FRANKLIN INSTITUTE LIBRARY PHILADELPHIA, PA. 6 . ^ THE MANUAL PRACTICAL POTTING THE MANUAL OF PRACTICAL POTTING REVISED AXD EX LA RO ED FOURTH ETtlTIOX SPECIALLY COMPILED BY EXPERTS AND KDITED BY CHARLES F. BINNS "/^LONDON SCOTT, GEE E'N^W D ' & SON "THE POTTERY GAZETTE" OFFICES 8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, E.C. CANADA: THE COPP CI.AKK CO. LTD., TORONTO UNITED STATES: D. VAN NOSTRAND CO., NEW YORK 1907 [All rights remain wilh Scott, Greenwood cC- Son'] THE GETTY CENTER LIBRARY PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The proprietors of the Pottery Gazette, in presenting the Manual of Practical Potting to the trade, desire to say that no pains have been spared to make the work of unique value to those engaged in the business, their sole aim being to render it so com- plete in every particular that it might become to be universally regarded as the chief text- book for reference wherever the manufacture of ceramics is followed. The information contained in the manual cannot fail to be of interest to every manufacturer desirous of perfecting his productions to the highest excellence. The various formulae now published for the first time are the outcome of years of study and repeated ex- periment on the part of several members of the trade, whose individual experience has been of an ex- ceptionally practical nature. The classification of the information given into a chain of connection has rendered them easy of instant comprehension by the intelligent operator. V vi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The progressive improvements in the manufacture of china and earthenware which have taken place during the last forty years have indisputably raised the art to a pitch of excellence unequalled in the whole of the world's history — a culmination of cir- cumstances mainly attributable to untiring practical and scientific research and experiment. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. A SECOND edition of the Manual of Practical Potting being demanded, the compilers have revised the whole work with the view of bringing the information up to date. A number of new recipes have been acquired, and are incorporated in the Ijody of the work, while some ol)vious errors have been corrected. In the recipes built up by the labours of the bygone masters of the potter's art there seems to the scientific mind much that is obsolete, but there is, at the same time, something to be learned from them. Old methods have been superseded, but the results attained long ago are still pre-eminent in some direc- tions. It is well, therefore, not to cast aside the work of a former generation as unworthy of attention ; perchance even the scientist can be taught, and the best man is always he who is willing to learn. it must not, however, be supposed that any great number of the recipes here given are old ; very many of them are in use at the present time in the best English manufoctories, while some apply, as is neces- viii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. sary for the completeness of the work, only to the cheaper grades of ware. The clever potter will use tliese mixtures as suggestions, and, taught by his superior skill, will modify them to suit his own purpose. CONTENTS. luiroiliictioii — The Rise and Progress of the Potter's An ChAI'TKH I. — BODIKS. China and Porcelain JJ(jdies . Parian Bodies ..... Semi-Porcelain and Vitreous Bodies Mortar Bodies .... Earthenware, Granite, and (J. (J. Bodies Miscellaneous Bodies Sagger and Crucilde Clays Coloured Bodies .... Jasper Bodies ..... Coloured Bodies for Mosaic Painting Encaustic Tile Bodies Body Stains ..... Coloured Dips .... Chapter II. — Glaz China Glazes . Ironstone Glazes Earthenware "Glazes (ilazes without Lead Miscellaneous (41azes Coloured Glazes Majolica Colours CHArXER III.— (iiOLD AXD Goi.D COLOUUS. Gold Purple of Cassius . Marone and Ruby . Enamel Colour Bases Enamel Colour Flu.xes Enamel Colours Mixed Enamel Colours Anticjue and Vellum Enamel Colours Under-Glaze (."olours 7 15 18 as 24 29 30 32 36 44 4.") 46 47 55 64 66 83 84 85 iJl 93 97 98 99 107 112 119 121 125 CONTENTS. PAGE Under-Gla/.e Colour Fluxes 125 Mixed Under-Glaze Colours 141 Flow Powders 144 Oils and Varnislie- 145 Chapter IV. — Meaxs and Method.s. Reclamation of "Waste Gold 146 The Use of Cobalt • .... 147 Notes on Enamel Colours 148 Li(|uid or Bright Gold 150 Chapter V. — Classification and Analv.sis. Classification of Clay Ware 152 Lord Playfair's Analysis of Clays 153 The Markets of the World 154 Time and Scale of Firing . 156 Standard Weights of Potters' ^laterials 157 Decorated Goods Count . . . . _ 158 Chapter VI. (Comparative loss of Weight of Clays 159 Chapter VII. Slop Ground Felspar Calculations 163 Chapter VIII. The Conversion of Slop 13ody Recipes into Dry Weight . . . 168 Chapter IX. Tiie Cost of Prepared Earthenware Clay ..... 174 (Jhapter X.— Forms and Tables. Articles of Ai)prenticeship 186 Manufacturer's Guide to Stocktaking 188 Table of Relative Values of Potters' Materials .... 190 Hourly Wages Table 191 Workmen's Settling Tal)le 192 ('om2")arative (xuide for Earthenware and China Manufacturers in the Use of Slop Flint and Slop Stone 193 Foreign Tcn-ms apjilied to Earthenware and China Goods . . 194 Table for the Conversion of ^letrical Weights and Measures on the Continent and Soutli Ainei'ica . ...... 195 Index 199 THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE POTTER'S ART IN ENGLAND. The art of liusl)aiulmau ranks as the only competitor in antiquity witli tlie potter's craft in the history of the world's industries, data uni»|ue and iuduljitaljle Ijeing abundantly manifest to prove the correctness of this assertion. The earliest exponents of the potter's art have rendered most remarkable aid in elucidatiiig abstruse theories con- cerning the literature and manners and customs of nations, the record of which would have been otherwise entirely lost. From this cause alone the practice of the potter's art excites a deep and peculiar interest, irrespective of any other con- sideration to which its operations may tend. Xo liranch of manufacture presents so intimate and ancient an alliance between art and utility as that of the potter, whose earliest productions take their rise from a date wliich in tlie Eastern Hemisphere is lost in the darkness of remote antiquity. The ceramic art, both in its theory and practice, unites a combination of qualities unknown in any otlier expression of human skill. Xo other industry pre- sents so many divers considerations, all of them of the utmost interest, and each one rich in economic and scientific ajjplication. Finding its materials at or near the surface of the earth, pottery displays Uianufactures the most simple and yet the most varied — tlio easiest to fabricate, and, tliough fragile, of 1 2 RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE POTTER'S ART. incomparable durability. The products of these substances are absolutely endless in their variety, while in their most successful exponents their beauty may be pronounced as matchless. Every species of form, from the classical severity of the early Greek period to tlie florid luxuriance of the wares of Saxony, France, and, one may now fairly add, England, here finds a fitting and worthy medium. A material which science teaches to present the most lustrous surface, which is solid, imperishable, and admirably qualified for the application of varied and brilliant colouring, offers such inducements to the painter that even the pencil of the glorious Eaffaelle himself was occasionally employed in its decorati(3n. Without doubt the potter's art had its rise in the land of Egypt, from whence it travelled to Greece ; and to the refined taste of that country the ceramic industry is indebted for its most beautiful shapes. The Eomans did nuich to diffuse the making of pottery in the countries conquered by them, in this country especially. Ever since the Eoman invasion potteries have had an existence in different parts of England, particularly in Staftbrdshire, as is evidenced by the quantity of pottery fragments that have been upturned in the course of ages. The term " pottery " is derived from the Latin jJoterium, the name given by the Komans to drinking vessels ; but this does not convey any signification denoting either form or substance. The word " ceramic," the generic title by which works in this department of art manufacture are now known, is derived from the Greek. It primarily signifies the " horn of an animal." It has obtained its generally recognised signification from the early use of horns for drinking pur- poses, whi(;h in their turn gave place to articles made from plastic materials. RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE POTTER'S ART. ?> For luany years tlic manufacture of pottery was of the most primitive type; l)ut it gradually came to be regarded as the vehicle for artistic taste, and, in the mediieval ago, attracted the attention of famous artists on the Continent, as is evidenced l)y the lovely works, still extant, associated with the honoured names of I'alissy and Luca della Eobbia, which for all time will Ije regarded as masterpieces. Although the potter's art flourished in China prior to the Christian era, in this country very little was known of it until the reign of Elizabeth, who endeavoured to found potteries, with but indifferent success ; indeed, little of im- portance was acomplished until the close of the sixteenth century. The first articles of which w^e find mention made were butter-pots and " tygs," the latter a peculiar species of handled drinking vessel. Ornamental dishes appear to have been made at Burslem, " the mother of the potteries," as early as 1650, the glazing of which was effected by means of lead. Thirty years Liter the purest accident led to the substitution of salt for lead in this particular, the first use of which was made by a potter named Palmer. The w^are when salt glazed was known as " cranch ware," and the manufacture proved a source of considerable employment. The first attempts that were made to imitate the work of the Eastern potters w\as a decided failure ; but in 1690 two brothers, named Elers, discovered a bed of fine compact clay at Bradwell Wood, near Burslem, which enabled them to produce with exact success a fictitious Japanese ware. The use of calcined and ground flint as an ingredient of pottery is attributed to the younger Astbury in 1720, and led to great and higldy inijiortant improvements in the wares in Staffordshire. The new material was used in combination with pipe-clay and sand, coloured with oxide of copper and manganese. A year later another innovation was introduced by IJalph 4 EISE AND PROGRESS OF THE POTTER'S ART. Daniel, of Cobridge, from France, in the shape of moulds of plaster of Paris, wliich s|)eedily l^ecame adopted l>y the English potters. The forms and patterns of the wares produced at this period were generally ol)tained from the silver ])late of the time ; the colours of the bodies were known as drab or cream- coloured and white. Painted ware of a crude type also came into general use a few years later ; l)ut it was not until the middle of the century that printed ware was introduced. Such was the condition of English pottery manufac- ture in the district specially identified with the art when another Pallissy arose in England in the person of the great Wedgwood, who was born in the year 1730. At an early age he worked as a thrower at the potter's wheel in his elder brother's manufactory ; but the state of his health compelled him to relinquish this occupation, and he after- wards followed the natural inclination of a mind richly endowed both with ingenuity and enterprise. In the year 1759 he succeeded in making a rich cream-coloured ware, by which he quickly attained a high degree of celebrity, so much so that he at once became the royal potter. At the same time Wedgwood sold his w^are at a price which brought it within the means of general consumption both at home and abroad. How Josiah Wedgwood enhanced the reputa- tion of the Staffordshire Potteries is a matter of common knowledge. Suffice it to say, that since his day the art in the district has shown no retrograde movement ; on the contrary, it has gone on increasing year by year in excel- lence, till at the present time it towers above any of its foreign competitors. Contemporaneously with Wedgwood, the china works at Bow and Clielsea came into prominence, followed by those of Plymouth, Derby, and Bristol. It was at Plymouth that tlie first true porcelain of liard paste was made l)y tlie TIISE AND PROGRESS OF THE TOTTER'S ART. 5 learned Dr. Cookwortliy, although it had previously been produced by Botteher at Meissen in Saxony, whose success was so great that he induced the Elector of that country to establish a royal manufactory of porcelain near Dresden, which is in existence at the present day, as is also another manufactory first established through royal influence at Sevres in France. The Royal Porcelain Works at Worcester were estab- lished by Dr. Wall in 1751. Five years later the important process of transfer printing w^as discovered and adopted at Worcester, frdui which place it travelled to Coalport in Shropshire, and thence to the Potteries of Staffordshire. Besides the names before mentioned as important factors in the dissemination of the ceramic art in this country, Messrs. Minton, Spode and Copeland, Eidgway, Davenport, and many others, have done yeoman ser\'ice in furthering tlie industry, which has now grown to enormous propor- tions. In the year 1700 the whole of the Pottery district only contained fifty ovens, the small holding capacity of which permitted only a very restricted output. Again, in the year of the Great Exhibition, 1851, which did so much to encourage the potter's art, the number of fictile establish- ments in Staffordshire only numbered one hundred and thirty-three ; while at the present time this has increased to the phenomenal numljer of three hundred and forty in the Potteries alone, while there is a large nvmiber of pottery manufactories scattered over different parts of England, Scotland, and Wales. The sum total of the exports of china and earthenware from this country alone amounted to con- siderably over two millions in 1892, to say nothing of the enormous increase of home consumption. From this it will be apparent to what considerable proportions the industry has i^rown durincf the last fortv vears. 6 RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE POTTER'S ART. The introduction of mechanical aid in place of manual labour will, to a o'reat extent account for the increment of production, together with more methodical means for effective manufacture necessitated by the enlarged demand. The institution of Government Schools of Art throughout the country, and tlie liolding of Exhibitions, have done much both to encourage the necessary artists and designers, and to bring the taste of the public up to the high standard it now occupies ; and it is obvious that the ceramic art as it has itself progressed in excellence has had a Ijenign influence not only on tlie English race, but all over the world. Tlie potter's art has still a great future before it, not only in producing things of increased beauty and utility, but in finding employment for the teeming masses of the population of the districts specially identified with its manufacture. 'M^. ^^ ^'> CHAPTER I. BODIES. CHINA AND PORCELAIN BODIES. In selecting a china body regard must l)e had botl) to the class of work intended to be produced and to the decree of fire available. Generally speaking, the more bone there is in a mixture the greater will be the heat necessary ; but, on tlie other hand, a body that will stand a severe tire is of better appearance and finer (juality than a less refractory one. Some of the following recipes are in use by leading manufacturers, and amongst them will be found bodies of almost every conceivable variety : — I LONGPORT CHINA BODY. 225 lbs. Calcined Bone 150 „ China Clay 82 15 China Stone Flint Glaze No. 1. 472 ALCOCK'S CHINA BODY. 70 lbs. Calcined Bone . . . '\ 50 „ China Stone . . . ;- Glaze Xo. 40 „ China Clay 160 CHINA AND PORCELAIN BODIES. ALCOCK'S CHINA FIGURE BODY. 86 lbs. Calcined Bone . . . \ 62 „ China Stone . . . , Glaze No. 3. 50 „ China Clay :j 198 CHINA CASTING BODY. 42 lbs. Calcined Bono 24 ,, China Stone 1 8 „ China Clay 6 „ Fhnt .... Glaze No. 3. 90 CHINA BODY. 200 ll)S. Gronnd Bono . 130 „ China Stone 150 „ China Clay 10 „ Fhnt CJlazc No. 4. 400 6 CHINA BODY. 440 11 )s. Calcined Bone . ' . 260 „ China Stone 260 „ China Clay 25 „ Flint C}]azo No. 4. 985 7 CHINA BODY. 350 lbs. Calcined Bone . 275 „ China Stone 250 „ Cliina Clay ;j Glaze No. 5. 875 CHINA AND PORCELAIN BODIES. 140 ll).s. 100 „ 80 „ 10 „ DESSERT CHINA BODY Calcined lione China Clay Swedish Felspar . Flint Glaze Xo. 5. O O A 140 li.s 90 „ 80 „ 7 „ DESSERT CHINA BODY. ( alcincd Bone Cluna Stone China Clay Blue Clay, finely .sifted Glaze No. 5. 10 II 12 317 CHINA BODY (i8io) 40 11 js. Calcined Bono 36 „ 25 „ Cliina Clay China Stone Glaze No. 9 Flint 103 [ CHINA BODY. 400 ll)s Calcined Bone China Stone China Clay 200 „ - Glaze Xo. 300 „ 900 2 CHINA BODY. 300 lbs Calcined Bont; 150 „ 90 „ China Clay China Stone ( ;iaze Xo. 9 20 „ Flint 560 10 13 CHINA AND rOECELAIN BODIES. CHINA BODY. 230 lbs. Calcined Bone 120 „ China Clay 100 „ China Stone . [ Cls aze No. 10. 14 15 785 i6 120 lbs. 80 „ Add 80 „ 40 ,. SPODE'S BODY. Bonel -,,,. , oTound too-ether . 1 ImtJ "= ° China Stone China Clay 450 ^ CHINA BODY. 450 lbs. Calcined Bone . 230 „ 220 „ China Stone China Clay - Glaze No. 13. 30 „. Flint 930 5 CHINA BODY. 370 lbs Calcined Bone . 250 „ 130 „ China Clay China Stone Glaze No. 14 35 „ Flint Glaze No. 15. 17 320 856 lbs. TOO „ 3G0 „ CHINA BODY. Bone Stone China Clay I'JIG CHINA AND POKCELAIN BODIES. 11 i8 FENTON CHINA BODY. 290 11)8. ]].)no . . . . I 171 ,, Stone . . | 150 „ Chiua Clay 20 „ Flint .... I 631 19 CHINA BODY. GOG lbs. liollG 528 „ Stone 39G „ China Clay GO „ Flint 1G80 20 NANTGARW CHINA BODY (Soft Paste). 175 lbs. Lynn Sand J.0 Pearl Ash J Fritted. 325 lbs. Bone 200 „ Fritt 100 „ Chiua Clay ■] G25 21 FRITT CHINA BODY. 25 lbs. Lynn Sand 2 „ Pearl Ash . 12Ubs. Fritt 60 „ Bone 50 „ Stone 50 „ China Clay 7i „ Ball Clay. J Fritted. 180 12 CHINA A" 22 c 50 lbs. Bone 40 „ Stone 24 „ China Clay CHINA BODY. :f 114 23 CHINA BODY. 50 lbs. Bone 35 „ Stone 20 „ China Clay :/ 105 24 CHINA BODY. 34 lbs. Bone 36 „ Stone 32 „ Cliina Clay 102 25 CHINA BODY. 365 lbs. Bone 343 )) Stone 216 » China CL 'J :j 924 26 3 GO lbs. 230 „ 50 „ 20 20 „ LAKIN'S CHINA BODY. (Jliina Clay China Stone Fh'iit Blue Clav . 680 27 CHINA AND PORCELAIN BODIES. CHINA BODY. 13 28 80 lbs Bone 35 „ Cliiiia Clciy 15 „ Blue Clay ... - Glaze Xo. 8. 80 „ Stone .... 15 „ Flint, 225 ; CHINA BODY. 50 11. s Bone 40 „ Stone .... 34 „ China Clay 2 „ Flint 126 29 CHINA BODY. 588 lbs. Bone 354 „ Stone 312 „ China Clay 1254 30 CHINA BODY. 856 lbs. Bone 254 „ Stone 432 „ Chma Clay 170 „ Blue Clav Glaze No. 17. 1712 31 MASON'S CHINA BODY. 28 lbs. Bone 20 „ China Clay 16 „ Stone . . . .1 3 „ Flint . . . .J 67 14 CHINA A! 32 c 35 11 )s. Bone 17 „ China Ola} 20 „ Stone O „ Blue Clay CHINA BODY. / .1 33 PORCELAINE FRANgAIS LIMOGES. 50 parts China Clay 40 „ Felspar .... 10 „ Flint .... G „ Steatite .... 106 34 CHINA BODY. 50 11 35 8 3 4 >s. Bone 100 China Clay Stone Flint Blue Clay CHINA BODIES. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Bone . 200 144 24 80 40 240 640 50 Stone . 180 60 16 80 33 260 426 30 China Clay . 75 84 16 35 30 260 387 30 Blue Clay . 80 8 15 Flint . 30 24 15 565 312 64 225 103 760 1453 110 43 44 45 46 47 40 48 49 50 Bone . 40 40 20 42 46 37 31 Stone . 23 40 21 27 24 28 25 23 China Clav . 35 20 48 30 20 20 31 32 Blue Clay . 8 10 6 5 5 Flint . 2 100 1 6 100 2 6 100 100 100 100 100 100 PARIAN BODIES. 15 PARIAN BODIES. raiiau is tlieoretically an imitation of niailtlc, and is composed in the main ot" felspar and stone, to which are added othm- inat(nials in order to simplify the mauufactnre and liiiiii;'. China Clay is used on account (jf its refractory nature, and a little flint is sometimes employed, though an excess of this will give an unpleasant heavy effect to the body. In the employment of glass care must be taken to secure uniformity of composition. English flint glass will be found to give the best results. PARIAN FRITT. 80 11 )s. Lynn Sand 35 „ Felspar .... Calcine at 15 „ Stone .... Biscuit heat 12 „ Pearl Ash 142 PARIAN BODY 50 lbs. Fritt, No. 1 130 „ Felspar 130 „ China Clay 20 „ Flint Glass 330 PARIAN BODY FOR STATUETTES. 50 11 )S. Fritt, Xo. 1 . . . . 85 „ Felspar . . . - 75 „ China Clay . . . ' 210 16 PARIAN BODIES. 4 PARIAN BODY FOR SMALL ARTICLES. 200 lbs. China CLiy . . i 350 „ Felspar .... 25 „ Fliut .... 575 5 PARIAN BODY. 300 11)R. Felspar . . . . ( 180 „ China Clay . . . J 480 6 PARIAN BODY. 200 lbs. Felspar . . . . "j „ China Stone . . . ,- 100 150 „ Cliina Clay . . .J 450 7 PARIAN FOR LACES AND DRAPERY. 60 lbs. Felspar . . . . j 40 „ China Stone 55 „ Cliina Clay , . . j 155 PARIAN BODY 8 lbs. China Clay G „ Stone 8 „ Felspar 3 „ Flint Glass 25 PARIAN BODIES. PARIAN BODY. 12 lbs. China Clay 5 ,, Stone G ,, Felspai' 3 „ Flint Class 17 26 10 PARIAN BODY. 30 lbs. China Clay 30 „ Stone . . . . 38 „ Felspar . . . . 98 11 PARIAN BODY. 40 lbs. Cliina Clay 40 „ Stone . . . . 80 „ Felspar . . . . 160 12 PARIAN BODY. '24: lbs. Felspar 8 „ China Clay 32 PARIAN BODIES. Cliina Clay Stone Fulsj)ar . Flint Glass 13 14 G 15 8 8 16 6 8 4 8 2 4 32 2 2 22 20 18 SEMI-POECELAIN AND VITREOUS BODIES. SEMI-PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS BODIES. Ironstone, stoneware and vitreous are interchangeable terms, and are applied to those bodies of which the fracture is presumed to be granular rather than chalky. Many of these are termed semi-porcelain Ijecause tliey are partially translucent wlien well fired, and in fact it is to the fire that they all owe their strength and quality. The large propor- tion of Cornish stone used gives to the ware its vitreous nature, while the flint prevents it becoming too flexible in the oven. These bodies are subject to loss from over-fire, which, owing to the large proportion of fluxing materials present, will cause blisters to rise on the surface. I LONGPORT SEMI-CHINA BODY. Fritt 12 lbs. Flint . . . "| 2 „ Carbonate of Potash Calcine in 12 „ Eed Lead 1 11). Cobalt Blue Biscuit Oven. 27 Mixture 7 IIjs. Fritt 100 „ Fhnt 500 „ China Clay 400 „ Stone . Glaze No. 2. 1007 LONGPORT IRONSTONE BODY. 1 1 ins. r.all Clay . 7i „ China Clay 7-2" „ Stone 1 in. Flint (ilaze No. 1. 27 SEMI-PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS BODIES. STONE BODY. 480 lbs. Stone .... 250 „ Blue Clay ... 240 „ China Clay 10 „ Glass .... 080 4 WHITE STONE BODY. 400 lbs. Stone 200 „ Flint 200 „ China Clay 16 pails Ball Clay, 24 ozs. Stain as required. 5 IRONSTONE BODY. 170 lbs. Blue Clay . 230 „ China Clay 300 „ China Stone 90 „ Flint Glaze No. 2. 790 IRONSTONE BODY 7 1 ins. Ball Clay H )j Flint H )) Cliina Cla)- 3i >> Stone 18| MORTAR BODY 16.1 ins J '.all Clay 7J )> China Clay in » Stone Glaze Xo. 2. 20 SEMI-PORCELATN AND VITREOUS BODIES. 8 MORTAR BODY. 264 lbs. China Stone 264 „ Blue Clay . 40 „ China Clay 40 „ Flint 608 9 LONGPORT MORTAR BODY. 120 lbs. Ball Clay . 120 „ China Clay 20 „ Flint 240 „ Stone 8 „ Flint Glass . . . ; 508 10 MORTAR BODY 1 9 ins. Ball Clay . 11 „ China Clay 81 „ Flint 9 1 „ Stone 48 II STONE BODY. 15 lbs. Ball Clay . 16 „ China Clay 8 „ Flint 12 „ Stone 51 12 STONE BODY. 14 lbs. Ikll Clay . 10 „ China Clay 6 „ Flint 18 „ Stone 48 SEMT-PORCELAIX AND VITREOUS BODIES. 21 13 14 VITREOUS BODY. S Ihs Ball (Jhiy .... 18 „ China <"l;iy „ Flint ... 18 „ Stone 53 VITREOUS BODY. 14 lbs Ball Clay . ^ „ China Clay 4 „ Flint .... 22 „ Stone .... 46 15 16 STONE BODY. 21 lbs Ball Clay . . . . ~\ 14 „ China Clay 3 „ Flint .... 15 „ Stone 53 ) INSULATOR BODY. 480 lbs. Cornish Stone 250 „ Blue Ball Clay . 240 „ China Clay, Common . 10 „ Flint Glass Glaze No. 1. 980 17 PEARL GRANITE BODY 108 lbs. Cornish Stone . . > 223 „ Cornish Clay . 300 „ Flint 100 „ Blue Clay. Glaze Xo. 1, 791 22 SEMI-PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS BOD i8 IRONSTONE BODY. 19f ins. Ball Clay Hi „ China Clay 8h „ Flint .... 81- „ Stone Stain as required. 48 19 STONE AND MORTAR BODY. 16 ins. Ball Clay .... 2 „ China Clay 14 „ Stone — Stain as required. 32 20 MASON'S STONE BODY. 12J lbs. China Clay . . . ] 2i „ Blue Clay 121 Fhut .... J, 77 \ 10 „ Stone . . . .J Stain as required. rr 1 I ^ 21 IRONSTONE BODY 80 lbs. Ball Clay .... 70 „ China Clay 60 „ Flint 40 „ Stone 250 22 IRONSTONE BODY 21 lbs. Ball Clay . . . : 12 J „ China Clay . . . | 121 ^^ Flint .... 10 „ Stone .... Stain as required. 371 SE.Ml-PORCELAIX AND VITREOUS BODIES. 23 23 MORTAR BODY. 1 2 Ib.s. Ikll ( 'lay . -I 2 „ China Clay . | 2 „ Flint . I 6 „ Stone . . . . ' 22 24 IRONSTONE BODY. IG lbs. IJall Cluy . . . . , 30 „ China Clay . . . | 6 „ Flint . . . . I 35 „ Stone . . . . j !7 MORTAR BODIES. Dry Weight. 25 26 27 28 29 Blue Clay China Clay ...... Stone Flint 60 10 30 10 24 10 10 5 60 20 20 15 30 25 10 2i 10 j 48 110 49 115 1 50 97 24 EARTHENWARE, GRANITE, AND C. C. BODIES. EARTHENWARE, GRANITE, AND C. C. BODIES. Under this lieadiug are placed a variety of bodies of a less vitreous nature tlian the preceding. They are for the most part porous to some extent, and do not need so hard a fire as those of the ironstone class. Some aie suitable for printing, while others are constructed mainly with a view to simplicity of working. In some cases the chief difference l)etween granite and C. C. is that the former is stained, while the latter is not. The slips are, of course, all of the standard weio-ht unless otherwise stated. BEST PRINTED BODY. 21 ins. Ball Clay . 14 „ China Clay 8 „ Flint 5 „ Stone ■ — Stain as required. 48 PRINTED BODY. IG ins. Uall Clay .... 9 „ China Clay 6h„ Flint .... Ih „ Stone .... 33 BEST BODY. 14 ins. Ikll Clay . 10i„ China Clay 8 „ Flint 41 „ Stone ■ Stain as re({uiiv(l. 37 Claze No. 4. EARTHENWARE, CxRANITE, AND C. C. P.ODTES. WHITE GRANITE BODY 12 J, ins. Ball Clay . . . , 12 A „ China Clay 6^ „ Flint .... 4] „ Stone .... Cla/ce No. 4. 3G PALETTE BODY. 141 ins. Ball Clay 111 )> China Clay Si „ Fliut 21 >; Stone . . Glaze Xo. 30. I 4 BLUE PRINTED BODY. 13^ ins. Ball Clay . . . -, 13.1 „ China Clav Flint Stone Glaze No. 4. 3G DOOR FURNITURE BODY 10 ins Ball Clay . , 1-' „ China Clay Unit .... 4^,, Stone 36 COMMON BODY. 27 ins. I'.all Clay . . • • i 14 „ Cln'na Clay 8L> Flint .... Ul; 4i ., Stone Glaze Xo. 27. Glaze Xo. 30. 54 2G EARTHENWARE, GRANITE, AND C. C. BODIES. 9 COMMON PRINTED BODY 14 ins. Ball Clay .... 8h „ China Clay Flint .... Stone .... 10 6i Glaze No. 30. 30f EARTHENWARE BODY 12 ins Ball Clay .... 6 „ China Clay 5 „ Flint .... u„ Stone II 24i PEARL WHITE BODY. 10 ins. Ball Clay .... 5 „ China Clay 5 „ Flint .... 2h „ Stone .... 22.1- 12 CHALK BODY. GO Ihs. Black Clay 60 "„ China Clay 90 „ Flint CUaze No. 29. 210 13 ALCOCK'S EARTHENWARE BODY. 1 8 ins. Ball Clay . . . . ~| 1 1 \ „ China Clay . . . | 9 „ Flint . . . 3 i „ Stone .... Stain as rei|uinMl. 42 EAKTHENWARE, GRANITE, AND C. C BODIES. 27 14 PRINTED BODY. 22^, ins. 15all Clay 5 „ China Clay 5 „ Flint .... 1 ill. Stone .... 17 18 33i 15 BEST PRINTED BODY. 14i ins. JJall Clay 9 „ China Clay 7 „ Flint 2 „ Stone 16 .".21 PRINTED BODY. 28 ins. Ball Clay . ^ 19 „ China Clay 10 „ Flint . 6|„ Stone • . 63f GRANITE BODY. 11| ins. Ball Clay 9 , China Clay . 73 • 8 > Flint 2i , Stone J ;oi C. C. BODY. 24^ ins. Ball Clay 13 J, ,^ China Clay 7 „ Flint 3 „ Stone 48 28 EARTHENWARE, GRANITE, AND C. C. BODIES. 19 IVORY BODY. ;32 ins. Ball Clay .... 20 „ China Clay 8 „ Flint .... 4 „ Stone .... 64 20 C. C. BODY. 28 ins. Ball Clay . 6 „ China Clay 6 „ Flint 1} „ Stone 411 21 LONGPORT C. C. BODY. 20 ins. Ball Clay . . . 7 „ China Clay 6 „ Flint .... 1 in. Stone 34 22 COMMON PRINTED BODY 14 ins. Ball Clay . . 10 „ China Clay >, Flint .... 3 „ Stone Stain as reqnired. 33 23 PRINTED BODY. 30 ins Ball Clay .... 25 „ China Clay IG „ Flint .... G „ Stone / / MISCELLANEOUS BODIES. 29 24 PIN BODY (GOOD). 20 11 )S. Blue Clay 10 „ Flint 60 „ Stone 20 „ Plaster 110 25 GRANITE BODY. 16 11 )S. Blue Clay 30 „ China Clay 3 5 „ China Stone 6 „ Flint — Stain as rei^uircd. 87 MISCELLANEOUS BODIES. POROUS CELL BODY. 20 U.S. Ball Clay. 14 „ Fhnt 20 „ China Clay 54 ;i MOULD BODY. 12 J- ins. Flint 6^ „ China Clay 3| „ Ball Clay . J 22^ 30 SAGGER AND CRUCIBLE CLAYS. SANITARY BODY. 23 J ins 3 „ 14J „ Ball Clay . Flint China Clay Stone 53^ WHITE TILE BODY. 141 ius. Ball Clay . 81 „ Flint China Clay 111 2^ „ Stone o / 4 SAGGER AND CRUCIBLE CLAYS. SAGGER CLAY. 2 cwts. Weathered Grey Marl . ) 12 lbs. Ciyolite . . .J CRUCIBLE CLAY. 8 ins. Stourbridge Clay, 20 ozs. . | 5 „ Ball Clay, 24 ozs. . • 1 in. Cryolite, 32 ozs. . . j 14 SAGGER AND CRUCIBLE CLAYS. 31 CRUCIBLE CLAY. 12 ins. Stourbridge Clay, 20 ozs. . i 8 „ Ikill Clay . 1 in. Flint . . . j 21 CRUCIBLE CLAY. ay . 5 „ Ground Coke 8 lbs. Ijall Clay . . . . ^ 4 „ Graphite Ore . . . j 17 CRUCIBLE CLAY. 1 11). Ball Clay . . . "| 1 „ Graphite Ore . . . f RING CLAY. 6 lbs. Ball Clay 4 „ Flint 10 32 COLOURED BODIES. COLOURED BODIES. Kecipes for coloured bodies are always more or less uncertain to follow on account of the great variations in the natural clays so often employed. It is in following such recipes as are here given that the art of the body-mixer is seen. He must thoroughly know his materials, and be pre- pared to deviate intelligently from tlie lines laid down. CITRON BODY. 14 ins. Marl, 26 o/s. . 7 „ Ball Clay 7i „ China Clay 21 „ Flint .... 1 in. Stone Add Body stain to the required tint 32 LILAC PORCELAIN BODY. 200 lbs. Bone - ^ ^ \J \J lUO 25 „ JJUllC . . . . Ball Clay . . . . 115 „ China Clay 20 „ Flint . . . . 10 „ Stone . . . . 15 „ Cauk Stone n„ Col)alt Blue 386-1- CANARY. 25 ins Shelton Marl Slij), 24 o/s. , r, 3 China Clay 1 in. Stone . . . . 31-i UOLOUT?ET) BODIES. YELLOW BODY. 33 4 11 )s. Miirl 2 „ China Clay 1 11.. Flint I4 lbs. Stone 50 11 )s. Eed Clay BROWN. Common China Cbn- . 1 lb. ]\langanese 1 „ Flint 59^ BROWN OR COTTAGE BODY. 20 lbs. lied Clay ... . , 8 „ China Clay . . . | 4 „ Blue Clay .... 2 „ Flint 34 CANE BODY. 5 ins. Marl, 2G ozs. . . . ~| 2 „ Ball Clay U „ Flint . . . . j H CANE BODY. 200 lbs. Best :\lail . . . . | 100 „ Cornish Stone . . .J 300 34 COLOURED BODIES. 9 DRAB BODY. 118 gallons C. C. Slip at 24 ozs. 7 pints Nickel Oxide Slip, 24 ozs. . - 24 ozs. Cobalt Stain . . . j 10 PERSIAN CHINA BODY. 72 quarts Cliina Slip, 27 ozs. . . j 21 ozs. Nickel . . . .J 11 LIGHT DRAB BODY. 50 11 )s. Dried Shavings . . . | 1 lb. Manganese . . .1 51 12 LIGHT DRAB BODY. 200 lbs. Black Marl . . . j 200 „ Blue Ball Clay . . . | 200 „ China Clay 50 „ Flint .... 650 13 DRAB BODY. 210 lbs. Blue Clay .... SO „ Flint . . . . , 8 „ Oxide of Nickel . . J 298 14 EGYPTIAN BLACK. 50 lbs. lilue Clay . . . . j 40 „ Ochre . . . . | 20 „ Ironstone . . . j 15 „ Manganese . . . j 125 COLOURED BODIES. 15 EGYPTIAN BLACK. 24U lbs. lUue Clay . 120 „ Oehre 42 „ Iron-scales 45 „ ]\Ianij;anese 35 44' 16 DRY BLACK BODY. 120 lbs. Ochre 120 „ Blue Clay . 16 „ j\Iaiio;anese 25G 17 EGYPTIAN BLACK BODY. Of) lbs. 15all Clay . . • • I 60 „ Ironstone . 10 „ Manganese :j 1 18 EGYPTIAN BLACK 235 lbs. Blue 15all Clay . 25 „ Calcined Nickel . 45 „ Manganese 15 ,, China Stone 320 19 EGYPTIAN BLACK. 50 qts. Ball Slip at 24 uzs. to ])iiil . 1 72 lbs. Ironstone . 22 „ Manganese . . . j 36 20 COLOURED BODIES GREEN BODY. 64 qts. Ball Slip 1 11). Verdimis ■ 1 . J 21 GREEN BODY. 60 lbs. Ball Clay . 20 „ Stone 20 „ Flint 12 ozs. Calcined Copper 22 LIGHT GREEN BODY. 32 qts. Ball Slip . 11 lbs. Cornish Stone 12 „ China Clay 9 „ Flint 8 „ Green Chrome 23 GREEN BODY. 40 qts. Ball Slip 1-1 lbs. Ground Blue Vitriol . JASPER BODIES. Dry Weigld. 24 25 26 15 20 20 36 6 3 27 Blue Clay China Cliiy Stone Cauk Stone (Sulphate of Barytcs) . Flint Glass BlueCal.x 17 17 33 27 4 2 100 18 14 20 28 6 6 28 16 34 20 6 3 92 100 107 COLOURED BODIES. 37 28 GREEN JASPER BODY. 20 U.S. Stone 29 „ ("hina Clay 29 „ Paris White 16 „ Blue Clay I W). Oxiile Clirome h ,, „ Cobalt 103; 29 WHITE JASPER FOR COLOURED DIPS. 25 lbs. Stone .... 25 „ Whiting .... 25 „ China Clay 25 „ Ball Clay .... 100 30 LILAC BODY (ALCOCK'S). 2G5 lbs. Blue Clay 340 „ China Clay 265 „ Flint 90 „ Stone 5 „ Cobalt Blue 96i 31 LILAC BODY. 1 gal. China Slip, 27 ozs. . . 1 1| ozs. Body Stain . .J 32 YELLOW STONE BODY. 170 lbs. Yellow :\rail . . . ] SO „ Felspar . . . . ) 250 38 COLOURED BODIES. 33 OLD MAJOLICA BODY. 20 ins. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. to pint . i 8 „ Blue Clay . . . . | 4 „ China Clay 2 „ Flint 34 34 OLD MAJOLICA BODY. 30 ins. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. to pint . "1 4 „ China Clay . . . - 3 „ Flint . . . .J 37 35 OLD MAJOLICA BODY. 40 ins. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. to pint 10 „ Blue Clay . 4 „ China Clay 2 „ Flint 56 36 OLD MAJOLICA BODY. 50 ins. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. to pint . \ 7i „ liall Clay . . . [ 1 in. Flint . . . . j 58i 37 OLD MAJOLICA BODY. 260 lbs. Eed Clay . . . . \ 72 „ Common Clay . 10 „ Flint . . . .J 342 COLOURED BODIES. 39 38 ORANGE. 4 II >s. CJood Marl '2 „ China Clay 1 lb. Flint 1 „ China Stone 39 PALE DRAB BODY. 0^, ins. 15all Clay . . .1 16^ „ Marl, 26 oz-s. . 140 lbs. Felspar . . . .J 40 DRAB BODY. 54 galls. C. C. Body Slip, 26 ozs. . \ dh pts. Xickel, 27 ozs. . . - 10 ozs. Blue Calx . . .J 41 TURQUOISE BODY. 40 galls. Ball Slip . . . | 3 lbs. Turquoise Stain, No. 42 . J 42 TURQUOISE STAIN. 10 lbs. Barytes . . . . ^ 20 „ Oxide Zinc 4 „ Ground Blue Calx . . j — Fritted at the top of Glost Oven. 40 43 TURQUOISE BODY. :.0 galls. Ball Slip, 24 oxs. . . | .") lbs. TuHjUoise Stain, No. 42 I 40 44 45 46 47 48 COLOURED BODIES. LIGHT TURQUOISE BODY. 62 galls. Ball Slip, 24 oz.s. . . | o| llt.s. Tui'(|uoise Stain, Xo. 42 . | TURQUOISE BODY. 15 iii«. Ball Clay 6 „ China Clay 5 1 „ Flint 5h „ Stone 15 pts. Body Stain, No. 4 . . j SAGE BODY. 10 ins. i\Iarl, 26 ozs. 15 „ Ball Clay 2h „ Flint 4\ „ Stone 8 pts. Body Stain, No. 4 SAGE BODY. 90 (]ts. Ball Slip .... 64 pts. Sage Body, No. 40 8 „ Turquoise Stain, No. 42 SALMON BODY. 00 qts. l>cst ^fail, 26 ozs. to a ]iiut . 12 „ Hod Slip, 24 „ 13 „ Flint, 32 „ „ . J 49 TERRA COTTA (SOUTH KENSINGTON). 50 11)s. liest Eed Clay . . . | 1 11). Flint . . . . f 51 COLOURED BODIES. 41 50 RED BODY. 50 lbs. lied Clay . . . . ) 2 „ .Stone . . . -I 52 51 RED BODY (POROUS). •40 lbs. Brad well Clay . . . i 4 „ China Clay . . . - 1 lb. Flint . . . .J 45 52 GREEN DRAB BODY. 2 lbs. Cliina Clay . . . , 2 „ Ball Clay . . . . | 4 „ Stone . . . .1 4 ozs. Oxide Xickel . . . ' 54 53 DRY SMEARING BODY. 2 lbs. Ball Clay . . . . , 3 „ Calcined Ochre . . . | 4 „ Oxide Manganese 1 111. Chroniate Iron . 10 SMEARING BODY. 15 lbs Ball Clay H ,, ^langanese 4f " Chroniate Iron 21d- 42 COLOURED BODIES. 55 SMEARING BODY. 16 lbs. Ball Clay U „ Stone .... Oxide Manganese 5 221 56 SMEARING BODY. 8 ll)s. Ball Clay „ Calcined Ochre 11 „ Oxide Manganese li „ Chromate Iron . IGf 57 DRY SMEARING BLACK. 10 lbs. Ball Clay . . . . i 4 „ Manganese . . . | 4 „ Ironstone .... 8 „ Eed Clay . 32 58 EGYPTIAN BLACK 21 lbs. Ball Clay . 3 „ Eed Clay .... 4 „ Manganese 4 „ Ironstone . 82 59 EGYPTIAN BLACK ;;0 11 )s. i;iiiL' Clay . 40 „ Ochre .... 50 ,, Manganese 10 „ Iron Scales 130 COLOURED BODIES. 60 FAWN POROUS BODY. 40 lbs. lliadwell Clay . . . ^ 4 „ Ball Clay . 2 „ Flint 43 :j 61 46 ROCKINGHAM. 4 lbs. IJed Clay . 4 „ China Clay 1 II). Flint 62 PURPLE CHINA BODY. 3 lbs. Bono 21 „ Ball Clay 2 ,, Stone 1 II). China Clay h oz. Oxide Cobalt 63 SLATE CHINA BODY. ■ -I 1 qt. China Body Slij) ^ oz. Nickel i „ Blue Calx J 44 COLOURED BODIES FOR MOSAIC PAINTING. COLOURED BODIES FOR MOSAIC PAINTING. I FAWN POROUS BODY FOR FOUNDATION. 40 lbs. Red Clay . . . . ^ This body is 4 „ Blue Clay . . . . intended for 2 „ Flint . . . . j plateaux and 46 wine coolers, to be ornamented with variously tinted Slips. The piece to be decorated must be kept in the green state ; otherwise the Slips will not sutticiently adhere to the surface, but will chip and peel off when fired. The latter operation must only be at a moderate temperature, say in the easiest part of the Earthenware Biscuit Oven. The Slips must all be well u'round. WHITE SLIP. 4 lbs. Blue Clay . 2 „ China Clay 2 „ Flint 1 lb. Stone 9 3 BLUE SLIP. 20 parts White Slip, No. 2 . . \ 1 part VAiie Calx . . . i 21 ENX'AUSTTG TILK COLOUES. 4r) BLACK SLIP. 4 lbs. Egyptian lUuck Slip, No. 15 . \ 1 lb. AVhite Slip, No. 2 . . [ 1 „ Dlue Slip, No. :-] . . I 6 ORANGE SLIP. 4 11 )s. Yellow Mail . . . , 2 „ China Clay . . | 1 lb. Flint . . . .1' I „ Stone . . . . j 71 GREEN SLIP. 12 lbs. White Slip, No. 2 . . . 1 lb. Oxide Nickel . . . '- 1- „ Blue Slip, No. 3 . . J 131 ENCAUSTIC TILE COLOURS. WHITE. 20 lbs. Ball Clay .... 10 „ China Clay 10 „ Hint .... 5 „ Stone .... 45 BLUE. 25 lbs. AVhite Clay, as above 11 „ Blue Calx 26} ■iG 3 BODY STAINS. BLACK. 1 2 lbs. Egyptiau Black Body, No. 1 5 3 „ White Clay, No. 1 . 8 „ Blue Clay, No. 2 18 GREEN. 1 2 lbs. White Clay, No. 1 1 lb. Blue Clay, No. 2 1 „ Oxide Nickel 14 YELLOW 10 lbs. Ball Clay . 5 „ China Clay 10 „ Flint 5 „ Stone 15 „ Best Marl, ground :j 45 BODY STAINS. The following recipes have been gathered from various sources, and are only applicable to the ordinary purpose of counteracting the yellow coloration of commercial clays. It will be considered by some that the use of glass is obsolete, and perhaps a l)etter tlux than any here given will be found in Cornish stone, used in the proportion of aliout five parts of stone to one of black oxide. The main consideration in the preparation of a stain is that it should l)e ground very well, and passed througli as fine a lawn as can be procured. ?> 11 )s. lilack Oxide Cobalt 5 „ Flint Class COLOURED DIPS. 47 12^, lbs. Black Oxide Cokalt 20 „ Gromid Titehers 3 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt 3 „ Ground Pi tellers 15 lbs. Black Oxide C(jbalt 15 „ Flint 3 1 „ Eed Lead Calcine in Glost Oven. 6i lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt 5 „ Flint 5 „ Flint Glass I Calcine in Glost Oven. 3 ozs. Black Oxide Cobalt 5 lbs. Flint Glass Bun down. COLOURED DIPS. The success of a coloured dip is dependent entirely upon the shrinkage of the body to which it is applied. If a want of agreement is found to exist, a little tiint or clay added to the dip will diminish oi' increase its contraction as may be requirc'tl. AZURE. 12 qts. White Slip (unflinte.l). 4 ozs. Fluxed Blue 48* COLOURED DIPS. 2 BLACK. 36 galls. Eed Clay Slip . 25 lbs. Ironstone 25 „ Ochre . 15 ,, Manganese BLACK FOR LAYING IN. 7 36 galls. Red Clay Slip 3 lbs. Ironstone 20 „ Ochre . 10 „ Manoanese BLACK FOR BANDS. 20 qts. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . | 5 ll)S. Ground Iron Scales . . J 5 BLACK. 12 qts. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. I lb. J\langanese 1 1 lbs. Ochre 6 BLACK. 20 qts. White Body Shp, 26 ozs. 2 lbs. Nickel 4 „ Manganese 3 ., Oclire GREEN. 5 ([ts. Cane Slip . . . . "j 5 ozs. Blue Calx . . . . r 1 oz. Oxide Copper . . . j COLOURED DIPS. 49 BLUE DIP. 10 galls. White Slip (unllinted) . | 4 ozs. Cobalt . . . . J 9 SKY BLUE DIP. I 2 galls. AVhiio Body Slip, 26 ozs. . | 4 ozs. Cobalt . . . . ) 10 DRAB DIP. 12 qts. White Body Slip, 2G ozs. . \ 3 ozs. ]\Iaiiganese . . . - 3 „ Blue Calx . . . . J 11 DARK DRAB DIP 10 (^ts. AVhite Body Sliji, 26 o/s. . ~| 2-^ ozs. Maugauese . . . 2h „ Blue Calx . . .J 12 DOVE DIP. 12 qts. Wliite Body Slip, 26 ozs. . \ IJ lbs. Oxide Manganese . . - }j lb. Oeln-e . . . .J 13 FAWN DIP. 24 qts. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . | 1 lb. Crocus Martis (finely grouud ) I 14 FRENCH GREY DIP. 12 galls. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . | 6 (.zs. Blue Calx . . j 4 50 COLOURED DTPS. 15 FRENCH GREY DIP 4 galls. Wliite Body Slip, 26 ozs. ^ 1 gall. Yellow Slip, 26 ozs. . 4 ozs. Blue Calx 4 „ Oxide Uranium 2 „ Manganese 16 BROWN DIP. 150 lbs. Bradwell Clay . . . ^ 100 „ Bright Hanley Marl . . - 50 „ Ochre . . . • ' 17 GREY DIP. 36 galls. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . \ h lb. Fluxed Blue . 1 ,, Manganese 18 GREEN DIP. 36 galls. White Body Slip, 26 <.zs. 48 ozs. Oxide Chrome, ground and washed . 19 GREEN DIP. :f 5 qts. Wliite Body Slip, 26 ozs. . ^ 4 ozs. Oxide Copper 10 „ „ Nickel 20 GREEN DIP. 4 qts. White Body Slip, 20 o/s. 4 ozs. Oxide Nickel 1 o/. ]>lue Calx . COLOURED DTPS. 21 OLIVE GREEN DIP. 4 qts. "White Body Slip, 26 ozs. 12 ozs. Oxide Nickel 10 „ Fluxed Blue 1 oz. Iron Scales 22 FLESH-COLOURED DIP. 8 qts. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . ] 4 „ Pted Clay, 26 ozs. . . f 51 23 ASH-COLOURED DIP. 6 lbs. C. (J. Clay . 2 ozs. Fluxed Blue 24 MOCHA STAIN. 12 lbs. Calcined Nickel . 6 „ Black Pitchers . 6 „ Iron Scales 2 ozs. Flint Glass 6 „ Blue Calx . To be well ground and mixed with body according to shade of colour desired. 25 "BLACK JACK'S MOCO " STAIN 6 lbs. Black Pitchers ^ 3 „ Ironstone . 3 „ Oxide Nickel 3 „ Flint Glass 1 1 „ Fluxed Blue To be well ground and mixed with body to required strength. 26 LILAC DIP. 24 qts. White Slip, 26 ozs. . . \ 1 lb. Crocus Martis (Red Oxide Iron ) 1 oz. Blue Calx . . . .J 52 COLOURED DIPS. 27 MULBERRY DIP. 20 qts. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. 1 pt. Nickel, 27 ozs. . 2 ozs. Flint G-lass 28 DARK MULBERRY DIP. 20 qts. Eed Slip, 26 ozs. 1 qt. Mckel, 27 ozs. . 2 ozs. Flint Glass 29 PINK DIP. 13 qts. Body Slip, 26 ozs. 3 „ Whiting, 26 ozs. 3 „ China Stone, 32 ozs. 3 „ U. G. Crimson, 32 ozs 3 „ Common Glaze, 28 ozs. 30 DARK RED DIP. 3 qts. White Body Slip, 26 ozs. . "j 2 „ Eed Clay, 26 ozs. . . - 4 ozs. Blue Calx . . . .J 31 RED DIP. 3 qts. Eed Clay, 26 ozs. ^ oz. Copperas . :) 32 PINK DIP. 2 qts. Ball Clay, 24 ozs. > 1 qt. U. G. Pink, 32 ozs. . 1 „ Whiting, 2 20 )) Spar 20 )i Stone 10 )) China Clay ■ Glaze- —80 >) Fritt 30 » White Lead CHINA GLAZE J Fritt- —50 lbs. Borax 80 )> Stone 33 » Whiting . 39 )) Flint B..dy No. 27 Glaze- -520 100 )> Fritt White Lead 58 CHINA GLAZES. CHINA GLAZE. Fritt- -70 lbs. Borax 60 ,; Stone 20 „ 20 „ Flint Glaze — 105 90 Whiting Fritt White Lead Body Nos. 11 and 12. 10 Fritt- -140 lbs. Borax 160 ,, Stone 100 „ Flint 9lazc- -352 „ Fritt 70 „ White Lead . . , Body No. 13. II CHINA GLAZE Fritt- —45 lbs. Borax 60 )) Stone 10 )! Flint la'jc — -112 „ Fritt 40 White Lead 12 CHINA GLAZE. Prift—^r, lbs. Borax 125 )) Stone 35 )) Flint Glaze— 'lh(^ „ Fritt 72 !) White Lead . . ^ CHINA GLAZEg. 59 13 14 15 16 CHINA GLAZE. Fritt- —53 11 )s. Borax 24 „ Stone 30 „ Felsjiai' , 20 „ Fliut %. 10 „ Whiting . Body No. 14. Glaze— -90 „ Fritt 30 „ Stone 30 „ White Lead . / CHINA GLAZE Fritt- —40 lbs. Borax 50 „ Stone 30 „ Flint 30 „ Flint C41ass Body Xo. 15. Glaze — -147 „ Fritt 30 „ White Lead i ) SPODE'S GLAZI Fritt- —40 lbs. Borax 170 „ Stone 100 „ Flint 20 „ Flint Glass 1 Body No. 16. Gla-c- 6 -325 „ Fritt 40 „ White Lead CHINA GLAZE . ' Fritt- — 30 lbs. Stone Bun down in 15 „ Fliut tiinted saggers 77 A „ Eed Lead at bottom of G „ Carbonate Soda Glost Oven. Glaze- —15 „ Fritt -\ 12 „ Flint Glass 10 „ White Lead 60 CHINA GLAZES. 17 CHINA GLAZE. T liU i^O lUIs r>yjinx • 158 )) Stone 94 )> China Cla}- 125 )) Fhnt 62 » Whiting- . li J) Pearl Ash 3 20 Nitrate Potash Carbonate Soda ^ Body No. 29. Glaze 443 )) Fritt 10 )) Flint 50 )) Whiting . 10 )) China Clay 17 » Stone 141 ,, White Lead 18 SPECIAL CHINA GLAZE. Fr it t— 11 Q 11)8. Borax . ■\ 66 >i Stone 50 >) Flint 33 ;; Whiting . 30 )> China Clay Body No. 37 Glaze— 2?,^ )) Fritt 34 >) Stone 28 )) Flint 28 ,, White Lead 19 FELSPAR CHINA GLAZE. Fritt 20 lbs Sand . ^ 20 Borax 12 Stone 20 10 3 Felspar Whiting Arsenic Body " Nos. 17, 30. Glaze 83 Fritt 12 Stone 32 White Le m\ . CHINA GLAZES. Gl 20 CHINA GLAZE Fritt — 100 lbs. Stone 90 , , Flint 100 , Whiting . 150 , Borax 28 , , China Clay 24 , , Carbonate Soda Glaze 360 , , Fritt 200 , , Stone 60 , Flint 100 , White Lead 30 , , Felspar . 21 CHINA GLAZE Fritt— 2^1 lbs. Borax 60 „ China Clay 100 „ Stone 80 „ Flint 80 „ Whitins • Glaze — 520 59 59 59 Fritt White Lead Stone FHnt 22 Fritt- CHINA GLAZE -200 lbs. Stone 100 „ Flint 48 „ Whiting 28 „ China Chi 135 „ Borax Glaze- -500 25 42 Fritt Whiting- White Lead I Body Nos. 17, 30. Body No. 29. 62 CHINA GLAZES. 23 CHINA GLAZE. Fritt — 180 lbs Borax 160 „ Stone 80 „ Flint SO „ Whiting . 30 „ China Clay 24 „ Carbonate Soda Glaze — 540 „ Fritt 80 ■„ Flint 80 „ White Lead 24 CHINA GLAZE. Fritt — 80 lbs. Stone Glaze- — 0\J 1 90 us. OLUJ-IC „ White Lead 76 „ Borax 65 „ Flint 44 „ Carbonate Soda 10 „ Oxide Tin 2 „ Enamel Blue 320 „ Fritt 100 „ White Lead 100 „ Stone 25 MASON'S CHINA GLAZE. Fritt — 35 lbs. Borax Glaze- 58 , Stone 22 , , Flint 22 , , Flint Glass 25 , , Fritt 75 , , White Leat 26 Fritt— Glaze- 27 Fritt — Glaze — 28 Fritt — Glaze — 29 Fritf- Glaze — CHINA GLAZES. CHINA GLAZE. -60 lbs. Borax •\ 80 „ Stone 50 „ Whiting 40 „ Felspar 10 „ Nitre > 10 „ Flint 100 „ Fritt 45 „ Stone 32 White Lead FRENCH GLAZE ^, 120 parts Felspar . ^ 200 „ Borax 150 „ Flint . 40 „ China Clay 80 „ Whiting 250 „ Fritt . 65 „ White Lead 65 „ Felspar . J CHINA GLAZE. 135 lbs Felspar . ^ 75 „ Borax 37i„ Paris White 30 „ Flint ^ 540 „ Fritt 108 „ China Clay J PRINTED GLAZE FOR CHINA -225 lbs Fel.sjjar 90 „ Borax 45 „ Paris White 45 „ Flint ■337 „ Fritt 67 „ China Cla y 63 64 IRONSTONE GLAZES. 30 WHITE GLAZE Fritt— 202 lbs. Felspar . 112 „ Borax 56 „ Paris White 45 „ Flint Glaze — 367 „ Fritt 30 „ China Clay 12 „ White Lead IRONSTONE GLAZES. LONGPORT OLD STONE GLAZE. 100 lbs. Lead Body 45 „ Stone 25 „ Flint 15 „ China Clay 5 „ Flint Glass -Nos. 2, 3,11,16, 17. This is one of the oldest and most successful uufritted glazes known in the Potteries. 2 IRONSTONE GLAZE. Fritt — 38 lbs. Tiucal Glaze- 25 „ Stone 20 „ Flint 18 „ Whiting . 15 „ China Clay 1-60 „ Fritt 32 „ Stone 32 „ Flint 57 „ White Lead Body Nos. 5, 6, 12. I1?0NST0NH (ILAZES. 65 IRONSTONE GLAZE Fritt- - 1 S Us. 40 ., 20 „ 20 „ IJoiax Stone Flint Glass ^ Glazc- —To eac 75 ll)s 1 140 lbs. Fiitt White Lead add. IRONSTONE GLAZE. Fritt- -30 11. s TO „ 1 ')0i ax Stone GJazc- —To al)0ve add, 90 lbs Stone 1 50 ,. Flint 40 „ "WhitinL'' . 150 „ White Lead SEMI-PORCELAIN GLAZE Fritt- -100 lbs 65 , 55 „ 60 „ . Borax Stone Whiting . Flint ^ 20 „ China Clay Glaze— -200 „ 120 „ Fritt Stone 60 „ White Lead • J STONE GLAZE. Fritt- -135 lbs 112 „ 00 „ 90 „ 6S „ ,. Borax Stone Flint Whiting . China Clay Glcr.r- -530 „ 106 „ 158 „ 104 „ Fritt Stone White Lead Flint Body Nos. 7, 1 Body No. 8. 66 7 EARTHENWARE GLAZES IRONSTONE GLAZE Fritt- -90 Ibf^ . Stone 20 „ Salts of Soda Glazc- -33 „ Fritt O.J ,, Stone 85 „ Whiting . SO „ White Lead . . . EARTHENWARE GLAZES. BEST WHITE GLAZE. Fritt- -140 lbs. Borax 80 „ Stone 115 „ Flint 70 „ Whiting . Glaze- 25 „ China Clay -350 „ Fritt 210 „ Stone 135 „ White Lead 45 „ Flint 9 1 ozs.Stain ) Body No. 1 No. 8 GLAZE. Fritt- -100 lbs. Borax . . . ' 50 „ Stone 40 „ Flint 40 „ Whiting . Glaze- 30 „ Cliina Clay -180 „ Fritt 36 „ Stone 36 „ Flint 50 „ White Lead 9 oys Stain ]3ody No. 2 EARTHEN\YARE GLAZES. MATT BLUE GLAZE. lu-Hl — 50 11)8. Tincal 105 „ Stone 55 ,, Flint 20 „ Oxulo Tin 12 „ White Lend Glaze — To above charge of Fritt add 10 ll)s. "White Lead, and "dip thin." COMMON PERSIAN GLAZE. Fritt - Glaze- -80 lbs Tincal ^ 00 „ Stone 60 „ Flint 40 „ 16 „ Whiting . China Clay Body ■ Nob. 3, 4, 6, 15, 250 „ Fritt 17. 05 „ Stone 25 „ Whiting . 140 „ White Lead _, PRINTED GLAZE. Fritt- Glaze- -GO lbs Tincal 38 „ FUnt 28 „ Whiting . 12 „ China Clay 170 „ Fritt 40 „ Stone 56 „ White Lead Body No. G. 68 EARTHENWARE GLAZES. GLAZE FOR PINK. Friit- Glaze- 158 lbs Borax 70 ,. Stone 75 „ Flint 70 „ Whiting . 55 „ China Clay 12 „ Soda t 100 „ Fritt 20 „ Stone 20 „ Flint 80 „ White Lead EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Friff 70 lbs Tincal 100 „ Stone 50 „ Flint 20 „ Whiting . laze 100 „ Fritt 25 „ White Lead EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Fritf- —60 lbs Borax 100 „ Stone 20 „ Flint 30 „ Whiting . 10 „ China Clay Glaze- -300 „ Fritt 180 „ Stone 120 „ White Lead 70 „ Flint EARTHENWARE GLAZES. 69 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Fritt- Glazc- 120 lbs. Tiiical . 180 , Stone 100 , Flint 60 , Whiting . 10 , China Clay 300 , Fritt 100 , White Lead . . . 10 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Fritt — 60 lbs Borax 80 Stone 20 Flint 5 Whiting . 5 China Clay Glaze— -600 Fritt 160 Stone 30 Flint 160 White Lead II DAISY GLAZE. Fritt — !)U lbs. liorax 50 ,, Stone 50 „ Flint 20 „ Whiting . Glaze — To above add, 70 lbs. Stone 70 „ White Lead 70 EARTHENWARE GLAZES. 12 FRENCH WHITE GLAZE. Fritt — 70 lbs. Tincal 70 „ Stone 70 „ Flint 40 „ Whiting . 30 „ China Clay Glaze — To above add, 60 lbs. Stone 100 „ White Lead 13 PERSIAN GLAZE. Fritt — 84 lbs. Tincal 96 , Stone 64 , Flint ' . 40 , Whiting . 16 , , China Clay Glazc- -240 , , Fritt 96 , , Stone 140 , , White Lead 14 FLOW GLAZE. Fritt- Glaze- 40 lbs. Tincal ' 50 „ Stone 10 „ Felspar 85 „ Fritt 40 „ Flint 40 „ Stone 10 „ China Clay no „ White Lead • J EARTHENWARE GLAZES. 71 15 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. FritL — 7G lbs. Borax 16 J. 1 HI/ I \J 11 71 , JO. AJ\JXO,.\. , Tincal 81 , , Flint 04 , , Stone 81 , , Wiiiting- . 00 , , China Clay Glazc~VZ^ , , Fritt 200 , , Stone 26 , , Flint 78 , , White Lead ) BEST C. C. GLAZ Fritt — 85 11 )S. Borax 50 , , Flint 50 , , Stone 20 , , Whiting . Glaze — 280 , , Fritt 91 , , Stone 15 , , Flint 100 , , White Lead 17 Fritt- Glaze- MAYER'S GLAZE. 70 lbs. Tincal - 1 \J XI. 50 , J3. j-iiiijai , Stone 40 , , Whiting . 32 , , China Clay 25 , , Flint Glass 10 , , White Lead 90 , . Fritt 18 , , Stone 18 , , Flint 25 . , White Lead 72 EARTHENWARE GLAZES. i8 ALCOCK'S GLAZE. Fritt- -120 lbs Borax 65 „ Stone 45 „ Whiting . 50 „ Flint 25 „ China Chiy Glaze- -160 „ Fritt 40 „ Stone 30 „ 60 „ Flint White Le.id 19 HAN LEY GLAZE. Fritt — 105 ll»s. Borax 100 , Stone 35 , White Lead 40 , Flint 18 , AVhitiug . Glazc- -160 , , Fritt 24 , , Flint 30 , , Stone 80 , , White Lead 20 FLOW GLAZE. Fritt- -50 lbs. Stone 60 „ Carbonate Soda 10 „ Fluor-spar Glaze- -85 „ Fritt ... 40 „ Stone 40 „ Flint 10 „ Cliina Clay 00 „ White Lead KAUTIIENWAKH (ILAZKS. 21 EARTHENWARE GLAZE Frill- -105 lbs Tiucal 100 „ Stone 50 „ Flint 20 „ Wliitino; . ) Glcce— -100 „ Fritt 25 ., Wliito Leatl , 22 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Friit — 6U lbs. Tiucal 100 „ Stone 50 „ Flint 20 „ Whitinci Glaze— 100 250 Fritt White Load 23 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. Fritt — 07 lbs. Tiucal 50 „ Flint 100 „ Stone 20 „ Wbitiuo Glazc- -180 40 Fritt White Lead / 24 EARTHENWARE GLAZE. j-^ift — 120 lbs. Tiucal J. 1 Lt lbs Tincal . . | 85 „ Stone 45 „ Flint 25 „ Wliitinu- . Glaze— 170 „ Fritt 20 „ Stone 45 „ White Lead 5 „ Flint J 37 PRINTED GLAZE. Frlff — 100 lljs Borax 50 Stone 40 Flint 40 Whiting . 30 China Clay Glaze 180 Fritt 36 Stone 50 White Lead 36 Fhnt 38 PRINTED GLAZE. Fritt— 100 lbs. Borax 75 „ Stone 60 „ Flint 60 „ Whitinw . 45 „ China Clay Glaze— 200 ,, Fritt 50 „ Stone 60 „ White Lead 40 „ Flint 78 EAETHENWARE GLAZES. 39 BEST WHITE GLAZE. 40 Frift — SO lbs . Borax \ 104 „ Stone 62 „ Flint 36 „ Carbonate Soda 104 „ Whiting . 134 „ Boracic Acid 40 „ China Clay Glaze 270 „ Fritt 150 „ Stone 98 „ White Lead 70 „ Flint / ) MATT BLUE GLAZE Fritt 155 lbs . Stone ■ ~i 97 „ Boracic Acid 95 „ Carbonate Soda 52 „ China Clay Glaze — 370 „ Fritt - 94 „ Stone 104 „ Flint 62 „ Whiting . 180 „ White Lead J 41 EARTHENWARE PRINTED GLAZE. FViit — 120 lbs. Borax Glaze- 56 „ Stone 55 „ Whiting . CO „ Flint 19 „ China Clay 15 „ Carbonate Soda 300 „ Fritt 60 „ Flint 135 „ Stone 115 „ White Lead 42 EARTHENWARE GLAZES. BORAX GLAZE FOR PINK. \ 79 Frllt — or. lbs. Borax 40 „ Flint 25 ,. China Clay 25 „ Whiting . 15 „ Stone 12 „ Carl)onate Soda Glaze 60 „ Fritt 12 „ Stone 12 „ Flint 2-i „ White Lead 43 TINCAL GLAZE. Fritt 70 lbs Tincal 50 „ Fhnt 100 „ Stone 20 „ Whiting . Glaze— ^{) „ Fritt 20 „ White Lead . . . 44 TINCAL GLAZE. Fritt- -70 lbs. 80 „ 60 „ 20 „ 10 „ Tincal Stone Flint Whiting . Carbonate Soda Glaze- —To the above add, 60 lbs. Stone 60 „ AVhite Lead 4 „ Borax 1 80 EAETHENWAKE GLAZES. 45 BORAX GLAZE Fritt — 02 lbs. Borax 40 , Flint 25 , China Clay 25 , Whiting . 15 , Stone 1-' , Carbonate Soda Glaze— -150 , Fritt 30 . Flint 30 , Stone GO , White Lead 46 BORACIC ACID GLAZE. Fritt — 40 11)S. Boracic Acid 40 , Whiting . 50 , Stone 30 , , Flint 10 , , China Clay Glaze— 2^0 , , Fritt 50 , , Stone 40 , , White Lead 2 , Borax 47 BORACIC ACID GLAZE. J'ritt — 20 lbs. Boracic Acid Glaze - 40 , , Carbonate Soda 15 , Whiting . 4 , Nitre 30 , Flint 20 , Stone 5 , China Clay -80 „ Fritt 50 „ Stone 30 „ Wliite Lead EAIITI I KN WAR E ( I LAZKS. 81 48 BORAX GLAZE. Frilt- -GO Ib.s Ijoiax 30 „ Flint 20 „ China Clay 37 „ Stone 30 „ Whiting . Glazc- -60 „ Fritt 15 „ Flint 15 „ Stone 25 „ White Load 49 WHITE GLAZE. Fritt — 100 lbs. Stone . ^ 20 „ Flint Glass Glazc- 50 51 10 , Flint 10 , Borax 100 , , Fritt 50 , , White Lead FRITT 20 lbs Borax 200 „ Stone 50 „ Flint 50 „ Whiting . 20 „ White Lead 80 „ Soda WHITE GLAZE 24 lbs. Fritt, Xo. 50 . 60 „ Stone 55 „ Flint 70 „ White Lead liun down in saggers. 82 EARTHENWARE GLAZES. 52 53 54 80 lbs. 120 „ 30 „ 15 „ 145 „ 160 lbs. 80 „ 50 „ 15 „ 100 „ FriU—108 lbs. 90 50 12 12 a laze— 80 120 30 16 140 55 Fritt- Glaze- -200 lbs, 50 „ 50 „ 20 „ 20 „ 80 „ -24 „ 40 „ 25 „ 5 „ 140 „ C. C. GLAZE. Fritt, No. 50 . Stone Flint Whiting . White Le;id . PRINTED GLAZE Fritt, No. 50 . Stone Flint Whiting . White Lead PRINTED GLAZE, Borax Stone China CL.y . Flint Whiting . Fritt Stone Flint Whiting . White Lead . PRINTED GLAZE. Stone Flint WhitinLj . ])Orax White Lead . (Jarl)onate Soda Fritt Stone Flint I'oiax linn down in saggers. Wliite Lead GLAZES WITHOUT LEAD. 88 56 COMMON GLAZE. Fritt — 94 lbs. Stone 25 „ Boracic Acid Glaze- 35 „ Carbonate Soda 10 „ Whiting . 8 „ China Clay 30 „ Flint „ Eed Lead 190 „ Fritt 20 „ Stone 10 „ White Lead \ GLAZES WITHOUT LEAD. A good leadless glaze has long been sought after by potters, but it cannot be said that the right combination has yet been found. At a very hard fire a felspar glaze approaching the continental hard paste may be used, but this entirely deprives English earthenware of its simplicity and cheapness. Leadless glazes are notorious for bad work- ing properties and for otiier faults. The following recipes are in use, but it is not claimed that they are perfect : — COCKSON'S GLAZE 90 lbs. Borax . . . . \ 40 „ Felspar . . . | 38 „ Flint .... 36 „ Flint Glass LAKIN'S GLAZE. 60 lbs. Bura.x .... 60 „ Flint .... 36 „ Stone .... 4 „ Oxide Tin .... To be well fritted, and then ground for use. To be fritted ami ground, and to be dipped very thin. 84 MISCELLANEOUS GLAZES. 3 ROSE'S GOLD MEDAL LEADLESS GLAZE. 27 lbs. Felspar .... This mixture to 18 „ Borax .... be fritted, and 4 „ Lynn Sand then add three - times the weight 3 „ China Clay 3 „ Nitre .... of fritt of Cal- 3 „ Carbonate Soda . cined Borax. CHINA GLAZE WITHOUT LEAD. Fritt — 405 225 112 90 Gla:e- -675 135 Felspar "i Borax Whiting Flint Fritt China Cls 'y ■ MISCELLANEOUS GLAZES. SAGGER WASH. 210 lbs. White Lead . . . \ 120 „ Stone . . . .1 GO „ Flint 2 SAGGER WASH. 150 lbs. White Lead . . . \ 110 „ Stone . . . - 90 „ Flint . . .J WASH FOR EARTHENWARE SAGGERS. 200 lbs. White Lead 100 „ Stone 50 „ Fhnt COLOURED GLAZES. 85 COLOURED GLAZES. There is prol)ably not the deniaiid now for colouied glazes tliat there once was, hut the following recipes, culletl mainly from the books of those who have passed away, may prove suggestive to the more scientific mind of the modern potter. These colours evidently constitute the palette of a kind of glaze kiln majolica. 1 AMBER GLAZE FOR BRISTOL STONEWARE. 110 lbs. White Lead 15 „ Flint .... 7-| „ Crocus Martis . ■ 2 AMBER GLAZE. 110 lbs. White Lead 15 „ Flint .... 5 „ Crocus Martis . DARK GREEN MAJOLICA 8 ll)s. Eed Lead . „ Flint .... 5 „ Borate Lime - 5 „ Felspar .... 2|„ Oxide Copper MAZARINE GLAZE FOR TILES. 8 lbs. White Lead 1 lb. Flint ■J- „ Oxide Cobalt •I 86 COLOURED GLAZES. 5 MULBERRY GLAZE 8 lbs. White Lead 1 lb. Flint . . . . ^ Oxide JNIanganeHe . . ' 1 2 " GLAZE FOR COLOURING. ji'ritt — 24 lbs. Stone 9 „ Boracic Acid . 3^ „ Carbonate Soda 6 „ Whiting . - Glaze — 72 „ Fritt 31 „ Stone 161 „ White Lead . PEA GREEN. 9 lbs. Glaze, No 6 1 lb. White Lead ' Grind for use ^ „ Carbonate Copper PALE BRONZE 9 lbs. Glaze, No. 6 1 lb. White Lead I" „ Crocus Martis |- ,, Carbonate Copper Grind for use. STRONG BRONZE. 9 lbs. Glaze, No. 6 2 .„ White Lead I lb. Crocus Martis . 1 „ Carbonate Copper (hind for use. 10 II COLOURED OLAZES. ORANGE. 1 I llis. While r.ci.i 4- 11>. Flint Y „ Crocus jNIaitis . MAZARINE. 8 Ihs. Gla/c, No. 6 . . . 1 11). White Load I- „ Trepared Oxide Colmlt 87 12 GOLDEN BUFF. 9 lbs. Glaze, Xo. G . . . 1 11). White Lead 1 „ Buff Base .... Bi'f Base — :] lbs. Oxide Tin 6 „ Crude Aiitiinon\' 9 „ I'led Lead 2^ „ Sulphate Iron (iiiiid fur use. (iriud for use. Grind for use. Spread on jtlates and calcine easy in Glost Oven. Wash well. 13 CHESTNUT BROWN. 9 lbs. Glaze, Xo. G . . . ] 1 lb. White Lead 1 „ r)ase . . . .1 Basr- U lbs. Oxide Zinc '1 „ Bichromate Potash 1 11). Crocus Martis 14 DARK GREEN. 9 lbs. Glaze, No. G 1 lb. White Lead 1 ,. Carbonate Copper "j Calcine at Biscuit - heat, and wash J well. 88 COLOURED GLAZES. 15 STRONG FAWN GLAZE. 9 l))s. maze, No. 6 . . . \ 1 lb. White Lead Bane Base- 4 lbs. Oxide Zinc 2 „ Bichromate Potasli 1 lb. Crocus ]\[artis 2 lbs. Alumina . 1 lb. Flint Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 16 RED BROWN. 9 lbs. Glaze, No. G 1^ „ White Lead 1 lb. Base, No. 15 17 CHOCOLATE BROWN. 5 lbs. Glase, No. 6 . .1 5 „ White Lead 1 lb. Black Oxide Manganese . j 18 BLUE GREEN. 9 lbs. Glaze, No. 6 . 2 „ White Lead ^ lb. Prepared Oxide Cobalt 1 „ Carbonate Copper Grind for use. 19 SEPIA BROWN. 3 lbs. Glaze, No. 6 . 2^ „ White Lead I 11). Black Oxide Manu-anese ( Irind for use. COLOURED GLAZES. 89 20 Basc- GOLDEN YELLOW. lbs. (Maze, No. G . . . j „ AVliit(; Lead . . . (Iriud for use ,, Base l)elrown iUAd S „ Quicksilver 2 „ Oxide Silver 1 dwt. Wiute Lead GOLD. HULME'S BRONZE GOLD. 2h (Iwts. I'.urnish Gold . 3 „ Oxide Copper . 1^ „ Mercury I dwt. Flux, No. 8 . . . 95 8 LIQUID GOLD FLUX. 4 ozs. Canada lialsaiu . . ^ 2 „ Merbane Oil . . \ 40 drops Oil of Lavcud(3r . . J 9 MEDIUM GOLD. 10 d\Yts. Brown Gold 10 „ Mercury 5 „ Alloy 45 gr«. Oxide Bismuth 40 ,, Prepared Silver 10 REGULAR GOLD 10 dwts. ]>rown (iold 10 „ Mercury :J „ Silver . 5 „ Alloy 28 ms. Oxide lUsniutli II CHEAP GOLD 10 dwts. lirown Gold 10 „ Mercury 8 „ Alloy . 8 grs. Silver . 34 „ Flux, No. 8 96 GOLD. 12 CHEAP GOLD 10 dwts. Brown ({old 10 „ MercTuy 1 dwt. 12 grs. Silver . 3 dwts. Alloy 12 grs. Oxide Bisiimtli 17 „ Flux, No. 8 . 13 REGULAR GOLD. 10 dwts. Brown Gold . . . \ 10 „ Mercury 1 dwt. Alloy 10 grs. Silver 12 „ Oxide Bismuth 17 „ Flux, No. 8 14 HARD GOLD. 10 dwts. J'rown Gold 10 „ Mercury. 1 1 grs. Flux, No. 8 6 „ Silver G „ Alloy . J 15 REGULAR GOLD. 10 dwts. Brown Gold 10 „ Mercury 10 grs. Prepared Silver 10 „ Flux, No. 8 i6 RICH GOLD. 1 ()/. Brown Gold . 7-|- dwts. Mercury oO grs. Flux, No. 8 . (40LD OR NOl'.LE COLOURS. 97. GOLD OR NOBLE COLOURS. TO PREPARE "PURPLE OF CASSIUS." Acid Solution, No. 1 — 3 parts Muriatic Acid (pure) . "| 1 part Nitric Acid . . / Tin Solution, Ko. 2 — 20 dwts. ^Muriatic Acid (pure) 10 „ Nitric Acid 20 „ Distilled Water In 10 dwts. of acid solution, No. 1, contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, dissolve 1 dwt. brown gold. In 50 dwts. of solution, No. 2, contained in a glass vessel, dissolve 10 dwts. well -granulated tin, which must be added by small pieces, each being allowed to dissolve before the addition of more. When the solution is complete it will assume the clear bright colour of brandy. The utmost care must be taken in this process. In a glass or porcelain vessel of sufficient size pour two quarts of pure distilled water, into wliicli empty the gold solution, wben it will liecome a pale straw colour, then add tlie tin solution very carefully. Stir continuously with a glass rod until the base is well formed, and this will be of a brilliant crimson tint. Time must be allowed for subsidence. The water should l)e removed graduallv with a svphon and filtered, and the washingr effected l)y constant changes of distilled water until the base is entirely freed from acid. Tlie base is then collected on filter paper and dried, and is ready to be flu.xed. ROSE COLOUR Add to tlie above base, 1 dwt. Chloride of Silver 4 11 )S. liose ¥hx\ . 1 lb. Flux, No. 8 . . .J and grind with care. 7 1 98 GOLD OR NOBLE COLOURS. ROSE FLUX. 4 lbs. Cornish Stone 8 „ Flint 8 „ Eed Lead . 12 „ Borax 12 „ Flint Glass 4 ozs. Nitre Calcine in Glost Oven in an easy place. MARONE. In preparing the base for marone, 10 dwts. of gold solu- tion, No. 1, must be added to 20 dwts. of tin solution, No. 2. After precipitation add, 16 grs. Chloride of Silver 16 ozs. Marone Flux and grind with care. RUBY. The base is the same as that for marone, but the mix- ture is — 6 grs. Chloride of Silver . . ^ 4 ozs. Paiby Flux . . . j MARONE FLUX 36 ozs. Eed Lead . . . . 14 „ Flint (-Jlass 50 „ Boracic Acid :i Calcine easy in Glost Oven. RUBY FLUX. 12 ozs. Eed Lead . 33 „ Flint Glass 55 „ Borax Calcine easy in Glost Oven. ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES. 99 ENAMEL COLOURS.- BASES. I RED. Calcine sulphate of iron on heelers in hardening-on kiln, and wash thoroughly in hot water, afterwards drying for use. The tint of this colour entirely depends upon the heat at which it is calcined. GREEN. 1 1 Ih.';. Alum 35 „ Oxide Chrome 10 „ Oxide Zinc Calcine in Biscuit Oven. BLACK 1 lb. Oxide Copper 1 „ Oxide Cobalt 1 „ Calcined Timber . BUFF. 4 Ib.s. Tin Asli . 1 llx Crude Antimony 1 „ lied Lead . 1 „ IJed Oxide Lon . ( 'alcint' and grind well. GREEN 8 lbs. Calcined Alum . 1 lb. Oxide Chrome . 2 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt BLUE 9 lbs. Flint 13 „ Oxide Zinc 3 „ Oxide Cobalt 1 lb. Phosphate 8o( Calcine twice in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. LOO ENAMEL COLOUES- -BASES. 7 BLUE. 40 lbs. Prepared Alum . Calcine 3 „ Oxide Cobalt in Biscuit h lb. Oxide Zinc Oven. 8 BLUE GREEN. 2 lbs. Oxide Chrome . . . ] Calcine in hard 1 lb. Zinc . . . .1 place of Biscuit 1 „ Carb. Cobalt . . .J Oven. 9 DEEP GREEN. 3 lbs. Oxide Chrome 1 11). Carlx Cobalt \ Grind in water, ' and calcine in J Biscuit Oven. 10 TURQUOISE. Dissolve three parts prepared oxide of cobalt and one part oxide of zinc in sulphuric acid, then mix the solution with forty parts of alum dissolved in water. Evaporate to dryness, pound and calcine in crucibles at a red heat. If the tur- quoise is required to be green in tint, add to the alum solu- tion about a sixteenth part of moist chromate of mercury. 11 SEVRES TURQUOISE. Dissolve two parts carbonate xinc and six })arts carbonate cobalt in hydrocldoiic acid. ]\[ix this with ninety-two parts of ammonia alum dissolved in water, after which add carbonate of soda until neutralised. Wash thoroughly and dry. Pass through a 30s. sieve, and calcine at a cherry-red heat until the hive shade is developed. Care must be taken not to have the lieat too ]ii<>li, oi- it will become violet. ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES. 12 KING'S BLUE. 29 Ib.s. Carbonate Culjalt . . 1 13 101 29 „ Lynn Saud Calcine in Glost 42 „ Carb. Potash YELLOW GREEN. Oven. ■2r> lbs Flint .... 171 - Paris White Calcine at Biscuit IT „ Bichromate Potash heat, and pass oi ., Plaster .... ) through 60s. « „ Felspar .... sieve. Wash Ti„ lied Lead .... thoroughly. 14 BLUE GREEN. 12 ll.ts. Prepared Alum . 3 „ Oxide Chrome 3 „ O.xide Cobalt 1 <'alcine in hardest r place in Biscuit Oven. 15 BLUE. 48 11 )s. Prepared Alum . 12 „ Oxide Zinc 8 „ Oxide Colndt . Calcine in hard place in Biscuit Oven. i6 DARK BLUE. 48 lbs. Oxide Zinc 24 „ Prepared Alum . 24 „ Flint 94 ,. Oxide Cobalt Calcine in hard place in Biscuit Oven. 17 BLUE. 24 Ib.s. Prepared Alum . 24 ., Oxide Zinc . 4 •• „ Oxide Colmlt I (Jalcine hard in I Bi.scuit Oven. 102 i8 ENAMEL COLOURS.^ — BASES. TURQUOISE. 1 lb. Calcined Sulphate Copper 2 lbs. Slaked Lime 2 „ Lynn Sand ■i- lb. Common Salt 19 GREEN. 10 lbs. Biebi'cmiate Potash 5 „ Carbonate Cobalt 25 „ Prepared Alum . 20 VICTORIA BLUE. 32 lbs. Oxide Zinc 16 „ Flint 8 „ Boracic Acid 8 „ Oxide Cobalt 2 ozs. Nitrate of Potash -?.! YELLOW BASE. 2 11 )s. Crude Antimony U „ Red Lead .... 11 „ Oxide Tin .... 22 23 VICTORIA BLUE. 8 lbs. Flint .... 4 „ Calcined Borax . 6 „ Black Oxide Cobalt 16 „ Oxide Zinc Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine on dishes in easiest place of Glost Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. COMMON DARK GREEN. 1^ lbs. Oxide Chrome . , . '' Calcine in hardest 1 lb. Oxide Zinc part of Biscuit 21 lbs. Flint .... Oven, pound H >. Borax .... lino, and iiiiuin n ,> Oxide Cobalt . / calcine. ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES 24 MATT BLUE. 32 lbs. Oxide Zinc 103 16 Flint 8 „ Borax 6 „ Cobalt Calcine in hardest part of Glost Oven. 25 CORAL. Dissolve 2 1 lbs. sngar of lead and 1 lb. bichromate potash separately in boiling water. Mix together, and allow to stand until a deposit is thrown down. The water must then be drained otf, and the orange sediment put into plaster moulds to sraduallv drv. 26 MATT BLUE. 3 lbs. Oxide Zinc 1 lb. Oxide Cobalt Calcine in Glost Oven. 27 PEACOCK BLUE. 16 lbs. Prepared Alum . 4 „ Oxide Cobalt 2 „ Oxide Chrome . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 28 PEACOCK BLUE. 19 lbs. Base, No. 27 2 „ Oxide Cobalt I Calcine in Biscuit ' Oven. 29 BROWN 40 lbs. Oxide Zinc 6 „ Red Oxide Iron 6 „ Oxide Chrome 5 ,. Litharge . 5 ,, Boracic Acid Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 104 30 ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES. 31 32 33 34 35 FRENCH BROWN. 1 lb. Chromate Iron . l^-lbs. Oxide Zinc i lb. Eed Lead BLUE. 40 lbs. Prepared Alum 3 „ Oxide Cobalt n„ Oxide Zinc 3 lbs. I Oxide Cobalt 6 „ Oxide Zinc 14 „ Eed Lead . 8 „ Flint BLUE. Calcine on shallow saggers at top of Glost Oven. Calcine twice in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. NAPOLEON GREEN 10 lbs. Prepared Alum 35 „ Oxide Chrome 10 „ Oxide Zinc 20 „ Cobalt NAPOLEON GREEN. 40 lbs. Calcined Alum . . .1 40 „ Cobalt 20 „ Oxide Chrome . . .J TURQUOISE. 6 lbs. Oxide Zinc 2 „ Oxide Copper 6 „ Eed Lead . 12 „ Felspar '^ Carbonate iSoda 4 „ Flint Paris White Oxide Tin . Calcine in hard part of Biscuit Oven. Calcine in ]>iscuit Oven. Calcine at top of Glost Oven. 36 ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES. BLUE. 105 Z1 40 ll)s. Alum 3 „ Oxide Cobalt \ lb. Oxide Zinc 32 lbs. Oxide Ziuc 6 „ Oxide Cobalt IG „ Boiacic Acid BLUE. 38 BLACK. 2 lbs. Oxide Cobalt '1 „ Oxide Maugauese 5 „ Xitrate Potasb 39 GREEN. 12 Ib.^. Calcined Alum . 12 „ Chroma te Mercuiv 10 „ Oxide Cobalt 3 „ Wliitiuo- . 40 BROWN. 6 lbs. Copperas . 4 „ Sulphate Zinc 13 „ Nitre 41 BROWN. 4 lbs. Copperas . 4 ., Sulphate Zinc 10 ., Xitre 42 BROWN. 2 lbs. Copperas . 2 ., Sulpliate Magnesia 6 „ Sulpbate Zinc 10 „ Xitre Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine at easy heat. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in cru- cible until ebnl- lition has ceased. Wash well. Treat as 40. Treat as 40. 106 ENAMEL COLOURS. — BASES. 43 RED BROWN. 7 lbs. Oxide Zinc H- H Litharge . Boracic Acid Oxide Chrome Eed Oxide Iron Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 44 TURQUOISE. 20 lbs. Flint . . . . 15 „ Calcined Soda 3 ,, Black Oxide Copper Calcine in Glost Oven. 45 TURQUOISE. 25 lbs. Flint 19 „ Carbonate Soda o „ Nitrate Potash 3 „ Common Salt 4 „ Oxide Copper Calcine in Glost Oven. 46 TURQUOISE 50 lbs. Flint 50 „ Carbonate Soda 4 „ Oxide Copper 3 „ Pearl Ash 3 „ Common Salt Calcine in Glost Oven. 47 BLACK. 1 (>■/.. Calcined Copper . 2 ozs. Calcined UmlxM- . ^ „ IMuo Calx . 4 „ (Jreen Base, Xo. 14 ENAMEL FLUXES. 107 48 BLACK. .") ozs. Oxide Mungauese . . "i 1 oz. Iron Scales . . . \ ^ „ Calcined Copper 4 ozs. Blue Calx 49 ORANGE. 1 11). Crude Antiniom' ■ \ n ^ ■ ■ f^^ 4- Caicine m Crlost 1 „ White Lead . . . r ^^^^^ 1 „ Eed Oxide Iron . . .J 50 ORANGE. 13 lbs. White Lead . > 13 „ Antimony . . . | Calcine in Glost 3 „ Burnt Sienna . . .1 Oven. 5 „ Eed Oxide Iron . . . j ENAMEL FLUXES. In a great number of liuxes in use a large pro})ortion of glass is employed, due, doubtless, to the fact that the original compounders of these mixtui'es Ijelieved that glass was the most perfect combination of fusil )le materials. The great drawback to the use of glass is that its actual composition is not known to the potter. If glass be considered indispens- able, it is most important that it should be procured of standard quality, and always from the same glass manu- facturer. The cullet found in the possession of marine store dealers and other collectors is most unreliable, and usually consists of a large proportion of foreign glass which greatly differs from that employed in the original recipes. Most of these fluxes are descrilicd as being nni down in Glost Oven ; but it is better to subject them to a tire of shorter duration in a special kiln, as the long fire is a])t to impair the finer (qualities of the flu.x. 08 ENAMEL FLUXES. 8 ozs. Flint Gi-lass 2 „ Eecl Lead . 2 „ Borax Run down in Glust Oven. 2 ozs. Flint Glass 2 „ Flint 6 di's. Borax Ptun down in Glost Oven. 4 ozs. Eed Lead 2|- „ Borax liun down in Glost Oven. 5 ozs. lied Lead 12 „ Flint Glass 1 oz. Nitrate Futasli Bun down in Glost Oven. 1 oz. Nitre 2 ozs. Flint Glass 2 „ Red Lead . 1 oz. Flint Run down in Glost Oven. 3 ozs. Lead 1 oz. Flint I Run down in J Glost Oven. 3 ozs. Flint Ghiss 1 oz. Borax 4 ozs. Flint liUn down in (rlost Oven. ^:NA^rRL fluxks. 109 6 lbs. lied Lea< 4 „ Borax 2 „ Fliut Kun down iu easy part of Glost Oven. 10 II 12 13 14 C ozs. Red Lead . 6 „ Fliut Glass 1 oz. Borax 1 „ Flint 1 (./. Red Lead . 1 „ Borax 1 „ Lithart^e . 1 ,, Flint Glass 2 lbs. Borax 1 lb. Flint Glass 4 lbs. Flint Glass U „ Nitre 1 lb. Borax 2 lbs. Flint 3 „ Eed Lead . 4 „ J5orax 4 lbs. Led Lead . ;') „ Flint Glass 2 „ Flint 1^ „ Borax Kun down in easy part of Glost Oven. Itun down in (ilost Oven. I liun down in j Glost Oven. Kun down in Glost Oven. Iiiin down ill (Host Oven. Lun down in Glost Oven. no 15 4 lbs. Borax 2 „ Fliut ENAMEL FLUXES. Euii down in Glost Oven. 16 2 lbs. Flint 1 lb. Borax ~| Eun down in f Glost Oven. 17 12 lbs. Eed Lead . 5 „ Borax 4 „ Flint Glass Eun down in Glost Oven. 18 3 libs. Flint 2 „ Lead 3^,, Nitre Borax Eun down in easy place Glost Oven. 19 5 lbs. Borax 7 „ Flint Glass (S „ Eed Lead . Eun down in Glost Oven. 20 8 lbs. Flint Glass 3 „ Eed Lead . 3 „ Flint !%■ Borax Eun down in Glost Oven. 21 3 lbs. Eed Lead 3 „ Borax 2 „ Flint Eun down in Glost Oven. ENAMEL FLUXES. Ill 22 23 24 25 26 4 lbs. Borax '.) „ Eed Lead . If., Flint 8 lbs. Red Lead . 3 „ Flint 2 ., Flint Gla.ss 1 lb. Borax 6 lbs. Red Lead . 2 „ Flint 1-^ ,, Borax 10 lbs. Flint Glass 20 „ Red Lead . 5 „ Flint 5 „ Borax 101 lbs. Flint Glass 8 „ Borax 6 „ Flint 16 „ Red Lead . Run down in Glost Oven. Run down in Glost Oven. Run down in Glost Oven. Run down in Glost Oven. Run down in Glost Oven. 27 28 3 lbs. Borax 4 „ Red Lead . 2 „ Flint 4 lbs. Borax 2 „ Flint Glass 1 lb. Cbina Stone Run down in Glost Oven. Run down in bard place Glost Oven. 112 ENAMEL FLUXES. 29 30 1 3 11)8. lied Lead 2i „ Flint Gla 4| „ Boracic Acid ^, Eun down in 2i „ Flint Glass . . ■ \n^ , n *_..., Glost Oven. le^lbs. Eed Lead . . . • 1 t> 1 ^ ^ liun down m of „ Flint Glasss . . . } n^ ^ r^ Glost Oven. 3 „ Borax . . . . j ENAMEL COLOURS. I COPPER BLACK. 1 lb. Calcined Copper 2.Ubs. Flux, No. 8 2 COPPER BLACK. 1 lb. Calcined Copper 1 oz. „ Copperas 1 lb. Flux, No. 8 2 ozs. Flux, No. 3 . 3 BLUE BLACK. 1 lb. Blue Calx 1 „ Calcined Uml)er. G lbs. Flux, No. 8 . . . 2 „ Green Base, No. 14 4 SHINING BLACK. 1 (./. Blue Calx 3 ozs. Calcined Lumber 1 oz. Flux, No. 8 . . . ENAME]. COLOURS. BLACK. 113 1 oz. Blue Calx . 1 „ Calcined Umber 3 ozs. Green Base, No. 14 6 „ Flux, No. 22 . "WORCESTER" BLUE. 1 6 ozs. Flint Glass li „ Blue Calx 1 oz. Potash 1 ., White Enamel 3 ozs. lied Lead . "WORCESTER" BLUE. 16 ozs. Flint Glass U „ Blue Calx 1 oz. Borax 1 „ White Enamel 5 ozs. Eed Lead RHEAD AND GOODFELLOW'S BLUE. 1 2 lbs. Flint Glass i lb. Potash . 1 2 lbs. Ked Lead i lb. Blue Calx X i " Saltpetre White Enamel / 9 RHEAD AND GOODFELLOW'S DARK BLUE. S lbs. Flint Glass If „ Pted Lead -I lb. Blue Calx I" „ White Enamt'l ^ „ Pearl Asli 1 14 10 II 12 13 14 15 i6 1 6 ozs. i oz. 5 ozs. li „ 1 oz. 1 „ 1 lb. 5 lbs. 1 lb. 2 " 3+ lbs. 1 lb. (J 11)S. 2 i lb. ENAMEL COLOURS. M. LEE'S ENAMEL BLUE. Flint Glass China Stone Eed Lead Blue Calx Nitre Potash DARK BROWN Dark Copperas Flux, No. 8. . DARK BROWN Calcined Uml)er Burnt Sienna . Flux, No. 7 LIGHT BROWN. Calcined Copper Flux, No. 10 . Copperas Ironstone 1 lb. 2 lbs. I lb. 1 lb. iJi lbs. ■1 lbs. -^ lb. •] DARK BROWN. Copperas Flux, No. 8 . Flux, No. 7 . . .1 LIGHT BROWN. Easy Calcined T'^ndjcr . l Flux, No. 1 . . . f DEVONSHIRE BROWN. Calcined Co])peras . . i Flux, X... 14 . 1-4 ux, No. 8 . ENAMEL COLOURS. 115 17 DEVONSHIRE BROWN. 2- 11>. Crocus Martis . ^ I „ Manganese ^ „ Calcined Cu\>[)vi .■) lbs. Antimony lbs. Shining Black . . . "i 1-1- „ Purple . . . . - 1 lb. Orange . . . . j 3 DISTANCE. 4 11)S. Shining Black I lb. Orange .... 1 „ Bose Colour 1 ,. I'urj.le .... 4 BUFF FOR EARTHENWARE GROUNDS. 1 lb. U.O. Orange . . . | 2 lbs. Enamel Yellow . . . - „ Enamel Orange . . .1 120 MIXED ENAMEL COLOURS. 5 LIGHT BUFF FOR EARTHENWARE. 2 lbs. Enamel Orange . . • 'j 1 lb. Ptose Colour . . . j 6 SPRIG BROWN. 2 lbs. Dark Brown . . . | 1 lb. Purple . . . . J 7 CELADON. 4 lbs. Enamel Blue 3 „ Chrome Green . 12 „ Flux, No. 8 8 FAWN. 3 ll)s. U. G. Orange 2 „ Enamel Ked 4 „ Flux, No. 8 LILAC. 5-|-lbs. Enamel Blue ■|- lb. Rose Colour 1 „ Purple 10 LILAC. 7 lbs. Enamel Blue 3^„ Purple 2 „ PtOse Coloui' [ II OLIVE. 2 lbs. Shining Black . ... 1 lb. Enamel Yellow . . . , ^ „ Enamel Blue . . . j 12 13 ANTIQUE AND VKLLU^f ENAMEL COLOURS. 121 STONE COLOUR. 12 lbs. Enamel Blue 4^ ,, Rose Colour 4 „ Dark Chrome Oreen 2 U. G. Pink SALMON. 2 lb.'- . U. G. Orauge . . . ^ H „ Flux No. 8 . .J ANTIQUE AND VELLUM ENAMEL COLOURS. BROWN BRONZE. 4 ozs. Oxide Manganese . . | 12 „ Flux, No. 8 1 oz. Tin Ash . NAVY BLUE. IG OZ.S . Flint 8 „ Carbonate Potash 12 „ Red Lead . 12 „ Flint Glass 6 „ Oxide Cobalt 2 Common Salt 4 „ Tin Ash . WINDSOR RED. 5 llis. Bichromate Potash 2-| „ Nitrate Lead Ih „ Red Lead . 1^ „ Calcined Borax 2 „ Tin Ash . 1 lb. Flint Glass 122 ANTIQUE AND VELLU^I ENA:\IEL COLOURS. 4 BRONZE GREEN. lbs. Calcined Nickel 1 lb. Irou Scale 2 lbs. Blue Calx 3 „ Borax 2 „ Flint 1 lb. lied Lead 1 „ Tin Ash EMERALD GREEN 1 ozs. Flint Glass 6h „ Borax 6 „ Flint 18 „ lied Lead 6-^ „ Unfiiixed Yello\v Gi- ,, Calcined Copper 2h „ Tin Asli . MOSS GREEN 10 o/s. Flint Class 20 „ Eed Lead . 5 „ Borax 5 „ Flint 2 „ Calcined Copper 1 Tin Ash 3 „ Stone Co' our, \o. 8 10 POMPADOUR. 10 oxs. Red Lead . ^ „ Flint 6 „ Borax 2 ., Tin Ash . .', iiz. Rose Colour II CRUSHED STRAWBERRY. 9 ozs. Red Lead . 10 „ Flint 5 „ Borax 2| „ Tin Ash 3 „ Orange, Xo. :'>4 5" oz. Ruby 124 ANTIQUE AND VELLUI\r ENAMEL COLOURS. 12 MULBERRY VELLUM. 18 ozs. Ked Lead . 16 „ Flint 6 ,,* Borax 5 ,. Tin Ash . 3 „ Devonshire Brown, No. 1 7 13 CRIMSON VELLUM. 10 ozs. Eed Lead . 8 „ FHnt G „ Borax 3 „ Tin Ash . 2 „ Best Eiiby . . . j 14 OLD GOLD VELLUM, 1 8 ozs. Eed Lead . 18 „ Flint 7 „ Borax . . . . ) :U „ Tin Ash . 4 „ Enamel Oran Tin Oxide BROSELEY FLUX. 4 lbs. Stone .... o O 4 3 " Flint .... Whiting .... Borax .... Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 2 )) Nitre .... 8 RATHBONE'S MATT BLUE FLUX. 13* lbs. Borax . 12 „ Eed Lead 1 1 „ Flint Class I Run down in j Glost Oven. RAW FLUX FOR BLUE. 6 lbs. Flint „ Whiting . 1 lb. White Lead 1 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. BLUE FOR CHINA. 5 ll)s. Prepared Oxide Cobalt . "l 1 „ Flux, No. 2 . . .J 2 EARTHENWARE COBALT. 12 lbs. Cbina (^.balt, No. 1 . 5 „ Flux, No. 1 :} UNDKR-GLAZE COLOURS. 127 DRESDEN BLUE. 2^- U.S. Bamboo Blue . . \ 1 11.. Black . . - 1 ., Xeutral, No. T. . .J BAMBOO BLUE. 4 U.S. Black Oxide Cobalt . . ) 2.1 ,, (xround Pitchers . J NEUTRAL. 5 lbs. l^amboo Blue, No. 4 . 3 „ Black Ih „ Flint PEACOCK BLUE. 3 lbs. Prepared Oxide Cobalt . '\ f lb. Black 7 lbs. Flux, Xo. 9. . .J STRONG WILLOW BLUE. 11 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . . | 2 „ Flint .... 2 „ Flint Olass TEA WARE BLUE 8 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . 4i „ Flint .... 2 1 „ Flint Glass BROSELEY BLUE. 5 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . . \ 9 „ Flint . . - 5 „ Flint Olass . .1 128 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 10 PALE BROSELEY BLUE. 4 Ills. Black Oxide Colialt . . ") 10 „ Flint .... 5 „ Flint Glas8 11 FLOWING BLUE. 6i lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . 3f „ Flux, No. G . . . 12 FLOWING BLUE. 8 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . . | 5 „ Flux, No. G . . .J 13 DARK BROSELEY BLUE. G| lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . 6 „ Flux, No. 7. . 14 PHEASANT BLUE. }, lb. Black Oxide Cobalt . . -| 9 lbs. Flux, No. 6 . . . / 15 DARK BANDING BLUE. 2 lbs. Prepared Oxide Cobalt . \ 1 „ Flux, No. G . . . / i6 CROSS BLUE. 3 lbs. Bamboo Blue, No. 17 . ^ .3 „ Anioy Blue, No. 18 . .J 17 BAMBOO BLUE. 4 lbs. Black Oxide Col)alt . . | 2-^ „ Ground Bitcbers . . j i8 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. AMOY BLUE. 3f lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt 6 „ (xroimd Pitcbers 129 19 DARK IRONSTONE BLUE. 2 1 lbs. Strong Cobalt 1 lb. Black 1 „ Neutral 1 „ Flux, No. 6 20 COMMON PRINTING BLUE. 7 lbs. Zafire Blue . . .1 5 „ Flint 3 „ Flint Glass :\ 21 GADROON BLUE. 2 1 lbs. Oxide Cobalt 4 „ Flint 2 „ Flint Glass 1 lb. China Clav 22 RATHBONE'S MATT BLUE. 1 lb. Black Oxide Cobalt . . | Calcine in Biscuit 3 lbs. Oxide Zinc . . . / Oven. Take of above base, 4 11 )s Flux, No. 8, 5 1 lbs. ) Calcine in Glost / Oven. 23 MATT BLUE. i lb. Blue Calx 8 lbs. Prepared Ahnn . lA lbs. Oxide Zinc ^Ib. Flint Glass Calcine in hard Glost Oven, and wash well. 130 UNDEE-GLAZE COLOURS. 24 MATT BLUE (PALE). ilb. Tea Ware Blue No. 8 8 lbs. Prepared Aluin . Calcine in Biscuit li lbs. Oxide Zinc Oven. f lb. Flint 25 26 27 28 29 MATT BLUE. 1 h lbs. Fine Blue Calx . 3 ,, Oxide Zinc 1 lb. Prepared Alum . 5i lbs. Flux, No. 8 BROWN. 5f lbs. Chromate Iron . 2 „ Manganese 1 lb. Black Antimony 1 „ Crocus Martis i „ Eed Lead . Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. BROWN. 1 lb. Calcined Umber . 4 lbs. Chromate Iron . 1 lb. Manganese 1 „ Crude Antimony ^ ,, Red Lead . BROWN. 6 lbs. Chromate Iron . 1 lb. Calcined Umber 2 11 )S. Manganese I lb. Red Lead. LESSORE'S BROWN. For painting on Glaze to be fired in (Host Oven. 3 lbs. Prepared Manganese . • I ^ • n p ^ ° y Grnid tor use I ]h. Enamel Flux, Xo. 8 . .J Calcine in Biscuit Oven. UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 131 30 31 BROWN. 6] lbs. Chromate Iron . 1 lb. Crude Autiiiioii>- Calcine in J3isciiit; 1 ,, Manganese Oven. 1 " Red Lead .... BROWN. 5 lbs. Crude Antiiiiou}- . . ^ 5 „ lied Lead .... Calcine in Biscuit 21- „ Mangauese Oven. U )) Blue Calx- 32 33 PIEDMONT BLUE. G ozs. Blue Calx 8 lbs. Prepared Alum . I4 ozs. Oxide Zinc I oz. Flint Glass PIEDMONT BLUE. 7 ozs. Blue Calx 8 lbs. Prepared Alum . 1| „ Oxide Zinc 1 11). Flint Glass Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Glost Oven. 34 BROWN. 1 1 lbs. Calcined Xickel . G „ Crude Antimony 3i „ Manganese 1^ „ Blue Calx. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 35 BROWN. 8 11 )s. Crude Antimony 8 „ Lead 8 „ Manganese 1 lb. lUue Calx Calcine in Biscuit ( )ven. 132 36 37 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. DARK BROWN. 6 11)S. Chroniate Iron 1 lb. Manu'anese ^ Calcine in Biscuit J Oven. RED BROWN. 31 lbs. Manganese 6 jj Ked Lead . 3* jj Ground Glass 6 >) Flint H )) Borax 38 39 40 41 Calcine in Glost Oven. DARK BROWN 4 lbs. Oxide Manganese 11 „ Green Oxide Chrome . 4 „ Stone 1 lb. Enamel Flux, No. 8 . CHOCOLATE BROWN 1 lb. Chromate Iron . 3 lbs. Oxide Zinc I lb. Lead 2 lbs. Tierra di Sienna Calcine in Glpst Oven. Calcine in Glost Oven. BLACK. lbs. Chroniate Iron . 1 1 1 lb. Iron Scales „ Oxide Nickel „ „ Manganese Calcine in Biscuit Oven. n lbs. Blue Calx BLACK. 2 lbs. Calcined Chromate Iron 1 lb. Cobalt Blue Calcine in Biscuit 3 lbs. Flint Glass Oven. 4 „ Flint 42 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. BLACK. 133 2 lbs. Nickel 2 „ Blue Calx . 4 ,, Ironstone . 1| „ Chromate Potash 2 „ Manganese Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and then wash well. 43 BLACK. 2 11 »s. Chromate Iron 1 lb. Nickel 1 „ Manganese i „ Blue Calx . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 44 BLACK. f lb. Manganese ly lbs. Crude Antimony o „ lied Lead . 3 „ Blue Calx Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 45 46 LONGPORT BLUE GREEN. 12 lbs. French Chrome 32 „ Oxide Zinc 8 „ Prepared Oxide Col);ilt 5 „ Carbonate Potash 5 „ Flint .... 38 „ Flux, No. 1 OLIVE GREEN. 3 lbs. Calcined Nickel . 1 lb. Iron Scales 2 lbs. Best Cobalt Blue 10 „ Flux, Nn. I 134 47 48 49 50 51 52 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. OLIVE GREEN. 2 lbs. Blue Calx . . . . ^ li „ Oxide Nickel . 1 lb. White Lead . . .J GORDON GREEN. 4 11)8. Oxide Chrome . 3^ ,, Oxide Zinc G „ Flint 1 lb. Flux, Xo. 1 VICTORIA GREEN. 2 lbs. Chromate Lead . 31 „ Flint .... 3^ „ Whiting .... 3 „ Bichromate Botasli . . . VICTORIA GREEN 10 11:)S. Chromate Lead . 30 „ Flint 30 „ Whiting . 5 „ Sugar of Lead LILAC 31 lbs. Oxide Zinc 3 „ Oxide Tin 2 „ Chromate Lead . 1^ „ Alum I- lb. Black Oxide Cobalt Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. MULBERRY. 54 lbs. Oxide Manganese "^ 14 „ Nitre 6 „ Borax 6 „ Flint „ Flint (rlass Calcine in Glost Oven. UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 135 53 MULBERRY. 4 lbs. Blue Calx . 8 „ Oxide Manganese 2 „ Nitre 2 „ Borax . . . . 54 55 56 57 58 12 12 36 MULBERRY. 1 lb. Black Oxide Cobalt . . \ 4 lbs. Oxide Manganese . . - 1 lb. Ground Pitchers . . . j MULBERRY. 8 lbs. Oxide Manganese 8 „ Oxide Tin . 2 „ Oxide Cobalt 2|„ Flint 2 „ Chromate Iron . ORANGE. 6 ll)s. White Lead Glass of Antimony Crocus Martis Crude Antimony . . j COMMON ORANGE 6 lbs. Eed Lead . 2-| „ Crocus Martis 8-J „ Antimony . 1 lb. Oxide Tin . 3 lbs. Alum YELLOW. 4 lbs. Lead and Tin Ash 1 lb. Crude Antimony 2i lbs. White Lead . 1 lb. Flint Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine twice in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 136 59 6o UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. YELLOW. 4 llis. Lead and Tin Ash 1 11). Lithai'o-e . 1 „ Crude Antimony 1 „ Flint 1 „ FHnt Glass YELLOW. 4 lbs. Tin Ash . 2 „ Crude Antimony 2 „ Eed Lead . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. ■1 Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 6i PINK. 20 lb s. Chromate Lead 40 „ Tin Ash .... Calcine in Biscuit 20 „ Whiting .... Oven, and wash 10 „ Lynn Sand repeatedly. 20 „ Borax .... 62 PINK. 18 lbs. Oxide Tin . Whiting .... Calcine in Biscuit 9 „ Oven, and wash 1 lb. Yellow Chrome . well. 63 PINK. 10 lbs. Chromate Lead . Tin Ash .... Whiting . Calcine in Biscuit 100 „ Oven, and wash 80 „ well. 64 PINK. 24 lbs. Tin Ash . Calcine in liard 4 „ Ground Bone place of Biscuit H>. Yellow Cln-onie . Oven, and wash 8 „ Wliiting , well. UNDER-GLAZE COLOUES. 13-7 65 BEST PERSIAN PINK •2\ ll)s. Oxi.le Tin 1 11). Whitiug .... J- oz. Greeu O.xiilc Chrome 6 lbs. China Stone 66 MARINE GREEN. l^- lbs. Oxide Chronie . 54- ozs. Oxide Cobalt . 6 „ Oxide Zinc 9 „ AVhitiug .... Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 67 68 69 1 lb BRONZE GREEN. Oxide Chrome . 2|- lbs. Flint 1:^ „ Soda Crystals . VIOLET 50 o/.s. rink, Xo. 61 . 2 „ Flint Oxide Cobalt Carbonate Barytes Oxide Zinc •If oz. I Calcine in Biscuit Oven. Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 28 12 12 25 6 RUSSET BROWN. lbs. Chromate Iron . „ Oxide Manganese „ Iron Scales „ Oxide Zinc „ Litharge . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 70 VIOLET BROWN ^ lb. Oxide Manganese 4 lbs. Carbonate Potash 2 „ Eed Lead 5 „ Flint I Calcine in Glost Oven. 138 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 71 BLACK. 1 \h. Bichromate Lead 1 „ Oxide Manganese 1 „ Blue Calx . \ Spread on plates, - and calcine in Glost Oven. 72 EDGING BLUE 1 lb. Black Oxide Cobalt . 1 „ Whiting . 1 „ White Lead 1 „ Flint Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 73 LIGHT BROWN. 2 lbs. White Lead . . .1 C; 1 lb. Antimony .... 1 „ Oxide Mano'anese ilcine in Glost Oven. 74 DARK BROWN. lbs. White Lead 6 ,, Antimony . 1 lb. Oxide Manganese 1 „ Zaffre 75 DARK BROWN 3 lbs. White Lead 2 „ Oxide Manganese 1 lb. Nitre 1 „ Blue Calx Calcine in Glost Oven. Calcine in Glost Oven. 76 BROWN. .3 lbs. Glass Antimony 5 „ White Lead 2 „ Oxide Manganese 2 „ Blue Calx . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 139 77 VICTORIA GREEN 3 11)S. Wliitiug 5 6 Flint Chloride Lime Bichroinate Potash Calcine in Glost Oven. 78 YELLOW. 79 4 lbs. Tin Ashes . 1 lb. Red Lead . 1 „ Antimony . 2 lbs. Litharge 2 „ Antimony 1 111. Tin Ash YELLOW. Calcine on Biscuit dishes at bottom Glost Oven. Treat as 78. 80 PINK. 40 lbs. Oxide Tin . 20 „ Whiting . 3 „ Flint Glass 1 lb. Oxide Chrome Calcine in Biscuit Oven, and wash well. 8i BROWN. 37 11 )s. Eed Lead . 37 „ Crude Antimony 18 „ Oxide Manganese 8 „ Blue Calx Calcine in Glost Oven. 82 BLACK. 20 lbs. Eed Lead . 25 „ Antimony 15 „ Oxide Manganese 40 „ Blue Calx . 5 ,, Oxide Tin . Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 140 UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 83 MULBERRY. 54 lbs Manganese 26 „ Blue Calx .... 14 „ Nitre .... Calcine in Glost 18 „ Flint Glass Oven. 10 „ Flint .... 6 „ Borax 84 ORANGE. 3 lbs Litharge . . . . "i Spread on flinted 2 „ Crude Antimony Crocus Martis . dishes at top of 1 „ Biscuit Oven. 85 UNIQUE. 43-i-lbs.Oxide Tin. . . . ] Calcine in hardest 9 „ Boracic Acid part of Biscuit 6 ozs Bichromate Potash Oven, and wash 22 Black Oxide Cobalt . ' . . well. 86 87 89 FLOWING BLUE. 5 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . . ] 5 „ Flux, No. 4 . . . I" CHINA OVEN BLUE. G lbs. Blue Cobalt . . . \ : :/ 4 „ China Pitchers 10 ozs. Bed Lead Calcine in Glost Oven. PRINTING BROWN. 12 lbs. Chromate Iron . G Oxide Manganese NAPIER BLUE 2 lbs. Blue Cobalt 5 „ Flint 5 „ Whiting . J 90 MIXED UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. VICTORIA GREEN. 41 4 lbs. Bichioinfite Potash 4 „ Whitiug . 4 „ Flint 2 „ Filiate of Lime . Calcine twice in earthenware bis- cuit, ventilating the saggers. "Wash well. MIXED UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. These colours may, for the most part, be simply ground and then used. "Where calcination is needed instructions are so given. STAMPING BLACK. 5 lbs. Black ■g- lb. Bamboo Blue 4 lbs. Orange U „ Yellow 3 lbs. Blue 2 „ Pink 1 lb. Brown 8 lbs. China Stone 11 lbs. Pink 4- lb. Orange G lbs. Pink 2^ „ Orange A lb. Yellow BUFF DOVE FAV^N FAWN ■1 142 MIXED UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 6 CROSS GREEN. 3 lbs. Blue Green . . . i 1 lb. Sage Green -h „ Teaware Blue . . . j 7 BAMBOO GREEN. 2-|- lbs. Flowing Green . . . "i L lb. Black ^ „ Amoy Blue . . . j 8 CROSSLET GREEN 4 lbs. Blue Green, No. 45 . . ] 1 lb. Ground Pitchers . . J o GREEN. 10 1-^- lbs. Victoria Green, No. 50 . 1 Calcine in Glost If „ Oxide Chrome . . J Oven. MARONE. 8 lbs. Pink :j 1 lb. Broseley Blue 1 „ Amethyst MARONE. 8 lbs. Pink . . . ■ ) 1 lb. Blue . f II 12 NEUTRAL. lbs. Amoy Blue 3 „ Black U„ Flint 13 NEUTRAL. G lbs. Neutral, No. 12 i \h. Amoy Blue 2 lbs. Flint AITXED UNDER-GLAZE COLOURS. 14H 14 SLATE. 10 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt 10 „ Pink 5 „ Brown ■40 „ China Stone Calcine in Biscuit Oven. 15 PURPLE BROWN. ;J0 lbs. rink . . . . 1 1 lb. Black / 16 DOVER GREEN. 8 lbs. Green, Xo. GG . li „ Black 5 „ Pitchers ./ 17 DOVE. 2 lbs. Black Oxide Cobalt . 2 „ Pink 1 lb. Brown 8 lbs. China Stone 18 19 UNIQUE. 10 lbs. Pink 1 lb. Oxide Cobalt . AMETHYST. 5 lbs. U. G. Purple i lb. Prepared Oxide Cobalt ] Calcine in Glost / Oven. 20 PURPLE. 8 lbs. Pink U „ Xapier lilue, No. 89 . •Jrlb. Oxide Col )a It 144 FLOW POWDERS. 21 LAVENDER. G lbs. Black . . .1 4 „ Willow BliK' . . . ~ 2 ,. Pink . . . .J 22 CANTON. 10 lbs. U. G. Black . . . \ 4 „ Prepared Oxide Cobalt . J FLOW POWDERS. I 2 5 ozs. Pved Lead . . . \ 2 „ Common Salt . . . - 2 „ Lime . . . .J 3 lbs. Paris White 3 „ Common Salt 2 „ Borax ] A flow powder gives the best result when it is used at the top of the sagger. To effect this, sufficient powder is placed in a biscuit tea-cup, which is supported on a prop, so that the top of the cup nearly reaches to the level of the rim of the sagger. OILS AND VARNISHES. 14; OILS AND VARNISHES. BALSAM OF SULPHUR. 4 qts. Liuseed Oil . . i Mix the Eesin and Oil 4 ozs. Black Eesin . . on a slow fire. When 1 lb. Sulphur . . .1 the Eesin is melted, and before the Oil boils, add the Sulpluir. Boil the mixture very slowly until it " ropes " like Printer's Oil. If it will draw up two or tliree fine lines with the finger it is sufficient. GROUNDING OIL. 4 qts. Linseed Oil 3 ozs. Eed Lead . 2 „ Gum Mastic 1 qt. Turpentine . B(jil for two hours. HARD GROUNDING OIL. 1 qt. Turpentine . . Grind the Turpentine 4 ozs. Gum Mastic . . and Gum untilfine,add I pt. Linseed Oil . .1 the Oil and Eesin, and ^ oz. Eesin . . . ' boil for two hours. PRINTER'S OIL. 4 qts. Linseed Oil Boil the first three 1 qt. Eape Oil . together thoroughly, 2 ozs. Eed Lead . - adding the Sulphur 3 ,J Sulphur . and Tar while the ipt. Common Tar mixture is coohng. CHAPTER IV. MEANS AND METHODS. RECLAMATION OF WASTE GOLD. It will always pay a potter to recover tlie gold from waste himself, rather than to sell it in its crude condition. The small ingots of gold that run to the bottom of the crucible are readily marketable, and the firing costs only a trifle. All rags, waste, old pencils, and residue must be carefully collected, and the gilders' cups completely emptied. The mass of waste should then l)e put into glazed saggers, and set fire to in the open air. When 1)urned to an ash the whole must l)e carefully collected, and, if necessary, pul- verised. Any flux containing an abundance of oxidising substances will answer. If borax be used it should be roasted beforehand, or the great expansion may cause overflowing and loss of gold. Borax and nitre make a good flux, and there should be no stint of quantity. For melting purposes a crucible is better than a sagger, because the tapering form of the bottom gathers the gold into a single lump. The crucible should not l)e completely filled witli Hux, and it is a good plan to mix the w^aste powder with a small quantity of Ihix, and tlien to make a small pit in tlie centre of the flux in the crucible, and to fill up this pit with the gold. By this means the precious metal is kept from contact witli the walls of the crucible, and is encouraged to Fall direct to the bottom. THE USE OF COBALT. 147 As to liL'jit, the top of china glost is sutliciont, hut there is some risk in placing a crucible full of soft thix at the to}i of a bung, so that it is better to use the iK^ttoni of a Biscuit Oven, placing the crucible in a sagger half full of Hint, in case of a jjreakage. If tliese operations lie carefully performed, a small button of fine gold will l)e found at the Ijottom of each crucible. THE USE OF COBALT. An infallilde method of detecting impure oxide. Dissolve either black oxide or prepared oxide, as the case may be, in pure muriatic acid diluted with distilled w^ater, which very readily becomes saturated with cobalt, the solution yielding crystals of a red colour inclining to blue. On the other hand, if the solution becomes green in colour, it is owing to the presence of nickel or arsenic, either of which is inimical to the brilliancy of colour ; and oxide so impure must be used with extreme caution. Cobalt fluxes must l)e well mixed, the different ingredients very finely ground and perfectly dried, and they should be fired in the " forebung " of the (llost Oven in strong chambers. After being chiitjicd they will re<|uir(! to be ground and well dried before being mixed with the cobalt oxides. In mixing the oxides with the fluxes it is a good plan to pass the mass through a sieve, so as to ensure that the particulars may more easily concrete when in a state of fusion. The mixture will require to be calcined in the Glost Oven, on no account above the " l)ag," in well-Hinted earthenware crucililes or very strong chand)ers. After firing, the colour miist be chipped free from all Hint and ])ieces of jdlcher. It is needful that the colours slioidd Ijc well washed twice, first with hot and then with cold filtered water after giiiiding at the mill, and lastly, well dried. For painting on the gla/e the colour sliould be used })re- 148 ENAMEL COLOURS. cisely as is the case with enamel colours, a thin coat to be applied in the first instance, and in the second a much thicker one. It is a safer plan to dry tlie pieces when decorated in either an enamel or hardening-on kiln. This is to a great extent a preventive of the colours running. Matt blue is always a difficult colour to deal with. It is almost impossible to use it except in printing, and even then constant losses arise from the breaking up of the colour. This fault may be to a great extent obviated by hardening the colour, while ungla/ed, througli tlie glaze kiln itself instead of through the hardening-on kiln. By this means the colour Ijecomes firmly fixed to the ware, which afterwards only requires to be dipped in the usual way. ENAMEL COLOURS. In the making of enamel colours too much stress cannot possibly be laid on cleanliness and care. It is well to pass colour mixtures through a 30 s. sieve after l)eing w^ell incor- porated. Care must be taken that sieves and other utensils used in the mixing are, in all cases, most thorougldy cleansed. The ingredients must be ground remarkably fine, and then so perfectly dried as tf> leave not the least luunidity. This is particularly enjoined in the case of flint. In the grinding of enamel colours at the mill the pans cannot l)e kept too clean, and should bo well washed and brushed after each grinding, ])articTdarly al)out tlie spindle boxes of the mullers. In the fritting of enamel colours in the (Host Oven, except when otherwise directed, it is not ex])edicnt to place them abovci the " Ijag." Nothing s])oiIs tlic tint of colonrs more than tlu'ii' being scorched. The ditl'erent materials composing the Ihixes sliould be finely ground or sieved, and most Ihorougldy incor[)orated l)efore being fritted. After being passed through the fire ENAMEL COLOURS. 149 great care must l)e taken that none of the saKJier or crucihle adheres to the colour, otherwise mishap might ensue. .Attention nnist always Ije paid to the grinding and drying of tluxes. It is an essential feature that, before being mixed with the bases of colours, tlioy should be perfectly dry. CHROME RED. Dichromate of lead, as it is called chemically, may be obtained by boiling oxide or carbonate of lead with an aqueous solution of mouochromate of potassium, or l)y digesting the neutral cliromate of lead in a dilute solution of caustic potash. The residuum should be well washed with distilled water. It is an insoluble scarlet-coloured powder. CHROME YELLOW. The simple chromate of lead is obtained in the following manner : — To a solution of a soluble salt of lead the addition is made of an equal part of chromate of potassium in solution, Ijoth being at lioilin^u' point. If the solutions are mixed in a cool state the precipitate will be pale yellow. CHROMATE OF BARYTES is prepared by dropping a solution of chromate of potassium into a solution of chloride of barium. The yellow precipi- tate must be well washed, and is as insoluble in water as the sulphate of barytes. Care should be exercised in touching these substances and solutions on account of their poisonous character. DIOXIDE OF MANGANESE, when found in its natural state, takes the name of pyrolusite. It is in this form that it becomes useful to the manufacturers of pottery. The chemical bye-product, ja-ecipitated black oxide of manganese, is also largely used. 150 PREPARATION OF LIQUID OR FRENCH BRIGHT ( JOLD. SESQUIOXIDE OF MANGANESE may be obtained by heating pure dioxide in a crucible to redness until the evolution of oxygen has ceased, or by exposing protonitrate of manganese to a red heat, the sesqui- oxide in either case remaining in the shape of a black powder. THE PREPARATION OF LIQUID OR FRENCH BRIGHT GOLD. Note. — The preparation of liquid gold requires the greatest possible care, not only on account of its valuable nature, but also, where caution is n(it exercised, the brightness of the metal may be seriously atfected. The acids, as well as the balsam and essential oils, require to be of the greatest possible purity, and the ntensils should be Bohemian glass or hard porcelain. The gold to \)Q used must l)e roasted tine yellow gold. GOLD SOLUTION. The first operation is to prepare a strong solution, which may be done by dissolving two ounces of yellow gold in six ounces of muriatic acid and two ounces of nitric acid. The solution nnist be effected in a large testing glass of extra thickness. The gold requires to l)e added to the acids in small (|uantities at a time, otherwise excessive ebullition might take place. The solution may l)e noticed by the continual effervescence. When this ceases it may be taken for granted that the whole of the gold is dissolved. To ensure, however, that tliis is perfectly accomplished, it will be as well to let the test glass be in proximity to a very moderate heat. To tlie gold solution now add two dwts. of best granvdated tin procurable. The latter will have the eflect of again causing effervescence. When this ceases the mixture is accomplished. PREPARATION OF LIQUID OR FRENX'II P.RKUIT (iOLD. 151 THE MENSTRUUM. The menstniuin for liquid gold is composed of two parts of gurguu balsam and one part of oil of amber. These constituents must be incorporated with great nicety over a slow fire, and it is higlily essential that this also should be done carefully. LIQUID GOLD FOR USE. When the menstruum is well mixed, the goLl solution is then gradually added to the menstruum in small quantities at a time, being well stirred continually with a glass rod until the whole is thoroughly blended, whicli will probably take half an hour. The mixture may then be found too thick for use, and in this case the following tlux may be added to the mass until a proper consistency is assumed, which can only l)e ascertained by close observation and experiment : — LIQUID GOLD FLUX. 14 o/,s. Gurgun Balsam. S „ Oil of Amber, i „ Essential Oil of Eosemary. It may be observed that the longer liquid gold is allowed to stand after preparation the better it is, as its appearance is heightened l)y age. CHAPTER Y. CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS. CLASSIFICATION OF CLAY WARE. Class I. — Body uniformly fluxed, dense, cannot be scratched with the knife, fairly granular, translucent, very sonorous, white and uniform. PORCELAIN. Tender Forcelain.—Bodj easily fusible. English. — Body consists of bone ash, china clay, and stone with felspar. Glaze contains borax and lead. Frcncli. — The body consists of a vitreous mass with clay. Tiie glaze is a leaden one of hard consistency. FiCal Porcelain. — Body and glaze difficult of fusion. Class II. — Body dense, cannot be scratched with the knife, sonorous, finely granular, not translucent. STONEWARE. Salt-glazed Stoneware. — Body of a reddish grey or bluish fracture. Generally glazed with a salt glaze. Bristol Stoneivarc. — Light dral) body, vitreous. Glazed with a stone and calcium glaze. Ironstone Ware. — Body usually white and semi-vitrified. Artificially coloured, and has a composite glaze containing silica, calcium, borax, lead and alum. Class III. — Body earthy, porous, pretty hard, opaque, texture o]icn, little sonorous. LORD I'LAYFAIR'S ANALYSIS OF PURE CLAYS. 153 EARTHENWARE. Fine Earthenware. — Body bard, white aud souorous. Glaze : a soft white one, containing l)oth Ijorax and lead. Delft or Common Ear thenu-a re. —Hody liuely granular, more or less of a yellow tint, with a soft transparent glaze. Class IV. — Body earthy, very porous, opa([ue, soft. Homo- geneous texture, always coloured. Commonest Pottery. — Usually seen partly glazed and partly unglazed. The glaze, consisting of salt and litharge, always easy of fusion and transparent. Lustre Ware. — Body earthy, porous, opaque, and very soft. Texture not entirely uniform ; with a metallic glaze, having no transparency. Class Y. — Body more or less not uniform, always coloured, very soft, porous and open, not sonorous and opaque. BriclxS, Tiles and Ornaments. — Sometimes glazed body, infusible except at a very high temperature. Fire-proof Crucibles. — Body difficult of fusion. Not glazed. LORD PLAYFAIR'S ANALYSIS OF PURE CLAYS. CHINA CLAY. 8ib(;a ..... 45-56 Alumina with trace of Oxide of Iron 40-76 Lime ..... 2-17 Potassa with trace of Soda . 1-90 Magnesia .... traces Phosphoric Acid ... traces Sulphuric Acid faint traces Water 9-61 100-00 154 CLASSIFICATION. BLUE CLAY. Silica ..... 46-38 Alumina .... 38-04 Protoxide of Iron 1-04 Lime ..... 1-20 Magnesia .... traces Water .... 13-44 100-00 RED CLAY. Silica . Alumina Protoxide of Iron Lime Magnesia Water 49-44 34-26 7-74 1-48 5-14 1-94 100-00 THE MARKETS OF THE WORLD AND THE TRADE QUALITY OF THE IMPORTS OF ENGLISH CHINA AND EARTHENWARE. CLASSIFICATION. Class T. represents the countries wbicli take the finest china and the best kind of earthenware. (yLASS IT. represents those countries which take medium china and eartlienware, l)oth common printed and painted. Class III. represents those countries only taking the commonest china and earthenware. CLASSIFICATION. 155 ('LASS I. Brit ixh Possess ivus. Canadii (witli tlu> exception of the iiiiper halt" of the North-Western Provinces). Indian Enipiie (Bengal). (Madras). Victoria. Sonthern .Vustralia. Western Australia. New South Wales. Queensland. Foreign Possessions. Austria. Dcnniaik. France. Germany. Hungary. Italy. Russia. U.S. America. Class II. British Bussessions. Australia, Southern. ,, Western. Bermudas. Cape Colony. Cyprus. Hong-Kong. Indian Em]>ire (Punjjih) ( Madras). Natal. New Soutli Wales. New Zealand. Tasmania. Queenslaml. Foreign Possession s. U.S. America. The Brazils. Belgium. Bulgaria. Denmark. Holland. Japan. IV)itugal. jMontenegro. N(jrway. Eoumania. Servia. Spain. Sweden. Switzerland. Turkey. 156 APPROXnrATE TIIVFE AND FUEL SCALE. Class III. British Possessions. Berniuda.s. Borneo. Bui'mah. Ceylon. Guiana. Honduras. Jamaica. Labuan. Mauritius. Newfoundlanil. Straits Settlements. Tasmania. Foreign Possessions. Argentina. Bolivia. Cambodia. Chili. Cochin China. Colombia. Congo States. Costa Plica. Cuba. Ecuador. Guatemala. Hayti. Persia. Peru. Mexico. San Salvador. Uruguay. Venezuela. Cases may be known of all three classes of ceramic being sent to a country. It is, however, an unusual pro- cedure. APPROXIMATE TIME AND FUEL SCALE FOR OVEN FIRING. Number of Hours Fired. Approximate Amount of Coal Consumed. China Biscuit Ovtii .... 35 to 45 10 tons. Earthfciiware Biscuit Ovon 30 ,, 40 8 „ Cliiii.i (J lost Oven .... 10 ., 14 5 „ Eaitlicnwaie Glost Oven . 9 ,, 12 4 ,, Rcf^ular Enamel Kilns 5 ,, 6 23 cwts. Hard Kilns ..... . . 6 „ 7 27 „ STANDARD. WEIGHTS OF POTTERS' MATERIALS. 157 ENAMEL KILN FIRING. PYROMETRICAL TEST ON CHINA SLATES WITH THUMI'. TRIALS IN MAROON. Estimated No. of Dej^rees Centigrade. 610 6.''.0 690 730 770 810 850 890 Estimated No. of Degrees Fahrenheit. Ui-adatioii of Change of Tint. Kiln Heat. 11.30 1202 1274 1346 1418 1490 1562 1634 Diitv Rrowii Tint .... Brick Red Brick Red pji.sses to Rose, but Red retained on edges and thinner l>.irts Rose Colour passes to Purple . Rose Colour jia.sses to Violet . Ro.se Colour ])a.s.ses to deep Violet . Violet becomes lighter Rose Colour entirely disaiij>ears. Violet becomes pale . Regular Kiln. HmhI Kilii. STANDARD WEIGHTS OF POTTERS' MATERIALS. China Clay Slip sliould weigh 20 oimces to a pint. Ball Clay „ „ ., 24 Whiting Flint Stone Bone Spar 26 32 32 80 32 158 DECORATED GOODS COUNT. DECORATED GOODS COUNT. Article. Numbers and Deiioiuiua- tions. Diuiier Ware — Plates, 10 inches Count as 12 to dozen. „ 8 „ ,, 15 „ 7 „ 18 ,, 6 ,, 18 5 „ 24 Dishes, 9 ,, 12 * „ 10 ,. 12 12 ,, ,, Ih pieces. 14 „ 2" ,, 16 ,, 2 IS ,, H „ Gravies, 16 ,, 21 ,, „ 18 „ 3" ,, 20 ,, 31 ,, Soup Tureen iliddle.s 2 ,, Covers . 2 ,, Stands . 2 Sauce Tureen Middles 1 ,, Covers . 1 . , Stands . 1 Vegetable Dishes, 8 inches ,, 2itodozen. 9 „ 3" „ 10 ,, 3 Sauce Boats 14 „ Sauce Boat Stands ,, 1 piece. Salads ,, 3 pieces. Fruit and Ice Saucers 24 Individual Pickles 24 Butters . 36 Dessert Plates . ,, 1 piece. Low Com[)orts . ,, Ij pieces. Tall o" Articles of Toilet Ware — Ewer ., 1 piece. Basin ',, 1 Chamber . 1 „ Soap .... 1 Upright Tray . 1 „ Slop Jar . ,, 5 }iieces. Chamber Covei- . ,, 1 or f piece. Brush Trays, 7 inclics ,. li pieces. 8 „ ,; ii „ Teas .... 1 Tea. Breakfasts 1 J: Teas. Mufliiis, 6 ini'lies n „ >1 "i !) H ,, B. and B.'s . 2 „ Slops 2 Sugars . lA •• Milks . 2 Creams . 2 Egg Cups 3 count as 2 ,, CHAPTER VL COMPARATIVE LOSS OF WEIGHT OF CLAYS AND POTTERS' MATERIALS DURING DRYING AND FIRING. Of each clay and mateiial Ijelow named, 25 drams were taken in the commercial or damp state in which they were received, weiglied with great care, and placed out on separate marked cards to air-dry hy simple exposure on the top of the office desk for 20 hours, then finishing the drying hy placing in front of the office fire for a short time, then weighing them again carefully, noting the weights, and suhsequently firing each separately in marked cups in the Biscuit Oven. The al)ove method is not by any means an exact one from a research point nf view; but, as great care was bestowed on tlie experiments at each operation, the results are approximately correct and practically useful for several investigations a pottery manager may be called upon to make in connection with tbe trade at almost any time. Dried Ground Flint (i.e. Calcined Selected Flints, Water (rround and Dried). — First sample, 25 drams taken, after drying weighed 24 1 drams, tbat is a loss of |- drams on 25, naniely, .". per cent. After firing this still weighed 24|- drams. Second sample, 25 drams taken, after drying weighed 24^ drams, eipials a loss of o^ per cent. Tliis sample after firing only weighed 24 drams, giving a loss during firing of xft pic by the jwessers. — One sam])lc only tested ; 25 drams taken, after drying as described; this weighed 10^ (h-auis, indicating a LOSS OF WKIOIIT OK CLAYS. Gl jierccntagc loss on diTing of 23 J- per cent. When lireil, llie weight regislered was 18;|- drams, shtiwing a loss during tiring alone (»f 4f.-;^ per cent., and making a total loss of 27 per cent. Tabulating the pereentage results, we then ha\e the fol- lowing interesting comparison: — Per Cent. Per Cent. Total Matciiul. Loss by Loss by Per Cent. Drying. Firing. Loss. Flint . Ist sanijile 3 3 ,, . . . 2nd ,, Bh m 4 Stone . 1st 6 2/7 8 ,, . . . 2nd „ 2i IM? 4 China Clay . 1st 10^ 12Hf 22 ,, 2nd ,, 12 i^m 23| liall Clay . 1st 21i nm 30| ,, 2iid ,. 2.3 i llrV% 32 Body Clay . 2:^i 4A\- 27 The serviceable a}>plieation of such results, when ex- tended and confirmed, will be evident to practical potters. For instance, suppose it is required to calculate the quantity of body clay consumed in the manufacture of 100 dozens of any article of pottery, counting twelve to the dozen : take a few pieces in their diy biscuit state, freshly drawn from the oven, and weigh them ; ascertain the average weight of one piece, multiply this weight by 1200, and then, presuming the 27 per cent., as per table, has been confirmed for the particular body (»f which the articles have been made, woik out the sum by simple e([uations, thus — Product in ll)s. = I'o o^-'- X will then be the required weight of clay consumed in lbs. Again, the results of such experiments may be useful in giving some indication of the degree of shrinkage to be ox]>ected in diiVerently com^wuiided bodies; and by thus 1 1 1G2 LOSS OF WETOHT OF CLAYS. forecastiug tlie .shrinkage, an approximate allowance for or anticipation of this may be made, and the moulds corrected. Fm'ther, these results show us better how to value the real costs of the several materials or clays of which a body is composed; for it is evident tiiat if 100 11)8. of flint in a body clay means 97 lbs. in the biscuit warehouse, whereas 100 lbs. of ball clay means only about 59 or 60 lbs. of ware in the l)iscuit warehouse, the relative value of these two materials, as compared with their market price in a com- mercial condition, is very greatly modified. For instance, 100 cwts. of dried ground flint in usual state costs, say, 2s. per cwt. = £10 ; it yields in biscuit ware 9 7 cwts. ; therefore the cost per cwt. in the biscuit ware will be 200^97 = 2-062s. 100 cwts. of ball clay in commercial state costs, say, Is. 4d. per cwt. = £6, 13s. 4d.; it yields in biscuit ware, say, 60 cwts.; therefore the cost per cwt. in the biscuit ware will be 133^^60 = 2-222s. Then, presuming our premises and inferences are quite correct, this shows that ball clay is actually 0'16s. per cwt. (say 2d. per cwt.) more expensive than flint in the biscuit warehouse. Other applications of these results will probably suggest tliemselves to practical potters as occasions arise. X^jM^^^^S^&^i SLOP GROUND FELSPAR CALCULATIONS AND EXPLANATORY PROOFS. Foi; the pm-pusea of the Stalturdsliire caitlicinvare trade, calcined flint or Cornish or Jersey stone, when finely ground in water, and in the condition technically known as Slop Flint or Slop Stone respectively (tlie finely ground particles heing in suspension in water in a creamy consistency), is bought and sold by a certain definite standard ; the customary standard of sale and purchase is that a peck of such slip flint or stone shall weigh 32 lbs., and in practice all pecks varying from this standard are reduced in account to an equivalent number of 3 2 lb. pecks. Taking this as a standard for slop ground felspar also, let us ask the (question, What number of pecks of slop felspar of 32 lbs. weigiit each are equivalent in value to the number of pecks indicated ])y the under-mentioned weights on the weighbridge and by pint ? — (I.) 01 cwts. at 34:^ ozs. to pint. {11.) 12 „ 34| .„ „ (111.) 13 „ 35i „ „ To find the number of pecks by actual measure we reduce the number of cwts. to lbs., and then divide by the pint weight in ozs., because whatever the pint weight is in ozs. so is the peck in lbs. Thus — (I.) (9ixll2)^34i = 30-2481j (II.) (12 X 112)-:-342 =38-G7G2' pecks by measure. (III.) (13x112)^35^=40-727 I 104 SLOP GROUND FELSPAR CALCULATIONS. Now the relative value of these peeks 1»y measure is determined Ly the number the figures of the pint weigh in ozs. in excess of 20, for tlie reason that every increase of 1 oz. of pint weight over 20 ozs. is dependent upon a dis- placement of water ])y the material ; and as this takes place in perfectly regular succession, integral and fractional, if the pint weight is 32 ozs., namely, 12 ozs. over the 20, the dis- })lacement has been just twelve times greater than if the pint weight were 21 ozs. So if the pint weighs 34, the displace- ment has l)een fourteen times greater, and so on ; consei[uently we proceed to reckon the equivalent nundjer of 32 lb. pecks thus — (I.) 12 : 141 : : ;30-2481 : 35-910 : for each of the ascertained numbers of pecks by measure is 34|- lbs., and therefore of relatively greater value than the standard l»y 2^ in 12. S(^ witli the others — ■ (11.) 12 : 14| : : 38-0702 : 47-539. (ni.) 12 : 15J : : 40-727 : 53-454. The answer in each instance is the nundjer of 32 lb. pecks to which the actual nundjer of slop pecks of tlie given weight are in value equal to. In this manner, whether the pint weights are over or under the standard, the value may be found. And in practice the rule may be made shorter l)y can- celling. Thus — (1.) 9J:X 112x1 i;l-_ 91x 9.^ X 14:1- 34I-X12 ~ J4i (TL) 12xll2xl4|_ 12x91 xl4A 341- X 12 ~ 34| ( I II.) 1 3x112x15^ 13x9 i X 1 5|- 35|xl2 '" 35f SLOP (iROUNl) FELSPAR CALCULATIONS. 1G5 For tliose who are willing to follow this iu(|uiry very closely step by stej), the more detailed explanatory proofs following may Ije helpful : — (a) The mean or average .specific gravity of felspar may he taken as 2"G216, because orthoclase =- 2"4 to 2"G, oliy;o- clase 2"G to 2'7, labradorite 2'G7 to 2'7G ; total, 15-73, which divided by G = 2'621(), tlie mean specific gravity. (h) If from a pint of water a bulk of water weigliing precisely 1 o/. is extracted, and this liulk exactly replaced by an equal ])ulk of felspar of the aljove-named specific gravity, the weight of the pint will have increased 1-621G oz. But a bulk of felspar equal to 1 oz. of water weighs 2*62 16 ozs., presuming our average specific gravity is correct : therefore, to increase the pint weight rG216 oz., 2'621G ozs. of felspar are reijuired : and by consequence, to increase the pint weight 1 oz., 1-G16G74S oz. is required; for 1-621G : 1 : : 2-6216 : 1-6166748. ((') At 32 ozs. to i)int the increase of weight per pint has been 12 ozs.: and as 1 '6166748 oz. of felspar is required to increase the pint weight 1 oz., twelve times that weight is recjuired to make the pint 32 ozs. ; therefore a 32 oz. pint of slop felspar contains I2xl-G1GG748 oz. = 19-4009 ozs. of dry felspar: and so 1 pock of 32 lbs. contains 19-4009 lbs. dry weight of felspar. {d) "When the pint weight is 32 ozs. there are 3| pecks by measure in each cwt. of slo}t (112-^32 = 3^): and as each of these ]>ecks contains 19-4009 H's. dry felspar (see c), we infer that 1 cwt. of slop felspar will contain 3^^ times 19-4009 lbs. dry, namely, 67-9 lbs. (e) At 34^- ozs. to pint the increased weight in the pint is 14] ozs.; therefore the pint at 34:J- ozs. will contain 14]- X 1-6166748 = 23-0376 ozs., and the peck of 34] lbs. slop will contain 20-0376 lbs. dry. (/') When the peck is 34^ lbs. there are 112^ 34| = 3,Vr 166 SLOP GROUND FELSPAPv CALCULATIONS. pecks by measure iu each cwt. of slop ; therefore 1 cvvt. of slop felspar at 34|- ozs. to piut, and of the supposed specific gravity, contains 3 fVr x 2 3 • 3 7 6 lbs. dry, namely, 7 5 • 3 3 4 6 9 lbs. dry. (g) Then, because 3^ pecks at 32 ozs. to piut contain 67-9 lbs. dry weight, the 75-33460 lbs. found by / are equivalent to 3^ x 75-3346 ^ 67-0 = 3-88323 pecks of 32 lbs. slop; therefore we calculate that 9^ cwts. of slop felspar, at 34:^ ozs. to pint, are equivalent to 35-91987 pecks of slop felspar at ."5 2 ozs. to pint. Ifeferring now to the earlier porti(jn of this chapter, we see that by our simple rule we found the number to be 35-916, which, for all practical purposes, will l)e sufficiently near the absolutely correct. (h) At 34|- ozs. to pint the increase is 14|- ; therefore, for the reasons already expressed, the dry contents equal 14|- X 1-61G6748 = 23-84595 ozs., and consequently the peck contains 23-84595 lbs. dry contents. Again, at 34|- lbs. to the slop peck there are 112 -^ 34|- = 3tuV pecks by measure in each cwt. ; therefore 1 cwt. of slop felspar, at 34|- ozs. to pint, we infer contains oj\h X 23-84595 lbs., namely, 76-856 lbs. dry felspar. But it has been shown that 67-9 lbs. dry weight equal 3|- pecks, at 3 2 ozs. to pint, i.e. 3^-32 lb. slop pecks ; therefore 76-856 lbs. dry = 3-9G14 32 lb. pecks. So, because 1 cwt. of slo]) fels})ar at 34|- ozs. to the pint equals 3-9614 pecks at 32 lbs., consequently 12 cwts. slop at 64|- ozs. to pint = 47-5308 32 11). slop pecks. lieferring again (o tlu; result Ijy the sinqiler rule, we iind it was 47-539, and this is almost identical witli the result now obtained. (i) At 35|- ozs. to pint the increase over 20 is 15|- ozs.; therefore dry contents = 15|- x 1-61 66748, namely, 25-46262: thcrefoic 1 ])eck contains 25-46202 ll>s. dry. SLOP (JROUXJ) FELSPAR CALCULATIONS. 167 When the slop peek weii^lis ^'i^- ll)s. tliere are 1 1 2 -^ 35|- = 3"132867 }ecks, still the equivalent in 32 lb. pecks of slop is 4-117 pecks, and for that reason 13 cwt. will be just I."! times 4-11 17, namely, 53-4521 pecks of 32 lbs. In conclusion, we give examples of the application of the rule in its most condensed form for the most rapid calcula- tions : — (I.) (91x91 X 141) ^341 = 35-199. (II.) (12x91 xl4f)-f 341 = 47-539. (III.) (13x91 xl5f)^ 351 = 53-455. CHAPTER VIII. THE CONVERSION OF SLOP BODY RECIPES OR FORMULA INTO DRY WEIGHT PRO PORTIONS, AND VICE VEESA. Occasions arise in tlie course of long experience in manu- facturing when changes of works or structural or mechanical alterations render it necessary, temporarily or permanently, to revert from a slop-weitrhino; to a dry-weiy'hinc!; method. -L cri o (ZOO Circumstances may also cause interruption in the supplies of slop materials or variations in prices of the same that make the change desirable. From whatever cause this occurs, most manufacturers . would like some assistance in checking their own calculations, lest by any means errors should creep in and lead to unfortunate losses, such as have at times occurred in this manner. From the fact that tlic specific gravities of the clays — Hint, stone — are not very diflerent from each other, and that it is usual to specify tlie pint weiglits respectively, as ball clay slip to be 24 ozs. to pint, china clay slip 20 oxs., slop Hint 32 ozs., and slop stone 32 ozs., it becomes a comparatively simple reckoning. For at 24 ozs. to pint a ]iint of ball clay slip yields prac- tically one-tln'rd of tlie dry weight of clay, as a pint of flint or stone at 32 ozs. to pint yields of dry material respectively; and china clay slip weighing 20 ozs. yields, as nearly as practical)le, half the weight ol" diy material as slop flint or st(»ii(' does at 32 ozs. to ])int. Hence, if we wish to convert such a foi'mula as tlio following to dry weiglit ])i'oportions : — CALCULATIONS OF SLOP LODY RECIPES. Ile niainic;r. Thus — For tlic hall clay divide tlie 15 liy 3, niakin;^ 5 ; for the china clay divide the !) l»y 2, making 4^ ; and allow the figures foi- the Hint and stone to remain unaltered. This gives us tlie ]>roportions of positively dry materials. 5 jiarls liy weight of dry l)all clay. 4^- „ „ „ chir.a clay. 6 „ „ „ Hint. 4 „ „ „ stone. Then ascertain the percentage of moisture in the clays and materials: jnesuming it to he — 18 per cent, in the l)all clay, 12^ „ „ cliina clay, 3 „ „ Hint, 4 „ ■ „ stone, we find the connuercial weights l)y simple Ci\ uation.s. Tims Hall clav, 5 — J- — x. 100 1 oo''' .-. 500 - 82^' ■-^"'^^-6 ^ 82 10 12^ China clav, 4^ = a,'— -^.r. ^ " 100 ^ 100 r. .-.450 = 87 450 _1 .•. x= =• 0-. 87i 7 Flint, G = .- ■' ,r. .•. 1 Cr loO .-. 000 = 97 X. 600 ,. 3 .'.X— = — . 07 16 170 CALCULATIONS OF SLOP BODY RECIPES. 4 96 Stone, 4=,r— x. .-.4= x. .-.400 = 90.1; 100 100 __400_ 1 The e(|ui\'uleiit piopurtious then will l)e — G^V parts by weight nf liall clay containing 18 p. c. moisture, of „ „ china clay „ 12-J- „ „ 6to- „ „ ground flint ,, 3 „ „ 4?r „ „ ground stone „ 4 „ „ For cases in which the pint weiglits of the formula to he converted are not in the usual order of 24 ozs., 26 ozs., 32 ozs., 32 ozs., our simple rule cannot immediately be applied. For instance, suppose it was required to convert the following slop fornnda to equivalent proportions in dry weights : — 15 inches ball clay slip at 24 ozs. to pint. 9 „ china clay slip „ 26 „ „ 6 ,, slop flint „ 31 „ „ 4 „ slop stone ,, 30-|- „ „ we must flrst ascertain tlie equivalent measures of flint and stone at 32 ozs. To do so multiply the inches given by the specified ]»int weight in ounces less 20 (that is, 31 — 20 = 11) and divide ))y 12 ; thus (6x11)^12 = 66-12 = 5~|. Then for the stone (4 x 10+) ^ 12 = 3-J-. So we get the fnllowing : — 15 inches ball clay slip at 24 ozs. to pint. 9 „ china clay slip „ 26 „ 5^ „, slop iHut „ 32 „ 34- ,, slo]) stone ,, 32 ,, ,, Now we can apply the sinq)le rule aforenamed, and so arrive at^ CALCULATIONH OF SLOP liODV KKOIPES. 1 < 1 5 parts ]_»y weight of dry Ijall clay. 4i; „ „ china clay. 5} „ „ flint. 3^ „ „ stone. Then liy making the calculations for moisture percentage in the clays and materials in the manner previously explained, i.e., hy means of simple e([uations, we find the commercial weight to 1)C — G 1 V parts by weight uf l)all clay containing 18 p. c. moisture. Or „ „ cliina clay „ 12^ „ „ 5f „ „ flint „ 3 3§ „ „ stone „ 4 „ Again, suppose the formula to be converted was as under : — ■ 15 inches ball clay slip at 23^ ozs. to pint. 9 „ china clay slip „ 25 „ 6 „ slop flint „ 33 „ „ 4 „ slop stone „ 31 Then to reduce tlie formula- to standard pint weiglits the sums may l)e expressed thus — Ball clay [( 1 5 x 3^) -^ 4] -h 3 = 4 .;', dry. China clay [( 9 x 5)-!- G] -^ 2 = 3| Flint [( Gxl3)^12]-M = 6^ „ Stone [( 4x11)4-12]^ 1 = 35 Tlien by means of simple e(piations, as imlicated in [)revious instances, ascertain tlic ('t(ui\aleiit weights of clays and materials in Ibeir usual cniiiiuercial condition. Thus — 15all clay 4/, = x - ^^^. China day .".^ = ^\foX — cc. Mint (jyy =•'-'— 1 ro'<^'- .Stone o'^ = X ~ I uT*.^-'. 172 CALCULATIONS OF SLOP BODY RECIPES. To convert recipes of dry weight proportions into recipes of slop measures of the customary weights to pint. Suppose the formula to Ije — 200 lbs. ball clay in commercial state. 200 „ china clay „ „ 200 „ dry Hint 150 „ dry stone „ „ First of all, estimate the percentage of moisture in each clay and material, and deduct its per cent. Thus, say ball clay has been found to contain an average of 18 per cent, moisture, china clay 12^ per cent., Hint 3 })er cent., and stone 4 per cent., then — Ball clay =(200-36)=164 dry. Clnna clay = (200-25)= 175 „ Flint =(200- 6)= 194 „ Stone =(150- G)=144 „ Tiion we can proceed in either of two ways ; thus, by applying our simple rule in the reverse manner, so — lG4x3 = 492 = 49-2 = 16.\ inches slop 24 ozs. 175 x2 = 350 = 35-0= llii „ 2G „ 194x1 = 194=19-4= 6+ „ 32 „ 144x1 = 144=14-4= 5 „ 32 „ ( )r, taking ascertained average dry weights of contents of 1 peck of the various sli[)s, we divid(! tlie dry proj)()rtions tbw-cl)y, thus — lG4-f Gi\r = 24^= IG! inches slop. 174-^ 9/;,= 18^ = 121 194^19];^= 9f= G^ 144-f 19^ = 7^= 5 The two methods are thus sbowii to liave i>nl\' a Lri\ial ilitrerence in results when comjtareil as aljovc. CALCULATIONS OF SLOP I'.ODV RIX'II'KS. IT-"' Having thus olttaiiuid the slop forniiila, sliould tlie ])int weiglits of tlie clay slijis or slop materials, at any time obtaiual)le, vary from tlie standards of 24, HO, 32, o2, respectixely, mixing ni;iy still be proceeded with by tlie use of the "Special Heady Rcclvoner," nr tables of equivalent measures of clay slips at tblTerent pint weights, compiled and published by Mr. W. J. Furniv(d. In cases where it is intended to measure some of the clays or materials in a slop state, and to weigli the others in their commercially dry condition, whereas the body has hitherto been all measured slop : — Ascertain the area of blending ark, then multiply by the depths of each material, and so obtain the pecks of each by measure. Then supposing tlie ball clay and china clay are to be weighed diy, and the Hint and stone measured slop, as before, at .■^)2 ozs. to pint, reduce the pecks to their dry contents l)y multiplying the number of pecks of ball clay slip by 6 ,V, and those of china clay slip l)y 9 ,'',;-, then add the natural moisture percentage, and this gives the desired figures in lljs. When it is required to tind the dry recipe corresponding to a wet recipe, not only in relative proportions, but also in actually e(piivalent quantities or volume : — Multiply the area measurements in inches of the blending ark by the se\eral specified depths in inches of each slip, then divide the several numbers so obtained by 554'55, to find the respective numl)er of pecks by measure. Then presuming the pint weights by the recipe are 24, 26, 32, 32, nniltiply the number of pecks of ball clay by GyV lbs., those of china clay by 9t.t lbs., those of flint by 19| lbs., and of stone l)y 19:|- lbs. Then, by simple equations, find the numbers eijuivalent in clays, etc., containing the usual per- centage of moisture, and these will be the required weights. CHAPTER IX. A CALCULATION OF THE COSTS OF PRE- PAEED WHITE EARTHENWARE GRANITE BODY CLAY, AND OF A GLAZE FOR THIS BODY. First of all, with regard to the 1)ody. Many circumstances conspire to render the cost of a prepared body clay more or less at one pottery than at another, such as tlie formula, the quality and value (tf the clays used, the costs of carriage thereon, the prices at which the tiint and stone are purchased, ■ the proportion of blue stain, the number of different bodies made, the economy in labour, wear and tear, waste, con- tinuity or otherwise of working, the quantity of scraps remade, scarcely any two works being similar in all respects. Consequently the resultant figures of these calculations will be of the character of examples, based mainly upon current methods and costs ruling in the Stalfordshire pot- teries. ])y correcting the several items herein named to the actual costs at Ins own works, a manufacturer may arrive at a fairly correct estimate. The formula chosen is re])re- sentative of a white earthenware body requiring a hard biscuit firing, such as is usually employed by manufacturers of what is teclmiciilly known as granite ware, say to the point at which an average sanqJe of Swedish felspar begins to melt. The })ro])oi'tion of blue stain is rather less tlian for [{ranite wear. AVEr?A<;i.: V]\]y\K COST OF WlilTK KAIiTlfKXWARK. 17." Foi;mula or 15oi>v. 1 .") iiic'lies ilepili tit' liall cl;iy >^\\]> at '24 oxs. to pint. 12 „ ,, cliiua clay slip „ 20 „ „ 7 „ „ slop fliut „ '.'''2 5 „ „ slop stone „ '■>2 „ „ We will suppose the mixing or blending ark or tank to measure ten feet by five feet, and to have a depth of a few inches more than the total depth of the aljove-named blend- ing, and say we use '^h pints of slop Ijlue stain at 25 ozs. to pint ; the stain being made of oxide of cobalt fluxed with half its own weight of china clay, calcined, and then ground in water and finely lawned. The costs of this will then work out thus : 2 lbs. of oxide of cobalt at os. 3d. per lb., 10s. Gd. ; 1 lb. china clay, say Id.; calcining and grind- ing, say Is. Gd. ; this gives a figure of about 4s. per lb. of dry stain. Now a pint of 25 ozs. to pint of such a stain is supposed to contain aljout 7^- ozs. dry stain; 3.^ pints will then he ol x 7^1 ozs. — 23 ozs., say H 11)S., at 4s. per lb. It is taken for granted that the manufacturer has no clay mines or flint mills of his own, or, in the event of his having such, that they are worked independently ; consetpieutly, we estimate our costs at as nearly as possible average market prices now current in North Staffordshire. Tlie l)lending being done in a slip state, and the clays lia\'ing been all previously intimately incorporated with water, so as to form semi-fluids or slips of the consistency of cream, it is necessary, for the purposes of the calculation, to discover what weight of dry clay or material is contained in a pint of the clay slip at the specified pint weight. It must be observed, too, that there is a considerable diflerence in the pint weights of each of the four components, 17G AVERAGE PRIME COST OF WHITE EARTIIEKWARE. one slip being 24 ozs. to pint, another 2G o/s., and the otliers 32 ozs. each; and tliis creates a great ditVerence in the relative dry material contained in a pint of one slip as com- pared ^vith another. (Jonseqnentlv, tlie actual proportion of material vised in tlie body is not by any means apparent from a casual inspection of the simple de})th in inches of each ingredient. The uninitiated may then ask what reason can be assigned for such a peculiar recipe. It is simply this : clays being in a state of minute subdivision, and also having an affinity for water, become thickened to a desirable degree with a less quantity of dry contents in the case of Itall clay than in the case of china clay, and each of them much more so than in the case of Hint and stone. Lengthened experience has pointed out what weight to a pint each of the slips attains when in the most desirable or advantageous consistency for blending together with sufficient freedom, while at the same time not being thin enough to allow of a too ready suljsiding or separation for the con- venience of the operations of clay preparations. There are two ways of ascertaining the dry contents of these several pints of slips : firstly, actual experiment : secondly, a calculation from the specific gravities of the materials. Actual experiments were made thus : a pint of ball clay sli]» sieved through what are known as 14s. and 18s. mesh silk lawns, weighing 23 1 ozs. slop, yielded 5^ ozs. of dry ball clay ; this ]3ut again into a pint measure and filled up with water gave a slop pint weighing 23t"V ozs. Another similar pint of ball slip clay weighing 23^ ozs. slop yielded dry contents weighing 4|- ozs. ; this put into a pint measure and filled up with water gave a slop pint of 22f ozs. A pint of another sort of ball clay slip, sieved as above, weighing 23tV ozs., yielded 4i\ ozs. dry clay, whicli when ]iul iidi) ;i ]>\ul measure and Idled up witli water ga\'e AVERAUK VlllME COST OF WHITE EARTJl KNWAKE. 177 ;i slop piut of 22|- ozs. Aiiutber }»iiit of this l)all clay slip^ weighing 23 ozs., yielded 41,:) ozs., which, when ]mt in a pint measure and tilled u}) with water, weighed 22|- ocs. Another jiint 21|- ozs. slop gave 2 iV ozs. dry clay; tliis, when put into a pint measure and filled up witli water, weighed 21iV o/s. slop. From the foregoing it is inferred that a 24 o/.. pint eon- tains G iV ozs. of dry l)all clay. Then as to china clay : — A pint of china clay slip, sieved througli 14s. and 1 8s. silk lawns, weighing 26 ozs. slop, was carefully dried, and yielded 9 W, ozs. dry china clay; this was put into a pint measure and filled up with water and weighed 25i,y ozs. Another })int of the same clay slip, weighing 2.3 ozs. slop, yielded 4^ ozs. dry, which, when put into a pint measure and filled up with water, weighed 22to- ozs. A pint of another sort of china clay slip similarly lawned, weighing 26 ozs., yielded 9^ ozs. dry contents, and when put into a pint measure and filled up with water, weighed 25 1 ozs. Another pint of the same clay slip, weighing 24^ ozs. slop, yielded 6|- ozs. dry, which, when put into a piut measure and filled up with water, gave a slop pint weighing 23i''o ozs. It seems reasonable, therefore, to infer that the average dry clay in a 26 oz. pint of eliina clay slip is, as nearly as l)racticable, 9i",i ozs. To calculate dry contents from the s])ecitic gravity : Suppose the specific gravity to be 2"5, that is to say, we are supposing the clay or material when perfectly pure and dry to be bulk for bulk two and a half times heavier than water. Now, imagine a pint of water, namely. 20 ozs., having 1 oz. of water taken 6 iV lbs. to the peck, we find that the 169 pecks of bill clay slip contain (l()9x6iV) 1087 II )s. dry. Of china clay slip wo take a depth of 12 inches, with the specified area of 10 fest by 5 feet, that is, 7200 square inches x 12 = 86,400 cul)ic inches ; then, 86,400 -^ 554'55 = 156 ])ccks, 156 pecks x9tV= 1490 lbs. dry china clay. Of slop ttint we have 7 inches deep; therefore 7" x lO'x 5' = 7 X 7200 = 50,400 cubic inches, and tliis gives 50,400 -^554'55 = 9l pecks; and as one ])eck of 32 lbs. of slop fiint is estimated to contain li''i'i; Ihs. (by Ibnt, the 91 pecks slu]) will bo eiual in about 1 SO-'I lbs. of dry lliiil. Of slo]) stone we lutve 5 inches deep: thai will be 5" X 10' X 5' = 5 X 7200 = 36,000 cubic inches^ 3.6,0(10^ 5 5 4" 5 5 pecks = say 65 pocks. AVERAGE PRIME COST OF WHITE EARTHENWARE. 170 Calculating the 32 lbs. slop peck of stone at 19^ lbs. dry contents, this gives us 65 x 1 9;|- = 1 251 lbs. In this manner we arrive at the following results as the positively dry proportions of the fornnda : — 1087 lbs. dry ball clay. 1490 „ „ china clay. 1803 „ „ flint. 1251 „ „ stone. l-J- „ „ l)lue stain. But ball clay and china are not connnereially ]iurehasal)le in a perfectly dry state, so we must further estimate what ])roportion of clay, etc., in the usual commercial state, is equivalent to the above figures. Nothing short of actual experiment will aid us in these instances, and our ex])erimeuts must lie fairly averaged and considered to attain moderate accuracy, because so many little causes of variation exist in practice. A wet luni}) of china clay was takeii; which liad been exposed to rain until (piite damj), Ijut not doughy or soft at all; this weighed •"> o/s. 10 dis. After drying slowly in an evaporating dish over a sand-bath heated by a Bunsen burner, the dry clay then weighed 4:1 drs., showiiig a lo.ss of weight of 15 drs., which is equivalent to (58 : 15 : : 100 : 25'8), a sensible moisture of say 25 J per cent. Another small lump of china clay, which, luiving been protected by the superincumbent clay, was <»nly normally dry, about as clay usually is ; this weighed 1 oz. 4 drs., and after drying in the luannei- aforenamed, weighed, when powder dry, IS dis., showing a loss of 2 drs. in 20, which is (Mpii\aleut to 1(1 per cent, oi sensible moisture. It seems reasonable, therefore, to reckon average ciiina clay in its comniercial state as containini^- 12^ per cent, hygroscopic moistuie. ISO AVERAGE PRIME COST OF WHITE EARTHENWARE. With l)all clay the following experiments were made : — A wet lump that had l)een exposed to the rain until quite damp, )jut not sodden, weighing 3 ozs. 8 drs., was dried over an evaporating hasin on a sand-hath, powdered and dried again (perhaps a little too much, as it began to blacken at the bottom) : when dried this weighed 44 drs., i.e. a loss of 12 drs. in 56 drs., or say 21-1- per cent, of moisture had been removed. Another lump rather more tliau commercially dry was taken, weighing 26 drs. dried in evaporating basin over a l)ath, slowly and carefully. Wlien dried this yielded 21|- drs., giving a loss of 4-J- drs. in 26, or 17 A per cent. Therefore it seems fair to assume an average percentage of moisture in commercial l)all clay of 18 or 10 percent.; more or less also at different seasons, because it is customary to expose these clays to the weather. To say 18 per cent, will, at anyrate, be within the mark. In calculating our ball clay costs, it will tlien be necessary to reckon such a weight as that when 1 8 per cent, is deducted the weight of 1087 lbs. will remain as the positively dry contents. This necessitates the employment of elementary algeljra. Thus — 1087 =x- ^.>' .-. 1087 = ^-^r .-. 82,y= 108,700 100 100 .-. «= 1325-6, say 1326 lbs. And the cliina clay in the same way will liavc to be calculnted to sucli a Hgiu'e as wlien 12-^- per cent, shall 1ie deducted iVom it tbei'c will remain our dry weight of 1490 lbs. Tiicrcforc the sum niay lie ('X])ressed ;is follows: — AVE11A("tK PEIMK COST OF WIITTK KAltTlIKNWARE. ISM 1 2-1- 1400=.-^- ^a; 100 874- 1490= ^>' too 87ia;= 149,000 .■.x= 1702-8, say 1703 II )k. r)f commercial china clay. There is, however, one other consideration that we niust take account of, namely, the proportion of siftings or knoclc- ings. Now, if we allow, say 2 per cent, for the ball clay, and ^ per cent, for the china clay, under this liead, we sliall })ro1)- ably be nearly correct. Say then — Ball clay, commercial state . . 1353 lbs. China clay, commercial state . . 1712 11)S. For the formula and capacity of ark supposed, we tlicn estimate to require for one l)lending — 13r)3 lbs. ball clay (in ordinary commercial condition). 1712 11 )S. china clay (in ordinary commercial condition). 91 pecks s]o[» lliuL at 32 o/s to pint. 05 pecks slop stone at 32 ozs. to pint. As to quality iiiid jaice of clays for such a body as the one indicated, tlie l»all clay sliould largely ccmsist of the best selected wliite ball clay, specially adapted for semi-porcelain, or some other very superior and white Devonshire ball clay. This necessarily adds a few shillings a ton to the first cost, but is compensated by the excellence of wluteness attained, with a nninuuun ex])enditure in blue stain. The cost of tliis white ball clay delivered in Starfordshiie is about 30s. 6d. per ton net. If two-thirds of such ball clay are used, together with one-tiiird of the ordinary blue clays at about 5s. per ton 182 AVERAGE rRBIE COST OF WHITE EARTHENWAEE. lower cost, this gives lis, say, 29s. per ton as the cost price of our l)all clay. Similar conditions apply to the cliina clay, for if superior results are to l)e attained, superior materials must he employed, say, for china clay, such ([ualities as I R and 8, Al, J ]\I, C D B, and similar kinds, associated perhaps with E D, Y O B, and tlie like. If we fi.x the net cost price at an average of o4s. at the works, we shall, at anyrate, not Ije far al)ove the actual cost of Staftbrdshire. Then as to slop tlint and stone. Assuming that these are hough t as required, we shall escape a long series of calculations as to cost of hreakdowns, lost time, hoiler repairs, etc., and simply have to reckon the net price per slop peck of 32 Ihs. Taking this at, say, 4d. for slop flint and 5d. for stone, less 10 per cent, discount, v.'ill be (piite as low as we can fairly consider in our costs. Summarising then, we have — 12 cwts. (|rs. 9 lbs. ball clay at 20s. per ton £0 17 15 cwts. 1 qr. 4 llis. china clay at 34s. per ton 91 pecks slop flint at 4d. (less 10 per cent.) . G5 pecks slop stone at 5d. (less 10 per cent.) . 1^ lbs. blue stain at 4s. per lb. Total for materials The al)solutely dry weights estimated to be required were 5 032 11)S. Now if we consider pugged body clay when ready U)r use contains 23 per cent, of moisture, tlie yield will be theoretically 7314|- lbs. Sup])ose we say 7250 lbs., or 64|- cwts. This, at a cost of £5 Is. 3d., is etpiivalent to about Is. Gfd. per cwt., or £1 lis. 3d. per ton of pugged clay for clays, flint, stone, and stain. The other items may be entered as follows : — eo 17 G 1 G 1 7 4 1 4 5 6 £5 1 o AVERAGE PI^niE <'(^ST OF WHITE KAItTlI F.NWAHE. 183 Laliiiur : Clay-wlieeliiiL;", sli[i-]iiakin,Li;, lawiiing, maguetiug, puiiijting, pressing, ])iigging, and tenting of engine and boiler . . 2s. 8d. per t<»n. Estimated " u])-keep," costs of press cloths and lawns ..... 1 [.h\. „ JJepairs to clay-making macliinery, ]'Um])S, taps, and presses . . . .Is. Oils, indiavubber, sundries .... 2d. Fuel and l)oiler repairs .... 8d. CJas, water rates, taxes, and insurance . . Gd. Rent, depreciation, and luulding repairs . Is. Gd. Management expenses .... ."Ul. Loss and scraps . . . . . 3d. 7s. 1 Od. per ton. Add to this the 3]s. .'Id. } er ton, and we have o9s. Id. per ton as the cost of tbe ])Ugged body clay by tbe formula we have su})]iosed as used. TlIF. (I LAZE. For our recipe we will take the proportions as Tuider : — Friff. — 168 11)S. Englisli refined borax. 84 ,, ground Cornish stone. 96 „ ground calcined flints. 84 „ whiting (calcium carb(mate). oo „ best china clay. The above fritted together in the customary manrxr in a fritt kiln, run off, cooled, and weighed into st(K'k. 18-t AVERAGE PRIME COST OF WHITE EARTHENWARE. (tLAZE for the ISllLL. 250 lbs. fritt as above. 160 ., ground Coruish stone. 70 ,, ground calcined flint. 130 ,, dry white lead. CIround togetlier intimately with water in a potter's glaze ]ian to a degree of fineness such as to l)e almost imjialpable, then lawned and aged for say foiu-teen days or more. Summary of Costs of Fritt. li cwts. borax at 22 s. 6d. per cwt. . £1 13 9 f cwt. stone at 2s. Od. „ .0111 i „ flint at 2s. „ .019 i „ whiting at Is. Od. „ .01 3 35 lbs. china clav at 2s. „ .008 £1 19 4 Preparing the materials, wcigliing and fritting 3 Fuel, interest, repairs . . .026 £2 4 10 As to the yield, we estimate the 168 lbs. borax to give 90 lbs., tlio stone 80 lbs., lUnt 93. lbs., whiting 42 lbs., china clay 28 lbs., wlien fritted, or a total yield of fritt of say 333 ll)s. ; l)ut there is a slight unav()idal)le loss, and the practical yield would probal)ly be about 320 lbs. of clean fritt when perfectly dry. Then 45s. for 320 lbs. is as nearly as possible 15s. 9(1. ])0r cwt. for the dry fritt. avkra(;e I'Ri^rE cost of white earthenware. 185 Costs ok Ola/i-. 250 U.S. fiilt at 1 5s. 0.1. i.or cwl. 1()0 „ sldiie at 2s. Od. 70 „ lliut at 2s. loO „ lead at IGs. UIO U.S. . £1 15 6 . :; 9 (» 1 ;;; . 19 11 £n 5 ('IltlNmNO. 12^ so. fritt at 8(1. per score 18 „ mixture at 4(1. per score 8 G 4 £:] 14 9 Allowing a loss of say 10 ll)s. weight in }iroce.ss, we have GOO lbs. clean glaze for £."5, 14s. Od., which is equivalent to say 14s. per cwt. The C(inclusion we arrive at is then that, for such formula' as we have supposed, the cost in the Staft'ordsliire potteries are pretty nearly as under : — Body clay, ready for use Glaze . 39s. Id. per Ion. 1 4s. per cwt. CHAPTER X. FORMS AND TABLES. ARTICLES OF APPRENTICESHIP made and entered into this day of 19 ]')etween of in the County of of the tiist part, of of in the County of of the second part, and of aforesaid, an infant under the age of twenty- one years, of tlie third part, as follows : — The said doth herehy, freely and voluntarily, and with the consent and approbation of the said (testified hy li execution hereof), place and bind self apprentice to the said his successors and assigns, and tlieni to serve and by them to be instructed in that ]jranch of the China and Earthenware Trade called for the term of years. And the said do hereby, for self, h heirs, executors and administrators, covenant with the said li executors and assigns, that the said shall honestly, faithfully and dibgeutly serve the said his executors and assigns, from the date hereof, for and during the siiid term of yeai's, as an FORMS ANT) TAIM.ES. 187 apprentice, and will not waste, dania^e or destroy any of the ])roperty or ellects of the said his (or their) executors and assigns, and will i('L;ularly attend at the place or ]ilaces of 1)usiness at or near aforesaid durini;' sudi lioiirs as may ])e appointed hy tlie said executors or assigns. And will not on any occasion, or under any pretence whatever, absent self without permission, And further, that the said h heirs, executors or administrators, will at all times durino- the said apprenticeship provide the said witli sutiicient clothing, Ijoard, lodging and washing. And, lastly, that the said h heirs, executors or administratcjrs, will indemnify the said h executors or assigns, against all losses, damages or expenses occasioned to them l)y reason of the disol)edience or wilful default or neglect of the said during his said ai)prenticeshii). And the said in consideration of the premises, do hereby accept the said as an apprentice for the term of years, to be computed from the date hereof, and do hereby, for self, h executors and assigns, covenant with tiie said h executors, administrators and assigns, that he will ])ay or cause to lie paid to the said during h apprenticeshi]), wliether em])loyed at or at any other work nn the manufactory, the following wages, namely : — 188 FORMS AND TABLES. and after the same rate in each year for less than a week's work, which shall be deducted according to the days or parts of days on wdiich the said shall 1)6 al)sent or nnable to perform tlic duties of li apprenticeship and service. And, lastly, for the true performance of all and every the covenants and conditions hereinbefore contained, each of the said parties hereto (so far as he lawfully can or may) hereby l)iuds himself and themselves unto the otlier. In witness whereof the said and have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first l»efore written. Signed, sealed and delivered by the before-named and in tlie presence of MANUFACTURER'S GUIDE TO STOCK- TAKING. Tlie l»asis upon which a full and fair trade or commercial ^•alue can be put in estimating tlie stock on a manufactory is a matter of grave interest to the manufacturer. The method advised in this work, although a revolution on accustomed ideas, is nevertheless a most feasible one, and is calculated to show the true standing of ;i, business in every particular, especially in the case of moulds and engravings, the value of which, in these days of rapid change of fashion, lias been considcra1)ly lowered. MATERIALS. The full value of materials delivered on the works may be given, less tlu; customary discounts allowed by the su])]dier. FORMS A XI) TAJiLKS. 180 In cases where an .'idniixtuio bus taken place, this cost should be added. In Llie case of a large stock of Ball Clays and Sagger Marl, the increased value of its being aged should be taken into account. UTENSILS. Ewjinc^, Mill Poioer and Machincnj should be estimated at their actual cost, with a depreciatory allowance of 5 per cent, for each year's working, and wear and tear caused by production. Ordinary trade working utensils, in fair con- dition, may be taken at actual cost, less a deduction for wear and tear. BkirJ{s, Ml 11/ Ids and Ca.^cs. — The sum total expended on modelling expenses, mould makers' wages, cost of plaster, proportion of rent during the tlu'ee previous years, the exact value of the blocks and cases in nse prior to the time given, can only Ije appreciated liy the orders their sliapes command. There is, at the same time, always a certain value placed on a shape whicli has liad a plieiiomenal run. Copper Plate Engravinyii and Etchiiif/s. — A computation should be made of the cost of designs, purchases of engraved and etclied plates, engravers' and etcliers' wages, and cost of planishing during the three previous years, addeil to whicli the value of the copper plates in stock accurately scaled at T+d. per lb. This will give a fair net value. MAXUFACTriiEl) STOCK. Green Wan-. — This should be taken aj (uiiciit trade prices, with a rcMluction of GO per cent. Jiifiei'i/ JJVov may also be taken at I'lnient trade prices. In tliis case, however, the discount should be 50 ]»er cent. Enamelled, J'rinfed, While and Commun Ware to be taken at their usual scales, less the customary discounts ; 190 FORMS AND TABLES. and off the whole of the mauufactured stock, it is desirable to deduct 25 per cent, discount to cover establishment and selling expenses and bad debts, etc. TABLE Of Relative Values of Potters' Materials, Calculated in Grade from One Ton to one Pound. Per toil of Per cwt . of Per h cwt. Per \ cwt. Per I cwt. Per lb. of 2240 lbs 112 lbs. of 56 lbs. of 28 lbs. of 14 lbs. 16 oz £ a. (1. £ s. <1. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. •28 1 8 14 7 3 6 3 30 6 8 1 10 4 15 2 7 7 3 9i H 32 13 4 1 12 8 16 4 8 2 4 2 31 35 1 15 17 6 8 9 4 41 3i 37 6 8 1 17 4 18 8 9 4 4 8i 4 39 13 4 1 19 8 19 10 9 11 4 IH H 42 2 10 1 5 10 21 5 1 H 44 6 8 2 4 4 1 2 2 11 1 5 6i n 40 13 4 •2 6 8 1 3 4 11 8 5 10 5 49 2 9 1 4 6 12 3 6 li H 51 6 8 2 11 4 1 5 8 12 10 6 5 H r.3 13 4 2 13 8 1 6 10 13 5 7 7A 5S r.6 2 16 1 S 14 7 6 58 6 8 2 18 4 1 9 2 14 7 7 3.', H 60 13 4 3 8 1 10 4 15 1) 7 7 61 t;3 3 3 1 11 »; 15 9 7 10| ^ (;.'i t) 8 :> 5 4 1 12 S 16 4 8 2 7 (i7 13 4 3 1 8 1 13 10 16 11 8 51 7i 70 3 10 1 15 17 6 8 9' 7A 72 6 8 3 12 4 1 16 2 IS 1 9 01 7^ 74 13 4 3 14 S 1 17 4 18 8 9 10 '» 8 77 3 17 1 18 6 19 3 9 71, Si 79 6 8 3 19 4 1 19 8 19 10 9 11 81 81 13 4 4 1 8 2 10 1 5 10 2i 8f 84 4 4 2 2 1 1 10 6 9 86 6 8 4 6 4 2 3 2 1 1 7 10 91 n 88 13 2 4 8 8 2 4 4 1 2 2 11 1 91 i'l 4 11 2 5 () 1 2 9 11 41 9§ 93 G 8 4 13 4 2 6 8 1 3 1 11 8 10 95 13 4 4 15 8 2 7 10 1 3 11 11 lU 10| 98 4 IS 2 9 1 4 6 12 3 lOi 100 6 8 5 4 2 10 2 1 5 1 12 61 lOi' 102 13 4 5 2 8 2 11 4 1 5 8 12 10 11 105 5 5 2 12 6 1 6 3 13 1.', lu 107 6 8 5 7 4 2 13 8 ^ ^i 10 13 5" m 109 13 4 5 9 8 2 14 10 1 7 5 13 81 m 112 5 12 2 16 1 8 14 1 FORMS AND TABLES 101 HOURLY WAGES TABLE. '■S £ 1 ^ 1 1 o o Id. 2d. 3d. 4d. M. 6. . 7> 1. 1 8.1. 9, . KM. lid. Is. ZK s. .1. s. a. s. (1. .s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. .1. s. s. d. s. d. s. d. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 2 4 6 8 10 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10 2 3 3 6 9 1 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 4 4 8 1 1 4 1 8 2 2 4 2 8 3 3 4 3 8 4 f) 5 10 1 3 1 8 2 1 2 6 2 11 3 4 3 9 4 2 4 7 5 6 6 1 1 6 2 2 6 3 3 6 4 4 6 5 5 6 6 7 7 1 2 1 9 2 4 2 11 3 6 4 1 4 8 5 3 5 10 6 5 7 8 8 1 4 2 2 8 3 4 4 4 8 5 4 6 6 8 7 4 8 9 9 1 6 2 3 3 3 9 4 6 5 3 6 6 9 7 6 8 3 9 10 10 1 8 2 6 3 4 4 2 5 5 10 6 8 / 6 8 4 9 2 10 o! 11 11 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 6 5 7 4 8 3 9 2 10 1 11 0! 12 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 14 2 2 4 3 6 4 8 5 10 7 8 2 9 4 10 6 11 8 12 10 14 15 3 2 6 3 9 5 6 3 7 6 8 9 10 11 3 12 6 13 9 15 16 4 2 8 4 5 4 6 8 8 9 4 10 8 12 13 4 14 8 16 o; 17 5 2 10 4 3 5 8 7 1 8 6 9 11 11 4 12 9 14 2 15 7 17 18 6 3 4 6 6 7 6 9 (1 10 6 12 13 6 15 16 6 18 19 7 3 2 4 9 6 4 7 11 9 6 11 1 12 8 14 3 15 10 17 5 19 20 8 3 4 5 6 8 8 4 10 11 8 13 4 15 16 8 18 4 20 21 9 3 6 5 3 7 8 9 10 t) 12 3 14 15 9 17 6 19 3 21 O' 22 10 3 8 5 6 7 4 9 2 11 12 10 14 S 16 6 IS 4 20 2 22 23 11 3 10 5 9 7 8 9 7 11 (j 13 5 15 4 17 3 19 2 21 1 23 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 (1 24 25 2 1 4 2 6 3 8 ■1 10 5 12 tj 14 7 16 8 IS 9 20 10 22 11 25 0| 26 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 i:; If) 2 17 4 19 6 21 8 23 10 26 01 27 2 3 4 6 6 9 9 11 ■■', 13 () 15 9 18 20 3 22 6 24 9 27 0; 28 2 4 4 8 7 9 4 11 8 14 16 4 18 8 21 23 4 25 8 28 29 2 5 4 10 7 3 9 8 12 1 14 6 16 11 19 4 21 9 24 2 26 7 29 30 2 6 5 7 6 10 12 6 15 17 6 20 22 6 25 27 6 30 31 2 7 5 2 7 9 10 4 12 11 15 6 18 1 20 8 23 .S 25 10 28 5 31 32 2 8 5 4 8 10 8 13 4 16 18 8 21 4 24 26 8 29 4 32 33 2 9 5 6 8 3 11 13 9 16 6 19 3 22 24 9 27 6 3) 3 33 34 2 10 5 8 8 6 11 4 14 2 17 19 10 22 8 25 6 28 4 31 2 34 35 2 11 5 10 8 9 11 8 14 7 17 6 20 5 23 4 26 3 29 2 32 1 35 36 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 37 3 1 6 2 9 3 12 4 15 5 18 6 21 7 24 8 27 9 30 10 33 11 37 38 3 2 6 4 9 6 12 8 15 10 19 22 2 25 4 28 6 31 8 34 10 38 39 3 3 6 6 9 9 13 16 3 19 6 22 9 26 29 3 32 6 35 9 39 40 3 4 6 8 10 13 4 16 8 20 23 4 26 8 30 33 4 36 8 40 41 3 5 6 10 10 3 13 8 17 1 20 6 23 11 27 4 30 9 34 2 37 7 41 42 3 6 7 10 6 14 17 6 21 24 6 28 31 6 35 38 6 42 43 3 7 7 2 10 9 14 4 17 11 21 6 25 1 28 8 32 3 35 10 39 5 43 44 3 8 7 4 11 14 8 18 4 22 25 8 29 4 33 36 8 40 4 44 45 3 9 7 6 11 3 15 18 9 22 6 26 3 30 33 9 37 6 41 3 45 46 3 10 7 8 11 6 15 4 19 2 23 26 10 30 8 34 6 38 4 42 9 46 47 3 11 7 10 11 9 15 8 19 7 23 6 27 5 31 4 35 3 39 2 43 1 47 48 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 49 4 1 8 2 12 3 16 4 20 5 24 6 2S 7 32 8 36 9 40 10 44 11 49 50 4 2 8 4 12 6 16 8 20 10 25 29 2 33 4 37 6 41 8 45 10 50 51 4 3 8 6 12 9 17 21 3 25 6 29 9 34 38 3 42 6 46 9 51 52 4 4 8 8 13 17 4 21 8 26 30 4 34 8 39 43 4 47 8 52 53 4 5 8 10 13 3 17 8 22 1 26 6 30 11 35 4 39 9 44 2 48 7 53 54 4 6 9 13 6 18 22 6 27 31 6 36 40 6 45 49 6 54 ' 55 4 7 9 2 13 9 18 4 22 11 27 6 32 1 36 8 41 3 45 10 50 0,55 56 4 8 9 4 14 18 8 23 4 28 32 8 37 4 42 46 8 51 4 156 1 192 FORMS AND TABLES. (0 z UJ N O Q Z u h O h ui z o o u. Q 111 h < -I D O -J < o uT _i m < h o z Ij I- h UJ (0 (0 z lii o a5 '^ O CO o o> «D CO o o CO 00 u-2 X ri M CM ■-1 —I '-' ^ o o o ri -6%' r:H< -IM ^hCI -H- -*n SH- o o o 1^ ■* o tN 7~ -* 03 04 (N '-' '-' '-' '-' o o o O ^ '^ o O 1^ 'i' 0-1 o C-, l^ irl OJ ^T" XCM ■-1 ■-I '-' 1—1 l-l o o o o ^ • — )M -^ KH. H-f H^ <5 ~ O t^ m (N o JI^ 00 CO ■^ (M y: CO CC i-i ■—I '"' >-* 1—^ o o o o o ^ KH' -,,, -*t '-C - c '' 'Ji C -'•M —171 -IM Hn -in (^5 o CO '"' ji; 03 t-^ m -# (M (/; CO a: ,-1 '"' T-i '-' o o o o o O -In «iT ^3 -^ •* CN O o C3 l^ o CO 00 a; rt ^ i-< ■-1 o o o o O o ^ _: -•' -M r.^ -:n -in -i7i Hn ci - -^ "M '"' ^ cr. cc' CC ^ CJ '-' X n -^ c-i ^ ■/. '>\ ■"* o o o o o ~ o o • —in -In —PI -^in '^ O o oo t^ -r to — C". X l^ o >n "^ CO !M ^ '"' i J^ a: o o o o o o o O o o ni-t ^ r-; -^ -CI -In -m CO ^ t^ x> o ■* CO 00 (M '-' o CO 1— 1 tn o o o o o O o O o o -in rtlr- — tn -in KI-* -in T. ^ -o >.- '^ -r 00 00 cr-4 •— 1—1 o •/: o o O — ■ o o o o o o cr o CJ _» P<+J c^ - ' r. t; o C5 r. 1^ 'X> irj Tj< CO (N 1-1 o '"' (N FORMS AND TABLES. 19: s o ^ 3 or CO •< 1 CO V f- "O GC o CI -r to 00 o (N -^ «c o; o IN -^ — 00 o <>4 T i^ £ 'JT 50 1^ 1^ 1^ I- l^ 00 00 00 00 00 0-. OS 0-. Cr. 0-. O O O O Pint Of 33.1 ounces. ■S f «3 00 o >— CO m i^ Oi ^ c: i-* i>- 0-. >-i CO >r; (^ c: ■— 1 eo g !D ^ tc i^ i^ i^ i^ 1^ j~- oc cc 00 00 ac c. oi cr. C-. Ci o o Pint of 33 ounces. ■5 -^;!-'M-^— ri -C1-C1-H-H---+T-+T 5:-r:>r'-pi-ciHti-iri -?-^Wir;i^Cii-) cc. ir; o "O 10 to x x: X i^ i^ i^ 1^ t^ 1-. 00 00 oc 00 00 a; c; c; oi Pint of 32 ounces. ■i.~^r.^ -»-T ---•?!-<» rSf-(;i-»- r:-t->r:-t-r rtrr-tM-t-r •7-xi-c.— T?''5<«cooOi-iCOir;»^ooo(M-^ii::i^Oii-i 2 1^1 uri X X X to X) «o J^ i-^ i^ 1 ~ t^ i^ oo 00 00 00 oo oo Oi 1 ^ = i X Hri-ci r;!-r-4-a'Xr^o;^(Meoir:i^ooOi-'W jjioioiftiriiautxxxxxxi^t^t^t^i^i^oooooo Ifl !t -»i -T'l — :i -ci»-f-tMnH-+Tr-.rr-^Tr»r-H-r:--+Tr.---M -^i -r cr. --- -M — >.-. r^ 00 OS i-i oq -^ U-; i^ 00 o ^ CO — X v: ci ;•?■-- i.- I.- I.- 1.-; m lO X X X X X X) i^ t^ i^ i^ 1^ 1^ 1^ Pint of 30 ounce.s. 2 -d -171 -ci -*T"-T-<-r-t-r-^ri-t-r -t-t-iri-t-- -;:■ •^XGOO^-CO-^XI^ODC. 1— 'MCOmi^OOOl.-iCOTX aJ -r -Ti ic ic m li; U-: ui ir; u~ X X X X X X X i-~ i^ t^ I-- Pint of 29i ounces. •g' -qi X 1^ oo' o .-^' CO rr uri 1-- oc OS o ;n CO lO X i-^' os' o (N* aJ-^TTiTP-^tr^LTXiClOli^iOl^iOXCOXXXXXli^l^ ^ 5i o = 1 r? CO -T m X 1^ oc o i-i CO T u~ X GC o. o — CO •* ic 1^ 00 2'r-T^^^^i.~u-^i£;u-:u-;ic;ir:i:;xxxxxxx Pint of 28i ounces. .5^ 1^ OS ^' CO. '-^ XJ 1^ 00 .-^ J as OJ s- t- — ^ rt ^ -g cj :i - - • "d — ■■ — < r- ^^ 1 O Tt C ^ -^ . O '-^ C Jl.i" _5 i rt s 'rS a. CO r^ «? aj KH^nSpHf^'TiCCH 2:;5h6 cfi « c3 ■t; o . . ■^ ^- ai !/: C -/- i> rt r i ;j _-4J a: 5 o ^ ^ r" ^ :^ 1 — ' ^ .22 "^ r^ -^ =*^ ^^ ;3 c/:} --. a^ :/} -s. g p c O O ^^ ai ^ OJ ^ S-i ^ -/ . =<-l cc in m m m • f1 ?^ ^ ag -^ ci -tJ CJ a: .2 d 3 3 § 03 c3 (S c;ei3rtrt«^==^ " S^.- . ^H ^ a; a: — '-^' — ^~^Oc;c3 ce <^ ci ;^^p^^^.:oxH :i<^a; ^HH . -2 "S" 3 tj -— ; Oj o •;; X ■"^ •— C --^ X' -/ ;5 o « £ ■^ rC '^ o .a:, ^ r- r- '-^ d Q5 ^ ^ ^ 13 -o ^ 1'"^ C a;, gj 03 a: <3; <:e <:i r; ^ ^ 3 P ,=; -ij , — ; -t^ > »3 CO 1— i ce 'A - be <4-^ c 3 ^ ^ J S « CD (CCl-aJSP^CliSO s ^ ^o "*-l QJ 3- cc cc P cc' ;>:) cc PS^ ^'IhW EC -■ . M S _.;3 g 2 o3 is H = ^ a S ^ S H &c 1— 1 c^ si S -1 C^a^S'^^jp^ P cS s 5"^ rt 5n 1^ cc fi C a:oQ sp , r^ r> dj OKc; X' H ^ c3 S 01 B ^ CB :» .J^ H "^ ce FORMS AXIJ TABLES. 19i 7i ^ y ^ ■r; o i; C; " -w _ o a> -i 2 o £ S ^o oooooooo Ot-iMcor50r-i;>]~5r5 ;ooooooooooosc>Oi— r-<^_ — o = - ^ ^- o :5 ^ ._ c ? 2 00 -r - r' s rt :5 .s „ ■—, f,— ■ -_ *J o ^ 5 3^^^='.- C3 £_ . -^ = ^ r-l -. "? -^ " i ?! o ;» -o ■^ M o 5*o r-iTiroo-H^M^coo — ji~^oortfi~ro ■;; O O O C . •— ri — •-:> X — CT 1- 1^ — ^J O ^ _ ^ ^ „ :-, --0000000000 •— :mcotj.oooo -. 2 ao oo i^ o ro un 'J- -T- CO 1^ o -7- !» ^ ic CI :^ -^ j;33i^co;ou-^^-?< I-* c^ CO Tj< o :s tv. 00 oj o .— 1 •rq r: ^f i'-. i t"-~ 03 oj >— C'l c? -^r iri :d 1^ GO C5 o I X 1) E X 197 1 X D E X. Alcock'.s CliiiiJi Bcxly, 7. ,, „ Glaze, 5G. „ C41aze 72. Ainber Glaze, 85. Analysis of Clays, 153. Antique Enamel Colouis, 121. Apjirentices' Legal Iiideiituve Form, 186. Ash Colour Dip, 51. Azure Dip, 47. Balsam of Sulpliur, 145. Baryte.s, Cliromate of, 149. Bases, Enamel Colours, 99. Best White Glaze, 78. Black, Blue, Enamel, 112. „ Body Dijis, 48. „ Egyptian Body, 34, 35. „ Enamel Ease, 99. „ „ Colour, 112. ,, For laying in, 48. „ Glaze, 90." „ Shining, 112. ,, Under-Glaze, Ordinary, 132, 133. ,, Under-* ilaze, Stamping, 141. Blue Printed Body, 25. „ Antique Xavy, 121. „ Broseley, 128"! „ Dips, 53. „ Enamel Base, 99, 100. „ Dark, 113. „ Lee's, 114. „ Khead's, 113. Glaze, 85, 87, 90. „ Green Enamel Base, 100. „ „ „ Colour, 117. „ „ Glaze, 88. Peacock Enamel Base, 103. Royal Glaze, 89. „ Under-Glaze Amoy, 129. Blue LTnder-Glaze Bamboo, 127. ,, Banding, 128. ,, „ Broselev, 128. „ „ Cobalt, '126. „ ., Common, 129. „ „ Cross, 128. ,, „ Gadroon, 129. „ „ Ironstone, 129. „ „ Pheasant, 128. „ ,, Piedmont, 131. „ „ Printing, 129. Bodies, Brown, 33. C. C, 24. „ China and Porcelain, 7. „ Coloured, 32. ,, Crucible, 30. ,, Earthenware, 24. ,, Granite, 24. ,, Ironstone, 18. „ Jasper, 36. „ Majolica, 38. ,, Miscellaneous, 29. „ Mortar, 23. ,, Parian, 15. „ Porous, 29. „ Rockingham, 43. Sagger,'30. Terra Cotta, 40. „ Vitreous, 18. Body Stains, 46. Boracic Acid Glaze, 80. Borax Glaze, 80. „ ,, for Pink. 79. Brown Cottage Body, 33. „ Dips, 50. „ Enamel Base, 103. ,, „ ( 'hocolate, 115. Dark, 114. ,, „ Devonshire, 115. Hair, 115. „ .. Light, 114. „ .. ^I'vig, 120. 199 200 INDEX. Bro^\■n Glaze, Majolica, Chestnut, 87. „ „ ,, Chocolate, 89. „ „ „ Red, 88. „ „ Sepia, 88. „ Lessore's, 130. „ Under-Glaze, Chocolate, 132. „ „ Dark, 132, 138. Light, 138. ,, ,, Purple, 143. „ „ Violet, 137. „ „ Russet, 137. Buff, Enamel Grounding, 119. ,, Under-Glaze, 141. Canary Body, 32. Cane Bodies, 33. Cassius, Purple of, 97. C. C. Bodies, 27, 28. C. C. Glaze, 71, 75, 82. Celadon Enamel Colour, 120. Chalk Body, 26. China Bodies, Alcock's, 7. „ „ Alcock's Figure, 8. ,, ,, Casting, 8. „ ,, Dessert, 9. „ ,, Fenton, 11. „ „ French, 14. „ „ Fritts, 11. ,,- ,, Lakin's, 12. „ Lilac, 32. ,, ,, Limoges, 14. ,, ,, Longport, 10. ,, „ Longport, Senii- „ ,, China, 18. „ ,, Mason's, 13. ,, ,, Nantgarw, 11. „ ,, Persian, 34. „ ,, Purple, 43. ,, „ Slate, 43. ,, ,, Spode's, 10. ,, Glazes, Alcock's, 56. , „ Felspar, 60. „ French, 63. ,, Longport, 55. „ „ Longport, Semi- China, 56. „ ,, Mason's, 62. „ „ Ordinary, 56-63. „ ,, Printed, 63. ,, ,, Special, 60. ,, ,, Spode's, 59. Chocolate, Majolica Glaze, 88. Chromatc of Bary tes, 1 49. Chromes, Preparation of Oxide, 149. Citron Body, 32. Clay, Cost of Prepared, 174. „ Ware, Classification of, 152. Clavs, Analysis hv Lord Playfair, 153. ,, Comparative Loss of "Weight in Dr\ ing and Firing, 159. „ Crucible, 30. ,, Standard Weights of Various, 157. ,, Ware, Classification of, 152. Colialt, Blue Ordinary, 126. „ Notes on the Use of, 147. Cockson's Leadless Glaze, 83. Coloured Bodies, 32. ,, ,, for Mosaic Paint- ing, 44. „ Dips, 47. „ Glazes, 85. Colours, Antique, 121. „ Enamel, 112. Bases, 99. „ „ Mixed, 119. „ „ Notes on, 148. „ Gold or Noble, 97. ,, Majolica, 91. „ Lander-Glaze, 126. „ „ „ Mixed, 141. Common Body, 25. „ Printed Body, 26. „ Glaze, 75, 83. Conversion of Slop to Dry Weight, 168. Coral Enamel Base, 103. Cost of Prepared Clay, 174. Count, Decorated Goods, 158. Crimson, Majolica Glaze, 89. Daisy Glaze, 69. Decorated (!oods Count, 158. Dessert China Body, 9. Dioxide of Manganese, 149. Dips, Coloured, 47. Distance, Enamel Colour, 119. Door Furniture Body, 25. Dove, Body Dip, 49." ,, Under-Glaze Colour, 141. „ Flux, 125. Drab, Bodies, Green, 41. Light, 34. ,, ,, Ordinary, 31, 39. „ Dips, 49. ,, Enamel Colour. 119. INDEX. 201 Dnili, (!la/o, !)l. JJiapeiy, I'aiiau iur, l(i. Dry Weight, CouversiDU uf, 168. Kakthknv.are Bodies, Alcock's, 26. Best, 24. „ „ Best Printed, 24, 27. „ „ „ (Jranile, 27, 29. „ ,, Clialk, 26. „ „ Common Printed, 28. „ „ Door rurniture, 25. „ „ Lon<,'p()rt, 28. „ „ Pearl While, 26. „ ,, and Ghxzes, Calcula- tion oi Net Cost, 174. ,, Cilazes, AlcoL'k's, 72. „ „ Best White, 66. „ ,, Common Cream Colour, 75. „ ,, Fancy Colour, 85. „ „ French White, 70. „ „ (Tranite, 76. „ ,, Hanlev, 72. „ „ Matt Blue, 62. „ „ Mayer's, 71. „ „ " Nuniher 8," 66. „ „ Ordinary, 68, 69. „ ,. Printed, 76, 77. „ ,, Raw White, 74. Egypt, 2. Egyptian Black Bodie.5, 34, 35. Enamel Colour Bases, 99. ,, ,, Fluxes, 107. „ Colours, 1 12. „ ,, ,^[i.\ed, 119. ., ,, Notes on, 148. „ Kiln Firing, 156. Encaustic Tile Colours, 45. Etching Colour for Jet "Ware, 116. Fancy Coloured Glazes, 85. Fawn Dips, 49. „ Enamel Colour, Regular, 116, 120. „ Glaze, 88. „ Hard Kiln, 116. „ Porous Body, 4?,. Felspar, Sloj) Calculations of, 163. Felspathic Glaze, 60, 74. Fenton China Body, 11. Firing, Enamel Kiln, 157. ,, 'J'ime of. 156. Flint, Cnni]iarati\c G'uide for Sloi) 193. „ Standard Weight of Slop, 157. Flow Glaze, 72. „ Powders, 144. Flu.x for Liquid (Jold, 151. Fluxes, Enamel, 107. ,, Under-(;laze, 125. Foreign Terms apjilied to Ceramic Ware, 194. French China Bodv, 14. „ Grev Dip, 49. Fritt China'Body, 11. Fuel Scale for Oven and Kiln Firing, 156. Gi-AZE, Alcock's, 72. Best White, 66, 78. „ Boracic Acid, 80. „ Borax, 80, 81. „ for Pink, 66. C. C, 71, 75, 82. ,, China and Porcelain, 55. „ „ without Lead, 84. „ Cockson's, 83. „ Coloured, 85. „ Common, 75, 83. „ Cost of Pre2)ared. 173. „ Daisy, 69. „ Earthenware, 66. ,, Felsjmr, 74. „ Flow, 70. „ French, 63. „ White, 70. „ Granite, 76. „ Green, 85, 87. „ Hanlev, 72. ,, Ironstone, 64. ,, Lakiu's, 83. ,, Leadle.ss, 83. ,, Majolica, 91. ,, Mason's, 62. „ Matt Blue, 67, 78. ,, Mayer's, 71. „ Miscellaneous, 84. „ No. 8, 66. „ Persian, 67, 70. „ Printed, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82. „ Raw, 74. „ Rose's Gold Medal, 84. „ Stone, 64. ,, Tincal, 79. ,, Vitreous, 64. Gold and Gold Colours. 92. 202 INDEX. Gold, Cheap, 95, 96. ,, Colours, 97. „ Hard, 96. „ Longport Best, 92. „ Preparation of Best, 92. „ ,, Bronze, 94. „ „ Chasing, 94. „ „ Common, 94. „ „ Hulme's, 94. „ ,, Lakin's, 94. „ „ Liquid, 150. „ „ Liquid Gold Flux, 95. „ Regular, 95, 96. „ Rich, 96. ,, Solution of, 150. „ Waste, Reclamation of, 146. Goods, Decorated, Count, 158. Granite Bodies, 25, 27, 29. Green, Antique Emerald, 122. „ „ Moss, 122. „ „ Myrtle, 124. „ Bodies, Dark, 36. „ „ Light, 36. „ Dips, 48, 50. „ „ Olive, 51. „ Enamel Bases, 99. „ „ Blue, 117. „ ,, Bronze, 122. „ „ Gold Edge, 97. „ „ Pea, 117. „ „ Pomona, 117. ,, Jasper Body, 37. „ Under-Glaze Bamboo, 142. „ „ „ Blue, 117. „ „ ,, Bronze, 137. „ „ „ Cross, 142. „ „ „ Crosslet, 142. „ „ „ Gordon, 134. „ „ „ Marine, 137. „ Olive, 133. „ „ „ Victoria, 134. 141. Hanley Glaze, 72. Hard Gold, 96. Hulme's Bronze Gold, 96. „ Gold, 94. Import>s, Trade Quality of English Ceramic, 154. Insulator, Body, 21. Ironstone Bodies, Longport, 18. „ „ Mason's, 22. Ironstone Bodies, Ordinary, 18. ,, Glazes, Loui^'port, 64. „ „ Mason's, 65. „ „ Ordinary, 64. Jasper Bodies, (irt-en, 37. „ ,, Ordinary, 36. Lace, Parian for, 16. Lakin's Bronze Gold, 94. „ China Bodv, 12. • „ Gold, 94. ,, Leadless Cilaze, 83. Leadless Glazes, Cockson's, 83. ,, ., Lakin's, 83. ,, ,, Rose's Gold Medal, 84. Lilac Bodv (Al cock's), „ Dip,' 51. „ Earthenware Body, 37. ,, Enamel Colour, 120. „ Porcelain Body, 32. „ Under-Glaze Printing, 134. Limoges China Bodv, 14. Liquid Gold, 150. „ „ Flux, 151. Longport, Best Gold, 93. „ Cliasing Gold, 94. „ China Body, 7. „ Common Gold, 94. „ Ghize, 55. ,, Ironstone Bodv, 18. „ Old Stone Glaze, 64. „ Semi-China Glaze, 56. Body, 18. Loss of Weight of Clays, 159. Majolica Bodies, Ordinarv, 38. Old. 38.' „ Colours, Various, 91. „ Glaze, Soft, 91. Manganese, Prejiaration of Oxide, 149. Markets of the World, 154. Marone Body Dip, 53. „ Enamel Base, 98. „ ,, Colour, 98. „ „ Flux, 98. „ Under-Glaze Printing, 142. Mason's China Body, 13. Materials, Grade Calculation of Relative Values of,190. „ Standard AVeights of, 157. INDEX. 203 ^[att Blue, Ratlilxnie's Undcr-(naze Colour, 129. Mayer's Glaze, 71. Metrical Weiglits and Measures, Table for Conversion of, 195. Mocha Dip, 51. " Moco, Black Jack's," Dip, 51 . Mortar Bodies, 19, 20, 23. ' Mosaic, Painting Slips, 44. :\Ionld Body, 29. | Mullierry B>ody Dip, 52. „ Glaze, 86. ,, Under -Glaze Printing, 134, 135. Xantgarw China Body, 11. Neutral, Under-Glaze Printing, 142. Oil, Grounding, 145. ,, Printer's, 145. Old Majolica Body, 38. „ Stone Glaze, Longport, 64. Olive, Enamel Colour, 120. Orange, Body, 39. „ Enamel Red, 117. ,, Glaze, Transparent, 87. ,, Under-Glaze Printing, 135. Oven Firing, Time of, 156. Palette Body, 25. Parian Bodv for Laces and Diaperv, 16. „ „ Ordinary, 15. „ „ Small Articles, 16. „ „ Statuettes, 15. „ Fritt, 15. Pea Green Glaze, 86. Pearl Granite Body, 21, 26. Persian China Bodv, 34. „ Glaze, 67, 70. ,, Pink Under-Glaze, 137. Pink, Borax Glaze for, 79. ,, Enamel Base, 97. „ „ Colour, 97. „ Glaze for, 68. „ I'nder-Glaze Printing, 136. Playfair, Lord, Analvsis of Clavs, 153. Porcelain Bodies, 7. Porous Cells Bodies, 29. Potter's Art, Pise and Progress of, in England, 1. Powders, Flow, 144. Prepared Clay, Cost of, 174. Prepared Glaze, Cost of, 174. Printed Bodies, 24, 27, 28. ( iiaze, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82. I'urplf China ]>ody, 43. „ v Knamel Kiln Firing, 157. Raised Gold Composition, 118. Raw White Glaze, 75. Reclamation of Waste Gold, 146. Red Bodies, Ordinary, 41. „ ,, Porous, 41. „ Chrome, 149. „ Dips, 52. ,, Enamel Base, 99. „ Nasturtium, 118. ,, Windsor, 121. Rise and Progress of the Potter's Art, 1. Rockingham Body, 43. Rose Colour Enamel, 97. „ „ Flux, 98. Rose's Gold Medal Leadless Glaze, 84. Roughing Preparation for Slates, 118. Ruby Base, 98. „ Flux, 98. Sage Bodies, 40. Sagger Bodies, 30. „ Washes, 84. Salmon Body, 40. „ Enamel Grounding, 121. Sanitary Body, 30. Scale of Fuel and Firing, 156. Semi-Porcelain Bodies, 18. „ ,, Glaze, 65. Semi-China Glaze, Longport, 56. Scsquioxide of Manganese, 150. Slate China Body, 43. „ Glaze, 90. „ L'nder-Glaze Printing, 143. Slop Flint and Stone Guide, 193. Slop Felspar Calculations, 163. Smearing Bodies, 41, 42. Spode's China Body, 10. Stains, Body, 46. Statuettes, Parian for, 15. Stocktaking Guide, 188. Stone Bodies, Longport, Old, 18. „ „ Mason's, 22. ,, Ordinarv. Iss. 204 INDEX. Stone Bodies, Wliite, 19. ,, Colour for Hard Kiln, 121. ,, Glazes, Longport, Old, 04. ,, ,, Ordinary, 65, 66. ,, Slop Stone Calculations, 193. „ Standard Weight of, 157. Sulphur, Preparation of Balsam, 145. Terra Cotta, Anti(|ue Enamel, 124. ,, ., Bodies, 40. Tincal, Glaze, 79. Tile, Body White, 30. ,, Colours, Encaustic, 45. Time, Approximate, of Firing, 156. Turquoise, Bodv, 39. Dip,' 53. „ Enamel Base, 100, 102, 104, 106. ,, ,, Colour, 118. „ Sevres, 100. ,, Stain, 39. Under-Glaze Colours, 126. ,, ,, Mixed Colours, 141. „ „ Printing Fluxes, 125. Unique, Under-Glaze, 140. Use of Cohalt, 147. Valuation, for Stocktaking, 188. Varnishes, Oils and, 145. Vellum Colours, 121. Violet, Under-Glaze Printing, 137. Vitreous Bodies, 18. „ Longport, 18. „ Pearl Granite, 21. ,, Mason's, 22. Wages, Hourly Tahle, 191. Wash for Sagger, 84. Waste Gold, Reclamation of, 146. Weights of Materials, Standard, 157. White Enamel, Regular Kiln, 115. „ ,, for Jet, 116. ,, Glaze, 81. „ Granite Bodv, 25. „ Tile Body, 30. Workmen's Settling Table, 192. World, Markets of the, 154. Yellow Bodies, 33. „ Chrome, 149. „ Enamel Base, 79. ,, „ Colour, 97. Golden Glaze, 89. Under-Glaze Printing 136. Printed bij Morrison & Oibk Limitku, Edinbnnih Opeeial (Tatalooue OF xDeednieal J3ooks Manufacturers, Technical Students and Workers, Schools, Colleges, etc. BY EXPERT WRITERS INDEX TO SUBJECTS. PACE 1 PAGE PAGE Agricultural Chemistry ... 10 Enamels ... 18 Petroleum ... 6 Air, Industrial Use of ... n Engraving ... 31 Pigments, Chemistry of ... 2 Alum and its Sulphates ... 9 1 Essential Oils ... 7 Plumbers' Work ... ... 27 Ammonia ... 9 Evaporating Apparatus , ... 26 Porcelain Painting... ... 17 Aniline Colours ... 3 External Plumbing... ,.. 27 Pottery Clays ... 16 Animal Fats ... ... 6 Fats ...5,6 Pottery Decorating ... 15 Anti-corrosive Paints ... 4 Faults in Woollen Goods ... 21 Pottery Manufacture ... 14 Architecture, Terms in ... 30 Fruit Preserving ... ... 30 Pottery Recipes ... ... 14 Architectural Pottery ... IS Gas Firing ... ... 26 Power-loom Weaving ... 19 Artificial Perfumes... ... 7 Glass-making Recipes ... 16 Preserved Foods ... ... 30 Balsams ... 10 Glass Painting ... 17 Printers' Ready Reckoner 31 Bibliography ... 32 Glue Making and Testing ... 8 Printing Inks ... 3 Bleaching ... 23 Greases ... 5 Recipes for Oilmen, etc. .. 3 Bone Products ... 8 Hat .Manufacturing .. 20 Resins... ... 10 Bookbinding ... 32 History of Staffs Potterii 2S 16 Risks of Occupations ... 11 Brick-making 15, 16 Hops ... ... 28 Rivetting China, etc. ... 16 Burnishing Brass ... ... 28 Hot-water Supply ... ... 28 Sanitary Plumbing ... 27 Carpet Yarn Printing ... 21 How to make a Woollen Mill Scheele's Essays ... ... 9 Celluloid ... 31 Pay ... 21 Sealing Waxes ... 11 Ceramic Books 14, 15 India-rubber ... 13 Silk Dyeing ... 22 Charcoal ... 8 Industrial Alcohol ... ,.. 10 Silk Throwing ... 18 Chemical Essays ... ... 9 Inks 3, 11 Smoke Prevention ... ... 26 Chemistry of Pottery ... IH Iron-corrosion ... 4 Soaps ... 7 Chemistry of Dye-stuffs ... 23 Iron, Science of ... 26 Spinning ... 21 Clay Analysis ... 16 Japanning ... 28 Staining Marble, and Bone 31 Coal-dust Firing ... 26 Lace-.Making ... 20 Steam Drying ... 12 Colour .Matching ... 22 Lacquering ... ... 28 Sugar Refining ... 32 Colliery Recovery Work !!! 25 Lake Pigments 2 Steel Hardening ... ... 26 Colour-mixing for Dyers ... 22 Lead and its Compounds . '.'. n Sweetmeats ... 30 Colour Theorj' ... 22 Leather Industry ... ... 13 Terra-cotta ... ... 15 Combing Machines... ... 24 Leather-working Materials 14 Testing Paint Materials ... 4 Compounding Oils ... ... 6 Lithography ,.. 31 Testing Yarns ... 20 Condensing Apparatus ... 26 Lubricants ... ..5.6 Textile Fabrics ... 20 Cosmetics ... 8 Manures 8, 10 Textile Materials ... 19,20 Cotton Dyeing ... 23 .Meat Preserving ... ,.. 30 Timber ... 29 Cotton Spinning ... 24 .Mineral Pigments ... ... 3 Varnishes ... 5 Damask Weaving ... ... '20 .Mine Ventilation ... ... 25 Vegetable Fats ... 7 Dampness in Buildings ... 30 Mine Haulage ... 25 Vegetable Preserving ... 30 Decorators' Books ... ... 28 Needlework .. 20 Waste Utilisation ... ... 10 Decorative Textiles ... '20 Oil and Colour Recipes . .. 3 Water, Industrial Use ... 12 Dental Metallurgy... ... 25 Oil Boiling .. 5 Waterproofing Fabrics ... 21 Dictionaryof Paint Materials 2 Oil Merchants' Manual . .. 7 Weaving Calculations ... 21 Drying Oils ... 5 1 Oils .. 5 White Lead and Zinc ... 4 Drying with Air ... 12 1 Ozone, Industrial Use of. . 12 Wood Waste Utilisation ... 29 Dyeing .Marble ... 31 Paint Manufacture... .. 2 Wood Dyeing ... 31 Dyeing Woollen Fabrics ... 23 Paint Materials .. 3 Wool Dyeing 22,23 Dyers' Materials ... ... 22 Paint-material Testing . .. 4 Writing Inks ... 11 Dye-stuffs ... 23 Paint .Mixing .. 28 X-Ray Work ... 13 Electric Wiring ... 27 Paper-.Mill Chemistry .. 17 Yarn Testing ... 20 Enamelling Metal ... ... 18 Paper-pulp Dyeing... .. 17 Zinc White Paiots ... 4 PUBLISHED BY SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON, 8 Broadway, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. Telephone, Bank 5403. Telegraphic Address, " Printeries, London . Paints, Colours and Printing Inks. THE CHEMISTRY OF PIGMENTS. By Ernest J. Parry, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S., and J. H. Coste, F.I.C, F.C.S. Demy 8vo. Five Illustrations. 285 pp. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Introductory. Light — White Light— The Spectrum — The Invisible Spectrum — Normal Spectrum — Simple Nature of Pure Spectral Colour — The Recomposition of White Light — Primary and Complementary Colours — Coloured Bodies — Absorption Spectra — The Appli = cation of Pigments. Uses of Pigments : Artistic, Decorative, Protective — Methods of Application of Pigments : Pastels and Crayons, Water Colour, Tempera Painting, Fresco, Encaustic Painting, Oil-colour Painting, Keramic Art, Enamel, Stained and Painted Glass, Mosaic — Inorganic Pigments. White Lead — Zinc White — Enamel White — Whitening — Red Lead — Litharge — Vermilion — Royal Scarlet— The Chromium Greens — Chromates of Lead, Zinc, Silver and Mercury — Brunswick Green — The Ochres — Indian Red — Venetian Red — Siennas and Umbers — Light Red — Cappagh Brown — Red Oxides — Mars Colours — Terre Verte — Prussian Brown — Cobalt Colours — Coeruleum — Smalt — Copper Pigments — Malachite — Bremen Green — Scheele's Green — Emerald Green — Verdigris — Brunswick Green — Non- arsenical Greens — Copper Blues — Ultramarine — Carbon Pigments — Ivory Black^Lamp Black — Bistre — -Naples Yellow — Arsenic Sulphides : Orpiment, Realgar — Cadmium Yellow — Vandyck Brown — Organic Pigments. Prussian Blue — Natural Lakes — Cochineal — Carmine — Crimson — Lac Dye — Scarlet — Madder — Alizarin — Campeachy — Quercitron — Rhamnus — Brazil Wood — Alkanet — Santal Wood — Archil — Coal-tar Lakes — Red Lakes — Alizarin Com- pounds — Orange and Yellow Lakes— Green and Blue Lakes — Indigo — Dragon's Blood — Gamboge — Sepia — Indian Yellow, Puree — Bitumen, Asphaltum, Mummy — Index. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT. A Practical Handbook for Paint Manufacturers, Merchants and Painters. By J. Cruickshank Smith, B.Sc. Demy 8vo. 200 pp. Sixty Illustrations and One Large Diagram. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Preparation of Raw Material — Storing of Raw Material — Testing and Valuation of Raw Material — Paint Plant and Machinery — The Grinding of White Lead — Grinding of White Zinc — Grinding of other White Pigments — Grinding of Oxide Paints — Grinding of Staining Colours — Grinding of Black Paints — Grinding of Chemical Colours — Yellows — Grinding of Chemical Colours — Blues — Grinding Greens — Grinding Reds — Grinding Lakes — Grinding Colours in Water — Grinding Colours in Turpentine — The Uses of Paint — Testing and Matching Paints — Economic Considerations — Index. DICTIONARY OF CHEMICALS AND RAW PRO- DUCTS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES AND ALLIED PREPARATIONS. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. Demy 8vo. 380 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 8s. home; 8s. 6d. abroad.) THE MANUFACTURE OF LAKE PIGMENTS FROM ARTIFICIAL COLOURS. By Fr.ancis H. Jennison, F.I.C, F.C.S. Sixteen Coloured Plates, showing Specimens of Eigrhty-nine Colours, specially prepared from the Recipes g:iven in the Book. KW pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; 8s. abroad.) contents. The Groups of the Artificial Colouring Matters — The Nature and Manipulation of Artificial Colours — Lake-forming Bodies for Acid Colours — Lake-forming Bodies' Basic Colours— Lake Bases— The Principles of Lake Formation — Red Lakes^Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet and Black Lakes — The Production of Insoluble Azo Colours in the Form of Pigments — The General Properties of Lakes Produced from Artificial Colours — Washing, Filtering and Fin- ishing — Matching and Testing Lake Pigments — Index PAINTS, COLOURS, ETC.— continued. THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL AND LAKE PIGMENTS. Containing Directions for the Manufacture of all Artificial, Artists and Painters' Colours, Enamel, Soot and Me- tallic Pigments. A Text-book for Manufacturers, Merchants, Artists and Painters. By Dr. Josef Bersch. Translated by A. C. Wright, M.A. (O.xon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Forty-three Illustrations. 476 pp., demy 8vo. Price 12s. (id. net. (Post free, 13s. home ; 13s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Introduction — Physico-chemical Rehaviour of Pigments — Raw Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Pigments — Assistant Materials — Metallic Compounds^The Manufacture ot Mineral Pigments — The Manufacture of White Lead — Enamel \Vhite — Washing Apparatus — Zinc White — Yellow Mineral Pigments — Chrome Yellow — Lead Oxide Pigments — Other Yellow Pigments — Mosaic Gold — Red Mineral Pigments — The Manufacture of Ver- milion — .Antimony Vermilion — Ferric Oxide Pigments — Other Red Mineral Pigments — Purple of Cassius — Blue Mineral Pigments — Ultramarine — Manufacture of Ultramarine — Blue Copper Pigments — Blue Cobalt Pigments — Smalts — Green .Mineral Pigments — Emerald Green — Verdigris — Chromium Oxide — Other Green Chromium Pigments — Green Cobalt Pig- ments — Green Manganese Pigments — Compounded Green Pigments — Violet Mineral Pig- ments — Brown Mineral Pigments — Brown Decomposition Products — Black Pigments — .Manu- facture of Soot Pigments — Manufacture of Lamp Black — The Manufacture of Soot Black without Chambers — Indian Ink — Enamel Colours — Metallic Pigments — Bronze Pigments — Vegetable Bronze Pigments. PiGMiCMS OF Organic Origin — Lakes — Yellow Lakes — Red Lakes — .Manufacture of Carmine — The Colourmg Matter of Lac — SafRower or Carthamine Red — .Madder and its Colouring Matters — Madder Lakes — Manjit (Indian Madder) — Lichen Colouring .Matters — Red Wood Lakes — The Colouring Matters of Sandal Wood and Other Dye Woods — Blue Lakes — Indigo Carmine — The Colouring Matter of Log Wood — Green Lakes — Brown Organic Pigments — Sap Colours — Water Colours — Crayons — Confectionery Colours — The Preparation of Pigments for Painting — The Examination of Pigments — Examination of Lakes — The Testing of Dye-Woods — The Design of a Colour Works — Commercial Names of Pigments — Appendix : Conversion of Metric to English Weights and Measures — Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometer Scales — Index. RECIPES FOR THE COLOUR, PAINT, VARNISH, OIL, SOAP AND DRYSALTERY TRADES. Compiled by An A.NALYTiCAL Che.mist. 350 pp. Demy Svo. Price7s.6d.net. (Post free, 8s. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Pigments or Colours for Paints, Lithographic and Letterpress Printing Inks, etc. — Mixed Paints and Preparations for Paint-making, Painting, Lime-washing, Paperhanging, etc. — Varnishes for Coach-builders, Cabinetmakers, Wood-workers, Metal-workers, Photo- graphers, etc. — Soaps for Toilet, Cleansing, Polishing, etc. — Perfumes — Lubricating Greases, Oils, etc. — Cements, Pastes, Glues and Other .Adhesive Preparations— Writing, .Marking, Endorsing and Other Inks — Sealing-wax and Office Requisites — Preparations for the Laundry, Kitchen, Stable and General Household Uses — Disinfectant Preparations — Miscellaneous Preparations — Index OIL COLOURS AND PRINTERS INKS. By Louis Edgar Andi^s. Translated from the German. 215 pp. Crown Svo. 56 Illustrations. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Linseed Oil — Poppy Oil — Mechanical Purification of Linseed Oil — Chemical Purification of Linseed Oil — Bleaching Linseed Oil — Oxidizing Agents for Boiling Linseed Oil — Theory of Oil Boiling — Manufacture of Boiled Oil — .-Adulterations of Boiled Oil — Chinese Drying Oil and Other Specialities — Pigments for House and .Artistic Painting and Inks — Pigment for Printers' Black Inks — Substitutes for Lampblack — .Machinery for Colour Grinding and Rubbing — .Machines for mixing Pigments with the Vehicle — Paint .Mills — .Manufacture of House Oil Paints — Ship Paints — Luminous Paint — Artists' Colours — Printers' Inks: — VEHICLES— Printers' Inks :— PIGMENTS and MANUF.ACTURE— Index. (Sfe also Writing Itiks, p. ii.) THREE HUNDRED SHADES AND HOW TO MIX THEM. For Architect.s, Decorators and Painters. {See page 28.) PAINTS, COLOURS, ETC.— coutiuucd. CASEIN. By Robert Scherer. Translated from the German by Chas. Salter. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 160 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Casein : its Origin, Preparation and Properties. Various Metiiods of Preparing Casein. Composition and Properties of Casein. Casein Paints.— " Marble-Lime " Colour for Outside Work — Casein Enamel Paint — Casein Fa9ade Paint — Cold-Water Paint in Powder Form — -Kistory's Recipe for Casein Paint and Varnish — Pure Casein Paints for Walls, etc. — Casein Paints for Woodwork and Iron — Casein-Silicate Paints — Milk Paints — Casein- Silicate Paint Recipes — Trojel's Boiled Oil Substitute — Calsomine Wash — Quick-Drying Casein Paint — Boiled Oil Substitute — Ring's Cold-Water Paint — Formolactin — Waterproof Paint for Playing Cards — Casein Colour Lake— Casein-Cement Paint. Tile Teclinics of Casein Painting. Casein Adiiesives and Putties.— Casein Glue in Plates or Flakes — Jeromin's Casein Adhesive — Hall's Casein Glue — Waterproof Glue — Liquid Casein Glue — ■ Casein and Borax Glue — Solid Casein Adhesive — Casein Solution— Glue Powder — Casein Puttie> — Washable Cement for Deal Boards — Wenk's Casein Cement — Casein and Lime Cement — "Pitch Barm" — Casein Stopping — Casein Cement for Stone. Tile Preparation of Plastic Masses from Casein. — Imitation Ivory — Anti-Radiation and Anti-Corrosive Com- position — Dickmann's Covering for Floors and Walls — Imitation Linoleum — Imitation Leather — Imitation Bone — Plastic Mass of Keratin and Casein — Insulating Mass — Plastic Casein Masses — Horny Casein Mass — Plastic Mass from Celluloid — Casein Cellulose Compo- sition — Fireproof Cellulose Substitute — Nitrocellulose and Casein Composition — -Franquet's Celluloid Substitute— Galalith. Uses of Casein in tile Textile Industry, for Finishing Colour Printing, etc. — Caseogum — "Glutin" — Casein Dressing for Linen and Cotton Fabrics — Printing Colour with Metallic Lustre — Process for Softening, Sizing and Loading — Fixing Casein and Other Albuminoids on the Fibre — Fixing Insoluble Colouring .Matters — Waterproofing and Softening Dressing — Casein for Mercerising Crepe — Fixing Zinc White on Cotton with Formaldehyde — Casein-Alagnesia — Casein .Medium for Calico Printing — Loading Silk. Casein Foodstuffs. — Casein Food — Synthetic Milk — .Milk Food — Emulsifiable Casein — Casein Phosphate for Baking — Making Bread, Low in Carbohydrates, from Flour and Curd — Preparing Soluble Casein Compounds with Citrates — Casein Food. Sundry Applications of Casein. SIMPLE METHODS FOR TESTING PAINTERS' MATERIALS. By A. C. Wright, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Crown Svo. 160 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 3s. 3d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) IRON - CORROSION, ANTI - FOULING AND ANTL CORROSIVE PAINTS. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar Andes. Sixty-two Illustrations. 275 pp. Demy Svo. Price IDs. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Iron-rust and its Formation — Protection from Rusting by Paint — Grounding the Iron with Linseed Oil, etc. — Testing Paints — Use of Tar for Painting on Iron — Anti-corrosive Paints — Linseed Varnish — Chinese Wood Oil — Lead Pigments — Iron Pigments — Artificial Iron Oxides — Carbon — Preparation of Anti-corrosive Paints — Results of Examination of Several Anti- corrosive Paints — Paints for Ship's Bottoms — ^Anti-fouling Compositions — Various Anti-cor- rosive and Ship's Paints — Official Standard Specifications for Ironwork Paints — Index. THE TESTING AND VALUATION OF RAW MATE- RIALS USED IN PAINT AND COLOUR MANU- FACTURE. By M. W. Jones, F.C.S. A Book for the Laboratories of Colour Works. 88 pp. Crown Svo. Price 5s. net. (l^ost free, 5s. 3d. home and abroad.) THE MANUFACTURE AND COMPARATIVE MERITS OF WHITE LEAD AND ZINC WHITE PAINTS. By G. Peiit, Civil Enj^inecr, etc. Translated from the French. Crown Svo. 100 pp. Price 4s. net. (Post free, 4s. 3d. home ; 4s. 4d. abroad.) Contents. Chapters I., The Fundamental Principles of Painting in Oil. II., The Different Varieties of White Leads— The Dutch Process— Grinding White Lead in Oil. III., Other Processes of Manufacturing White Lead. IV., White Lead Substitutes — Sophistication of White Lead- Analysis of White Lead. V., White Lead Paints— Their Merits and Defects. VI., Toxi- cology of White Lead — Hygienic Measures in its Manufacture and Use. VII., Zinc White — Its Preparation. IX., Zinc White Paint and Zinc White Coatings — Their .Merits and Defects. STUDENTS' HANDBOOK OF PAINTS, COLOURS, OILS AND VARNISHES. By John Flrxell. Crown 8vo. 12 Illustrations. 96 pp. Price2s.6d.net. (Postfree, 2s. 9d. home and abroad.) Varnishes and Drying Oils. OIL CRUSHING, REFINING AND BOILING, THE MANUFACTURE OF LINOLEUM, PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHIC INKS, AND INDIA-RUBBER SUBSTITUTES. By John Geddes McIxtosh. Being Volume 1. of tiio Second, greatly enlarged, English Edition, in three \'olumes, of " The Manufacture of Varnishes and Kindred Industries," based on and including the work of Ach. Livache. Demy Svo. 150 pp. 29 Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) VARNISHES AND VARNISH MAKING MATERIALS. By J. G. McIntosh. Demy Svo. 54 Illustrations. [In the Press. Contents. Chapter I., Introduction. II.. Amber and Amber Oil Varnishes. III.. Copal, etc. IV., Resins— Assorting, CIeaninj> and Fusing. V., Asphaltum. Coal-Tar, Pitch. Rubber, etc. VI., Oil-Varnish .Making— General Instructions. VII., Copal Oil Varnish. VIII., Rosin Oil Varnish — Brunswick Black— Super Black Japan. IX., Testing Varnish — Utilisation of Residues. DRYING OILS, BOILED OIL AND SOLID AND LIQUID DRIERS. By L. E. Andes. Expressly Written for this Series of Special Technical Books, and the Publishers hold the Copyright for English and Foreign Editions. Forty-two Illustra- tions. 342 pp. Demy Svo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home ; 13s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Properties of the Drying Oils ; Cause of the Drying Property ; Absorption of Oxygen ; Behaviour towards Metallic Oxides, etc. — The Properties of and .Methods for obtaining the Drying Oils — Production of the Drying Oils by Expression and Extraction ; Refining and Bleaching; Oil Cakes and .Meal; The Refining and Bleaching of the Drying Oils; The Bleaching of Linseed Oil — The .Manufacture of Boiled Oil; The Preparation of Drying Oils for Use in the Grinding of Paints and Artists' Colours and in the .Manufacture of Varnishes by Heating over a Fire or by Steam, by the Cold Process, by the Action of Air, and by Means of the Electric Current; The Driers used in Boiling Linseed Oil; The .Manufacture of Boiled Oil and the Apparatus therefor; Livache's Process for Preparing a Good Drying Oil and its Practical Application — The Preparation of Varnishes for Letterpress, Lithographic and Copper- plate Printing, for Oilcloth and Waterproof Fabrics: The Manufacture of Thickened Linseed Oil, Burnt Oil, Stand Oil by Fire Heat, Superheated Steam, and by a Current of Air — Behaviour of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oils towards .Atmospheric Influences, Water, Acids and Alkalies — Boiled Oil Substitutes — The .Manufacture of Solid and Liquid Driers from Linseed Oil and Rosin; Linolic Acid Compounds of the Driers — The Adulteration and Examination of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oil. Oils, Fats, Greases, Petroleum. LUBRICATING OILS, FATS AND GREASES: Their Origin, Preparation, Properties, Uses and Analyses. A Handbook for Oil Manufacturers, Refiners and Merchants, and the Oil and Fat Industry in General. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Sixty-five Illustrations. 317 pp. Demy Svo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Introductory— Hydrocarbon Oils— Scotch Shale Oils— Petroleum— Veg-etable and Animal Oils— Testing and Adulteration of Oils— Lubricating; Greases— Lubrication— Appendices— Index. TECHNOLOGY OF PETROLEUM : Oil Fields of the World — Their History, Geography and Geology — Annual Production and Development — Oil-well Drilling — Transport. By Henry Neu- BERGER and Henry Noalhat. Translated from the French by J. G. McIntosh. 550 pp. 153 Illustrations. 26 Plates. Super Royal 8vo. Price 21s. net. (Post free, 21s. 9d. home; 23s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. study of the Petroliferous Strata, Excavations — Hand Excavation or Hand Digging of Oil Wells. Metiiods of Boring-. Accidents — Boring Accidents — Methods of preventing them — Methods of remedying them — Explosives and the use of the "Torpedo" Levigation — Storing and Transport of Petroleum — General Advice — Prospecting, Management and carrying on of Petroleum Boring Operations. General Data — Customary Formulse — Memento. Practical Part. General Data bearing on Petroleum — Glossary of Technical Terms used in the Petroleum Industry — Copious Index. THE PRACTICAL COMPOUNDING OF OILS, TAL- LOW AND GREASE FOR LUBRICATION, ETC. By An Expert Oil Refiner. Second Edition. 100 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Introductory Remarks on the General Nomenclature of Oils, Tallow and Greases Buitable for Lubrication — Hydrocarbon Oils — Animal and Fish Oils — Compound Oils— Vegetable Oils— Lamp Oils— Eng-ine Tallow, Solidified Oils and Petroleum Jelly — Machinery Greases: Loco and Anti-friction— Clarifying: and Utilisation of Waste Fats, Oils, Tank Bottoms, Drainings of Barrels and Drums, Pickings Up, Dregs, etc.— The Fixing and Cleaning of Oil Tanks, etc. — Appendix and {jeneral Information. ANIMAL FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Production Purification and Uses for a great Variety of Purposes. Their Pro- perties, Falsification and Examination. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar Andes. Sixty-two Illustrations. 240 pp. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Introduction — Occurrence, Origm, Properties and Chemical Constitution of Animal Fats — Preparation of Animal Fats and Oils — Machinery^Tallow-melting Plant — Extraction Plant — Presses — Filtering Apparatus — Butter : Raw Material and Preparation, Properties, Adul- terations, Beef Lard or Remelted Butter, Testing — Candle-fish Oil — Mutton-Tallow — Hare Fat — Goose Fat — Neatsfoot Oil — Bone Fat: Bone Boiling, Steaming Bones, Extraction, Refining — Bone Oil — Artificial Butter: Oleomargarine, Margarine Manufacture in France, Grasso's Process, " Kaiser's Butter," Jahr & Miinzberg's Method, Filbert's Process, Winter's Method — Human Fat— Horse Fat — Beef Marrow — Turtle Oil — Hog's Lard: Raw Material — Preparation, Properties, Adulterations, Examination — Lard Oil — Fish Oils — Liver Oils — Artificial Train Oil — Wool Fat : Properties, Purified Wool Fat — Spermaceti : Examination of Fats and Oils in General. THE MANUFACTURE OF LUBRICANTS, SHOE POLISHES AND LEATHER DRESSINGS. By Richard Brunner. Translated from the Sixth German Edition by Chas. Salter. 10 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 170 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. The Manufacture of Lubricants and Greases — Properties of the Bodies used as Lubricants — Raw Materials for Lubricants — Solid Lubricants — Tallow Lubricants — Palm Oil Greases — Lead Soap Lubricants — True Soap Greases — Caoutchouc Lubricants — Other Solid Lubricants — Licjuid Lubricants — Lubricating Oils in General — Refining Oils for Lubricating Purposes — Cohesion Oils— Resin Oils — Lubricants of Fat and Resin Oil— Neatsfoot Oil — Bone Fat — Lubricants for Special Purposes — Mineral Lubricating Oils — Clockmakers' and Sewing Ma- chine Oils — The Application of Lubricants to Machinery — Removing Thickened Grease and Oil — Cleaning Oil Rags and Cotton Waste — The Use of Lubricants — Shoe Polishes and Leather Softening Preparations — The Manufacture of Shoe Polishes and Preparations for Varnishing and Softening Leather— The Preparation of Bone Black — Blacking and Shoe Polishes— Leather Varnishes — Leather Softening Preparations — The Manufacture of D^gras. THE OIL MERCHANTS' MANUAL AND OIL TRADE READY RECKONER. Compiled by Frank F. Shkkriff, Second Edition Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. 214 pp. 1904. With Two Sheets of Tables. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; Ss. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Trade Terms and Customs— Tables to Ascertain Value of Oil sold per cwt. or ton— Specific Gravity lables-Percentatje Tare Tables— Petroleum Tables— ParafKne and Benzoline Calcu- lations— Customary Drafts— Tables for Calculating Allowance for Dirt, Water, etc.— Capacity of Circular T;inUs Tables, etc.. etc. VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Prepara- tion, Purification and Employment for Various Purposes, their Proper- ties, Adulteration and Examination. Translated from the German of Louis Edoar Andks. Ninety-four Illustrations. 340 pp. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 6d. abroad.) Essential Oils and Perfumes. THE CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND ARTI FICIAL PERFUMES. By Ernest J. Parry, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S. 411 pp. 20 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home ; 13s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. The General Properties of Essential Oils— Compounds occurring in Essential Oils —The Preparation of Essential Oils— The Analysis of Essential Oils— Systematic Study of the Essential Oils— Terpeneless Oils— The Chemistry of Artificial Perfumes — Appendix : Table of Constants — Index. Soaps. SOAPS. A Practical Manual of the Manufacture of Domestic, Toilet and other Soaps. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. 2nd edition. 390 pp. 66 Illustrations. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Introductory- Soap=maker's Alkalies— Soap Fats and Oils— Perfumes— Water as a Soap Material— Soap Machinery— Technology of Soap=making— Glycerine in Soap Lyes— Laying out a Soap Factory— Soap Analysis— Appendices. TEXTILE SOAPS AND OILS. Handbook on the Prepara- tion, Properties and Analysis of the Soaps and Oils used in Textile Manufacturing, Dyeing and Printing. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. Crown 8vo. 195 pp. 1904. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) SOAPS: THEIR MANUFACTURE AND ANALYSIS. By W.M. H. Si.M.MONS, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.C.S. and H. A. .Ai'I'I.hto.n. [In Preparation. Contents. Chapters I. Introduction. — DeHnition and Nature of Soap — Its Action as a Detergent — Views of Berzelius, Persoz, Rotondi, Carpenter, and Hillyer. II. Constitution of Fats and Oils and their Saponification. — Researches of Chevreul and Liebu — Modern Theories of Hydrolysis—SaponiKcation by (1) I't-iiniiils : Lipase. Steapsin, Emulsion, Castor Seed Ferment ; (2) U'lit^y ; {'.i) AaiUyatom : Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric -Acid, Twitchell's Reagent; (4) liases ill) Without Pressure. (/>) With Pressure, Lime, .Magnesia, Zinc Oxide. III. Raw Materials Used in Soap-making. — Tallow — Australian, North and South American (Beef and Mutton), Oleostearine, Home-melted or Town Tallow — Lard — Cocoanut Oil (Cochin, Ceylon, Coprah, Pressed)— Palm KerncSl Od— Olive Oil— Olive Kernol— Cottonseed Oil- Cottonseed Stearin — Arachis — Sesame — Linseed — Castor — Waste Fats (ii) Bone Fat, (6) Kitchen Fat (.Melted Stuff) — Fatty Acids— Stearines from Recovered Oils and "Greases — Rosin— Shew Butter— .Mowrah Oil— Vegetable Tallow— Various New Fats Offered— Alkali (Caustic and Carbonate Soda and Potash)— Silicate of Soda— Chloride of Soda— Water. IV. Bleaching and Treatment of Oils Intended for Soap-Making.— Bleaching Crude Palm Oil— Washing Tallows— Refining Crude Cottonseed Oil— .Mechanical Methods of Purification — Treatment with Ozone, Hydrojjen Peroxide, Sodium Peroxide, etc. V. Soap- Making.— Classification of Soaps— Direct Combination of Fatty .Acids with Alkali — Cold Process Soaps — Saponification under Pressure — Soft Soap^Hydrated Marine Soap — Curd Soap — Castile Soap — Milling Soap Base — Yellow Household Soaps — Mottled Soaps — Graining Out — Boiling on Strength — "Fitting" — Resting for Subsidence of Nigres. Lyes, etc. — Utilisation and Bleaching of Nigres. VI. Household and "Boiled" Toilet Soaps. — Cleansing — Crutching — Liquoring of Soaps — Neutralising, Colouring and Perfuming Un- milled Toilet Soaps — Medicating Disinfectant Soaps — Framing — Slabbing and Barring- Drying— Open and Close Piling— Stamping. VII. Milled Toilet Soaps.— Drying— Milling — Incorporation of Colour and Perfume — Compressing, Stamping — Wrapping and Packing — Transparent and Semi-transparent Soaps — Albumen Soaps — Milk, Egg and Vegetable Albu- men. VIII. Essential Oils and Synthetic Perfumes. — General Remarks — Anisi — Aspic — Bay — Bergamot — Bitter Almonds — Canada Snake Root — Cananga — Caraway — Cassia — Cedarwood — Cinnamon — Citronella — Clove — Eucalyptus—Fennel — Geranium — Gingergrass — Guaiac Wood — Lavender — Lemon — Lime^Linalot — Marjoram — Nexoli — Orange — Orris Con- crete — Palmarosa — Patchouli — Peppermint — Peru Balsam — Petitgrain, — Pimento — Rose — Rosemary — Sage — Sandalwood — Sassafras — Thyme Rouge — Verbena — Vetivert — Winter- green — Ylansj-ylang — Antipine — Con marine — Heliotropin — lonone — Mirbane — Musk — Niobi — Terebene— Terpineol— Vanillan. IX. Medicated Soaps and Shaving: Creams.— Addition of Medicaments — Borax — Carbolic — Birch Tar — Ichthyol — Lysol — Mercury Liniodide — Formiilin — Thymol, etc. X. Industrial Soaps. — Textile Soaps — Miscellaneous Soaps — Marking Soaps. XI. Recovery of Glycerine from Lyes. — Treatment — Concentration — Purification and Distillation. XII. Analysis of Soap and Other Products.— .Methods of Analysis — Comparative Valuation of Soaps — Typical Analysis. XIII. Statistics of Soap' Industry. — Imports and Exports. Gosmetical Preparations. COSMETICS : MANUFACTURE, EMPLOYMENT AND TESTING OF ALL COSMETIC MATERIALS AND COSMETIC SPECIALITIES. Translated from the German of Dr. Theodor Roller. Crown 8vo. 262 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Purposes and Uses of, and Ingredients used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — Preparation of Perfumes by Pressure, Distillation, Maceration, Absorption or Enfleurage, and Extraction Methods — Chemical and Animal Products used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — Oils and Fats used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — General Cosmetic Preparations — Mouth Washes and Tooth Pastes — Hair Dyes, Hair Restorers and Depilatories — Cosmetic Adjuncts and Specialities — Colouring Cosmetic Preparations — Antiseptic Washes and Soaps— Toilet and Hygienic Soaps — Secret Preparations for Skin, Complexion, Teeth, Mouth, etc. — Testing and Examining the Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Cosmetics — Index. Glue, Bone Products and Manures. GLUE AND GLUE TESTING. By Samuel Rideal, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C. Fourteen Engravings. 244 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home ; lis. abroad.) Contents. Constitution and Properties: Definitions and Sources, Gelatine, Chondrin and Allied Bodies, Physical and Chemical Properties, Classification, Grades and Commercial Varieties — Raw Materials and Manufacture : Glue Stock, Lining, Extraction, Washing and Clari- fying, Filter Presses, Water Supply, Use of Alkalies, Action of Bacteria and of Antiseptics^ Various Processes, Cleansing, Forming, Drying, Crushing, etc.. Secondary Products — Uses of Glue : Selection and Preparation for Use, Carpentry, Veneering, Paper-Making, Book- binding, Printing Rollers, Hectographs, Match Manufacture, Sandpaper, etc.. Substitutes for other Materials, Artificial Leather and Caoutchouc — Gelatine : General Characters, Liquid Gelatine, Photographic Uses, Size, Tanno-, Chrome and Formo-Gelatine, Artificial Silk, Cements, Pneumatic Tyres, Culinary, Meat Extracts, Isinglass, Medicinal and other Uses, Bacteriology— Glue Testing : Review of Processes, Chemical Examination, Adulteration^ Physical Tests, Valuation of Raw .Materials — Commercial Aspects. BONE PRODUCTS AND MANURES : An Account of the most recent Improvements in the Manufacture of Fat, Glue, Animal Charcoal, Size, Gelatine and Manures. By Thomas Lambert, Techni- cal and Consulting Chemist. Illustrated by Twenty-one Plans and Diagrams. 162 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Chemical Composition of Bones — Arrangement of Factory — Properties of Glue — Glutin and Chondrin— Skin Glue — Liming of Skins — Washing — Boiling of Skins— Clarification of Glue Liquors — Glue-Boiling and Clarifying-House — Specification of a Glue — Size — Uses and Pre- paration and Composition of Size — Concentrated Size — Properties of Gelatine — Preparation of Skin Gelatine — Drying — Bone Gelatine — Selecting Bones — Crushing — Dissolving — Bleaching — Boiling — Properties of Glutin and Chondrin — Testing of Glues and Gelatines — The Uses of Glue, Gelatine and Size in Various Trades — Soluble and Liquid Glues — Steam and Waterproof Glues — Manures — Importation of Food Stuffs — Soils — Germination — Plant Life — Natural Manures — Water and Nitrogen in Farmyard Manure — Full Analysis of Farmyard Manure — Action on Crops — Water-Closet System — Sewage Manure — Green Manures — Artificial Manures — Mineral Manures — Nitrogenous Matters — Shoddy — Hoofs and Horns — Leather Waste — Dried Meat — Dried Blood — Superphosphates — Composition — Manufacture — Common Raw Bcnes — Degreased Bones — Crude Fat — Refined Fat — Degelatinised Bones — Animal Chan:oaI — Bone Superphosphates — Guanos — Dried Animal Products — Potash Compounds — Sulrl ate of Ammonia — Extraction n Vacuo — French and British Gelatines compared — Index. Chemicals, Waste Products and Agricultural Gliemistry. REISSUE OF CHEMICAL ESSAYS OF C. W. SCHEELE. First Published in English in 1786. Trans- lated from the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, with Additions. 300 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 6d. home ; 5s. 9d. abroad.) Contents. .Memoir: C. W. Scheele and his work (written for this edition by J. G. Mcintosh) — On Fluor Mineral and its Acid — On Fluor Mineral — Chemical Investigation of Fluor Acid, with a View to the Earth which it Yields, by .Mr. Wiegler — Additional Information Concerning Fluor .Minerals — On .Manganese, .Magnesium, or Magnesia Vitrariorum — On Arsenic and its Acid — Remarks upon Salts of Benzoin — On Silex, Clay and Alum — .Analysis of the Calculus Vesical — .Method of Preparing Mercurius Dulcis Via Humida — Cheaper and more Convenient .Method of Preparing Pulvis Algarothi^Experiments upon .Molybdaena — Experiments on Plumbago — .Method of Preparing a New Green Colour — Of the De- composition of Neutral Salts by Unslaked Lime and Iron — On the Quantity of Pure Air which is Daily Present in our Atmosphere — On .Milk and its Acid — On the .-Vcid of Saccharum Lactis — On the Constituent Parts of Lapis Ponderosus or Tungsten — Experiments and Observations on Ether^Index. THE MANUFACTURE OF ALUM AND THE SUL- PHATES AND OTHER SALTS OF ALUMINA AND IRON. Their Uses and Applications as Mordants in Dyeing and Calico Printing, and their other Applications in the Arts, .Manufac- tures, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture and Horticulture. Translated from the French of Lucien Geschwind. 195 Illustrations. 400 pp. Royal 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home ; 13s. 6d abroad.) Contents. Theoretical Study of Aluminium, Iron, and Compounds of these Metals — Aluminium and its Compounds — Iron and Iron Compounds. Manufacture of Aluminium Sulphates and Sulphates of Iron— .Manufacture of Aluminium Sulphate and the Alums — .Manufacture of Sulphates of Iron. Uses of the Sulphates of Aluminium and Iron— Uses of Aluminium Sulphate and Alums — .Application to Wool and Silk — Preparing and using Aluminium Acetates — Employment of Aluminium Sulphate in Carbonising Wool — The .Manufacture of Lake Pigments— .Manu- facture of Prussian Blue — Hide and Leather Industry — Paper .Making — Hardening Plaster — Lime Washes — I'reparation of Non-inflammable Wood, etc. — Purification of Waste Waters — Uses and Applications of Ferrous Sulphate and Ferric Sulphates— Dyeing— .Manu- facture of Pigments — Writmg Inks — Purification of Lighting Gas — .Agriculture — Cotton Dyeing — Disinfectant — Purifying Waste Liquors — .Manufacture of Nordhausen Sulphuric .Acid — Fertilising. Chemical Characteristics of Iron and Aluminium— Analysis of Various Aluminous or Ferrug'inous Products — .Aluminium — Analysing; Aluminium Products — -Alunite Alumina — Sodium Aluniinate — Aluminium Sulphate — Iron — .Analytical Characteristics of Iron Salts -Analysis of Pyritic Lignite — Ferrous and Ferric Sulphates — Rouil .Mordant — Index. AMMONIA AND ITS COMPOUNDS : Their Manufacture and Uses. By Ca.mille Vincent. Professor at the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, Paris. Translated from the French by .M. J. Salter. Royal 8vo. 114 pp. Thirty-two Illustrations. Price5s.net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. General Considerations: Various Sources of Ammoniacal Products: Human Urine as a Source of Ammonia — Extraction of Ammoniacal Products from Sewag:e— Extraction of Ammonia from Gas Liquor— Manufacture of Ammoniacal Com- pounds from Bones, Nitrogenous Waste, Beetroot Wash and Peat— Manufacture of Caustic Ammonia, and Ammonium Chloride. Phosphate and Carbonate— Recovery of Ammonia from the Ammonia-Soda .Mother Liguors Index. 10 INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL. A Practical Manual on the Production and Use of Alcohol for Industrial Purposes and for Use as a Heating Agent, as an Illuminant and as a Source of Motive Power. By J. G. M'Intosh, Lecturer on Manufacture and Applications of Industrial Alcohol at The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Demy 8vo. 1907. 250 pp. With 75 Illustrations and 25 Tables. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Alcohol and its Properties. — Ethylic Alcohol — Absolute .AlIcoHoI — Adulterations — Properties of Alcohol — Fjactional Distillation — Destructive Distillation — Products of Com- bustion — Alcoholometry — Proof Spirit — Analysis of Alcohol — Table showing Correspondence between the Specific Gravity and Per Cents, of Alcohol over and under Proof — Other Alcohol Tables. Continuous Aseptic and Antiseptic Fermentation and Sterilisation in Industrial Alcohol Manufacture. The IVlanufacture of Industrial Alcohol from Beets. — Beet Slicing .Machines — Extraction of Beet Juice by Maceration, by Diffusion — Fermentation in Beet Distilleries — Plans of Modern Beet Distillery. The Manufacture of Industrial Alcohol from Grain. — Plan of Modern Grain Distillery. The Manufacture of Industrial Alcohol from Potatoes. The Manufacture of Industrial Alcohol from Surplus Stocks of Wine, Spoilt Wine, Wine Maics, and from Fruit in General. The Manu- facture of Alcohol from the Sugar Cane and Sugar Cane .Molasses — Plans. Plant, etc., for the Distillation and Rectification of Industrial Alcohol.— The Caffey and other "Patent" Stills — Intermittent versus Continuous RectiHcation — Continuous IJistillation — Rectification of Spent Wash. The Manufacture and Uses of Various Alcohol Derivatives, Ether, Haloid Ethers, Compound Ethers, Chloroform — Methyl and Amyl Alcohols and their Ethereal Salts, Acetone — Barbet's Ether, Methyl Alcohol and Acetone Rectifying Stills. The Uses of Alcohol in Manufactures, etc. — List of Industries in which Alcohol is used, with Key to Function of Alcohol in each Industry. The Uses of Alcohol for Lighting, Heating, and Motive Power. ANALYSIS OF RESINS AND BALSAMS. Translated from the German of Dr. Karl Dieterich. Demy Svo. 340 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) MANUAL OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. By Herbert Ingle, F.I.C, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry, the Yorkshire College ; Lecturer in the Victoria University. Second Edition. 388 pp. 11 Illustrations. Demy Svo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 8s. home ; 8s. 6d. abroad.) Contents,. Introduction — The Atmosphere — The Soil — The Reactions occurring in Soils — The Analysis of Soils — Manures, Natural — Manures (continued) — The Analysis of Manures — The Constituents of Plants — The Plant — Crops— The Animal — Foods and Feeding — Milk and Milk Products — The Analysis of Milk and Milk Products — Miscellaneous Products used in Agri- culture — Appendix — Index. THE UTILISATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS. A Treatise on the Rational Utilisation, Recovery and Treatment of Waste Pro- ducts of all kinds. By Dr. Theodor Koller. Translated from the Second Revised German Edition. Twenty-two Illustrations. Demy Svo. 280 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. The Waste of Towns — Ammonia and Sal-Ammoniac — Rational Processes for Obtaining these Substances by Treating Residues and Waste — Residues in the Manufacture of Aniline Dyes — Amber Waste — Brewers' Waste — Blood and Slaughter-House Refuse — Manufactured Fuels — Waste Paper and Bookbinders' Waste — Iron Slags — Excrement — Colouring Matters from Waste — Dyers' Waste Waters — Fat from Waste — Fish Waste — Calamine Sludge — Tannery Waste— Gold and Silver Waste — India-rubber and Caoutchouc Waste — Residues in the Manufacture of Rosin Oil — Wood Waste — Horn Waste — Infusorial Earth — Iridium from Goldsmiths' Sweepings — Jute Waste — Cork Waste — Leather Waste — Glue Makers' Waste — Illuminating Gas from Waste and the By-Products of the Manufacture of Coal Gas — Meerschum — Molasses — Metal Waste — By-Products in the Manufacture of Mineral Waters — Fruit — The By-Products of Paper and Paper Pulp Works — By-Products in the Treatment of Coal Tar Oils — Fur Waste- — The Waste Matter in the Manufacture of Parchment Paper — Mother of Pearl Waste — Petroleum Residues — Platinum Residues — Broken Porcelain. Earthenware and Glass — Salt Waste — Slate Waste — Sulphur — Burnt Pyrites — Silk Waste — Soap Makers' Waste — Alkali Waste and the Recovery of Soda — Waste Produced in Grinding Mirrors — Waste Products in the Manufacture of Starch — Stearic Acid — Vegetable Ivory Waste — Turf — Waste Waters of Cloth Factories — Wine Residues — Tinplate Waste — Wool Waste — Wool Sweat — The Waste Liquids from Sugar Works — Index. 11 Writing Inks and Sealing Waxes. INK MANUFACTURE : Including Writing, Copying, Litho- graphic, Marking, Stamping, and Laundry Inks. BvSigmund Lehner. Three Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 162 pp. Translated from the German of the Fifth Edition. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Varieties of Ink— Writing Inks— Raw iMaterials of Tannin Inks— The Chemical Constitution of the Tannin Inks— Recipes for Tannin Inks— Logwood Tannin Inks— Ferric Inks— Alizarine Inks— Extract Inks— Logwood Inks— Copying Inks— Hektographs— Hektograph Inks— Safety Inks— Ink Extracts and Powders— Preserving Inks— Changes in Ink and the Restoration of Faded Writing— Coloured Inks— Red Inks— Blue Inks— Violet Inks— Yellow Inks— Green Inks— Metallic Inks— Indian Ink— Lithographic Inks and Pencils— Ink Pencils— Marking Inks —Ink Specialities— Sympathetic Inks— Stamping Inks— Laundry or Washing Blue— Index SEALING-WAXES. WAFERS AND OTHER ADHES- IVES FOR THE HOUSEHOLD. OFFICE, WORK- SHOP AND FACTORY. By H. C. Sta.\d.\ge. Crown Svo. 96 pp. Price5s.net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Contents. Materials Used for Making Sealing- Waxes— The Manufacture of Sealing- Waxes— Wafers— Notes on the Nature of the Materials Used in .Making Adhesive Compounds— Cements for Use in the Household— Office Gums, Pastes and .Mucilages— -Adhesive Compounds for Factory and Workshop Use. Lead Ores and Compounds. LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS. By Thos. Lambert, Technical and Consulting Chemist. Demy 8vo. 226 pp. Forty Illus- trations. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; Ss. 3d. abroad.) Contents. History — Ores of Lead — Geographical Distribution of the Lead Industry — Chemical and Physical Properties of Lead— Alloys of Lead — Compounds of Lead— Dressing of Lead Ores —Smelting of Lead Ores— Smelting in the Scotch or American Ore-hearth— Smelting in the Shaft or Blast Furnace — Condensation of Lead Fume — Desilverisation, or the Separation of Silver from Argentiferous Lead— Cupellation— The .Manufacture of Lead Pipes and Sheets — Protoxide of Lead— Litharge and .Massicot— Red Lead or Minium — Lead Poisoning — Lead Substitutes — Zinc and its Compounds — Pumice Stone — Drying Oils and Siccatives — Oil of Turpentine Resin— Classification of .Mineral Pigments — Analysis of Raw and Finished Products — Tables — Index. NOTES ON LEAD ORES : Their Distribution and Properties. By Jas. Fairie, F.G.S. Crown 8vo. 64 pages. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home ; 3s. abroad.) (Wliiie Lead and Zinc White Paints, see p. 4.) Industrial Hygiene. THE RISKS AND DANGERS TO HEALTH OF VARI- OUS OCCUPATIONS AND THEIR PREVENTION. By Leonakd A. Parky, .\1.D., B.Sc. (Lond.). 196 pp. Demy Svo. Price 7s. 6d. net. Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; Ss. abroad.) Contents. Occupations which are Accompanied by the Generation and Scattering of Abnormal Quantities of Dust — Trades in which there is Danger of .Metallic Poisoning— Certain Chemi- cal Trades — Some .Miscellaneous Occupations — Trades in which Various Poisonous Vapours are Inhaled — General Hygienic Considerations — Index. 12 Industrial Uses of Air, Steam and Water. DRYING BY MEANS OF AIR AND STEAM. Explana- tions, Formulae, and Tables for Use in Practice. Translated from the German of E. Hausbrand. Two folding Diagrams and Thirteen Tables. Crown Svo. 72 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. British and Metric Systems Compared — Centigrade and Fahr. Thermometers — Estimation of the Maximum Weight of Saturated Aqueous Vapour which can be contained in 1 kilo, of Air at Different Pressure and Temperatures — Calculation of the Necessary Weight and Volume of Air, and of the Least Expenditure of Heat, pet Drying Apparatus with Heated Air, at the Atmospheric Pressure: A, With the Assumption that the Air is Completely Satur- ated with Vapour both before Entry and after Exit from the Apparatus — IS, When the Atmospheric Air is Completely Saturated before entry, but at its exit is only §, A or J Saturated . — C, When the Atmospheric Air is not Saturated with Moisture before Entenng the Drying Apparatus — Drying Apparatus, in which, in the Drying Chamber, a Pressure is Artificially Created, Higher or Lower than that of the Atmosphere — Drying by Means of Superheated Steam, without Air — Heating Surface, Velocity of the Air Current, Dimensions of the Drying Room, Surface of the Drying Material, Losses of Heat— Index. (See also " Evaporating, Condensing and Coolitig Apparatus," p. 26.) PURE AIR, OZONE AND WATER. A Practical Treatise of their Utilisation and Value in Oil, Grease, Soap, Paint, Glue and other Industries. By W. B. Cowell. Twelve Illustrations. Crown Svo. 85 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Atmospheric Air ; Lifting of Liquids ; Suction Process ; Preparing Blown Oils; Preparing Siccative Drying Oils — Compressed Air; Whitewash — Liquid Air; Retrocession — Purification of Water; Water Hardness — Fleshings and Bones — Ozonised Air in the Bleaching and De- odorising of Fats, Glues, etc. ; Bleaching Textile Fibres — Appendix: Air and Gases; Pressure of Air at Various Temperatures; Fuel; Table of Combustibles; Saving of Fuel by Heating Feed Water; Table of Solubilities of Scale Making Minerals; British Thermal Units Tables ; Volume of the Flow of Steam into the Atmosphere; Temperature of Steam — Index. THE INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. COMPOSI- TION — EFFECTS— TROUBLES — REMEDIES— RE- SIDUARY WATERS— PURIFICATION— ANALYSIS. By H. DE LA Coux. Royal Svo. Translated from the French and Revised by Arthur Morris. 364 pp. 135 Illustrations. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Chemical Action of Water in Nature and in Industrial Use — Composition of Waters — Solubility of Certain Salts in Water Considered from the Industrial Point of View — Effects on the Boiling of Water — Effects of Water in the Industries — Difficulties with Water — Feed Water for Boilers — Water in Dyeworks, Print Works, and Bleach Works — Water in the Textile Industries and in Conditioning — Water in Soap Works — Water in Laundries and Washhouses — Water in Tanning — Water in Preparing Tannin and Dyewood Extracts — Water in Papermaking — Water in Photography — Water in Sugar Refining — Water in Making Ices and Beverages — Water in Cider Making — Water in Brewing — Waterin Distilling — Preliminary Treatment and Apparatus — Substances Used for Preliminary Chemical Purification — Com- mercial Specialities and their Employment — Precipitation of Matters in Suspension in Water —Apparatus for the Preliminary Chemical Purification of Water — Industrial Filters — Indus- trial Sterilisation of Water — Residuary Waters and their Purification — Soil Filtration — Purification by Chemical Processes — Analyses — Index. {See Books on Smoke Prevention, Engineering and Metallurgy, p. 26, etc.) 13 X Rays. PRACTICAL X RAY WORK. By Frank T. Addyman, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., Member of the Roentgen Society of London; Rudiograplicr to St. George's Hospital; Demonstrator of Physics and Chemistry, and Teacher of Radiography in St. George's Hospital Medical School. Demy 8vo. Twelve Plates from Photographs of X Ray Work. Fifty-two Illustrations. 200 pp. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Historical — Work leadinji up to the Discovery of the X Rays — The Discovery — Appara- tus and its Management — Electrical Terms — Sources of Electricity — Induction Coils — Electrostatic Machines — Tubes — Air Pumps — Tube Holders and Stereoscopic Apparatus — Fluorescent Screens — Practical X Ray Work— Installations — Radioscopy — Radiography — X Rays in Dentistry — X Rays in Chemistry — X Rays in War — Index. List of Plates. Fiviitispiece — Congenital Dislocation of Hip-Joint. — I., Needle in Finger. — H., Needle in Foot. — HI.. Revolver Bullet in Calf and Leg. — IV., A .Method of Localisation. — V, Stellate Fracture of Patella showing shadow of "Strapping". — VI., Sarcoma. — VII., Six-weeks-old Injury to Elbow showing new Growth of Bone. — VIII., Old Fracture of Tibia and Fibula badly set. — IX., Heart Shadow. — X., Fractured Femur showinC Grain of Splint. — XI.. Bar- ren's .Method of Localisation. India-Rubber and Giitta Percha. INDIA RUBBER AND GUTTA PERCHA. Translated from the French of T. Seelig.mann, G. La.my Torvilhon and H. Falconnet by John Geddes McIntosh. Royal 8vo. [Out of print. Stcond Edition in preparation. Contents. India- Rubber — Botanical Origin — Climatology — Soil — Rational Culture and .Acclimation of the Different Spe;ies of India-Rubber Plants— Methods of Obtaining the Latex — Methods of Preparing Raw or Crude India-Rubber — Classification of the Commercial Species of Raw Rubber — Physical and Chemical Properties of the Latex and of India-Rubber — .Mechanical Transformation of Natural Caoutchouc into Washed or Normal Caoutchouc (Purification) and Normal Rubber into .Masticated Rubber — Softening, Cutting, Washing, Drying — Preliminary Observations — Vulcanisation of Normal Rubber — Chemical and Physical Properties of Vulcanised Rubber — General Considerations — Hardened Rubber or Ebonite — Considerations on .Mineralisation and other .Mixtures — Coloration and Dyeing — Analysis of Natural or Normal Rubber and Vulcanised Rubber — Rubber Substitutes — Imitation Rubber. Gutta Percha— Botanical Origin— Climatology— Soil— Rational Culture— .Methods of Collection — Classification of the Different Species of Commercial Gutta Percha — Physical and Chemical Properties — Mechanical Transformation — .Methods of -Analysing — Gutta Percba Substitutes — Index. Leather Trades. PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE LEATHER IN- DUSTRY. By A. M. Villon. Translated by Frank T. Addy.man, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.l.C, F.C.S. ; and Corrected by an Emi- nent Member of the Trade. 500 pp., royal 8vo. 123 Illustrations. Price 21s. net. (Post free, 21s. 6d. home; 22s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Preface — Translator's Preface — List of Illustrations. Part I., Materials used in Tanning— Skins: Skin and its Structure; Skins used in Tanning; Various Skins and their Uses — Tannin and Tanning Substances: Tannin; Barks (Oak); Barks other than Oak; Tanning Woods ; Tannin-bearing Leaves; Excrescences; Tan-bearing Fruits; Tan-bearing Roots and Bulbs; Tanning Juices; Tanning Substances used in Various Countries; Tannin Extracts; Estimation of Tannin and Tannin Principles. Part II., Tanning: — 'he Installation of a Tannery: Tan Furnaces; Chimneys, Boilers, etc.; Steam Engines — Grinding and Trituration of Tanning Substances: Cutting up Bark; Grinding Bark; The Grinding of Tan Woods; Powdering Fruit, Galls and Grains; Notes on the Grinding of Bark — Manufacture of Sole Leather: Soaking; Sweating and Unhairing; Plumping and Colouring; Handling; Tanning; Tanning Elephants' Hides; Drying; Striking or Pinning — .Manufacture of Dressing Leather: Soaking; Depilation; New Pro- cesses for the Depilation of Skins; Tanning; Cow Hides; Horse Hides; Goat Skins; .Manu- facture of Split Hides — On Various .Methods of Tanning: Mechanical .Methods; Physical .Methods; Chemical .Methods; Tanning with Extracts — Quantity and Quality; Quantity; Net Cost; Quality of Leather — Various .Manipulations of Tanned Leather: Second Tanning; Grease Stains; Bleaching Leather; Waterproofing Leather; Weighting Tanned Leather; Preservation of Leather — Tanning Various Skins. 14 Part III., Currying — Waxed Calf; Preparation; Shaving; Stretching or Slicking: Oiling the Grain ; Oiling the Flesh Side; Whitening and Graining; Waxing; Finishing; Dry Finishing; Finishing in Colour; Cost — White Calf: Finishing in White — Cow Hide for Upper Leathers: Black Cow Hide; White Cow Hide; Coloured Cow Hide — Smooth Cow Hide— Black Leather — -Miscellaneous Hides: Horse; Goat; Waxed Goat Skin; Matt Goat Skin — Russia Leather: Russia Leather; Artificial Russia Leather. Part IV., Enamelled, Hungary and Chamoy Leather, Morocco, Parchment, Furs and Artificial Leather — Enamelled Leather: Varnish Manufacture; Application of the Enamel; Enamelling in Colour — Hungary Leather: Preliminary; Wet Work or Prepara- tion; Aluming; Dressing or Loft Work; Tallowing; Hungary Leather from Various Hides — Tawing : Preparatory Operations ; Dressing ; Dyeing Tawed Skins ; Rugs — Chamoy Leather — Morocco : Preliminary Operations , Morocco Tannmg ; Mordants used in Morocco Manu- facture; Natural Colours used in Morocco Dyeing; .Artificial Colours; Different Methods of Dyeing; Dyeing with Natural Colours; Dyeing with Aniline Colours; Dyeing with Metallic Salts; Leather Printing ; Finishing Morocco ; Shagreen ; Bronzed Leather — Gilding and Silvering: Gilding; Silvering; Nickel and Cobalt — Parchment — Furs and Furriery: Preliminary Remarks; Indigenous Furs; Foreign Furs from Hot Countries; Foreign F'urs from Cold Countries ; Furs from Birds' Skins; Preparation of Furs; Dressing; Colouring; Preparation of Birds' Skins ; Preservation of Furs — -.Artificial Leather : Leather made from Scraps; Compressed Leather; American Cloth ; Papier Mache ; Linoleum; Artificial Leather. Part v., Leather Testing and the Theory of Tanning — Testing and Analysis of Leather : Physical Testing of Tanned Leather; Chemical Analysis — The Theory of Tanning and the other Operations of the Leather and Skin Industry: Theory of Soaking; Theory of Un- hairing; Theory of Swelling; Theory of Handling; Theory of Tanning; Theory of the Action of Tannin on the Skin; Theory of Hungary Leather Making; Theory of Tawing; Theory of Chamoy Leather Making; Theory of Mineral Tanning. Part VI., Uses of Leather — Machine Belts: Manufacture of Belting; Leather Chain Belts; Various Belts; Use of Belts — Boot and Shoe-making: Boots and Shoes; Laces — Saddlery: Composition of a Saddle; Construction of a Saddle — Harness: The Pack Saddle; Harness — Military Equipment — Glove Making — Carriage Building — Mechanical Uses. Appendix, The World's Commerce in Leather — Europe; America; Asia; Africa: Australasia — Index. THE LEATHER WORKER'S MANUAL. Being a Com- pendium of Practical Recipes and Working Formulas for Curriers, Bootmakers, Leather Dressers, Blacking Manufacturers, Saddlers, Fancy Leather Workers. By H. C. Standage. Demy 8vo. 165 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Blackings, Polishes, Glosses, Dressings, Renovators, etc., for Boot and Shoe Leather — Harness Blackings, Dressings, Greases, Compositions, Soaps, and Boot-top Powders and Liquids, etc., etc. — Leather Grinders' Sundries — Currier's Seasonings, Blacking Compounds, Dressings, Finishes, Glosses, etc. — Dyes and Stains for Leather — Miscellaneous Information — Chrome Tannage — Index. Books on Pottery, Bricks, Tiles, Glass, etc. THE MANUAL OF PRACTICAL POTTING. Compiled by E.xperts, and Edited by Chas. F. Binns. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 200 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 17s. 6d. net. (Post free, 17s. lOd. home; 18s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Introduction. The Rise and Progress of the Potter's Art — Bodies. China and Porcelain Bodies, Parian Bodies, Semi-porcelain and Vitreous Bodies, Mortar Bodies, Earthenwares Granite and C.C. Bodies, Miscellaneous Bodies, Sagger and Crucible Clays, Coloured Bodies, Jasper Bodies, Coloured Bodies for Mosaic Painting, Encaustic Tile Bodies, Body Stains, Coloured Dips — Glazes. China Glazes, Ironstone Glazes, Earthenware Glazes, Glazes without Lead, Miscellaneous Glazes, Coloured Glazes, Majolica Colours — Gold and Gold Colours. Gold, Purple of Cassius, Marone and Ruby, Enamel Coloured Bases, Enamel Colour Fluxes, Enamel Colours, Mixed Enamel Colours, Antique and Vellum Enamel Colours, Underglaze Colours, Underglaze Colour Fluxes, Mixed Underglaze Colours, Flow Powders, Oils and Varnishes — Means and Methods. Reclamation of Waste Gold. The Use of Cobalt, Notes on Enamel Colours, Liquid or Bright Gold— Classification and Analysis. Classification of Clay Ware, Lord Playfair's Analysis of Clays, The Markets of the World, Time and Scale ot Firing, Weights of Potter's Material, Decorated Goods Count — Comparative Loss of Wi'ight of Clays — Ground Felspar Calculations— The Conver- sion of Slop Body Recipes into Dry Weight— The Cost of Prepared Earthenware Clay- Forms and Tables. .Articles of Apprenticeship, Manufacturer's Guide to Stocktaking, Table of Relative Values of Potter's Materials, Hourly Wages Table, Workman's Settling Table, Comparative Guide for Earthenware and China Manufacturers in the use of Slop Flint and Slop Stone, Foreign Terms applied to Earthenware and China Goods, Table for the Conversion of Metrical Weights and Measures on the Continent and South America — Index. 15 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY : Being some Aspects of Tech- nical Science as Applied to Pottery Manufacture. Edited by Charles F. BiNNs. 100 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 12s. lOd. home; 13s. abroad.) Contents. Preface — The Chemistry of Pottery — Analysis and Synthesis — Clays and their Com- ponents — The Biscuit Oven — Pyrometry — Glazes and their Composition — Colours and Colour-mall in j; — Index. A TREATISE ON THE CERAMIC INDUSTRIES. A Complete Manual for Pottery, Tile and HricU WorUs. By E.vule BouRRY. Translated from the French by Wilton P. Rix, Examiner in Pottery and Porcelain to the City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, Pottery Instructor to the Hanlcy School Board. Royal 8vo. 760 pp. 323 Illustrations. Price21s.net. (Post free, 22s. home ; 24s. abroad.) Contents. Part I., General Pottery Methods. Definition and History. Definitions and Classifi- cation of Ceramic Products — Historic Summary of the Ceramic Art — Raw Materials of Bodies. Clays: Pure Clay and Natural Clays — Various Kaw .Materials: Analogous to Clay — Agglomerative and Agglutinative — Opening — Fusible — Refractory — Trials of Raw Materials — Plastic Bodies. Properties and Composition — Preparation of Raw Materials: Disaggrega- tion — Purificaiion — Preparation of Bodies: By Plastic .Method — By Dry Method — By Liquid Method — Formation. Processes of Formation : Throwing — Expression — Moulding by Hand on the Jolley, by Compression, by Slip Casting — Slappmg — Slipping — Drying. Drying oi Bodies — Processes of Drying: By Evaporation — By Aeration — By Heating — By Ventilation — By Absorption — Glazes. Composition and Properties — Raw .Materials — .Manufacture and Application — Firing. Properties of the Bodies and Glazes during Firing — Description of the Kilns — Working of the Kilns — Decoration. Colouring Materials — Processes of Decoration. Part n., Special Pottery Methods. Terra Cottas. Classification: Plain Ordinary, Hollow, Ornamental, Vitrified, and Light Bricks — Ordinary and Black Tiles — Paving Tiles — Pipes — -Architectural Terra Cottas — Vases, Statues and Decorative Objects — Common Pottery — Pottery for Water and Filters — Tobacco Pipes — Lustre Ware — Properties and Tests for Terra Cottas — Fireclay Goods. Classification: Argillaceous, Aluminous, Carboniferous, Silicious and Basic Fireclay Goods — Fireclay Mortar (Pug)— Tests for Fireclay Goods — Faiences. Varnished Faiences — Enamelled Faiences — Silicious Faiences — Pipeclay Faiences — Pebble Work — Feldspathic Faiences — Composition, Processes of Manufacture and General Arrangements of Faience Potteries — Stoneware. Stoneware Properly So-called : Paving Tiles — Pipes— Sanitary Ware — Stoneware for Food Purposes and Chemical Productions — Architectural Stoneware — Vases, Statues and other Decorative Objects — Fine Stoneware — Porcelain. Hard Porcelain for Table Ware and Decoration, for the Fire, for Electrical Conduits, for .Mechanical Purposes; Architectural Porcelain, and Dull or Biscuit Porcelain — Soft Phosphated or English Porcelain — Soft Vitreous Porcelain, French and New Sevres — Argillaceous Soft or Seger's Porcelain — Dull Soft or Parian Porcelain — Dull Feldspathic Soft Porcelain — Index. POTTERY DECORATING. A Description of all the Pro- cesses for Decorating Pottery and Porcelain. By R. Hainbach. Translated from the German. Crown 8vo. 250 pp. Twenty-two Illustrations. Price7s.6d.net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Glazes and Eng'obes. — Glazes and Their Composition — Glaze .Materials — The Prepara- tion of Glazts — Coloured Glazes — Engobes an^i Glazes forsame — Porcelain Glazes. Ceramic Colours. — Preparation of Pure Colours — Underglaze Colours — Applving the Colours on Earthenware^Glost Fire Colours — Muffle Colours — Decorating Porcelain with Metals — Decorating Porcelain by Electroplating — Lustre Decorating on Porcelain — Firing .Muffle Colours — imitation of Paintings on Porcelain — Index. ARCHITECTURAL POTTERY. Bricks, Tiles, Pipes, Ena- mellcd Terra-cottas, Ordinary and Incrusted Quarries, Stoneware Mosaics, Faiences and Architectural Stoneware. By Lkon Lefkvre. Translated from the French by K. H. Bird, .M.A.', and W. Moore BiNNS. \\'ith Five Plates. 950 Illustrations in the Text, and numerous estimates. 500 pp., royal 8vo. Price 15s. net. (Post free, 15s. 6d. home ; 16s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Part I. Plain Undecorated Pottery.— Clays, Briclvs, Tiles, Pipes, Chimney Flues, Terra=cotta. Part II. Made-up or Decorated Pottery. 16 THE ART OF RIVETING GLASS, CHINA AND EARTHENWARE. By J. Howarth. Second Edition. Paper Cover. Price Is. net. (By post, home or abroad, Is. Id.) NOTES ON POTTERY CLAYS. The Distribution, Pro- perties, Uses and Analyses of Ball Clays, China Clays and China Stone. By Jas. Fairie, F.G.S. 132 pp. Crown 8vo. Price 3s. 6d. net. (Post free, 3s. 9d. home ; 3s. lOd. abroad.) A Reissue of THE HISTORY OF THE STAFFORDSHIRE POTTER- IES ; AND THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE MANUFACTURE OF POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. With References to Genuine Specimens, and Notices of Eminent Pot- ters. By Simeon Shaw. (Originally Published in 1829.) 265 pp. Demy Svo. Price7s.6d.net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Introductory Chapter showing the position of the Pottery Trade at the present time (1899) — Preliminary Remarks — The Potteries, comprising Tunstall, Brownhills, Green- field and New Field, Golden Hill, Latebrook, Green Lane, Burslem, Longport and Dale Hall, Hot Lane and Cobridge, Hanley and Shelton, Etruria, Stoke, Penkhull, Fenton, Lane Delph, Foley, Lane End — On the Origin of the Art, and its Practice among the early Nations — Manufacture of Pottery, prior to 1700— The Introduction of Red Porcelain by Messrs. Elers, of Bradwell, 1690— Progress of the Manufacture from 1700 to Mr. Wedgwood's commencement in 1760 — Introduction of Fluid Glaze — Extension of the Manufacture of Cream Colour — Mr. Wedgwood's Queen's Ware — Jasper, and Appointment of Potter to Her Majesty — Black Printing — Introduction of Porcelain. Mr. W. Littler's Porcelain — Mr. Cookworthy's Discovery of Kaolin and Petuntse, and Patent — Sold to Mr. Champion — re- sold to the New Hall Com. — Extension of Term — Blue Printed Pottery. Mr. Turner, Mr. Spode (1), Mr. Baddeley, Mr. Spode (2), Messrs. Turner, Mr. Wood, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Minton— Great Change in Patterns of Blue Printed — Introduction of Lustre Pottery. Improve- ments in Pottery and Porcelain subsequent to 1800. A Reissue of THE CHEMISTRY OF THE SEVERAL NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL HETEROGENEOUS COM- POUNDS USED IN MANUFACTURING POR- CELAIN, GLASS AND POTTERY. By Slmeon Shaw. (Originally published in 1837.) 750 pp. Royal Svo. Pricel4s.net. (Post free, 15s. home; 17s. abroad.) Glassware, Glass Staining and Painting. RECIPES FOR FLINT GLASS MAKING. By a British Glass Master and Mixer. Sixty Recipes. Being Leaves from the Mixing Book of several experts in the Flint Glass Trade, containing up-to-date recipes and valuable information as to Crystal, Demi-crystal and Coloured Glass in its many varieties. It contains the recipes for cheap metal suited to pressing, blowing, etc., as well as the most costly crystal and ruby. Second Edition. Crown Svo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. 9d. home; 10s. lOd. abroad.) Contents. Ruby — Ruby from Copper — Flint for using with the Ruby for Coating — A German Metal — ornelian, or Alabaster — Sapphire Blue — Crysophis — Opal — Turquoise Blue — Gold Colour — Dark Green — Green (common) — Green for Malachite — Blue for Malachite — Black for Mela- chite — Black — Common Canary Batch — Canary — White Opaque Glass — Sealing-wax Red — Flint — Flint Glass (Crystal and Demi) — Achromatic Glass — Paste Glass — White Enamel — Firestone— Dead While (for moons) — White Agate — Canary — Canary Enamel— Index. 17 A TREATISE ON THE ART OF GLASS PAINTING. Prefaced with a Review of Ancient Glass. By Ernest R. Suffling. With One Coloured Plate and Thirty-seven Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 140 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. A Short History of Stained Glass — Desijjning Scale Drawings — Cartoons and the Cut Line — Various Kinds of Glass Cutting for Windows — The Colours and Brushes used in Glass Painting — Painting on Glass, Dispersed Patterns — Diapered Patterns — Aciding — Firing — Fret Lead (jlazing — Index. PAINTING ON GLASS AND PORCELAIN AND ENAMEL PAINTING. A Complete Introduction to the Preparation of all the Colours and Fluxes used for Painting on Porce- lain, Enamel, Faience and Stoneware, the Coloured Pastes and Col- oured Glasses, together with a Minute Description of the Firing of Colours and Enamels. By Felix Her.mann. Technical Chemist. With Eighteen Illustrations. 300 pp. Translated from the German second and enlarged Edition. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home ; lis. abroad.) Paper Making, Paper Dyeing, and Testing. THE DYEING OF PAPER PULP. A Practical Treatise for the use of Papermakers, Paperstainers, Students and others. By Julius Erfurt, ^Manager of a Paper .Mill. Translated into English and Edited with Additions by Julius Hub.ner, F.C.S., Lecturer on Papermaking at the Manchester Municipal Technical School. With Illustrations and 157 patterns of paper dyed in the pulp. Royal 8vo, 180 pp. Price 15s. net. (Post free, 15s. tid. home ; 16s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Behaviour of the Paper Fibres during- the Process of Dyeing, Theory of the Mordant — Colour Fixing Alediums (Mordants) Influence of the Quality of the Water Used — Inorganic Colours— Organic Colours — Practical Application of the Coal Tar Colours according to their Properties and their Beha\iour towards the Different Paper Fibres— Dyed Patterns on Various Pulp Mixtures— Dyeing to Shade— Index. THE PAPER MILL CHEMIST. By He.nrv P. Stevens, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C. Royal 12mo. 60 Illustrations. 300 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 7s. lOd. abroad.) Contents. Introduction. — Dealing with the Apparatus required in Chemical Work and General Chemical Manipulation, introducing the subject of Quah'tative and Quantitative .Analysis. Fuels. — Analysis of Coal, Coke and other Fuels — Sampling and Testing for .Moisture. Ash, Calorific Value, etc.^Comparative Heating Value of different Fuels and Relative Efficiency. Water. — Analysis for Steam Raising and for Paper Making Purposes generally — Water Softening and PuriKcation — A List of the more important \Vater Softening Plant, giving Power required, Weight, Space Occupied. Out-put and .Approximate Cost. Raw Materials and Detection of Adulterants. — .Analysis and Valuation of the more important Chemicals used in Paper Making, including Lime, Caustic Soda, Sodium Carbonate, .Mineral Acids, Bleach .Antichlor. .Alum, Rosin and Rosin Size, Glue Gelatin and Casein. Starch, China Clay, Blanc Fixe, Satin White and other Loading .Materials, .Mineral Colours and Aniline Dyes. Manufacturing Operations. — Rags and the Chemical Control of Rag Boiling — Esparto Boiling — Wood Boilmg — Testing Spent Liquors and Recovered .4sh^Experimental Tests with Raw Fibrous .Materials— Boiling in Autoclaves — Bleaching and making up Hand Sheets — Examination of Sulphite Liquors— Estimation of .Moisture in Pulp and Half-stuff — Recom mendations of the British Wood Pulp Association. Finished Products.— Paper Testing, including Physical. Chemical and Microscopical Tests, Area, Weight, Thickness, .\pparent SpeciHc Gravity, Bulk or .Air Space. Determination of Machine Direction, Thickness, Strength, Stretch, Resistance to Crumpling and Friction, Transparency. Absorbency and other qualities of Blotting Papers — Determination of the Permeability of Filtering Papers — Detection and Estimation of .Animal and \'egetable Size in Paper — Sizing Qualities of Paper — Fibrous Constituents — .Microscopical Examination of Fibres — The Effect of Beating on Fibres— Staining Fibres — Mineral Matter— Ash— Qualitative and Quantitative Examina- tion oF Mineral Matter — Examination of Coated Papers and Colouring Matters in Paper. 18 CONTENTS OF "THE PAPER MILL CUEmiST "—contd. Tables. — English and Metrical Weights and Measures with Equivalents — Conversion of Grams to Grains and vice versa — Equivalent Costs per lb., cvvt.,and ton — Decimal Equivalents of lbs., qrs., and cwts. — Thermometric and Barometric Scales — Atomic Weights and Molecular Weights — Factors for Calculating the Percentage of Substance Sought from the Weight of Substance Found — -Table of Solubilities of Substances Treated of in Paper Making — Specihc Gravity Tables of such substances as are used in Paper Making, including Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Bleach, Milk of Lime, Caustic Soda, Carbonate of Soda, etc., giving Percentage Strength with Specific Gravity and Degrees Tw. — Hardness Table for Soap Tests — Dew Point — Wet and Dry Bulb Tables — Properties of Saturated Steam, giving Temperature, Pressure and Volume — List of Different Machines used in the Paper Making Industry, giving Size, Weight, Space Occupied, Power to Drive, Out-put and Approximate Cost — Calculation of Moisture in Pulp — Rag-Boiling Tables, giving Percentages of Lime, Soda and Time required — Loss in Weight in Kags and other Raw Materials during Boiling and Bleaching — Conditions of Buying and Selling as laid down by the Paper Makers' Associa- tion — Table of Names and Sizes of Papers — Table for ascertaining the Weight per Ream from the Weight per Sheet — Calculations of Areas and Volumes — Logarithms — Blank pages for Notes. THE TREATMENT OF PAPER FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES. By L. E. Andes. Translated from the German. Crown 8vo. 48 Illustrations. 250 pp. Price 6s. net. (Post free, 6s. 4d. home ; 6s. 6d. abroad). Contents. I., Parchment Paper, Vegetable Parchment. — The Parchment Paper Machine — Opaque Supple Parchment Paper — Thick Parchment — Krugler's Parchment Paper and Parch- ment Slates — Double and Triple Osmotic Parchment — Utilismg Waste Parchment Paper — Parchmented Linen and Cotton — Parchment Millboard — Imitation Horn and Ivory from Parchment Paper — Imitation Parchment Paper — Artificial Parchment — Testing the Sulphuric Acid. II., Papers for Transfer Pictures. III., Papers for Preservative and Packing Purposes. — Butter Paper — Wax Paper — Paraffin Paper — Wrapping Paper for Silverware — Waterproof Paper — Anticorrosive Paper. IV., Grained Transfer Papers. V., Fireproof and Antifalsification Papers. VI., Paper Articles. — Vulcanised Paper Mache — Paper Bottles- Plastic Articles of Paper — Waterproof Covermgs for Walls and Ceilings — Paper Wheels, Roofing and Boats — Pai er Barrels — Paper Boxes — Paper Horseshoes. VII., Gummed Paper. VIII., Hectograph Papers. IX., Insecticide Papers.^Fly Papers — Moth Papers. X., Chalk and Leather Papers. — Glace Chalk Papei — Leather Papei — Imitation Leather. XI., Luminous Papers — Blue-Print Papers — Blottmg Papers. XII., Metal Papers — Medi- cated Papers. XIII., Marbled Papers. XIV., Tracmg and Copymg Papers — Iridiscent or Mother of Pearl Papers. XV., Photographic Papers — Shellac Paper — Fumigating Papers — Test Papers. XVI., Papers for Cleaning- and Polishing Purposes — Glass Paper— Pumic Paper — Emery Paper. XVII., Lithographic Transfer Papers. XIX., Sundry Special Papers — Satin Paper — Enamel Paper — Cork Paper — Split Paper — Electric Paper- Paper Matches — Magic Pictures — Laundry Blue Papers — Blue Paper for Bleachers. XX., Waterproof Papers — Washable Drawing Papers — .Washable Card — Washable Coloured Paper — Waterproof Millboard — Sugar Paper. XXL, The Characteristics of Paper — Paper Testing. Enamelling on Metal. ENAMELS AND ENAMELLING. For Enamel Makers, Workers in Gold and Silver, and Manufacturers of Objects of Art. By Paul Randau. Translated from the German. With Sixteen Illus- trations. Demy 8vo. 180 pp. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home ; lis. abroad.) THE ART OF ENAMELLING ON METAL. By W. Norman Brown. Twenty-eight Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 60 pp. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home and abroad.) Silk Manufacture. SILK THROWING AND WASTE SILK SPINNING. By HoLLiNS Rayner. Demy 8vo. 170 pp. 117 Illus. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. The Silkworm — Cocoon Reeling and Qualities of Silk — Silk Throwing — Silk Wastes — The Preparation of Silk Waste for Degumming — Silk Waste Degumming, Schapping and Dis- charging — The Opening and Dressing of Wastes — Silk Waste "Drawing" or " Preparmg " .Machinery — Long Spinning — Short Spinning — Spinning and Finishing Processes — Utilisation of Waste Products — Noil Spinning — Exhaust Noil Spinning. 19 Books on Textile and Dyeing Subjects. THE CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF TEXTILE FIBRES : Their Origin, Structure, Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Dressing. By Dr. Georg von Georgievics. Translated from the German by Charles Salter. 320 pp. Forty-seven Illustrations. Royal 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home ; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. The Textile Fibres— Washing:, Bleaching, Carbonising— Mordants and Ator = danting — Dyeing — Printing— Dressing and Finishing. POWER-LOOM WEAVING AND YARN NUMBERING, According to Various Systems, with Conversion Tables. Translated from the German of Antho.n Gruner. With Twenty-Six Diagrrams In Colours. 150 pp. Crown 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Power=Loom Weaving in General. Various Systems of Looms — Mounting and Starting the Power=Loom. Kni^lish Looms — Tappet or Treadle Looms — Dobbies — General Remarks on the Numbering, Reeling and Packing of Yarn— Appendix— Useful Hints. Calculating Warps — Weft Calculations — Calculations of Cost Price in Hanks. TEXTILE RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR CON- VERSION INTO YARNS. (The Study of the Raw Materials and the Technology of the Spinning Process.) By Julius ZiPSER. Translated from German by Charles Salter. 302 Illus- trations. 500 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. PART I.— The Raw Materials Used in the Textile Industry. Mineral Raw Materials. Vegltabie Raw .Materials. .Animal Raw .Materials. PART II.— The Technology of Spinning or the Conversion of Textile Raw- Materials into Yarn. Spinni.ng Vegetable Raw .Materials. Cotton Spinning — Installation of a Cotton Mill — Spinning Waste Cotton and Waste Cotton Yarns — Flax Spinning — Fine Spinning — Tow- Spinning — Hemp Spinning — Spinning Hemp Tow String — Jute Spinning — Spinning Jute Line Yarn — Utilising Jute Waste. PART III. — Spinning Animal Raw Materials. Spinning Carded Woollen Yarn — Finishing Yarn — Worsted Spinning — Finishing Worsted Yarn — Artificial Wool or Shoddy Spinning — Shoddy and .Mungo .Manufacture — Spinning Shoddy and other Wool Substitutes — Spinning Waste Silk — Chappe Silk — Fine Spinning — Index. GRAMMAR OF TEXTILE DESIGN. By H. Nisbet, Weaving and Designing Master, Bolton .Municipal Technical School. Demy 8vo. 280 pp. 490 Illustrations and Diagrams. Price 6s. net. (Post free, 6s. 4d. home; 6s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Chapter 1., Introduction. — General Principle of F'abric Structure and the use of Design Paper. Chapter II., The Plain Weave and its .Modifications. — The Plain, Calico, or Tabby Weave. — Firmness of Texture — Variety of Texture — Variety of Form : Rihbed Fabrics — Corded Fabrics — ^.Matt Weaves. Chapter III., Twill and Kindred Weaves. — ClassiKcation of Twill Weaves. — I. Con- tlnuous Twills— (a) Warp-face Ticills—(b) Wejt-fact Twills— U) Warp ami Wcft-facc Twills— The Angle of Twill — Influences affecting the Prominence of Twills and Kindred Weaves (ii) Character of Weave, {b) Character of Yarn, (t) Sumber of Threads per Inch, (li) Direction of Twill in Relation to the Direction of Twist in Yarn — 2. Zigzag or Wavy Twills — 3. Re- arranged Twills: Satin Weaves — Table of Intervals of Selection for the Construction of Satin Weaves — Corkscrew Twills — Rearrangement of Twill Weaves on Satin and other Bases— 4. Combined Twills— 5. Broken Twills— 6. Figured or Ornamented Twills. Chapter IV., Dia.mond and Kindred Weaves, — Diamond Weaves. — Honeycomb and Kindred Weaves — Brighton Weaves — Sponge Weaves — Huck-a-Hack and Kindred Weaves — Grecian Weaves — Linear Zigzag Weaves. Chapter V., Bedpord Cords. — Plain Calico-ribbed Bedford Cords — Plain Twill-ribbed Bedford Cords — Figured Bedford Cords — Tabulated Data of Particulars relating to the .Manu- facture of Seventeen Varieties of Bedford Cord Fabrics described in this Chapter. [Continued on next page 20 CONTENTS OF "GRAMMAR OF TEXTILE DESIGN"— 'continued. Chapter VI., Backed Fabrics. — Weft-backed Fabrics — Warp-backed Fabrics — Reversible or Double-faced Fabrics. Chapter VII., Fustians. — Varieties of Fustians. — Imperials or Swansdowns — Cantoons or Diagonals — iNIoIeskins — Beaverteens — Velveteens and Velveteen Cutting — Ribbed or Corded Velveteen — Figured Velveteen — Corduroy — Figured Corduroy— Corduroy Cutting Machines. Chapter VIII., Terry Pile Fabrics. — Methods of producing Terry Pile on Textile Fab- rics — Terry-forming Devices — Varieties of Terry Fabrics — Action of the Reed in Relation to Shedding — Figured Terry Weaving — Practical Details of Terry Weaving. Chapter IX., Gauze and Lend Fabrics. — Gauze, Net Leno, and Leno Brocade Varieties of Cross=Weaving. — Plain Gauze, and a Heald Gauze or Leno Harness — Net Leno Fabrics — Gauze and Net Leno Figuring by means of several Back Standard Healds to each Doup Heald — Leno Specialities produced by a System of Crossing Warp Ends in front of the Reed — A Device for the Production of Special Leno Effects — Full Cross Leno Fabrics — Relative Merits of a Top and a Bottom Doup Harness — Relative Merits of Different Types of Dobbies for Gauze and Leno Fabrics— Shaking Devices for Leno Weaving — Practical Details of Leno Weaving — Tempered Steel=wire Doup Harnesses for Cross=weaving — Mock or Imitation Leno Fabrics. Chapter X., Tissue, Lappet, and Swivel Figuring; also Ondulk Effects, and Looped Fabrics. — Tissue Figuring— .Madras Muslin Curtains — Lappet Figuring — Spot Lappet Figuring — Swivel Figuring — Woven Ondule Effects— Loom for Weaving OndulS Effects- Weft Ondule Effects— Looped Fabrics. — Index. ART NEEDLEWORK AND DESIGN. POINT LACE. A Manual of Applied Art for Secondary Schools and Continuation Classes. By M. E. Wilkinson. Oblong quarto. With 22 Plates. Bound in Art Linen. Price 3s. 6d. net. (Post free, 3s. lOd. home ; 4s. abroad.) Contents. Sampler of Lace Stitches — Direct ons for work ng Point Lace, tracing Patterns, etc. — • List of Materials and Implements required for working. Plates I., Simple Lines, Straight and Slanting, and Designs formed from them. II., Patterns formed from Lines in previous Lesson. III., Patterns formed from Lines in previous Lesson. IV., Simple Curves, and Designs formed from them. V., Simple Leaf form, and Designs[formed from it. VI., Ele, mentary Geometrical forms, with Definitions. VII., Exercises on previous Lessons. VIII., Filling of a Square, Oblong and Circle with Lace Stitches. IX., Design for Tie End, based on simple Leaf form. X., Lace Butterflies (Freehand). XL. Twenty simple Designs evolved from. Honiton Braid Leaf. XII., Design for Lace Handkerchief, based on previous Lesson. XIII., Design for Tea-cosy. XIV., Freehand Lace Collar. XV., Freehand Lace Cuff (to match). XVI., Application of Spray from Lesson XI. XVII., Adaptation of Curves within a Square, for Lace Cushion Centre. XVIII., Conventional Spray for corner of Tea-cloth. XIX., Geometrical form for Rosebowl DOyley, to be originally filled in. XX., Geometrical form for Flower-vase DOyley, to be originally filled in. Each Lesson contains Instructions for Working, and application of new Stitches from Sampler. HOME LACE-MAKING. A Handbook for Teachers and Pupils. By M. E. W. Milroy. Crown 8vo. 64 pp. With 3 Plates and 9 Diagrams. Price Is. net. (Post free, Is. 3d. home; Is. 4d. abroad.) THE CHEMISTRY OF HAT MANUFACTURING. Lec- tures delivered before the Hat Manufacturers' Association. By Wat- son Smith, F.C.S. , F.I.C. Revised and Edited by Albert Shonk. Crown 8vo. 132 pp. 16 Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 7s. lOd. abroad.) THE TECHNICAL TESTING OF YARNS AND TEX- TILE FABRICS. With Reference to Official Specifica- tions. Translated from the German of Dr. J. Herzfeld. Second Edition. Sixty-nine Illustrations. 200 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home ; lis. abroad.) DECORATIVE AND FANCY TEXTILE FABRICS. By K. T. Lord. For Manufacturers and Designers of Carpets, Damask, Dress and all Textile Fabrics. 200 pp. Demy 8vo. 132 Designs and Illustrations. Price7s.6d.net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; 8s. abroad.) THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DAMASK WEAVING. By H. KiNZHR and K. Walti:k. Rojal Svo. Eighteen Folding Plates. Six Illustrations. Translated from the German. 110 pp. Price 8s. 6d. net. (Post free, 9s. home ; 9s. 6d. abroad.) 21 TEXTILE BOOKS— coiiti lined. Contents. The Various Sorts ot Damask Fabrics— Drill (Ticking, Handloom-made)— Whole Damask for Tablecloths— Damask with Ground- and Connecting-warp Threads — Furniture Damask— Lampas or Hangings— Church Damasks— Tile Manufacture of Wliole Damasic — Damask Arrangement with and without Cross-Shedding— The Altered Cone-arrangement— The I^rinciple of the Corner Lifting Cord — The Roller Principle — The Combination of the Jacquard with the so-called Damask Machine — The Special Damask Machine — The Combina- tion of Two Tyings. FAULTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WOOLLEN GOODS AND THEIR PREVENTION. By Nicolas Reiser. Translated from the Second German Edition. Crown 8vo. Sixty-three Illustrations. 170 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Improperly Chosen Raw .Material or Improper .Mixtures— Wrong Treatment of the Material in Washing, Carbonisation, Drying, Dyeing and Spinning— Improper Spacing of the Goods in the Loom— Wrong Placing of Colours— Wrong Weight or Width of the Goods —Breaking of Warp and Weft Threads— Presence of Doubles, Singles, Thick, Loose, and too Hard Twisted Threads as well as Tangles, Thick Knots and the Like— Errors in Cross-weaving— Inequalities, i.e.. Bands and Stripes— Dirty Borders— Defective Selvedges- Holes and Buttons— Rubbed Places— Creases— Spots— Loose and Bad Colours— Badly Dyed Selvedges— Hard Goods — Brittle Goods— Uneven Goods — Removal of Bands, Stripes, Creases and Spots. SPINNING AND WEAVING CALCULATIONS, especially relating to Woollens. From the German of X. Reiser. Thirty-four Illustrations. Tables. 160 pp. Demy 8vo. 1904. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. abroad.) Contents. Calculating the Raw Material— Proportion of Different Grades of Wool to Furnish a Mixture at a Given Price— Quantity to Produce a Given Length — Yarn Calculations — Yarn Number— Working Calculations— Calculating the Reed Count— Cost of Weaving, etc. WATERPROOFING OF FABRICS. By Dr. S. Mierzinski. Crown 8vo. 104 pp. ^9 lUus. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Contents. Introduction — Preliminary Treatment of the Fabric — Waterproofing with .Acetate of Alumina— Impregnation of the Fabric— Drying— Waterproofing with Paraffin— Waterproofing with Ammonium Cuprate — Waterproofing with .Metallic Oxides — Coloured Waterproof Fabrics— Waterproofing with Gelatine, Tannin. Caseinate of Lime and other Bodies— Manu- facture of Tarpaulin— British Waterproofing Patents— Index. HOW TO MAKE A WOOLLEN MILL PAY. By John Mackie. Crown Svo. 76 pp. Price 3s. 6d. net. (Post free, 3s. 9d. home ; 3s. lOd. abroad.) Contents. ^ , Blends, Piles, or .Mixtures of Clean Scoured Wools— Dyed Wool Book— The Order Book —Pattern Duplicate Books— .Management and Oversight— Constant Inspection of .Mill De- partments—Importance of Delivering Goods to Time, Shade, Strength, etc.— Plums. (For " Textile Suaps and Oils " see p. 7.) Dyeing, Colour Printing, Matching and Dye-stiifFs. THE COLOUR PRINTING OF CARPET YARNS. Manual for Colour Chemists and Textile Printers. By David Patkrson, F.C.S. Seventeen Illustrations. 136 pp. Demy Svo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; Ss. abroad.) Contents. , ,.. c Structure and Constitution of Wool Fibre— Yarn Scouring— Scouring Materials— Water tor Scouring— Bleaching Carpet Yarns— Colour .Making for Yarn Printing— Colour Printing Pastes— Colour Recipes for Yarn Printing— Science of Colour .Mixing— .Matching of Colours —"Hank" Printing— Printing Tapestry Carpet Yarns— Yarn Printing— Steaming Printed Yarns— Washing of Steamed Yarns— Aniline Colours Suitable for Yarn Printing— Glossary of Dyes and Dye-wares used in Wood Yarn Printing — .Appendix. 22 THE SCIENCE OF COLOUR MIXING. A Manual in- tended for the use of Dyers, Calico Printers and Colour Chemists. By David Paterson, F.C.S. Forty-one Illustrations, Five Coloured Plates, and Four Plates showing Eleven Dyed Specimens of Fabrics. 132 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Colour a Sensation: Colours of Illuminateci Bodies; Colours of Opaque and Transparent Bodies; Surface Colour — Analysis of Light; Spectrum; Homogeneous Colours; Ready- Method of Obtaining a Spectrum — Examination of Solar Spectrum ; The Spectroscope and Its Construction ; Colourists' Use of the Spectroscope — Colour by Absorption ; Solutions and Dyed Fabrics; Dichroic Coloured Fabrics in Gaslight — Colour Primaries of the Scientist versus the Dyer and Artist; Colour Mixing by Rotation and Lye Dyeing; Hue, Purity, Brightness; Tints; Shades, Scales, Tones, Sad and Sombre Colours— Colour Mixing; Pure and Impure Greens, Orange and Violets; Large Variety of Shades from few Colours; Con- sideration of the Practical Primaries : Red, Yellow and Blue — Secondary Colours ; Nomen- clature of Violet and Purple Group; Tints and Shades of Violet; Changes in Artificial Light — Tertiary Shades; Broken Hues; Absorption Spectra of Tertiary Shades — Appendix : Four Plates with Dyed Specimens Illustrating Text — Index. DYERS' MATERIALS : An Introduction to the Examination, Evaluation and Application of the most important Substances used in Dyeing, Printing, Bleaching and Finishing. By Paul Heerman, Ph.D. Translated from the German by A. C. Wright, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Twenty-four Illustrations. Crown Svo. 150 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) COLOUR MATCHING ON TEXTILES. A Manual in- tended for the use of Students of Colour Chemistry, Dyeing and Textile Printing. By David Paterson, F.C.S. Coloured Frontis- piece. Twenty-nine Illustrations and Fourteen Specimens Of Dyed Fabrics. Demy Svo. 132 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Colour Vision and Structure of the Eye— Perception of Colour— Pri.-nary and Comple- mentary Colour Sensations — Daylight for Colour Matching— Selection of a Good Pure Light —Diffused Daylight, Direct Sunlight, Blue Skylight, V^ariability of Daylight, etc., etc.— Matching of Hues— Purity and Luminosity of Colours— .Matching Bright Hues— Aid of Tinted Films— Matching Difficulties Arising from Contrast — Examination of Colours by Reflected and Transmitted Lights— Effect of Lustre and Transparency of Fibres in Colour Matching —Matching of Colours on Velvet Pile— Optical Properties of Dye-stuffs, Dichroism, Fluor- escence—Use of Tinted Mediums— Orange Film— Defects of the Eye— Yellowing of the Lens —Colour Blindness, etc.— Matching of Dyed Silk Trimmings and Linings and Bindings— Its Difficulties— Behaviour of Shades in Artificial Light— Colour Matching of Old Fabrics, etc.— Examination of Dyed Colours under the Artificial Lights— Electric Arc, Magnesium and Dufton, Gardner Lights, Welsbach, Acetylene, etc.— Testing Qualities of an Illuminant— Influence of the Absorption Spectrum in Changes of Hue under the Artificial Lights— Study of the Causes of Abnormal Modifications of Hue, etc. COLOUR: A HANDBOOK OF THE THEORY OF COLOUR. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. With Ten Coloured Plates and Seventy-two Illustrations. 160 pp. Demy Svo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Colour and Its Production— Cause of Colour in Coloured Bodies— Colour Pheno- mena and Theories— The Physiology of Light— Contrast— Colour in Decoration and Design— Measurement of Colour. Reissue ot THE ART OF DYEING WOOL, SILK AND COTTON. Translated from the French of M. Hellot, M. Macquer and M. LE PiLEUR D'Apligny. First Published in English in 1789. Six Plates. Demy Svo. 446 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 6d. home ; 6s. abroad.) Contents. Part I., The Art of Dyeing Wool and Woollen Cloth, Stuffs, Yarn, Worsted, etc. Part II., The Art of Dyeing Silk. Part HI , The Art of Dyeing Cotton and Linen Thread, together with the Method of Stamping Silks, Cottons, etc. 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF DYE-STUFFS. By Dr. Georg Von Georgievics. Translated from the Second German Edition. 412 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home ; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Introduction — Coal Tar — Intermediate Products in the Manufacture of Dye-stuffs — The Artificial Dye-stuffs (Coal-tar Dyes) — Nitroso Dye-stuffs — Nitro Dye-stuffs — Azo Dye-stuffs — Substantive Cotton Dye-stuffs — Azoxystilbene Dye-stuffs — Hydrazones — Ketoneimides — Triphenylmethane Dye-stuffs — Rosolic Acid Dye-stuffs^Xanthene Dye-stuffs — Xanthone Dye- stuffs — Flavones — Oxykctone Dye-stuffs — Quinoline and Acridine Dye-stuffs— Quinonimide or Diphenylamine Dye-stuffs — The Azine (iroup: Eurhodines, Safranines and Indulines^ Eurhodines — Safranines — Quinoxalines — Indigo — Dye-stuffs of Unknown Constitution — Sulphur or Sulphine Dye stuffs — Development of the .Artificial Dye-stuff Industry — The Natural Dye-stuffs — .Mineral Colours — Index. THE DYEING OF COTTON FABRICS: A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student. By Franklin Beech, Practical Colourist and Chemist. 272 pp. Forty-four Illustrations of Bleaching and Dyeing Machinery. Demy Svo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Structure and Chemistry of the Cotton Fibre — Scourrng and Bleaching of Cotton — Dyeing -Machinery and Dyeing .Manipulations — Principles and Practice of Cotton Dyeing — Direct Dyeing; Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with .Metallic Salts; Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Developers; Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Couplers; Dyeing on Tannic .Mordant: Dyeing on .Metallic .Mordant; Production of Colour Direct upon Cotton Fibres ; Dyeing Cotton by Impregnation with Dye-stuff Solution — Dyeing Union (.Mi.xed Cotton and Wool) Fabrics — Dyeing Half Silk (Cotton-Silk, Satin) Fabrics — Operations following Dyeing — Washing, Soaping, Drying — Testing of the Colour of Dyed Fabrics — Experimental Dyeing and Comparative Dye Testing — Index. The book contains numerous recipes for the production on Cotton Fabrics of all kinds of a great range of colours, THE DYEING OF WOOLLEN FABRICS. By Fkanklin Beech, Practical Colourist and Chemist. Thirty-three Illustrations. Demy Svo. 228 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. The Wool Fibre — Structure, Composition and Properties — Processes Preparatory to Dyeing — Scouring and Bleaching of Wool — Dyeing .Machinery and Dyeing Manipulations — Loose Wool Dyeing, Yarn Dyeing and Piece Dyeing Machinery — The Principles and Practice of Wool Dyeing — Properties of Wool Dyeing — Methods of Wool Dyeing — Groups of Dyes — Dyeing with the Direct Dyes — Dyeing with Basic Dyes — Dyeing with Acid Dyes — Dyeing with Mordant Dyes — Le\el Dyeing — Blacks on Wool — Reds on Wool — Mordanting of Wool — Orange Shades on Wool — Yellow Shades on Wool — Green Shades on Wool — Blue Shades on Wool — Violet Shades on Wool — Brown Shades on Wool — Mode Colours on Wool — Dyeing Union (Mixed Cotton Wool) Fabrics — Dyeing of Gloria — Operations following Dyeing — Washing, Soaping, Drying — Experimental Dyeing and Comparative Dye Testing — Testing of the Colour of Dyed Fabrics — Index. Bleaching and Washing. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE BLEACHING OF LINEN AND COTTON YARN AND FABRICS. By L. Tailfer, Chemical and Mechanical Engineer. Translated from the French by John Geddes McIntosh. Demy Svo. 303 pp. Twenty Illus. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.) Cotton Spinning and Combing. COTTON SPINNING (First Year). By Thomas Thornlev, Spinning .Master. Bolton Technical School. 160 pp. Eighty-four Illus- trations. Crown Svo. Second Impression. Price 3s. net. (Post free, 3s. 4d. home ; 3s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Syllabus and Examination Papers of the City and Guilds of London Institute — Cultiva- , tion, Classification, Ginning, Baling and .Mixing of the Raw Cotton — Bale-Breakers, .Mixing Lattices and Hopper Feeders — Opening and Scutching — Carding — Indexes. 24 COTTON SPINNING (Intermediate, or Second Year). By Thomas Thornley. Second Impression. 180 pp. Seventy Illustra- tions. Crown Svo. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad. \ Contents. Syllabuses and Examination Papers of the City and Guilds of London Institute — The Combing Process — The Drawing Frame — Bobbin and Fly Frames — Mule Spinning — Ring Spinning — General Indexes. COTTON SPINNING (Honours, or Third Year). By Thomas Thornley. 216 pp. Seventy-four Illustrations. Crown Svo. Second Edition. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Syllabuses and Examination Papers of the City and Guilds of London Institute — Cotton — The Practical Manipulation of Cotton Spinning Machinery — Doubling and Winding — Reeling — Warping — Production and Costs — Main Driving — Arrangement of Machinery and Mill Planning — Waste and Waste Spinning — Indexes. COTTON COMBING MACHINES. By Thos. Thornley, Spinning Master, Technical School, Bolton. Demy Svo. 117 Illustra- tions. 300 pp. Price7s.6d.net. (Post free, Ss. home ; Ss. 6d. abroad.) Contents. The Sliver Lap Machine and the Ribbon Cap Machine — General Description of the Heilmann Comber — The Cam Shaft — On the Detaching and Attaching Mechanism of the Comber — Resetting of Combers — The Erection of a Heilmann Comber — Stop Motions : Various Calcu- lations — Various Notes and Discussions— Cotton Combing Machines of Continental Make — Index. Flax, Hemp and Jute Spinning. MODERN FLAX, HEMP AND JUTE SPINNING AND TWISTING. A Practical Handbook for the use of Flax, Hemp and Jute Spinners, Thread, Twine and Rope Makers. By Herbert R. Carter, Mill Manager, Textile Expert and Engineer, Examiner in Flax Spinning to the City and Guilds of London Institute. Demy Svo. 1907. With 92 Illustrations. 200 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Raw Fibre. — Origin of Flax — Hemp and Jute Fibre — Description of the Plants — Mode of Cultivation — Suitable Climate and Soil — Sowing — Harvesting — Rippling Flax and Hemp — Water Retting — Dew Retting — Extraction of the Fibre — Marketing the Fibre — Bracquing — Flax, Hemp and Jute Marks — Comparative Prices — Ports of Export — Trade Centres — Fibre Selling Conditions — Duty on Fibre — Fibre Exports. Hackling'. — Sorting and Storing the Raw Fibre — Softening Hemp and Jute — Jute Batching — Cutting — Piecing Out — Roughing — Hackling by Hand and Machine — Tippling — Sorting — Ventilation of Hackling Rooms. Sliver Formation. — Spreading Line — Heavy Spreading System — Good's Combined Hackle and Spreader — Jute Breaking and Carding — Fla.x and Hemp Tow Carding — Bell Calculation — Clock System — Theory of Spreading. Line and Tow Preparing. — Drawing and Doubling — Draft Calculation — Set Calculation — Tow Combing — Compound Systems — Automatic Stop Motions and Independent Heads — Details of Preparing Machinery — Ventilation — Humidifica- tion. Qill Spinning'. — Gill Spinning for Shoe Threads, Rope Yarns, Binder and Trawl Twines? — The Automatic Gill Spinnei — Rope and Reaper Yarn Numbering. The Flax, Hemp and Jute Roving' Frame.— Bobbin Winding— Differential Motion— Twist Calculation — Practical Changing — Rove Stock. Dry and Half-Dry Spinning. — Flyer and Ring Frames — Draft and Twist Calculation — Bobbin Dragging — Reaches — Set of Breast Beam and Tin-rod. Wet Spinning of Flax, Hemp and Tow — Hot and Cold Water Spinning — Improvements in the Water Trough — Turn off and Speed of Spindles — Reaches — Belting — Band Tying — Tape Driving — Oiling — Black Threads — Cuts per Spindle — Ventilation of the Wet Spinning Room. Yarn Department. — Reeling — Cop Winding — Cheese and Spool Winding — Hailing Shoe Thread, Reaper Yarn, etc. — Yarn Drying and Conditioning — Yarn Bundling — Yarn Haling — Weight of Yarn — Yarn Tables — Duty on Yarn Imports. Manufac^ ture of Threads, Twines and Cords. — Hank Wmding — Wet and Dry Twisting— Cabling — Fancy Yarns — Twine Laying — Sizing and Polishing Threads and Twines — Softening Threads — Skeining Threads— Balling Twines — Leeson's Universal Winder — Randing Twines — Spool- ing Sewing Threads — Comparative Prices of Flax and Hemp Cords, Lines and Threads. Rope Making. — Construction of Hawsers and Cables — Stranding — -Laying and Closing — Compound Rope .Machines — Rules for Rope Makers — Weight of Ropes — Balling and Coiling Ropes. Mechanical Department. — Boilers, Engines and Turbines — Power Transmission by Belts and Ropes — Electric Light and Power Transmission— Fans — Oils and Oiling — Repairs— Fluting. Mill Construction. — Flax, Hemp and Jute Spinning Mills and Ropeworks — Heating — Roofs — Chimneys, etc. 23 Collieries and Mines* RECOVERY WORK AFTER PIT FIRES. By Robert La.mprecht, Mining Engineer and Manager. Translated from the German. Illustrated by Six large Plates, containing Seventy-six Illustrations. 175 pp.. demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. lOd. home; lis. abroad.) Contents. Causes of Pit Fires — Preventive Reg'ulations : (1) The Outbreak and Rapid Extension of a Shaft Fire can be most reliably prevented by Employinj< little or no Combustible Material in the Construction of the Shaft ; (i) Precautions for Rapidly Localising; an Outbreak of Fire in the Shaft ; (3) Precautions to be Adopted in case those under 1 and 2 Fail or Pro\e Inefficient. Precautions njjainst Spontaneous Ijjnition of Coal. Precautions for Preventing Explosions of Fire-damp and Coal Dust. Employment of Electricity in .Mining;, particularly in Fiery Pits. Experiments on the Ignition of Fire-damp .Mixtures and Clouds of Coal Dust by Electricity — Indications of an Existing- or Incipient Fire— Appliances for WorJcing in Irrespirable Gases: Respiratory Apparatus; .Apparatus with .Air Supply Pipes; Reservoir Apparatus; Oxyjjen .Apparatus — Extinguishing Pit Fires: (a) Chemical .Means; (b) Extinction with Water. Drajjgint; down the Burning Alasses and Packing with Clay: (r) Insulating the Seat of the Fire by Dams. Dam Building. Analyses of Fire Gases. Isolating the Seat of a Fire with Dams: Working in Irrespirable Gases ("Gas-diving"): Air-Lock Work. Complete Isolation of the Pit. Flooding a Burnmg Section isolated by means of Dams. Wooden Dams: Masonry Dams. Examples of Cylindrical and Dome-shaped Dams. Dam Doors: Flooding the Whole Pit — Rescue Stations: (a) Stations above Ground; {b) Underground Rescue Stations — Spontaneous Ignition of Coal in Bulk — Index. VENTILATION IN MINES. By Robert Wabner, Mining Engineer. Translated from the German. Royal 8vo. Thirty Plates and Twentj'-two Illustrations. 240 pp. Pricel0s.6d.net. (Post free, lis. home ; lis. 3d. abroad.) Contents. The Causes of the Contamination of Pit Air — The Means of Preventing the Dangers resulting from the Contamination of Pit Air— Calculating the Volume of Ventilating Current necessary to free Pit Air from Contamination— Determination of the Resistance Opposed to the Passage of Air through the Pit— Laws of Re= sistance and Formula therefor Fluctuations in the Temperament or Specific Re = sistance of a Pit Means for Providing a Ventilating Current in the Pit— Mechani- cal Ventilation— Ventilators and Fans— Determining the Theoretical, Initial, and True (Kffectivei Depression of the Centrifugal Fan— New Types of Centrifugal Fan of Small Diameter and High Working Speed— Utilising the Ventilating Current to the utmost Advantage and distributing the same through the Workings— Artifici= ally retarding the Ventilating Current— Ventilating Preliminary Workings— Blind Headings — Separate \entilation — Supervision of Ventilation — Inuix. HAULAGE AND WINDING APPLIANCES USED IN MINES. By Carl Volk. Translated from the German. Royal 8vo. \\'ith Six Plates and 148 Illustrations. 150 pp. Price 8s. 6d. net. (Post free, 9s. home; 9s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Haulage Appliances — Ropes — Haulage Tubs and Tracks — Cages and Winding Appliances — Winding Engines for Vertical Shafts — Winding without Ropes — Haulage in Levels and Inclines — The Working of Underground Engines — .Machinery for Downhill Haulage. Dental Metallurgy. DENTAL METALLURGY : MANUAL FOR STUDENTS AND DENTISTS. By A. B. Griffiths, Ph.D. Demy Svo. Thirty-six Illustrations. 200 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Introduction — Physical Properties of the .Metals — .Action of Certain Agents on .Metals — Alloys — -Action of Oral Bacteria on Alloys — Theory and Varieties of Blowpipes — Fluxes — Furnaces and Appliances — Heat and Temperature — Gold— .Mercury — Silver — Iron — Copper — Zinc — .Magnesium — Cadmium — Tin -Lead — Aluminium — .Antimony — Bismuth — Palladium — Platinum — Iridium — Nickel — Practical Work — Weights and Measures. 26 Engineering, Smoke Prevention and Metallurgy. THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. Combined with the Economical Combustion of Fuel. By W. C. Popplewell, M.Sc, A.iVl.Inst., C.E., Consulting Engineer. Forty-six Illustrations. 190 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) Contents. Fuel and Combustion — Hand Firing in Boiler Furnaces — Stoking by Mechanical Means — Powdered Fuel — Gaseous Fuel — Efficiency and Smoke Tests of Boilers — Some Standard Smoke Trials — The Legal Aspect of the Smoke Question — The Best Means to be adopted for the Prevention of Smoke — Index. GAS AND COAL DUST FIRING. A Critical Review of the Various Appliances Patented in Germany for this purpose since 1885. By Albert Putsch. 130 pp. Demy 8vo. Translated from the German. With 103 Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Generators — Generators Employing Steam — Stirring and Feed Regulating Appliances — Direct Generators — Burners — Regenerators and Recuperators — Glass Smelting Furnaces — Metallurgical Furnaces — Pottery Furnace — Coal Dust Firing — Index. THE HARDENING AND TEMPERING OF STEEL IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Fridolin Reiser. Translated from the German of the Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 120 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Contents, steel— Chemical and Physical Properties of Steel, and their Casual Connection- Classification of Steel according to Use— Testing; the Quality of Steel — SteeU Hardening-— Investigation of the Causes of Failure in^Hardening-— Regreneration of Steel Spoilt in the Furnace— Welding Steel— Index. SIDEROLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF IRON (The Con- stitution of Iron Alloys and Slags). Translated from German of Hanns Freiherr v. JiJPTNER. 350 pp. Demy 8vo. Eleven Plates and Ten Illustrations. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. The Theory of Solution. — Solutions— Molten Alloys— Varieties of Solutions — Osmotic Pressure — Relation between Osmotic Pressure and other Properties of Solutions — Osmotic Pressure and Molecular Weight of the Dissolved Substance — Solutions of Gases — Solid Solu- tions— Solubility— DiiTusion— Electrical Conductivity— Constitution of Electrolytes and Metals — Thermal Expansion. Micrography. — Microstructure — The Micrographic Constituents of Iron — Relation between Micrographical Composition, Carbon-Content, and Thermal Treat- ment of Iron Alloys— The Microstructure of Slags. Chemical Composition of the Alloys of Iron.— Constituents of Iron Alloys— Carbon— Constituents of the Iron Alloys, Carbon- Opinions and Researches on Combined Carbon — Opinions and Researches on Combined Carbon — Applying the Curves of Solution deduced from the Curves of Recalescence to the De termination of the Chemical Composition of the Carbon present in Iron Alloys — The Constitu- ents of Iron — Iron — The Constituents of Iron Alloys — Manganese — Remaining Constituents of Iron Alloys— A Silicon— Gases. The Chemical Composition of Slag.— Silicate Slags- Calculating the Composition of Silicate Slags— Phosphate Slags— Oxide Slags— Appendix- Index. EVAPORATING, CONDENSING AND COOLING AP- PARATUS. Explanations, Formulae and Tables for Use in Practice. By E. Hausbrand, Engineer. Translated by A. C. Wright, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). With Twenty-one Illustra- tions and Seventy-six Tables. 400 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home ; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. i?eCoefficient of Transmission of Heat, k/, and the Mean Temperature Difference, elm— Parallel and Opposite Currents— ApparatusTor Heating with Direct Fire— The Injection of Saturated Steam— Superheated Steam— Evaporation by Means of Hot Liquids— The Trans- ference of Heat in General, and Transference by means of Saturated Steam in Particular —The Transference of Heat from Saturated Steam in Pipes (Coils) and Double Bottoms —Evaporation in a Vacuum— The Multiple-effect Evaporator— Multiple-effect Ev joorators 27 Contents of '* Evaporating, Condensing and Cooling Apparatus".— I '":nm- Surveys — Drain Testing — Drain Testing with Smoke— Testing Drains with Water — Drain Plugs for Testing — Sanitary Defects — Closets — Baths and Lavatories — House Drains — .Manholes — Iron Soil Pipes— Lead Soil Pipes — Ventilating Pipes — Water-closets — Flushing Cisterns — Baths— Bath Fittings — Lavatories — Lavatory Fittings — Sinks — Waste Pipes — Water Supply — Ball Valves — Town House Sanitary Arrangements — Drainage — Jointing Pipes — Accessible Drains — Iron Drains — Iron Junctions — Index. ELECTRIC WIRING AND FITTING FOR PLUMBERS AND GASFITTERS. By Sydney F. Walker, R.X.. Al.l.H.E.. M.I.Min.E., A..\I.Inst.C.E.,etc., etc. Crown Svo. 150 pp. With Illus- trations and Tables. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Chapter I., Electrical Terms Used. — Pressure and Current — The Volt — Ampere — Electrical Resistance — Earth— Continuous and Alternating Currents — The Electric Circuit — Leakage — Heating of Conductors — Size and Forms of Conductors — The Kilowatt — Loss of Pressure — .Arrangement of Conductors — Looping In — The Three Wire System — Switches — Fuses— Circuit— Breakers. II.. The Insulation of Wires, Their Protection, Fixing, etc. — Conductors Insulated with Paper and Similar .Materials — Sparking between Conductors — Dialite Insulation — Flexible Cords — Concentric Conductors — Twin Conductors — Three-Core Cables — Fireproof Insulation for Conductors — Jointing — T Joints — Coveiing T Joints in Vul- canized Rubber Cables. III.. Fixing the Wiring and Cables. — Laying Out the Route — The Protection of the Wires and Cables — Wood Casmg — .\letallic Conduits — Non-.Metallic Con- ductor* — Fixing the Conduits and Running Wires in Them — Drawing Wire-; into Tubes — To Avoid Shock. IV., Lamps. — The Incandescent Lamp — Lamp Holders — Lamp Fittings — The JJernst Lamp. V., Switches, Fuses, Distribution Boards, etc.— The Electricity Meter — Prepayment .Meters. 28 THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF DIPPING, BURNISHING, LACQUERING AND BRONZING BRASS WARE. By W. Norman Brown. 35 pp. Crown 8vo. Price 2s. net. (Post free, 2s. 3d. home and abroad.) A HANDBOOK ON JAPANNING AND ENAMELLING FOR CYCLES, BEDSTEADS, TINWARE, ETC. By William Norman Brown. 52 pp. and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Price 2s. net. (Post free, 2s. 3d. home and abroad.) THE PRINCIPLES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY. By John W. Hart, R.P.C. With 129 Illustrations. 177 pp., demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home; 8s. abroad.) Contents. Water Circulation — The Tank System — Pipes and Joints — The. Cylinder System — Boilers for the Cylinder System — The Cylinder System — The Combined Tank and Cylinder System — Combined Independent and Kitchen Boiler — Combined Cylinder and Tank System with Duplicate Boilers — Indirect Heating and Boiler Explosions — Pipe Boilers — Safety Valves — Safety Valve? — The American System — Heating Water by Steam — Steam Kettles and Jets — Heating Power of Steam — Covering for Hot Water Pipes — Index, House Decorating and Painting. THREE HUNDRED SHADES AND HOW TO MIX THEM. For Architects, Painters and Decorators. By A. Desaint, Artistic Interior Decorator of Paris. The book contains 100 folio Plates, measuring 12 in. by 7 in., each Plate containing specimens of three artistic shades. These shades are all numbered, and their composition and particulars for mixing are fully given at the beginning of the book. Each Plate is interleaved with grease-proof paper, and the volume is very artistically bound in art and linen with the Shield of the Painters' Guild impressed on the cover in gold and silver. Price 21s. net. (Post free, 21s. 6d. home ; 22s. 6d. abroad.) HOUSE DECORATING AND PAINTING. By W. Norman Brown. Eighty-eight Illustrations. 150 pp. Crown 8vo. Price 3s. 6d. net. (Post free, 3s. 9d. home and abroad.) A HISTORY OP DECORATIVE ART. By W. Norman Brown. Thirty-nine Illustrations. 96 pp. Crown Svo. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home and abroad.) WORKSHOP WRINKLES for Decorators, Painters, Paper- hangers and Others. By W. N. Brown. Crown Svo. 128 pp. Second Edition. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home ; 2s. lOd. abroad.) Brewing and Botanical. HOPS IN THEIR BOTANICAL, AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECT, AND AS AN ARTICLE OF COMMERCE. By Emmanuel Gross, Professor at the Higher Agricultural College, Tetschen-Liebwerd. Translated from the German. Seventy-eight Illustrations. 340 pp. Demy Svo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. HISTORY OF THE HOP— THE HOP PLANT— Introductory— The Roots— The Stem— and Leave* — Inflorescence and Flower: Inflorescence and Flower of the Male Hop; In- florescence and Flower of the Female Hop — The Fruit and its Glandular Structure : The 29 Fruit and Seed — Propagation and Selection of the Hop — Varieties of the Hop: Ui) Red Hops ; (6) Green Hops; (c) Pale Green Hops — Classification according to the Period of Ripening: Early August Hops: Medium Early Hops; Late Hops — Injuries to Growth — Leaves Turning Yellow, Summer or Sunbrand, Cones Dropping Off, Honey Dew, Damage from Wind, Hail and Rain ; Vegetable Enemies of the Hop : Animal Enemies of the Hop — Beneficial Insects on Hops— CULTIVATION— The Requirements of the Hop in Respect of Climate, Soil and Situation: Climate; Soil : Situation — Selection of Variety and Cuttings — Planting a Hop Garden: Drainage; Preparing the Ground; Alarking-out for Planting ; Planting; Cultisation and Cropping of the Hop Garden in the First Year — Work to be Performed Annually in the Hop Garden: Working the Ground; Cutting; The Non-cutting System; The Proper Per- formance of the Operation of Cutting: Method of Cutting: Close Cutting, Ordinary Cutting, The Long Cut, The Topping Cut; Proper Season for Cutting: Autumn Cutting, Spring Cutting; Manuring; Training the Hop Plant: Poled Gardens, Frame Training: Principal Types of Frames: Pruning, Cropping, Topping, and Leaf Stripping the Hop Plant; Picking, Drying and Magging — Principal and Subsidiary Utilisation of Hops and Hop Gardens — Life of a Hop Garden ; Subsequent Cropping — Cost of Production, Yield and Selling Prices. Preservation and Storage— Physical and Chemical Structure of the Hop Cone— Judging the Value of Hops. Statistics of Production— The Hop Trade— Index. Timber and Wood Waste. TIMBER : A Comprehensive Study of Wood in all its Aspects (Commercial and Botanical), showing the Different Applications and Uses of Timber in Various Trades, etc. Translated from the French of Paul Charpentier. Royal 8vo. 437 pp. 178 Illustrations. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home ; 14s. abroad.) Contents. Physical and Chemical Properties of Timber— Composition of the Vegetable Bodies — Chief Elements — .M. Fremy's Researches — Elementary Organs of Plants and especially of Forests — Different Parts of Wood Anatomically and Chemically Considered — General Pro- perties of Wood— Description of the Different Kinds of Wood— Principal Essences with Caducous Leaves— Coniferous Resinous Trees— Division of the Useful Varieties of Timber in the Different Countries of the Globe- European Timber— .African Timber— Asiatic Timber — American Timber — Timber of Oceania — Forests — General Notes as to Forests ; their Influence — Opinions as to Sylviculture — Improvement of Forests — Unwooding and Rewooding — Preservation of Forests — Exploitation of Forests — Damage caused to Forests — Different Alterations— The Preservation of Timber — Generalities — Causes and Progress of De- terioration — Historj' of Different Proposed Processes — Dessication — Superficial Carbonisation of Timber — Processes by Immersion — Generalities as to Antiseptics Employed — Injection Processes in Closed Vessels — The Boucherie System, Based upon the Displacement of the Sap — Processes for Making Timber Uninflammable — Applications of Timber — Generalities — Working Timber — Paving — Timber for Mines — Railway Traverses — Accessory Products — Gums — Works of M. Fremy — Resins — Barks — Tan— Application of Cork — The Application of Wood to Art and Dyeing — Different Applications of Wood— Hard Wood — Distillation of Wood — Pyroligneous Acid — Oil of Wood — Distillation of Resins — Index. THE UTILISATION OF WOOD WASTE. Translated from the German of Er.nst Hubbard. Crown Svo. 192 pp. Fifty Illustra- tions. Price 5s. net. (Post tree, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. General Remarks on the Utilisation of Sawdust— Employment of Sawdust as Fuel, with and without Simultaneous Recovery of Charcoal and the Products of Distillation — Manufacture of Oxalic .Acid from Sawdust— Process with Soda Lye: Thorn's Process; Bohlig's Process— .Manufacture of Spirit (Ethyl Alcohol) from Wood Waste— Patent Dyes (Organic Sulphides, Sulphur Dyes, or .Mercapto Dyes)— Artificial Wood and Plastic Com- positions from Sawdust— Production of Artificial Wood Compositions for .Moulded De- corations—Employment of Sawdust for Blasting Powders and Gunpowders — Employment of Sawdust for Briquettes — Employment of Sawdust in the Ceramic Industry and as an Addition to .Mortar— Manufacture of Paper Pulp from Wood— Casks— Various .Applications of Sawdust and Wood Refuse — Calcium Carbide— .Manure — Wood .Mosaic Plaques — Bottle Stoppers— Parquetry— Fire-lighters— Carborundum— The Production of Wood Wool— Bark- Index, 30 Building and Architecture. THE PREVENTION OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS; with Remarks on the Causes, Nature and Effects of SaHne, Efflores- cences and Dry-rot, for Architects, Builders, Overseers, Plasterers, Painters and House Owners. By Adolf Wilhelm Keim. Translated from the German of the second revised Edition by M. J. Salter, F.I.C, F.C.S. Eight Coloured Plates and Thirteen Illustrations. Crown Svo. 115 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 4d. abroad.) HANDBOOK OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN ARCHI- TECTURE AND BUILDING, AND THEIR ALLIED TRADES AND SUBJECTS. By Augustine C. Passmore. Demy Svo. 380 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 8s. home ; 8s. 6d. abroad.) The Preserving of Foods and Sweetmeats. THE MANUFACTURE OF PRESERVED FOODS AND SWEETMEATS. By A. Hausner. With Twenty-eight Illustrations. Translated from the German of the third enlarged Edition. Crown Svo. 225 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 9d. home ; 7s. lOd. abroad.) Contents. The iManutacture of Conserves — Introduction— The Causes of the Putrefaction of Food — The Chemical Composition of Foods — The Products of Decomposition — The Causes of Fer- mentation and Putrefaction — Preservative Bodies — The Various Methods of Preserving Food — The Preservation of Animal Food — Preserving Meat by Means of Ice — The Preservation of Meat by Charcoal — Preservation of Meat by Drying — The Preservation of Meat by the Exclusion of Air — The Appert Method — Preserving Flesh by Smoking — Quicli Smoking — Pre- serving Meat with Salt — Quick Salting by Air Pressure^Quick Salting by Liquid Pressure — Gamgee's Method of Preserving Meat — The Preservation of Eggs — Preservation of White and Yolk of Egg — Milk Preservation — Condensed Milk — The Preservation of Fat — Manu- facture of Soup Tablets— Meat Biscuits — Extract of Beef^ — The Preservation of Vegetable Foods in General — Compressing Vegetables — Preservation of Vegetables by Appert's Method — The Preservation of Fruit — Preservation of Fruit by Storage — The Preservation of Fruit by Drying — Drying Fruit by Artificial Heat — Roasting Fruit — The Preservation of Fruit with Sugar — Boiled Preserved Fruit — The Preservation of Fruit in Spirit, Acetic Acid or Glycerine — Preserxation of Fruit without Boiling — Jam Manufacture — The Manufacture of Fruit Jellies — The Making of Gelatine Jellies — The Manufacture of " Sulzen " — The Preservation of Fermented Beverages — The Manufacture of Candies — Introduction — The Manufacture of Candied Fruit — The Manufacture of Boiled Sugar and Caramel— The Candying of Fruit — Caramelised Fruit — The Manufacture of Sugar Sticks, or Barley Sugar— Bonbon Making — Fruit Drops — The Manufacture of Dragees — The Machinery and Appliances used in Candy Manufacture — Dyeing Candies and Bonbons — Essential Oils used in Candy Making — Fruit Essences — The Manufacture of Filled Bonbons, Liqueur Bonbons and Stamped Lozenges — Recipes for Jams and Jellies — Recipes for Bonbon Making — Dragees — Appendix— Index. RECIPES FOR THE PRESERVING OF FRUIT, VEGE- TABLES AND MEAT. By E. Wagner. Translated from the German. Crown Svo. 125 pp. With 14 Illustrations. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Contents. Part I. Preserved Fruits.— Green Almonds — Gooseberries — Strawberries — Currants — Cherries — Black Nuts — White Nuts — Apricots — Greengages — Pears — Peaches — Plums — Figs — Melons — Apples — Chestnuts — Angelica — Pineapple. Canned Fruit. — Gooseberries — Cherries — Apricots — Plums— Rhubarb. Glazed and Candied Fruits.— (Slazing Fruit— Candied Fruit — Blue Plums— (Jlazed Chestnuts — Glazed l^ineapple Slices — Crystallised Strawberries. Marmalades, Jams and Fruit Juices. — Strawberry Marmalade— Cherry Marmalade — Jams — Fruit Jellies — Raspberry Juice — Cherry Juice— Lemon Syrup — Pineapple Jiu'ce. Fruit Pulp for Ices. Citron Peel and Orange Peel. Part 11. Preserved Veg-etables. — Asparagus — Peas — Beans — Carrots — Spinach — Artichokes — Tomatoes — Mixed Vegetables — Tinned Julienne — Celery — Mushrooms — Truffles— Pickled Gherkins — Gherkins in Alustard — Mixed Pickles. Part III. Preserved Meats. — Veal Cutlets — Fricondeau of Veal — Calves Head — Bouillon Meat — Ox Tongue — Beef a la Mode — Roast Hare — Roast Venison — Mutton and Cabbage — Savoury Paste — Beef Paste — Foie Gras Paste. 31 Dyeing Fancy Goods. THE ART OF DYEING AND STAINING MARBLE, ARTIFICIAL STONE, BONE, HORN, IVORY AND WOOD, AND OF IMITATING ALL SORTS OF WOOD. A Practical Handbcjok for the Use of Joiners, Turners, Manufacturers of Fancy Goods, Stick and Umbrella Makers, Comb Makers, etc. Translated from the German of D. H. Soxhlet, Technical Chemist. Crown 8vo. 168 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Celluloid. CELLULOID : Its Raw Material, xManufacture, Properties and Uses. A Handbook for .Manufacturers of Celluloid and Celluloid Articles, and all Industries using Celluloid ; also for Dentists and Teeth Specialists. By Dr. Fr. Bock.manx, Technical Chemist. Trans- lated from the Third Revised German Edition. Crown 8vo. 120 pp. With 49 Illustrations. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home ; 5s. 4d. abroad.) Contents. Chapters I., Raw Materials for the Manufacture of Celluloid : Cellulose and Pyroxylin — Gun-cotton — Properties of Gun-cotton — Special Gun-cottons for Celluloid .Manufacture — Nitratinji Centrifugalisei*s— Collodion Wool — .Methods of Preparing Collodion Wool — Cam- phor — Japanese (Formosa) Camphor, O dinary Camphor — Borneo Camphor (liorneol), Sumatra Camphor, Camphol, Haros Camphor) — Properties of Camphor — .ArtjKcial Camphor — Camphor Suhstitutes. II,. The Manufacture of Celluloid; Manufacturing Camphor by the Aid of Heat and Pressure — .Manufacture of Celluloid by Dissolving Gun-cotton in an Alcoholic Solution of Camphor — Preparing Celluloid by the Cold Process — Preparation with an Ethereal Solution of Camphor— Preparation with a Solution of Camphor and Wood Spirit. III., The Employment of Pyroxylin for Artificial Silk : Denitrating and Colouring Pyroxylin — Uninflammable Celluloid — Celluloid and Cork Composition — Incombustible Celluloid Substitute — Xylonite or Fibrolithoid. I\'., Properties Of Celluloid, v.. Testing Celluloid VI.. Application and Treatment of Celluloid: Caoutchouc Industry — .Mailing Celluloid Ornaments — Working by the Cold Process — Working by the Warm Process — Celluloid Combs — Celluloid as a Basis for Artificial Teeth — Stained Celluloid Sheets as a Substitute for Glass — Celluloid Printing Blocks and Stamps— Collapsible Seamless Vessels of Celluloid — .Making Celluloid Balls — Celluloid Posters — Pressing Hollow Celluloid Articles— Casting Celluloid Articles — .Method for Pro- ducing Designs on Plates or Sheets of Celluloid. Xylonite, etc. — Imitation Tortoiseshell — Metallic Incrustations — Imitation Florentine .Mosaic — Celluloid Collars and Cuffs — Phono- graph Cylinder Composition — .Making Umbrella and Stick Handles of Celluloid — Celluloid Dolls-Celluloid for Ships' Bottoms— Celluloid Pens— Colouring Finished Celluloid Articles — Printing on Celluloid — Employment of Celluloid (and Pyroxylin) in Lacquer Varnishes — Index. Lithography, Printing and Engraving. PRACTICAL LITHOGRAPHY. By Alfred Seymour. Demy 8vo. With Frontispiece and 33 Illus. 120 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Stones — Transfer Inks — Transfer Papers— Transfer Printing — Litho Press — Press Work — Machine Printing — Colour Printing— Substitutes for Lithographic Stones — Tin Plate Printing and Decoration — Photo- Lithography. PRINTERS AND STATIONERS' READY RECKONER AND COMPENDIUM. Compiled by Victor Graham. Crown 8vo. 112 pp. 1904. Price 3s. 6d. net. (Post free, 3s. 9d. home; 3s. lOd. abroad.) Contents. Price of Paper per Sheet, Quire, Ream and Lb. — Cost of UK) to 1000 Sheets at various Sizes and Prices per Ream — Cost of Cards — Quantity Table— Sizes and Weights of Paper, Cards, etc. — Notes on Account Books — Discount Tables— Sizes of spaces — Leads to a lb. — Dictionary — Measure for Bnokwork — Correcting Proofs, etc. ENGRAVING FOR ILLUSTRATION. HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL NOTES. By J. Kirkhride. 72 pp. Two Plates and H Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home; 2s. lOd. abroad.) 32 Bookbinding. PRACTICAL BOOKBINDING. By Paul Adam. Translated from the German. Crown 8vo. 180 pp. 127 Illustrations. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home ; 5s. 6d. abroad.) Sugar Refining. THE TECHNOLOGY OF SUGAR: Practical Treatise on the Modern Methods of Manufacture of Sugar from the Sugar Cane and Sugar Beet. By John Geddes McIntosh. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Demy 8vo. Fully Illustrated. 436 pp. Seventy-six Tables. 1906. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, lis. home; lis. 6d. abroad.) Contents. Chemistry of Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Glucose, Invert Sugar, etc. — Purchase and Analysis of Beets— Treatment of Beets — Diffusion — Filtration — Concentration— Evaporation — Sugar Cane : Cultivation — Milling — Diffusion — Sugar Refining — Analysis of Raw Sugars — Chemistry of Molasses, etc. (See "Evaporating, Condensing, etc., Apparattis," p. 26.) Bibliograpliy. CLASSIFIED GUIDE TO TECHNICAL AND COM- MERCIAL BOOKS. Compiled by Edgar Greenwood. Demy Svo. 224 pp. 1904. Being a Subject-list of the Principal British and American Books in print ; giving Title, Author, Size, Date, Publisher and Price. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. lOd. home ; 8s. 3d. abroad.) THE TECHNICAL BOOKS m this Catalogue can be obtained through all Booksellers, or by post direct from the Publishers by re- mitting the amount given in brackets. Full Particulars of Contents of any of the above books will be sent on application. Books in the Press. — The Publishers will send Contents am. prices of books in the press as soon as ready to any one sending their name and address. Technical Books upon all Subjects can be obtained through Scott, Greenwood & Son, if requirements are fully stated. SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON, Q;ecbnical :ili00h an^ Q;raC»e Journal pubUslDcrs, 8 Broadway, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G. Telegraphic Address, " Printeries, London". Telephone, Bank 5403. [October, 1907. /y GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00114 9240 ^h;' :■;:;: ^:^^<^ ^iiiiil iilili ,|:-;|a|i|||||