. equal to four Choes. Hefychius,' 4 IwW Weights and Meafurest 8cc. "Imv, an ^^yptian Meafure, equal to two CotyU» Cleopatra, Y.cLfJLct^'^igi a Corn Meafure equal to half a Medimms* He* Jychius. 'K.a,fJLci<^gy an uncertain Meafure. Hefychius. KcLVct primum frumentum populo in modios affibus donavit. « Plinius. d Cice- ro in frumentatia \ trrina. e Cicero ibid Ex Senatus conlnlto & ex lege Tererxtia & Caffia, Frumentum emundi duo genera fuerunt, unum certarum Decumarum, alterum quod prxterea Givitatibus xqualiter efl’ct dillributum. lIHus Decumani tantum quantum ex primis Decumis fuiffet, hujusimperati Fritici Modii DCCC mil- lia. Pretium autem conllitiitum tJccumano in Modios fingulos, H S. Ill j imperato H. S. I2I 122 Tables of Ancient CoinSi The Tith-Corn, I fuppofe, was conftantly rais’d at a certain rate, and the Impevatum laid on by a certain diftribution upon the feve- ral Cities, as occahon required. ^Verves is accufed for exa(^ing duodenas fefievtios in modios fin- gulos-, this would bring the Peek to is, lod. 3^^. and the Quarter to 3 /. i /. id, x f y. 5 Afterwards the lame Author exprclTcth the price of the Tith- Corn by the Medimnus Georgicus which contains fix Roman Modii^ which makes kper peck, 5 2, and per Quarter, 15^. 3 i |y. the fame as before. ** He is lb particular as to tell the Sum which was remitted to Verves for the Frumentum imperatum^ ^i%, H, S. 11 . ^ tricies^ or 2, j 8 3 3 /. C s, % d. By the great acceG of Riches and increale of money that hap- pened afterwards, elpecially in the reign of Augufiusy the prices of Corn as well as every thing elle were railed at Rome, ' Tacitus relates that after the burning of Rome by Neroj it was a great confolation to the people to have the price of the com re- duced to 3 nummi^ ^viz. the Modius, or per EngUjh Peck, ^ d, X 41 y. This was the ancient price, and reckon’d very low at that time j for the prices of Flower and Bread mentioned by Pliny are much higher : ^ he tells us that the Bread made of a Modius of coarle Flower coll 40 Ajfesy of that which was entirely purged from the Bran, or very fine flower, 48 Ajfesy and what was made of the Flower of the StUgo, or the finell of all, was double of the firll. If we proceed according to our Englijh manner, it will make the Peck of the cheapell or houfliold Bread worth zs, 6 d, xiy. That of the Wheaten Bread worth 3 j. o d, z ry. And the finell 5 r. id. o 4 y. Harduin explains the words in the lame palTagc of Plify, Pants wero e modio Smilaginis CXXII, e Floris modio CXVII, of lb many frumenti minutum ufque ad ternos nummos. Tacit. Annal. if. k Pretium huic annona media in modios farinae, XL affes : limilagini caftratce odonis affibus amplius, filigini caftrataB duplum. Plinius lib. i8. cap. lo. f Cicero in Verrina frumentaria. g H S. XVIII. Frumentum Sicilicnfe ex lege seftiina- tum eft. Cicer. ibidem, k H S. II. & tricies Verri decretum in frumentum imperatum in annos fingulos. Cicero ibid, i Pretiumque Weights and MeafureSi &c. many pound weight ol Bread j but the pafTage muft be either er* roneous in the numbers or mean fomething elfe, for in the para- graph before, Fliny (peaking of the weight of Bread that could be made of a Modius of French and Italian Flower, hath this Paf* (age, SiUginete farina modius Gallica XXIL lihras panis reddit, Ita^ lica duabus trihufve amplius in artopticio pane. Therefore CXXII pound of Bread of a Modius of Flower is an impoilibility, the C is either redundant, and it fliould be read XXII pound j or fome- thing el(e than Modius muft be underftood. The Englijh Bakers make of a Peck of our Flower 1 8 pound of Bread at moft. The weight of the Peck loaf by the Lord Ma- yors order is 17 Ih. 6 oz. i dr, A Anatocif- mi, which makes the Sum due by the Anatocifmi 1 1 4 : 100 Num- w/ principal and inter eft at 6 per Cent, after 160 years,, make 10^0, to which if you add 1 1 4, it makes 1174. There are Cya- thi in an Amphora, which at 1 Nummi the Cyathus, make 1151 A^«ww/, which wants only 12 of the Sum. And if you reckon that 6 per Cent, to bear Intereft i 8 times, it will add 1 7 Nummi to the Sum, which make it only 5 Nummi fliort of Pliny’s account. This would make the En^ifi quart of the ^inum opimianum ' 3.- mount to 1 3 j. But this proceeded from an accidental reafon of the intereft of the money firft laid out. The prices of Wines at the vineyard were much lower than that of the Opimium, “for Columella faith, that the very worft fort of Vineyards would produce a Culeus o( Wine*, that is, about f of an EngUjh Acre produced 1 4 5 Gallons and 5 Pints 5 which was fold for 300 Nummi, that is 2/. 2 s. 5 4 J. at this rate the Hogfliead comes to i /. os. 11 d. But it muft be confidered that this is at the Vineyard, the worft Ground and the worft Wine. It will be fair to reckon double that price for the common Wine, or about 8/. per Ton. " Cicero ftates the Cuftom exacted for Wine at Touloup, 4 Num- mi the Amphora, which Hogfhead comes to be i /. is. 8|^. There are very low prices mentioned by Authors, 'as that by ® Martial, making it per Gallon about 2 d. and Corn a Peck at 3 1 d. But thofe are mentioned as extravagantly cheap, and poeti- cally. There are likewife recorded times of prodigious plenty, which cannot be drawn into any Rule, as that fpecify’d by p Pliny, when I 2 Pounds of Oyl was fold for an As j and likewife at the Triumph'^- of Met elks, when near an Englijh Gallon of Wine, Roman Pounds turn nummos. Columel. lib. 3. n Quaterni Denarii in fingula^ Amphoras portorii nomine exadi I'ololfas. v ic. pro M. Fonteio. o Amphora vigeflis Modius datur Mrs qua- terno. Mart, p Plia. iiD. IS. cap. 3. mQuippe ut deterrimi generis funt vinesc, ta- men fi culras fint, fingulos utique culeos vini fmga:a eoruin jugera persequabant. utque tre- centijnummii Qaadragens urn» veneunt(quod minimum pretium eft annonasj confument ta- mer. fepttm Ca.ei i'eltertium duo miilia 6c cen- 125 \ U. 600. ia6 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ Pounds of dryed Figs, ten pound of Oyl, 1 1 Pounds of Flclh, and a Peck of Meal, were fold each at an or 3 "^Anno Urhis ^75> Greek and Aminium Wines were forbid to be fold for 8 Affes the Quadrant al, or Amphora, that is for lefi than one penny the Gallon j but this was for a particular rea- fbn. CHAP. IV. Of the Price of Cattle. I Can difoover very little of the price of Cattle amongft the an- cient Romans, “ In early times die price of a good Calf, was 2 5 Ajfes, IX. y\d. * The price of a Sheep, a Denarius, or y \d, *The price of an Ox ten times as much, that is C s. $ \d. But thifo prices mull; have been afterwards very much increaled, for Vdrro {peaking of the price of a Peacock, 'faith that it was a- bove the price of a Sheep, which at ieafh is an argument that a sheep was not much ihort of the price of a Peacock, and this was 5 o Denarii, or i /. izs. ^ \d. The Roman Fines or Penalties exaiSted by Law had dill a Rela- tion to thofe original prices of Cattle, and were very gentle at firfl, and continued dill to be fo from the nature of their Government. Their effeds at firll: confided chiefly in Cattle, publick plunder retained the name of PecuJatus. The loweff fine of all was a Sheep, or 7 1 d, ^The Fine for a private injury, a Calf, or is, y id, ‘"The q P. Lucinius CraflTus & Julius Cjefar Cen- fores A.U. DCLXXV. edixerunt ne quis vi- num Grsecum, Aminiumque, odtonis ^ris lingu- la Qnadrantalia venderet. Plin. lib. 14. c. 14. a Epicharmus apud Pollucem, Feftus Pom- peius. f Eofque cum creverunt ('pullos nempe pavonum) quinquagenis denariis vendit, ita ut nulla ovis hunc affequatur frudtum. b Afles viginti quinque pcenae font, fi quis al- ten injuriam facit. Cell. lib. 26. cap. i. Weights and MeafureSi &c. * The rate of the higheft Fine was 30 Oxen, and two Sheep, or 3010 Affes^ that is p/. 15X. from which Gellius oh^ ferves, that Oxen were more numerous than Sheep, and I am told it is fo at this time in Italy. ^ The Regard had to that rate of fining, was confidef d even in the time of Jufimian ,• for the Judges under Proconfiilar Au- thority were forbid to fine above a ^adrans of a pound of Gold, which according to the value at that time was 9 /. i 5 j-. o^, d. Thofe who had Proconfular authority, could fine auri femijfem, or double the former Sum. It was allowed to the Prafetius Pra- toYu to fine as far as 5 o pounds of Gold, not (6 much with re- gard to the Dignity of his office as the Atrocity of the fad:. * GeUitis tells us, there was an exception from the ufual gentle rate of fining in the cafe of a Lady, who for the incivility of her Speech was fined XXV. M. X milUa 80/. 1 4 r. y d. ^ SeJleYtiornm X millia was likewife the Fine for laying one’s Tail in the Fountain of an Aquedud:, making 80/. 145. yd. * Cities were fined pretty high, Rhodes by Brutus fined 500 Talent Si 5^875/. I have been induced by the price of Cattle to fay fb much of the rates of Fines, from this fmall relation it had to the fubjedt of Cattle. To return to the price of Cattle : As to horfes, Lhy ^ tells us that there were 10000 A^es given out of the publick money to the Equites to buy horfes, and that the Widows were oblig’d to contribute towards their keeping the Sum of xooo Ajfes yearly. If, as it is commonly fuppofed, there were two horfes, the price of them was 32/. 5 j. 10^. or, fer Florfe, iCl. zs. ii d. And • Gellius, lib. ii. NoSium Atticarum.l d Lege ultima demodo muldarumin Codice Juftiniano. e Gell. lib. 9. De AppiiCae- ci filia. Ob haec mulieris verba tamimproba ac tarn incivilia, ABdile* Plcbei multam dixerunt ei jEris gravis XXV millia. Id faftum bello Punico primo. f Seftertiorum dena millia multa efto, fi quis aquam Aqusedudlus dolo malo oletaret, ubi publice falit. s Plut. in Bru- to. h Ad equos emendos dena millia .^Eris ex publico data; & quibus equos alerent, vidu^ attributa;, quae bina millia jEris in annos fingu- los penderent. Livius lib. 1. 127 128 Tables of Ancient Coinst And their feeding came yearly to 6 l. 5 s, % d. which is per Horfe, 3/. 4X. yd. Thcfe (eem to be pretty high rates for that time, tho’ much . inferior to the prices of horfes afterwards. ‘ GelUus mentions one fold for 100 Sefiertiay 807/. 5 r. 10 d. " ^The price of Bucephalus was 1 3 Talent Sy 2518/. i 5 r. ^ Vliny relates from Vdrro, that a Jack-A6 for a Stallion was bought for 3 12 5> /. 3 4 And that in Celtiheria, a Pro- vince of Spainy a She-Als has brought Colts to the value of 3225)/. 3 j. 4^. " Varrds price indeed is much inferior to that of Blinyy he {peaks of an Afs fold in his own time at Romey for 60000 H.S, 484/. y s. 6 d. By the above-cited paflage of Varro, it appears that the price of a Sheep was fomewhat under that of a Peacock, ^iz. i /. i 2 x. 3 i Suppofo we fix it at 25 Shillings a Sheep, or 25 Pound the Score ^ according to the fore-mention’d proportion of a Bul- lock being ten times as dear as a Sheep, the price of one will be 12/. I o X. and that of a Calf will come out 5 /. is. 6 d. fince it was IX. y id. when the price of a Sheep was 7 % pence, or as 5 to 2. This will make the price of Butcher’s meat in Varrds time not much different from what it is in London. ‘ Gell. lib. 3. cap. 9, ^ Gellius lib. 5”. cap. 2. 1 Plin.lib.8. cap. 4.3. Afinum CGCG.M nummum emptum, Quinto Axio Senator!, auftor eft M. Varro, hand fcio an omnium pretio animalium vidto. Plin. ibid. n Varro lib. 2. cap. I. Tertiapars eft, quo fint feminio quasrendum. Hoc nomi* ne enim Alini Arcadici in Gracia nobilitati, in Italia Reatini, ufque eo, ut mea mcmoria afi- nus venierit fextertiis millibus LX. CHAP. Weights and Meajures, See. lap CHAP. V. Of the Roman Expences in Eating. W E have been able, as appears by the former Chapter, to difeover fbmewhat, at leaft by inference, of the common prices of Butcher’s meat ; and as to Fowl and Fiih, Au- thors take little notice of the common prices, but only mention thole that are extravagant. * I find that Turdi, fat Birds, which we commonly tranflate Fowl. Thruflies (but of whig:h there are (everal forts) were fold a-piece at 3 Denarii is. ii^d. they were in great reputation, and uled in Feafts. ‘’Peacocks were fold dear, the price of one was 50 Denariiy I /. IIS. i\d. ** A flock of a hundred was fold at a much dearer Rate, for XL M. H.S. or 321/. 18/. 4 d. ‘’One of their Eggs was worth 5 Denariiy 3 j. z^d. M. Aufidius Lurco ufed to make every year of his Peacocks ^0000 H S. or, 484/. ys. 6 d. *Varro faith he has known 5000 Turdi come from one Farm in a Year, which according to the foremention’d price are worth 484/. 75. Cd. ' Commonly fine Doves were fold the pair at the fame price with Peacocks, ^ix. zoo Nummi, or il. 11s, Others of a finer kind were much dearer. Vdrro relates that Axius refufod to give a pair of his under 400 Denarii.^ i zl. i 8/. ^d. S When a Atque inhac villa qui eft ornithon, ex eo uno quinquemihia fcio veniflTe lurdorum denariis ternis, ut fexaginta miUia ea pars reddiderit eo anno vilise. Varro iib. 3. cap. 2. b Idem lib. 3. cap. 6. c Faria lingula vulgo veneunt ducenis nummis, nec non eximia fingulis mil- !ibus nummum, quas nuper cum Mercator tan- ti emere vellet a L. Axio Equite Rv mano, minoris quadringentis denariis daturum nega* vit. Varro lib. 3. cap. 7. fables of Ancient Coins^ when the Merchant who was buying them, ofFered looo Num- mty 8 /. IX. s\d. But thofe were valu’d fo highly for Pleafure, rather than the Table. , ** Augujius Cafar bought the Crow that (aluted him as he was returning from AUiumy a pennyworth at xoooo Nummiy iCil. X. % d, *A white Nightingale was bought at ^ Sefiertiay 48/. 8 x. s^d. for a prefent to Agrippinay Claudius's Wife. ^Goofe Down was fold per Pound for 5 I>£narUy 5 x. 6 id. The Romans were more extravagant in the prices of their Fi/h, than of Fowl. ^ Ju^venal tells you of a Mullus (which is fuppo- fed to be what the French and we call Surmoullet) bought for ^000 Nummiy 48/. 8 x. ^ d. According to Macrohius there was paid for another 7000 Nummiy $6l. lox. i id. ‘ For a third, according to 8 o o o <^4/. 1 1 x. 2d. which he reckons the more wonderful, the Mullus being a Fiih that feldom exceeded two pound weight. Thefo are not to be rec- kon’d common prices j but as they were the effeds of great Extra- vagance and Luxury, they were, indications of great riches, at lead: among the people of high rank. Fifties at Rome, like Toafts, were fometimes in vogue, then wore out by length of time, and fuccceded by others. “"Thus the Acipenfer or Sturgeon was dethroned by the Scarus, and the Afellus or Whiting by the Murena. However the Act- penfer had ftill fome Honour paid him, having the Hautboys mar- ching up before him, and being carried by people with Coronets on d S”.eton. in Augufto. ^ e Scio feftertiis fex, candidam [Lufciniam] alioquin, quod eft pro- ps inufitatum, venifle, quse Agrippinas Glaudii Principis conjugi dono daretur. Plin. lib. lo. cap. 29. f Plin. lib. lo. cap. 22. g — - Mullum fex millibus emptum. Juv. Sat. 4. h Macrob. lib. 3. cap. 16. feptem millibus. > Plin. lib. 8. cap. 17. o 61 o millibus nummum Alinius Celer,hoc (Mulloj pifce prodigus, Caio Principe unum mercatus eft ; quod ideo mirum videri debet, quod hie Pifcis raro admodnm bi- nas libras ponderis exfuperat. k Plin. lib. 9. Sedk. 37. Apud antiques pifeium nobiliflimus habitus acipenfer. Sedt. 38. Poftea prtecipu- am audkoritatem fuifle Lupo & Aiello. Seft. 39. Nunc Scaro datur principatus, qui folus pifeium dicitur ruminare ; proxima eft his men- fa generis muftelarum ex reliqua nobilitate & gratia, maxima eft & copia Mullis licut magni- tudo modica. - Weights and Meafuresi Sec. on their Heads to the Table. (Ut Aetpenferm inferrent Coronati cum cantu Tthiat) Notwithftanding the great reputation of the Sca^ rusy the Mullus kept his ground among the polite. ^Farro owns that you might (boner get the heft Team of Horfesout of Horten- fiuss Stables, than a bearded Mullet out of his Ponds. “The Trtpatanmyw\i\ch. we (hall tranllate Triplet, was the chief eating according to Fenejiel/ay which confifted of the Lamprey, the Lupus Marmus (not our Pike as we imagine) and the Myxo ano- ther fifh, which hath no EtigUjb Name. The(e were (erv’d up together in one machine with three Bottoms. Much may.be faid in honour of the Muratiay or Lamprey. ■C. the moft famous Roman for Fifli-ponds, thought his Lampreys ineftimable ; he would not (ell, but lent fix thoufand of them for Ctefars Triumphal Supper. Lucius Crapts, a Man of Cenforial Dignity, went into Mourn- ing for a deceafed Lamprey ; ^ and Fedius Pollio a Roman Knight, a great Friend of Augujfus, fed his Lampreys with his condemned Slaves, and yet he was celebrated for a good-natur’d man. Our Age is as yet unacquainted with the nicenefs of ^ the Ancients in weighing their Fifties at Table, and beholding them expire. "The death of a Mullus v^irh. the variety and change of Colours in its laft moments, was reckon’d one of the moft entertaining Spe- (ftacles in the world. »It is (bme honour to our Nation that the Sandwich Oy- fters were famous [Rutupino de fundo) but I cannot diftover what they were a Barrel. S 2 ‘The 1 Varro lib. 3. cap. 17. Celerius voluntate Hortenfii ex equili educeres Rhedarias ut dbi haberes mulas, quam e pifeinis barbatum mul- lum. mpiin. lib. 35-. Tripatanum, inquit Feneftena,appellabatur fumma coenarum lau- titid, una erat Muraenarum, altera Luporum, term Myxonis pifds. »» Plin. lib. 9. cap. yf. C. Hirrius ante alios, qui coenis triumphalibus Cjefaris Didatoris, fex millia numero Murae- narum mutuo appendit. Nam permutare qui- cem pretio noluit. « Quod Lucius Crafliis vir Cenforius Muraenam in pifeina domus fuse ir.ortoam atratus luxerit. p Plin. lib. 9. cap. 23. Vedius Pollio Eques Rom. ex amicis D. Aogufli, vivariis earum (mursenaruin) immer- gens danmata mancipia, non tanquam ad hoc teris terrarum non fufficientibus, fed quia in a- lio genere totum pariter hominem diftrahi, fpedari non poterat. ’ q Ammian. lib. 28. I Plin. lib. 9. cap. 17. Mullnm expirantem vcrficolori & numerofd quadam varietate fpe- dari, procercs gul® narrant, fubentium, Squa- marum multiplici mutatione pallefcentem uti- que fi vitro fpedetur inclufus. • f Plin. lib. 32. cap. 6. Item Juvenalis Circseis nata forent an Lucrinum ad faxumRutupinoquecdita fundo Oarea 132 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ ‘The Homans were in as great favour with their Fiflies, as their Fifties were with them : no body could lay they were deaf, for they would come when they were called. "A Lady bellowed Earings upon a favourite Lamprey. After what I have faid of the great value the Romans put upon Fifties, it will rot appear incredible that Birrius fliould (ell his Fifti'ponds for ^adragks H 5 '. 3 zi5>i /. 1 5 4^/. ^ And that Lucullus’s fifli, after his death, ftiould be (old for the fame, wiz. 3 1 z 5? i /. 1 3 j. 4 ‘ It will not be impertinent to the prefent fubjedl to make ho- nourable mention of Fuhius Hirpinus, who was the firft that made a Nurfery for Snails, and fed them (b well {farre ^ fapd) with bran and boil’d wine, that the capacity of the Shells of Ibme of them amounted to 80 ^adr antes y or zo Sextarity that is about I o Quarts. ^ As to the price of fruit, we know that peaches were fold firft for a Denarius j id. And they role afterwards to 30 Nummiy or /^s. 10 d. ' Cherries were brought out of Pontus by Lucullus A.U. ^go, and were brought into zo years afterwards, which makes it Anno Dorn. 5 5 . But I cannot find what they were a hundred. Large Afparagus was fometimes fold a-piece for 6 d. which will make them amount to z /. los. per hundred. ^ But the Ravenna Afparagus was as large as our Batterfea Af- paragusy weighing four ounces a-piece. The forementioned particulars will dilpofe the Reader to be- lieve that the Romans were as extravagant in their eating in the laft Days t Plin. lib. 10. Mart. lib. 6. Ep. 30. w Antonia Drufi, murxnse quam diligebat, in- anres addidit. Plin. lib. 9. cap. ff. * Hujus villam intra quam modicum quadragies pifcinx venierunt. Plin. lib. 9. cap. fj:. y Quadra- gies HS. pifcinx a defundo illo veniere pifces. Plin. lib 9. cap. fq. a Cochlearum vivaria inftituit Fulvius.Hirpiuus. (& paulo poftj Quin & faginam earum commentus eft, fapa & farre, aliis generibus, ut cochlex quoque altiles gane- am implerent: cujus artis gloria in earn magni- tudinem perdu£la ftt, ut odloginta quadrantes caperent fingularum calices. Plin. lib. 9. cap. f6. b Primo denariis fingula venundata, pre- tiumque jam fingulis triceni nummi fiiere. Pjin. lib. ij'. cap. 12. c Cerafi ante vidoriam Mi* thridaticam L. Luculli non fuere in Italia. Ad Urbis annum DCLXXX. is primum vexit e Ponto: annifque CXX trans Oceanum in Bri- tanniam ufque pervenere. Plin. lib. 15-. cap. 25". d Plin. lib. 9. cap. 4. Weights and Meafuresy See. Days of their Commonwealth, as they were frugal in the begin- ning of it. * For in early times they were allowed only to lay out on feftival days 50 Aps, is, ii^d. on eatings They were al- lowed to lay out on a Supper no more than 100 Aps, 01 6 s. 5 ^d. (befides the produdt of the ground, that is, Bread, Drink, Roots and Legumes,) whence they were called Centenaria Coenee, And Lucilius the Poet from his manner of living was named Centups, ^Cato the elder never (pent more than his Allowance of 30 Apes on a meal. But they arrived by degrees to an incredible extrava- gance. ^ Heliogahalushid out on 2 L Supper tricies H. S. 24218/. 15/. ^Caligula (pent on a Supper Centies H.S, 80725? /. 3 x. 4^. ^Vitdlius in eating and drinking, within the Year, (pent 22500 Myriads of Drachms , 7.2^5^25/. ^ Tacitus faith, that he fpent the fame Sum in a few Months, *vix, 7.2^5^25/. ^ Lucullus's eftablifliment for his Suppers in the Apollo, was 50000 Drachms, i <7 1 4 /. 1 1 x. S d, ^ Claudius JEfopus the Tragedian had one diHi that coft him €00 Sefiertia, 4845/. lox. In which, to enhance the price of it, he had put hnging Birds. • The young Captain, his Son, treated his Guefts with coftly Pearls, a Pearl for ev’ry Gueft made into Pearl Cordial. It may feem fomewhat difficult to make out the Bills of fare for fome of the foremention’d Suppers, efpecially thofe of Vitel- lius. I queftion not but an expert Clerk of a Kitchen can do it from the following hints. ® Firft, his Imperial Majefly eat four times a-day ^ no Supper, Breakfafl or Collation under 400000 Nummi, or 3225?/. 3 x. 4^. and e Macrob. lib. q. cap. 17. Afles triginta duntaxat cdundi caulS caique fumere licebat, ex lege Licinii. ^ Plutarch, in Catone majore. t Lampridius corropte tribus millibus H.S. pro tricies H. S- h Seneca de confolatione. i Dio in VitelHo. k Lib. 17. Novies Mil- lies H. S. Vitellius Cffifar paucis menlibus in- vertifle creditur. 1 Plutarch, in Lucullo. ' Kplin. lib. 10. cap.6o- Maxime tamen infignis eft in hac memoria Ciodii .$fopi Tragici Hi- fiiionis patina fcxcentis feftertiis taxata. a Iterum lib. C3p. 12. Cum unam patinam .ffifopi Tragoediarum hiftrionis in natura avium dice- remus fexcentis feftertiis ftetilfe, non dubito in- dignatos legentes. o Sueton. in Vitelliocap. 13. Trifariam femper, interdum quadrifariam difpertiebat in jentacula & prandia & ccenas, commeftTationetque: facile omnibus fufficiens, vomitandi confuetudine. Indicebat autem aliud a!ii eadem die : nec cuiquam minus linguli ap- paratus quadringenis millibus nummum conlti- terunt. 194 Tables of Ancient Coinsi and by way of preparation for the next meal he took gentle Erne- ticks between them. ^ His Brother once gave him a pretty coftly Supper, in which there were two thoufand of the choiceft fifties, (even thouGind of the choiceft Birds j one difli for its amplitude and capacity was called Mmer, was not only true, but agreeable to the Cha- racters and Manners of the People. As for their Napkins, Helm- gahalus had thofe of Cloth of Gold, and GaJiems too, as Trehellms relates ; but they were moft commonly of Linnen, fbme of fbft Wool as Trimalcions, qui non linteis tergehatur, fed pallus ex mol- UJjima latiafaBis. In fbme Banquets the Guefts brought their own Napkins. . There is a deftription of the magnificent and expenfive man- ner of eating of the ancient Romans^ Greeks and Barhari- ms, in Philo Judms, de mta contemplatiua. It is too long to in- fert here, but fbme of the particulars which he mentions are, Beds adorn’d with Ivory, Tortoife-fliell, Pearls and precious ftones ; Ma- treftes of Purple interwoven with Gold, adorn’d with Foliages and Flowers; vaft Side-boards of drinking Cups, and Vafes of the rich- eft workmanlhip : being ferv’d with handfome young Boys, paint- ed, curled, and finely dreft’d : (even changes of Tables, and fbme- times *35 Tables of Ancient CoinSi times more, (erved up with the greatefl: delicacies, that Earth, Sea or Air could afford. It was the cuftom then to change the Ta- bles with the Courfes or Services. They liv’d upon the fame forts of Flefh and Fifh as we do, on- ly they had no Turkeys. We have mentioned fbme of the Fiflies that were in greatefl requeft, as the Sturgeon, Scari, Lamprey, Lu- pus Marinus, &:c. Athenceus lih. i. cap. 4. acquaints us, that Sicilian Lamprey Eels, tuTkoutcu, that is floating, (perhaps in oppofition to muddy,) the Belly of Tunny Fifli taken at Pachynum, Kids from the Ifland of Melos, Mulets from Symetum, Shell-fifli of Pelorus, Herrings of Lipara, Radijhes of Mantinea, Turnips of Thehes, Beets from Afcra, were in greatefl eflcem. They had a great variety of Cakes, as Placenta, Laganum, Lihum, Scrihlita, Sphcerita, Crajlia- num, Sirutum, Crujlulum. Each of which may make a very good Subject of a Diflertation for an Antiquary ^ as alfb whether they had Pyes. One may judge of the art of their Cooks from this, that they could make artificial Birds and Fifhes, in Default of the real ones, and which exceeded them in the exquifitenefs of the Tafle. Nicomedes King of Bithynia, longing for Herrings, was fupplied with freOi ones by his Cook, tho’ at a great diflance from the Sea. Trimalchus's Cook could make out of Hog’s Flefh all forts of Fifhes and Birds. They were much addided to boiling and roafting with Puddings in the Belly. Athenaus fpeaks of a Cook that could drefs a whole Hog in that manner. I refer the Pleaders to the Writers on this Subjed, for accounts of their Pickles and Sawces. They made a very favoury one of the In- trails of the Beafls which they drefs’d. Their Tables feem to have been more delicate than abundant. There is a Bill of Fare, and the Company recorded, in Macrohius lih. z. cap. 51. who took it out of the Records of the High-Priefl • MeteVus. It was the Inauguration Supper of Lentulus, when he was made Flamen Martialis, Priefl of Mars. The Guefls were all ficred perfbns, Priefts and Veftals. There were ten Men in two Triclinia, ^iz. Lentulus himfelf, ^ Catulus, M. JEmilius Lepidtis, V. Silanus, Weights and Meafurest &c. P. Silams, C. Cafar Rex faerorum, P, Sca^ola Sextus, %X^Yneltus, P. Vbhtrmius, P, AlVmouanus, and h. Julius Cafar the Augur. In the third Triclinium were Popilia, Perpennia, Licinia, Armtia, Ve- ftals; and Puhlicia Flaminica his Wife, and Sempronia his Mother- in-law. The Bill of Fare follows, at the Inauguration Supper of Lentulus. Ante Coenam.' Before Supper, orthe firjl Courfel Echmi, Shell-fifli, prickly like a Hedgehog. Ojkea cruda, (quantum Delint , Raw Oyfters, as many as they pleas’d. Pelorida, Cockles, fo call’d from Pelorus 'm Sicily. Sphondyli, The grifly parts of Oyfters, Turdi, Thrulhes, Afparagi, Afparagus, Suhtus Gallinam altilem. Under a cramm’d Fowl. Patina Ojlrearum, A plate of Oyflers. Pelorides, Cockles. ^ Balani ni^i,7 Another Shell-filk, fhap’d like an A- Balani albi, ^ corn. Iterum Sphondyli, The grifly part of Oyflers a 2d time. Glycomarida, The largefl kind of Cockles. ■ Ulrica Ficedula, Beccaficos. Lumhi Capragines, Apru^i, Chines of a Goat and Boar. Altilia ex farina inDoluta, Fat Birds in pafle. Ficedulay Beccaficos. Murices, Two forts of Shell-fifli, of which the Purpura. S purple Dye was made. In Coena. At Supper. Sumina, Dugs of a Hog. Sinciput Aprugnum, Boar’s Cheek. T Patina 138 Tables Patma fifcium, Vatina Suminisy Anates, §uer^uedulee cUx^^y Lepores, Altilia Apty Amyluniy Vanes Vicentesy of Ancient Coins ^ A Difh of Fiih. A Difli of Sow Dugs. Ducks, Boiled fat Birds. Hares, Cramm’d Birds roafted. A Pudding. A fort of Cakes. In anfwer to fome who have doubted whether it were poflible for Vttellius to fpend L in eating and drinking within the Year ; I will fuppofe his Eftablifliment to Band thus. For the ordinary of his Table, four meals a-day, at the rate of 3 2,15? /. 5 ^d. per Meal inaYear; For the Extraordinaries of P^?/ 4 ?/s Buckler yG^ Gz^ o o For his other Tables and Contingencies 1.78541^ 13 4 Sum Total y.zG^Gz^ o o With very good Clerks of the Green-Cloth this Sum might have ferv’d a Year, but with bad Management, it’s no wonder it was fpent much fooner. As I intend to deal candidly with' my Readers, I would not willingly lead them into any miftake about a matter of fuch con- foquence as /Efop’s Difh above-mention’d, neither would I incur the Dilpleafure of learned men, who in their Difoourfes about this Va^ tina have fallen into indecencies, which nothing but the Dignity of the Subjedf could excufe. Grono^ius has corrected Vliny three times, and TertulUan once in this matter, with a great deal of Judgment. Hotoman has taken Budms to task, and Grononjius refutes them both, Manufcripts have been oppos’d to Manulcripts. As for my part, 1 invoke the aid of all great Criticks to afhfl me, before I give my Judgment /. d . , 4. 7 1 4 ; 8 3 G 8 Weights and Meafures^ &c. Judgment in (b important a matter. The paflages which com- memorate this famous Fatinay as they are commonly read, are Firfl, Plm. lib. lo. caf. 5 i. Maxtme tamen tnjignis efl in hacme- moria, Claudii -^fopi Patina fexcentis feftertiis taxata, in qua pofuit a^'cs Cantu aliquo aut humano fermone locales, Nummis fex fingulas coentptas. Plin. lib, 35. cap. 12. Nam nos, cum unam JEfopi Tra- gasdiarum Hijlrionis, in natura a I /. 1 3 j. 4^. Ladies would pay for one piece of Lin- nen 8072/. i8j-. 4^. Their Extravagance in Cloaths appears from one par- ticular, that they changed them often, in their Banquets, and Baths. In ftating the balance of Expences between the ancient Roman, and our DrelTes, the particulars mull be confider d : firfh Linnen was not us’d among the Romans, at lead by men, till about the time of Alexander Se^aerus, of whom Lampridius, who wrote his Life, oblerves that he wore Linnen. yarro lib. i . takes notice that after the Romans began to wear two Tunichs or Coats, they introduc’d the words Subucula and Indujium. It is certain that Augufius wore a woollen shirt. Suet, in Aug. cap. 82. Hieme quaternis cum pin- gui Toga, Tunicis ^ Subuculae thorace laneo ^ fceminalibus tibiali- bus muniebatur. Plin. lib.' i s>. cap. i. relates it from Fdrro as a particular piece of Luxury of the family of the Serrani, that the Ladies wore Linnen : fo that in this Article the Balance of Ex- pences is on our fde. The Tunicks of the Romans ^ which proper- ly anfwer to our Waftcoats, v/ere fimple, without Ornaments, and with very iliort Sleeves. Thofe who ferved at Table wore them larger plaited, and tied with a girdle. Next to the Punick they wore the Chlamys or Paludamentum, which was a fort of a fhort Cloak tied with a Buckle commonly to the right Shoulder : this was a garment of People of Quality, and commonly wore by the Emperors. The Pallium was a Garment fomewhat like that of the Ecclefiaflicks in Popiili Countries, but fhorter. There were a great many forts of them. The Palliolum was fomewhat like our Riding- Hoods, and ferv’d both for a Tunick and Cloak. The Phelone or "^Sueton. in C^fare. cap. 43. a PHn. Hb. 8. cap. 48. P euula Weights and Meafures, See. PenuJa did not differ much from the Chlamys, except in the Scuff k was made of. The Toga was a Robe of Quality, not allowed to the ordinary people : it came, as TertulUan {de pallio) obferves, from the PeJafgi to the Lydians, and from the Lydians to the Ro- mans, The Antiquaries being but indifferent Taylors, they wrangle prodigioufly about the cutting out the Toga: I am of opinion a Mantua-maker could decide thofe Difputes better than the mofi: learned of them. I mention thofe Habits, in order to obferve, that becaufe of the fimplicity of the Shape, want of Ornaments, But- tons, Loops, Gold and Silver Lace, they muft have been cheaper rhan ours, both as to the price of Materials and Taylor’s Bills,- and becaufe loofe Garments are likewife more lading. One of the mod valuable Trimmings of their Cloaths was a long Stripe low’d upon the Garment, call’d latus Clavus. A latus Clauus of Gold was an extraordinary thing for Fopifeus in Bonafo, quotes a Letter of the Emperor Aurelian, which mentions amongd the Prefents lent to Bonafus by the Emperor, Tunicam auro cla^vatam fuhfericam. Horace de Art, Poet. Purpureus late qui fpJendeat unus ^ alter Adfuitur parmus, The Trahea or Fejlis traheata, feems to have differ’d from fome of the former in Shape as well as in the condition of the Stuff : accord- ing to it’s appellation, in all probability it was only a driped Gar- ment. The Lacerna came from being a military Habit to be a common Drefs, efpecially in the Country; it had a Hood which could be feparated or join’d to it, as occafion requir’d. The common People us’d this of a dark Colour, and the Nobles of Pur- ple. The Bhrrhus quaji nvpjiog, was a Lacerna of a Flame Colour. The Gaufape was a Habit rough and hairy on one fide j and the Am- phimalla was rough on both fides. The fimplicity of their Orna- ments appears from the Habits of the young Nobility, for the Pn^- texta which was given to young Noblemen at the Age of fixteen, had 144 Tables of Ancient Coins t had only a purple border about it. It would feem that they did not make ufe of Handkerchiefs, but of the Lacinia or border of the Garment to wipe their face : for Plautus faith At tu adipoJ, fume Laciniam ahjlerge Sudorem tihi. All thefe Garments were for the mofl part made of Wool at firft. Silken Garments did not come in till late, and the ufe of them in Men was often relfrained by Laws. Voftfeus tells us that the Emperor AureUan denied his Wife a Silk Gown, and thought the demand very extravagant. And here I mull advertife the Reader that tho’ I have all along tranflated Sertca Silken, it may not be the proper fignification of that word : for good Critic ks diftinguifh the Vejlis Bomhicina from Sertca. And they are fo di- llinguilli’d by Ulpian lih. 23. ff. de Auro Arg. Leg. Vejlis an qje^ Jlimenta legentur nihil refer t, . that he would' inquire if he had' fuch, and meeting the Prator next day, ask’d him how many he* wanted, he told him a hundred, but Lucullus bid him take twoj hundred.. See Horace to the fame purpofe.^ CHAP. Weights and Meafures, See. J49 Of the Prices of Houfes. I Have been able to dilcover very little of the common rates of" Houfe-rent'*, ^ There is a PalTage in that {eemstomake that of the midling people at Korney in the time of Julius Cee^ far, amount to zooo Nummi, i6 1 . z s, ii d. In the other parts* q£ Italy to 500 Nummi, 4/. os. 8|J. Grotnonjtus proves from a palTage of Dio, that the - latter Sum > was only a Quarter’s Rent. ^ Syll a was reproached by his Fellow Lodger; that he was' once* in lb low a Condition, that whilft this Fellow Lodger paid a 5 o • Drachms,. 8 /. 1 s. $ {d, for the uppermoft Story, he paid for the- reft of the Houfe 750 Drachms, 14/. 4 r. 4 1 d. The great Peo- ple of Rome were magnificently lodged. Yet it appears by a paf lage in ' Ciceros Oration for M. Ccelius, that an annual Habitation^ or Houfe-rent of 3000.0. Nummi, z^zL ys. ^d. was reckon’d*^ pretty high. The outfide of Ciceros Houfe was valued at nicies H. S. i 1 4 5 /.‘ 16 s. 2, d. 'His Country-houfe at Tufculum was fold for 725 Sejlertia. 585a/. 1 7 J. 3 1 . both at under Rates. ^Domitius reproaching for the extravagant magnificence of a Sueton. in Csctare. Annuam etiam habita- tiouem Romse ufque ad bina millianummum; in Italia non ultra quingenos Seftertios remifit. b Plutarch in Sylla. c Cicero in Orat. pro M- Coelio. Sumptus unius generis ob- jeftus eft, habitationis, XXX millibus disiftis eum habitare. d Cicer. ad Att. Epift. lib 4. Superficies sdium viciesH. S. e Cicer. Epift. ad Att. lib. i. HS. DGCXXV. f Plin. lib. 17. Valer. Max. lib. 9. Cn. Do- iritius L. Craffo Collegae fuo, altercatione or- ta, objecit quod columnas Hymettias in porti- cu domus haberet : quern quum continue Craf- fus quanti domum fuam seftimaref, in- terrogaret, atque ut refpondit fexagies Seftertio ; Quo ergo, inquit, minoris fore sftimas, li de- cern arbufculas inde fuccidero.? Ipfe tricies Se- ftertio, inquit Domitius. Tunc ait Crafllis, uter igitur Luxuriofior eft.?’ ego ne qui decern co- lumnas centum millibus nummum emi, an tu qui decern arbufcularum umbram tricies fefter* tium fumma compenfas. J50 Tables of Ancient Coins, of his Houfe, offered him for it Sexagies H, 5 , 4843 7 J. lox. Crajfus asked him, ifhefliou’dcut down ten Trees, what he would give him in that cafe ^ Domitius replyed, he would abate him half the Sum; Which of us then, laid Crajfus, is moft extravagant j you that value the Shade of ten Trees at 24118/. 1 ^ s. or 1 ahoufe left me by my Predeceffors at twice as much ? Plmys number is here corred:ed by Valerius Maximus, It appears by a paffage of Plutarch in the life of Marius, that the value of Houfes in Rome rofe confiderably in a few Years; For Marius's Houfe, that was bought by Cornelia for Myriads of Drachms, 2421/. ij s, 6 d. was in no long time afterwards purchafed by.L. Lucullus for 5 o Myriads, 200 Drachms, 16 1 ^ 2. 1 . 5 x. lod. ' Pliny feems to intimate the extraordinary Magnificence and In- creafe of the value of Houfes j by telhng you that the Houfe of Lepidus, which in the time of his Confulate was reckoned one of the fineft in Rome, within the Space of 3 5 Years was not in the hundredth Rank. Dirriuss Country-houfe (which was but fmall) by reafbn of the Fifh-ponds, was (bid for 3225)1/. 1 3 X. \d. ^Clodiuss Houfe cofl centies ^ quadragtes oBies, 115)475)/. 3 X. 4^. Confidering the Magnificence of their Houfes, I fhould be apt to think that both the Materials and Workmanlliip were cheap. ^ M. Lepidus s Houfe was the firfl that had a Marble Door-cafe. Afterwards they had gilded ones, or rather plated with Gold : “Then they began to cafe their Houfes with Marble: I think it was Mamurra, Ccefafs Mafter- Carpenter in Gaul, that built the firfl: of this kind. “Afterwards they gilded their very Walls. ^Within their g 'hlvej.cij'uv iAla. ** j'ta.Ktxsiciv. Piutarch. in Mario. » M. Lepido & Q. CatuIIo Coff. ut conGat in- ter diligentilTimos authores,domus pulchrior non fuit Romse quam Lepidi ipfius : at hercule ia- tra annos triginta quinque, eadem centefimum locum nonobtinuit. Plin, lib. 36. cap. 15'. k Pub- lius Clodiusquem Milo occidir, centies& quadra- glcs odliesdomo empt^ habitavit. Plin. lib. 36. cap. If. 1 Plin. lib. 36. cap. 6. Hieronymus in E- pift. ad Maicellam. « Fabianus Papirius apud Senecam Rhetorem. Primum Romce parietes crufta Marmoris operuiffe totius domus fuse ia Csclio Monte Cornelius Nepos tradidit Ma- murram Formiis natum, Equirem Romanum, Prsefedlum fabrum C. Ctefaris in Gallia Pliiu lib. 36. cap. 6. o Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. Hierony- mus in Epilt. ad Gaudent. Petronius, sdificant auro. Parietes Tyriis & Hiacynthinis & illis regiis velis, quse vos operofe refoIutatranR figuratis, pro pidura abutuntur. Tertulliaa De Habitu Mulierum. iVeights and Mea fares. See. 15 1 their Houfes were coilly Hangings, of Tyrian Dye. ^ Marble Pil- lars with gilded Capitals. " The J^illa Gordiana had a Perillile of 200 Pillars. ^They had Fountains of variegated Marble in their Rooms. ' Their Houfes flood upon as much Ground as their An- cellors were allowed for Eflates, ^iz. four Jugera, or 2. a EngUfi Acres. “There were private Houfes like Cities. '‘They had Or- chards and Woods on the Tops of their Houfes, befides that they were of an immoderate height, ^ which was confined afterwards by Augufius to 70 Roman Feet, and ^by Trajan to (^o. It appears from fome fragments of a Plan of RomCy made in the time of Septimius Sewerus, that there were a great many Infu- U or Iflands, which confided not always of one great Palace, but likewife of Houfes of Artificers joined to it. The Magnificence of Rome was extreamly encreas’d in Aagujiuss Reign, who, as it is commonly faid, Luteam m^enit^ Marmoream reliquit, that he found it Brick, and left it Marble. We know little of the form either of the outfide or the infide of thefe palaces ; we have the names of feveral parts of them, as the VejiihtiUmy Atrium^ Triclinia, Cmatu ones, CanacuJa', and we can judge from pafTages of Authors, fuch as thofe above-mentioned, that they were very magnificent. What the Romans called Vejlihulumy was no part of the Houfe, but the Court or Landing-place between it and the Street j which G alius apud Aulum Gellium explains thus, Vejlihulum ejfe dicit non in ipjts adihus, neque partem medium ; fed locum ante januam domus qjacuum per quern a ^ia aditus accejfufque ad eedes efl. Cum dextra JiniJlraque ja- nuam teBa funt ’vw junBa, atque ipfa janua procul ^ia eji area qja- canti interfita. Suetonius tells us, that the Coloffus, a Statue of Nero, izo Feet high, flood in the Vejlihulum, which was fo large that it had three Porticos, each a Mile in length. Tanta laxitas ut Por- ticus q Hieronymus ad Gaudent. i Capitolinus in Gordiano. r Statius in Tyburtino An picturat^ lucentia marmora ven^ Mirer, & emiffa per cuncta cubilia lympha. t Valerius lib. 4. cap. 4. Ei quatuorjugeraaran- ti non folum dignitas patris-familias confti- t:t, fed ctiam Diciatura delata eft. Angufte fc babirare nunc putat, cujus domus tantum pa- tet, quantum Cincinnati rura patuerunt. u Salvianus in Ecclefia Cathol. Adificia priva- ta laxitatem Urbium magnarum vincentia. X Seneca Epift. iza. Non vivunt contra natii- ram? qui pomaria in fummis turribus feninr, quorum filvas in tedis Domorum ac faftigiis nutant. y Strabo lib. y. ^ Aurelius Vidor in Epitome. 15s Tables of Ancient Coins, ticus triplices mtlUares haheret. Thefe three Courts it feems were called the Fejlihulum. The Atrium was a part of the Building, and diftant ftom the Vejiihulum, Virgil. jtEneid. i . Crateras magnos fiatuunt ^ o laid out in finifliing fbme part of it quingenties H„S', 40.3^45 /. 8 J. It a Scepa ;ei; triples in aUitudinem 360 colum- narum, in ea civitate, quse fex Hymetti^s non tulerat fine probro civis arnpliflimi. Irna paiS: Scenasemarmore fait: media e vitro, inaudito etiam poftea genere Luxurite : fumfna e tabulis inauratis. Columnse, ut diximus, imse, dupde-^ quadragenum pedum. Signa aerea inter coium- nas, ut indicavimus, fuerunt tria millia numero. Qave.a.ipfa coepit hominum LXXX millia: cum Pompeiani Theatri toties multiplicata urbe, tantoque majore populo,. fuificiat large: quadra* ginta minibus. Sed & reliquus apparatus, tantus Attalica vefte, tabulis pidlis, cajteroque choragio fuit, ut in T ufculanura villam reportatis quse fuper fluebant quotidiani ufus dcliciis, incenfa villa ab iratis feryis,, concreraaretur. ad. H-S millies. Plin. 36. cap. If. b Nec quicquam priuspro poteftate fubferipfit, quam quingenties feftertiuni ad peragendum auream domum. WeightJ and Meafurery &c. It is commonly believed that the Rmans had the art of gilding after our manner, but (bme fort of their inauratbn or gilding muft have been much dearer than ours, fince the gilding of the Capitol coft I looo Talents, 2.3 15000 /. CHAP, viii; Of the Price of Land. I Have endeavour’d, by comparing paflages of Authors together, to get (ome light into the price of Lands, and the yearly rent of them. No doubt there were lands of different values, ac- cording to their different goodnefs and fituation; yet there are fbme things mentioned of middle prices, which will fhew us in what proportion the value of their Lands flood in regard to thofe of our own Country. * Columella fays, that a Vine-dreffer who could look after 7 Ju- gera, was commonly fold for 8000 H. 5 . 6 ^ 1 . iis» Sd. A Sum which he faith was fufficient to buy 7 Jugera of indifferent Land : confequently the Jugertm of fuch Land was worth 5) /. 4x. 6 \d. The Raman Jugerum was to the EngUjh Acre near as 10 to i(j ; at this rate the EngUjh Acre of fuch Land was worth 14/. 15 r. 3^. ^ Pliny mentions the purchafo of a Vineyard in the Nomentan Land, which at a cheap rate came to 6000a H. S. 4843 /. 15/. hudteus reckons it was a Centuria, The ' Centuria confifled at firfl of 100 Jugera *, afterwards, by a continuation of the fame X 1 word. c Plutarch, in Publicola. a Vinitor licet fit emptus fex vel potius Se- ■ftertiis oSo millibus^ cum ipfiim folum feptem jugerum totidem millibus nummorum partum fit. Columdl. lib. 14. b Vide Plinium lib. r4. cap. 4. & Budasum de AlTe. lib. 4. c Centuriamnuncdicimus (ut Varro aitj ducen- torum jugerum modum; olimautemab centum jugeribus vocabatur centuria, fed mox duplicata nomen retinuit. iS6 Tables of Ancient Cdmst word, and an impropriety of Speech, it came to be reckon’d 200 Jugerai tho’ according to CatOy a Centuria of a Vineyard confifted ftill of 100 Jugera, At this rate, a Jugerum of this Vineyard came to 48/. 8/. ^d. And an Un^ijh Acre to 77 /. lo x. ^ There is another paflage in Columella/whkh makes the common or middle yearly Rent of a Jugerum of Pafture, Meadow or Copfe Land i^x. \\d. 'm Italy, At this Rate the Rent of an Acre comes to 1/. 5 x. lod. *Land was reckon’d commonly at 25 Years Purchafe, for the Lands of the Government were fb let, paying according to the Rate of 4 fer Cent. ^A Purchale of 500000 Nummi paid 20000 Kummi a Year: at this rate, according to the foremention’d Rent, the Purchafe of an EngUfh Acre of fuch Land, was worth 3 2 /. 5 x. i o s There is a paflage in Varroy which gives further light in this matter. He introduces Merula aflirming that his Villa brought him in yearly by fat Birds ^ o o o o Nummiy 484/. 7 x. 6 d. which is twice as much (iaith he) as the Rent of your two hundred Jugera at Reate-y confequently 200 Jugerahroxx^x, Axiusy (that was the Pro- prietor’s name) the half of that Sum, ^ix. 242/. 3 x. ^d. Then the yearly Rent of a Jugerum was i /. 4X. 2^^. At this rate, the Rent of an EngUfi Kcm comes to i /. i 8 x. %d. which reckon’d at 25 Years pure hale would make it worth per Acre 48/. 6 s. Sd. Tully mentions in his -Epiftles to Atticus a very cheap Purchafe, as an inftance of the -badnefs of the times, it comes per Acre on- ly to I /. 5 > X. 8V. ‘The price of Land was conflderably increafed by the great Treafure that was brought to Rome in Augujlus’s Reign. As Prata, Pafcua& Sylvse, fi centenos feftertios fingula jugera efficiant, optime Domino con- fulere videntur. Colum. lib. 3. c Hygen, de Limitibus. Vedigal ad rationemufuraj irien- tes. fplin. lib.7. Epiftolarum. g Var- ro lib. 3. cap. 2. Atque in hac villa qui eft Ornithon, ex eo uno quinque millia fcio ve- nilTe Turdorum denariis ternis, ut fexaginta millia ea pars reddiderit eo anno vill$, bis tan- tum quam tuus fundus ducencum jugerum Re- ate reddit. Sueton. in Augufto. In- veda urbi Alexandrina triumpho Regia gaza tantam copiam rei nummarise effecit, ut foenore diminuto, plurimum agrorum pretii acceflerit. IVei^ts and MeafureSi &c. As to the value of Ground in the City, there is a remarkable paflagc in ‘ Suetonius, he tells you that the Ground upon which C£far built his Forum, coft Millies H. S, /. 1 3 x. 4^/. I cannot well fay what were the Dimenfions of this Forum, but it muft have been lefs than the Circus built by Cafar, of which ^ Pliny hath given the dimenfions, ^iz. 5 Stadia in length, and one in breadth, and after this he adds that the whole with Buildings round, flood only on four Jugera, which mufl be a falfe reading, and I wonder that Authors have not obferved it j for inftead of Jugerum quatemum, it ought to be quadraginta. There are in a Roman Stadium ^25 Roman Feet, confequently 3 times that number, multiplied in it felf, makes an oblong of 1 1 7 1 875 , fquare Roman Feet, this divided by 28800 makeS' above 4a Ro- man Jugera. It’s true the Circus it felf or the ElUpjis infcribed with- in that oblong would not perhaps be above 3 2 Jugera, but fince he reckons in the buildings about, which it’s likely took up the whole Space, the computation at 40 Jugera is pretty exa6l. Now reckoning the Forum of the farne bignefs, altho’ it could not be near fo much; and that it flood upon 40 Roman Jugera, that is, 25 EvgUjh Acres of Ground, it would make \t per Acre, about 3 2 25) 1 /. and the yearly Rent Acre, at 25 Years purchafe, or 4^enariiy 5 s. rod; ^ MeVmum^ a fort of Colour that came from Mdos^ one Mum- mus, if^d. ^Paretoniumy a fort of Colour that came froni ^gyfty very laft- ing, 6 Vtnartiy 3/. lo^d ^Ladanum a Gumm,. 40 ji/J?Sy xsi. y d, ® OpopanaXy z Denarii, i x. 3 id. ® Gum Ammoniack, 40 Ajfes, zs, y d, ' GaJbanum, 5 Denarii, 3 si z |d. ^True Bdellium, 3 Denarii, r s, ii\d, ^ Myrrh fatha from 10 Denarii,. 6 s. $ \d. to ii Denarii 2 s, I id. ^ D'mo Erythrean from ii Denarii, 2 s, i id. to i<> Denarii, JOS. 4d.^ ‘Ditto: Troglodytick {rmcko', id ejl) granulated, Denarii 10 s. 4 d. "Ditto fweet-frented, 14 Denarii, s, o id. * Frankincenie, worftfort, 3 Denarii, is. 11 id, * Ditto, freondfort, 5 Denarii, 3/. z idi * Ditto, b eft fort, 6 Denarii, 34. 10 id* y St or ax, 1 5> DenaAi, i z s, 3 id; ^Chio, wh.itQ Majlick, zo Denarii^ izs, 1 1 di * Black 23- XL affe. p Ibid; cap? 26'. X. V permu- tatnr in libras. q Ibid: cap. 9. Bdellii finceri Libra III. Denariis. ' Ibid. cap. 16. X.XI. f Ibid. cap. 16. XI ad XVI. t Jbid. Trog- lodytici nucleo XVI. “‘Ibid, odorarii XIV. X Ibid. cap. 14. X.III, V, VI. y Ibid. cap. 25*. X. XIX. z Ibid. cap. 17. XX Denariis. g Lib. 9. cap. 39. Libra dcnanis centtim. b Lib. 3. cap. 7. qnmqua^nta nammi Cinna- bari pretium. i Ibid, mille denariis in libras. ^ Lib 35". cap. 6. Seftertiis fingalis in libras. 1 Ibid. Faretonii optimi libra VI denariis. roPlin. lib. 12 cap. 17. XL. affes pretium" in libras. n IWd. cap. 26. X'bini. « Ibid; cap. ^S9 Tables of Ancient Coinst • Black Pepper, 4 Venariiy is, 7 d, “ White Pepper, 7 Venariiy 4^. “Long Pepper, ly Denarii \Cardamomumy 11 Venariiy 7 s, ^ d, * Amomum whole, 6 o Venariiy i L i 8 r. ^d. Ditto, ground or bruiied, 58 Venariiy 1 1 . ly s. $ \d, Myrohalanusy 1 Venariiy i /. 5 \d, “Ginger, 6 Venariiy ^s, 10 \d, ^S^tttjmcusy II Venariiy 7 s, i^d. Ditto, the heft, i 5 Venariiy x. 8 \d, ^ Cojlusy \ 6 Venariiy 10 s. \\d, ^ Indian Sphnardy fmall leaf, 7 5 Venariiy il, % s, $ \d, ^ Ditto, middle leaf, .<>0 i /. i 8 s> d. ^ Ditto, large lea£ 5 o Venariiy i /. i 2, .r . ^{d, ** Ditto, the Spike, 90 Venariiy il. i$s. i\d, ‘ Ditto, French, ,5 Venarii i s, ii ^d. ^ Xylocinnamomumy 10 Venarii, 1 is. ii d, ^ The Juice of Cinnamon, that is the expreffed Oyl, fbmetimcs fold for 1000 Venariiy 32/. jt. loi. *" Ifocinnamon, a fort of Cajla, reckon’d equal in value to Cin- namon, 300 Venarii 8 /. 1 3 j*. s d. ^ Malohathrum had rifon from one Denarius to 300^ that is to 8 /. 1 3 !•. 9 d . The Oyl of it only ^ o Venarii, i /. i 8 x. s^d. Cinnamomum Camacum, the expreffed Juice of a Nut, which they mixed with" precious ointments, quite different from what * Pliny calls the Succus Cinnamotui, 40 Ajfes, is, 7 d, p Sericatum, another Oyl that they mixed in their Ointments 6 Venariiy ^s, 10 \d, ^ 6 ^ Oleum a Ibid. 7. IV Denarii. VH Denarii, XV De- | narii. b Ibid. cap. 1 3. XII Denarii, c Ibid, cap. 13. Uvse Amomi LX Denarii, friati LVIII. d Ibid. cap. zi. II Denarii, c Ibid. cap. ' 7, Vi Denarii, f Ibid. cap. zz. XI. ad XV. ' g Ibid. cap. iz. XVI Denarii b Ibid.cap- iz.Spi- cae folium Microfphsrse LXXV Denarii. Mefo- fphserasin libras LX. Hadrofphasrse L. Spies in li bras XG Denarii. » Nardi Gallici libra III Denariis. k Ibid. cap. Xyiocinnamomi pre- tium in libras Denarii XX. 1 Ibid. cap. 19. Succus Cinnamomi libra quondam M. Dena- riis. Ibid. cap. 19. CCC Denarii. « cap. 26. Malobathri pretium prodigio fimile, a;fin- gulis denariis ad CCC pervenere libras. Ole- um autem ipfum in libras X. LX. «> Plin. lib. r. cap. 28. AITes XL. P Ibid, cap ay, VI Denarii. Weights and Me a fur es, &c. \6i ^Okm Cyprimn, made of an /Egyptian Tree, J Denarii, 3 s. 2 * Afparathos, a root ufed for precious Ointments, 5 Denarii, 3 j. 2.kd. ^ Opohalfamum, 300 Denarii the Sextarius, per Englifi Pint 8 /. IS. I id. This was the price as it was fold by the Publick : *but as it was adulterated, it brought the owners per Pint 2,7/. os. 4 id. ■ There was likewifo a Xylohalfamum, which was an Oyl made of the boiling of the S ament a of the Tree, that was fold for 6 De- narii, ^s, 10 \d. * The Oyl of the Sefama, an Indian grain and ufod for Sauce, per Pint 5 6 d. ^ Garum, a Sauce made of Fifli, much ufod by the Romans, per. Pint, 1 1 J. 5 CHAP. X. Of the Price of Slaws. A Nother way of determining the quantity of their Riches is, by finding out the price of Labour, and the value of cer- tain pieces of Workmanfliip. In order to come at that, w'e mull begin with the prices of their Slaves. * The price of an ordinary Slave in Cato majors time was 375 Drachms, 48/. 8 x. p d. It was a principle with him not to entertain any that was de- licate, but flrong Fellows fit for country Labour. Y ^ The q Ibid. cap. 24. V Denarii. * Ibid. V I Amphora. y Plin. lib. 31. cap. 8. fingulis Denarii. f Plin. lib. y. cap. t Plin. | millibus nnmmum permutantibus congios fere lib. 12. cap. 2J-. “ Ibid. cap. if. VI Dena-| binos. a Plutarch in Catone majorc. rii. a Quint. Curti. lib. j. CCXL Denarii,! j 1 62 Tables of Ancient Coins, ** The price of a Vine-drefTer was 8000 Sefiertii, 6 4 1 . 11 s, %d, Thofe were common prices •, but fuch as exercifed more polite Arts, and were entertained for Fancy and Luxury, were much dearer. The Anagnopa Slaves, or fuch as could read, were dear. One ® Cahijtus Lahims, who thought he could purchafe the Charader of a learned Perlbn by having a learned Equipage, bragg’d that he had (everal fuch Anagnojlce Slaves, none under 100000 Nummiy 807 /. 5 /. loi. ^ Julius Cafar, who was really skilled in polite arts without Af- fedation, bought feveral fuch Slaves at very great prices. ^ Pliny reckons the highefl price that ever was paid for a man born in Slavery, was for Vaphnis the Grammarian. There are fevc- ral different readings of this paffage, but Barduin reads it Sejler- tiis feptingentisy which makes the price at 5 <> 5 i /. or, lod. Yet afterwards he mentions a much higher price, ^njiz. that for which Nero manumitted the Difpenfator of TiridaUs. (Dijpenfator according to the way of peaking of that time was properly a Cafh- keeper or Privy-purfe.) In Harduids Pliny it amounts to Centies tri- cks H. S. I 045)47 /. I 8 r. 4 d. But Pliny adds this was not as a bargain of civil Commerce, but the price of a Prifbner of war. Among Slaves who exercifed polite arts, none fold (6 dear as Stage-players or Adors, which ^ Pliny faith was not to be wonde- red at, fince they gained fb much to their Mafters. Rofeius par- ticularly could gain yearly 500 Sejiertia, 4.0^6 L p s. zd. ^and per diem when he aded 4000 Nummi, 32/. 5 r. 10^. The numbers in Cicero’s Oration for Rofeius are uncor- red. * Callio- ^ Columella lib. 3. o6i:o millibus feftertiis Vinitor emptus. « Seneca lib. 4.Epift. ad Lucilium. Ut Grammaticos haberet Ana- lefios cum dixiflet Sabinus, centenis millibus libi conftare fingulos fervos. ^ Sueto- nius in Ctefare. Servitia recentiora politioraque immenfo pretio comparavit. ® Plin. lib. 7. cap. 39. Pretium hominis in fervitio ge- niti maximum ad hanc diem (quod equidem compererim; fuit Grammaticae artis Daphni, Gnatio Pifaurenfe vendente, & M. Scauro Principe civitatis IIi. DCC. licente. f PJin. ibid. III. eXXX. manumiiit. g Plin ibidem* Quippe cum jam apud majores Rofeius Hift- rio III. D. annua meritalle prodatur. b Ma- crobius. Weights and Meafures, &c. 163 CalUodorus mentioned by Martial {bid his Slave for a Supper very cheap, i o /. i o Sid. ^ A Morioy or Fool, was fold £or i6i 1 . 9 s. 2 d. ^ The price of Slaves was regulated afterwards by JuJlinian at much lower Rates. Thelowellat 10 Solids, and the highefl: at 80. The Solids were the Aureio£ that time, and 100 Solids made de- nay or I o Sefterthy Sol. 1 4 yd. But according to the weight of them, and the value of Gold at this time, they would be worth 87/. Ss. 6 fd. We {hall chule the ancient proportion; {b that it may belaid according to JuJlinian's regulation, the loweft price of a Slave was 10 Solids y Si, is, 5 iJ. And the higheft, 80 Solids, 6 I, 1 1 s. S d. “ For Example, the price of a Slave, Man or Woman, under ten years old, was Si. is. $ \d. ■ The price of one above ten years old, was double that, q;iz. 1 C 1. IS. lid. ° The price of Slaves of both Sexes that had Trades, was 3 o Solids y 24/. 4X. j^\d. f That of Eunuchs under ten Years old was the lame, qjiz. 24/. 4r. 41^. ^ The price of Ser^i Kotarii, and Eunuchs above ten years old, was 50 Solids y 40/. y s. ^ \d. "The price of an Eunuch, if a Tradelhian, was 70 Solids y $6 1 . I or. z\d. The Expencesof the ancient in Slaves muft have been very great, for they had Trains of them as big ‘'as Armies, "10 or 20000 Slaves, not for Gain but Show. i Addiitifcrvum nummisheremilletrecentis, Ut bene coeaarcs Calliodore femel. Mart. lib. lo. Epigr. k Morio diSus erat; viginti millibus emi. Redde mihi nummos Gurgiliane, fapit. Martial. 1 Juftinianus in lege fedecim. Minimum au- tem pretium non infra viginti folidos, maxi- mum non fupra o6toginta. m Lib. 37. de p«- culio,'&c. L. 3. C.commun. de legat.& fidei Gommiffis. n Lib. d.G.conftitut. 43. o Lib. 6. God. conftit. 43. p Ibid. q Ibid. I L. 3. G. commun. de Legat. & commiff. ‘ Hieronymus. Epift. ad Furiam. t Athens-, us lib. 6. /ixt/fct'sf {9 S'U Y i CHAP. 164 Tables of Ancient Coins ■> CHAP. XL Of the Prices of PiBures^ Statues, and other Pieces of Workmanfhf, of Arts, ProfeJJions, See. T H E Romans at firft were vdry ignorant of the value of Pidures *, and even as low down 2ls A. U. $ 6 ^ . ** L. Mum- mius (irnamed Achaicus, (eems to have been no great Vir- tuofo in this way. For when King Attains offered to redeem the Pidure of Bacchusy painted by AriJUdes, for what P/mj calls Jex- ies Sejlertium, or 4843/. i j j. L. Mummius imagining there was fome wonderful vertue in the Pidure^ ftopt it^ to the great difeontent of that King. ^ Pliny in another place fpeaking of a Pidure of Arijlidesy faith it was bought or redeemed by King At- talus for 1 00 Talent Sy 1^375 /. Whether it were the fame Pidure or not, with a miftake of the price in one place, I will not deter- mine. Afterwards the Romans came to be better acquainted with the value of Pidures. ' The Medea and Ajax of Timomachus were bought by Julius Ccefar for 80 Talent Sy 15500/. ^ Hortenfius paid for Cydia's Argonauts H S. CXLIV. 116 il. i os. ® Agrippa purchafed two pieces of Ajax and Venus from the Cy- for a fmall price, Biiz. 11000 Nummi, ^ 6 1 . ijs. 6 d. And a Nam cum in prteda Rex Attains VI millia Seftertium emiflet Ariflidis Tabulam Liberum Patrem continentem, pretium miratns, fufpica- tufque aliquidin ea virtutis, quod ipfe nefeiret, revocavit Tabulam, Attalo multum querente. *> Plin. lib. 7. cap. 38. Ariflidis Thebani pido- rrs unam Tabulam centum Talentis Rex At- tains licitatus eft. c pjin. ibid. — - odoginta Talentis. d Plin. lib. 3f. cap. ii. e pnn. ibidem. Verum eadem ilia torvitas tabulas duas Ajacis & Veneris mercatus eft a Gyzicenis H 5 . XII. M. Weights and Meajures^ &c. And yet every body wondered that a man of his rough Tem- per would give fb much. ^The Venus Anadyomene (that is, ilTuing out of the Sea) was valued at a hundred Talents (for fo much Tribute was remitted for it) 1 5)3 75 ^- ® The Archi-GaJIus or High-Prieft ParraJtusj which Tiherius was Co fond of, was valued at Sejlertiay 484/. 7 j. 6 d. ^L. Lucullus bought the Copy of Glycera, Pamphilus's Maid, the Original being painted by Pamphilus himfelf^ for two Talent Sy 55)7^- lOJ-* And to mention fbme prices given by the Greeh ; * the 12. Gods of Afclepiodorus were purchafed by Mnafon the Tyrant for 30 Mi- n£y 01 ^ 61 . ij s. 6 d. a-piece, the whole dozen amounting to 1162.1. I os. This was no great price for a Piece of a Painter, whom Apelles himfelf admired for the Corredrnefs of his drawing. ‘The fame Mnafon paid more for his Heroes than his Gods, he gave to Theomnejlus the Painter for each of them 100 Min^, 322/. I 8 j. 4^. The dozen of Heroes came to 3875/. ^ Arijlides was employed to draw Alexanders Battle with the Per- Jiansy in which there were a hundred figures, and bargained for no more than 10 Mince a figure, which amounted in all to 3 2 25)/* 3 4^- Arijlides was reckon’d the firfl man for Expreffion, but hard in his Colouring. ^Apelles was paid for his holding the Thunder (which was put up in the Temple of Diana at Ephefus) in weight, not in tale, " 20 r Strabo lib. 14. iacr'i rolf Kojok avV r»c\ iKAjov a.accnv 'raj gPlin. lib. 3^. cap. 10. Pinxit & Archigallum, quam piSuram amavit Tibtrius Princeps, atque ut author eft Decius Eculio, LX feftertiis seftimatam, cubiculo fuo iiic'ufit h Plin. lib. cap. ii. HiijusTa- buls Exemplar, quod apographon vocant, L. Lucullus duobus talentis emit. i Plin. lib. 35". cap. 10. Eadem xtate fuit Afclepiodorus, quern in Symmetria mirabatur Apelles, huic. I Mnafon tyrannus pro duodecem Dlis dedit in j fingulos mnas tricenas ; idemque Theoinnefto ; in iingulos Heroas mnas centenas. k jlib. 35-. cap. 10. Idem ('A riftides) pinxit proeliuni cum Perfis, centum homines ea Tabula com- plexus, padlufque in fingulos mnas denas a Ty- ranno Elatenfium Mnafone. 1 Plin. lib. 35-. cap. 10. Pinxit & Alexandrum magnum, ful- men tenentem, in Templo Ephefix Dianx, vi- ginti talentis. i6j i66 Tables of Ancient Coins^ 2.0 Talents of Gold, wix. according to the decuple proportion 38750/. It would come to more if reckoned according to our proportion betwixt Gold and Silver. But Harduin reads Talents of Silver only. I have mention’d fome of the foregoing prices of Pidures, to {hew the man n^iof Painters bargaining by the number of figures. “ Nicias the Painter refufed for Necromantia Homeric 6 o Talents^ 1 16 The Romans fcem to have been better furniihed with Statues and carved work, than fine Pidures. ^ There are multitudes of fuch pieces recorded by Vliny^ with the prices of very few of them. But we may eafily conjedure they muft have been pretty high ; for a people fb rich and fb luxurious, would not balk their fancy in fuch things. The moft of their Statues were either brought from abroad, or made by Greek Artificers. Such of them as by the quantity or finenefs of the Mettal were of immoderate prices, are not proper inftances of the value of fine Workmanfhip, yet we ftiall mention fbme of them, becaufe they are examples of Magni- ficence. In the time of the Confulate of Mutianusy there were reckon’d at Rhodes 3 o o famous Statues, and as many at Athens, ' The Colojfus of the Sun at Rhodes, which Chares Lindius made, was 70 Cubits high, which, reckoning according to the Greek Meafure, is 105 EngUfi Feet, and was made in twelve Years for 300 Ta- lents, that is, 5 8 I 2 5 /. * There were a hundred other lefTer ColoJJl in the fame City. * There was a Colojjian Statue at Tarentum made by Lyfippus, who was Chares's mafter, of 40 Cubits high, or about Feet. ^The Statue of Apollo in the Capitol, brought from Pontus by Lucullus, was 45 ^ Feet high, it cofl i$o Talents, z^o 6 il. 10s. 2 The Plin. 1. 35-, cap. lo.Hanc (Nccromantiam icimaniiistradunteffe. Cicer. in 3. Verr. XXXIX MiHia denarios. i Plinius. ^ Idem. ^ Cicero in Verrina prima. Addicitur id opusHS. DLXM. cum Tutorcs HS. LXXX minibus id opus fe ef- fedturum clamarcnt. m Cicer. ibid. In redibus privatis longse difficilifqne veaurse column® fingul® ad impluviem LL-S. quadragenis mil- libus locat®funt. n Val.Max.lib. 9. Decern columnas centum millibus nummum. o Cice- ro in Verr. HS. quadringenties contra leges abftulit. P.HS. tredecies Verris feriba per- miflii Domini ex pecuniapublica abftulit. Cicer. in frujnentaria Verr. i68 Tables of Ancient Coins') ^ To teturn to the value of Statues. Lucullus bought the Proto- flafmaox. Model of Venus genetri^c^ for Sejlertiay 484/. j s. 6 d. This was made by Arcejilausy who was in fo great repute, "that a Model of Pafte, of a Cup that he was making for one OUa^ius a Roman Knight, was purchaled for a Taknty i p 5 /. 1 5 This naturally leads me to fay fbmething of the price of the Workmanfliip of their Plate. ^C. Gracchus bought filver Dolphins at 5000 HS. 40/. j s. 3 id. the Pound. ^ Crajfus bought two filver Boats graved by Mentor y for 100 Sejlertiay 807/. 5 10 d. He owned that he was afliamed to ufe them, they were fb fine. And that he had feveral filver Veffels, bought Pound Roman at 6000 HS. 48/. Ss. ^d. " There was paid for two glafs Cups, the fame Sum. Reckoning according to the Standard of our Coin, and the EngUjh Pound, the mere Workmanfliip of the Plate mention’d in the lafl Article, comes per Pound to 48 /. i^ s. 1 d. The Romans were very coftly in their Murrhina and Trullts (their drinking Cups) " one that held 3 -• Pints, cofl 80 Sejlertiay 16 s. Z d. A Lady not very rich, paid for one 150000 Nummiy iziol, 1 8 j*. ^ d. Manufcript Books are another fort of Manufadure, of which there muff have been moft undoubtedly fbme flated prices, for fuch as were commonly current. The Prices which I find men- tioned by the Ancients are for fuch as were Manufcripts in! our Senfe, that is, not publiflied, and valuable for the rarity of them. ® Pliny faith that his Uncle told him he could have fold his Com- mentaries, q PHn. Hb. 35. Gap. 12. r Plin. lib. 35-. ; cap. 12. Odlavio Equiti Romano Cratera facere volenti, Exemplar a Gypfo fadtuin talento. f Plin. lib. 33. II. Delphines HS. quinis mil- libus in libras emptos G. Gracchus habuit. L. vero Craffus Orator duos fcyphos Mentoris Artificis manu csilatos feftertiis centum. Gon- feffus tamen eft nunquam fe iis uti propter ve- recundiam aufum. Eundem fex millibus fe- ftertium in libras vafa empta habuiffe. i Plin. lib. 36. fex millibus H S. duo vitrei calices. u Plin. lib. 37. cap. 2. LXXX feftertiis Galix murrhinus ad tres fextarios capax. x Plin. ibid. HS. CLM. Trullam unam emit mater famiiias non Dives. a pun. Epift. ad Mar- cum. Referebat ipfe cum procuraret in Hifpa- nia, vendere hos commentaries potuifle GGCG millibus nummum. fin eadem Epiftola GLX) mihi reliquit opiftographos quidem & minu- tiflime feriptos. Weights and Meafures, &c. 169 mentaries, being Kjo in number, to Largius Licinus for 400000 Ntmmi, 3115)/. ^s. s\.d. He tells you in the fame Epiftle, that they were wrote on both Tides, and in a Imall hand. This is a greater Sum than ^ Artfiotle paid for a few books of the Philofopher, 3 Talents, which faith make 72000 Numrni of Roman Moneys both ways of reckoning according to the Tables, bring it to 581/. 5 which is a proof of the right analogy and corrednefs of the Tables. ‘ Diogenes Laertius ^ in the life of Plato, faith that a few Books of PhiloJaus were purchafed for 100 Mints, which Gellius interprets I o o c o Denarii, both ways of reckoning bring it to 3 2 2 /. i 8 j, 4 ^.^ ^The prices of the magical Books mention’d to be burnt in the Ads of the Apojlles, is 5 Myriads of Pieces of Silver, or Drachns, that is 1614/. 1 1 r. ^d. It is a proper occafion here to mention the rewards of Arts and Sciences. 'The cuftomary Salary which Princes gave to their Phy- ficians was 1^0 Sejlertia, 2018/. ^s. j d. ^ St ertinius complained that he had only a Salary of 500 Softer- tia, 403(3/. 5?-t. 2.i. when he had by his private pradice 600 Seftertia, 4843/. 15/. This he made out by reckoning the Houfes that paid him ; which fhews that the Phyficians had yearly penfions from private Fa- milies. 2 One VeBius Valens, who feems to have been little better than a Student in Phyfick and Aftrology, but familiar with MeftaUna, Centies HS. 80725?/. 3 r. s\.d. for publick Buildings in his own Country j having fpent as much more in the fame manner. Z A b Gellius lib. 3. Ariftotelem quoque tradi- tum eft libros paucos Leufippi Philofophi port iTiMtem ejm emiffe talentis Atticis tribus. Ea fuir,ma fit nummi noftri duo & feptuaginta millia. c Diog. Laert. in vita Platonis. Apoft. Adi. '10, ‘■Kifi'iv n'oyveif uvetdS'nes. “ Julius C£far lay in a gold Bed with a purple Covering. ° They had Tables of Gold and precious Stones. I have mentioned be- fore their extravagance in drinking Cups. Petronius broke one worth above 3415/. on purpoft to dif- appoint Nero. ^ They had Candlefticks worth the Salary of a Trihunus Mili- turn, which was 50 Sejlertia, or 403/. izs. iid. They officina prius exsedificata. Comites ejus o6lo quinquaginta librarum. 1 Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. m Lampridius in Heliogabalo. n Sueton. in Julio. Jn aureo ledo veUe purpurea decubu- ilTe. o Ulpian. in librocum aurum. In Co- ronis menfarum gemmae coronis cedunt hse menfis. Martial, lib. 3. Epi. 31. p Plin. lib. 34. cap. 3. 7 h Plin. ib. Lances e centenis libris argenti tunc fupra quingentas numero Romae tuilTe conftat multofqueiob eas profcriptos, dolo con- eupifcentium. » Plin. ib. C. Marius poll ' viSoriam Cimbricam cantharis potare Libcri patris exemplo traditur. k piin. ibid. C. Claudii principatu fervus ejus Drufillanus nomine Rotundus, Difpenfator Hilpaniae citerio- ris, quingenarem lancem habuit, cui fabricaudae 173 174 Tables of Ancient Coins-) They had golden Shoes to their Horles and Mules, ‘^particular- ly Poppeea, Nerds WiFe^ who to prelervethe fine Polifli other Skin, uFed conftantly a Bath of Afi’s milk. ^ They had golden Clofe- ftools. " And yet there is a Story of a Prince Ptolomy that lived in Pompeys time, who out-did all this magnificence. He treated looo Guefts with a looo Gold Cups, and changed them as of- ten as the Diilies. The Romans were no lefs expenfive in Jewels than in Plate. It has been commonly thought that Diamonds, tho’ firft in value and cfteem, were not ufed in Ornaments j ^altho’ there is a plain paf- (age in Martial to the contrary. The way of cutting of Dia- monds even contrary to the grain is amongft us a modern inven- tion, but to cut them with the grain was known before. So far it is true that they were not fo much ufed as Pearls, in which the Romans were exceeding prodigal. They wore them all poflible ways, ' and (b many that they called them Crotalia, from the noife and crackling of them. In fhort they were adorned with them from Top to Toe, their Stockings, their Shoes, and travelling Bed-Rooms, c^c. We have already mentioned LoIIia Paulina, who by her Uncle’s rapacity in his Government, was enabled to wear in her common drefe Jewels to the value of 1 3 j*. 4^. "" Julius Ceefar prefented Sermlia, Brutus s Mother, with a Pearl worth 48437/. I o x. Cleopatra reproaching Antony for the meannefi of his Suppers, at which he being furprized, ftie laid a Wager flie would give him one q Plin. lib. 33. cap. ii. Poppsa conjunx Ncronis principis delicatioribus jumentis fuis Ibleas ex auro quoque induere. 4 Ventris onus mifero non te pudet accipis auro. Mart I Plfn. ibid. f Sardonychas, Smaragdos, Adamantas, alf- pidas, uno verfat in articulo Mart. lib. s- Ep- “• t Plin. lib. 9. cap. 37. Crotalia appellant, ceu fono quoque gaudeant, & collifu iplb Mar- garitarum. « Suet, in Csefare. Ante alias dilexit M. Bruti matrem Serviliam, cui & pro- ximo fuo confulatu, fexagies Seftertio marga- ritam mercatus eft. x Plin. lib. 9. cap. 37. Duo fuere maximi uniones per omne sevum: utrumque poiTedit Cleopatra, .®gypti Regina- rum novillima, per manus Orientis Regum fibi traditos. Hxc, cum exquifitis quotidie Anto- nius faginaretur epulis, fuperbo fimul ac proca- ci faftu, ut regina meretrix, lautitiam ejus om- nem apparatumque obtredans, qusrente eo quid adftrui magnificentite pofTet, refpondit, una fe ccena centies H-S. obfumpturam. Cupiebat difcere Weights and Meafures^ See. one Supper worth 80715) /. 3 4^. And after the firft courfe, in which there was nothing extraordinary, ihe took one of her Pearls out of her Ears, diflblved it in Vinegar, and drank to him r &e was preparing fuch another for him to pledge her, but was llopt by L. Vlancusy who own’d flie had won her wager. It would teem by this Story that both the Pearls were only worth Centies H-S, the Sum abovemeiitioned, which would make them oflefs value Julius Cl?it. Gerebat auribus cum maxime fingulare illud, & vere unicum naturx opus. Itaqueex- pediante Antonio quidnam eflet adlura, detra- dlum alterum merfit, ac liquefadlum abforbuit. Injecit alter! manum L. Plaucus, judex fpoa- fionis ejus, eum quoque paranti fimili modo- abfumere, vidluinque Antonium pronunciavit, omine raro.Gomitatur fama unionis ejusparem, capta ilia tantx qu^ftionisviariceReginadiiled- um,ut eflet in utrifque Veneris auribus Romx in Pantheo dimidia eorum coena. y Plin. lib. 9. cap. 35". _ Pondus ad hoc xvi femiund® pauci fingulis ferupulis exceflere. Plin. lib. 37, cap. 4. Maximum in rebus humanis pretium habet_ Adamas, proximum apud nos Indicis, Arabicifque Margaritis pretium eft, c. 5'. ter- tia autoritas fmaragdis perhibetur. cap. 6. Mi- nimum iidemque plurimum ab iis difterunt Opali. * Plin. 37. cap. 7. Ex fortunis fuis omnibus, annulumabflulit fecum quern certum eft feftertiis viginti millibus sefttmatum. 17s s^6 . Tables of Ancient Coinsy which the Author himfelf thinks incredible, particularly that men- tioned by * Theophraflusy Tent by the King of Babylon to the King of Egypt, of four Cubits length, and three in breadth. ^ The Obelisk in the Temple of Jupiter 40 Cubits high, made of four Emeralds ; which could not be genuine. ^For the Toy that was brought to Rome in the third Triumph of Pompey, the publick Records are quoted: It was a fort of a pair of Tables for gaming, made of two precious Stones, 3 foot broad, and 4 foot long, which with other things there deicribed .would have made a fine Raffle. I likewife leave to the faith of the Reader the dimenfions of thofe Carbuncles, ‘‘which the Indians will fcoop fb as to hold above a Pint. ^ Pliny himfelf faw a Jafper of eleven Ounces, which was cut into iSTfws Figure. ^Cicero mentions a Cup made of a hollow -Gemm with a golden Handle. ^ There was a particular Cenjus for the wearing gold Rings, ^iz. he muft be a Gentleman defeended of a Father or Grandfather worth 3i25>/. 3J-. 4^/. ‘‘They made veffels of Gemms to hold their Ice for their Wine. a Cap. S' Theophraflus tradit in iEgyptio- rum commentaxiis reperiri, regi eorum a rege Babyloniorum miffum fmaragdum quatuor cu- bitorum longitudine, trium latitudine. b piin. ibid. c Plin. ibid. cap. 2. Tranftulit alve- vm cum tefleris Luforium e gemmis duobus latum pedes tres, longum pedes quatuor. ^ Cap. 7. c Plin. ibid. f Cicero 6. Ver- rina. g Plin. lib. 33. cap. 2. Ne cui jus id elTet, nili cui ingenuo ipfi patri avoque paterno feftertio CCCC. cenfus fuiflet. h Pacat. in Panegyr. Parum fe laudatos putabant, nifi aefti- vam in gemmis capacibus glaciem falerna &£- giflent. CHAP. J77 Weights and Meafures, See. C H A P. XIV. Of Gaming and Funeral Expences. A Nother piece of Expences is Gaming. The Romans arc cenfured by the Poets for that vice. * Augujlus himfelf was very fond of itj and continued fb even in his old age. There is a paflage of an Epiftle- of his to Tiberius , recorded by Sue- tonius, ** which I have let down in the quotations : the fubflance of it, as far as it relates to our prefent purpole, is, that he played at a game of Chance two Days (ucceflively, and loft 20000 Num- mi, which is 16 il. ^ s. 2 that if he had not been too gene- rous in giving away Sums, and forgiving Debts, he had been a gainer of 50000 Kummi, or 405 /. 12/. 11 d. Now the Game was fo contrived that one particular caft took up the whole Stake, when fome others came up you laid down. Augujlus and his Play-fellows at this Play only ftaked Denarii, or j^d. and at fuch low ftakes you fee one might come off a gainer of 40 3 /. i 2 x. iid. It is ftippos’d, that this was the Play at which Nero ftaked in- ftead o£ Denarii, 3225)/. 3 x. 4^. upon every caft. Where did he find Play-fellows? A a ' So » Sueton. in Augufto. Inter coenam lufi- mus y^ov]jyM^ & hen & hodie. Talis enim jaSatis, ut quifque canem, aut fenionem mife- rat, in fingulos tales fingulos denarios in me- dium conferebat : quos tollebat univerfos quive- nerem jecerat. Et rurfus aliis literis, Nos, mi Tiberi, Quinquatriis fatis jucunde egimus. Lu- fimus enim per omnes dies, forumque aleatori- um calefecimus. Frater tuus magnis clamori- bus rem gelTit. Ad fummum tamen perdidit non multum : fed ex magnis detrimentis, prae- ter fpem paullatim retraSus eft. Ego perdidi Tiginxi millia nummum, mso nomine : fed cum effufe in lufu liberalis fuiflem, ut foleo ple- rumque. Nam ft quas manus remifi cuique, exegiffem, aut retinuiflem quod cuique dona vi, viciflem vel quinquaginta millia. Scribft ad filiam; Mifi tibi denarios ducentos quinqua- ginta, quos fingulis convivis dederam, fi vel- lent inter fe inter coenam vel talis, vel parimpar ludere. Auguftus muji have been a lover of Game^ when he fen-t 8 /. ij '. to hisGueJts to play at even and odd, b Sueton. in Nero- ne. Quadringenis in pundtum H-S. aleain lufit. I7S Tables of Ancient Coinst So much of the Expences of the Living : the Expences of the Dead were ftill more extravagant. ^Memmius Agrippa was buried by a Contribution of about half farthings a-piece among the People, I think there were 10 0000 contributers, and the whole Summ exadly calculated comes to 53/. 16 s, 41 d. which is a pretty great Sum , and fliews a difpofition to Extravagance in thofc times, as to Funeral Ex- pences. ^ On Syllds Funeral Pile were caft 210 fer^tra, or biers of Spices, which confidering the dearnels of that Commodity at l^ome, muft have amounted to a vaft Sum ; befides his own, and his LiBofs Statue, made of Incenfe and Cinnamon, as big as the Life. * Nero in Poppads Funeral burnt more Cinnamon and CaJJla^ than the whole yearly Produd of Arahia. It were endlefs to relate the immenfe Funeral Piles, the coftly Garments, Gold, Silver and Gemms that were conlumed on thefe occafions, the expenfive Feafts to the people, the funeral Plays or Diverfions, particularly thofe of the Gladiators, their ftately Sepul- chres; a hundred pair of Gladiators were very frequent. ^Julius Cafavy in his Father’s Funeral, had all the Apparatus of the Arena of Silver. 2 One Curio at the Funeral of his Father built a temporary Theatre, in imitation of that of M. Scaurus before deferibed. It confifted of two parts balanced and turning on hinges, according to the pofition of the Sun for the conveniency of Forenoon’s and Afternoon’s diverfion. It was a moft extravagant thing. ^The Expences of Nerd^ Funeral were not great, being only 1614I. \ \ s, % d. ‘ Minutius Anteros, a Uhertusy left by will a yearly revenue of 80/. 1 4 j. yd. to celebrate his Memory. CHAP. c Val. Max. ds Memmio Agrippa. Nifi a populo collatis in capita fextantibus, ita pecu- ibse inops deceffit, uc lepulturte honore caru- illet. d Pint, in Sylia. e Nero in fimerc Poppaeoe plus cinnamomi & caffiae cou4buffit,i quam toto anno Arabia univena ferret, f Plin. lib. 33. cap. 3. g Plin. lib. 36. cap. I f. h Suetonius in Nerone. funeratus eft impenfo ducentorum miilium. > Vetus in* feriptio. Decern millia feftertiftm quotannis. Weights and Meafurest See. 179 CHAP. XV. Of Soldier’s Pay. T here are a great many Difputes amongft the Learned about the Rate of pay of Roman Soldiers. I take that mat- ter to have flood thus. In the early times of the Com- monwealth, a Horfeman receiv’d yearly Tria millta and a foot Soldier one Milk , that is, reckoning according to the common value of the Asy fbmewhat more than 6 pence a-day to a Horfe- man, and i pence to a foot Soldier. This Pay was afterwards increas’d to or five Affes to a foot Soldier. Polyhms calls it (hto which exceeds five Ajfes by a Trims y or a third part of an As. But he is to be underflood as fpeaking in a round number. This, confidering the Diminution of the Brafs Coin, was really lefs in value, or weight j but more in tale. Julms Ca- far doubled this pay of 5 Afes, and made it ten, which was cal- led a Denarius, Afterwards Domitian (according to Suetoniusy in Dmitiano Cap. 7.) addidit ^ quartum Stipendium Militi Aureos Terms y that is, Domitian added three Aurei as a fourth reckoning or pay to the Soldiers. About the interpretation of which paflage there are great Difputes among the Criticks. In order to come at the true fenfe of it, Grmonsius has compar’d it with another paT fage to the fame purpofe in Zonarasy which runs thus, jolg TMTaf.g fjLi^o(po^h rdvet J'id rm nmr qS ^ iSJ'ojUiiKOplci Udg-’d Act/LL^dvo^^^ Uoltop The fenfe of which paifage is, that he order’d for the Soldiers 100 Denariiy inflead of 75, which they receiv’d before. The mod plain account of the whole matter then is, that the Soldiers receiving 10 Ajfes z-dzyy made 300 A£es in a Month of 30 Days; A a i confequently i8o Tables of Ancient Coins^ confequently in 4 Months, 1200 Apsi about the time of the diminution of the Brafs Coin, when perhaps the Soldier’s pay was likewife chang’d, as VUny tells us (in a paflage formerly quot- ed) the Denarius was exchang’d for 16 Ajfes-^ and it’s probable that they were continued to be reckon’d to the Soldiers on that foot, confequently 1200 AJfesy or four Month’s pay, made 75 Drachma or Denarii: And xiis. Aureus exchanging for 25 Denarii^ four Months pay came exactly to 3 Aurei at one payment. Do- mitian increafing this 75 Denarii to 100, added on^ Aureus more to each payment, or 3 Aurei in a Year, which was properly (peaking quartum fiipendium ; the Soldiers inftead of p Aurei re- ceiving now 12, Therefore tho’ the daily Pay of ^Denarius accor- ding to the analogy of the Tables ought to be reckon’d at 7 ^d. a>dayj it was really, according to the above-ftated' account, un- der the value of 5 pence before Domitiany and about c pence af- ter this additional pay. The Cohortes Pratoria ^Vrhanay which one may tranflate had double Pay, or z Denarii a-dayafligned eatmhy Augujlus. Thofe Troops who were commonly the moft vitious, and not moft va- liant, by their Poll had greater Influence on the Affairs of the Government, and even in difpoflng of the very Empire it felf^ than the other Troops, and therefore were more confider’d, not only in the Pay, but the Donatives. If we take the price of Day-labour from the pay of Soldiers, it will not make it at a much higher rate in Rome than in our own Countrey. I cannot tell by what chance, but the mofl honou- rable Profeflion of a Foot Soldier has always been reckon’d as one of the lowed kinds of Day labour, and it has cod Mankind led to kill their own Species^ than any other fort of AnimaL CHAP. i8i PFeights and Meafures, &c. CHAP. XVI. Of the Donatives given to the Soldiers. H E reward for the third ffolia opima, was'ioo AJes, or I 6 s, $id. for the iecond zoo Ajfes, or izs.'iid. and the Reward for the firft Spolia opima was 300 Ajfes, or 1 5> j. 4 i Spolia opima were Spoils taken from the command- ing Officer of the Enemy. Thefe foiall Rewards fliew the fcarcity of Money in the early days of Rome : for I think this Reward was ordered by Numa Rompilius. ^ Lucius Lentulus gave to each of his Soldiers, out of the Boo- ty, izo Ajfes, j s, Cfd. ^Cornelius gave to each Foot Soldier, 70 Ajfes, ^s, 6 \d. dou- ble to that of the Equitesy ps, id. and triple to the Centurions, 1 3 j. 7 { d . ** Eight hundred Ajfes were given to each Foot Soldier, or 2 /. 1 1 J. 8 and to the Equites and Centurions triple that Sum, 7/. 15/. 'Two hundred and fifty A^es were given to each Foot Sol- dier, \6s. \\d. double to the Centurions, i /. izs. 3 and triple to the Equites, zl. S s. ^ '^d. ' Two hundred and feventy Ajfes were given to each Foot Sol- dier, lys. ^ id. and triple to the Equites, zl. izs. ^ id. ' Four hundred thouland fEris were diftributed among the Sol- diers, 1Z91I 1 3 J-. ^d. ^ Puh. Cornelius to each of his Soldiers, 1x5 Afes, S s. old. f Forty two Denarii were given to each Soldier, chat is, i /. 7 j-, 'i i d. and double that to the Centurions, zl. 1 4 r. ^ d. ^ Scipio a Plutarch, in Marcello. b Liv. lib. i. j ibid. e Liy, lib, 4. Dec. 4. ^ Liv. lib. Dec. 4. c Liv. lib. 3. Decad. 4. d Liv. j 6. Dec. 4. -j- Liv. lib. Dec. 4. >; i t 82 Tables of Ancient CoinSt ' Scifio Afrkanus gave to each of his Soldiers 40 AJfes, zs. j d, ® Tbs Legati received each’ of them 5000 16 L zs. 1 id, and their Comites y 1000 JErisy 3 /., 41. 7 d. ^ Paulus Mmilius gave in a Donative to his Soldiers i z Drachms per maiij that is 75-. i ^d. ‘ Lucullus gave to each of his Soldiers 5? j o Drachms y 30/. s.C \d. After the taking of TygranocerU, he gave to each 800 Drachms, z^l. 16 s. % d. out of the Spoil taken from Ttgraness Army, and befides left the Town to be plundered by them, all except King Ttgraness Treafure, where among other riches he found in ready money S o 00 T alents, 1.550000/. yf.if.693. Pompejy 2£te!c he had overcome the Pyrates, Afa, Pontus, &c. in his Triumph gave to the Pubiick and the Qu^hors, who had defended the Shore a thoufand Talents, or 19^750!, and unto each Soldier ^000 HS, 48/. Bj. ^d. By this time the Riches of the Romans began to encreafe, and the Spoils of the conquer’d Countries could afford greater Sums to the Soldiers. Julius Cesfars Donatives were very great. ^ At one time to each Soldier of the Veteran Legions he gave 16L zs, iid. and to the Equitesy 1^5/. I 5 X. ^Dio mentions another Donative of his amounting per man to 8 o /. 1 4 J. 7 *" Appianus makes another Donative of his amount per man to 5000 Attick Drachmsy or i^i /. 9s. zd. Double to the Leader of a Company, or ^zzl. i2s. 4^. To the Trihuni Mili- tum and the Equites double of this laft Sum, (j45/. i6s. %d. g Liv.lib. ID. Decad. 3. Plut. in Paulo .ffimilio. i Plut.in Lucullo. ii Plin. lib. 37. cap. 2. Reipublicse & Qusftoribus, qui oram maris defendiffent datum mille talentum, militibus fingulis fena millia feftertium. ^ Suet, in Csmre. cap. 38. Veteranislegionibus Plutarch prsedx nomine in pedites fingulos fuper bin a feftertia, quae initio civilis tumuJtus numerave- rat, in cquites vicena quaterna millia nummum dedit. 1 Dio. lib. 46. mAppian. lib. 2. Bellor. Givil. Weights and Meajures^ &c. Plutarch takes notice of another Donative to Cafars Soldiers for a Sacrifice, per man, 3 r. 2 ’'Brutus gave per man i /. 11s. 1 \d. I read little o^Antom’s Donatives, ° but only that he promifid to each Soldier that would throw Papers into C^r’sCamp, 48 /. % s. 9 d. ^Hc gave once to each Soldier of the Legions 1/. j{d. Augufius Cafar gave to each Soldier or the Pretorian Bands, af- ter he had ferved 16 Years, i6il. 9s, %d. ’'He left to each Soldier of the Urham Cohortes, 4/. os. 8 ’i. To the Pratorian Soldiers, 8 /. i x. 5 ^d. The Roman Soldiers had (bmetimes a great Booty, but it was moft commonly regularly diftributed to them ; particularly at the taking Alexandria, they had per man 8 /. i x. ^ \d, to five the Town. ^Caligula gave to each Soldier zl. 8x. 5 * i^th he gave them 100 Denarii, 3/. 4X. j d, zs a Sum exceeding all that had been given before, and bid them go away and be merry and rich, whereas it’s plain his Donative fell much fhort of the Sums above-mentioned. * ClauSus gave to each Soldier at once the ^me Sum as Caligu^ la, *viz. zl. 8 X. 5 i^/. ^ Qaudius promifed when he was made Emperor, 121/. i x. \o\d. being the firft of the Cafars, as Suetonius obferves, that run a-tick with the Soldiers. * Hero promifed the Soldiers 1 1 3 /. ox. ^ d. *Nero gave to each of the Manipulares 2000 H- 5 . that is icl. 2 X. lid. ^ He laid out on Donatives at (everal times ij.jCo^iC 1 . i ^ x. 4^. Galha n Plut. in Bruto. o Dio lib- fi. P Dio lib. 49. 4 Dio lib. 5'j'. i Suet, in Aug. cap. 101. Legavit Pop. Romano quadringenties, tricies quinquies H-S. Prxtorianis militibus fin- gula millia nummorum, Cohortibus urbanis quingenos, Legionariis trecentos nummos, qcam fummamreprxfentare juflit, nam & con- fifeatum Temper repofitumque habuerat. f Dio lib. j'9.; ‘ in Caligula, cap. 46. Pro- nunciatoque militi donativo centenis viritim denariis, quafi omne exemplum liberalitatis fu- pergreflus, abite, inquit, Ixti, abite locupletes. * Dio lib. 60. y Suet, in Claudio, cap. 10. Armatos pro concione jurare in nomen fuum palTus eft, promifitque fingulis quina dena H-S. primus Cxfarum fidem militis etiam prsmio pignoratus eft. * Philip. Chronic, lib. » Ta' cit. lib. If. b Tacit, lib. 17. 183 184 Tables of Ancient Coinsj Galha was very clofe-handed 5 I have not read much of his Li- beralities. But ''Otho ufed to bribe his Guards at a very high rate-, for as often as Galba fupped with him, he ufed to give every Sol- dier upon duty 2in Aureus, 16 s. i \ d. Plutarch and Suetonius call it Aureus. ' Tacitus calls it 1 00 Sejlertii. The Emperors Guard confided of a thoufand Men, fo that the whole Sum came at e- very Supper to 807/, 5 s. 10 d. c- •/ .v. . . ^ Otho gave in the Beginning of his, Reign a' Donative of 40 L 7 s. 7, \d. ® There is one Donative of Vkellius mentioned, of iC s. 1 T d, j ^ • ^ There was likewife a Donative of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus of 17 s., 6 d. / ! ^ And the Emperor Lucius his Collegue gave 16 il. ^ s, z d, ^ Per tinax ^tomitkd 96 L 17 s, 6 d, ^Pertinax himfelf affirms that he gave to the Soldiers (> 750 My- riads of Drachms, that is z. 1 7 5? 8 7 /. i o r. ^Julian promifed to each Soldier, when he Hood ’for the Em- pire, zoil. 16 s. 5 s d. Even the Deputy Kings of the Romans gave their Donatives to their Soldiers. ^ Herod at his Death left each of them i /. iz s, 1 1 d. ‘He had given in his Life-time at once 4/. iC s. 41 d. Thefe are Ibme Inftances not only of the Roman Riches and Magnificence, but of the Relped which they knew was due to a {landing Army, who had the Dilpolal both of them and their Empire. . . . , . ' j ^ c Suet, in Othone. Quoties ccena Principer^ acciperet, aureos excubanti cohort! viritim divi- debat. Idem habetur apud Tacit, lib. 17. d Plutarch, in Othone. c Dio in Vi- tellio. f Dio. in Pertinace. gDio. in Juliano. h Jofeph. lib. 17. cap. 9. i Ibid. lib. 14. cap. 12. CHAP. We'i^ts and MeafureSi 6cc. 185 CHAP. XVII. Of the Congiaria of the Emperors, or Gifts to the People. T he Roman Emperors were the only Monarchs that gave back their fuperfluous Money to the People, which no doubt was good Policy, becaufe the Money was of more ule when it circulated amongft the People than lying in a dead Treafurej efpecially fince they could command it back again, when they had occafion for it. ^ It was ftill a greater Advantage to the People, becaufe it was not their own, but Money railed on other conquered Nations. A fliort Account of fome of thele Con- giaria is as follows. ^By Julius Ctefar, behdes ten Modii of Corn and ten Pound of Oyl, was given to each Citizen 400 Nummi, or ^ L ^s. y d. By the fame, 7 5 Drachms, zL S s, ^ \d. Tho’ 1 believe it is the lame with the former Donative, only omitting the 100 Nummi that was mentioned in the former quo- tation by Suetonius. The lame Sum is mentioned by Plutarch, and called 7 5 Drachms. ^ He bequeathed to the People per Man 7 5 Drachms, 2 /. 8 . j . 5 i or as fome lay, only 2 5 Drachms, 16 s. \\d. Auguftus gave frequent Congtaria to the People, (bmetimes of 3 o Kummi, or 4 10 \ d. fometimes 40 Nummi, or C s. $ \ d. B b Ibmc- a Suet, in Caefar. cap. 38. Populo praeter 1 erat, viritimdivifit, & hoc amplius eentenos pro frumenti denos modios ac totidem olei libras,! mora. b Dio. lib. 44. c Ibid, trccenos quoque nummos, quos pollicitus olim! 4 Suet, in Aug. cap. 41. / iS6 Tables of Ancient Coins, fbmetimes 150, i/. 2 j. i not omitting the very Children, tho" the common Cuflom was not to give to any under the Age of eleven. Eufehius in his Chronicle writes, that after the Vidory of A&mm, there were reckoned of Roman Citizens 4.1 <>0000. And , by the Cenfus that was made at the Nativity of our Saviour there were reckoned 5)3.700000. Suppofe only that there Were two Millions of theie that received the forementioned Sum of z L zs. 1 d. it would amount to 4.03 4 5 % 1. C s. % d. ^Auguflus left by his Teftament to the common People, per M an, zL 8 j. d. ^The fame Author mentions another Congtarium of his o£ 60 Drachmsy or i /. 1 8 r. 5; d. and the Number that did partake of this ^Liberality was only 200000, fb that the whole amounted to 387500/. ^ Suetonius faith that he left to the People of Rome 3 2 2 5) i (> L 131. s\.d. and to the Tribes 28255/. 4 t. z d. ^ Tthrrus gave a Vo’ngiarnm of 300 Nammi, 2 /. 8 t. ^ i d, * Ttherius was noted fot 4 is niggardly Temper, he ufed only tO' give to his Attendants their Dyet, but once he was taken with a Fit of Generofity, and divided them into three CiafTes according to their D.gnity ; to the firfl he gave . fS- g In Augufto cap. 41. Legavit pop. Romano quadringenties, tribubus tricies quinquies. H-S. fa -Stiet. in Tiberio, cap. 10. » Ibid. Cap. 46. Pecunise parens ac tenax, comites pe- regrinationum expeditionumc^ue nunquamSala- rio, cibariis tantum fuftentavit : una modo libe- ralitate ex indulgentia vitrici profecutus cum tribus claffibus fadis pro dignitate cujufque, pri- mae fexcenta feftertia, fecundas quadringenta di- itribuit, dueenta tertis, quam non amicorum fed gratorum appellabat. k Suet. ibid. Dio. lib. f8. 1 Dio. lib fp. Weights and Meafures, See. He paid likewife a Legacy of Tiberius of tizj Myriads of Drachms, ^6 ^ iZ i I, 5 s, “ Nero gave a Congiarium of 400 Nummi,. ^ 1 . ^s. yd, ® The fame is mencioned by Tacitus, °Neri;a gave at once in land to the value of 484375 /. to re- iicve poor Citizens. p Adrian (aid he had loft ^.z%9i66L s, 4. d, which he had given to the People and Soldiery for the Adoption of Qommodus, who proved unfit for the Empire. This ftiews you ^ to what immenft Sums the Ambitus or bribing for Offices had come to. Antoninus Philofophus gave a very large Congiarium of no left than 8 Aurei, 6 1 . 9 s. zd. which Dio faith was greater than ever they got before. ' His Son Commodus gave 7 z 5 Denarii, z 3 /. 8 s. 2. \ d, ^ SeTer us gave a Congiarium of lo Aurei, which came to 5000 Myriads of Drachms, 16^14583/. 6 s. S d. ‘ The Ambitus or bribing for Offices was very expenfive. Milo when he flood for the Confulate gave to each Voter 3 z./. 2 s. 1C d. " Sahinus Nymphidius promifed to each Soldier of the provincial Legions 40 /. 7 j. 5 ^d. that they might chufe Galha Emperor. * Claudius promifed the Soldiers per Man 1 1 3 /. os. ^ d. if they would make "him Emperor. ^ Julian promifed to , the Soldiers per Man i o i /. 16 s. ^\d. to chufe him Emperor. ^ Otho promifed 403 /. i zs. 11 d. to thofe that were to aft Minate Galba, of which there was paid in ready Money 80/. ij^s. yd. However this was no extraordinary Price for the Life of an Emperor, nor is it an- extraordinary Sum that is mention’d by B b z Salujl, m Suet. inNerone cap. TO. “ Tacit, j Severe. t Afeonius Psedianus. Jib. 13. o Dio. in Nerva. P Spar-i “ Plutarch, in Galba. x Philippuslib.3. tian. in Adriano* q Dio. in Antonio. I Ghronici. y Dio. * Suet, in Othone. * Lampridius in Cemmodo. »i)io. ini 187 88 Tables of Ancient Coins, Salujl, * given to two Spies in Catiline s Confpiracy, mz. to one 807/. 5 j. lod. to another a Freeman 1 4 /. 1 1 j-. %d. Otho bribed one of Galhds Servants with 8072/. 1 8 /^d, Paulus the Conful was bribed by Ctefar himfelf with a Sum of 5 ^ 5 I o /. 8 /. 4 ' Plutarch y who mentions this, faith afterwards, that he was brought over to Cafars Party by the Sum of %^o 6 z^l. Th''re are two confiderable Bribes mention’d in Law-Suits, ‘‘one of 8071/. I 8 X. 4^. which Pw was obliged to pay for common Juftice. ® Another of 5 i 1 3 x. 4 J. ^ Gahinius was acculed of taking a round Sum of 1.5)57500/. The ^Ambitus came at laft to 8072,5)/ 3 x. 4^. fer Tribe, and there were 3 5 of them. Capita Cojfulianus according to Tacitus lih. 12,. for bringing in Thrafeas Patus guilty, got a Reward of quinquagies H-S. 402.08/, 6 s. Sd. CHAP. XVIII. Of the Revenues of the Roman Empire. I T is much to be regretted that there is not in any Author a Computation left us of the Revenues of the Roman Empire, and hardly any Memoirs from whence it might be colleded. Thole of the Moderns who have wrote upon the Subjedt, have rather made a Collection of fome Paffages of Authors oblcure, and fbmetimes inconfiftent, than given any methodical Account, from whence they may be reduced to Numbers. All that was pofhble for me to do in this Uncertainty, was to gather fbme matters a Saluft. b Suet, in Othone. f Cicero pro Rahirio Pofthumo.. g Gic. « Plut. in Csefare. d Cicero in 3. Ver- Epift. 2. ad Q. Fratrem. rina. « Cicero in Cluentio. Weights and MeafureS) &c. matters of Fad together, which I ftiall lay before my Readers, leaving thole of more Skill to make their Inferences fiom them. Au- gujlus carried a Kationarium of the Empire in his Pocket. It was certainly a very great Curiofity;, and a Lois never to be retriev’d. In conlidering the Riches of the Roman Government, one mull: in the firfl: place look upon them originally as Proprietors of all the Land in their Dominions, which being acquir’d by Con- queft, was di^os’d by them according to their Pleafure. We read of the FeHigales Agri, which were Lands taken from the Ene - my divided into Centuries or Hundreds, and diftributed amongft the Soldiers, new Colonies, Cities, or left in the Hards of the original Proprietors, under the Condition of paying fuch Duties, which as long as they paid, they entitled them and their Heirs to the perpetual Poll'ellion. It appears by a PalTage in Plii^ Epift. 7. that this Revenue was commonly reckon’d ad Rationem ufurte trientis, or four per Cent. This is fomewhat oblcurely ex- prell : if it is meant of the Value of the Purchale, it was very high ; it being hardly polTible to make fo much of Land, unlels it was reckon’d at a very low Price. Thefe Lands were Ibmetimes called Jforiiy from their being put to Sale by ^eejlors or Commillioners for that purpofe. Sometimes thofe Lands were out upon Leales of Lujira or four Years, after the Expiration of which Term the Tenants were obliged to renew. There were Lands called natiy which were entirely divided among the Veterans with the O- bligation only of certain Services, and the Proprietors might dtf- pote of them on the lame Condition. The Reader may fee long but not very clear Accounts of thele Matters in Hyginus de Lirni- tihus. The Roman Taxes, in the more early times of their Empire, con- fifted chiefly in VeBigalia and Trihuta. The VeBigalia were of three forts, from Tillage, Pafturage, and Carriage of Goods. *The Tax upon Tillage may be reckoned at two Shillings in the Pound in arable Ground, and four Shillings in Plantations. This 189 * Appvan. lib. i. Civil. ^ (mtt^oyXvuv, «5rt/x!r7>! J)' (pvnvoix'ivuv. i9i> Tables of /Indent Coins, This Tax was often levied in kind upon Corn, and called Decu- mx or Tithes. Cicero (peaks frequently of thefe Decumee in Sicily^ in his Orations againft Venes. The Tax upon Pafturage was rai- led according to a certain Rate, per head, upon Cattle. It was called Scriptura. There is a PalTage in the Theodofian Code which Hates this at four Siliquee the head, or 5 4 The Poriorium or Tax upon Carriage was what we call the Cuftoms upon Trade and Shipping; it was exaded in Harbours, Rivers, and Ibmetimes in the PalTage of Bridges, at different Rates in different times. Goods and Countries. It lometimes amount- ed to the fortieth or fiftieth Part, and in fbme Cafes very near half the value of the whole Goods. Trihtum^ properly (peaking, was a Tax upon Individuals ; one Ibrt of it was called Capitatioy a Pole- tax. Befides the foremen ti- on’d Taxes, there were (everal Exciles, as that formerly mention’d laid on by Cato upon Luxury and Expences ; which perhaps was only temporary. There was a Salt Tax laid on very early. *^An- ms Martius made theiiril Magazines of Salt. Salaritm or Salary is ■derived from Sal. The Cenfus was a Valuation of the Eftates of Particulars, for a Rule of Taxing to the Government as Occafion (erv’d; and is improperly confounded with the Capitatio. Afterwards there was fuch a Multitude of Exciles laid on by the Emperors, chat there was hardly any thing efcap’d ; as the VSi- gal Macelli, a Tax upon Meat: ‘‘which was once taken away as a Grievance, but impdfed again in Caligula s time. A Tax upon Metals, and by the Pappian Law the tenth of rnheritances of fuch as died without Heirs. VeBigal Lupanarium ^ Matrimonif a Tax upon SteWs and Marriages. ‘^Five per Cent. 'Upon manumitted Slaves. ‘^Four per Cent, on Slaves that were fold. ^ O neper Cent. upon AuHions. The Trihutum Artificiumy a Tax *upon Tradef men. VeBigal flumimm. ^ /^diliumTributum upon Plays. ‘ A Tax upon b Velleius Paterculus. c Liv.lib. 31. I b Cic. lib.2. Epift. ad Attic. » Boadi- “ Suet. inCalig. e Liv. lib. 7. 1 cia apud Xiphilinura. r Dio. lib. f Suet, in Augullo. 1 4 Weights and Meafures-, &c. Hpon the dead. A Tax upon Urine and Dung called Chry- fargjron : from which perhaps the Expreffion of Gold-finders may come. Befides thefe and (everal others too numerous to mention, there were voluntary Oblations of the Senators-, and to film up all, at laft they tax’d ^Fumuniy Aerem ^ Umbranty Smoak,. Air, and Shade. Another Fund Riches of the Roman Government was the Trcafiirc that they plunder’d from their Conquefts, inSpecky Jew- els, Plate, ^c, fome Particulars of which remain upon Record,, and are as fiillows. ^ Poidus /Enulmsy after he had overcome Per feus King of Mace- donizy brought into the Treafiiry H S, KIM. CCC. 1.85 6770 L 16 s, %d. “ Seif to having conquered Antiochusy brought to it Bis Millies y I. (>14585/. 16 s, % d. “Before the third Punich War, when Sextus Julius and Lucius^ Aurelius were Confids, there was in the Treafiiry, of Gold i<>8i9 Povdoy which reckon’d in die decuple Proportion is 45 5 .5^7 1 /. 5 r., Of Silver z zoyo Pondoy 5 ^8(^4/' 17/. 6 d. And of coin’d Money Sexagies BiSy and 85 400 B.-S. 5 o 74 1 /. i o r. z'-d, which in all comes to 5 <> (> 5 7 7 /. 1 z s. 8 ^ d. “When Sextus Julius and L. Marcius were Confiils, there was- in the Treafiiry i.^zoS z^ Pondo of Gold, 51.10^48^/. izs, 6d. This is according to Harduins Explication of Pliny’s Numbers, but the Sum leans too extravagant, and perhaps the Numbers are not corredt. ^Cafar brought at once to the Treafiiry <>5000 Talents, II. 5^3750/., ^And k Zooaras. l Plm. lib. 33. cap. 3. Intulit Paulas .Emi lias, Per feo vido, e Ma- cedonicapraedaH-S. MM CCC. » Idem, lib. 38. n Idem lib. 33. cap. 3. Auri in .Srario populi Romani fuere, Sex. Julio, Lh Aurelio Cols. Septem annis ante bellum Puni- cum tertium pon4o xvi. dcccx. argenti XXII. Lxx. & in numerate i,xii.xjcxxv.cccc.. o Idem ibidem. Item Sex. Julio, L. Mar- cio confulibus, hoc eft belli focialis initio auri X V i. XX. Dcccxxix. p Plutarch, in C»- fare. 191 1^2 Tables of Ancient Coinsj ^And when he firft cntetd Rome in the beginning of the Civil .War, he took out of the Treafury 25000 Pondo of Gold, 6 7 8 1 23 L 35000 Pondo of Silver., 1 . 10 s. and in Coin H- 5 .*CCCC. 3 2 25?iJ' kat iijavrii/ tS t’Kaso- TciTpstf 'TSdtrpt tS AvM 7» vpsa’ipifi^ 'Ta.Kdf\(dV ftygiiat' •TFSv'lstKotx'iut'. "Otts gj- 0 x.dx.l^'ct Kell fetBufAWTATCt r S'lQt' kSv roaauTA 'srpofl-»J'gi/gTOj rt y voputiTAi ta Vwj J^ iA TOffeWTtt? lirtf/.iAHAf OIKOI’OfAHfjliVA, 3^ T ‘Iv- J'laSv ifj.'TToejiuv, 3 ^ r TpmyKoJ'vTiKuv tTriw^n^ pjLtytiiy iTTl TtaiTW. Weights and Meafures^ &c. ^Agrippa, in his Oration to the Je^'Sy recorded by Jofephusy tells them that the Roman Empire had (eventy five Millions oJ In- habitants paying Taxes, befides the People of Alexandria (which City, os he there defiribes the Dimenfions of it by Stadia, was near three Englijh Miles and a half in Length, and half of that in Breadth) and, faith he, befides furnifliing Rome yearly with four Months Provifion of Corn, pays more Taxes in a Month than you do in a Year. And what Judtea was tax’d at, may in fome meafure appear from the following Particulars. " CaJUlus, after O- fars Death, rais’d out of it 700 Talents, 1 . *Andif^- left to Ctefar 1000 Myriads, 6 1 . 15/. 4^. and half of that to his Spoufe, i 1 45 8 /. (j r. 8 ' ^Vefpafian impofed a Didrachm as a Pole-tax on that Nation, ^jiz. IS. ^ \ d. ^ And their Number being reckon’d feven Milli- ons, that Tax will amount to fourteen Millions of Drachms, 451083/. 6 s. 8 d. Then if we reckon twelve times as much for the Taxes of Alex^ andria, according to Agrippas Speech, they will come out 16S Millions of Drachms, 5.415000/. But it will be fairer to reckon it twelve times the fum of CaJJius, ‘viz. i.6zy ^00 1 . It’s certain the Cuftoms of Alexandria were very great, it hav- ing been the Staple of the Indian Trade, which alone, according to ^Plmy, carried yearly out of Rome quingenties H-S, 4036^45 /. 16 s. % d. And with fome other Branches mention’d by the fame Author, there was yearly carried out of Rome, Centies, or Soyipi /. 13 X. 4^. ^ The Carthaginians, Hannihah Overthrow, the Romans yearly only 100 Talents, 38750/. The Revenues of Ajia in the time of Darius were not very great j for, according to Herodotus, all the Revenues in Money which Darius drew from Ajia, Egypt and the Indies amounted only to -/j 4.0 Baby Ionian Silver Talents, 1.7495(^1/. lox. and3d’oof C c Gold, ‘ J fephus liB. i. de Bell. Judaico j res nulloanno Imperii nqftri minus H-S. quin- u Idem lib. 14. * Idem ibid. genties exhauriente India, & merces remittente 1 Idem lib. 7. * Lib. 6. cap. 23.Digna j qux centuplicato veneunt. » Livius. ^93 Tables of Ancient Coins, GoX^^'^hich. Herodotus reckons thirteen times the Value of (b many Silver Talents, or i .05 7 1 75 /. in all making 2.80743 7 ^ ^ ^Cicero reckons Ajia for its Fruitfulnefs, and the great Quanti- ties of Commodities for Exportation, far above all other Countries. Appian{:m]i i]i2itSylla ordered to pay four Years Tribute, which Plutarch tells Us was 20000 Talents, 3.875000/. And therefore in Sjlla’s time the yearly Tribute of Ajta was 5 000 Talents, Plutarch likewife relates that before Pompeys time, the Tribute of Ajta was only 5 o oO Myriads of Drachms y 1 .<> 1 45 8 3 /. 6 s. %d. but that by his Conquefts it was augmented to 8500 Myriads y 2.74475?! /. 1 3 j. 4 yet Plutarch (aith that Antony made Ajia pay at once 2 o Myriads of T alents, 3 8.750000/. But Appian writes that this Sum Was the Tribute of ten Years 3 fb that in Antony s time the yearly Tribute of Ajia was 2 Myriads of Talents, 3.875000/. As to Gaul, " Ccejar exacted from it yearly quadringenties, 3 2 25) i ^ /. i 3 j*. 4 i. Lipjius is of opinion that quatermillies fhould be read for qua- dringentiesy v/hich Would make the Sum ten times bigger, mz. 3 .2 25? I ^<^ /. 1 3 r. 4 But it is not probable that Gaul would be able to pay fuch a Sum yearly, immediately after long Wars. However Velleius Pa- terculus aihrms that Gaul was reckoned on the fame Footing with JEgypt as to Taxes. There are no Paflages in old Authors, whereby the Tribute of Spain can be found •, no doubt it was very great, on the account of the Mines. Straho tells that the Mines at Carthagena yielded the Romans per diem to the Value of 25060 Drachms y 807/. 5 s. tod. which per annum makes, 25?4 Cicero pro Imp. Cn. Pom. Nam csetcra- \ fertilis, ut & ubertate agrorum & varietate rum provinciarum Ve^Iigalia Quirites, tanta 1 fruduum, & magnitude paftionis, & multitu- funt ut Ms ad ipPas proVinciastutandas vix con- 1 dine eorum qua exportantur, facile omnibus tenti effe poffumus. Mtx veto tarn opima & I terris antecellat. c Eutropius, lib. 6. Weights and Meafum\ See. * Hamuhal got per diem out of the Spamjh Mines |oo Pondo of Silver, 96%}. i $ s. which in the Year comes to 3 5 3 5 3 f. i ^ ^Ajljmas, Gallicia and Lyfitmk paid yearly loopo Pemdo of Gold, or <>45333 /. $ s, ^d. ^ There was a Mine in Dalmatia which yielded per diem yo P(W- do of Gold, 1614.1. 11 s. Sd. which in the Year conies to 5 85 >^ zi /. I 2 s. 4d. The other was when Athens was belieged by Sylla, when Corn was per Quarter zz6 /. 8 x. 8 i In times of Plenty the ® Price of a Sheep was -j^d, ^The Price of a Hog i x. 1 1 ^d, ^ The Price of an Ox 3 x. z id. Thefe Prices, which leem much upon a with the early Rates of Cattle at Rome, muft have been when Money was not in fo great Plenty, for they keep no Ballance with the Price of Corn above mentioned *, nor ^ with the Price of a Horle which was i z Mines, or ^ 8 / I 5 X. But Herfes came out of the Eaft-country, and were at firft Icarce in Greece. ‘ A Soldier’s daily Pay was a Drachma, as a Denarius at Rome, 71^. There * Ariftol. 2. Politicon. Plut. in Solone. Pol- lux lib. 8 . * Plut. in Solone. ^De- mofthenes contra Phormionem. Philippus lib. 2 Chronic, « Plut. in Demetrio. d Idem in Sylla. e Plutarch, in Solone. f Ariftophanes in Pace. g Plutarch, iix Solone. h Arillo^hanes in Nebulii.. » Demofth. Olynth. i- Tables of Ancient Coins^ There were fome Soldiers called Didrachm 'Athen^US lib. 13. n Gicer. lib. 4. 'Acad.' qusft. 0 Ifocfates contra Sophiftas. p Suidas. q Hero- dot. lib. 3. r Plutarch, in Ifocrate. 5 Plin, lib.*3r« csp. t'Plut. in'Ifocfate. IVeigbts and Meafures, &cc. When Ainoshaus the Harper fung in the Theatre at Athens ^ his Pay per diem was a Talent, 1 5? 5 /. 15/. ^ Helcyon got from Dionyfius a Talent, or i $ s. becaufr he had foretold an Eclipfe of the Sun. ^Demojihefies fold the Silence of one Day fot 10 Talents, or 3875/. to Haipalus, and he was fined for it 50 Talents, 1. 10 s. *The Judges at had 150 Talents, 2. 906 2. 1 . 10 s. *The Rewards of the Ijlhmian and Olympick Games were but fmall, as they were inftituted by Solon: The Honour of the Vic- tory was the chief Encouragement. To the Vidor* in thcljibrnian Games the Reward was only i o o Drachma y or 3 /. 4 x. 7 d. To the Vidor in the Olympick Games ^ooDrachmay 01 16 1 . z s. ii d, ’’500 Drachma in thole early Days was thought a competent Fortune for a Gentlewoman, and was raifed by Contribution by her Friends, j 6 L is. 11 d. ‘ The Athenians gave 3000 Drachma, 96 1 . 1 7 x. id. to the two Daughters of Arijlidesy he himfelf being very poor. Eminent Painters had great Prices for their Pidures ; I took no- tice before, that ^ Afclepiodorus had paid him by Theomnejius for e- very Figure of a Hero 100 Minay or 3 z2./. 1 8 x. 4 'There were 100 Talents, of Tribute, remitted to the Coi for the Venus of Apelles. ^ As to Books, I took notice before that a few Manufrripts of PhiloJaus were fold for 100 Minay or t, ill. i 8 x. 4^. ^Ptolomy Philadelphus bought of the Athenians the original Ma- nufc.ipts (or thofe perhaps which were given out to be fuch) for 1 5 Talents, or 1906 1 . i 5 x. ^Ifocrates fold one Oration to Nicoclesy King of Cyprus y for 10 Talents, 3875 /. which was the frme Price Demojlhenes had for holding his Tongue. ^ All n Athenjeus lib. 14. ^ * Plutarch in Dione. y Plutarch, in Demofthene. z Ariftoph. in Vefpis. » Plut. in Solone. b Suidas in ©iirct. ' Plutarch, in Ariftide. d Plm.lib.3r.cap.10. Strabo, lib. 14, ^Diog. I^iaert. lib. 3. Gell. lib. 3, cap. 1 7. . ® Philippas in Declamat. de ftudiis veteris Phi- lofophise. h Plutar. inSocrate, 199 200 Tables of Ancient Coins^ ‘All thefe Rewards came vaftly fhort of what was paid Avijlotle by Alexander for his natural Hiftory of Animals, being no lefs than 8 oo Talents, or 155000/. The Punifhments of free Governments are commonly gentle, ac- cordingly the ^ legal Fines are commonly but fmall j 100 Drachmae y 3 /. 4 J-. -j d. was the common Fine for a Rape appointed by So- lon. ^ The Fine of a Slanderer, or c«ie that betrayed Secrets, was 500 Drachma y i 61 . z s. 11 d. But great Men who mifferved their Country, were often fined very highly ^ as Pericles , who was fined 50 Talents, ^6%j h lO s. Mihiades was fined the lame Sum. “And Demades paid ten. Myriads ■ Drachms y or 3 2 2. p/. 3 x. 4 d. for a hundred Strangers who danced at Athens againfi: Law. ‘’It was a pretty large Fine that was impofed by on no lefs than 5 00 Talents, or 96%-j^l. ^ But nothing ever came up to the Extravagance of the Ex- pences of the Funeral of Hephajlion by Alexander, being no lefi than 12000 Talents, or 2.225000/. Plutarch makes this only 10000 Talents, or 1.5)37500./. Indeed one mufl; own he had plentiful Sources of Riches and T reafure for fuch Expences. The Crowns that were lent him in Prelents at his Marriage were reckoned worth 15000 Talents, or 2.5)o /. 1 7 j*. 6 d, ^Hedildiaiged 900 Soldiers by reafon of their Age, and to e- very Foot Soldier of them he gave 9 cl. ij s. 6 d. and to every Horfeman 3 5> 7 /• 'to s, “ He gave a Donative to each of the foreign Horfemen in his Service of ^00 Denarii, os 1 6 L zs. ild. He gave to the Macedonian Horfe, 19I. j s. 6 d. To the Soldiers who were to return to their own Country,’ -he odered per man 32/. 5 r. 10 d. ^ And at another time he gave to each Soldier who returned home, 9CI. i-j s. Cd. ' At one time he gave to each Horfeman, 1 5) 3 /. i 5 x. ** He gave likewife 2000 Talents, 387500/. as a free Gift to theTheJfalians. ‘^And after all he left in his Treafiire at his Death 1 00000 Talents, 1 5^.375000/. No wonder, fince his yearly Tri- bute, as the fame Author hath delivered it, was 300000 Talents, 5 8.1 25000/. D d You ‘ Athensus lib. 12. “ Plut. in Pompeio. | b Idem ibid. c Idem, lib 6. d Pint. » In Philippi anno 3. y Herodot. lib. 3 . 1 in Alexandro. « Judin, lib. 1 3.’ * Curt. lib. 7. a Idem lib. f. I 2C2 Tables of Ancient CoinSi You have all thofe Sums as they are delivered by the Authors, whofe Credit mull anfwer for them. ' The Romans could never be (aid to be rich before their Con- queft of Greece. Greece was much richer than Italy ^ and Afia than Greece. The Revenues Athenian Commonwealth were vaft- ly greater than thole of Rome, conlidering the finall Extent of their Dominions •, for the Athenian Dominions were always very finall, the very early had acquired a much larger Territory, and yet were very poor. This will appear from the following Account of the Athenian Revenues. ^ Remojihenes tells you, that the Revenue of Athens in early times was 130 Talents, 25187/. 10 That it had received an Addition of 400, or 77500/, which makes in allio23 75 /. t -I , I fliall conclude this Chapter with one Inftance of the Apatich Riches, the Credit of which Story I leave the Authors to anfwer for. It is the Value of the Trealure of Sardanaplusy with which he made a Funeral Pile for himlelf and Family^ when he was be- fieged by Arhaces, King of tht Medes. Athenms makes the Value of the Treafure of this Pile to amount to loo.oooooo Talents, which reckoned in BalylonichTAtmSy amounts to i 03 5 5 o, ft) that the Sum came in all to 3 85)7^ /. Ss. sd. i When Ben-hadady King of Syridy befieged Samaridy an Afis Head was fold for 8 o Pieces of Silver, 10/. 6 s, ^ d. and the fourth part of a Cdh. [i. e. about a Pint) of Doves Dung for five Pieces, I 2 j. lid. ^ Micdh gave unto his Prieft, befides Viduals and Cloaths, ten Shekels of Silver yearly, that is i /. $ s. 10 d. ^ Hofed bought a Woman for fifteen Pieces of Silver, i /. 2 s. ^d. and an Homer and an half of Barley, which is more than two Quarters, ™ Brothers fold him for twenty Pieces of Silver, 2 /. 1 1 s. 2 d. ” If an Ox puHi one, his Owner was obliged to pay thirty She- kels of Silver, 3 /. i 7 j-. 6 d. °If a Man committed a Rape, he was obliged to marry the Woman, and pay her Father fifty Shekels, c l. ^ s. z d. Ahrahdm\ fLevit xxvir. g Numb, xviii. 1 Gen. xxxvii. ® Lev. xxi» h Exo’. xxxviif. i 2 Kings vi. j oDeat-xxii. ^ Judges XV ii. i Hofea iiu 1 Weights and Meafures^ &c. ^ Jh‘ahams Servant made a prefent to Reheccah of an Eat-ring of Gold weighing half a Shekel, i /. Ss. and of golden Bracelets weighing ten Shekels, zol. 1 3 x. 4^. ^The Crown of Hanun, King of the Ammonites, weighed a Ta- lent of Gold, or 1 30 lih. Troy, and fo was worth 6 zool. ^ Pharaoh-necho, King of Rgypt, during the Reign of Jehoahaz, impofed on the Je^i^s a Tribute of 1 00 Talents of Silver, 38750/. and one of Gold, 6 zoo I, which make together, 4 4 5? 50/. ‘ Menahem gave to Pul 1000 Talents of Silver, 387500/. to confirm the Kingdom in his Hands. And he raifed the Money by exa(^ing from each of the richer fort of the Je^s fifty Shekels, G L ps. zd. *\Vhen Sennacherib, King of Afyria, invaded Judah, he was pre- vail’d on to return home for the Sum of 300 Talents of Silver, I kT 1 5 o /. and 3 o of Gold, i% 6 oool. in all 301250/. And Hezekiah, King of Judah, to raife this Sum, was obliged not only to advance all his own Treafure, but likcwife to take the Plate out of the Temple. “When Anun, King of the Ammonites was going to make War upon Vai^id, he lent 1000 Talents (587500/.) into Mefopotamia to hire Chariots and Horfrmen. ^ Amaziah, King of Judah, hired 100000 Men for 100 Ta- lents, 38750/. ^ After Jotham, King of Judah, overcame the Ammonites, he made them pay three Years fuccefiively 100 Talents, 38750/. 1 0000 Meafures of Wheat, and as many of Barley. ^Haman offered to pay 10000 Talents of Silver (3.875000/.) to King Ahafuerus upon condition he would give Orders ;to defiroy fcitje^s. h\xtJofephus {lib. 1.) tells us that he offered four My- riads of Talents, which, if they hQAttick, amount to 7.750000/. * Artax-> p Gen. xxiv. q 2 Sam. x. 1 * ^ Chron. xxv. y 2 Chron. xxviu * 2 Kings xxiii. * 2 Kings xv. z Either hi. t 2 Kings xviii, “ 1 Chron. xtx, 1 , 205 2o6 Tables (^Ancient Coins^ ^j^lmvxesy King of Vevfiay ordered ^to be paid to the Prieft whatever he fliould demand, as ftr as lOo Talents of Silver, 38750/. 100 Meafures of Wheat, 100 Baths of Wine, and 106 Baths of Oyl. ^Ezrah committed to the Cuftody of the Priefls 6o^l. $ s. ^ d. and 70 Talents 2400 Shekels of Brafs. The moft holy Houfe was overlaid with fine Gold, amounting to ^00 Talents, 3.720000/. ^ David laid up of his own Money for building the Temple 3 000 Talents of Gold, I 8.600000/. and 7000 of Silver, 2.71 2500/. The Princes of the Tribes gave towards it 5 000 Talents and 10000 Drachms of Gold 31.000516/. 13 s, 10000 Talents of Sil- ver, 3.875000/. rSooo Talents of Brafs, 100000 Talents of Iron. David h 1 Macab, iil. k z Macab. viiL i 1 Macab. V, aExod.xxv.&xxxvii. b Exod. xxxiii. d I Chron. xxix. c 1 Chron. iii. r2o8 Tables of Ancient Coins, ^Damd prepared in all for the Temple looooo Talents of Gold, 6 zo.oooooo 1. and i.oooooo Talents of Silver, 1 5 > 3^7 50000 /. ^ Hiram King of Tyre gave unto Solomon izo Talents of Gold, 744000/. ® The Queen of Sheha gave him the lame. ^Solomons Fleet brought from Ophir 410 Talents of Gold, .z. i Kings?. Weights and Meafures^ &c. Interefl: for Money was forbid amongd the and by an old Law in 'Rome (call’d the ^Lex Geruntia) likewile amongft the Ro^ majis. But neither Romans nor Je^s were forbid to take Intereft from Strangers : but afterwards this Law came to be aboliflied, or grew infignificant, as mofl: Laws will that limit the price of Mo- ney, contrary to the natural courfe of it. The Intereft of Mo- ney, both in Rome and Greece, was high for a confiderable time. Simple Intereft was exadcd monthly in both places at the rate of one per Cent, per Month. In Greece at the New Moon, and in 'Rome at the Kalends. ^ Kalendarium exercere fignify’d the lame thing with foenus exercere. Therefore Strejtades, in Ariffophanes, being burden’d with Debt, dreaded v^civ- This Ufury was a 'Drachma upon the Centum Mince, Ibmewhat more than twelve per Cent, a year, becaule the Lunations returned oftener than our Ka- lendar Months. The Romans paid likewile a Denarius a Month for loo Denarii: and it is mention’d by Cicero as monthly, Jchines in his Oration Ctefiphon, laith that the Oritani paid him a Drachm a month till the principal was repaid : this was called hoL- TOf^ or centefima ufura, one per Cent. And becaule the As was reckoned any Integer, it was likewile called A^es ufurce : fo that AJfes ufurce and centefimce ufurce are the lame thing. The other Sub- divilions of Intereft according to the parts of the As one may lee in the Tables. Linjy and Tacitus mention the foenus unciarium and femiunciarium as high, which according to the proportion of the As, being but A or jV in the Month, muft only make i or ^ per Cent, per annum. And the Law of the XII Tables forbids, ne quis unci- ario foenore amplius exerceto. So it is expreft by Tacitus. Thele Expreftions cannot be interpreted according to the Analogy of the Tables, but differ from all the others, and they certainly denote the centefima ufura : but how this way of Expreffion in thele two Au- thors has happened, I can give no Account : It leems they put the Uncia for the As or Integer, The Centefima Ufura was the greateft Intereft, which it was not lawful to exceed j and what was paid over it, was reckoned as a Repayment of part of the Principal. But whatever Laws were made E e to t Plin. lib. 3f. cap. 7. b Seneca de Bcneficiis lib. 7. e Lib. 3. EpiU. ul'. 20p lO Tables of Ancient Coins^ to regulate Intereft, it was in Rome as in all other places, the Va- lue of Money rofe above or fell below the legal Intereft, accord- ing to the Scarcity or Plenty of the Commodity. So that Semijfes UJuvee or \ per Cent, per month, fix per Cent, a year, which Pliny calls Chilis modicaj came to be the publick and cuftomary In- terefl of Moneys for the Ajfes Ufura came to be a grievance, and occafion’d great tumults among the people : yet ftill he that took it was not reckoned to tranfgrcfi any Law ; and there were fome greedy Ufurers that exaded double, triple, nay four times as much. TThe SefquicenteJIma, which was i I per Cent, a month, and i 8 per Cent, a year, was condemned by the Nicene Council. It was allowed by the ^Athenians only in the cafi of the Repudiation of a Wife, in which cafe the Husband was obliged to pay nine OhoB monthly, till the repayment of her Portion j nine Oholi make a Drachm and a half. Cicero, in his Frumentaria, accufeth Ferres for lending out the Money that was intrufted to him for buying of Grain, at z per Cent, a month ; which fiiews that they mull have been as great Ex- tortioners as our Pawn-brokers. There were no laws at firll to limit the Intereft upon ® Peemia TrajeBitia, or Feenus Nauticam, the Money that was lent to Ma- fters of Ships upon Bottom Maree or their Goods. Yet even this was reduced by JuJlinian the Emperor from ^ to i per Cent, a month. The realon of the high rate of the Foenus Nauticum was the greater risk that the Creditors were fuppos’d to run. ^ Money came to be lb plentiful in Auguflus Cafars time, that it fell from Centejima to UJura trientaria and Jufiiman reduced In- tereft to that rate, vh. to 4 per Cent, a year. There was alfo drantes Ufura or i a month, or 3 per Cent, a year. There was, befides fimple Intereft, a fort of compound Intereft, which, as we obferved before, was called by Fully Anatocifmus: it was Ibmetimes reckoned after 100 months, and Ibmetimes anni- verlary ^ Demofthenes « Capite de nautico foenore. f Dio. lib. f I. Weights and Meajures^ &c. vci&y, ^ Arijlophanes calls it roKoi romv^ The reafbn of the Law was that the Creditor could demand his Money and Intereft at the Term of Payment ; but this came much to the fame thing; for Debtors that were not very able to pay, lubmitted to add the Intereft to the Principal for the lake of Forbearance. There was an Intereft allow’d among the Romans for what they called the Species Crediti, as Corn, Wine, Oil, d^c. which was fettled by Conjlantine at a third part, that is, where two Modii were lent, the Debtor was obliged to pay three, in cafe no other Bargain was made. The reafbn of this was the Variablenefs of the price of thofe Commodities. A monthly Intereft is higher than an annual one of the fame rate, becaufe it operates by compound intereft. This fuggefts to me the following Problem. The rate of Intereft per annum being given, to find the greateft* Sum which is to be made of one Pound, fuppofing the Intereft payable every indivifible moment of time. Let r be the Intereft of one Pound per annum, and let t de- note any part of time with refpebl to the whole Year : the fimplc Intereft due for that time will be rt. Now if the Intereft be pay- able at the end of every fuch time equal to t, the whole Sum at the end of the year, reckoning compound Intereft, will amount to But by Ne^wton's Theorem we have i^rtV = i-fr+ — ; , I — 6/4.1 1 ^ 4 + ^4 -F &c. And by fuppofition t denotes an indivifible Moment of time, and therefore it is equal to nothing: in which cafe the former Value of fipT}!' becomes I + -f + -1- Sec. or See.] g In Nebulis. Tull. lib. Epift. ad Att. Interim cum ego in ediSo tralatitio centefimis me obfervaturum haberem cum Anatodfmo E e a For annirerfario, ilk ex fyngrapha poftulafcat qua* ternas. 211 212 Tables of Ancient Coins'^ For Inftance, (uppofe one Pound pay every Moment at the rate of 6 per Cent, per annuniy then is r=p 6 j which fubftituted in the Series gives the Terms as in the Margin, whofeSum loooooooo is i^o(ji85 See. Triremes] nioft of them being of one Tire of Oars of fifty Banks. But the Tyrants of Sicily , Gelon and Hieron, and the Inhabitants of Corfu augmenting the number of their Triremesy obliged other States to do fo likewife. Thucydides owns that in thole early times the Athenians md^Egi- netes made no great Figure at Sea, their Ships being only of one Tire of fifty Oarsj and this even when they put their chief Con- fidence in their Fleet in their War with Xerxes, Yet Xenophon (De Prirvent.) who wrote Ihortly after Thucydidesy makes Athens a City of great Trade. TheCondud of Sparta in this particular feem’d to be unac- countable 5 for they diftourag’d Trade, and yet were very ambitious of maritime Power. Paufanias acquaints us, that before the Reign of Polydorusy King of Lacedicmony Commerce was carried on with- out Species of Gold or Silver, only by the Exchange of Commo-^ dities. Trogus pretends, that this was rather from a principle of Virtue than Ignorance, and that Lycurgus had forbid the ule of Silver and Gold Coin, from a prudent fbrefight of their mifchie- vous Effeds. It is here to be obftrved, that the famous Games inftituted in the feveral Cities of Greece were partly for Trade, as Well as for the Encouragement of manly Exercifts, being Ibme- what of the nature of the European great Fairs. It is with great Afiurance that the fevcral Cities of Greece difi pute the Invention of different forts of Ships, when the Phoenician and ^Egyptian Veffels, from whom undoubtedly they had their Models, were daily to be feen in their Harbours. They have in- deed one thing which they may claim as an Improvement of the Phoenician Navigation j for the Phoenicians conduced their Ships by the Little Bear, and they by the Great Bear. But their Naviga- tion was ftill confin’d to the Mediterranean ^ till about fix hundred years after the Expedition of the Argonauts^ when Coelus of Samos fail’d out of the Straits of Gibraltar sls far as theCity of Tartefusy at the Mouth of the B^tisy now ^adalquher {mArahick Word) not far from the laid Straits. G g Polycrates « Inhabitants of a UttU JJland iver^agamfl Athens ; it is novJ egWes Engia. 225 226 ' Tables of Ancient Coins, * PolycvateS) Tyrant of Samos y taught the Samians their Artsj^ and carried their naval Power to a great height. He had an hundred Biremesy which were bigger than the Grecian Ships of his time. After the Trojan Expedition; Commerce flourilh’d among the Greeks. Solon himfelf, as Plutarch relates of him, repair’d his Fortune by Trade, which had been ruin’d by his Father’s too great Genero- fity. There is a remarkable Paifage in Plutarch on this occafion to the honour of Trade. In thoie times (faith he) as Hejiod re- lates, no Labour or Profefhon was fliameful. Trade made no Difference amongft Mankind. TrafEck was in great Efleem,' procuring honourable Alliances, and Knowledge of many things. Merchants have founded great Cities, as he who built Marfeilsy and was fo well receiv’d by the Gauls, Thales is reported tO" have merchandiz’d, Hippocrates the Mathematician, and even PlatOy whofe principal Aim in hxs ^Egyptian Voyage was to fell; his OyL Cajlor the Rhodiany cotemporary with Augufiusy compos’d a Hi- flory of filch as had been poffcfs’d of the Empire of the Mediter- ranean Sea from Minos down to the fEgineteCy for the fpace of four hundred Years. From this Author Eufehius took the Lift of his* Chronicle. The Lydians'^ inhabiting the Country near Smyrna in Ajia Mi- nor y Erfl in that Lift, were the Inventors of Money, the principal inftrument of Commerce. The Pelafgiy fb call’d from Pelafgus the Brother of Hermogynes, were antient and great Navigators ; they firft inhabited Arcadiay but peopled the Ifland of Leshosy which from them was call’d Pe- lafgia. The Pelafgi built Spina at the mouth of the Poy which held the Empire of the neighbouring Seas till it was ruin’d by the Barbarians. The Tyrrhenians were their Neighbours, whofe prin- cipal City was Lunuj a good Harbour. Of all trading Nations, none acquir’d a greater Reputation than the Rhodians 'y being conftituced by the Romans as the fbvereign Judges f About Olympiad 63. ^ Herodot. lib. 3. Weights and Meafurest See. Judges of all Controverfies relating to Commerce ; and their Laws are appealed to, even at this Day. The Phoceans founded the City of Marfeilhy which made a great figure at Sea. The MaJJiUans lent VelTels into the Ocean, Southward under the Conduct of Euthymene, and Northward along European Cosi(\i under the Condudt of Pythias. About a hundred years before the time of Alexander the Great, the Athenians and Lacedaemonians diluted the Empire of the Seas. Afterwards arole Philip King of Macedon^ who endeavour’d to wreft it from them both: His Pretence for making War upon his Neighbours was their Pyracies ; tho’ when he wanted Money he pra(^i{ed the fame Trader particularly when he was ftraitned in his Financies at the Siege of Byzantium. The Greeks all this while maintain’d their Commerce with the .Egyptians, their Inftrudors in the Art of Navigation. Amajls^ King of Egypt., afiigned them Neucratis for their Staple Port. Before we fpeak of the great Revolution in Trade, which hap- pen’d by the Defirudion of Tyre by Alexander the Great, it will be neceffary to fay fomething of the Trade of the Arabians and Ethiopians. Before the /Egyptians traded to the Indies, their principal Com- merce was with the Arabians. Arabia Foelix (the Name of tlie Country as well as principal Port) was the Magazine of both the /Egyptian and Indian Commodities. This Harbour was afterwards called PoYtus Romanus. The Country was likewiie call’d Aden by an Hebrew Name, fignifying Happinefs or Delict, abounding in all the rich Commodities of the World. The Trade to Arabia Foelix, according to Pliny, coft the Ro~ mans yearly about 8 07 25? i/. It was advantageoufly fituated, there being an eafy pafTage from it to /Egypt, Ethiopia, Perfia and India by Sea j and to Phoenicia, Syria and Mesopotamia by land. The Country of the Ethiopians (by which may be underftood all that tra6l of Land in the South of Africk from the Tro- pick of Cancer to the Ocean) abounded with feveral precious Commodities, as Silver, Gold, Ivory, fome precious Stones, and G g 2 the 227 228 Tables of yJncknt Coins, the Wood Algummim. Thofe Commodities were likcwife brought to Arabia Foelix. From thefe Confiderations it will follow, that a Place, which had an eafy Communication with the Sinus Arahicusy or the Red Sea, itfelf, Ethiopia, andlikewife the Mediterranean, was a proper Staple for all the Trade of the World : therefore it was a very natural Thought in Alexander the Great, after the Deftru^tion of Tyre, to eftablifli the Seat of Trade at Alexandria, his Name-fake and favourite City, which had all thofe Advantages : befides he was in- duced to this in revenge to the Carthaginians, hoping that Alex- andria, being fituated between Tyre and Carthage, might get the Trade from them both tho’ at the fame time he took care to e- ftablifli a Colony of his own people at Tyre. Alexandria had the Ifland of Pharos before it, and the Lake Mareotis behind it, which communicated with the Nile, It foon grew an eye-fore to the Carthaginians. Another mark of Alexanders great Confideration of Trade, was making Harbours at the Mouth of the River Indus, which he did by the Advice of fbme Phoenicians. He had undertaken a new Sea Expedition from the Phalocafas, a Branch of the Euphrates, to vi- fit the Coafls of Arabia Foelix, where he refblved to eftablifli the Seat of his Empire. He intended to fail round the Cape of Good Hope, but all thofe great Projeds were prevented by Death. Du- ring the Lift two Years of his Life, he had opened again the Trade between and the Indies: fb natural was it for a Prince, who had propofed to himfelf the Empire of the World, not to ne- gled the Sea, the half of his Dominion. His Succeftbrs purfued the Steps of their great Mafter in this particular. The Ptolomies in jFgypt applied themfelves diligently to Commerce. * Ptolomy Philadelphus, a Prince of an infirm Confti- tution, but of a noble Spirit, open’d the Water-carriage from andria to the Indies, by eftablilhing Staples on the Canals of the Nile, quite to the Red Sea, Of his Fleet, and particularly of tv/o Ships of extraordinary bulk, we fliall have occafion to * About Olympiad izj. fpeak Weights and Meafures^ &c. {peak afterwards. Alexander had left Grecian Governors and Co- lonies in the Indies^ but they were almoft exterminated by Sandro- cottus-, recovered the Sovereignty in fome degree; but was forced to abandon to Sandrocottus, the Country along the Banks of the Indus, and (bme Cities which Alexander had built. Seleu- cus left Patroclus Lieutenant of that Country, who wrote Com- mentaries which are loft by the Injury of Time. PtoloiriyPhiladelphus {hnt Dionjfius, an able Mathematician, to the Indies, and Megajihenes Envoy to King Sandrocottus. Megajlhenes left fome Relations of that Embafly, of which there are a few Extracts yet remaining. Ptolomy fent afterwards Pimachus Envoy to Altritrochades, Son of Sandrocottus, who likewife compos’d fbme Memoirs of his Negotiation. By thofe means the Indian I'rade was reftor’d again to AEjgyp, and continued during the Race of the Ptolomies. The Succeflbrs of Alexander made war upon one another, par- ticularly Seleucus upon Antigonus, in which there were great Fleets fitted out on both fides in the Mediterranean. Antigonus was a Prince of a great Genius; for, having to do with Ptolomy, Lyfi- machus and Cajfander, Mafteis of the Sea, he fent out a Fleet with great Induftry from the Coafts of Phoenicia, to difpute with them this Empire of the Sea : he had promifed to his Army, who were diftourag’d at the fight of Seleucus^ Fleet, confifting of an hun- dred Sail, that at the end of the Summer they fliould fee a Fleet of his of five hundred Sail : he kept his word nearly as to the Num- ber, but effedually as to recovering the Command of the Sea. Fie made himfelf Mafter of the City of Pyre, which, even after the Deftrudlion of Alexander, had recovered in fome degree its Trade. This was a wonderful Effedf of the Vigour of a great Prince, and a great Indication of a maritime Genius remaining in that part of the World. Pliny fpeaks confufedlyof the Navigations of Seleucus ^nd Antigo- nus in the Cafpian, v/hich he erroneoufly fuppofed to be a Gulph of the Scythian Ocean. M. Euet]\JiIdy complains of Alexander and his Succeftors 229 230 Tables of Ancient CoinSi SuccefTors for introducing great Confufion in Geography, by the ridiculous Vanity of new naming the places which they con- cjuer’d. The Defcendants of the SuccelTors of Alexander cultivated Na- vigation in fome Iclfer degree with various Succeis, till they were all fubdued by the Romans. During the Wars of Seleucus and Antigonusy the Rhodians had fignaliz’d themlelves at Sea : it feems to have been the Policy of that wile trading Nation to keep an exadt Neutrality, as far as they were able. They made it tlaeir BufineiS to clear the Seas of Pyrates, and purfued their Trade j but as their Country fubfifted by jEgypt, diey had more Inclination for ftolomy than any of the reft, therefore they were refblved generoufly to fulfer the laft ex- tremities rather than enter into an Alliance with Antigonus againft him. They fuftain’d a Year’s Siege by Demetrius y the Son o£ An- tigonus , who had not his Equal in the Art of befieging Cities. He had a Fleet of four hundred Sail before their City ; and yet after all they oblig’d him to raife the Siege, and made an advan- tageous Peace. They purfued the fame Maxim with the Romans, cultivating their Friendfliip, but endeavouring to preferve their Neutrality. This embroil’d them afterwards with Philip of Mace- don, in his Wars with the Romans-^ and with Mithridates, who did not find his account in quarrelling with that great and wife Nation. The Hiftory of Navigation about this Period is more particu- lar and difi:in£l, and in order to underiland it, it is neceffary to fay fbmething of the different Names, Figures, and Bulks of Ships. The firfl: Divifion of Ships was into Ships of War, called by the Romans ClaJJicee, and Ships of Burthen or Onerarice. The firfl fort went with Oars, the fecond with Sails commonly, tho’ both were fometimes ufed. The Clajpck were called long Ships, the Onerarice round, becaufe of their Figure approaching towards circular or oval : This Figure, tho’ proper for the Stowage of Goods, was not the fitted: for failing, becaufe of the great quantity of leeward way, except when they fail’d full before the Wind. There was likewife 5 a Weights and Meafurest &c. a mbit fort betwixt the long and the round, which Apfian lib. j . defcribes thus ; OBav/a, impetrata ah Antonio licfntioy decern phafelos ti'iereticoi fratri dono mi fit ^ id eji mixtos ex lon^anm forma ^ one- rarianim. Another diftiiidion of Veflels was Apertte or open Boats, and' CataphraBee, fuch as had Decks. The firft were called AphraBte. Some of the long Ships were called ABuaria, becaule of their great Swiftnefs, which the French tranflate Brigantines, Cicero, in an Epiftle to Atticus, calls a Ship Decern Scalmorum, of ten Banks of Rowers, ABnariola. The little Veflel, which Ccefar went aboard of at Brundufiim, Plutarch calls nAoIoi/ Aoh}icL(rzaXfJLoVj a Ship with twelve Banks of Oars. Suetonius calls it par^ulum Navi- glim. There were Myoparones, Hemiolia, Greek names for Ships of War^ and may be properly tranflated Frigats 5 Lemhi, little Ships, good- Sailers, which the Pyrates they fometimes hadR^r^i. Lihumee were a fort of light Ships, fb called from the Lihurnij,, a people of Illyria, who pyrated in them : They were Biremes.^ Ordine contenta gemino crevijfe Vihurna. Lucan; = The Romans called all their light Ships Lihurna or Lihurnicte, Amongft the Ancients all great Ships had Scaphte or Boats. In the firft maritime Was of the Greeks their Ships muft have been> very fmall, for ^Xenophon writes that the Athenians put aboard a Fleet of an hundred fail, a thoufand armed Men and four hundred Archers, about fourteen men a-piece, befides the Rowers. The Ships of Xerxes s Fleet muft: have been bigger ; for, as *f* Herodotus relates, there were 1207 Ships, and aboard them, according to his Computation, two hundred and thirty men a-piece. The manner of Sea Engagements of the Ancients (which was to bore and fink the Enemy’s Ships with the Rojlra) gave bulky and high Ships a great Advantage over their Enemies, by the force of 231 ♦ Lib. 2 . Hellen. J Herodot. lib. 7, 232 Tables of Ancient Coins, of the Stroak of a large Ship. The Height was likewife no finall Convenience in boarding, and throwing of .milTile Weapons. So that it was much more true amongft them than amongft us, that a little Ship durft not lay her fide to a great one : and tho’ great Ships were commonly bad Sea Boats, they had a fuperior Force in a Sea Engagement. The Shock of them being fbmetimes fb violent, that it would throw the Crew on the upper Deck of lelTer Ships overboard. This occafion’d the Ancients gradually to encreafe the Bulk of their Ships, till they came at lafl: to an en- ormous fize. This could not be done by one Row or Tire of Oars, but by feveral, therefore they built Biremes, Triremes, ^in- quer ernes, and, if we may believe them, fbme with forty Tire of Oars. I iliall not enter into the manner of conflrudion of fuch large VelTels, feeming a thing impoHible to moderns skill’d in Sea Af- fairs j however, that fuch Banks of Oars were not all in the fame Plain, but rais’d above one another, is evident from the Figures and Defcriptions of ancient Ships, and many other Paffages of Au- thors. In Triremes, the upper Rowers were called Thranites, the middle Zygttes, the lower Thalamites. There is a palTage in an old Scho- liaft of Arifiophanes that explains this matter otherwife, and tells you that Thranites were in the Stern, the Zygites were in the Mid- ftiip, and Thalamites in the Prow : but he was a Writer of a later Age, ignorant of Sea Affairs, and lived after the time of The- odojius, when Triremes were no more ufed. hue an, fpeaking of the Veffel of Brutus, tells us that the higher Oars touched the Sea at a great Dilfanec. Summis longe petit aquora Remis, Silius Italicus lib. 1 4. Intrat diffufos pejlts Vulcania pajjim, Atque implet difperfa foros, trepidatur omijfo Summis an Weights and Meafures, &c. Sumnis Remigioy fed enim tarn rebus in ar&is Fafna malt nondum tanti fenetrarat ad imos. By which PaiTage you fee the Fire might be amongfl: the upper Tire of Oars before the knowledge of it had reach’d to the lower. Arianusy /peaking of a Biremis, faith olvt^v rctg koltco mncLg ova offi TtoKv rQ yV'otT©-'> that the lower Tire of Oars were little above the Water. The different orders of Rowers had different Rates of Pay. The ThranittSy as * Thucydides tells you^, had better pay, becaufe they wrought with longer Oars. Appianusj lib, 5. de Bello Ci that Lyfimachusy his mortal Foe, having obtain’d the favour of feeing his Ships and Machines, furpriz’d at the Contrivance, cried out, that they were built with more than human art. Athenms gives the following Lift of the Fleet of Ptolomy Philadel- phusy two of thirty Tires of Oars, one of twenty, four of thirteen, two of twelve, fourteen of eleven, thirty of nine, thirty feven of feven, five of fix, feventeen of five, double that Number of four, and of three and an half which were csllcdTrieremiolia ; the reft of the Ships, which were diftributed throughout the whole Empire, were above four thoufend. What Weights and Meajures^ &c. What Athenaus relates from Calixenus of two Ships built by is ftill morefiirprifmg-, That Prince^ (aith he, built a ship of forty Ranks of Oars, its length was 280 Cubits, breadth 38, th.c^ Acroflolion on the Prow was 48 Cubits above the Wa- ter, t that on the Stern 5 5 . It had four Rudders, each of 5 o Cubits, The Oars of the Thranita or higheft Ranks of Rowers, 3 8 Cu- bits, which were eafily managed becaule the part within the Ship was counterpois’d with Lead. It had two Prows and two Sterns, twelve Decks, each (j 00 Cubits in Circumference, To give the Ship her due Motion, required 4000 Rowers, and 400 other Seamen*, 2800 Soldiers to defend it, befides a great number of other Officers, as CommifTaries of Provifions, I fliall not enter into the Credibility of this Defcription, or the Mechanifm of the Ship : only taking the account as it ftands, and comparing it with one of our firft rates of i o o Guns, of which I believe the Dimenfions may be, length of the lower Gun Deck 170 feet, length of the Keel for Tunnage 135 feet, breadth from out to out 48, depth in the Hold 1 5>5‘ . By the common Rule for mcafuring of Tunnage : the Length of the Keel 1 3 5 X48 the breadth, and this multiplied by 24 the half breadth, dividing the Produ6t by 5? 5 , becaufe we fiippofe both Ships without Guns, will give in round numbers 1^37 for the Tunnage. In the meafure of Ptolomys Ship, becaufe it was a Greek who deferibes it, we (hall make ufe of our own Cubit of a foot and a half, which differs very little from the Grecian : the Dimenfions of the Ship are Cubits, Feet. Length 280 = 420 Breadth 38 = 57 7 Breadth ip = iSj 420x57x28.5 the Product is 8 225)0; which divided by ^5 gives 7182, fo that the Proportion of the Burthen or Tunnage of this Ship of Ptolomy to one of ours of an hundred Guns is 7182 to 1^37, near 4^ to i . H h 2 This * Gratings. t Quarter-deck, Tables of Ancient Coins^ This Computation proceeds on the Suppofition that thofe Ships were fimilar Solids, which perhaps is not true, but we can com^ putc on no other. The Thalamegus was a Ship built by the fame Philopator for {ail- ing on the defcrib’d likewife by Calixenus of a furprifing Bulk, Beauty and Expence. We ftiall not enter into a Detail of all the particulars, it being rather a floating Palace than a Ship, but confider it in relation to our prefent purpofe as to the Dimen.^ fions, which fland thus, Greek, Feet. Length 4 Stadium or 3 00 Breadth 3© Cubits or 45 2 Breadth 15 Cubits or 2,2 j Depth 40 Cubits or 60 And 300x45 X 22 j give 303750, which, divided by <>5- makes 3 1 5^7 Tuns for the Burden : fb that the Thalamegus was a- bout double one of our 100 Gun Ships. But a more exad way of computation will be, inflead of taking half the Breadth to take the’ Depth of the Hold, which is proportionably much greater in the’ antient Ships abovementioned than in ours^ and indeterminately exprefled in the Defcription. For in the firfl Ship the Height of Acrofiolion ahowc Water is mentioned to be 48 Cubits: in the fe- cond, the height of the Tent or Auning above Water 40 Cu- bits. Hiero, King of Syracufey employed Archias under the Diredion of Archimedesy to build a Ship of immenfe Bulk and Expence. A- thenms writes that there was as much Wood cut from Mount ALtnUy as would have built fixty Triremesy befides a great deal of Plank that was brought from Italy and other parts of Sicily. The ship was built by halves, and the one half being finiflied, and by help of a Screw invented by Archimedes launch’d'into the Water, the other half was join’d to it by great Brafs Nails, weighing a- bove ten pound a-piece, mortiz’d with Lead. It would be too tedious Weights and Meafures, &c. tedious to relate all the Conveniencies , Apartments., Gardens,. Walks, Baths, ^c. aboard this Ship *, among other things there was a Fiih-pond, and a Refervoir holding two thoufand Metretes^ of Water, that is, according to the Tables, above eighty five Tuns. It had leveral Tenders, particularly one mentioned, that was of the Burden of three thoufand Talents j a Talent was fixty Minee, and the antient Attick Mina was our Pound Averdupois, confe- quendy two Talents made an hundred and twenty Pounds, called a hundred Weighty and forty Talents made a Tun, therefore this Ship was juft feventy five Tun. There were other Tenders, which the Author faith were only five hundred Talents, or the fixth part of this, ^iz. twelve Tuns and an half. There is great reafon to believe that the antient Merchant Ships were much lefs than ours. Cicero tells you in his twelfth Epiftle to Lentulus, that they diftovered by intercepted Letters that Dolahella^ defignd, when his Affairs grew defperate in Syria and Egypt, to pack up bag and baggage, and fail for Italy, and for that purpofe was about to feize upon tran^ort Ships, the leaft of which was of two thoufand Amphorte, that is about fifty fix Tun, which it feems he thought a large Ship ^ if it were only the meafure of the Ca- pacity, and not of the Burden, it would be ftiil much left. Pliny lih. i 6 . cap. 40. fpeaks of one very large Ship of Burden, which brought over from -^gypt the great Obelisk that flood in the Circus of the Vatican in the Reign of Caligula • which befides the Obelisk itfelf had I 2 0000 Modii of Lentes for Ballaft, 120000 Modii make 1138 Tun. All thofe great Ships above mentioned fall very far fhort of the Capacity of the Ark, which, according to the Dimenfions giv- en us in the Scriptures, was 500 Cubits in length, 50 in breadth,- and 3 o in height : which fuppofing it a Parallelepiped, gives the Content 30x50X300—450000 folid Cubits. The Cube of the Je^QjiJh Cubit in Feet and Decimals of a Foot is 8404224,, this multiplied into the former Sum, gives 2730781^9 the Com tent of theArk in Feet-, 3 3.^875 cubical Feet make a Tun, there- fore 238 'tables of Ancient Coins, fore dividing 2730781,9 by the Quotient is Signs'! Tuns, the Capacity of the Ark; iwhich being {low’d with things of no greater, and chiefly of lefs {pecifick Gravity than Water, would make the Capacity not much different from the Ton- nage. But, to return to the Hiftory of Navigation, *The Carthaginians endeavoured to extend their Empire and their Commerce by the Conquefl of Brainy Sicily y and Sardinia. They attack’d Sicily with various Succefs, and often loft there great Fleets and Armies. The two Dionyfii maintain’d their Ty- ranny there with great Condu(ft and Force for fifty years together, with a Fleet of five hundred large Ships, 100000 Foot and 10000 Horfe Dionyfius the father had once chafed them out of the Ifland. He was the nrft who built ^inquiremes^. Ttmoleony who came af- ter the Vionyfiiy forced the Carthaginians a fecond time out of the Ifland, tho’ they had manned out againft him a Fleet of two hun- dred men of war, and above two thoufand Ships of Burden. Thefe ill Succeffes did not difcourage that ambitious and interefted Peo- ple, who looked upon Syracuse as the Rival of Carthage ; they ftill purfiied the fame Scheme, and found afterwards a more dan- gerous Enemy in Agathocks, who from a Pyrate raifed himfelf to be Tyrant of his Country. He not only beat the Carthaginians in Sicily, but befieged them in their Capitol in Africk, and 'reftored the Sicilians to the Empire of thofc Seas. After the Death of Aga-- thocles the Carthaginians renewed their Pretenfions upon Sicily: the Sicilians called to their aid Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, who joining his Ships to thofe of the Syracujians, compofed a Fleet of more than two hundred fail, beat the Carthaginians at Sea, and made himfelf Mafter of the Ifland. But the Romans having obtained the fame Advantages over him in Italy, as he had obtain’d over the Carthaginians in Sicily, obliged him to abandon both Italy and Si- The b Olympiad 109. c About Olympiad 117. JVeights and Meafures, 8cc. 239 The Carthaginians dilputed with the lame obftinacy the Poflct fion of Sardinia, and with no better Succefs. Their Attempts on this I (land was the caufe of the fecond Punick War, of which we lhall (peak afterwards. The Tyrians, from whom the Carthaginians were defcended, had eftablilhed a Colony at Cadiz j the People of Cadiz procured their aid againft the Spaniards, in which War they had got polTeflion of fbme part of Spain, The great Hannibal afterwards extended their Conquefts as far as the Eher, They were beat out of that Country by the Romans, of whole naval Power I fliall now begin to lay fomething. The Romans, incited by the Example of their Neighbours, and compelled to it by Necellity, began to think lerioully of acqui- ring a maritime Force. Polybius tells us, that before the firft: Pu- nick 21 they had not thought of the Sea: this is not to be un- derllood in a ftrid fcnle ^ for the lame Author makes mention of a Treaty between them and the Carthaginians, An. U. C. 145. in the rime of the firll Confuls, which was two hundred and fifty years before the firll P«w/V^War, in which they engaged them^ felves not to fail beyond the North Promontory of Carthage, un- lels compelled by Necellity. The Navigation of the Ronnans is regulated by particular Claules in that Treaty. In the year of Rome 402. there was another Trea- ty of Commerce made with the Carthaginians, in which the Tyrians and People of Utica were comprehended as Allies of the Romans. It appears by thele Treaties, that the Romans had not only prac- tifed the Sea, but pyrated on it. The third Treaty between the then Romans and me Carthaginians, was made in the year of Rome 473. By this Treaty it appears that Romans had very much negleded [their maritime Affairs, for they llipulated with the Car- thaginians to furnifh them with Ships both for Tranfport and War. In the year of Rome ^16, leventy four years before the firft Carthaginian War, the Romans had leiz’d upon the Fleet of the ^72- tiates, now Capo de Auzo, confilling of twenty two Ships, among 1 which 2^0 Tables of Ancient Coins^ which there were fix armed with 'R-ofiva, with which the Conful Mdsnius adorn’d the publick place of Oratory. Thefe are plain Proofs of the having applied themfelves to the Sea, before the firfl Carthaginian War. It was in vain for the Romans to think of carrying on the War in Sicily againft the Carthaginians ^ without a naval Force ; and per- haps nothing can give a greater Idea of the moil invincible Cou- rage and Induftry of that People, than this firfl Efiay of their na- val Preparations; having built in the fpace of fixty Days from the time of cutting down the Timber a Fleet of an hundred §uinquiremes and twenty Triremes, upon a Model of one of the Ene- my’s Ships which chance had made them Mailers of They had been us’d before to waft over their Troops into Sicily in borrow'd open Veflels. The Reader will find a very particular Account of this War in the firfl Book of Polybius, by which he may form likewife fbme Idea of the Veflels of that time : For five years after the beginning of that War the Romans rigged out a Fleet, in which there were 140000 Men that bore arms. The Fleet con- fifled of three hundred and thirty Veflels ; in each Galley they had three hundred Rowers and an hundred and twenty Soldiers j for the number of Men being divided by the number of Ships gives four hundred and twenty four men a-piece. The Carthaginian Fleet confifted of three hundred and fifty fail, with 150000 fighting men aboard, which is more than four hun- dred and twenty eight men in every Ship. This fliews that their Ships were very large. And who now (as Polybius faith) would contemplate the mighty Hazard to which thofe two contending States wereexpofed, and but hear the relation of the Preparation of fuch Fleets and Armies without Aflonifliment, and taking part of the Peril with which they threatned each other. The Event was, that the Fleet (although built by Shipwrights, and con- ducted by Pilots, both without Experience) defeated that of the Carthaginians *, both in the firft and fecond Battle : and had made * OJymp. 731. U. C. ^98. Weights and Measures ^ &c. the RmafJs Mafters at Sea, had it not been for their LofTes by Shipwreck i by which, the firft year of the War, their Fleet, con- lilting of three hundred and fifty ^four lail, was reduced to eighty. To repair this Lois they built a hundred and twenty Ships in three Months time, and put to Sea with a Fleet of three hundred lail, of which they loll again the half by Shipwreck. This Fleet they recruited with two hundred fail, whereof they loll ninety three in a Sea-fight the year afterwards. This was attended by another Lois : for the Conlul Junius palling over into Sicily with a Reinforcement of an hundred and twenty Gallies, and more than eight hundred Ships of Burden, his Fleet was dellroy’d by a furious Tempeft. Thele LolTes obliged the Romans to abandon the Sea to the Cartha- ginians^ who by their Infolence and ravaging the Italian Coalfs oppolite to Sicily, forced the Romans again to try their Fortune at Sea with a Fleet of two hundred lail, under the Command of Lutatius the Conful, who obtain’d a compleat Victory over the Carthaginians in the year of Rome 5 1 1 . After which thele People were obliged to demand Peace, and give up to the Romans all their PolTellions in Sicily. This Sea War coll the Carthaginians five hun- dred ^inquiremes, and the Romans (even hundred, including their Shipwrecks. The Roman Shipwrecks were occalion’d undoubtedly by their Ships being bad Sea-boats, and themlelvcs but indifferent Seamen. For mere perfonal Valour could not fupply want of knowledge in building and working their Ships. Of which there cannot be a greater Indication than that of the Rhodian Ship, which paffed thro’ the whole Roman Fleet, backwards and forwards leveral times, carrying Intelligence to Vrepanum. Polyhius laith, that the Rhodian Captain relying on his Knowledge and the Lightnefi of his Veffel, paffed in open day through all the Guards of the Enemy that awaited him j and in a kind of Mockery and Contempt of the Enemy, he would often lie upon his Oars, and then take a turn, and go quite round them, as if it were to provoke them to fight. This Ship by good luck fell into their Hands at lall, and ferved as I i a 241 242 Tables of Ancient Coins, a Model to build others by. One cannot help making this Ob- lervation^ that the People of that time muft have been either more faithful to their Country, or better governed than thole in our days ^ for if the Roman Government fublifted now, they would have had renegade Seamen and Ship-wrights enough to have ler- ved them on this occalion. A little before the time of this firll Carthagiman War lived Hie- ron King of Syracufe, a wife Prince skill’d in maritime Allairs, of whole naval Architecture we have given a former Inftancc. Ten or twelve years afterwards the Romans were engaged in a new War againft the Illyrians, Inhabitants of the Eaftern fde of the Adriatick Gulph, who under the Authority and Permillion of their Queen infefted all the neighbouring Coafts with their Pyracies. Teufa had the Inlblence to put to death one of the Ro~ man AmbalTadors j ftie was obliged, by a vigorous and Tuccelsful War which the Romans made, to confeiit to give up all the Sea Coalf, except a very few places ; to reduce her Fleet two unarm- ed Brigantines, and not to fail beyond the City of hiffus, now call’d Ah^o or Aleffia in the Neighbourhood of Dyrrachium^ Duraz- zo in Albania. It was the conftant Method of the Romans to dif- arm thole Nations whom they had vanquiftied at Sea: for what other Security could they have, it being impolTible to bridle their Power in that Element by Garrifons, as at Land. The Ijirians broke this Treaty, and the Illyrians put to Sea fifty Brigantines, in which they fail’d beyond the Lijfus as Er as the Cyclades-, but they were vanquiihed by the Conful j^mi- lius. The Illand of Sardinia, and the Uneafinels of the Carthaginians under a great Sum that was exaCled from them by the Romans, were the caules of a lecond Pmick War^ in which the Fleets of both Nations feem’d to be lefs numerous than in the firfl:. The Romans, according to their uliial Spirit, when their Affairs were in the utmoffc Extremity in Italy by the terrible Invafion of Han- nibal, Olymp, 140. U. C. 53^. ordered Scipio to pals with a Fleet S Weights and Meafures, 8cc. to Sfdijy and from thence to Africh. He with a Diligence, al- moft paft Credibility, built, rigg’d and arm’d twenty §^quiremesy and thirty ^adriremes in forty five Days, reckoning from the time of cutting down die Timber, a great part of which was green. The Vidory he obtained over Emmihal in Ajrtch put an end to that War. The Carthagmians beg’d and obtain’d Peace upon the very hard terms of having their Fleet reduc’d to ten Gallies, Sci- pio having burnt the reft before their eyes to the number of five hundred of all Rates. What a mifrrable Spedacle was this for a Nation that had been Miftrefr at Sea fo long? By this Trea- ty they were not only reftrain’d as to their Ships of force, but the very Bulk of their trading Vcffels was regulated. It was re- markable in this fecond Punick War, that whilft Hannibal was vi- florious in Italy at Land, the Romans beat the Carthaginians at Sea. The next Affair which the Romans had at Sea was with Philip King of Macedony who after the Battle of Canna had entered in- to a Confederacy with Hamihaly of which the principal Article was, that he fhould* invade Italy with two hundred fail of Ships. In the year of Rome 5 40, the Prastor Lcemnus commanding the Fleet upon the Coaft of Brmdufium (now Brundijt) and Calahriay im- barked an Army aboard the Fleet, and forced Philip to raife the Sieges of * Oricum and of t Apollonia , obliged him to retire into Macedonia by Land, and to burn the greateft part of his Fleet, confifting of an hundred and twenty Biremes. The very fame year the Cities of Euboea were attack’d by three powerful Fleets, the Romany that of Attains King of Pergamosy confifting of eighty §uinquiremesy and that of the Rhodians of twenty Ca- taphraBtCy that is, covered or clofe Ships. Twelve years after- wards Philip engaged near the Ifland of Chio the Fleet of Attains, and that of the Rhodians confifting of fixty five Ships of War, be- fides fbme of the Byzantines Philip's Fleet confifted of fifty three co- I i X ver’d * Oricum on the Coafl of Ep'rus, hnilt by the j f Apollonia, a City &/ Macedonia, now cal- Colchians. \ leci?o\\[v\A. ^ 243 244 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ ver’d Gallies, befides feveral open Ships, and an hundred and fifty Galliots and Ships called Frijles, from the Figure of a Whale on their Prow, as a Mark of their extraordinary Swiftnefi. Philip at being beaten by the Romans under the Conduct of ^Flami- niusy obtain’d peace upon the hard cbridition of delivering all his cover’d Vefiels to the Romans. They left him fome finall VefTels, and one Galley of a prodigious fize, which was laid to be of fix- teen Ranks of Oars. This great Ship carried the Conful Paulus , /Emilius to Rome^ after he had vanquifli’d Perfeus the Son of Philip. Antiochus, firnamed the Great, at the Infiigation of Hannibal^ difputed with the Romans the Empire of the Sea, with the fame bad Succefs. He had an Admiral of great Experience, one Polyxeni- das. The Romans had the advantage of the Battel by the Bulk of their Ships, and the Fleet of Antiochus in the Swiftnefs and Mo- bility of theirs, which ferved them in great ftead in the Flight. Polyxenidas defpifed the Fabrick of the Roman Vefiels, affirming them to be infcite faSlas ^ immohiles. The Battel was fought on the Coafts of Ionia. The Rhodians attacked a recruit of VefTels, which Antiochus was bringing from Sicily'^ hux. Polixenidas his Ad- miral, a very able Officer, furprized the Rhodian Fleet, together with a part of the Roman at the Ifland of Samos: there were hard- ly (even Vefiels that efcaped, twenty were taken and carried to Ephefus. JEmilius Regillus fucceeded to Lix^ius in the command of the Roman Fleet, and with eighty fail beat that of Antiochus un- der the command of Hannibal and Polyxenidas y confifting of an hundred covered Vefiels. The Romans took thirty of them, and burnt or funk the reft. The Defeat of his Army at land at the fame time extinguiflied his Hopes of difputing with the Romans the command of the Sea. He was obliged to abandon all the A~ jiatich Coaft between the Sea and Mount Taurus, to deliver all his Fleet to the Romans, except ten middle-fiz’d Brigantines, with which he durft not fail beyond the Promontories of Cilicia^ In execution of this Treaty, fifty great Vefiels were ‘burnt by the command of the Roman Conful. His Son Antiochus Eupator, Weights and Meafures^ &c. defiance of this Claufe, began to augment his Fleet; but the Ro- man Senate ordered his fiipernumerary Veflels to be burnt. Hamihal apprehending leafi: Antiochus, after his Defeat, fliould be obliged to deliver him up to the Romans^ went into the Ser- vice of Prujias, King Bithynia, and commanded his Fleet a- gainft Eumenes, King of Pergamos ^ an Ally of the Romans. Be- ing fruitful in Stratagems, he threw into the Enemy’s Ships ear- then Bottles filled with Serpents, which put the Crew in Diforder, and made them fly. This was the lame Prujias, who join’d with the Rhodians in a War againfl: the Byzantines, and Hop’d them from levying their Toll upon the Trade into ^zEuxine Sea. The /Etolians were the next that by their Infolence drew the Arms of the Romans againfl: them. The Conful Fuhius took their Capital City Amhracia, and reduced them to beg Peace, which they obtain’d by the Interceflion of the Athenians and Rhodians. The Ijlrians who had join’d with them were Fellow-Sufferers. After this the Romans were Mailers of all the Hies from the Coafi: of Epirus'" to the Cape of Malleum^. Nahis, who had pofleffed himlelf of the Coafl: near to Sparta, and there pyrated outrageoufly upon all the Peloponefian Trade, was the next that felt the Power of the Roman Arms. The Confiil at- tack’d him with a Fleet of forty lail, eighteen dole Gallies of Rhodes, and ten others of King Eumenes, obliged him to deliver up his Fleet, and rellore the Ships he had taken to the Proprietors, referving only to himfelf two Brigantines. Notwithllanding which he rigged out another Imall Fleet, and the Achaans irigaged him with theirs, not waiting for that of the Romans. Philopoemen, a great Captain at land, but a bad Admiral, took the Command upon him, and was beaten by Nahis. He made afterwards a Truce with the People of Rome, but before it expired he was kill’d by the JEtolians, After which Sparta entered into the AllLance of the Achaans, The * A Province of Na'olia | c Epirus lies between Macedonia and the b In the Leffer Myfia. T%ere was afamoHs Ionian Sea-, it is now called Canina. Library at Pergamos, I d JVaiv calledCnho Malio in the Morea.. 246 7abks of Ancient Coins ^ The Rhodians^ tho’ Friends and Allies of the People of Romey were not perfedly well pleafed with this great Superiority of their maritime Power. They would fain have made themielves Arbi- trators between the Romans and King Perfeus-. They ^oke in a very high ftyle to the Senate, and complain’d of a great many Grievances j but chang’d their Language much after the Defeat of Per feus y laying the blame of this Proceeding on fome particular Citizens. No body could be furpriz’d that fo wife a People Ihould have fuch Sentiments, ^Perfeusy after having in vain fbllicited his Neighbours for aid, fent Envoys to Carthage, to kindle afrefli their anticnt Hatred a- gainfl: the Romans'. He had a numerous Fleet, and fonie Ships of great Bulk. The Romans during this time had negleded a little their Sea Affairs, and their Fleet was ill man’d ; but a Vidory by Land over Perfeus foon ended the Quarrel ; and he himfelf being taken Prifoner in the Ifland of Samothracia, whither he had fled, was carried to Rome. It was on this occafion that Paulus jfEmilius entered the Tyher in the above-mentioned royal Ship of Perfeus of fixteen Ranks of Oars. Gmtius King of the Illyrians had the feme fate. The Romans were furprifed to fee two captive Kings, and the fuccefsful end of a War, of which they knew not the beginning. But as a mark that the Romans confidered their maritime Power more in relation to War than their Trade, they made a prefent of an hundred and twenty Brigantines of the Fleet of Gentius to the People of Afollonia, Corcyra (now Corfu) and Pyrrachium {Du- razzo.) Polyhius tells us, that from the Defeat of Philip King of Mace- don till a confiderable time after that of Perfeusy the Romans had abfblutely negleded the Coafl: of Illyria. All this while the little Afiatich Princes carried on maritime Wars againfl one another. « Olymp. ISO. U. C. siS> During Weights and Meafures^ See. During the Roman Wars in Macedonia the Carthaginians were pre- paring to fliake ofF their Yoke. The Romans were inform’d of their (ecretly laying up naval Stores. AmbafTadors were lent to Carthage, under pretence of terminating the DijfFerence between the Carthaginians and Mafaniffd. Thefe AmbafTadors were like to have been torn to pieces by the populace, but were convinc’d by ocular Demonftration of the naval Preparations of the Carthagini- ans. Whereupon the Romans quickly fitted out a Fleet againft them of fifty ^inquiremes, and a great many other Ships. The Con- fill Manlius commanded the Land Army. The Carthaginians, fiir- prized at fb hidden an Attack, followed the Example of which had fubmitted to the Romans who began by burning the Cartha- ginian Fleet j and, after having feiz’d a great number of Hoftages, acquainted them with their refblution of deftroying their City, and fetding them on the Continent five Leagues from the Sea. Upon hearing this they were feiz’d with Fury, and refblved to fuffejt the laft Extremity rather than fubmit to fuch cruel Terms. They were befieg’d in form by Sea and Land. After Scipio had taken away the ufe of their Harbour, they dug a new one at another Quar- ter of their City, through which they Tent a Fleet of an hundred and twenty Ships of War, which attack’d the Roman Fleet, and burnt a part of it: but after all their vain Efforts, the City of Carthage was taken by the Romans feven hundred years from its Foundation, and fix hundred and eight after that of Rome. The Romans burnt the remainder of this laft Fleet, which is another mark of their fmall Attachment for the Sea. Carthage at that time had feven hundred thoufand Inhabitants, as we faid before : and nothing could be a greater Sign of their Power and Riches, than that laft Effort they made for their Prefervadon. But fiicceeding times plainly fhewed the Romans the Advantage of a City fituated on that place. For, not to mention the Attempt of the Gracchi to rebuild Carthage it was at laft finifli’d by Augujius, and peo- pled f Old Carthage ftoed about twelve Miles from Tunis toivards the Sea. 'There is a fmall Village there now. 247 7ables of Ancient Coins, pled with 'Romms and Africans, two hundred years from the time of its Ruin, according to a Project leh by Julius Ccefar. After the deflrudion of Carthage, the Romans began to have a regular Commerce in Africa. It conhfted chiefly in the Sale of Slaves carried to the Ifland of 'Delos, which by the happy Circum- ftance of being reckoned a facred place, grew to be a free Port, where Nations warring with one another reiorted with their Goods, and traded as in a neutral Country. The Deftruilion of Carthage was fbon follow’d by that of Cb- r'lnth S a City famous for Trade and Navigation; it had two Har- bours, that of Senchres on the j^gean Sea towards the Eaft, on theWeftern fide the Port of Lechceum: 'it was called hy Philip oC Ma- cedon the Chain of Greece. The Corinth'tans were laid to be In- ventors of Trirm^r, and of Weights and Meafures ; tho’ both their Sea-craft and Arithmetick came originally from the Phoenicians. But at laft their Impudence in violating the Right of Nations, and ill treating the Roman Deputies, drew the Vengeance of that People upon them : and the Conful Mummius, after having beaten 607- their Army, took, pillag’d, and burnt their City; which was af- /f.c/.c. yio.terwards rebuilt by Julius Cce far. The Deftrudlion of thofe two famous trading Cities, Carthage and Corinth, fill’d the Seas with Pyrates : their Inhabitants having no certain abode, nor any other way of fubfifting. The Romans at that time were engag’d in a dangerous War againfi: Mithridates, who was powerful at Sea, and ufed the Afiiftance of the Pyrates to reduce the Roman naval Power. Antonius attack’d thi? Pyrates of Crete, and by his too great Prefumption was defeated, upon the Senfe of which affront he died with Grief This Lofs was re- pair’d by Metellus Pro conful, who fubdued all the Ifland, the Inhabitants of which had been free from the time of Minos. The Pyrates of the neighbouring Coaffs, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Lycia^ had the Courage to engage the Roman Fleet with their final! Vef- fels. nusSaronicns (Golfo diEgina)-Sea The ordinary Convoys of Provifions for Rome were intercepted, and the City^ was like to be famiflied. The Towns and Templies on the Sea Coafts of Italy were pillaged, or put under Contribution. The Pyrates appeared with great Fleets even at the Mouth of the Tiber,- They had of all forts above a thoufond Ships, of which they for- med regular Fleets. They had their foveral Ports and Maga- zines, but Cilicia was their principal Refort, from whence the)r fitted out their Squadrons as occafion requir’d. So prefiing an Evd demanded a powerful and (peedy Remedy. Pom^ey was entrufted with a command greater than had been given before to any Rch man Citizen, and which, according to the reafonable care of Li- berty in that time, and afterwards loft, gave much Jealoufy. It was no left than the command of all the Seas front the Straits cT Gibraltar to the Thracian Bofphorus, with the bordering Coaft fifty Miles up the Country. He had a Fleet equip'd of Romans and their Allies, confifting of five hundred foil. With this Strength he defeated the Navy of the Pyrates on the Coaft of Cilicia, and by a Condudl peculiar to himfolfi put a happy end to the War; of which I think the moft prudent part was his Moderation and Indulgence, not reducing them to delperation ; but after having forbid them the ufo of the Sea, appointed them fix’d Habitations and Lands to cultivate in the inland Countries ; which kind ufoge made them afterwards the moft faithful Subjects of the people of Rome. The fuccefiful Management of this War, which he fi- nifli’d in three Months makes perhaps the moft glorious part of the Life of Pompey, and exceeds (in my Opinion) the greateft A which they (aw in their own or foreign Ports every day. The chief trading City among the Gauls was Maffilia (now Marfeills) founded and peopled by the Phoceans, an Ajiatick Na- tion addided to Commerce, whole Manners they retained ; they civilized theG^«/j-, who were their Neighbours; but their Riches and Grandeur drew upon them the Envy and Hatred of (bme Na- tions among them, as the Salyans and Ligurians. They affifted the People of Rome (who courted their Favour) on many occafi- ons. There are two Voyages of the MaJJilians recorded, one of Euthemenes beyond the Line, and another of Pythias towards the North as for as Iceland, which were treated, becaule of the Strange- ne(s of their Accounts, as fabulous by the Ancients ; but time has confirm’d the poffibility and the truth of them. Marfeilles had great Obligations to Pompey, and join’d with him againfi: C^far, who took their City after the Lo(s of two Sea Battles which they had fuftained in their own Defence. There were other trading Towns in Gaul\e{s famous thm Marfeilles, of which the Reader may (ee an account in Monfieur Huet, Spain « Csefar.lib. ■$. cap. 12. die Bell. Gall. Strabo lib. 3, ti Herod, lib; 3. cap. ly. 253 254 Tables of Ancient Coins^ Spain (at Waft the Southern parts of it) was always much mote famous for Traffick thm Gad. Th& Phesmcims frequented it, e^e- cially that part which lies towards the Straits 6f Gibraltar at the mouth of the Batis, celebrated by ancient Authors under the name of Tharjtf. See Ezek. xxvii, t i. The Expedition and Conquefts of Hercules are aftrib’d to thefe Parts of Spain ; and one Colms of Samos is faid to have been driven thither by fortune about the forty fifth Olympiad, where he made a very rich booty .5 tho’ Sojlrates, a certain Greek from the Ifland of J^ina, had been there before him. The Phoceans, dri- ven from Afia by the Perjtans, came into theft Countries a- bout the fixty eighth Olympiad. The Phoenkians were enticed thither by the Silver Mines, called by the Ancients the Moun- tains of Silver: Whereof they found fuch Quantities, that they forged their Anchors and other Utenfils of their Ships of that Metal. I have mentioned the Spanijh Mines in a former Dif ftrtation. Befides Metals, Spam furniflied feveral other tich Com- modities, as Wine, Wool, Stuffs, linen Cloth, (of which they were faid to be the Inventors) Honey, Wax, Borax, Vermilion, foftile Salt, pickled Fifh,, and a fort of rRuih called Sparttm, uft- ful for Cordage and other parts of Shipping, from whence Cifr- tagena was called Spartaria. But Oil muft not have been plenti- ful, even m Andalufia, in thoft times, fince Arijlotle tells us that they purchaftd at of the Phoenicians with Bars of Silver. The In- habitants of the Baleares maAe uft of a faditious Oil, ^and the Portuguese inftead of it uftd Butter. In the time of Augujius and Tiberius the Southern Coafts of Spain font great Fleets of Merchant- men to Italy. Germany very little known before the timeof and he knew only that part of it which lies on the Banks of the Rhine. In the Wars that were carry’d on under Augujius, that Country came to be more frequented for his Fleets fail’d round Germany beyond the Cimbrick Cherfonefus (now Jutland.) When s Arlftot. lib. de rnirabilibus. 1 Strabo lib. '9. iVeights and Meafuresy See. when ^ Sir oho (peaks oh Germany y bet\x^en the Elh and the BaU i^ck, as. an unknown Country^ he mu£b be underftood to mean the inland pbces and not the Coaft. ^Tacitus (ays that the Germans were /iutoebthonesy Originals of their own Country, and that they had no Communication with any ftrange Nation j that the Tranfi- migradons and peophn^ of Countries were made in former times by Sea, and not by Land ; neverthelefs there were {everal Inroads of foreign Nations into Germany, mentioned by antient Authors, particularly a ‘’Voyage of the /Egyptians under die Condnd of Ofi^ ris up the Danube j from them the Sue^i had their Worihip, of and all the Germans that of Tejith, fiom whom they took the name of Testtons^ According to antient Fables the Argonauts, at their return from Colchis f^l’d up the Danube, and from^ thence palled into the Adriatick, carrying their Ship Argo upon their Shoul- ders : a Mark of great Ignorance in Geography among the Writers of that time.- The manner of living of the Nomades, changing their Habitations, made them incapable of Trade.. The Inhabi- tants on the Banks of the Rhine knew the ufe of Wine and Mo*^ Hey, and taught both to their Neighbours. The Amber of die Northern Coalls of Germany brought a confiderable Profit,, that commodity being in great requefl at Rome, ^Scandinavia had Harbours both upon the Baltick and upon the Ocean: the Inha- bitants built VelTels of a panicular frame, with two Prows, and without (ails, like thole of Ibme other people upon the Euxine Sea, They exchanged their dry Filh and other Merchandize with thole of the Germans j their Pitch and Copper brought them likewile con- fiderable Profit. All the People of that Northern TradEaftward of Germany, and a part of Germany itlelf, were very indillindly known by the Ancients under the Name of Scythians, of whole Com- merce there is little mention *, and Monfieur Euet Ipeaks rather of the modern than ancient Hate of the Trade of Mujeovym^ Rolands The * Strabo lib. 7. ® Tacims de mor. [ Capital is Augsburg. _ ^ Scandinnviaw^*/ Germ. l* Diodorus Siculus lib. i. I that T^rad ojf Land vjhich contains now the ‘ lahahiting the Country now Schwaben, the j greatejlpart ^ Norway and Sweden. 255 256 Tables of Ancient Coins, The Euxine Sea is conveniently fituated for Trade by the com- munication it has both with Ajia and Europe, and the great navi- gable Rivers that empty themfelves into it. The Danube , the Bory- fihenes, the Tanais, open it to the European Nations on the Weft and North, and on the Eaftern Coaft an Infinity of little Rivers from y[oimtTaurus, and its branches, brought down the Merchan- dift of Ajia, fo that it furniflied many rich Commodities to the Countries which traded towards it, fuch as Gold and other Me- tals, Corn, Leather, Linen, Honey, Wax, Cattle, Furs, Drugs, as Rhubarb and Liquorifh, Nuts, Timber for Ship-building, and (bme pretious Stones. The Greeks believed themfelves to be the firft who had navigated that Sea, from the Story of Argonauts but the ^Egyptians had been there before them j for Sefojlris King of ^gypt, following the fteps of his PredecelTors, marched into that Country, and was defeated at Colchis. The Greeks eftablifli’d a great many Colonies on the Coaft of the Euxine, and in honour of Commerce ereded a Temple and Statue to Mercury, which Arrian ® found at Trapezus or Trehizond. He mentions likewife the Port of the IJiacks, fo called from Ijis the Goddeft of the Egypti- ans. The Fifliery oE the Euxine Sea confiding in Sturgeon, Tuny- filh, Cavear, which were exported to Italy and Greece, was fo great that the Cuftoms of them maintain’d the old Andronkus Palceologus and his Houfliold. The old Byzantium (now Conjlantinople) failed a great Toll upon the Trade that palfed into that Sea. The Egyptians foiled to the Cimmerian Bofphorus Palus Meeotis and the Taurick Cherfonefus \ unknown to the Ancients on the North fide ^ for in ' Pliny s time they did not know whether the Palus Maotis were a Gulph of the Ocean. The Phoenicians traded to it, as appears by Lucian. The Fable of Iphigenia and the famous Exploits of Pylades and Orejles, demonftrate that there was a cor- refpondence between the antient Greeks and Scythians in that Coun- try, where they afterwards eftabliflied Colonies. Theodofta an an- tient e Arriiui. Peripl. ^ f The Cimmerian Bof- j bache, from a fort of Ftp. ^ Taurick fhorxis joins the Euxine and the Palus Masoti^. 1 between the Euxine tf«?<^Palus Mse-* $ Palus Mseotis, now called Mare (ielle Za - 1 oiis. > Plin. lib. 2. cap. 69. Weights and MeaJureSi &c. tient Colony of the Milejians, at the Entry of the Cimmerian Bofpho^ rus, was an Harbour capable of an hundred Veffels, a Place of much Commerce, almoft deferred in the time of the Emperor Adrian, afterward re-eftablilhed and pofTeffed by the Genoefe, under the name of Cafa, who carried on a great Trade there under the Gre- cian Emperors, till it was taken by the Turks. Tanais (now Afof) was built by the Greeks. ^ Olhia, Boryfdoenis, Panticapeeum capable to hold an hundred Veffels, Capi, Phanagoria and PLarmonaffa, are all byj whom they were fnhdued. The Spmt^y as we fiid beforcji were defcerrded from tb^ Fekf^i^ aad fittled at the Mouth of the River Pa» whieh was called from t\kQm.!^pinmQk, Thus the three Seas. of lufimr toward? the SQuth-Eaft, the iQnm towards the Souths and the /idriatkk on, the North-Eaft G.de> were antiently commanded by theft three different Nations : the firft by the Tynhmiansy the fev cond by the Taventines,, and the thhd by the Spmetcs-K The hilomni'- ansy who lived on the oppofite Coaft, that of lUyim, were great Navigators^ and addicted to Eyracy j they poffeifed themfelves of^ ft veral ihands in the Adriatkh were the Inventors, of 2k light fort of VelTels called Lihurm,, which came to,- be much in ufe in the time of Augufius, All thofe Nations were ftverally fobdued by the Romans, who for a long time, tho’ they were poffeffed of their ' Ports, did not. profit much by Trade. The Books of Vd^rQ concerning Navigation are lofi:,, which, no doubt would have giv- en us great Ught in. thoft matters. The. Romans tho’ they had no great Genius for Trade> yet were not entirely negleiStful of it. The Eftabliihment of the. RmfeBi Annonas was. very ancient, their Bufinefi was to fupply the City with Corn, which, they traniported at firft Bom Sicily and Sardinia, and, afterwards from Africa ; un- der the firft Emperors from j^gypt-, and in the Declenfioniof the Empire from Marfeilles and GauL In the year of Rome 2,5 9 there was a College of Merchants inftituted, called the. College of Mer-- cunals, from the God of Commerce. We do not read of any great Improvements made in Commerce by that Society : The deftru6tion of Carthage and, Corinth did not increaft the Trade of Italy fb much as one would have imagined j but when thofe two great Cities were rebuilt, Auguflus apply’d himfelf more fe- riouQy to Affairs of Trade .and Navigation ; he. fent large Srjua- drons into the Ocean beyond the Cimhrick Promontory on the Coaft of Africk towards the Line -, to the Palus Maotis and the^^l- rahick Gulph or the Red Sea, The African Trade was manag’d at Utica, Weights and MeafureSi &c. tyfita. There ire many L^Ws in the which that tha Romms apply’d thtmfelves tb Trade. Thefe related tb privilfedges, as excmptibn from municipal Offices anntxt to the Proprietors of Ships of foch burthens, employed in the bringing home of Grain, Several Citizens by a fraudulent fulfilling of the Condition endeavour- ed to get the Benefit of the Priviledge, without anfwering the Inten- tion of the Law, which fraudulent pradices were provided againft by new Laws: The Conftrudion of Ships was forbidden to Se- nators, by a Law made by Claudius 3 Tribune of the people, in the time bf the fecond Punick War, and re-enaded by the J^ulianL^LW of Concuffions. Outing the Triumvirate of OS^awius, Antony 3 and Lepidusj ybilhg Pompey built a Fleet of large Ships, and good Sailors, commanded by experienced Captains, endeavouring, after the example of his Father, to purfue his Fortune at Sea^ and encouraged by forne Vidories his Ships had obtained over thofe of Ctefar^ he called himfelf the Son of Neptune, and wore a fea-green Habit : He was defeated in a Sea Battel by Agrippa, who commanded C^far’s Fleet. This Engagement was on the Coafls of Sicily, with three hundred Ships on each fide. Agrippa was an expert Sea Officer; but al- tho’ his Mafter O^a^ius Ctefar had nb Genius or Inclination for rhefe Expeditions, yet he honour’d his Admiral Agrippa with a naval Crown. At laft the Battle of *’ ABium, between Antony and Ceefar, gavet/. c a decifive ftroke in the Command of the Sea: The different counts that are given of the Numbers of Ships on both fides by fevetal Authors, are reconcileable, by fuppofing that fome (poke of the men of war only, and others acfded the Tranlports. If Plutarch’s Account be true, Antony s Ships muff not have been of very great bulk ; for there were two and twenty thouland Soldiers on board a Fleet of perhaps four hundred fail, fince three hundred were taken in the Battle. Cleopatra fled with fixty, and Antony in one ^inqueremis : according to this Account there mull not have L 1 z been q ASium is novj called Capo Figalo, at the Entry of the Sinus Ambracias or Golfo di Larta. 260 Tables of Ancient Coins, been above fifty five fighting Men on board every Ship one with another i this Vi6tory was obtain’d by the advantage of the Ships cal- led Lihumi, which for that reafon came afterwards to be of com- mon ule. Auguflus Cafar, to eftablifti himfelf in the Dominion of the Seas, rigged out a powerful Navy to clear it of the Piratesv Malta, Corfu, and the Lihurntans-, he appointed two Stations for his fleets, which were conftantly ec^uipp’d, one at the Cape ol Mifenum, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the other at Raqjenna on the Adriatick Gulf j the firft had the command of all the Seaweft.- ward, and the fecond of the Eaftern, as far as the Palus Maotis, Ravenna continued a large and capacious Harbour for a confider rable time but at lafl the Sea left it,, and, it was choak’d up with flime and (and. The Romans were now MafEers of all the Trade of the world, but they were more employed in extending their Dominions than cultivating their Commerce. It is certain, whatever Straho may alledge to the contrary, that the. Ancients, coafied only in their Na- vigations, feldom taking the. open Sea. Pliny tells us that the Romans fteer’d' the fame Courfe to the Eajl-Indies, which the Fleet of Alexander did, and defcribes it ex- actly from Alexandria to the Indies j ^ he fays, the defire of gain had made the Merchants fleer fliorter and lefs dangerous Courfb fbmetimes, by taking the open Sea, by failing from one Cape to another^ which was both a fafer and fhorter Courfe. What he fays concerning the Circumnavigation of Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Red-Sea is very remarkable, and puts the mat- ter of fad beyond doubt. This he proves from the Wrecks of Veffels, which had fail’d from the Coafl of Spain, the broken pieces whereof were found in the Red-Sea, He fpeaks of Hannon Journal of the fame Voyage, as a thing certain-, and adds upon the Credit oC Cornelius Nepos, a faithful Hiflorian, that one Eu- doxius flying from Ptolomy Lathyrus, King of ^gypt, embark’d on the Red-Sea, and landed at Caiiz, The I Plin. lib. 6. cap. 23. 1 Lib. 2. cap. 67. Weights and MeafureSi See. 261 The Romans improv’d their Navigation by their Commerce with Nations more skilfull in thofe matters than themfelves. Mr.- Hua thinks that the cuftoni they had of giving the colour of the Sea to the Hulks, Sails and Mariners of their Spy-boats to keep them from being dilcover’d, came from the Veneti^ a people of Vannes in Britany, and this upon the Authority of Fegetms, and becaufe of the Latin name of that colour Venetus, That the Ro~ mans cultivated Navigation chiefly with regard to 'War, is plai» from “ all their Hiftory. The Statue of ViBory. fet up in the Port oi Ojiia, and the Medals of Marcius Cenforinusy An. U. C. <^50* flamp’d on the Reverie with two Ships, and a V idory, are a plain proof of it. Their Medals ftruck upon occaflon of fending out Fleets of Victuallers, had this ad coemendum Fmmentum S.C, fb in the time of the Emperors Amona Aug. Ceres Aug . . Nothing advanc’d the trade of the people of Rome fo much as^. u.c.-is the Redudion of ALgypt into the form of a Province by Augujius. Rome drew from ^gypt immenfe Riches : firfl: it was a Granary for their Provifions of Corn, which by a happy fertility they were able to furnifli to other Countries, ev’n in Years of Famine. . This Commerce of Grain was conftant and regular to under the Emperors, and afterwards to Conjiantinopk, where it continued even to the time of the Sultans. The Sea^ports of JEgypt were Belufium (nov/ Damiata) toward the Eaft, and toward the Weft. The fertility of the Soil in grain, and its being not pro^ per for Vines, put the .Egyptians upon drinking Ale, of which they were the Inventors j but they afterwards planted Vines, and. made excellent Wine, particularly the Morean celebrated by ""FlrgHy, Horace and Straho. The vidualing- Fleets lent to ^gypt were call’d by the Romans Sacra Emhoky Foelix Emhole. Befldes the Fertility, the Scituation render’d ^gypt a central place for the Commerce of Arabia, India, .Ethiopia, Syria, and for all the Coafts of the Mediterranean and Ocean. Although the Harbours were extremely t Veget. dere militari lib. r- cap. 7. | 2. Herat. Carm. lib. i. Od. 37. Strabo u Herodot. lib. 2. * Virgil. Geor. lib. [ lib. i. 262 Tables of Ancient Coins^ good, tke difficult accefs to their Coafl:> the findy Defarts to- wards the Eaft, the defence of the Red-Sea, with the Ijihmus joyn- iflg /Egyft to Syria, and the Mountains towards the South, were reckon’d as Bulwarks to the Country^ and (o they had been, (ifpofe fefTed by Inhabitants of a warlike difpofition, but they were noted for the contrary Chara< 5 lcr,) rendring the Conquefls of it difficult. Sefojhis had join’d th.Q Nile tothcRed-Sea by a Canal, which open- ed a Water-carriage to the Eafl-Indies, And what Strabo fays of Ptohmy Fhiladelfhus being the firft who made a way for the marching of an Army from Coptos to the Red Sea, is only a Com- plement to a Greek. The Ships which Se/oftris fent to the Indies muff not have been fmall, he had confecrated one of 1 8 o Cubits to the God Ofyris. Lucian few an /Egyptian Ship in his time in the Pirmm no Cubits long, 30 broad, and deep. Appian in his Preface reckons the Forces by Sea and Land of Ptohmy the fen of Lagus 1 000 00 Foot, 40000 Horfe, 300 Elephants, 500 Gallies, xooo fmaller VefTels, and 800 Thalamegos or Pleafiirc- boats of a great fize. The Government of ./Egypt was one of the great fecrets of the politicks of Augujius •, that Province was never given to a Se- nator, but always to a Knight, who was fuppos’d not to have the ambitious aims of Senators. Germanicus was feverely repri- manded by Tiberius for travelling into /Egypt without his Permif fion. As to the Revenues of .Egypt in later times, Emalcin Author of the Hiftory of the Saracens fays, that in the year of Chrift 8 5? 8 the Calif drew from /Egypt ^oo.zooooo Crowns of Gold. The Trade of Egypt declin’d with the Roman Empire; grew ftill lefe under the Mamelukes, who had a Genius and Maxims quite oppofite to Commerce ; and at laff came to be entirely loff by the navigations of the Portuguefe round the Cape of Good Hope, and their Ellabliiliments in the Indies. Grand Cairo, which was built in the year of our Lord 75^5 out of the Ruins of the an- cient Memphis, fuffer’d much by the lofs of their Trade on this occafion. Weights- and Meafuresy &c. occafion. There remains fome part ot their Linnen trade, for which they were always lo fanwus. The ancient City of Thehs^ call’d Eecatom^k from its hundred Gates, was almoft ruin’d by Camhyfesy, and very near defokte in the time of Strabo y but Alexandria liirpalled in Riches, and Trade, not only all the other Cities AEgypt, but of the whole World, y Jofephus defcribes it with great pomp, telling us that it yiel.294. 1044, (peaks of the great Trade that was carried on in the Reign of Confiantius at Batne, a City built by the ancient Macedonians, &c. of a great Fair they held there in the beginning of SeptemheVy where Merchants purchaied the Commodities of the Indies, and of the Country of the Seres or Chinefe. Tho(e Merchandizes were tranfported by Caravans through Perjta, and others which came from the Perjian Gulf, and were tranfported afterwards into the Euxine Sea, went up the Euphrates from whence the Town of Batne was not far didant. Firmus having (ei(ed upon Alexandria under the Emperor Aurelian, carried on the Indian Trade, and by it no doubt acquir’d thole great Riches of which Vopifeus (aith he was polfels’d. About this time Merchandifing came to be a more ho- nourable profedion amongd the People of Quality in Rome. There are a multitude of Cities of Trade reckon’d up by the Geographers, particularly by Ptolomy. Alfragan who lived A. D, 800, Cherif EdeJJt, under the title of the Geographer of Nu- hia, later than Alfragan 350 years j as for the Cities in general, with or without Commerce, if we believe [Straho, Pliny and Plu- tarch, there are about 5000 only in that part of India which was conquer’d by Alexander. Benjamin Weights and Meafures^ &c. Benjamin of Ka^arve^ a mention’d before^ has wrote a rela- tion ofhis voyage, which contains leveral curious things intermix- ed with (bme Falihoods. Marcus Paulus a Venetian (ays that in his time, about the 1 3 th Age, the Commerce on the Coaft Mala- lar was very inconhderable. Mario Sanudo a Venetian^ who lived about the 1 4th Age, a Man full of zeal for the recovery of the Holy Land, and the deftrudion of the Sultan of ^gypt, tells us, that the greateft part of his Revenues arofe from the Trade of Spice and other Indian Goods. He names the two principal Ports in the Indies, Malahar and Camhaya that the Cuftoms paid to the Sultan were about the third of the value of the Goods j he would have been more furprized at the cuftoms of India Goods in our time •, he obferves that the Spices brought by Land-carriage were much better than thole which came to ^gypt by Sea. In the Hiftory of the Moluccas, there is mention made of a Venetian ship feen in the Eajlern Seas, bound from Manillia to China, which cordequently muft have doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Smarcanda the Capital City of Tranfoxiana, the Maracanda of the Ancients, lituated beyond the Oxus, was formerly a famous place of Traffick, where the Chine fe, Tartar, Perpan and Indian Merchants relbrted. This City was the Seat of the Empire of Ta- merlane. The Turkijh Conquefts, and the Trade of the Portuguefi, have diminilhed the Commerce of that place. Smarcanda had eclipled Bogar or B'okara, which was not far diftant from it, fttua- ted on the North of the River Oxus, in 3 5? degrees of Northern Latitude ^ it was formerly the Capital City of all that Country, and is now in the polTeflion of the Ushecks there is a defcription of it by Anthony Jenkinfon in Hackluifs Colledion *, it was poflelTed of great Trade, and the native Place of A in a Decifion of the Jurifconfult Ja^olemusy who lived under the Reign of that Emperor, of a Brkannick Fleet commanded by Seius Saturninusy called their Archigubernusy which perhaps had been eftablifhed for the Commerce of that Country, and to keep them in Subjedi- on. His Succeffor Antoninus- Philofophus was a great Encourager of Trade, for the Benefit of which he took care of the reparation of the Highways. He put off the reprefentation of Pantomimes till late Hours, on Market Days; and Arijlide s th.e Orator his cotemporary affirms Traffick to have flouriftied very much in his time, both in the Mediterranean and in the Ocean. The Emperor Pertinax ap- plied himfelf in his Youth to a gainful Trade pradifed by his Fa- ther, who judging him fit for a better employment had a mind to turn his Education another way ; the Son was obftinate in pur- fuing fb profitable a Trade (which was a fort of Merchandife of Wood) by which he acquir’d the name of Pertinax. He carried the fame genius for Trade into the Government, but exercifed it by Miniflers. The Emperor Se^erus was very intent upon procuring plenty in Romcy and fettling peace in all the Provinces of the Empire, particularly in Britain, having cafl an Intrench- ment from one Sea to the other, which feparated the barren from the fruitful part of the Ifland. It was with a View to Commerce that in returning from his Expedition againfl: the Parthians he pafi fed through ^gj>pt, informing himfelf particularly of the Advan- tages which Rome might draw from that Country. Altho’ his Son Ca- racalla travelled through the fame Country, and feemingly upon the fame Motives, yet Revenge appears to have been the caufe of the great Maffiacre which he made at Alexandria ; wherein neverthe- lefs he had fo much regard to the Merchants, that he left them in Security. Weights and MeafureSi &c. Security. Alexander Secerns, a (age and virtuous Prince, encou- raged Trade atRoW(?it{el^ by moderating the Cuftoms. This Em- peror Cttms to have been the firft who incorporated the feveral Trades of Rome into Companies with their particular Privileges j afligning them Protedors out of their own Companies, and Judges to decide their Suits. Maximinus traded himfelf with the Goths in the Produd of his own Eftate in Thracia, the Place of his Na- tivity, whither he retired to withdraw from the unjuft Domination of Opilius Macrinus. The Emperor Aurelian confidered the Im- portance of the /Egyptian Trade, regulated the Prices of Commo- dities which came from that Country, as Indian as native j and to facilitate the Tranlportation, he took care of the Naviga- tion of the Nile and the Tiber ; and to make the common peo- ple feel plenty, he encreafed the Weight of Bread without aug- menting the Price. The barbarous People of the North being ftniible how necef- fary a naval Power was to carry on their Defigns, endeavoured in this to imitate the Romans. The Goths, when they attacked the Empire firft with an Army of 310000 Men, had a Fleet of 1000 Ships {Zojimus faith ^'ooo) built at the Mouth of the IJier in the Black Sea • which were moft part deftroyed in the Ar- chipelago by Peftilence or War. The Arabs, under the Empire of Conjlans, appeared in the Mediterranean with a Fleet of 1700 fail. Firmus, who feiz’d upon /Egypt in the Reign of Aurelian (by whom he was vanquifhed) was fb far praife- worthy, that he en- couraged Trade, and particularly the Indian, very much in that Country. Saturninus in the fame Enterprife had the fame fate. The Iriiftorians of that time quote a Letter of the Emperor Hadri- an, wherein he reckons the principal Manufadures of Ai.gypt to be Glafs, Paper, and Linen Cloth. The Emperor Probus, equal in merit to any of his PredecefTors, had the peace of the Empire very much at heart. FFe had a mind to divert the Labour and Induftry of his Subjeds from War to N n 2 Agri- 27 ? 2/6 Tables of Ancient Coins ^ Agriculture and Trade 5 and in purfuance of that defign, employ- ed his Army always in fbme ufeful Work. What was fo profita- ble to the Empire became fatal to the Emperor, by a Confpiracy of the Soldiers, who were impatient of this fatigue, and could not bear the Reftoration of ancient Difcipline. He enlarged the Chan- nels of Rivers, and particularly of the Kilcy to make them more commodious for Navigation. The Commerce of Rome muff have buffered under the Empire of Diocletlany by the Revolt of the Bri- tons y begun by Caraujiusy and continued by AleBus. Caraujius had been entrufted with the Britannich Fleet, to reprefs the Pyracies of the Franks and Saxons in the Channel ■, he acquitted himfelf like a valiant, but not like an honeft Man ; for he converted the Prizes to his own ufe. He afterwards ufurped the Title of Empe- ror, invaded England, and was kill’d by his Affociate AleBus. The Trade of Rome had like to have buffered another great Stroke by an Infurredion in FEgypt, excited by Achilleus : But he was kill’d, and Diocletian re-eftablifhed Commerce in that Country.. About this time the Saxons began to be known to th« Romans, by the Pyracies and Ravages they made on the Coafts of Gaul and Eng- land, and their peopling fome part of the fame Coafts. The Af- fairs of Religion and War took up the Emperor Conflantine fb much, that he had not Time to think of Trade, in which the Foundation of Conjiantinople made a very great Revolution; the Veffeis of Alexandria carried now their Goods thither, as they did formerly to Rome. This new Capital was peopled at the Expence of Italy, which this new Plantation exhaufled. Conjlantinople yhy its Sim- ation, naturally invited the Emperors to think of Trade ; accordingly we find in the Theodojian and JuJlmian Code the Intereft of Trade very well provided for. After this the Incurfions of the and fome other barbarous Northern Nations, fo difbrdered the Affairs of the Roman Empire, that they thought rather of their own Pre- fervation, than of enriching themfelves by Commerce. After the Goths, the Arabians, Difciples of Mahomet, ereded a new Empire more formidable to the Romans than the Power of the Goths: The Weights and MeafureSi &c. The ^gyptiansy weary of the Roman Government, (ubmitted to the Saracens ; and the City Caire was built Anno Dorn. 5? 8 4, which proved a Rival to Covjantinofe in Trade •, notwithftanding Confiantinopky un- der the protection, and by the advantage of an happy (ituation, carried ftill on a great Trade. Benjamin of Na when the (pitting is fupprefled, ^he orders after the fixth, leventh or ninth day, to take white HeUehor, Thapjta, freih Elaterium, of each equal parts ; and to make the Patient vomit, but with a predidion of the great danger of the Patient. ‘’In a vehement pain of the head, the juice of the Thapjta in warm water for a Vomit, without mentioning the Dole. 'He s Dc morbi’s lib i. b Ibid. Weights and Meajures^ See. ^Hc orders Scammony in bilious cafes, Hellehor in defluxions of the Head, white Hellehor in a 'Dropfy ; but when he mentions Hellehor without any addition, it is to be underftood of the black Hellehor. He orders and Carrot SttAs or Sefeli to be mixt with Hellehor y but with the PepUum the juice of the Lafer, or ® In fome places, he mentions the Dofes particularly of Elateriumy which he orders in a woman’s cafe, the weight of an Attich Oho^ lusy which is about i o | Grains in a Cyathusy that is fbmewhat more than i Ounces of Wine. For the expulfion of a dead Feetusy he orders a Ptigil of black Hellehor, and the quantity of a bean of Myrrh in a draught of fweet Wine. It is fiirprizing to fee Drugs of that force ordered in fb great and uncertain Dofes •, but when they were given for vomiting as well as purging, the ancient Phyfleians did not reck- on this of fo great importance, for they reckon’d that a greater Dofc wrought quicker, and came up fb much the fboiier. ‘‘He gives as far as thirty Grana Cnidia, or Berries of the Me- zerium^ It feems by his manner of ordering outward Medicines, that the inward Dofes of them were known to the Sons of the Artj for his Style often runs thus. As much of fuch a Drug as makes one, two, three Potions j thus in Lotions in women’s ca- fes he orders two -potions of Hellehor macerated in two CotyliO or Hemin of Barley Meal, B: Three quarters of a Pint and a Pugd of Adianthus in a of Barley Meal, 2. Pugilo£ Maid- Conguis of Water. en-hair in feven Pints of Water; The Pulp of a ripe Cucumber without the rind in Water is recommended as an excellent Medicine both to quench Thirfl and provoke Urine. Three handfuls of Apium, two Pugih of Pulegium, boil’d in ten Hetuina of Vinegar \i. e. fix Pints] into one third part, mixc with Honey, and then to be drunk with Water, putting in one Pugil of Adianthum, is recommended as a Diuretick and Laxative. This is an Oxymel to be mixt with Water. He orders all the Liquors which are given to feverifli Patients to be expos’d to the Air in a clear Night, and then to be drunk cool, except by fuch as were inclined to a Loofenefs. Thefe De- codions are moft of them to be found in his Book de intemis Af~ feBionibus. There is one very ftrange draught prefcribed for a fliort-breath’d man, and ordered to be drank off at one draught ; half a Gallon of Hydromel with a little Vinegar : this feems to be prefcribed by way of Exercife as well as Medicine, and it encreafeth fbme Suf- picion , that the Book de internis AffeBionihus, as well as that de Af- feBionihuSy was not writ by Hippocrates : but that is a confidera- tion I do not enter into, becaufe all the Books publilked in his name, are at leaft wrote by the ancient Authors. ^Hydromel and Vinegar,' three Somewhat more than a Pint Hemince, are given for a Vomit and a half, in bilious cafes. ^ He orders fbmetimes his Patient to eat Figs before his Vo- mit, and to vomit till he brings up the Figs, which come up lafl of all. P p 2. There bDc internis afFcdtiozi/ * De affe Lib. 2. c. 31. L*ib, 3. c. 22. Lac quoque, quod in capitis dolorlbus, & in acutis febribus, & per eas fadia nimia litis, five prae- cordia tument, five biliofa urina eft, five fan- guis fluxit, pro veneno eft : in phthili tamen, fi- cut in omnibus longis difficilibufque febribus, reSe dari poteft. iLib. 3. c. 9.— — Et intra hssc amuis medicina erat. IVeights and Meafures, &c. Fever began a little to decline, gave them cold Water to drink till he provoked Sweat j if he did not (wear at firft, he gave him ftill more cold Water till he obtain’d his purpole ; When he was out of his Fever, he gave him Hog’s Flefli and Wine : if he was not ftill quite cur’d, he purg'd him with Salt Water, and this was the whole of his Pradice. “ He is very precile in prefcribing his Exercifes and Frictions, of which he defcribes the natural Effeds with great Judgment. He prelcribes from fifty Fridions to two hundred, according to the firength of the Patient j 1 fuppofe he means (b many Strokes with the rubbing Inftrument. As for the Doles of his Medicines, they feem to be realbnable, except where the Text is corrupted ; for Example. A Confection agatnfi the CholicL Anejt, Caforei^ fngulorum P. denariorum IIL = df. Petrofelmi denarioYum IIL Piper is Imgi ^ rotundi, fngulorum P. II. =dr. 2. gt- 5. Papa‘veris lacrymce^ jmci rotmdiy Mjrrha, Nardiy jingulorum P. VI = dr. gr. 15. quce melk excipiuntur. Id autem ^ de- ^orari potefy et ex aqua calida fumi. In this the Opium is about one feventh part of the folid In- gredients. Agatnfi an Afihma. Honey, Galbanum and Turpentine mixt, the Bignefs of a Bean i but there follows after that a Receipt in which the Text mufi: be corrupted. Sulphuris “ Lib 2. c. i8. oLib. 4 c 14. 29J 2^6 Tables of Ancient Coins, Suhhuris igyiem non expert! pondo quadrans, = Pou. i. Oun. i. dr. 4. Ter. 2. gr. 5^ Ahrotoni pondo in ^ini cyatho teruntuYj = Ou. 10. dr. 7. fcr. 2. gr. 5 . idque tepefaUum forhetur. It’s plain from the firft Inlpe£tion that Inch a Quantity of either of the Ingredients cannot be given at once, far left out of two Ipoonful of Wine, therefore undoubtedly the numbers are omit- ted, and Fondo is only put at length as P. in other Receipts, and the * widi the number wanting. Antidotum Ambrofia nominatum^ quod Zopjrm Ftole- mAO Regi compofuit, Coflly thuris mafeuliy fingulorum P. V.* = dr. 5. gr. i 2. Piperis albi P. dr. i. gr. 2^. Floris June! rotundi P. II. * = dr. 2. gr. 5. Ctnnamomi P. III. * = dr. 5 . gr. 71 . Cajicenigree P. IIII. * = dr. 4. gr. i o. Croci Cilicii P. *1111 = dr. 4. gr. 10. Myrrhee qmm StaBem nominat P. V. * = dr. 5. gr. 12!^ Nardi Indict P. * V. = dr. 5. gr. i 2-. contrita melle coBo excipiuntur : deinde uhi utendum ejiy id quod JEgyptice fahee magnitudinem impleat in potione ^ini diluitur, Catapotium ad fomnum accerfendum. Papa. Thuris P. * V. = dr. 5, gr. la. Alterci alhi feminis P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. 5^. AplUnaris herh£ radicis cortick P. * IV. = dr. 4, gr. p. Contunditur hie cortex per fe, ^ crihratur tenui crihro : deinde Cro-- eum, pofiea Altercum, Myrrha, ThMs, qmhus mifeetur Opium pridie aqua maceratum : fuhinde aqu£ exiguum adjicitur^ donee fingi pafiilli pojjlnt pond * qu£ herha fimtliaquercus folia hahet^ Agariet, CucurUtuh fihejlris, quam ^coAo^ui/5-tfct appellant,, jlngulorum *Px. = dr. 10, fcr. i, gr. 4. Opopanacisy Sagapeniy Petrofeliniy Terra wali, Piper is alhi, Jingu- lor urn * P. V. = dr. 5, gr. i 2. Cinnamiy Nardi fpica. Myrrh a, folii, Croci, Jingulorum * P. IIIL ~dr. 4, gr. 5?. In unum omnia ponder at a contunduntur ^ crihranturi pr£terea Opopanaces ^ Sagapenum, h£c enim mortario teruntur, adjedo melle tenui Weights and Meajuresy &c. tenuiy id efiy quam ttqmdiffmo : deinde cdBteris mfcentur, qm ^ ip- fa recipere dehent tantum melUsy quantum fatis erit ad comprehendenday ^ continenda ea. Reponitur medicamentum ^afe ^itreo. Ad hoc * P. I. ^el njiBoriati datum y ex aqua cyathis duohus frigtda, = dr. i, gr. i Vj or fcr. ly gr. 1 1. Teira malum is the Arijlolochia. The Gveeh words, which are ftill preferved in the receipt, is a great prefumption for the common opinion, that the Author wrote in Greeky tho’ by his name he wa$ a Roman by Birth. It feems the Tranflator was not quite fure of the meaning of (bme words. Scrihonius tells you that the Inventer of this Medicine got a great deal of money by it, that he did not divulge it in his own life-time, that Scrihonius had found the Receipt in a Letter wrote to Tiheriusy and that he never was able to procure the Receipt during the life of the fiid Emperor. jigainfi Fain and Wind in the Stomach, Palniarum * P. XI. — dr. i r , fcr. i, gr. 7. Anethi * pondo IV. == dr. 4, gr. 9, Croci * P. duumy Git * P. duumy ^ Afari * P. duum. = dr. z, Murti nigra haccarum * Pond. IV. — dr. 4, gr. 5?. Juniperi grana mmero wiginti. Contunduntur feorfum omniay in unum mifcentur : deinde fiunt paflilli * P. 1 . — dr. i, gr. z or fcr. I , gr. II. aliis ^itforiati. Vantur jejuno ex aqua cyathis quatuor [about ten Spoonfuls] aut ex Cretico mujioy quod ejl pajji genus. Git is the MeJanthium or the Nigelky the feed of which was reck-: on’ d as a fort of Pepper by the Ancients. 507 R r z Paftils Tables of Ancient Coins^ Paftils to he ufed in a Clifter, in a Difeafe which the Author calls a Cancer in the Bowels, Chart£ comhufi^e cineris * P. XXX. = Oun. 3, dr. 7, gr. 1 3 Calcts * fondo XXIV. == oun. 3, (cr. 2, gr. 18/. quod ejl Auripigmentum *P. XII.= oun. i, dr. 4, fcr. i, gr. Sandarac£ * P. fex. — dr. 6 , gr. 24 Hac trita ^ 'tno confperguntur, in quo rofa ^ kntes prius mcoquun- tur^ ut pojjlnt fieri p^fiilli * P. duum aut unius. = dr. z, gr. 4 1_, or dr. I , gr. 2 /„. This Receipt, if I rightly remember, is in Marcellus, who has copied it from the Author. Scrihorms faith it is blamed, but only by ignorant people, becaufe it is cauftick. A Remedy for the CholicL Oun Dr. Scr. Gr. Apii feminis P, felihram 5 > 7y I, 51 ( z 12, Aneji P. quadrantem 2-, ly ^y 2| t Cafiorei P. fiextantem ^y ^y ■ I2.I ■5 4y Myrrhce P. quadrantem 2-, ly ^y 2- 7 Spic£ Nardi Indica P. fiextantem, ^y I 2 1 ? 4y Op a P. quadrantem 2 -, ly '^y 2 l f ? ^y Croci P. fieficunciam ly ^y J 3y Piper is hngi, pon. fiextantem I. Cy j 12 7 Piperisnigri fiextantem fiemunciam 2 , o> 10 ^ T 5 y Petrofielini P. fiextantem I» I i 1 i 4y Schoeni P. fieficunciam ly 2 -, 151 i 3> Utec omnia contufacrihrata, melte Attico decoUa mifcentur, Vatur ex hoc medic ament 0 quantum nux Ahellana media pat et^ ex aqujs cyathis trihus ca- I'idne. I have fet down in this long Receipt the true quantities redu- ced to our Meafure, tho’ the proportion of the Ingredients is fuf- ficienc Wei^ts and Meafures, &c. ficient towards the making up of the Medicine, which are fee down both in the Fradions of a Romn Pound and in Integers. It was a Receipt of the famous CaJ/tus, whom Celfus calls the mofl: ingenious Phyheian of his Age. Galen has the fame Receipt, but differing a little in the proportion of the Ingredients. A Remedy agamjl the Dropjy, Vltis aJhce Radicis * P. XX. = oun. 2, dr. 4, fcr. 2, gr. p. Cocci Cntdii * P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. 5?. ScilliC hulhi coBi detraBa exteriore parte * P. X. = oun. i , dr. 4, fcr. I, gr. Myrrha * P. VIII. = oun. i , gr. 18. ^Cymini cyathis trihus, ^ Aneji cyathis trihusy ^ njini Falerni fex~ tariis duohus, ** paj/l f extar io mo. Rrater myrrh am, omnia contufa, non crihrata, macerantur pajfo ^ ^ino, noBe ^ die : pojlridie co- latur liquor y cui myrrha trita admifeetur, a quo cyathus datus a hal- neo alternis diehusy Jingulis adjeBis cyathis y donee frofeBus intelligatur. The Dofe is above two Spoonfuls every other^ day, adding as much till it has its effed. T^he Medicine of Julius Ballus againji the Cholick, Spica Nardiy Cojliy Piperis alhiy Piperis nigriy Piperis longi, Myr- rhiCy Opiiy Apollinaris radicis y (jr Cinnamij Afariy Acoriy Thurisy BraJJica feminisy Cafloreiy fingukrum * P. XII. = oun. i, dr. 4, fcr. I, gr. Opopanacis * P. X. = oun. i, dr. 2, fcr. i, gr. 4^. Stoechadisy Vauciy Amiiy fingukrum * P. XVIII ~ oun. 2, dr. fcr. 2, gr. 4. Sefelis Cretici * P. XXIV. = oun. 3, dr. o, fcr. 2, gr. i8|. Mel Atticum mificetWy datur non plus quam ^ P. aut J^tBoriati. dr. I, gr. z\y or fcr. 1, gr. 1 1 Geterum a Seven Spoonfuls. Idem. tw^ | Pints. ^ one | Pint> 309 510 ‘Tables pf Ancient Coins, Ceterum front cujufque ruires fojlulahunt, dummodo Infra hoc fon- dus ex aquds caldce cyathis trihus [about (even Spoonfuls.] in noUem fecundum cosnam. Hiec fotio etiam fehricit ant thus into datur : fed coeliacis in iff) dolore frodejl. This Julius Bajfus was either Eiquire of the Body, or Phyfici- an in ordinary to Nero, as appears by an old Inlcription. BASSUS NERONIS C.ESARIS CORPORE GUSTOS. NATIONE FRISIUS. O-vilis laBis fextarlo, = one Pint, five Spoonfulls. Si quis adjiciat Gnici furgati * P. IV. = dr. 4, gr. 5?. Mollit ^ nientrem. ^idam trihus Heminis wini — i ^ Pints. Ut Aloes mBoriati fondo, = fcr. i , gr. 1 1 . Vel idem fondus duohus trihufve fextariis wini [two or three pints] ita totum fer fartes aquce mixtum hihunt. Fidetur autem njinum ^etujlius, qjentremque cum eo fatis mollit. Facit autem Aloe fer fe ViBoriati ^el * P — [icr. i , gr. i i , or double that] ex aquce cya- this trihus [(even Spoonfuls] jrigidce ^el calidcs ferduBce. The Dofes of the Aloes feeni to be very fniall in thefe Infufi- ons, yet I believe the Medicine would attain its eifedt in being lenitive. The Cnicus or Carthamus is in quantity fufficient. Aloes wiBoriati fondus — (cr. i , gr. i i . Colofhonice i. Bdellii * P. duum == dr. z, gr. 4 Commis ^ P. unius = dr. i, gr. zh, Bcec IVeights and Meafures^ See. 311 H£C trita fucco LaUuca colliguntur, Jmgmtnr filula fah . Opii *P. I. — dr. I, gr. 2. i. CYoci * P. unius dr ^iBoriati, pajjo contufa conjpergmtur. Datur hoc me di- Me die amentum * P. I. ex pajji cyathis dmhus dr aqu(e totidem, = dr. i, Ccr. ly gr. 14, Some Examples of Preferiptions taken out of Marcelius. M Arcellus lived under the Reigns of the Emperors Gratian and Theodofius •, he was an Empyrick, and a mere Collector of Receipts j he often copies them without changing the very cir- cLimhaiitioi 312 Tables of Ancient Coins-, cumftaiitial matters of fad related by the Author from whom he takes them. For example, when the Author faith he cured by fuch a Medicine, Marcellus faith the fame thing of himfelf. Defcribing the Remedy of Antiochus Vaccius, he tells you in the very words of Scnlonius that he could never get the Receipt till after the death of Tiberius, tho’ he had taken great pains to difcover it. But for that very reafon, that he is a mere Colledor and Tranfcriber, he is the more ufeful to our purpofe in difcovering the compofiti- on and doles of ancient Medicines, of which I fhall give fbme Examples, Some of the ancient Phyficians are not very particular and e.x- ad in the Doles of their purging Medicines, at leaf!: in their Wri- tings. I hope Marcellus in fome meafure fupplies this defed in his thirtieth Chapter, where he fpeaks of all Medicines of that kind. Firfi of Lenitives, Mollit ahum, Nitri * femijjls, =fcr. i, gr. 1 1. Mixtus cum Rejina Terehinthina, ^ A^ellance nucis magnitudine de^oratus. Onjilis laUis fextario Jt quis adjiciat = A Pint and five Spoonfuls . Cnici pur gat i denarios quatuor = dr. 4, gr, i o. Et difcoBum ita ehihat, molliet ^ventrem. ^idam trihus Heminis gr- " 7 J • Feratri nigri ^ XVI. = oun. 2, Icr. i, gr. ip. CuniU feminis purgati interior a * XII = oun. i, dr. 4^ Icr. gr. 5>. H£ in puherem redaBa colUgunturj ^ ex aqua dantur quantum fah£ trita grana funt, fuperque acetum cum melle mixtum hihitur. Alia ^entris purgati 0 ejufdem ejfedius, Scammonh * VIII. Veratri nigri * VIII. J Cucurbit £ fyhejiris interior a * VIII. ^ = oun. i , gr. i p | . Aphronitri * VIII. • I Iridis * VIII. J Nardi Syriac £ * V. S. ^ wiUoriati partem tertiam = dr. 5^ Icr, \y gi*- 3 - ^ Myrrha idem pondus = dr. 5 , Icr. i , gr. 5 . Ex his faBus melle colUgitur^ Dantur ex me die ament 0 hoc ^ohuU quantum fah^ magnitude ejl, ad denarios quatuor qtel quinquCy quihus de^oratis acetum melle mixtum^ fuperdandum ejl. Ad Weights and Meafuresy ^c. 315 - Ad omnem fehrium molejliam, ^c. Cucurhws fyhatic£ mteriores partes aridas qu£ quafi pluma fmt *VI. = dr. 6 , gr. 15. Croci ac Vanacts denarios fenos, = dr. 6, gr. 15. Marruhti fucci * Vlll. =dr. 8, gr. ipf. Glycynhixa ^ IV. == dr. 4, gr. Piper is alhi * VI. == dr. 6 y gr. 14 Piper is longi * VI. = dr. 6 ^ gr. 14*^* Stcechados * feK = dr. 6, gr. 1 4 Scheeni floris ^ quatuor = dr. 4, gr. 5? Malohathri * tres = dr. 3, gr- 7 i- Pajfo coUiquuntur trita heec omniay dantur ex his denarii finguU cum aqu£ calidee cyathis hinis ^el terms, Hiera ad refolutum Jiomachum & rejtcientem quodcun- que fumpferit. Aloes nigr£ * V, = dr. 5, gr. 1 1 i. Majliches ^ IV. = dr. 4, gr. 10. Cinnami, Schoeni floris y Malohathriy Nardi Syriac £y Crociy Afariy Xylohalfamiy fingulorum denarios fenos. = dr. 6y gr. 15. H£C trita vel contufa melle confparguntury ^ ita reponuntWy ^ quum opus efty ad modum fab£ cum Oxymelle dantur, Furgatio qua Cofmus JMedicus frequenter ufus ef, Scammoni£ denarii wiUoriati ponderis partem unam — fcr, i, gr, 1 1. Veratri nigri * I. = dr. i , gr. 2, f . Panacis ^S. = fcr. 1 , gr. 1 1 . Ex melle confparguntur hac trita, datur ex his quantum nux a^el- lana efl, ex aqu£ mulfe cyathis quatuor, Glohuli quoque fupradi^a S f 2. magnitudine 7abki of Ancient Coins, fnagnitudine jicciy de hoc me die ament o duo trejhe dantuv jejuno poji ccenam worandi. Confeddio Salts CatharticL Scammonice mcias tres Zingjheris uncias tres Petrofelini uncias tres Solis Ammoniaci uncias quatuor ^oun. 3, dr. 5, gr. 8 Majliches uncias duas — oun. i, dr. 6, gr. 14. Piferis alhi I. = dr. 17, gr. 17. It a ut Scammoniam coquas^ ut minus Icedat. Coques enim Jic : mif~ tes in ^ajlam^ deinde mittes in furnum, ut cum ea coquatur^ a- Uquantulmiflusmittesy ut quum coclafuerit, ad fupraferiptum ueniat pon- dusj ^ quum refrixerity talks , jic omnia teres y mifeeUsy ad quod ‘voluerisy manducandum in con^vuvio pro quihufeunque falihus uteris. ==ouii. ^y dr. 5, fcr. %y gr. ConfeBio Salis Cat hart id , quam Jddarcellus ojien- dit Jic. Salis duri ^ ajfati P. I. II. = oun. i, dr. 7, fcr. i, gr. 17^ Salis Ammoniaci P. I. •-< IV. = oun. 3, dr. 6", gr. ii. Piperis alhi ^ III. = oun. z, dr. 5, fcr. z, gr. 1 1 Zingiheris IV. = oun. 3, dr. 5, gr. 8 Inuhc feminis 11.= oun. i, dr. 6 , fcr. i, gr. 14. Ameos ^ III. 1 Hyjfopp Cretici 1— ( HI. Laferis Radicis ^ III, Thjmi ^ III. Folii -H III. Apii feminis i-h III. Aneji ^ III. Petrofelini Macedonici hh III. >— oun. z,dr. $ 3 fcr, z,gr. 1 1 Weights and Meaftires, See. Origan r ^ qtiatuor = oun. 3 , dr. 5 ^ gr. 8 i . Kalhnii feminis hh f m = oun. z, dr. 5, fcr. 1, gr. ii t.. Heec omnia tmifa, crihrata, atque in puherem tenuijflnmm redaUa, ^ in unum commix fa repones in ^afe ‘vitreo, ^ inde quotiens aliquid fumes feu bihesy quafi pro aliis falihus uteris^ 517 A Specimen of an Emulfion in Vicerations of the Bladder, Akerci feminis, mal^ee feminis, Cucumeris edulis feminis purgati^ ftnguloy'um denarios fenos — dr. 6 , gr. zj. AniygdaJorum dulcium purgatorum, nucleorum Pineorum purgatorum, fngulorum terms — dr. gr. i 7 Opii * I. = dr. gr. z. Croci * V. = dr. 5 , gr. i z-. Pafo contufa h£c omnia confparguntur, datur hoc me die amentum ad menfuram denarii unius = dr. i, gr. z. Px pafji cyathis duohus, ~ four Spoonfuls., Et aqu£ tepidee totidem,. Againjt ISfephritick Pains, Opii Drachma III. = dr. 3, gr. 7. Ve mucleis Pineis excaldatis ^ purgatis Vrach, III. Croci Orach, III. AmygdaU dulcis excaldata eir pur gat£ Orach. HI. A^ellan^ purgatee excaldata Orach. III. Cucumeris feminis purgati Orach. XII. = oun. i , dr. 4, fcr. i > gr- . Byofeyami alhi feminis Cyathos III.^ Apii feminis Cyathos III. > =:Oun. i, dr. gr. 13.. Feeniculi feminis Cyathos III. J Lapatii feminis Orach. 1. = dr. gr. z. HeSC 5 1 8 Tables of /Indent Coins, Hac omnia primum feparatim teres^ (jr pemifceUs cum pajfo Cretico. Turn ex eo facies Trochifcos hahenles Drachmas pngulos,^ dahis hihendos Jingulos cum aqu 0 0 2 If draginta, ,3 0 1 3 Euphorhii Drachma una cum melle coBo, 0 I 0 2 Lonchitidis feminis oholi oUo cum aqua mulfa. 0 I I 3 Cnici feminis Drachma quinque Ammoniaci Thymiamatis Drachma dua in aqua 0 5 0 I 2 rnulfa.. 0 1 0 5 T t - The Tables of Andent CoinSi The Dojes of compound paring Medicines, from Paul us j®gin£Bta. Atapotia ex Aloe j Colocynthidis medulU pattern tmamy fucci Ah- fynthii partem unamy Aloes partem mamy Scamnonice partes duas, cum aqua in Catapotia efformata Ciceris ma^kudine i dantur ex his Grana undecem, Furgatorium aquam dmem ex Carjophjlla, Aloes, Epithymiy Caryophylli, Grani Cnidify Pe- trofelini, Rhei Pontici, Jtngulorum femiuncia, o 3 z 3^ EuphorUi fcrupulos quatuovy 0113 Mellis quod fatis ejl datur Cochlearii menfura^ Furgatorium ex Malo Citrio, fiomache gratum. Mali Citrii Corticis & Carnis lihra una In aquce Sextario uno [one Pint] femis ad ter- tias coquito. Et mellis fextario dimidio adje&Oy ad mellis fpij/ltudinem coquitOy Et piperis longi uncia Scammonice in fermento tojlce uncia^ terito ac in- fiergito. lO 7 017 Buccellatus purgatorius. Scammonice tojlce uncia I. 07017 Piperis ^ feminis Apii fingulorum fcrup. I. Fceniculi, Aniji, fingulorum uncia 1 . 07017 Mellis lihra I. De moderate tofiis data unc, I. in condito. Vi’^ IVeights and Meafuresi &c. 323 Vimm furgatorinm in Jlyiroficis. ScyWdS quadrantem Apii feminis fextmcem Piper is Drachma L Capparis Radicis Drachmae IV. Grani Cnidii decorticati Drachma 1 . Folii Malahathri glohulos II. Fmi hemmas XII . MelHs Sextar. III. Bcjliam contufam in wino maceratOy reliqua trita admijceto^ Furgatorm ex, HermadaHjlo F&dagrka^ Ameosy Thjm CorynSorumy Pipms oBty Zin^hertf, fingdonm fcrup. III. Epithymi fermmciam ■ ^fis fimp. IV. — aKqui fex dant. Dantur mane cum condkoy ant aqua mulfay, mf met a fervefaBo, HermodaBjB quadrantem Amfiy Cnrtmi /Ethiopkiy Tt 2 Some Weights .and Meafures.^ See. Some Inftances of the PraBice of Aretseus. A S to Blood-letting he was very judicious, both as to the ca- ^ (es and quantities. “In Frenzies he was againft letting much Blood at a time, becaufe fuch Patients were apt to fall into a fainting Fitj unleis it was the cale of a young, flrong, and replete Body : and even in fuch a cafe lefs was to be let, becaufe they were frantick. But if the original of the Difeafe was in the Fdeart and not the Brain, then Blood was to be let the more liberally, and at one time. '’In Apoplexies he lays great ftrefs upon letting Blood, but owns that it is hard to proportion the due Quantity. In the Cure of a Tetanus he is for letting Blood once, not quite to the fainting of the Patient. The vein in the Arm is that which he commonly opens, in curuatura Cuhiti : and he gives a particular caution in this cafe to make a flack comprefHon, for fear of exciting a Con- vulfion. In a ^infy he orders Blood-letting in fbme cafes, till the Patient faints, at lead: till he is very near it. It appears that he thought copious Blood-letting was more neceffary in a §luinjj, than in an Inflammation of the Lungs, for in that cafe he orders it not quite ad ammee deliquium. ^ In the Head-ach he orders the opening of the vein of the Forehead, and Blood to be let to the quantity of a Hemina, or a little more, that is fbmewhat more a Cap. I. lib. I. de Morbor. acutor. curatio-i ne. Venas qiioque incifor ne maltam fangui iiis detrahat, licet a principio fecet. Phreni- ticis natnque malum e(t in Syncopam facile inutabile Sin autem asgrotus valde replctus iit, &juvenis plurimo cibo, & largiffimo vini pom faginatus, has ad Phrenitidem rationcs non pertinent: verumiftis & citra delirium, multum languinis hauriendum eft: longe autem minus auferendum ft iidem Phrenitici funt. Quod ft vires patiantur ut quantum fanguinis ftitis eft evacuctur, femel auferendumeft. b Ibid, cap.' 4. iEquale fane adjutorium utpote magno aifefiui magnum remedium miffio languinis eft c Ibid. cap. 6- Semel etiam cruor citra defe- dlum anims frigufque extremorum mediocriter effundatur. ^ Ibid. cap. 7. Haud ignobile quoque adjumentum pr^ftat ft ad aniince uique defeSura asgrum perduxeris, ufque eo tamen dum ne anima deficiat. « Lib. 2. c.ap. i. r De Morb. diuturnor. curatione. Poftca ite- rum vena frontis redta feindenda eft, hxc enim eft opportuniflima fanguinis detradtio, modus autem efto Hemina aut paulo plus. / Tables of Ancient Coins, than half a Pint 5 this is the firft time that I have read of any Meaiurc of the quantity of Blood. ^His Purges are Cnicus and black Reh lehcr, and Hiera to the quantity of two Drachms to be given fbme- times at Night. ^ Elaterium, mention’d only with this reftricStion, as much as is neceflary to purge a man, and Cneorum or ThymeUa without mentioning any Dole. Thele laft in a ^infy, in which Dileafe he commends the Elaterium as moll: proper. He com- mends the Eadix Rhei or Rhubarb as a better aftringent than the juice of Hypocifiis or Accatia, he orders it in the weight of three Oboli, or thirty one Grains. He commends Hellebor in Melancholy, and tells you that he will deferibe the feveral Ipecies of it, and manner of ufing of it, which is loft, with many other paflages of his Works: you may fee his commendation of white Helldor in the quotation at the bottom of the page, which I think is ve- ry remarkable. For Vomits he ufts Cardamomi pars, fEris combujli 9, ex mulfo in Epilepjies, this he faith will either vomit or purge. Afterwards he adds thefe words, ^erum potentiora etiam his medicamina ad qjomi- turn deJigenda funt, ut NarciJJi, Bulbi, Sinapis, Hyjfopi pares par- tes^ jE.ris ^ Piperis dimidio minus quam priora^ cum melle mifeens ex~ hibe, / For CUJlers he ufts Nitre, Euphorbium the weight of three Oboli or thirty one Grains, the inward part of a fort of Gourd, of the decoclion of Centaury in Oyl or Water, Honey with Rue, Tur- pentine and Ryjfop j Exempli gratia, Letioneper Clyjlerem ufitata opis efl: g Decurat.acutor.morb.cap. 2. Ibid. cap. 7. At fi deglutiendi via expeditiffima fir, Elaterium & cum mulfa & cum fero laSis, quantum ad purgandum hominem fatis fit, proebeatur. i'\liis enim purgatoriis Elaterium in his sgrotis prs- llantius eft. Conferunt etiam Cneorum feu Tthymelss & Sinapi. Quin & album Ve rarum nonvomitum taiitum molitur, fed & eti- am omnium fimul purgantium medicamento- rum efficaciflimum eft, non multitudine & varietate excrementrrum : (id enim & aftedus ii!e qui cholera dicitur, praeftare foleij non di ftentionibus & violcntia in vomendo (ad hoc enim & naufea & mare validiora funt) fed po- tentia & qualitate non vidofa; quippe qu£c labo- rantibus fanitatem reddit per exiguam purgatio- nem, & modicam intentionem. vetuftorurn prae- terea morborum omnium firmis Radicibus in- haerentium, fi cunda alia medicamina viribus inferiora lint, id unicum remedium eft ; fiquidem igni facultate perlimile eft album Veratrum; & quod ignis exurens facit, eo plus veratrum interius difeurrens operatur ; videlicet faeikm fpirationem ex difficili, ex pallido colore flori- dum, & ex macie corpulentiam. 325 3^6 Tables of /Ancient CoinSf ejl : in qtta Nifri multtm mfperga^j mt Refins & Terehintho^ re p^ndo J>rafkn^ due [dr, ty gr. 5.] eliquentnr. He fomemed the Head with Opiats to procure Sleep, particu- larly be commends the Poppy boil’d in Oyl and applied to the hack part ot the Headj and a Solution of Qpmm in Water to fo- ment the Forehead. i. de morhis acutis. Magts autem fa- porlferum ejl Papmjer in oleo elixtm^ capitis fncipki fuperdatuniy At Ji •vakntmihm auAliis egehunty ip fa etiam Papa^vms lachryma ex aqua frons inmgenda. There are other mechanical helps he ufes to procure Sleep* in the fame Chapter, not amils* particularly the (cratching ot the Temples and the Ears>for he l^th even that mollifies the fury of wild Beafis. I’hefe Remedies are prefcrtbed in Madnefi. For bliftering, particularly in the falling Sicknefi* he ufes Fricti- ons with Cantharides, but before orders Milk fi3r fear they fliould inflame the Bladder. De curatione diuturnor, morh. cap. 4, For the fame purpofe he ufes LameJHdes or Adaw. Euphorhum cumim^iine glemino, and the flinging the Legs with Nettles, thefe in a Lethargy. Pt Curat, math. acut. cap^ z... He ufes Frictions wkh Squills for the fame purpofe* He orders Cafie^ in the Dofe of half zPrachmy and the. feme in CJiflers, Cajloreum dimidi^ Prachm£ pondere ex mulfe Cyathis trihui ad plures dies hihendtm ejdy Ji hiki mro nm pojity ad demoliendam caJamltateMy cum oki cyathis trihusy in qua ruta mco^a jtty difhm in imum mtejlmwn mfmdatwty idque per pkres dies faciendum.. He prefcribes it afterwards in the dofe of three Oholiy which k die fame quantity ; and yet he prefcribes Ajfa fcetida in the bignefs of an Er^um or Verch. ^od ji Cyreniaci haferpitii lachrym^s copia ihi fiaty hanc opus ejl melle coBo in^vohtam ad Er^'^i magmtudinem desvo- randam dare. By this paflage it would feem that this Drug had not been fo common. The Ermum I believe is a larger quantity than a Vetch, or even a common Pea. He commends Milk as the Specifick in Confumptions. (De cu- ratione morh. acMtor. Ith.. i.) but he reckons Women’s Milk new the beft, and Goafs the worfl. Morh. acut. Idh. z. cap. 6. He Wei^ts and Meojiirest Scci He allows Patients that are (ubjed to fainting not above half i Pint. cap, 3. Thus I have {lightly touched this Subjed lb far as it falls in with my prelent Defign, and I take the Liberty to recommend the further Prolecution of it to (bme Student of the Profeflion, as a Work both ufeful to himfelf and the Publick. It had been fufficient in moft Places of this fliort Efiay, to have let down the proportion of the Ingredients, noting only for once the (mall difference of the Denarius and Drachm-, but it having been done in the Mannfcript in every particular, I thought it was needleis to expunge it. FINIS. 3*7 j -- m jS^ - ,'_f 't\y' V - . ^ 1 * : J. ... . r i.*. C . L' - ' • %. i . . . 3 1 / j '.^i :-'-:;'ii.* ,,; ^ >'i''. .1 -’i"'',- ; :-v : :r,v%fe- V ■ 4 .-« .. .. lO '> ■' ■ ‘ - ii. ‘ ,. .(« -.5- i,^i .fc .. r x .■■. ’ OBSERVATIONS O N Doctor JRBUrHNOTs DISSERTATIONS O N COINS, WEIGHTS, and MEASURES. By BENJAMIN LA N GWITH, D.D. Late Redor of Petworth in Sujfex. The SECOND EDITION. LONDON: Printed for D. Browne, without Temple-Bar A. Millar, in the Strand', and J. Whiston and B. White, in Fket-Strejet. MDCCLIV. rS To Her G R A C E the Duchefs of SOMERSET. MADAM, I OFFER thefe Papers to You, becaufe I have been long defirous of making a public Ac- knowledgement of the great Obligations the de- ceafed Author and prefent Editor have owed to his Grace of Somerset, and Your Self. Was I as able to defer ibe the Variety of Accomplilhments You are Miftrefi of as I am ready to own the Fa- vours I have received. You are the only Perfon in the World who would read them with Uneafinefs ; but my Incapacity to do Juftice to Your Virtues, prevents my offending one which gives a Luftre to all DEDICATION. all the reft. However, Your Liberality and Be- nevolence which I have gratefully felt, tho’ I can- not fuitably exprels, lhall live imprinted on the Mind of. Madam, Your Grace’s Moft Obliged^ and mofl Obedient Humble Servant^ Sarah Langwith. O B SE RV AT I O NS o N Doctor ARBUTHNOTs DISSERTATIONS O N COINS, WEIGHTS, and MEASURES. I AM very much obliged to Dr. Arbuthnot for giving me more Light into many curious Subjefts, than I could have had without much Expence of Time and Labour. But this has not hindered me from making the following Stridures upon fome Parts of his Work, in Hopes that one time or other they may contribute to its being brought to more Exadnefs and Perfection. CHAP. L Of the Roman Pound. I AM forry to find, upon reading his Chapter of the Denarius^ p. 15, that the DoSior has gone upon wrong Principles, and that his Tables of Weights and Coins are not B only 2r Obfervations on Dr, Arbuthnot’j only loaded with ufelefs Fractions, but are not fo near the Truth as might be wilh’d. The wrong Principles, thofe I mean which he had from Mr. Greaves^ are as follow : 1. That the Roman Ounce is the fame with the Englijh Avoirdupois. 2. That the Englip Penny weighs eight Grains. Mr. Greaves has been follow’d in the firfl; of thefe Princi- ples, not only by Dr. ylrbuthnot.^ but by Bifbop Hooper and Mr. Smith ; tho’ I believe it will be ealy enough to prove it wrong. In order to this, let us hrft find the Value of the Avoirdupois Ounce • then that of the RQma 7 t in Grains Troy. By an Experiment in TV ard\ Young Mathematician s Guide^ p. 32, it appears, that a Pound Avoirdupois weighs 14 oz. II pw. 15 \ gJ"> or 6999.3 Grains Troy. He calls this Experiment a nice one, and I have Reafon to believe it fo, for I made the fame myfelf, and find but a trifle of a Difference. I fancy Mr. Greaves made the fame Experiment, by weigh- ing a Standard Avoirdupois Pound with Troy Weights ; and was the firfl; who determin’d the Proportion of the Avoirdu- pois Pound to the Troy Pound to be as i 75 to 144, and con- fequently the Avoirdupois Ounce to be 437^ Grains Troy, which difiers very little from the Avoirdupois Ounce fetch ’’d out by Mr. TVard\ Pound of 6999.5 j ^999*5 b-e divided by 16, the Number of Ounces in an Avoirdupois Pound, it will give The Avoirdupois Ounce 437.468, ^c. Grains Troy, which falls fhort of the foremention’d Avoirdupois Ounce 437.5 by only 0.032 of a Grain. The foremention’d Pro- portion alfo is ufed by Bifiiop Hooper ^ but whence he had it we are not told. Vide Arbuthnot, p. 283. As for Dr. Arbuthnot.^ in order to find the Avoirdupois Ounce, which he will have to be the Romany tho’ without any Dijffertations on Coins, Weights, 3 any manner of Proof, he firft makes ufe of the Proportion of the Avoirdupois Pound to the Troy Pound, as 175 to 144, which would bring out the Avoirdupois Ounce 437^ Grains Troy, and being multiply’d by 12 gives what he calls the Roman Pound. Afterwards he changes his Proportion of the Pounds for a much worfe, from Dr. TVyherty viz. inftead of 1 7 5 to 1 44, he makes ufe of 17 to 14, throwing off the lafl; Figures in the former Numbers. By this Preparation, the Avoirdupois Ounce will come out 437.142 Grains 7 r<^, and what he calls the Roman Pound 5245.704 Grains Troy^ which he makes ufe of in his Tables. This new Avoirdupois Ounce of his, differs more from the true Avoirdupois Ounce, than the Former, for that differed from it only by 0.032 of a Grain, this by 0.326 of a Grain. The Avoii'dupois Ounce being thus fettled at 437.468 Grains Troy^ let us next enquire after The Roman Ounce. I know no better Way of coming to this, than by the Weight of the Denarius ; for lince it is agreed that 7 Dena- rii make an Ounce, if we have the Weight of the Denarius ^ we hav^e that of the Ounce too. The (^eftion is, how we fliall know the Weig-ht of the Denarius f One would think O the Anfwer was eafy. By weighing it. This Mr. Greaves has done ; and having in Italy^ and elfewhere, perufed many hundred Denarii Confidares.^ he found by frequent and exa6t Trials, the bed; of them to amount to 62 Grains Troy . Surely this is a more na- B 2 tural * The Denarius is certainly fet high that comes near it and in that great enough at 62 Grains, and it is not com- Number, whofe Weights Mr. Thorejhy mon to meet with one that weighs fo fent to Mr. Smithy there is but one of much, lhave but one in my Colledion 62 Grains. 4 Z)a ArbuthnotV tural way of coming at the Weight of the Cojtfular Denar ha than the round-about Methods by Vefpajian\ Congius^ Inch Meafure, &c. The Imperfections of fome, or all of which, I fliall fhew hereafter. I am fenfible that Bifliop Hooper fets the Denarius at 64 Grains ; but I do not know how he could make it out, nor indeed how to reconcile this with his Notions, that the Avoir- dupois Ounce confifts of 437.5 Grains Hoy^ which it muft do according to the Proportion which he makes ufe of, and the Suppofal that the Roman and Avoirdupois Ounces are the fame ; for if the Roman Denarius be 64 Grains, the Ounce mufl: be 64x7=448 Grains Idroy^ which exceeds his Avoir- dupois or Roman Ounce, by no lefs than 10.5 Grains. We are told of Denarii of very large Sizes by Mr. TdhoreJby\ but thefe are nothing to the Purpofe, knee he himfelf neither takes them to be Confular, nor indeed fo much as ftruck at Rome. Vide Due. Leod. Dr. Bernard is alfo quoted by Mr. Smith p. 154, as hav- ing feen fome Denarii of Drufus^ which amounted to 62 gr. y I cannot help taking this to be accidental ; how- ever, it may well enough be accounted for. I fuppofe they were the Denarii of that Drufus.^ who, as we are told by Pliny .y mixed no lefs than an eighth Part of Brafs with the Silver : So that it is no wonder if he was not fo nice in his Weight as to trouble himfelf about | of a Grain. I fhall therefore flick to 62 Grains I’roy for the weight of the Denarius.^ at which Rate the Roman Ounce wiU be 434 Grains the Roman Pound 5208 Grains Troyy or 10 I'j pw. Troy. The Difference between Roman Avoirdupois Ounce will now plainly appear : For lince the Roman Ounce con- tains only 434 Grains Troyy but the Avoirdupois 437.468, ^c. the Avoirdupois Ounce will exceed Roman by 3.468, which does not feem to be much in the Ounce, but will make DiJJettations on Coins, Weights, ^c. make a great Difference when it comes to be multiplied by 12, or a greater Number. Dr. Arhuthtiot\ Tables of Weights then are imperfedl by his making the Roman Ounce, and confequently all the cor- refponding Weights, too heavy ; for according to his Tables, the Ounce ought to be 437.142 Grains T?'oy ; fo that his Roman Ounce exceeds the true Roman Ounce of 434 Grains by 3.142 Grains Troy, W e muft not yet difmifs this Point ; for Mr. Greaves had fo ftrong an Opinion, that the Roman Ounce, and Avoirdupois Ounce, was the fame ; that not being content with the De- narius of 62 Grains, with its correfponding Ounce 434 Grains, he cafts about for a new Denarius^ whofe corre- fponding Ounce might be nearer the Avoirdupois Ounce. What this Denarius and Ounce were, we ihail quickly fee. In the mean time, I cannot help wondering why Mr. Greavesy &^c. fhould imagine we had omx Avoirdupois Ounce from the Romans ; for, 1. By the Name of it, I Ihould imagine much rather, that we had it from the French. 2. If we had the Avoirdupois Ounce from the Romans y it is flrange we had not the Pound too, which then would have cordifled of 1 2 Ounces inftead of 1 6. 3. It is plain it does not anfwer the Weight of the Con- fular Denarii. Thefe are to me probable Arguments at leaf!, that the Romans did not leave their Ounce in Britainy as Dr. Arbuthnot afferts. I fhall now proceed to Mr. Greaves\ fecond DenariuSy which is 62 ' Grains T'roy. This Denarius exceeds the Former by | of a Grain, which he is obliged to maintain, were loft in the Coins by the Coinage, ^c. This Denarius 6 Ohfervatiom on Dr. ArbuthnotV is fetched from the Congius of V fpafian, by Fillalpandus, in the following manner : The Congius called V efp a being marked on the Out- lide P. X. is fuppofed to have contained ten Roman Pounds. This Veffel Villalpandus filled with Water, and found it to contain ten Roman Pounds, fuch as are ufed at prefent in Ro 7 ne. He thence concludes, that the prefent Roman Pound, and the ancient Ro77tan Pound, are the fame. His Con- clufion would be juft, was it certain that the Congius was exacft, and that the Experiments were made with that ex- quifite Nicety, that Experiments in weighing of Water, efpecially in fuch large cumberfome Veftels, require. Mr. Greaves., upon the Credit of Villalpandus [for I do not find that he weighed the Contents of the Congius himfelfj took the ancient Ro777an and prefent Ro7nan Pound to be the fame. After this I fuppofe he weighed the prefent Ro7nan Pound with Troy Weights, and found it to contain 5256 Grains 7 r, 82. 3. Becaufe there is much Difficulty in filling Vefiels with Water to great Exadnefs ; for if the Veffel be well dried and cleanfed with Bran or Flower, the Water will ftand in a Crown above the Brims, and be heavier than the Dimenfions of the Veffel require; but if this Water betaken off with a Strike, it will not touch the Brims of the Veffel, and fo be lighter than the Dimenfions of it require. Thus much as to the Uncertainty of Water-Meafure in general. I come to confider, II. Why Arguments from this Congius^ in particular, are inconclufive; and that, I. Becaufe it is neither redangular nor cylindrical, but bulges out in the Belly, and therefore could never be defign- ed for an exadl Meafure, fince without a great deal of Trou- ble, Part of the Liquor in pouring it out would be left be- hind. Perhaps they made it larger than ordinary, partly to allow for this Inconvenience, and partly to allow for the Liquor 8 Obfervattom on Dr. Arbuthnot’^ Liquor that might be dafhed about in pouring it in and out ; for that it was larger than ordinary, is certain ; 3. Becaiife Denarius and Ounce taken from it are larger than ordinary. 4. Becaufc the Foot taken from it is larger than ordinary; for the Foot taken from this Congius would be 11.84 Inches, differing from the Cojfutian Foot by an Excefs of near ^th of an Inch. Arbuthnot, ^.81. 5. What is worft of all, it is fufpe£led to be fpurious. Vide Gruter Infer ipt. vol. i. 233. Though no Realbns are offered there why it is fufpeded, yet to fay nothing of the abfurd improper Figure of it, I think a very good Argu- ment to prove it a Counterfeit ,may be taken from the In- feription upon it, which runs thus : IMP. CAESARE VESPAS. VI. COS T. CAES. AVG. F. IlII MENS VRAE EXACTAE IN CAPITOLIO P. X To fay nothing of the other Parts of the Infcription which are fufpicious enough, the Omiflion of C O S in the third Line before IIII. is fufficient for me to judge it fpurious. I think at leafl:, it is not of Authority enough to fupport the Notion grounded upon it, that the Avoirdupois and Roman Ounces are the fame. I have alfo fhewed the Mifchief that Dr. Ar- huthnot has done his Tables by falling into this Error. There is ftill another Eftimate of the Denarius 2X p, 13, from a Model of the Congius of V efpafan^ which is hardly worth mentioning. This makes the Denarius or 62.839 Grains Troy. At this Rate, the Ounce will be 439.873, and the Pound 5278.476 Grains Troy. By Dijfertations on Coins, Weights, ^c. By fetting, as 1 have done, the Roman Ounce at 434 Grains T'f'oy^ and the Rofnan Pound at 5208 Grains "Troy^ neither the Ounce nor the Pound are incumbered with Fradions, which cannot be faid either of Dr. Arbuthnot\ Ounce or Pound. It may perhaps create a Prejudice to my Eftimate of the Roman Ounce and Denarius^ when it is cpnhdered that fuch great Men as Mr. Greaves, Bifhop Hooper, and Dr. Arbuth- not have fet them higher than I have done. In order to balance thefe great Authorities, I fliall take in the Affiftance of Lucas Pcztus, and Savotus, two very learned Men, and cu~ rious Obfervers, whofe Ounce and Denarius are much lower than mine. 1 . As to Pcetus, he tried a very nice Experiment with an Amphora, made by the Roman Foot, and a proportionable Sextarius, of which an Account may be met with in ard de AJfe, p. 48. The Refult of his Experiment was, that the Roman Pound conhfted of 5000.5 Grains L’roy. ThisPound_, which is lighter than yb:,Greaves\ of 5256 by 255.5 Grains, will give the Ounce 416.708 Grains, and the Denarius 59.529 Grains Troy. 2. Savotus makes this hill too much, and by weighing many Gold and Silver Coins, concludes, that 68 of our Grains Troy are to be taken from Pcetus\ Pound, in order to bring it right. Thus his Roman Pound will be 4932.5, his Ounce precifely 41 1. 041 Grains Troy, his De?tariu5 58.72 Grains Troy, P(Ztus% Pound of 5000.5 falls fhort of mine 5208 by 207.5 Grains Troy. Savotus\ of 4932.5 Grains Troy falls fhort of mine by 275.5 : So that according to them my Pound is much too large ; and inftead of falling fhort of Mr. Greaves^, by only 48 Grains Troy, it ought to do it by 4 or 5 times as much. C The o Obfervations on Dr, ArbuthnotV The fame may be faid in Proportion of the Ounce and Denarius, I fhail not however quit my Ehimate of the Ounce, ^c, for either oF theirs. 1 . Not for Pcetus\ : I do not doubt of the exceeding great Care and Exadnefs of Pretus \ but, for Reafons given before, I cannot think Water-weight any thing near fo exad as folid Weight. But there is another Objection againfl: his Efti- mate ; for it is very doubtful whether the Amphora from the Foot be exad:. It certainly comes near the Amphora found by Weight, but cannot be proved to be the fame. Vide Bifliop Hooper in Arbuthnot,^ p. 8i. It feems to be fome- thing lefs, and fo brings down the Weight of the Ounce, 2. As to Savotusy he is an Adverfary worfe to manage, for his exquifite Nicety about Coins is well known ; and he fetched out his Pound, &^c. by weighing Gold and Silver Coins ; fo that it is ftrange that his Denarius fhould differ fo much from Mr. Greaves's of 62 Grains Troy, All that I can fay to it is, that either the Coins he met with were not fo perfect as Mr. Greaves's, or elfe, that having weighed fe- veral, he chofe to fet them at fome middle Rate, rather than at the highefl; or the loweft. I fhail juft take notice, that the As Libralis, even when fair, does not weigh above 9 Ounces Troy, which is a probable Argument, at leaft, that my Pound is not fet too low at 10 § , 17 pw. Several of thefe Particulars may be feen in Mr. Ward's Dijfertation de Ajje, in Monument. Kempian. from p, 46, to p. 62. And yet after aU, this Author chufes to ftick to Mr. Greaves's Computation ; and that for a very odd Reafon, viz, that it is ufed by our Authors, particularly Dr. Arbuthmt ; as if it was not better to corred our Authors,^ and, particularly,, Dr. II Dijjertations on Coins, Weights, ^c. Dr. A7'buth?iot as well as the reft, than follow them in their Errors. The Computation that he talks of, is that which fets the Denarius as 6 2 | Grains Troy^ _and the Penny at 8 Grains ; which latter is undoubtedly falfe, as I fhall fhew, after having given the Pounds, Ounces, and Denarii mention’d in Pound. Ounce. Denarius. Greaves's Computation from \ Villalpandus gives, 3 Dr. Arbuthjioi Sy - - - - 5256 43S 62^ 5245-752 437-142 62.448 Mine from the DeJtarius - - 5208 434 62 PcBtus'sy ------- 5000.5 416.708 59*529 Savotus'sy ------- 4932-5 41 1. 041 58.72 Another in Arbuthnoty - - - 5250 437*5 62.5 I wonder the DoSior did not flick to this Pound, which is a whole Number, efpecially, lince the Ounce of it is near the Avoirdupois Ounce, which he takes to be the Roman, The Difference between his Pound of 5245.752, mine 5208 is 37.752, ^c. Grains Troy^ which is little more than 7^ of a Pound Troy ; confequently in a little more than 152 Pounds Weight, his would exceed mine by a Pound Troy. I think 1 have proved mine to be the true Roman Pound ; and if I have, it is plain that his is too heavy. It is plain alfo from what went before, that his Over-weight was chiefly owing to his following Mr. Greaves in his Notion, that the Roman Ounce and Avoirdupois Ounce are the fame. I fhall now give an Account of the Ro7nan Weights accord- ing to my Computation, and then fhall proceed to the Con- fideration of his fecond general Miftake, which has fpoiled his Tables of Money, as the firff did thofe of Weight. C 2 My 12 Obfervations on Dr, ArbuthnotV My Roman Pound, is - Ounce, “ - H Duella, - - ^ Sicilicus, - - ^8 Sextula, - “ ^ Drachma, - - Scriptulum - ^ Obolus, - - ^ Siliqua, - - Lens, ~ ~ 69T2 Gr. Troy. f Pwf. qr. 5208 10 17 00 434 00 18 02 144I 00 06 oof io8^ 00 04 12^ 72^ 00 03 00 1 54 ? 00 02 06 1 18^ 00 00 i8| 00 00 9?? 3 7? 00 00 3 ?? 00 00 I am aware that it would have been better to have thrown the common Fradions into the Decimals in this Table ; but I have drawn it up in this manner to make it more eafy to be compared with Dr. Arbuthnot\, This over-rating the Roman V/eights, will occafion Diforder in the Eflimate of the Meafures both wet and dry. CHAR DiJJertations on Coins, Weights, ^c. 13 CHAP. II. Of the Value ^Roman Money in English Coin. I S A ID in the Beginning of the lafl: Chapter that the DoBor\ Tables of Coins are not fo exad: as might be wifh’d, which was partly occaBon’d by his following Mr. Greaves in two Inaccuracies. The firfl: has been treated of. The fecond is, That he has fet the RngUJh Penny at 8 Grains Troy., and in confequence the Denarius at d. \ Englijh ; which is too low. If a Pound Sterling of Silver was coin’d into 60 Shillings, or what is the fame thing, the Ounce of Silver, into 6q Pence, then indeed the Penny would be 8 Grains Troy. For as 60 d. : 480 : : 1 d. i 8 gr. thus alfo as 480 : 60 d. : : 62 gr. ; J d. I Both Dr- Aj-buthnot and Mr. Greaves., knew well enough that an Ounce was coin’d into 62 Pence; but in order to fave a little Trouble in Calculation, fet it at 60 Pence. They would have faved a great deal more Trouble by fetting it right ; Bnce by that the Denarius would have come out at about 8 d. the ^^uinarius at 4 d. and the Sejiertius, by which ail great Sums are eBimated, at the round Number 2 d. which may be thus made out. if 480 the Number of Grains Troy in an Ounce give 62 Pence, then will 62 Grains, which are contain’d in a d. Denarius, give 8.008, 14 Ohfervathns on Dr. Arbuthnot’i* gr, d. gr. d. As 480 : 62 : : 62 : 8.008, or, As 480 : 62 : : 62 : 8 ^ The Fraction 0.008 or ~. may well enough be omitted, tho’ in 120 Denarii it would amount to an Englijh Penny. It is certain from Plmy^ Edit. Hard. Tom. 1 . p. 627, Tol. that the Mint-Mafters did not always make the Denarii of the juft Weight, which perhaps may be one Reafon why amongft the many fair Confular Denarii^ as they are called, fo few come up to the Weight of 62 Grains Troy. I fhall conclude therefore, that the Denarius is 8 Pence, that it is fet a Farthing too low at 7 d. |, and the Sejlertius a Quarter of a Farthing too low at i. d. zfh A Quarter of a Farthing feems to be an inconfiderable Thing ; but when it comes to be multiplied, as the Sums which we often meet with in the Roman Hiftory require, it will then appear to be of more Confequence. I fhall inftance only in Centies H. S. which was no uncommon Eftate among the Romans after the Conqueft of Carthage^ Greece.^ Afia.^ See. Centies H. S. fuppoftng the Sejlertius to be \d. 3/‘ |j would amount to 80729/. 3^. \d. but fetting the Sejlertius of a Farthing higher, or, in other Words, at 2d. the Sum will be 83333/. Difference 2604/. 3^. \d. The former Concluftonwill be confirm’d, by confideringwhat the real Weight and Value of the 60 Pence or Crown, and Penny will be, when the Ounce is coin’d into 62 Pence : The Value of the Crown in this Cafe will be no more than58 ^/. and about ^ of a Farthing, the Weight of it no more than pw. 8 gr. I, with fome exceeding fmall Fraction. The Penny at the fame Rate will be no more in Value than 3/. fup- poftng the Ounce to be 60 Pence, nor in Weight than 1 74 ) that it was over-rated in Weight by Difjertations on Coins, Weights, i 5 by Mr. Greaves and Dr. Arbuthnot^ fomething more than a gr. Quarter of a Grain, viz. o 26 ; which in 8 d. would a- gr, gr, mount to 0.26x8 = 2.08, fomething above a Farthing. The Denarius being thus fettled at 8 d. of our Money, the Roman Libra of Silver 5208 Grains Troy wiJl be d. J. /. r. d. 8x7x12=672=56=2 16 o. 1 s. d. /• Denarius^ - - - - - 0 0 8 0 ^uinarius^ Sejiertius^ - =1 0 0 4 0 - - 0 0 2 0 As, - - - =T^ 0 0 0 Sembella, = ^ 0 0 0 If Teruntius, - - 0 0 Mr. Smith has calculated a large Table of Roman Sums, at the Rate of 2 d. the Sejiertius. I wi£h this had been done by a more exadt Author ; for his Numbers are fo faulty in many Parts of his Book, that I am a&aid the Tables are hardly to be depended upon* CHAP. Obfervations on Dr. Arbuthnot’i 1 6 CHAP. III. Further Confiderations upon the Y klue of the Denarius. I THINK the Denarius is rightly adjufled to our Money in thefe Papers ; but it is upon a Suppofition that the Denarius is of its jud: Weight 62 Grains "Troy^ and of the fame Finenefs of the EngUpj Coin ; for a Difference in either of thefe Particulars muft occafion an. Alteration in the Eftimate. As to the former of thefe ; ’tis certain that many of the Roman Denarii fall fliort of this Weight by federal Grains, which yet might have had it at their firfl Coinage, fuch a Lofs being eafily accounted for by wearing, and other Acci- dents, in fo many Hundred Years. It is no more, in very many of them, than what has happened to a lefs Coin of our own in a very few Years ; for Thave juft now weigh’d an Englijh Sixpence of King William that has loft feven Grains of its due Weight, and I don’t doubt but that there are many which have loft eight. I cannot, however, be certain that all the Denarii had their juft Weight even in the Time of the Confuls, from a remarkable Place in Pliny^ which I fhall tranfcribe at length, ftnce I fhall have further Occafion to make ufe of it. Wde Plin. Edit. Hard. Tom. ii. p. 627, and runs thus : Mifcuit denario Triumvir A 7 itonius ferrmn. Mifcentur cera falfiie monetc^. Alii e ponder e fubtrahu 7 tt., cum Jit jujlu 771 84 ^ libris Jignari. Igitur ars faSia denario s probare^ ta?n jucunda lege plebd ut Mario Gratidiano vicatim tot as Jlatuas dicaverit. As to the fecond of thefe Particulars, the Finenefs of the Silver, the Antiquarians are not well agreed about it. Savo- tus Dijfertations on Coins, Weights, ^c. i 7 ius^ whofe Judgment in thofe Particulars is much to be re- lied on, fays, La plupart des metalls et mon7teys aiiiiques Romains 07U ete battues fur le fi?i. Vide Rmk. p. 52. I am obliged to quote Rmk for this, as not having Savotus by me ; and indeed I fufped it relates chiefly to the Gold Coins, which were generally of the pureft Gold. Fide Joubertj p. 1 7. As to the Silver, the fame Author maintains that the beft of the Confular De?iarii fall fhort of the Fretwh Standard, which as well as the Spanijh is nearly the fame with ours, by I Part. At this Rate, fince our Standard has about ^ part of Alloy in it, the Alloy of the Roman Denarius would have Parts of Alloy in it, which two Fradfions added together make || and above I of Alloy. What Experiments were made by Mr. Joubert to come at this Conclufion I cannot tell ; but I am afraid they were not made upon a fufficient Number of Coins, or not made with due Exacfnefs ; for it will quickly appear by the Trials that I made, that the befl: of the Confular Coins are fo far from finking fo ftrangely below our Standard, that they equal, or even exceed it. This I think conclufive againft Mr. youbert. As a probable Argument againft him, I might take notice that the greatefl Debafement that we read of the Silver in the Roman Denarius^ was made by the Tribune Livius Djm- fus^ who mixed an eighth Part of Brafs with Silver, yl. U. C, 663, during the Conhilate of Lucius Marcius Philippus, and Sextus yulius. Vide Plin. Ldit. Hard, foL Tom. ii. p. 612. We are told that the Brafs was of the purefl; ; but we are not told what the Silver was ; but furely it could not be fo bafe, however, as to fink to Mr. youbertd Proportion of Alloy. I fhall tr)^ this afterwards. There are fufficient Reafons to think that the Romans were but poor Mafters at refining of Silver, which might poffibly occafion a Difference in the Goodnefs of their Coins, by D trufting 1 8 Obfervations on Dr. ArbuthnotV trufting to Chance for want of a certain Standard. They were able to manage Gold well enough, to which they could not give too much Fire. Silver Ore requires a great deal more Art to bring it to Perfection without great Lofs, than they ever feem to have been Matters of. What has been often obferved in England does no great Credit to the Roman Skill in the Management of their Metals ; for the Cinders of fome old Iron-works, fuppofed to be theirs, ftill contain in them fuch a contiderable (^lantity of good Iron that they are melted over again, in order to extraCt it. The hnefl: Brafs feems to have been lefs weighty than our Copper, efpeciallyif the fpecific Gravity of it be fet at 9.000, which I own I think too much ; becaufe the Eftimate feems to have been made from Pieces of Coin. The violent Force which is ufed in Coinage, makes the Parts of the Metal lie clofer, and thus increafes, the fpecific Gravity. The fpecihc Gravity of a Silver Half-Crown of William Ill’s, in Harris % Tables of fpecific Gravity, is fet at 10.75, whereas, at the Rate of our Standard, it ought to be no more than 10.535. I fhould rather chufe therefore to fet the fpecific Gravity of Copper at 8.843, Reafon to imagine from the fpecific Gravity of fome of the following Coins, that the Roman jEs puriffimum did not come up even to that. In order to obtain fome Infight into this Matter, I took five Confular Denarii and weighed them carefully ; firfl: in Air, then in Water, that I might not only have their Weights, but their fpecific Gravities. I. This was a very fair Coin, ferrated, and well preferved x It has on one Side the Head of Jupiter^ in whofe Face is a wonderful Mixture of Sweetnefs and Majefty; at the back of the Head is S. C. and under it O, I fuppofe for Senatus Confulto, On the Reverfe is a Victory driving a Quadriga. The Letters in the Exergue are fo confufed and imperfed., DiJJertations on Coins, Weights, ^c. that it requires better Eyes than mine to make them out. By the Infcription S. C. O. the Coin was ftruck by the Au- thority of the Senate, which perhaps made the Mint-mafters more careful, than when they wrought by the Authority of the Confuls, Prsetors, iEdiles, as they did fbmetimes. Vide Rink, p. 123. The Weight of this Coin, in Air, is - - - - 61.625 in Water, - - - 55*^75 Difference - - - - 5-750 The Way to find the fpecific Gravity is this : As the Differ- ence between the Weight in Air and Water is to the Weight in Air, fo is i.ooo to the Number fought. Thus as 5.750 ; 61.625 : : i.ooo : 10.717, Which laft Number 10.717, fhews the fpecific Gravity. Since the fpe- cific Gravity of our Standard Silver, is generally fet at 10.535, it feems at firft Sight as if this Coin confiderably exceeded our Standard. Yet if we confider the fpecific Gra- vity of King TVilliam\ Half-crown, mentioned before, at 10.75, it will appear that this Denarius is exceeded by it but a Trifle. Nay, fince this Denarius has a very bold Re- lief, it mufi have been comprefs’d and condens’d fo much in the Coinage, that it is a Queftion whether the Metal of it be- fore Stamping, was any thing heavier than our Standard. This Coin is fpecifically heavier than any of thofe that follow ; confequently it is of finer Silver : For an Alloy of any bafe Metal will make Silver lighter. Lead only excepted : But we have Savotus^s Word for it, that in his Effays on an- tient Coins, he never met with a Grain of Lead in any of them before the Time of Septimius Sever us, when a Mix- ture of Brafs and Lead was made ufe of to allay the Silver. Vide Joubert. p. 22. D 2 This 20 Obfervations on Dr, Arbuthnot’j This Coin is fo remarkable, that I cannot leave it without feme further Obfervations. 1. That as if, after fo many Ages, falls fhort of 62 Grains T*roy^ only by ^ of a Grain ; I think no Doubt can be made but that it mufi: have weighed full 62 Grains. 2. That as it is a Numnius SerratuSy and yet comes fo near its full Weight, it muft either have been notch’d at the Mint before it was delivered out, or notch’d witli a Chizzel fo as to make little Lofs ; or, lahly, that it weighed when it was coin’d, conliderably more than it does now. 3. That tho’ this, and fome other Coins of the Confular Kind, may weigh about 62 Grains Troyy and be nearly about the Finenefs of our Standard, and fo be worth about 8 d. of our Money ; yet 1 own, that much the greateft Part of them fall fhort, either in Purity or Weight : The Rea- fons of which are partly to be collected from the above-cited Place in Plmyy as alfo from the Eifedis of Time, Wearing, Ruft, and other Accidents. I take this firft to have been a Denarius in Perfe(ftion, according to the Notion of the Ro~ mans ; and upon fuch De?iarii I have founded my Com- putation. I took notice that the fpecihe Gravity of Metals may be increafed by the ComprelTion in Coinage. This may be con- firmed by what happens in other Cafes. The fpecihe Gravity of caft Brafs, for inftance, is but 8.000, or at moft 8.100; whereas the fpecific Gravity of hammer’d Brafs is 8.349. I fliall call this firfl Coin yupiter. The fecondl examin’d was a fair one, and but little worn; which had on one Side a Head, I think, furrounded with a Diadem ; behind it is a Lituus, below it the infeription A N C U S. On the Reverfe is a Man on Horfeback with a 21 DiJJertations on Coins, Weights, Doff, as I take it, below. To the left of this Figure, is the Infcription Pbilippus, Immediately below the Horfq and feemingly contiguous to it, is an Aquedud among the Arches, on which is A QVA MAR V. ; A. The Weight of this Denarius^ in Air - - 59.625 in Water - - 53-375 Difference - - 6.250 The Proportion for finding the fpecific Gravity, is as 6.250 : 59.625 : : i.ooo : 9*54- 1 made two other Trials, one of which brought out the fpecific Graviu^ 9*44) the other fomething lefs; fo that I lhall pitch upon 9.44, as moft likely to be exad j tlio’ indeed there is very little Difference between any of the three. This fpecific Gravity is lefs than that of any of the following Coins, and much lefs than fome of them ; and indeed I have Rea- fon to think it one of them which Livius Drufus allay’d with an eighth Part of fine Brafs ; which, as we are told by Pliny^ he did. It mufi: however be obferved, if his Brafs was as heavy as our Copper at 9.000, his Silver muff; have been very impure, which may thus be made out : Suppofe 8 Parts of Metal, 7 of which are of Silver and one of Copper, which laft has for its fpecific Gravity 9.000. If we fuppofe the Silver at 9.5, the Compound of the two will have exactly 9-4375 for its fpecific Gravity ; which will appear by multiplying 9.5 into 7, the Number of Parts of Silver, which gives 66.5, to this is to be added 9.000 for the fingle Part of Copper, in all 75.5, which being divided by 8, gives 9-4375. This fpecific Gravity 9-4375, is the fame within a Trifle with. Ancus W2,'$> fet at, viz. 9-44- Were 22 Obfervations on Dr, ArbuthnotV Were we to debafe the Copper to 8.000, the fpecific Gra- vity of this Silver would be near 9-6. If the Copper was fuppofed ftill lighter, and fet only at 7.000 the fpecihc Gra- vity of the Silver would not be quite 9-8. Upon the Whole it is evident, that if the Brafs was pure, the Silver was very bafe ; and if we fuppofe the Brafs to be fo debafed as to have only the fpecific Gravity 7.000, the Silver would be then alfo bafe, fince it would fall fhort of the Standard of pure Silver 11-091 by [11.091-9.8=] 1.291- It would alfo fall fhort of our Standard, even of uncoin’d Silver, 10-535 by 0.735, and of our coin’d Silver 10.535 by 0.95. I fhall conclude, upon the Whole, that this was one of Drufus\ Denarii^ and that in Compliment to one of that Year’s Confuls, Lucius Marcius Philippus^ whofe Family might ’poflibly pretend to be derived from Ancus Marcius^ the King’s Head of that Name was flamp’d upon one fide of the Coin, and on the other Marcia^ with the Name Philippus. I think it worth taking notice of, that here is no more of the Conful’s Name upon this Coin than barely PHILIPPVS, without the Title of COS : For tho’ the Romans fuffer’d the Triumviri Monetarii to fet their Names, and littlfe Titles, upon their Coins, yet they were fhy of the great Magiftrates, Confuls, Tribunes, whofe Names and Titles never ap- pear’d upon any Coins ftruck in their own Times, till the Decay of the Commonwealth. As I think it very plain, that this Denarius was one of thofe of LiAus DrufiiSj fo I think it probable that the other was one of thofe flruck by the Authority of the Senate ; who after they had abrogated all the Conftitutions of Drufus by •one Decree, feem to have taken the Coinage into their own Hands, and to have raifed the Coin to as great a Degree of Perfection as ever it had before, if not greater, I fhall call ikis Coin Ancus, The Difjertatiom on Coins, Weights, ^c. The third Denarius that I fhall confider has a Head of Roma on one Side, having on a Helmet with Wings annexed. The Infcription is ROMA. On the Reverfe is aVidory and a Quadriga- In the Exergue is the Infcription M. TVLL. gr. The Weight of this in Air . - - 57.875 Water - - 52.125 Difference - - 5.750 The Ipecific Gravity - - 10.0652, For as 5.75 : 57.875 : : I-ooo : 100652, &^ c . Notwithffanding we are able to End the fpecific Gravity and Weight of this, and the two following Pieces, yet we are more at a Lofs to tell their Value in Englijh Money, or indeed their Proportion to one another in Goodnefs, than in the former Coin ; for in that we were told that the Alloy was g of pure Brafs, which was of fome Affiftance in judging what was the Value of the Silver ^ but in thefe, fuppoling they were allay’d with Brafs, as it is probable they were, yet fince we neither know the fpecific Gravity of the Brali, nor of the Silver that is mix’d with it, we can be at no manner of Certainty, I fhall therefore content myfelf with giving their fpecific Gravities and Weights, by the former of which we fhall know, how much the Mixture falls fhort in Weight of pure or Standard Silver. I fhall call this Coin Ro^m the higger^ or Roma Alata. The fourth Denarius that I tried has, no Aide: annexed to the Helmet, as far as I can fee ; I fhall therefore call this only limply Roma* Upon the back of the Head is X, fair Denarius, There are either Bigas or Quadrigas on the Re- 23 24 Obfervatlons on Dr. ArbuthnotV verfe, but the Coin is fo much worn, that I cannot teli which ; nor can I make out any Letters but the X. gr. This Coin weighs in Air - - - 52.25 Water - - 47.25 Difference - 5.00 Specific Gravity 10.45 The fifth Denarius has upon one fide, what Hardouin calls Caput barbarum [perhaps for barbatwrP^ ^ ignotu7n : But, for my Part, I take it to be Jupiter under the Notion of Pan^ v*^ho upon this Account hath a longer and fliarper Beard than ordinary given him. Vide Collier’r Appendix^ under the Word Paii. I fuppofe Panfa chofe Pan^ becaufe it had fome Affinity to his own Name. There are many Inftances to ffiew how fond even the Rojnans were of Rebus’s, little Allufions, The firft of the Ccefars^ who had any thing relating to him Ramped upon the Coin, was fadly put to it, when he was forced to run to the Punick Language for the Word Crefar ; which in that Tongue fignified an Elephant. However, when he had once made himfelf MaRer of that lucky Difcovery, he put an Elephant inRead of his own Name upon the Coin. Cicero s Cicer^ 6cc. Riew the Humour of a People, whofe- fine TaRe did not hinder them from reliffiing fuch things as we jufily take to be Puerile. The Reverfe of this Coin has Jupiter fitting halt naked ; his Right-hand Rretched out, and feems to me to hold a Pa- tera ; tho’ Hardouin^ whofe Coin was fairer than mine, takes no Notice of it. In his Left-hand he has a HaRa Pura. The Infcription in mine is only, lOVIS AXVR, the reR of the Letters are worn away, but may be feen in Hardouin on Pliny ^ together with an Interpretation of lOVIS AXVR, n’hich DiJfertatio»s on Coins, Weights, ^c. 25 which is too vvhimhcal to be repeated, much lefs con- futed. The conceited Poiitivenefs of Hardoum\ Countryman ^ Ruceiis upon Vi 7 ^gil\ yupiter Anxurus^ is very remarkable ; who from this very Coin concludes, that yupiter Anxurus had a Beard, and vilifies Servius, 8cc. for holding the contrary : And yet is is evident that the Infcription yovis Axur runs round the Figure without a Beard, yovis 7 iondum bar'bati ; and therefore belongs to that, and not to the Head on the other Side. Tliis Coin is very remarkable upon one Account ; for it will go a great way towards deciding a Difpute among the Antiquarians, viz. Whether there were ever ftruck more than one Coin with the fame Die ; for I have two of the Parfas which agree with one another to a Tittle, and both of them with Hardoum s Panfa in thofe Parts that are fair and diftincl. Indeed I could never be of the Opinion of thofe aorainfl: whom this Argument is levelled ; for at this Rate the Charge of Coinage muft have, by many Degrees, exceeded the Value of the Pieces coin’d, which would have been an Expence altogether incredible, needlefs and ridiculous. Panfa weighs in Air - _ _ 53.000 Water - - » 47-625 Difference - - 5-375 Specific Gravity 9.860, * Mn. vii. 799. E The 26 Ohfervations on Dr, ArbuthnotV The Weights of thefe Coins are as follow : fp.Gr. jupiter - 61.625 10.71 7 Ro 7 na - 52.25 10.45 Roma alata 57-875 10.065 2 Panfa - 53.000 9.86 Ancus - 59-625 9-5-f I perceive by this Table, that Mr. yoiihert was wrong in faying that the befl of the Confular Coins fell fhort of our Standard by ^ Part, but it is true enough of the middling ones; for it will appear that Mr. youberi\ Proportion ' will bring out the fpecihc Gravity 10.279, which is lefs than the fjpeciiic Gravity of Jupter and Roma^ but greater than that of any of the reft. According to Mr. Joubert^ there are in the Co 7 tfular Denarius 5 Parts of Silver, at 10.535 fpecihc Gravity, and one Part of Alloy, which if it be of hue Copper, will have the Ipecific Gravity 9.000. Let 10.535 be multiply’d by 5’, the Number? of Parts of Silver, it gives - - - 35"'75 To which if we add for the one Part of Copper 9.000 They will make - - - 61.675 Which being divided by 6, the whole Number of Parts, it will give 10.279, the fpecific Gravity, as above. The Copper is fet rather too high at 9.000, for Reafons given before ; but if it were reduced to 8.000, it would give for thefpecific Gravity 10.1125, which hill exceeds the fpe- cific Gravity of all the Denarii but the two firft. Upon 27 DiJJertations on Coins, Weights, Upon the Re\new of the Whole, it may be obferved, ijl. That the ancient Confulat' Dejiarius was about as fine as our Standard, and probably continued in that State till it was adulterated by Livius Drufus, This happen’d A. U. C. 663. Silver was firft coin’d at Rome^ A. U. C. 48 5, as we are inform’d by Edit, Hard. Fol. Eottt. ii. p. 610 \ fo that there was a Run of good Silver 178 Years. After the Debafement by Drufus.^ the Senate feem to have reflored the Money, at leaft to its former Purity, in which State it probably continued for fome time : I fay at leajl to its former Purity ; for thofe of the mod: antient Confular Coins, which were fuch as had the Roma alata upon them in my Colledlion, do not come fo near our Standard as Jupiter^ which is 2iNtimmus Se?'ratus., and was probably ftruck about this time ; for Marius Gratidianus is fuppofed to have been the Inventor of the Nutnmi Serrarti^ which after the Fine- nefs of the Coin was reflored, was deligned to prevent Coun- terfeits. The Delign had its Effed: for fome time ; but the falfe Coiners afterwards made a Shift to imitate them ; fo that they were forced to have Recourfe to making Holes in them, as was praclifed \nE71gla71d in our Time. Eide Rink, 65. However, Marius Grafidia 77 us grew extremely popular by his Invention, which yet did not fecure him from being barba- roufly butcher’d by Sylla. The old Co7ifiilar De7tarius.^ as I faid before, falls fome- thing fhort of our Standard, but yet comes fo near it, that when it is of its full Weight, 62 Grains Troy^ it will be about 8 - 150.625 Difference - - 20.752 Specific Gravity 8.25 ; which fhews its Metal to be much bafer than the former, and even than that of our Coin in King Charles the Second’s Reign. MofI; of the Imperial Coins that I have, came nearer the Colour of ^grippa than Augicfiiis, I fhall add two more Experiments relating to the Com- preffion by Coinage, and the Increafe of fpecific Gravity thereupon enfuing. I took Differtations on Coins, Weights, ^c. 31 I took a S. S. Shilling of King George the Firf^ which weigh’d In Air - - ~ - 91.6 Water - - - ~ 83.0 Difference - - - 8.6 Its fpeciiic Gravity 10.6511. This exceeds the fpeciiic Gravity of our Standard uncoin’d Silver, which is only 10.535 ; but falls fhort of that of 7f/>/^William’r Half-crown^ mention’d before, which amounts to 10.75. If there be no Miftake in DoEior Harris^ Num- bers or mine, the Half-Crown, by being letter’d upon the Edges, is more compreffed and condenfed in Proportion, than the Shilling. I had fome Sufpicion that the Difference was, in fome meafure owing to the poor Relievo of King George"^ Silver Money, &^c, therefore I took a Shilling of King Charles the Second with a bolder Relievo, and well preferved. pw. gr. gr. This weigh’d in Air - - - 3 . 20 = 92.000 Water - - - 3.111=83.375 Difference - - - 8.625 The fpecihc Gravity 10.666, Me. This exceeds the fpeciiic Gravity of the former; but does not come up to that of King Williams Half-Crown. CHAR Ohfervattons on Dr. ArbuthnotV CHAP. IV. Of the R OMAN Measures of Capacity for Liquids. T hese are eaEIy had when the Co 7 ^gius is known. The DoBor has given us in his Book three Co 77 gii. I. That of VillalpaTtdus of 207.4737 folid Inches. Vide Arbiithnot, p. How far this may be depended upon may be feen before. 2. His 0W71 Congius, which is deduced from the Pound, according to his Eftimate. This Co 77 giiis gives 207.0676 folid Inches, and is what the Doblor makes Ufe of in his Tables. /^A/£?Arbuthnot, 82. It differs from the /. In. Dec. of VillalpaTidus by only 0.4061. This Coitgius in the Dints. f. In. Dec. DoEior\ Tables is fet 7 4 . 942. The Objections againff his Pound hold equally againff his Co 7 tgius^ for if his Pound be too large, his CoTigius muff be fo too. 3. The DoBor gives us a Coiigius deduced from the Roma?i Foot, which CoTigius con.{ii)is of 195. 3139 folid Inches, and falls fhort of Villalpandus\ by 12.1598 folid Inches. Vide Arbuthnot, p. 81. 4* A fourth Coitgius may be had from Pcetus\ Roman Ounce of 416-610 Grains Lroy^ which will bring out the Congius 1 97.341 5 folid Inches. This exceeds the ^vi.<^Co 77 gius by only 2.0276 folid Inches- 5. This is taken from Savotus\ Ro 7 ?ian Ounce 411.875 Grains Troy. This Congius confffs of 195-0986, folid Inches, and differs very little from the third, ffnce it falls fhort of it by no more than 0-2153 Inches- 6- A Dijfertations on Coins, Weights, 6* A fixth may be had by the Ounce of 434 Grains Troy^ which is deduced from the Denarius^ as I have ftated it at 63 Grains 'Troy. This Congius is inWeight, I mean contains Water of the Weight of 52080 Grains Troy^ which may be thus made out. A Sextarius contains 20 Rojna7t Ounces of Water, and a Coftgius 6 Sextarii. If therefore my Ounce of 434 be multiplied into 20x6 it will give 52080 Grains Troy for the Cofigius. Thefe Grains being reduced into Inches, 'Dv. Arbuthwt^ Method, p> will make this fixth Cofigius of 205.5789 folid Inches. He makes j 60 gr. equal to foUd hiches. Then Gr. /: 1. Gr. f. I. Dec, As 760 13:: 52080 : 205.5789. Some Perfons may perhaps think the Denarius fet too high at 6 2 Grains Troy,^ and chufe to fet it at 6 1 . By this Efti- mate we fhould have a 7. Of 51240 Grains Troy,^ which would confift of 202.2631 folid Inches, and would differ from the Congius at a Medium defcrib’d in the next Chapter of dry Meafures by no more than 0.977 P^^^s of a folid Inch. The Co?tgii Hand thus : Villalpa?2dus\,^ _ - _ Arbuthnot\^ - - - - My Firft, My Second, _ - - - Pcetus'sj - - . ~ Arbuthnot\ from the Roma?i Foot, Savotus\^ _ „ _ _ fol. In. Dec. - 207.4737 207.0676 - 205.5789 202. 2631 I97.3415 - ^95*3139 195.0986 Before we can adjufl; the Congius to. the E?tglijb Liquid Meafures, we mufl know how many folid Inches are in our Wine Gallon, Pint, &^c, F It 33 34 Ohfervations on Dr. Arbuthnot^^ It is commonly fuppofed, that there are in the Wine Gallon 231 folid Inches. Upon this Suppojfition, which is a faife one, and yet made Ufe of by Dr. Arbuthnot and others, the eighth Part of a Gallon, or Pint, will be 1^-281=28.875 folid Inches. The Congius will be found Ty this Proportion: >/. In. Ft. fol. In. ^ As 28.875 : J : : 205.5789 to a fourth Number, which will give the -Pints, &^c. in the Congius. This fourth Ft. /.In. Dec. Number is 7 + 3*45 39* Ft. /.In. Dec. Since Dr. Arhuthnot\ Co 7 tgius contains 7+4.9426, theEx- Ft. f. In. Dec. cefs of his Congius above mine will be 0+1.4887. So much for the Eftimate of the Wine Gallon made Ufe of by the Gaugers, and by which the Excife is paid ; but they who are concern’d, know well enough that it is wrong: For by an Experiment tried before feveral of our mofl: eminent Philofophers in public Pods, as Flamjiead^ Halley^ &c. at which Mr. TVard was prefent, the Wine Gallon amounted to no more than 224 folid Inches; at which Rate the Pint will be exactly 28 folid Inches. The Proportion will now Hand thus : /.In. Ft. /In. Dee. Ft. /In. Dec. As 28 : I : : 205.5789 : 7 + 9.5789. The Difference now between us is more confiderable ; for my Congius will exceed his by 4.6363 folid Inches. Pt. f. In. Dec. My Congius - 7 + 9.5789 His - - - 7 + 4.9426 Excefs above his - 0 + 4*6363 The Dijfertations on Coim, Weights, ^c. Ft, f. In. Dec. The Congius according to my Eftimate is 7 + 9 - 5 7 ^ 9 * The Sextariusy or 6 th Part of it, - The Hemina., \ of Sextarius, The ^ai'taxius^ ^ of Sextarius, The Acetabuhim., i of a Sextarius, The Cyathus^ of Sextarius, The Ligula^ of Sextarius, Ft. f. In. Dec. I 4. 6.26^1 1 + 3-1315 I + 1-5657 I + O.782B Ti + 0.5219 i + 0.1304 Thefe being found out by dividing the Congius^ the reft of the Meafures may be found out by multiplying it. Gal. Ft. f.In. Dec. The U?' 7 ia is 4 Congius\., - - 3 + 541 0.3156 The Amphora is 8 Congius’s - 742 _j .2 0.6312 The Culeus is 20 Amphora’s - 146 4642 o. 624 E.GaV Pints. ! 1 fol.In. Dec. Ligula, 000 ! ' I 48 00.1304 Cyathus^ - - - 000 ■k 00.5219 Acetabulum.^ 000 I 00.7828 ^artarius. 000 I 4 01.5657 Hetnina, 000 I 7 , 03-1315 Sextarius.^ 000 I 06.2631 Congius j 000 7 09.5789 Urna.^ - - - 003 5 10.3156 Amphora.y 007 2 20.6312 Culeus.^ - - - 146 6 20. 624 Gall. Pint. f.In. Dec. Dr. Arbuthnot\ Culeus ^ in his firft } R Tables, corrected by the Pen, contains ) ^+3 + 3 ^- 3 ^ and confequently falls fliort of mine 3 + 3 + 9*296 F 2 It 35 36 Obfervations on Dr. hxhxi^am^ s Call. Pint. f.I, Dec. In his Tables printed with his Book,? the Culetis is - — — — ■ 3 ^43 + 3 + 1 1-095 which falls fhort of mine 3 + 3+ 9-529 Before I quit this Siibjed; of the Liquid Meafures, I can- not help taking Notice of a Fault in Ijx. ArbutJmoty'?. 124, in relation to the Cyathus. Upon a Suppohtion that Budceus's Emendation of a Paf- fage in Pliny is right, he fays, That -the Cyathus of Opitnian Wine came to two Nmn?ni. It is flrange, that he fliould fubhitute the Cyathus inftead of Cx^Uncia'^ for the Uncta alone is mentioned by Pliny.^ and there is not a Word in this Place relating to the Cyathus. He could not have fo far forgot himfelf, as not to know that the Cyathus and Uncia were tVv^o quite different Things; for the Cyathus was p P^^tt of the Sextarius\ but as the Sex- tar ius contain’d 20 Ounces of Water or Wine, a Engle Ounce was only a Part of it. Therefore the Cyathus was to the Ounce as 20 to 12, or exac+ly as 1.666, Me. to i, and confequently the Cyathus., exceeded the Ounce by above one Half. This being the Cafe, he mufl certainly have fubfli- tuted the Cyathus inflead of the Uncia., in order to make his Computation of Interefl agree with what he imagined to be Pliny The Place in Pliny is certainly a very difficult one, and was Hardouin s Explanation of it right, the Ounce of Opimian Wine was fold for 960 Sefiertii, or 8 Pounds of our Money, according to my Value of a Sefiertius\ a Price altogether monflrous and incredible. Vide Piin. Rdit. Hard- Tom. i. />. 7 1 4. By Budceus\ Emendation of hints inftead of vini, the Ounce was fold for no more than 2 Sejlertii ; a wide Difference this in their Accounts ! but I think neither of them right, nor indeed capable of being reconcil’d to Pliny, I ffiall Dijfertations on Coins, Weights, I fliall therefore venture at another Emendation, and inilead of read nummo : This Emendation is not fo forced as it may feem at nrfi: Sight ; for I don’t imagine that nummo was written at Length in that Place, but only its Charade r iV. Vid. Sertorius U 7 ‘fatus^ which afterwards might eafily become N I by the Carelefnefs or Ignorance of the old Li- brarians- N I not being underflood by the following ones, and the Subjecl being vinujn^ they changed N 1 into INI. If this be admitted, the Ounce of Wine was fold for a Nunimus or Sejiertius and all will be eafy ; whicli may thus be made out : A 7 ?ipho 7 'a., which contain’d 960 Ounces, was fold at lirfl; for ico Nummi\ at this Rate the Ounce was worth little more than o • i of a Sejlerce- But a hundred and fixty Years afterwards, the Interefl; of a 100 Num 7 m at 6 per Cent. would amount to 160 x 6 = 960 Nmnmi.^ which being added to the principal 100, would make 1060 Niimmi in all. If this Sum be divided by 960, the Number of Ounces in an Amphora.^ it will give i . i Sejiertius for the Value of an Ounce ; and as the Fraction is but a fmall one, and probably was negledted in Trade, an Ounce of this Opimian Vfine was fold for a Nummus or Sejiertius- Indeed Pliny feems to have negleded the Principal of 100 Sejlertii in his Account, and to have regarded only the Intereft 960 Sejlertii.^ at which Rate the Price of an Ounce of this Wine would be pre- cifely one Nummus or Sejiertius. I think this is rating the Price high enough ; for if the Sejiertius be fet at 2 d. which I take to be the true Value of it, the Sextarius which contain’d 20 Ounces, and ex- ceeded our Pint only by a fmall Fradion, would have coft 3 s- and 4 d- of our Money ; and two Sextarii.^ nearly our Quart, 6 j-. and 8r/- This I think was a fair Price for Wine at that time of day, when Wine was fo exceilively cheap as to S Obfervations on Dr, ArbuthnotV to be fold fome times at 2d- a Gallon, or lefs P'ide Arbuthnot, p- 125, 126. All that Dr. Arbuthnot fays about the Cyathus is foreign to tlie Purpofe, as alfo what lie has about the Anatociffjms ; for Pliny fays nothing about the AnatocifmuSy and but barely mentions the Ufura modica chilis, which was muP iiplicata femijjlbus, or 6 per Cent, As to the A 7 iatocifmus, it feems to have been reckon’d op- preilive, and yet fome Ufurers feem not content with it, tho’ they had 1 2 per Cent, befides, for their Money : Nihil i 7 npude? 7 tius Scaptio, qui centefi 7 nis cum anatociffno contentus 72071 ejfet. Vide Cicer, ad Attic, lib. v. Ep. 21. Arbuthnot, p. 2 i o. If the former Emendation appears too harfh, I know no other Method of fetting Matters right, but by fup- pofing that if the old reading Jingulas uncias V I N I cofijlitijj'e, be right ; H S has been dropp’d by the Li- brarians, after vini ; but if Budceus\ Conjedfure hold good, who reads BIN IS inftead of VINI, the S in HS muff have been dropp’d, and the Legs of the H, or II, made binis ; or what is ffill more probable, out of 118 was made Binis. Faults of this Kind are fo very common in ancient Authors, that it is to be lamented that they did not write all their Sums, Dates, ^^c. in Words at length, inffead of any numerical Charadfers whatever : An Error in a little Cha- rader often confounds a great Sum, and the common Writers What is laid here is upon a Sup- pofition that the Romans took Wine and Water to be of the fame, or near- ly the fame fpecific Gravity. Vide Ar- fouthnot, p. 91, 92. Lmthorf% Ahridg- ment of the Philofophical TranfaCfions, I. p. 610. But above all, Fannius in Wardts, Differ tat ion de AJfe. Monum. Kempian. p. 49. feem Differtations on Coins, Weights, ^c. feem to have been of the fame Temper with our common Printers. There was fb much Money to be paid for fo much Work; if they could get their Money, they were not at all follicitous wliether their Work was executed well or ill. Since I wrote what went before about the Cyathus^ I have met with another Miftake relating to the Cadus^ fo that I am afraid the DoBor was not over exadt in his Quotations and Trandations : His Words are, Page 93, that Julms ‘‘ Ccefar at his triumphal Supper, according to Plmy^ lib. 14. “ cap. 15. gave 100 Cadi of Chios Wine, that is, 4 Tuns, “ 25 ^ Gallons.” I am at a Lofs how to reconcile this with the Words of Plmy, which are thefe, Ccefar DiSiator triumphi fui ccend vini Faler?ti amphoras^ Chii cados in convivia diflribuit. Here is another of 100 Cadi., which, were we to fet the Cadtas at the highefl, would have been but a Trifle at a triumphal Entertainment, efpecially at one of Ccefar %• The Cadus., according to Hardouin., is by fome Authors fet at 10 Co?igiiy by others at 12. Fide Plin. To 7 n. i. p- 722. Dx. Arbuthnot Pagec^'^, that the was the fame with the Metretes, which by his Tables contains Gsll. Pint, J. In, Dec. 10 2 19.626. Pttg. 83. He feems to make the Cadus the fame with the Amphora,, which he fets at GaH, Pint, J, In, Dec* 7' 10.66. Pliny ^ Meaning plainly is, that Ccefar gave to each Set of Company an Amphora of Falertiutn and a Cadus of Chia??- Wine. The Angle Sets did not confifl: of many Perfons, but then they were vaftly numerous ; fo that there mufl: have been an Expence of Wine far beyond what our Author mentions. If he had refledled upon what he fays, tho’ not very exadly, at Page 131, that Ccefar borrow’d of Hirrius 39 40 Obfervations on Dr, Arbuthnot’j Hirrius 6000 Lampreys for one of his triumphal Suppers^ befides what he probably bought and had of his own, or from Friends, and had conhder’d that there mufl: have been other Eatables, and Wine in Proportion, he would have found that there were fo many thoufand Guefts at one of thefe Entertainments, that 100 Cadi of Chios would hardly have been a Tafte for each. : AP. ■-T r. Differtations on Coins, Weights, 41 CHAP. V. Of R OMAN Measures of Capacity for Things dry. T hese may be adjufled to Englifi Pecks, Gallons, by comparing the folid Inches in xh&Modius with thofe in the Englijh Peck, between which there is but little DiiFer- ence. The folid Inches in xh^Modius are found by thofe in the Congius ; which, according to my Computation, are 205.5789, For 8 = 1644.631 2 folid Inches make A 7 ?iphora^ /. /. Dec. which contains 3 Modii ^ confequently, if 1644.6312 be ^ J. I. Dec. divided by 3, we fhall have for the Modius 548.2104, We have two different Eftimates of the folid Inches and Decimals in the Englijh Peck. The firft is 544.5 ; this is the common Reckoning. If this fuppofed Peck be taken from my Modius.^ it would leave /. In. Dec. a Difference of 3.7104, and confequently the Modius would PaJi. /. I. Dec. be I 3 - 7 io 4 -_ The fecond Eftimate of the£;v^/^ Peck, which is the true one, according to TVard\ Young Mathem. Guide^ p. 36, is /. /. D:c. 537.6. This would bring out the Modius that I diall flick Peck. /. I. Dec. to, I 10.6104. The Congius which the EoSlor makes Ufe of in order to /. /. Dec. End his Modius^ is 207.0676; which being multiplied by 8, /. I. Dec. gives the Amphora 1656.5408. This being divided by 3, /. 1. Dec. gives the Modius 552 1802. G If Obfervations on Dr. ArbuthnotV If from this be taken the firft or common Englijh Peck f.l. Du. ^ ^ f.L 544.5, it will leave a Difference of 7.6802, or throwing off the two laft Decimals 7.68, and confequently his Modius will Peck Gall. f.L be I 00 7.68, as he has rated it in his Tables. Peck Call. f. In. Deu The DoBors Modius then is - i 00 7.68 Mine _ _ - _ j 00 10.6104 Difference - - - o— — 00 2.9304 wliich is all the Excefs of mine above his. Tliefe folid Inches are too inconliderable to be minded in fmail Matters • but as they amount to Part of my Peck, it is evident that in 183.45 Modii^ my Meafure would exceed his by about a Peck. The Modius^ with its Divifions, will, according to my Eflimate Hand thus, negleding the Decimals of the 5th Place Peek Gall Pmt f.L Dec. d'he Modius^ - I 0 00 ;io.6i04 SemimodiuSy 0 I 00 5*3052 Sextariusj - 0 0 I 0.6631 Hemina^ 0 0 0-3315 Acetabulum^ 0 0 Of 0.0828 CyathuSj 0 0 oA 0.0552. Liguluy 0 0 0^ 0.0138 It is perhaps worth obferving, that if wc were to compute the Modius between the two Extremes of Villalpandus and Savotus^ we fhould have a new Modius^ which would differ from Dijfertations on Coins, Weights, 43 from the true Englijh Peck by lefs than a folid Inch \ which will thus appear : f-In. Dec. The Cofigius of Savotus is - - - 195.0986 Hence his Amphora ~ - 1560.7888 Modius - - ~ 520.2629 'Y)\^Co?igius oi Villalpandus ^ ~ - 207.4737 If thefe two Co?tgii be added together, and divided by 2,, we f In. Dec. ikall have a Congius between the two Extremes 201.2861. /. In. Dec. Modhis found as before, will be - - 536.7629 T\\q Englijh Peck is _ _ ^ _ 537.6000 and therefore exceeds this only - - 0.8371 According to this Suppohtion, the Roma 7 t Modius and EngliJ) Peck might well be reckon’d the fame. A Congius computed from xEq D enarius at 61 Grains Troy^ f. In. Dec. would be 202.2631, and would differ from th.QCo 7 tgi'us at a /. In. Dec. Medium, by no more than 0.977, which is lefs than a folid Inch. /. In. Dec. The correfponding is - - - 539-3^82 The Peck _____ 537.6000 The Difference _ _ _ _ _ 1.7682 Some may poflibly like thefe Proportions ; but I chufe rather to keep to my former ones, for Reafons given in their proper Places. FINIS. ERRATA. Page 3, line 10, Preparation read Proportion, p. 12, 1 . 12, {or info the Decimals read into Decimals, p. 14. laft line, for 7 gr. or 7 gr. 74 read J gr. 44 -, or 7 gr. 0.74. p. 15, 1 . 2, for o 26 read o . 26. p. 17, 1. 2, for mon?ieys read monnoys. ibid. 1. 13, for and above read and is above, p. 25, 1 . 7, ^ov yet is read 7^/ it. p. 29, 1 . 25, after Gold, add muji be to the Space taken up by the Gold. p. 39, 1 . 15, for another read nothing. yuft Publifljed^ And fold by Dan. Browne, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar, and JohnWhiston at Mr. BoyleV Head in Fleet-ftreet. ANTIQUITATES ASIATICAl Chriftianam ^Eram antecedentes, cx Monumentis Grsecis defcriptse, Latine verfas, Notifque & Commentariis illuftratae; accedit Monumentum Ancyranum. Ah Edmufido ChiJljull, S.T.B. Nummis & figuris aeneis ornatae. Price I'is. Jewed. ... ■' ■ V'- ■ - . ■■ .;irv. .V . I ^ 3 ^'