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 https://archive.org/details/trueprinciplesofOOpugi_0 
 
London.rnnli.ihrd hy John r. ■..,;■&>. ;/...■:. iioihoin.i&ii. 
 
THE TRUE PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 $otntrt or Christian Srdjitrcrure : 
 
 SET FORTH IN 
 
 TWO LECTURES DELIVERED AT ST. MARIE'S, OSCOTT, 
 
 BY 
 
 A. WELBY PUGIN, 
 
 ARCHITECT, 
 
 AND PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL ANTIQUITIES IN THAT COLLEGE. 
 
 M.CCM.XLI. 
 
Enntton : 
 
 PRINTED BY W. HUGHES, KING'S HEAD COURT, GOUGH SQUARE. 
 THE INK SUPPLIED BY MESSRS. SHACKELL AND LYONS. 
 
 WE 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 Plate I. Columns and Buttresses . .... to face p. 3 
 
 II. Ancient and Modern Masonry . . . . . . 18 
 
 III. Metal-Work 20 
 
 IV. Ornamental Iron -Work . . . . . . . 21 
 
 V. Almery in a Reliquary Chamber ...... 32 
 
 VI. Ancient and Modern Roofs 34 
 
 VII. Gable Ends— Ancient, &c 39 
 
 VIII. Ancient Wood -Work 40 
 
 IX. General Prospect of St. Mary Magdalen College, Oxford . . 51 
 
 47 Wood-Cuts. 
 31 Vignettes. 
 
 78 
 
PRINCIPLE S 
 
 OF 
 
 POINTED OR CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 that all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of 
 the building. The neglect of these two rules is the cause of all the bad 
 architecture of the present time. Architectural features are continually 
 tacked on buildings with which they have no connexion, merely for the 
 sake of what is termed effect ; and ornaments are actually constructed, 
 instead of forming the decoration of construction, to which in good taste 
 they should be always subservient. 
 
 In pure architecture the smallest detail should have a meaning or serve a 
 purpose; and even the construction itself should vary with the material 
 employed, and the designs should be adapted to the material in which 
 they are executed. 
 
 Strange as it may appear at first sight, it is in pointed architecture 
 alone that these great principles have been carried out ; and I shall be able 
 to illustrate them from the vast cathedral to the simplest erection. 
 Moreover, the architects of the middle ages were the first who turned 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 ^ (& object of the present Lecture is to set forth and 
 explain the true principles of Pointed or Christian 
 Architecture, by the knowledge of which you may be 
 enabled to test architectural excellence. The two 
 great rules for design are these : 1st, that there should 
 be no features about a building which are not neces- 
 * sary for convenience, construction, or propriety ; 2nd, 
 
 B 
 
PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 the natural properties of the various materials to their full account, and 
 made their mechanism a vehicle for their art. 
 
 We shall have therefore to consider ornament with reference to con- 
 struction and convenience, and ornament with reference to architectural 
 propriety. Construction must be subdivided and treated under three dis- 
 tinct heads, — stone, timber, and metal ; brick might indeed be added, 
 but as the principles of its construction are similar to those of stone, 
 I shall not make any distinction ; and as for plaster, when used for any 
 other purpose than coating walls, it is a mere modern deception, and the 
 trade is not worthy of a distinction. 
 
 To begin with stone. A pointed church is the masterpiece of masonry. 
 It is essentially a stone building ; its pillars, its arches, its vaults, its intri- 
 cate intersections, its ramified tracery, are all peculiar to stone, and could 
 not be consistently executed in any other material. Moreover, the ancient 
 masons obtained great altitude and great extent with a surprising economy 
 of wall and substance ; the wonderful strength and solidity of their build- 
 ings are the result, not of the quantity or size of the stones employed, but of 
 the art of their disposition. To exhibit the great excellence of these con- 
 structions, it will be here necessary to draw a comparison between them 
 and those of the far-famed classic shores of Greece. Grecian architecture 
 is essentially ivooden in its construction ; it originated in wooden buildings, 
 and never did its professors possess either sufficient imagination or skill 
 to conceive any departure from the original type. Vitruvius shows that 
 their buildings were formerly composed of 
 trunks of trees, with lintels or brestsummers 
 laid across the top, and rafters again resting 
 on them. This is at once the most ancient 
 and barbarous mode of building that can be 
 imagined ; it is heavy, and, as I before said, 
 essentially wooden ; but is it not extraordinary 
 that when the Greeks commenced building 
 
 in stone, the properties of this material did * wooden Bua^^e origin of Greek 
 
riaU-2. 
 
 Zr>ndon.j!tML,AM by John n r eah<.6°JIioh tfalhern.184. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 3 
 
 not suggest to them some different and improved mode of construction ? 
 Such, however, was not the case ; they set up stone pillars as they had 
 set up trunks of wood ; they laid stone lintels as they had laid wood 
 ones, flat across ; they even made the construction appear still more 
 similar to wood, by carving triglyphs, which are merely a representation of 
 the beam ends.. The finest temple of the Greeks is constructed on the 
 same principle as a large wooden cabin. As illustrations of history they 
 are extremely valuable ; but as for their being held up as the standard 
 of architectural excellence, and the types from which our present buildings 
 are to be formed, it is a monstrous absurdity, which has originated in the 
 blind admiration of modern times for every thing Pagan, to the prejudice 
 and overthrow of Christian art and propriety. 
 
 The Greeks erected their columns, like the uprights of Stonehenge, just 
 so far apart that the blocks they laid on them would not break by their own 
 weight. The Christian architects, on the contrary, during the dark ages, 
 with stone scarcely larger than ordinary bricks, threw their lofty vaults 
 from slender pillars across a vast intermediate space, and that at an 
 amazing height, where they had every difficulty of lateral pressure to con- 
 tend with. This leads me to speak of buttresses, a distinguishing feature 
 of Pointed Architecture, and the first we shall consider in detail. — Plate I. 
 
 It need hardly be remarked that buttresses are necessary supports to a 
 lofty wall. A wall of three feet in thickness, with buttresses projecting 
 three feet more at intervals, is much stronger than a wall of six feet thick 
 without buttresses. A long unbroken mass of building without light 
 and shade is monotonous and unsightly ; it is evident, therefore, that 
 both for strength and beauty, breaks or projections are necessary in 
 architecture. We will now examine in which style, Christian or Pagan, 
 these have been most successfully carried out. Pointed architecture 
 does not conceal her construction, but beautifies it : classic architecture 
 seeks to conceal instead of decorating it, and therefore has resorted to 
 the use of engaged columns as breaks for strength and effect ; — nothing 
 can be worse. A column is an architectural member which should only 
 
4 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 be employed when a superincumbent weight is required to be sustained 
 without the obstruction of a solid wall ; but the moment a wall is built, the 
 necessity and propriety of columns cease, and engaged columns always 
 produce the effect of having once been detached, and the intermediate 
 spaces blocked up afterwards. 
 
 A buttress in pointed architecture at once shows its purpose, and 
 diminishes naturally as it rises and has less to resist. An engaged 
 column, on the contrary, is overhung by a cornice. A buttress, by 
 means of water tables, can be made to project such a distance as to pro- 
 duce a fine effect of light and shade. An engaged column can never 
 project far on account of the cornice, and all the other members, neces- 
 
 sarily according with the diameter 
 of the column, would be increased 
 beyond all proportion. I will now 
 leave you to judge in which style 
 the real intention of a buttress is 
 best carried out. 
 
 Flying Buttresses. 
 
 I have yet to speak of flying 
 buttresses, those bold arches, as 
 their name implies, by which the 
 lateral thrust of the nave groining 
 is thrown over the aisles and trans- 
 ferred to the massive lower but- 
 tresses. Here again we see the true 
 principles of Christian architec- 
 ture, by the conversion of an es- 
 sential support of the building 
 into a light and elegant decoration. 
 Wbp can stand among the airy 
 arches of Amiens, Cologne, Char- 
 tres, Beauvais, or Westminster, 
 and not be filled with admiration 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 5 
 
 at the mechanical skill and beautiful combination of form which are united 
 in their construction ? But, say the modern critics, they are only props, 
 and a bungling contrivance. Let us examine this. Are the revived pagan 
 buildings constructed with such superior skill as to dispense with these 
 supports ? By no means ; the clumsy vaults of St. Paul's, London, mere 
 coffered semi-arches, without ribs or intersections, have their flying but- 
 tresses ; but as this style of architecture does not admit of the great principle 
 of decorating utility, these buttresses, instead of being made ornamental, are 
 concealed by an enormous screen, going entirely round the building. So 
 that in fact one half of the edifice is built to conceal the other. Miserable 
 expedient ! worthy only of the debased style in which it has been resorted to. 
 
6 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 It is proper to remark that the cluster of pinnacles at A are not carried 
 up for mere ornament, but, by their weight, to increase the resistance 
 of the great pinnacle at the point of thrust. 
 
 We will now proceed, in the second place, to consider groining and 
 vaulting, which are solely adapted to stone construction. 
 
 A groined ceiling is divided into compartments by means of ribs spring- 
 ing from caps or corbels, and uniting in bosses placed at the intersections ; 
 the spaces between the ribs are termed spandrils : the word boss signifies 
 a spring of water, and has doubtless been applied to the key-stones of 
 vaults, as the ribs seem to spring or separate from them. 
 
 Here again the great principle of decorating utility is to be observed. 
 A stone ceiling is most essential in a large church, both for durability, 
 security from fire, 1 and conveyance of sound. It is impossible to conceive 
 stone ceilings better contrived than those of the ancient churches ; they 
 are at once light, substantial, beautiful, and lofty. 1st. They are light, 
 because, their principal strength lying in the ribs, the intermediate spaces 
 or spandrils are filled in with small light stones. 2nd. They are sub- 
 stantial, for all the stones being cut to a centre and forming portions of 
 
 a curve, when united they are capable of re- 
 sisting immense pressure, the keys or bosses 
 wedging all together. 3rd. They are beautiful, 
 for no ceiling can be conceived more graceful 
 and elegant than a long perspective of lines 
 and arches radiating from exquisitely carved 
 centres. 4th. They are lofty, not only on ac- 
 count of the elevation at which they are placed, 
 but that their construction permits the cleres- 
 tory windows to be carried up level with the 
 crown of the arch in the intermediate spaces. 
 
 1 Within the last few years the roofs have been burnt off the cathedrals of Rouen, 
 Chartres, and Bruges ; and, owing to the strength of the stone vaulting, the interiors 
 of these churches have scarcely been injured ; while York Minster has twice been completely 
 
 * . 5^ 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 7 
 
 In the groining of the later styles we find a great departure from the 
 severe and consistent principles I have been describing. Henry the 
 Seventh's Chapel at Westminster is justly considered one of the most 
 wonderful examples of ingenious construction and elaborate fan groining 
 in the world, but at the same time it exhibits the commencement of 
 the bad taste, by constructing its ornament instead of confining it to the 
 enrichment of its construction. I allude to the stone pendants of the 
 ceiling, which are certainly extravagances. A key-stone is necessary for 
 
 Pendant. 
 
 the support of arched ribs ; the older architects contented themselves with 
 enriching it with foliage or figures, but those of the later styles allowed 
 four or five feet of unnecessary stone to hang down into the church, and 
 from it to branch other ribs upwards. This is at most an ingenious trick, 
 and quite unworthy of the severity of Pointed or Christian architecture. 2 
 
 gutted within a short period through the want of a stone groining ; and yet a mere wood and 
 plaster ceiling has been again constructed ! 
 
 2 This is one among many other symptoms of decline apparent in the later works in the 
 pointed style. The moment the flat or four-centred arch was introduced, the spirit of Christian 
 architecture was on the wane. Height or the vertical principle, emblematic of the resur- 
 rection, is the very essence of Christian architecture. It was to attain greater elevation with 
 a given width that the pointed arch was employed ; and the four- centred arch does not 
 possess equal advantage in this respect with the old semi ; and although some of the later 
 buildings, as King's College Chapel, Cambridge, still retain the principle of internal height, 
 with the use of the depressed arch, yet who can avoid being struck with the inconsistency of 
 
8 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 In the third place, we will proceed to the use and intention of pinnacles 
 and spiral terminations. I have little doubt that pinnacles are considered 
 
 running up walls to a prodigious elevation, and then, instead of carrying out the principle, 
 and springing a lofty groin, losing a considerable increase of height by a flattened thrusting 
 arched ceiling ; the form of which is a sort of contradiction to the height at which it is 
 commenced. 
 
 I do not make this observation by way of disparaging the merits of this stupendous 
 building, but merely to show the early decay of the true principles of pointed architecture 
 which may be traced even in that glorious pile. 
 
 We not unfrequently find the bulbous form employed in the Tudor period : this, 
 which afterwards became the prevailing form of the Dresden and Flemish steeples, 
 
 is of the worst possible 
 taste ; and why P Because M 
 it is a form which does not ''\ 
 result from any consistent t 
 mode of constructing a co- 
 vering, and, on the contrary, re- 
 quires by its shape to be constructed, 
 as will be seen by the annexed 
 sketch ; by the side of which I have 
 placed a spire, the severe form and 
 decoration of which are quite con- 
 sistent with the true principles of 
 rendering the necessary roof or 
 covering of a tower elegant in ap- 
 pearance, without departing from 
 essential construction for the sake of 
 ornament. 
 
 One of the greatest defects of St. 
 Paul's, London, is its fictitious dome. 
 The dome that is seen is not the dome 
 of the church, but a mere construc- 
 tion for effect. At St. Peter's the 
 dome is the actual covering of the 
 building, and is therefore constructed 
 in that respect on the true principle ; 
 but, as will be perceived by the an- 
 
 Bulbous Covering or Steeple, 
 in the debased style. 
 
 Spiral Covering or Steeple, 
 in the Christian style. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 by the majority of persons as mere ornamental excrescences, introduced 
 solely for picturesque effect. The very reverse of these is the case ; and I 
 shall be able to show you that their introduction is warranted by the 
 soundest principles of construction and design. They should be regarded 
 as answering a double intention, both mystical and 
 natural : their mystical intention is, like other vertical 
 lines and terminations of Christian architecture, to 
 represent an emblem of the Resurrection ; their 
 natural intention is that of an upper weathering, to 
 throw off rain. The most useful covering for this 
 purpose, and the one that would naturally suggest 
 itself, is of the form represented in the annexed 
 figure : only let this essential form be decorated with 
 a finial and crockets, and we have at once a perfect 
 pinnacle. Now the square piers of which these floriated tops form the 
 terminations are all erected to answer a useful purpose ; when they rise 
 
 nexed section, the upper part of St. Paul's is mere imposing show, 
 constructed at a vast expense without any legitimate reason. 
 
 From the various symptoms of decline which I have shown to 
 have existed in the later pointed works, I feel convinced that 
 Christian architecture had gone its length, and it must necessarily 
 have destroyed itself by departing from its own principles in the 
 pursuit of novelty, or it must have fallen back on its pure and 
 ancient models. This is quite borne out by existing facts. 
 Now that the pointed style is reviving, we cannot successfully 
 suggest any thing new, but are obliged to return to the spirit 
 of the ancient work. 
 
 Indeed, if we view pointed architecture in its true light 
 as Christian art, as the faith itself is perfect, so are the principles on which it is founded. 
 We may indeed improve in mechanical contrivances to expedite its execution, we may even 
 increase its scale and grandeur ; but we can never successfully deviate one tittle from the spirit 
 and principles of pointed architecture. We must rest content to follow, not to lead; we may 
 indeed widen the road which our Catholic forefathers formed, but we can never depart from 
 their track without a certainty of failure being the result of our presumption. 
 
 Section of the Dome of St. Paul's. 
 
10 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 from the tops of wall buttresses, they serve as piers to strengthen the 
 parapet, which would be exceedingly weak without some such support. 
 Fig. S. 
 
 Their utility on the great piers which resist the 
 flying buttresses has been already mentioned under 
 the head of buttress. At the bases of great spires, 
 the clusters of pinnacles are also placed to increase 
 strength and resistance ; in short, wherever pin- 
 nacles are introduced in pure pointed architecture, 
 they will be found on examination to fulfil a 
 useful end. 
 
 The same remarks will apply to the crocketed 
 and floriated terminations of staircase and other 
 turrets, which are in fact ornamented roofs ; and 
 I need hardly remark that turrets were not carried 
 up without a legitimate reason. 
 
 Every tower built during the pure style of pointed architecture either 
 was, or was intended to be, surmounted by a spire, which is the natural 
 covering for a tower ; a flat roof is both contrary to the spirit of the style, 
 and it is also practically bad. There is no instance before the year 1400 of 
 a church tower being erected without the intention at least of being covered 
 or surmounted by a spire ; and those towers antecedent to that period 
 which we find without such terminations have either been left incom- 
 plete for want of funds, weakness in the sub-structure, or some casual 
 impediment, — or the spires, which were often of timber covered with 
 lead, have been pulled down for the sake of their material. 3 In fine, 
 when towers were erected with flat embattled tops, Christian architecture 
 
 3 The following glorious churches have been stripped of their spires since the views in 
 Dugdale's Monasticon were taken: — Hereford Cathedral, Worcester Cathedral, Southwell 
 Minster, Rochester Cathedral, Ely Cathedral, Ripon Minster, Finchal Abbey, and Lincoln 
 Cathedral. It is to be remembered that these views were taken above a century after the lead- 
 stripping and spire-demolishing period commenced. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 11 
 
 was on the decline, and the omission of the ancient and appropriate ter- 
 mination was strong evidence of that fact. Towers surmounting gate- 
 houses were never terminated by spires, for, being originally built for 
 defence, the space at top was required for that purpose. This is the 
 real reason why square-topped and embattled towers are said to be of 
 a domestic character ; so that even by persons unacquainted with the use 
 and intentions of spires, they are associated with the idea of ecclesiastical 
 architecture. 
 
 The pitch of roof in pointed architecture is another subject on which 
 some useful observations may be made. It will be found, on examination, 
 that the most beautiful pitch of a roof or gable end is an inclination 
 sufficiently steep to throw off snow without giving the slate or lead 
 covering too perpendicular a strain, which is formed by two sides on an 
 equilateral triangle. 
 
 If this form be departed from, the gable appears either painfully acute 
 or too widely spread. All really beautiful forms in architecture are 
 based on the soundest principles of utility. 
 
 Practical men know that flat-pitched roofs, which are exceedingly 
 ugly in appearance, are also but ill calculated to resist the action of 
 weather. In slated roofs especially, gusts of wind actually blow under 
 and lift up the covering : when the pitch is increased to its proper eleva- 
 tion, the whole pressure of the wind is lateral, and forces the covering 
 closer to the roof. 
 
12 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 I now come to speak, in the fourth place, of mouldings, on the judicious 
 form and disposition of which a very considerable part of the effect of the 
 building depends. Mouldings are the enrichment of splays of doorways, 
 
 windows, arches, and 
 piers, of base and string- 
 courses, of weatherings 
 , and copings, and they are 
 
 y introduced solely on the 
 principle of decorating 
 the useful. 
 
 I will first point out 
 the necessity of these 
 splays and weatherings, 
 and then proceed to consider the form and 
 application of mouldings to them. 
 
 It will be readily seen that without a 
 splay a considerable portion of light would 
 be excluded, and that this form of jamb 
 is necessary to the use and intention of a 
 window. 
 
 In a doorway the convenience of splayed 
 sides must be evident for ordinary ingress 
 and egress. This form of jamb is therefore 
 necessary to the use and intention of a 
 doorway. 
 
 The advantage of piers splayed, or 
 placed diagonally over square ones, both 
 for elegance and convenience, must be 
 evident to all ; the arch mould over them 
 is consequently splayed. This form of pier and arch mould is therefore 
 necessary for both piers and arches. 
 
 Great increase of solidity and strength is gained by projections at the 
 
 Square Piers supporting 
 Arches. 
 
 Splayed Piers supporting 
 Arches. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 13 
 
 base of a building as sets-off ; but were these projections 
 ll left flat at top instead of being bevelled off, they would 
 rji I become lodgments for water. 
 
 The splayed or bevelled form is therefore necessary 
 for base moulds. Strings and copings, the very inten- 
 tion of which is to throw off water, must be sloped, 
 for the same reason. 
 
 The use of the splayed form being 
 now demonstrated, I will proceed to 
 consider the mouldings used to enrich 
 it. All mouldings should be designed 
 on the principle of light, shadow, and 
 half tint; and the section of a moulding 
 should be of such a form as to produce 
 various and pleasing gradations of light 
 and shadow. Monotony should be care- 
 fully avoided, also all cutting shadows 
 near the outer edge, which have a 
 meagre effect. The original splayed 
 form should never be lost sight of in 
 the sinkings of the mould, which ought 
 not to be so extravagantly deep as to 
 produce both a real and apparent weak- 
 ness in the jamb. 
 
 All the mouldings of jamb are in- 
 variably sunk from the face of the work. 
 A projecting mould in such a situation 
 Examples of ancient jamb Moulds. would be a useless excrescence, and 
 
 contrary to the principles of pointed architecture, which do not admit 
 of any unnecessary members. A hood mould projects immediately above 
 the springing of the arch to receive the water running down the wall 
 over the window, and convey it off on either side. This projection 
 
14 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 Examples of ancient Jamb Moulds. 
 
 answers a purpose, and 
 therefore is not only 
 allowable but indispen- 
 sable in the pointed 
 style ; but a projection 
 down the sides of jamb, 
 where it would be utterly 
 useless, is never found 
 among the monuments 
 of antiquity. 
 
 Modern Jamb Mould, 
 weak and wiry. 
 
 French Jamb Mould of the late 
 styles, extravagantly hollowed. 
 
 The mouldings round an 
 arch are generally more sub- 
 divided than those of the jamb. This is carrying out the same principle 
 that may be observed in vegetation, where the solid trunk spreads and 
 divides as it rises upwards. The use of caps at the springing of arches is 
 to receive the different moulds of jamb and arch, which could not be suc- 
 cessfully united by any better means than foliated and moulded projec- 
 tions. Hence, in the later pointed continental churches, where the same 
 moulds run up the jambs and round the arches without interruption, caps 
 are entirely omitted ; and the same thing is observable, under similar 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 L5 
 
 circumstances, in the nave of Crowland 
 Abbey, Lincolnshire. 
 
 The next class of mouldings I will 
 notice are those belonging to base 
 moulds, weatherings, and strings. I 
 have shown above that the bevelled 
 form is necessary for these projections ; 
 but when the weathering is of any 
 depth, it is evident that the inclined 
 plane cut by the horizontal joints of 
 the masonry will produce what are 
 technically called feather-edged joints, 
 at aaa, which would 
 be easily broken by the 
 action of frost, and the 
 joints themselves would 
 
 Caps at the transition from Jamb to Arch Mould. 
 
 be penetrated by water. A M, 
 To obviate this, all the 
 varied and beautiful 
 
 Ancient examples of Base Moulds and Weatherings. 
 
16 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 moulds of weatherings 
 have been introduced, by 
 the form of which the 
 stones are strengthened at 
 the joints, and they are 
 protected from the action 
 of water by the over- 
 hanging mould throwing 
 it off to the next bevel. 
 
 These observations will 
 apply equally to string- 
 courses and copings. 
 
 Another important consideration relative to mouldings, and by which 
 their profile should in a great measure be regulated, is the position in 
 which they are placed with relation to the eye of the spectator. The 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 17 
 
 Ancient Profiles of Corbel Moulds. 
 
 slope of weatherings themselves is deter- 
 mined by this principle, the pitch increasing 
 with the height that they are placed from 
 the ground. Were this not attended to, the 
 upper water table would be lost to a spec- 
 tator, unless he was at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the building. 
 
 In corbel moulds the profile should be so 
 formed as to gain projection with strength, 
 
 Modern and Weak Corbel Mould. 
 
 avoiding deep hollows and un- 
 necessary nozings. 
 
 The apparent width of a string- 
 course placed above the eye de- 
 pends almost as much on the top 
 bevel as on its actual width ; for 
 
 d 
 
IS 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 string-courses of equal width, with different bevels, will vary considerably 
 to the eye. 
 
 Every moulding in a pointed building must be designed and shaped 
 on these consistent principles. The severity of Christian architecture 
 requires a reasonable purpose for the introduction of the smallest detail, 
 and daily experience proves that those who attempt this glorious style 
 without any fixed idea of its unalterable rules, are certain to end in 
 miserable failures. 
 
 Another most important, but now most neglected part of masonry, 
 is the jointing of the stones. All bond and solidity is frequently sacrificed 
 for what is called a neat joint, by setting one stone on end to form a 
 jamb (Plate II. fig. A), when the same space in good old constructions 
 would have been occupied by five or six stones tailing into the wall, 
 and lying in their natural bed (fig. B) ; a point which should be most 
 strictly attended to. 
 
 Or, if the jambs are built in courses, they are made as uniform as 
 possible, like rustics (fig. C). By this means the effect of the window 
 is spoiled ; the eye, owing to the regularity of these projections, is carried 
 from the line of jamb to them, while in the old masonry (fig. D) the 
 irregular outline of the stones does not interfere with the mouldings 
 of the window. 
 
 Another point to be remarked in the ancient masonry is the smallness 
 of the stones employed : now, independently of this being the strongest 
 mode of construction, it adds considerably to the effect of the building 
 by increasing its apparent scale. Large stones destroy proportion; and 
 to illustrate this I have given two representations of the same piece of 
 architecture differently jointed. Figs. E, F. 
 
 Not only are the stones which are used in the ancient buildings 
 exceedingly small, but they are also very irregular in size, and for the 
 same reason as I have before mentioned, that the jointing might not 
 appear a regular feature, and by its lines interfere with those of the 
 building. 
 
Plale II. 
 
 Ze/ido/iJ'ui/is/ieci bv John Wca/e. jff.Ifigh J/oliorn.iS.u. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 19 
 
 In the early buildings the work was carried up in regular beds : there 
 were as many joints in a detached pillar as in the wall, and equal space 
 was occupied by the mortar in every part of the building. The joints of 
 stone tracery should always be cut to the centre of the curve where they 
 fall ; and if the joint crosses three or four different curves, its bed should 
 vary with those curves ; and 
 
 without this is rigidly ad- f 
 hered to in the construction .'*{) 
 
 ♦3? 
 
 if 1$ 
 
 19 
 
 of stone tracery, the work 
 must be devoid of the neces- 
 sary strength. Any of the 
 great circular or mullioned windows of the ancient cathedrals will fully 
 illustrate this principle. 
 
 Images in these northern countries were, with some very few excep- 
 tions, placed in niches under canopies. This is really necessary to pre- 
 serve the sculpture from the injuries of weather, and it is much more 
 consistent than leaving the venerable image of a saintly or royal per- 
 
3&e 
 
 20 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 sonage exposed to all the pelting of the pitiless storm. Detached images, 
 surmounting buildings, are characteristic of southern and Italian archi- 
 tecture, and are much better suited to the climate of Milan than that of 
 England. 
 
 Having now, I trust, successfully shown that the ornamental parts 
 of pointed stone buildings are merely the decorations of their essential 
 construction, and that the formations of mouldings and details are regu- 
 lated by practical utility. I will endeavour to illustrate the same principles 
 in ancient metal and wood- work. 
 
 We now come to the consideration of works in metal ; and I shall 
 be able to show that the same principles of suiting the design to the 
 material and decorating construction were strictly adhered to by the 
 artists of the middle ages in all their productions in metal, whether 
 precious or common. 
 
 In the first place, hinges, locks, bolts, nails, &c, which are always 
 concealed in modern designs, were rendered in pointed architecture rich 
 and beautiful decorations; and this not only in the doors and fittings 
 of buildings, but in cabinets and small articles of furniture. 
 
 The early hinges covered the whole face of the doors with varied and 
 flowing scroll-work. Of this description are those of Notre Dame at 
 Paris, St. Elizabeth's church at Marburg, the western doors of Litchfield 
 Cathedral, the Chapter House at York, and hundreds of other churches, 
 both in England and on the continent. Plate III. figs. 1 and 3. 
 
 Hinges of this kind are not only beautiful in design, but they are 
 practically good. We all know that on the principle of a lever a door 
 may be easily torn off its modern hinges by a strain applied at its outward 
 edge, (fig. 2.) This could not be the case with the ancient hinges, which 
 extended the whole width of the door, and were bolted through in various 
 
 ON METAL-WORK. 
 
riate m. 
 
 -Londvnl'ufilished by John R r eale...i£.Kig?vJ£oltt<rn.i84i 
 
Plate n: 
 
 ZandorvJ'uSlifhed by Johr. I'.eale. f£J/iaA JfoUiorn. 18.11. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 21 
 
 places. In barn-doors and gates these hinges are still used, although 
 devoid of any elegance of form; but they have been most religiously 
 banished from public edifices as unsightly, merely on account of our 
 present race of artists not exercising the same ingenuity as those of 
 ancient times in rendering the useful a vehicle for the beautiful : the same 
 remarks will apply to locks that are now concealed and let into the 
 styles of doors, which are often more than half cut away to receive 
 them. Plate III. fig. 4. 
 
 A lock was a subject on which the ancient smiths delighted to exercise 
 the utmost resources of their art. The locks of chests were generally of a 
 most elaborate and beautiful description. A splendid example of an old 
 lock still remains at Beddington Manor House, Surrey, and is engraved in 
 my father's work of Examples. In churches we not unfrequently find 
 locks adorned with sacred subjects chased on them, with the most ingenious 
 mechanical contrivances for concealing the key-hole. Keys were also 
 highly ornamented with appropriate decorations referring to the locks to 
 which they belonged ; and even the wards turned into beautiful devices 
 and initial letters. Fig. 5. 
 
 In all the ancient ornamental iron-work we may discern a peculiar 
 manner of execution, admirably suited to the material, and quite distinct 
 from that of stone or wood. For instance, tracery was produced by 
 different thicknesses of pierced plates laid over each other. Fig. 6. 
 
 Leaves and crockets were not carved or modelled, and then cast, but cut 
 out of thin metal plate, and twisted up with pliers (Plate IV. figs. 1,2), 
 and the lines of stems either engraved or soldered on. By these simple 
 means all the lightness, ease, and sharpness of real vegetation is produced 
 at a much less cost than the heavy flat foliage usually cast and chased 
 up. It is likewise to be remarked, that the necessary fastenings for iron- 
 work were always shown and ornamented. Bolts, nails, and rivets, so far 
 from being unsightly, are beautiful studs and busy enrichments, if properly 
 treated. Fig. 3. 
 
 Large tracery was either formed of round iron, like a stem twisted into 
 
122 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 intersections, or of flat iron bars of different thicknesses riveted together, 
 and the edges chamfered by filing. 
 
 Well at Antwerp. 
 
 Railings were not casts of meagre stone tracery (Plate IV. fig. 4), but 
 elegant combinations of metal bars, adjusted with due regard to strength 
 and resistance. Fig. 5.* 
 
 There were many fine specimens of this style of railing round tombs, 
 and Westminster Abbey was rich in such examples, but they were actually 
 pulled down and sold for old iron by the order of the then Dean, and even 
 the exquisite scroll-work belonging to the tomb of Queen Eleanor, of 
 which I have here given a specimen (fig. 6), was not respected. The 
 iron screen of King Edward the Fourth's tomb at St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor, is a splendid example of ancient iron-work. 
 
 The fire-dogs or Andirons (fig. 7), as they were called, which supported 
 either the fuel-logs where wood was burnt, or grates for coal, were fre- 
 quently of splendid design. The ornaments were generally heraldic, and 
 
 * The parts marked with a + in this figure are merely pierced out of thin plate, and 
 riveted to the bars. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 23 
 
 it was not unusual to work the finer parts in brass for relief of colour 
 and richness of effect. 
 
 These form a striking contrast with the inconsistencies of modern 
 grates, which are not unfrequently made to represent diminutive fronts of 
 castellated or ecclesiastical buildings with turrets, loopholes, windows, and 
 doorways, all in a space of forty inches. 
 
 New Sheffield pattern for a modern Castellated Grate. 
 
 The fender is a sort of embattled parapet, with a lodge-gate at each 
 end ; the end of the poker is a sharp pointed finial ; and at the summit of 
 the tongs is a saint. It is impossible to enumerate half the absurdities of 
 modern metal-workers ; but all these proceed from the false notion of dis- 
 guising instead of beautifying articles of utility. How many objects of 
 ordinary use are rendered monstrous and ridiculous simply because the 
 artist, instead of seeking the most convenient form, and then decorating it, 
 has embodied some extravagance to conceal the real purpose for which the 
 article has been made ! If a clock is required, it is not unusual to cast a 
 Roman warrior in a flying chariot, round one of the wheels of which, on 
 close inspection, the hours may be descried ; or the whole front of a 
 cathedral church reduced to a few inches in height, with the clock-face 
 
24 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 Patterns of Brumagem Gothic 
 
 occupying the position of a magnificent rose window. Surely the inventor 
 of this patent clock-case could never have reflected that according to the 
 scale on which the edifice was reduced, his clock would be about two 
 hundred feet in circumference, and that such a monster of a dial would 
 crush the proportions of almost any building that could be raised. But 
 this is nothing when compared to what we see continually produced from 
 those inexhaustible mines of bad taste, Birmingham and Sheffield : stair- 
 case turrets for inkstands, monumental crosses for light-shades, gable 
 ends hung on handles for door-porters, and four doorways and a cluster of 
 pillars to support a French lamp ; while a pair of pinnacles supporting an 
 arch is called a Gothic-pattern scraper, and a wiry compound of quatrefoils 
 and fan tracery an abbey garden-seat. Neither relative scale, form, 
 purpose, nor unity of style, is ever considered by those who design these 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 abominations ; if they only introduce a quatrefoil or an acute arch, be the 
 outline and style of the article ever so modern and debased, it is at once 
 denominated and sold as Gothic. 
 
 While I am on this topic it may not be amiss to mention some other 
 absurdities which may not be out 
 of place, although they do not 
 belong to metal- work. I will 
 commence with what are termed 
 Gothic-pattern papers, for hang- 
 ing walls, where a wretched cari- 
 cature of a pointed building is 
 repeated from the skirting to the 
 cornice in glorious confusion, — 
 door over pinnacle, and pinnacle 
 over door. This is a great fa- 
 vourite with hotel and tavern 
 keepers. Again, those papers 
 which are shaded are defective 
 in principle ; for, as a paper is 
 hung round a room, the orna- 
 ment must frequently be shadowed 
 on the light side. 
 
 The variety of these miserable 
 
 patterns iS quite Surprising; and Pattern of Modern Gothic Paper. 
 
 as the expense of cutting a block for a bad figure is equal if not greater 
 than for a good one, there is not the shadow of an excuse for their 
 continual reproduction. A moment's reflection must show the ex- 
 treme absurdity of repeating a perspective over a large surface with 
 some hundred different points of sight : a panel or wall may be enriched 
 and decorated at pleasure, but it should always be treated in a consistent 
 manner. 
 
 E 
 
2G 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 Flock papers are ad- 
 mirable substitutes for 
 the ancient hangings, 
 but then they must con- 
 sist of a pattern without 
 shadow, with the forms 
 relieved by the intro- 
 duction of harmonious 
 colours. Illuminated ma- 
 nuscripts of the thir- 
 teenth, fourteenth, and 
 fifteenth centuries would 
 furnish an immense 
 number of exquisite de- 
 signs for this purpose. 
 
 These observations will 
 
 apply tO modern CarpetS, Ancient Pattern for a Flock Paper. 
 
 the patterns of which are generally shaded. Nothing can be more ridi- 
 culous than an apparently reversed groining to walk upon, or highly 
 relieved foliage and perforated tracery for the decoration of a floor. 
 
 The ancient paving tiles are quite con- 
 sistent with their purpose, being merely 
 ornamented with a pattern not produced 
 by any apparent relief, but only by con- 
 trast of colour; and carpets should be 
 treated in precisely the same manner. 
 Turkey carpets, which are by far the 
 handsomest now manufactured, have no 
 shadow in their pattern, but merely an 
 intricate combination of coloured inter- 
 sections. 
 
 Pattern of Ancient Paving Tiles. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 27 
 
 ANTILNT CVR-nUM H£KSHfCS_ 
 
 Modern upholstery, again, is made a surprising vehicle for bad and 
 paltry taste, especially when any thing very fine is attempted. 
 
 To arrange curtains consistently with true taste, their use and intention 
 should always be considered : they are suspended across windows and 
 other openings to exclude cold and wind, and as they are not always 
 required to be drawn, they are hung to rings sliding on rods, to be opened 
 or closed at pleasure : as there must necessarily be a space between this 
 rod and the ceiling through which wind will pass, a boxing of wood has 
 been contrived, in front of which a valance is suspended to exclude air. 
 
 Now the materials of these cur- 
 tains may be rich or plain, they 
 may be heavily or lightly fringed, 
 they may be embroidered with 
 heraldic charges or not, according 
 to the locality where they are to 
 be hung, but their real use must 
 be strictly maintained. Hence all 
 the modern plans of suspending 
 enormous folds of stuff over poles, 
 as if for the purpose of sale or of 
 being dried, is quite contrary to 
 the use and intentions of curtains, 
 and abominable in taste ; and the 
 only object that these endless fes- 
 toons and bunchy tassels can an- 
 swer is to swell the bills and pro- 
 fits of the upholsterers, who are 
 the inventors of these extravagant 
 and ugly draperies, which are not only "useless Tin protecting the^iarnber 
 from cold, but are the depositories of thick layers of dust, and in London 
 not unfrequently become the strong-holds of vermin. 
 
 It is not less ridiculous to see canopies of tomb and altar screens set up 
 
28 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 over windows, instead of the appropriate valance or baldaquin of the olden 
 time. It is proper in this place to explain the origin and proper applica- 
 tion of fringe, which is but little understood. Fringe was originally 
 nothing more than the ragged edge of the stuff, tied into bunches to 
 prevent it unravelling further. This suggested the idea of manufacturing 
 fringe as an ornamental edging, but good taste requires that it should 
 be both designed and applied consistently. 
 
 In the first place, fringe should never consist of heavy parts, but simply 
 of threads tied into ornamental patterns. 
 
 Modern Fringe, composed of turned Ancient Fringe, composed of threads. 
 
 pieces of wood. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 29 
 
 Secondly, a deep fringe should not be suspended 
 to a narrow valance. 
 
 Thirdly, no valance should be formed entirely of 
 fringe, as fringe can only be applied as an orna- 
 mental edging to some kind of stuff. 
 
 Fourthly, fringe should not be sewed upon stuff, 
 but always on the edges. It is allowable at the very a Modem vaiance of Fringe, 
 top, as it may be supposed to be the upper edge turned over. 
 
 But to return to metal- work. We have in the next place to consider 
 the use of cast-iron. When viewed with reference to mechanical purposes, 
 it must be considered as a most valuable invention, but it can but rarely 
 be applied to ornamental purposes. 
 
 Iron is so much stronger a material than stone that it requires, of 
 course, a much smaller substance to attain equal strength ; hence, to 
 be consistent, the mullions of cast-iron tracery must be so reduced as 
 to look painfully thin, devoid of shadow, and out of all proportion to 
 the openings in which they are fixed. If, to overcome these objections, 
 the castings are made of the same dimensions as stone, a great incon- 
 sistency with respect to the material is incurred ; and, what will be a 
 much more powerful argument with most people, treble the cost of the 
 usual material. 
 
 Moreover, all castings must be deficient 
 of that play of light and shade consequent 
 on bold relief and deep sinkings, so essen- 
 tial to produce a good effect. 
 
 Cast-iron is likewise a source of con- 
 tinual repetition, subversive of the variety 
 and imagination exhibited in pointed de- 
 sign. A mould for casting is an expensive 
 thing; once got, it must be worked out. cast-iron Muinon. stone Muiuon. 
 Hence we see the same window in green-house, gate-house, church, and 
 room ; the same strawberry-leaf, sometimes perpendicular, sometimes 
 
30 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 horizontal, sometimes suspended, sometimes on end ; although by the 
 principles of pure design these various positions require to be differently 
 treated. 
 
 Cast-iron is a deception ; it is seldom or never left as iron. It is 
 disguised by paint, either as stone, wood, or marble. This is a mere 
 trick, and the severity of Christian or Pointed Architecture is utterly 
 opposed to all deception : better is it to do a little substantially and 
 consistently with truth than to produce a great but false show. Cheap 
 deceptions of magnificence encourage persons to assume a semblance 
 of decoration far beyond either their means or their station, and it is 
 to this cause we may assign all that mockery of splendour which pervades 
 even the dwellings of the lower classes of society. Glaring, showy, 
 and meretricious ornament was never so much in vogue as at present ; 
 it disgraces every branch of our art and manufactures, and the correction 
 of it should be an earnest consideration with every person who desires to 
 see the real principles of art restored. 
 
 I will now briefly notice the exquisite productions of the ancient gold 
 and silversmiths. As reformers and puritans have left us nothing but 
 the mere name of the glorious shrines and ornaments which formerly 
 enriched our cathedral and other churches, and as revolutionary and 
 heretical violence has been almost equally destructive on the continent, 
 were it not for a few places which have preserved their ancient treasures, 
 we should be unable to conceive half the art, half the talent, half the 
 exquisite beauties of this class of ecclesiastical ornaments. In the 
 sacristry of Aix-la-Chapelle is a treasury of inestimable value, consisting 
 of shrines, reliquaries, crosses, crowns, ampuls, chalices, pyxes, books 
 of the Holy Gospels, paxes, and enamelled images of silver, all executed 
 during the finest periods of Christian art, the richness of their material 
 being only surpassed by that of their design. To enumerate even a 
 tenth part of these wonderful productions of the goldsmith's art would 
 occupy far too much time for my present purpose ; but I will make a 
 few remarks respecting them to illustrate the purpose of my Lecture. 
 
I 
 
 CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 31 
 
 Their construction and execution is decidedly of a metallic character. The 
 ornament is produced by piercing, chasing, engraving, and enamel : many 
 of the parts were first formed in thin plates of metal, and then shaped by 
 the pliers. Engraving is a style of ornament peculiar to metal. The old 
 goldsmiths were undoubtedly the inventors of our present engraved plates 
 for printing. They increased the effect of the ornamental engravings, by 
 hollowing out the ground in certain parts, and filling it in with coloured 
 enamels. The annexed engraving of an ancient pyx will show the style of 
 
 A The Pelican, chased. 
 
 B The nest, composed of twisted silver wire. 
 
 C Engraved and enamelled. 
 
 D Pierced and engraved. 
 
 E Engraved, and the centre enamelled. 
 
 F Pierced and engraved. 
 
 G Quatrefoils enamelled. 
 
 H Knop beat up with enamelled quatrefoils. 
 
 I Quatrefoils enamelled. 
 
 K Foot hammered up, then engraved and enamelled. 
 
 h Engraved. 
 
 ( 
 
32 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 working silver, as practised during the middle ages. There are some ex- 
 quisite examples of chalice feet enamelled with sacred subjects in the 
 sacristry of Mayence Cathedral, and a circular reliquary at Aix, which 
 Dr. Rock considers to have been used as a pax, which is a transcendant 
 specimen of the art of enamel. The covers of the great books of the Holy 
 Gospels were enriched with chasing, enamels, and even jewels ; the cruci- 
 fixion of our Lord in the centre, and the emblems of the Evangelists at 
 the corners of an elaborate border. Precious stones of every description 
 were studded on these ornaments, which presented a wonderful combina- 
 tion of richness and beauty, produced by gold enamel of various hues 
 and sparkling gems, arranged with the purest design and most har- 
 monious effect. As it would occupy a whole work to illustrate these 
 objects separately, I have endeavoured to convey some idea of their beauty 
 by the annexed engraving of a reliquary chamber. Plate V.* 
 
 These treasures, which Aix now alone possesses, were by no means 
 superior to many of those splendid ecclesiastical ornaments formerly to 
 be found in all the large churches of this land, but which fell a prey 
 to the rapacious tyrant Henry and his abettors, in the general wreck 
 of faith and art at the period of his lamentable schism. 
 
 Silversmiths are no longer artists ; they manufacture fiddle-headed 
 spoons, punchy racing cups, cumbersome tureens and wine-coolers ; their 
 vulgar salvers are covered with sprawling rococo, edged with a confused 
 pattern of such universal use that it may be called with propriety the 
 Sheffield eternal. Cruet-stand, tea-pot, candlestick, butter-boat, tray, 
 waiter, tea-urn, are all bordered with this in and out shell-and-leaf 
 pattern, which, being struck in a die, does not even possess the merit 
 
 * References to Plate V. — i. Ferettum or portable shrine, n., ti. Books of the Holy 
 Gospels, in. Relics in a silver bust. iv. Reliquaries, v. Relic of the holy cross, vi. 
 Paxes for the kiss of peace during the mass. vu. Morse for fastening a cope. vm. Head 
 of a processional cross, ix. Precious mitres, x. Pastoral staff, xi. Cantor's staff, xn. 
 Images of silver gilt. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 33 
 
 of relief. Like every thing else, silver-work has sunk to a mere trade, and 
 art is rigidly excluded from its arrangements. 
 
 Iron-smiths were artists formerly, and great artists too ; Quentin 
 Matys, for instance, whose beautiful well-top stands in front of Antwerp 
 Cathedral, and whose splendid picture of the entombment of our Lord 
 is the greatest ornament of the Musee of that city. Quentin Matys are 
 not, however, of our generation ; if you want some objects executed in 
 iron rather different from what are in ordinary use, and go to a smith 
 to whom you explain your wishes and intentions, the vacant stare of 
 the miserable mechanic soon convinces you that the turning up of a 
 horse-shoe is the extent of his knowledge in the mysteries of the smithy : 
 you then address yourself to another, and one who is called a capital 
 hand; and if he be sufficiently sober to comprehend your meaning, he 
 will tell you that what you want is quite out of his line, that he only 
 makes a particular sort of lock, and that he does not think there is a 
 man in the trade who could undertake the job, which, after all, is perhaps 
 a mere copy of a very ordinary piece of old iron-work ; and this is a 
 true picture of the majority of our artizans in the nineteenth century, 
 the enlightened age of mechanics' institutes and scientific societies. 
 
 Mechanics' institutes are a mere device of the day to poison the minds 
 of the operatives with infidel and radical doctrines ; the Church is the true 
 mechanics' institute, the oldest and the best. She was the great and 
 never failing school in which all the great artists of the days of faith were 
 formed. Under her guidance they directed the most wonderful efforts of 
 her skill to the glory of God ; and let our fervent prayer ever be, that the 
 Church may again, as in days of old, cultivate the talents of her children 
 to the advancement of religion and the welfare of their own souls ; — for 
 without such results talents are vain, and the greatest efforts of art sink 
 to the level of an abomination. 
 
34 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 We will now proceed to consider decoration with regard to construc- 
 tions in wood, which are founded on quite opposite principles to those of 
 stone. With timber you may attain a great height, or extend over a 
 great breadth, by means of a single spar reared on its base or supported 
 at the ends. The strength of wood-work is attained by bracing the 
 various pieces together on geometrical principles. This is beautifully 
 exemplified in ancient roofs, either of churches or domestic buildings : 
 the construction of these, so far from being concealed, is turned into 
 ornament. The principal tie-beams, rafters, purloins, and braces, which 
 in modern edifices are hidden at a vast expense by a flat plaster ceiling, 
 are here rendered very ornamental features, and this essential portion of 
 a building becomes its greatest beauty. Plate VI. figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 The stupendous roof of Westminster Hall, decidedly the grandest in 
 the world, illustrates this principle fully, and so do all the roofs in the 
 collegiate halls of Oxford and Cambridge, as well as those of the palatial 
 edifices at Eltham, Hampton Court, Croydon, and many others belonging 
 to manorial residences. 
 
 Of wooden roofs over churches we have beautiful specimens in various 
 parts of England, but especially in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk. 
 The beams of these roofs are beautifully moulded and enriched with 
 carvings. Figs. 3, 4. 
 
 Nor were these carvings without a mystical and appropriate meaning ; 
 they usually represented angels, archangels, and various orders of the 
 heavenly hierarchy, hovering over the congregated faithful, while the 
 spaces between the rafters were painted azure and powdered with stars 
 and other celestial emblems, a beautiful figure of the firmament. Some 
 of these angels held shields charged with the instruments of the passion, 
 the holy name, and other emblems ; others labels with devout scriptures. 
 Every portion of these roofs was enriched with painting, and when in 
 their glory must have formed splendid canopies to the temples of the 
 
jFZate VI. 
 
 London. Published, by John- JVeale, 59.JJi#h /Toiborn .jS.p. 
 
» 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 ,5. r ) 
 
 living God ; and what is peculiarly useful to illustrate my present purpose, 
 these roofs were of an entirely different construction to coverings of stone. 
 Wooden groining is decidedly bad, because it is employing a material 
 in the place and after the manner of stone, which requires an entirely 
 different mode of construction. 
 
 I am aware that ancient examples of wooden groining are to be found in 
 the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, Selby Church, and some others ; but in 
 these cases, as well as any others in which it may be found, an inspection 
 of the building will clearly show that they were originally intended to have 
 been groined with stone, and that the springing ribs have been carried up 
 some height in that material, but that owing to a real or supposed weak- 
 ness in the side walls, which were not considered capable of resisting the 
 lateral pressure of stone vaulting, the expedient of an imitation groining in 
 wood was resorted to as a case of absolute necessity ; and I am decidedly 
 of opinion that had not the original intention been to have groined these 
 churches in stone, their builders would have made an entirely different 
 arrangement in their upper parts, suitable to an ornamental wooden roof. 
 
 At Bury St. Edmund's is a glorious roof, of which I have given a sketch. 
 At every pair of principals are two angels as large as the human figure, 
 bearing the sacred vessels and ornaments used in the celebration of 
 the holy sacrifice ; these angels are vested in chasubles and dalmaticks, 
 tunicles and copes, of ancient and beautiful form ; the candlesticks, 
 thurible, chalice, books, cruets, &c, which they bear are most valuable 
 authorities for the form and design of those used in our ancient churches. 
 The roofs of St. Peter's and All Saints, in that truly catholic city of 
 Norwich, are very fine ; and in Lavenham and Long Melford churches, 
 in Suffolk, are admirable specimens of carved timber roofs. 4 
 
 But, alas ! how many equally fine roofs have been demolished and 
 burnt by the brutal ignorance of parish functionaries ! — how many have 
 
 4 In the last number of the British Critic is a most admirable article on open roofs, well 
 worthy the perusal of all who are interested in the revival of ancient ecclesiastical architecture. 
 
36 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 been daubed over by the remorseless whitewasher ! — how many painted 
 in vile imitation of marble, as at Yarmouth, (especially if the church- 
 warden for the time being happened to be a grainer !) — how many of these 
 fine roofs have been spoiled of their beautiful and appropriate decorations 
 by the execrable fanaticism of the puritan faction, who actually have made 
 entries in the parish accounts of the cost of their demolition ! — how many 
 concealed from view by lath and plaster ceilings of miserable design 
 tacked up under them ! — and although a somewhat better spirit has at 
 length arisen, still how many of these beautiful memorials of the piety 
 and skill of our ancestors are yet being mutilated or utterly destroyed 
 under the pretext of reparation ! — a plea which is not unfrequently urged by 
 those in authority for selling the lead and massive oak beams, the solid 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 37 
 
 covering of antiquity, and substituting a plastered ceiling and meagre 
 slates in their stead, which detestable practice is still in full force in 
 many parts of England. 
 
 Not only do we find the construction of roofs ornamented, but there 
 are numerous examples of common joist floors and the carrying beams 
 which are rendered exceedingly beautiful by moulding and carving. 
 
 Ceiling of the Clopton Chauntry, Long Melford.* 
 
 In the ancient timbered houses of which such interesting examples 
 yet remain in many of our old cities, especially at Coventry, York, and 
 Gloucester, we do not find a single feature introduced beyond the decora- 
 tion of what was necessary for their substantial construction. What can 
 be stronger, and at the same time more ornamental, than the curvilineal 
 bracing by which due advantage was taken of crooked pieces of timber ! — 
 
 * The ground of this ceiling is azure ; the stars are of lead, gilt ; the inscription on the 
 rafters is gtftu Mtxtv, nnts (Sramcrrg; the arms on the shields are those belonging to dif- 
 ferent branches of the Clopton family, with their names inscribed beneath. The scripture on 
 the large scroll is extracted from the Psalter, the whole richly painted. 
 
38 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 The ancient French 
 cities, Rouen, Beau- 
 vais, Abbeville, Li- 
 sieux, and others, 
 were full of timber 
 houses covered with 
 carved beams and 
 W — most varied orna- 
 ^— ments ; but these are 
 rapidly disappearing 
 to make way for 
 monotonous plaster 
 n buildings, which are 
 J constructed also of 
 wood; but as mo- 
 dern architects have 
 not the skill to or- 
 nament that con- 
 <, ^truction, the whole 
 of the timbers are 
 
 Example of ornamented construction in an ancient timber house 
 
 concealed by mock cornices and pilasters, so that the houses of modern 
 
:\Bi£ in PRjrcor a chimney 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 39 
 
 Rouen have all the disadvantages of the old wooden buildings, without 
 one particle of their beauty. 
 
 As gable-ends form most prominent features of the old buildings, and 
 as they are continually attempted by modern Gothic builders, I will draw 
 your attention to their real use, and then point out some of the egregious 
 blunders frequently committed by modern architects when they attempt to 
 introduce them. 
 
 The barge boards of gables are intended to cover and preserve the 
 ends of the purloins which projected over to shelter the front of the 
 building. 
 
 The hip knop which terminated the ancient gables was in reality a 
 king post fixed at the junction of the barge boards, and into which 
 they were tenanted. To the upper part of these was usually affixed 
 a vane, and the bottom was finished off in the form of a pendant. 
 Plate VII. 
 
 In modern gable ends the barge boards are generally so slight and cut 
 so open that they become mere skeletons, and utterly useless for the 
 purpose for which they should be fixed, that of covering the timber 
 ends. Again, the knop really useful at the apex of the gable is repeated 
 in modern gables at the extremities, hanging down to an extravagant 
 depth, and loaded with bunchy finials and pendants. PI. VII. 
 
 Of these we may say with Puff in the Critic, when he hears the three 
 morning guns, " Give these fellows a good idea, and they will work it 
 to death." A king post in the centre of the gable is good, because it 
 is really useful, but at the lower extremities these excrescences cannot 
 serve any purpose except to add useless weight and unnecessary ex- 
 pense. 
 
 It is a common practice, when a chimney shaft is carried up in the 
 centre of a gable end, for the barge boards to be fixed before it. This 
 is absurd ; flues must necessarily stop the passage of timbers ; conse- 
 quently the barge boards, which are only coverings of those timbers, 
 should stop also. PI. VII. 
 
40 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 If we examine the ancient wood-work which decorated rooms, we shall 
 find that it consisted of mere panelling, more or less enriched by carving, 
 with large spaces left for hangings and tapestry. Plate VIII. 
 
 Were the real principles of Gothic architecture 
 restored, the present objection of its extreme cost- 
 liness would cease to exist. In pointed decoration 
 too much is generally attempted ; every room in 
 what is called a Gothic house must be fitted with 
 niches, pinnacles, groining, tracery, and tabernacle 
 work, after the manner of a chantry chapel. Such 
 fittings must be enormously expensive, and at the 
 same time they are contrary to the true spirit of 
 the style, which does not admit of the introduction 
 of these features in any situation but that to which 
 they properly belong. The modern admirers of 
 the pointed style have done much injury to its 
 revival by the erroneous and costly system they 
 have pursued : the interiors of their houses are one mass of elaborate 
 work ; there is no repose, no solidity, no space left for hangings or 
 simple panels : the whole is covered with trifling details, enormously 
 expensive, and at the same time subversive of good effect. These obser- 
 vations apply equally to furniture ; — upholsterers seem to think that 
 nothing can be Gothic unless it is found in some church. Hence your 
 modern man designs a sofa or occasional table from details culled out 
 of Britton's Cathedrals, and all the ordinary articles of furniture, which 
 require to be simple and convenient, are made not only very expensive 
 but very uneasy. We find diminutive flying buttresses about an arm- 
 chair ; every thing is crocketed with angular projections, innumerable 
 mitres, sharp ornaments, and turreted extremities. A man who remains 
 any length of time in a modern Gothic room, and escapes without being 
 wounded by some of its minutiae, may consider himself extremely for- 
 tunate. There are often as many pinnacles and gablets about a pier- 
 
Plate VllL 
 
 J-anJoruFuilished. by John ITeaJe.oS.ffuihJfalbom.iS^ 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 11 
 
 Illustration of the extravagant style of Modern Gothic Furniture and Decoration. 
 
 glass frame as are to be found in an ordinary church, and not unfre- 
 quently the whole canopy of a tomb has been transferred for the purpose, 
 as at Strawberry Hill. I have perpetrated many of these enormities 
 in the furniture I designed some years ago for Windsor Castle. At 
 that time I had not the least idea of the principles I am now explaining ; 
 all my knowledge of Pointed Architecture was confined to a tolerably good 
 
42 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 notion of details in the abstract ; but these I employed with so little 
 judgment or propriety, that, although the parts were correct and exceed- 
 ingly well executed, collectively they appeared a complete burlesque of 
 pointed design. 
 
 I now come, in the last place, to consider decoration with reference to 
 propriety ; what I mean by propriety is this, that the external and internal 
 appearance of an edifice should be illustrative of, and in accordance with, 
 the purpose for which it is destined. There is a vast difference between a 
 building raised to God and one for temporal purposes ; again, in the first 
 of these a great distinction necessarily exists between a cathedral and a 
 parochial church, between a collegiate chapel and a private oratory ; and 
 in the second, between a royal residence and a manorial mansion, — between 
 monuments raised for public or national purposes and erections for private 
 convenience. 
 
 The scale of propriety in architecture must always be regulated by 
 purpose, and to illustrate this more fully I will divide edifices under three 
 heads, — Ecclesiastical, Collegiate, and Civil. The greatest privilege pos- 
 sessed by man is to be allowed, while on earth, to contribute to the glory 
 of God : a man who builds a church draws down a blessing on himself 
 both for this life and that of the world to come, and likewise imparts 
 under God the means of every blessing to his fellow creatures ; hence we 
 cannot feel surprised at the vast number of religious buildings erected by 
 our Catholic forefathers in the days of faith, or at their endeavours to 
 render those structures, by their arrangement and decoration, as suitable 
 as their means could accomplish for their holy and important destination. 
 It must have been an edifying sight to have overlooked some ancient city 
 raised when religion formed a leading impulse in the mind of man, and 
 when the honour and worship of the Author of all good was considered of 
 greater importance than the achievement of the most lucrative commercial 
 speculation. There stood the mother church, the great cathedral, vast in 
 height, rising above all the towers of the parochial churches which sur- 
 rounded her ; next in scale and grandeur might have been discerned the 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 43 
 
 abbatial and collegiate churches with their vast and solemn buildings ; 
 each street had its temple raised for the true worship of God, variously 
 beautiful in design, but each a fine example of Christian art. Even the 
 bridges and approaches were not destitute of religious buildings, and many 
 a beautiful chapel and oratory was corbelled out on massive piers over the 
 stream that flowed beneath. 
 
 The great object I have in directing your attention to such a Catholic 
 city is to illustrate the principle of decorative propriety in ecclesiastical 
 buildings. We have here various edifices of various dimensions, various 
 degrees of richness, various in arrangement, yet each bears on its very 
 face the stamp of Catholic ; — cathedral or abbey, church or oratory, they 
 all show that they are dedicated to the one true faith, raised by men 
 actuated by one great motive, the truly Catholic principle of dedicating the 
 best they possessed to God. It would be both unjust and unreasonable 
 to expect a few parishioners to erect as sumptuous an edifice to the 
 Almighty as the clergy of a vast cathedral, and even if they could prac- 
 tically achieve such a result, it would be out of character for the use and 
 intentions of a parish church 5 neither ought we to look to a private chapel 
 or oratory erected by the unassisted piety of an individual for the extent 
 or ornaments of a public church, unless, indeed, that individual was 
 possessed of great wealth, and then, although not in dimensions, it should 
 surpass in glory the usual decoration of such buildings. In a word, 
 architectural propriety as regards ecclesiastical buildings requires that 
 they should be as good, as spacious, as rich and beautiful, as the means 
 and numbers of those who are erecting them will permit. The history of 
 our present vast and magnificent churches fully exemplifies this principle ; 
 many of them in their origin were little better than thatched barns ; it was 
 the best that could be done at that early period : but when the wealth and 
 influence of the Church increased, they were soon demolished to make 
 way for more fitting structures ; these in their turn were rebuilt with still 
 greater magnificence. The ancient clergy were never satisfied, never 
 content, never imagined that they had done enough ; the scaffoldings were 
 
44 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 round the walls and the cranes on the towers of many of the English 
 abbeys at the time of their suppression. 
 
 It is not incumbent on all men to raise vast and splendid churches ; 
 but it is incumbent on all men to render the buildings they raise for 
 religious purposes more vast and beautiful than those in which they dwell. 
 This is all I contend for ; but this is a feeling nearly, if not altogether, 
 extinct. Churches are now built without the least regard to tradition, 
 to mystical reasons, or even common propriety. A room full of seats 
 at the least possible cost is the present idea of a church • and if any 
 ornament is indulged in, it is a mere screen to catch the eye of the passer- 
 by, which is a most contemptible deception to hide the meanness of the 
 real building. How often do we see a front gable carried up to a respect- 
 able pitch, and we might naturally infer that this is the termination, both 
 as regards height and form, of the actual roof ; but on turning the corner 
 we soon perceive that it is a mere wall cramped to hold it in its position, 
 and that it conceals a very meeting-house, with a flat roof and low thin 
 walls, perforated by mean apertures, and without a single feature or detail 
 to carry out the appearance it assumed towards the street. Now the 
 
 Street Elevation. Side Perspective. 
 
 severity of Christian architecture is opposed to all deception. We should 
 never make a building erected to God appear better than it really is 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 45 
 
 by artificial means. These are showy worldly expedients, adapted only 
 for those who live by splendid deception, such as theatricals, mounte- 
 banks, quacks, and the like. Nothing can be more execrable than 
 making a church appear rich and beautiful in the eyes of men, but full 
 of trick and falsehood, which cannot escape the all-searching eye of God, 
 to whom churches should be built, and not to man. Even under the 
 Mosaic dispensation, the Holy of Holies, entered only by the high priest, 
 was overlaid with gold ; and how much more ought the interiors of 
 our tabernacles to be lined with precious material, which are ten times 
 more holy and deserving of it than the figurative tabernacle of the old 
 law ! — and yet in these times all that does not catch the eye is neglected. 
 A rich looking antipendium often conceals rough materials, a depository 
 for candle ends, and an accumulation of dirt, which are allowed to remain 
 simply because they are out of sight. All plaster, cast-iron, and composi- 
 tion ornaments, painted like stone or oak, are mere impositions, and, 
 although very suitable to a tea-garden, are utterly unworthy of a sacred 
 edifice. " Omne secundum ordinem et honeste fiat." Let every man build 
 to God according to his means, but not practise showy deceptions ; better 
 is it to do a little substantially and consistently with truth, than to 
 produce a great but fictitious effect. Hence the rubble wall and oaken 
 rafter of antiquity yet impress the mind with feelings of reverent awe, 
 which never could be produced by the cement and plaster imitations of 
 elaborate tracery and florid designs which in these times are stuck about 
 mimic churches in disgusting profusion. 
 
 It is likewise essential to ecclesiastical propriety that the ornaments 
 introduced about churches should be appropriate and significant, and not 
 consist of Pagan emblems and attributes for buildings professedly erected 
 for Christian worship. If the admirers of classic decoration were con- 
 sistent, on the very principles which induced the ancients to set up their 
 divinities, they should now employ other and more appropriate ornaments ; 
 as all those found in the temples and other buildings of the Pagans were 
 in strict accordance with their mythology and customs : they never intro- 
 
46 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 duced any emblem without a mystical signification being attached to it. 
 Now, great as may be their enormities, I think it would be unjust to 
 charge the advocates of revived Pagan decoration with an actual belief in 
 the mythology of which they are such jealous admirers ; hence they are 
 guilty of the greater inconsistency, as the original heathens proceeded 
 from conviction. They would not have placed urns on the tombs, had 
 they not practised burning instead of burying the dead ; of which former 
 custom the urn was a fitting emblem, as being the depository for the 
 ashes. Neither would they have decorated the friezes with the heads 
 of sheep and oxen, had they not sacrificed those animals to their supposed 
 gods, or placed inverted torches on the mausoleums, had they believed in 
 the glories of the Resurrection. But what have we, as Christians, to do 
 with all those things illustrative only of former error ? Is our wisdom set 
 forth by the owl of Minerva, or our strength by the club of Hercules ? 
 What have we (who have been redeemed by the sacrifice of our Lord 
 himself) to do with the carcasses of bulls and goats ? And how can we 
 
 (who surround the biers of our departed brethren 
 with blazing tapers, denoting our hope and faith 
 in the glorious light of the Resurrection,) carve 
 the inverted torch of Pagan despair on the very 
 tomb to which we conduct their remains with 
 such sparkling light ? Let us away with such 
 gross inconsistencies, and restore the Christian 
 ideas of our Catholic ancestors, for they alone are 
 1_ proper for our imitation. But not only are the 
 Modem Tomb in the revived Pagan styie. details of modern churches borrowed from Pagan 
 instead of Christian antiquity, but the very plan and arrangement of the 
 buildings themselves are now fashioned after a heathen temple ; for which 
 unsightly and inappropriate form modern churchmen and architects have 
 abandoned those which are not only illustrative of the great mysteries 
 of the Christian faith, but whose use has been sanctioned by the custom 
 of more than twelve centuries. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 47 
 
 I will now give the following distinct reasons why the architecture 
 of the Greek temples cannot be introduced or imitated with propriety 
 by Christians. 
 
 1. These temples were erected for an idolatrous worship, and were 
 suited only for the idolatrous rites which were performed in them. 
 
 The interior, entered only by the priests, was com- 
 paratively small, and either dark or open at top, 
 while the peristyle and porticoes were spacious, 
 for the people who assisted without. There is not 
 the slightest similarity between our worship and the 
 idolatrous worship of the Greeks. We require that 
 the people should be within the church, not outside. 
 If, therefore, you adopt a perfect Greek temple, your 
 interior will be confined and ill-suited for the intended 
 purpose, while your exterior will occasion an enormous 
 outlay without any utility. If, on the other hand, you strip a Greek 
 temple of its external peristyle, and build your external walls in the 
 place of the pillars, you entirely destroy the most beautiful feature of 
 the architecture, and the building becomes a miserable departure from 
 the style it professes to imitate. 
 
 2. The Greeks did not introduce windows in their temples ; they are 
 essentially necessary with us. Perforate the walls with windows, and 
 you again destroy the simplicity and unity of Greek architecture, which 
 its admirers extol as one of its greatest beauties. 
 
 3. Christian churches require bells, by the sound of which the faithful 
 may be called to their devotions. The bells, to be distinctly heard, 
 must be suspended in a tower or belfry, and these are features utterly 
 unknown in Greek architecture. A tower composed of a number of 
 small porticoes, set over one another, and placed in front of a mock 
 
48 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 temple, is a most glaring absurdity ; nor is a tower of this description, 
 starting out of nothing at the top of a portico, any better. Figs. 1 
 and 2. 
 
 Figure 
 
 Figure 
 
 4. Our northern climate requires an acute pitch of roof to prevent 
 the accumulation of snow and to resist weather. 5 
 The Greeks, whose climate is the reverse of ours, 
 had their roofs and pediments exceedingly flat ; nor 
 could they be raised to our proper pitch with- 
 out violating the character of their architecture. 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 In short, Greek temples are utterly inapplicable to 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 8 It is to be remarked that flat-pitched roofs were not introduced into English pointed 
 churches till after the decline of that style, and the marks of the old high gabled roofs are 
 generally to be seen in the towers of those churches where the present roofs are flat, proving 
 them to have been altered subsequent to the original erection of the buildings. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 49 
 
 the purpose of Christian churches ; 6 and the attempt is little short 
 of madness when our country is literally covered with beautiful models 
 of ecclesiastical structures of every dimension, the architecture and ar- 
 rangement of which have originated in their wants and purpose. An 
 old English parish church, as originally used for the ancient worship, 
 was one of the most beautiful and appropriate buildings that the mind 
 of man could conceive ; every portion of it answered both a useful and 
 mystical purpose. There stood the tower, not formed of detached and 
 misapplied portions of architectural detail stuck over one another to 
 make up a height, but solid buttresses and walls rising from a massive 
 base, and gradually diminishing and enriching as they rise, till they 
 were terminated in a heaven-pointing spire surrounded by clusters of 
 pinnacles, and forming a beautiful and instructive emblem of a Christian's 
 brightest hopes. These towers served a double purpose, for in them 
 hung the solemn sounding bells to summon the people to the offices of 
 the church, and by their lofty elevation they served as beacons to direct 
 their footsteps to the sacred spot. Then the southern porch, destined 
 
 6 Neither are they better adapted 
 for domestic purposes ; for it is still 
 more absurd to see two or three tiers 
 of windows introduced in the shell 
 of a Greek temple, the roof of which 
 is broken by numerous stacks of vainly 
 disguised chimneys. Yet notwith- 
 standing the palpable impracticability 
 of adapting the Greek temples to our 
 climate, habits, and religion, we see 
 the attempt and failure continually 
 made and repeated : post-office, 
 theatre, church, bath, reading-room, 
 
 hotel, methodist chapel, and turnpike- 
 gate, all present the eternal sameness of a Grecian temple outraged in all its proportions and 
 character. 
 
 H 
 
50 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 for the performance of many rites, — the spacious nave and aisles for the 
 faithful, — the oaken canopy carved with images of the heavenly host, and 
 painted with quaint and appropriate devices, — the impressive doom or 
 judgment pictured over the great chancel arch, — the fretted screen and 
 rood loft, — the mystical separation between the sacrifice and the people, 
 with the emblem of redemption carried on high and surrounded with 
 glory, — the great altar, rich in hangings, placed far from irreverent gaze, 
 and with the brilliant eastern window terminating this long perspective ; 
 while the chantry and guild chapels, pious foundations of families and 
 confraternities, contributed greatly to increase the solemnity of the 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 51 
 
 glorious pile. Such is but a faint outline of the national edifices which 
 have been abandoned for pewed and galleried assembly rooms, decorated 
 only with gas fittings and stoves, and without so much as one holy or 
 soul-stirring emblem about them. 
 
 We will now examine architectural propriety with reference to collegiate 
 architecture. Our old English Catholic colleges (Plate IX.) will illustrate 
 most beautifully the principle I wish to demonstrate. The main feature 
 of these buildings was the chapel : to our Catholic forefathers the cele- 
 bration of the divine office with becoming solemnity and splendour 
 formed a primary consideration, and ample was the provision made for 
 this purpose in all the old collegiate foundations. The place set apart 
 for this holy purpose generally towered over the surrounding buildings. 
 The chapels of King's College and Eton can be distinctly seen many miles 
 before the subordinate buildings can be discerned. Oxford, at a distance, 
 presents a complete grove of towers, spires, and pinnacled turrets, rising 
 from the collegiate churches. After this principal feature, every portion 
 of these edifices had its distinguishing character and elevation : in order to 
 give due effect to the gate-house, refectory, and other important parts 
 of the building, the chambers never exceeded the height of one story- 
 above the ground floor. 7 A very characteristic feature of the old col- 
 legiate buildings is the position of the chimneys, which are made to 
 project from the front walls of the buildings. This, I am well aware, 
 has been considered a defect by ignorant modern artists, but will be 
 found on examination, like all other practices of the ancient architects, 
 to be based on excellent practical reasons. 
 
 The advantages of this arrangement are as follow : 1 . All the internal 
 
 7 In those ancient colleges where these chambers have been raised in modern times, the 
 effect of the original design has been completely ruined, and the new collegiate buildings 
 at St. John's, Cambridge, from their height, have all the appearance of a Gothic warehouse or 
 factory. This is another instance of the folly of using pointed details without following the 
 spirit of the ancient buildings. 
 
52 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 space usually occupied 
 by chimney stacks, 
 and which is very 
 considerable, is gained 
 to the apartments. — 
 2. The stacks of chim- 
 neys thus placed act 
 as buttresses to the 
 wall. — 3. The danger 
 of fire consequent on 
 chimney flues passing 
 through the wood- 
 work of the roofs is 
 entirely avoided. — 4. A 
 great variety of light 
 and shadow, and a succession of bold features, are gained in the building. 
 It is impossible to conceive any buildings better adapted for collegiate 
 purposes, either as regards arrangement or design, than the two establish- 
 ments founded by that great and good man, William of Wykeham, at 
 Winchester and Oxford. He had two classes to consider in his founda- 
 tion at Winchester, the clergy and the students. For the former he 
 provided beautiful cloisters retired from the rest of the edifice, suited 
 for contemplation and devotion ; while for the latter he assigned ample 
 space for healthy recreation in bad weather, and level meadows for 
 summer sports. The whole character of these buildings is at once 
 severe, elegant, and scholastic ; it is precisely what it should be, as 
 the will of Henry the Sixth specifies of the domestic portion of his 
 college at Cambridge, that it should be built without too great superfluity 
 of detail or busie moulding ; 8 and on this principle Wykeham designed 
 
 8 Notwithstanding the directions contained in this will, where the founder's intentions 
 regarding his collegiate buildings are fully and distinctly expressed, the architect (when the 
 glorious opportunity offered a few years since of fulfilling them to the letter, and erecting a 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 53 
 
 his building. The external ornaments are few, but admirably selected : 
 an image of our blessed Ladye with our Lord is placed over each gateway, 
 in reference to the college being dedicated to God, under the invocation 
 of his blessed mother, towards whom the good bishop entertained an 
 extraordinary devotion, even from his tender years. The other images 
 on either side of the centre niche are those of the angel Gabriel, and 
 Wykeham himself in a kneeling position. 
 
 The interior of the chapel (now wofully disfigured) as left by the founder, 
 must have been glorious in the extreme ; it consisted of a choir and ante- 
 chapel, by the side of which rose the bell tower, simple, but elegant 
 and lofty. 
 
 The members of the society were buried in the cloisters, and also in the 
 ante-chapel, as their memorials of beautifully engraved brass testify. The 
 intention of these was, doubtless, both to incite the surviving community 
 to pray for their souls' repose, and to remind them continually of the 
 similar fate that would inevitably befall them. How Catholic wisdom and 
 Catholic piety stand conspicuous in all the arrangements of these noble 
 buildings ! how great the master mind who planned and executed them, 
 and yet how few are there in these days able to understand or willing to 
 imitate them ! Can we conceive a more atrocious scheme to destroy the 
 solemn grandeur of Wykeham's church than to allow such a man as Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds to design a transparency for the western end, and appoint 
 James Wyatt the destructive to overturn the ancient features and arrange- 
 ments, setting up the subsellse of the stalls as brackets for book-desks, 
 and covering the walls with meagre decorations and Bernasconi Gothic ! 
 
 Modern collegiate buildings, 9 especially on the continent, are the reverse 
 
 truly fine building) was allowed to depart entirely from them, and raise a florid structure, 
 arranged in direct opposition to all old collegiate traditions, and the very decorations of which 
 were misapplied details taken from the original chapel, which had been elaborately enriched 
 by the ancient builders for the purpose of distinguishing its sacred destination from the sur- 
 rounding erections. 
 
 9 It is impossible to conceive a more uncollegiate looking building than what is called the 
 
.54 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 of all that I have been describing. In them we look in vain for the 
 solemn quadrangle, the studious cloister, the turreted gate-house, the 
 noble refectory with its oak-beamed roof, the mullioned windows and 
 pinnacled parapet, and lofty tower of the church : not a ghost of these 
 venerable characteristics of a college is to be seen, but generally one 
 uniform mass, unbroken either in outline or in face, undistinguishable 
 from other large buildings which surround it. As to its purpose, it might 
 
 be taken for a barrack hospital or 
 asylum. How is it possible to 
 expect that the race of men who 
 
 proceed from these factories of 
 learning will possess the same 
 feelings as those who anciently 
 went forth from the Catholic structures of Oxford and Winchester ! We 
 cannot sufficiently admire our English universities ; there is nothing like 
 them existing on the continent, notwithstanding the miserable additions 
 and modernizations which have so greatly disfigured the ancient buildings. 
 There is more Catholic scholastic architecture to be found united at 
 Oxford than in any place I have ever visited. Let us hope and pray 
 that its glories may not exist in vain, but that learned and thinking 
 men may be led to draw a parallel in their minds between the faith of 
 those good souls who founded these noble institutions, and our present 
 degraded and half-infidel condition, by which consideration they may 
 be led back to Catholic unity and faith, in which great works can be 
 alone accomplished, or blessings derived from them. 
 
 In the third and last place, we will consider architectural propriety with 
 reference to domestic and civil architecture. Most of the mansions erected 
 at the present day in the Italian or pointed architecture, are either bur- 
 
 London University, with its useless dome and portico. It may, however, he urged in its 
 defence that any thing ecclesiastical or Christian would be very inappropriate, and that the 
 Pagan exterior is much more in character with the intentions and principles of the institution. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 55 
 
 lesques or false applications of both these styles. In the first place, what 
 does an Italian house do in England ? Is there any similarity between 
 our climate and that of Italy ? Not the least. Now I will maintain and 
 prove that climate has always had a large share in the formation of 
 domestic architecture, and the Italian is a good illustration of the truth 
 of this remark. The apertures are small ; long colonnades for shade, and 
 the whole building calculated for retreat, and protection from heat ; the 
 roofs are flat in pitch, from the absence of heavy snow ; and plan and outline 
 are both suited to the climate to which the architecture belongs. But we 
 demand in England the very reverse of all this for comfort. We cannot 
 fortunately import the climate of a country with its architecture, or else 
 we should have the strangest possible combination of temperature and 
 weather ; and, within the narrow compass of the Regent's Park, the 
 burning heat of Hindoostan, the freezing temperature of a Swiss moun- 
 tain, the intolerable warmth of an Italian summer, with occasional spots 
 
 of our native temperature. I wonder if these ideas ever occur to those 
 who design Italian gardens on the moorlands of England. Truly it will 
 not be a matter of surprise if some searcher after novelty try to cultivate a 
 jungle for imitation tiger-hunting on some old English estate. 
 
56 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 Another objection to Italian architecture is this, — we are not Italians, we 
 are Englishmen. God in his wisdom has implanted a love of nation and 
 country in every man, and we should always cultivate this feeling ; — we 
 ought to view the habits and manners of other nations without prejudice, 
 derive improvement from all we observe admirable, but we should never 
 forget our own land. Such is, indeed, the extraordinary amalgamation of 
 architecture, style, and manners now in progress, that were it not for the 
 works of nature which cannot be destroyed, and the glorious works of 
 Christian antiquity which have not yet been destroyed, Europe would 
 soon present such sameness as to cease to be interesting. Already a sort 
 of bastard Greek, a nondescript modern style, has ravaged many of the 
 most interesting cities of Europe ; replacing the original national buildings 
 with unmeaning lines of plaster fronts, without form, without colour, 
 without interest. How many glorious churches have been destroyed 
 within the last few years (pour faire une place) for the occasional exercise 
 of the national guard ! where a few stunted trees and a puddle of water in 
 a stone basin, which spouts up occasionally some few feet in height, is all 
 we have to see in exchange for some of the most interesting memorials of 
 ancient piety. 
 
 England is rapidly losing its venerable garb ; all places are becoming 
 alike ; every good old gabled inn is turned into an ugly hotel with a 
 stuccoed portico, and a vulgar coffee-room lined with staring paper, with 
 imitation scagliola columns, composition glass frames, an obsequious cheat 
 of a waiter, and twenty per cent, added to the bill on the score of the 
 modern and elegant arrangements. Our good old St. Martin's, St. John's, 
 St. Peter's, and St. Mary's streets, are becoming Belle-vue Places, Adelaide 
 Rows, Apollo Terraces, Regent Squares, and Royal Circuses. Factory chim- 
 neys disfigure our most beautiful vales ; Government preaching-houses, 
 called churches, start up at the cost of a few hundreds each, by the side 
 of Zion chapels, Bethel Meetings, New Connexions, and Socialist Halls. 
 Timbered fronts of curious and ingenious design are swept away before 
 the resistless torrent of Roman-cement men, who buy their ornaments by 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 57 
 
 the yard, and their capitals by the ton. 
 be something after the palace of 
 the Csesars; the mock stone co- 
 lumns are fixed over a front of 
 plate glass to exhibit the astonish- 
 ing bargains ; while low-ticketed 
 goods are hung out over the tro- 
 phies of war. But this is not all ; 
 every paltry town has a cigar di- 
 van, with something stuck out to 
 look Turkish, and not unfrequently 
 a back parlour travestied into a 
 vile burlesque of eastern archi- 
 tecture. In short, national feel- 
 ings and national architecture are 
 at so low an ebb, that it becomes 
 an absolute duty in every English- 
 man to attempt their revival. Our 
 ancient architecture can alone fur- 
 
 Every linen-draper's shop apes to 
 
58 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 nish us with the means of doing this successfully ; but, unfortunately, 
 those who profess to admire pointed architecture, and who strive to 
 imitate it, produce more ridiculous results than those who fly to foreign 
 aid. What can be more absurd than houses built in what is termed 
 the castellated style? Castellated architecture originated in the wants 
 consequent on a certain state of society : of course the necessity of great 
 strength, and the means of defence suited to the military tactics of the 
 day, dictated to the builders of ancient castles the most appropriate 
 
 Modem Castellated Mansion. 
 
 style for their construction. Viewed as historical monuments, they are 
 of surprising interest, but as models for our imitation they are worse 
 than useless. What absurdities, what anomalies, what utter contradic- 
 tions do not the builders of modern castles perpetrate ! How many 
 portcullises which will not lower down, and drawbridges which will not 
 draw up ! — how many loop-holes in turrets so small that the most diminu- 
 tive sweep could not ascend them! — On one side of the house machicolated 
 parapets, embrasures, bastions, and all the show of strong defence, and 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 59 
 
 round the corner of the building a conservatory leading to the principal 
 rooms, through which a whole company of horsemen might penetrate 
 at one smash into the very heart of the mansion ! — for who would hammer 
 against nailed portals when he could kick his way through the green- 
 house? In buildings of this sort, so far from the turrets being erected 
 for any particular purpose, it is difficult to assign any destination to them 
 after they are erected, and those which are not made into chimneys seldom 
 get other occupants than the rooks. But the exterior is not the least 
 inconsistent portion of the edifices, for we find guard-rooms without either 
 weapons or guards ; sally-ports, out of which nobody passes but the 
 servants, and where a military man never did go out ; donjon keeps, 
 which are nothing but drawing-rooms, boudoirs, and elegant apartments ; 
 watch-towers, where the housemaids sleep, and a bastion in which the 
 butler cleans his plate : all is a mere mask, and the whole building an 
 ill-conceived lie. 
 
 We will now turn to those mansions erected in what is termed the Abbey 
 style, which are not more consistent than the buildings I have just 
 described. To this class Fonthill belonged, now a heap of ruins, and 
 modern ruins, too, of mere brick and plaster. In such a house something 
 of an ecclesiastical exterior had been obtained at an enormous expense, 
 and a casual passer-by might have supposed from some distance that 
 the place really belonged to some religious community ; but on a nearer 
 approach the illusion is soon dissipated, and the building, which had 
 been raised somewhat in the guise of the solemn architecture of religion 
 and antiquity, discovers itself to be a mere toy, built to suit the caprice 
 of a wealthy individual, and devoted to luxury. The seemingly abbey- 
 gate turns out a modern hall, with liveried footmen in lieu of a con- 
 ventual porter ; the apparent church nave is only a vestibule ; the tower, 
 a lantern staircase ; the transepts are drawing-rooms ; the cloisters, a 
 furnished passage ; the oratory, a lady's boudoir ; the chapter-house, a 
 dining-room ; the kitchens alone are real ; every thing else is a deception. 
 Articles of fashionable luxury, glasses in profusion, couches and ottomans, 
 
60 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 till the chambers of the mock convent, from whence a prayer never 
 ascends or into which a religious man never enters ; — all, in fine, is a 
 mockery and thing of fashion, transient and perishable as the life of its 
 possessor ; and if the structure be substantial enough to last his time, it 
 soon after becomes the subject of some auctioneer's puff : its walls are 
 covered with placards ; brokers divide the moveables ; the whole falls to 
 decay, and is soon only mentioned as a splendid folly. 
 
 The old English-Catholic mansions were the very reverse of those I 
 have been describing ; they were substantial appropriate edifices, suited by 
 
 Old English Mansion. 
 
 their scale and arrangement for the purposes of habitation. Each part of 
 these buildings indicated its particular destination : the turreted gate-house 
 and porter's lodging, the entrance porch, the high-crested roof and 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 61 
 
 Louvred hall, with its capacious chimney, the guest chambers, the vast 
 kitchens and offices, all formed distinct and beautiful features, not masked 
 or concealed under one monotonous front, but by their variety in form and 
 outline increasing the effect of the building, and presenting a standing 
 illustration of good old English hospitality ; while the venerable parish 
 church in the immediate vicinity, with its grey spire and family chantry, 
 showed that the care spiritual was not neglected by our ancestors in the 
 erection of their temporal dwellings. 
 
 Every person should be lodged as becomes his station and dignity, for 
 in this there is nothing contrary to, but in accordance with, the Catholic 
 principle ; but the mansions erected by our ancestors were not the passing 
 whim of a moment, or mere show places raised at such an extravagant 
 cost as impoverished some generations of heirs to the estates, but solid, 
 dignified, and Christian structures, built with due regard to the general 
 prosperity of the family ; and the almost constant residence of the ancient 
 gentry on their estates rendered it indispensable for them to have man- 
 sions where they might exercise the rights of hospitality to their fullest 
 extent. They did not confine their guests, as at present, to a few 
 fashionables who condescend to pass away a few days occasionally in 
 a country house ; but under the oaken rafters of their capacious halls the 
 lords of the manor used to assemble all their friends and tenants at those 
 successive periods when the church bids all her children rejoice, while 
 humbler guests partook of their share of bounty dealt to them by the 
 hand of the almoner beneath the groined entrance of the gate-house. 
 Catholic England was merry England, at least for the humbler classes ; 
 and the architecture was in keeping with the faith and manners of the 
 times, — at once strong and hospitable. There is a great reviving taste for 
 ancient domestic architecture, but a vast many pretended admirers of old 
 English beauties, instead of imitating the Tudor period, when domestic 
 architecture was carried to a high state of perfection, stop short at the 
 reign of Elizabeth, the very worst kind of English architecture ; and, 
 strange to say, these unmeaning conglomerations of debased forms have 
 
62 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 been classed into a regular style, and called after the female tyrant during 
 whose reign they were executed. The only reason I can assign for the 
 fashionable rage for this architecture (if so it may be called) is, that its 
 character is so corrupt, mixed, and bad, that the anachronisms and 
 anomalies so frequently perpetrated by modern architects are made to pass 
 muster under the general term of Elizabethan ; and certainly I cannot 
 deny that the appellation is very appropriate when applied to corrupted 
 design and decayed taste. 
 
 I must here mention two great defects very common in modern pointed 
 buildings, both of which arise from the great fundamental principle of 
 decorating utility not being understood. In the first place, many architects 
 apply the details and minor features of the pointed style to classic masses 
 and arrangements ; they adhere scrupulously to the regularity and sym- 
 metry of the latter, while they attempt to disguise it by the mouldings and 
 accessories of the former. They must have two of every thing, one on 
 each side : no matter if all the required accommodation is contained in one 
 half of the design, a shell of another half must be built to keep up uni- 
 formity. What can be more absurd ? Because a man has a real door to 
 enter his house by on one side, he must have a mock one through which 
 he cannot get in on the other. How inconsistent is it to make and glaze 
 a window which is to be walled up ab initio ! But to see the full absurdity 
 of this system, let us only imagine the builders of the ancient colleges, 
 after having finished a church and refectory on one side of a quadrangle, 
 running up something to repeat them by way of a pendant on the other, 
 so as to appear two churches and two dining-halls to one college. In the 
 second place, when modern architects avoid this defect of regularity, they 
 frequently fall into one equally great with regard to irregularity ; I mean 
 when a building is designed to be picturesque, by sticking as many ins and 
 outs, ups and downs, about it as possible. The picturesque effect of the 
 ancient buildings results from the ingenious methods by which the old builders 
 overcame local and constructive difficulties. An edifice which is arranged 
 with the principal view of looking picturesque is sure to resemble an 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 63 
 
 artificial waterfall or a made-up rock, which are generally so unnaturally 
 natural as to appear ridiculous. 
 
 An architect should exhibit his skill by turning the difficulties which 
 occur in raising an elevation from a convenient plan into so many pic- 
 turesque beauties; and this constitutes the great difference between the 
 principles of classic and pointed domestic architecture. In the former he 
 would be compelled to devise expedients to conceal these irregularities ; in the 
 latter he has only to beautify them. But I am quite assured that all the 
 irregularities that are so beautiful in ancient architecture are the result of 
 certain necessary difficulties, and were never purposely designed ; for to 
 make a building inconvenient for the sake of obtaining irregularity would 
 be scarcely less ridiculous than preparing working drawings for a new 
 ruin. But all these inconsistencies have arisen from this great error, — the 
 plans of buildings are designed to suit the elevation, instead of the elevation 
 being made subservient to the plan. 
 
 Under the head of architectural propriety we have also to consider 
 the scale and proportions of buildings. Without vastness of dimensions 
 it is impossible to produce a grand and imposing effect in architecture ; 
 still, unless these be regulated on true principles, they may destroy their 
 effect by their very size ; and here I wish to draw your attention to a 
 point which will prove the great superiority of the Christian architecture 
 of the middle ages over that of classic antiquity, or of the revived pagan 
 style. In pointed architecture the different details of the edifice are 
 multiplied with the increased scale of the building : in classic architecture 
 they are only magnified. 
 
 To explain this more fully, if the pointed architects had a buttress and pin- 
 nacle to erect against some vast structure, such as the Cathedral of Cologne 
 or Amiens, they did not merely increase its dimensions by gigantic water 
 tables, enormous crockets, and a ponderous finial. No ! they subdivided 
 it into a cluster of piers and pinnacles ; they panelled the front, enriched 
 it by subordinate divisions, and by these means the pinnacles of Cologne 
 
fi4 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 Small Buttress. 
 
 Large Buttress, subdivided in parts. 
 
 appear five times as large as 
 those of an ordinary church, 10 
 which could never have been 
 the case had they only enlarged 
 the scale instead of multiplying 
 the parts. But the very reverse 
 of this is the case in classic 
 architecture ; a column or cor- 
 nice is the same, great or small, 
 whether they are employed in 
 front of an ordinary house or 
 of a vast temple ; no distinction 
 except that of size is ever made ; 
 
 10 A pillar in classic architecture is a 
 mere cylinder, of large or small diameter. 
 In the pointed style a pillar is subdivided 
 into shafts, which increase in number 
 with its size, and form beautiful clusters. 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 65 
 
 there are the same number of diameters, the same number of mouldings, the 
 same relative projections ; — it is merely a magnifying power applied to 
 architecture. What is the result? Till you actually stand under these 
 buildings, and find that your chin does not come up to the plinth of 
 the base, you do not perceive the scale. This is perfectly exemplified 
 at St. Peter's. The effect on all who first enter it is that of disappoint- 
 ment ; it does not appear any thing like so large as they anticipated. 
 Some of its admirers have tried to pass this off as a great beauty, and 
 have attributed it to its beautiful proportion. This reasoning will not, 
 however, stand the test of close examination ; it is essentially false. One 
 of the great arts of architecture is to render a building more vast and 
 lofty in appearance than it is in reality. The contrary effect produced 
 by St. Peter's is not the least among its many defects, and it is purely 
 owing to the magnifying instead of the multiplying principle having been 
 followed. The great size of its various parts and mouldings required 
 the introduction of colossal figures, which are certain to reduce the 
 appearance of size in any buildings where they are used. 
 
 The human figure is a general standard for scale. We are accustomed 
 to assimilate the idea of about five feet nine inches with the height of a 
 man. Hence, be a drawing ever so small, by inserting a diminutive human 
 figure it will immediately convey an idea of the intended size ; and on 
 the contrary, if the figures in a drawing be over large, the apparent 
 space represented is immediately reduced in appearance. So is it in 
 architecture : a figure of eighteen feet high will reduce one hundred feet 
 to less than forty in appearance ; and the mystery of the disappointing 
 effect of scale in St. Peter's is satisfactorily accounted for. It is all 
 very well for guides and valets de place to astonish travellers by stating 
 that three persons may sit on the great toe of a statue, or that if a figure 
 were laid on its back five men might straddle across the nose ; so much 
 the worse for the effect of the building where such a figure is placed. 
 
 In pointed architecture we seldom find any images larger than the 
 human size, and generally much less. Hence the surprising effect of 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR 
 
 height and scale conveyed by many old Catholic buildings, which are 
 not in reality half the size of some of their more modern and semi-pagan 
 rivals at Rome. 
 
 Illustration of the different effects of scale produced by large or small statues in the same space. 
 
 In general our English churches are deficient in internal height ; not 
 that our national style of Christian art does not possess some fine speci- 
 mens of this important feature, as in the glorious church of St. Peter, 
 Westminster ; but I think the internal vastness of Amiens, Beauvais, 
 Chartres, and others of the French churches, should serve as useful 
 examples to us in this respect in the revival of Pointed and Christian 
 architecture in England. Nothing can be conceived more majestic than 
 those successions of arches divided by light and elegant clusters of shafts 
 running up to an amazing height, and then branching over into beautiful 
 intersected ribs, suspending a canopy of stone at the enormous height of 
 not unfrequently one hundred and fifty feet. Internal altitude is a feature 
 which would add greatly to the effect of many of our fine English churches, 
 and I shall ever advocate its introduction, as it is a characteristic of foreign 
 pointed architecture of which we can avail ourselves without violating the 
 
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 67 
 
 principles of our own peculiar style of English Christian architecture, from 
 which I would not depart in this country on any account. I once stood 
 on the very edge of a precipice in this respect, from which I was rescued 
 by the advice and arguments of my respected and revered friend Dr. Rock, 
 to whose learned researches and observations on Christian antiquities I am 
 highly indebted, and to whom I feel it a bounden duty to make this public 
 acknowledgment of the great benefit I have received from his advice. 
 Captivated by the beauties of foreign pointed architecture, I was on the 
 verge of departing from the severity of our English style, and engrafting 
 portions of foreign detail and arrangement. This I feel convinced would 
 have been a failure ; for although the great principles of Christian archi- 
 tecture were every where the same, each country had some peculiar manner 
 of developing them, and we should continue working in the same parallel 
 lines, all contributing to the grand whole of Catholic art, but by the very 
 variety increasing its beauties and its interest. 
 
 In conclusion, Christian verity compels me to acknowledge that there 
 are hardly any defects which I have pointed out to you in the course of 
 this Lecture which could not with propriety be illustrated by my own 
 productions at some period of my professional career. Truth is only 
 gradually developed in the mind, and is the result of long experience and 
 deep investigation. Having, as I conceive, discovered the true principles 
 of pointed architecture, I am anxious to explain to others the errors and 
 misconceptions into which I have fallen, that they, profiting by my expe- 
 rience, may henceforward strive to revive the glorious works of Christian 
 art in all the ancient and consistent principles. Let then the Beautiful 
 and the True be our watchword for future exertions in the overthrow of 
 modern paltry taste and paganism, and the revival of Catholic art and 
 dignity. 
 
 + 
 
WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED 
 
 ON THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL AND MILITARY ENGINEERING, 
 MECHANICS, NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, &c, &c. 
 
 BY JOHN WE ALE, 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, 59, HIGH HOLBORN, 
 
 Where an Extensive Stock of all the approved Publications relating to the above Subjects, and to the 
 Fine Arts, whether Foreign or Domestic, is constantly on Sale. 
 
 i. 
 
 In 4to., very neat in half-morocco, with about 130 Illustrations on wood and copper, Price 15*. ; 
 some copies with illuminated title-page, &c, and with India proofs, Price £1. 4s. 
 
 THE TRUE PRINCIPLES OF POINTED OR CHRISTIAN 
 
 ARCHITECTURE : 
 
 SET FORTH IN TWO LECTURES DELIVERED AT ST. MARIE'S, OSCOTT, 
 
 By A. WELBY PUGIN, Architect, and Professor of Anticiuities in that College. 
 The following important facts are fully explained in this Work : 
 
 1. That all the Ornaments of pure Pointed Edifices were merely introduced as decorations to the 
 essential constructions of those Buildings. 
 
 2. That the construction of Pointed Architecture was varied to accord with the properties of the 
 various materials employed, shown by ancient examples of Stone, Timber, and Metal construction. 
 
 3. That no features were introduced in the ancient Pointed Edifices, which were not essential either 
 for convenience or propriety. 
 
 4. That Pointed Architecture is most consistent, as it decorates the useful portions of Buildings, 
 instead of concealing or disguising them. 
 
 5. That true principles of architectural proportion are only found in Pointed Edifices. 
 
 6. That the defects of modern Architecture are principally owing to the departure from ancient 
 consistent pri?iciples. 
 
 It will be readily perceived from these heads, that the present Work furnishes the means for testing 
 architectural excellence, by setting forth the consistent principles of ancient design. Hitherto archi- 
 tectural criticism has been little more than mere capricious opinion, and few persons could give a 
 satisfactory reason for their approval or dislike of a Building. The laws of Architectural Composition 
 are based on equally sound principles as those of Harmony or Grammar, and that they can be violated 
 with greater impunity is simply owing to their being less understood. It is humbly hoped that this 
 Work, which is the result of long experience and patient research, will supply in a great measure the 
 want of sound information that exists on this important subject ; and by explaining the consistent 
 principles of Pointed Architecture, which are inseparable from pure taste, furnish a standard by 
 which the excellence of the ancient Buildings may be duly appreciated, and the extravagances and 
 inconsistencies of modern styles readily discerned. 
 
 Among the Illustrations will be found several interesting examples of ancient Roofs, Ceilings, Fittings 
 of Rooms, Railings, Hinges, and Ornamental Iron-work, Silver Shrines and Reliquaries, .Iambs, Base- 
 ments, Water-tables, and details of Stone-work, Jointing of Masonry, and Perspective Views of 
 Ecclesiastical, Collegiate, and Domestic Buildings ; all drawn from Original Sketches by the Author. 
 
2 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE: 
 
 Illustrated by the late Sib. JEFFRY WYATVILLE, R. A., F. R. S., &c. 
 
 DEDICATED, BY EXPRESS PERMISSION, 
 
 Ea #?rr iSrlo^t ©rartnuS iHajrs'ti) flje ©item. 
 
 In obedience to a " Command" from His late Majesty King William the Fourth, in 1834, Sir 
 Jeffry Wyatville began this Work, with the determination of rendering it fully worthy the subject. 
 
 On her accession, Her Majesty the Queen condescended, by an autograph, to express her " entire 
 approval " of Sir Jeffry's proceeding with the Work ; which was on the eve of completion at the time 
 of his death in February, 1840, and is now published agreeably to the promise of his Son-in-law and 
 his Executors. 
 
 The following shows the nature and extent of the Work, and the terms of publication. 
 
 It consists of Forty Plates, all large but three, and several of great magnitude, forming two volumes, 
 (or in one, at the option of the purchaser,) Grand Eagle. The first contains Elevations and Perspective 
 Views of the several Fronts of the Castle, some of them of considerable size, with the requisite Plans. 
 
 The second contains Elevations of the various Parts of the Castle, on a larger scale. 
 
 The Plates are accompanied by a full Description of them. 
 
 Also an Historical Essay, so far as relates to the structure of the Castle, from its foundation to the 
 present time, by Ambrose Poynter, Esq. ; illustrated by other Plates and by Wood-Cuts, chiefly 
 showing the former state of the Castle. 
 
 The Work was published in three Parts ; the first issued in May, 1840, the second in October, and 
 the concluding Part in June, 1841. 
 
 Proofs on India Paper, £4. 14s. 6d. each Part. Prints, £2. 12s. 6c?. each Part. 
 
 For a work of this magnitude, produced at a great cost, the tenns of publication are extremely 
 moderate ; but Sir Jeffry was desirous only, first, of obeying the commands of his Sovereign, and then 
 of fulfilling his own inclinations, by producing for the gratification of the British Public a magnificent 
 Illustration of this truly Royal Palace, to the new construction and improvement of which so many 
 years of his active life had been devoted. 
 
 It is edited (at the request of Sir J. Wyatville's Son-in-law and of his Executors) by Henry Ashton, 
 Esq., Architect, who, on Sir Jeffry's resignation, was appointed to succeed him in superintending the 
 works in progress at the Castle. 
 
 LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 1 . The Victoria Tower, on the Title-page. 
 
 2. North-East View of the Wykehaiu or Winchester 
 Tower. 
 
 3. General Plan. 
 
 4. The South Front. 
 
 5. The East Front. 
 
 6. The North Side. 
 
 7. The West Front of the Upper Ward. 
 
 8. The South Side of the Upper Ward. 
 
 g. Section from North to South through the Upper Ward. 
 
 10. North Side of the Upper Ward. 
 
 1 1 . Plan of the Ground Story of the Upper Ward. 
 
 12. Plan of the Principal Story of the Upper Ward. 
 
 13. View of the South and East Sides. 
 
 14. North- East View. 
 
 15. North-West View. 
 
 16. South-West View. 
 
 17- A View of the Upper Ward, (looking East.) 
 
 18. A View of the Upper Ward, (looking West.) 
 
 19. View of the Riding House and Stables. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 1. North-West View of the Winchester Tower, Title- 
 page. 
 
 2. King George the Fourth's Gateway. 
 
 3. The" Victoria Tower. 
 
 4. The East Front of the Victoria Tower. 
 
 5. The Clarence Tower. 
 
 6. The Chester Tower. 
 
 7. The Prince of Wales's Tower. 
 
 8. The Brunswick Tower. 
 
 9. The Cornwall Tower. 
 
 10. George the Fourth's Tower. 
 
 11. The Winchester Tower. 
 
 12. Henry the Third's Tower. 
 
 13. King Edward the Third's Tower. 
 
 14. The Round Tower. 
 
 15. The Inner Side of George the Fourth's Gateway. 
 
 16. The Sovereign's Entrance to the Private Apartments. 
 17- The Kitchen Court Gateway. 
 
 18. The State Entrance Tower. 
 
 19. Queen Elizabeth's Gallery and Henry the Seventh's 
 Building. 
 
 20. King John's Tower. 
 
 21. St. George's Gate and Edward the Third's Tower. 
 
 PLATES WITH THE LETTER- PRESS. 
 
 Norden's View, at the head of the Essay. 
 Sir Christopher Wren's plan for improving the Castle, in 
 the Essay. 
 
 The South, East, and North Fronts, as in the year 1S24. 
 
 Do. 
 
 The West Front, and the South and North Sides of the 
 Court of the Upper Ward, as in the year 1824. Do. 
 
 View in the Riding House, at the head of Description 0/ 
 Plates, Vol. I. 
 
 WOOD-CUTS INTERSPERSED WITH THE LETTER-PRESS. 
 
 The Queen's Arms, on the Dedication. 
 Norman Fragments. 
 Doorway in the Devil Tower. 
 
 Part of the Dean's Cloister, and Capitals of Columns. 
 
 A Piscina and a Corbel with a head, set. Edward the Third. 
 
 Plan of the principal floor of Windsor Castle, as in the 
 
 year 1824. 
 View of the Castle Hill in 1824. 
 
 Vignette : View of part of the Castle, tail-piece to De- 
 scription of Plates, Vol. II. 
 
 Sold also, 2 vols, in 1, very neat in cloth boards and lettered, Price £8. 8s., or elegant in half-morocco, 
 
 gilt, Price £8. 18s. 6d. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 3 
 
 In large 4to., very neat half-morocco, gilt tops, Price 18s. 
 
 STUDIES OF MODERN ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 THE TRAVELLERS' CLUB-HOUSE. 
 By CHARLES BARRY, Architect. 
 Illustrated by Engravings of Plans, Sections, Elevations, and Details, by J. H. Le Keux. 
 With an Essay, including a Description of the Building, by Mr. W. H. LEEDS. 
 
 *£* This volume, complete in itself, is proposed as the first of a series under the general title of " The 
 Modern School of English Architecture." 
 
 ' The Plates, engraved by J. H. Le Keux, from the Drawings of Mr. Hewitt, are examples of 
 perfection in this species of art. We do not believe that any artists that ever lived could carry it 
 further. They will afford exemplars both to architectural draughtsmen and engravers, as well as to 
 architects themselves ; and will go down to posterity as the remains of Grecian architecture have 
 descended to us. 
 
 ' The author before us seems to be exactly the sort of commentator to grapple with doubts and 
 conflicting opinions, since he is not hampered with school prejudices and conventionalities ; but com- 
 bines fresh thoughts and sound reflections on his subject with good taste and elegant diction.' — 
 Probe, No. 13. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Ground plan of the building. 
 
 2. Principal plan. 
 
 3. Elevation of the front. 
 
 4. Elevation of the back front. 
 
 5. Longitudinal section through A to B. 
 
 6. Longitudinal section through C to D. 
 
 7. Details of the principal front : Windows, ground floor, 
 section of cornice, section of window head, section of 
 under part of window, section of ornament in string 
 course, elevation of console, balustrade to area front. 
 
 8. Details of the principal front : Section of principal 
 
 cornice, elevation of cornice, plaster cap and entabla- 
 ture to window, elevation of one-pair window, eleva- 
 tion of cornice, &c. 
 9. Details of rear front : Elevation of one-pair window, 
 section of window head, elevation of block, elevation 
 of cornice, section of principal cornice, section of 
 window cornice, Sec. 
 10. Details of drawing : Plan of ceiling, bead, section of 
 cove of ceiling, enriched panel of ceding, section of 
 cornice, chimney-piece, &c. 
 
 4. 
 
 One large 4to. The Plates engraved in the finest style of Art. Cloth boards, lettered, Price £1. 10j. 
 
 THE MONUMENTAL REMAINS OF NOBLE AND EMINENT 
 
 PERSONS, 
 
 Comprising the Sepulchral Antiquities of Great Britain, engraved from Drawings by 
 EDWARD BLORE, Architect, F.S.A. 
 With Historical and Biographical Illustrations. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 1. Eleanor, Queen of Edward the First. Westminster 
 Abbey.— 120.0. 
 
 2. Effigy of the same. 
 
 3. Brian Fitzalan, Baron of Bedale. Bedale Church. — 
 1301. 
 
 4. Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. Westminster 
 Abbey.— 1324. 
 
 5. Sir James Douglas. Douglas Church. — 1331. 
 
 6. Gervase Alard, Admiral of the Cinque Ports. Win- 
 chelsea Church. — No date. 
 
 7. Phibppa, Queen of Edward the Third. Westminster 
 Abbey.— 1369. 
 
 8. Effigy of the same. 
 
 9. Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Beauchamp 
 Chapel, Warwick. — 13"0. 
 
 10. Edward, Prince of Wales. Canterbury Cathedral. — 
 1376. 
 
 1 1 . Effigy of the same. 
 
 12. King Edward the Third. Westminster Abbey. — 1377. 
 
 13. Effigy of the same. 
 
 14. Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham. Durham Ca- 
 thedral.— 1381. 
 
 15. William of Wykham, Bishop of Winchester. Win- 
 chester Cathedral. — 1404. 
 
 16. Effigy of the same. 
 
 17. John Gower. St. Saviour's Church, Southwark. — 
 1408. 
 
 18. King Henry the Fourth and his Queen. Canterbury 
 Cathedral.— 1412. 
 
 19. Effigy of the same. 
 
 20. Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. Arundel Church. 
 —1415. 
 
 21. Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland. Staindrop 
 Church— 1425. 
 
 22. Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas. Douglas Church. — 
 1438. 
 
 23. Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Beauchamp 
 t 'ha pel, Warwick.— 1439. 
 
 24. Effigy of the same. 
 
 25. John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. Wimborn Minster. 
 1444. 
 
 26. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. St. Alban's Abbey. 
 —1446. 
 
 27. Sir John Spencer. Brington Church. — 1522. 
 
 28. Archbishops Warham and Peckham. Canterbury 
 Cathedral.— 4532. 
 
 29. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury. Christ's 
 Church, Hampshire. — ] 54 1 . 
 
 30. Sir Anthony Browne. Battle Abbey. — 1548. 
 
4 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE. 
 
 5. 
 
 On a scale of 25 feet to an inch, plain paper, JE1. 1*. ; Indian paper, £1. lis. 6d. 
 
 LONDON BRIDGE; 
 
 A large steel Plate, 3 feet 6 inches hy 2 feet, containing 
 Plan and Elevation of this great National Work, with the very interesting reference of 
 dimensions, materials, time, and cost. 
 
 Engraved in the best style, and elaborately finished by J. W. Lowry, under the direction of 
 B. ALBANO, Esq., M.Inst.C.E., and from his Original Drawing, presented to the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers, 1839. 
 Made from Original Drawings and Admeasurements on the Works. 
 Constructed by Sir JOHN RENNIE, C.E., F.R.S. 
 This splended Engraving, upon which much time has been expended to obtain the greatest accuracy, 
 is submitted to the Civil Engineer and Architect, as an example of a work so intimately connected with 
 their professional engagement, and to the amateur as a monument of British Art. 
 
 Sold in Frames, glazed with the best glass for an Office, and which may also be appropriated as an 
 attractive object for the Library or Parlour of a Nobleman or Gentleman's Mansion. 
 
 6. 
 
 In Imperial 4to., to be completed in 2 Parts, 
 
 A SERIES OF ORIGINAL DESIGNS FOR CHURCHES AND 
 
 CHAPELS 
 
 In the Anglo-Norman, Early English, Decorative English, and Perpendicular English, Styles of 
 Ecclesiastical Architecture ; including also, Designs for Rectory Houses and Schools, 
 in the Tudor and Domestic Styles. 
 
 By FREDERICK J. FRANCIS, Architect, Author of " A Brief Survey of Physical and Fossil Geology," 
 and " The Fine Arts of Greece during the Age of Pericles." 
 
 The First Part, Price £1. 10*., is ready, and contains about 50 Illustrations, comprising plans, 
 geometrical elevations, and perspective views. There will be appended, full practical descriptions 
 respecting the materials to be employed, and the probable expense of the erection of each design. 
 Gentlemen willing to become Subscribers to the complete work are requested to send their names. 
 
 The Work which the Author now offers to the Public is the result of several years' diligent 
 study of the principles and practice of Pointed Ecclesiastical Architecture. The attainment of pro- 
 fessional advancement has been his chief motive in engaging upon it : added to which he conceives, 
 that at the present time, when the increasing demands for Church Extension render Church Building 
 an important branch of an Architect's duties, such a work would be likely to prove useful to the 
 professional man. During its progress he has been encouraged by the flattering testimonials of appro- 
 bation he has received from those whose opinions, being founded on deep study and extensive ex- 
 perience of the principles of Art, he values most highly; and he hopes, that when completed, it will lie 
 found to merit the notice and patronage, not only of the profession itself, but also of those upon whose 
 taste and liberality the true exaltation of this noble branch of Art depends. 
 
 7. 
 
 VITRUVIUS BRITANNICUS. 
 
 Containing 12 fine Plates, with Text, in a neat portfolio, Price in Columbier folio £3. 3s. ; some 
 copies of India proofs, Price £5. 5s. 
 
 HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES, AND ARCHITECTURE OF CASTLE 
 
 ASH BY, 
 
 The Scat of the Most Noble the Marquis of Northampton, President of the Royal Society. 
 Illustrated by Plans, Elevations, and Internal Views of the Apartments from actual Measurement. 
 By P. F. ROBINSON, Architect, V.P.I.B.A., F.S.A., &c. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 8. 
 
 st. Stephen's chapel, Westminster. 
 
 In 1 large Atlas folio volume, with several very fine Plates, executed from the elaborate Drawings of 
 Mr. Frederick Mackenzie, Price £4. 4*., entitled 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES AND RESTORATION OF 
 ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER, 
 
 (late the house op commons.) 
 
 Drawn and Engraved from Admeasurements and Surveys hy special command, and at the expense of 
 Her Majesty's Government ; accompanied by an interesting Memoir, relating to the original and 
 perfect state of the Building, grounded upon the best authorities. 
 
 By Mr. FREDERICK MACKENZIE. 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie's talented Services as an artist, and his research as an antiquary on the subject of the 
 Gothic Style of Architecture in this country, of which St. Stephen's is one of the finest examples, 
 was secured by the Office of Woods and Works soon after the Fire ; since which much thought, time, 
 and labour have been devoted to its perfect developement. Government have most liberally come 
 forward, at a great expense, to secure to the country a well authenticated and illustrative example of 
 this Renowned Edifice. 
 
 9. 
 
 In 8vo., Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 MANUAL OF REFERENCE TO THE ARCHITECT AND 
 
 ENGINEER. 
 
 A Catalogue of Books on the Subjects of Architecture ; Engineering, Civil, Military, and 
 Mechanical ; Naval Architecture ; and the Arts and Manufactures of the Country. Classed, with 
 an Index of the names of Authors, &c. 
 
 By JOHN WEALE. 
 
 10. 
 
 Second Edition in 8vo., extra cloth boards, 10 Plates, Price 7*. 6d. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE SIMPLIFIED ; 
 
 Containing a new preliminary chapter, in which the subject is treated in the most plain and easy 
 manner, for the convenience of readers not acquainted with Geometry. 
 
 By Z. LAURENCE, Esq. 
 
 11. 
 
 In 4to., with Wood-cuts, and 4 fine Engravings by John Le Keux, Price 7s. 6d. 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE ROOF OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 By F. MACKENZIE, Author and Draughtsman of some of the finest Architectural Works. 
 
 12. 
 
 4to., Price £1. Is. Revised and corrected. 
 
 THE CARPENTER AND JOINER'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 Containing Practical Rules for making all kinds of Joints, and various methods of hingeing them 
 together ; for hanging of Doors ; for fitting up Windows and Shutters ; for the construction of Floors, 
 Partitions, Soffits, Groins, Arches for Masonry ; for constructing Roofs m the best manner from a given 
 quantity of Timber, &c. Also Extracts from M. Belidor, M. du Hamel, M. de Buffon, &c, on the 
 Strength of Timber. Illustrated with 79 Plates. 
 
 By PETER NICHOLSON, Architect. 
 
6 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 13. 
 
 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 In large 4to., with 19 fine Engravings, Price £1. Is. extra cloth boards, or on large paper, proof 
 
 impressions, Price £\. lis. 6d. 
 
 ARCHITECTURA DOMESTIC A. 
 
 By A. DE CHATEAUNEUF, Architect, of Hamburgh. 
 
 Being a Series of very tasty examples of Interiors and Exteriors of Residences of the Gentry erected 
 in Hamburgh and its neighbourhood ; principally in the Italian Style, with Ornamental Pleasure 
 Grounds, Verandas, detached Cottages, &c, &c. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Seat in the park at Ham of Charles Sieveking, Esq., 
 Syndic of the city of Hamburgh; also, Cottage of 
 Caesar Godefroy, Esq. 
 
 2. Gardner's Lodge of wood, orangery, &c, near Lubeck. 
 
 3. Dwelling House in Ham Park, with Grecian interior, 
 and plan. 
 
 4. Details, veranda, &c. 
 
 5. Saloon, with wood ornaments and fittings. 
 
 6. Plan of house and grounds, and view of Dr. Buch- 
 holtz's House, near Lubeck. 
 
 7. & 8. Plans and elevations of Houses, with sections, in 
 the Italian style, erected on the basin of Alster. 
 
 g. Club House in the Farnesian style, with plan, and an 
 interior section. 
 
 10. Monuments of the families of Sieveking and Nolting, 
 in the new church-yard near Lubeck. 
 
 11. to 18. The House of Dr. Augustus Abendroth. " The 
 arrangement of this house, as the residence of a 
 wealthy family, which, on occasion of great festivities, 
 desires to display a noble magnificence, will be easily 
 understood by the plans, sections, and details." 
 
 The illustrations consist of plans of ground and 
 principal story, terraces, &c. ; Plans, out-houses, and 
 offices, decorative ceilings, grand facade, longitudinal 
 section, details of windows, consoles, &c. ; Grand 
 marble decorative staircase, grand fresco and statue 
 hall, &c. 
 
 19. Grand entrance porch, door, &c. 
 
 Mr. Chateaunetjf, in conjunction with Mr. Mee, was one of the successful competitors of the New 
 Royal Exchange Designs. 
 
 14. 
 
 In 8vo., Price Is. 
 
 THOUGHTS ON THE ABUSES OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF 
 COMPETITION IN ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 With an outline of a plan for their remedy. 
 In a Letter to Earl de Grey, President of the Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 By HENRY AUSTIN. 
 
 15. 
 
 Engraved in aquatinta and coloured, 38 Plates. Quarto. Price £1 . 4s. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL SKETCHES FOR COTTAGES, RURAL 
 DWELLINGS, AND VILLAS; 
 
 With Plans, suitable to persons of genteel life and moderate fortune, proper for Picturesque Buildings. 
 
 By R. LUGAR, Architect. 
 
 16. 
 
 In 8vo., with Plates, extra cloth boards, Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 CEMENTS. 
 
 A PRACTICAL and SCIENTIFIC TREATISE on the Choice and Preparation of the Materials for, and 
 the Manufacture and Application of, Calcareous Mortars and Cements, Artificial and Natural, founded 
 on an Extensive Series of Original Experiments. By M. L. J. Vicat, Chief Engineer of Roads, &c. 
 Translated from the French, with numerous and valuable Additions, and Explanatory Notes, com- 
 prehending the most important known Facts in this Science, and with additional new Experiments and 
 Remarks. 
 
 By Captain J. T. SMITH, Madras Engineers. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 — M 
 7 
 
 17. 
 
 Third Edition, with 28 additional Plates, Edited by Peter Barlow, Esq., F.R.S., M.I.C.E., in extra 
 
 half-morocco, Price £2. 2s. 
 
 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY, AND ON 
 CONSTRUCTION— with Supplement. 
 
 A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Beams and Timber Frames, the Resistance of Timbers, 
 and the Construction of Floors, Roofs, Centres, Bridges, &c. ; with Practical Rules and Examples. To 
 which is added, an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber ; including the methods of Seasoning, 
 and the causes and Prevention of Decay ; with Descriptions of the Kinds of Wood used in Building : 
 also numerous Tables of Scantlings of Timber for ditferent purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, 
 &c. Illustrated by 50 Engravings. 
 
 By THOMAS TREDGOLD, Civil Engineer. 
 
 18. 
 
 In Quarto, 28 fine Plates, Price £1. 1*. 
 SUPPLEMENT TO 
 
 TREDGOLD'S ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY, 
 AND ON CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Sold separately for the convenience of those possessing the former Edition. 
 
 Comprising Engravings of Iron and Timber Roofs of Italian Palaces, Churches, Theatres, &c. ; of a 
 Juvenile Prison, Pantheon Bazaar, &c, &c, by Mr. Sydney Smirke ; Iron and Timber Roof, &c, of 
 Christ's Hospital and St. Dunstan's in the West, by Mr. John Shaw ; Timber Roofs of White Conduit 
 House Tavern and others, by Mr. Duncan ; Iron and Timber Construction of Croydon Railway Station, 
 by Mr. Jos. Gibbs ; Iron and Timber Roofs of the Trent Water-works, Nottingham, and the Roofs of 
 the Model Room, the Smithery, and Engine Manufactory, at Butterley, by Mr. Jos. Glynn ; with Mr. 
 Mackenzie's elaborate Drawings of the Construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge. The 
 whole described by the different Contributors, and edited by Mr. Barlow. 
 
 19. 
 
 In demy 8vo., with 107 Wood-cuts, extra cloth boards, Price 7s. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL ESSAYS ON THE PRINCIPLES OF CON- 
 STRUCTION IN ARCHES, PIERS, BUTTRESSES, &c. 
 
 Made with a view to their being useful to the Practical Builder. 
 By W. BLAND, Esq., of Hartlip, Kent. 
 
 20. 
 
 8vo., with Plates, Price Is. 
 
 VENTILATION, WARMING, AND TRANSMISSION OF SOUND. 
 
 report of the committee of the house of commons on ventilation, warming, 
 and transmission of sound. 
 
 Abbreviated, with Notes. By W. S. INMAN, Architect, F.I.B.A. 
 
 21. 
 
 In 8vo., illustrated with a very fine Frontispiece of St. Paul's Cathedral, by Gladwin. Extra 
 
 cloth boards, Price 10.?. 6d. 
 
 THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTS AND THAT 
 OF MEASURING SURVEYORS, 
 
 And Reference to BUILDERS, &c, &C, from the time of the celebrated Earl of Burlington. 
 By JAMES NOBLE, Architect, F.I.B.A. 
 
8 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 22. 
 
 In Imperial 4to., with 50 fine Engravings and 2 fine Woorl-cuts, of the past and present Entrances at 
 Hyde Park Corner, suggested for insertion, and the Drawings contributed by Decimus Burton, Esq. 
 Half bound in morocco, Price £ 2. 8s. 
 
 DESIGNS OF ORNAMENTAL GATES, LODGES, PALISADING, 
 AND IRON WORK OF THE ROYAL PARKS, 
 
 With some other Designs equal in utility and taste, intended for those designing and making Parks, 
 Terraces, Pleasure-walks, Recreative grounds, &c. ; principally taken from the executed works of 
 Decimus Burton, Architect, John Nash, Architect, Sydney Smirke, Architect, Sir John Soane, 
 Architect, Robert Stevenson, C. E., Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect, and Sir Christopher Wren, 
 Architect. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE SUBJECTS. 
 
 25. York Gates Railing, Regent's Park. 
 
 26. Railing, York Terrace, ditto. 
 2/. Railing, Chester Terrace, ditto. 
 
 28. Railing to Cambridge and Gloucester Terraces, ditto. 
 
 29. Foot-gate and half of Carriage-gate, Cambridge Place, 
 ditto. 
 
 30. Railing, Gloucester Gate, ditto. 
 
 31. Railing, Clarence Gate, ditto. 
 
 32. Ditto, ditto, ditto. 
 
 33. Railing, Hanover Gates, ditto. 
 31. Railing, Sussex Terrace, ditto. 
 
 35. Railing, Hanover Terrace, ditto. 
 
 36. Lamp and Railing, Chelsea Hospital. 
 
 37. Parts of Iron Work ditto, to a larger scale. 
 
 38. Gates, Hampton Court, (Sir C. Wren.) 
 
 39. Ditto, ditto, ditto. 
 
 40. Parts of Iron Work, ditto, ditto. 
 
 41. Iron Work of King's Staircase, ditto. 
 
 42. Iron Work of Queen's Staircase, ditto. 
 
 43. Plan and Elevation of Entrance Lodges and Iron Gates 
 at Greenwich, (Sir C. Wren.) 
 
 44. Ditto, ditto, larger scale. 
 
 45. Iron Gates at Gunuersbury Park. 
 
 46. Plan, Elevation, and Details of ditto. 
 
 47. Old Buckingham Palace Entrance, Iron Gates in 1737. 
 
 48. Lamp, Stirling Castle. 
 
 49 & 50. Elevations of Gates and Palisading at the Palace 
 of the Grand Sultan at Constantinople. 
 
 steel, being made applicable as working drawings, 
 of a superior style. 
 
 1. Gates to the Royal Entrance to St. James's Park. 
 
 2. Compartment of ditto, enlarged. 
 
 3. Plan of St. James's Park. 
 
 4. Plan of Hyde Park. 
 
 5. Plan of Regent's Park. 
 
 6. Warble Arch, Buckingham Palace, plan and elevation. 
 
 7. Pimlico Lodge of ditto, plan and elevation. 
 
 8. Colonnade, Hyde Park, entrance from Piccadilly, plan 
 and elevation. 
 
 9. Entrance of the Green Park, Piccadilly, front and side 
 elevations and plan. 
 
 10. Hyde Park Lodge, front and side elevations and plan. 
 
 1 1 . Humane Society Receiving House, plan and elevation. 
 
 12. Grosvenor Lodge, front and side elevations and plan. 
 
 13. Stanhope Lodge, front and side elevations and plan. 
 
 14. Cumberland Lodge, front and side elevations and plan. 
 
 15. Gloucester Lodge, elevation and plan. 
 
 16. Hanover Lodge, elevation and plan. 
 
 17- Lamp at Hyde Park Corner, with the details. 
 
 18. Gates centre of Colonnade, Hyde Park. 
 
 19. Details of ditto, quarter full size. 
 Railing at the head of the Serpentine River, Dwarf 
 Gates to Royal Entrance, Dwarf Railing to Lodge, 
 Hyde Park. 
 
 Stanhope Gate Rails, Hyde Park. 
 Cumberland Gate Rails, Hyde Park. 
 Parts and Details of preceding. 
 
 20 
 
 24. Railing, Park Square, Regent's Park. 
 
 The whole accurately and tastefully engraved on 
 
 and as examples 
 
 23. 
 
 8vo., with Plates, Price Is. 
 
 COTTAGES AND HOUSES FOR THE PEASANTRY AND 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ART OF BUILDING COTTAGES AND HOUSES 
 
 FOR THE HUMBLER CLASSES. 
 
 An Easy Method of Constructing Earthen Walls, adapted to the Erection of Dwelling-houses, Agri- 
 cultural, and other Buildings, surpassing those built of Timber in comfort and stability, and equalling 
 those built of Brick, and at a considerable saving. To which are added, Practical Treatises on the 
 Manufacture of Bricks and Lime ; on the Arts of Digging Wells and Draining ; Rearing and Managing 
 a Vegetable Garden ; Management of Stock, &c. For the use of Emigrants ; for the better Lodging of 
 the Peasantry of Great Britain and Ireland ; and the Improvement of those Districts to which the 
 benevolence of Landed Proprietors is directed. 
 
 By WILLIAM WILDS, Surveyor. 
 
 The work contains : — 
 
 Chap. I. The Art of Constructing Houses and Cottages 
 with Earthen Walls made easy, being intelligible to all 
 classes, and to the most ignorant in building, with 
 Wood-cuts of tools, plans, and sections, &c. 
 
 II. On Bricks, how they are to be advantageously applied 
 in conjunction with rammed earth ; rules for selecting 
 the best earth, &c. 
 
 III. On the Manufacture and Choice of Bricks. 
 
 IV. On the Properties, Uses, and manufacture of Lime. 
 
 V. On Well-digging, Draining, Well-sinking, &c. ; on 
 Fuel, on Gardening ; what quantity of Land will keep a 
 Family in culinary Vegetables ; Pork, Eggs, Milk, and 
 Bread Corn ; on the Keeping of Cows, Hogs, Poultry, 
 Bees, and Art of making of Candles, Soap, Storing Fruit, 
 Roots, &c. 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 9 
 
 24. 
 
 Very neatly half-bound in morocco, gilt tops, Price £3. 3s. 
 ARCHITECTURE OF THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 DEDICATED TO SYDNEY SMIRKE, ESQ., ARCHITECT, F.S.A., F.G.S. 
 
 A New and considerably Enlarged Edition, with many Additional Subjects and Plates, of 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF LONDON, 
 
 In Two Volumes 8vo., with 165 Engravings, originally edited by the late Augustus Pugin, Architect, 
 and John Britton, F.S.A., &c, and now newly Edited and Enlarged 
 
 By W. H. LEEDS. 
 
 Manifold as are the publications which represent them no plans and elevations are to be met with 
 
 the various structures of the metropolis, this is in any other publication, which materially en- 
 
 the only work which describes them, not ad libi- hances the interest of this collection, and it pre- 
 
 tum, in views which, even when perfectly correct, serves to us authentic and tolerably complete 
 
 show no more than the general aspect and locality records of many buildings which no longer exist, 
 
 of each building from a certain point, and conse- Among these are Carlton House, illustrated 
 
 quently afford no information beyond mere ex- with several Plates, including sections, and a plan 
 
 ternal appearance — but exhibits them architec- of the private apartments ; the late English 
 
 turally by means of plans, elevations, and occa- Opera House ; Mr. Nash's Gallery, which 
 
 sionally both sections and interior perspective has since been dismantled of its embellishments ; 
 
 views. Thus a far more complete and correct and The Royal Exchange. 
 
 knowledge may be obtained of each edifice, in its Among the subjects introduced in this New 
 
 entire arrangement in all its parts and dimensions, Edition will be found the following: — The Tra- 
 
 than by pictorial views of them. vellers' Club House — London University 
 
 As studies for the Architect, the subjects con- — St. George's Hospital — Gateway, Green 
 
 tained in these volumes strongly recommend them- Park — Post Office — Fishmongers' Hall — St. 
 
 selves, — more particularly so, as of the majority of Dunstan's, Fleet Street, &c, &c. 
 
 25. 
 
 Royal 8vo., 18 Engravings, cloth boards, Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF LONDON, 
 
 With descriptive Accounts of each Edifice. 
 SUPPLEMENT : 
 
 Containing the New Subjects, and Descriptions by W. H. Leeds, incorporated in the second 
 edition, and now sold separate for the accommodation of those possessing the first edition. 
 
 Also a few copies in Imperial 8vo. for large paper copies of the first edition, Price 15s. 
 
 26. 
 
 In demy 8vo., cloth boards, Price 9s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF DILAPIDATIONS AND 
 
 NUISANCES. 
 
 By DAVID GIBBONS, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Special Pleader. 
 Dedicated to the Honourable Sir John Taylor Coleridge, Knt., one of her Majesty's Justices of the 
 
 Court of Queen's Bench. 
 
 27. 
 
 Wood-cuts, 8vo. Price 4s. 6d. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIVE ARCHI- 
 TECTURAL SECTIONS OF CAST-IRON BEAMS, 
 
 Employed as Girders, Bressummers, and other Horizontal Supports for Buildings, &c. 
 By WILLIAM TURNBULL. 
 
-IK 
 
 10 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 28. 
 
 Le prix de chaque livraison de 6 feuilles sur colombier ordinaire est de 6 shillings — sur colombier 
 
 velin, de 10 shillings. 
 
 EDIFICES DE ROME MODERNS, 
 
 DESSINES, MESURES, ET PUBLIES PAR P. LETAROUILLY, ARCHITECTE. 
 
 Parmi les villes modernes, Rome, consideree sous le rapport de son architecture, merite sans con- 
 tredit, d'etre placee au premier rang. Depuis pres de quatre siecles elle n'a cessc de s'enrichir d'edifices 
 de tous genres, souvent construits sous la direction des architectes les plus celebres, de sorte qu'on y 
 trouve aujourd'lmi la plus belle comine la plus nombreuse reunion de monuments. 
 
 Rien ne serait plus profitable pour l'etude que la reproduction par la gravure de tant de chef-d'oeuvres ; 
 car il est incontestable que les exemples, surtout exprimes par des figures, penetrent mieux dans la 
 pensee que des theories abstraites, et qu'ils y laissent une impression plus profonde et plus durable. 
 Un recueil qui mettrait ainsi a la portee de tout le monde un si grande nombre de beaux modeles serait 
 d'un prix infini pour tous. Le maitre comme l'eleve y puiserait des enseignements precieux, et dans la 
 pratique de l'art il pourrait etre d'un usage continuel. 
 
 Cet ouvrage vient d'etre execute et nous nous empressons de l'aunoncer. II offre une riche collection 
 de plans, de facades et de details : on y trouve reproduits avec une precision remarquable et une grande 
 fidelite dans les mesures, les ceuvres admirables des maitres illustres de la renaissance qui ont ete si bien 
 inspires par les monuments antiques qu'ils avaient sous les yeux et qu'ils consultaient sans cesse. 
 
 L'auteur devait bonier sa publication a la partie qui est aujourd'hui achevee, laquelle se compose d'un \ 
 volume in folio de 115 planches, du plan general de la ville et d'un volume de texte in quarto: 
 
 et dont le prix est de £6. 6s. — avec demi relieure £6. 16.?. 6d. 
 Mais les encouragements qu'il a obtenu l'ont determine a entreprendre un second voyage a. Rome pour 
 y completer son travail. Deja rneme 5 livraisons de ce complement sont en vente. On trouvera dans 
 cette seconde partie des monuments du plus haut interet et la plupart places au premier rang dans 
 l'opinion des artistes: il suffira de citer les palais Farnese, Girand, du Vatican, Negroni, Corsini, 
 Sciarra Barberini puis de belles Eglises, des Cloitres, des Fontaines et plusieurs Villa. 
 
 Parts 19 and 20, to complete the many sets of 18 livraisons sold in England, to be had separately. 
 
 29. 
 
 DU MEME AUTEUR, 
 Prix, sur velin 10 shillings, sur chine 12 shillings. 
 
 PLAN DE ROME MODERN E, 
 
 avec Vindication des monuments antiques. 
 Cette gravure, terminee au burin et ornee de groupes de monuments et de figures allegoriques, peut 
 servir a decorer le cabinet des architectes et des ingeuieurs, aussi bien que la bibliotheque des savans et 
 des homines de lettres. 
 
 30. 
 
 16 Plates, large 4to., Price 16s. 
 
 DESIGNS FOR RURAL CHURCHES. 
 
 By GEORGE E. HAMILTON, Architect. 
 
 31. 
 
 The Sixth Edition, Price 18s. bound. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL HOUSE CARPENTER, OR YOUTH'S 
 INSTRUCTOR ; 
 
 Containing a great variety of useful Designs in Carpentry and Architecture ; as Centering for Groins, 
 Niches, &c. ; Examples for Roofs, Skylights, &c. ; Designs for Chimney-pieces, Shop Fronts, Door 
 Cases ; Section of a Dining-Room and Library ; variety of Staircases, with many other important 
 Articles and useful Embellishments. The whole illustrated and made perfectly easy by 148 4to. 
 Copper-plates, with Explanations to each. 
 
 By WILLIAM PAIN. 
 
i 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 11 
 
 32. 
 
 With Plates, Imperial 8vo., cloth hoards, .CI. Is. 
 
 CLARKE'S ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Wimbledon House, Surrey, built by Sir Thomas Cecil, Brereton Hall, Cheshire, Sir Walter Brereton. 
 
 1588. Holland House, Middlesex, Sir Walter Cope. 
 
 Easton House, Essex, Sir Henry Maynard. Haughley House, Suffolk. 
 
 Aston Hall, Warwickshire, Sir Thomas Holt. Streete Place, Sussex, Dobell. 
 
 Grafton Hall, Cheshire, Sir Peter Warbuxton. Montacute House, Somersetshire, Sir Edward Philips. 
 
 Stanfield Hall, Norfolk, family of Flowerdews. Westwood House, Worcestershire. 
 
 Seckford Hall, Thomas Seckford. Wakehurst Place, Sussex, Sir Edward Culpeper. 
 
 Bramshill House, Hampshire. Carter's Corner, Sussex. 
 
 Fenn Place, Kent, Lord Zouch. Easthury House, Essex, Lord Montcagle. 
 
 Queen's Head, Islington, Sir Walter Raleigh. East Mascall, Sussex, Newton. 
 
 Chasleton, Oxfordshire, Walter Jones. Old House, near Worcester, &c. 
 
 33. 
 
 Sixty Plates, Title-page printed in colours and gold, elegantly half-bound in morocco, and lettered, 
 
 Price CI. 16*. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE REIGNS OF 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH AND KING JAMES L, 
 
 From Drawings by Charles James Richardson, George Moore, and other Architects, with 
 Observations and Descriptions of the Plates. 
 
 Eighteen Plates illustrate the Old Manor House, the Gardens, Terraces, &c., at Claverton, the Seat of 
 George Vivian, Esq. — six the Duke of Kingston's Picturesque House at Bradford — and eight the 
 princely Mansion of Lord Holland at Kensington. 
 
 The volume contains examples of Ceilings, Porches, Balustrades, Screens, Staircases, Monuments, 
 Pulpits, &c. ; and a rich collection of Facsimiles of Old English Drawings, chiefly of John Thorpe, 
 the most eminent Artist in Queen Elizabeth's time. 
 
 34. 
 
 Supplementary and Fifth Volume to the Antiquities of Athens, by R. C. Cockerell, Esq., &c. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF ATHENS AND OTHER PLACES OF GREECE, 
 
 SICILY, &c. 
 
 Supplementary to the Antiquities in Athens, by JAMES STUART, F.R.S., F.S.A., and NICHOLAS 
 REVETT ; delineated and illustrated by R. C. Cockerell, R.A., F.S.A., W. Kinnard, T. L. Donald- 
 son, Member of the Institute of Paris, W. Jenkins, and W. Railton, Architects. 
 
 Imperial folio, uniform with the Original Edition of Stuart and Revett, and the Dilettanti Works. 
 Very finely printed, and with numerous beautiful Plates of Plans, Elevations, Sections, Views, Orna- 
 ments, &c. In extra cloth boards and lettered, Price CG. 12s. 
 
 35. 
 
 12mo., Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE LAW OF FIXTURES. 
 
 By DAVID GIBBONS, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Special Pleader. 
 *$* A work purposely written for the use of Builders, House Agents, and House and Land Proprietors. 
 
 36. 
 
 Price 2s. (id., pocket size, boards. 
 
 THE BUILDING ACT (at Large), side References. 
 
 With Extracts from the Sweeps' Acts ; and with Explanatory Notes and Cases. 
 By A. AINGER, Architect. 
 
12 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE. 
 
 37. 
 
 Second Edition, 4to., Price £1. Is. 
 
 DESIGNS FOR VILLAS AND OTHER RURAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 By the late EDMUND AIKIN, Architect. 
 Engraved on 31 Plates, with Plans and Elevations, coloured, and an Introductory Essay, containing 
 Remarks on the prevailing Defects of Modern Architecture, and on the Investigation of the Style best 
 adapted for the Dwellings of the Present Times. Dedicated to the late Thomas Hope, Esq. 
 
 1 Modern Architects profess to imitate antique examples, which is superior to the details that guide them ? This is 
 and do so in columns, entablatures, and details, hut never a subject which it may be useful and interesting to pursue.' 
 in the general effect. Is it that they imitate blindly, and — Vide Introduction, 
 without penetrating into those principles and that system 
 
 38. 
 
 In 4to. Plates, very neatly coloured, cloth boards and lettered, Price 16*. 
 
 A SERIES OF DESIGNS FOR VILLAS AND COUNTRY HOUSES, 
 
 Adapted with Economy to the Comforts and to the Elegances of Modern Life, with Plans and 
 
 Explanations to each. 
 
 By C A. BUSBY, Architect. 
 39. 
 
 A new Edition in the Press, with 78 very fine Plates, royal folio, neat in cloth boards and lettered, 
 
 Price £3. 3s. 
 
 THE UNEDITED ANTIQUITIES OF ATTICA. 
 
 By the Society of Dilettanti. Comprising the Architectural Remains of Eleusis, Rhamnus, Sunium, 
 
 and Thoricus. 
 
 40. 
 
 In 4to., with 5 Plates, in boards, Price 10s. &d. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND FITTING UP 
 OF MEETING HOUSES, &c, FOR PUBLIC WORSHIP; 
 
 Illustrated by Plans, Sections, and Descriptions, including one erected in the Citv of York ; embracing, 
 in particular, the METHOD of WARMING and VENTILATING. 
 
 By Mr. ALEXANDER, of York. 
 
 \* This work is quoted and recommended by Tredr/old in his work on a similar subject. 
 
 41. 
 
 In small 8vo., for a Pocket-Book. A New Edition, with the Government Tables of Annuities. 
 
 Price 7s. boards. 
 
 TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, 
 
 Freehold, Copyhold, or Leasehold, Annuities, &c, and for the Renewing of Leases held under Cathedral 
 Churches, Colleges, or other Corporate Bodies, for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; also, for 
 valuing Reversionary Estates, Deferred Annuities, Next Presentations, &c. Together with several 
 useful and interesting Tables connected with the subject. Also, the Five Tables of Compound Interest. 
 
 By W. INWOOD, Architect and Surveyor. 
 42. 
 
 2 vols. 4to., upwards of 70 Plates and Wood-cuts, Price £2. 2s. 
 
 LETTERS OF AN ARCHITECT FROM FRANCE, ITALY, 
 AND GREECE; 
 
 Or, CRITICAL REMARKS on CONTINENTAL ARCHITECTURE, ANCIENT and MODERN, and 
 on the CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE of GREECE. Written in a Series of Letters. 
 
 By JOSEPH WOODS, F.A.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. 
 
 i -m 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 13 
 
 43. 
 
 Royal 4to., with Plates. Price £1. Is. 
 
 PROLUSIONES ARCHITECTONICS ; 
 
 Or, ESSAYS on Subjects connected with GRECIAN and ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated by 
 Forty Engravings by eminent Artists. Dedicated, by permission, to Earl Grey, K.G. 
 
 By WILLIAM WILKINS, A.M., R.A., F.R.S., 
 Formerly a Senior Fellow of Caius College, in the University of Cambridge ; Professor of Architecture 
 
 in the Royal Academy of Arts. 
 
 44. 
 
 THE ARCHITECT AND STUDENT'S OFFICE MANUAL. 
 
 Being a condensation of different Examples of Grecian, Roman, and Gothic Architecture, from the time 
 of Pericles to the reign of Queen Elizabeth, elaborately drawn to a conveniently large scale for im- 
 mediate use and application in all the purposes of reference in the moments of office business. 
 
 The work will consist of about 24 Plates, Atlas folio ; to be published in 3 Parts, Price 7s. 6(1. 
 each ; showing diffused details and modes of construction as used by the ancients and moderns in 
 the erection of their Temples, Domestic Buildings, &c, &c. 
 
 45. 
 
 A new Edition in the Press, 4to., Price £1. Is. Corrected and enlarged. 
 
 THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE. 
 
 Being a complete Book of Lines for Carpentry and Joinery, treating fully on Practical Geometry, 
 Soffits, Brick and Plaster Groins, Niches of every description, Skylights, Lines for Roofs and Domes ; 
 with a great variety of Designs for Roofs, Trussed Girders, Floors, Domes, Bridges, &c. Copper- 
 plates : including some Observations and Calculations on the Strength of Timber. 
 
 By P. NICHOLSON. 
 
 46. 
 
 In the Press, 4th Edition, improved and enlarged, edited by Eaton Hodgkinson, Esq., of Manchester. 
 
 A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON 
 AND OTHER METALS; 
 
 Intended for the Assistance of Engineers, Iron-Masters, Millwrights, Architects, Founders, Smiths, and 
 others engaged in the Construction of Machines, Buildings, &e. Containing Practical Rules, Tables, 
 and Examples, founded on a Series of new Experiments ; with an extensive Table of the Properties of 
 Materials. Illustrated by Eight Plates and several Wood-cuts. 
 
 By THOMAS TREDGOLD, Civil Engineer. 
 47. 
 
 <§ofl)tc ®rri)ttrrh:rc. 
 
 In Imperial 8vo., Price ICs. in extra cloth boards, and lettered. 
 
 A SERIES OF ANCIENT BAPTISMAL FONTS, NORMAN, EARLY 
 ENGLISH, DECORATED ENGLISH, AND PERPENDICULAR 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Drawn by F. SIMPSON, Jun., and Engraved by R. ROBERTS. 
 
 Containing 40 very beautifully engraved Plates, in the best style of the Art, and the Text written by 
 an accomplished and talented Gentleman, whose attainments in Architecture and as an Antiquary are 
 well known and appreciated. 
 
 A few copies on large paper, Price £1. 8s. ; and only three copies India proofs, with Etchings, at £2. 2s. 
 
14 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 48. 
 
 MEMORIALS OF ANCIENT GERMAN GOTHIC 
 ARCHITECTURE; 
 
 Or, the ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF GERMANY. 
 
 By GEORGE MOLLER, of Darmstadt, Architect to the Grand Duke of Hesse. 
 
 2 vols, folio, with 130 Plates, a Description of each Edifice, and an Essay on the Origin and 
 Progress of Gothic Architecture, with reference to its Origin and Progress in England ; in the 
 German Language, accompanied by an English Translation. 
 
 By W. H. LEEDS. 
 
 ' The Transition, or Early German, has not yet, so far 
 as I know, received much distinct attention. Dr. Moller, 
 however, in the course of his valuable Denkmaehler, has 
 recently given us excellent representations of the Cathedral 
 at Limburg, on the Lahn, which is a very admirable speci- 
 men of this kind ; and has noticed the intermediate and 
 transition place which this edifice seems to occupy in the 
 developement of the German style.' — Whewell's Notes on 
 German Churches, p. 25. 
 
 ' Dr. Holler's work (Denkmaehler der Deutschcn Bau- 
 
 kunst) already contains excellent specimens of every style 
 of German buildings, and offers additional interest and 
 beauty in each new number.' — Whewell's Notes on Ger- 
 man Churches, pp. 28, 29. 
 
 4 The Church of St. Catharine, at Oppenheim, near 
 Worms, also in part a ruin, is another fine example of this 
 style, and has been worthily illustrated in the magnificent 
 work of Dr. Moller.' — Whewell's Notes on German 
 Churches, p. 113. 
 
 Several copies of Seventy-two Plates, making Vol. L, have been sold in this country : some copies of 
 the 2nd Vol. to make up these sets can be had for £2. 12*. 6d. 
 
 49. 
 
 8vo., cloth boards, and lettered, Price 8s. 
 THE TEXT OF 
 
 MOLLER'S GERMAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 Translated. With Notes and Illustrations by W. H. LEEDS. 
 Separate from the folio. 
 
 50. 
 
 ©rnamrnte. 
 GRECIAN ORNAMENTS. 
 
 A SERIES of EXAMPLES, in 21 Plates, of GRECIAN ORNAMENT, in royal folio, very finely 
 Engraved from Drawings made by the most celebrated Architects. Price 15s. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE WORK. 
 
 Details of the Ceiling of the Propylaea, at Eleusis. 
 Order of the Antae of the Inner Vestibules, at Eleusis. 
 Capital of the Antae at large, at Eleusis. 
 Fragments found at Eleusis. 
 
 Tiles and other Details of the Temple of Diana Propyltea, 
 at Eleusis. 
 
 Capitals and Profile of the Temple of Nemesis, at Rhamnus. 
 
 Ornamental Moulding, Jambs, Mouldings of Interior Cor- 
 nice, the Painted Mouldings of the Panels of the Lacu- 
 nasia, &c, &c, of the Temple of Nemesis, at Rhamnus. 
 
 Details of the Roof, Tiling, &c., of the Temple of Nemesis, 
 at Rhamnus. 
 
 The Chairs and Sepulchral Bas-reliefs found in the Cella of 
 
 the Temple of Themis, at Rhamnus. 
 Athenian Sepulchral Marbles, Capitals, and Triglyphs, at 
 
 Delos. 
 
 Entablature of the Order of the Peristyle and Roof, Orna- 
 ments, &c., of the Temple of Apollo Epicurus, at Bassae. 
 
 Details of Sculptured and Painted Shafts of Columns of the 
 Subterraneous Chamber, at Mycenae. 
 
 Restored Elevation to the Entrance of the Subterraneous 
 Chambers at Mycenae, commonly called the Treasury of 
 Atreus. 
 
 Marble Stele, in the possession of Mr. Gropius, at Athens. 
 Terracotta Antefixa, at Athens, and Marble Fragments 
 from Delphi. 
 
 Pilaster Capitals from Stratonice and Halicarnassus. 
 Fragments from Halicarnassus, Teos, and Temple of 
 
 Apollo, at Branchydae, near Mdetus. 
 Entasis of the Columns of the Portico of the Propylaea. 
 
 of the North Wing of the Propylaea. 
 
 of the Temple of Theseus. 
 
 of the Temple of Minerva, or Parthenon. 
 
 of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. 
 
 of the Columns of the North Portico of the Triple 
 
 Temple, termed the Erechtheum. 
 
 ■ of the Columns of the East Portico of that Temple. 
 
 of the Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, at /Tigina. 
 
 of the Columns of the Pronaos of the same 
 
 Temple. 
 
 This work is very desirable for Sculptors, Modellers, Masons, (in designing for Monuments, Tombs, 
 Tablets, &c.,) Builders, and Architects. Those who possess the Dilettanti work of the Unedited 
 Antiquities of Attica, and the Supplementary Volume of Antiquities of Greece, Sicily, &c, will not need 
 this work, as the subjects are selected from them. 
 
 Mr 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 15 
 
 51. 
 
 Cutnir 8rri)ttrrturc. 
 
 In folio size, Price £1. Is. in boards. 
 
 BRIDGEN'S INTERIOR DECORATIONS, DETAILS, AND VIEWS 
 OF SEFTON CHURCH, IN LANCASHIRE. 
 
 Erected by the Molineux family (the ancestors of the present Earl of Sefton), in the early part of the 
 
 reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 The Plates (34 in number) display the beautiful Style of the Tudor Age in Details, Ornaments, 
 Sections, and Views. Etched in a masterly style of Art. 
 
 52. 
 
 Royal folio size, bound, Price 15s. 
 
 MECHANICAL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, AND ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 DRAWING BOOK. 
 
 A Series of Instructive Lessons for Architectural, Engineering, and Mechanical 
 Drawing, in 30 large folio Engravings of recently constructed Works in England, with explanatory 
 details, sectional parts, &c, with their dimensions ; selected as an elementary and practical introduc- 
 tion to the professional student in the commencement of his career ; also recommendatory for tuition 
 at the Architectural and Engineering Classes at King's College, London, College for Civil Engineers, 
 Durham College, Glasgow College, and the various scientific Schools throughout the United Kingdom. 
 
 FURNITURE AND INTERIOR DECORATIONS. 
 
 53. 
 
 Royal 4to., Price £1. Is. 
 
 CHIPPENDALE'S 133 DESIGNS OF 
 INTERIOR DECORATIONS IN THE OLD 
 FRENCH STYLES, for Carvers, Cabinet- 
 Makers, Ornamental Painters, Brass-Workers, 
 Modellers, Chasers, Silversmiths, General De- 
 signers, and Architects. Fifty Plates 4to., con- 
 sisting of Hall, Glass, and Picture-Frames, 
 Chimney-Pieces, Stands for China, &c, Clock 
 and Watch Cases, Girandoles, Brackets, Grates, 
 Lanterns, Ornamental Furniture, and Ceilings. 
 
 54. 
 
 15 Plates, 4to., Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF THE CELEBRATED 
 ORNAMENTS and INTERIOR DECORA- 
 TIONS of the AGE of LOUIS XIV., selected 
 from the magnificent work of Meissonnier. 
 
 55. 
 
 Price 15s. 18 Plates, on folio demy. 
 SHOP FRONTS AND EXTERIOR 
 DOORS, 
 
 Displaying the most approved of London execu- 
 tion, and selected as being those of the best taste 
 and greatest variety ; drawn to a scale by accurate 
 measurement, accompanied by the proper Sections 
 and Plans, with several New Practical Designs : 
 for the use of the Architect, Builder, and Joiner. 
 By T. KING. 
 
 56. 
 
 11 Plates, 4to., Price 7s. 
 
 CHIPPENDALE'S DESIGNS for 
 Sconces, Chimney and Looking-Glass Frames, 
 in the old French style : adapted for Carvers 
 and Gilders, Cabinet-Makers, Modellers, &c. 
 
 57. 
 
 In large folio, 12G Plates, boards, Price £4. 4s. 
 
 ETCHINGS, representing the BEST 
 EXAMPLES of ANCIENT ORNAMENTAL 
 ARCHITECTURE, drawn from the Originals 
 in Rome. FRAGMENTS of GRECIAN OR- 
 NAMENT. By C. H. TATHAM, Architect. 
 
 58. 
 
 On 33 folio Plates, engraved in imitation of 
 Chalk Drawings, Price 15s. 
 
 ORNAMENTS DISPLAYED, on a full 
 size for working, proper for all Carvers, Painters, 
 &c., containing a variety of Accurate Examples 
 of Foliage and Friezes. 
 
 59. 
 
 3 Parts, Price £1. 10s. 
 WORKING ORNAMENTS AND 
 FORMS, 
 
 Full size, for the use of the Cabinet Manufacturer, 
 &c, &c. 
 By T. KING. 
 
16 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE. 
 
 important SHorfes on Cngmrmng;, 
 
 60. 
 
 TREDGOLD ON THE STEAM ENGINE 
 AND ON STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 These very valuable volumes, comprising 125 elaborately engraved Plates, are, in Sections, Elevations, 
 Plans, Details, &c, of the highest utility to the Engineer and Student, to Manufacturers of Marine, 
 Locomotive, and Land Engines ; — the science of Steam Engine making being explained by the most 
 eminent practical men of Britain. In 2 vols. 4to., and the Plates in folio, price .-64. 4.?., entitled 
 
 THE STEAM ENGINE; 
 
 Comprising an account of its invention and progressive improvement, with an investigation of its 
 principles, and the proportions of its parts for efficiency and strength ; detailing also its 
 application to Navigation, Mining, Impelling Machines, &c, and the Result in numerous Tables 
 for Practical Use, with Notes, Corrections, and New Examples, relating to Locomotive and other Engines. 
 
 The algebraic parts transformed into easy practical Rules, accompanied by Examples familiarly 
 explained for the Working Engineer, by Mr. Woolhouse ; with an ample 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 Containing, besides a vast acquisition of Practical Papers, an Elementary and Practical Description 
 of Locomotive Engines now in use, illustrated by Examples; and the Principles and Practice of Steam, 
 lor the purposes of Navigation either in Rivers or at Sea ; showing its present and progressive state, by 
 illustration of the various Examples of Engines constructed for Sea, War, and Packet Vessels, and River 
 Boats, by the most eminent Makers of England and Scotland, drawn out in Plans, Elevations, Sections, 
 and Details, with a Scientific Account of each, and on 
 
 STEAM NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, 
 Showing, by existing and the latest Examples, the Construction of War, Sea, and Packet Vessels : their 
 Naval Architecture, as applied to the Impelling Power of Steam for Sea and River purposes. This 
 portion of the work is edited by several very eminent Ship Builders — 
 
 OLIVER LANG, Esq., of H. M. Dockyard, W'oolwieh. 
 
 J. FINCHAM, Esq., H. M. Dockvard, Chatham. 
 
 T. J. DITCHBURN, Esq., Blackwall. 
 
 The new subjects in this edition consist of the works of 
 
 Messrs. Boulton and Watt. William Morgan, Esq. 
 
 The Butterley Company. Messrs. Hall, Dartford. 
 
 Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, and Field. Edward Bury, Esq., Liverpool. 
 
 Messrs. Seaward. Messrs. Hague. 
 
 Robert Napier, Esq., Glasgow. Messrs. Claude, Girdwoord, and Co. 
 
 Messrs. Fairbairn and Murray. Messrs. R. Stephenson and Co., Newcastle upon Tyne. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Isometrical projection of a rectangular steam boiler. 20. Side elevation and cross section of a steam carriage. 
 
 2. Two sections of a cylindrical steam boiler. 21. Kingston's valves. 
 
 3. Brunton's apparatus for feeding furnaces by machinery. blow-off valves. 
 
 4. High pressure engine with four-passaged cock. injection valves. 
 
 5. Section of a double acting condensing engine for work- hand pump valves. 
 
 ing expansively. 22. Boilers of Her Majesty's steam vessel African. 
 
 6. Section of a common atmospheric engine. 23. Boilers of Her Majesty's steam frigate Medea. 
 ". Represents the construction of pistons. 24. Paddle Wheels of Morgan and Seaward. 
 
 8. Parts of Fenton anil Murray's double engine. 25. Positions of a float of a radiating wheel, and also of a 
 9- Apparatus for opening and closing steam passages. vertical acting wheel, in a vessel in motion. 
 
 10 (A.) 10 (B.) Parallel motions or combinations used to 26. Cycloidal paddle wheel fitted to the Great Western, 
 
 produce rectilinear motion from motion in a circular arc. 2", 28. Illustrate Captain Oliver's steaming and sailing. 
 
 11. Plan and elevation of an atmospheric pumping engine 29. Exhibits the various situations of a trial at sailing of 
 for raising water from a mine. the Medea, with the Caledonia, Vanguard, and Asia. 
 
 12. Boulton and Watt's single acting engine. 30. Side view of the engines of the Red Rover, and City of 
 
 13. Double acting engine for raising water. Canterbury, steam vessels. 
 
 14. for impelling machinery, by Fen- 31. Longitudinal section of ditto. 
 
 ton, Murray, & Co. 32. Cross section of engines of ditto. 
 
 15. Maudslay's portable engine. 33. Side elevation of the engine of the Nile steam ship. 
 Id. Indicator for measuring the force of steam in the 34. Plan of the engine of the Nile. 
 
 cylinder. 35, 36. Cross sections of engines of the Nile. 
 Diagrams to illustrate the comparative stability of 3/, 38, 39. Engines of Her Majesty's steam frigate Phoenix. 
 
 opposite classes of vessels. 40. Engines of the Ruby Gravesend packet. 
 
 17- Section of a steam vessel with its boiler in two parts. 41. Section of one of the engines of the Don Juan Penin- 
 
 18. Isometrical projection of a steam boat engine as first sula Company's packet. 
 
 arranged by Boulton and Watt. 42. Boilers of Her Majesty's ships Hermes, Spitfire, and 
 
 19. Section and plan of steam boat engine. Firefly. 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 17 
 
 43, 44, 45, 46. Elevation, plan, and two sections of the 
 engines of the armed Russian steam ships Jason and 
 Colchis. 
 
 47, 48. Hall's improvements on steam engines. 
 
 49, 50. Engines of Her Majesty's steam ship Megaera. 
 
 51, 52, 53, 54. Engines of the General Steam Navigation 
 
 Company's William Wilberforce. 
 55 (A.) Longitudinal section of Humphrey's patent marine 
 
 engine. 
 
 55 (B.) Longitudinal elevation of Humphrey's marine 
 
 engine. 
 
 56 (A.) Midship section of the steam packet Dartford, 
 
 showing a front elevation of a pair of Humphrey's 
 engines. 
 
 56 (B). Plan of the engines of the Dartford. 
 
 5", 58, 59. Forty-rive horse power engine, constructed by 
 
 W. Fairbairn and Co. 
 60, 61, 62, 63. Ten-horse power engine, constructed by 
 
 W. Fairbairn and Co. 
 
 64. Elevation of a locomotive engine, Stanhope and Tyne 
 Railway ; constructed by Messrs. R. Stephenson and 
 Co., of Newcastle upon Tyne. 
 
 65. Section of ditto. 
 
 66. Safety valves of ditto. 
 
 67 (A). Cylinder cover and connecting rods of ditto. 
 67 (B). Cylinder and piston at large of ditto. 
 
 68. Plan and section of boiler seating for a twenty-horse 
 engine, at the manufactory of Messrs. Whitworth and 
 Co., Manchester. 
 
 69. Mr. Hague's double acting cylinder, with slides, Sec. 
 
 ' The first publication of Mr. Tredgold's work, 
 on one of the most important mechanical and 
 scientific subjects of our age, was so highly suc- 
 cessful, that, besides being translated into the 
 French and other languages, a new edition was 
 imperatively called for. That call has been an- 
 swered by the present enlarged work, in which 
 have been embodied the progress and improved 
 application of that mighty agent Steam, an in- 
 vestigation of its principles, and a practical view 
 of its uses and effects in steam vessels, steam 
 carriages, and railroads. When we look around 
 us and see the face of the country changed and 
 changing; the expedition of a week compressed 
 into a single day ; the limits of pleasure and of 
 business widely extended among all classes of 
 society ; new wants created, and new wishes 
 gratified ; sedentary easily and readily converted 
 into ambulatory life ; the sphere of city homes, as 
 it were, enlarged by a circle of rural miles ; — 
 when, in fact, we see the prodigious alteration 
 made in our social, statistical, economical, po- 
 litical, national, and international system, by the 
 growing powers of this vast engine, we cannot 
 but consider the effort to offer us a just and com- 
 prehensive account of it to he one of the most me- 
 ritorious within the scope of individual industry, 
 skill, and labour. We, therefore, think the public 
 deeply obliged to Mr. Tredgold, the author, and 
 Mr. Weale, the enteqirising publisher, who must 
 have expended a very large sum on the risk, for 
 the very important volumes now before us. 
 
 ' It is apparent that it is a publication of great 
 magnitude and great worth. Above a hundred 
 plates of steam engines, &c, &c, illustrate its 
 descriptions ; and many wood-cuts serve further 
 to render the contents plain and intelligible to 
 every capacity. Thus the actual operations of 
 such men as Boulton and Watt, Maudslay and 
 Field, Seawards, Napier of Glasgow, and other 
 eminent mechanicians, and, we may add, en- 
 
 70 (A). 70 (B). Sections of the engines of the Berenice 
 East India Company's steam vessel. 
 
 71, 72. Beale's patent rotatory engine. 
 
 73. Mr. Ayre's contrivance for preventing a locomotive 
 engine from running off a railway. 
 
 74 to 83. Relate to the very important subject of all kinds 
 of paddle wheels, with experiments. 
 
 84 to 88. Sixty-five inch cylinder engine, erected by 
 Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, and Field, at Chelsea Water- 
 works. 
 
 89 to 92. Patent locomotive engine, made by Messrs. R. 
 Stephenson and Co. for the London and Birmingham 
 Railway. 
 
 93. Drawings of the Comet, the first steam boat in Europe. 
 
 94. The Pacha's steam vessel of war, the Nile. 
 
 95. 96- The Hon. East India Company's steam vessel 
 Berenice. 
 
 97* Draught of the Forbes steamer, Chinese rigged. 
 
 98. Heme Bay steam packet Red Rover. 
 
 99. Diamond Company's steam packet Ruby. 
 
 100 to 103. Her Majesty's steam vessel of war Medea. 
 
 104 to 107. Construction of the Nile steam ship, built for 
 
 the Pacha of Egypt. 
 108, 109, 110. His Imperial Majesty's armed steam vessel 
 
 Colchis. 
 
 111. 111 (A). Engines of the steam ship Tiger. 
 
 112. The Admiralty yacht Firebrand. 
 
 113. Portrait of the late Mr. Watt. 
 
 114. Portrait of the late Mr. Tredgold. 
 
 115. 117, 118. Illustrate steam navigation in America. 
 
 lightened philosophers as well as experienced 
 artisans, are explained to us, and set before our 
 eyes so as to be palpable to the understanding. 
 In the same way the locomotives of the Messrs. 
 Stephenson, of Newcastle, the construction of 
 the elegant Government steam boats of Mr. Lang, 
 of Woolwich, and Mr. Fincham, of Chatham, (ves- 
 sels it is a delight to notice as we pass up or 
 down the river,) are rendered familiar to us ; and 
 we care little to vex ourselves about hypothetical 
 improvements and untried experiments. We have 
 witnessed so many pseudo certain and undeniable 
 inventions fail, that we have become rather scep- 
 tical when we hear of patents that are to supersede 
 all that has been done before, or listen to the dic- 
 tatorial laws of people whom we have known to 
 be more frequently wrong than right. We are 
 glad to observe, however, that in this new edition 
 most of the errors of the former have been cor- 
 rected ; and what questionable statements or 
 mistakes may remain are not such as to impeach 
 the vast utility of the publication. 
 
 ' The Appendix, indeed, is deserving of much 
 praise. The rules of practice are well expounded, 
 and the mathematical calculations, remodified into 
 simple arithmetic, are excellent for the purpose of 
 enabling the working man to perform his duty. 
 
 ' Upon the whole, not to dwell upon either real 
 or supposed imperfections, inseparable from a 
 production embracing so vast a number of com- 
 plicated matters — a production treating of things 
 in an almost daily state of partial transition — we 
 feel bound to pronounce this treatise to be a very 
 able and satisfactory exposition of the state of 
 steam navigation and railroad travelling to the 
 present time ; and as such we heartily recommend 
 it to the public at large, both at home and 011 the 
 continent, where its predecessor has hitherto been 
 esteemed a standard work.' — Literary Gazette, 
 August 3, 1839. 
 
IS 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN AVE ALE. 
 
 61. 
 
 STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 Just published, in Atlas folio size, uniform with Telford's works and the Atlas copies to Tredgold, 
 
 Price £1. 12s. 
 
 APPENDIX A. and B. to the NEW EDITION OF TREDGOLD 
 ON THE STEAM ENGINE. 
 
 With Text in 4to. 
 
 CONTENTS OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Iron Steam Yacht Glow-worm, constructed by 
 John Laird, Esq., Birkenhead, Liverpool. 
 
 2, 3. Iron Steam Ship Rainbow, belonging to 
 
 the General Steam Navigation Company, 
 draught lines at bottom, fore body to a large 
 scale, by ditto. 
 
 4. Plans of the engines of 90-horse power each, 
 50-inch cylinders, 4-6 stroke, made by G. 
 Forrester and Co., of Liverpool, and fitted on 
 board of the Rainbow. 
 
 5. Side elevation and section of ditto. 
 
 6. Transverse section of ditto. 
 
 7. Draught of the American Armed Steam Ship 
 Fulton. Half the main breadth, 17 feet: 
 distance between the water lines, 2 feet ; fore 
 and after body precisely alike. 
 
 8. Plans of the upper and lower decks of the 
 Admiralty Yacht Firebrand, showing the 
 fittings and conveniences ; drawn by Mr. 
 Lang, of Woolwich. 
 
 9. 10. Plans of the upper and lower decks of 
 the Iron Steam Ship Nevka, constructed for 
 Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia, 
 by Messrs. Fairbairn and Co., of Mill Wall, 
 Poplar. 
 
 Several of these Plates are on large size, and 
 
 11, 12. Draught, section, and lines of bottom of 
 Her Imperial Majesty's Iron Steam Yacht 
 Nevka. 
 
 13. Cross section of ditto, showing engines, con- 
 struction of vessel, and paddles. 
 
 14. Body plan, cross section, and saloon ; showing 
 joinings, fittings, and decorations. 
 
 15. Mr. John Hague's twelve-horse condensing 
 engine, in operation at the Arsenal of Wool- 
 wich ; elevation, with dimensions of parts 
 and references. 
 
 16. Longitudinal section, ditto, ditto. 
 
 17. Plan, ditto, ditto. 
 
 18. Section, showing boiler, &c, ditto. 
 
 19. End section, showing furnace, &c, ditto. 
 
 20. 21. Mr. Lang's mode of connecting the stem, 
 
 stern post, and keel together, for any des- 
 cription of vessel ; and Mr. Lang's method of 
 framing the ribs and keels of Steam Vessels, 
 with a plan of timbers expanded, sectional 
 parts, with dimensions. 
 22. Chapman's draught lines of bottom, fore and 
 aft bodies ; and Mr. Whitelaw's, of Glasgow, 
 new contrivances in the Steam Engine. 
 
 consequently the more useful to practical men. 
 
 62. 
 
 In extra cloth boards, double lettered, Price 5s. 
 
 TREATISE ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE NAVIGATION 
 
 OF RIVERS, 
 With a New Theory on the Cause of the Existence of Bars. 
 By WILLIAM ALEXANDER BROOKS, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 63. 
 
 In 8vo., with two large Plates, and a Wood-cut explanatory of the invention, Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE ADAPTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRES- 
 SURE TO THE PURPOSES OF LOCOMOTION ON RAILWAYS. 
 
 By J. D'A. SAMUDA. 
 
 64. 
 
 Second Edition. In 8vo., boards, Price 6s. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND ESSAYS. 
 
 By JOHN DALTON, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c, &c. 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 19 
 
 65. 
 
 FLAX MACHINERY. 
 
 Preparing for Publication, an elaborate scientific and explanatory Work on the Machinery for Heckling, 
 Making, and Spinning of Flax, for the many and valuable purposes for which it is used. 
 
 It is intended to publish this Work in 4 Parts, at 7s. 6d. each, in small Atlas folio size. 
 
 66. 
 
 In 2 Vols., very neatly half-bound in morocco or russia, gilt tops, Price £5. 5s. 
 TREDGOLD ON THE STEAM ENGINE AND ON STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 67. 
 
 In 2 Vols., elegantly bound in russia or morocco, gilt leaves, Price £5. 15s. 6d. 
 TREDGOLD ON THE STEAM ENGINE AND ON STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 *£* This work has been selected as a Prize-book by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Colleges in 
 which Engineering Science is taught, and several other Institutions, and by practical Engineers for 
 presents to their Pupils. 
 
 68. 
 
 In 2 Vols., very neatly half-bound in red morocco, gilt tops ; the Text in quarto, and the Plates printed 
 separately on fine Columbier folio paper, Price £7. 7s. 
 
 TREDGOLD ON THE STEAM ENGINE AND ON STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 69. 
 
 The Plates sold separately, on Columbier folio, very neatly half-bound in red morocco, gilt tops, 
 
 Price £5. 5s. 
 
 TREDGOLD ON THE STEAM ENGINE AND ON STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 In many instances purchasers of the work in 2 vols, have also possessed themselves of these 
 Plates in a separate form, not only for practical use and reference, but as a Table-book, to exhibit the 
 splendour of the Steam Machinery of Britain. 
 
 70. 
 
 In 8vo., with 2 Plates, Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE RIVERS MERSEY 
 
 AND IRWELL, 
 
 Between Liverpool and Manchester ; describing the Means of adapting them for the Navigation of Sea- 
 going Vessels. 
 
 By HENRY R. PALMER, F.R.S., Vice-Pres. Inst.C.E. 
 71. 
 
 In 4to. size, with four elaborately engraved Plates, and numerous Wood-cuts of Details, Price £1. Is. 
 
 in cloth boards. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE STEAM ENGINE BY 
 ROBERT STEPHENSON, Esq. 
 
 *%* The above Work is affixed to the publication of the 2nd edition of Tredgold, and has been pub- 
 lished separately for the use of those who desire a perfect knowledge of the Locomotive Engine 
 separate from other Steam Engines. The description is both popular and scientific. The Engravings 
 are large, and are unique examples of mechanical engraving. The wood-cuts, 40 in number, are 
 explanatory of such details of the Engine as cannot be shown in the Elevation, Plan, Cross or Trans- 
 verse Section ; nor so well described in language as by the ocular demonstration of these, intermixed 
 as they are with the descriptive text. It will be found that this extraordinary modern Engine, which 
 owes its present improvements to the Stephensons, is made available to the million by being explained 
 in the plainest language, and divested of mathematical formulae. 
 
20 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 72. 
 
 The Text in 1 large Vol. 8vo., and the Plates, 64 in pumber, in an Atlas folio Vol., cloth hoards, 
 
 Price £2. 5s. 
 
 PRACTICAL ESSAYS ON MILL WORK AND OTHER 
 
 MACHINERY; 
 
 WITH EXAMPLES OF MODERN TOOLS, &c. 
 
 First Published by Robert Buchanan, M.E. ; afterwards improved and edited by Thos. Tredgold, 
 C.E. ; and now re-edited, with the improvements of the present age, 
 
 By GEORGE RENNIE, F.R.S., C.E., &c, &c. 
 
 CONTENTS OF PLATES. 
 
 1 to 19. Consist of Plates of Mill Work and Machinery, 
 published under the superintendence of the late Mr. 
 Tredgold, and now reprinted. 
 
 20. Diagrams of Professor Willis on the teeth of wheels. 
 
 21. Bramah's original slide tool, with slide rest and head 
 in one. 
 
 22. Bramah's lathe for turning spheres — elevation and 
 end view. 
 
 23. Plan of do. 
 
 24. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, & Co.'s great boring lathe. 
 
 25. ■ ■ face turning lathe. 
 
 26. Mr. F. Lewis's foot lathe. 
 
 27- large boring lathe. 
 
 28. Messrs. Rennie's gun boring lathe. 
 
 29. Hicks's radial drilling machine. 
 
 30. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s wall side drilling 
 machine. 
 
 31. ■ ■ double pillar drill. 
 
 32. small foot drill and hand drill. 
 
 33. Mr. F. Lewis's upright drilling and boring machine. 
 33 (A). Ditto, ditto. 
 
 34. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s key grooving 
 machine. 
 
 35. Messrs. Sharp and Roberts' slotting machine. 
 
 36. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s machine for cut- 
 ting key grooves in wheels. 
 
 37. for cutting slots in cranks. 
 
 37 (A). Mr. F. Lewis's slotting and paring machine. 
 
 38. Fox's screw cutting machine. 
 
 38 (A). Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s large screw 
 
 cutting machine. 
 38 (B). Hicks's bolt screwing machine. 
 
 39. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s self acting nut 
 cutting machine. 
 
 40. Mr. F. Lewis's machine for cutting the teeth of small 
 metal wheels. 
 
 40 (A). large metal wheels. 
 
 41. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s machine for cut- 
 ting teeth of wooden models. 
 
 41 (A). M. Cave's machine for cutting teeth of wooden 
 
 and iron models 
 
 42. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s vertical boring 
 machine. 
 
 43. ■ — ■ — large ditto. 
 
 44. Hicks's boring machine. 
 
 45. M. Nicholas Forg's planing machine. 
 
 46. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s millwrights' 
 planing machine. 
 
 47. Ditto, ditto. 
 
 47 (A). Hicks's planing machine. 
 47 (B). Ditto, ditto. 
 
 48. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s plate cutting and 
 punching machine. 
 
 49. Messrs. Fairbairn and Co.'s plate bending, also Messrs. 
 N. G. and Co.'s plate cutting, machines. 
 
 50. punching machine ; also Hicks's 
 
 expanding ring. 
 
 51. Messrs. Maudslay and Field's punching machine. 
 
 52. Ditto, ditto. 
 
 52 (A). M. Cave's punching machine. 
 
 53. Messrs. Fairbairn and Co.'s riveting machine. 
 
 54. Messrs. Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co.'s double face 
 grinding machine. 
 
 Making altogether 64 Plates. 
 
 73. 
 
 In 8vo., Price 7*. 
 
 DE L'INFLUENCE DES CHEMINS DE FER, ET DE L'ART DE 
 LES TRACER ET DE LES CONSTRUIRE. 
 
 Par SEGUIN AINE. Paris. 
 
 74. 
 
 In 24mo., extra cloth boards and lettered, for the pocket, Price 1.5. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF A 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE; 
 In the Station, on the Road, and in cases of Accident. 
 By CHARLES HUTTON GREGORY, Civil Engineer. 
 
 75. 
 
 In 8vo., Vol. 1. Parts I. and II., and Vol. 2. Part I., with Plates, Price £1. 11*. 6d., in boards. 
 
 A NEW SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 By JOHN DALTON, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c, &c. 
 
ENGINEERING. 21 
 
 76. 
 
 Text in Royal 8vo., and Plates in Atlas folio, Price 15s. 
 
 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF MODERN TOOLS AND OTHER 
 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 Being a Supplementary Volume to Mr. Rennie's Edition of Buchanan ' On Mill Work and other 
 
 Machinery,' by Tredgold. 
 
 The Work consists of 20 Plates elaborately drawn and engraved, and are the works of 
 
 Messrs. Maclea and Marsh, Leeds; Messrs. Whitworth and Co., Manchester; &c. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 1. Large slide lathe — side elevation. 10. Planing machine, to plane both ways — side elevation. 
 
 2. Gantry, saddle, compound rest, and face plates for II. Small fluting machine and lathe — side elevation, 
 large lathe — details. 12. Small fluting machine — plan and details. 
 
 3. Screwing machine — plan. 13. Screwing machine — end elevation and details. 
 
 4. Screwing machine — side elevation. 14, 15. Front and side views of Messrs. Whitworth and 
 
 5. Machine to cut nuts — plan and details. Co.'s, of Manchester, improved planing machine, with 
 
 6. Machine to cut nuts — side and end elevation. double cutting tools, &c, for large work. 
 
 ". Fluting machine — plan and side elevation. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Several new machines of Messrs. Whit- 
 
 8. Fluting machine — end elevation and details. worth and Co., of Manchester, Mr. Lewis, &c. 
 
 9. Planing machine, to plane both ways — end elevation. 
 
 77. 
 
 In folio size, an effective Print for framing, Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 THE IRON BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER TRENT, NEAR 
 
 SAWLEY, 
 On the Line of the Midland Counties Railway. 
 
 Designed by CHARLES VIGNOLES, Esq., C.E., and drawn on stone by G. HAWKINS, Jun., 
 from a drawing made by Mr. Charles Lewsey, of the Butterley Company. 
 
 Cast and erected in the year 1839 by the Butterley Company, and published by their permission. 
 
 78. 
 
 Large folio size, Price 4s. 6d. 
 
 TELFORD'S CAST IRON BRIDGE, CALLED THE GALTON 
 
 BRIDGE 
 
 Erected over the new Line of the Birmingham Canal at Smethwick, in the county of Stafford. 
 
 Drawn by R. BRIDGENS. 
 Cast and erected by the Horsley Iron Works Company. 
 
 79. 
 
 8vo. with 19 Plates, in boards, Price 9s. 
 
 AN HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 MODE OF SUPPLYING LONDON WITH WATER; 
 
 And a particular Account of the different Companies so engaged, with an Exposition of the Attempts to 
 adopt other Modes ; together with an Account of the Contrivances for supplying Cities in different 
 Ages and Countries. 
 
 Bv the late WILLIAM MATTHEWS. 
 
 80. 
 
 In demy 8vo., numerous Wood-cuts, extra cloth bds., Price 8s. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE BOILERS OF STEAM ENGINES: 
 
 Their Calculation, Construction, and Management, with a view to the saving op fuel. Including 
 Observations on Railway and other Locomotive Engines, Steam Navigation, Smoke Burning, Incrus- 
 tations, Explosions, &c, &c. A New Edition, considerably enlarged and improved. 
 
 By R. ARMSTRONG, Civil Engineer. 
 
at— 
 
 22 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 81. 
 
 In 1 handsomely printed 4to. Vol., with very numerous Plates and Wood-cuts explanatory of the whole 
 system of Gas Manufacture, in extra cloth boards, Price £1. 8s. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE AND 
 DISTRIBUTION OF COAL GAS ; 
 
 Containing explanations of the Chemical Changes which take place during the destructive distillation 
 of Coal ; Working Drawings and Experiments upon different kinds of Retorts, in which the best 
 methods of treating the Coal are considered, with a view to make them practically useful to the Gas 
 Engineer ; Working Drawings and Explanations of Retort Houses, Chimneys, &c, calculated for the 
 reception of any number of Retorts ; Estimates and Examples. 
 
 Working Drawings and Explanations of the different Apparatus used in the Manufacture of Gas ; 
 amongst which are the Condensers, Dry and Wet Lime Purifiers, Wash Vessel, Hydraulic Valves, 
 Station Meter, Gas-holders, Governor, and their Details. 
 
 Also, Rules and Formulae for the calculation of the discharges of Gas from mains of different 
 diameters and lengths, and under different pressures, with Tables of Reference. 
 
 Concluding with Remarks upon the Secondary Products, as Coke, Tar, Ammoniacal Liquor, &c, 
 and the Manufacture of the Carbonate and Muriate of Ammonia. 
 
 By SAMUEL CLEGG, Jun., C.E. 
 
 82. 
 
 22 Plates, large folio, bound, Price £1. Is. 
 
 THE HARBOUR AND PORT OF LONDON, 
 
 SCIENTIFICALLY, COMMERCIALLY, AND HISTORICALLY DESCRIBED ; 
 
 Containing Accounts of the History, Privileges, Functions, and Government thereof; of its Extent, 
 Divisions, and Jurisdictions, Municipal and Commercial ; of its Docks, Piers, Quays, Embankments, 
 Moorings, and other Engineering Works ; Tidal and other Observations, and every other necessary 
 information relative thereto, accompanied by Charts of the Port and its Dependencies, its Shoals and 
 Soundings, surveyed by order of the Port of London Improvement Committee ; Plans of Docks, Gates, 
 Piers, Swivel Bridges, Methods of Mooring Vessels, &c. 
 
 By JAMES ELMES, Architect, Surveyor of the Port of London. 
 
 83. 
 
 Size 7 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 8 inches, Price £2. 12s. M. in sheets ; kept mounted and folded in cases ; 
 also varnished, stretched, and framed in Maple and Rose-wood. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. 
 
 The Splendid Map (made in 8 sheets) of the Line of the Great Western Railway, with the adjacent 
 country, with other Railway communications, compiled and drawn to a large Scale under the direction 
 of J. K. Brunel, Esq., F.R.S., Engineer of the Line. 
 
 By Mr. GEORGE ALFRED JERMYN, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 84. 
 
 9 fine Plates, Price £1. 5s. 
 
 RAILWAY STATIONS. 
 
 FRANCIS THOMPSON'S (Architect) Executed Designs, made by express commission for the Directors 
 of the North-Midland Railway, under the directions of Robert Stephenson, Esq., C.E. 
 
 LIST OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Derby Station. Chesterfield Station. 
 
 Wakefield Station. Clay Cross Station. 
 
 Masboro' Station. Wingfield Station. 
 
 Belper Station. Swinton Station. 
 Elkington Station. 
 
 4 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 23 
 
 85. 
 
 Vol. 4, with 30 Plates and numerous Wood-cuts, in extra cloth boards, Price £1. 8s. 
 
 PAPERS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE DUTIES OF 
 THE CORPS OF ROYAL ENGINEERS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Memoir of the Professional Life of the late Cap- 
 tain Drummond. By Captain Larcom, Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 Letter from Captain George Thomson, E.I.C. En- 
 gineers, to Colonel Pasley, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Memorandum of the Engineer Operations at the 
 taking of Ghuznee, in July, 1839. 
 
 Notes on Brixen and Verona in 1838. By T. K. 
 Staveley, Esq., late Captain Royal Engineers. 
 
 Notes on Shot Furnaces. By Lieutenant Nelson, 
 Royal Engineers. 
 
 A description of a New Steam Apparatus for 
 Drying Gunpowder, recently set up in the 
 Royal Laboratory at Woolwich, as proposed by 
 Lieut. Caffin, of the Royal Artillery. 
 
 Memoranda on Blasting Rock. By Major-Gene- 
 ral Sir J. F. Borgoyne, K.C.B. 
 
 Passage of the Indus by the Bengal portion of 
 the Army of the Indus. By Lieut. H. M. 
 Dtjrand, Bengal Engineers. 
 
 On Lodging Troops in Fortresses at their Alarm 
 Posts. By Lieutenant-Colonel Reid, Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 Memoranda relating to the Well in Fort Regent, 
 Jersey. By Major Harry D. Jones, Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 Notes on the Island of Ascension. By Captain 
 H. R. Brandreth, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Account of the Dam constructed across the Waste 
 Channel at Long Island, on the Rideau Canal, 
 in 1836. By Major Bolton, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Engineer Details. By Lieutenant Nelson, Royal 
 Engineers. For the most part collected at 
 Bermuda between April, 1829, and May, 1833. 
 
 Notices on the New Victualling Establishment at 
 
 Devonport. By Lieut. Nelson, in the absence 
 of Major Wortham, and accompanying the 
 Drawings of the Cast-iron Roofs by the latter. 
 Safety-box for connecting a Locomotive Engine 
 and Tender to the Train. By Samuel B. 
 Howlett, Esq., Chief Draughtsman, Ord- 
 nance. 
 
 Description of a new Weigh-Bridge lately erected 
 in Woolwich Dock-yard. By Lieutenant De- 
 nison, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Description of a single Coffer-dam across the en- 
 trance of the new dock in Woolwich Dock-yard. 
 By Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Notes on injecting Cement or Hydraulic Lime 
 into leaky Joints of Masonry. By Lieutenant 
 Denison, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Notes on the Employment of Sand for Founda- 
 tions in Marshy or Soft Soil. Compiled from 
 an article in the Annales des Pouts et Chaus- 
 sees for the year 1835. 
 
 Description of the Rolling Bridge at Fort Regent, 
 Jersey. 
 
 Description of the Roof of the Chapel of the 
 Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich, showing 
 the failure of the principals, and the mode of 
 restoring them. By Lieutenant Denison, 
 Royal Engineers. 
 
 Description of Wharf Cranes, made by the But- 
 terley Company. Communicated by Joseph 
 Glynn, Esq., F.R.S. 
 
 Description of the Cast-iron Bridge erected over 
 the River Trent, near the confluence of the 
 Trent and Soar, on the line of the Midland 
 Counties Railway, and near the village of Saw- 
 ley, in the county of Derby. 
 
 *»* I have printed several over copies of the Memoir of Captain Drummond, out of respect to his memory, which may 
 he had, gratis, hy any friends of the deceased, or any Officers in the Corps of Royal Engineers ; also by the Officers of the 
 Bengal, Bombay, and Madras Engineers. J. W. 
 
 86. 
 
 Vol. 3, with several Plates, Price £1. 5s. 
 
 PAPERS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE DUTIES OF 
 THE CORPS OF ROYAL ENGINEERS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Memoranda relative to the Lines thrown up to 
 cover Lisbon in 1810. By Colonel John T. 
 Jones, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Memoranda relating to the Defence of Cadiz, and 
 explanatory details of the Position intrenched 
 by the British troops under Lieutenant-General 
 Graham, in 1810. 
 
 Instructions of the Minister of War concerning 
 the Model-towers approved of by Napoleon. 
 Translated by Lieut. Laffan, Royal Engi- 
 neers. 
 
 Report on the Demolition of the Revetments of 
 some of the Old Works at Sheerncss, on Sa- 
 turday the 14th July, 1827. 
 
 Letter from Lieut.-Colonel Robert Thomson to 
 Lieutenant Denison on the subject of Furnaces 
 for heating Shot. 
 
 Memoir on Posen, by T. K. Staveley, Esq., late 
 Captain Royal Engineers. 
 
 Report on Beaufort Bridge. By R. J. Nelson, 
 Lieutenant Royal Engineers. 
 
 Rough Sketch of the Suspension Bridge over the 
 
24 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 Lalm at Nassau. By R. J. Nelson, Lieutenant 
 Royal Engineers. 
 Detailed Description of some of the Works on the 
 Rideau Canal, and of the alterations and im- 
 provements made therein since the opening of 
 the navigation. By Lieutenant Denison, Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 On the mode of Bending Timher adopted in 
 Prussia. By R. J. Nelson, Lieutenant Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 Description of the Coffer-dam used in the Con- 
 struction of the Piers of the Alexandria Aque- 
 duct, being an abstract of a report addressed 
 by Captain Turnbull to Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Abert, and by him submitted to the House of 
 Representatives of the United States. 
 
 Description of the one-arch Wooden-Bridge, of 
 205 feet span, at Paradenia, with an account of 
 the execution of the work and the means em- 
 ployed in throwing it across the river Mahavil- 
 laganga, in the island of Ceylon. By Captain 
 Oldershaw, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Description of a Series of Bridges erected across 
 the river Ottawa, connecting the provinces of 
 Upper and Lower Canada, and especially of a 
 wooden arch of 212 feet span which crossed 
 the main branch of the river. By Lieutenant 
 Denison, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Description of a Barometer that requires no cor- 
 rections either for Zero or for Temperature. 
 By Samuel B. Howlett, Esq., Chief Draughts- 
 man, Ordnance. 
 
 Notes to aid in correcting the operation of ascer- 
 taining the Heights of Mountains by means of 
 Boiling Water ; furnished by Major Ord, Royal 
 Engineers. 
 
 On the Decomposition of Metallic Iron in Salt 
 Water, and of its Reconstruction in a Mineral 
 form. By Lieut.-Col. Reid, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Report on the Effect of Climate on Yorkshire 
 Paving, communicated by Colonel Fanshawe, 
 Royal Engineers. 
 
 Report of Paving Stables at Brighton. 
 
 Experiments tried at Quebec as to the Properties 
 and adhesive qualities of Cements, by order of 
 Colonel Nicolls, Commanding Royal Engineer, 
 dated 17th November, 1834. 
 
 Proof of an Earthenware Pipe for Lieutenant 
 Denison. By Mr. Bramah. 
 
 Description of a Drawbridge on the London and 
 Birmingham Railway, at Weedon. By Captain 
 Jebb, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Table of the Description and Weight of the 
 Packages of various Articles of Traffic. By 
 Major H. D. Jones, Royal Engineers. 
 
 Appendix. — Notes on Lintz. 
 
 87. 
 
 In 8vo., with Engravings and Wood-cuts, cloth bds. extra, Price 12s. 
 
 OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A 
 TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, 
 
 For the Formation of Topographical Plans ; and Instructions for Filling in the Interior Detail, both by 
 Measurement and Sketching ; Military Reconnaissance, Levelling, &c, &c. ; 
 
 With the Explanation and Solution of some of the most useful Problems in Geodesy and Practical 
 Astronomy ; to which are added, a few Formula; and Tables of general utility for facilitating 
 
 their calculation. 
 
 By Captain FROME, Royal Engineers, F.R.A.S., & A.I.C.E. 
 
 88. 
 
 In 1 large and thick royal 8vo. Vol., with several Plates, extra cloth boards, Price £1. 10s. 
 
 PAPERS ON IRON AND STEEL, 
 
 Practical and Experimental, with copious illustrative Notes. 
 By DAVID MUSHET, Esq., 
 Honorary Member of the Geological and the Quebec Literary and Historical Societies ; of the Insti- 
 tution of Civil Engineers of London; Corresponding Member of the Wemerian Natural History 
 Society, Edinburgh. 
 
 89. 
 
 In 4to., with 12 large folding Plates, extra cloth boards, Price 14s. 
 
 A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ESSAY ON OBLIQUE 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 By GEORGE WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
ENGINEERING. 25 
 
 90. 
 
 153 Plates, engraved in the best style of Art, half-bound in morocco, very neat, Price £4. 4*. 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS OF GREAT BRITAIN; 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 Railways, Rails, Chairs, Blocks, Cuttings, Embankments, Tunnels, Oblique Arches, Viaducts, Bridges, 
 Stations, Locomotive Engines, &c. ; Cast-Iron Bridges, Iron and Gas Works, Canals, Lock-gates, 
 Centering, Masonry and Brickwork for Canal Tunnels ; Canal Boats ; the London and Liverpool Docks, 
 Plans and Dimensions, Dock-gates, Walls, Quays, and their Masonry ; Mooring-chains, Plan of the 
 Harbour and Port of London, and other important Engineering Works, with Descriptions and Specifi- 
 cations ; the whole rendered of the utmost utility to the Civil Engineer and to the Student, and as 
 Examples to the Foreign Engineer. 
 
 Edited by F. W. SIMMS, C.E. 
 
 This Work is on an Imperial folio size, the Drawings and Engravings have been executed by eminent 
 Artists, and no expense has been spared in rendering it highly essential for practical use ; also, as 
 an ornamental Volume of important Engineering Works in several Parts of the Kingdom. There 
 are some Plates in the Volume that may be preferred in Colours, viz., the elaborate subject of the 
 Blisworth Cuttings, on the Birmingham Line, 18 Plates, geologically coloured; Glasgow and Gairnkirk 
 Railway Cutting through Moss, geologically coloured, &c. ; making 20 Plates, carefully coloured, 
 and for which an additional £1. Is. is charged. 
 
 The following is a list of the Authors whose works are comprised in the volume. 
 
 Brindley 
 
 Brunei 
 
 Buck 
 
 G. and R. Stephenson 
 
 Hartley 
 Hosking 
 Jessop 
 Landmann 
 
 M'Adam 
 Palmer 
 Rennie 
 Rhodes 
 
 Telford 
 Thomas 
 Tierney Clark 
 Walker. 
 
 91. 
 
 In Imperial 8vo. Second Edition, with Additions. 11 Plates, extra cloth boards, Price 8.s. 
 
 PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF 
 OBLIQUE ARCHES. 
 
 By JAMES HART, Mason. 
 
 92. 
 
 Just ready, a Second, and much enlarged Edition, in royal 8vo. bds., with 11 Charts and a 
 Meteorological Table, Price £1. 4s. 
 
 AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOPE THE LAW OF STORMS, 
 
 By means of Facts arranged according to Place and Time ; and hence to point out a Cause for the 
 VARIABLE WINDS, with the view to practical use in navigation. 
 
 By Lieut.-Colonel W. REID, C.B. and R.E., and Lieut.-Governor of the Bermudas. 
 
 Some copies with the Charts in a separate Atlas form, Price £1. 8s. 
 
 93. 
 
 Royal 8vo., Price 7*. 6d. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FORTIFICATION 
 
 Adopted on the Rhine and Danube, and followed in all the works constructed since the Peace of 1815, 
 in Germany. Illustrated by a copious Memoir on the Fortress of Coblentz, and accompanied by 
 beautiful Plans and Sections of the works of that place. 
 
 By Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. HUMFREY, K.S.F., 
 Formerly of the Royal Artillery and Royal Staff Corps, and late Commanding Engineer to the Corps of 
 Cantabria, Author of several Military Works, &c. Long resident in Germany, where he had oppor- 
 tunities of collecting information from the best sources. 
 
26 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 94. 
 
 In the Press, a new and much improved Edition of the 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 Vol. 1 , Price 30*., extra cloth hds., containing a Portrait of the late President, Thos. Telford, Esq., 
 with 27 finely engraved Plates, and numerous vignette embellishments of Portraits of Engineers and 
 their Works. 
 
 LIST OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Introduction, with illustrations. 
 
 An Account of the Harbour and Docks at King- 
 ston-npon-Hull. By Mr. Timperley, Resident 
 Engineer to the Hull Dock Company. Com- 
 municated by the President, James Walker, 
 Esq., F.R.S., L. & E. 
 
 On the Locks commonly used for River and Canal 
 Navigation. By W. A. Provis, Esq., M.Inst. 
 C.E. 
 
 Improved Canal Lock. By J. Field, Esq., F.R.S., 
 
 V.P. Inst.C.E. 
 On the strain to which Lock Gates are subjected. 
 
 By Peter W. Barlow, Esq., C.E. 
 On the Hot Air Blast. By J. B. Neilson, Esq., 
 
 Cor. M. Inst.C.E. Communicated in a Letter 
 
 to the late President, Thomas Telford, 
 
 Esq. 
 
 On the Relation between the Temperature and 
 
 Elastic Force of Steam, when confined in a 
 
 Boiler containing Water. By John Farey, 
 
 Esq., M.Iust.C.E. 
 On Ventilating and Lighting Tunnels, particularly 
 
 in reference to the one on the Leeds and Selby 
 
 Railway. By J. Walker, Esq. F.R.S., L. & 
 
 E., Pres. Inst.C.E. 
 Particulars of the Construction of the Lary Bridge, 
 
 near Plvmouth. By J. M. Rendel, Esq., Cor. 
 
 M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 An Abstract Account of Coals used in Coke Ovens 
 and Retorts, and Coke produced from One 
 Year's Work at the Ipswich Gas Works. Com- 
 municated by William Cubitt, Esq. F.R.S., 
 &c, V.P. Inst.C.E. 
 
 An Approximative Rule for calculating the Velocity 
 with which a Steam Vessel will be impelled 
 through still Water, by the Exertion of a given 
 amount of Mechanical Power, or forcible Mo- 
 tion, by Marine Steam Engines. Communicated 
 by John Farey, Esq., M.Inst.CTE. 
 
 On the Effective Power of the High Pressure Ex- 
 pansive Condensing Steam Engines commonly 
 in use in Cornish Mines. By T. Wicksteed, 
 Esq., C.E. Communicated in a Letter to the 
 President. 
 
 Description of the Plan of restoring the Archstones 
 of Blackfriars' Bridge. By Mr. James Cooper, 
 A. Inst. C.E. Communicated in a Letter to the 
 Secretary. 
 
 On the Force excited by Hydraulic Pressure in a 
 Bramah Press ; the resisting Power of the Cy- 
 linder, and Rules for computing the Thickness 
 of Metal for Presses of various Powers and Di- 
 mensions. By Peter Barlow, Esq., F.R.S., 
 &c, of the Royal Military Academy. 
 
 An Account of some Experiments on the Expan- 
 sion of Water by Heat. By the late T. Tred- 
 gold, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On procuring supplies of Water for Cities and 
 Towns, by boring. Communicated by John- 
 Seaward, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Some Account of several Sections through the 
 Plastic Clay Formation in the vicinity of London. 
 By William Gravatt, Esq., F.R.S., M.Inst. 
 C.E. 
 
 Some Accounts of Borings for Water in London 
 and its viciuity. By John Donkin, Esq., 
 M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Description of the Method of Roofing in use in 
 the Southern Concan, in the East Indies. By 
 Lieut. Fras. Outram, Bombay Engineers. 
 Communicated in a Letter to the late President, 
 T. Telford, Esq., by Major-Gen. Sir John 
 Malcolm, G.C.B., &c, Governor of Bombay. 
 
 Experiments of the Resistance of Barges moving 
 on Canals. By Henry R. Palmer, Esq., V.P. 
 Inst.C.E. Addressed to the late President, T. 
 Telford, Esq. 
 
 An Elementary Illustration of the Principles of 
 Tension and of the Resistance of Bodies to being 
 torn asunder in the Direction of their length. 
 By the late T. Tredgold, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Details of the Construction of a Stone Bridge 
 erected over the Dora Riparia, near Turin. By 
 Chevalier Mosca, Engineer and Architect to 
 the King of Sardinia, &c, &c. Drawn up and 
 communicated by B. Albano, Esq., A. Inst.C.E. 
 
 Memoir on the use of Cast Iron in Piling, par- 
 ticularly at Brunswick Wharf, Blackwall. By- 
 Mr. Michael A. Borthwick, A. Inst. C.E. 
 
 An Account of the new or Grosvenor Bridge over 
 the River Dee at Chester. 
 
 An Account of some Experiments made in 1823 
 and 1824, for determining the Quantity of Water 
 flowing through different shaped Orifices. By 
 Bryan Donkin, Esq. F.R.A.S., V.P. Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the Changes of Temperature consequent on 
 any Change in the Density of Elastic Fluids, 
 considered especially with leference to Steam. 
 By Thomas Webster, Esq., M.A., of Trinity- 
 College, Cambridge. Communicated by James 
 Simpson, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 A Method of representing by Diagram and Esti- 
 mating the Earthwork in Excavations and Em- 
 bankments. By Mr. John James Waterston, 
 A.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Remarks on Herm Granite. By Frederick C. 
 Lukis, Esq., of Guernsey, in reply to enquiries 
 from the President ; with some experiments 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 made by the latter on the wear of different 
 granites. Communicated by the President. 
 Experiments on the Force required to fracture 
 and crush Stones ; made under the direction of 
 Messrs. Bramah and Sons, for B. Wyatt, 
 
 Esq., Architect. Communicated by William 
 Freeman, Esq., A.Inst.C.E. 
 New Canal Boat Experiments. By John Mac- 
 neill, Esq., M.Inst.C.E., F.R.A.S., M.R.I.A. 
 
 95. 
 
 Vol. 2, Price 28s., extra cloth bds., containing 23 finely engraved Plates. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 LIST OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Account of the Bridge over the Severn, near the 
 Town of Tewkesbury, in the County of Glou- 
 cester, designed by Thomas Telford, and 
 erected under liis superintendence. By Mr. 
 W. Mackenzie, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 A Series of Experiments on different kinds of 
 American Timber. By W. Denison, Esq., Lieut. 
 Royal Engineers, F.R.S., A.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the Application of Steam as a moving Power, 
 considered especially with reference to the 
 economy of Atmospheric and High Pressure 
 Steam. By George Holworthy Palmer, 
 Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Description of Mr. Henry Guy's method of giving 
 a true Spherical Figure to Balls of Metal, Glass, 
 Agate, or hard Substances. Communicated by 
 Bryan Donkin, Esq., V.P.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the expansive action of Steam in some of the 
 Pumping Engines at the Cornish Mines. By 
 William Jory Henwood, Esq., F.G.S., Secre- 
 tary of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 
 H. M. Assay-Master of Tin in the Duchy of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 On the effective power of the High Pressure ex- 
 pansive condensing Engines in use at some of 
 the Cornish Mines. By Thomas Wicksteed, 
 Esq., M.Inst.C.E. A letter to the President. 
 
 Description of the Drops used by the Stanhope 
 and Tyne Railroad Company, for the Shipment 
 of Coals at South Shields. By Thomas E. 
 Harrison, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the Principle and Construction of Railways 
 of continuous bearings. By John Reynolds, 
 Esq., A.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Wooden Bridge over the River Calder, at Mil-field, 
 
 Yorkshire, designed and erected by William 
 
 Bull, Esq., A.Inst.C.E. 
 A Series of Experiments on the Strength of Cast 
 
 Iron. By the late Francis Bramah, Esq., 
 
 M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On certain Forms of Locomotive Engines. By 
 Edward Woods, Esq. 
 
 Account and Description of Youghal Bridge, de- 
 signed by Alexander Nimmo. By John E. 
 Jones, Esq., A.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the Evaporation of Water from Steam Boilers. 
 By Josiah Parkes, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Account of a Machine for cleaning and deepening 
 small Rivers, in use on the Little Stour River, 
 Kent. By Mr. W. B. Hays, Grad.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Description of the Peqjeudicular Lifts for passing 
 Boats from one Level of Canal to another, as 
 erected on the Grand Western Canal. By 
 James Green, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 On the methods of Illuminating Lighthouses, with 
 a description of a Reciprocating Light. By J. 
 T. Smith, Esq., Captain Madras Engineers, 
 F.R.S., A.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Experiments on the Flow of Water through small 
 Pipes. By W. A. Provis, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 Experiments on the Power of Men. By Joshua 
 Field, Esq., V.P.Inst.C.E., F.R.G.S. 
 
 Particulars of the Construction of the Floating 
 Bridge lately established across the Hamoaze, 
 between Torpoint in the County of Cornwall, 
 and Devonport in Devonshire. By James M. 
 Rendel, Esq., M.Inst.C.E., &c, &c. 
 
 Appendix. — Officers, Members, &c. 
 
 96. 
 
 Handsomely engraved on Steel, (size 1G inches by 10 -J inches,) Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 A CHART OF THE HARBOUR AND PORT OF 
 LONDON, 
 
 Exhibiting the River Thames, and the adjacent Docks from London Bridge to Bugsby's Hole, and 
 including the Greenwich Railway, the Commercial Railway, and the commencement of the Croydon 
 Railway. 
 
 In this Chart the Low-water Mark, Soundings, Shoals, and other important features, arc inserted 
 from the most recent surveys ; and, from the care which has been exercised in indicating correctly the 
 various Wharfs, Dock-yards, Warehouses, and Factories, on each side of the River, it will be found of 
 great utility to all persons engaged in nautical or commercial pursuits. 
 
WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 97. 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 In 2 Parts, Imperial folio, very neatly put together in a portfolio, comprising the following very 
 
 important Works : — 
 
 CONTENTS OF PLATES. 
 
 1 to 13. Philadelphia Gas-works ; comprising 
 elevations of building, roof, details, furnaces, 
 retorts, sections of; gasometers, tanks, and 
 details ; hydraulic main pipes, &c, &c. ; gas 
 meters, washers, &c, &c, &c. 
 
 14. Elevation, section, and plan of the Reservoir 
 Dam across Swatara, Pennsylvania, erected 
 by the Union Canal Company. 
 
 15. Elevation, section, chamber, and plan of the 
 Outlet Locks on the Schuylkill Canal at Ply- 
 mouth, Pennsylvania. 
 
 16. Lock Gates and details of ditto. 
 
 17. Triangulation of the entrance into the Bay of 
 Delaware, exhibiting the exact position of 
 the capes and shoals, with reference to the 
 site of the breakwater. 
 
 18. Map of the Delaware Breakwater, with the 
 detailed topography of Cape Henlopen, with 
 section of Breakwater. 
 
 19. Map of the Philadelphia Water-works. 
 
 20. Ground plan of the northern half of the Phi- 
 ladelpnia Water-works. 
 
 21. Dam, end view r of water-wheel, &c. 
 
 22. Dam, sections of ; pier, &c. 
 
 23. Top view, side view, section, &c, of force 
 pumps. 
 
 24. Improved stop cock, reducing pipe, circular 
 pipe, double and single branch pipe, bevel 
 hub pipe, &c. 
 
 25. Plan of a dam, Sandy and Beaver Canal ; plan 
 of abutment, cross section, gravelling, &c. 
 
 20 and 27. Plan, elevation, and cross section of a 
 lift lock, Sandy and Beaver Canal. 
 
 28. Gate, front view; front view of falling gate, 
 mitre sill, section, &c. 
 
 29, 30. Eastern division, and Sandy and Bea- 
 ver Canal, Ohio, front view ; foundation plan, 
 end view, &c, of abutment. 
 
 31, 32. Plan of the Tye River Dam across 
 James River, James River and Kanawha 
 Canal. 
 
 33. Lock ; plan of eight feet lift for the James 
 River and Kanawha Canal ; plan and sec- 
 tions. 
 
 34, 35. Plan of a wooden lock of eight feet lift, 
 
 James River and Kanawha Canal; several 
 sections. 
 
 36, 37. Plan of Rivanna Aqueduct ; elevations, 
 sections, transverse section, horizontal sec- 
 tion at surface of water, plan of pier abut- 
 ment and wing-walls, &c. 
 
 38. Farm Bridge, James River and Kanawha 
 Canal ; elevation, plan, longitudinal and cross 
 section. 
 
 39, 40. Aqueduct over Byrd Creek, James River 
 
 and Kanawha Canal ; elevation, abutment of 
 wings, horizontal section at surface of w : ater, 
 transverse section, &c. 
 
 Edited bv WILLIAM STRICKLAND, Architect and C.E. 
 EDWARD H. GILL, C.E. 
 HENRY R. CAMPBELL, C.E. 
 
 The Plates are engraved in the best style of art by the Le Keuxs from elaborate drawings made 
 expressly for the work. Care has been taken that each subject contains every dimension necessary to 
 show proportion and parts of construction. 
 
 Price £2 ; and in an 8vo. Vol., Price 6s., or together £2. 6s., 
 
 REPORTS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND ESTIMATES OF PUBLIC 
 WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Explanatory of the Atlas folio of detailed Engravings, elucidating practically these important 
 
 Engineering works. 
 
 98. 
 
 Just published, in 8vo., bound, Price 3*. 6d. 
 
 THE PRACTICE OF MAKING AND REPAIRING ROADS; 
 
 OF CONSTRUCTING FOOTPATHS, FENCING, AND DRAINS ; 
 
 Also a Method of comparing Roads with reference to the Power of Draught required ; with Practical 
 Observations, intended to simplify the mode of Estimating Earth-work in Cuttings and Embankments. 
 
 By THOMAS HUGHES, Esq., Civil Engineer. 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 29 
 
 99. 
 
 €I)e flefri ffi^0rfe an MritSQt JJutRrtncj. 
 
 Vol. 1, royal octavo, in 2 divisions, Price £1. 16s., containing 380 pages of Text and 55 elaborately 
 engraved Plates, with every detail and dimension for practical use, entitled, 
 
 THEORY, PRACTICE, AND ARCHITECTURE OF BRIDGES. 
 
 The THEORY and PAPERS by JAMES HANN, of King's College ; PROFESSOR MOSELEY, M.A., 
 King's College; ROBERT STEVENSON, C.E., Edinburgh; and T. HUGHES, C.E. 
 
 Vol. 2 will consist of a PRACTICAL ENGINEERING and ARCHITECTURAL TREATISE on 
 BRIDGE BUILDING, by WILLIAM HOSKING, F.S.A., 
 Architect and Civil Engineer, with 55 Plates, elaborately engraved. 
 
 The Work will be completed in 2 Vols., to contain 700 pages of Text, and illustrated by 110 En- 
 gravings of examples of Stone, Timber, Iron, Wire, and Suspension Bridges, from Drawings furnished 
 by the principal Engineers of Great Britain and France. 
 
 Vol. 2 is preparing, and is to be published in 6 Parts, at intervals, in the course of the year. Parts 
 7 and 8, or 1 and 2 of Vol. 2, are already out, Price 6s. each. 
 
 *„.* This Work, when completed, will be found to be of a most valuable character, the highest talent 
 having been engaged for the Engravings. 
 
 Atlas copies of the Plates may be had at Christmas next. 
 
 100. 
 
 In 8vo., with several Plates, Price 16s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF TIMBER, CAST IRON, 
 MALLEABLE IRON, AND OTHER MATERIALS, 
 
 With Rules for Application in Architecture, Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. ; with 
 an Appendix on the Powers of Locomotive Engines on Horizontal Planes and Gradients. 
 
 By PETER BARLOW, F.R.S., Sic, Sic 
 
 101. 
 
 In 8vo., upwards of 500 pages, Price 8s. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY INVESTIGATION OF THE THEORY OF 
 
 NUMBERS, 
 
 With its Application to the Indeterminate and Diophantine Analysis, the Analytical and Geometrical 
 Division of the Circle, and several other curious Algebraical and Arithmetical Problems. 
 
 By PETER BARLOW, Esq., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E., and of several other Learned Societies and Academies. 
 
 102. 
 
 Second Edition, with Examples, Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 A SET OF PROJECTING AND PARALLEL RULERS, 
 
 For constructing Working Plans and Drawings in Isometrical and other Modes of Projection. 
 Invented by T. SOPWITH, Esq. 
 
 103. 
 
 8vo. volume, with a folding Plate, Price 5s. 
 
 ON THE SAFETY LAMP, 
 
 For Preventing Explosions in Mines, Houses Lighted by Gas, Spirit Warehouses, or Magazines 
 in Ships, &c. ; with Researches on Flame. 
 
 By SIR HUMPHREY DAVY, Bart. 
 
30 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE. 
 
 104. 
 
 In 8vo., extra cloth boards, with Plates, a Second Edition, with considerable Additions, Price 18*. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES 
 UPON RAILWAYS; 
 
 The construction, the mode of acting, and the effect of Engines in conveying heavy loads ; the means of 
 ascertaining, on a general inspection of the Machine, the velocity with whicli it will draw a given load, 
 and the results it will produce under various circumstances and in different localities ; the proportions 
 which ought to be adopted in the construction of an Engine, to make it answer any intended purpose ; 
 the quantity of fuel and water required, &c. ; with Practical Tables, showing at once the results of the 
 Formulae : founded upon a great many new experiments made on a large scale, in a daily 
 practice on the Liverpool and Manchester, and other Railways, with different Engines and Trains of 
 Carriages. To which is added an Appendix, showing the expense of conveying Goods by means of 
 Locomotives on Railroads. 
 
 By COMTE F. M. G. DE PAMBOUR. 
 
 105. 
 
 In demy 8vo., extra cloth boards, Price 12s. 
 
 THE THEORY OF THE STEAM ENGINE; 
 
 Showing the Inaccuracy of the Methods in use for calculating the Effects or the Proportions of 
 Steam Engines, and supplying a Series of Practical Formula; to determine the Velocity of any Engine 
 with a given Load, the Load for a stated Velocity, the Evaporation for desired Effects, the Horse- 
 power, the useful Effect for a given Consumption of Water or Fuel, the Load, Expansion, and Counter- 
 weight fit for the Production of the Maximum useful Effect, &c. With an Appendix, containing 
 concise Rules for persons not familiar with Algebraic Sigus, and intended to render the use of the 
 Formulae contained in the work perfectly clear and easy. 
 
 By COMTE F. M. G. DE PAMBOUR. 
 
 106. 
 
 At Christmas will be published a New and Extended Edition, with Plates, 8vo. 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 
 OF THE ART OF LEVELLING AND TUNNELLING, 
 
 With Practical Elucidations and Illustrations, and Rules for Making Roads upon the principle of 
 Telford ; together with Mr. Macneill's Instrument for the Estimating of Roads, &c. 
 A work most essential to the Student. 
 
 107. 
 
 Wood-cuts, 8vo., Price 5*. 
 
 SECOND REPORT ON THE LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM 
 
 RAILWAY, 
 
 Founded on an Inspection of, and Experiments made on, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. 
 By PETER BARLOW, Esq., F.R.S., &c, &c. 
 
 108. 
 
 Third Edition. Folio, with a large Atlas of Plates, Price £4. 4s. 
 
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; 
 
 Or, the RUDIMENTS and RULES of SHIP BUILDING: exemplified in a SERIES of DRAUGHTS 
 and PLANS ; with Observations tending to the further Improvement of that important Art. Dedicated, 
 by permission, to His late Majesty. 
 
 By MARMADUKE STALKARTT, Naval Architect. 
 
ENGINEERING. 31 
 
 COLONEL PASLEY'S WORKS. 
 
 109. 
 
 In 8vo., a Re-issue of the last edition, Price 8s. 
 
 ESSAY ON THE MILITARY POLICY AND INSTITUTIONS OF 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 110. 
 
 Second Edition, demy 8vo., much enlarged, Price 16s. cloth hoards, (instead of £1. 4s.), 
 
 A COMPLETE COURSE OF PRACTICAL GEOMETRY AND 
 
 PLAN DRAWING; 
 
 Treated on a Principle of peculiar Perspicuity. Adapted either for Classes, or for Self-Instruction. 
 Originally published as the first volume of a Course of Military Instruction. 
 
 111. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo., with Plates and numerous Wood-cuts. 
 
 COURSE OF ELEMENTARY FORTIFICATION. 
 
 112. 
 
 In 8vo., re-issued, at 5s. in boards. 
 Observations on the Expediency and Practicability of Simplifying and Improving 
 
 THE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY 
 
 USED IN THIS COUNTRY, 
 
 Without materially altering the present Standard. 
 
 113. 
 
 Preparing, a New Edition, in demy 8vo., extra cloth boards, numerous Wood-cuts. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON LIMES, CALCAREOUS CEMENTS, 
 MORTARS, STUCCOS, AND CONCRETE, 
 
 AND ON PUZZOLANAS, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ; TOGETHER WITH RULES DEDUCED 
 FROM NUMEROUS EXPERIMENTS FOR MAKING AN ARTIFICIAL WATER CEMENT, 
 
 Equal in Efficiency to the best Natural Cements of England, improperly termed Roman Cements ; and 
 an Abstract of the Opinions of former Authors on the same Subjects. 
 
 114. 
 
 Part L, with several wood-cuts, Price 5s. 
 
 RULES, CHIEFLY DEDUCED FROM EXPERIMENT, FOR CON- 
 DUCTING THE PRACTICAL OPERATIONS OF A SIEGE. 
 
 Originally composed for the Use of the Royal Engineer Establishment at Chatham. 
 
 115. 
 In one vol. 8vo. 
 
 SEVERAL TRACTS ON THE ART OF BUILDING OF ALL KINDS, 
 
 Drawn up and printed with numerous Wood-cuts, as Elementary Principles, besides that of Practice, 
 
 for the Royal Engineers. 
 
 Making together, when collected, 8 vols, of very valuable elementary and practical works. 
 
32 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 116. 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 In Imperial folio, 83 Engravings, with explanatory Text, containing the Specification of the Works as 
 
 executed. 
 
 Edited by F. W. SIMMS, C.E. 
 
 Price £2. 12s. 6d. in half-morocco. — Subjects: 
 
 The London and Birmingham Railway — The Great Western Railway — The South- 
 ampton Railway — The Greenwich Railway — The Croydon Railway — The Birmingham 
 and Bristol Thames Junction Railway — Glasgow and Gairnkirk Railway. In 83 Plates, 
 with Sections, Details, &c. 
 
 LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM RAILWAY. 
 
 1. Frontispiece — London Entrance to the Primrose Hill 
 Tunnel. 
 
 2. Title-page, vignette — Railway Station at Watford. 
 
 3. Chimneys at Camden Town fixed Engine Station. 
 
 4. Entrance to Railway Station at Euston Grove — Vig- 
 nette, page 1 . 
 
 5. Euston Grove Station, ground plan. 
 
 6. Camden Town fixed Engine Station, ground plan. 
 
 7. Iron Roof — Euston Grove Station. 
 
 8. Stanhope Place and Park Street Bridges. 
 
 9. Bridge over the Regent's Canal. 
 
 10. Details of ditto. 
 
 11. London and Birmingham Railway — Harrow in the 
 distance. Vignette, page 17. 
 
 12. London and Birmingham Railway — Watford Tunnel. 
 Vignette, page 28. 
 
 13. Road Bridge over Railway. 
 
 14. Colne Viaduct. 
 
 15. Bridge o\er Excavation south of Watford Tunnel. 
 
 16. Box Moor Oblique Bridge. 
 
 17. North Church and Primrose Hill Tunnels — Cross 
 Sections. 
 
 18. 19. Entrances to ditto — Vignettes, pages 31 and 34. 
 
 20 to 29. Working Section, Blisworth Excavations and 
 Embankments. 
 
 30,31. Undersetting of Rock in Blisworth Cuttings — En- 
 larged Scale. 
 
 32, 33. Plan and Elevation of Retaining Walls, Counter- 
 forts, Inverts, Drains, &c, in the Blisworth Cuttings. 
 
 34, 35. General Plan and Section of the Undersetting of 
 the Rock in the Blisworth Cuttings. 
 
 36, 37. Plan, Elevation, and Section of the West End of 
 the Blisworth Cuttings. 
 
 38 to 47. Plan, Elevations, and Details of the KUsby Tun- 
 nel, Warwickshire. 
 
 48. Method of fixing the Fifty-pound Rails in the 
 Chairs. 
 
 49. Method of fixing the Sixty-five-pound Rails in the 
 Chairs. 
 
 50. Mr. Buck's Railway Chairs. 
 
 51. Plan of Siding or Passing Place. 
 
 52. Plans and Sections of a Twelve-feet Turn Rail. 
 
 53. Plan and Elevation of First Class Carriages. 
 
 great western railway. 
 
 54. Plan and Elevation of the Brent Viaduct. 
 
 55. Sections of the Brent Viaduct. 
 
 56. Transverse Sections of the Brent Viaduct. 
 
 57. Plan and Elevation of Maidenhead Bridge. 
 
 58. Sections of Maidenhead Bridge. 
 
 59. Occupation Bridge over the Railway. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON RAILWAY. 
 
 60. Bridge under Railway. 
 
 61. Plan of ditto. 
 
 62. Occupation Bridge in Embankment. 
 
 63. Occupation Bridge. 
 
 64. Elevation and Details of Earth-work and Timber 
 Waggons. 
 
 GREENWICH RAILWAY. 
 
 65. Oblique Arch over Neckinger Road. 
 
 66. Sections of ditto. 
 
 67. Oblique Arch over Spa Road. 
 
 68. 69. Sections of ditto. 
 
 70. Viaduct of the Greenwich Railway. 
 
 CROYDON RAILWAY. 
 
 71. New Cross Bridge over Railway. 
 
 72. Method of fixing the Permanent Way, 
 
 BIRMINGHAM AND BRISTOL THAMES JUNCTION 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 73. Cast-iron Arch Suspension Bridge over the Paddington 
 Canal and the Railway. 
 
 "4. Railway Gallery under the Canal, &c. 
 
 GLASGOW AND GAIRNKIRK RAILWAY. 
 
 75. Transverse Section at Robroyston Moss. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 76. Comparison of the Transverse Section of numerous 
 Railway Bars. 
 
 77. Comet Locomotive Engine. 
 
 78. Mr. Stephenson's Patent Locomotive Engine. 
 
 79. Railway Waggons. 
 
 80. Flat Rail with Flange. 
 
 81. Rail by Losh, Wilson, and Bell. 
 
 82. Hetton Rail. 
 
 83. Sidings or Passing Places. 
 
 117. 
 
 In 12mo., Price 2s. &d. in boards. 
 
 RULES AND DATA FOR THE STEAM ENGINE, 
 
 BOTH STATIONARY AND LOCOMOTIVE ; 
 
 And for railways, canals, and turnpike roads : being a Synopsis of a Course of Eight Lectures 
 on mechanical philosophy ; illustrative of the most recent modes of Construction, and an Exposition 
 of the Errors to which Patentees and others are liable, from their not being acquainted with the 
 practical departments of Engineering. 
 
 By HENRY ADCOCK, Civil Engineer. 
 
ENGINEERING. 
 
 33 
 
 118. 
 
 4to., with Plates, Price 15s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON RIVERS AND TORRENTS, 
 
 With the METHOD of REGULATING their COURSE and CHANNELS. By Paul Frisi, Member 
 of numerous Academies. To which is added an ESSAY on NAVIGABLE CANALS, by the same. 
 
 Translated by Major-General JOHN GARSTIN. 
 
 119. 
 
 New Edition, 8vo., with 35 Copper-plate Engravings, Price 16s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON ISOMETRICAL DRAWING, 
 
 As Applicable to Geological and Mining Plans, Picturesque Delineations of Ornamental Grounds, Per- 
 spective Views and Working Plans of Buildings and Machinery, and to General Purposes of Civil 
 Engineering; with Details of Improved Methods of preserving Plans and Records of Subterranean 
 Operations in Mining Districts. 
 
 By T. SOPWITH, Esq., M.I.C.E. 
 
 120. 
 
 Three vols, large 4to., numerous fine Plates, Price £3. 3s. 
 
 HISTORY OF MARINE ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 By JAMES CHARNOCK, F.S.A. 
 
 Illustrative of the Naval Architecture of all Nations from the earliest period, particularly British. 
 
 *** Charnock is a work essential to all who study the construction of ships, large and small craft, 
 whether for war, packet, or mercantile purposes. 
 
 121. 
 
 Large Atlas folio, 17 very finely engraved Plates, Price £4. 14s. 6d. — A few copies only of proofs on 
 
 India paper, Price £6. 6s. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGES. 
 
 A SCIENTIFIC and an HISTORICAL and DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT of the SUSPENSION 
 BRIDGE constructed over the MENAI STRAIT, in North Wales ; with a brief Notice of CONWAY 
 BRIDGE. From Designs by and under the direction of Thomas Telford, Esq., F.R.S., L. and E., 
 &c, &c, and Alexander Provis, Esq., Resident Engineer. 
 
 122. 
 
 In 8vo., with two large folding Plates of Sections of Roads, Price 2«. 
 
 MAKING AND REPAIRING ROADS. 
 
 RULES for MAKING and REPAIRING ROADS, as laid down by the late Thomas Telford, Esq., 
 Civil Engineer. Extracted, with additions, from a Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Levelling. 
 
 By F. W. SIMMS, Surveyor and Civil Engineer. 
 123. 
 
 Plan and Elevation on a scale of 10 feet to 1 inch, Price 10s. On India Paper, Price 15s. 
 
 STAINES BRIDGE: 
 
 A fine Engraving by J. H. Le Keux, under the direction of B. Albano, Esq., C.E., from his Drawing 
 presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and made from the Original Drawings and Admeasure- 
 ment, with pennission of George Rennie, Esq., F.R.S., the Engineer. 
 
34 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 124. 
 Price 7*. 
 
 GLADWIN'S FINE ENGRAVING OF THE PATENT SELF- 
 ACTING SLIDE LATHE, 
 
 Manufactured by Messrs. J. Whitworth and Co., Manchester. 
 
 125. 
 Price 5s. 
 
 GLADWIN'S FINE ENGRAVING OF A DRILLING AND 
 BORING MACHINE. 
 
 By Messrs. Whitworth and Co., Manchester. 
 
 126. 
 
 Columbier size, Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 GLADWIN'S ELEVATION OF STEPHENSON'S PATENT 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. 
 
 Printed on hard paper for colouring. 
 
 127. 
 
 Large folio, Price 7s. 
 
 GLADWIN'S SPLENDID ENGRAVING OF STEPHENSON'S 
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 *%* This is a master-piece of Mechanical Engraving, and may be considered unique in its execution. 
 
 128. 
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 GLADWIN'S SPLENDID ENGRAVING OF THE PATENT SELF- 
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 By Messrs. Whitworth and Co., Manchester. 
 
 129. 
 
 Gilt frames and glazed, very neat, Price lis. the pair. 
 
 PORTRAITS FRAMED AND GLAZED FOR AN OFFICE. 
 
 A Pair of Portraits of Geo. Stephenson, Esq., of Newcastle upon Tyne, and Robert Stevenson, Esq., 
 
 of Edinburgh, Civil Engineers. 
 
 130. 
 
 Fine large print, Price 5s. 
 
 SHEER DRAUGHT OF HER MAJESTY'S STEAM SHIP OF 
 
 WAR "MEDEA," 
 
 Built by Oliver Lang, Esq. at Woolwich ; first commanded by Captain H. Austin in the Mediterranean 
 for nearly four years, and since on the North American station by Captain Nott. 
 
ENGINEERING. ENGRAVINGS, &C. 
 
 35 
 
 131. 
 
 Large folio Plate, Price 5s. 
 
 THE "VESTAL" TRINITY YACHT. 
 
 Draught, Bottom, plan of Decks, fore and aft Bodies. Built by Messrs. Curling, Young, and Co. 
 
 272 Tons. 
 
 132. 
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 THE "NILE" STEAM EGYPTIAN SHIP. 
 
 Transverse Sections, showing its construction. Built by Messrs. Fletcher, Fearnell, and Co. 
 
 133. 
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 THE "MONARCH. 
 
 Formerly the Leith and London Steam Packet, now belonging to the General Steam Navigation Com- 
 pany ; consisting of 4 large folio Plates of Draught, Bottom, fore and aft Bodies, Longitudinal Section 
 through, showing Interior Fittings, Berths, State and other Rooms, Machine Boilers, and every con- 
 trivance for comfort and safety. Upper Decks, Lower Decks, &c, with Dimensions. 
 
 134. 
 
 In 8vo., with Wood-cuts, Price Is. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON SINGLE VISION. 
 
 By JOHN THOMAS WOODHOUSE, M.D., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. 
 
 135. 
 
 In 12mo., extra cloth boards, Price 4s. Gr/. 
 
 POPULAR INSTRUCTIONS ON THE CALCULATION OF 
 PROBABILITIES. 
 
 Translated from the French of M. A. QUETELET, with Notes, by RICHARD BEAMISH, Esq., 
 
 C.E., F.R.S., &c. 
 
 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN'S 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 136. Plan of his First Design of St. Paul's, Is. 
 
 137. Elevation and Section of Bow Church, Is. 6d. 
 
 138. Interior of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, Is. 
 
 139. Section of St. James's Church, Piccadilly, Is. 
 
 140. Roof of the Theatre at Oxford, 1*. 
 
 141. Plan for the Rebuilding of the City of London, Is. 
 
 142. Elevation, Plan, and Section of the College of Phy- 
 sicians, London, Is. 6tf. 
 
 143. Elevation of the Tower and Spire of St. Dunstan's 
 in the East, London — Elevation and Section of Chichester 
 Spire, Is. 6d. 
 
 144. 
 
 WESTMINSTER HALL. 
 Section from admeasurement by Mr. George Allan, 
 (Clerk of the Works to Sir Robert Sruirke, Architect to the 
 late Henovation). Very neatly engraved by Mr. Hawks- 
 worth. Folio size, 2s. 6d. 
 
 145. 
 
 SECTION OF ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Original Splendid Engraving by Gwyn, of 
 the Section of St. Paul's Cathedral, decorated 
 agreeably to the original intention of Sir Christopher 
 Wren ; a very fine large Print, showing distinctly the 
 construction of that magnificent Edifice. Price 10s. 
 
 This is a magnificent Plate, the only one of its kind, 
 showing constructively the genius of Sir Christopher Wren. 
 
.36 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WE ALE. 
 
 The following Prints, 8vo. size, are 6d. each; 4to. size, on India paper, Is. each. 
 
 146. Mr. Greenough's Villa. 2. D. Burton. 
 
 147. Catholic Chapel. 2. Newman. 
 
 148. York Stairs' Water Gate. 1. I. Jones. 
 
 149. Somerset House, (Elevations, Interiors, and Views). 
 6. Chambers. 
 
 150. Society of Arts. 1. Adam. 
 
 151. College of Pliysicians. 2. Wren. 
 
 152. Newgate. 1. Dance. 
 
 153. Church of St. Peter le Poor. 1. Gibson. 
 
 154. East India House. 1. Jupp. 
 
 155. Ashburnham House. 2. I. Jones. 
 
 156. Church of St. George. 3. Hawksmoor. 
 
 157. Church of All Souls. 1. Nash. 
 
 158. Westminster Hall. 2. Nash. 
 
 159. Banqueting House. 1. I. Jones. 
 
 160. Mansion House. 1. Dance, &c. 
 
 161. County Fire Office. 1. Abraham. 
 
 162. University Club House. 1. Wilkins and Gandy. 
 
 163. Tower of Bow Church. 1. Wren. 
 
 164. Westminster Abbey Church. 6. Wren. 
 
 165. Hall, Christ's Hospital. 1. Shaw. 
 
 166. Carlton Palace. 5. Sir R. Taylor. 
 
 167. College of Physicians and Union Club House. 2. 
 Sir R. Smirke. 
 
 168. Terraces in the Regent's Park. 2. Nash and D. 
 Burton. 
 
 169. Council Office, &c. 1. Soane. 
 1/0. Bank of England. 3. Soane. 
 
 171. Law Courts, Westminster. 3. Soane. 
 
 172. House of Lords, &c. 3. Soane. 
 
 173. Colosseum, Regent's Park. 1. D. Burton. 
 
 174. Hanover Chapel. 1. Cockerell. 
 
 175. Temple Bar. 1. Wren. 
 
 1/6. House of Mr. Nash, &c. 2. Nash. 
 
 177. Belgrave and Eaton Squares. 2. Nash. 
 
 178. Mr. Kemp's Villa. 2. Kendall. 
 
 1/9. London, Southwark, and Waterloo Bridges. 6. 
 Rennie. 
 
 180. Bridge of Blackfriars. 1. Mylne. 
 
 181. Bridge of Westminster. 2. Labelye. 
 
 182. King's Entrance, House of Lords, Section and In- 
 terior Views. 3. Soane. 
 
 183. Plan and Interiors of St. Stephen's, Walbrook. 2. 
 Wren. 
 
 184. Plan and Interiors of Temple Church. 3. Wren. 
 
 185. Plans, Elevation, and Section of Custom House, 
 London. 2. Laing. 
 
 186. Plan and Elevation of Uxbridge House. Vardy. 
 
 187. Plans, Elevations, Views, and Sections of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. 8. Wren. 
 
 188. Elevations and Sections of St. Martin's Church. 3. 
 Gibbs. 
 
 189. Plan, Section, and Elevation of the Queen's Theatre. 
 2. Nash and Repton. 
 
 190. Plan and Elevation of the Diorama. Pugin and 
 Morgan. 
 
 191. Plan, Elevation, and Interior View of Haymarket 
 Theatre. Nash. 
 
 192. Plan, Side Elevation, and Interior of Westminster 
 Abbey. 2. 
 
 193. Plan, Elevation, Section, and Interior of St. Mary 
 Woolnoth. 2. Hawksmoor. 
 
 194. Plan, Elevation, and Section of St. Philip's, Regent 
 Street. 2. Repton. 
 
 195. Plan and Elevation of Bethlem Hospital. Lewis. 
 
 196. Plan and Elevations of Burlington House. Lord 
 Burlington and Colin Campbell. 
 
 197. Elevation and Sections of St. Bride's Church. 2. 
 Wren. 
 
 198. Interiors of Sir John Soane's House. 2. Soane. 
 199- Plan, Elevation, and Section of St. Paul's, Covent 
 
 Garden. Inigo Jones. 
 
 200. Elevation of the Royal Exchange. 2. Jerman. 
 
 201. Plan and Elevation of the Russell Institution. 
 
 202. Interior of the Mansion of Thos. Hope, Esq. 2. 
 Hope. 
 
 203. Plan, Elevation, and View of the Library of the 
 London Institution. 2. Brooks. 
 
 204. Plan, and Transverse and Longitudinal Sections of 
 King Henry 7th's Chapel. 2. Begun 1502. 
 
 205. Plan, Elevations, Interiors, and Sections of Covent 
 Garden Theatre. 6. Sir Robert Smirke. 
 
 206. Plan and Elevation of Sir John Nash's House. 
 Nash. 
 
 207. Plan and Transverse Section of St. James's, Picca- 
 dilly. Wren. 
 
 208. Interior of Freemasons' Hall. Sandby. 
 
 209. Plan, Elevation, and Sections of St. Luke's Church, 
 Chelsea. 2. Savage. 
 
 210. Elevations, Sections, and Plan of St. Pancras' 
 Church. 3. Inwood. 
 
 211. Plan and Elevation of All Saints Church, Poplar. 
 Hollis. 
 
 212. Elevation and Section of St. Dunstan's in the East. 
 Wren. 
 
 213. Elevation and Section of Bow Church. Wren. 
 
 214. Plan and Elevation of St. Marylebone Church. 
 Hardwicke. 
 
 215. Plan, Sections, and Interior of the Roman Catholic 
 Chapel, Moorfields. 3. Newman. 
 
 216. Plan, and Garden Front of the British Museum 
 (Old). Pouget. 
 
 217. Plan and Elevation of the Horse Guards. Kent. 
 
 218. Plan and Elevation of the Villa of James Burton, 
 Esq. Burton. 
 
 219. View of the East side of Belgrave Square. Basevi. 
 
 220. Plan, View, Sections, and Interiors of Drury Lane 
 Theatre. 6. B. Wyatt. 
 
 221. View of the Interior of the English Opera House. 
 Beazley. 
 
 222. View of the Interior of the Amphitheatre, West- 
 minster Bridge. 
 
 223. View of the Five Elliptical Arch Bridge across the 
 Tweed at Kelso. Constructed by the late John Rennie, 
 Esq., Civil Engineer. Large print, 5s. 
 
 224. View of the Centering of Blackfriars' Bridge, by R. 
 Mylne. Engraved by the celebrated Piranesi. Large 
 print, 4s. 6d. 
 
 225. View of the Progress of the First Arch of New 
 London Bridge, with Centering, l.v. Sd. 
 
 226. View of the Menai Suspension Bridge. By W. A. 
 Pro vis, Esq., C.E., &c. Fine large print, India, 10s. 
 
 227. View of the Cast Iron Bridge across the Galton 
 Canal. By R. liridgens. Large size, 4s. 6rf. India proofs, 6s. 
 
 228. View of Hammersmith Suspension Bridge. Finely 
 engraved, large size, 5s. 
 
 229. Plan and Elevation of Shrewsbury Bridge, Is. 6d. 
 
 230. Mr. Britton's Views of the West Fronts of 14 
 English Cathedrals, folio size, 8s. ; aquatintcd, 10s. 6d. 
 
 231. Mr. Britton's Scries of Picturesque Views of the 
 Interior of 14 Cathedrals, with a Border of Architectural 
 and Sculptural Ornament, folio size, 8s. 
 
 232. Vardy's Perspective View of the Gothic Hall, 
 Hampton Court, finely engraved, folio, 5s. 
 
 233. Mr. Coney's View of the Interior of the Cathedral at 
 Milan, fine large print, 5s. 
 
 234. Geometrical Elevation of the West Front of the 
 
 Cathedral of St. Paul's, London, before the fire ; St. 
 Stephen's, Vienna ; Strasburg, Cologne, the Tower of 
 Mechlin, and the Great Pyramid of Egypt, to one scale, 
 folio print, 5s. 
 
 235. Plan of Westminster Hall and the adjacent Law 
 Courts, Is. 
 
 236. View of the West Front of the Propyla?a at Athens, 
 folio, Is. 6d. 
 
 237. Map of Attica with part of Bceotia, improved from 
 the observations of recent travellers, particularly by Captain 
 Smith, R.N., 2s. &d. 
 
 238. Portraits of Eminent Architects and Engineers, men 
 who have done honour to Britain. Engraved in the best 
 style by superior artists, folio and 4to. sizes, jfl. Is. the 
 Set: 
 
 1. Sir Christopher Wren. 
 
 2. James Stuart. 
 
 3. Nicholas Revett. 
 
 4. Sir William Chambers. 
 
 5. James Watt. 
 
 6. Humphrey Repton. 
 
 7. Thomas Telford. 
 
 8. Thomas Tredgold. 
 
 239. Transverse Section of the Temple of Jupiter Olym- 
 pius at Agrigentum, folio size, Is. 6d. 
 
GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 37 
 
 (Seologp aula ^eocprapfrin 
 
 240. 
 
 Price in sheet, coloured, £1. 10s. Mounted on rollers, or in case for the Library, £2. 2s. 
 
 A LARGE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN 
 
 EUROPE, 
 
 INCLUDING THE BRITISH ISLES, FRANCE, GERMANY, AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRIES. 
 
 Originally compiled by Dr. H. von Dechen (Professor in the Berlin University), with the addition 
 of the most recent information respecting the Geology of the BRITISH ISLES and 
 other Improvements 
 
 By W. HUGHES, F.R.G.S. 
 
 While " Geology," as is correctly observed by Sir John Herschel, " in the magnitude and sublimity 
 of the objects of which it treats, undoubtedly ranks in the scale of the sciences next to Astronomy," 
 it is also that department of learning which has the most direct and practical bearing upon the pursuits 
 of industry. Agriculture, the art of constructing and repairing Roads, Canals, and Wells, Mining, 
 Building, all depend for their successful pursuit upon a due knowledge in those engaged in such 
 operations, and consequently in all those who are in any way (however remotely) interested in them, 
 of the nature of the soils and rocks which constitute the materials to be employed in them, and of 
 the localities in which those most suited for the required ends occur; and upon such a knowledge 
 depends not only the ultimate success or failure of these undertakings, but also a due appreciation of 
 the difficulties to be encountered in them and the expenses to be thereby incurred in their prosecution. 
 The correct register of geological observations thus becomes of paramount importance, not only to 
 professed geologists, but to all who would be considered as well-informed members of society; and 
 hence the value and interest to all such of Geological Maps, which are the most simple and economical 
 registers of geological facts. Geological Maps of such particular countries as have been observed with 
 sufficient accuracy are abundant ; but as the interest attaching to any one portion of history is 
 heightened by viewing its connexion with other portions, and comparing the phenomena which they 
 present in common, or noticing the points in which they differ from one another, — so the value of a 
 knowledge of the geology of any one country is enhanced by its being made a portion, a chapter as 
 it were, of the comparative Geology of other countries, and more particularly of those countries which 
 are united with it by geographical proximity, or by ties of common interest. 
 
 The present Map is based upon the observations of the most eminent British and Foreign Geologists, 
 and includes in a digested form the most recent of their labours. Its size is 35 inches by 26j inches, 
 dimensions which unite to convenience for reference the practicability of a scale sufficiently large to 
 admit of the insertion of all the more important geological and geographical features of the countries 
 delineated. In order to render it as much as possible an exhibition of the Physical Geography as well 
 as the Geology of these countries, the names not only of the larger rivers, but also of their tributaries, 
 as well as of smaller streams, have been inserted ; and particular attention has been given to the 
 correct indication of the numerous small groups and chains which form parts of the mountain- 
 systems of Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. The elevation attained by the higher 
 summits of each of the principal chains is specified in English feet. Exhibiting thus the geographical 
 as well as geological features of the countries represented, the Map is well calculated to form a useful 
 guide in the consideration of the various lines of Railroad which are either constructed or in progress 
 throughout various parts of them. 
 
 The Map is handsomely engraved on steel, and the various geological formations are beautifully 
 coloured in accordance with the system adopted in the most recent works of English geologists of 
 eminence. 
 
38 
 
 WORKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WEALE. 
 
 241. 
 
 A new Edition. One large sheet, very accurately coloured, Price 15*. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLAND, IRELAND, AND 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 An Index Geological Map of the British Isles ; constructed from published documents, communications 
 of eminent Geologists, aud personal investigation. 
 
 By JOHN PHILLIPS, F.R.S., G.S., Professor of Geology in King's College, London. 
 
 Engraved by J. W. Lowry. 
 
 Mounted in a case, Price 18s. ; on black roller, 22s. ; mahogany do., 23s. 6d. 
 
 242. 
 
 The following MAPS, Engraved on Steel, compiled from the most accurate sources, have just been 
 
 published. 
 
 An entire new Map of England, Wales, and Scotland, showing all the Railways open 
 
 and in progress, witli the Stations on the Lines, size 52 inches by 40, plain, on 2 sheets £0 12 
 
 Ditto, ditto, full coloured in Counties . . . . . . . . . .110 
 
 Ditto, ditto, Geologically coloured . . . . . . . . . . .176 
 
 Ditto, coloured in Counties, mounted on linen to fold in a case for the Library, or on rollers 111 6 
 
 Ditto, ditto, Geologically 260 
 
 Ditto, coloured in Counties, and surrounded with a New Statistical and Topographical Chart 
 
 of the United Kingdom 250 
 
 The same Map, with Chart on strainers, in neat black frame and varnished . . .3180 
 The Chart, showing the Statistics and Topography of the United Kingdom, may be had 
 
 mounted on linen to fold, or on rollers, separately 18 
 
 Ditto, ditto, in sheets 0106 
 
 Mahogany Rollers and Varnishing will be charged each 3s. extra. 
 
 243. 
 
 The Official Map and Section of the Brighton Railway, produced under the 
 direction of J. A. Rastrick, Esq., size 33 inches by 19 J, containing the country from 30 
 miles north of the Thames to the English Channel, and from Maidenhead west to 
 
 Chatham east. Price, in 1 large Sheet, coloured 3 
 
 Folded in linen case .............040 
 
 Mounted on linen and folded for the pocket 060 
 
 Mounted on linen, with roll and ledge . . . . . . . . . .056 
 
 Framed and Varnished in neat black frame for the Counting House, &c 12 
 
 244. 
 
 The National Map of England, to be completed in 58 sheets, size of each sheet 20 
 inches by 16. Drawn to a Scale of 3 miles to the inch, and showing all the Railways. 
 
 No. I. containing Middlesex, and a large portion of Hertfordshire, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and 
 
 part of Bucks, plain 010 
 
 Ditto, ditto, coloured 016 
 
 No. II. contains part of Surrey, Kent, and nearly the whole of Sussex, plain . . .010 
 
 Ditto, ditto, coloured 016 
 
 ALSO MAY BE HAD, 
 
 No. I. of the Geological Series of the above, with descriptive matter, and a separate Lidex, 
 
 beautifully coloured 030 
 
 The Geology of the Map has been carefully laid down from the best authorities, and from actual 
 observation, by Mr. Samuel Hughes. 
 
 This Map will be the largest Geological Map published; every sheet is complete in itself. 
 
 245. 
 
 The Environs of London, to the extent of 30 miles from the Post Office, mounted on 
 
 linen for the pocket 026 
 
 This Map will be found the cheapest, and to contain the largest mass of information, yet produced. 
 
GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 39 
 
 246. 
 
 In Royal 4to., Parts I. and II. 
 
 ATLAS OF CONSTRUCTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. 
 
 By W. HUGHES, Esq., F.R.G.S., Professor of Geography in the College for Civil Engineers. 
 
 The importance of Maps in the study of Geography is universally admitted, but rather with a vague 
 idea of their value than with any definite notion of the use to be made of them. The object of the 
 present work is to place before the student of Geography the materials from which he may construct 
 for himself the foundations of geographical knowledge. To effect this, he is required in the first 
 instance to draw Maps representing the general geographical relations which all parts of the globe bear 
 to one another, and afterwards Maps representing the physical and political features of the particular 
 portions of the earth which it may be requisite to study in detail. He will thus impress on his mind a 
 clear conception of the great outlines of Geography, of the relative situation and extent of mountains, 
 plains, seas, rivers, kingdoms, towns, and other geographical features ; and form a system to which 
 those portions of Geography which relate to the moral and political condition of mankind may be at 
 once referred, and classed in their proper order. 
 
 The first portion of this Atlas will be confined strictly to Physical Geography ; — that part of the 
 work comprised under this head will illustrate first the general Physical Geography of the two 
 Continents, and afterwards in succession, in greater detail, that of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, 
 Australasia, and the British Islands. 
 
 Each Map is accompanied by a correspondent blank projection, containing only the parallels and 
 meridians, and on which the student is to draw the Map for himself, not merely copying it from the 
 finished plates, but constructing it step by step, by referring every thing in it to latitude and longitude. 
 
 The descriptive letter-press which accompanies each Map enables the student to do this by a method 
 explained in the work itself, which contains Tables showing the latitude and longitude of the most 
 prominent points on the coast, together with the names of the islands, peninsulas, seas, gulfs or bays, 
 straits, — highlands, mountains, and lowlands, — and of the lakes and rivers, contained in the various 
 parts of the globe, their places in the Map being referred to by means of latitude and longitude. The 
 heights of mountains or table-lands above the sea, the elevation and depth of lakes, the nature and 
 extent of deserts, the mineralogical character and climate of particular parts of the earth, and other 
 information relating to Physical Geography, are also given. These portions of the work, as well as 
 the Maps, have been prepared with the most rigid accuracy, and with reference to the constantly 
 increasing amount of geographical knowledge. 
 
 The portion of the work relating to Physical Geography will be completed in eight Parts, the 
 average price of which will not exceed 2s. Od. per Part. The Maps of the continental divisions of the 
 earth will all be drawn upon the same scale, a plan which has not hitherto been pursued in any Atlas, 
 but which is the only one which can enable a student to acquire correct ideas of the relative magnitude 
 of different countries, and prevent him from confounding the similarity of size in the representation 
 with the actual magnitude of the countries themselves. 
 
 Part I. contains the Eastern Hemisphere, with a blank projection and descriptive letter-press, 
 price 3s. 6d. Part II. the Western - Hemisphere, &c, price 2s. 6d. Part III., containing Europe, 
 &c., will be published on the 1st of August. 
 
 To meet the views of those who may wish to avail themselves of the Maps as Geographical 
 Exercises, without using the descriptive parts of the work, the Maps and Blank Projections are also 
 published separately. These alone will constitute a complete and entirely new Series of 
 
 OUTLINE MAPS, 
 
 Adapted either for the use of Schools or for Private Tuition. No. I., containing the Eastern and 
 Western Hemispheres, with two Blank Projections, has been recently published. No. II., con- 
 taining Europe and Asia, will appear on the 1st of August. To be completed in 5 Numbers, price 
 2s. each. 
 
40 
 
 PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION". 
 
 247. 
 
 To be published in Parts, Price 2s. each, 
 
 HAND-BOOK FOR PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL MAPPING 
 AND ENGINEERING DRAWING: 
 
 To Contain also Designs and Fac-similes of Writing and Printing for Titles and Descriptions of Civil 
 and Mechanical Engineering Drawing. 
 
 By BENJAMIN P. WILME, C.E. 
 
 248. 
 
 THE ELGIN MARBLES. 
 
 To be Published by Subscription, when 100 Names are obtained, 
 
 A NEW EXPLANATION OF THE GREAT COMPOSITIONS 
 
 OF PHIDIAS 
 
 IN THE TWO PEDIMENTS OF THE PARTHENON ON THE ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS, 
 
 Founded upon the Remains of the Statues now in the British Museum, and those which are still upon 
 
 the Temple. 
 
 By the CHEVALIER P. O. BRONDSTED, 
 Conseiller intime de Legation of II. M. the King of Denmark ; Director of the Royal Cabinet of Coins 
 and Medals at Copenhagen, and Member of several Academies. 
 
 The Editors of this work are persuaded that it can scarcely fail to meet with a favourable reception, 
 as well from those classes which are indebted to the genius of ancient Greece, and of Athens in 
 particular, for the best part of their own instruction and refinement, as from the public at large, who 
 pride themselves on the possession of these beautiful relics of Phidias and his school. 
 
 The early appearance of the volume, for the Illustration of which from twenty-five to thirty copper- 
 plate engravings, some of them works of great labour, will be required, must necessarily depend on the 
 success of the Subscription ; but it is confidently expected that it will be published in the course of the 
 present year. 
 
 The letter-press will comprise about fifteen or sixteen sheets of imperial quarto ; and the price to 
 Subscribers will be £3. 10*. No copies will be printed on a larger paper. 
 
 The greater part of the Plates, illustrative of the Book, will be by the hand of Mr. Corbould, a 
 name already celebrated for the drawings and engravings of the Athenian Marbles, in the publications 
 of the Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 PRINTED BY W. HUGHES, KING'S HEAD COURT, GOUGH SQUARE. 
 
/ 
 
 p 
 
134^4- 
 
 THE GETTY CENTER 
 LIBRARY 
 
Hiiiii