Ri 0 ' ■ - . ' A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL OF THE CITY OF LONDON: ITS HISTORY AND ASSOCIATIONS. COMPILED FROM ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, WITH FAC-SIMILE CHARTERS, MAPS, AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS, BY JOHN EDWARD PRICE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Honorary Member of the London and Middlesex Archceological Society; and Honorary Member of the Essex Archceological Society , etc., etc. Prepared by authority of the Corporation of the City of London under the SUPERINTENDENCE OF The LIBRARY COMMITTEE. Dotnfne Dlriije Ulos. Itoniion : BLADES. EAST & BLADES, PRINTERS. 23, ABCHURCH LANE. 1886. PREFACE. At a meeting of the Court of Common Council held on 8th June , 1882 , upon the motion of John Staples, Esq., F.S.A., Alderman , “ It was resolved and ordered that it be referred to the Library Committee to take Plans and Drawings of such portions of the buildings of Guildhall as they may think it desirable to retain for preservation among the Archives of the Corporation A The Committee met on the 20th June , 1882 , to consider the above , when they referred the whole subject to a Deputation consisting of the Chairman, Mr. Alderman Staples, and George Shaw, Esq., to carry out the project. The Deputation employed Mr. Henry Hodge to take the plans and drawings of such buildings as were about to be removed for the erection of the new Council Chamber , and likewise directed him to take drawings and dimensions of such ancient remains of the buildings as might be disclosed in the excavations. This having been done , many interesting matters were brought to light , and there being no authentic history of the building or the alterations which have been made from time to time , it was determined by the Deputation to recommend the Committee to obtain power from the Court of Common Council to publish an Historical Description of the Guildhall. This was agreed upon , and on the 20th December , 1883 , the Library Committee presented a report to the Court , “ Recommending that an Historical Account to supplement such drawings , fyc., be preparedA This being approved it was referred back to the Committee to carry out. The Deputation then applied to John E. Gardner, F.S.A., for permission to make a selection of drawings , <^c., from his unique collection of London Topographical Illustrations , and to this request he readily and liberally assented , and copies of many of his valuable treasures are included in the present volume. The preparation of the various lithographs and facsimiles was entrusted to Mr. W. Griggs. It having been decided subsequently to pull down the Court of Aldermen's Room together with the old Council Chamber , the services of Mr. J. P. Emslie were engaged to make detailed water-colour drawings prior to their demolition. The work having so far advanced , tenders were invited for printing the letterpress , and that of Messrs. Blades, East & Blades was accepted. 11 Honoured by the preparation of the text being entrusted to me, I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to fulfil my task. Dr. Johnson once said that “ the difficulty of the first address on any new occasion is felt by every man in his transactions with the world.” Though written upwards of a century ago, the words are as true now as when their author penned them, and are especially applicable in the present instance. With the exception of what has from time to time been gathered from the pages of John Stow, a History of the Guildhall has never been attempted; consequently to do justice to a subject of such interest, lengthened investigations have been necessary, not alone in the treasures possessed by the Corporation itself but also in those preserved in the British Museum, the Public Record Office, and some of the Libraries at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. This involved a larger amount of time and labour than was at first in any ivay contemplated, which, with other causes , has delayed the completion of the work. A mere architectural description of the building could have been dismissed in a few pages; for since the earliest records of the appearance of the Hall up to that which it now presents the alterations of real importance have been comparatively few, and could be briefly described. The true history of the Guildhall is rather to be traced in the numerous traditions and interesting associations, by which it is connected with the most important Corporation in the world. The stirring episodes, religious, political and social, with which the Hall has been associated for many centuries, clothe it with a far deeper interest than could any mere technical description of its walls, its masonry, painted glass, and sculpture with which it is adorned. To prepare an exhaustive history , or one that would do full justice to the subject would involve a lengthened investigation of the civic records; these, happily, are well preserved and very numerous, the Letter Books, Journals and Repertories, ranging from the 13th century to the present time, to say nothing of the vast amount of valuable and curious information hidden in the Rolls of the Hustings Court. But the author of such a work , however industrious he might be, would require years to properly fulfil his task, and even then he could but add contributions to history, to be followed and completed by his successors. John Stow must be his model, who collected and accumulated as much as time and energy would allow, ever sensible of faults and deficiencies ; but at the same time conscious that materials were being gained by which future students would be guided to sources previously not thought of, or unknown. One other cause of delay in the issue of the work, and one deeply to be regretted, is that when the book was on the eve of completion, a disastrous fire occurred at the printing works of Messrs. Blades, East & Blades, by which the whole of what had iii been already ‘printed, together with some manuscript , was entirely destroyed. This accident unfortunately rendered it necessary for a part of the work to be re-written, and the whole of the illustrations to be re-engraved. In recognising the services rendered by numerous friends during the progress of the work I am sensible that I shall overlook many who have volunteered and rendered useful help. The Lord Mayor , John Staples, Esq., F.S.A., has from the first taken the warmest interest in its progress; for the ever ready and practical assistance of George Shaw, Esq., I shall always feel deeply grateful; to W. H. Overall, F.S.A., the Librarian, my best thanks are due for valuable assistance and advice rendered by him from the beginning, as well as for the care and attention he has bestowed upon it generally. I am also much indebted to Alfred White, F.S.A., an authority on the history of early buildings; to the Vice Chancellor of the University of Oxford; to the authorities at the Bodleian Library , and those of the University at Cambridge; to the Rev. R. H. Clutterbuck, M.A.; to the Hon. Harold Dillon, F.S.A.; to George Scharf, F.S.A.; to Edward William Brabrook, F.S.A., and many others. To conclude, I cannot do better than quote an extract from some recent sensible remarks made by a public writer , but with whose name I am unacquainted. “ It may be hoped,” he says , “ that our great City rejoicing in its admirable administration, one not of mushroom growth but of gradual development, making in each particular stage from time to time progress and improvement, icill continue to retain the charmed life which it has for so many centuries enjoyed, and be proof as there is every reason to hope it may be, against the envious attacks of those who have ventured to assail it and its many time-honoured and revered traditionsThere would even seem to be a sense of sorrow and contrition, if we may use the term, in the remarks made by Sir William Harcourt upon the introduction of the abandoned Municipal Bill of last year. While introducing the measure of so-called reform, he could not refrain from making some kind of apology for the existence of so wide spread a sentiment. “ The extinction” said he, “ of the Corporation of London would be a great shock to the sentiment of this country and the sentiment of this House . There are no traditions more illustrious than those which cluster around the Guildhall . I should be as adverse to destroying the Guildhall, as to destroying Westminster Hall or the Abbey I 27, Bedford Place, Russell Square, September, 1886. JOHN EDWARD PRICE. A CONTENTS PAGE Introduction. 3 Survival of Municipal Institutions. 7 The Mayoralty. 9 Ward Divisions.14 Parishes. 22 The Guilds.24 Gilda Mercatoria.28 The Dutch Guildhall.32 The Steelyard.32 The Guildhall.33 Guildhall, A.D. 1326 48 Enlargement of the Hall, a.d. 1411 -. 48 The Kitchen and Offices.63 The Roof. 66 The Porch.70 Interior of the Hall.73 Portraits of the Judges.77 Statuary.79 Windows.85 Gog and Magog.89 The Eastern Crypt.95 Bosses in Crypt.97 Western Crypt.- - -102 The Chapel.- 110 Library.126 The Chapel.- 130 Blackwell Hall - -.143 Lord Mayor.156 Aldermen. --164 Aldermen’s Court.- - - - - 166 Common Council.- -167 Council Chamber - - -.- 171 New Council Chamber.- -176 Chamberlain’s Court.- 177 Town Clerk. ------ - - 183 Comptroller.185 Receptions and Entertainments.185 Lord Mayor’s Show.- - - - - 196 State and other Trials.- - - - 205 Great Fire of 1666 . 212 Lotteries.- - -.224 Orphans’ Court. 226 New Library.228 Museum.234 Excavations for the site of the New Council Chamber ------ 253 Appendix.-.257 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Measurement of the Lands of St. Paul’s within the City of London, circa 12th century - - - - 16 From the Cartulary of Oseney Abbey, in the Archives of the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford, circa 1275. 35 Plan of Wards and Parishes in which the Guildhall is situated, 1885 .39 Appointment for life by Robert, Abbot of St. Salvius and St. Guinguaheus of Montreuil, and the Convent thereof, to John De St. Laurence, Clerk, to the Church of St. Laurence in London, a.d. 1182-1201 - 40 Prospect of Guild-Hall.45 The Prospect of Guildhall, 1755. 46 Wyngaerde’s View of London, circa 1550 (section showing the Guildhall).59 Agas’s View of London, circa 1560 (section showing the Guildhall).59 Hollar’s View of London, 1647 (section showing the Guildhall).60 Plan of the Guildhall and its surroundings about 1750 . 63 View of the East end of Guildhall and the old Library.69 Statues formerly on the outside of Guildhall, taken in 1783, by John Carter ------ 71 South View of the Entrance to Guildhall, by John Carter.72 Guildhall, Entrance to the different Courts of Law, by R. B. Schnebbelie.74 Yiew of the Interior of Guildhall.75 The Inside of Guildhall - -- --. 77 Beckford’s Monument.-.81 Guildhall, Ground Plan of, 1884 - - - " -.95 The Crypt of Guildhall.96 Bosses, Eastern Crypt.98 Gerard’s Hall Crypt, by F. Mackenzie - - -.109 Exterior Yiew of the Guildhall Chapel, by R. B. Schnebbelie, 1815.110 Pedigree of the Frowykes.117 Interior Yiew of the Guildhall Chapel, by R. B. Schnebbelie.133 Ground Plan of Guildhall Chapel, by R. B. Schnebbelie, 1819 - - - -.142 West Front of Guildhall Chapel, by J. C. Buckler.143 West Yiew of Guildhall Chapel and Blackwell Hall, by J. C. Buckler, 1820 . 144 Blackwell Hall, by G. Shepherd, 1819.146 Great Court of Blackwell Hall, by J. Hash.- - - 147 South East Yiew of the Guildhall Chapel and Blackwell Hall, by J. C. Buckler, 1820 - - - 148 North Side of Guildhall Chapel, by J. C. Buckler, 1820 . 149 Statues from the Front of Guildhall Chapel. ------ - 150 Statue of King Edward YI, from the Guildhall Chapel - - -.155 The Aldermen’s Court Room, by J. P. Emslie - -- --.164 The Ceiling of the Aldermen’s Court Room, by J. P. Emslie.166 Common Council Chamber, 1808 173 Common Council Chamber, 1884, by J. P. Emslie ---.- , - 174 New Council Chamber - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 176 State Ball in the Guildhall, 1851.190 London Actually Surveyed by John Ogilby, 1677 (a section showing the Ground Plan of Guildhall) - - 211 Drawing the State Lottery in Guildhall, 1763 - - -.224 Exterior Yiew of the Library and Museum --.228 Guildhall, North Side, by H. Hodge.250 Area Under Chamberlain’s Court, by H. Hodge -.252 Doorways, Guildhall.253 LL >s< THE GUILDHALL OF THE CITY OF LONDON: ITS HISTORY AND ASSOCIATIONS. Gloucester. “ Go after, after, Cousin Buckingham The Mayor towards Guildhall hies him in all post; There at yoiu’ meetest vantage of the time Infer the bastardy of Edward’s children ; Tell them how Edward put to death a citizen Only for saying he would make his son ‘ Heir to the Crown.’ Meaning indeed his house, Which, by the sign thereof, was termed so.” Buckingham. “ .... Towards three or four o’clock Look for the news that the Guildhall affords.” —Richard III (Shakespeare). BPHIt is iii the stirring language above quoted that our national dramatist refers |$3 Sx| to the existence of an important building within the precincts of the City, the historical description of which is attempted in the present work. Strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true that while there is no public edifice that for so many centuries has been more identified with the fortunes of the City than has its Guildhall, 1 yet there is no existing structure, ecclesiastical or civil, which appears to have received so little attention at the hands of the antiquarian enquirer. Associated it has been in one way or another with almost every occurrence of importance belonging to the history of this country, whether such be related to Royalty, Politics, Law, Commerce, or Public Ceremonial,—and whether we contemplate its connection 1 A singular error with respect to the first mention of Guildhall appears in what is in many respects a work of considerable ability. In the “ History of the Boroughs and Municipal Corporations of the United Kingdom,” by Henry A. Merewether, Barrister-at-Law (and subsequently Town Clerk), and A. J. Stephens, F.R.S., Barrister-at- Law, we read, “ It is a common opinion that the possession of a Guildhall is, in some undefined manner, proof of the existence of a Corporation, but no one has condescended to reduce this proposition into any tangible shape or to point out in what manner these two things are connected ; but like many other erroneous suppositions of the kind it is left to support itself. A contrary position can easily be established by historical and documentary proof: thus we have incontrovertibly established that there were no Municipal Corporations at the period of which we are now writing—and yet Dover has a Guildhall recorded in Doomsday. On the other hand, the City of London continued without one until this reign, Henry VI ” (1410). A 2 Introduction. 4 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. with the incident chronicled by Shakespeare, with the sometimes turbulent gatherings, or at others, gorgeous pageants of the Middle Ages, the trials of Lady Jane Grey, her ill-fated husband and the aged Cranmer, with others to be noted, onwards to the peaceful and influential meetings of our own time,—the edifice is one which with the citizens of London must ever command an interest unsurpassed by any other of their public buildings. That so little should have been written respecting it is singular, but the explanation is probably to be sought for in the circumstance that there is so little accessible literature existing concerning it; indeed, with the exception of the information collected by that enthusiastic and ever-to-be-remembered lover of London history, John Stow, there is scarcely anything on record, for the references and descriptions recorded in our modern histories have in one form or another been principally taken from his work ; and even he, when we consider that he had full access to the archives of the Corporation, would seem to have made but slight use of the privilege he enjoyed. To fully appreciate the historical interest of the Guildhall and its surroundings, it is necessary to devote a brief consideration to the origin and development of that municipal life which has made the City what it is ; and to study a little the history of our country and its capital, at a period not only prior to the investigations of Stow and other writers, but of one long anterior to the existence of the City archives themselves. London, as a great mercantile centre, has enjoyed a career differing in many ways from almost all the large towns and cities of this country—its history is all but unique, its origin is well known, and the antiquity and manner of its foundation has, of late years, been made clear by the patient study and investigation pursued by more than one of the leading antiquaries of our day. The dignified position, which it has ever lield, as the capital of this country, and its vast and continued increase in wealth and importance, point to a condition unmatched and unequalled by any other of our municipal towns. Mr. Loftie, in his recent history, 1 remarks that London is not the capital of England, but if it be not, it would be difficult to point out which city is. As long since as the days of Cornelius Tacitus 2 London was “ most celebrated for its merchants and trade,” 3 and it was sufficiently populous in the first century, the period of which the historian writes, to contribute no mean number to the 70,000 citizens and others who were slain in the reis-n of Nero in the insurrection under the British Queen Boadicea. If Rome be the capital City of Italy, Londinium would take the same position in Britain. If otherwise, we should hardly find so many of the great roads constructed in this country during the Imperial rule terminating at the walls of London; for no less than nine out of sixteen of the various routes extend from the metropolis to different places in the south of Britain. Its gradual advance, moreover, as the centre and focus of trade and commerce is indicated at a later period. It is mentioned as Londinium in the fourth century, and still later, viz., in the reign of Valentinian, it becomes dignified with the additional 1 “A History of London,” by W. J. Loftie, F.S.A., vol. i, p. 76. 2 “At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter liostes Londinium perrexit cognoinento quidern Colonise non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum rnaxime celebre.”—“ Taciti Annalimn,” lib. 14, c. 83. 3 This extraordinary pre-eminence of London was sufficient even in the twelfth century to call forth the admiration of the Norman chronicler. Eitzstephen, who must in his day have been familiar with the many changes which led up to the Norman Conquest, thus speaks of the commercial greatness of the city : “ To this city, from every nation under heaven, merchants bring their commodities by sea.” HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 5 title of Augusta, York meanwhile representing to a great extent the home of regal power, the seat of Imperial Government and rule. Under the title of Augusta, London is referred to in the “ Notitia,” (a document descriptive of Britain, which was compiled at the close of the Roman occupation), as the actual seat of the Imperial Treasury for all Britain. In this document two officials are referred to, both of whom were subject and subordinate to the official government at Rome ; one as an Accountant-General, who is styled “The Rational of the sums of all Britain” (Britanniarum), and the other “ The Provost of the Treasures of Augusta in Britain.” London was thus an Imperial City, and one enjoying the rights, laws and institutions which it was customary to grant to other of the colonies and municipalities founded by the Empire. At the time when Britain became a Roman Province the management of the country was delegated to an official who was known as the Pnetor or Proprcetor; his position, as far as we can gather from inscriptions and other records, was that of a Governor, Ambassador, or Vice-General of the Emperor, in other words, a “ Legatus Augusti.” The first who ruled in Britain was Aulus Plautius, who accompanied Claudius at the time of his expedition, and there are monuments extant which refer to his successors and to the Emperors in whose reign they, lived. There is little doubt that this official resided in London, from the circumstance of so many tiles having been discovered in City excavations w r ith letters upon them, such as PRB. LON., P. BRI. LON., P. PR. LON., &c. These have, and doubtless correctly, been interpreted as referring to the “ Proprietor of Britain at Londinium,” or they may be extended as Presses or Proprcetor Provincice Britanni Londini , but the meaning is practically the same. Within the last few years the extensive works on the site of Leadenhall market led to the discovery of foundations belonging to a building or buildings of the Roman period. These were of vast extent, and covered a considerable area. The thickness of the walls, the style of masonry, and the early character of the work, indicated that the spacious building had belonged—as indeed did the immediate locality—to one of the most important sites connected with Roman London. It is at the part of the City, east of the Walbrook, that the remains of the early settlement are in abundance, and it is here that the great evidence exists of this district being the first that was settled and populated by the Roman colonists, the western extension of the City being gradual and associated with a later time. In one portion of the foundations referred to, there appeared a mass of brickwork, with no stone, but composed entirely of red tiles, a rare circumstance in the construction of Roman buildings in this country; some portion of this interesting piece of work has been enclosed and preserved by the Corporation of London, as an interesting memorial of the discoveries. In that removed, several tiles, such as those referred to had been worked in, a proof that the building was associated with the Imperial Government, and the inference is, that here was the residence of the Praetor, or Governor, of the time; this is the more probable from the fact of the site of Leadenhall having always been the property of the Corporation, and it is further recorded that in early times the building itself was occasionally used as a Court of Justice. There is mention of this in the Civic records 1 as early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, and at the close of the year 1326. At the time of the flight of Edward II, the Commons of London met at Leadenhall when making terms with the Constable of the Tower. Liber de Antiq. Legibus,” fol. Gl. French Chronicle of London.” Translation, p. 2G4. 6 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. In addition to the headquarters of the Roman governors being situate in the City, it may he inferred that in common with other Colonics, municipia, or prefectures , or under whatever name such organisations were described, the City possessed a jurisdiction of its own, apart from the authority of the superior power. The present mayoralty, the Aldermen and the Sheriffs, may in their official capacity trace a descent from the settled institutions of Rome, and find the prototypes of their various duties in those at one time exercised and practised by the prefectus urbi , and the curiciles and decuriones of the Italian cities. The prefect was a magistrate ; he was custodian of the City ; he regulated, more¬ over, the laws in connection with the markets and trade ; he had the superintendence of the various arrangements necessary to the protection of the inhabitants, and as a guardian of the peace he kept up an establishment of Milites stationary the precursors of our modern police, officials originally instituted by Augustus, and a force which is said to have supplied the germ of the English Hundred and Tithing, two territorial institutions connected with oiu country which up to the time of William IV are said to have supplied the police for the respective counties. The prefectus , moreover, was, as with our own Lord Mayor, the medium through which the monarch held communication with the citizens of his capital. In later times his authority became extended ; the term of office was sometimes for several years, at times for life ; after the time of Valerian a new prefect was appointed every year. With ourselves a similar position has existed. Our mayoralty, under such a designation, appears to have been first inaugurated in the year 1189. Henry Fitz-Alwyn, 1 or Ailwin, was elected to the office and continued to hold it for an uninterrupted period of twenty - four years, but in the year 1592 a decree was made that no individual should act as Lord Mayor of London for more than one year. In the survival of Roman institutions, modified and changed as years went on, we trace the analogy between our Bailiffs and Aldermen, and the Duumvirs and Decurions of old, as they in their turn resembled the official Consul and Senate. The Duumvir continued in office for a year, had insignia and fasces, the forerunner, doubtless, of our civic maces. 2 3 He was elected by the magistrates at their own peril, they being responsible for the election at the proper time, though nominated by the 1 Henry, the son of Alwyn, or rather Fitz-Alwyn de Londone Stane, was re-elected to the office from year to year from 1189 to 1212 respectively. This celebrated man, for such he must have been to have enjoyed such popularity and favour among his brethren for the space of twenty-four years, is claimed by the Company of Drapers as a member of their Guild. This has been sometimes discredited by modern historians, but the traditions of the Company point to the accuracy of the statement. I am informed by W. P. Sawyer, Esq., Clerk to the Company, who has recently collected some highly interesting facts in connection with its history, that “they possess a certificate by William Camden, Clarencieux King of Arms, certifying the Arms borne by Henry Fitz Alwin, Mayor 1189-1212, and that he was a member of the Drapers 1 Company.” It has been noted by Mr. Loftie that there is no evidence of the separation between the Drapers or Pannarii from the Gissores, or tailors, prior to the year 1299, when the records of the tailors commence. [“ History of London,” by W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.,' p. 170.] Mr. Sawyer, however, qnotes a reference which is worthy of credence, to the effect that the “ Gilda Pannariorum, whereof John Maur was Alderman, was among the Adulterine Guilds amerced in the year 1180, viz., 27 Henry II.” 3 “ The privilege of having gold or silver maces earned before the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London was not granted until the reign of Edward III, and there is no doubt that we owe the existence of this municipal privilege to our Norman sovereigns. But in representing the authority of the central government, it undoubtedly carries us back, by analogy at all events, to the Roman municipal constitution, which was so elaborate in its ceremonial detail. We may have borrowed the mace from France, as we did the word by which it is known (French masse, Latin mated), but we were quite ready to receive its symbolism and to make it fit in with the general system surrounding it, and, as a matter of fact, the older system is represented not by the mace, but by the sword and the dragon. The latter the late Mr. Coote has identified as Roman, at least as the war standard of the West Saxons, and the former was equally of Roman origin, representing the old criminal jurisdiction of the municipalities. See “Index of Municipal Offices,” by G. L. Gomme, F.S.A., p. 18. Also Coote’s “Romans of Britain,” pp. 432, 433. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 7 voice and suffrages of the people ; they were to be elected two or three months before they assumed the responsibilities of office. Once elected, they were liable to punishment if they refused to take the burden of office upon them. With respect to the analogies between the Municipal Corporations of the Roman towns and the Roman Senate, it was acknowledged by the ancients themselves. One of the Emperors refers to them in certain of his laws, styling them “ the heart of the cities and the sinews of the Republic.” 1 In the third century, viz., in the year a.d. 250, there were no less than fifty-nine cities in Roman Britain : this is an illustration of the progress made by Imperial colonisa¬ tion. At the time when the occupation ceased and the independence of Britain had been proclaimed by Honorius they were probably many more, and it must be borne in mind that these municipalities had been founded and consolidated in accordance with unvarying law and custom. Their institutions and the responsibilities and obligations of their citizens were based and settled on a system common alike to London and to Rome, and that these should, after a growth and development extending over four hundred years, be eradicated and effaced by the withdrawal of the Roman legions and the first shocks of barbaric invasion, is an opinion fallacious in the extreme. The descendants of the colonists were enabled to retain their lands, their religion, the rights and privileges which they had enjoyed and still were able to exercise their capacity for government, trade and commerce. There is evidence to this effect—that even in the twelfth century the citizens so far from admitting that their rights and privileges were due to William the Conqueror, attributed them to the early settlement of their City, which they even associated with the first foundation of Rome. 2 That the municipal institutions involved in Corporations of Roman origin survived and outlived the Saxon conquests is further corroborated by an important illustration of what took place in the neighbouring province of Gaul, a district which in so many ways provides us with analogies to our own. In Gaul their succession appears to have been uninterrupted—the Roman feeling, its past influence, and the impress of its power is indelibly fixed upon the proceedings of successive centuries. Mons. M. Raynouard has shown the existence in the ninth century of a monument in France which affords such evidence as would seem to be conclusive. It is of the year 804 and of the closing reign of Charlemagne. So important is it that the writer introduces it to notice with the following forcible observation: “ Un monument precieux, qui demontre que les formes du droit municipal etablies par les romaines continuaient d’etre observees dans le neuvieme siecle.” “ Devant le venerable Ulfred, defenseur, et toute la curie d’Angers, Agambert a dit. Je vous prie, honorable defenseur, et vous officiers publics, d’ordonner qu’on m’ouvre les registres, je demande l’insertion d’un titre aux actes municipaux.” L’insertion alien dans les formes accoutumees. Le defenseur poursuit, “ Quand l’acte aura ete inscrit par nous et souscrit par les curiales, ou vous le livrera authentique, selon la coutume.” “Here,” says our author, is “une autorite tres-precise, tres-decisive.” A further 1 “ Sigonius de jure Italico,” lib. 2, c. 8. See also prefix to Tlieodosian Code, lib. 12, tit. 1 ; Gibbons’ “ Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” vol. iii, p. 456. 2 Et dicebant cives Lundonienses fuisse quietos de tkeloneo in omni foro et semper et ubique. Per totam Angliam, a tempore quo Roma prima fundatur fait, et civitatem Lundonise eodem tempore fundatiun .—Josceline de Brakelonde , p. 56. Survival of Municipal Institutions. 8 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. illustration, if one be needed, occurs among the articles of the Council held at Arles in the year 813, the last year in the reign of Charlemagne. This particular article is to enable the magistrates and others to employ even violence or other stringent means necessary for ensuring the rights and well-being of the poorer classes, and it says, “ c Si quelqu un veut vendre ou aclieter un domaine, il doit le faire devant le comte, les juges et les nobles de la cite.’ Ces judges ne sont-ce pas les eclievins ? Ces nobles, ne sont-ce pas les curiales, les magistrats du corpo municipal?” 1 2 The official here referred to as the Defenseur is a descendant of the Defensor civitatis of old. It was this official who, in the early munici¬ palities, at times took precedence of the Duumvirs and other of the Civic functionaries. Up to the reign of Constantine he obtained office through election by the Decurions* and the suffrages of the City generally, but this Emperor authorised an ordinance for the repression of certain abuses in this country by which the City, through its representative, could, if necessary, be protected against the oppression of the autocratical power of the Presses or chief Governor of the Province, under the title of “Defensor.” We have no inscriptions on record which point to the presence of this official in Roman Britain ; but in the existence of this ordinance and in the analogies existing between the municipal institutions of our country, and those preserved in the sister provinces in Gaul, we have sufficient for the purpose. Associated with details of law and government there was, however, an official who is met with at the disruption of the Empire, viz., the Comes Civitatis. At this period there was a species of interregnum in the country ; for a time it possessed no recognised chief or governor in connection with Rome. With the withdrawal of military rule, the towns and cities of Britain were left to a great extent to develop for themselves those institutions which it had taken so long to create and foster. To quote an edict issued by the Emperor Honorius in the early part of the fifth century, “They were monished to protect themselves.” 3 A provisional officer was, in consequence, appointed in each town, and invested with such authority as would enable him to act in all matters connected with the interest of the City and the population generally; he it was who is stvled the Comes Civitatis , and his presence and the importance of his position was at once recognised by the Saxons as one which it was desirable to retain. The office was not abolished; it is only in name that we discern the change. In place of Comes we have Ealdorman , and it is naturally under this Teutonic rendering that we see the survival and continuance of a position which, as might be expected, subsequently became soon filled by Anglo-Saxon officials. As the acting representative in the City, William the 1 “ Histoire du Droit Municipal en France ” par M. Raynouard, tome premiere, Paris, 1829, page 327. Cod. Tkeod. xi, tit. 7, 2. 2 Two inscriptions at least may be quoted commemorative of such officials in connection with this country, the first, on a sarcophagus found at York : D. M. FL. YI. BELLATORIS. DEC. COL. EBORACENS VIXIT ANNOS XXYIIII MENS. which may be extended as Dm Manibus Flavii Belkitoris Decurionis Colonm Eborcicensis vixit Annas xxvivii. menses, viz., To the Divine Shades of Flavius Bellator a Decurion of the Eboracensian Colony who lived 29 years. months, etc. The second was discovered at Bath, and refers to a similar official who was connected with Gloucester, the Glevum of the Romans. It reads— DEC. COLONIAE GLEY. VIXIT. AN. LXXXYI. Though the name of the individual has perished, the inscription refers to a venerable Alderman who had evidently journeyed to Bath to test the advantages of its medicinal waters. 3 Zosimus 6, 10. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 9 Conqueror took note of the Portgrave, 1 the first portion of which word relates to the place itself, and the second refers to the presidential authority exercised over it, Grave having the same significance in the Saxon or German tongue as Comes in Latin. The latter designation, familiar in institutions of Norman introduction, refers to no other than the same officer who possessed jurisdiction over a district representing the territorium of Roman origin, and which in Saxon times became associated with him under the Germanic terms “ scyr,” or shire. Under the Saxon organisation the Portgrave , or Portgerefa , was the chief magistrate, and indeed the head of the municipality; and it is the position that he held which subsequently became developed into the mayoralty of Norman times. This word undoubtedly comes from France. The earliest spelling is “ meyres,” or “ meires,” in the vision of Piers Plowman. Sir Thomas More spells it “ Maire,” and Fabyan “ Mayre,” and it is not until the time of Roger Bacon that we find it written “ major ” “ maioralitie,” giving the idea that the word was borrowed from the Latin “ major,” instead of through the French “majeur,” from the Latin accusative “majorem.” 2 It is such an official that is referred to in the oft-quoted Charter granted to the citizens of London by the Conqueror. The late Mr. W. H. Black, F.S.A., 3 who has published a complete transcript of the original, remarks that it is not so much a Charter as one of two Writs of that King in which the Bishop appears as ecclesiastical governor, and the Gerefa or Reeve, as civil governor. It reads “ Willelm Kyng gret Willelm Bisceop , and Gosfredgh Port- refan , and ealle the Burhwaru , binnan Londone Frencise and Englisce, freondlice.” “ I, King William, greet William the Bishop, and Gosfregth the Portreeve , and all the Boroughwaru within London, French and English friendly.” The Burhwaru , or Borough- warn , can refer to no other than the municipal body; for in the Saxon Chronicle, imder the year 1013, an association between such a corporation and that belonging to Oxford, is referred to in a like way. Two years later the Witenagemote , or Saxon Parliament, is called together at the latter place. In the original MS. the words are Seo-Burhwaru in both cases with a singular verb, which, with the prepositive article of the feminine gender, is equivalent to the word “ corporation,” or “ township.” The burgesses, or inhabitants, are so mentioned in the plural number. At the conclusion of this missive from the Conqueror, appear the significant words—“ I certify you that I will that ye be worthy (or rightly possessed) of all those laws, which ye were in King Edward’s day. And I will that each child be his father’s heir,- after his father’s day. And I will not suffer that any man bid (command or threaten) you any wrong. God hold you.” These Burhwaru, or burgesses, to which the King alludes, were naturally of two classes. For example, there would be the representatives of wealth and influence, the proprietors of land, and the descendants of an ancient and powerful race,—one with a long and interesting pedigree. These would be represented by the Barons of the City—in other words, the Court of Aldermen—and the great civic magnates of the time. The other class would comprise the main body of the citizens, also the lineal successors of a mixed and composite community— 1 “ Liber Custumarum,” fol. 187. 8 See “ Index of Municipal Offices,” by G-. L. Gomme, Esq., F.S.A., p. 10. 3 “History and Antiquities of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers,” by W. H. Black, F.S.A., 1871, p. 6. The Mayoralty. n 10 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the multitude, indeed, made up of individuals who were themselves doubtless divided into more or less distinctive classes. Our City, so to speak, was in a sense a “ commune, or “republic,” 1 subject certainly to some authoritative power, but possessing so firm a grasp upon its early rights and privileges, institutions so deeply rooted and secured, that William, one of the most daring and powerful of the ruling princes of his time, saw (politically speaking) the wisdom of showing them respect; and in addition to other concessions which were granted in later times, it is interesting to note that he was enabled to see the advantages which he would derive at the inauguration of his dynasty by conferring on the Londoners a ratification of this most important kind, and one which enabled them to cherish and continue that respect for self-government which they had enjoyed in and before the days of Edward the Confessor. In addition to the officials mentioned in this Writ, others who were associated with Edward’s reign may be referred to, viz.: Wolfgar, with Bishop Alfwar and Swer- man, and the Bishop above-named, who held the See of London from the years 1051 to 1075 ; and prior to this time there is mention of the Kings wic-gerefa in Lundenwic, as noted in the laws of two Kentish Kings of the seventh century, and the port-gerefa who was required to witness mercantile transactions within the port or city by the laws of King Edward the Elder. 2 A further example of the uninterrupted succession of such appointments is to be met with in the history of Oxford: there the jurisdiction of such officials was unaffected by the Norman Conquest. The common pasturage at Port Meadow, together with many other old and recognised privileges, find mention in Doomsday ;—the internal jurisdiction of the classic city is even now practically the same as in these early times. In its ancient deeds and Charters the words “ Port-mole,” a “Gildhall” and a Husting Court are familiar terms. The actual word “Mayor” does not occur until after the Conquest, but it is simply a substitution of words ; the same official was previously known as the “ Port-gerefa ” or “ Port-reeve .” He in early times had been but little more than the nominee of the King; whereas, with later rule, and under a new and more extended title, he became the elected and chosen representative of the citizens themselves. At the same time an official, subject to the authority of the Mayor, and still known as the “ Port-reeve,” was appointed by the Crown until the first year of King John’s accession. It was the latter who conceded the right of election to the citizens, who hereafter and, indeed, up to the present day—have appointed such an officer under the modern name of Sheriff. We have remarked that our Mayoralty is first so mentioned in the year 1189, but the City of Oxford can boast of its chief magistrate being so styled nearly ten years earlier. The words “Maiore Oxon ” occur in a 1 Such was the position in the year 1214 when the first Charter was granted by King John, enabling the Barons of the- City of London to choose their own mayor from among themselves. He was to be a trusty man, discreet and proper. Provided always that when so elected he should be presented nnto his lordship the King, or, in the King’s absence, unto his justiciar, &c.; and, further, that the said citizens shall have well and in peace^h-eely, qmetly, and wholly, all their liberties which they have hitherto enjoyed, as well in the City of London as without 5 and as well by water as by land. [“Liber Albus,” book ii, fol. 416.] Subsequently, there appears a charter of Henry III in which the foregoing is confirmed, with the addition that at the end of the year it shall be lawful for the citizens to remove such mayor and substitute another, if they please, or retain the same mayor, provided, however, that the same be shown to us or unto our justiciar if we shall not be present.” 3 A.D. 901-924. Lambard, 1568, ff. 46 and 47. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 11 curious record associated with Osney Abbey, which belongs to the year 1180, 1 and as this is about the period when the word appears in our own history, it is in all probability of Norman introduction, when the old names of “Port-reeve,” “Provost-reeve,” and other variations, which had been derived from the “Prefectus” of Rome, gave way ; in fact, became superseded by the Norman title. On the Continent, also, we meet with the equivalent to Prefectus in the official recognised as Prefet de Ville in the civil economy of modern France. In his interesting “ History of the City of Oxford,” 2 whence the above is quoted, the Rev. Sir J. Peshall, Bart., remarks that the word Prcepositus signifies a Ruler or Chief Municipal Magistrate in a community. The Provost was to preside at the City Courts, to decide differences relative to trade and merchandise, to take cognisance of the affairs of the constituents, punish delinquents, and to enjoy, in short, much the same privileges as Kings in their Grants or Charters gave, or rather confirmed, in after times. The Provosts of Edinburgh, Paris and Lyons have the same duties to perform at the present day. As a striking illustration of the influence possessed by the Portreeve prior to the institution of the Mayoralty, reference may be made to the position of Gilbert Beket, the father of the celebrated Thomas of Canterbury, who, when speaking of his parentage, was accustomed to boast of his father as a “ citizen living without blame among his fellow citizens.” Gilbert Beket had served the office of Gerefa of London ; he held large property within its walls ; he belonged to the middle class, was a successful man and is said to have neither lent money at interest nor traded professionally, but lived worsliipfully upon the rents of his own lands, and so greatly was he esteemed, that for a long time after his death an annual visit was paid by each chief magistrate elected to the tomb in the Chapel which he had founded at St. Paul’s. 3 At this time, and long before, the burgesses were in many cases large land-owners : a desire to obtain a vested interest in the soil was an inheritance of long standing. The Roman aristocracy, it is true, had a certain contempt of trade and its alliances, but to be a landed proprietor was always an ideal with the gentleman of Rome. If business upon a large scale had been so conducted as to have ensured prosperity, the most respectable investment for surplus profits was looked upon as land, 4 and thus in the purchase of an estate the 1 Note.— Notum sit omnib, quod inter W. Kynthe de Oxon de una parte et fratrem Philip, priorem Monasterii St. Frid, Oxon et ejusd conven et altera; convenit in hunc modum etc in cuj, rei fest, ego Willus, sigillum meum apposui, et quoniam sigilliun meum plurib, est incognitum sigillnm Meliorate Oxon, apponi procuravi. His Test, Petro fil, Toroldi Maiore Oxon, Adam fil. Walter et Alewy Diapero tunc prsepositis etc. (Ex Lib, Osn. penes, iEdi Christi.) There is further a reference to such an official of even earlier date. In Lib. Assiz, written in Norman French, wherein is alleged a clause out of an ancient charter of Oxford, signed H. . . . nisi illi tangat nos ciut Comitem illius Comitcitus, which refers to the time when the City was under the jurisdiction of the Earls of Oxford. A MS. in Wood’s Library supposes him to be Harold. (See Wood’s Hist. Univ., Anno 1198.) 3 Page 339. 3 See “ Liber Albus,” p. 26 ; also Fitzstephen (Dr. Giles’ Edition), p. 183 : “ Civibus Londinte mediastinus, neque feeneratoribus neque officiosis negotiatoribus sed de reditibus suis honorifice viventibus ” ; also “ London and her Election of Stephen,” by Rev. J. R. Green, Archaeological Institute, July, 1866. 4 See Cicero, “ De Officiis,” also “ Archceol. Zeit,” tome xvii, p. 177, 1850. B 2 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. proprietor could ensure an ownership in the soil. The wealthy burgesses of London accordingly had their residence and business in the City, and at the same time gradually accumulated property in the surrounding shire or territorium of Middlesex, leaving their stewards to enjoy the residence and charge of the country house. That this was the practice under the Saxon rule is well known. The established citizens would con¬ tinue their occupation of the large commercial towns, while the German settlers, whose national tastes and habits were averse to the restrictions of a town life, sought residence in the country. As time rolled on, Roman and Teuton naturally became more amal¬ gamated, and the growing connection and association between the two laid the foundations of the present constitution. There can be little doubt that Gilbert Beket was one of a long succession of prosperous and wealthy burghers, who added to the prestige of the City by taking an active and prominent part in municipal matters. Stow 1 gives an interesting list of the Portgraves, Provosts, &c., which includes the names of Henry Cornhill and Richard Fitzreiner, Bailiffs or Sheriffs in 1189, the latter of whom, as we are informed, gave from his estates in Aldermanbury, portion of the land on which the first Guildhall was built. Of this distinguished citizen, we shall have more to say hereafter. The learned Bishop of Chester has remarked in his “Constitutional Plistory” 2 and elsewhere, that during the Norman period, London was governed like a shire, and was a collection of small Communities, Manors, Parishes, Church Sokens and Guilds ; that it contained Manors which descended by inheritance, or were held by Corporate bodies, like the Chapter of St. Paul’s, or the various Guilds ; and that the Lords of such Franchises, the Prelates of the Churches, and even the Aldermen of Guilds, might bear the title of Barons. This latter title, as affixed to the Court of Aldermen, survives in the inscription still extant on the Common Seal of the Corporation. The words are brief but expressive. Sigillum Baronum Londoniarum. The Seal of the Barons of London. It is true that the present Seal belongs to the time of Henry VIII, but the inscrip¬ tion is a survival and of remote antiquity. It encloses a view of the City. In the centre appears a gate, generally considered as Ludgate, from the close association with St. Paul, who is depicted as bearing the emblematical sword in one hand, and in the other, a standard or flag charged with three lions of England. There are other figures, viz., those of church towers and castellated buildings. In the year 1285, in the Mayoralty of Gregory Rokeslee, it was customary for the Mayor to carry the Common Seal with him. “ Et tradidit Sigillum Commune Civitatis ” appears in an interesting series of Chronicles of the time. 3 2 Unde et Adkuc antiquis eisdem utuntur legibus communibns institutis Hcec etiam similiter illi regionibus et distincta. See Fitzstepken, Stow’s Survey, Thoms’ Edition, p. 212. 3 These Chronicles perished in the fire at the Cotton Library, 1731 but they had fortunately been transcribed for the use of John Bridges, Esq. They record the remarkable events which happened throughout the kingdom, and appear to have been the work of the Town Clerk or Registrar of the Corporation at this period. See “ Annales Anglia,” Anno 1195-1316. MS. Add. 5444, p. 95. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 13 There is mention later on in the City archives 1 of an addition to the Seal in the reign of Edward III, viz., a.d. 1376. A farther alteration was made after the revival of the Protestant religion, since which time there appears to have been no other change. The order for the substitution of the City Arms, in place of the figure of Tliomas-a-Beket, is thus recited in the City records. 1530.—28 September.—31 Henry VIII.—“ And for as muche as the Comon Seale of thys Cytye ys made w* the Image of Thomas Beket late Archebysshop of Canterbury and all suche Images ought by the Kynges Highnesse pclamacon to be alteryd chaungyd and abolysshed w l yn all hys domynyons. Wherefore nowe y 1 y s enactyd establysshed that the sayd comon Seale shalbe alteryd and changed. And th’ Armes of thys cytye to be made yn the place of the sayd Thomas Bekket on the one syde, and on the other syde the Image of Saynt Powle as hath bene accustomed. And all w’tynges hereafter to be ensealyd w‘ the sayd newe comon Seale shalbe good and effectual! yn the Lawe any use custome or usage to the contrary hereof notw t standing, And all other w*ynges afore thys time ensealyed under the sayd olde comon Seale shall remain yn as full strength and v’tue as they were at any tyme afore the makyng of thys Acte.” 2 It appears that under the presidency of John Warde, Mayor in that year, and in a large assembly of the Court, there was by common assent added to the Seal a certain sign called a moiety a figure resembling a star, or the rowel of a spur, and the same was placed within the porta or gate which appears beneath the feet of St. Paul. The Seal of the Mayoralty is of equal interest. It belongs to the time of Sir William Walworth, and is carefully described in the civic records of his day. On the 17th April 3 in the year 1381, in the reign of Richard II, it is recorded that in full congregation holden in the Upper Chamber of the Guildhall of London, and summoned by William Walworth the then Mayor, as well as those who then were Aldermen, as of those who had been, &c., it was by common assent agreed and ordered that the old Seal 4 of the office of Mayoralty of the said City should be broken, seeing that it was too small, rude and ancient, and was unbecoming and derogatory from the honour of the City; and that another new Seal, of honourable aspect and a work of art, which the said Mayor had had made, should in future be used for that office in place of the other. In which new Seal, besides the figures of Peter and Paul, which in the old one are rudely made, beneath the feet of the said figures a shield for the Arms of the said City is perfectly graven, with two lions guardant: two serjeants-at-arms being above (one) on either side, and two pavilions (tabernaculm ), in which there are two angels standing above; and between the two figures of Peter and Paul the figure of the glorious “ Virgin is seated.” The record continues :— “ Therefore the old Seal of the office of the Mayoralty was then delivered to Richard Odyham the Chamberlain, who broke it and in its place the said new Seal was delivered to the Mayor, to use the same according as his office of the Mayoralty should demand and require.” The association of this Seal with the career of the celebrated Walworth, has led to the error which is still propagated from time to time, viz.: that the dagger in the City shield was added thereto by Richard II in commemoration of Wat Tyler’s insurrection and the death of the rebel in Smithfield by the hand of the valiant Mayor. A belief in this 1 Letter Book H, fol. 44. 2 Journal 14, fol. 158 b. 3 Letter Book F, fol. 132. 4 This seal dates back to the reign of Henry III, 1216-72. tradition has no doubt been fostered by the inscription still perpetuated on the statue of Sir William Walworth which is preserved on the staircase at Fishmongers’ Hall : The dagger, however, in the City Arms, is said to he really no dagger at all, but a representation of a short sword, emblematical of St. Paul, the patron saint of the Corporation. This view is also supported by a careful examination of the interesting series of bosses still existing in the Eastern Crypt at Guildhall; these are of early date, and among them are representations of the shield and the dagger, also one bearing two swords crossed saltire wise, which may be taken as another emblem to be associated with the Apostle. In addition to this, there is an historical fact which puts all question as to Wat Tyler’s connection with the dagger beyond doubt. The new Seal, upon which a “ perfectly graven shield ” appeared (and which would have taken at least four months to design and engrave), was brought in by the Mayor on the 17tli April, 1381, as already stated, two months previous to the death of Wat Tyler, which occurred on the 15th June in the same year. Ward Divisions. In the estates and holdings presided over by the Aldermen and Barons we have the Wards, another name for the burghal shires into which the old cities were divided. At what period such division and appropriation of the soil took place is uncertain, but it must be one of remote antiquity, if not coeval with the foundation of the City itself—their position, their limits, and, in certain instances, distinctive peculiarities, are sufficient evidence of this. They were local divisions, resembling the euriales and regiones of a classic city. On this there is the emphatic testimony of Fitzstephen, who, after his reference to the use of laws and institutions common to Rome, remarks, 1 “ London is in like manner to Rome, distributed into regions.” In this also it may be compared with York, the only other of our municipal centres which ever shared with London the honour of being the representative seat of the Imperial Government. In the Domesday Survey 2 we read that in the reign of Edward the Confessor, York was divided into six shires besides that of the Archbishop, 1 Stow’s “ Survey of London.” Thoms’ Edition, p. 185. Ellis’s “ Introduction to Domesday.’ HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 15 and contained about eighteen hundred houses. 1 This is the probable origin of our Ward divisions; the number would be guided by the size of the city, the natural configuration of its site, and a variety of other considerations. Canterbury, for example, was for years divided into six Wards; but under later necessities and arrangements this number has been reduced to three. One of the earliest uses of the word Ward, as designating such divisions, is to be found in the well-known charter of Henry I to the citizens of London, where mention of it occurs as among the ancient civic institutions. “ Et terras suas et warde- motum , et debita civibus meis habere faciam infra civitatem et extra.” 2 “Wardmote” but represents the Roman plebiscita, the assembling together of the inhabitants of each particular division under the presidency of its Senator , Alderman, or his deputy, for the purpose of regulating the business of such Ward—a system preserved in the folkesmot of the Saxons—the word “Folkmote” but superseding the Plebis-conventus of Rome. The most ancient of the Wards, now twenty-six in number, are probably those of Tower, Billings¬ gate, Bridge, Dowgate, Langbourne, Candlewick, and Walbrook, the latter deriving its name from the rivulet or stream, which as a natural boundary separated the eastern from the western portion of the City. In the area comprised by these particular Wards no indications of Roman burial appear to have been recorded. This is a circumstance that affords almost conclusive evidence as to the origin of these “ regiones ” of Fitzstephen. It is well known that burial within the City walls was strictly forbidden by Roman law, and it is an interesting illustration of the adoption of this rule to find that no traces of inter¬ ment have been observed within the area mentioned. This alone affords important evidence as to the gradual extension of the City westward, and testifies to the correctness of the opinion that locates the first City on the eastern bank of the old watercourse, for upon the western side indications of Roman sepulture have been often noted. Walbrook formed a boundary to the Wards of Dowgate, Walbrook, Broad Street, and Bishopsgate Without, upon the eastern side; and later on to Cordwainer, Cheap, and Coleman Street upon the other. The first list of the Wards as preserved in the City archives, and one which until recently was thought to be the earliest in existence, occurs in the reign of Edward I, and bears the date of 1284-5. In this list, twenty-four Wards are enumerated, and for the most part they can be at once recognised by names closely resembling those now in use. A few retain the Latin designation, for example, Warda Fori, Warda Turri, War da Pontis, &c. A subsequent list—viz., in the year 1307, and in the wardenship of Sir John Blount, who was custos for seven years, is very similar. This records the number of armed men which each Ward or region had to send to the various City gates for the general protection of the City. 3 A discovery, however, has recently been made in another quarter, 4 surpassing in interest these and all subsequent lists, and it enables us to trace to a still earlier source than had been previously anticipated the great antiquity of the Ward divisions. This document is preserved among the highly-interesting series of manuscripts in the custody of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paid’s. It is no other than a description of the lands (with their respective measurements) belonging in the twelfth century to the Church of St. Paul’s and it contains more information relative to the Wards and the 1 In the same record, relating to Cambridgeshire, the Wards or divisions of City or Borough are spoken of as “ Custodial Seym." 3 Thorpe’s “Ancient Laws and Institutes of England,” p. 503. 3 Letter Book A, fol. 117. Letter Book B, fol. 94. 4 “Historical MSS. Commission,” Ninth Report, part i, p. 66. 16 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. aldermen who exercised jurisdiction oyer them than anything hitherto recorded, together with many curious particulars relative to the condition of the City at this early period It is, moreover., a list of entries connected witli tenure of land within the City limits, long anterior to the mayoralty of Fitz-Alwyn, and one that in many ways indirectly demonstrates the presence of a muncipal system-one long in practice-but which only received its complete and proper recognition when the Charter to the citizens was in 1214 granted by King John. The manuscript belongs to the time of Henry I, and indeed to the early portion of his reign. It consequently relates to a period bordering on two centuries earlier than any similar record previously discovered, and inasmuch as names of localities and individuals are mentioned which are associated with the early history of the Guildhall, its site, and its traditions, it has been thought desirable to publish so valuable a document in full; and accordingly, with the kind permission of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, the original lias been photographed, and the eight pages which it occupies are here presented in fac-simile. Translated it reads as follows :— “ Op the Measurements of the Lands of St. Paul’s, within the City of London. f The land of Bugi is 38 feet in breadth, and 62 feet in depth, and the gate of Hubert in the entrance has a width of 8b feet, and this small piece is of the same length as that of Bugi. Of the same land Hubert also holds, and it is in “length in depth on the north 103 feet, and on the south 60^ feet, and in breadth in the middle 58 feet. An d these 3 holdings, i.e. lands, yield 2s. at Michaelmas. «[ Beyond the Pleet Teobald pays 8& shillings. Of these lGtf. are paid to the King [as socage] at Martinmas. It is 132 feet in breadth, and 181 feet in length. 1 The land of Wluric the loriner 1 is 38 feet broad, 181 feet long, and he has another piece 26 feet broad and 181 feet long. For these 2 holdings he pays 3s. IT William, son of Fulcred, for the land of Living the deacon, which Teobald gave with his daughter to Fulcred, pays 16<2. It is 47 feet broad and 181 feet long. f The land of Dering 2 [pays] 2s.; it is 52 feet wide, and in length 249 feet. 1 In the Bishop’s ward. The land of Wlfram pays 2s. at Easter. It is 53 feet in breadth and three less than 100 feet in length, and will be ours absolutely after the death of his mother and daughter. 1 The land of Leuric the provost pays in fee 1M., and is in breadth along the way 21 feet and 63i feet in length, and 2 feet are enclosed. The land of Hugh de Yerli [pays] 8cl. for socage at Easter. It is 32 feet broad and 67 feet long. At the back 30 feet. The land which the Dean holds is 25 feet broad, 87 feet long. At the back 13 feet. The land of Noriot is in breadth along the way 34 feet, in length 53* feet. At the back 32^ feet, and it pays 12 d. at the feast of St. Paul. The land of Gubald [pays] 8 d. in socage at Easter. The land of the Bishop of Durham, which Helyas holds, pays 2s. at Easter and Michaelmas. It is 87 feet in breadth, and in length on the north 107 feet, but on the south 115 feet. At the back it is 102 feet. The entrance of the gate is 12 feet in breadth, and the length of the same entrance is 66 feet. 1 Loremarii. A Lorimer or maker of lorimery, metal work for the reins or trappings of horses such as bits, bosses and spurs. “Lorenge,” iron. Fr. “lormier,” a maker of small iron trinkets, as nails, spurs, etc. In the parish of North St. Michael’s, in Oxford, was an alley or lane called the “ Lorinery,” it being the place where such sort of iron wares were sold for all Oxford. Vide Hearne’s Glossary to R. de Brune’s translation of Langtoft’s Chronicle, p. 613. The word survives in the title of the present Company of Loriners. 2 Dering, identical with Dyrinig. See Kemble’s Cod. Dej)., vol. ii, p. 387. Forerunner of our English surname Deerinsr. crtaBugi, laa%^vnj. peB\ mjparimt in ^fundnmr^njMiMftmaliubem mmrrottnhabfc- lanrnS longmidmif. pe&pMbecd'ataa trnuf lantudo . 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A’ dunidtcnew*^ j^e eadem ^meft°ianf^muppe^laarum mu longTnid’ylv]. pe& pretpoc quod me expofaertmc inter domofdrpolu falieec-jcvj. pdf. Item de eadem quf tenuic Rannulfuf paruuf tony ~|^g-peif.l4ar.|^.pedV. x I tem de eadem - terra qu.1 tenec filiufpaffeluuec m _ Jiuiailofecutma tomrtf.^xcvtj- peS-mypfundnm C -pedum.«’ reddtc-ij-fbff. in faro unxa domu bttt&mnu tecre lamudoZ. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 17 The land of Theodoric is 49 feet broad, and 54 feet long nest the wall. It pays 3s. at Easter and Michaelmas. The land of Osbert Masculus is 62 feet broad, and 77 feet long. The land of Brichtric 1 [pays] 1 2d .; it is 44 feet broad and 66 feet long. Tn the ward of Haco. 2 The land of Albert of Lorraine, which Rannnlf the Canon holds, pays 18c/. at Michaelmas. And this must be measured. The land, which Alveva the wife of Edward Cecus holds, pays 3s. at Easter and Michaelmas, and a pound of pepper at the feast of St. Paul. In the front next the highway it is 35 feet broad, and at the end 40 feet ; in length it is 200 all but 13 feet. And another piece of land which Gillebert Prutfot claims from us [pays] Id. in socage from the same land. Tn the Jews’ street ? 3 (Jewry) the land of Lusbert in the front on the western side is 32 feet in breadth. Towards St. Olave’s the length is four score and fifteen feet ; again towards St. Olave’s the length is 65 feet, and in the front 13 feet. The land in the front is 73 feet, in depth 41 feet, and pays 10s. In the ward of Alwold. The land of Brichtric is 53 feet broad and 106 feet long ; and it pays in fee 5s. On St. Margaret’s side it is less in breadth by twelve feet, and on the north side the length is shorter by 6 feet. The land of Half Brito is 28 feet broad, 60 feet long, and pays 2s. in fee. The land of Alsi is in the front 62 feet, in depth 80 feet, and yields in fee 3s. The land of Goldwin the clerk is 30 feet broad, and a hundred, fourscore and four feet long. At the end of the same on the eastern part [there is] a shrubbery, 33 feet in breadth, 83 feet in length, and pays in fee 2s. at Michaelmas : 12c/. to the work [of maintaining the cathedral ?] (operi), and 12c/. to the Canons ; to the soke of Aldresmaneberi, three halfpence : and Id. to the King in the middle of Lent. The land of Eclric 4 the clerk is 78 feet in length and 40 feet in breadth, and pays in fee 12c/. at the feast of St. Edmund ; and Id. to the King in socage. On the eastern side the land is wider by 8 feet. The land of Edmar yields 2s. at the Nativity of St. Mary. Of these 3c/. is paid to the King on Palm Sunday. It is 90 feet in length, and 71 feet in breadth. In Aldresmaneberi the land of TVlured pays 3s. in fee, and He/, to the soke. It is 133 feet in length, and 41 feet in breadth. 1 In the ward of the market place (Cheap) the land of Godwin Scat pays in fee 20s., and is 111 feet in length and 82 feet in breadth. At the back it is likewise 82 feet. 1 Brichtric, a name familiar in the chronicle of Battel Abbey. Vide its translation by the late M. A. Lower, F.S.A. (J. R. Smith, 1851.) 2 Warda Haconis. Hacoun, Seint Nicholas, St. Nicholas of Aeon. Acre, or Ptolemais in Syria. This Saint, according to Newcourt, was son of Epiphanius and was born at Patara in Lycia. He became Bishop of Myra in Italy, is said to have performed many miracles and died a natural death a.d. 343. What his connection was with Acre does not seem to be known. The Church of St. Nicholas Aeon (or Haoon) in London stood on the west side of St. Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt; that of St. Edmund, Lombard Street, being made the Church for both parishes. 3 In Vico Judeorum we are brought into contact with the Church of St. Olave’s in the Jewry, and to an early mention of the presence of Jewish occupancy in this particular district. In early deeds the parish church of St. Laurence is spoken of as in the Jewry, with one exception, to which reference will be made hereafter. The first settlement of the Jewish race in this country, as their selection of certain districts for residence and trade, is a subject of much interest. Their arrival was due to the Norman Conquest. “In the wake of the Conquerors,” writes Mr. Freeman, “the Jews of Rouen found their way to London, and he gives a graphic picture of the high position they assumed prior to the persecutions, so familiar in later days. In the days of Rufus, the Jews of Rouen and London stood erect before the prince of the land, and they seem to have enjoyed no small share of his favour and personal familiarity.” [See ‘The Reign of William Rufus,’ by E. A. Freeman, M.A., &c., 18S2, vol. i, p. 160.] At this period they lived safe from harm or insults, save now and then, when popular wrath burst all bounds, and when their proud mansions and fortified quarters could shelter them no longer from raging crowds eager to wash out their debts in the blood of their creditors. •i Edric a well-known Saxon name.—Brichmar also Saxon. C 18 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 1 In the ward of Edward Parole, the land of Sprot, which Godard the son of Harold holds, pays 3s. This is in breadth in front 57 feet, and in length reaches as far as the moor. Before the house of Taiso three holdings pay 18 d. ; and one pays 4 d. at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul; this land is held by Stephen, Martin, Eilwin, and Godid mother of “ Huniet.” It is in length along the way 115 feet, and in breadth 101 feet on the western, and 60 feet on the eastern side. f In the ward of Algar Manningestepsune, the land, which Adam holds, pays 4s. 8 d. at Easter and Michaelmas. In the front along the way it has a breadth of 55 feet and a length of 146 feet. The land of Ascill is in breadth along the way on the northern part 151 feet, and a hundred and fourscore and one feet in length, reaching to the south, and from the same land along the way on the west it is 134 feet in length and 64 feet in breadth. IT In the ward of Rolf son of Liviva. 1 The land, which Gerold of Stratfort gave, pays in tee 4s. at the feast of St. John and at Christmas. Its length is 120 feet. On the north 31 feet, in front along the way towards the Church of St. Peter of Cornhill, 43| feet. IT In the ward of Alegate the land of Edwin Atter pays 16tf. Its breadth is 222 feet. In front next the wall is 51 feet wide, in the middle 58 feet, and on .the south 32 feet. IF In the ward of Godwin son of Esgar. The land of Brithmar Mancus (the cripple) [pays] 20 d. In front it [is] in width along the way 34^ feet, in length 151 feet, and on the eastern part 37 feet. IF In the ward of Brichmar the Cottager, 2 the land of Gialla [pays] 2s.; [and] it [is] 52 feet wide, 132 feet long, and at the end 30^ feet. In the ward of Brichmar the moneyer. 3 The land of Nortune, Edmund and Caperun, for 2 holdings pays 7s. lOd. at Easter and Michaelmas. It is in length 219 feet, in frontage next the way 75 feet, and at the end four [score] and six feet. The land of Ralph the goldsmith, which Eilwin holds, pays in fee to the Canons SOd .; and 8 d. to the soke of the Earl of Gloucester. In length [it is] 50 feet, and in width 36 feet. IF In the ward of Sperling. The land of Ansker, held by Rannulf, pays 4s. ; it is in frontage next the way 78 feet long, and in width 75 feet. Again, from the land of Nortune Avhich Pagan holds, [are paid] 2s. [And it is] 51 feet wide and 73 feet long. The land which Eduin son of Golduin held, [pays] 2s. at the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula ; [it is] 44i feet wide and 56 feet long. The middle holding. 4 The upper holding is 36 feet wide, and 41 feet long. The lower holding is fourscore and three feet. On the northern side 35 feet, and on the southern 30 feet. 1 Rolf son of Liviva. This Alderman was associated with Norman, Prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, as a witness to the transfer of certain property at Twyford, in the year 1122. 2 ‘'Bordarius.” Mr. Riley ( vide “Liber Custumarum,” p. 788) remarks that the exact meaning of this term is involved in obscurity. The word, he says, is evidently synonymous with the je-hup of Anglo-Saxon times, and it seems not improbable that the class of farm labourers had these names from living together (and perhaps serving) at their master’s table, board, or house— ije-bop'© or bup—the farmhouse of the demesne: in contradistinction to the “cotarii” or “ cot-setles,” who dwelt in separate cottages. According to Du Cange (Glossar) and other authorities this labourer was so-called from holding a house of his own (in Anglo- Saxon bop 1 ©) on condition of service to the lord, but on this supposition it is impossible to see what difference there could have been between him and the “ cotarius ” or cottager. It seems much more probable that he belonged to the class of servants called hlap-jeta or “loaf eater,” fed at their master’s cost. The Bordarius appear to be also identical with the farm labourer known as “operarius” in the 13th and 14th centuries—see further in Archdeacon’s Hale’s Domesday of St. Paul’s. Intro, pp. 23, 26, and 31. 3 Brichmar, the Moneyer. Monctarius, a moneyer. These officers were ministers of the Mint, who coined the King’s money : such Mints being established in several counties. 4 Mansura—a building lot, or place on which a house might be erected. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 19 IF In the ward of Edward son of Wizel. The land of Brichmar Mancus (the cripple), [pays] 5s. at Easter and Michaelmas ; it is 21 feet wide and 33 feet long. John son of Ralf, son of Eurard, [pays] 32 d. at Michaelmas ; (his land) is 37 feet wide (length not in the MS.), and at the back 43 feet. IF In the ward of Herbert. The land which William de Pontearch holds, [pays] 30 d., and [to ?] the monks of St. Saviour’s in socage, 12 d. IF In the ward of Osbert Dringepinne. 1 The land of Wakerilde [pays] 22 d. at the feast of St. Paul; it is 49 feet vide, 65 feet long next the way, and 60 feet near the chinch, on the other side. The land which Wlwin Juvenis (the Young) holds, [pays] 28fZ.; it is 34 feet in breadth next the way, and 61 feet in length. The workshop before William de Arundel’s house [pays] 2s.; it is 22 feet wide and 50 feet long. 1 In the ward of Liured, the land of Suetmann the priest, which Robert of Urville holds, [pays] 12d. The land belonging to the nun [pays] 7s. 8 cl. at Easter and Michaelmas, and [it is] 37 feet wide and 54 feet long. IF In the ward of Brocesgange. 3 The land of William, nephew of Hulbold, [pays] 18s. at Easter and Michaelmas. In the front [it is] 25 feet wide, and reaches to the Thames. The land of Bretell [pays] 34s. at Easter and Michaelmas ; [it is] 29 feet wide, and reaches to the Thames. The land which Robert, brother of Fulcred, holds [pays] 12s. ; [it is] 16 feet wide, and reaches to the Thames. And thereof Robert has 4s. surplus. IF In the ward of Hugh, son of Ylgar. 3 The land of Ragenild [pays] 40 d. at Easter and Michaelmas. In the hinder part [it is] 100 feet less three towards the house of Eustace, 45 feet wide. The land of William son of Sinier [pays] one mark of silver ; and [it is] 120^ feet long and 36 feet wide. From the same land Robert son of William son of Terri, [pays] 3s. at the feast of St. Paul. The land of Wluard [pays] 2s., and it is held by William Malet and Eustace, nephew of Fulcred, and of this land Wiliam Malet has a length of 30 feet and a width of 20 feet, and it yields 4 d. But the length of the whole land is 64 feet and the breadth 44 feet. The land of Ralph’s wife [pays] 3s. at the feast of St. Paul; it is 93 feet long, and 30 feet wide in front next the way. The land of William of Colchester [pays] half a mark of silver at Easter and Michaelmas ; it is 71 feet long and 43 feet wide. f In the ward of Reimund. The land of the smith [pays] 3s. at the feast of St. Paul; [it is] 35| feet long and 31 feet wide. The land of Trencemarche [pays] 4s.; [it is] 44 feet broad in the front and 59 feet long. And Odo has 4s. surplus. The land of Meinbod [is] 61 feet wide in the front towards St. Margaret’s, and 86 feet long, and the shrubbery is 57 feet long and 42 feet wide. 1 Dringepinne, by some writers translated Drinclwwyn. The variation is probably due to the similarity which exists in early documents between the Anglo-Saxon p and w p. Osbert was among the fifteen burgesses of London descendants from the Guild of Knights, who in the year 1125 assembled in the Chapter House of the Church of the Holy Trinity, near Aldgate, and gave to that church all the land and the soke, which was called “ English cuihtegild,” and in testimony thereof offered up on the high altar the title deeds of the property, including a charter of Edward the Confessor. Mr. Loftie suggests that the name Dringepinne is a nickname, and one which would seem to indicate that Osbert followed the trade of a vintner. Drink peg, referring to the pins or pegs which were in olden times placed in bowls or cups, for the purpose of limiting the quantity of liquor consumed by each person, a custom originating certain terms familiar to us as, “He is in a merry pin,” “ He is a peg too low,” &c. 2 Probably Dowgate "Ward from the reference connecting it with the Thames. 3 Hugh Fitz TJlgar, Canon of the Priory of Holy Trinity, in 1125. c 2 n 20 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The land of Fulcher Nain [has] a width of 26£ feet in front along the way, and a length of 78 feet, and [it pays] 2s. 3RZ. IT The land which Eva holds “ in vadium ” [for her wages] along the way has a width of 57 feet and a length of 80 feet, and yields in fee 15s. Also Meinbod in the further part holds 2 lots, 44 feet wide in the front and 52 feet long. II The fallow (vacua) land in demesne [is] 17^ feet wide and 34 feet long. Also the land of Meinbod next the vacant land [is] 23 feet wide and 34 feet long. f The land of Edild [is] 23 feet wide and 34 feet long. Now it pays nothing, and after her death it will belong to ns. Near it Meinbod holds land 24 feet wide and 34 feet long. Alvin Scot holds land 23 feet wide and 34 feet long. The land of Claufag. The width of the cellar is 19£ feet and the length 53 feet. The land which Robert de Auco holds [is] 38 feet wide and GO feet long. Also Robert de Auco [holds] a breadth of 39 feet of land in frontage and a length of 67 feet; and these 2 lands pay 12s. f In the ward of Ralph 1 son of Algod, the land of Eduin of St. Augustine pays in feudal service 2s.— I2d. for the work [of maintenance of Cathedral ?] (operi) and 12 d. for the Canons ; it is 103 feet long and 39 feet wide. From the land of Osbert the Treasurer, William of Draiton [pays] 4s. at Easter and Michaelmas ; [it is] 27 feet wide and 74 feet long. From the same, Waco the priest [has] a breadth 204 feet and a length of 74 feet of land, and it pays 32 d. From the same, William son of Gosbert, [holds] a breadth of 394 feet, and pays 8s. From the same land in the same street Robert, son of Gosbert, pays 26s. at Easter and Michaelmas. The breadth is 21 feet in Fish Street and 74 feet long. Of the same, Theodoric holds a piece in the same Fish Street, and pays 20s. It is 834 feet long and 244 feet wide. Of the same land in Market Street or Fore Street (but probably Cheap) Robert, son of Gosbert, [holds] 2 lots, 60| feet wide and 83| feet long. Of the same, Robert, son of Berner, [holds] a piece, a breadth of 16 feet and a length of 31 feet, which yields in feudal service 7s. at Michaelmas. Of the same in the narrow street near the house of Herlewin, in front a width 28 feet. Of the same land Deremann 2 holds a width of 454 feet wide. Of the same, Winebert has a width of 32 feet. Of these three (pieces) the length is 46 feet, besides that which the roads have set out between the houses and the field, viz., 16 feet. Also of the same which Rannulf Parvus (the Little) held, [is] 81 feet long and 72 feet wide. Also of the same, the land which the son of Passeluuet holds, in the little street or lane along the way, is 37 feet long and 23 feet in depth, and he pays 2.s. Also in the market place next the house of Herlewin the width of the land in front next the way is 16 feet, and the length 24 feet and one palm. The land which Geoffrey the Canon holds in front along the way is 32 feet wide, and 54 feet long in depth towards the court. If In the ward of Osbert Drinkepinne. 3 The land which Wulwin Juvenis (the Young) held, paid to the Canons of Saint Paul’s 28d. And is in width next the way 34 feet; and 61 feet long. 1 This Ralph was another of the Canons of Aldgate who went into the Priory in 1125. Deormanne vide second Charter from William the Conqueror, preserved at Guildhall. This document is no other than a confirmation to Deorman, the King’s " homo," of certain land.—Introduction to the “ Historical Charters and Constitutional Documents of the City of London,” edited by W. de Grey Birch, F.S.A. Introduction, p. 13. 3 This last entry is in a later handwriting. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 21 H Rent assigned to tlie Vicars coming to tlie Mass of the Blessed Mary in the Church of St. Paul’s at London, viz., for distributing pittances. H From Hugh of St. Clement’s, deceased, 5s. id. to be received in the place which is called Aldwick against the stone cross. IT From Richard the Clerk against the Old Temple. This is, probably, tlie earliest document at present known which contains a reference to the Wards and Aldermanries of the City. In it are included two entries associated with Aldermanbury connecting the site, and its immediate vicinity, with a period long antecedent to anything elsewhere recorded, and which testify to the accuracy of Stow when he identified the name of this locality in a document of something less than a century later. The reference to the “Jews’ street” proves the connection which existed between that locality and the Guildhall, inasmuch as by it is identified the present site with that occupied by the earlier building. A terrible persecution of the Jews com¬ menced in the year 1262, and in 1287 or 1289 the great expulsion took place. In an interesting MS., formerly in the Cottonian Library, 1 it was recorded that at this time the Jews of the City were imprisoned in Guildhall. The proximity of the building to the Jewry, and its suitable dimensions for the purpose required, at once explains the selection of the building. The entry is explicit as to what took place on the occasion. It reads:— “ Hoc anno in vigil conceptionis Beataj Marke omnes Juclcei London capti et incarcerati apnd Gyhalam , London." Stow refers to their removal from the Jewry but makes no reference to the above incident. . “They were,” says he, “wholly and for ever, by the said King, banished this realme, having of their own goods to bear their charges, till they were out of his dominions.” 2 There are also many other points of interest connected with localities mentioned; for example, we are introduced to Fish Street, Vicus Piscarius. Warda Fori , the Cheap or Market Place. Warda Alegate , referring to the Ward of Aldgate, but giving its original name. Warda Brocesgange —the “outlet of the brook”—-identifying the district mentioned with that of Dowgate Ward, &c. We are likewise introduced to various names of distinguished citizens, many of them belonging to Saxon families, and again to individuals of note who were descendants of the “Knighten Gild,” or English Guild of Knights, and who are here found among the fifteen wealthy burgesses of London who parted with certain lands, which subsequently became represented by the Ward of Portsoken. This sacrifice was made for the purpose of conferring important benefits on the religious house known as the Church of the Holy Trinity, near Aldgate, and within the City walls. There are, in addition, names of officials in this early list which are met with in other documents of corresponding date, and to these further reference will be made, from the association which they will be seen to have in connection with a site, that included within its boundaries portions of no less than three of the City parishes, and is now occupied by the Guildhall and its adjacent buildings. This record also shows how much of the City land was in the possession of the Church at the time of its compilation. When we consider the holdings of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s alone, without any reference to those owned by many of the religious establishments in the country, some idea can be formed of the vast landed property at this time in the hands of the clergy. The number of Parish Churches, 1 Annales Anglia. Anno 1195, 1316. Add. MS. British Museum, 5444, p. 95. 2 Stow’s “Survey,” p. 103. 22 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Parishes. according’ to Fitzstephen, was no less tlian 126, without the addition of the ’various Monasteries, Nunneries, and other establishments of like character. At this period the large number of towers and spires appears to have been out of all proportion to the other public buildings comprised within the limits of the City wall. If we include with them that magnificent edifice,—the old Cathedral of St. Paul’s,—we can well imagine how picturesque was the aspect of old London as presented to the eye of an observer stationed on the southern bank of the River Thames. There were, doubtless, many crowded spaces, the roads and streets were narrow, and the projecting upper stories of the old timber- framed houses well nigh touched each other, but with all this the City archives afford innumerable instances of open spaces, land in the rear of buildings, and plenty of garden ground. In the transfer of property in the City, mention of gardens is of frequent occurrence, they would be a necessity to the social habits of the time ; the citizen had to live where his daily occupation kept him, but the work of the day over, he could enjoy the pleasures of a garden together with orchards and in many cases vineyards. 1 The unoccupied space around Guildhall left that building almost isolated, for with the exception of the residences of Sir John de Banquelle, Stephen Asshwy, and some few others, the Hall was encompassed by a religious atmosphere, a great portion of the ground being taken up by the churchyards of St. Mary Aldermanbury, St. Laurence in the Jewry, and St. Michael Bassishaw. The division of the City into Parishes may doubtless be classed with its partition into Wards. The origin of such limitations has, however, not been very clearly ascertained. Some authorities have assigned the settlement of parochial boundaries to the seventh century, viz., about the year 673, 2 but it is probable that it dates from an earlier time, and that such limitations were governed by the previous disposition of the land. There is, however, legislation on the subject to be found in the laws of King Eadgar belonging to the tenth century. Blackstone asserts that such boundaries were governed by manorial limits, which is highly probable; there might be many manors in one parish, but it seldom happened that a manor contained more parishes than one. In the country, parochial and manorial boundaries usually coincide; but such a principle is not common to the City. In London there are examples of a parish being in one soke, ward, or manor and partly in another. In the Ward of Queenhitlie there are three or more Parishes, and in Cordwainers’ Ward but two only. The parochial boundary of St. Dunstan’s in the East forms the central position in the Ward of Billingsgate. As a striking exception, however, the Ward of Bassishaw, or Basinghall, can be identified by the same boundaries, as is its Parish of St. Michael. This is one of the smallest of the civic Wards, but in it is situate an important section of the Guildhall, and, as we shall find hereafter, the disposal of land and tenements within its limits have been associated with various alterations and additions which have from time to time occurred in connection with the Hall. This also applies to the Ward of Cheap, a division containing the greatest number of Parish Churches. Of the thirty-five Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt, there are no less than six now associated with this Ward: for example, Allhallows, Honey See “Some Account of the Ward of Vintry and the Vintners’ Company.” By W. H. Overall, F.S.A., in the “ Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society,” 1868. 2 Spelman’s “Concilia,” fol. 1639, p. 152. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 23 Lane, was attached to St. Mary-le-Bow ; St. Bennet Sherehog to St.. Stephen’s Walbrook ; St. Martin Pomary to St. Olave’s, Jewry ; St. Mary Colechurch to St. Mildred’s, Poultry ; St. Pancras, Soper Lane, to St. Mary-le-Bow ; St. Peter’s at the Cross in Cheap to St. Mathew, Friday Street. The Church and Parish of St. Laurence in the Jewry, with which the Hall and its surroundings are so intimately connected, are likewise in the Ward of Cheap. I have already referred to the various Churches with their burial-grounds adjoining, and the frequent references which appear in the City records to garden ground and open spaces, as illustrating how comparatively few must have been the number of dwelling-houses existing in this locality at an early period ; to the north of Cheap there must have been many vacant sites, with but here and there isolated buildings, many of these had doubtless been erected on the ruined foundations of the earlier city. Excavations, when carried to a sufficient depth, show this to have been the case ; for example, the Church of St. Michael, Wood Street, was reared upon Roman walls. Tesselated pavements have been found in Huggin Lane, Cateaton Street (now known as Gresham Street), Wood Street, and elsewhere in the vicinity, but in the district generally excavation shows the soil to have been of a boggy and unsubstantial character, such as in parts of Cheap itself and the large open site of Moorfields, the boundaries of which district closely adjoin the north side of Guildhall and its adjacent buildings. In the year 1091 “London was visited by a fearful wind which blew down seven churches, and houses to the number of six hundred. Above all the wooden roof of the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow was carried off and its beams were hurled to the ground with such force that they were driven into the ground to such an extent that they had to be sawn off where they stood.” 1 This condition of the land was strikingly illustrated at the restoration of the Church of St. Laurence in the Jewry after the Fire. Sir Christopher Wren found it necessary when rebuilding the east end of that interesting structure to rear it upon a series of piles no less than 12 feet long and at a depth of 7 feet from the surface level. The buildings recently removed for the purpose of constructing the new Council Chamber at Guildhall exposed similar conditions in connection with the general unstable nature of the soil. 2 Fabyan, 3 the chronicler, recording the destruction of London by fire in the reign of Ethelred, a.d. 981, refers to this paucity of buildings. “ Ye shall under- stande,” says he, “ that at this daye the Citye of London had most housynge and buylding from Ludgate towards Westmynstere, and lytell or none wher the chiefe or hart of the Citye is now, except that in dyvers places were housynge, but they stod without ordre.” It is probable that in this conflagration a large number of buildings were destroyed, for they were 1 See “William of Malmesbury,” iv, 324; also the “Reign of William Rufus,” by E. A. Freemau, Hou. D.C.L., LL.D., vol. i, p. 308. 2 See post. 3 There is much valuable and quaint information stowed away in the pages of this chronicle. Fabyan was a writer of repute at a period many years prior to the labours of Stow. He was Alderman of Farriugdon Without. He served the office of Sheriff in 1493. In the “Repertories” belonging to the Corporation there is more than one reference to the general position he took in municipal affairs. Iu 1498, on the occasion of the Cornish Rebellion, he is among the officials appointed to keep the gates of Ludgate and Newgate. Shortly after he appears as an assessor on the City Wards for the customary fifteenths, which the City granted to the King towards the expenses of the Scottish wars. The interesting entry in his chronicle relative to the rebuilding of Guildhall in the reign of Henry IV, will be referred to hereafter. 24 The Guilds. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. but of a light and composite nature, erections of brick or stone not being introduced until a later period in the history of the City, when successive conflagrations demonstrated the necessity for buildings to be constructed in a manner which would be more durable and secure. In the years 1077 and 1092 there were extensive fires, in the course of which a great portion of the City was destroyed, and again in 1135, the first year of King Stephen’s reign, a large amount of damage is recorded. A change, however, was brought about as time went on. In Fitz Aylwin’s “ Assize of Buildings ” (Richard I), viz., in the year 1189, it is recorded “ It should be remembered that in ancient times the greater part of the City was built of wood, and the houses were covered with straw and stubble and the like, hence it happened that when a single house had caught fire the greater part of the City was destroyed through such a conflagration, a thing that took place in the first year of King Stephen, when, by reason of a fire that broke out at London Bridge, the Church of St. Paul’s was burnt, and the conflagration extended as far as the Church of St. Clement’s-Danes. After this many of the citizens, to the best of their ability, to avoid such a peril, built stone houses covered with thick tiles, and were so protected against the fury of the flames.” These precautions were still further improved by the regulations made at a second Assize. In the chronicles of Matthew Paris 1 we read that on the night of the translation of St. Benedict (11 July) a.d. 1212, a fire broke out which destroyed the Church of St. Mary in Southwark, part of the Bridge (then but recently completed), the Chapel on the Bridge, a considerable portion of the City, and part of the town of Southwark, about a thousand people, men, women and children, losing their lives. The conflagration raged no less than ten days ; but hardly was it extinguished when the citizens began to adopt measures for repairing the effects of this calamity, and in their humble and inefficient way of taking precautions against its recurrence. They assembled in the Guildhall on the 24th of the same month, under the presidency of Henry Fitz Alwyne, the venerable Mayor who had given name to the previous Assize, and who was now on the verge of the grave, they at once promulgated a second code of improved regulations for rebuilding such parts of the City as had fallen a prey to the flames. In these, provision was made' for the substantial repair or removal of all dangerous bridges. All houses which were covered with rushes or reeds, and which could be plastered, were to be put in such a condition within eight days, and every person who should build a house was to take care, “ as he loved himself and his,” that he did not cover it with reeds, rushes, stubble or straw, but only with tiles, shingles, boards or lead. It is probable that up to this period, whatever public buildings in connection with the official business of the citizens may have been in existence, were totally destroyed, so far as the superstructure was concerned, in one or other of the disastrous conflagrations above referred to. Intimately connected with the partition of the City into the divisions mentioned, and the varying details of local jurisdiction with which such would be associated, is the important position enjoyed in early, as in later, times by the “ Trade Guilds ”—the Livery Companies of modern days. To their gradual increase in wealth, influence, and power, in a city so purely devoted to commerce as was London, is to be attributed the existence of a building suitable to their requirements, when such was needed. The Aula See also “ Liber OustumarumH. T. Riley. Yol. ii, part i, Introduction, p. 32. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 25 publica —the court-house, the hall of pleas—is represented in the Guildhall, the recognised building in which should be transacted such official business as would be connected with the Corporation generally, and with the Aldermen or Barons of the City. The Guilds are of great antiquity; much has been written concerning them, and as to what period in our civic history their organisation is to be attributed. Some authors have referred them to the Roman occupation, others to the introduction of Saxon customs ; others, again, speak of them as original institutions dating from the Middle Ages only. It is difficult to see with the amount of evidence at hand how any other than the first of these opinions can be accepted. Such combinations for the protection and regulation of every branch of industry would appear to be a necessity, and to form part and parcel of the requirements of all trading communities. The close analogy between the composition of our Guilds and the Collegia opificum of the Roman Empire must be more than a coincidence, and that the latter flourished in this country during the Imperial occupation can be abundantly proved ; but it can hardly be so easy to explain their disappearance for some few centuries, and then to note a revival of such institutions, presenting in their organisation so close a resemblance to what had preceded them, as to render it difficult for any candid inquirer to dissever one from the other. With the Roman citizen his “ College,” or institution connected with his particular trade or profession, was a necessity, and his membership and association with it was an important feature in all belonging to his daily life. Were this not so, we should not find abroad so large a number of inscriptions associated with the interests of almost every art, trade, and profession which can be imagined. There are memorials to goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, leather- sellers, smiths, tanners, ironmongers, musicians, architects, and every other branch of industry now familiar to ourselves. Many illustrations might be quoted from the lists of inscriptions preserved in the great works of Reinesius, Orellius, Sponius, Grater, and others, which unmistakably demon¬ strate the existence of what are no other than Roman guilds. Among the interesting series of letters from Pliny to Trajan 1 is preserved one in connection with a Corporation of smiths (Fabri) established at Nicomedia. Another important illustration has been recently discovered by Mr. Arthur J. Evans, F.S.A., in the course of his interesting researches in Illyricum ; and it bears more particularly on this portion of our subject, because it shows beyond question how usages and customs familiar to the citizens of Rome were practised, and continued to flourish as they did at home, even when transferred to the most distant provinces of the empire. In describing the municipal sites and mining centres situate in Dalmatia, Mr. Evans refers to the native industries common many centuries ago to the inhabitants of Salome, and speaks of the existence of a guild of artificers known as the Collegium Fabrum Veneris , quoting moreover a whole series of inscriptions which prove the important position once held by this Worshipful Company in the Roman city. Mention is made of its patrons and benefactors, prefects and decurions, and the Corpora¬ tion, we are told, appears to have claimed a special jurisdiction in all that concerned its members. There is one particular inscription, which from its containing the name of the Epp. x, 42, 43. D 26 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Emperor Constans, may be assigned to the fourth century, viz., A.D. 333-7 ; and there are others quoted connecting this fraternity of “ smiths ” with official centres in the gold fields of Dacia. 1 2 In some of the museums of the Continent there are, however, monumental records of similar institutions which have a still deeper interest from their closer association with our own. The site of Roman Gaul is, we know, far larger in dimensions than that occupied by Roman Britain. Its antiquities, however, and their history are strongly connected with ourselves. The monuments are very numerous, and they have in past days had the advantage of being more cared for and preserved than have our own ; so that a wider field for enquiry exists abroad than is to be found in Britain, and the illustrations which abound are such as readily prove the close analogy which existed in all appertaining to the trading and industrial life of the two countries. In the collections in the Museum at Bordeaux, says Mr. Roach Smith, F.S.A., is a remarkably fine piece of sculpture which must have belonged to a large monument which represented workmen dragging along timber. M, Francisque Michel who has published an account of it with an engraving, believes it to refer to the “ dendrophori ” artisans, who felled trees and executed works in wood upon a large scale, such as bridges and engines of war. Several inscriptions at Lyons mention this Corporation under the appellation “ Collegium dendrophorum” who at one time formed a most powerful combination ; likewise the “ Fullones ” the cleaners and scourers of cloth. This, also, was an important Corporation in the days of the Empire. Mr. Smith has figured from the collections at Sens a monumental effigy of a master-worker: he is unmistakably engaged in the practice of his trade ; the vintners or wine merchants, also, are not unrepresented. In the Hotel de Ville at Dijon is a bas-relief, like the former, a sepulchral monument illustrative of the craft or trade of the deceased. The sculpture represents the shop of a vendor of wine and grain, both of which commodities are seen to have been dispensed to the customers with graduated measures which were fixed upon the counter and discharged their contents through funnels into the vessels of the purchasers. Other details in connection with this particular trade appear, and the monument affords an excellent illustration of the manner in which both grain and fluids were measured and sold by the Romans. In the south of France in many towns the corn is measured and sold at the present day by a contrivance precisely the same in principle, and examples of the ancient measures themselves have been discovered. The wine merchants of old time were, as they are still, a wealthy and important Corporation. They are often mentioned in inscriptions as holding high positions and associated with the Corporation of nautce or navicularii , also an important body of traders on the Saone and Rhone. In addition to the foregoing, there is, moreover, important evidence of the existence of these “ Collegia ” in our own country. An inscription found at Chichester, “ Civitas Regnorum,” commemorates the “ Collegium Fabrorum ,” the “ Smiths,” as already mentioned. Another has been noted from Castle Carey in Scotland, to the “ Collegium Ligniferorum ,” or “ Image Makers,” and others might be quoted, but these are sufficient for the purpose. It may here be mentioned that even a German writer of celebrity, and 1 See “Arcliieologia,” vol. xlix. “Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum,” by A. J. Evans, M.A., F.S.A. 2 “Collectanea Anti qua,” vol. v, p. 164. C. R. Smith, F.S.A. “Collectanea Anti qua,” vol. vi, p. 27. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 27 one whose works, apart from their internal merit, have acquired additional interest and value from their having been translated and annotated by an English antiquary, has remarked that these established Corporations of Rome, with which certain artisans and craftsmen were united, were extremely advantageous to them when they were removed into foreign provinces. “We find,” he says, “much information concerning these Colleges in ancient inscriptions, and it is very probable that, together with the trades of Rome, this form of social unions, as well as the hereditary obligation under which they were conducted was propagated in Britain, and was the original germ of those Guilds which became so influential in Europe some centuries after the cessation of Roman dominion .” 1 As coming from an author of naturally strong Teutonic predilections, this is saying a great deal, but I venture to submit it as a correct view of the subject. It can readily be understood that when the Anglo-Saxons came, they found these important commercial organisations in full play, and, as Mr. Coote forcibly puts it, they left them to the Romans who remained, to make such use of as they pleased, possibly ignoring them, certainly neither interfering in their practice nor controlling their principles . 2 Their existence continued, but under another name. The barbaric term “Gild ” 3 is substituted for “Collegium,” but a comparison between the rules which are in existence belonging to both institutions shows them to be identical. The object of combination is practically the same in each case, viz., the formation of a fraternity or association for the mutual help of its members banded together under certain laws and regulations, formed for a good and useful purpose, either ecclesiastical or secular. One object especially common to all such fraternities was the ensuring provision for decent burial at the cost of the funds held by his colleagues, and to which the deceased had been a subscriber. Gilcl : Guild , or Geld , as defined by Herbert , 4 primarily means payment; derived, he says, from Gil dan, to pay, and he quotes Spelman to the effect that Gildare of Domesday is synonymous with solvere, reddere, to pay, or render. Johnson describes its meaning as descriptive of “Fraternities originally contributing sums towards a common stock—a Corporation. The word is found in various tongues: Old French, gilde, societe; Lacombe, Teut., gilde, societas contributionum; Kelian, Icel., gilde, convivium, symposium, serenius, a society, a fraternity or company combined together, by orders and laws made among themselves, by their prince’s license. Hence, the common word Guildhall is derived, being a fraternity or commonalty of men gathered together, into one combination, supporting their common charge by mutual contribution.” The late Mr. W. H. Black, F.S.A., however, was of the opinion that the word could be traced beyond a Teutonic root. He remarks that Gild is a true and pure British noun signifying contribution, or what is produced or contributed ; and together with the British verb gildiaw (signifying to yield, produce, or contribute), and the derivations of the root gil, may be found in any Welsh Dictionary. Both the idea and the thing signified are Roman, and the name is purely British adopted by Saxon and Norman conquerors to express what they found 1 Lappenberg’s “ England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,” translated by B. Thorpe, E.S.A. 1844. Yol. i, p. 34. 3 “ Romans of Britain,” by the late H. C. Coote, F.S.A., p. 383. 3 Often spelt “ Guild,” but the insertion of the u is unnecessary, and has no effect on the real meaning of the word. 4 Herbert’s “ History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of the City of London.” Yol. i, p. 2. D 2 28 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Gilda Mercatoria. existing among tlie natives. Hence, came tlie geld or gild (whether as a verb or as a noun) of the Anglo-Saxon laws and the geldscipe, the geldum and gel dare of the Normans, the latter occurring perpetually in Domesday Book in the sense of yielding a revenue to the public Exchequer. The Anglo-Saxon legal word gafol (sometimes confounded with geld in sense) is hut the British word gafael , meaning a tenure or holding, and is in like manner the origin of gavelkind and of other terms occurring in our laws and records. These and many other words hitherto referred to the Anglo-Saxon dialect for their etymology, and, by consequence, to a supposed Anglo-Saxon origin can be more satisfactorily traced to the old British language, and be explained by existing usage among the Welsh people ; in the same manner as the most ancient names of places throughout Britain, Gaul, and Northern Italy, can be demonstrably explained by that language and by it alone. From this we may gather that a Guildhall would originally represent the appointed place at which the burgesses of a city would yield or pay their taxes, and this will account for the spelling of the word as it occurs in the early records of more than one of our municipal corporations ; for example, the Guildhall at Reading is referred to in early documents as the Yield Hall , and, among the many references to that in London which exist among the City records, there are numerous instances of a like nature, for example, the use of the said chambre of the Yeldehall is no uncommon expression. The same may be noted in the various chronicles of the middle ages, and on maps and plans of the City belonging to the 17th Century. The forms usually adopted are—if by a French writer, Guyhalle , Gihale , Gihalle , Guihale , Guihalle , Gyhale ; if in the Latin records, the word selected is usually either Gihalda , Gilda Aula , Gildaula , Guihalda , Gyaula , and Gyhalda , with occasionally other variations. In some observations upon the Guilds, or Livery Companies of London, the late Mr. John Gough Nichols, F.S.A., has well remarked that in the history of such associations there may be noted three stages ; the first, that of voluntary membership, the next, regulated by the general authority of the City, and the last, that of self-government, sanctioned by Royal Charters of Incorporation ; and, speaking of the Mercers as the foremost of such fraternities, he observes that it is by no means improbable that they are the actual successors of the one general Guild—the Gilda Mercatoria, or Mercaria, a governing body holding a kind of prescriptive authority over the general trade of a city, both home and foreign, and one which was essential to the commercial interests of our towns and cities at the earliest period of their history. Such a body would include the various fraternities who were associated together simply for a mercantile purpose. A Merchant Guild existed at Winchester. The earliest Charter connected with the history of that City is one belonging to the reign of Henry II, and it acknowledges the Incorporation. At Oxford, also, and in the same reign, the Gilda Mercatoria appears no new thing to the Oxonians, for in a Charter 1 which illustrates how close was the connection between London and Oxford in all connected with their municipal life, such a Guild is mentioned—a circumstance affording internal evidence of a like authority in London, inasmuch as the liberties and privileges confirmed by this Charter are to be in common with those enjoyed in our own City ; and it is further stated that the Mayor may serve as Butler at the coronation feasts—a privilege confined, it is said, Notes and Queries,” 6, Series xi. May 16, 1885. Note by C. J. Clark. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 29 to the Cities of London and Oxford. The first Charter granted to the citizens of Bath was dated within six months after the accession of Richard I in the year 1189. It commands that the citizens, “who are of the Merchant Guild,” shall he free from all toll, passage, lastage, and other customs, in the same manner as the citizens of the Merchant Guild of Winchester were. 1 It is evident from this that we can boast of the existence of a Corpo¬ ration earlier than can the citizens of Bath. In the town of Andover there is a highly interesting collection of records connected with city life. It fortunately happens that these valuable memorials have fallen into such able hands as those of the Rev. C. Collier, M.A., F.S.A., Vicar of Andover, and the Rev. R. H. Clutterbuck, M.A. These gentleman have been for some time engaged in arranging and transcribing the various rolls; and it is to be hoped that ere long they may be fully classified and accessible to the student. Among the Charters is an Incorporation of the “ Guild of Merchants ” by King John in the year 1204, and in this are confirmed the privileges granted by Henry II and King Richard. The Guild, as shown by the various entries throughout the series, appears to have been the governing body of the town, becoming, as time went on, more identified with the borough, and in character gradually merging into the Town Council, the fellowship of the Guild losing itself in the mere freedom of the borough, and the interests of the Guild fading into the business of the town. Such a condition explains the frequency with which the buildings formerly adapted to the requirements of the Guilds in country towns were converted into town-halls. This was especially the case at the abolition of the religious establishments in the reign of Henry VIII. Richard I, born in the City of Oxford and with some respect for his native place, confirmed the above ; and in the succeeding reigns of John and Henry III these powers and rights became considerably extended. In a Charter dated 1257, viz., the 42nd year of the latter reign, it is set forth that their Mayor is to be presented to the Barons of the Exchequer as is the Lord Mayor of London; and the citizens are to have the privilege of erecting turrets upon then’ walls. There is to be a Court of Hustings weekly, and as concerning pleas of the crown, they are to be in accordance with the laws of London. Among the records at Guildhall is one worth noting, as it marks the connection not only between the two places, but the determination on the part of the Oxonians to retain their rights, and see that they accord with those enjoyed by the metropolis. From the following it will be seen that they claim at London the same privileges as the Londoners, and the claim is allowed:— 2 3 “Henricus, Dei gratia, etc Arckiepiscopis, Episcopis, etc. Sciates nos concessisse, et kac Ckarta nostra confinnasse, kurgensibus nostris Oxonias, pro nobis et kteredibus nostris, quod ipsi et kasredes sui in perpetuiun kabeant et teneant omnes libertates, consuetudines, leges, et quietancias subscriptas;—videlicet, quod kabeant nominatim Gildam suam mercatoriam, cum omnibus libertatibus et consuetudinibus suis, in terris, in insulis et pasturis et aliis pertinentiis suis ; ita quod nullus qui non sit de Gilda ilia aliquam mercaturam faciat in burgo vel suburbio. Prteterea concedimus et confirmamus eis, quod sint quieti de tkeolonio, et passagio, et omni con- suetudine, per totam Augliam et Normanniam, per terram, et per aquam, per ripam maris, ‘ by lande and by strande.’ Et kabeant omnes akas consuetudines, libertates, et leges suas quas kabent communes cum civibus nostris Londoniarium ; scilicet, quod ad festum nostrum nobis servient cum illis de butelaria nostra, et faciant cum eis communiter mercaturam suam infra Londonias, et extra et in omnibus locis. Et si dubitaverint vel contenderint 1 “ Remarks on tke Mercers, and otker Trading Companies of London,” by Jokn Gougk Nickols, P.S.A. See “ Transactions, London and Middlesex Arck. Society,” vol. iv, p. 131. 3 See “ Lib. Custumarum,” vol. ii, p. 671. Charter of Henry III to Oxford. 30 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. dc judicio aliquo quod facere debeaut.de hoc Londouias mittaut nuutios suos ; et quod Londonienses iude judicabunt finn n in et ratum habeant. Et extra burguin Oxoni® non placitent de aliquo imde calumniati sint, sed de quocunque iu placitum pouautur, se disrationabunt secuudum leges et consuetudiues civiurn Londoniarum et nou aliter ; quia ipsi et cives Londinarum sunt de una et eadem consuetudine, lege, et libertate. Quare volumus, et fermiter prascipimus, quod prasdicti Biu-geuses Oxoni®, et eorurn k®redes, in perpetuum habeant et teneant pr®dictas libertates, et leges et consuetudines, et tenuras suas, ita bene et in pace, libere et quiete, plene et honorifice cum socca et saccha, et thol, et them, et infangenethef, et cum omnibus aliis libertatibus et hberis consuetudinibus, et quietationibus suis, sicut cives nostri Londoniarum eas habent. Hiis testibus etc., Datum per manum venerabilis patris Radulphi Cicestrensis Episcopi et Cancellarii nostri, apud Westmonasterium, xvi to - die Februarii, anno regni nostri tertio-decimo.” By this “ Charter ” King Henry grants and confirms to his citizens in Oxford, all those liberties, customs, laws, and rights which they had in the time of the King, his grandfather (Henry I), viz.Their Gilda Mercatoria , with all liberties and customs in land and islands, pastures, and .otherwise pertaining thereto, so that no one who was not of the Gildall should carry on any merchandise in the City or its suburbs, except as was accustomed in the time of the said King, and also granted to them that they should be quit of tolls and passages, and all customs through all England and Normandy, by land and by strand. And that they should have all liberties, customs, and laws which they have in common with his citizens of London. And that at his festival they should serve him as those of his Butlery. And should do merchandise with him within and with¬ out London, and in all places. And if they should doubt or contend of any judgments which they ought to make in the matter, they should send their representatives to London, and what the Londoners should decide should have force and validity. And outside of the City of Oxford they shall not be impleaded of any one, by whom they are accused, but of everyone by whom they shall be placed in pleas, they shall defend themselves according to the laws and customs of the City of London, and otherwise because they and the citizens of London are of one and the same custom and law and liberty, which we will, and that they have their said liberties and laws and customs and tenures, so well and in peace, &c., with sac and soc : and toll and beam , and infangtheof and with all their other liberties and customs and rights, as fully as my citizens of London have them, &c. Extract fro:si City Records, Letter Book E, Fol. 211. “Virtute cuius carte et similiter virtute quorundam brevium que dominus Rex alias mandavit Maiori et Vicecomitibus London que quidum brevia sunt in filacio inter brevia de communibus placitis de anno regis nunc primo, concordatum fuit per Simonem de Swanlond Maiorem, Nickolaum de Farndon, Iokannem de Grantham, Gregorinm de Norton, Reginaldum de Conductu, Iokannem de Prestone, Ricardum de Hakeneye, Tkoma de Leyre, Iokannen Priour et Henricum de Secckeford, Aldermannos, ac per quosdam cives in Camera Gikalde London congregates die Martis proxima post festurn Sancti Mickaelis Anno dicti Regis nunc quarto quod Burgenses Oxoh habeant omnes libertates suas quas petent per cartarn predictam sicut alias concession fuit eis tempore Ricardi de Betoyne Maioris et Aldermannorum anno regis nunc primo in kustengo de Communibus tento die lune in festo Sancte Margarete Yirginis prout indorsatur in uno brevium predictonun de manu Andree Horn nunc Camerarii Gikalde eo tamen excepto, scikcet quod solvant custmnas suas debitas de Tronagio per cokettum, videkcet de lanis pellibus lanutis et coreis ducendis a portu London usque partes transmarinas, et similiter quod solvant tronagium vinorum de vinis suis a partibus transmarinis eis venientibus et quod non possint vendere ad detallium in civitate predicta, et similiter quod non emant aliqua vina in grosso, in London de mercatoribus extraneis ad revendendum, sicut alias concordatum fuit tempore Radulphi de Sandewyco, custode London et Aldermannorum, anno Regis Edwardi filii Regis Henrici vicesimo. Postea ad kustengum tentiun de Communibus placitis die lune proxima post festurn Conversionis Sancti Pauli anno Regis Edwardi tertii post conquestum quinto, Concordatum fuit per Iokannem de Pulteneye Maiorum Nickolaum de Farndon, .Ricardum de Betoyne, Iokannem de Grantham, Reginaldum de Conductu, 31 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Iohannem do Prestone, Iokannem de Causton, Gregorium de Norton, Tliomam de Leyre, Henricum de Seccheford, et alios Aldeimannos quod Burgenses Oxon habeant bbertates suas quas babere consueverunt et quod sint quieti de telomis et custumis in civitate London prout abas concordatum fnit tempore Simonis de Swanlond, Maiore, sicut continetiu in albo bbro memorandorum ubi eoriun carta irrotulatur eo tamen excepto, videlicet quod solvant custumas Quere car- suas debitas tionagio per cokettnm scibcet de lanis pellibus lanutis et coriis ducendis a portu London usque pax-tes q^to^folio 1 transmaiinas et tronagium vinorum a partibus transmarinus adducendorum, et quod non vendant ad detalium retro ad hoc in civitate et quod non emant vina in grosso ad revendenda.” signum o^o Extract from City Records, Letter Book H, Fol. 283 . Memorandum quod quarto die Septembris anno regni Regis Ricardi seciuidi decimo septimo venenuit bic Allocacio corum Willelmo Staundon Maiore et Aldermannis London, Tbomas Somersete Maior et Burgenses vibe Oxon monstrantes dictis Maiori et Aldermamns quandam cartam dicta ville factam irrotulatam bic in Camara bbro cum litera E. fobo cciiij'° et per dominum nostrum Regem modernum eis confirmatam ipsis Maiori et Aldermamns cum instancia supplicantes quatenus bbertates in dicta carta contentas eis abocare dignarentur. Qui quidem Maior et Aldermanni inspectis allocaciornbus dictis Burgensibus temporibus elapsis factis prout patet in dicto bbro fobo ccxj 0 abocacionem carte predicte prout temporibus l’etroactis facta fuit concesserunt.” A Charter of King Edward III, given at Nottingham the 10th May, in the first year of his reign was enrolled in the Chamber of London at Guildhall. 1 By virtue of this Charter, and likewise by virtue of certain letters directed by our Lord the King to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, which letters are filed with the writs of Common Pleas of the first year of the King that now is, it was agreed between Simon de Swanlond, Mayor, Nicholas de Farndone and other Aldermen, and by certain citizens assembled in the Chamber of London at Guildehall, on the Tuesday next after Michaelmas Day, in the fourth year of the King’s reign, that the burgesses of Oxford should have all the liberties which they ask by the said Charter, as was also conceded to them in the time of Richard of Betoyne, Mayor, and the Aldermen, in the first year of the King, that now is held in trust of the Community on Monday the Feast of St. Margaret the Virgin as endorsed on one of the said letters by the hand of Andrew Horn, now Chamberlain of Guildhall, this only excepted, that they shall pay their due customs of tronage by coket, viz., of wools, woolfels, and skins, taken from the Port of London, to parts across sea, and likewise that they shall pay tronage of wines, coming to them from parts across sea, and that they shall not sell in retail in the City, and likewise that they shall not buy any wine wholesale in London of foreign merchants to sell again as was agreed to in the time of Ralph of Sandwich, Custos of London, and the Aldermen in the 20th year of King Edward, son of King Henry. It was afterwards agreed at the hustings of the Common Pleas held on Monday next after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, in the fifth year of King Edward III, John de Pulteney, Mayor, and the other Aldermen being present, that the Burgesses of Oxford should have their liberties which they were accustomed to have, and should be quit of tolls and customs in the City of London, as it was agreed in the time of Simon of Swanlond, Mayor, as is contained in the Liber Aldus Memorandorum (i.e. Letter Book E) where the said Charters are enrolled. This, excepted, &c. In the same City records 2 it is noted that on 4th September, 17 Rich. II, Thomas Somerset, Mayor, and the Burgesses of the Town of Oxford, came before Sir W. Staunton, Mayor, and the Aldermen of London, showing to the said Mayor and 1 Letter Book E, fol. 204. 2 Letter Book H, fol. 283. 32 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The Dutch Guildhall. The Steelyard. Aldermen the Charter of the said town enrolled in the Chamber here 1 to be by our said King now confirmed to them, and earnestly supplicating the said Mayor and Aldermen that they would be pleased to allot to them the liberties in the said Charter contained, and the Mayor and Aldermen having inspected the allocations to the said Burgesses made in past times as appears in the said Book, 2 agree to make the allocation of the said Charter as in times past. In 13o5, there are quarrels between the University and the City which, for pacific reasons, lead to the resignation into the hands of the King of all the existing rights and privileges ; but soon after, indeed in the same year, viz., on the 26th July, they are, with certain exceptions, restored. Confirmations are continued through succeeding reigns until the Grant of Incorporation by James I, the Charter by which the citizens are at present ruled. In the Guildhall of London the old name survives, as it does in many other of our corporate towns where similar buildings are yet standing. The meetings of the Court of Common Coimcil have furnished a model, which has been adopted by the Town Councils of other places. If changed in name, the use to which such a structure is applied remains the same, that being a recognised centre for the transaction of all municipal business connected with the well-being and advantage of the general community. There was, however, another Guildhall, existing within the civic precincts, known as the Dutch Guildhall, the “ Aula Teutonicorum,” the house of the Hanse Merchants. If not of earlier date than the English Hall, this building has in its traditions, which have come down to us concerning it, left so much interesting evidence of its importance and details of the foreign Aldermen and traders who resided within its walls that it deserves a passing notice. The interests of the foreign traders to whom the Hall belonged were at one time much involved, and often at variance with those of the citizens. In later days all this was changed, the commerce and trade of London being thrown open to foreigners and natives alike, but in the reign of Elizabeth her Government banished from England the Hanse Merchants, and the Mayor and Sheriffs of the time were instructed to repair to the Hall and order them to depart from her Kingdom by a certain day. Of the old building, which gave the name to the locality, no trace exists. The Steelyard, once a familiar term, is all but forgotten, the Cannon Street Railway Station, its approaches, and the warehouses upon the river bank having involved the removal, and indeed the total destruction of all connected with the Hall. At one time the site was the centre of London trade, and the scene of its complete monopoly by the merchants of the Hanseatic League. As a confederancy, they existed in the eighth century, the traders being representatives of a number of the Continental towns who sent over their manufactures to London in exchange for hides, wool, tin, lead, and other products of British industry. They are mentioned in the reign of Ethelred, a.d. 979, as the Emperor’s men who coming in their ships to Billingsgate “ were accounted worthy of good laws.” The Company was extensive. Its most important branch was the Easterlings, who had their factory and warehouses in the vicinity of the Steelyard. The Cologne merchants had part of Dowgate and disputes were constantly arising between the rival settlements, the result being an amalgamation described as the “ Merchants of Almaigne, who possess the house in London called the Dutch Guildhall.” There are numerous references in the Harleian MSS., and elsewhere, to various grants from our English 1 Letter Book E, fol. 204. 2 Ibid., fol. 211. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 33 kings 1 to tlie Haunses or Styllyards, alias Guildhala Teutonicorum. This Hall, as described by Stow, “is large, built of stone with three arched gates towards the street, the middlemost whereof is far bigger than the others and is seldom opened. The other two be secured up. The same is now called the Old Hall.” The only representation of its appearance from the river in the sixteenth century is that sketched by Antonio Van den Wyngaerde, an artist who came into this country with Philip of Spain, at the time of his marriage with the Princess Mary of England. The valuable view of London, as presented to the eye of this artist, is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and the portion which includes the view of the building above referred —and, in addition, that of our own Guildhall—has been fac-similed in lithography, and appears in the present volume. The same applies to Hollar’s View of London, published in 1647. In this way may be identified the limits to the Steelyard buildings as they existed in the seventeenth century. Of the history of the Hall at the time the foreign merchants rejoiced in the possession of their home, but little, if anything, is known. That there was a building in which the municipal business of London was transacted, even in the days of the Empire, is more than probable, and doubtless at that time known as the “ Aula Publica,” but that such occupied the site of the present edifice is improbable. It would have been too far from the active and trading life of the busy city, external to the city wall, in a district of comparatively unoccupied land, morass and ditch, fields or gardens, and a few isolated buildings. Tradition, unfortunately, assists but little ; where any can be traced, it usually possesses a shadow of truth, but nothing has descended in this way to associate Guildhall with the present site earlier than that which ascribes it to the reign of King Edward the Confessor, a.d. 1041- 1066, and this is simply based on the circumstance that the Arms of Edward appear not only on one of the principal bosses in the Porch, but upon those in the Crypt and in other portions of the building, a fact which proves but little, for, as pertinently remarked by Mr. Nichols 2 in his brief but excellent description of the Hall, “ the presence of these Arms gives little or no strength to the tradition, for their appearance among the general ornamentation would but illustrate a common practice in every age of ancient architecture to introduce such ornaments among the profusion of enrichments from motives of veneration, when, perhaps, those to whom they belonged were neither builders nor 1 There is an interesting grant by King John to the Cologne merchants among the Charter Rolls at the Record Office, which is, so far as I am aware, hitherto unpublished. It reads as follows :— Charter Roll. 15 John. Membrane 3. “ John, by the grace of God, &c., to all, &c. Know you that we have quitclaimed our beloved citizens of Cologne (Colon) and their merchandize from those two shillings which they were wont to give from their Guildhall of London and from all other customs and demands which belong to us in London and throughout all our land in England. We have granted also to them to go and to come safe into all our land of England as is aforesaid, and that they may freely go to fairs throughout all our land, and buy and sell both in the town of London and elsewhere as the charter of lord King Richard, our brother, which they have thereof, saving the liberty of our City of London, reasonably witnesseth. Wherefore, we will and firmly order that the aforesaid citizens of Cologne may have the aforenamed liberties and free customs throughout all our land of England as is aforesaid. Witness, G. son of Peter, Earl of Essex, W. Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, and many others. Given as above (by the hand of Master R. de Mar’) at Corfe, 24th July in the same year (15th) (a.d. 1213).” 2 “ A brief account of the Guildhall of the City of London,” by J. B. Nichols, 1819. E The Guildhall. 34 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. benefactors.” It may, however, be remarked, upon the other hand, that the belief is one which evidently existed when the later Hall was built, otherwise the shield would hardly have been selected as a companion to the only other boss of importance in the Porch which has for its ornamentation the Arms of Henry VI, with whose reign so much in connection with the Hall, Porch and Chapel is associated. Stow asserts that the first Guildhall was situated on the east side of Aldermanbury, a street which, he says, took its name from the Aldermen keeping their “ bery ” or “ court,” but now called the Guildhall, which Hall of old time stood on the east side of the same street, not far from the west end of Guildhall, now used. Touching the antiquity of this old “ Alderman’s burie ” or court, I have not read, says he, other than that Richard Renery 1 one of the Sheriffs of London in the 1 Richard I,.which was in the year of Christ 1189, gave to the Church of St. Mary at Osney, by Oxford, “ certain ground and rents in Alder¬ manbury of London, as appeareth in the register of that Church, as is also entered into the hoistinges of the Guildhall in London.” With the exception of this, for which Stow gives no authority other than what he has “ read,” there has been, hitherto, no published information in support of the truth of the tradition. A lengthened search has, therefore, been made among the many literary treasures possessed by the various Colleges at Oxford, and among those preserved in the Library at Christchurch ; I have succeeded in identifying the actual book from which the good old antiquary derived his information, and there appears to be every reason to believe that if not actually at one time in his possession, he had full access to the interesting contents of the volume. 2 The Abbey of St. Mary Oseney was founded in the year a.d. 1129 on one of the islets made by the river and near to the castle of Oxford ; it was established at the desire 1 This Richard Fitzreiner, or, as he is sometimes styled, Richard Reynere, was in the year 1189 associated with Henry de Cornhill as “ portreeve ” and “ sheriff ” respectively. They were both concerned in the attempt which at this time was being made by King John to acquire the throne during the absence of his brother Richard, who had left England for the Crusades. The latter had, prior to liis departure, left Chancellor William, Bishop of Ely, as his viceroy, and had at the same time enjoined on his brother a limited absence from his kingdom. John, however, returned to the country with undoubted intentions of usurping his brother’s place. He raised a party against the Chancellor, and on his deposition procured himself the appointment of viceroy. This party the citizens had greedily joined, and on the 7th October, 1191, the two officials above mentioned called a burghmote in “ aula publica qua; a potorum conventu nomen accepit,” and there it was determined by the citizens to side with John in his attempt on the throne. Although evidence is wanting, this can hardly refer to any other building than the first Guildhall. “ On the following day, after the King’s appointment, the citizens obtained the solemn concession of the long desiderated mayoralty, combined with a parliamentary ratification of their title.” * The portreeve, though under the new regime subordinate to the mayor, continued to be appointed by the crown until the first year of John, when that King by Charter waived the now useless right in favour of the citizens. The latter thenceforward appointed, and have continued to appoint, the “ portreeve,” under the name of “ Sheriff of London.” 2 Among some of the works which the writer had the opportunity of seeing at the Bodleian Library was one from which is extracted the following. It will be seen that this volume is probably that which, at one time, was in the hands of Stow, and borrowed of him by a Mr. Thynne. How this can have been, it is difficult to understand. Stow himself speaks of a William Thynne, Esq., in the reign of Henry YIII, as associated with the publication of the works of the poet Chaucer. It is possible that the Fr. Thynne mentioned in the following is the same individual: —“ Notes taken out of the great Leger Book belonging to Osney, borrowed of Mr. Stow, a.d. 1591, by Fr. Thynne. MS. penes Io. Anstis arm, Senem, Abbatum Osneiensum ad a.d. 1435 et Registrum Chartarum hujus Monasterii MS. in Bibl. Cotton, Vitelius, E. xv, 23. In Bibl. Harleiana MS. 60, fol. 14 Taxationem possessionem Abbatis de Oseney in Diocesi London.” * See “ London Notes.” A Lost Charter. “ The Tradition of London Stone,” by H. C. Coote, F.S.A. “ Transactions, London and Middlesex Archeological Society,” vol. v. FROM THE CARTULARY OF OSENEY ABBEY, IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE DEAN AND CHAPTER OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. Circa 1275 . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 35 of Edith, wife of Robert D’Oylly, formerly mistress of Henry I. The endowments were very great, hut by a second Charter they became more extensive ; for, in addition to the other donations, the endowment of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George, within the castle of Oxford, was acquired. This had been founded in the year 1074 by the uncle of the said Robert, one Roger de Oilei and Roger de Ivery. Robert, the founder of Oseney, died before or about a.d. 1157. 1 At the creation of the bishoprics by Henry VIII in the year 1542 it was selected by the King for the seat of the newly-founded see of Oxford. Its revenues, sites, and muniments, together with the see itself, were subsequently trans¬ ferred to Christchurch. Its muniments had been codified in three Chartularies preserved in the Cottonian Library, the Record Office, and in the Chapter House of Christchurch. The first, which is the earliest, contained principally the evidences belonging to the City of Oxford. This suffered considerably in the unfortunate fire which destroyed many of the Cotton MSS. in the year 1731. It is still preserved in the British Museum, but is a collection of burnt fragments. 2 3 The MS. in the Record Office is but a translation or abstract of certain documents in a hand of the time of Henry VI. That which was most likely to have the information needed was the third, viz., the Christchurch Chartulary which contains the evidences of possessions and properties outside the City of Oxford. This particular Chartulary was compiled in the time of William de Sutton, Abbot of Oseney, about 1275 ( i.e . between 1267 and 1284). It was given to Christchurch in exchange for the “ Annales Burtoniensis ” by Sir Robert Cotton, as appears by a note in Sir Robert’s hand on folio 1. His autograph also appears at the bottom of the last leaf. It is a valuable volume comprising some 400 pages of the highest interest. It is written in a variety of hands, and contains a full record of the earliest possessions of the Abbey in a vast number of districts, and is a curious illustration of their extent in early times. The different properties are distributed in nearly a hundred different localities; and among the numerous places mentioned appears the City of London. The properties referred to occupy in ‘their description five pages only of the book; but, relating, as they do, not only in a highly important manner to the district more particularly under our consideration, but to other well-known localities, combined with the mention of names once familiar to the citizens at large, it has been thought desirable to print a translation in full of two of the pages as they stand in this unique and interesting volume. In addition to the courteous permission of the authorities at Christ Church College to do this, they have likewise allowed us to fac-simile two of the pages from the book, and include them in the present work. A full translation of the various entries is given in the Appendix, with the exception of the paragraph which includes the reference to Aldermanbury, or “ Aldermansberia,” as it appears in the original. This is as follows :— “ Chartre of Richard, Sox of Reyner, concerning an Annual Rent of Eight Shillings. To all the sous of the holy Mother Church, Richard, son of Reyner, greeting. Know ye all of you that I have given, granted [&c.] to the Church of Saint Mary of Oseney, the land and rent which William Leuric held of my father and of me, by hereditary right in Aldermanesberry, to wit, a rent of eight shillings, and all the right which I held of the same land, for the health of the souls of my father and mother and of my ancestors and of my soul, and 1 See Dugdale’s “ Monasticon Anglicanum,” vol. vi, part i, p. 249, also Kennett’s “ Par. Antiq.” new edit., vol. i, p. 157. 3 Vitell, E. xv. See, also, “Calendar of Charters and Rolls,” Bodleian Library, Oxford ; preface to p. 11. E 2 qfeiwg Carta Magis- tri et scola- rium domus 36 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. especially for the soul of my brother John together with his body buried at Oseney for making an anniversary of his death. And the Convent there shall render annually to me and my heirs two pence half-penny within the octaves of Easter for every service [&c.]. And I and my heirs will acquit that laud to the lord of the fee of the service which belongs to the same land, and will guarantee it to the aforesaid Church against all persons. These being witnesses.” There is, in the foregoing, a distinct reference to Aldermanbury, and if Stow he correct in his opinion, there can be little doubt that it was in this, even up to the present time, narrow thoroughfare that the old Guildhall was situate. I am aware that his derivations are frequently of an imaginary kind, 1 indeed, ofttimes ludicrous, but in this instance he is on safer ground. It may be assumed, for example, that the termination Bery, in connection with the names of places, is either derived from the Saxon berg, a hill, or burg, indicative of a walled town or city, identical with “ burgus ” or “ borough,” with which it may often be confounded ; or Bury may be taken in the sense of house or mansion, for example, Canonbury, or the Canons’ house ; or Cashiobury, a detached seat in Cashio Hundred ; Gorham Bury, the mansion of Robert de Gorham, Abbot of St. Albans, or Barnsbury at Islington, the manor held by Ralph de Berners in the 13th century, and in whose family the property was held for generations. Bucklersbury, again, represents the residence of the Bukerels, or Bokerels, a member of which family was Lord Mayor, a.d. 1231-1237. 2 Finsbury 3 or Fynesbury, also, is another illustration. The family of Finnes or Fynes were owners of the land, and had their “ bur ,” burh, or residence, there. It was two members of this ancient family who gave the district known as Moorfields to the City of London. There is, moreover, an interesting entry in the “ City Records,” which is referred to here, because of the illustration which it affords to the truthfulness of Stow, with respect to the above-mentioned derivation. The extract is from the Hustings Rolls, and refers to the transfer of certain property, of which we have to speak at greater length hereafter, in connection with the possessions of the Master and scholars of Balliol College, Oxford. The property in question, the soke of St. Wynewall together with certain houses, was in the parish of St. Laurence in the Jewry, which are described as being near to the cemetery of the Church of St. Laurence. The entry is as follows :— Dictis Die et Anno venit Hugo de Vyenna Canonicus Ecclesie Sancti Martini Magni London’ Dedit Concessit et Carta sua confirmavit Magistro et scolaribus Domus Dicte de Ballio in Oxon sokam Sancti Wynewall quam habuit de Ballio Oxon. 1 Lotkbury, upon the south side of which is the Jewry, provides an illustration of this. Stow says, “ the street of Lothberie, Lathberie or Loadberie (for by all these names have I read it), took the name (as it seemeth) of ‘ berie ’ or court of old time there kept, but by whom is grown out of memory. This street is possessed for the most part by founders that cast candlesticks, chafing dishes, spice mortars, and such like copper or laton works, and do afterward turn them with the foot, and not with the wheel, to make them smooth and bright with turning and scrating (as some do term it), making a loathsome noise to the by-passers that have not been used to the like, and therefore by them disdainfully called Lotlibme ” ; other etymologies have been given by various writers. The most ingenious, and one which is probably correct, is that recently suggested by Dr. Freshfield, in his interesting work, “ On the Parish Books of St. Margaret’s Lotkbury, St. Christopker-le-Stocks, and St. Bartholomew by the Exchange, in the City of London.” Both Lotkbury and Ludgate, he remarks, “ may be derived from the word lode, which in some parts of England still means a cut or drain leading into a larger stream. In both these cases the name would be appropriate, for Ludgate leads to the Fleet Ditch or River, and Lotkbury runs over the course of the Wallbrook.” St. Margaret de Lodelury occurs in the Hustings Rolls, under date 1261, and in later entries. He officiated as butler at the coronation of the good Queen Eleanor and was doubtless of Italian extraction, the family being known as Bocckerilli. He died during his mayoralty in the year 1237, Richard Renger succeeding for the remainder of the year. 3 See Kemble’s “ Saxons in England,” vol. i, p. 59 (edit. 1876) ; Boswortk’s “Anglo-Saxon Dictionary ” (edit. 1882) ; also “ Records of St. Giles, Cripplegate,” by Rev. W. Denton, M.A., edit. 1883, p. 90. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 37 die confeccionis Hums Carte in parockia Sancti Laurentii in Jndaismo London’ et qnatnor Domos et Redittus cum advocacione predicte Ecclesie cum pertinentiis que habnit ex dono et concessions magistri Hugonis de Wychambrock scilicet illas quatuor domos scitas iuxta cimiterium dicte Ecclesie Sancti Laurentii ex parte Aquilonari inter domum Stephani Asswy ex parte occidentali et Bur’ de la Guildhall ex parte oriental!. 1 It will be seen from the above that the houses mentioned were in close proximity to the Bur de la Guildhall , and this expression has more than ordinary interest because it shows the use of the word, as applied to the Hall in the 13th century. In the title deeds connected with the same property, which are preserved at Balliol College, the same boundaries are set out, but the expression selected for the reference to the Hall is Curiam de la Guyldhalle. The word Curia signifies a hall, court, or any building appropriated to meetings of the Senate or Council. It was used by the Latin writers. There was a Hall, or Moot House, in connection with each of the thirty-five regions, or Wards, in Rome. 1 he Curia Municipalis referred to by Vitruvius is understood by modern translators as a state-house, or Guildhall, and the word which is of frequent occurrence in the documents of the Middle Ages is comprehensive, and quite applicable to the uses of the present building. In addition to this, there is the corroborative evidence which exists in the foundations of the present Hall. The historian writes that “ the Hall of old time stood on the east side of the same street, not far from the west end of the Guildhall now used. The building to which he refers is the enlarged structure which was finally completed in the 15th century, and it is the west end which has so many indications of having belonged to the first building. The old entrance, moreover, to the Hall is known to have been in Aldermanbury, and I am informed by the Rev. C. C. Collins, M.A., Vicar of the Parish, that at the time when the premises, now occupied by Messrs. Courtauld & Co., were erected, at the corner of Three Nuns’ Court and exactly opposite the east window of the Church, it was reported that traces were found of early masonry, and what might well have been an opening associated with the entrance to Stow’s “ Court ” or “ Berry,” viz., the first Guildhall. There is, in addition, the still earlier reference to the locality under the same name which occurs in the List of the lands held by the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s before referred to. This is nearly a century earlier than that given by Stow, and in it are mentioned the Canons of the soke of “ Aldremanesberi ” and also certain lands held by Wlured in the same district, both described as being in the Ward of Alwold, better known in modern days as the Ward of Cripplegate. Of the William Leuric who is mentioned in the Chartulary we know nothing ; in the St. Paul’s documents Leuricus, the Provost, is mentioned, a circumstance shewing that there was a family bearing this well-known name of distinction in the city. Stow does not refer to any such name in his list of Portgraves, Provosts and Mayors. He mentions one Leofstane, a goldsmith, as filling the office in the reign of Henry I. He was probably the same individual who was included among the fifteen burgesses who assembled in the Priory of the Holy Trinity in the year 1125. Henry’s reign extended from the year 1114 to 1135. So,’the said Leuricus may well have held the position of Provost during a portion of this time. It is also likely that there may have been some family connection between him and the 1 “Hust. Roll, No. 23,” Deed No. 79. Enrolled, Monday after the Feast of S. James Apostle, 22 Edward I, 1293. 38 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. William Leuricus who had the transaction with Richard, the Sheriff. It is, in any case, evident that this name, of Saxon origin, was represented by individuals of note, from the active part they appear to have taken in the municipal life of London during the early part of the twelfth century. In the City archives there is, however, an interesting entry which distinctly associates Aldermanbury with the western end of the Guildhall. It appears in one of the Letter Books, is written in Norman French, and from it we gather that at the time of the transaction recorded, the west entrance was open to the roadway, that is if the meaning of the chronicler, which is somewhat obscure, is correctly interpreted. The name of the street does not appear ; but the position of the building and its relation to it, is sufficient for identification, inasmuch as the distinguished merchant referred to, is known to have resided in Aldermanbury, and to have been buried in the Parish Church. Sir William Estfelde, Estfeold, or Eastfield, as it is sometimes written, was one of the “ men of worship ” who, as Stow says, resided in one of the “ fair houses” which were standing on both sides of the street. He was a great benefactor, and was connected with the bringing of water from Tybourn to a conduit erected near to his dwelling-house. He was a member of the Mercers’ Company, and Mayor in the years 1430 and 1438 respectively. From the following, which is an actual transcript of the original with a literal translation, it appears that Sir William was desirous of erecting a Chapel in connection with his residence, and he applied for leave to construct a “ Hautpas,” or “ Haultpace” for the purpose. Such an addition would be a raised floor in a bay window, a stage or platform, a landing in a flight of stairs, or, as in this case, a projection from the main building ; the position in relation to the Hall is defined, as are also the dimensions of the land which was rented to Sir William. 1 Un haultpace grante a W. Estfeld par le Rent dune verge et une- rose pur le Mair Pentecost. 'As toutz iceulz qi cestes pre- sentes Ires verrount Henry Barton Mair Audermans et Conimunalte de la Cite de Loundres salutz en Dieu. Sacliez nous avoir grauuteez et confermeez a William Estfeld [Citein et Mercer de Loundres de faire ete difier une haultpace pour une Chapelle issaunt hors del Maisoun de mesme le Wittm vers le Est tanqe an fin du nre coe Sale appelle La Guyhatt vers le West contenaunt en longeure perentre Est et West vingt et oept pees et en laeure perentre South et North douse pees et dis pounces dassaise avoir et tenir le dit hault¬ pace ency a edifior audit Wittm sez heirs et assignez as toutz jours. Rendaunt ent annuelment en le jour de Pentecost au Mair de la dit cite pur le temps esteaunt une verge covenablement apparaille ove une rouge Rose desuis en le somet dicelle verge pur estre porter en manere accustume devaunt le Mair alannt en procession de lesglise de Seint Petres en Cornhulle tanqe al Mynstre de Seint Patties et y estre offert solonc Launcien custiune dedit Cite. En tesmoignaunce du quel le coe seal du dit Cite est mys as icestes. Donne a Loundres le sisme jour Daugst lan du Regne le Roy Henry Sisme puis el conquest septisme. A “ haultpace ” granted ['To all those who shall see these to W[illiam] Estfeld, at present letters, Henry Barton, the rent of a rod and a-j Mayor [and] the Aldermen and rose for the Mayor at Commonalty of the City of Pentecost. [London, Greeting in God. Know ye that we have granted and confirmed to William Estfeld, citizen and mercer of London, that he may make and build a “haultpace” for a Chapel issuing from outside the house of the same William towards the east, up to the end of our Common Hall called “ La Guyhall ” towards the west, containing in length between east and west twenty-eight feet, and in breadth between south and north twelve feet and ten inches of assize ; to have and to hold the said “ haultpace ” so to build, to the said William his heirs and assigns for ever. Rendering yearly, on the day of Pentecost, to the Mayor of the said City for the time being a rod con¬ veniently apparelled with a red rose at the summit of this rod to be carried in manner accustomed before the Mayor going in procession from the Church of S. Peter in Cornhill to the Minster of S. Paul’s, and there to be offered, according to the ancient custom of the said City. In witness whereof the common seal of the said City is put to these. Given at London, the sixth day of August, in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry the Sixth since the Conquest [a.d. 1428]. 1 Letter Book K, fol. 73b. M i it. 11Q it sV vaku Cou ncil CL amber P A Rf% O F ITHIN 6itUi> iutiij MASONS' XVI °y 'IDIIAU I PAR * /-VffSSg 8 - £jjSe (f tf|«‘ ‘-Uvyaarti. /•/.Jot. Sill '' ' P^ncr ^ S>nt of 7 Govwots , %>., 'Sower / ffi A;M PLAN OF WARDS AND PARISHES IN WHICH THE GUILDHALL OF THE CITY OF LONDON IS SITUATED 1885. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 39 If the association between Guildhall and the Parish of St. Mary Aldermanbury is as interesting as we venture to think it, that between the Parish of St. Laurence in the Jewry and the Hall is even more so, for both the Church and its site, together with all the traditions connected with their history, are to the present day identified with the Hall. The greater part of the land upon which the building stands is in the Parish of St. Laurence. Upon the walls of its interesting Church are preserved the few that remain of the slabs and monuments which at one time were in existence in the Chapel which adjoined the Hall. With the exception of the raised Dais, or Hustings, at the east end, which is in the Parish of St. Michael Bassisliaw, and a small portion of the building at the western end, comprising, according to the authorised plan, as it stood in the year 1750, the kitchen, pantry, and other offices, together with a yard likewise in the same Parish : the whole of the area enclosed by the four walls of the Hall is in the Parish of St. Laurence and in the Ward of Cheap. These additional offices appear to have occupied the space which divided the Parish of St. Laurence from that of St. Michael, and likewise defines the boundary between the Ward of Cheap and Cripplegate Within. A glance at the accompanying plan of the Wards and Parishes will illustrate better than can any written description the actual position. This plan is but a copy of that issued by the Ordnance Survey, and the lines added in colours are so arranged as to indicate, at once the position of the Hall, and its relation to the immediate locality. The limits of the Ward of Cheap may be readily identified. This was a Ward of comparatively late date, and a portion of it (which is now identified with the Hall) represents what was once included in the Ward of Bassisliaw. From this plan it will be seen that, while the building itself is in Cheap, the greater number of its offices are to be found in Bassisliaw, and some few in the Ward of Cripplegate Within. It may be as well to mention here that there are some few discrepancies between the boundaries as laid down upon the plan and the position of the plates which mark the division of the respective Parishes ; for example, it is well known that the old Guildhall Chapel was. in the Ward and Parish of St. Michael Bassisliaw; a plate however, upon the building, which now occupies the site of the Chapel, would lead to the idea that it was in the Parish of St. Laurence. 1 There are, also, other variations of a like nature which, without careful comparison, are apt to lead to error and confusion. Among the many literary treasures in which the libraries at Oxford abound is one preserved among the muniments at Balliol College, which connects the history of the Church 1 Upon the south wall of the Hall, walking from east to west, there may be observed upon the first column of the series which defines the respective hays, metal plates, marking the boundary of St. Michael Bassisliaw in 1740, and that of St. Laurence in the Jewry, as agreed upon in the year 1744, the fine of demarcation being precisely that which identifies the raised platform or dais, in other words—the hustings. The present wooden screen work is finished at this, particular column. In the second bay, in which now stands the memorial to William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, there are no parochial marks ; hut in the next division, and to the right of William Beckford’s monument, there may be observed near to the columns the boundary plates of St. Michael Bassishaw, 1815, and St. Laurence Jewry of the same date. In the fourth bay there are no plates : between it and the next comes in the Porch, and no further marks are seen until near to the gallery at the west end of the Hall, where closely adjoining the wooden effio-y of Gog may be noted plates in connection with the parish of St. Michael Bassishaw, 1815, and St. Laurence Jewry, 1868. Upon the northern wall of the Hall, and on the columns opposite to the above are two marks, viz., those of St. Laurence Jewry, and St. Michael Bassishaw, 1850. There are no other plates until the dais, or hustings, are reached when upon the column opposite to that upon the south wall, there may be seen three boundary marks, viz., one for Cheap Ward, 1680, St. Michael Bassishaw, 1784, and St. Laurence Jewry, 1854. In the North Court now devoted to the trial of civil actions, and immediately over the Judge’s chair are two plates, viz., one for St. Laurence, and the other for St. Michael Bassishaw. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 40 and Parish of St. Laurence in the Jewry with the early days of Norman rule. This document is a grant for life from one of the religious houses in France of the Church, together with certain rents of adjacent land and other property to one John their clerk ; and it illustrates in an highly interesting way not only the ownership of both the Church and its site, but it is the earliest of the large number of title-deeds which associate the College with the Parish and further with numerous transactions between the authorities and the Corporation of London with respect to the transfer of property in the immediate vicinity of Guildhall. This parchment may be assigned to the early part of the twelfth century, and it is, fortunately, in excellent preservation. The present Vice-Chancellor of the University has courteously allowed it to be photographed, and thus enabled us to produce a fac-simile of one of the earliest manuscripts upon record, in connection with the history of a City Church. The words in the document are abbreviated in accordance with the practice of the time. The following is, however, an accurate transcript of the original, made by Reginald R. Sharpe, D.C.L., of the Town Clerk’s Office at Guildhall. “ Sciant presentes et futuri quod ego Robertas Abbas Sancti Saluii et Sancti Guingualoei de Monsteriolo et totus eiusderu ecclesie conuentus concessimus et dediinus Johanni de Sancto Laurentio clerico nostro imperpetuam elemosiuam ecclesiam beati Laurentii de London cum omni redditu quern habemus in ciuitate Londoniarum scilicet Is et xii sobdos et vi denarios de terra quam Guillelmus filius Ysabel tenet de nobis viii solidos et de terra quam Alulphus filius Fromundi tenet de nobis v solidos et de terra quam Guillelmus senes tenet de nobis viii solidos et de terra quam heredes Petri filii Galteri tenent de nobis vii solidos. De terra quam Gillebertus cisor tenet de nobis iiii solidos, de terra quam Phillippus sellarius tenet de nobis iiii solidos, de terra quam Radulplius de Winton’ tenet iiii solidos, de terra quam Aaron Judeus tenet iiii solidos, de terra quam Roger us illefostre tenet iiii solidos, de terra quam Alwinus Finke tenet sviii denarios. Habendam et tenendam de nobis libere et honorifice omnibus diebus uite sue pro iiii marcis ad maius pondus singulis annis ad natiuitatem Sancti Johannis Baptiste reddendis. Et Johannes jurauit quod redditum prfedictum non alienabit pro posse suo ab ecclesia nostra. Et si forte dominus abbas uel eius nuntius in Anglia pro censu uenerit procurabit eum predictus Johannes per duos dies, et quamdiu ibidem pro defectu iiii predictarum marcarum moram fecerit ad sumptum prenominati Johannis erit, nisi vero Johannes presens fuerit procurator suus de censu respondent. Ut autem hec concessio et donatio nostra rata habeatur illam sigihorum nostorum auctoritate confirmauimus et corroborauimus. His testibus, Domino Balduino Priore, Remigio, Nicholao, Hugone de Berniuui, Symone Petro, Jolianne, Alelmo Monachis, et toto capitulo eiusdem ecclesie et magistro GiUeberto, Giroldo et Laurentio ru (sic) et Fulcone presbiteris. Petro clerico, Guihelmo Nepoti dicti abbatis. Guillelmo fiho Ysabel, Alulfo filio Fromundi, Guillelmo Sene, Jolianne fiho Roberti, Galfrido Blondo, Eustachio Mercerio, Rogero Clerico et multis aliis.” By this instrument Robert the Abbot of St. Sauve and St. Guingualceus of Montreuil, and all the convent of that Church, give and grant to John of St. Laurence, their clerk, in perpetual alms, the Church of St. Lawrence of London, and all the rents which they have in the City of London, viz., 72s. 6 d., made up as follows :— 1 a. u. Of the land which William the son of Isabel holds of us. 8 0 Of the land which Alulpli the son of Fromundus holds of us . 5 0 Old William ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... g q The heirs of Peter the son of Walter . 7 0 Gilbert the cisor (tailor) . 4 0 Philip the sellarius (saddler) . 4 0 Ralph of Winchester. 4 q Aaron the Jew ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 q Roger Illefostre . 4 0 Alwiu Finke . in 49 6 It will be seen that the amount given as above is not in accordance with that to be received—the difference does not appear to be accounted for. 5 aatrc flemsf-Juxun ytu. piflitit 4 omVtmer^ nJbyJot^tm^iujjrn Imey tmetWnct UlU (Jifl ftlq te ner lnoj.Ttl. wHj atti nt. tmetrWni^ Xl'. 5 r ui^tmecr. imuIdV,\^_ pu g^Roy tle^lL^. tener-tm fot.^ e"cm gtraj^Je(ig > a[ oixmev\t n Jb-tin Jot. r J^E c u rer esju IW-ttf lit^r LottcQilic^otl^ ’ r* ^ ma?po nb f tn^fcfamu f a^nartutr |<3 jottf tape. r^tiV(I^ot« mxyr qd t^ixu^iclun^fienaitr|)poiioatecia ImeWat ti* Mt/nunu^Q^ljgil^pogifu u&jfcfpcutniir mmj$\ic\?\o hzs jto fiief- jttcL pnotnmaq to^ cnr.n u|otj?!en - umfmfnomwa q to tr^aitatDi jut* ( cmLti^on Jcitc lj r auc Lef coieffio onanonm rarababe ^ ^aii ^ u ‘AMgi4TOu nmuau umjlouttaz conLr main? ^co2rt)lo2aium>[)t5xe Ltiino L ^utno j>02e. iLtragm mo urp ecj ot. Atatno (gomctij * jyron) capnttt ec/t. ^ • Ctrol^ o^Laixt*^ oinXj^^vto^^ , | dctJc >, biufc n^.a^tsiut &ybi tou.Km* s ok r. oxtif inn , v *.j rP ^'~ T '1? - - - - omO icdctto d~>’ //te. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 71 upon the tokens 1 issued by the tradesmen of the seventeenth century, but likewise in much of the literature of the same period. There is an entry in the records relative to a house or mansion, in connection with the lower gate of Guildhall. The original is here given, together with a translation. It is difficult, however, precisely to understand the actual position of the house referred to, unless it be connected with the small entrance to the east of the porch, and in close proximity to the Chapel. This small gateway is shown in all the early representations of the south front of Guildhall. Vicesimo die Februarii Anno Regni Regis Henrici Sexti post conquestnm quinto In congregacione Johannis Reynwell Maioris Aldermanorum et immense communitatis Ciuium Ciuitatis Londoniarum pro com- muni consilio in Guyhalda eiusdem Ciuitatis compe- renciitm inter cetera in eodem consilio prolata assensum fuit et concordatmn quod Johannes Pencriche armiger Maioris habeat et teneat domum sine mansionem supra portam inferiorem Guyhalde dicte Ciuitatis situatam et quam Johannes Marchaunt nuper tenuit et habitauit habendam sibi quamdiu se bene habuerit in officia suo etc sine aliquo redditu inde reddendo etc. 2 The twentieth day of February the fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Sixth after the Conquest. In a congregation of John Reynwell, Mayor, the Aider- men and an immense Commonalty of the Citizens of the City of London appearing as a Co mm on Council in the Guildhall of the same City. Among other matters brought forward in the same Council it was assented to and agreed that John Pencriche the Mayor’s esquire should have and hold the house or mansion situate above the lower gate of the Guildhall of the said City, and which John Marchaunt late held and inhabited ; to have to him so long as he shall have behaved himself in his office, &c., without paying for it any rent &c. Above the entrance were the effigies referred to, having been placed there for the purpose of architectural decoration. They were choice specimens of mediaeval architecture, and deserve more than a passing notice. The first reference to them is, probably, to be found in the lines attributed to William Elderton, an attorney in the 16th century in the Sheriffs Court. “ Though most the images be pulled down, And none bethought remaine in Towne I am sure there be in London yet, Seven Images such, and in such a Place As few or more I think will Hit Yet every day they show their Face. And Thousands see them every Yeere But few I think can tell me where, Where Jesu Christ aloft doth stand Law and Learning on either hand ; Discipline in the Divel’s necke And hard by her are three direct There Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance stand. Where find ye the like in all this Land.” 3 Stow’s remark “ at that time an attorney in the Sheriffs Court,” serves to confirm, says the late Mr. Thoms, the received accounts of this teeming ballad monger, who is said 1 In the Beaufoy Cabinet of Tradesmen’s Tokens, in the possession of the Corporation, are these which have reference to the Gate, viz., that of—“ Thomas Ailey at the 3—Three Tuns : Vintners’ Arms. Reverse —At Guildhall Gate, 1665.—In field, T. E. A. V” Another— “At the Whit Lyon. —Lion rampant in the field. Reverse —In Guildhall Gate. —In the field, W. A. C.” A third is that token of— “Robert Peete, over ^.gainst —Lion rampant, in field. Reverse — Guildhall Gate, 1699. His Halfpenny.” 3 Letter Book, p. 500. 3 Stow’s “ Survey.” Strype’s Edition, vol. i, book iii, p. 559. 72 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. in his time to have played many parts, and to have been, in addition to an attorney, an actor and a manager of a company of players. He obtained great notoriety by bis ballads, one of which, “ The God of Love That sits above,” is quoted by Benedict in “ Much Ado about Nothing.” 1 In the above quaint description of these figures it may be noted that the author speaks of seven statues in connection with the Porch. In none of the illustrations which exist of the front elevation can be discerned more than six, viz., one on either side of the windows belonging to the room which was above the doorway, and two in niches harmonising with the others may be recognised in our engravings as placed on either side the entrance, thus making six in all. From the description given by Elderton it would seem that the missing figure is that of our Saviour; this would in all probability have been placed above the others, and probably above the Gothic window, over this may be noted the later work, put up by Sir Christopher Wren after the Great Fire. The two lower figures referred to as Law and Learning are those described by John Carter as Aaron and Moses, and the others, Discipline, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance will be identified from published descriptions, and from the excellent drawing made by him at the demolition of the facade of the Porch in the year 1783. This well-executed sketch is preserved in the Gardner collection, and a fac-simile of it will be found among the present series of illustrations. There is also a re-production of a drawing by this artist of the front of the Porch taken at the same time. This shows the entrance with the buildings above and the eastern wing all in accordance with other illustrations. The left or western wing appears to have been just taken down when the drawing was made, for the artist mentions upon his sketch the fact of its being recently removed, and further notes that on the waterspouts of the building he observed the date 1669, the year when the Hall was repaired after the Fire of London. “ The addition,” he writes, “ above the Gothic window is in the Roman style, a clumsy design raised on the fine Gothic work below, instead of which there should have been replaced woodwork in the manner of Westminster Hall.” The removal of the left wing exposed two of the beautiful Gothic windows of the Hall behind, one of which it will be seen in the drawing is bricked or closed up. There were some alterations or additions made with respect to the Porch some two years after, for in an entry in the City Records it appears that on the 14th September, 1671, a report was presented to a meeting of the Court of Common Council “ as to an addition to the Guildhall Porch for ornament and public use,” together with an estimate of the costs which it was proposed should be incurred. It is recorded that the design and estimate was approved and that the matter was referred to Mr. Hooke and Dr. Wren, as the great architect appears to have been then styled, for their consideration. 2 In 1785 a committee was appointed to consider the then state of the Irish Chamber. They reported that the Chamber, and room over the Porch and the staircase leading thereto were inadequate, and the Chamber itself was too small for the requirements of the increasing business to be transacted. In accordance, therefore, with the recommendations 1 See also the note in p. 33 of the reprint of Kemp’s Nine Daies Wonder, edited by the Rev. A. Dyce for the Camden Society. 2 Repertory 76, fol. 248. - T. h.q ( & M /e£4, taJfcA^y j, iu Oox ybtmdo L- ^o 7~^-rri aJh- rj 7 tf/ ^K7/-■ ^ o (M c- i M /^L ■> H.'C B V J C> M t,5 C A & ~fE R. FROM THE ORIGINAL DRAWING IN THE COLLECTION OF J. E. GARDNER, ERQ-, F.S.A. Tf Griggs, Pfioto-Hth __ ■ . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 73 made, Mr. George Dance, tlie architect, prepared a design for the purpose. It, how¬ ever, transpired that the authorities of the Irish Society were of opinion that instead of improving the room over the Porch, the Irish Chamber should be enlarged and a new staircase constructed in accordance with another plan ; from the records it appears that the latter suggestions were adopted. At this time there is reason to believe that the six statues were still in their original position, as it does not appear that they were taken down until some four years later, when they were placed in one of the cellars. In 1794 Mr. Alderman Boy dell induced the Corporation to present them to Thomas Banks, the sculptor, who held them in great estimation as works of art. At his death, in 1809, they W'ere purchased for £100 by Henry Bankes, 1 M.P., for Corfe Castle. Sir Richard Westmacott, R.A., writing, “Upon the progress of the art of Sculpture,” in September, 1846, referred to them as being choice examples of the union of Italian with English feeling in Art towards the early part of the sixteenth century. A singular misconception with regard to these figures appears to have arisen some years later, for in a letter addressed to the Athenaeum , on the 10th November, 1846, the late Mr. Deputy Lott, F.S.A., directed public attention to the remarks recently made upon them by Sir Richard Westmacott. Mr. Lott explained that when the unsightly Grecian screen of wood work was removed from the dais of the Hall, giving place to the present oak panelling in accordance with the general architectural features of the building, there were placed on pedestals, within appropriate niches, three of the statues which had formerly adorned the Chapel. He then referred to the recorded existence of three others and asked for information as to what had become of them. It appeared, upon investigation, that Mr. Lott was mistaken in the identity of the figures, inasmuch as those referred to by the eminent sculptor were the six statues belonging to the Porch, whereas the three mentioned by Mr. Lott were really those belonging to the Chapel. The respective positions of these figures are shown on more than one of our engravings ; it appeared upon enquiry that they were still in existence, for after their removal from the eastern end of the Hall, they were taken to one of the offices or yards in connection with the building. They have been recently carefully examined and a descriptive reference to them is included in the section of the present work more especially devoted to the consideration of the Chapel. The Hall face of the Porch, viz., that on the inner side, corresponds as regards the doorway with the opposite north archway ; but is of greater width, and filled in with glazed swing doors and fixed panelling at sides and head. The City Arms emblazoned on shields are inserted in the spandrels of the square head of the doorway. On the north side is a recessed archway, also in the fifth bay. The whole rises higher than the adjacent parapet of basement panelling. An arch springs from shafted jambs, and is enclosed in a square moulded spandrelled and traceried frame. In the spandrels are two heraldic Shields of Arms of Edward the Confessor and Henry IV. An enriched cornice with paterse and embattled parapet, finishes the work in harmony with the adjacent panelling. This archway appears to be that drawn by R. B. Schnebbelie in the year 1815, and has been re-produced for the present work from the original 1 “ Journal of Archaeological Institute,” vol. iii, p. 205.-—“ Athenanun,” Oct. 14, Nov. 14-28, 1846. K Interior of the Hall. 74 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. drawing in the Gardner collection. This doorway the artist describes as the Entrance to the different Courts of Law.” It would seem that during recent alterations this masonry was re-erected and at one bay westward of the position given in the illustration. Eleven stone steps in this opening lead up by a corridor and loggia to a group of chambers, viz., the new Council Chamber, Aldermen’s Court Room, the old Council Chamber, and soilie other of the municipal offices, &c. This was, also, the way of access to the Court of Exchequer, formerly the Lord Mayor s Court, the Chamber of London, &c. The Hall is divided into eight bays or divisions on north and south walls by engaged piers, formed by a group of three clustered shafts or pillars, connected vertically by intermediate mouldings, the whole having moulded bases with stilted plinths, and surmounted by similar clustered capitals, with sculptured floriated enrich¬ ments, all in gilt. These shafted piers rise to the soffit of the main cornice. The wall surfaces on sides and west end under gallery, are overlaid with traceried and cusped panelling, generally in two divisions, with certain exceptions as openings, &c., and the west-end, comprising arches, mullions, transoms, and other sub-divisions and mouldings, with six fine sculptured corbels to three windows on the north wall. The lower compartments form a high dado or wall-basement, with elevated plinth, and simnounted with a cornice, enriched by an interesting series of City shields, heads, animals, and other paterae, and crowded by an embattled cresting. In connection with this basement, a bench, or stone seat, cased with oak, is introduced. The whole is simnounted (on the sides) by a fine string-course and frieze, crowned with a cornice containing heraldic and other varied paterie enrichments, emblazoned and gilt, above which are bold battlements and plain faces which complete the wall surface. This arrangement is cut up into divisions by the roof-ribs set upon the capitals, which are level with the bottom of the cornice. The frieze contains a series of mottoes, heraldic supporters, and Shields of Arms relating to England, the Corporation of London, and the twelve principal Livery Companies. The mottoes are in raised Gothic letters of a bold character; the shields centred between the letters in each bay are emblazoned, and the supporters, or other emblems, at each end of the mottoes, are also decorated, and the lettering gilt, with a background in vermilion. The whole forms a characteristic and appropriate band on each side. The alterations in connection with the new cornice and other improvements in the restoration of the roof were commenced in the month of May, 1864, in the mayoralty of the Right Honourable William Lawrence. The first stone of the cornice being laid by the chairman of the City Lands Committee on the 22nd June, in that year. On both sides of these panelled walls are sixteen two-light deeply recessed windows, having acute-pointed arched heads, filled with cusped tracery, each light divided by a transom. The lower divisions, also, have traceried and cusped heads. Four of these openings are of less height where the doorways and canopied cornice occur. Immediately under the great east window is a rich, arched canopy of stone, with cinque-foiled cuspings foliated, and enclosed in square-headed sunk spandrels; over which, completing the exterior, is a cornice with a series of paterae, and finished with an embattled parapet. This work is returned, one bay on each side, thereby defining the dais ; and is elevated 7 feet higher than the adjacent basement. At the two opposite angles a corbelling is placed to receive the groups of columns from which spring the outer arches FROM THE ORIGINAL DRAWING IN THU COLLECTION OF J. E. GARDNER, ESQ., F.S.A. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 75 of the great window, and the centre is further enriched by a similar projection. A beautiful and delicate work of arcading with columns and vaulting, arches with cinque- foiled cuspings, foliated, and a profusion of carved bosses, enrich the recessed surfaces, &c., sunk behind this over-hanging tabernacled cornice, partially obscured for want of decorative assistance to lighten up the shadows. At the western end there is a simple moulded cornice across the Hall and running beneath the window. At each end of the Hall, occupying the entire width, is a magnificent window, both are similar as regards design generally, but somewhat varied in details. They are filled with stained glass, which produces rich and decorative effect, but is so toned that the admission of light is not sensibly obscured, but only softened. The great hood- mouldings spring from the caps of clustered pillars : at the eastern end these are dwarf, the bases being set upon the cornice, but at the western end they rise from the pavement similar to the other pillars of the Hall. There are in each window, two massive mullions of the whole height from sill to archivolt, separating the centre from the side lights, with additional mouldings connected with them on each side. The principal mouldings of these mullions and jambs are finished on to the sill with bases. The centre is divided into five lights by minor mullions, and into two tiers vertically by transoms, and the side lights are double. The heads are richly filled with arches and cusped tracery, and the sub-divisions are similarly treated. Each window has a Shield of Arms of Edward the Confessor placed in the apex of the arch mouldings. On the tracery of the east windows, right and left in the angles next the mullions, are two shields charged with heraldic devices. On the west window are also two escutcheons, bearing the Arms of the Plantagenet and Lancastrian kings. That on the right hand (Plantagenet) gu. three lions passant guardant in pale or ; on the left (Lancastrian) 1st and 4th sem4 of fleurs-de-lis over their azure field (France), 2nd and 3rd gu. three lions passant guardant in pale or. Over these windows in the gables are openings for the further lighting of the upper space. On each side of the east window, occupying and decorating the space between the shafts and the window-jambs, is a small and interesting canopied niche or tabernacle of somewhat like character in its details to the cornice. It contains a sunk three- panelled pedestal with moulded plinth and capping for a statue, and is covered with a three-sided moulded canopy with tre-foiled cusped tracery, which is completed with a tre-foiled cresting ; especially noticeable on account of its peculiar finials and foreign treatment. The east end of the Hall is fitted with a raised dais or platform. This is ascended by three steps. It is appropriated for holding the Court of Hustings. Here also are holden the meetings of the Common Hall for the election of Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, Chamberlain, &c., and other public meetings called by the Lord Mayor. The wall at back and one bay on each side, are lined with very rich and elaborate oak panelling, finished with a coved and groined canopy, all enriched with moulded and carved work. Three canopied niches with pedestals for statues are introduced, in position corresponding with the corbellings of the stone cornice. A doorway in the south bay, concealed in the panelling, gives access to a vestibule in connection with the Library buildings, and, also, to the corridor attached to the porch at Guildhall Yard. Another similar opening (north) connects the Hall with the new Council Chamber, when such may be required on important occasions. In the third bay (north) is a door and panelling, now disused, fitted into the base¬ ment, which until recently provided access to the Crypt and Offices, and by a small Iv 2 76 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. doorway in the south panelling the Crypt is now accessible, for convenience, through a window, the principal approach thereto, as before mentioned, having been stopped by the new Council Chamber. At the west end, through the two openings m the screen, access is provided to the Law Courts and other chambers, &c., and by stairs to the gallery turrets, and also to the Crypt. The small centre doorway is reputed to be ancient. The Screen is formed of open panels, on a solid base, and the doorway openings. This open-work is all finished with arched heads and mouldings, and divided by pillars, with caps and bases, which carry the cantilevers, &c. These support a pierced ornamental parapet or balcony-front, with a projecting centre, with moulded and embattled strings and capping, and carried by corbelling and bracketing, all of oak. The floor is paved principally with a white stone, arranged in panels of large dimensions. These are divided by bands of tiles, and the whole connected by borders of black and buff tiles, and completed outside with similar white stone pavements. The panels are enriched with incised quatre-foils and ornamental figures. There are Shields of Arms of England, the City of London, Edward the Confessor, of foreign nations and monarchs, and of different towns and cities, &c., all filled in with lead. The official Standard of length may be observed marked on brass plates across the floor. Brass ornamental perforated gratings are inserted for the introduction of heated air into the building. Coronas suspended from the roof in the bays between the principals provide for the artificial illumination of the Hall. On extraordinary occasions the electric light has been introduced with good effect. A powerful sun-burner is fixed in “the lantern of the fleche, for further illumination and ventilation. The size of the Large Hall will be better understood by comparison with similar large buildings, both ancient and modern, existing here and on the Continent. One of the earliest of which we have any accurate measurements is probably that in the Baths of Diocletian at Rome, now the Church of S. Maria degli Angeli; this is upwards of 300 feet in length; but with this exception, and that of the Basilica at Silcliester, a perusal of the following list will show that the magnificent Hall at Westminster takes the precedence in length, and, in height, surpasses all. Hall in the Baths of Diocletian, now the Church of > Length. Ft. >. Maria Width. Ft. Height. Ft. degli Angeli, Rome . . . . 308 74 84 Basilica, Remains of Roman City at Silcliester 268 60 — Westminster Hall .... 238 67tj 90 Palazzo della Ragione, Padua 240 80 80 Christ Hospital, London 187 51 47 Palazzo Vecchio, Florence .... 184 73 70 Hatfield Hall, Durham .... 180 50 — St. George’s Hall, Liverpool 170 74 83 Palazzo del Podesta, Bologna . .170 46 — Palazzo della Ragione, Yicenza 169 69 — Guildhall, London .... 152 49| 89 Town Hall, Birmingham .... 140 65 65 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 77 Euston Square Terminus .... Length. Ft. 130 Width. Ft. 62 Height. Ft. 64 Lincoln’s Inn. 120 45 62 Christ Church, Oxford. 115 40 50 Hampton Court. 106 40 60 Trinity Hall, Cambridge .... 102 43 50 Eltham Palace. 101 36 54 Middle Temple. 100 40 50 Manchester Assize Courts, Great Hall. 100 48£ 75 Freemasons’ Hall. 96 38 37 Lambeth Palace. 93 38 _ Inner Temple. 92 40 56 New Hall, Boreliam, Essex. 90 50 40 Gray’s Inn. 70 35 47 The annexed illustration entitled, “ The Inside of Guildhall, Cheapside, London,” is copied from an original print in the Gardner collection. It closely resembles an engraving which appeared in one of the early London magazines, entitled “Inside of Guildhall,” and which has, in addition to the plate, the following descriptive letterpress. This is interesting, as it faithfully describes the appearance of the interior at the time, and accords with the account published in Hatton’s 1 “ New View of London ” in the year 1708 :— “ This Hall is very spacious and stately, suited to the greatness and magnificence of the City. It is adorn’d with several standards and banners, &c., taken at the battle of Ramillies in 1706. The intercolumns are embellished with the pictures of 18 Judges who determined the difference between Landlord and Tenant in rebuilding the City. At ye east end are ye Portraits of K. William, Q. Mary, Q. Anne and K. George. Over the steps going into the Mayor’s Court, at some height, stand two Giants of Monstrous height aud bigness, the one holding a Pole Ax, the other a Halbert. Upon the Capital of the Pillars against the walls are the Royal Arms, the Arms of the City and of the Twelve Companys, &c. This spacious receptacle for the Citizens being damaged by the Great Fire was afterwards repaired at the expence of £2,500.” It will be observed, on examination of the engraving, that it belongs to a time prior to the erection of any of the marble monuments which are now placed in the various bays, and to one when a series of portraits adorned the walls of the Great Hall, when there was a gallery over the door opposite to the Porch, and where Gog and Magog, with the old clock between them, guarded the entrance leading to the Mayor’s Court. The portraits of the Judges which appear upon the walls, are those of the distinguished men who were associated with the Corporation in adjusting the various difficulties which must have been of no little magnitude, with regard to property held by the citizens at the time of the Great Fire of 1666. The Corporation desired to put on lasting record its sense of the labour and trouble undertaken by the Judges of the day ; and, accordingly, in the year 1670, the Court resolved, on the 19tli April, that “ in contemplation of the favour and kindness of the Right Honourable Sir H. Bridgman, Lord Chancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal of England, the Justices of the King’s Bench and Common Pleas, and Barons of the Exchequer, to the state of the Citty in and about, the Act of Parliament, and in con¬ sideration of its instituting a Judicature for determining of discussions between landlord and tenant, doth think fit, and order that their pictures be taken by a skilful hand, and be kept in some public place of the City for a grateful memorial of their good offices.” 2 There Portraits of the Judges. Hatton’s “ New View of London,” edit. 1708, p. 608. 2 Repertory 75, fol. 16 0 b. 78 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. were no less than twenty-two of the Judges of the time who were constantly occupied in adjusting and determining the various disputes and claims which were put forth from day to day. We are informed by Walpole, in his interesting “ Anecdotes of Painting, 1 that it was intended that no less a celebrity than Sir Peter Lely was to be entrusted with the execution of their portraits. This distinguished artist was, however, too independent or too deeply occupied to take the trouble of waiting upon the Judges at their respective chambers for the purpose : so the Corporation had to look elsewhere. Accordingly, there was a Committee appointed on the 27tli September, 1670, for the purpose of considering the various tenders which were invited to be sent in. 2 The result was that, of the various “skilful masters” who competed for the work, one Michael Wright was selected, and most of the series were painted by him, a payment being made from the funds of the Corporation of £36 for each of the portraits. The Arms and inscriptions on the several frames were painted by his brother, Jeremiah Wright. It was at this time that the lower part of the windows of the Hall were made up and so altered as to provide for the accom¬ modation of the pictures. 3 In the year 1672 they had all to be repaired, an order being given on the 29th August of that year to the effect “ that the backe syd of the Pictures in the Great Hall having been set upon unseasoned wood, which is now somewhat shrunke, doe in that regard want some small reparacon.” 4 Some time after it had been decided that this interesting series of portraits should be taken, it was also determined that those of the King and H.R.H. the Duke of York should be also obtained and placed in the Hall with the others, as some remembrance of the Royal favours and encouragements to the work of re-building the City. 5 It is in relation to the painting of the foregoing that Sir Peter Lely is associated with the pictures, for although unwilling to undertake the portraits of the judges he appears to have executed those of the King and the Duke of York, for it is recorded that the same Committee who were appointed in September, 1670, agreed to pay the sum of £100 for the two pictures. 6 In the year 1682 some malicious individual thought fit to injure the portrait which had been secured of the Duke of York. The reason does not appear, but the incident attracted the attention of Antony Wood, the Oxford antiquary, who records it in his diary for that year:—“ 1682, January 21.—About the middle of Jan. some phanaticall person cutt ye leggs of ye Duke of Yorks picture that hangs in ye Gildhall, London, which being looked upon as a great scandall, ye Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen made a decree that whosoever should bring ye man that did it, or tell, should have £500 for his paines.” In retaliation, King William’s picture suffered a like injury. Some seven years later the same diarist records that on the 21st November, 1689—“ Some malevolent people have lately defaced King Williams picture in the Guildhall, his head, crowne, and scepter, in requital for what was done to the picture of ye Duke of York by cutting off his legs. The regalia were cut off, viz., crowne, globe and scepter, &c.” A similar reward was offered for the discovery of the offender, as on the previous occasion. In 1690 it appears that one “ John Fletcher, a Gardiner in Brick Lane, was committed to Newgate for bragging at Hartford that he did mangle and cut King Williams picture in Guildhall.” Whether the said h letcher was the actual offender or not does not appear to be 1 Repertory 3, fol. 40. 3 Ibid., 76, fol. 222. 5 Ibid., 75, fol. 316b. 2 Repertory, 75, fol. 313. 4 Ibid., 3, fol. 229. G Ibid., 77, fol. 42. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 79 authenticated. There was, also, m the Hall at one time a portrait of Mary, wife of William III, and painted by Van Vaart. This, with the portrait of the King, and others of George III and Queen Charlotte were at the time of the changes in 1815, removed to the Mansion House. The following is a list of the individuals whose portraits were upon the walls of the Hall at the time our illustration of the interior was engraved, the number being complete, with the exception of four which were taken from the collection and deposited in the Mayor’s Court, viz., Sir Samuel Browne, Sir John Kelynge, Sir Edward Atkyns and Sir William Wyndham. After their removal, the series were distributed between the two Courts of Queen’s Bench and that of Common Pleas. They had been previously put into substantial repair:—Sir Orlando Bridgman, Knt. and Bart., Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Keeper of the Great Seal, ob. 1674; Sir Edward Atkyns, Knt., a Baron of the Exchequer, ob. 1669 ; Sir Thomas Twysden, Knt. and Bart., a Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1683 ; Sir Christopher Turnor, Knt., a Baron of the Exchequer, ob. 1676 ; Sir Thomas Tyrrell, Knt., a Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1672 ; Sir Samuel Brown, Knt., a Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1668 ; Sir Matthew Hale, Knt., Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1676 ; Sir Wadham Wyndham, Knt., a Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1668 ; Sir John Kelynge, Knt., Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1671 ; Sir John Archer, Knt., a Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1682 ; Sir Richard Rainsford, Knt., Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1679 ; Sir William Morton, a Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1672 ; Sir William Wylde, Knt. and Bart., a Justice of the King’s Bench, ob. 1679 ; Sir John Vaughan, Knt., Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1674 ; Sir Timothy Littleton, Knt., a Baron of the Exchequer, ob. 1679 ; Sir Hugh Wyndham, Knt., a Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1684; Sir Edward Turnor, Knt., Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, ob. 1676; Sir Edward Thurland, Knt., a Baron of the Exchequer, ob. 1682 ; Sir Robert Atkyns, K.B., Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer (and Speaker of the House of Lords), ob. 1710 ; Sir William Ellys, Knt., a Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1680 ; Sir Francis North (Baron of Guildford), Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, ob. 1685 ; Sir Heneage Finch Earl of Nottingham and Lord Chancellor, ob. 1682. There can be also discerned just before the line of the roof, as depicted in the engraving, a series of flags and banners suspended on the walls, both upon the north and upon the south sides. These were presented to the City by Queen Anne, in the year 1706 in order to commemorate the victories achieved by the Duke of Marlborough over the French and Bavarian forces at the battle of Ramilles, in Flanders. The presentation consisted of no less than 26 standards and 63 colours, but space could be only found in the Hall for 46 of the latter and 19 standards, together with a trophy which had belonged to the Elector of Bavaria, and which is said to have been very rich and costly. This was placed above the portrait of Queen Anne, which at this time was between those of William and Mary at the east end of the Hall. It may be noted that the Royal Arms are shown, above the wooden screen which marks the division between the Dais, or platform, and the main body of the building. In other views of the interior, included in the present work, the monumental statuary may be seen for the first time, the illustrations representing the position of the respective groups, prior to when they were lowered to their present level a few years since. The annexed engravings represent the interior of the Hall as prepared for the reception of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, upon the occasion of her Coronation in the year 1837, as well Statuary. 80 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. as in the year 1851, when she honoured the Corporation with her presence at a State Ball, given to commemorate the opening of the Great Exhibition ; and in them may be noted the situation of the monuments which are in the various bays or compartments into which the building is divided upon the north side. Of these memorials one has been selected for illustration. It is typical of the others, all having been so designed by the different artists employed as to be in harmony and unison with each other. The group selected is that which commemorates the celebrated William Beckford, Escp, Lord Mayor in the years 1765 and 1770, and whose death occurred during his tenure of office in the latter year. This civic magnate was member of the family of the Beckfords of Fonthill, who, it is believed, acquired the wealth which they possessed in the pursuit of the West Indian trade. 1 “ Peter Beckford, Speaker of the House of Assembly, in Jamaica, died in the year 1735, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Peter, who dying in 1737 was succeeded by the brother, William Beckford, afterwards M.P. for the City of London,” and the subject of the present notice. On his death he is said to have left his only son property worth £100,000 a-year. It is recorded that he was a great opponent of the Court, and an intimate friend of the Earl of Chatham, who was his son’s godfather ; but he is now chiefly remembered by the address which he was reported to have made to George III before the assembled Court, and it is this incident in his career that is illustrated by the monument in Guildhall. He was a patriotic and able man, and the erection of the memorial to his honour is a sufficient illustration of the regard and respect in which he was held by his fellow citizens, but it is said that, so far as the delivery of this celebrated speech is concerned, he was not even the author of it. John Horne Tooke is credited therewith, and it is well known that he claimed the composition as his own within a month after Beckford died. The necessity for the oration, by whomever composed, had been brought about by the strong and dictatorial conduct pursued by the Government of the day, in connection with the dispute and the position assumed by the celebrated Wilkes as to the rights in connection with elections in the county of Middlesex. The Mayor was invited to attend upon the King and express the views of the citizens upon the matters in question. A “ remonstrance,” as it is termed, was voted at Guildhall in the month of May, 1770, and he is in the attitude of expressing the wishes and opinions of his colleagues to George III. The memorial, which is by no means inartistic, and cost £1,300, was executed by a Mr. Moore, a sculptor, who, though a native of Hanover, was albeit a Londoner, for he resided and died at Wells-street, Oxford-street. Pennant, Malcolm, and others have attributed the work to Bacon, but inaccurately; 2 3 there were several designs for the monument, one by a Mr. Nathaniel Smith, a pupil of Roubiliac, and another by Augustine Carlini, of which a large and beautiful engraving is in existence by the well-known and able artist Bartolozzi. Lord Mayor Beckford married a granddaughter of the Duke of Abercorn. The Duke of Hamilton and the Duke of Newcastle are descendants through his son, the celebrated William Beckford, of Fonthill—who, at one time, was Alderman of Billingsgate. The monument was formerly in an elevated and conspicuous position at the west end of the Hall, but at the time when so many alterations were in progress, it was taken down, giving place to a timepiece or dial, and then placed in the position 1 Vide a note entitled “ William Beckford, Lord Mayor of London,” in Notes and Queries, May 30, 1886, p. 424, by John Beckford, M.A. 3 “ Gentleman’s Magazine,” vol. lxxxix, part i, p. 43. William Beckforit^ twice LORD MATO His Speech to His Majesty King George the 1H on the 23''of May 1770- I Hili S X 33 XI MAJESTY bepleaied so far Co condefeend.as 10 permit die MAYOR of your loval CITY of LONDON your ROYAL PRESENCE, on hrhalt of his FELLOW CITIZENS.how much dir hare Apprehend on of your hiplrafure would, ar all Times affrci their Minds.The Derlaration of that Difplcafure has ahead) filled diem ihle Anxiety, and with the deeped Affliction. Permit me. SIRE, to rtfsure vour MAJESTY that your MAJESTY your Dominions any Subjects in ore 'faithful, more dutiful, or more Affectionate ro vonr MAJESTY’S PERSON r more ready 10 facriiire their lives .uni Fortunes in the Maintenance of the true Honour and Dignity of your Crown icreforc,with ihe greateft Humility and Submifsion.nioll earnestly supplicate your MAJESTY that you will s from your Pres cure, with out exprefsing a more favourable Opinion of vour faithful CrTIZENS.and t/o7/' fi, | without some Ct»mfort .without some Profpect at leaft.of H.-drefs. i ~ .1 -.fc -1 ’’T.‘i--rvr.'V Permit me SIRE.farther to observe.that whoever has already dared or shall hereafter endeavour by false Insinuations and/ if » Suggeltions to alienate vour MAJE STYS atfeciions from your loyal Subjects in general and from die CITY of LONDON in 3 particular and to withdraw your Confidence in and Regard for your People is an Enemy to your MAJESTY'S PERSON and FAMILY i (1 i 1 jJL | a-Viola+er of the public Peace,and a Betrayer of our happy Conftitmioii as it was estnbliihed at the glorious Revolution. 1 1 1 ' j, J ,/riuA• A ^or/t/nsUr tr£ >' ti/t/vU. v -< — TLitnMy Jnfcribf’ti Ay l^rmtfswn < (<>p: ./fie t&dLyfr &-/£> Grm-mmt ('wina/meti r>f (/fi*/ London .Fraud fur Jn?fi| H illi,N 0 J 5 Ci»|* / I I W-’" ' iji._ ... ^ j -j I i 'l. L nil ± 2 ±S » i i Ri »/i utejf* Sooifl j •V OR'GCS. PMOTO LITM, LONDON. PL. V. lu/lar* /teem. W-.’ '-—--- NORTH SUPPLEMENTAL COUR T OF LAW t- Htbrutq R<’.m fbv Jury IOC C/A VilfO - /Aw NEW COUA/C/C CHAMBER fr/t course gf cempkttofvj srporsc A COS' R o o MS ArcluM's Office, (huldhdfl; Mafias# Scale oj Feet' HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 95 him honour, although there can he readily discerned in going through the hook the excessive fondness and attachment that he naturally cherished for his own country. He compares the Gothic Monuments, which he visited while in England, such as those at Oxford, Windsor, and our City Churches, with those in France, and refers to certain Chapels as not terminating in a semicircle, as do those upon the Continent. “ The extremity,” he says, “ which is perpendicularly intersected, is entirely taken up with glass casements which let in excessive light, necessary, no doubt, under a sky generally gloomy, but too dazzling in sunshine.” “ The English,” he continues, “ have a general rambling taste for the several objects of the polite arts, which does not even exclude the Gothic ; it still prevails not only in ornaments of fancy, but even in some modern buildings. To this taste they are indebted for the preservation of the two giants in Guildhall. These giants,” he says, “ in comparison of which the Jacquemard of St. Paul’s at Paris is a bauble, seem placed there for no other end but to frighten children ; the better to answer this purpose, care has frequently been taken to renew the daubing on their faces and arms. There might be some reason for retaining those monstrous figures, if they were of great antiquity, or if like the stone, which served as the first throne to the Kings of Scotland, and is carefully preserved at Westminster, the people looked upon them as the palladium of the nation ; but they have nothing to recommend them, and they only raise at first view a surprise in foreigners, who must consider them as a production in which both Danish and Saxon barbarism are happily combined.” 1 Leaving the interior of the building, we have next to investigate the Crypt which forms the eastern portion of the substructure of the Hall. The length in clear of walls is 76 feet, width 45 feet 3 inches, and average height 13 feet 7 inches. The three avenues or aisles are of equal width, being 13 feet 4 inches each, and longitudinally the pillars are 17 feet 2 inches apart, all measured in the clear between the shafts. It is one of the best of the few mediaeval examples remaining in London, and is superior in dimensions, superficially, to Saint Stephen’s Crypt, Westminster, which measures in length 90 feet, breadth 28 feet, and height 20 feet. For excellence of design, extent, soundness of con¬ struction, and, also, for its good condition, it may be considered an unrivalled, and indeed an unique, example of its kind. It was restored to its original condition in the year 1851 under the direction of the late City Architect, Mr. J. B. Bunning, F.S.A., who also provided a commodious entrance thereto, on the North side, so as to render it accessible without difficulty. It was consequently visited by a large number of persons, and became an object of considerable interest, more especially so when, on the 9th of July, 1851, the Corporation entertained Her Majesty the Queen, His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort, and the leading persons who were associated with the Great Exhibition of that year. Upon this occasion it was fitted up in the style of an ancient baronial hall, and provided with suitable furniture. It was specially appropriated to the service of Her Majesty as a supper room, the valuable plate of the several City Companies being displayed upon an oak sideboard. In each of the recesses were placed mirrors, and from the walls was suspended tapestry copied from the famous examples at Bayeux, in Normandy, representing the incidents connected with the Conquest of England by William I. Around 1 “A Tour of London,” etc., by M. P. J. Grosley, F.R.S., translated by Thomas Nugent, LL.D., vol. i, p. 88. 1772. For Remarks on the Work, see “ Quarterly Review,” July, 1816, p. 540. The Eastern Crypt. 96 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the columns supporting the roof City policemen stood, clad in suits of armour, brought from the Tower of London, each holding in his hand a torch of gas wherewith the Crypt was lighted. On the occasion, moreover, the Western Crypt was filled with trees, vines, and flowers, of all descriptions, and hundreds of singing birds were let free, thus giving the appearance of a forest glade in summer time. It is a matter of conjecture as to what were the purposes to which this Crypt was originally devoted, and the question arises, why it was not constantly utilised, but permitted to fall into a state of desuetude and obscurity, and an ac¬ cumulation of soil and rubbish allowed to have occurred to a depth of several feet, which was found to be the case at the time the clearance was effected. It is presumed to be in part coeval—if not earlier—with the superstructure which was commenced in 1411, in the 13th year of the reign of Henry IV. The base¬ ment or undercroft story extends over i whole area, but a transverse division wall, about 3 feet in thickness, of rubble stone and ashlar of rough masonry, separates the space into two nearly equal parts. In the centre of this wall is an ancient doorway for communication between the two Crypts, and the wall ribs and pillars of the vaulting are built into and form part of its structure, which gives rise to the opinion that this cross wall and the Eastern Crypt were built simultaneously. The doorway between the two Crypts on the centre-line of the division wall is bold and massive, yet simple, bearing the impress of similarity of design and workman¬ ship to the details of the Western Crypt, and in harmony with the varying methods of treatment of the period to which it may be attributed. The opening (on the eastern face) is 11 feet in height and 4 feet 8 inches in width. It is rebated 3 inches on each jamb to receive the door or doors, in which the hanging staples remain, to open westward. On the east side of the jambs is a bold hollow-chamfer 6 inches wide, stopped at about 2 feet from the pavement, and probably continued across the head, now non-existent, the face of the stone-work there having been entirely destroyed, thus exposing the back arch. On the west side jamb is a 2J-inch moulding. It may be of interest to remark that the connection of the jambs and the back-arch is effected by the introduction of a curve, Fig. 1 shews also the wall and ridge ribs, boss and groins of the vaulting. Where HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 97 the face has been removed, it exposes the rough hearting of the wall, and the ribs and boss which are built into it. Through the doorway is observable the modern centre passage-way of the cellarage of the Western Crypt. The Eastern Crypt being entirely vaulted, is composed of three aisles or avenues, from east to west, divided transversely by four vaults, having two rows of piers, 7 feet 6 inches high, each of which is composed of four engaged three-quarter pillars, 6 inches diameter, set upon a hollow-chamfered pier, 1 foot square, all of Purbeck marble. All the walls have responds and angle-attached piers of 1 foot projection. These pillars have moulded bases on plinths correspond¬ ing with capitals, from which springs the bold vaulting: forming the ceiling and support of the su perincumbent pavement, having level ridge and other Fw. intersecting hollow- Fig. 3. chamfered ribs. The bases, capitals and ribs are worked out of stone and the groins of chalk. The plan of the piers is shewn by Fig. 3, 1 inch scale, and the sections of bases and caps are included in a later portion of this description. With reference to the piersIn “Brandon’s Analysis of Gothic Architecture,’’ 1 an example of a similar pier (on plan) is given from Lindfield Church, Sussex, and also’in Paley s Manual of Gothic Mouldings,” another of the like plan is shown from St. Martin’s, Stamford. The same idea governs the plan of the engaged piers of the Hall over the Guildhall Crypt. Similar in character will be found the arcade piers of the Church of Austin Friars, in London. At the intersections and points of the ribs an interesting series of carved bosses, 10 inches diameter, is introduced. Those in the centres of the groins (12) being large roses, 21 inches diameter, bearing shields which are charged with the Arms assigned to King Edward the Confessor—viz., azure , a cross flory between five martlets or. These Arms were granted as augmentation to Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, by Richard II, who used this coat impaling France quarterly with England—the City of London (6), Saint George of 1 Yol. i, p. 80. "" “ 98 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. England (2), and (1). The large shield rose on the vaulting of the north-east hay of the Crypt is charged with crossed swords, but the hilts of the swords (as hatched) are only painted on the shield, consequently, at a distance, the blades look like two sceptres only. The blades themselves appear to have been slightly mutilated, and it is possible that the hilts may have been worked off in troublous times and then painted on, or restored under more favourable circumstances ; or presuming the under¬ croft to have served as a religious edifice, they may have been obliterated when it ceased to be devoted to such a purpose. The shield, however, may be an illustration of what is termed Episcopal Heraldry. The Arms of the See of London are Gules , two swords in saltier Argent , hilted and pommelled or. The origin of the objects selected is probably an intention to typify the swords of both St. Peter and St. Paul. The remaining two have the Arms of England and of Russia emblazoned upon them, and are modern. The City Arms are in the side aisles, and those of St. George in the centre. The mediaeval sculptors, especially of the Third Pointed period, appear to have revelled both in originality and variety as to the conception of their subjects, and also in the indulgence of grotesqueness, and even in that which in the present age we should term vulgarity and coarseness. The large collection of bosses in the Crypt embraces all these especial features. There are some which simply represent Gothic leaves and foliage; others, oak leaves with acorns ; knotty twists of leaves and stems; and likewise, the adaptation of th q fleur-de-lys, or Tudor flower; not originating with the Tudors, but much used in their time. Generally there was angularity and stiffness in style, but here we find, especially as regards the roses, marigolds, &c., a somewhat natural treatment. A wreath of roses enriches these bosses, together with flowers, variously rendered. Supposing that the white rose was the cognizance of the House of Lancaster, then its use here would be readily accounted for. Shakespeare in “ King Henry VI,” Part First, Act II, Scene 4, referring to the Temple Garden, London, introduces the cognizances of the white rose (Lancaster) and the red rose (York) ; but this incident does not appear especially to represent the origin of their use by the two factions, but simply an adaptation of historical facts. There are also birds and a tortoise. These are treated naturally, not in the grotesque manner which is observable, for example, on the beautiful Magdalen Tower, at Oxford; 1 on this building a series of ornaments, representing birds, dogs, lions, stags, dragons, monkeys, human figures, marks and foliage of a remarkable character may still be recognised. The curious figure of the monkey in the Crypt is surrounded by wreathed branches of Gothic foliage. The draped head is one of the most interesting figures in the series. It may 1 “ Specimens of Gothic Architecture at Oxford,” by F. Mackenzie and A. Pugin. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. be intended as an effigy of a sombre ecclesiastic, or, perhaps, to typify the city merchants of the time. The figure is seen with the cap or chaplion ordinarily worn in the 14th century. To it is attached the hanging tippet, scarf, or liripipe , which it was the custom to wear either dangling behind, or sometimes wound about the neck, and the end, as in the example before us, brought over the cap. 1 This article of costume was likewise adopted by ladies. Henry Knighton, a chronicler of the reign of Edward III, writing about 1348, in his description of ladies riding to a tournament and affecting a masculine' appearance, says they wore short hoods and liripipes wrapped about their heads like cords. There have been some differences of opinion expressed by certain of our antiquaries who have recently inspected this interesting col¬ lection of ornamental bosses. The figure is thought by some to represent a female head. If this were so, it might have a reference to St. Mary Magdalen to whom was dedicated the adjacent Chapel. The two heads, or masks, are curious. The man with stiff’, ciu-led locks, beard, massive features, and peculiar closure of one eye-lid, is an example of the grotesque, well matched by the female head with locks and wreath of Gothic foliage, distended mouth, protrusive tongue, and mis-shapen nose. This singular face may have been intended to typify a witch. The protruding tongue is a not unusual feature. It has been observed on the metal plate of a closing ring at St. Nicholas Church, Gloucester, where a female head, quaintly set and reversed, over a monster’s head, has the tongue 2 in the same position, indeed, even more pronounced. It is probable that this peculiar representation has been derived from classic times, for it has been observed upon a vase of Chiusi pottery and on coins of Popidonia, and other Etruscan cities. Upon these are illustrations of the slant eyes, strange nose, distended mouth, snaky locks, 3 and tongue lolling out of “ The open month, that seemed to containe A full good pecke within the utmost brim, All set with yron teeth in raunges twaine That terrifiede his foes and armed him, Appearing, like the mouth of Orcus, ghastly grim.” They are all curious subjects, and in studying them a comparison may be instituted with the following examples, viz., a small, demoniacal wide-mouthed figure, showing the tongue hanging down, and likewise monster-like, together with the unnatural heads or masks in the group at the Magdalen Tower, Oxford; likewise with the masks and other figures in the freize of the entablature over the windows of St. Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster. There is also a head of a like character carved in oak as a cusp termination at the Church of Higham Ferrers. This, though but a small figure, exhibits a combination of these various peculiarities. In addition to the subjects above-mentioned as being in the Crypt, there are shields and leaves on wall-ribs, and four-winged angels at the apices of the 1 See “ Cyclopaedia of Costume,” J. R. Planche, F.S.A., p. 292. 3 Brandon’s “Analysis of Gothic Architecture.” Vol. i, p. 102. 3 Dennis’ “ Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria.” Yol. ii, p. 221. 100 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. window-heads. The number of carved subjects is altogether ninety-one, the whole variously and ingeniously designed, and not one, probably, without some meaning or intention. The Rev. E. C. Mackenzie Walcott, a high authority in all connected with sacred archaeology, has given, in his “ Popular Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, an interesting conventional delineation of the significance which is attached to the various forms in which angels are represented ; and he quotes examples which are preserved in the painted glass of New College Chapel, Oxford, and others in churches at Tattershall, Warwick, Wells (Norfolk), South wold in Suffolk, and elsewhere. 1 It would seem that in the selection by the sculptor, an angel with six wings would be intended to typify the Seraphim , whose spiritual swiftness was supposed to be indicated by the number of their wings. On the other hand, the Cherubim , so-called, writes St. Jerome, from their exceeding knowledge, or their swiftness, appeared with four wings to veil their feet and faces, and looking towards each other, or are represented by winged heads, or of red colour, or standing upon burning wheels. 2 Their association with birds amongst foliage and flowers, would, in a religious building, often have been intended to convey the idea of deliverance of the souls of the departed from earthly habitation. The side walls have windows in those bays where the doorways are not present. They are of three lights (triplets), having tre-foiled arched heads, the centre opening 6 feet 5 inches high, is stilted 7 inches above the side lights, and all of equal width ; 1 foot 10 inches divided by two mullions 10^ in¬ ches wide, with corresponding jambs and sills. It will be ob¬ served that the inside face of the window is plain (excepting the sunk eyes) ; this plain fillet on the mullion is in¬ ches wide, and is rebated back 2J inches. (This fea¬ ture is noticeable in the western Fig. 4. windows.) Sacred Archseology, &c.,” by Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, B.D., 1868, p. 29. 2 Psalm xviii. Ezekiel i, 19, 20. 101 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Three windows only remain open; two are closed by brickwork in the lights, and one has been converted into a doorway. The width of the opening is 9 feet, and the height to the apex from the pavement is 12 feet 8 inches, the soffits of the centre light and the arch being at a difference of level about 3 feet 4 inches ; across, the window is 7 feet 5 inches, and it is recessed 4 feet. The height of the wall under the window- back from the pavement is 4 feet, and 7 feet 2 inches from the opening to the springing of the drop-head. . The flat top of the wall is 18 inches wide, and the window back is 3 feet 10 inches high. The reveals and back are stone and chalk ashlar. The stone of the window itself is a freestone. One of the ancient bars, with slots for the vertical bars and also the mortices, is shown. Fig. 4 illustrates one of these windows in connection with the responds or clusters of wall-pillars and a group of ribs springing therefrom, forming the vaulting, and a block of stone under the plinth which is probably a portion of the ancient pavement. This is apparently Purbeck. It also indicates the bold character of the ashlar faces and the adjacent walling generally. This and Fio-. 7 form an interesting comparison between the principal features of the two Crypts. At the eastern end, in the centre of the building, is an arched doorway, 14 feet 6J inches in height and in width 6 feet 6 inches. The inner jambs and arched head are beautifully enriched with groups of small mouldings ; in each jamb are two engaged shafts with delicately formed caps and bases. The main wall under the original opening or sill has been removed ; it was about 3 feet 9 inches high originally, and steps were used from the exterior to interior pave¬ ment level, as the ends of such are visible in the walling cut through, and existed up to the erection of the adjacent buildings. The inside face of the wall adjacent to this doorway is fairly ashlared from level of the original opening up¬ wards, with rough facing below. In the outside reveals, which are 4 feet 2 inches wide, the wall being here of a total thickness of 6 feet, there are doors on either side communicating, by stone steps in the thickness of the wall, with the building above. The latter feature was commented upon by the late Mr. Charles Fig. 5. Baily some years ago. In stone buildings, he said, the stairs were often found uniting the thickness of the walls, “as we see at Hever Castle, in Kent, and at the Guildhall of the City of London.” The height of the Crypt at this eastern doorway, from pavement to groining, is 16 feet 9 inches (elsewhere it averages 13 feet 7 inches), in consequence of the elevation of the centre bay ; and each contiguous side bay has the end of the ridge rib at the wall arch raised 1 foot Western Crypt. 102 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. from the level. This arrangement produces more freedom in the appearance of the east end, and an effect aided by the arched door-head, as though of an earlier period of architecture. This impression probably led Mr. J. Brewer, at the meeting of the British Archaeological Association in 1851, erroneously to describe this doorway as “an Early English arched entrance in good preservation,” whereas it is a Perpendicular Gothic example of the purest character. The new Library buildings are indicated in the illustration (Fig. 5). A small recess in the east wall of this Crypt gives rise to some speculation as to its original purpose. It is situate 9 inches south of the right centre wall pillar and 3 feet 6 inches from the pavement. The inside measurement is 15J inches wide and 17 inches high, and is sunk 3^ inches from the face. The head is elliptic, and a small hollow moulding finishes the arris, excepting the bottom, which is square and somewhat rough—indicating the removal of a corbelling or ledge. This small object may have been an aumbry, piscina or stoup—if religious usages may be entertained. This recess is just indicated in the view of the Crypt, next the pillar and doorway at the eastern end. A large building had formerly been erected, or was in progress, the remains of the walls of which now constitute the basement walls of the western end of the present Hall. But the situation of the eastern wall is undeterminable, as there does not exist any visible remains “ in situ,” neither any records to determine this point with accuracy. There is no evidence that this earlier building had buttresses. Those now existing do not correspond with the axes of the engaged piers of the earlier building, neither are the window-openings equi-distant between the buttresses, so it may be surmised that the latter were set out regardless of the earlier plan, regularity of centering being unimportant as regards the already existing Western Crypt, utilisation of the external walling being the primary consideration. The wall arches, the piers with springers, and the windows indicate the remains of five bays longitudinally (with the exceptions hereinafter mentioned), and it may be considered that this Crypt also had three aisles transversely. In the west wall a window is visible at the end of the north and south aisles, and a doorway may be presumed to have occupied the centre. There cannot be a doubt but that the area of the Western Crypt was vaulted, and that octagonal pillars, 2 feet in diameter, corresponding with the wall responds, supported the ribs and groining, and consequently the floor of the Hall above. An interesting example of such an octagonal pier, about 2 feet diameter, of plain mediaeval character, with arches springing from it without the intervention of a capital, was exposed on the site of Messrs. Child’s Bank, at Temple Bar, in 1879. 1 The date of this Western Crypt may be attributed to the 14th century, and possibly as early as the second quarter of that period, as the mouldings of the window jambs and the tre-foil heads, and also, the octagonal piers, are somewhat indicative of the style then prevalent. Probably, the great Fire of London in 1666 so damaged the western vaulting that it was found desirable to remove it. The decline of Gothic architecture and the necessity 1 See paper by F. G-. H. Price, F.S.A., in the “ London and Middlesex Archaeological Society’s Transactions,” vol. vi, p. 231. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 103 for speedy reparation may account for the building of tlie brick Avails and vaults Avhick noAv fill up the Western Crypt, and provide the bed for the pavement of the Hall above. These Avails are generally built of red brick, having blocks of stone, chalk, &c., irregularly laid in them, more especially in the base, evidently the debris of mediaeval Availing ; a not unusual method subsequent to the Great Fire. The level of the pavement or floor of this Crypt is about one foot higher than the surface of the Eastern Crypt ; and the present pavement may be considered as the original level. The difference is met by an inclination in the passage-Avay. The vaulting piers, springers, and Avail ribs, are important features. They are delineated in the two illustrations (Figs. 6 and 7) the pillars Fig. 6. and arches, and the detail of the springers, both from the north wall, to which the pier is attached. It is about a semi-octagon, 2 feet Avide, and 1 foot 2 inches projection, and is 6 feet 10 inches in height to the bed of the spring-block, Avhich is 2 feet 3 inches in height, composed of a group of five ribs, Avhich simply die into the plain faces of the pier Avith a slight curve. Three are 10^ by 10J inches, with a 7-inch hollowed- chamfer mould¬ ing, and 34-inch soffit. The Avail ribs are continued on each side, and are four-centered. They are 10J by 6f; inches, and 34- inches soffit, with similar mould- Fig. 7. ings. The plinth is set upon a sub-plinth ; in all, 17 inches high. Piers, 13 feet 7 inches apart. Additional piers Avere built in the side-Avalls. These are observable in the illustration on each side of the vaulting pillar. They are bedded upon a roughly-shaped 104 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. stone-base, and are without plinths. In relation to the vaulting piers they are irregularly disposed, being governed probably by a necessity to add vertical supports inside, to carry the superimposed weight, and for accession of strength in the erection of the engaged piers of the present Hall. Four are visible on the north side, and two on the south. The face of the walling generally is shown in the illustration. It is masonry roughly ashlared, the lower portion of the wall appears to be of an inferior character. The rubble face, observable over the arches, is a portion of the core above the springing of the groins, which constituted also the filling of the haunches. Numerous windows are recognisable in the side and west-end walls corresponding with the centres of the bays. They have been altered or filled up. Those visible have two lights only, having arched heads with cusped tre-foils ; 2 feet openings divided by a centre mullion 7f inches wide and 13J inches deep. Figs. 8 and 9 are illustrations. The V ili If m ■===. i s* a ' : • 'p 1 1: . 1 W/£ filfe ' 'ml .Ml Fig. 8. Fig. 9. height is about 5 feet 3 inches. The jambs, up to the springing (on the outside), are simply double-splayed from wall face to the side jamb opening of the light. At the springing externally these splays are converted into hollow mouldings forming two orders, by the introduction of two 2-inch fillets. The outer order is vertical to 1 foot 9J inches. The second order turns into the arched heads of the lights with a hollow moulding. The reveals of the centre mullion and side jambs are 5 inches deep with HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 105 mortices for the bars and grooves for glass. The side eyes and centre spandrel are not sunk through, the back showing a plain face. These windows are without drip-stones, and they are set forwards towards the outer face of the wall. The entire thickness is 1 foot 7 inches, and the depth of the recess inside, 2 feet 5 inches, making 4 feet thickness of wall. The back or inside face of the window-lights has simply arched heads and mullions, &c., set before the 5-inch reveals 2^ by 2 inches forming a square sinking, and leaving a fillet 3 j inches wide as noted to the East Crypt windows so the inside presents a bare and unfinished appearance, and forms a square rebate as shown in the illustrations. The apices of the heads of the window lights of the two Crypts are level. A shutter was probably intended to close on the rebate, and a similar fitting would be applicable to the east lights. Immediately west of the block of springers (Fig. 10) is an interesting group of remains of the earlier Crypt. A projection of the wall into the building, probably being the basement of a turret of hexagonal plan, has a doorway with moulded jambs and arched head, the opening 6 feet 9 inches high and 2 feet 9 inches wide. Black liardstone steps, about 3 feet 3 inches wide, extend south about 10 feet between stone ashlared walls, where the way is blocked. This may have been a passage of communication between the Crypt and an external building or area. Adjoining is a pier and portion of an arch abutting against the turret, with corresponding arch, all belonging to the vaulting westward. A single-light window with tre-foil head (also blocked up) is contiguous, its opening being 4 feet 9 inches high and 2 feet 9 inches wide, with inner arch and weathered sill. This window r is deeply recessed from the inner face of the wall, with flat segmental head. The masonry is a well-preserved example of the earlier Crypt, with the exception of the window, which is much decayed. With reference to the vaulting ribs dying into the pier without the intervention of a capital, an interesting example may be mentioned which is described in a foreign work. Reference is there made to an illustration of a pier and springing of ribs from St. Lo, Normandy, circa 1450. French Gothic was, probably, a century later than English. “At the meeting of the ‘ Societe Franchise pour la Conservation des Monuments,’ held at Rennes in August, 1849, M. de Caumont, a high authority, publicly acknowledged that the greater part of the buildings usually assigned by French antiquaries to the eleventh century were really of the twelfth, etc.” 1 This example, and that previously noted, of a group of arches, &c., discovered during the excavations for Messrs. Child’s Bank at Temple Bar in 1879, are offered without reference to the question of dates. 2 “ These forms (i.e. circular and octagonal) are very common throughout the Early English and Decorated periods,” 3 and “the occasional absence of moulded work in the latter style frequently extended itself to the piers which were simply octagonal and carried plain chamfered arches in buildings whose details, in other respects, testify to the care that was bestowed upon them.” 4 Flush with the inside face of the v r all each opening is arched over with a drop-rib; between 1 “An introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture,” Oxford and London. John Henry Parker, 1849, pp. 234-239. 2 “Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society,” vol. vi, 1883, p. 231. 3 “A Manual of Gothic Mouldings.” F. A. Paley, M.A., 1845. 4 Brandon’s “ Analysis of Gothic Architecture,” vol. i, p. 80. 0 106 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the back of the window and this, is a stone arched soffit. From the soffit to drop is 2 feet 4 inches. The quoins of the opening are of large stones, the reveals filled in with ashlar, and the sill of the opening is composed of squared stone. The wall under the same is 4 feet high. The plinth of one of the great buttresses appears close up to the window jamb, irregularly placed as before described. The west window, next the north turret, has one of the jambs worked with the hollow-chamfer down to the sill, the other being left unfinished. Both the jambs are splayed only. The one on the left-hand is incomplete. The south wall appears to have differed from the opposite wall, the wall-arches at the east-end being absent. Opposite to the last north pier is inserted in the wall a group of three spring-stones, differently planned to the other vaulting ribs, these blocks, collectively about 5 feet long and 2 feet 4 inches high, are properly jointed together, and each have a springer. They are on one plane, flat on face, and appear to be “in situ,” deposited on the top is a mass of chalk, the residue of the filling in of the haunches of the vaulting. There is a centre rib, and one on each side, set diagonally from the middle arch. The centre rib is 11 inches in width and 6 inches in depth, with hollow chamfers, the others are 11 by 11 inches, also hollow- chamfered, and appear to be segmental. It may be surmised that at this corner there was a different, probably a still earlier, structure of Norman or semi-Norman date, as the vaulted base of a tower or porch (the present porch is exactly contiguous) which formed part of the building now under consideration. Above the blocks will be observed regular ashlar and level courses. Probably a porch or chamber was here, which would account for the more regular face. Differences of opinion have arisen among architects and antiquaries, not only as to the date to which the construction of the Crypt is to be referred, but likewise as to the purposes to which it was originally devoted. Some authorities consider the eastern portion to be the undercroft of the Hall itself, others view it as having been connected with the early Chapel, and there are strong reasons for the latter opinion. The following observations upon this view of the matter have been carefully prepared and kindly furnished by Alfred White, F.S.A., whose long experience in the study of the construction of early buildings entitle them to consideration. “ The Crypts or undercrofts of ancient buildings are always interesting portions of such structures, and they should be carefully studied and examined, for in them we of necessity find indications of the earliest structure above ground, and not unfrequently of the building which preceded it, and we may be enabled, by the arrangement of the HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDLIALL. 107 subterranean building, to determine the plan of what was first placed above it, and sometimes even the nature and use of what has been long destroyed. “ Beneath the western portion of Guildhall we see a Crypt, which, from the confused arrangement of the columns and the springing of the vaulting at its side walls, has evidently provided the supports to the pavement of at least two Halls, but of any columns to support the centre of the floor we are unable to discover a trace—longitudinal and cross walls of brick and stone mixed, with vaults all in brickwork, and of a very rough character, here carry the pavement of the Great Hall. “ When we arrive at the eastern part of the Crypt, we find it separated from the western section by a wall three feet thick, running across from north to south, with a doorway in its centre, with all the arrangements of an external entrance, the hooks for the hinges of the door, and the rabbet against which it shut, remaining perfect to the present day. Within this enclosure all is in order, and we see two rows of clustered columns, which, with engaged clusters against the four walls, support the ribs of three beautiful vaults running east and west, which are crossed by four intersecting vaults running in the opposite direction. We are naturally led to enquire: Did this arrangement run through the whole Crypt at any time ? Was it intended to extend such a Crypt beneath the whole of the Hall ? To these enquiries the structure itself answers in the negative. Had the first proposition ever been carried out, would a strong external wall have been constructed at the western end of the work ? And, had the extension of such a Crypt been contemplated, would the western clusters of columns have been built into the western wall, as finished responds, which could not easily be converted into clusters for the progress of the work westward ? “ All these circumstances seem to favour the idea that this Eastern Crypt was originally beneath a portion of the Guildhall, divided from the rest of the building, or that it belonged to a distinct structure, and there are indications of great alterations carried out to adapt it to the present Hall. Against the eastern wall of the Crypt is a rib which belongs to the original vaulting, and at its centre it rises 16 feet 1 inch above the present pavement of the Crypt, but from this the central ridge rib drops gradually, until at the next bay it is about 13 feet high, and the rest of the Eastern Crypt maintains the same elevation. Another proof of the alteration in the height is found at the side windows, the heads of which are carried up to the original level, but a drop arch of 3 feet 4 inches is placed before each window, and this ranges with the present height of the Crypt, hiding from view a portion of the tracery in the window heads. “ If we carefully examine the present vaulting of the Eastern Crypt we shall find, in parts, irregularity in the curve of the arches, and especially in the stone immediately above the caps. This stone could not readily be taken out of its place, and the alteration in the curve has not been effected with the accuracy that we find in the other portions of the arches, where the stones have been re-worked when they were detached. The vaulting rib against the east wall affords also a clear proof that the original vaulting could not have been placed beneath the pavement of the present Hall, for that is only 15 feet 7 inches above the floor of the Crypt, and even the lower side of this rib, which is 16 feet 1 inch above the Crypt floor, would have o 2 108 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. appeared about 6 inches above the Hall pavement, and its upper pait now piojects about 1 foot 9 inches, and creates the necessity for the raised floor at the east end of the Hall. “ In the wood-cut the re¬ lative positions of the floor of the Crypt, and the pavement of the Hall are shown. The columns and arches in outline represent the wall rib at the east end of the Crypt, the arch with darker shading, the vaulting ribs of the rest of the Crypt, and the dimen¬ sions given will assist to illustrate what is described above. “ So far we have en¬ deavoured to show that the Crypt at the east end of Guildhall, has undergone very considerable alterations since its original con¬ struction, that it was not then designed as the support of the present pavement, and that the pitch of the vaults was lowered by reconstruction to adapt it to its present use. The vaults, if they had remained throughout in harmony with the eastern wall rib, would agree better with a work of the end of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th century, than with one of the commencement of the loth century (1411), which is the period of the building of the present Hall. The caps of the clustered columns, which support the vaults, are such as were in use at the earlier period, having the lower part above the necking considerably undercut, but if we examine the capitals of the doorway arch inserted beneath the wall rib , we have what agrees well with such caps as were in use in 1411. “ This Crypt in its original state, in many respects, resembled the elegant one under Gerard’s Hall, which formerly occupied a site beneath what is now the roadway of Canon Street, near to the Church of St. Mildred, Bread Street, and this was clearly a work of about 1300. This Crypt was beneath a spacious hall, which Stow 1 says, in his time, was altered by divers rooms made in it, and that it was then a ‘ common hostery for receipt of travellers.’ We read, that between the years 1245 and 1386, it was the property of Sir John Gisors, Knight, Mayor of London, and Constable of the Tower, and his family ; and from the marks found on the stonework of the Crypt, when it was removed, it appeared to have been in possession of merchants, and probably used as a store for their goods. All that was above ground disappeared at the Great . . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 109 lire in 1666, and afterwards an extensive Inn was erected over the Crypt, and it was used, until its destruction in 1852, as the wine cellar for this establishment. At this time an accumulation of earth reached about half way up its columns, by which their bases were entirely obscured, but this was removed by order of the Corporation of London, and for some time the public were enabled freely to enjoy a view of this perhaps unsurpassed specimen of Early English art, and before it was taken down, every stone was carefully numbered to facilitate its reconstruction. “ Many schemes were suggested for its preservation, amongst others (by the late Thomas Lott, F.S.A.) that it should be placed beneath Guildhall, adjoining the Crypt, which we now explore, but the Corporation were led to comply with a recpiest from the projectors of the Crystal Palace to remove it there, upon the promise that it should be carefully re-built as it had appeared in London. This stipulation was disregarded, and the carefully numbered stones of the Crypt were broken up to compose the bodies of the antediluvian monsters then about to be constructed in the gardens of the Palace. “lor comparison, sections of the caps of the columns which supported the vaults of Gerards Hall Crypt (Fig. 1), and of those in Guildhall (Fig. 2), and of the doorway Fig. l. Gerard’s Hall. Fig. 2. East Crypt, Guildhall. Fig. 3. East Doorway. arch beneath the wall rib (Fig. 3), are here given. It will be seen that the vaulting caps agree generally, and especially in the undercutting before mentioned, but this is not found in the section of the caps of the door arch beneath the eastern wall rib. The view of the Gerard’s Hall Crypt, 1 which appears in the present volume, is from a drawing by that talented artist, the late Frederick Mackenzie, and was engraved by J. H. Le Keux. “ Seeing that the style of the Crypt of Guildhall is not in harmony with that of the Hall above it, we must endeavour to discover under what circumstances the Hall was placed above the Crypt. There are grounds for assigning the site of the early Guildhall to the w r est of the present building, and also to show that the new work exceeded the former in extent. “ Stow places the ancient Guildhall in Aldermanbury, and says, ‘ I myself have seen the ruins of the old Court Hall, in Aldermanbery Street, which of late hath been employed as a carpenter’s yard, &c.,’ 2 and when the houses were lately re-built opposite to ' Lent by Alfred White, F.S.A. Stow’s “ Survey,” p. 109. The Chapel. 110 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. St. Mary’s Church in Aldermanbury, such a doorway was brought to light, in Three Nuns’ Alley, as might have belonged to the old Hall. Fabian tells us that so considerable were the additions in the re-building in 1411, that ‘was made of a little cottage, a large and great house.’ Therefore, as at least part of the original site was abandoned, and, at the same time, the dimensions of the new work were to be greatly extended, additional space must be somehow provided, and this we can show was secured in the following manner.” There had existed by Guildhall, certainly as early as 1280, a Chapel, which was used by the Corporation when they met on public business, and for other purposes, and by license of Edward III, Adam Fraunceys and Peter Fanlore had permission to convey a piece of land, on the southern side of Guildhall, for the erection of residences for the Custos and Chaplains of this College, and such houses were accordingly built and occupied. This arrangement continued until 1429 (when the building of the new Guildhall was still in progress), but it was then discovered that the Chapel “ had become too small for the requirements of the citizens flocking to hear divine worship,” and that there was no piece of ground near the Guildhall, which was suitable for a new Chapel, except that on which the old Messuage, occupied by Sir John Bernard then Custos, and the Chaplains of the College, stood. Henry VI therefore, in 1429, granted letters patent to pull down the old Chapel and to erect a new one where the old residences of the Custos and Priests stood (on the south side of Guildhall), and to build houses for the clergy on a site to the north. Accordingly the old Chapel was taken down, the new one was erected to the south of Guildhall, and remained there until 1820, but as the Crypt beneath the old Chapel was substantial, elegant, and desirable for the new work it remained, and with the needed alterations to fit it to the new level of the floor above, is the present Eastern Crypt. Indications of the foundations of medieval buildings were noted at the time the excavations were in progress for the erection of the new Council Chamber. They may, perhaps, be referred to the residences above mentioned. This sacred edifice was situate in close proximity to the Hall. It was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen and All Saints. As to the foundation of the building, there are certain discrepancies of opinion, owing to the historians who quote Stow', having been led into error through misreading what he really has w r ritten upon the subject. Strype, 1 in his edition of the work, Speed, 2 and others, say that the Chapel was founded as early as the year 1299, by three pious citizens, Peter Fanlore, Adam Frauncis, and Henry Frowicke. Newcourt 3 4 adds to the confusion when, considering these authorities to be mistaken, he post-dates the foundation 69 years. “ The charter of the founders,” says Allen, 1 “ bore the date on the morrow of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, 1368, 42 Edward III. It was under the seals of Francis and de Frowicke, the other co-founder having been dead some time, and was confirmed on the day of execution by Simon Sudbury, Bishop of London.” In his assertion that the Chapel w r as built about the year 1299, Stow is accurate enough ; but it is in associating the individuals above-mentioned with the first building 1 Stow’s “ Survey ”—Strype’s Edition, 1754, vol. i, p. 560. 3 Speed’s “ Historie of Great Britaine,” book ix, p. 1062b. This writer says “ Peter Stainberry,” instead of “ Fanlore.” 3 Newcourt’s “ Repertorium,” vol. i, p. 361. 4 Allen’s “ History and Antiquities of London,” vol. iii, p. 101. ■ r ^ | ~~ M c£c)x\'* : J2kV‘« u3 (3i:8?j l%3Sningsby,knt.of Brookhain,=Annd co. Surrey, and afterwards of Twig- more, co. Lincoln. Sir Francis Coningsby, ob. s.p.—Mary North. Will proved Will proved 7 May, 1629. 22 Nov. 1631. Bur. at North Minims. Thomas Coningsby, esq..^Martha, dau. of William Elizabeth. Sheriff of Herts. 1637, Bur. at North Minims. Sir Harry Coningsby,—Hester, dau. of Robert, Button, esq., of Alton, bur. at North Minims. of the Weld. Cambell, Alderman of London. Ralph, bur. 15 Feb. 1703, ob. s.p. of Potterells. Tli 'masConingsby,of=FRachel, dau. Bexley, co. Kent. Cambell. oft VYKES OF OLD FOLD, biu. and heiress. frowyke, goldsmith, of Betch-=rIdouiu. t>. Surrey. Will proved 1328. III. Alderman of Laugbourn Lans. MS. 558, f. 205. John de Frowyke of Betchworth, ob. s.p. Henry Gloucester, lord of Fins¬ bury, in co. Middlesex, who had lands in Willcsden. nuns. Richard Cornwall of : nJoan Gloucester, Willcsden. dau. and heir. John, ) . Thonms, ob - s -P- John Cornwall ^Elizabeth, of Willesden. fir et.^Sir Adam Fraunceys,^ Margaret, ob. 23 Hen. knt. Will proved VI. 2nd wife. 14 June 1416. (A) Arms of Frowyke of Old Fold. —Harl. MS. 1646 f. 57b. 1. Frowyke. 2. Adrian. 3. Pouns. 4. Durham. 5. Cornwall. 6. Gloucester. 7. Ashe. 8. Somersham. 0 . Knolles. 10. Troutbeck. 11. More. 12. Hulse. 13. Moberley. Frowyke, 3rd sout I chard Barnett or Barrett, hrnett or Barrett, ob. s.p. Sir Thomas Charlton, knt., ob. 21 Feb. 1447. Bur. at Edmonton. Elizabeth, co-lieiress. ob. 16 Feb. 1450-1, 29 Hen. VI. Will proved 19 Feb. Bur. at Edmonton. Agnes,co-heiress, mar. Sir Wil¬ liam Porter,ob. s.p. 1 Edw. IV. Thomasine, a nun. le or Agnes sir. Thomas iutford. Sir Thomas de Frowyke t= Joan, dau. and heiress John Martin. Will provcd=Eliz abet h,=Roger Appleton, jun.,=FJohn Alphew, 3rd bus. of Gunnersbury, pur¬ chased Durhams of Henry Frowyke. Will proved 10 Nov. 1485. Bur. at Ealing. of RichardandJoan Sturgeon. Will proved 16 May,1500. Bur. at Ealing. 19 Oct. 1457, of Horton Kirby, co. Kent. Will proved 1502-3. 2nd lms. m. 1459. lnq. p.m. 1489. Bur. at Oheddingstone. i -i-1-1 i , i John. Edmond. Richard. William. Isabella. Joanna. Thomasine, ait. 8. Elizabeth, ait. 5. Sir Thomas Charlton. kut.,=FBeneilicta. Agnes. Will proved 29 March, See will of 1465-6. M.P. for Middle- Alice Charlton, sex. Speaker of the 4 July 1416. House of Commons, 31, 32 Hen. VI. Frowyke Margaret, dau. of Sir Walter Ford, Joan Bardville.d. - Sir Thomas Frowyke,“Elizabeth. Will—Thomas Jakys, lersbury. oved i5 »5. Bur. Ralph Leigh,living 1500, d. before 1504, bur. at Ealing. 1st bus. -:- Dorothy=William Martyn. -1 before 1500, bur. at Finchley. Chief Justice of Common Pleas, d. 17 Oct. 1506, bur. at Finchley. Thomas, ob. v.]>. proved 4 Feb. 1615-6, bur. at Blackfriars. esq., d. 1514, bur. at Black¬ friars. 2nd bus. Isabella, mar. Sir Thomas Hawte. Elizabeth or Isabella Frowyke. Thomas Bledlow, of London. She¬ riff of London and Middlesex, 13 Edw. IV. Will dated 11 May, 1478. Sir Richard Elizabeth. Charlton, knt. b. 28 June, 27 Hen. VI. Attainted 1485, 1 Hen. VII. Agues, mar. Sir Thomas Bour- chier. Mary, m. Tho¬ mas Brown. John Charlton, Obtains a reversal of the attainder -Rot. Pari. 1503,12 Hen. VII. Elizabeth. Will proved luFeb. 1556-7, d. 5 Nov. 1556. Sir John Spelman, Will proved 3 Feb. 1545, d. 26 Feb. 1544. Mary. Frideswide Frowyke,=i=Sir Thomas Cheyney, K.G.jl. Dec.,1558,=FAnne, dau. and co-heir of Sir William- dau. and heiress, m. before 1515. bur. at Minster, Isle of Sheppey. of Shirland.bur.at Minster, co.Kent. Will proved 25 Apr. 1559. r J Sir John Broughton of Toddington, co. Beds. Hawte, knt. Thomas Bledlow.^Isabel, dau. and co-heir of Sir Humphrey Starkey. Henry, created Lord=Joan, dau. of Thomas Cheyneyd.s.p. 1587. Lord Wentworth. Jane, dau. and co-heiress, mar. Sir Thomas Wyat. Andrew Elizabeth/‘John Ld. Williams Edmonds. John Cheyney, killed at Montreuil.ob.sp. v.]). mar. Margaret, dau.ofGeorgeNevill Lord Abergavenny, who remar. Pole. John. -Sir Thomas i Frances.: i Nicholas Orispe,=Mary. Anne.— Kampe of ob. 20 soil and heir of Olautigh, Nov. 4 Sir HenryCrispe co. Kent. Eliz. of Quex., Sheriff of Kent, 1 Eliz. ob. v.p. 6 Eliz. Will proved 7 Jan. 1573. Dorothy. of Thame, 2nd bus. d. 14 Oct. 1559. Catherine.^ John Goodwin, Sir John Perrot, knt. SirCliristopher Edmonds,ob. s.p. Frances/ maid of honour to Queen 1-1 iz. John D'Oyly of Chisel- hampton. Elizabeth. Henry, ob. sp. Isabel, m. Richard Way n man of Cares well, co. Oxon. Frances. Margery, mar. Henry, Ld. Norreys, of Rycott. Sir John Goodwin (H Wiching- ton, co. Bucks. Sir Robert D’Oyly, knt. Sir Henry Spelman, the^FElinor, eld. dau. and co-heiress antiquary, b. 1562. Knighted by James I. Bur. at Westminster Abbey, 24 Oct. 1641. of John Le Strange, mar. 18 Apr. 1590, d. 24 July 1620, and bur. in Westminster Abbey. Anne, mar. Sir Thomas Shirley,knt.of Wistou Neston, co. Sussex. Alice, mar. Sir Margaret,=Sir William Cromer of James Hales. 1st wife. Tunstall,co.Kent,ob. 12 May, 1528, ret. 67. Sheriff of Kent, 9 and 17 Eliz. Sir Thomas Perrot.=Dorothy, dau. of Walter Devereux Earl of Essex. i Henry Coniugsby, esq. Margaret. Grisseld. Elizabeth, mar. Thomas Mcwtis, esq. Anne. Jane. mar. Robert Thompson, esq. Helen, mar. William Gatlin, esq. Mary, mar. John Saunders, esq. Blanche, mar. William Wendy, esq. Sir Clement Spelman, d. seised of Gunuers- bury in 1607. Sir John Spelman, d. circa 1643. Clement Spelman, Baron of the Exchequer, d. 1679. John. Walter. Robert Coniugsby. Marten Button. John Button [James, Elizabeth.^Thomas Williams. (B) Arms of Frowyke of Gunnersbury —Harl. MS. 1546 f. 57b. 1. Frowyke. 2. Adrian. 3. Pouns. 4. Durham. 5. Cornwall. 6. Gloucester. 7. Sturgeon. ’ HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 117 of the infant son of Sir Adam included mention of a sister who likewise died in infancy. Adam et Elisabeth les Infants Mounsieur Adam Franceys iesent icy; Dieu de son almes eit mercy.” 1 The Arms of Sir Adam, as given in an interesting Roll of Arms of the reign of Richard II were “ Per bend sinister sable and or, a lion rampant counterchanged.” 2 3 4 Henry de Frowyke, the last of the three “ pious citizens ” who were associated with the history of the Chapel, belonged to a distinguished family, one that enjoyed a long and creditable connection with the municipal life of London * at this early period. The name, long since lost sight of in the annals of both civic and country history is, so far as has been ascertained, first met with in the reign of Edward I, when Henry de Frowyke, Pepperer and Alderman was appointed custos of the City in the year 1272, and in 1275 was elected Sheriff. His immediate ancestors were the possessors of Old Fold, in the Parish of South Mimms. A moated site on the edge of Hadley Green is presumed to have been the locality where at one time stood the Manor house. A glance at the accompanying pedigree will show the varied and distinguished alliances made from time to time by different members of the family, as do the respective Coats of Arms, which, commencing with its own, are included in the family shield. In it may be likewise noted how the connection came about between Henry de Frowyke and Sir Adam Fraunceys. There are also other familiar names, for example, Sir Thomas Knolles, Mayor in the years 1399 and 1410. His Arms and Crest were at one time depicted in the east window of the Mayor’s Court; they may be identified in the Frowyke shield. In the annexed illustration, copied from one of the Lansdowne MSS., the crest is given. The Arms are azure seme of crosses crosslet or a cross moline voided of the last. Crest—a stag’s head or between two wings azure? It may be observed that at the head of the Pedigree stands the name of John Adrian, and that it was his son and heir whose daughter married one, Thomas de Frowyke, of Old Fold. The name of Adrian is one to some extent familiar in the early history of London, and the two here mentioned are doubtless to be associated with John Adrian, the first member of the Vintners’ Company who held the office of Mayor for two consecutive years, viz., in 1270 and 1271. Little appears to be recorded concerning him, but, inasmuch as he pre¬ viously held the office of Sheriff in the years 1258, 1259, and 1267, he must have been a person of some distinction, and one who enjoyed the confidence and respect of his fellow citizens. His Coat of Arms— Sable , four escallops meeting in cross argent? 1 Weever’s “Funeral Monuments,” p. 534. 2 “A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Rickard II”; edited by Thomas Willement, F.S.A.; p. 18, No. 164. 3 Lansdowne MS., British Museum, 874 ; f. 85b. Cf. Harl. MS., 1546 ; f. 57b. 4 Copied from “Arms of Lord Mayors and Sheriffs,” by William Smith (Rouge Dragon) ; formerly in the possession of John Gough Nichols, F.S.A. (now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford). 118 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. An exhaustive history of the Frowyke family has been written by the Rev. F. C. Cass, M.A., in his admirable work on the Parish of South Mymms. 1 * * It contains much original information, not only in connection with each branch of the family, but likewise relative to the district in which its members so long resided. In it will be also found the Pedigree from which the annexed copy has been made. In making the Presentations to any one of the five Chantries at Guildhall Chapel, such as that founded by Peter Fanlore and others, there appears to have been one form adopted, viz., such as the following. It is selected as among the earliest of those recorded, being some thirty years after the endowment mentioned, and one of the first which comes within the jurisdiction of the Mayor and Chamberlain :— Ven'abli in Xpo patri ac dno dno Witio Dei gra London Epo sui lmmiles t devoti Jofies Hadlee Major Civitat London t Joties Usslier Oaniarius Guyhalde ejus- dem Civitat lionores t revencias tanto patri debitas. Ad lino cantariam quincp cantarialf in capella Btissime Marie Yirginis de Guyhalda p>dca vre dioc p aiabz Rog'i de Frowyk P Marie uxis sue ac oiih fideliu defunct!! fundat vacant P ad nram fisentacoem virtute officii! nrol! ad p’sens spectant dilcm nobis in Xpo dnm Wittm Whittyn capellanlt ydoneu vre paternitati jJsentara 9 snpplicantes hnmilr P devote quatin’ ipsm diim Witfrn ad deam Cantar admittere dignemini P ipsm canoice instituere in eadem cePa que vro in hac pte incumbunt officio pastorali pa^e g"ciose. In cuj 9 rei testiom p'sent sigilla officiol! nrol! apposuim 9 . Dat’ London xvij 0 die mensis Novembr anno Dni milto ccc mo septuagesimo nono P anno regni Reg Rici scdi tercio. Consimut Ira missa fuit dno Roberto epo London pNiclim Exton Majore t Ricm Odyhm Caifiariu dee civitatis p dn Jolie Dangy, capellano p mortem Thome Cranle decimo nono die Novembr a° Dni millmo ccc m0 octogesimo sexto P a 0 rr Ricardi sedi decimo. To the venerable father and lord in Christ, the lord ‘William, by the Grace of God, Bishop of London, his humble and devout (servants) John Hadlee, Mayor of the City of London, and John Ussher, Chamberlain of the Guildhall of the same City, the honours and reverences due to such a father. To one chantry out of the five chantries in the Chapel of the most Blessed Mary the Virgin of the Guildhall aforesaid, in your diocese, founded for the souls of Roger de Frowyk and Mary his wife, and of all the faithful departed, vacant, and to our presentation by virtue of our offices at present belonging, we do present to your fatherhood our beloved in Christ, William Whyttyn, a fitting chaplain, beseeching humbly and devoutly that you would vouchsafe to admit the same William to the said chantry, and canonically institute him in the same, [and] graciously to perform all other matters which rest upon your pastoral office in this behalf. In witness of which present matter we have placed the seals of our offices. Given at London the seventeenth day of the month of November, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Three Hundred and Seventy-Nine, and in the third year of the reign of King Richard the Second. A similar letter was sent to the lord Robert, Bishop of London, by Nicholas Extone, Mayor, and Richard Odyham, Chamberlain of the said City, for Sir John Dangy, chaplain, on the death of Thomas Cranle, the nineteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Three Hundred and Eighty-Six, and in the tenth year of the reign of King Richard the Second. Some twenty years subsequent to the foregoing, we have an interesting reference to the Chapel in connection with the first election of Richard Whittington to the mayoralty. A more lengthened reference to this incident will be included in our subsequent notice of 1 “ South Mymms,” by the Rev. F. C. Cass, M.A., published by the London and Middlesex Archeological Society, 1877. The woodcuts, with several others, have been placed at the disposal of the Library Committee by the Council of the Society. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 119 the respective Lord Mayors, Sheriffs and Courts of Aldermen; but we may here mention, and it is a curious illustration of the religious sentiments of the time, that the election even to the secular office of Chief Magistrate, was not conducted except with the ceremonies of a religious service. It appears from the archives of the Corporation that in the year 1406, 8 Henry IV, that the Mayor, Sir John Woodcok, the Sheriffs, the Aldermen and certain of the more wealthy and substantial of the citizens assembled in the Guildhall, according to custom and usage, for the purpose of electing two Aldermen to be returned to the Court of Aldermen m order that they might choose one to serve the office of Mayor for the ensuing year. Prior to the election it was ordained that a Mass of the Holy Spirit should be first celebrated in the Chapel adjoining the Hall, in order that the commonalty might seek for spiritual direction in their choice. Upon the conclusion of these solemnities, the members of the congregation returned to the Guildhall, and the Mayor, Aldermen and Officers to their Chamber. The Common Sergeant having read out the names of the Aldermen eligible for the office, the congregation present nominated two, viz., Drew Barentin and Richard Whittington. These names being reported to the Mayor and Aldermen, their choice fell upon the afterwards famous Whittington. The Mayor and Aldermen then returned to the Guildhall and reported upon whom their selection had fallen. At this meeting an ordinance was made that previous to all future elections such a religious service should be held, asking for Divine guidance in. making a fit and proper selection of a gentleman to hold the important office of Mayor. 1 In addition to the mention of this regulation in the records, it is referred to as follows in the Chronicle of the Grey briars of London:—“And this yere was furst ordened a masse of the Holy Gost, to be songe solemply be note every yere at the Yelde-halle Chappelle the same daye the Mayer is cliosyn.” 2 A few years later the Chamberlain appears to have been called upon to exercise his authority over the way in which the chaplains were performing their duties. At this tune it seems that such were being but very imperfectly executed, for it is recorded that on Friday, 2nd July, 1417, 5 Henry Y, it was found, as well by the examination of the keeper and chaplains of the Chapel of the Guyhalde , as by the testimony of the Chamberlain and their numerous evidences, that the priests serving in the aforesaid building do, against the form of the foundation for the same, wander about, neglecting: their duties (discurrunt et vagantur officio, clebita minime facientes ), wherefore the Chamberlain was ordered to seize into the hands of the City all the lands and tenements belonging to the said Chapel; and in the meantime to make reparation, and to pay the stipends to the chaplains according to their merit. It is further mentioned that one John Burbrigg, who was convicted of disobedience to the Warden of the Chapel was committed to Newgate. 3 In the year 1429, considerable alterations appear to have taken place, both as to the position and the dimensions of the site occupied by the Chapel, and the same strenuous efforts to provide the means for the improvements contemplated appear to have been as 1 Letter Book I, fol. 54. 2 “ Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London,” edited by J. G. Nichols, F.S.A., p. 11 . 3 Journal, i, fol. 24. 120 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. necessary as they were for completion of the work then steadily going on at the adjoining Hall. The original document, which records the particulars, is given in the Appendix. The following is an abstract only, but it recites the principal facts in connection with what had to be done in order to pull down both the old Chapel and College, and re-erect them:— On the 10th April, 1429, 8 Henry VI, the King granted letters patent to the Mayor and Common Council of London, for which they paid 20 shillings into the hanaper, for authority to build a new Chapel and College. It was recited that a College or Chantry of five chaplains, of whom one is custos, had been in ancient times founded by the citizens of the said City, and that it had become too small for the requirements of the Citizens flocking to hear Divine worship, and that there was no piece of ground near the Guildhall which was suitable for building a new Chapel, except the soil on which a certain old messuage, occupied by Sir John Bernard, now custos, and the chaplains of the said College, on the southern side of the said Guyhalde, in the parish of St. Laurence, being the messuage which Adam Fraunceys and Peter Fanellor had conveyed to the custos and chaplains, by virtue of the licence of Edward III. “ Accordingly the King of his especial grace, by the advice of his Council, for the increase of Divine worship, and in perpetual memory of his royal state, gives the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty licence to pull down the little old Chapel and the old messuage, and to build a new Chapel on the site of the old messuage, and a College in the names of the five chaplains, of whom Sir John Bernard is to be custos, and gives to the custos and chaplains perpetual succession, and, in lieu of the said old messuage, to give to the custos and chaplains another messuage, with its appurtenances, situated upon the common soil of the said City, on the northern side of the said Guyhalde, to have and to hold for celebrating Divine worship and doing duty for ever, for the King’s state, while he lives, and his soul when he shall have migrated, and also for the state and souls of the founders and others, according to the ordination of the suppliants in that behalf. And also of his more abundant grace gives licence to hold the said lands and tenements in mortmain.” The afore-mentioned works appear to have been carried out, although much time was required for their completion, for the Chapel was not sufficiently advanced for dedication to its uses prior to the 30th October, 1444, 23 Henry VI, some fifteen years later ; but in the year 1436, John Wells, 1 Henry Frowick, and John Olney 2 were selected to survey what was in progress, and to look to “the new work of the Chapel of Guildhall, with all things to the same Chapel pertaining.” 3 After this, the various donations and contributions may be noted as coming in from time to time ; Sir William Estfeld, Knt., for example, being among the earliest of those included in the list. There is an entry to the effect that this great benefactor to the City, had, “ out of his special favour and zeal which he hath to the honour of the City, did promise a moiety of the clear profits, beyond his expenses as overseer of aliens, to the use of the Chapel of the Guildhall for the year next following.” 4 1 Sir John Wells came from Norwich, and prospering in the city of his adoption, became renowned for the substantial interest he manifested in its welfare. Fleet Bridge was repaired at his expense during the year of his mayoralty. On the coping his name was engraven, associated with the figures of angels, similar to a design of like character on the “ Standard,” in Cheapside, which he also erected, and to which he was the means of bringing from Tyburn fresh water for the advantage of the community. 2 John Olney, Citizen and Mercer, chosen Sheriff in 1432, Lord Mayor, 1446. 3 Journal, iii, fol. 39. 4 Ibid., fol. 40b. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 121 Again, at a meeting of the Court of Common Council, held on Friday, 21st September, 1442, 21 Henry VI, it is recorded that the said John Wells, mentioned above in connection with the new building, and who was Mayor in the year 1431, had, by his Will, left provision for “ the glascyng of thest wyndowe in the Yeldhall Chapell.” ? His executors had come before the Mayor and Aldermen, upon the occasion referred to, and promised that they would, out of the goods of the said John, make in the Chapel of the said City a great window at the east end of the new Chapel, with an altar, also a presbytery, and two niches for statues, and convenient steps of marble before the altar. The bequest was carried out, and the window designed in such a way as should commemorate the man and the work which he had carried out in connection with the building that he had loved so well.. His last resting place was within its precincts, and his tomb is the first among the various monuments in the Chapel to which Stow refers. 1 He speaks of “tombs of marble yet remaining, seven in number, but all defaced. The uppermost in the choir, on the south side thereof, above the revestry door, was the tomb of John Wells, grocer' mayor, 1451. The likeness of wells are graven in the tomb on the revestry door, and other places on that side the choir. Also in the glass window over this tomb, and in the east window, is the likeness of wells, with hands elevated out of the same wells, holding scrolls, wherein is written c Mercy! ’•—the writing in the east window being broken, yet remaineth wells. I found his Arms also in the south glass window all which do show that the east end and south side the choir of this Chapel, and the revestry were by him both built and glazed.” Sir Henry Barton, citizen and skinner, and twice chosen to the office of Mayor, viz., in the years 1416 and 1428, was a great benefactor towards the re-building of the Chapel. Sir Henry was a descendant of a Suffolk family, coming to London from Mildenliall in that county, and prospering like many other of the City traders in the path of life which he had selected, he devoted a great portion of the wealth which he had acquired to the City in which he had been successful. To the re-build¬ ing of Guildhall Chapel he left certain vestments and other articles, on the condition that the structure should be completed within nine years from the time of its commencement; but to be diverted to the interests of the Church of St. John on Walbrook should the conditions laid down in the provisions of his Will not have been complied with. Sir Henry’s Will is of considerable length, and full of interesting matter. The following is but a brief abstract of its contents, embodying such portions as associate the testator with Guildhall and the adjacent Chapel. The bequest appears to have given some trouble to his survivors, and to those with whom it was connected, for the archives of the City record from time to time disputes between the officials of the Corporation and the rector and parishioners of St. Stephen on Walbrook, resulting at last in arbitration and a certain division of the property between the interested parties. This Will was proved on the 18th June, 1435, and, shortly after, we find an application from John Chichele, 2 the Chamberlain of the time, in the names of William Cliff and Thomas Ivnolles to the Mayor and Aldermen, asking for consent to their having in their custody the jewels bequeathed 1 Stow’s “ Survey,” p. 103. 2 John Chichele married Margery, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas Knolles, Lord Mayor in 1399 and 1410-11. Q 122 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. by Henry Barton for the Chapel of Guildhall, then in the custody of the rector and parishioners of St. Stephen, Walbrook, when they had finished the Chapel, until they were satisfied of their expenses ; and he engaged that they should complete the Chapel within the time appointed by Henry Barton in his Will. There then follows the order that the jewels shall be in their keeping until all the expenses were satisfied. 1 In the next year, viz., on the 30th October, 1444, 23 Henry VI, we read of the consecration of the building to the Blessed Mary Magdalen and all the Saints, by the Reverend Father Commissary of Robert (Gilbert), by the Grace of God Bishop of London, at the instance of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Chamberlain. 2 A few weeks after the Dedication it was oidered that the Wardens, Chaplains, and their successors, should from henceforth celebrate daily in the Chapel, Matins, Mass, and Vespers, “by note,” and to do this they bound themselves by oath. 3 As a result of the application above mentioned, a mandate was issued to the Rector and Wardens of St. Stephen, Walbrook, for the custody of the jewels bequeathed by Henry Barton for Guildhall Chapel. 4 This was replied to by the authorities to the effect that they had not the custody of the jewels. This resulted in a threat that they must be delivered up under peril; but the rector and his parishioners should have a discharge from all responsibility in connection with their delivery. 5 Upon Friday, the oth May, 1446, 6 the latter claimed restitution upon the grounds that the conditions in the Will had not been complied with. A day for consideration was given, and certain individuals appointed as a Committee to consider the matter, 7 the whole ending in a delay which extended to the year 1448, when on the 21st February in that year, Burgoyne and Wilton, the underslieriffs of the time, were appointed on the part of the rector and parishioners of St. Stephen, Walbrook, to arbitrate on the matter. This ended in a division, a portion being yielded to the Mayor for the use of the Chapel, and another portion to the rector and parishioners of St. Stephen’s. The translation is as follows:— “ Monday [blank] December 28 Henry YI, 1449. “This day come here Master Richard Gordon, Doctor in Civil Law, and Baldwin Boteler, Citizen and Fishmonger of London, Arbitrators formerly elected by the Mayor Aldermen and Commonalty on behalf of the City, and Master John Stratton, Doctor in Civil Law, and William Gregory the Younger, on behalf of the Rector and Parishioners of St. Stephen Walbrook, London, arbitrators chosen by them for and in the matter touching the ornaments late by Henry Barton, Citizen, while he lived, and Skinner of London bequeathed to the Chapel of the Guildhall of the said City under certain conditions, by his will devised, etc., which arbitrators did finally pronounce and decree for certain considerations them reasonably moving, that a certain silver cross enamelled and gilt, with a ‘ hasta ’ of copper gilt, also the suit of vestments, to wit of cloth of gold of white colour, containing three copes, chasuble, and two tunicles with the fittings of the same, and two cloths for the same suit of beaten gold, should be awarded and remain to the Mayor and Commonalty of the City to be used in the Chapel of St. Mary next the Guildhall for ever; they also decreed and adjudged that a cup of silver gilt and set with crystals in which to place the Body of our Lord, together with a wooden case covered with cloth of gold of blue fitted to the same cup; also a suit of vestments of cloth of gold of velvet, of a ruby colour, containing three copes, chasuble, and two tunicles with their fittings, and two cloths to wit for the altar front, and ‘ contrafront,’ and two small copes to be used for boys, should be awarded and remain to the Rector and Parishioners of the said Chinch of St. Stephen for ever, etc.” 8 Journal iv, fol. 16. Ibid., fol. 56. Ibid., fol. 184. a Journal iv, fol. 48b. 5 Ibid., fol. 56b. s Journal v, fol. 26b. 3 Journal iv, fol. 53b. 6 Ibid., fol. 176. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 123 On December 22nd following, the award w r as declared, and its execution ordered to be carried out, and the Chamberlain was instructed to deliver over to the wardens of St. Stephen, Walbrook, the cup and vestments, &c., according to the award. 1 2 Will of Henry Barton, Citizen and Skinner, of the City of London. July 31, 1434 (12 Henry VI). In the first place he commends his soul to Almighty God, his Creator, to the Blessed Virgin Mary, his mother, and to all his holy Angels and Archangels; his body to be buried in the Chapel of the Charnell, in the southern part of the same Chapel, upon the Charnell of the Church of St. Paul’s, London, near the wall, and contiguous to the wall of the same southern part of the Chapel aforesaid, as his tomb was there prepared, whenever God shall see fit to separate his soul from his body. He then gives to the Guild or Fraternity of Corpus Christi, and to William Kirkeby, rector of the Church of St. John, Walbroke, a tenement in “ Watlyngstrete,” in the Parish of “Aldermarichirche.” Also a tenement in the Parish of All Saints, “ Bredstrete,” London, on the north side of “Watlyngstrete.” Also a tenement in “Weschepe,” near the great Conduit, opposite the Church of St. Thomas Ascons, London. Also his messuage called the “Redelyon, in Wodestrete,” in the parish of St. Alphlege within “ Orepilgate,” with five shops, and an alley with the same messuage annexed. He gives also to the master, warden, brethren, and sisters of the Guild or Fraternity aforesaid, also to the masters of the same, and also to the aforesaid rector of the Church of St. John aforesaid, and their successors, an annual rent of four marks out of all his lands and tenements called Romaynsrent, situate in the Parish of St. Mary “de Aldermarychyrch,” London, on the southern side of the same Church, as it doth lie; and which he had by a charter made to him by William Pountfret the younger, William Leddred, skinner, and Thomas at Hoo, chaplain; to hold and perceive the aforesaid annual rent of four marks to the aforesaid master, warden, brethren and sisters, and to the aforesaid rector and their successors for ever, at the four terms of the year usual in the City of London ; and if the aforesaid annual rent shall be behind in part or in whole, then it shall be lawful for the said master, warden, rector and their successors, masters, wardens, or rectors of the same Church of St. John, to distrain upon all the lands and tenements, with the appurtenances, called Romaynsrent, and the distresses so taken to take away and retain until the same masters, wardens and rectors of the Church of St. John shall be fully satisfied of the rent so in arrear. To hold, upon the following conditions, viz., that the aforesaid master, warden and rector of the Church of St. John aforesaid, and their successors for ever, shall sufficiently keep, govern, maintain and sustain all the aforesaid lands and tenements and messuage with the alley aforesaid, and wholly observe all the Testator’s ordinances before declared, viz., that the same master and wardens and rector, and their successors for ever, shall out of the profits, issues, and emoluments of the aforesaid lands and tenements, and messuage, and out of the aforesaid four marks annual rent, keep and cause to be kept his obit yearly, on All Saints Day, after vespers, with the warden of the Chapel of the Guildhall, London, and with the six chaplains of the same Chapel, together with the Testator’s chaplain, and with the other men of the aforesaid Guild or Fraternity, shall come personally to the said Chapel of the Charnell and there in the same Chapel, shall cause to be said, devoutly and solemnly, by note, Placebo and Dirige, for the souls of the Kings of England, both past and to come, and for the Testator’s soul, and the souls of his parents and benefactors, also of all the faithful departed. And if by chance the Mayor and Aldermen of the said City for the time being, should be present at the exequies, then the said master, wardens, and rector, and their successors for the time being, shall honestly serve and cause to be served the same Mayor and Aldermen with bread, beer and wine, for providing which the aforesaid master, wardens, rector, and their successors shall ordain and have there yearly, at such exequies, two “solid” of bread called “maindbred,” six gallons of wine, and one barrel of better beer containing thirty gallons, and whatever shall be left, after serving the said Mayor, Aldermen, and the others coming with them, shall be divided among the poor and needy there assembling. Q 2 1 Journal v, fol. 27. 2 Extracted from the Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Luffmm , fol. 144. 124 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Also, that on the morrow of All Saints, viz., on All Souls Day, the said master, wardens and rector, and their successors for the time being, with the chaplains aforesaid, shall repair to the Chapel of the Charnell aforesaid, and there cause to be celebrated, at ten o’clock, for the souls of the aforesaid kings, also for the testator’s soul, and the souls aforesaid, Mass of the Dead, by note. And if the Mayor of London for the time being shall repair to that Mass to make offerings, then, immediately after the elevation of the Body of Christ, the said master, wardens and rector for the time being, shall, out of the profits and emoluments of the said lands and tenements, and out of that annual rent of four marks shall bestow upon the same mayor, for his presence in this behalf, and that the testament shall be well and faithfully executed, and that the obit shall thus be faithfully kept yearly, for ever, six shillings and eight pence. And if the Becorder of the said City for the time being shall be there present, then he shall have twenty pence for his attendance. And if both the Sheriffs attend, then each of them shall have twenty pence. And if either of them be absent, he shall lose his share, and the other of them who shall come shall have twenty pence. And if they both stay away this bequest is to be void. And the Chamberlain of the City, if he come, is to have twenty pence. And the master, warden and rector for the time being shall pay yearly, for this obit, to the Mayor’s Sword- Bearer twelve pence for his attendance. And to the Common Sergeant, for his attendance, twenty pence. And to the Common Clerk of the City for his attendance, twenty pence. And to David Floure, chaplain of the Charnell, for his attendance, twelve pence. The said master, warden and rector, and their successors, for the time being, are to pay out of the said rents to the warden and chaplains of the Guildhall of London six shillings and eight pence, sterling, on condition that they, every year, be present on All Saints Day, after vespers, in the Chapel of the Charnell, with Testator’s chaplain, which chaplain shall begin all the services specified in this will, by note, for the souls of the kings of England, and for Testator’s soul, and those of his parents and benefactors, and all the faithful departed. And on the morrow, viz., on All Souls Day, at ten o’clock, they shall repair to the Chapel of the Charnell, and celebrate the Mass of the Dead, and after Mass, shall go in procession round the same Chapel with Thurible, incensing, and singing the Antiphon Libera me Bomine, and saying the Be profundis before the door of the same Chapel, where remains are buried, praying for the souls of those whose bodies or remains are there buried, and so from year to year, for ever. In case of their refusal, other chaplains to be appointed. The Testator also ordained that the said master, warden, brethren and sisters of the Guild aforesaid, and also the rector of the Church of St. John aforesaid, and their successors for ever shall provide and maintain a chaplain, fit and honest, and of good fame and conversation, and competently skilled in divine services, who should continually celebrate in the Chapel of the Guildhall of the aforesaid City, for the healthful state of King Henry the Sixth and his heirs, and for the souls of their progenitors, and for the souls of the same king and his heirs when they shall have left this world, and for the Testator’s soul, and those of his parents and benefactors, also for the souls of all the faithful departed, and for the tranquil peace of all Christianity; such chaplain to be present at all divine obsequies and canonical hours in the Guildhall Chapel on all days, as well week days as Sundays and Festivals, without absenting himself, unless through infirmity or other legitimate cause, under pain of deprivation of his office; and also each day, if he should be so disposed, he shall say the seven penitential psalms for the purposes aforesaid. And also he is to say, once a week, for the purposes aforesaid, Placebo, Dirige, and the Commendations, according to the use of Sarum. The Testator also ordained that a suit of vestments of cloth of gold of red velvet, viz., three copes, two tunicles, and one chasuble, with all their apparatus, and two altar cloths of the same, viz., “frount and counterfront,” with two small copes for boys; and another suit of vestments of cloth of gold, white colour, viz., three copes, two tunicles and one chasuble with all their apparatus, with two altar cloths; and one silver cross enamelled and gilt, weighing 3 lbs. 8^ oz. troy; with one cross staff of copper gilt, and one cup, silver gilt, in which to place the Body 125 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. of Christ, weighing 2 lb. 7 oz. troy, shall remain in the custody of his executors for a year after his decease, and then to he delivered to Master Thomas Southwell, rector of St. Stephen’s Church, Walbroke, and the parishioners of the same to he kept safe m their custody, and to be used in divine service in the same Church on Greater Doubles for the term of nine years, on this condition, that if the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London shall build anew a certain Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary, without the Hall of the Guildhall, London, as it is now discussed between the Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens aforesaid, in the place there ordained, and, also, if the priests of the Guildhall shall perform all the services required of them, that then the same suits of vestments, &c., shall be delivered into the said Chapel of the Guildhall to be used there, as long as they shall last. But if the new Chapel be not built within nine years, or if failure be made in the performance of the aforesaid services, then the vestments, &c., shall remain to the rector, &c., of St. Stephen’s, Walbroke, for ever. „ _if 1 ® exec ' nt0TS are > for °ne entire year after his death, to pay to the chaplain celebrating for him in the Guildhall Chapel, his entire stipend. Proved June 18, 1435. 1 o this opulent merchant, the City of London was indebted for the first organised system of lighting its streets and thoroughfares. He issued an order than lanthorns should be hung out m the City between Hallowmas E’en and Candlemas, and, in addition, every constable was to have his own cresset or lanthorn, the expense of which was in light ijs. iiijtf. Each cresset had two men, one to bear or hold it and another to carry a bag with lights to sei^ e it. There were about 2,000 men so employed: every one, besides his wages, had his breakfast, and was furnished with a straw hat on which a number was conspicuously placed. Five hundred cressets were furnished by the City Companies, and the remaining 200 bv the Chamber of London. Sir Henry is said to have been “ buried in the charnell house by Pauls on the north side of the Churchyard, now pulled doune, and dwelling houses erected in the place thereof.” 1 It is recorded that he had a fair tomb of alabaster, strongly coped with iron, which subsequently was removed at the destruction of the Chapel and its interesting monuments by the Duke of Somerset in 1549, the third year of Edward VI, the material being utilised in the construction of Somerset House in the Strand. His Arms, as shown in the illustration, were : Erin —on a saltire sable an annulet or , voided of the field. At a meeting of the Court of Common Council held on Friday, 28th July, 1446, 25 Henry VI, the expense incurred in connection with the roofing of the Chapel, appears to have been under consideration, for upon that day it was ordained 2 “that the Mayor should direct when it pleased him that the wardens of the different mysteries should be exhorted to obtain benevolences from their mysteries, in order to contribute from their pious alms towards the roofing of the Chapel aforesaid.” The request appears to have been circulated, but not to have been very well responded to, for it is not until the month of September in the following year that much was done in the matter. In a record of the proceedings of a meeting held on the 26th of September, 1447, 26 Henry VI, it is first of all stated that one Hulyn, an executor of the Will of William Bernewell, late citizen and fishmonger of London, in the name of himself and his co-executors did grant out of the pious alms of the deceased, towards the roofing of the Chapel of Guildhall, four fodders ( fodras ) of good lead. 3 Upon the same occasion a request having been made to the “ Hostellers ” for some donation, the wardens attended to ask for the consideration of the subject to be allowed to stand over until the following day. The same answer appears to have been tendered from several other of the City Guilds, and among them the names are Harl. MS., 1349, f. 12. 2 Journal iv, fol. 187. 3 Ibid., fol. 192. 126 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. included of some of the most important of the crafts, for example, the Grocers, the Clothworkers or Drapers, and the Goldsmiths appear to have been among those who were undecided. 1 In less than a month after, however, the various Companies, or, at any late, several of them, are recorded as having made certain grants from their funds, for the purpose required. On the Vigil of St. Michael, 26 Henry VI, 1447, the Wardens of the Surgeons’ Company, 2 promised the sum of Twenty Shillings towards the roofing of the Chapel. This is followed by a grant of Ten Pounds by the Clothworkers, on the 6th October in the same year ; and upon the 12th of this month, John Chichele, the Chamberlain, is indemnified against the responsibility which he had incurred in having borrowed seven fodders of lead for use upon the roof. On the 14th, the Grocers 5 authorised a grant of Ten Pounds, and on the 18th the Haberdashers 6 determined upon glazing one of the windows, the one selected being the next to one already completed by the Butchers. On the 20th, the Fishmongers 7 subscribed Ten Marks ; on the 25tli, Forty Shillings were voted by the Barbers ; 8 and on the following day, the first in the order of precedence, viz., the Mercers, 9 bring to the Court Ten Pounds, in part payment of Sixteen Pounds, which they had decided to contribute ; and so on. In this way the work progressed until we find that in the following reign, viz., on the 22nd October, 1478-9, 19 Edward I'S , that two of the Aldermen, viz., William Taillour and William Hampton, 10 together with Richard Gardyner, the Mayor, were appointed to survey the repairs which it would seem were all but completed at the time, inasmuch as no further reference to their progress appears to have been recorded. Library. In the list of presentations which appear in connection with the respective chantries there occurs a reference to one Thomas Mason, which is worthy of a distinct notice, inasmuch as it serves to illustrate a distinction not always very clearly expressed in our Histories of London, between the Chapel, the College, and the Library. The latter was in a house situated on the south side of the Chapel, and had been built by the executors of Richard Whittington and William Bury for the use of the students connected with the College. This house adjoined the Chapel on the south side. It contained three chambers with a room above, which was adapted to the requirements of a Library. In the year 1466, Mason had been presented to the perpetual chantry. This had been founded for the soul of one Roger de Depeham, and was soon after entrusted with the custody of the Library belonging to the College, to the said Mason ; and it would seem that he was not over-conscientious as to the responsibility of the trust, for there is preserved among the collections at Magdalen College, Oxford, a folio volume containing tracts and. essays of various kinds, in which, curiously enough, on the opening page we find these words:— u Liber Magistri Ricarcli Lagharne empties per ejusdem a domino Thoma Masoun quondam custode Libraire de Gille Halle , Londoniis pro xiijs et iiijd Anno domini cccc 0 sexagesima octavo .” This memorandum implies that the Librarian of the College, and at the same time one of the chaplains connected with the Chapel, had abstracted one of the books from the Library, and parted with it for the sum of 13s. 4 d. The erection Journal iv, fol. 192. Ibid., fol. 19G. 7 Ibid., fol. 198. 10 Journal viii, fol. 217b. 2 Journal iv, fol. 193b. 5 Ibid., fol. 19 Gb. 8 Ibid., fol. 198b. 3 Journal iv, fol. 194b. G Ibid., fol. 197b. 9 Ibid., fol. 199. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 127 of the house and Library, together with the privilege of making such regulations for management as were necessary, was conceded by the Corporation to the executors of Whittington and Bury. It is thus referred to in the records :— 1 Item eoclem Die [sc. vicesimo septimo Die Septembris anno regni Eegis Henrici Sexti post con- qnestnm quarto] concessum fuit per dictos Maiorem Aldermannos et Communitatem quod nova Domus sive libraria quam dicti executores [sc. testamenti Eicardi Whityngton] et executores "VVillelmi Bury fecerunt iuxta Guyhaldam et Custodia eiusdem simul cum Cameris subtus eandem edificatis sint in disposicione et ordi- nacione eorundem executorum Ita scilicet quod totum et quicquid iidem executores inde vel de libris aut aliis rebus ponendis seu faciendis in eisdem duxerint ordi- nandum fiat et exequatur adeo plene et perfecte sicut per dictos Maiorem Aldermannos et Communitatem anctoritate sua et auctoritate libertatum dicte Civitatis essent ordinata sine reclamacione vel contradiccione aliquali, etc. Item the same day [to wit the 27tli September, a 0 4 Henry YI, 1425], it was granted by the said Mayor and Aldermen and Commonalty that the new House or Library which the said executors [to wit of the testajnent of Eichard Whityngton] and the executors of William Bury made near the Guildhall, and the custody of the same together with the Chambers built underneath the same should be in the disposition and management of the said executors. In such manner that all and everything which the same executors should think fit to ordain touching the placing the books or doing other matters—shall be done and executed as fully and perfectly as if they had been ordained by the said Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty, by their own authority or by authority of the franchises of the said City without any kind of refusal or contradiction, &c. In addition to the above, there is a further reference to the Library and its contents, preserved in the Will of John Carpenter, who, in the course of his life-time, had been closely associated with its foundation. In his Will, proved in the Consistory Court of London, 12 May, 1442, and a copy of which is enrolled in the Hustings Court, there is the following mention of the Library, “ If any good or rare books shall be found amongst the residue of my goods, which by the discretion of Master William Lichfield and Reginald Pecok may seem necessary to the ‘ common library at Guildhall ’ for the profit of the students there, and those discoursing to the common people, then I will and bequeath that those books be placed by my executors and chained in that Library and in such form that the visitors and students thereof may be the sooner admonished to pray for my soul.” 2 Two years later there occurs another interesting entry in the records in connection with the Keeper or Librarian of the time. John Clipstone, one of the Chaplains, had been appointed, and had found that the duties were arduous, and moreover, from his Petition to the Mayor and Aldermen which follows, had some misgivings as to whether he should be permitted to retain his post. He accordingly petitions the Court to the following effect:— To the full Honourable Lord and Souveraignes Maire and Aldermen in the Cittee of Lndon, besechith lowely your Prest and Bedeman Maister John Clipstone, Keper of your Liberary at Guyldekalle, for as moche as it hath likede you for to take to hym the kepinge and charge of the said Liberary. Please it to you, for to consider the great attendaunce and charge the which he hath with it, and in waytenge therupon to graunte that he may be made so sure of his lyflode, housyng, and easement of the gardyn which he hath for that occupacion atte this day, that he hath hereafter putte away therefore ne noo part there-off, nor noon other charge put upon hym so that he may have more cause and occasion to pray besyly for the iveele of you and of the sayd Cittee, &c., &c . 3 The reply to this Petition is likewise entered, and it records that the request “ having been duly weighed, and the great merits and industry of the petitioner considered 1 Letter Book K, fol. 39. 3 Letter Book K, fol. 219. 2 Vide Brewer’s “Life of John Carpenter . 1 128 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. by the said Maire and Aldermen,” his prayer was granted, with occupation for his whole life. It is in every way probable that the labour of John Clipstone in connection with the College and its Library was by no means overrated. As the collection of books increased, which was doubtless the case, from various donations coming in from time to time, the duties imposed upon his successor became probably heavier than his own. At any rate, it is clear that from a small beginning the collection had, during the period which elapsed between its formation and removal, considerably increased, and probably included many manuscripts and works which, at the present time, would be of untold value. The next event worthy of special note in connection with it, is that in the reign of Edward VI the books were sent for by Edward, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, with a promise that he would shortly restore them. No less than three cartloads were forwarded to the Duke, but whether he discovered their value and retained them, or whatever was the cause, it is sufficient to know that the first collection of books formed in the Library of the old College, for some unknown reason, was never returned. Such robbery and spoliation were but portions of the reckless plundering which followed the dissolution of the Monasteries, a spirit of destruction and pillage prevailed in every direction, not only were the magnificent buildings dismantled, and in many cases destroyed, but valuable books and manuscripts, the accumulation of centuries, were stolen and parted with as waste paper. Fuller, in his history of the time, is among the historians who indignantly bewail the loss, and quotes the following curious extract from the writings of Bale, the Centurist. “ Covetousnesse,” says the author, “ was at that time so busy about private commodity that publick wealth was not anywhere regarded. A number of them which purchased those superstitious mansions reserved of those library books, some to serve their jokes, some to scour their candlesticks, and some to rub their boots ; and some they sold to the grocers and sope sellers, and some they sent over sea to the bookbinders, not in small numbers but at times whole ships full. Yea, the Universities of this Realme are not all clear in this detestable fact. But cursed is that belly which seeketh to be fed with so ungodly gains and so deeply shameth his naturall Cuntrey. I know a Merchant man—which shall at this time be nameless—that bought the contents of two noble libraries for fourty shillings price ; a shame it is to be spoken. This stuffe hath he occupied instead of gray paper, by the space of more than these ten years, and yet he hath store enough for as many years to come. A prodigious example is this, and to be abhorred of all men, which love their nations as they should doe. Yea, what may bring our Realme to more shame and rebuke than to have it noised abroad that we are despisers of learning ? I judge this to be true, and utter it with heavinesse, that neither the Britains, under the Romans and Saxons ; nor yet the English people under the Danes and Normans, had ever such damage of their learned monuments as we have seen in our time. Our posterity may well curse this wicked fact of our Age, this unreasonable spoil of England’s most noble antiquities.” 1 It does not appear that any serious attempt was made to form a new collection of books at Guildhall, for very shortly after—indeed, in the following year—it seems that a determination was arrived at no longer to use the building as a Library, but to divert it from the original intentions of Whittington and others, and to devote it to a commercial purpose; indeed, to convert it, as was subsequently done, into a “ common market house for the sale of clothes and none otherwise .” There is an entry which Fuller, p. 335, from the “ Declaration against Lelaud’s Journal.” HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 129 describes its transfer to Sir John Aylif, Knight, at this time Keeper of Blackwell Hall, the then recognised Store house and mart for the sale of various descriptions of woollen cloths, &C . 1 It reads as follows :— HYLL MAIOR. •Jo vis vj° March Anno regni regis Edwardi vj Item for certeyn consyderacons movying the Cote yt is agreed by the same that S r John Avlif Knrnht nowe Mr. Aylyf Camerarius for the lyberarye of the guyldhall Colledge to the same terme to the Mayer and Comminaltye and Cytezens of this Cytie to thuse of the poore vH. So alweyes that he vse and occupye the same as a coen market howse for the sale of clothes and none otherwyse. the vse of the pore. Some few years later, viz., in the year 1564, in the reign of Elizabeth, the Bishop of London appears to have been sensible of the advantages to be derived from the presence of a Library in the City, and to have addressed a letter to the Corporation on the subject. From the following it will be seen that, in response to the advice of his Lordship, a committee was appointed to consider the matter, and that its members visited the authorities at Christ’s Hospital with a view to ascertain whether there was any suitable accommodation to be had there. They appear to have found a “ mete and apte house,” in which a Library could be formed, and to have informed the Bishop of the fact, and arrangements were subsequently made for carrying the various recommendations into effect, and in a later entry it will be observed that estimates were to be obtained for meeting the requisite expenditure. Marfcio qninto Decembris Anno regni regine E[lizabethe] Septimo [a.d. 1564]. Item after the readynge of the Ire of the Lorde byshopp of London for y° erectynge of a coen liberary win this cytye by the cytyseins of the same yt was agreyd that the Cote shallbe advysed for thanswerynge therof yntyll the nexte Cote daye. 2 Lime xj m0 Decembris Anno regni regine E[lizabethe] vij™ etc. 3 * At this cote M r - Aldran Chamhlein and the Chamblein of this cytye reportyd that they accordynge to their A lyberary. comyssyon gyven vnto them the last Cote daye have byn at christies churche or hospytall and have there founde a very mete and apte house to make a lyberary of wherevppon M r - Lanrfence] Wythers one of the governors of the seid hospitall beinge here presente was appoynted callynge vnto him ij or iij moe of the governors of y° said house to repaire w‘ convenyent spede to the lorde bysshop of London and to informe his lordeshipp in the Name of this house of y° saide place and to Attende vppon him thither and to shewe yt vnto his Lordeshipp and to make reporte The reader vnto this Cote how his Lordshipp dothe lyke yt. And the said M r - Wythers was also appoynted to talke w‘ the at Christe - said L. bysshopp for & concernynge the cotentes of his seyde lfe wrytten vnto my lorde mayre touching the coen churche ‘ reader in Christechurche w' h Ire was forthew* delyveryd to the said M r - Wyther. And yt was further orderyd that London the churchwardeins and twoe or three other honest parishioners of Christs Church shalbe wamyd to be here tomorewe and the to informe the Cote whither the (sic) clayme eny propertye or interest in the bodye of thebe saide churche or not. ofchrSte-'" So that this Cote being ascerteyntyd therof maye procede for the further orderynge & vsynge of y° same as to them churche. shall seame best. 3 Idem., fol. 402. Letter Book R, fol. 58. Repertory 15, fol. 400. R 130 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The Chapel. Jovis xiiij” 0 Decembris Anno vij”° Domine Eliz[abetke] Regine etc. # Item vppon the reporte of M r - Laurence Wythers Salter made vnto y e Co r te here this daye of the aptness of the place win Christes hospitall to make a lyberary of Yt was ordered that he and the Chamblem takyng w thejm the Carpenteres & other wo'kemen of the Chamber shall expend and consyder as nere as they can esteame what the charges wyll extende vnto for the fynyshinge of the same. 1 In the record of the tombs and monuments which Stow tells us were in his time still to he seen within the Chapel, we find mention of the tomb of Thomas Knesworth, Fishmonger, and Mayor, 1505, and whose death occurred in the year 1515. The tomb had become defaced and been subsequently renewed by the Fishmongers’ Company, to whom he had left large benefactions. Sir Thomas Knesworth, or Kneysworth, belonged to a Cambridgeshire family, and, settling in London, became Alderman of Bishopsgate Ward. In the course of his mayoralty he was among the officials who suffered from the tyranny then exercised by the authorities in the Court of Star Chamber. In his interesting description of this tribunal, Mr. John Bruce, F.S.A., 2 has well observed that it was at the time hardly possible for anyone to fill a civil office without giving occasion of advantage to the ever-watchful informers. Eschaetors, Customers, Comptrollers and Sheriffs are among those who, having derived their appointments from the King, were next subjected to their public conduct being scrutinised with the most vigilant severity. “ During the reign of Henry VII,” said Mr. Bruce, “ the Court became the instrument by which the politic rapacity of the sovereign and the subtilty of his favourite, ‘ promoters of suits, accom¬ plished their nefarious purposes.” The rulers of the City were among those who suffered most. Sir W. Capell, Alderman, was fined in 1495 a sum of £2,473, but compounded for £1,615. 65 . 8d.; in 1505, he and his son, Giles Capell, were fined £1,000 ; they paid £100 down and gave recognizance for £900. In 1507 Sir William was again fined, but refused to pay ; he was thereupon sent to the Tower, but was released upon the death of Henry the Seventh. Sir Thomas Kneysworth, before mentioned, and Richard Shore and Roger Grove, his two Sheriffs, were brought before the Council; Kneysworth and Shore were fined £500 each and Grove £133. 6s. Sd., besides imprisonment in the Marshalsea. Kebell, another Alderman, was fined 1,000 marks ; Sir Laurence Aylmer, Lord Mayor in lo07-8, refusing to compound, was kept in prison till the death of Henry VII. “ Two other tombs there are,” writes Stow, “ the one of a draper, the other of a haberdasher, their names not known. Richard Stomine is written in the window by the haberdasher. Under flat stones do lie divers custos of the Chapel, chaplains and officers to the chamber.” Amongst others, he mentions that of John Clipstone, Priest, and some time custos of the Library at Guildhall, 1457. Another of Edmond Alison, Priest, likewise a custos of the Library in 1510, &c. He does not, however, refer specially to an epitaph which is said by Weever 3 to have been within the Chapel, viz., one that records the burial of a “custos” in the year 1488, and one that must be placed between the death of John Clipstone and that of Edmond Alison. The memorial to this official is thus preserved. “En Thomas Frances jpius liic qui lustra per Octo Custos extiterat pacet et semper requiescat, Ob. Mar. 4. 1488.” He further writes that “ Sir John Langley, Goldsmith, Mayor 1576, lieth buried in the vault, under the tomb of John Wells before-named.” This Sir John was a distinguished citizen, descended from a country family. He appears to have 1 Repertory 15, fol. 404. 2 “ Arcbmologia,” vol. xxv, p. 370, also, “ Remembrancia,” printed by the Corporation, p. 42. 3 Weever’s “ Funeral Monuments,” p. 399. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 131 come to London, and as a goldsmith achieved success. He was elected Alderman of Billingsgate on the 8th October, 1566 ; chosen Sheriff for part of the year 1567 upon the decease of Richard Lambert; he removed to Queenhithe, 12th December, 1570, to Langbourne, 19th February, 1572, and became Lord Mayor in the year 1576. His pedigree is set out as follows in the Heralds’ Visitation of London, 1 made in the year 1568, and preserved in the Library of the College of Arms. The Arms given for Sir John’s first wife, Joan Potkyn, are ,—Argent on a fess between three talbots gules , as many lozenges of the field. They are assigned in the Alphabet of Arms appended to the Harl. MS., 1463, to the “ Potkins of Kent.” There was, in addition, a memorial of William Man, Esq., Swordbearer, 1659, who died in the year 1705, aged 77, having held his appointment for 46 years. This official, who had attained to the advanced age mentioned, had been married no less than five times, a circumstance referred to in the following description of his tomb, which is given in Hatton’s “New View of London, 1708,” and from the way the account is given it would seem that the author enjoyed some acquaintance with the family. He writes : “ On a grey marble grave-stone, near the middle of the Body of the 1 Vide “Visitation of London, taken by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux King of Armes, An. Dom., 1568.” Harl. MS., No. 1463. 132 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Chapel, this inscription: ‘ Here lyes interred the Body of William Man, Esq., who was admitted Sword-bearer to the City of London, the 20tli of October, 1659, and remained so to the day of his Death, which happened the 30th day of April, 1705, in the 76th year of his Age.’ This I am told by his relation, should be the 77th year of his age, and that the stone is to be altered accordingly. And here are his Arms which are on a Fess between 3 Goats Passant, as many Roundles. But either this or Guillim is false ; for he has these Arms for Mr. Man’s, i.e., Azure on a Fess counter-embattl’d between 3 Goats Passant, as many Ogresses. This Coat is impaled with each of 3 of his 5 Wives, viz., a Fess between a demy-Lion in Chief, and 3 Estoils in Base. 4. A Dexter hand holding a Sword, quartered with 3 Tre-foils, the Stems conjoined in Trine. 6. On a Chevron between 3 Lions’ heads erased, as many Cross Croslets and for the Crest a Goat’s head issuing out of a Crown Mural.” Subsequently to Stow’s record may be mentioned William Avery, Esq., Town Clerk, deceased in the year 1666, whose services appear to have been so highly appre¬ ciated that a special resolution was passed that some fitting memorial should be placed above his grave. In the report of a meeting held on the 5 March, 1671, the following entry is recorded :— 1 “ This Court being very sensible of the true and ffauthfull service p’formed for many yeares to this Cittye by William Avery, Esq., deced Late Towne Clarke Doo thinke fitte and order that a Tombstone with an Inscripcon bee laid over his Grave in the Guildhall Chappell at the Cittye Charge.” The inscription is as follows :— “ In hoc Tumulo Sepultum jacet Corpus Guliehni Avery Armigeri, dum vixit Celeberrime huic Civitate a Commentariis Legum Rationumque publicarum Scriba et Computista Ingenio et acumine pollens, in Negotiis expediendis promptus, in quo mornin suavitas et Candor pectoris emicuere fidelitate, pariter ac diligentia in ist hoc munere exequenda Notabilis. Anno Impl. 52. Ob. Feb. 9, 1671.” In addition there is recorded another, viz., that of William Fluellen, Alderman in 1605. The inscription on his tomb being: “Here lyeth interred the body of William Fluellen, Esq., late Alderman of this City, who departed this life the 11th September, 1675, being the 66 year of his age.” His Arms, according to Hatton, were “A Lion Rampant crown’d with a ducal coronet.” He probably was in some way connected with the undermentioned individual of the same name, who, in the year 1626 was appointed to the reversion of the Keepership of Guildhall in the event of its becoming vacant, the position at the time being held by his kinsman, one Robert Swaine. Alderman Fluellen dying at the age of 66 in the year 1675, would, presuming him to be the individual referred to, have been but a youth at the time. The similarity between the names is however curious. “ Item this daie vpon the humble peticob! of Robert Swaiue, Keeper of the Guildhall for and in the behalfe of William fflewellen his kinsman and servant this Court doth freely and lovingly give and graunt vnto the said Willihn fflewellen the Reuercon and next avoidance of the place of Keepershipp of the Guildhall of this Cittie and the ffarme or Office of Sealing of Weights and Measures, and of the place of Yeoman of y c Chamber by what waies or meanes the same shall first and next happen to fall and become voide. To haue, hold, exercise, and enioye the same place w th all ffees proffitts and Commodities therevnto by any waies or meanes whatsoever due and of rio-ht belonginge or apptaininge together w th the house wherein the saide Rob’te Swayne inhabiteth in as ample manner to all interests and purposes as the saide Roberte Swayne or any other hath or had the same so longe as hee the said William fflewellen shall well and honestly vse and behaive himselfe in the xecucon thereof and pay into the Chamber of London for the same ffarme the accustomed yeerly rent of x 11 and the yeerly rent accustomed for the said house Repertory 11, fol. 100b. £ou*?o'TUOi esz* FROM THF ORIGINAL DRAWING IN TRE COLLECTION OF .1. E. GARDNER, ESQ., F.K.A. L*. X M' a,-inn*. Photo-lith. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 133 saueing to all and euery other pson and psons his & their former right and interest in and to the said places by the vertue of any former grannte made thereof hy this Coiu’te and soe alwaies and vpon condicon that hee the said William ffiewellen at such tyme as hee shall come to clayme and enioye theben efitt of this his graunte hee thought and adiudged by this Court fitt apt and able for the dew execucon thereof and not otherwise.” In tlie illustration which is given of the interior of the Chapel there may be observed upon the south wall, and in close proximity to the east window, but high above the pavement, a neatly-formed monument. This is doubtless the one referred to by Mr. Nichols in his “Description of the Guildhall.” Writing in 1819, he speaks of this Tablet as being in the situation described, and remarks that the inscription is so much defaced as to be illegible from the distance at which it can be seen. No mention of this the last monument left in the old Chapel occurs in any of. our London histories, a circumstance probably due to the fact of the inscription being worn and illegible. It was, however, clearly to be made out in the year 1726-7, inasmuch as a copy had been made at the time by a collector of epitaphs and inscriptions. These are included in a volume relating to such matters now preserved among the Rawlinson MSS. 1 at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. As the Tablet is the one figured in the engraving, it is desirable to place the inscription on record, the monument itself, with some few others belonging to the Chapel, exists, inasmuch as after the building was diverted from its sacred uses, some of these memorials of the dead were conveyed to the Church of St. Laurence in the Jewry, where they still remain. The inscription in the MS. referred to is as follows :— GUILD-Hall Chappell. 26 Jan., 172f. Oil a white marble tablet on the South wall, near the altar is this inscription. H. S. E. (jUILELMYS STEWART Eques JOHANNIS STEWART de Shambelly generosa apud Scotos Familia in Comitatu Gallovidia filius natu quartus Qui F Stirpis dignitatem opum splendore MERCATOR honestavit Xosocomium S a BARTOLOMEI Siunma Fide PR7EFECTYS gubernavit. L 0 N D INI demum P R iE T 0 R. Ea erat animi Firmitate et sapientia Ut temporibus etiam difficilimis Integra maneret Civitati Pax et Libertas sua Tranquillitatis Publica Studiossimus Ecclesia ANGLICANiE Yindex Strenus et Pius Obiit Anno post exactiun Magistriun proximo 29 Aprilis 1723. a,tat. 79. Cognati tam privata ergo ipsos Beneficentia Quam virtutum eminentiorum memores Hoc Illi Marmor Sacrum esse voluerunt. The above-mentioned Sir William Stewart was a member of the Goldsmiths’ Company, Alderman of Cripplegate, President of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and Lord Rawlinson MS., B. 120, B. fob 52. 134 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Mavor in the year 1721. It would appear from the above memorial that he was lie d m high estimation by his fellow citizens, though it is curious that hying to the advanced age of 79 he only attained the dignified position of chief magistrate m the year 1/81, and that but two years prior to his decease. It is further mentioned that the Shield of Arms upon the stone correspond with those upon the memorial to his wife. The only other monument connected with the Chapel that is preserved in the Church of St. Laurence is that o Catharine Lightfoot, before mentioned, as having died in the year 1677. 1 It is placed upon the wall adjoining the memorial to Sir William Stewart, Lord Mayor in 1721. It bears the following: inscription :— Pioe Memoriae CAT II ARINA LIGHTFOOT Filce Robert! ABBOT Gen Pulcharissime Conjugis WILLM. LIGHTFOOT nnius e quatuor Clericis in Curia Dili Majoris liujus Civitatis Femina Exemplar is Pietatis et Prudentise Yixit in Sanctissimo Matrimonio XI Annos et obiit in fore HIT AT IS Casibus Puerperii. xvii die Februarii, Anno Dili 1677 ET HEIG juxta sita est Expectans felicem resurrectionis per Jesum Christum Amen. The Arms of this branch of the Lightfoot family are displayed above the inscription; they are Bars of six, or and gules, on a bend sable three escalops of the first. The absence of the husband’s monument is probably due to the circumstance that his was but a flat stone bearing an inscription, and it does not appear that any of the simple gravestones, which were upon the floor of the Chapel, were ever transferred to St. Laurence’s Church. There is, however, a record of the inscription preserved in Hatton’s “ View of London.” The author of this interesting work, in his description of the Chapel, thus speaks of this particular tomb “ On a grey marble gravestone near the entrance into the chancel is this inscription: Ilic jacet Corpus Gu. Lightfoot, Gen quondam unius quatuor Attorn, in Curia Dorn, Majoris infra lianc Civitatem nuper Registrarii Hospitii Tho. Sutton, Ar. qui ob. 2 die Jan., 1699. iEtat sine 67. Resurgam.” Hatton’s description of the interior of the Chapel is of interest, as giving an account of its actual condition at the time he wrote. Referring to the partial destruction by the Great Fire of 1666, he says that the walls escaped, and then proceeds to describe the building as being “ a pleasant large Chapel of the Gothic order, except the upper windows, &c., which were burnt down by the aforesaid Fire and rebuilt in the Tuscan style, and the side lies are separated from the nave of the Chapel as in Cathedrals. As to its ornaments, there are 3 niches in the front towards Guild Hall Yard, with Columns and Entablature of the Composite order, supported by a Demy Lion, Griffin, Femes, &c., and the niches are filled with the figures of Edward VI, Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The Roof is square, and on the inside a Cornice of Fretwork. The Maitland says 1673. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 135 Windows neat and spacious ; there is at the west end a Gallery, and the Walls are hung with fine tapestry, above which is a covering of wainscot, with enrichments of Cherubims, &c., over the seats of the Aldermen, which are also of oak. And at the west end there is is a particular seat for the Lord Mayor, adorned with cartouches, also a Cornice, whereon is the Queens Arms and supporters, and a little more forward below are the supporters of the City Arms, being 2 dragons with wings displayed. Here are also a handsome wainscot Pulpit and Desk. The Altar piece has the Commandments in gilt frames, and done in gold and black between the Lords Prayer and Creed, done in gold letters on blue, and over the Commandments is a compass pediment with a glory and enrichments of Cherubims, &c., which Altar piece is enclosed with rails and banisters.” The above-named Monuments were placed in St. Laurence’s Church at the time the Chapel was pulled down in the year 1822. Its demolition had not met with general approval, indeed, many years previous, dissatisfaction had been expressed by certain members of the Corporation at the neglected state into which it had fallen, and suggestions made for a restoration. William Pickett, a member of the Goldsmiths’ Company, Lord Mayor in 1789, and the immediate predecessor in the civic chair of worthy John Boy dell, had taken an active part in an endeavour not only to preserve the ancient front of the Guildhall, but likewise to cherish and utilise the adjacent Chapel. In a pamphlet which he published at this period there is an interesting reference to both structures. He writes, “No man has a greater prejudice in favour of the ancient buildings, rights, customs and honourable appendages to the City of London than myself, which disposition has frequently been testified, particularly in the strong opposition I gave to the taking down the venerable front of Guildhall, in my exertions to have the ancient Chapel adjoining restored to its pristine state and use, to revive the usage of the Easter processions, and the custom of meeting the Judges at St. Paul’s on the commencement of the Terms. And now the City has purchased the site of those extensive premises, Blackwell Hall, I hope to see a large and valuable Library, and every other of the appurtenances and distinctions brought about which formerly marked the City of London with so much respectability and consequence.” 1 William Pickett was an active member of the Corporation. He followed the business of a silversmith, having an establishment in Ludgate Hill and one in Bond Street. In his domestic life he was much afflicted, for his eldest daughter was burnt to death in his presence at the early age of 23, and his only son suffered death at the hands of French pirates on board his ship “Triton,” in the year 1796. In October of the same year he lost his wife, who lies in Abney Park Cemetery, he surviving her but a few months. The words, however, quoted from his interesting little pamphlet are indeed prophetic, for though a century has nearly passed since they were written, we can now point—and that on the site to which he refers—to one of the most useful and popular Libraries in Europe, likewise to the formation of a Fine Arts Gallery for the preservation and exhibition of Paintings, Sculpture and other works of art, now arranged in a building occupying the site of Blackwell Hall. By an Act of Parliament, which received the Royal Assent on the 28th June, 1815, 2 power was given to pull down the Chapel and to remove the two remaining monumental slabs to the adjacent Church, a sum of Twenty Pounds being voted to the Churchwardens to meet the requisite expense. They were “ Public Improvements,” by William Pickett, Esq., 1789. 3 Act of Parliament, cap. 93, 55 George III. 136 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. accordingly placed in tlie position they now occupy. The pavement and walls of the Chapel were not to he disturbed. By the same Act leave was given to demolish Blackwell Hall, and to erect the Law Courts upon the site. Although this Act was passed in the year 1815, nothing seems to have been done until seven years later, the Chapel during the interval having been utilised as a general store house, for Mr. Nichols, writing in 1819, 1 speaks of it as not being appropriated to any particular purpose. He describes it as containing “ heaps of timber and materials which are used in Guildhall upon particular occasions, also books, maps, plans, manuscripts, with several pictures ; models of St. Luke’s Hospital, the Old Court of Common Council, and other buildings. These things form a confused mass under and on the top of the gallery at the west end, and from the time they have lain in their present condition have collected so much dust and rubbish as almost to defy inspection.” The memorial however which possesses the greatest interest in connection with the building is a massive stone coffin, now preserved in the Museum at Guildhall, with its lid remaining, and whereon is sculptured a cross between two trumpets, and round its margin the following inscription :—“ Godefrey Le Trovmpovr: Gist: Ci: Dev: Del: Ealme: Eit : Merci.”—Godfrey the Trompour lies here, God on his soul have mercy. The said Godfrey, says Mr. Riley, doubtless followed the trade of a trumpet maker, and lived in Trump Street, formerly Trump Alley, near to the Guildhall ; the principal customers being probably the City waits , or watchmen, each of whom was provided with a trumpet, also known as a wait, for sounding the hours of the watch and giving the alarm. 2 This interesting relic was discovered near to one of the angles of the building at the time when the Chapel was pulled down ; and shortly after, the following excellent description of the discovery, accompanied by an engraving of the coffin, was published in the “ Gentleman’s Magazine ” :— 3 July 1st, 1822. Mr. Urban, In consequence of tlie demolition of Guildhall Chapel, and the preparations of the ground to receive some new buildings which are about to be erected, an interesting discovery has taken place. On digging near the north-west angle of the Chapel, just without the walls, the men came to a sepulchre, between 12 and 18 inches below the surface of the floor, large enough to contain a coffin which was found entire, covered with its lid, but containing no relics of bones. The coffin is plain, smooth on the outside, but rough on the inside, and of the usual form to accommodate the head and shoulders of a deceased person. In the bottom near the foot, is a hole for the purpose, it is supposed, of carrying away moisture. The lid is ornamented with a cross between two tapers, which are engraved on the stone, the cross being raised, and its shaft resting on three steps. In a cavetto of the sloping edge is this inscription: >5< Godefrey : Letrovmpovr : Gist: Ci: Deu : Del: Ealme : Eit: Merci. (Godfrey the Trompour lies here. God have mercy on his soul.) The dimensions are as follows : extreme length, 6 feet l£ inch ; width at the head, 2 feet 3^ inches ; width at the foot, 1 foot 3f inches. The material of the lid and coffin is the same, and appears to be a kind of Purbeck stone, the former has suffered no important injury, and is of the usual grey colour; but the latter is of a reddish colour, partially 1 “Brief Account of the Guildhall,” by J. B. Nichols, 1819, p. 62. 2 Kiley’s “Memorials.”—Introduction, p. 21. 3 Vol. xcii, part ii, p. 3. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 137 mutilated, which may be attributed to its long concealment under ground. Wherever this ancient and curious monument was originally fixed, I have no doubt that the ledger stone was exposed to view on the floor of the building. It is impossible to conjecture at what period its concealment took place, but there is reason to believe that if the sepulchre was not coeval with the coffin, it was of considerable antiquity ; each of its sides were decorated with a red cross inscribed within a circle of lOf inches diameter. 1 As the Longo-bardic style of writing, which was introduced into England about the time of the Conquest, was disused, at least for a time, in the reign of Edward III, and as the letters are without those ornaments which distinguished the Longo-bardic on its revival, we may safely ascribe this monument to the thirteenth century. The unaffected piety and humility of the inscription is worthy of remark. I have met with inscriptions of this ldnd, still more concise, some few longer, but I never saw one that contained a panegyric on the deceased. The owner of this tomb was an ecclesiastic, and buried in the Chapel to which he probably belonged, which it is usually supposed, was founded in the year 1299 and called London College. On its re-erection, towards the close of the fourteenth century, when, perhaps, the college, and consequently its building, was curtailed, this monument, which was laid under the north wall, was excluded from the new building ; and reluctant to disturb ashes which had long reposed on this spot, the builders vaulted over the coffin to secure it alike from injury and observation. But it was very rarely the practice of ancient times to appear thus indifferent to the monuments of their pious and distinguished brethren. On the contrary, we know that the translation of tombs and their ashes was a work of peculiar care and ceremony at all periods, and ornamented and inscribed as was this memorial to admonish the living and perpetuate the name of the dead, its concealment is indeed surprising and unaccountable. At what period this tomb was violated and deprived of its mortal I’emains, is unknown; but there are grounds for supposing that its existence was ascertained when the large brick house near the Hall was built, as one of its angles rested on the arched roof of the sepulchre. With a pious, proper, and laudable feeling, it had been ordered that the pavement of Guildhall Chapel, bearing in many places, the arms and inscriptions of the thickly-peopled ground beneath, should not be disturbed, but covered with a floor of wood to preserve the graves from premeditated or accidental injury. It were to be 1 Two of these crosses, in almost perfect preservation, and of a brilliant red colour, are preserved by Mr. Mountague, who has also the care of the coffin, and to whom the writer of this article is indebted for his polite attention, in showing these antiquities, and his useful information on the subject. S 138 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. wished that the chapel itself had been spared demolition. With a few skilfull alterations and additions its triple aisles, which were of noble dimensions and handsome architecture, would have formed again a sacred edifice (for of sacred uses it had long been deprived) of uncommon beauty and interest. Its destruction too at a time when new churches” are demanded, and our best efforts are exerted in the defence of antiquity, as well as to effect the adoption of its style in all its purity and excellence, is deeply to be regretted. Time and ill usage often reduce our ancient churches to an alarming state of decadency. But till they become dangerous and irreparable, their removal should never be permitted to take place since experience proves that our age has not yet acquired the taste, if it possesses the science, to erect churches agreeable to their solemn appropriation. At the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII, the College rejoiced in one custos or keeper, seven chaplains, three clerks, and four choristers. The value was assessed as being £ 12 . 18 . 9 . 9d. per annum, a revenue which at this period was of course surrendered to the Crown. Subsequently, according to the following document, the Corporation petitioned Edward VI to allow it to purchase the College Chapel and Library, together with certain messuages and lands as are therein expressed, and in which the value of such site and buildings is clearly stated. The purchase was authorised by the King, on payment being made by the Corporation of the sum of £456. 135. 4(/., as shown by the Grant of Letters Patent, a copy of which follows this Petition. Memorand that we the Mayre aud Comyualtie of the City of London do require to have in gifte aud purchas of the Kingf Majestie the lauds aud heredytamenf conteyned and specyfied in the pticlers and rates hereunto annexed being of suche clere yerelie as in the same pticlers and ratf is expressed. In witnes wherof to this bill we have put our coinen seale the xxiiij 4 day of July in the thirde yere of the reigne of our sovereigne lorde Edwarde the sixt by the grace of God king of England Fraunce and Irelaude defendo r of the Faith and of the churche of England and also of Irelande in earth the Supreme hedd. PARTICULARS FOR GRANTS. [EXCHEQUER, COURT OF AUGMENTATIONS.] EDWARD YI. LONDON. MAYOR OF (SECTION 2). The College of Yeldehall in the Citie of London. The poche of St. Michaett in Bassingeshaft The scite of the late College of Yeldehall w 4 all houses plor haule kechin sellors solars and xij ckambres for presf w 4 other tliappteynn'f' abbuttinge est upon Bassinghaw Strat west upon the Chappell of Yeldehall north upon the Grocers Land and South upon Blacke- welhall is valued at Is worth The value of the Chappell ther called Yeldehall in Chappell w 4 all glasse iron stone and timbre (leade excepte) by yere . Therely rent or farme of a certen house nexte unto the sam Chapell apperteynyng called the Libraryall waies res 9 ved for studente to resorte unto w 4 three cham- bres under nithe the saide library which library being covered w 4 Slate is valued together w 4 the Chambres at xls. liijs. iiijd. xiijs. iiijd. Yeve by the kyngs Majestie to y°.by y e advyce of y° cvjs. viijd. Lord Protectors grac other of y c Councell. Memog^ the late Custos and his Company upon his and their corporall othes taken before the Right honorable and worshipfull Commissionrs appointed for the S r vey of Colleges.wfin the Citie of London deposed that the hole house and chambres .... the said Custos and Chapplens have their abiding and dwelling belongeth to the Maio r and cominalitie of the Citie of London and is their propre soite and grounde which the saied Maio r and cominaltie of their favorable goodnes and .... liberaltie gmitt HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 139 the saied Custos and chaplens to occupie and inhabite and further saied that the saied library is a house appointed by the saied Maior and cominalitie for . . . resorte of all student for their education in Divine Scriptures. The leade upon the saied Chapell lies and estemed at x fodder di . x fodder di Memo?^ the belles plate and ornamentf of the saied Chapell to be res r ved The paroche of Is St. Giles without worth Cripalgate. in The paroche of Is St. Andrews worth Hubberd. in The ferme of divers tentes therin the tenure of Thoms Grevell by leas paying . The ferme of one tente therin the tenure of TVitim Tateham by Indenture paying. The ferme of one other tente therin the tenure of Henry Bateman by leas paying . p me Hugone Losse. vjli. xiijs. iiijd. iiijli. iiijii. viijti. xxiiij 6 die Julii anno iij ci0 R E vj tt pro Maiore C Coitate Civi£ London. p me Hugone Losse The scyte of the saied late Colleage w l the value of the chaple and the rentt of the lybrarie yerlie cvjs. viijd. The leade upon the same estemed x fothers di aftre the rate of iiijli the fother amounteth . xlijii. All w ch the Kinges Ma‘ by thadvyce of the Lorde Protectors Grace and other of his highnes Counsell is pleased freely to gyve to the Mayor and Aldermen of the saide Cyte aswell in consideracon of the good and faythfull industrie of the Cytie towardes thadvauncement of the Kinges Mafsryce in all poyntes as allsoo for that they canne in no wise forgooe the having of the same being soo neere adjoyning to their comon Guylde hall as by a Ire to usdyrected frome the saide Lorde Protector and the Councell in that behalf dated the xvj th of July 1549 may appeare The clere yerelie value of the teutf aforesaide xiiijli xiijs iiijd w° h rated at xij yeres purchas amounteth to clxxvjti. To be paid all in hand The Kinges Ma 6 to dischardge the purchasers of all encumbraunf except leases and the convenaunC in the same/ The tenure in socage or free burgage The purchasers to have thissues from thanuciacon of o r Ladie last. The belles plate and ornamentes of the saide chaple excepted Ry, Sakevyle TV a : Mildmay Robt Keylltey Irr p Thomam TYrenne Loud Civit 18 Pcett ten-arum et possessions fundat in Ecclia Sci Martini Orgar London. pochia Sci Firma unius tent in pochia Sci Micfiis in Croked Michisin Croked val in Lane London dimiss Jofti Rochester p . Lane London. Indentur ,p Omin annorum Reddend inde p annu Memorand this tent 1 was geven by Dame Margaret Mathew for an yerely annyv^ary to be kepte in the seid Churche for the soule of John Mathew her late husband. p me Hugone Losse. xxj ra0 die MSii anno iij cl ° Rf 8vj* pro Joftne Rochestre de London. To be paide all in hand. The Kinges Ma? to dischardge the purchasor of all incumbrance except leases and the coven^ntf in the same. The tenure in socage or free burgage. S 2 The clere yerelie value of the preamisses. xxvjs viijd w oh rated at xiiij yeres purchas amounteth to ... xviiijli xiijs iijd 140 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The purchasor to have thissans frome Michellmas last. By, Sakevyle Wa: Mildmay Eobt Keylltey Irr p Thomam Wrenne. Eocliester ...Eochester for a pu. .Eochester for a purchas John Eochester, The Citie of London. “ Letters Patent 1 dated April 10,4 Edw. YI (1550) granting, in consideration of £456.13s. 4 cl to the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London ; “All the site of the late College of ‘le Yelde Hall alias diet’ le Guildehall’ in the parish of S k Michael in Bassyeshawe alias BassingeshalT, London, lately dissolved. “And all that Chapel called ‘le Yeldehall Chappell’ and the ground, soil, glass, iron, stones, wood, and lead of the same Chapel. “Also ah that house and edifice there commonly called the Library, and all chambers and edifices under the same: and all houses, &c., within the circuit of the said late College or to the same belonging, and abutting East upon Basinghall Street, and upon the said Chapel towards the West, and upon the Grocers’ Lands towards the North, and upon Blakewell Hall towards the South (except all bells and gold and silver vessels and ornaments to the said College belonging). “ To hold to the Mayor, &c., for ever.” As a result of the disestablishment, certain pensions were allowed to those who had been deprived of their religious occupation. Among those payable out of the Exchequer, or, rather, Augmentation office to the late Incumbents of Religious Houses and Chantries, Anno 1553, Primo Regina Marias, there appears the sums given, not only in connection with the different parishes in London, but likewise with the Churches in the different counties, under the head of London ; among many others, we note :— 2 SCT LAUE IN YETEEI JUDAISIMO PAEOCH PENSIONES. Thom. Sandall, nup conduct ... Tho. Sylvester Tho. Eilerghe Incumbent Eowland Eobynson „ Henry Aldred „ Bob Golder und Ministro [one of the Ministers] ... £5 5 6 5 5 5 GUILDHALL COLLEGE. 5 5 5 ST. MAEY ALDEEMAEIEBUEIE POCH' E PENCOES. Eig. Ugle 4 5 Incumbent Joins Mordocke After the Chapel and other buildings had passed into the hands of the Corporation service was still regularly performed within its walls at weekly intervals, and also on the occasion of the election of the Mayor, and likewise before the annual banquet, “ in order,” says Pennant, “ to deprecate indigestion and all plethoric evils.” On the 5th November, 1559, 2 Elizabeth, it was decreed that there should be two weekly services, viz., on Tuesday and Thursday respectively, and that the Lord Mayor 1 Patent Boll, 4 Edw. YI, p. 9 m (82)20. 3 Sumat Aunuat Solucon in hac Civitat. 1605, 16, 8. 188 Parishes with their Churches, Colleges, Eeligious Houses, &c., are mentioned in this list. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 141 and Aldermen should at their convenience be expected to attend. The minute as recorded is as follows :— “ For dyuers considerSons movynge tlie Cote here yt was this daye orderyd by the same that there shalbe wekely from hensforth sayd in the Guyldhall Chappie vppon the Tuysdayes and Thursdayes at eight of the Clok of eyther of the same dayes the latynee and ij or three suche collects as the priest shall thynke moste mete, and that my Lord Mayre and as meny of my maysters thaldremen as convenyently maye intende yt shall vppon eyther of the sayde dayes come vnto the sayde srvyce before the begynnynge of their Cots and that the same s r vyce shall begyn vppon Thursdaye next .” 1 A few years later we find that the organmaker connected with the Chapel had been accustomed to receive a small amount annually for keeping the organ belonging to the Chapel in repair, and that, owing to old age and infirmities, a small pension was awarded to him. It is recorded that on the 9th July, 1565, 8th Elizabeth, that:— “ Where John Howe, Organmaker, being nowe very weeke and olde man haithe of a longe tyme paste had of the Citie by the handes of the Chamberlyn ij 8 a yere for the mendinge and trymmynge of the Cities Organs in the Gnildehall Chappell, yt was this daye vpon his humble sewte made vnto the Courte here, for there charitable Ayde and comforte to him to be graiuited, agreed that he shulde haue of the ffre gifte of the saide Courte xx 8 a yere duringe his naturall lief to be paide quarterlye by the handes of the Chamberlyn for the tyme beinge .” 3 In that quaint old record, Machyn’s 11 Diary,” the chronicler refers to some of the services which at this period it was customary to hold within the Chapel. He writes under the year 1554:—“ The vj day of May was a goodly evyns song at Yeldhall Colege by the Masters of the Clarkes and the fellowshyppe of Clarkes, with syngyng and playing, as youe have heard. (The morrow after was a great Mass at the same place, by the same fraternity, when every clerk offered a halfpenny. The Mass was sung by divers of the Queen’s Chapel and children.) The xxvij day of May, 1555, was the Clarkes possessyon from Yeldhall Colege, and a goodly Masse be heard (or has been heard), and evere Clarke havynge a crosse and garland, with c (hundred) shewers borne, and the whettes (waits) playing round Chepe, and so to Ledynhall (unto St. Albro Chyrche) (Ethelburga), and there they put off their gayre (gear), and there was the blesyd Sacrament borne with torch light about, and from thens unto Barbur-hall to dener.” The chronicler further refers to the “ tomb of Sir Thomas Kneysworth, late Mare of London, as being repaired by John Bullock, xvij of June, 1562.” Of the various entries in the records which relate to special services in the Chapel, and to the arrangements made for the convenience of the Mayor and Aldermen, together with those for the comfort of the public generally, there is one worthy of mention inasmuch as it refers to a custom which was adopted in connection with the business then carried on at Blackwell Hall, which adjoined the Chapel. From the following it will be seen that it was the practice for the clothiers to attend an early morning service previous to entering on the business of the day :— “ 28th April, 1631, 7th Charles 1. Item, it is ordered by this Court that the Reader for the tyme being in the Guildhall Chappell shall yerely hereafter from our Lady-day to Michas vpon euery Thursday in the weeke preach there and beginne at seaven of the clocke in the morning, to the end the clothiers of Blackwellhall, London, 142 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. before their Marketts doe on that day open, may tvtli others repayre thethr to heaie the devine woid of God preached. An d it is alsoe ordered by this Court that the said Reader shall for the pformanee of tiat seruice >e allowed and paid out of the Chamber of London the some of Twenty Marks per anffl to continue during the pleasure of this Court.” Though injured and defaced at the time of the Great Fire of 1666, it was not burnt down and destroyed. It was re-edified or restored, and in Maitland s time it appears to ha\ e been a handsome building. The windows he describes as spacious; there was a gallery at the west end. The walls were hung with tapestry, and a wainscot covering was placed over the seats appropriated for the use of the Aldermen, one particular seat being for the Lord Mayor, adorned with cartouches, a handsome wainscot pulpit and desk, and a neat altar-piece enclosed with rails and banisters. 1 In course of time the services were dis¬ continued, and the Chapel at last converted into a justice-room. In the year 1782-3 it was found that the business connected with the various Courts of Law at Guildhall had so much increased that further accommodation was necessary ; and among other propositions made was one that the Chapel should be utilised. Some discussion took place, and various plans for adapting the building to the purpose required were submitted; and ultimately it was determined to construct a raised floor and two temporary rooms in the Chapel. The building thus became devoted to secular uses, and as the Court of Requests so continued until its destruction for the erection of the various Law Courts in the year 1822. Among the illustrations selected both of the exterior and interior of the Chapel for this work are an interesting series of fac-similes of some highly artistic drawings in sepia, executed in the year 1820 by Mr. J. C. Buckler, likewise a ground plan of the building as drawn by R. B. Schnebbelie in the year 1819, together with a representation of the interior in the year 1815 by the same artist. The copies of the entire series have been taken from the originals which are preserved in the Library of the Corporation. The dimensions of the building as shown on the plan, were 56 feet frontage to the Guildhall Yard, and 81 feet 6 inches from east to west wall of the nave, but the side aisles are 15 feet less in length and thus it may be considered that the chancel was 15 feet in depth. The internal length of the nave was 75 feet 6 inches and the width 28 feet, the width of the side aisles 8 feet, and total width, including nave wall, 50 feet. The basement or foundation walls still existing are about 3 feet 6 inches in thickness, above which the remains are 3 feet thick. The depth visible of these from the external pavement in Guildhall Yard, is about 7 feet, but probably they were taken down to the clay or maiden soil. The walls are delineated on the plan with the exception of that on north aisle wall, which cannot now be traced. They were built upon a series of piers and arches of about 11 feet span. The face being of random rag and chalk with grouted rubble core. These walls resemble those beneath the Court of Exchequer, but the arches are of pointed form with well-built skew- back. A portion of a moulded arch remains in the south-east angle of the chancel. It is barely discernible and has been apparently supported by a brick pier and cemented over to keep it together. It appears like the remains of an arched entrance to a crypt beneath the altar or a vault. There exists no material evidence of an undercroft below the Chapel Maitland's “ History of London,” vol. ii, p. 885. 2 Repertory 45, fol. 2G5b. fc- ./ JO/ JlsbCjUPift tamrei G'Vtld Hai,i> Cjjapj.e /p. Cc/oLer * Si J. I C C FROM THE ORIGINAL DRAWING IN THE COLLF.CTION OF J. F.. GARDNER, ESQ., F.S.A W. Griggs, Photo-lith. ► l r-v'-V: 7 '^ y r' ssRBflaSnfe'^nr!? ■ J T B ' gJ ' .T 7 a g«g a; .i. , i£fi^T.vr mvi‘£'ir.fr ‘ v • ,*-! V--— — -- 3 a. _ ' , i ii i IIJLI IT i r r-* ' fevV- ■ '. tcjssag® ! f * i ■■;■'-’• t 7" -r ’ L ’ l-> ; * Wjl] r- ^ M -«-v r2l(] [-** 'T' 1 -«**. : H i * [,mV5' 'Vi '• 11 w=?tJU • r-: ' $» !." l 2 WEST FRONT OF GUILDHALL CHAPEL HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 143 beyond that just mentioned, and a small surface of a Purbeck stone pavement remains “in situ” at the east end of the south aisle at about 8 feet 6 inches depth. The area generally, with some exceptions, was probably occupied with the natural soil and made ground upon which the pavements at the present level of Guildhall Yard were bedded. This was the burial ground of the Chapel where had been interred so many of the officials associated with the Corporation, and to whom reference has been already made. In the absence of any recorded evidence it can only be assumed that when the Chapel for which Henry VI granted his Royal License was rebuilt the nave was arcaded in accordance with the usual arrangement, the openings corresponding with the Clerestory windows. The plan of 1750 clearly shews four openings at the chancel and west end, having shafted and moulded responds or piers, and some similar openings can be traced on the plan of 1819. There is an indication of an arch upon the south side of the interior to be seen in the illustration which may reasonably lead to the supposition that the arches were of pointed form. It is probable that the ancient roof of the Chapel harmonised with that of the Hall, but having a lower pitch suited to the character of the edifice and being open timber framing it shared a like fate to the adjacent building in the Fire of 1666. It would appear from the illustration that the nave was lighted by four Clerestory windows in each side wall and also four windows in the north aisle wall. From the immediate contiguity of Blackwell Hall to the south aisle there could not have been any admission of light after the time of the erection of the building, but previously four windows may have existed in the wall. The two at the east and Avest ends complete the lighting of the sacred edifice. In connection with the north aisle windows, it will be noticed that they appear to be sunk from the face of the Avail and an engaged shaft on each pier in order to support the roof. The illustration of the Avest front of Guildhall Chapel presents an interesting group. The lower part of the Chapel Avail was enriched by seA T en small panels having arched and cusped heads divided by narrow buttresses, all setting upon a high Aveathered basement. These flanked the doorway in the centre of the building. The jambs Avere enriched Avith engaged shafts and mouldings from which sprung the arched head enclosed in a square- moulded frame with carved cpiatre-foiled spandrels and shields of arms, the whole forming a richly ornamented entrance to the Chapel. The face of the Avail on either side of the west window was enriched by similar panelling of three divisions in height and width, Avith traceried transoms. This panelling Avas a specialty of the period. The glorious Avest Avindow was of 7 lights, the mullions rising direct from the sill to the four-centered arch, these enclosed a series of richly traceried panel lights. The hood and story mouldings had lost their original character. This window was a perfect example of the perpendicular style—fully illustrating those peculiar features whence the name was derived. The lights Avere not divided horizontally by transoms, so frequently adopted, but their absence from the Avindow r s of this Chapel (with one exception) may be considered a peculiarity. Abutting upon the south of the Chapel Avas BlackAvell Hall, as seen in the illustra¬ tion. The building had an extended front of brickwork of about 105 feet in length, with a bold over-hanging corner and pediment, supported by carved modillions. A moulded Blackwell Hall. 144 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. plinth and two string courses relieved the face, dividing the stories of window openings with their solid frames, and dormers projected from the roof. In the centre was a very massive entrance adorned with columns entablature and panel charged with the Loyal Arms. This Hall is well shewn upon the plan of 1750 and occupied a large area, having a depth of about 188 feet and a frontage to Guildhall Yard of about 105 feet. This property had belonged to one Sir Roger de Clifford the elder. It is spoken of as a messuage in St. Michael Bassieshaw, upon which John de Banquelle, Alderman of Dowgate Ward, has a confirmation and quit claim. This document bear date 17th June, 1293. 1 2 Its site is now indicated by the Bankruptcy Court and Guildhall Buildings. The building originally appears to have been the property of the families of the Basings and the Cliffords, subsequently passing to the Banquelles or Backwells, whence the name is derived. Stow remarks that a Thomas Bakewell dwelt in the house in the thirty -sixth year of Edward III, but it appears that there is an earlier reference to both the building and its owner preserved among the City archives, viz., in the reign of Edward I. In the year 1337, viz., in the eleventh year of the King’s reign, in the time of Thomas de Maryns, Chamberlain, it appears that 76 pieces of timber, then in the Guildhall, were removed and laid in the lesser garden of the same Guildhall," and placed under a wall there to the chamber of the late John de Bankwell adjoining ; of this timber, 42 pieces were afterwards used in repairing the gate of Crepelgate by Richard de Berkyng, Alderman, and Thomas de Maryns, Chamberlain. Upon the same day and year, viz., 25th January, 1337, there were taken into the cellar of the same Guildhall 24 stones unwrought, and many other stones that were wrought, which were in the said garden in the lodge there, were likewise removed to the said cellar. Portions of this so-called cellar may still be said to exist, viz., as forming part of the western end of the present Crypt. As mentioned in another section, the remains of this portion of the Crypt are undoubtedly of very early date, and may be considered as belonging to the foundations of the first Guildhall. In the year 1356 “ Bakkewehalle ” is mentioned in connection with the endowment of one of the chantries in St. Mary’s Chapel. In the record already quoted, it will be seen that it is the late John de Bankewell which is mentioned long prior to 1337. Sir John had died as early as the reign of Edward II, and on the 15th August, 1314, mention is made of the Lady Cecily, his widow. On this occasion, Lady Joanna, the relict and executrix of Sir Thomas de Lodelawe, knight, appeared before Nicholas de Fardone, the then Mayor, and the Aldermen, for the purpose of acknowledging that she had received and had by delivery from the Lady Cecily, who was the wife of the late Sir John de Bacquelle, knight and citizen of London, and Thomas, son of the said John, a certain chest bound with iron, with all the goods in the same chest contained, such chest having been formerly delivered by the said Sir Thomas de Lodelawe, to be kept as a deposit in the house aforesaid, with two locks securely and strongly closed, all suspicion of breaking the same, or of fraud, being removed. And the keys of these locks were always kept in his own possession by the said 1 Letter Book C, fol. 6, 1293. 2 See Riley’s “ Memorials,” p. 195. Stow’s “ Survey,” p. 108. WEST VIEW OK GUILDHALL CIIAUKL AND BLACKWELL HALL. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 145 Sir Thomas de Lodelawe to the day of his death; and after his death the Lady Joanna aforesaid found them lying close at hand among the keys of the coffers of the said Sir Thomas ; wherefore she acquitted the said Lady Cecily and Thomas, son of Sir John, as to the same chest and all in it contained. And the same Lady Joanna gave the said chest to Thomas before-mentioned to do therewith as he might think fit. 1 Thomas, the son, is evidently the member of the family referred to by Stow as living in the house in the reign of Edward III. The next mention of the Hall appears to be that in the reign of Richard II, a.d. 1398, when having fallen to the crown it was sold by the King with its adjacent gardens, &c., to the Mayor and Corporation for fifty pounds, it was then thrown open as a market-place for the sale of all descriptions of woollen cloth. The rules and ordinances by which this arrangement was governed are set forth at length and preserved in a document written in Norman French, and kept among the City records. These rules are worth quoting here, as marking the change which took place when the building ceased to be a private residence, and became dedicated to purposes of public utility and convenience. “ By assent of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the City of London, it is ordered that no manner of person, foreigner or stranger, bringing woollen cloth to the said City for sale, shall house, show or sell the same at any other place within the said City, or in the suburbs thereof, than at Bakwellehalle, which is by the said Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty thereunto especially appointed and assigned, on pain of forfeiture of all woollen to the contrary hereof housed, shown or sold. And that no person, foreigner or stranger shall sell any manner of woollen cloth at the said Bakwellehalle, at any time in the week, except between eleven of the clocke before noon on Thursday and eleven of the clocke before noon on Saturday, on pain of forfeiture of all cloth sold to the contrary hereof.” “ Whereas the foreign drapers, bringing woollen cloths to the City of London for sale, do sell the same in divers hostelries in secret, where they make many disorderly and deceitfull bargains, as well between foreigner and foreigner as between foreigner aud freeman, to the great scandal and damage of all the City, and against the franchises and liberties of the same by the noble progenitors of our most dread lord the King granted, and by the same our lord the King of late confirmed, and against the customs of the said City; in order to avoid such disorderly and deceitfull bargains, and that the commons of the said City and others unto it repairing, may have full notice where such cloths are for sale, and also that our said Lord the King may be better paid his custom and other duties upon the said cloths. Richard Whityngtone, Mayor, and the Aldermen, with the assent of the Commons of the said City, have ordained that every foreign draper, from whatsoever part he shall bring woollen cloths into the said City to sell, shall take the same wholly to Bakwellehalle in the said City, and nowhere else within the franchise of the same City, on pain of forfeiture of all cloths that shall be otherwise housed ; and that no foreign or alien merchant shall buy any such manner of cloths of such foreign drapers otherwise than at the said place of Bakwellhalle, under the same penalty. And that the same foreign drapers shall make their show and sale of their said cloths on certain days and at certain hours in the week, at the same place, according to the ancient custom, and not otherwise : that is to say, from Thursday at mid-day until the same hour on the Saturday following, on pain of forfeiture of all cloth otherwise sold. And that the said foreign drapers from henceforth shall bring unto the said place no cloth for sale except whole cloths and half cloths fisted at both ends, on pain of forfeiting so much as shall be found made to the contrary. And this ordinance shall begin to take effect on the Thursday next after the Feast of St. Mathew, 21 September, now next to come, in the 23rd year 2 of the reign of King Richard II.” 1 Riley’s “ Memorials,” p. 111. 3 With respect to the year, Mr. Riley has observed that the words “vynt tierce'''' in the document are over an erasure. There is evidently some error, as Whittington was not Mayor in any part of this year of Richard II. In 1399 Henry IY became King. T 146 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The date here given must be inaccurate. Stow says that the prohibition as to the sale of foreign cloth, with its attendant penalties, was decreed in the 21st of Richard II, R. Whittington, Mayor, and in the 22nd by Sir Drew Barentine, Mayor. The latter, it may be here remarked, was the first Alderman of Farringdon Within after the Ward had been divided. The appointment of keeper of Black- well House appears to have been vested in the Drapers’ Company, and to have been given to them by Henry VIII through the interest of Sir John Styles with Cardinal Wolsey, who was in high favour with the King. At this period . the cloth trade of the country with the Netherlands was an important section of British commerce, but disputes with the Emperor abroad existed, and it was thought these would probably end in war, therefore the citizens engaged in the cloth trade shrewdly “ refused to buy those cloths which were brought to Blackwell Hall, in London, where¬ upon the clothiers, spinners and carders, in many shires of England, began to mutiny ; for appeasing whereof the Cardinal (Wolsey) commanded our merchants to take oft those cloths at a reasonable price from the poor men’s hands, threatening, otherwise, that the King himself should buy them and sell them to strangers ; but the sullen merchants, little moved herewith, said they had no reason to buy commodities they knew not how to vend ; therefore, whatever was proposed for staples at Calais, ‘ at Abbeville ’ (the English staple being then at Antwerp) our merchants did not, or at least would not, understand it.” A warning, it appears, was given to the fellowships of Drapers “ that evy yomen to his power should by woollen clothes of cloth-makers to putt them in good comfort and not otherwise under the penalty mentioned.” It is at this period that an entry is recorded of the mode of giving the appointment above referred to. The keeper of the time having just deceased, Sir John Brugge, George Milbourne, William Bayley, John Sule, and others, assembled at the Hall. The choice fell on a Mr. Starkey, and the following was the ceremony of his installation: “ He was taken to the Mayor’s Court at Guildhall to be accepted, being accompanied there by the above Sir John Brugge, &c., and twelve sureties, ‘ off an olde custom .’ Then the Maior and Aldermen affc r a pawse takyn went down to the grete gate of Blackwell Hall, and commanded my lady Fenkyll to send him the kees: which to doo with assent with our Mas tr and Wardan’s she was content. And then the Mair toke the kees to the Chaml’yn and commandy d him to open the door and there win the same Hall the Master put Mr. Starkey in full possession of that office.” In the Court Books belonging to the Drapers’ Company there is an entry bearing the date, 1405, of an order issued by the Court of Common Council to the effect that the keepersliip of the Hall should continue in the hands of the Company, and the same records contain an account of the election of such an officer on the 25tli September, 1526. I am informed by Mr. Sawyer, Clerk of the Company, that it does not appear from the minute- books in their possession when the Keeper of the Hall ceased to be elected by the Company. In the year 1658 the old building had become so ruinous that it had to be pulled down, and was rebuilt at an outlay of two thousand five hundred pounds. To this sum the principal contributor was Richard May, Citizen and Mercer. It was entirely destroyed in FROM THR OBIOINAI. nil A (VINO IN THF- CW.l.F.OTJON OF J. R. OARPNER, F«Q., F.B.A. W. OrigilS, PhotO-litk. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 147 the Great Fire of 1666, and the-striicture of which we have an illustration, was erected in the year 1672. The building was a square one with two Courts, the larger of the two we have also the advantage of representing, both being fac-similes from drawings in the Gardner Collection. The two courts were surrounded with warehouses. The gateways for carriages were spacious ; one entrance being from Guildhall Yard, and the other from Basinghall Street. The doorway of the former is well shown in Shepherd’s drawing. The side columns of the Doric order ; an entablature and a pediment adorned with the King’s Arms, together with those of the Corporation enriched with figures. It is recorded that upon one occasion when the Royal carriage was passing through this gateway, the crown on top was broken off, which at that time was regarded by the superstitious as an evil omen to the then Prince of Wales, who however kept his crown to the day of his death. I he buildings within comprised apartments or warehouses known respectively as the Devonshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, the Kentish, the Medley, the Spanish and the Blanket Flails. Upon every piece of cloth was fixed a charge of one penny for pitching, and a halfpenny a week for custody. The revenue raised from these sources was applied towards the support of Christ’s Hospital, the management of the Hall and its affairs being vested in the Governors. 1 There are numerous references throughout the City Records relative to preventing the buying and selling of foreign cloth, the Rates of Hallage, Porterage, &c., likewise to the office of Alnager, the officer whose business it was to inspect, measure, and seal the woollen cloths. The name is derived from the French “ aulne,” in English an “ ell.” The authority possessed by this officer was given by Edward III in the years 1350-1, and was finally abolished by Statute 11 and 12, William III in the year 1700. Blackwell Hall was removed altogether in 1820. Its contemplated demolition is frequently referred to in the civic archives, and a record appears stating that on the 6th July of that year it was ordered “ that the old stores in Guildhall Chapel and Blackwell Hall be sold by public auction under the direction of the Clerk of the City works.” 2 The entrance to the Court of Requests with the lunette and another window are evidently later alterations and also the small doorway in the principal entrance. The modern doorway on the left opens on to a passage which cut off the north-west corner of the Chapel, to connect the passage-way between the Guildhall Yard and Basinghall Street; this was formerly outside the turret. It was blocked up when the facade was erected and appears upon the illustration of the west front. By reference to the view of the north side, this modern passage entrance can be traced, and also a small house abutting on the Chapel and the facade of the Hall. In the engraving which represents both the south-east view of the Chapel and Blackwell Hall it may be seen that the east end of the Chapel and a portion of the south wall of the nave is shown. The east window of five lights is similar in its general features to the west window, but over the centre light a transom was inserted. The opening was finished with a hood moulding. Two of the Clerestory windows are visible. A part of Blackwell Hall is shown; with about one-half of the Court-yard and its buildings, also an elliptical archway. t 2 Journal lxvi, fol. 259. 3 Journal Committee City Lands, vol. cxii, p. 20. 148 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The tower and spire of St. Laurence Jewry appear well on the left, and the east end of the Guildhall with turrets and cupolas; likewise the gable, east window and the south wall built after the Fire by Sir C. Wren. The foreground represents the debris from the Blackwell Hall demolition. In the illustration of the north side of the building may be seen the side walls of the nave and aisle with the windows before-mentioned. The nave windows had traceried lights enclosed in a pointed arch and deep moulding. The aisle windows assume a more obtuse form, and the absence of subordinate lights in the head is observable. Both these examples are of the ordinary kind in use at this period. This side of the Chapel requires but little further comment. On the left is the Hall-Keeper’s House, shown on the plan of 1750 ; the base of the south-east turret occupies the right and the entrance doorway to the passage giving access to the way between the Guildhall Yard and Basinghall Street, and a house built at that spot since 1750, also the pinnacles of the new faqade are shewn. The plan of 1750 is interesting and explanatory of the interior arrangements of the Chapel. It was fitted with pews, pulpit, altar-rails, &c. In the nave walls, the four arched openings are seen, the others having probably been filled in to enclose the nave, the aisles not being used except as avenues of communication. A western porch connected the entrance doorway with the side aisles and a small entrance opened into the south aisle, and the stairs in the turret on the north-west angle were accessible from the north aisle. The vestry is seen to be connected with the Hall-Keeper’s Yard as a way of access. No windows are placed in the south aisle wall. The entrance to the passage-way at the turret is by a doorway and steps clear of the Chapel, and there appears to be a barrier across the thoroughfare. It may be noticed that after the Fire, the nave walls were raised and finished with a parapet and stone coping, and it is presumed that a flat roof was then placed over the nave and that the aisles were then covered with a lean-to roof behind coped parapets. The view of the interior in 1815 shows the Court of Requests occupying the east end of the Chapel and the chequered marble pavement belonging to the altar is also indicated upon the plan of 1819. Perhaps after Mr. Nichols published his “ Brief Account of Guildhall,” at the commencement of the year 1819, the Court was moved to the west end and the east end converted into an office. It will be seen that the plan is dated 19th October, 1819. The ceiling of the nave was flat with small panels, and a bold enriched, and coved cornice, all in plaster, was connected with the walls and ceiling. One of the nave windows and the arch below it, also the east window with a single transom, and the shields charged with the City Arms is carefully delineated, and with the sitting and business of the Court being carried on, under the draped canopy and other accessories, it presents a quaint and valuable record of the past. The different views referred to, give in detail the architectural features of a highly interesting building, one only removed as recently as the year 1822, and of which but few indications remain, save in the wall and foundations existing IfA; v. ■Sfisfi ls-t3 St" pH ~ 4. C NORTH SIDE OF GUILDHALL CHAPEL HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 149 beneath the modern structures. An interesting fragment was, however, disclosed some time ago. It is well represented by the annexed woodcut, and possibly illustrates a chantry or oratory attached to the later building. That there should have ever been any necessity for the removal of a structure so closely associated with the History of the Corporation is much to be regretted, for it can be at once seen from the various representations of it which have been preserved, and are re-produced in the present volume, that it was a building well illustrating the style of architecture in favour at the time of its erection ; and one that held no insignificant position in comparison with the numerous civil and ecclesiastical buildings which adorned our City. It will be noticed in the various views of the exterior of this building that before the Great West Window there stood in niches surmounted by arched canopies of the classic style of architecture, so much in fashion at the beginning of the 17th century, three statues well designed and all highly-finished specimens of sculpture. At the time when the Chapel was pulled down these figures were removed for a time (probably by the contractors) to a mason’s shop in Eastcheap, for Allen 1 remarks that one or more of them were to be seen there, and expresses his regret that they were not placed in the vacant niches at the east end of St. Lawrence’s Church. They were, however, subsequently restored to the custody of the Corpora¬ tion, for it appears that arrangements were made in the years 1837 and 1838 for their preservation at the east end of the Guildhall. In the former year, viz., on the 14th December, 1837, 2 it had been determined that a phm for making both ends of the Hall harmonise with each other should be adopted, on the ground that such would add very considerably to the general magnificent appearance of the building ; and it was decided that Gothic panelling should be put up at the east end, which would correspond with that in other portions of the Hall ; and in the report of a meeting in connection with this decision some three months later we find a reference to the three figures, and that arrangements were to be made for their conservation in this portion of the building. Upon a report made by the Clerk of the Works to the Committee who had charge of the alterations, it was found “ that the three statues formerly in front of the Chapel in Guildhall Yard were in the possession of the Corporation, and might, in his opinion, be put into a state of repair, at an expense of about £60, and be introduced at the east end of the Hall in niches agreeably to a design prepared by him for that purpose.” The Committee, in accepting the tender REMAINS OF GUILDHALL CHAPEL. 1 Allen’s “ History of London,” vol. iii, p. 104. 2 Journal cxiv, fol. 38b. 150 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. for the execution of the -yvorks generally, authorised the restoration of the figures on the ground that in their opinion “the introduction of the said statues will add much to the effect and general character of the building.” 1 In a report submitted on the 14th March, 1839, it appears that the various alterations were completed, and that the figures had been placed on suitable pedestals 2 corresponding architecturally to the other portion of the work. At the time, however, when the arrangements for the new timber roof were pro¬ gressing, in the year 1865, and a Gothic panelling of wood-work to harmonise therewith was substituted at the east end of the Hall for the stone-work referred to, the statues were again removed—they were taken to one of the yards, and subsequently placed beneath the present Courts of Law, and indeed but a short distance from their original situa¬ tion. With the formation of the corridor leading to the new Library and other local changes ; their existence by degrees was overlooked until within the last few months, when they were extricated from the subterranean ruins of the building they had once adorned, and having been carefully cleaned, are now to be seen in a very suitable position, and one where they will be preserved, viz., on the staircase leading from the Library to the Museum. They comprise, first, the life-size effigy of a King clad in plate armour of early 17th century character, the details of which are carefully executed, and over which he wears a fur-lined mantle, thrown open to display the figure. His right arm, which is raised and bent, holds the handle of what appears to be a sceptre, the head of which would be above his right shoulder. The left hand supports the folds of the mantle, which has a cape with a fringed border. Over the whole appears an elegant Vandyked lace collar. Around his neck is seen the collar of roses and the knots of the Order of the Garter and the George hangs therefrom on his breast. The effigy wears a regal crown, consisting of a jewelled border with fleurs-de-lis and crosses patee above, the whole surmounted by a double arch. This crown is worn on what appears to be a fur-lined cap, with a turned-up front and back flap. The arrangement of the hair, which is wavy, is, with the collar and lace cuff's, turned over the armour at the wrists, in accordance with the fashion of the time above indicated. As regards the armour, the details of which, though well presented, do not indicate a very high class of work, the following description will suffice. It consists of a breast-plate and back, broad tassets of five plates, dependent from the waist and reaching to mid thigh, demi-cuissards, genouillieres, jambeaux and articulated round-toed sollerets (with spurs), covering and defending respectively the thighs, knees, legs and feet. The arms are similarly protected by pauldrons (scarcely visible beneath the mantle), rerebraces, condieres and vambraces, for, respectively, the shoulders, upper arms, elbows and fore arms. The whole is enriched by vertical wavy bands of ornamentation, exhibiting fleurs-de-lis and conventionally-treated foliage. Beneath the cuirass and tassets is worn a stout sort of tunic with a fringed lower edge, the whole reaching nearly to the knees. On the left leg is seen the Garter. No gauntlets are worn, and the left hand is placed close to the site of the sword-hilt, unfortunately broken off, and over which the cordons of the mantle, with their rich tassels, hang nearly Journal cxiv, fol. 231b. 2 Journal cxv, fol. 387b. to the knee. The left foot is placed on a conventionally-treated snake or dragon, which is endeavouring to glide over a cannon ball or orb. Over the right shoulder, and crossing the body diagonally, is a baldric-fashioned sword-belt, ornamented with embroidered crosses and fleurs-de-lis. It may be noted that the representation of the “taces” or “ tassets ” referred to is in accordance with those to be seen on the effigies of the Pikemen of this period, various examples of which may be recognised in the collection at the Tower of London and elsewhere. The second is a regally crowned female figure, the head inclined, and the charming face executed with a care that stamps it as a genuine portrait. In the left hand is an orb, surmounted by a cross, the other hand has been destroyed. Although the right hand is now absent, it was in existence at the time the figure was placed in the Hall; and is said to have grasped a metal sceptre. In general treatment, this effigy presents a striking contrast to the others. While they may be described as illustrations of ordinary work, this has evidently not been executed by the same sculptor. It is a fine piece of sculpture, and designed by a gifted artist. In the details of the various articles of dress there is a marked absence of display ; they are chaste and elegant and admirably treated. The style of the drapery is fanciful and not indicative of any very precise period, although it accords with a fashion which, coming in at about the time the statues would have been put up, continued throughout the eighteenth century and on to a comparatively recent period. The girdle is jewelled, and the borders of the veil and upper garments are embroidered. There is a jewel above the forehead Avhere the veil divides. The third is a youthful figure, attired in costume similar to that worn by Edward VI, consisting of a loose fitting coat, reaching to mid thigh, with full trunks and tight hose, the former “ garded ” with slashed vertical bands ; over all is a fur-lined mantle, thrown back, and a furred cape, reaching half-way down the breast; the cordons are visible in front. The collar of the shirt is shallow and pleated vertically ; the shoes are pinked and without roses. He is represented in a serious and thoughtful attitude and with one hand laid across his breast; he is not fully crowned, neither does he carry orb or sceptre. On the left leg appears the Order of the Garter, and upon his hat is a row of pearls around the brim, and above are the arches of a regal crown. Much uncertainty has, it appears, always existed as to the persons who are repre¬ sented by these interesting statues, for singularly enough the period of their erection is not at present known, neither has there been yet discovered, with one exception, any especial reference to them in the civic records. Such must exist, and may possibly ere long be found, but, in the absence of actual evidence, the true identification of the figures must be left for further study and research. Mere theories are of but little service to the true historical enquirer, and the simple repetition of what has been previously written respecting them is only useful in directing attention to the investigation of their history. Dodsley, Lambert, Brayley, Entick, Chamberlain, and Maitland assert that they are intended to represent Queen Elizabeth, Edward VI, and Charles I. In Hatton’s “New View of London,” 1708, they are said to be Queen Elizabeth, Edward VI, and James I. In Allen’s “London” they are called Edward VI, Charles I and his Queen Henrietta Maria; the author of the — ■ - 152 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. latter work, in quoting Strype’s edition of Stow’s “ Survey,” even goes so far as to support his own opinion by the observation that “ it is singular so many authorities should have copied after him without correcting this mistake, which a moment’s glance at the effigy was sufficient to have done.” 1 It may be observed that none of the authors to whom I have referred give any reason for assigning these figures to the individuals mentioned, nor any explanation why they were put up in front of the large window of the Chapel at Guildhall. Hatton’s statement was published in 1708, at a time when the putting-up of the figures might have been scarcely forgotten, therefore his assertion that one of them is intended as an impersonation of James I would be worthy ot consideration but for stronger evidence to the contrary. Since they have been removed to their present position they have been inspected by many of our ablest antiquaries, and at present there appears to be the same differences of opinion as before. Among others who have seen them is G. Scharf, Esq., C.B., F.S.A., Director of the National Portrait Gallery, and no mean authority ; he identifies the two male figures as Edward VI and Charles I, and considers that the other may possibly represent Queen Elizabeth, the open neck and long hair being in accordance with representations of that Sovereign, but at the same time the dishevelled tresses and the falling veil under the circlet of the crown may indicate Margaret of Anjou or Elizabeth Woodville, the latter being represented with an aquiline nose. Other opinions have been expressed in favour of Hatton’s assertion as to James I; if so, the lady might be his Queen, Anne of Denmark; and, perhaps, the youth, their son Prince Henry. There is, however, no evidence beyond a resemblance between the effigy and the various portraits of Anne which have been recently inspected. By some, the Queen is thought to be Mary II, Queen of William III; the peculiar nose, lips, eyelids and chin, together with the fashion selected in the arrangement of the hair, when compared with the portraits of Mary, is the only support to the opinion, added to the circumstance that William and Mary were favoured in the City and honourably received at Guildhall, in which building their portraits were put up ; these were painted by Vander Vaart, and subsequently removed, together with the portraits of George III and Queen Charlotte, in the year 1816, to the Saloon at the Mansion House. There is, however, one thing certain in connection with the opinions which have been expressed from time to time, and that is, that the figure of the Queen cannot be possibly intended for Henrietta Maria any more than could the monarch be intended for William III; there is not the slightest resemblance between the figure and the numerous well-known portraits of the consort of King Charles I. Nichols, in his little work before quoted, naturally refers to these statues ; he styles them as “ good figures of King Edward VI, Queen Elizabeth with a Phoenix under her, and of Charles I ” ; and he further remarks that all three are the work of W. Stone, a sculptor. This latter statement is to be found in other histories, but it does not appear what authority exists for the assertion. There was a Nicholas Stone, a celebrated sculptor, in the reign of King James I. He executed a great number of monuments, of which the most important was in memory of the father, mother, brother and sister of Lucy, Countess of Bedford. He was likewise the master mason employed when building the Banquetting House at Whitehall. There were probably but few sculptors who could reflect upon a more active and prosperous career than might Nicholas Stone. As master mason, he had, in addition to his connection with Whitehall, 2 the charge of the repairs and alterations at the Royal 1 Allen’s “ History of London,” vol. iii, p. 104. Rymer’s “ Fcedera,” vol. xviii, p. 675. FROM THE FRONT OF THE GUILDHALL CHAPEL. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 153 Palace at Windsor, and other important buildings. In addition, it appears from his own memoranda, fortunately discovered by Vertue, that many of tlie tombs and statues in our churches and elsewhere were the work of his hands ; for example, the tomb of Sir Thomas Bodley at Oxford, that of Sir Thomas Sutton at the Charterhouse, Spencer’s monument at Westminster Abbey, the tomb for the Countess of Buckingham in the same building, and many others. In the year 1625 he writes, “About this time I made for the Old Exchange in London four statues, the one Edward V, Richard III and Henry VII, for these three I had £25 a piece, and one for Queen Elizabeth, which was taken down and sett up again where now it standeth at Guildhall Gate, for which I had £30.” This entry is, however, insufficient to prove that the statue assigned to Elizabeth is that mentioned by Stone, for Guildhall Gate is better known as the Porch, and the figure to be identified was not associated with this portion of the building, but the central one of the three situate above the entrance to the Chapel. This eminent sculptor died in the year 1647, aged 61. His son, Nicholas, who likewise followed the profession with success, died in the same year. There was also a Henry Stone, another son of the elder Nicholas ; he carried on business as a sculptor, but was better known as a painter, particularly excelling in his copies of Vandyck ; he died in the year 1653. 1 It is to be hoped that evidence may yet be discovered as to whether it was a member of this gifted family who sculptured the admirable figure of the Queen now preserved on the stairs leading from the Library to the Museum. The only reference to be found in the records in connection with the figures is an entry to the effect that in the year 1660 it was ordered by the Court of Common Council “ that the late Kinge’s statue w ch was taken downe at the Guildhall Chappell bee forth¬ with sett up there againe,” 2 an act which finds corroborative testimony in a short entry preserved in one of the Harleian MSS., and one containing the date when it was reinstated. It reads—“May 7, 1660. King Charles I statue set up at Gildhall.” Although the name of the monarch is omitted in the entry in the books of the Corporation, and he is simply referred to as the “ late King,” it would be Charles that was intended, he having been executed in 1648-9 ; and the Protectorate continuing from that period to about the time the statue was restored to its position. It appears evident, therefore, that it was removed at the time of the Commonwealth, and not replaced until the restoration of Charles II. With regard to the Queen, if it be Elizabeth, it is difficult rather to explain why she should be associated with Charles I in place of his own consort, Henrietta. If Elizabeth, it is an ideal of the artist, for in no way does it resemble this sovereign either in features or in the costume which she wore. It is true there are the long tresses of hair hanging loosely down the back, a fashion sometimes adopted by Queens at their coronation, and at times by young girls on the occasion of their marriage. The ordinary mode, however, of wearing the hair at this period was almost to conceal it within the peculiar head-dresses then in fashion. We are informed by Leland that Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII, wore her fair, yellow hair hanging down plain behind her back, “with a calle of pipes over it.” It is said that Queen Elizabeth, among the many laws she made relative to 1 See Granger’s “ Biographical History of England,” vol. ii, p. 44 and seq. ; also Harl. MS., 5953. 2 Journal xli, fol. 231. U 154 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. costume, prohibited the wearing of long hair. In her day false hair was very fashionable, and indeed worn by herself to a great extent. It was Paul Hentzner, the traveller, who, visiting this country in her reign, speaks of the costume of the Queen, and says, She wore false hair, and that red.” There is, however, one circumstance in the History of Guildhall Chapel, that, associated with the Virgin Queen, may account for the presence of an ideal figure, difficult as it is to understand how in so excellent a work of art theie should be an utter want of resemblance in every way to the Queen herself. Guildhall College was claimed both by Mary and Elizabeth, for during the reign of the former a certain priest of the College had his annual allowance of £6 stopped “ for that there was title made unto the londes of the sayde Colledge to and for the quenes Maiesties use, and again in the year 1573 it was ordered by the Court of Aldermen that the Lord Keeper should have a copy of the City’s Letters Patent touching the purchase of the lands of the Guildhall College. 2 As to the presence of Edward VI, it can be even more readily understood. We have already seen how, at the time of the Dissolution, he assisted the Corporation by enabling it to purchase both the Chapel and its adjoining land. These had been seized into the King’s hands “by authority of Parliament” in either the first or second year of his reign, and the Corporation had to conclude by purchase or otherwise with the Protector Somerset and the King’s Council for the retaining them. 3 It was, doubtless, at this period that the Protector took the opportunity of availing himself of the treasures of the Library then attached to Guildhall College. It appears that in the year 1817 there was no doubt existing as to the identity of the youthful figure, for we have an entry to the effect that the Right Honourable the Earl of Bridgewater applied to the Corporation for permission to allow Mr. Westmacott to prepare a mould from a statue in front of Guildhall Chapel. 4 The noble Earl wished to erect a statue of the King at Ashridge, where he had been nursed ; and, by his asking leave to make a copy of that at Guildhall, we may consider that he looked upon it as the most suitable for the purpose. It has been, therefore, assumed that in the face of existing difficulties, and there are several, that these figures are intended to typify Elizabeth, Edward VI, and Charles I, and that they were placed by the citizens in front of Guildhall Chapel as a recognition of the Royal favour shown to the Corporation in being graciously allowed to purchase or retain its own property. There is yet another reason for the various misconceptions that have arisen in connection with these figures to which reference may he briefly made. It has been stated that the one attributed to King Charles was removed to its position at the Chapel from the Royal Exchange. There appears to be no evidence for this. The explanation is probably to be found in the circumstance that about the time when they were set up, and doubtless long previously, certain statues of royal and other distinguished personages were placed in the Exchange, some of the more important being the contributions of citizens who, unwilling or unable to assume the responsibilities of office, preferred to meet the customary fine of providing either a portrait or statue in one of the public buildings most suitable for their reception. For example, it appears that in the year 1623, one Richard 1 Repertory 13, No. 2, fol. 422. 3 Journal xv, fol. 370, and Letter Book Q, fol. 244. 3 Repertory 18, 130b. 4 Minutes City Lands Committee, 1817, fol. 83. THE STATUE OF EDWARD VI. from the front of the Guildhall Chapel. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 155 Cheney, citizen and goldsmith, addressed a letter to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen requesting permission to erect a statue of Edward VI, in accordance with a commission he had received from the Court of Common Council, that a figure of some description should be prepared at his cost and charge. The order bears date 13 March, 1623, 20 James I, and reads as follows :— 1 “ Item.— Upon the humble peticon of Richard Cheney, Citizen and Gouldsmith of London and for divers reasons and considerations knowne unto this Court, It is enacted graunted and agreed by the right honorable the Lord Maior, the Aldermen his Brethren, and Commons in this Co mm on Councell assembled, and by th’authoritie of the same, that the said Richard Cheyney shalbee from henceforth for ever discharged and freed from being chosen or eligible to the place and office of Sherivaltie of the cittie of London and countie of Middx; provided that the said Mr. Cheney doth paie to the Chamberlein of this Cittie, to the use of the Maior and Commonaltie and citizens of this Cittie, his Fine for which hee hath heretofore given his bond ; and also doe w th all convenient speed at his proper costs and charges provide and set upp one Statue of some of the Kings or Queenes of this Reahne deceased, in such sorte and place in the royall exchange in this Cittie as the Coxu’t of Lord Maior and Aldermen shall nominate direct and appointe otherwise this acte, and the favour hereby meante and intended to the said Mr. Cheyney, to bee of noe force.” We find subsequently that upon the granting of the petition of the aforesaid Richard Cheney, the following entry with reference to the selection which he had made in connection with a figure of Edward VI. “TO THE EIGHT Ho BLE ■ THE LOED MAIO r - AND THE EIGHT WOE^ THE ALDEEN HIS BEETHEEN . 3 Bight Ho Wo - and right woi'h. Since yo r grave Councells upon mature Consideracon (well weighing my imbecility both psonally & pecuniarily) have beene pleased to afford mee yo r wonted favo ra ' I thought it my pticuler duety to acknowledge my thankfullnes ioyntly to this Ho 1 ' 10, Court. And sinth by a generall assembly of Cordon Councell (little expecting a secondary Charge) the erecting of a Statue is imposed on mee, prnitt mee onely this favourable request, that it wold please this Ho W0, Co rt to afford mee this priviledge that my Charge may bee disbursed in erecting the Statue of that renowned Eng Edward the sixt. And that underneath may bee specifyed at whose Charge it was erected. To this my request (in regard of a former fine) I expect no opposite, neither doubt but as I have ever beene tractable and at the dispose of this Ho Wo - Court, soe you wold bee pleased to afford mee yo r generall assents, since my willingnes hath noe way beene refractory to yo r designes. Thus with my service humbly tendred I rest At yo r Hono™ Service Without date. RICHARD CHENEY.” M r - Cheney discharged from the office of Shrivaltie w th a provisoe. A Lre from M r - Cheney to the Lo : Maio 1 ' &c. conc’ning a Statue to bee erected. Cheney w r as probably influenced in the selection made by the fact that statues of both Elizabeth and James had been already put up ; for according to the following entry it appears that they had to be repaired at about the time w r hen his petition was agreed to, for it was when this was under consideration by a Committee appointed for the purpose that the members were to advise him as to the setting up of the figure which he had been called upon to contribute. The record is as follows :— 3 “Decimo die Junii 1G23. “Item this daie it is ordered by this Court that S r - Edward Barkham, Knight and Aldran, M r - Aldran John Gore, M r- Aldran Ham’sleye, M r - Aldran Cambell, M r - Aldran Raynton, and Sir Humfrey Hanford, Knight & Alderman or any foure of them w th M r - Nicholls Leate who by order of the xxvii th of Marche last past were appointed to viewe the Statures of King James & the late Quene Elizabeth sett upon the Royall Exchang and to 3 Repertory 37, fol. 176b. U 2 Journal xxxii, fol. 146b. “ Remembrancia,” 6, 21. 156 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Lord Mayor. Consider in what manner and ho rU0, fashion the same shoulde bee amended and bewtified shall forwith pursue the said Order, and likewise consider and advise w th M r - Ckeneye about the setting upp of another stature there, att his owne Cost and charges and consider for the best mannor and fashion of doeing thereof. And Certifie this Court in writing under theire handes how theye fynde the same, and what theye conceive fitt to bee donne therein.” Tlie practice illustrated by the foregoing extracts originated in the fact that at the time of the death of Sir Thomas Gresham, the Royal Exchange was unfinished, and the thirty rooms provided for by him, and in each of which there was to be a representation of some royal personage, were not complete. A petition was therefore presented asking for an Act to legalise the above arrangement. The following extract from the petition illustrates the nature of the figures as originally contemplated by Sir Thomas. It is not improbable, however, that there may have been sundry deviations in detail as convenience or necessity dictated. 1 “ Wherefore it may please your honour and worships to give way that an act of a common counsell may be made, that because soe worthy a worke may not be left unfynished, it may be enacted that every cittizen that here¬ after slialbe elected alderman, and shall agree or compounde to be suspended for a fyne or otherwaies, that before that citizen soe chosen shalbe cleered of all elections hereafter by the comon councell, that he slialbe enjoyned to pay the charge of making and fynishing one of the foresaid kings or queenes theire pictures, to be erected in the places beforesaid in the Exchange, not exceeding 100 nobles ; the pictures to be graven in wood, covered with lead and then gilded and paynted in oyle Cullors ; and for modells or patternes, because this honorable cittie and worshipful company of Mercers doe receve good benefitts thereby, that they may make each of them one at theire charges, which will be a thing both memorable and honorable, and noe man wronged.” It does not appear in the quaint entries relative to the setting up of these figures, whether stone was not in some cases substituted for wood, but it is highly probable that all were executed by various artists. In addition to those put up by Nicholas Stone, some were the work of John Bushnell, viz., the figures of Charles I and II, likewise that of Sir Thomas Gresham, together with the kings at Temple Bar, &c., but Gabriel Cibber, another famous statuary in practice at this time, was the artist employed in the majority of the royal effigies set up at the Exchange. Evelyn tells us how at the time of the Great Fire of 1666, “Sir Thomas Gresshams statue, tho* fallen from its nich in the Royal Exchange, remain’d entire, when all those of the kings since the Conquest were broken to pieces. 2 Leaving this interesting enquiry for future investigation, we proceed to a description of the—now old—Common Council Chamber, Court of Aldermen, the various Committee Rooms, Offices, &c., that are connected with Guildhall. Before, however, entering into a detailed description of the various chambers in which, as years have rolled away, the members have been accustomed to conduct their business, it may be well to devote a brief consideration to the history and constitution of the Corporation itself, combining as it does three highly important elements, viz., the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty. In the earlier portion of this work, attention has been directed to the sources whence the municipal organisation has been derived, tracing its descent, growth and development from laws and institutions introduced into this country while under Roman ride, and the 1 Repertory 29, fol. 224. 2 John Evelyn’s “Diary,” Murray’s Edition, 1870, p. 321. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 157 endeavour made to illustrate as far as possible the analogy which exists between the duties imposed upon the civic officials of that time and those discharged by the Chief Magistrate and his colleagues at the present day. The City records, unfortunately, do not extend to a period sufficiently early for us to say definitely when the Mayor, under such a designation, was first invested with an office involving many privileges, but, at the same time, heavy responsibilities. In a Charter granted by King Henry I to the citizens, he gave them liberty to elect “ Justiciars ” from among themselves to keep the Pleas of the Crown, a name given at this early period to the Magistrate who, in a later Charter granted by Henry, son of King John, is first spoken of as Mayor, 1 the first recorded appointment being that of Henry Fitz Ail wine, 2 of London Stone ; he was chosen in the year 1189, 1 Richard I. This respected citizen, for such he must have been, retained the office, being annually re-elected up to the time of his decease. This occurred in the year 1212, he having presided over the destinies of the City for nearly five and twenty years. 3 In the year 1222, during the troublous reign of Henry III, a tumult occurred at Westminster, when Hubert de Burgh, the Chief Justiciary, repaired to the City attended by a strong guard, where he apprehended the principal rioters, and in a most inhuman and arbitrary manner, caused the hands and feet of most of them to be cut off. These unfortunate individuals were allowed no form of trial, and Hubert, as an additional punishment, degraded the Mayor and the Magistrates, and set a “ Custos ” over the City, and appointed thirty persons of his own choosing to become security for the good behaviour of the citizens of London. Edward I, seizing as he did the Government of the City, appointed a “Custos” in the place of the Mayor for twelve years, and it was not until the 26th year of his reign that the City liberties were restored. Gregory Rokesley was Mayor for part of the year 1285, 14 Edward I, but refusing to render any account of how the peace of the City was maintained, he was suspended from office by the King, and Ralph de Sandwich was appointed “Custos” or “Warden.” In the year 1289,18 Edward I, he was associated with two others in the same capacity, viz., Ralph Barnavers and Sir John le Breton, in the two succeeding years the latter held the office, and again in 1296, 25 Edward I, he being appointed by command of the King’s son and his Council, and sworn to preserve the City of London with all its liberties and ancient usages unhurt, and as they had been accustomed, he was to cherish them in all things as “Mayor” in all liberties and usages of the aforesaid City except that he should have the name of “Custos” in place of the name of Mayor until he should be otherwise commanded by the Lord the King, then abiding in parts of Flanders about his war, this was “pronounced to the Aldermen, Sheriffs and six of the better and more discreet men of each Ward.” 4 Some three years later, viz., in 1299, 27 Edward I, the election of the Mayor rested with the Commonalty, for at that time Elias Russell was invested with the office ; he was chosen by the Common Council, comprising the Mayor, Aldermen, and the whole Commonalty of the City, duly sworn, and at the same time recognised by the Constable of the Tower of London. In the year 1301, 29 Edward I, Sir John le Blount was elected Mayor by the Commonalty, with the assent of twelve of the most substantial of the citizens belonging to each of the several wards. Sir John le Blount, is spoken 1 Fifth Charter of King John, dated 9th May, 1215. 3 “Liber de Antiquis Legibus,” fol. 63. 3 For Pedigree, see Appendix. 1 Letter Boole 0, fol. 62b. 158 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. of by some authors as “ Custos ” or Warden, but in the reference here quoted, he is clearly defined as Mayor. 1 In 1320, 14 Edward II, the election and the acceptance of the requisite oath took place in the Guildhall, Nicholas de Farndone chosen, elected, and sworn in the presence of the Aldermen and a large gathering of the Commonalty, the Commons sitting in the Hall, and silence being proclaimed during the election. 2 In the year 1342, 16 Edward III, there occurs an illustration of that which has rarely happened, viz., the death of the Chief Magistrate during his tenure of office. Upon the decease of the Mayor, John de Oxenford, Vintner, Roger de Depham, Alderman and Recorder, 3 immediately commanded, on the part of the King and the Commonalty, the Sheriffs forthwith to summon all the Aldermen together with the best, wisest and richest of the Commoners of the City at the time being, to attend at Guildhall, and elect to themselves a Mayor in the room of the said John de Oxenford, and thereupon the Aldermen and Commoners unanimously elected Simon Francis, Mercer, a wealthy trader in the Old Jewry. His death occurred some eighteen years later, viz., in 1360, he being possessed at the time of no less than twelve rich manors in Middlesex. Among the various ordinances recorded in the year 1406, 8 Henry IV, is one of especial interest from the association it possesses with the election for the second time of Richard Whittington as Mayor. The incident lias been already referred to, but it is worthy of a more lengthened notice inasmuch as it is highly significant of the influence which the religious feeling and sentiments of the time possessed over the manners and customs of the ordinary every day life of the citizens of London. This must have been very great, for we find that even the choice of a Chief Magistrate for the year was deemed to be a matter involving so high a responsibility on all concerned, that the citizens came to the conclusion that not only on the occasion referred to, but at all subsequent elections, none should take place except under the auspices of a religious service. The ordinance as preserved among the archives of the Corporation is to the following effect:— 4 “ On Wednesday, the Feast of the Translation of St. Edward the King and Confessor (13 October), in the 8th year, etc., John Wodecok, Mayor of the City of London, considering that upon the same day he and all the Aldermen of the said city, and as many as possible of the wealthier and more substantial Commoners of the same city, ought to meet at the Guildhall, as the usage is, to elect a new Mayor for the ensuing year, ordered that a Mass of the Holy Spirit should be celebrated, with solemn music, in the Chapel annexed to the said Guildhall; to the end that the same Commonalty, by the grace of the Holy Spirit, might he able peacefully and amicably to nominate two able and proper persons to be Mayor of the said city for the ensuing year, by favour of the clemency of Our Saviour, according to the customs of the said city. Which Mass having in the said Chapel been solemnly celebrated, there being present thereat the said John Wodecok, the Mayor, John Prestone, Recorder, Nicholas Wottone and Geoffrey Broke, Sheriffs, the Prior of the Holy Trinity, John Hadlee, William Staundone, Richard Whytyngtone, Drew Barentyn, Thomas Knolles, John Shadworth, William Askham, William Bramptone, John Warner, William Walderne, William Venour, Robert Chychely, Thomas Fauconer, Thomas Polle, William Louthe, William Crowmere, Henry Bartone, and Henry Pountfreyt, Aldermen, and many reputable Commoners of the City aforesaid, the same Mayor, Recorder, Sheriffs, Aldermen, and Commoners, entered the Guildhall, where the precept of the said Mayor and Aldermen, as the cause of the said congregation, was becomingly set forth and declared by the said Recorder to the Commoners aforesaid, to 1 Letter Book C, fol. 62b. 3 Letter Book C, fol. 35b. (Elected Recorder in 1339.) 2 Letter Book D, fol. 6b. 4 Letter Book I, fol. 54. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 159 the end that such Commoners should nominate unto the said Mayor and Aldermen such able and proper persons as had before filled the office of Sheriff in the City aforesaid ; it being for the said Commoners to take no care which of the persons so to be nominated should be chosen by the Mayor and Aldermen to be Mayor for the ensuing year. Which being done, the said Mayor, Recorder, Sheriffs, and Aldermen, went up into the Chamber of the Mayor’s Court, within the Guildhall aforesaid, there to await the nomination of such two persons. Whereupon, the Commoners peacefully and amicably, without any clamour or discussion, did becomingly nominate Richard Whytyngtone, mercer, and Drew Barentyn, goldsmith, through John Westone, Common Countor (or Serjeant) of the said City, and presented the same. And hereupon, the Mayor and Aldermen, with closed door, in the said Chamber chose Richard Whytyngtone aforesaid, by guidance of the Holy Spirit, to be Mayor of the City for the ensuing year; after which the Mayor and Aldermen, coming down from the Chamber into the Hall, to the Commoners there assembled, as the custom is, notified by the Recorder unto the same Commoners, how that, by Divine inspiration, the lot had fallen upon the said Richard Whytyngtone, as above stated. And further, the said Commoners unanimously entreated the Mayor and Aldermen, that they would ordain that in every future year, on the day of the Translation of St. Edward, a Mass of the Holy Spirit, for the reasons before stated, should be celebrated, before the election of the Mayor, in the Chapel aforesaid. And hereupon the Mayor and Aldermen considering the entreaty of the said Commoners to be fair, reasonable, and consonant with right, and especially to the glory and laud of God, and to the honour of the said City, by assent and consent of the said Commoners, did ordain and decree that every year in future a solemn Mass with music shall be celebrated in presence of the Mayor and Aldermen; the same Mass, by ordinance of the Chamberlain for the time being, to be solemnly chaunted by the finest singers in the Chapel aforesaid, and upon that Feast.” Of the above individuals mentioned as being present at this interesting gathering, one in which it is curious to note that the Prior of the Holy Trinity participated, they all, with few exceptions, were elected to the civic chair. For example, Nicholas Wotton, Mercer, 1415, Member of Parliament for the City, and ancestor of Lord Wotton ; Sir John Hadley, Grocer, 1393; Sir William Staundon, or Stondon, Grocer, 1392; Richard Whittington, Mercer, 1397; Sir Drew Barentyn, Goldsmith, 1398, the first Alderman of Farringdon Within after the division of Farringdon into two Wards; Sir Thomas Knolles, Grocer, 1399, ancestor of the Earl of Banbury; Sir John Shadworth, Mercer, 1401; Sir William Askliam, Fishmonger, 1403, Member of Parliament, in early life apprenticed to the celebrated Walworth; Sir William Walderne, Mercer, 1412; Sir William Venour, Grocer, 1389; Sir Robert Chichele, Grocer, 1411, brother of Archbishop Chichele, donor of the ground for the Church of St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, and a great public benefactor; Sir Thomas Falconer, Mercer, 1414; Sir William Crowmer, Draper, 1413, Member of Parliament, ancestor of Sir James Crowmer, of Tunstall, Kent; Sir Henry Barton, Skinner, of whom we have elsewhere spoken, is the last but one mentioned, he was elected to the office in the year 1416. These had previously served as Sheriffs in accordance with a regulation made in the year 1383, 7 Richard II:—“That no person shall from henceforth be Mayor of the said City if he have not first been Sheriff of the said City, to the end that he may be tried in govern¬ ance and bounty, before he attains such estate of the mayoralty.” 1 Of Henry Pountfreyt, the last of the names recorded, but little appears to be known of him with the exception that he was Sheriff during the mayoralty of Sir William Stondon. Thomas Polle and William Louthe likewise mentioned had been also Sheriff’s, the former in the mayoralty of Sir William Askham, the latter in that of Sir John Hende in the following year. 1 “ Liber Albus,” book iii, part iv, fol. 241b. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. In the year 1453, 32 Henry VI, an ordinance was passed by the Mayor and Aldermen, in response to a petition by the Commonalty, that in future the Mayor should go by barge to Westminster to be presented to the representatives of the Sovereign. At a meeting of the Court of Common Council on the 18th October, 1453, 32 Henry VI, the proposition for such a change was made. The Lord Cardinal, the Chancellor of England, and the Lord Duke of Somerset sent an application by Thomas Belgrave, Sergeant at Arms, to the Mayor and Aldermen to the effect that it was their desire that they should influence the Commonalty of the City to decide “that for the future they should conduct their Mayor to Westminster on horseback as before in past times they had used to do.” The application, however, appears to have been altogether disregarded, for the “said Commonalty would by no means consent thereto but that he should be conducted by barges.” 1 The change, it would seem, had been already brought about, viz., towards the close of the 15th century, and that the high dignitaries at Westminster were anxious to revert to the old practice, for in addition to other instances, they might have referred to a distinguished precedent in their favour. It was on Lord Mayor’s Day, in the year 1415, 4 Henry V, that Sir Nicholas Wotton, in accordance with the ride, was proceeding on horseback to subscribe to the oaths as usual, when the news was brought to him of the glorious victory just won by his countrymen at Agincourt, on the 25th October, four days before—upon his return to the City he forthwith repaired to St. Paul’s, where a thanks¬ giving service was held and the Te Deum sung. On the following day there was a great procession including the Queen, Johanna of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV, a number of the Nobility, the Clergy, the Mayor, Aldermen and Corporation, all proceeding to West¬ minster on foot, where a thanksgiving service took place at the Shrine of King Edward, “the Glorious Confessor.” If, however, the old practice of riding to Westminster on the 29th October had fallen into desuetude, it appears to have been revived, for there is a curious and interesting print in the possession of the Corporation — from which the annexed has been copied— that represents Sir Robert Titchborne, Skinner, Mayor in 1657, seated upon his horse and attired in the quaint costume then in fashion. It has been HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 161 Sir Robert belonged to a Kentish family, whose possessions had been acquired by successfully working the iron foundries, which, in those days, existed both in Kent and Sussex. Llis career is chiefly remarkable from the active part he took in the contest then raging between Charles I and Parliament. His name appears among the leading Members of the House of Commons, and that his influence was great is evidenced by the fact that he was one of those appointed as a member of the High Court of Justice for the trial of the King, 6th January, 1648. He attended nearly the whole of the sittings, and upon the last occasion his name is to be seen in the list of those who signed the warrant for the execution of the ill-fated monarch. At signs of a Restoration, Sir Robert Titchborne fled abroad, and there awaited the issue of events ; called upon, with others, to surrender, on the penalty of losing both life and estate, he returned, and in company with other of the regicides, was committed to the Tower. At the trial he pleaded “Not Guilty,” and was more successful in his explanations than many of his comrades, for ten of them suffered death, and although he escaped, the whole of his property was sequestered, and he precluded from again accepting any civic office. His residence was near to Fitches Court, Noble Street, Aldersgate ; it was one that escaped the Fire of 1666, when all those adjoining were entirely consumed. 1 The Arms of Titchborne, or Ticliborn, are Vair azure , on chief or a crescent. Sir Gilbert Ileathcote was a man of considerable wealth, his property being valued at his decease at half-a-million. Knighted by Queen Anne, he was created a baronet by George II, the 17th January, 1732-3. He represented the City of London in Parliament from 1700 to 1708. By marriage with Hester, daughter of Christopher Rayner, he had issue, one son, Sir John Heathcote, and two daughters, viz., Anne, the wife of Sir Jacob Jacobson, Knight, and Elizabeth, wife to Sigismund Trafford, Esq., of Dunstan Hall, in the county of Lincoln. His Arms ermine , three pomies vert , each charged with a cross or. In the year 1475, 16 Edward IV, another change is recorded in connection with the mayoralty. At a meeting on this occasion of the Court of Common Council, under the presidency of Sir Robert Drope, Draper, Humphrey Starkey, Recorder, &c., &c., it was agreed that no two Aldermen, who were members of the same Company, should be nominated to the office. It was further agreed that the Masters and Wardens of the mysteries of the City, either in their Halls, or other fit and convenient place, should associate with themselves the honest men of their respective mysteries and crafts, and, clad in their last livery, meet together at the Guildhall of the City for the election of Mayor, and in their last livery but one for the election of Sheriffs of the City, and that none other except the good men of the Commonalty be present at the elections aforesaid. It was also determined that no Alderman should on these occasions bring into the Guildhall more than one of his servants to bear his cloak. 2 : v 162 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. In 1523, 15 Henry VIII, an Act was passed by the Court inflicting a fine of £1,000 upon George Monox, Lord-Mayor Elect, for absenting himself from office. It was, on the same occasion, resolved that a similar penalty should be imposed on all who, in future, after their election, declined to assume office. 1 Three years later, viz., in 1546, 38 Henry VIII, the Act was passed, changing the day of election from the 13th October, the Feast-day of King Edward the Confessor, to that of Michaelmas. 2 We have thus far traced the various orders and regulations which governed the election of the Mayor from the earliest period recorded, down to the second half of the 16th century. There are other changes, and much interesting information concerning them, which might, if space permitted, be here included. As to the social position of the Chief Magistrate during his tenure of office, a few words may be admissible. It has ever been one of dignity and trust; he enjoys honours analogous to those of an Earl, even when in the presence of royalty. The City sword is borne before him as in the case of the Earls of olden time, and not behind. Massinger, the dramatist, refers to this when he recites in the play of the “ City Madam,” “I see Lord Mayor written on his forehead; The Cap of Maintenance and City Sword, Borne up in State before him.” Attention has been already directed to the privilege conferred upon the ^citizens of old, of having either a gold or silver mace carried before the Mayor and Aldermen 3 4 at all public ceremonies, likewise to the older regime as represented, not alone by the mace or sceptre, but by the emblematical sword and dragon ; both of these are legacies from classic times. In Amiens, the insignia of supreme justice consisted of two swords of antique form carried in the hands of two officials ; a similar custom prevailed throughout the majority of the great corporations in France, and these unquestionably enjoyed a continuity from Roman times. G. Laurence Gomme, F.S.A., who has devoted a considerable amount of attention to this branch of archeology, quotes in his valuable “ Index of Municipal Offices,” 1 — the grant of Henry VII to the City of Chester, permitting the Mayor to have the sword borne before “in our absence, and may cause it to be borne before him with the point upright, in the presence as well as of other nobles and lords of our realm of England who are related to us in lineal consanguinity and others whomsoever, and in any other manner howsoever.” At York the Sword Bearer attends the Lord Mayor and Corporation on all State occasions, likewise the Upper House when assembled in Council, and all Corporate meetings for elections and admission of freemen, and to this he affixes the Seal of the Corporation. The Mace Bearer lias similar duties to perform, and the officer of the Silver Mace acts as domestic servant to the Lord Mayor on all State occasions. At Exeter, a City in which Municipal institutions are known to have survived from the earliest period 1 Letter Book N, fol. 247. 2 Letter Book Q, fol. 182. 3 See p. 6, and Thompson’s “ English Municipal History,” p. 173. 4 “ Index of Municipal Offices,” Index Society, by 0. Laurence Gomme, F.S.A., p. 18. Mr. Gomme further discusses the custom of carrying the sword upwards, in the Antiquary , vol. i, p. 302, and compares the contentions which took place at London and Chester, when it was sought to abolish this rite. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 163 of its recorded history, similar practices are customary. Exeter is celebrated for the heroic defences it has ever made against rebellious armies and ferocious invaders. The Pretender, Perkin Warbeck, was gallantly repulsed from its walls. In reward for such loyalty and bravery, Plenry VII granted a Charter of Immunities, presented his own sword to the Mayor, and gave a hat or cap of liberty, to be worn on all public occasions. The Mayor and Corporation enter the Cathedral, preceded by the Sword Bearer, wearing this hat on his head within the Choir , and does not take it off till he has deposited the sword before the Mayor, close to the throne of the Bishop. In like manner he wears this hat in the House of God, in marching in front of the procession, leaving the Cathedral. In our civic processions, the Sword Bearer, with his quaint cap and garb, is but an object of curiosity to the spectators, and one only of the singular group of which he forms a part, but in reality he is far more than this, his office is a distinct appointment, it is of the highest antiquity in the history of the Corporation, and one of no small significance. In addition the Mayor is privileged to officiate as Chief Butler at Coronation Feasts, as did Andrew Bokerel, Mayor in the year 1236, 21 Henry III, at the marriage of that monarch with Eleanor, daughter of the Count of Provence, January 14, and within the present century, when the Lord Mayor John Thomas Thorpe, thus officiated at the Coronation of George IV, July 19, 1821. At such festivals, the Mayor is referred to as “ bearing the Mace.” Shakespeare alludes to this in his description of the procession on the occasion of the Coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1 his words in the opening scene descriptive of the event would, at the present day, be both applicable and true :— “ Tis well: the citizens, I am sure, have shown at full their royal minds— As, let ’em have their rights, they are ever fonvard — In celebration of this day with shows, Pageants and sights of honour.” The order of the procession is subsequently recorded, and here appears the precedence given to the officials of the City. It is all minutely described by Hall in his “ Chronicles ” of the time, and it is to him that the great dramatist was indebted for his facts. In the programme we find that the Judges, the Lord Chancellor, then Sir Thomas More, are first, but the next in order is the Lord Mayor carrying the City Mace, symbolical of his office. He is succeeded by a train of Marquises, Dukes and other leading members of the aristocracy, each placed according to their rank. In addition to the Sword and Mace, as emblems of civic power, we have incidentally alluded to the Dragon, this is generally admitted as a symbol of Municipal authority. Mr. Coote 2 has defined it as the national war ensign of England, derived from the flags carried in battle by the respective cohorts of a Roman legion, which, as he says, became a banner cherished by the English in war, “to the latest days of the Anglo-Saxon rule.” The association between this mythical creation and our Cross of St. George is well known, but, in addition, may be observed that in the two Griffins, for such they are which guard the City shield, we discern the idea which influenced those who selected them as symbols; the Griffin was in favour with the heralds of old, and was exceptionally appropriate for association with the Corporation. As a fabulous animal, it is represented with the body “ Henry VIII,” Act iv, Scene i. 2 “ Koreans of Britain,” pp. 432-3. 164 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Aldermen. and feet of a lion, tlie head of an eagle or vulture, and furnished with wings and claws, thus symbolising strength, swiftness, courage, prudence and vigilance—all qualifications singularly appropriate to the Arms adopted by the City. It has been stated that the titles of Lord and Right Honourable were conferred upon the office in the 14th century, Alderman Thomas Legge, a member of the Skinners’ Company, being the first so honoured. He had lent money to Edward III, for the expenses of the war in France, and had also married the daughter of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and thus attained a position of high standing. The honour conferred by the above titles was due to the King, and moreover it was given in that memorable year when Crecy was fought and won. He was sub¬ sequently unfortunate, for some thirty years after his mayoralty he suffered at the hands of the partisans of Wat Tyler, by whom he was beheaded on Tower Hill, on the 14th June in the year 1381. He bequeathed £100 for cleansing the City fosses on condition that masses should be offered for the repose of his soul in the Chapel of St. Mary, at Guildhall. His Arms :—Vert, a buck’s head, or, on a Chief, argent, three crosses flory, azure. The next important section of the Corporation is the Court of Aldermen ; second only to the Mayor. They are first mentioned in the year 1200, when it is stated that in “this year was elected twenty-five of the most discreet citizens, and sworn to consult for the City together with the Mayor.” 1 At this period, they were styled Barons ; the name still survives in the inscription preserved upon the Common Seal belonging to the Corporation. In subsequent years they are referred to as Aldermen, and associated with their respective Wards. In the year 1293, 21 Edward I, it was enacted that each Ward should elect its own Alderman. The record appears as follows:— “The whole commonalty being assembled in the presence of John le Breton, Gustos, that is to say from every ward the richer and wiser, the several from each ward severally elected to themselves Aldermen freely of their good will, and with their full consent; and the same Aldermen so elected they presented to the Custos, that all matters which the said Aldermen of their council and discretion with the Custos should make and ordain for the government of the City, and keeping the peace should be firmly observed; and for other provisions touching on the Commonweal of the City, they shall hold stable and firm, without challenge or gainsay ; and also each ward shall elect to itself an Alderman, for whom as to his acts, touching the City and state of the same, they will be responsible.” 2 At this time the responsibilities attached to the office were numerous ; among others, we find that personal supervision had to be exercised to ensure the safety of the citizens at night. By an ordinance made in the year 1307, 35 Edward I, it was enacted that every Alderman should have three horses for keeping the peace, and that watch should be kept each night by the Aldermen and men of the Wards on horseback. 3 As time went on, it was found in one case, viz., in that of the Ward of Farringdon Within, that the increase of its wealth and population rendered these duties too arduous for one individual to undertake the responsibility, it was therefore decided that “ as the Ward of Farringdon Within and Without is so much increased in possessions and inhabitants therein in a few years past whereby the governance thereof is too laborious and too De Antiquis Legibus,” fol. G8b. 2 Letter Book C, fol. G. 3 Letter Book C, fol. 90b. ■ . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 165 burdensome for one person to occupy and govern it,” &c., &c., it was henceforth to be divided into two Wards, 1 and in 1393 an Act of Parliament was obtained for legalising the election of two Aldermen in place of one as formerly. 2 At this period a new regulation was made with respect to their election. In place of this occurring annually, they were to retain their office until removed therefrom for some reasonable and justifiable cause. 3 Later still we find that no one should be entitled to assume the position unless he was born within the Kingdom, and, moreover, his father must have been an Englishman. 4 This was decided upon in the first year of the reign of Henry V, viz., in 1413 ; nearly forty years later it was decreed that no one should be admitted as an Alderman unless he had property to the value of £1,000, and in the entry which records the fact it is mentioned that Stephen Fabyan, lately elected, swearing he was not worth such an amount was exonerated from the office. 5 In the reign of Charles I, viz., in 1637, there was an order of the Privy Council to the effect that no Alderman should leave the City without permission of the Mayor and Court of Aldermen, and further that there should be thirteen of the number always within the precincts of the City. 6 In the succeeding reign, viz., on 17tli November, 1674, it was decreed that the entire number should come and reside therein. 7 There appears in past times to have been some stringent regulations as to the costume to be adopted by the Aldermen. In the early part of the reign of Richard II, it had been decided that upon Whit Monday they should be arrayed in cloaks of green, lined with a thin silk of the same colour, and failing to comply, they were subject to such a penalty as might be fixed by the Lord Mayor. There is an instance recorded of an Alderman failing in this respect, and being punished accordingly, but it appears that the fine was one thoroughly English in its character; he was but to invite his brethren to a dinner, and there to appear in the costume which he had previously avoided. The Record is dated 5 Richard II, a.d. 1382 :— “ Whereas the Mayor and Aldermen with common assent had agreed that all the Aldermen of London for the dignity of the said City, should be arrayed upon the Feast of Pentecost, in the 5th year, etc., in cloaks of green, lined with green taffeta or tartaryn , under a penalty, at the discretion of the Mayor and the other Aldermen so arrayed, to be assessed,-on Monday, the same Feast, when the said Mayor and Aldermen went to the Church of St. Peter on Cornhill, to go in procession from thence through the City, according to the ancient custom, to the Church of St. Paul’s, John Sely, the Alderman of Walbrook, appeared then in a Cloak that was single and without a lining, contrary to the Ordinance and assent aforesaid. Whereupon by advice of the Mayor and the Aldermen, it was then adjudged, and assented to, that the said Mayor and other Aldermen should dine with the same John at his house, and that, at the proper costs of the said John, on the Thursday following ; and further, the said John was to line his Cloak in manner aforesaid, and so it was done. And this judgment shall extend to all other Aldermen, hereafter to come without sparing any one if any person among them shall act contrary to the Ordinance aforesaid.” 3 A somewhat amusing reference to the dress affected by the Aldermen in the early part of the present century is to be found in the “ Autobiography of Frederick Reynolds,” a dramatic writer of the closing years of the last century. He describes a visit he once paid to one Major Topham, a dramatic writer of the time, and the conductor of the then popular journal, “ The World.” “After passing an agreeable fortnight at Cowslip House, we started on a trip to Bury St. Edmunds. Topham’s equipage was almost as singular as 1 Letter Book H, 290b. 3 Letter Book H, 291. 5 Letter Book L, fol. 64b. 7 Journal xlviii, fol. 90b. 2 Letter Book H, 291. 4 Letter Book I, fol. 126. 0 Repertory 51, fol. 251b. 8 Letter Book H, fol. 146. Norman French. Aldermen’s Court. 166 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. his dress. He drove a currile (constructed after a plan of his own) with four black horses splendidly caprisoned, and followed by two grooms in conspicuous liveries. His dress consisted of a short scarlet coat, with large cut steel buttons, a very short white waistcoat, top boots and leather breeches, so long in their upper quarters as almost to reach to his chin. In order that the peculiarities of this dress should he duly appreciated, it must he remembered that, at that time, every other person wore very long coats, and breeches so very short, that half the day and one whole hand were entirely employed in raising them en dewier to avoid any awkward declension en avant. I have seen many of the Court of Aldermen enter Guildhall in this manner, that every body in consideration of its convenience, defying its singularity, adopted Topham’s costume, thus he had the eclat of introducing the present male fashion which in comparison with the last is not only useful hut ornamental.” 1 The Aldermen’s Court Room is a noble apartment, and possesses an additional interest at the present time, inasmuch as it is shortly to he removed in accordance with the plans recently decided upon for alterations and improvements. Its most attractive feature is the decorated ceiling of which we are enabled to give an effective illustration. In the centre will he noticed a well-finished painting enclosed within an oval. This is the work of Sir James Thornhill, and is intended to typify the old traditions of the City. The seated figure is to represent London ; she wears a mural crown, and in her left hand grasps the civic shield. The figure behind is intended for Pallas, the daughter of Jupiter, and beneath her two little hoys, one hears upon his shoulder the City Sword, the other is pointing to the Cap of Maintenance and the Mace that lies beneath her feet. There is an allegorical figure of Peace, who is represented as presenting an olive branch, and another illustration of Plenty pouring out riches from her horn. There are two oblong compartments at each end of the ceiling, they contain youthful figures representative of the cardinal virtues Prudence, Temperance, Justice, and Fortitude. The borderings round the various designs are rich and tasteful, and are embellished with animals and foliage. The chimney-piece, is constructed of black marble. Above it is a painting given to the Corporation by Sir James Thornhill. 2 It appears like metal, and is painted in Chiaro-scuro. The typical figures selected are London, Justice, Liberty, Piety, Truth, &c. At the lower end of the chamber—viz., the east end—appears the motto Audi Alteram Partem, one most appropriate when the purposes to which the apartment has been devoted are considered. Around the margin of the ceiling there are affixed above the cornice twenty-eight shields of Arms of past Lord Mayors. Their names are all given in the illustration. In the two windows above the Mayor’s chair are also Coats of Arms painted on glass; they are those of Aldermen, viz., Robert Waithman, 1823; John Garratt, 1824; William Venables, 1825; Anthony Brown, 1826 ; Matthias Prime Lucas, 1827 ; William Thompson, 1828 ; John Crowder, 1829 ; Sir John Key, Bart., 1830-1 ; Sir Peter Laurie, 1832 ; Charles Farebrother, 1833 ; Henry Winchester, 1834 ; W. Taylor Copeland, 1835 ; Thomas Kelly, 1836 ; Sir John Cowan, Bart., 1837 ; Samuel Wilson, 1838 ; Sir Chapman Marshall, 1839. The other windows contain the Arms of Thomas Johnson, 1840 ; 1 “ Reynolds’ Life and Times,” 1828, written by himself, vol. ii, p. 38. 2 The original design is preserved in the Library of the Corporation. I HJMdOlSiaHO M8i “bsa ’Hoaia lanwvs Ciai '’&S3 'A3TOHOS 398039 •0164 ■ 2)S3 'HUNS NVH1VNOP 'HSOP •eoei '‘lava aaMOTd S3 *i«vho uis •^091 * 6S3 A3TSNV NHOP *.#» *Ms ^ x&u 'iS ESQ.. 1 878. SJR MATTHEW WOOD, BART.. M. P., 1815 1816. SIR WILLIAM OOMVILLE. BART., 1013 SIR CLAUDIUS STEPHEN HUNTER BART 1811. THOMAS SMITH. ESQ.. 1809. SIR WILLIAM LEIGHTON Kl.. 1 606; THE CEILING OF THE ■ Painted by i HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 167 Sir John Pirie, Bart., 1841 ; John Humphrey, 1842; Sir William Magnay, Bart., 1843 ; Michael Gibbs, 1844; John Johnson, 1845 ; Sir George Carroll, 1846 ; J. Kinnersley Hooper, 1847; Sir James Duke, Bart., 1848 ; Thomas Farncomb, 1849; Sir John Musgrove, Bart., 1850 ; William Hunter, 1851 ; Thomas Challis, 1852 ; Thomas Sidney, 1853 ; Sir Francis G. Moon, Bart., 1854; Sir David Salomons, Bart., 1855 ; T. Quested Finnis, 1856 ; Sir Robert W. Carden, 1857 ; David William Wire, 1858 ; John Carter, 1859 ; William Cubitt, 1860—1; Sir W. Anderson Rose, 1862 ; William Lawrence, 1863 ; Warren S. Hale, 1864 ; Sir Benjamin Samuel Phillips, 1865 ; Sir Thomas Gabriel, Bart., 1866 ; Wm. Ferneley Allen, 1867 ; Sir James Clarke Lawrence, Bart., 1868 ; Robert Besley, 1869 ; Sir Thomas Dakin, 1870; Sir Sills J. Gibbons, Bart., 1871; Sir Sydney H. Waterlow, Bart., 1872 ; Sir Andrew Lusk, Bart., 1873. On either side the entrance at the lower end of the Chamber are six panels, each containing a Coat of Arms carved in wood ; one alone remains unappropriated, and in this, presuming the Chamber to have remained in use, there would have been inserted the Arms of the present respected Lord Mayor. His eleven predecessors in this distinguished office are, D. H. Stone, 1874; W. J. R. Cotton, 1875; Sir Thomas White, 1876; Sir T. S. Owden, 1877 ; Sir Charles Whetliam, 1878 ; Sir Francis W. Truscott, 1879 ; Sir William McArthur, 1880; Sir J. Whittaker Ellis, Bart., 1881; Sir II. Edmund Knight, 1882 ; Sir Robert Nicholas Fowler, M.P., 1883 ; G. S. Nottage, 1884. The third and a highly important section of the Corporation is the Commonalty or Court of Common Council. This comprises the representative body of the citizens, and it is one whose constitution lias never from the first' day of its establishment been changed. Upon the division of the City into Wards, each Ward was presided over by an Alderman, who was assisted in the duties and responsibilities of his office by a certain number of substantial citizens chosen for the purpose by the inhabitants of his particular Ward; the number elected being in accordance with the population resident therein. In the year 1383, 1 7 Richard II, there were 96 members in all; but the numbers were, in some cases, six, in others four, and in a few instances only two individuals were returned as representatives of their Wards, the average, however, being four to each of the then twenty-four Wards. 2 A century previous there were less than half that number. In the year 1273, 1 Edward I, it was but forty. An entry in the records gives the names of the Aldermen and Commonalty of the twenty-four Wards, under the heading “ The names of divers men elected to consult with the Aldermen on the affairs of the City.” 3 Nomina propria Wardartim Civitatis Lond et nomina Alder- mannorum ... Warda Fori. Steplianus Aswy. WardadeLodgateetNeugate Willelmus de Farndon ... Warda Castri Beynard Warda de Aldreidesgate Warda de Bredstrate Warda de Bipa regine Bicardus Aswy ... Willelmus le Mazener Anketinus de Betevile Simon de Hadestok Nomina proborum kominum Juratornm omnium Wardarum ad consulendum cum Alder- mannis in Comunibus negociis Civitatis Lond. Elias de Honilane, Henricus le Coffrer. Johannes le Coffrer + Badulphus le Mazeliner. Henricus Belkus, Bobertus le Paurner. Johannes de Cestrehunte. Gilbertus de Dunton, Bicardus Poterel. Bicardus Aswy, Henricus de Keyley. Fauk le Taverner, Willelmus de Beverlaco. Badulphus de Brumle, Bobertus de Chalfhunte. 1 Beport to the Common Council, 6 March, 1834. 3 “Liber Albus,” Biley’s Translation, p. 399. 3 Letter Book A, fol. 116. Common Council. 168 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Warda.Vinetrie . Warda de Douegate Warda de W:alebrock Warda-de Colemaiiestrate ... Warda de Bassieshawe Warda de Crepelgate Warda de Candlewystrate ... Warda de Langeford Warda de Cordewanerstrate Warda de Cornhull. Warda de Liruestrate Warda de Bissopesgate Warda de Alegate. Warda de Turre . Warda de Billingesgate Warda Pontis Warda de Lodingeberi Porsoken . Jobannes de Gisors Gregorius de Rokesle . Thomas Box . Johannes filius Petri . Radulphus le Blound Henricus de Frowick . Robertus de Basinge . Nicholaus de Wintonia. Henricus le Waleys . Martinus Box . Robertus de Rokesle . Pliilippus le Taylur . Johannes de Northampton Willelmus de Hadestok ... Wolmarus de Essex . Joceus le Achatur . Robertus de Arras Prior Sancte Trinitatis de Alegate Henricus de Herford, Johannes dictus Clericus. Petrus Cosin, Robertus de Preston. Thomas Box, Fulco de Sancto Edmundo. Willelmus Gratefige, Tristram le Cheyerell. Ricardus de Caumpes, Willelmus Heyrum. Walter us de Finchingfeud, Thomas de Stanes. Mattheus le Chaundiler, Robertus le Surgein. Willelmus de Kelwedon, Johannes le Potter. Hugo Motuu, Osbertus de Suffolchia. Johannes Skip, Radulphus de Berkingge. Thomas le Conver, Ricardus le Paumer. Henricus le Bole, Galfridus de Hundesdichs. Laurentius le Potter. Martinus Lupus, Benedictus de Hakenee. Thomas Cros, Johannes Baudri. Ricardus Knotte, Edmundus Horn. Walterus Hautein, Nicholaus de Hedresete. Edmundus Trentemars. In the year 1317 this number was increased to fifty-seven; 1 hut on account of the increase in population, and the development of trade and commerce, it became necessary to further augment the number. The representatives of the then twenty- five Wards became as many as 133. The list is given in detail in the records, and as it is the first recognised “Court of Common Council” of which we have an accurate description with all the names of its members, together with an enumeration of their Wards, it may be interesting if the entry be transcribed in full. It reads At a congregation of the Mayor, Aldermen, and an immense number of the Commonalty, on Wednesday in the first week of Lent, in the twenty-first year of the reign of King Edward after the Conquest the Third, in presence of Geoffrey de Wychinghan, Mayor, Sir John de Pulteneye, Reynald de Conduit, Henry Harci, Andrew Aubrey, John Hamond, Richard Lacer, Roger de Depham, John Syward, Thomas Leggy, Walter Turke, John de Caustone, and Adam Brabazon, Aldermen, the persons underwritten, were chosen in their respective wards to come to the Guildhall of London, when they should be warned thereto, to treat of business touching the City; namely from the Ward of :— TOWER—G. Henry Wymond. William Box. Laurence de Braghhyuge. Ralph de Halstede. Thomas atte Yyne. John Anketill. - BRIDGE—G. Nicholas atte Gate. John de Hathfield. Roger Knoville. Geoffrey Fayrher. Richard Bacoun. Stephen Lucas. BILL YNGESG ATE—G. LANGEBURN—G. Richard de Lambethe. Adam Pykemau. Richard Double. John Youn. Robert Pykeman. Henry Sterre. John de Bromholme. William Palmere. Geoffrey de Everdone. John de Hablond. Robert de Stratforde. Thomas Bonde. The above being to the east of Walbroke. Letter Book F, fol. 13Gb. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 169 CANDELWYKESTRETE—6. Thomas de Wyntone. Thomas Broun. Thomas Parker. William Knight. John de Werlee. John Lemman. WALBROKE—G. John de Bedeforde. Nicholas Hotot. Adam de Bury. John le Neue. Richard de Carletone. Walter Page. LYMSTRETE—2. Godfrey atte Swan. Thomas de Alkefolde. DOUEGATE—6. Thomas d’Espaigue. Richard de Wycombe. William de Wircestre. James Andreu. Thomas Potyn. Wilham Swifte. ALEGATE—6. John de Neubery. Walter Costantyn. Simon Caperoun. Robert Andreu. Stephen atte Conduit William Danzel. BISSHOPESGATE—6. John Pycot. Henry de Norhamptone. Alan Osegodeby. Nicholas Segrave. Thomas le Barber. Geoffrey Sergeaunt. CORNHULLE—6. Robert Mauhale. John de Brendewod. Ralph Cantebrege. Stephen atte Holte. John Levelife. Richard de Claveringe. PORTSOKNE—6. Peter de Westone. John de Romeneye. Alexander Cobbe. Alexander Mareschal. John le Longe. Thomas de Caxtone. BRADESTRETE—5. Richard de Staundone. John Herewartestoke. Thomas Lyouns. Wilham le Hore. Adam Aspal. The above being to the east of Walbrolce. VINETRIE—5. Henry Eannere. John Cressingham. Walter Benet. Henry Palmere. Thomas Sharnebroke. QUEEN HYTHE—6. Richard Smelt. Robert Hornere. William de Bernes. William Vere. William de Neuport. William de Fulham. CASTLE BAYNARD—5. John Lumbard. Thomas de Cornwall. John Burre. CHEPE—6. Thomas de Waldene. Roger de Caumpes. John Blaunche. John Pecche. Henry atte Roche. John Russell. COLMANSTRETE—6. John de Hatfield. John Deynes. Henry de Ware. Jqjau de Berkynge. John Tornegold. Richard de Shorediche. Henry Brenge. William atte Welde. The above being to the west of Walbroke. Y 170 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. CORDWANERSTRETE—6. Jolin de Abyndone. William de Hanhampstede. Adam Fraunceys. John Bole, Pelterer. Giles Spenser. John Berkyng, the younger. FARNDONE—6. Robert de Shorediche, the elder. Robert de Wyke. William Blithe. Andrew de Seccheforde. Reynald de Thorpe. Robert de Asshe. BREDSTRETE—4. John de Tyffeld. Gilbert Palmere. John de Kyngestone. Nicholas Madefrey. BASSIESHAWE—6. CREPELGATE—6. Richard Goldbetere. John de Hyngestone. Simon de Worstede. William Payn. Adam Walpol. William le Chaloner. John de Dallynge. Roger Madour. William de Todenham. Roger Pycot. Henry Cotiller. Roarer Latoner. ALDRESGATE—4. William de Rameseye. John de Thame. John atte Barnet. Thomas de Grauntbrege. The above being to the west of Walbroke. In tlie year 1354 a certain hour of meeting was fixed for the assembling of the Court. The following extract is of interest, as showing how early in the day the citizens of old were accustomed to commence their business, and if they omitted to attend to their official duties they were amerced in a monetary fine. “At a meeting of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs, and an immense Commonalty, on Saturday next after the Feast of St. Dunstan there were present, the Mayor Adam Fraunceys, nineteen Aldermen, and the wiser and more wealthy of all the Wards of the City. It was ordained and agreed that henceforward when the Aldermen and other citizens of the City of London shall be summoned to be at the Guildhall of London for arduous affairs touching the Commonalty of the said City and shall not come there by the first horn- struck at Saint Paul’s they shall be amerced at two shillings to the use of the Commonalty of London.” 1 It would seem, moreover, that, in addition to tlie regulations as to a strict attendance, it became necessary to impress upon the members of the Court that all proceedings involving the interests of the City should be kept secret, for there is an ordinance dated 27th May, 1428, 6 Henry VI, to the following effect:— “ Agreed by the Commoualty, that if anyone summoned and being in the Common Council shall tell any of the secrets spoken or done in the same to the damage of the Commonalty or any person soever that he shall lose his Freedom and pay to the Chamber £20.” 2 As time went on, and the City became extended in every direction, and with a constantly increasing population, the number of members returned was gradually augmented, and at some periods they were chosen with a regard rather to the trade they represented than to the Ward to which they belonged. In the year 1639 the number of members elected for Farrington Without was as many as sixteen. 3 In 1642-3 the 1 Letter Book G, fol. 19. 3 Journal xxxix, fol. 3Gb. 2 Journal, ii, fol. 101b. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 171 number for the Ward of Aldersgate was increased from six to eight. 1 In 1654 2 the representatives of the Ward of Cheap were fixed at twelve, and in the year 1840 we arrive at the present number—a striking contrast to the first-mentioned list, viz., two hundred and six. Above the old Council Chamber were inscribed the following words :— “ Carolus Henricus vivaut Defensor uterque, Henricus Fidei, Carolus Ecclesite.” Long Prosperity ) The one of the Faith To Charles and Henry l The other of the Church Princes most puissant. j Chosen Defendant. This was Charles V, Emperor of Germany and King of Spain, and according to Granger, 3 a great politician at sixteen years of age. He came to England twice in this reign to visit King Henry VIII, to whom he paid his court as the arbiter of Europe, as Henry then held the balance between him and Francis I of France. In the latter part of his life, he resigned his kingdoms to his brother and his son and retired into a monastery. He was thought to have been very strongly inclined to the religion which he persecuted. 4 He died 21st September, 1558. A few days before his death, he commanded his funeral procession to pass before him in the same order as it did after his decease. He obtained the title which he had enjoyed by publishing a writ of outlawry against Martin Luther, as King Henry did the other for writing a book against him. It does not appear that there is any record extant of a particular chamber being set apart for the deliberation of this assembly earlier than that recorded by Stow. 5 Speaking of Guildhall, and the foundations of the Mayor’s Court as being laid in the reign of Flenry VI, he says : “ Then was built the Mayor’s Chamber and the Council Chamber, with other rooms above the stairs.” This would be in the year a.d. 1424, and although we have mention of the Court dating nearly a century earlier, this appears to be the first entry which gives a distinctive name to the place of meeting for its members. Some two hundred years later, there is an account of the construction of a new chamber with a handsome room above it, for the preservation of the books and records belonging to the Corporation. This was commenced, it is said, in the first week after Easter, in the mayoralty of Sir Thomas Middleton, a.d. 1614 ; but this statement, running as it does throughout the histories of London, is not quite borne out by the records. The inaccuracies are probably due to previous writers all quoting each other and taking Stow as the usual authority. In his “ Chronicles” he writes, under the year 1614, “At this time was new builded the faire Councell Chamber for the Lord Maior and Aldermen of London, the former Councell Chamber being too little and inconvenient, caused them to build this. It standeth at the North end of their old Counsell Chamber. Sir Thomas Middleton was now 1 Journal xl*, fol. 47. 3 Journal xlP, fol. 113. 3 Granger’s “ Biographical History of England,” vol. i, p. 120. ' It is said that about 200,000 men were killed on account of religion in the reign of this prince. 3 Stow’s “ London,” p. 102. Y 2 Council Chamber. 172 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Lord Maior, wlio much furthered the work.” Mr. Nichols in his short reference to the building, remarks that its erection was commenced in the first week after Easter in the year mentioned, and that it was completed shortly after Michaelmas in the following year, at the close of the mayoralty of Sir Thomas Hayes, Alderman ; but the Lord Mayor, he continues, and the Aldermen his brethren, kept their first court in the said new Council Chamber, on the 7th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1615. Sir John Jolles, Alderman, being then Lord Mayor, by whose order and direction the said building was performed, from the first beginning thereof to the final finishing of the same, amounting to the charge of £1,740. It appears, however, from the records that the erection of the new building was contemplated some nine or ten years previously, and that there were other distinguished citizens in addition to those above mentioned who were associated with it. The first reference appears to be the appointment of a committee during the mayoralty of Sir Thomas Lowe, in the year 1605, for the purpose of selecting a convenient site for the new building. The entry is dated 15th October, 1605 :— “ Item. —It is ordered that Sir Henry Billingesley, Sir William Ryder, Sir John Garrard, Sir Thomas Bennett, Sir Thomas Cambell, Sir William Romney, Sir John Swynnerton, Knights and Mr. Sword-bearer to attend them calling unto them the Cittyes Workmen and such others as they shall think fitt shall consider of a convenient place to be had for erection of a faire Councell Chamber, for the Lord Maior and his bretheren the Aldermen, and the learned Councell and officers of this Cittye to meet in ; and for the enlargement of the Threasorye for keeping the Cittyes Chres and Records, within the Carpenters yard on the north syde of their Councell Chamber, and to make report to this Court of their opinions therein, and Thomas Harvest to warne them.” 1 There appears, however, to have been something like four or five years interval between the above order and the commencement of the work ; for at the beginning of the year 1611, a discussion arose as to the material of which it was to be constructed. On the 11th February of this year, in the mayoralty of Sir James Pemberton, a decision is recorded that the new building should be of free-stone, and to be commenced as quickly as possible. A few days later, an alteration was decided upon both on the ground of expense and a desire to have the building commenced forthwith. It appears from the entries that it was to be of brick and the windows only of stone, and it would seem that it was commenced about this time inasmuch as on the 23rd October, 1613, at a special meeting of the Court a payment of £200 is authorised for the preparation of the stone. In the following year, Sir Thomas Middleton was Mayor, and it is then that he became connected with the work, for example, on the 27th September, 1614, it is decided that the roof shall be of lead, and at a subsequent meeting, viz., on the 27th October, 1614, there is an order to the effect that his Coat of Arms shall be set up in a place of honour inasmuch as the building had been erected during his year of office. The Middleton family resided in the City for nearly a century, its members had formed their home within its precincts, their connections more particularly being with the Parish of St. Matthew, Friday Street. The registers of the Church contain numerous references to the family, the last briefly announcing the burial of its renowned Sir Hu°*h in the following words, “ 1631, X br 10, S r Hugh Middleton, Knight.” Six years later, the members of the Common Council appreciating their new home, decided upon an additional room, and likewise to convert a carpenter’s yard and another Repertory 27, fol. 96. COMi:ON (CoUN cct beautifiing of A new Councell Chamber and bookhouse, And this shalbe his warrant for payment thereof, And M r - Alderman Leman, M r - Alderman Harvey, M r - Alderman Cokayne and M r - Alderman Smythes, are by this Court entreated to joyne with S r - John Jolles in the premises and to give him their assistance therein, and Symon Marshal to warne and attend them. 3 20 th September 1614. Middleton, Mayor. Item is ordered by this Court that the roofe of the new Councell Chamber shallbe all leaded.' 1 27 October 1614. Item it is thought meete and soe ordered by this Court that the Armes of S r - Thomas Middleton Knight now Lord Maior shalbe sett in the cheifest and uppermost place in the new Councell Chamber in respect the °same is erected in the tyme of his Lordshipps maioraltie next to whose Armes on the right side the Armes of S r - Henry Mountagu Knight Recorder of this Citty is to be placed in respect that the Recorders place in the Councell Chamber is next to the Lord Maior on the right hand And then that the Armes of the Knights and Aldermen be also sett according to their precedencye. 3 Councell Chamber to be leaded. Jones, Mayor. 20 th January 1620. Item this day this Court tooke into their consideracon the want of an Inner Roome out of the newe Councell Chamber and how gracefull and delightfull it would bee to have the Carpenters yarde and the yarde next beyond that being in sight of the Councell Chamber converted into a garden. And therenppon thought it verie fitt and soe Citties Councell Chamber. Repertory 30, fol. 273b. Idem, 31, part i, fol. 197b. Idem, 31, part ii, fol. 439b. Repertory 30, fol. 279b. Idem, 31, part ii, fol. 408. 174 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. ordered, that M r - Alderman Barkham, M r- Alderman Probye, M r - Alderman Halliday, M r ' Alderman Hamersley, M r - Comon Serieant and M r - Nicholas Leate, or any three or more of them shall forthwith treate and contract with M r - Tisdale and his Tennant for a convenient Inner Roome or Roomes out of the Councell Chamber into his Tenement next adioyninge ; And to take present order for the makeinge of the same Roomes fitt, and for convertinge of the aforesaid yards into a garden and for the makeinge of a fitt way into the same out of the saide Inner Roome or Roomes, And M r - Chamberlen is hereby ordered to satisffie and pay the charges and monies to be expended for and about the premisses. 1 27 th March 1G23. Peoby, Mayor. Item upon a motion unto this Courte, for the fynishing of the new erected galloreye, out of the newe Conncell Chamber, the same is by this Court in all thinges referred to the discretion and order of S r- Edward Barkham, Ivnight and Aldran, M r ' Aldran John Gore, M r - Aldran Ham’slye, M r - Aldran Camble, M r - Aldran Raynton, Sir Humphereye Hanford and M r ‘ Nicholas Leate or any foure of them. And Thomas Lawrance to warne and attend them. 2 24 th April 1023. Proby, Mayor. Item it is agreed and soe ordered by this Court that the new erected galloreye out of the Councell Chamber slialbe playne wainscotted for hangiuges att the discretion of the Comities for that busines appoynted. 3 On the 3rd July, 1623, a Report of Comee on petitions of Richard Tysdale and George Cheatam as to recompense to he made to them for loss sustained by them by the erection of the new Council Chamber and Gallery, in obstructing lights, &c., and recom¬ mending that the sum of £50 be allowed the said Cheatam in satisfaction of all claims. 4 Read and agreed to the same day: and the Chamberlain ordered to pay the same accordingly. Associated with this building are the names of many distinguished citizens who in their day were closely connected with the municipal life of London. Sir Thomas Middleton, in whose mayoralty the building was nearly completed, was a distinguished man ; he was elected Alderman for the Ward of Queenhithe, May 24th, 1603 ; but refusing to take the oath of an Alderman, was ordered to be imprisoned in Newgate, June 10th ; however, he subsequently consented, and was sworn into office June 21 ; chosen Sheriff, June 24th ; knighted by James I at Whitehall, 26th July ; and elected to the mayoralty in the year 1613. It was in this year that he went in State to preside at the ceremony of the opening of the New River, at Islington, which had been projected by his younger brother, Sir Hugh, the day selected being the day of his election, 29tli September, 1613. Sir Hugh Middleton was the proprietor of a goldsmith’s shop in Basinghall Street, which was much frequented by Sir Walter Raleigh. Sir Thomas was also chosen President of Bridewell and Bethlem Hospitals in the latter year, and elected Member of Parlia¬ ment for the City in 1624-5. Sir John Garrard, Alderman of Aldgate, was of a Kentish family ; he was son of Sir William Garrard, Mayor in 1555. Sir Thomas Bennet came from Wallingford ; from his family descended the Earls of Tankerville and Arlington. He was connected with the family of Herrick, the King’s Jeweller, who was member of Parliament for Leicester, and father of Herrick the poet. Sir Thomas Campbell, Mayor in 1609, came of a Norfolk family. Distinguishing himself in civic life, he became Aider- man of Bread Street Ward, and married the daughter of Sir Richard Tempest, Baronet. 1 Repertory 35, fol. 71b. 3 Idem, 37, fol. 152b. 2 Repertory 37, fol. 135b. 4 Idem, fol. 203b. ______ ■ • Mi a ■ ' * ■ HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 175 Sir John Swynnerton, Alderman of Cripplegate, was of a Shropshire family, having come to London from Oswestry in that county. It was Sir John Swynnerton who entertained the Count Palatine when he came over to he betrothed to Elizabeth, the daughter of King James I. The marriage took place at Whitehall, February 14, 1613, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Loudon, and many Earls and Barons were present. The Lord Mayor and his brethren presented the Palgrave with a large basin and ewer, weighing 234 ounces, and two great loving cups of gilt. 1 The bridegroom-elect gained great popularity by saluting the Lady Mayoress and her train. The marriage, however, apparently so auspicious proved anything but a happy one. The pageant written on the occasion of their betrothal was the composition of the poet Thomas Dekker. The one performed on the occasion of the marriage was written by John Taylor, and entitled “ Heaven’s blessing and earth’s joy.” These are preserved in the Guildhall Library. Sir James Pemberton, Mayor in 1611, was Alderman of Bishopsgate and descended from a Lancashire family. Sir Thomas Cambell, a member of the Ironmongers’ Company, was elected Alderman of Bridge Without, loth November, 1599 ; chosen Sheriff, 24th June, 1600 ; and elected to the mayoralty on the 29th September, 1609 ; and then removed to Bread Street Ward, 23rd April, 1610 ; and subsequently to Coleman Street, lltli October, 1611. He was the son of Robert Cambell, of Tulsham, in Norfolk, descended from a Scotch family of that name, and married Alice, daughter of Edward Bright, of London. Served the office of Master of his Company in 1604, and again in 1613. By his Will, dated 1st September, 1612, a sum of money was left for the purchase of coals by the Corporation to be distributed to the poor of certain jmrishes in London and Southwark, which is still carried into effect. Sir James Cambell, Knight, Lord Mayor in 1629, was one of his sons. 2 Sir William Cockayne, Mayor in 1619, was chosen Alderman of Castle Baynard Ward, and made the first Governor of the Irish Society. Born in 1560, and admitted as a Freeman of the Company of Skinners by patrimony in the year 1590. As a City Merchant, he enjoyed a successful career, and was knighted at his own residence, Cockayne House, in Broad Street, London, on the 8th June, 1616, after having entertained James I and the Prince of Wales at a banquet. Sir William owned large estates in the country, for example, the Manor of Rushton, county Northampton ; of Elmesthorpe, Swepstone and Nethercote, county Leicester; of Coombe Nevill, in Kingston, county Surrey, &c. He died 20th October, 1626, and was buried in great state at St. Paul’s Cathedral, where a handsome monument was erected to him. This stood in the south west part of the choir of old St. Paul’s. 3 4 A good engraving of it is presented in Dugdale’s History' 1 of that building. The family Arms, as given in the annexed woodcut, are argent , three cocks gules , armed and legged sable. Mr. Alderman Probye, a member of the Grocers’ Company, and Mayor in the year 1622, descended from a Shropshire family, he was selected Alderman of the Ward of Queenhithe. Lord Craysfort descended from his family. 1 Repertory 87, fol. 203. 2 Nichols’ “ History of the Ironmongers’ Company,” p. 53G. 3 “ History and Antiquities of the Company of Skinners,” by J. F. Wadmore, published in the “Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society.” 4 4th Edition, 1658, p. 68. 176 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. New Council Chamber. Sir John Jolles, was of an Essex family. He founded a school at Stratford le Bow, Middlesex, in the year 1620 ; and was elected Alderman for Tower Ward, 11th June, 1605 ; chosen Sheriff, by the citizens, on the 24th of the same month ; knighted by James I at Greenwich, 23rd July, 1606 ; and elected to the mayoralty in the year 1615. A pageant in his honour was performed on this occasion at the expense of the Drapers Company, to which he belonged ; it was entitled “ Metropolis Coronata,” the Triumph of Ancient Drapery, the author being Anthony Munday. 1 A copy of this little book is preserved in the Corporation Library. Sir John Leman, Mayor in the year 1616, is also associated with the building; he was of a Norfolk family, became Alderman of Langbourne Ward, and President of Christ’s Hospital. Sir Sebastian Harvey, Mayor in the year 1618, came from Staffordshire. He was at the time Alderman of the Ward of Cheap ; his father had filled the civic chair in the year 1581 ; both were members of the Ironmongers Company. Sir Sebastian was Master of the Company in the year 1600 ; and knighted, 16th July, 1616. His daughter, Mary, was sought for in marriage by Sir Christopher Yilliers, afterwards Earl of Anglesea, when she was but fourteen years of age, and the King personally interested himself in the match, but the father, who is said to have been of a wilful and dogged disposition, would not consent, and the lady subsequently, on the 21st June, 1621, when still under sixteen, married John, eldest son of Sir Francis Popham. 2 Sir Edw r ard Barkham, Alderman of the Ward of Farringdon Without, and afterwards of Cheap Ward, a member of the Drapers’ Company, received the honour of a baronetcy in 1623, having previously been knighted. He was elected Lord Mayor in 1621. This gentleman was evidently a man of large wealth. He was a great benefactor to his Company, and largely contributed to the building of St. James’s Church, Duke’s Place. He also subscribed to the rebuilding of Trinity Churcb, Aldgate, and by his Will directed a sermon to be preached in the same church yearly, and left ten shillings each to ten of the poorest people of the parish who should attend to hear the sermon. One of his daughters married Sir Charles Ctesar, Master of the Rolls, and another, Susan, married Robert Walpole, of Houghton ; their grandson, Sir Robert Walpole, was the famous Prime Minister in the reigns of George I and George II. Sir Edward died January 15th, 1633. The first stone of the New Council Chamber was laid on the 30tli of April, 1883, and the first meeting within its precincts was held on the 2nd of October, 1884. It was built from the designs and under the superintendence of Sir Horace Jones, P.R.I.B.A., the City Architect, upon the north side of the Guildhall, and upon the site originally occupied by the old Court of Exchequer, the Chamberlain’s, Town Clerk and Architect’s Offices. It will be seen from the accompanying engraving that the building is duodecagonal in design ; its diameter is 54 feet, surrounded by a corridor 9 feet wide, above which is a 1 Bom in 1553, lie in early life became an actor, subsequently a tradesman’s apprentice; later on be was celebrated for writing ballads, and was known according to Warton as a “City poet and a composer and contriver of the City-pageants.” In addition to tbe composition above-mentioned, be wrote “ Cbryso Triumpbos ” in tbe year 1611; “ Cbrysanaleia—tbe Golden Fishery,” 1616, and “Tbe Triumphs of Re-united Britannia.” He died at tbe ao-e of eighty years on tbe 10th August, 1633, and was buried at St. Stephen’s Church, Coleman Street. His “Metropolis Coronata” and “Cbrysanaleia” have been reproduced by Nichols in tbe “Progresses, &c., of King James I.” 2 Remembrancia, 1579-1664, p. 313. HORACE JONES, ARCHITECT. W. GRIGGS, PHOTO-XdTB. THE NEW COUNCIL CHAMBER, GUILDHALL. (First Sitting of the Court of Common Council, 2nd October, 1884). • ' HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 177 gallery for tlie accommodation of the public and the press. The height from the floor to the dome is 61 feet 6 inches ; above this rises an oak Lantern, the top of which is 81 feet 6 inches; this lights and ventilates the entire chamber. The entrance for the Lord Mayor and Aldermen is from the Dais at the east end of the Guildhall, and that for the Members of the Corporation from the corridor, and the public from Basinghall Street. There is sitting accommodation for 25 Aldermen, Recorder and Sheriffs, and 206 Common Councilmen. Division gangways are provided, running north and south of the chamber. The materials used in the construction of the building are Bath and Portland stone for the windows and dressings, &c. The walls are faced externally with Kentish rag. The columns and arches of the arcade are in polished Hopton Wood stone. The interior of the Dome is parcelled out by massive oak ribs, traceried lunettes, and twelve three-light clerestory windows, the central lights being filled in with figure subjects, representing the cardinal virtues; the panels immediately above these windows have artistic Frescoes, representing the various trades and craft of the following Livery Companies, with their Arms above tastefully placed in the lunettes. The Companies represented are, the Armourers, Bakers, Barbers, Brewers, Brasiers, Clothworkers, Cutlers, Drapers, Dyers, Fishmongers, Girdlers, Goldsmiths, Grocers, Haberdashers, Ironmongers, Leathersellers, Mercers, Merchant-Taylors, Pewterers, Salters, Skinners, Tallow Chandlers, Vintners and Wax Chandlers. On the panels of either side of the windows are represented the flowers and fruits of the several months of the year, together with the signs of the Zodiac. The twelve richly - can opied carved Screens, which divide the chamber from the corridor, are executed in wainscot glazed with ornamental lead-lights, having the Arms of the various Companies, viz., Apothecaries, Basket-makers, Blacksmiths, Bowyers, Bro- derers, Butchers, Carpenters, Clockmakers, Coaclimakers, Cooks, Coopers, Cordwainers, Curriers, Distillers, Fan-makers, Farriers, Felt-makers, Fletchers, Founders, Framework- knitters, Fruiterers, Glass-sellers, Glaziers, Glovers, Gold and Silver Wire-drawers, Gunmakers, Horners, Innholders, Joiners, Loriners, Makers of Playing Cards, Masons, Musicians, Needle-makers, Painters-stainers, Parish Clerks, Patten-makers, Plasterers, Plumbers, Poulterers, Saddlers, Scriveners, Shipwrights, Spectacle-makers, Stationers, Tin-plate-workers, Turners, Tylers and Brick-layers, Upholders, Weavers, Wheel-wrights and Woolmen. In the four niches have been placed the busts of Her Majesty, the Queen and H.R.IT. the late Prince Consort and their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales. Behind the Lord Mayor’s seat is the statue of George the Third. The inscription on the pedestal, written by Samuel Birch, Esq., Lord Mayor in 1815, has not been removed to this Chamber. The gallery has a guard-rail of rich wrought iron-work. The building is lighted by an elaborate gilt pendant chandelier and brass standard lights. In the annexed illustration, is shown the Chamberlain’s Court erected in the year 1787, at the time when so many other alterations were effected. It was demolished in the year 1882, in order to make room for the New Council Chamber. Situated to the right of the Court of King’s Bench, it was a building of regular form; designed in the Greek style, and in good classical taste. The centre was 21 feet 9 inches square and high. Each end was completed by an elliptical apse, 7 feet 9 inches deep; z Chamber¬ lain’s Court. 178 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the principal entrance from the ante-room being in the centre of the western end, with opposite side-doors to offices. The walls were enriched by pilasters, the ceiling of a vaulted form, and other suitable details completed the principal features of the room. A doorway provided access to the Da'is of the Hall upon special occasions by a staircase which will be observed by reference to the illustrations. The Court was lighted by opposite windows, filling in the segmental space between an architrave and the ceiling. The east window, with wall and slate roof and tall chimney-shaft is accurately defined in the illustration of “The East end of Guildhall,” &c., on the right of the turret north-east of the Flail against which these abutted. The office of Chamberlain with which the above building was so intimately associated, is referred to at a very early period in the history of the Corporation; indeed, it is among the first recognised in the records. The entries in the Letter Books commence with the year 1275, and in that particular year occurs the first mention of the Chamberlain. At this time his office was combined with that of the Mayor and Coroner, all three appointments being held by the same individual. The reference is to be found in Coroner’s Roll, 1275-6, 4 Edward I, 1 in the time of Ralph le Blound and John Horn, Riley’s “Memorials,” p. 3. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 179 Sheriffs. This Roll contains entries as to individuals who had been found dead, some by drowning and other accidents, and upon whom inquests had been held. The enquiries made seem to have been under the supervision of the Chamberlain and Sheriffs, for the former official is more than once referred to. In this particular case he is described as “ Sir Gregory de Rokesle, being then Chamberlain in this City.” Sir Gregory, the wealthy goldsmith, to whom we have previously referred, was acting as Mayor in the year 1275 ; it is evident, therefore, that he at this time was discharging the duties not only of the Mayor but those required of a Coroner and Chamberlain. 1 In the year 1277-8, Mathew de Columbers was appointed to the office, but in a document bearing the date 1298, 26 Edward I, it appears that Henry le Galeys was Lord Mayor, and that in a matter connected with the defeat of the Scots at the well-known battle of Falkirk, he was associated with John de Donestaple the then Chamberlain. Again on the 24th April, 1300, in the mayoralty of Elias Russell, it is recorded that in the presence of thirteen Aldermen, whose names are given, he proceeded to the choice of Nicholas Pycott, as Chamberlain of the City of London, and that there and then was delivered to him all things that to the said Chamberlain appertains, by John le Donestaple and Simon de Parys, Chamberlains, and they were removed on the same day from the office they had holden. 2 In 1304, Richard Poteral was elected and sworn as Chamberlain before John le Blount, Mayor, and in the presence of the Aldermen and Sheriffs. 3 In the year 1315, one John Dode, was Chamberlain, and three years later, by a Charter dated 8th June, 1318, 12 Edward II, it was ordered and directed that the Chamberlain, Common Clerk, and Common Sergeant of the said City should be chosen by the Commonalty, and be removed at their wish. Among the distinguished men who have filled the office, was Andrew Horn, Citizen and Fishmonger ; he held the appointment for many years, having previously been in business as a fishmonger in Bridge Street. He is thus referred to in the year 1315, 8 Edward II, where he is one of sixteen who had been summoned to the Guildhall upon an assertion that their “ dorsers,” or “ baskets ” used for the transport of fish were of insufficient measure. Those belonging to Horn were found to be correct, but, with one other exception, all were convicted, and their baskets ordered to be burnt in the “ King’s Highway of Chepe.” 4 In 1325, he is spoken of as Chamberlain, and we next hear of his decease in the year 1328. At his death a valuable MS. compilation was discovered, viz., a book called “ Liber Horn.” It contained manuscripts of charters, statutes, grants, customs, precedents, oaths, charters of companies, charters of towns, writs, &c. This he had be¬ queathed to the City by his will, dated 9th October, 1328. It is a valuable composition written in Norman-Frencli, and is preserved amongst the City Archives. On the 23rd September, 1404, 6 Henry IV, an ordinance was passed by the Mayor, Aldermen and Common Council, that after the Sheriffs shall have been elected, the Mayor, Aldermen, &c., being discreet men of the City, should proceed to elect the Chamberlain and the Keeper of the Bridge. 5 To this latter office we may here refer, inasmuch as the management of what are known as the Bridge House Estates is under the supervision of the Chamberlain, and the ancient connection between him and the officials referred to z 2 Letter Book B, fol. 3. (Old numeration.) Letter Book C, fol. 112. Letter Book, I, fol. 32. 3 Letter Book C, fol. 45. 1 Letter Book E, fol. 32. 180 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. is illustrated by the foregoing entry. Although there appears to be no record which mentions the Keeper of the Bridge previous to the 14th century, there is every reason to believe that such an appointment existed probably from the first construction of a bridge connecting Southwark with the City. Stow speaks of the old wooden structure which existed in the year 994, but Mr. Kemble 1 has produced evidence of one long previous ; indeed, it is but natural to conclude that the Romans during their settlement in this country, must have had means of communication with the south bank of the River Thames by a wooden fabric similar to those known to have been erected by them in other places. The first record of a stone bridge relates to that founded by Peter of Colechurch, in the year 1176, 2 3 Henry II, he having some thirteen years previously rebuilt the old bridge which had been so materially injured by the Great Fire in King Stephen’s reign. Stow tell us how the old bridge was maintained, “ partly by the proper lands thereof, partly by the liberality of divers persons and partly by taxations in divers shires.” 2 Soon after, King John gave certain lands in the City for the purpose of buildings, the profits whereof were to remain for the reparation of the bridge. A Chapel was then erected by the master mason at his own expense, and in this there existed in olden time a tabular record of the gifts of land, tenements and money which were from time to time devoted to the maintenance of the bridge. This record, Stow tells us, remained in the Chapel until it was turned into a dwelling house, when it was removed to the “ Bridge House,” and he expresses the regret that he had been unable to obtain a sight of so valuable a record. From the mention of the “ Bridge House,” it is obvious that there would be a responsible official in charge, even at this early period, and whose duties were analogous to those belonging to the Chamberlain and Bridge Master of later times. One of the earliest references is that recorded under the year 1311, 5 Edward II, when John de Wymondeham and Thomas Prentice were elected Keepers of the Bridge of London, in the presence of the Mayor and Aldermen, “ by the election of the good men of the Commonalty, and by the assent of the said Mayor and Aldermen.” The qualification for the office appears to have been residence or occupation, payment of scot and lot, and to this was added, in the reign of Richard I, a regulation that the Keeper must of necessity be a Freeman of the City. By the Act of Common Council in the reign of Henry IV, to which reference has been made, it was provided that neither the Chamberlain or Warden of the Bridge should remain in their offices more than two successive years, and after any of them should be removed, to none of the said offices should he be in anywise elected for two years then next following. Upon the same day on which this Act was passed, John Proffyt, Fishmonger, was elected Chamberlain, and William Sevenok, Grocer, and John Whatelee, Mercer, were elected Keepers or Wardens of the Bridge for the ensuing year. Similar entries to the above subsequently appear on record for very many years. The office, however, though in ancient times one of considerable importance, has long ceased to be so. The duties have become considerably reduced, the receipt of the rents and other profits connected with the Bridge House Estates, having been transferred to the Chamberlain’s department. Codex Diplomaticus iEvi Saxonici,” vol. i, p. 59. 3 Stow’s “ Survey,” p. 10. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 181 As an historical personage intimately connected with the Corporation, William Sevenok, as a Warden of London Bridge, deserves a passing notice. As a city hero, he is referred to in a quaint old chronicle published in the year 1592. The author, one Richard Johnson, 1 who is known to literary fame as having written the “History of the Seven Champions of Christendom,” includes him with eight others in his Nine Worthies of London. Each is made to describe his career in his own fashion to a certain extent in rhyme, accompanied by additions in prose, for example :— Sir William Sevenoke tells how he was found under seven oaks, near a small town in Kent, and after receiving some education, was apprenticed to a Grocer in London. His apprenticeship having expired, he went with Henry V to France, where— “ The Dolphyne (Dauphin) then of France, a comely knight, Disguised, came by chance into a place, Where I, well wearied with the heat of fight, Had laid me down, for war had ceased his chace ; And, with reproachful words, as lazy swain, He did salute me ere I long had lain. I, knowing that he was mine enemy, A bragging Frenchman (for we termed them so), Ill brooked the proud disgrace he gave to me, And therefore lent the Dolphyne such a blow, As wanned his courage well to lay about, Till he was breathless, though he were so stout. At last the noble prince did ask my name, My birth, my calling, and my fortunes past; With admiration he did hear the same, And so a bag of crowns he to me cast; And, when he went away, he said to me, ‘ Sevenoke, be proud, the Dolphyne fought with thee ! ’ ” The war over, Sevenoke determined to turn Grocer again, and in time became famous for his wealth. In 1413, he was made Sheriff; in 1418, elected Lord Mayor, and, two years later, represented London in Parliament. By his will, he set apart a portion of his wealth to build and maintain twenty almshouses, and a free school at Sevenoaks. In Elizabeth’s reign, the school was named “ Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School,” and received a Common Seal for its use. It still exists, and possesses six exhibitions wherewith to reward its scholars. The other civic heroes whose deeds are chronicled as deserving of lasting fame are Sir William Walworth, Sir Henry Pitchard, Sir Thomas White, Sir John Bonham, Sir Christopher Croker, Sir John Hawkwood, Sir Hugh Caverley, and Sir Henry Maleverer, Citizen and Grocer, better known elsewhere in this work as Henry of Cornhill, one of the crusaders in the reign of King Henry IV. In the Chamberlain’s office now pulled down, the business of the Chamberlain was conducted. It included the swearing in of Freemen, enrolling Apprentices, and determining any disputes that might arise between them and their masters, a moral lesson as regards 1 Vide “The Nine Worthies of London, explaining the honourable Exercise of Arms, the virtues of the valiant and the memorable attempts of magnanimous minds ; pleasant for Gentlemen, not unseemly for Magistrates, and most profitable for ‘Prentices,’ by Eichard Johnson, 1592.” 182 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the former being preserved in the exhibition of the well-known prints by Hogarth of the “ Idle and Industrious Apprentices.” These were the first objects of attraction to be seen on entering the room. It should be stated that if any of the Apprentices proved unruly or insubordinate, they were temporarily imprisoned under the authority of the Chamberlain in two small cages or prisons. These were situated beneath the Hall- Keeper’s offices and were called Little Ease, “not being of sufficient height for a big boy to stand upright.” In the illustration may be identified the full length portrait of Sir James Shaw, Bart., Chamberlain, painted by Mrs. Charles Pearson, and presented by her in 1843. This hung in the Court, and now occupies a prominent position in the Chamberlain’s present Court. Also, on the walls, were deposited more than sixty duplicate copies of the Honorary Freedoms and Thanks voted by the Corporation to distinguished personages. These beautiful productions in the art of ornamental caligraphy, with their accessories of emblazoned heraldry and illuminations, borderings, &c., were executed by the late Thomas Tompkins, Walter Paton, and others. 1 A portrait of the former talented artist, executed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A., was among the objects of interest which adorned the walls. Under the portrait of Tompkins was the motto, “ Opera inter talia primus.” Deposited here, were several other prints, including a finely-coloured one of the window at New College, Oxford. The ante-chamber, with adjoining lobby to offices, was lighted by three windows in the wall at the south end of the Yard. Access to these chambers was from the Corridor through the Lobby (anciently the Porch) by an archway and staircase, into the ante-room. The official department was here entered, and in this the financial business appertaining to the Chamberlain’s department was transacted. The principal office was 42 feet long, 23 feet wide, and 13 feet high, with two strong fire-proof rooms, a private room, and a small office in addition. The walls were finished with pilasters and arches. The lighting was effected by large windows, and a rectangular lantern through the ceiling. The earlier building had been destroyed by fire in the year 1786, an event which is thus recorded in one of the diaries of the time:—“February, 1786. Tuesday, 7th. About three this morning a fire was discovered in the lower apartments of the house, lately occupied by the Chamberlain of London, which is supposed to have begun in the rooms preparing for an office for the City Surveyor. The wind being very high and the flames increasing with amazing rapidity, soon destroyed the Chamberlain’s office (with the books in which were registered the admission of freemen ), and greatly damaged the house adjoining, but the adjoining parts of Guildhall received very little damage, and the other offices and their contents were all saved.” 2 In addition to the loss of the interesting series of books connected with the admission of Freemen, books of accounts, several bonds and a considerable sum of money both in notes and cash were destroyed. Part of the Court of King’s Bench was also damaged, but, as mentioned, the fire was at length got under without communicating to the other offices. In the reference to this calamity which appears in the City records, 3 mention is made of the various books, documents, and accounts, which were destroyed on the occasion ; but it appears that the early deeds and manuscripts, together with the charters and principal books which were in the office of the Town Clerk, and consequently in imminent 1 Since deposited in the Library. 2 See “ Antiquary,” vol. xiii, p. 82. 3 Journal, vol. lxix, fol. 346b. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 183 danger, were taken away in time, and removed to a house in the neighbourhood for temporary security. This fire led naturally to extensive alterations, and there are numerous references and detailed reports from the various committees appointed to direct the restoration. In following out the plan, we identify the Town Clerk’s office, situated near on the one side to the Chamberlain’s residence, and on the other to Measure Yard ; adjoining were the offices then known as the “ Repositories,” abutting on the garden attached to the residence of the Town Clerk. On the north of Church Alley, remains of these respective buildings were, as elsewhere mentioned, disclosed when the excavations were in progress for the erection of the new Council Chamber. These are indicated on the illustration of the exterior of the Hall upon its Northern side. The office of the Town Clerk occupied the whole of the building below the Old Exchequer Court. There had been con¬ siderable alterations in the latter from the arrangements shown on the plan, the earlier doorways and windows abolished and partition walls removed for better light; in the east wall two very large square-headed windows of Tudor character, one 22 feet and the other 11 feet wide, were substituted ; and for more convenient access, the doorway is shown in the illustration, “ Area under Chamberlain’s Court.” The four east windows retained their original position and form, but the mediaeval work had been obliterated and cut away, where the modern fittings and dressings occurred. The whole of the external faces of the Court buildings, as viewed from the Yard and elsewhere, were cemented, having plinth, string course and cornice. Suitable mouldings finished the window openings, and the doorway only was of stone. The building was roofed with a fiat, covered with lead. The height of the Court from the yard to the coping was 39 feet 6 inches, and the length about 57 feet. The Yard was about the same level as Basinghall Street and the adjacent area. Immediately adjoining the north end wall, on a portion of the “Yard” on the plan, a doorway and staircase communicates with the inner vestibule, loggia and corridor, giving additional access to the Hall, Council Chambers, the Aldermen’s Court Room, Committee Rooms and Muncipal Offices, &c., from Basinghall Street; from this entrance also a passage-way leads to the Town Clerk’s present department; also access is provided to the present Chamber of London, the Commission of Sewers, and certain minor offices. Above the “ Area under Chamberlain’s Court ” was situated the Chamberlain’s Office with its ante-room; and over Mr. Architect’s Offices, a large Chamber for the transaction of the business of his department; the whole forming a convenient, well- lighted and spacious suite of official rooms. Upon reference to the plan of 1750, it will be observed that the Chamberlain’s House and Repository with a building over the area or covered way, are clearly indicated. The office of Town Clerk, or Common Clerk, is one of early origin. He is a chartered official, and is considered a recognised member of the Corporation. Although there are but few records extant to tell us anything concerning the nature of his duties in olden time, it is clear from the character of those now discharged that his office, in common with those of the Mayor, Aldermen, Recorder, and others in authority, can be traced to a classic source, in other words, derived from the muncipal organisation Town Clerk. 184 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. which directed the ordinary life of Greece and Rome. In that deeply interesting and natural account given in Scripture of a tumult among the citizens of Ephesus owing to the fear that a particular branch of trade would he materially injured by the daily increasing influence of the preaching of St. Paul against idolatry of all kind, appears the earliest mention of such an officer, for although the word “ Grammateus,”— y P a^arev Q is often translated “ scribe,” associatino- such a term with the duties of a notary or clerk, a pagan official does not appear to have been styled by any of our translators as Town Clerk except in the description of the panic which occurred among the silversmiths of Ephesus on the occasion referred to when we are told that he, after haranguing the multitude, pointing out to them that ample legitimate opportunities existed whereby their grievances could be considered, “ dismissed the assembly.” 1 The meaning of the word in Latin Scriba , in French Greffier, has been given, even in the early versions, as signifying a keeper of the archives, secretary to a council, &c. It appears to have been the duty of such an officer to record the laws and decrees when made, to hold a place as a member of the deliberative assembly, and in this particular case, it devolved upon him to keep the peace. His duties varied in accordance with customs enjoyed in the different provinces and cities of the East, but there is a strange analogy between them and those required of the officials who have occupied a like position to the present day. Of the various appointments connected with the Corporation, we have been enabled to trace references concerning them almost to the very commencement of the records, but in this particular instance, there appears to be no information as to the office until the early part of the fourteenth century, when there is a distinct mention of a Common Clerk to the Corporation. On the 8th June, 1318, 8 Edward II, the King directed by his Letters Patent, that the Chamberlain, Common Clerk, and Common Serjeant of the City be chosen by the Commonalty. This was afterwards confirmed by Edward III, by a Charter granted to the citizens on the 26th May, 1341. Of the various distinguished men who have held the appointment, should be mentioned John Carpenter, 2 founder of the City of London School, friend and executor of Richard Whittington, Member of Parliament for the City of London, and of whom we have spoken elsewhere. William Dunthorn, 2 Edward IY, 1462, who in the interest he experienced in the exercise of the duties imposed upon him, compiled a volume equal in value to that bequeathed by Andrew Horn, the Chamberlain. The “ Liber Dunthorn,” written on vellum, in Latin, Norman-French, and English, contains an important selection of transcripts of Charters ranging from William the Conqueror to 3 Edward IY, 27 August, 1464, and of a portion of the “ Liber Albus ” connected with the records of the Hustings Court, together with other extracts from the Rolls and Letter Books. It is on record that William Dunthorn, at a meeting held on 12th October, 1466-7, 7 Edward IY, was voted the sum of twenty pounds as an addition to his customary fee of ten pounds, and a reward of five marks yearly, on account of services rendered to the Corporation. The grant was to be continued during his tenure of office, and there was to be an assignment made to John Norman and others in the name of the Mayor and Aldermen under the King’s Letters of £115. 3s. del., payable to the customs of the Port of Sandwich, to the intent that Dunthorn should write anew one or two books containino; all the customs and ordinances of the City at his own charges. 3 1 “ Acts of the Apostles,” c. six, v. 35. 2 “ Memoir of the life and times of John Carpenter,” by Thomas Brewer, 1856. 3 Journal, viii, fob 91. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 185 Adjoining the Porch of the Hall is the department of the Comptroller of the Comptroller. Chamber and of the Bridge-House Estates. There are two strong rooms attached to this, one by the Porch and the other in a passage beneath the Library. The strong room of the Bridge-House is situated next to that of the Town Clerk. On referring to the plan of 1750, it will be seen that but little change has been effected as to the space occupied by these offices ; the space coloured green representing, with tolerable accuracy, that which is devoted to the business of the Comptroller at the present time. The principal duties required of this officer of the Corporation is to attend the Lord Mayor and Courts of Aldermen, &c., on all public and State occasions, to act as Vice-Chamberlain in the absence of the Chamberlain by illness or any other cause, to have charge of the various deeds, plans, &c., relative to the City and Bridge-House Estates, the Markets of the Corporation, and other properties, to prepare reports from various committees for presentation to the Court, to draw up or examine leases, to keep all accounts in connection with rentals, tolls, &c., and sundry other matters of like nature in accordance with such instructions as may be given him from time to time at the discretion of the Court. The offices will, as the proposed improvements at the Hall are gradually developed, doubtless be demolished, as it is to be hoped the remaining portion of George Dance’s hideous faqade will be removed from the front and expose the grand old Gothic frontage. In an earlier portion of this work, reference has been made to the construction of Receptions and Enter¬ tainments. the kitchen and its adjacent offices ; likewise to the assistance rendered by Sir John Sliaa, Goldsmith, who at the time was Mayor. Sir John was of an Essex family, resided at Rochford, and rose to distinction, was knighted on Boswortli Field by Henry VII, and made a Banneret. So actively connected with the Cor¬ poration was this wealthy Goldsmith that a brief notice of his family and connections will not be out of place. His pedigree herewith given illustrates their association with the City. In the Visitation of London, in the year 1568, taken by Robert Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, the Pedigree and Arms of Sir John Shaa are set out as follows :— SHAA. Flam Civis Londineksis=f Arms.— Argent, a fess engraileil between six Cinque-foils Sable. ARMS .—Argent a chevron between three lozenges ermines. Juliana ux Ricarili Fowler there was a pavilion extended in the middle of the street, in which was set a tun of wine, for all passers-by to drink of, who might wish for any. AA 2 188 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. On the Sunday next after Candlemas, 2 February, in the year aforesaid, the Fishmongers of London were costumed very richly, and they caused a boat to be fitted out in the guise of a great ship, with all manner of tackle that belongs to a ship ; and it sailed through Chepe as far as "Westminster, where the Fishmongers came, well mounted, and presented the same ship unto the Queen. And on the same day, the Queen took her route for Cantebire, on pilgrimage thither, whereon, the Fishmongers, all thus costumed, escorted her through the City. 1 Again on 24th May, 1357, there was a sumptuous entertainment in honour of John, King of France, and Edward the Black Prince. This was in the succeeding year to the great battle of Poictiers, when the former suffered defeat at the hands of the valiant Edward. The civic reception was doubtless in commemoration of the victory gained, for there is an interesting account of the battle preserved in the records, addressed by the Prince “ to the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the City of London, as to the battle fought near Peyters.” It bears date a.d. 1356, 30 Edward III. One of the most imposing of these public ceremonies must have been that in commemoration of the victories of Henry V, in France, in the early part of the 15th century. It is one of the grandest upon record, and associated with a great epoch in English history. At the time when Henry embarked upon the war, harmony reigned between the citizens and the crown. The King had been induced to make an effort to reclaim the foreign possessions formerly held by England. He enjoyed a reputation for courage and intrepidity; he had himself determined upon the attempt, and intended that it should be under his own personal superintendence and direction. This but added to his popularity, and so implicit was the belief in his integrity and honour that the wealthy traders of the day advanced him, on uncertain securities, but doubtless at a high rate of interest, large sums of money wherewith to carry on the war. The expenses were enormous and totally out of proportion to the resources of the Exchequer. To his uncle, the Bishop of Winchester, he pledged his crown for 100,000 marks, and portions of his personal jewellery to the Corporation of London for £10,000 sterling. 2 Subsequently the remainder was exchanged in like fashion, Henry authorising their sale at a late date foreseeing repayment to be possible. Among the creditors we find John Norbury, 3 John Hende, Richard Whittington, and others, the personal advance from the latter alone being £1,000, a sum about equal to £10,000 at the present day. Having left the English shores, his progress through France was a subject of daily interest to the Londoners, and when ultimately the news arrived of his crowning victory, their delight and enthusiasm were unbounded. The story of Agincourt and the heroism of the English King have provided materials for more than one writer of eminence. Selecting the principal facts from the Chronicles of the time, Shakespeare has translated them into one of the most stirring of his plays ; his genius has clothed the story with imagery so wondrous, that whenever it is recited, a feeling of admiration is experienced in the contemplation of the bravery and patriotism displayed by our countrymen of the time. It has well been said that the name of Agincourt will be remembered so long as English history will endure. The King had left England in his ship “ The Trinity,” on the 10th August, 1415. The citizens heard of his landing at Harfleur, of the subsequent loss of many of the noblest of his band by sickness and 1 Letter Book D. fol. 168 (Norman French). 2 Mathew Paris, p. 501. 3 Rymer’s “ Fcedera,” vol 8, p. 488. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 189 disease. They knew of the great disproportion between the numbers to be engaged, and all this occasioned great suspense and anxiety as to the ultimate result. It may well be, therefore, understood that when the news of the victory reached London, the joy of the citizens knew no bounds. The first public announcement was made on the 29th October ; the King was still in France, but the Chronicle records how, “ Early in the morning came tidings to London while that men were in their beds, that the King had fought and won the battle and the field aforesaid, and as soon as they had tidings thereof they went to all the Churches in the City of London, and rang all the bells of every Church.” In the interval between the announcement and the arrival of the King in England, from Calais, on the 17th November, his popularity increased, and a triumphal entry was arranged at Dover, the crowds rushed to his ship and he was carried therefrom to shore. Resting at Eltham, he proceeded to London, entering the City on the 23rd November. The magnificence and costly character of the civic reception as contrasted with the modesty and simplicty of himself, and retinue, are detailed in the Chronicles of Holinshed and others. 1 The procession entered London from Southwark ; a male and female giant stood at the entrance to London Bridge, the male figure bearing an axe in his right hand, and in his left the keys of the City hanging to a staff as if he had been the porter. 2 Shakspere in the opening chorus to Act V of his well-known play, graphically describes the triumphal entry to the City :— “How London doth pour out her citizens; The Mayor and all his brethren in best sort, Like to the Senators of the antique Rome, With the plebeians, swarming at their heels, Go forth to fetch their conquering Cassar in.” Chorus —Henry V, Act v. One of the last public acts of Sir Richard Whittington, as Mayor, was to entertain in princely fashion Henry V and his Queen at the Guildhall. Henry, after his celebrated victory, had returned to France and followed up his career of conquest until his triumphal entry into Rouen on the 16th January, 1419, and his subsequent marriage with the Princess Catherine. Peace concluded, and the whole of Normandy under English rule, the citizens of London welcomed the victorious King to Guildhall with pageantry and festivals of all kinds. Accompanied by his graceful Queen, who during his last absence had resided at Windsor, he was received by Whittington at Guildhall, where, the story goes, and there is no reason to question its veracity, that the wealthy Mayor who was knighted upon the occasion, and had already become a creditor of the King to the extent of some sixty thousand pounds, that while the latter was admiring the fire which had been made up in the old Hall, composed of various kinds of wood mixed with cinnamon and other spices, Whittington produced the bonds, threw them in the fire and burnt them, thus at his own expense releasing the King from debt. All were amazed at such a proceeding, and Henry exclaimed, “Never had Prince such a subject,” to which Sir Richard courteously replied, “Never had subject such a Prince.” 3 1 Priest’s Chronicles, who accompanied the expedition. Cottonian MSS. British Museum. Translated and published by Sir N. H. Nicholas. 2 “ Lord Mayors’ Pageants,” by F. W. Fairkolt, F.S.A. Introduction, p. 22. 3 “Model Merchant of the Middle Ages,” by the Rev. Samuel Lysons, M.A., p. Gl. 190 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. After Sir John Shaa had provided the requisite accommodation and conveniences, the festivals which took place at the old Hall were always upon a magnificent scale ; but it appears from some of the descriptions preserved in the writings of foreign observers, that the proceedings were at times more solemn than joyous. The Venetian traveller who was in England during the reign of Henry VII, once attended the Mayor’s banquet at Guildhall, where a thousand people were seated at table, and the dinner lasted four hours and more. He refers to “the infinite profusion of victuals” at the Sheriffs’ dinner, and says, “ I noticed how punctually they sat in their order, and the extraordinary silence of every one.” 1 On the 18th August, 1554, Philip and Mary made their entry into the City ; they came from Richmond, and great preparations were made by the citizens for their entertain¬ ment. A magnificent pageant was arranged, the civic giants, Gog and Magog, were conveyed to London Bridge, and the various conduits in the City were handsomely decorated for the occasion. Mary became Queen in the year 1553. At her coronation, the Mayor and twelve Aldermen officiated as butlers according to the customary rule, the Mayor receiving, as usual, the present of a golden cup and ewer. The reception in the City was in honour of the unpopular marriage of the Queen with Philip of Spain. He was both distrusted and disliked. Precautions were taken by Parliament to prevent the possibility of his ever exercising the privileges of an English King, opinions were divided as to any further change in the national religion. Yet, facing all difficulties, Mary determined on the marriage; it was celebrated at Winchester with great pomp and ceremony, and on the 12th August, 1554, the reception took place at Guildhall. Previous to this, however, she had, in the month of February, prominently figured at the Hall. She had been informed of the progress of the rebellion under the direction of Sir Thomas Wyatt, and alarmed at the possible defection of the citizens, she forthwith repaired to the Guildhall, where she was respectfully received by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs, and whom she addressed in stirring language. The news of her approach somewhat frightened the citizens ; the Chronicles of that time record how they had been informed that she was on her way with “ harnessed men.” Numbers fled from the City fearing they might be entrapped and possibly lose their lives; her conciliatory oration, however, restored confidence, the allegiance of the citizens was ensured, and so deep was the impression made, that the Bishop of Winchester, who had accompanied her, exclaimed, when the speech was concluded, “ Oh, how happy are we to whom God hath given such a wise and learned prince.” In the year 1641, a feast was given at the Hall on a scale almost unparalleled for its magnificence. Charles I had returned to London from his useless journey into Scotland, having previously accepted 'an invitation to dine with the Lord Mayor, Sir Richard Gurney, who was a devoted Royalist, and for this adherence to the ill-fated King he was expelled from Parliament. Clarendon, the historian, refers to Sir Richard as being a man of wisdom and courage, and one who had experienced great indignation to see the City so corrupted by the ill-artifices of factious persons, and therefore attended upon his Majesty, at his entrance into the City, with all the lustre and good countenance it could show, and 1 Italian Relation, p. 22. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 191 as great professions of duty as it could make or the King expect. A copy of the “ Oratio Carolina,” as the description of the pageant is styled, is preserved in the Library at Guildhall. The Mayor and Aldermen, accompanied by 500 horsemen drafted from the various Livery Companies, went out to the fields at Kingsland and there presented an address to the King and Queen, who were accompanied by the Prince of Wales and other members of the Royal Family. The return to the City was by Moorgate to the Guildhall, where a brilliant entertainment had been provided. This reception was highly gratifying to King Charles, and probably had something to do in encouraging him to proceed with the conflict already commenced with Parliament. Little did those who were assembled at this scene of rejoicing and festivity in the old Hall reflect at the time on what was so soon about to happen, and the change so shortly to take place as to the way he would be received by the citizens. * In the following year he again visited Guildhall, but under totally different circumstances. The occasion was one deserving of mention inasmuch as it illustrates the confidence reposed by the citizens of London in the justice of their determination to retain their traditional rights and privileges, and this at one of the most critical periods of their history. The King had written to the Lord Mayor to summon a meeting of the Court of Common Council in connection with the impeachment of the five members who had been accused of high treason, viz., Pym, Hollis, Hampden, Haslerig, and Strode. We read of their flight to the City, of the application of the King in Parliament as to where he could find them, and of his indignation at the self-conscious silence that prevailed. The day following this scene in the House, Charles repaired to Guildhall for the purpose of enforcing their surrender. The King at that time was personally satisfied as to the loyalty of the Corporation itself, but we are told that the Lord Mayor and Aldermen were no longer masters of the populace. In the very presence of the King was shouted the cry of “ Privilege,” “ Liberty of Parliament,” and an heated debate ensued. Charles addressed the assembly, but to little purpose; later on he went to dine with one of the Aldermen—self-invited—but on leaving the house the ill-fated words, “ Parliament ” and “ Privilege ” still rung in his ears ; they were shouted out by the mob as he left the house surrounding him on all sides. The business could now no longer be conducted with safety at Westminster, so a committee was appointed by the Commons to sit at Guildhall until security was restored. On the 6th January, they held a meeting there and were welcomed by a deputation from the Court of Common Council, who duly appeared in their robes and chains of office. On the following day, however, it was found inconvenient to have the meetings at the Hall, and accordingly the committee adjourned to that of the Grocers’ Company where they ultimately resolved, without any regard to the King, to have back the five members. The result of this course of action was an alliance between the Parliament and the City, and the restoration to the House of the members impeached. Of the list of English Sovereigns who have honoured the Corporation by accepting its hospitality at the Guildhall, few appear to have appreciated their reception more than Charles II. So attractive to him was a civic banquet, that in the course of his reign he dined nine times at the Hall. As an illustration of how the building was decorated on such an occasion, the following description copied from a volume of heraldic collections in 192 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the British Museum, is of interest; the work referred to is illustrated in the MS. by marginal sketches of flags, banners, and other things :— 1 Worke done and money laid out for the Entertainment of ye Kings Majesty at Gild Hall October 30 Ano. 1671 delivered to Mr. Pead:— Imprimis for one Large Banner of ye Kyng and Queens Armes and characters at 30 shillings in fine Gold and Silver £2 10 0 ffor 2 Banners of ye Kyng his Royal Highness his armes and characters at 30 shillings in fine Gold £3 0 0 ffor 4 Banners wrought, one silk with fine gold and silver of ye armes of the four Kingdoms £4 0 0 ffor 5 Banners of half yarde square wrought, on silke with fine gold and silver 5 cap.Crowns gilt in oyle with fine gold and silver at 6/8 £1 13 4 ffor 7 Crosses and flower de luces one tin studded and gilt with fine gold 9 0 0 ffor 2 duzen and a halph of Yive le Royes pendants at 12 shillings 1 10 0 ffor 12 Sticks gilt and cohered all over with party gold and silver at 14d 0 14 0 ffor gilt Rossemary and Laurell to plaine Table 0 12 0 £18 3 8 Worke done and money laid out for the Entertainment of ye Kings Majesty at Guildhall ut ante delivered to Mr. John Wallbridg. ffor 4 Square Baners of the Kings and his Royal Highnesses Characters Armes and Badges with Crowns wrought on silk with fine gold and silver at 15/- £3 0 0 ffor 24 Escoutchions with Crowns and Arms of the Kingdomes on pasteboard Avrought with gold and silver at 18 shillings £1 16 0 ffor 4 Crosses and flour de luces, one gilt with fine gold 0 5 0 ffor 4 Sticks a yard long gilt 0 5 0 On the 29th May, 1660, Charles II visited the City on his return from exile, and was entertained in great state by the Mayor, Sir Thomas Allen, who was honoured by knighthood in commemoration of the event. On the 5tli July the King and both Houses of Parliament were entertained at the Guildhall. Sir Thomas Alleyn, or Allen, was the son of William Allen of Hatfield Peveril, Essex ; he served as Sheriff in the year 1654, and was elected to the mayoralty in 1660. He headed the commission appointed to try the regicides. He removed, on his election as Mayor, from Cheap to Aldgate Ward, and in 1679 to Bridge Without. At the restoration of Charles he went out to meet the King on his triumphal entry to the City. John Tatham was the author of the pageant arranged for the occasion. The Grocers’ Company, to which the Mayor belonged, provided as their portion of the entertainment thirty persons as riders, and each a man in livery to attend the Mayor for the more magnificent reception of the King during his passage through the City. Samuel Pepys, writing on the 5th December, 1662, speaks of walking to Guildhall in response to a summons from the Commissioners of Lieutenancy; “ but the Committee,” he adds, “sat not this morning.” And on the 29th October, 1663, he describes a dinner in the building at which he was present:—“ To Guildhall and meeting with Mr. Proby, Sir R. Ford’s son, and Lieutenant-Colonel Baron, a 1 Additional MSS., 26-683, fol. 53. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 193 City commander. We went up and down to see the tables, where under every salt there was a bill of fare, and at the end of the table the persons proper for the table. Many were the tables, but none in the Hall but the Mayor’s and the Lords of the Privy Council, that had napkins or knives, which was very strange. We went into the Buttry, and there stayed and talked, and then into the Hall again, and there wine was offered and they drunk, I only drinking some hypocras which do not break my vowe, it being, to the best of my present judgment, only a mixed compound drink, and not any wine. If I am mistaken, God forgive me ! but I hope and do think I am not. By and by met with Creed, and we with the others went within the several Courts, and there saw the tables prepared for the Ladies, and Judges, and Bishops: all great signs of a great dinner to come. By and by about one o’clock, before the Lord Mayor come into the Hall from the room where they were first led into, the Lord Chancellor (Archbishopp before him), with the Lords of the Council and other Bishopps, and they to dinner. Anon comes the Lord Mayor, who went up to the Lords, and then to the other tables to bid Wellcome and so all to dinner. I set near Proby, Baron, and Creed, at the merchant strangers’ table, where ten good dishes to a messe with plenty of wine of all sorts of which I drunk none ; but it was very unpleasing that we had no napkins, nor change of trenchers, and drank out of earthen pitchers and wooden dishes. It happened that after the Lords had half dined, come the French Embassador up to the Lord’s table, where he was to have sat; he would not sit down or dine with the Lord Mayor, who was not yet come, nor have a table to himself, which was offered, but in a discontent went away again. After I had dined, I and Creed rose and went up and down the house, and up to the ladies’ room, and there stayed gazing upon them. But though there were many and fine, both young and old, yet I could not discern one handsome face there, which was very strange. I expected musique, but there was none, but only trumpets and drums which displeased me. The dinner, it seems, is made by the Mayor and two Sheriffs for the time being, the Lord Mayor paying one half and they the other. And the whole, Proby says, is reckoned to come to about 7 or £800 at most.” 1 There are entries in the records relative to the banquets given to William and Mary in the year 1692, when John Wildman, William Gore, and James Houblon, Aldermen, and Leonard Robinson, Chamber- lain, were knighted, as also Rowland Aynsworth, William Scawen, Josiah Child, and John Foche received the honour of knighthood ; 2 likewise to the invitations given to the Prince and Princess Anne of Denmark on a later occasion, and again to the entertainment to the King after his return, when taking up his Freedom in Guildhall on Lord Mayor’s Day. 3 At the flight of James II to France, in 1688, owing to his unpopularity and the determination of the people to depose him from the throne and invite the Prince of Orange to lead the nation, there was an historic scene enacted at the Hall. The Parliamentary authorities assembled in the building, and at a meeting of the Court of Aldermen declared their confidence in the Prince. An address was prepared by the Court of Common Council, and a cordial welcome arranged for him upon his arrival. This shortly afterwards took place, and the congratulatory address was delivered by the Recorder. 1 Pepy’s “ Diary,” edition 1825, p. 256. 2 Townsend’s “ Calendar of Kniglits,” edition 1828. 3 Journal xlviii, fol. 122. BB 194 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. In 1727, George II ascended the throne, and in accordance with precedent he accepted an invitation to a banquet at the Hall, accompanied by the Queen, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Caroline ; they arrived in Cheapside in the afternoon, with a numerous attendance ; the streets were protected by the militia, and the houses decorated in varied fashion, the Lord Mayor’s procession on this occasion was witnessed by the Royal family from a balcony erected near Bow Church. The entertainment however appears to have been eclipsed by one given in the following reign by Sir Samuel Fludyer, Lord Mayor in the year 1761. This reception accorded to George III, was on the occasion of his marriage ; there is an interesting engraving showing the interior of the Hall as arranged for the banquet, in the “ Gentleman’s Magazine,” for the year mentioned, and a graphic account has been preserved of the various details of an entertainment of a more than usual magnificent character. The bill of fare contains some curious items ; no less than 414 dishes were provided exclusive of the dessert. The Aldermen who formed the committee officiated at the upper table as waiters. The Lord Mayor as Chief Butler and his wife were in attendance on the Queen. This was a temporary arrangement only, for, soon after the proceedings had commenced, the Lord Mayor, the Lady Mayoress and the Aldermen were directed to resume their places. The expenses of the day’s entertainment were altogether as high as £6,898. os. 4 d. Of these receptions, there are none that can have a greater interest with the present generation than that accorded to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, on the occasion of her accession to the throne. For centuries it had been customary for the City Magnates to entertain the sovereign in princely fashion at the commencement of a new reign, and it appears to have ever been the effort on the part of all concerned to make the entertainment surpass, if such were possible, all that had been done before. Accordingly on Lord Mayor’s Day, the 9tli November, 1837, the Queen graciously accepted the invitation, the Corporation spared no labour or expense to receive her with a magnificence which should honour the great city as the host, and be acceptable to the Royal Lady who had deigned to be the guest. It was her first public progress through the capital, and the inhabitants generally vied with the Corporation in the exertions made to give her a hearty welcome. The Royal procession started from Buckingham Palace, passing, in its progress to Guildhall, through the streets lined on either side by thousands of spectators, while the houses were richly decorated with flags, evergreens, and other symbols of loyal welcome. It is on record that she was received with enthusiastic applause on all sides. Stop¬ ping for a time at Temple Bar, the Lord Mayor, then Mr. Alderman Cowan, presented, as usual, the Sword of State, which, on the good old principle that it could not be in better hands, Pier Majesty returned to his lordship, in accordance with the traditions of ancient etiquette. They then proceeded to the Ilall, which is said to have presented a brilliant scene. No less than 700 sat down to dinner. The Lord Mayor, when the banquet was over, received the dignity of a baronetcy, and the two Sheriffs, Moses Montefiore and George Carroll, the honour of knighthood. Her Majesty again visited the City in the year 1844, at the opening of the then new Royal Exchange. Upon this occasion, the City’s address having been read and the building declared open, a sumptuous dejeuner was served in the underwriters’ rooms. The Mayor of the year, Mr. Alderman William Magnay, was subsequently HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL 195 made a baronet. The ever-to-be-remembered entertainment at Guildhall in 1851, in which, accompanied by the late Prince Consort, she graciously participated, has been previously referred to. Entertainment to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, 9tii November, 1837 (Showing the Great Hall, as it existed before the recent Restorations.) BB 2 196 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. LordMayc Show. Since this visit of Her Majesty to the City, there have been many similar receptions at Guildhall on a scale ever magnificent and costly, in accordance with the object for which they were devised, and upholding upon each occasion those traditions of princely hospitality for which the Corporation of London is so widely known. Of recent gatherings, Royal, Political, and Social, the following may be chronicled as the more important. In the year 1838 the foreign ambassadors were received in honour of the Coronation of the Queen. In 1855 an entertainment was given to the Emperor and Empress of the French ; in 1856 to H.M. the King of Sardinia; in 1863 to T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales on the occasion of their marriage ; in 1866 occurred the presentation of the Freedom of the City to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh. In the following year a reception took place to commemorate the visit of PI.S.M. the Sultan of Turkey, and in the year 1871 H.R.H. Prince Arthur was presented with the Freedom of the City. In 1873, the New Library was inaugurated, and an entertainment given in honour of the Shah of Persia visiting this country. In 1874 there were two receptions, one to the Emperor of Russia, and one welcoming the Prince of Wales on the occasion of the unveiling of the statue of the Prince Consort on Holborn Viaduct. In 1875 the Freedom of the City was presented to the lamented Prince Leopold, and in the following year the Municipal Authorities of the United Kingdom and of the principal cities of Europe were received. In December a banquet and ball took place in celebration of the return of the Prince of Wales from his visit to India. In January, 1878, the Freedom of the City was presented to General Grant, to the late Lord Beaconsfield and to the Marquis of Salisbury. In the year 1880 the Corporation welcomed the King of the Hellenes, and in 1881 gave a conversazione on the occasion of a visit of the Medical Congress to London ; and later on a welcome was accorded to the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. ; in the month of July in the following year a reception was given to the leaders of the various English municipalities ; in the mayoralty of Sir Robert Nicholas Fowler, M.P., the Freedom of the City was presented to Prince Albert Victor, the eldest son of the Heir-Apparent, upon the attainment of his majority ; the ceremonial was succeeded by a banquet in the Guildhall. Interesting, however, as are these ceremonials from the associations they possess in connection with many an important crisis in the history of this country, none can better illustrate the vast progress that has been made by the English Nation than the gathering recently held within the walls of the ancient building; the sumptuous entertainment in honour of the Colonial and Indian visitors to this country will ever be remembered by those who had the opportunity of being present, and the assembling at the Guildhall of the City of London of so many representatives of lands for the most part colonised by the English people, and steadily progressing under the beneficent rule of Queen Victoria will provide a theme not to be neglected by the historian of the future. r’s The alterations at Guildhall in 1501, when the Kitchen and other conveniences were added, led to the Annual Banquet being given within the building, instead of as on former occasions in the Hall of one of the Livery Companies. It had long been customary at the installation of the Mayor for the Guild to which he might happen to belong, to provide a Pageant in his honour. These were usually composed and arranged by the City Laureate or Poet of the day, and there is a highly interesting collection of these quaint old compositions preserved in the Guildhall Library, ranging from the year 1591 to 1708 ; this includes solemnities and entertainments devised by George Peele, Thomas Middleton, HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 197 Anthony Munday, Thomas Hey wood, Edmund Gay ton, John Tatham, Thomas Jordan, Matthew Taubman, and Elkanah Settle. There is also an equally interesting series, no less than thirty-one in number, which includes certain compositions not possessed by the Corporation in the Gough collection at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Among them are some that are said to have been unknown to the late Mr. Fairholt who made them a special study. Malcolm has given an interesting description of a “ Lord Mayor’s Show,” indeed, it is the first authentic account of the annual pageant which appears to have been published. 1 The details are extracted from the records of the Ironmongers’ Company, and they are most interesting from the information they afford as to certain quaint old practices and customs which, in the course of many changes from year to year, have gradually become obsolete and forgotten. When Sir William Draper was elected to the mayoralty in 1566-7, the Ironmongers exerted themselves to their utmost ability in honouring the procession, as he being what is termed “ free of the Company,” forty-six persons, bachelors, were nominated, whose drapery was composed of satin cassocks, gowns, furred with “ foynes,” and crimson satin hoods, “twenty-eight wifelers.” Forty-eight men bore wax torches, an ell in length, distinguished by red caps, an equal number were armed with javelins. Two woodmen carried clubs, hurled squibs, and a pageant—unfortunately only partially described—filled the measure. The expense of it was £18. Six boys, furnished by J. Tailer, from Westminster (possibly the Abbey Church), sung on, and pronounced speeches from, the stage. Four partizans (small field pieces) and 160 chambers, procured from the Lieutenant of the Tower, were placed on the banks of the Thames and discharged at intervals. “ The Foiste,” or, in modern terms, the Company’s Barge, had ten pairs of oars and masts, but whether they were furnished with sails or for the flags only doth not appear. However, the Queen’s Arms flowed from the main top, and a flag of the “ red crosse ” from the fore top ; to each of which were added long pendants and two “ auncients for the pope or haste.” 2 The last-mentioned flags were not displayed as at present, from fixed staffs, but held by men termed “ Auncient bearers for the Foiste.” This “ vessel had her master and gunner, “ and squibbs sufficient for the tyme, with all things well paynted, and trymmed accordyngly with twenty pavases, 3 and two half barrels of gunpowder on board,’ so that with her guns and squibs she must have been a most formidable man-of-war. The music for the barge consisted of two trumpets, one drum, and sixteen basses, half were double, and one solitary flute. The men and musicians were habited in sarsnet cassocks, with scarves and night caps of Bruges satin, “ drawen oute with white and redd.” The Queen’s serjeant trumpeters demanded no less than £18, for twenty-four trumpeters. In addition, 4 there were two long streamers of crimson taffity, twenty-four trumpet banners, for banners of the Lord Mayor’s Arms, a banner of the Queen’s Arms, ten and a half dozen of small pendants, 5 white banners, 11 cl. to Ric. Baker “ for the devise and making of the paggions ” (pageants).. These pageants were carried by porters, who had hogsheads to rest them on. “ The target paynter, Algate,” had £3. 4s. 4 d. “ for paynting the skotcheons ” ; “ Thomas Geyles, in Lombard Street, £5. 10s. for apparel lent for the child 11 in the pageant” ; the 1 “ Londinium Redivivum,” vol. ii, p. 42-3. 2 The poop or stern. 3 shields. 4 Herbert’s “ Livery Companies," vol. ii, p. 592. 198 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. same children had seven pair of gloves. 44 The good man of the ‘ Bell,’ in Carter Lane, had 14s. 8 d. for breakfast and for fire in the chamber where they were appareled” ; the painter for “ paynting of poses, speeches and songs that were spoken and songe by the children in the pageant,” had os. ; a dozen of linen cost 3s. 4 d. ; 8 d. was paid for the children’s drink at the 444 Bell,’ in Myncliyng Lane ” ; 44 Mr. Pele had xxxs. for his devise and paynes in the pageant ” ; Mr. Hille, ironmonger, had 3s. 4r/. 44 for setting up a freme of timber for setting up the pageant on.” This pageant (whatever it was) was set up in the hall after the way which has been described as common 44 Goodman Care the joiner has 10s. for the setting vppe the pageant in our hall.” 44 The Captain of the foyst for his pains and trimmings had £10, the Company finding gunpowder and all other necessaries for the 4 feude joyes.’ ” 44 40 poor men of the Comp y wore cloth gowns of azure blue, with red sleeves of Bruges satin. 3 dozen minstrels walked with white staves, and the Bedel of the yeomanry had a blue cloth gown and hood of crimson satin. Total paid, £210. 8s. 10d.” There was a water procession with a foist, &c., 44 John Canelyslie, capteyne of the foyste, had for his paynes and trimmynge the same foyste £x. xs. 7001b. of gunpowder was used in the celebration. The whole cost was £33. Is. bcl. In the account of the foregoing pageant, there is mention of individuals taking part in the procession under a name which, belonging to a past age, is worth recording. The 44 Wifelers ” referred to were people who cleared the way. Douce derives the name from “whiffle,” a fife or small flute, the performers on which usually preceded armies or processions, and hence the name was ultimately applied to such officials. Among the prints collected by John Bagford 1 are the “Four Ages of Man,” 1635, two of which have reference to characters always seen in a Lord Mayor’s Show, and one is a pictorial illustration of the present note. 44 Childehood ” is depicted as a 44 Hinch Boy,” a 44 page or attendant, derived,” says Blackstone, 44 from following the haunch of his master, and thence being called bench boy or haunch boyT Lucifer’s bench boys are mentioned in Randolph’s “Muses’ Looking Glass,” 1631, and in Sir William Davenant’s comedy, 44 The Wits,” 1665, Act i, Scene i. Sir Morglaytliwack, “a humourous, rich old knight,” exclaims:— “ Sir, I will match my Lord Mayor’s horse make jockeys Of his bench boys and run ’em through Cheapside.” In the collection of prints and drawings illustrative of City pageants, bequeathed to the Society of Antiquaries of London by the late Mr. Fairholt, is a coloured plate representing one William Dewing, a wliiffler to the Norwich Corporation. At Norwich the wliifflers were four in number, and the office was one held in that city till the passing of the Municipal Reform Act in 1832. It had been held by this particular family for over two centuries, and mention is made in Kemp’s “Nine Daies’ Wonder” of them being employed when he danced in Norwich in 1599. Mr. Fairholt refers to him as the last of his race. In the dramatic literature of the 17th century, other references occur both to the hench boys and wliifflers in addition to those already quoted; for example, in an old comedy entitled 44 The Roaring Girl,” 1611, the former are said to have worn spangled feathers as part of their picturesque costume. Again, in the 44 City Match,” printed in HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 199 1639, “I looked the next Lord Mayor’s day to see you o’ tlie Livery, or one of the bachelor whifflers;” and in the “Country Captain,” 1649, the Duke of Newcastle is made to say “ We liave no exchange in the country, no plaies, no masques, no Lord Maior’s daies, no halls, no galley foists. He that expects my favor in so high a degree as marriage must be none of my Lord Mayor’s whifflers, he must be valiant in armes.” Another curious description of a Lord Mayor’s Pageant is to be found in a time-worn little tract preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It consists but of some three or four leaves, and is said to be unique. It is entitled “ The Device of the Pageant borne before Woolstone Dixi, Lord Maior of the City of Lndon. An 1585. October 29, Imprinted at Lndon by Edward Allde. 1585. 4to,”—and at the end are the words “ Doune by George Peele, Maister of Arts in Oxford.” 1 As a typical illustration of these quaint compositions, which were for long annually composed in honour of the newly-elected Mayor, it is here given at length as transcribed from the copy in the Bodleian. 2 THE DEVICE Of the Pageant home before Wools ton Dixi LORD Maior of the Citie of London. An. 1585. October 29. By G. Peele. IMPRINTED at London by Edward Allde. 1585. The Device of the Pageant born before the (Lord Maior). October 29, 1585. A Speech spoken by him that rid on a Luzarne before the Pageant apparelled like a Moore. From where y° Sun dooth settle in his wayn An d yoakes his Horses to his fiery Carte, And in his way gives life to 3 Ceres Corne, Even from ye parching zone behold I come. A straunger straungely mounted as you see, Seated upon a lusty Lnzerns back. And offer to your Honour (good my Lord) This Emblem thus in showe significant. 1 George Peele, Dramatist, admitted to his degree of M.A. at Oxford, 1579, resided at London, near to the theatres at Bankside. He was the author of the “ Pageants,” 1585 and 1591. He is said to have lived a dissolute life, and died about 1598. See Biographia Dramatica. 2 Gough MS. Lond. [122.1.] 3 The words underlined are in a different Type. 200 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Loe lovely London riclie and fortunate, Famed through the World for peace and happinesse : Is heer aduanc’t and set in Highest seat, Beautified throughly as her state requires. First, over her a Princely Trophey standes Of beaten golde: a rich and Royall Armes : Wher-too this London ever more bequeathes, Service of Honour and of Loyaltie. Her props are well advised Maiestrates, That carefully attend her person still. The honest Franklin and the Husband-man, Layes downe his sacks of Corne at Londons feet, And bringes such presents as the Countrie yeeldes. The ples-aunt Thames a sweet and daintye Nymphe, For Londons good conuayes with gentle streame, And safe and easie pass-age what shee can, And keepes her leaping Fishes in her lappe. The Souldier and the Sayler franckly bothe, For Londons ayde are all in readines, To Venture and to fight by Land and Sea. And this thrise reverend honorable Dame, Science the sap of every common wealth. Surnam’d Mechanicall or Liberall Is vowed to honour London with her skill, And London by these freendes so happy made First thankes her God the Author of her peace, And next, with humble gesture as becomes, In meelce and lowly manner doth she yeeld, Her selfe her welthe with hart and willingnes. Unto the person of her gracious Queene, Elizabeth renowned through the world, Stall’d and anointed by the highest power, The God of Kinges that with his holy hand, Hath long defended her and her England. This now remaines right honourable Lord, That carefully you doo attend and keep, This lovely Lady rich and beautifull, The Juel wherwithall your soueraigne Queene, Hath put your honor louingly in trust: That you may adde to Londons dignity, And Londons dignity may adde to yours, That woorthely you may be counted one, Among the number of a many moe: Careful leeftenaunts, carefull Maiestrates, For Londons welfare and her worthines. Dixi. Spoken by the Children in the Pageant viz. LONDON. NEw Troye I liight whom Lud my Lord surnam’d, London the glory of the western side : Throughout the world is lonely London fam’d, So farre as any sea comes in with tide. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 201 Whose peace and caline under her Royall Queene : Hath long bin such as like was neuer seene. Then let me liue to caroll of her name, that she may euer hue and neuer dye : Her sacred shrine set in the house of fame, consecrate to eternal! memorie. My peerless mistresse soueraigne of my peace : Long may she ioy with honours great increase. MAGNANIMITY. The Cuntry and the Thames affoord their aide, and careful! Maiestrates their care attend: All English harts are glad, and well appaide, in readines their London to defend. Defend them Lord and these faire Nimphs likewise : that euer they may doo this sacrifice. LOYALTIE. The greatest treasure that a Prince can have, dooth louely London offer to her Queene, Such loyaltie as like was neuer seen, and such as any English hart can crave. THE CUNTRY. For Londons aide the Cuntry giues supplie, of needfull things, and store of euery graine : London giue thanks to Him that sits on hie, had neuer I owne less cause for to complaine, And loue and serue the soueraigne of thy peace : Under whose raigne thou hast this rich increase. THE THAMES. With silver glide my pleasant streames doo runne, where leaping fishes play betwixt the shores : This gracious good hath God and kinde begun, for Londons use with help of Sailes and Ores. London reioyce and giue thy God the praise : For her whose liighnes lengths thy happy daies. THE SOULDIER. Armour of safe defence the Souldier hath, So louely London carefully attends ; To keep her sacred soueraigne from skathe, That all this English land so well defends. And so farre London bids her souldiers goe, As well may serue to shield this land from woe. THE SAYLER. The Sayler that in colde and quaking tide, the wrathfull stormes of Winters rage dooth bide : With streamers stretcht, prepares his merry bark, for cuntries welth to set his men awark. That Queene and Country eazely may see : The Sea-man serves his Prince in his degree. SCIENCE. For Londons safety and her happines, the Souldier and the Sayler may you see : All well prepar’d and put in redines, to doo such seruice as may fitting be, and Arte with them do ioyne and they with me. London then ioy and let all ages knowe, What duty to thy soueraigne thou doost owe. THE FIRST NYMPHE. Thus with the morning Sun and euening starre, these holy lights shall burne, the cheerful flame With sweetest odour shall perfume as farre as India stands in honor of her name. Whose Trophey we adore with sacred rights : With sweetest incense and with endless lights. cc 202 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. THE SECOND NYMPH. So long as Sunne dooth lend the world his light, or any grasse dooth growe upon the ground : With holy flame, our Torches shall burne bright, and same shall brute with golden trumpets sound. The honour of her sacred regiment: That claimes the honorable monument. THE THIRD NYMPH. Our holy lights shall burne continually, to signifie our duties to her state : Whose excellent and princely maiestye, approues it selfe to be moste fortunate. THE FOURTH NYMPHE. Vertue shall witness of her worthiness, and fame shall register her princely deeds : The world shall still pray for her happiness, from whome our peace and quietnes procedes. YERSES WRITTEN YNDER THE ARMES OF ENGLAND. Gallia victa dedit /lores, inuicta Leones, Anglia, ius Belli in flore, Leone suum: 0 sic o semper ferat Anglia, loeta triumphos, Inclita gallorum Flore, Leone suo. Bonne ly George Peele Maister of Artes in Oxford. The following words are written facing the Title-page :— R. Farmer. “ This is probably the only copy remaining. It was given up to me as a Favour, at Mr. West's Auction £ s. d. for 0 8 0. I have seen a fine wooden Print of Sir Wolstan at Christ's Hospital." Sir Wolstan, in whose honour the above was written, was a member of the Skinners’ Company. He was the youngest son of Thomas Dixie, of Catworth, Huntingdonshire, served as Master of his Company in the years 1573, 1576, 1580, 1588 and 1592. He was among those who were prominent in the building of Peterhouse College, Cambridge. He married, firstly, his master’s daughter, Walkenden, and secondly, Agnes, daughter of Sir Christopher Draper. He died without issue at the age of 69, and was buried in St. Michael’s, Bassishaw, in 1593. There is an excellent portrait of him in the Court Room of Christ’s Hospital as President in 1592, of which foundation he was a liberal benefactor, as appears on a shield in the corner. The Knight is habited in his Lord Mayor’s dress ; his features show considerable firmness of character, as he leans on a table holding a richly embroidered glove in his right hand; he wears a venerable beard and hat of the period. Arms : Azure , a lion rampant, or, a chief of the last. In the year 1687, Sir John Shorter, Goldsmith, was elected Lord Mayor; his selection to the office was of an exceptional character, for it is stated by Strype that he never served the office of Sheriff in accordance with the usual custom, nor was he ever a Freeman of the City ; his appointment was distinctly due to the King, James II. The customary banquet took place in the Guildhall, and it was attended by the King and Queen, HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 203 the Queen Dowager, their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Denmark, and the Court, together the Pope's Nuntio , who was associated with other foreign visitors. A special song was composed for the occasion by Taubman, who for the third time appeared as Poet Laureate for the City. The composition, which has been printed, possesses about the same amount of merit as do the others of like character, with the exception that it is rather worse owing to the numerous ludicrous expressions of loyalty which it contains. He mentions in his description of the entertainment that at its conclusion their Majesties proceeded to Whitehall, and the Lord Mayor to Grocers’ Hall, which, as on previous occasions, was selected as convenient and suitable for the seat of mayoralty. Sir John Shorter did not long survive the honours which he enjoyed on this occasion. In the following year he was killed by a fall from his horse. The unfortunate accident occurred on the 4tli September, 1688, and is thus recorded:—“On Tuesday last died the Lord Mayor, Sir John Shorter, the occasion of his distemper was his fall under Newgate which bruised him a little and put him into a fever. His lordship had a piece of helpless comfort brought him before he died, which was that a corn meter’s place and that of the common .... were fallen void the same day, which were worth to him, or rather his executors £3,000. Few days before died Bunnian, his Lordship’s teacher, or chaplain, a man said to be gifted that way, though once a cobbler.” Shorter had called on the keeper of Newgate on his return from proclaiming Bartholomew Fair, in accordance with the old custom, to partake of a “cool tankard of wine, nutmeg, and sugar.” After he had drank, the lid of the vessel fell with so much force that the horse started and threw him. 1 He was the grandfather of Horace Walpole, and his name will always possess an historic interest. The practice above mentioned was discontinued in the mayoralty of Sir Matthew Wood in the year 1817. On Lord Mayor’s Day, 1692, William and Mary were entertained at the Hall. To this particular ceremonial subscriptions were invited, and among the names of the contributors appear many distinguished individuals:—Sir Robert Clayton, Sir Francis Child, Sir Richard Levett, Sir Humphrey Edwin, Sir Thomas Cooke, Sheriff; Sir John Fleet, Lord Mayor, and others. Some ten years later the last entertainment of the old style took place. It was in the reign of Queen Anne, and on the occasion of the election of Sir Samuel Dashwood, Vintner, to the mayoralty. Elkanah Settle devised the pageant in the hope of reviving interest in a festival which had been held for many years. Sir Samuel had been Master of his Company in the year 1684, elected Alderman of Aldgate Ward in 1688, served the office of Sheriff in 1683, and was elected Lord Mayor in the year 1702. He became President of Bethlehem Hospital in 1703, and Member of Parliament for the City in the year 1686. He married Anne, the daughter of John Smith, of Tidworth, and had issue several children. By the marriage of his daughter Sarah with Fulke Greville, fifth Lord Brooke, he became ancestor of the Earls of Warwick and many other illustrious noblemen. The pageant displayed by the Vintners on the occasion of his election as Lord Mayor, included a representation of St. Martin, AI il 1 Vide “ Ellis Correspondence,” vol. ii, p. 161. CC 2 204 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the patron saint, mounted “ on a stately white steed, richly plumed and caparisoned,” the Saint splendidly armed cap-a-pie , having a large mantle or scarf of scarlet, followed by several cripples and beggars supplicating his charity ; and on arriving in St. Paul’s Churchyard, making a stand to prevent the cries of the mendicants, the Saint severed his scarf with his sword, and distributed it among them. Sir Samuel died the 14th September, 1705, aged 63, and was buried in St. Botolph’s Church, Bishopsgate. 1 Arms argent on a fess, double cotised gu ., three Griffins’ heads erased or. Elkanah Settle was the last of the civic bards. The annual compositions for the pageants or shows commenced in the year 1691, and continued until the year 1708, at which year the printed descriptions end. Settle was attached to the Court of Charles II, and wrote indifferent plays and so-called poems. His last works were in connection with the amusements at Bartholomew Fair. He had been accustomed to write the annual panegyrics on the Lord Mayors, and the verses usually spoken in the pageants. At his death the occupation of a City poet ceased. A pamphlet is preserved containing his compositions, with a spirited engraving illustrative of the pageants in the year 1698, on the occasion of the election of Sir Francis Child to the mayoralty, when the proceedings were organised in honour of the Goldsmiths’ Company to which Sir Francis belonged. At these inauguration festivals, among the amusements provided for the guests were the gambols and frolics of the Jester, the City Laureate, or the Lord Mayor’s Fool, He, in. accordance with the customs of the time, was a personage whose presence was as necessary at such entertainments as it was in the household of Royalty. The professional jester was a recognised inmate with wealthy families. He possessed a certain distinction in his particular sphere. Among the coarse methods of enjoyment fashionable at the time was a favourite but ridiculous performance ; at a Mayor’s banquet, a jester was expected to be in readiness to leap, without changing his motley garb, into a huge bowl of custard. This at such feasts was considered an attractive item in the programme and gave satisfaction to the guests. As “ quaking custards ” of enormous size, they are spoken of by the dramatic writers of the Elizabethan age, and of a still later time ; Shakespeare, for example, in “ All’s Well that ends Well — “ Like liim that leaped, into the custard.” Act ii, Scene v. And again, Ben Jonson, who, in the year 1628, was appointed “ Chronologer ” to the City in the place of Thomas Middleton, deceased :— “He may perchance, in tail of a Sheriff’s dinner Skip with a rhyme on the table, from New-nothing And take his Almain leap into a custard Shall make my Lady Mayoress and her sisters Laugh all their hoods over their shoulders.” “ The Devil’s an Ass,” Act i, Scene i. 1 “ Biographical Notices of some Eminent Members of the Vintners’ Company,” by Thomas Milbourn. Transactions London and Middlesex Archeological Society,” vol. iii, p. 463. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 205 In another old play, viz., one by Glassthorne :— “ I’ll write the City Annals In metre, which shall far surpass Sir Guy Of Warwick’s history, or John Stows’ upon The Custard with the four and twenty nooks At my Lord Mayor’s Feast.” “Wit in a Constable.” It is not very clear as to what is intended by the “ four and twenty nooks,” unless they are supposed to signify in some unknown manner, the four and twenty Wards into which the City was at one time divided. In the same quaint old composition, reference is made to the practice among the guests of taking away with them, at the conclusion of the feast, a portion of the said custard for the edification of their families at home. A lady, for example, ridicules the custom in the following lines addressed to her uncle :— “ Nor shall you Sir, as ’tis a frequent custom ’Cause you’re a worthy Alderman of a Ward Feed me with custard and perpetual white broth Sent from the Lord Mayor’s Feast, and kept ten days Till a new dinner from the Common Hall Supply the large defect.” With such amusements as these, accompanied by songs of but little, if any, merit, and of a character both coarse and ludicrous, our forefathers of but a few generations since w r ere wont to disport themselves. With the spread of education, and rapid advances recently made in every department of Art, Science and Literature, many changes have been effected in the various arrangements connected with the annual banquet. Invitations are accepted by the highest and noblest in the land. The State, the Law, the Church, the Arts and Sciences, are well represented by their respective leaders, and the entertainments and amusements provided are now all of a highly refined and intellectual character. If the walls of the venerable building have at times resounded with shouts of revelry and mirth, they have, on more than one occasion, been silent witnesses to scenes of sorrow and cruel persecution. Within their precincts, decisions have been given which must for ever cast a shadow over many a page of English history. Trials resulting in unwarrantable sentences have taken place which a more enlightened age can but now look back upon with mingled feelings of pain and sorrow. Several might be quoted, but a few of the more important are sufficient for the purpose as affording illustrations of the association between them and other historical traditions of the building. One of the earliest trials on record relates to a disturbance in the fourteenth century between the Poulterers and Fishmongers, in the course of which the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, while endeavouring to suppress the riot, were assaulted. The event occurred in the year 1340, 14 Edward III. The chief of the ringleaders were Thomas Haunsart and John le Brewere, the former having endeavoured to strike the Lord Mayor, Andrew Aubrey, with drawn sword, and the latter who had succeeded in wounding one of the City Serjeants so greatly that his life was despaired of ; both were apprehended and brought for trial at Guildhall. They were at once condemned to death, and forthwith beheaded in Cheapside. The Lord Mayor, on the circumstance being known to the King, State and other Trials. 206 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. received a congratulatory letter commending the action so promptly taken, and charging him at the same time, should similar riots occur or there he any attempt to disturb the peace of the citizens generally, that the offenders should be committed to prison until the Royal pleasure should be obtained concerning them. A copy of the letter from the King to Andrew Aubrey, Citizen and Grocer, is preserved among the records. 1 He was held in high respect by his brother citizens, being elected Lord Mayor two years in succession. In the year 1441, Maister Roger and Master Thomas were tried in the Hall for treason and sorcery, and on the 18th November, in the same year, Roger Bollingbrook was arraigned for conspiring against the person of Henry VI. According to the English Chronicle he was “by xii men of Londoun founde guilty.” In the same record, it is stated that “Lord Say was brought out of the Tour unto Guyldelialle to be tried, Saturday, July 4, 1450.” In the year 1547, 38 Henry VIII, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, was tried in the Hall for high treason, before Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer. He had previously in company with his father, the Duke of Norfolk, been committed to the Tower, viz., in December, 1546 ; but on the 13th January in the following year, he was arraigned at Guildhall, before the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Mayor and the Commissioners. Being a Commoner and not a Parliament Lord, he was put before a jury of Norfolk men, consisting of nine Knights and three Esquires. As a man of deep understanding, of sharp wit, and un¬ flinching courage, he made a bold and powerful yet unavailing defence. He was convicted of treason, and sentenced to death. On the 19th, he was beheaded on Tower Hill, in the 30th year of his age. He was buried in Tower Street, thence removed to Framlingham, Suffolk, his reputed birthplace, where his second son, the Earl of Northampton, erected a monument to his memory. It is an interesting historical fact that his father escaped a similar fate owing to quite an accidental circumstance. On the 27tli January, the Bill of Attainder was framed, and a warrant (notwithstanding that he had made his submission on the 12th, and the fact of his various meritorious services) was sent to the Lieutenant of the Tower to behead the Duke of Norfolk the next morning, but, the King dying in the night, the Lieutenant could not act on the warrant, and it was likewise thought inexpedient to commence the reign of Edward VI with such an objectionable event. He therefore very luckily escaped his impending fate. Surrey’s untimely death is ever to be regretted, for he was a man of great talent and high courage, and with many other noble qualities. Fie was one of the earliest improvers in the art of versification, and first introduced the sonnet and blank verse into use in England. His poems were published in 1537, 1565, and 1574. Possibly the saddest of all in the list that could be given, is the fate of one that has ever commanded the sympathies of her countrymen, viz., that of Lady Jane Grey. Her husband, the Lord Guildford Dudley, together with that of the ill-fated Cranmer, all of whom were tried and sentenced at the Hall, and for what were then considered treasonable actions. Lady Jane Grey was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset, Duke of Suffolk. Her mother was Lady Frances Brandon, daughter and one of the co-heirs of Charles Brandon, the Duke, by Mary his wife, Queen of France, younger Letter Book F, fol. 45. 207 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. daughter of Henry VII. At the time when Edward VI, “ by long sickness, began to appear more feeble and weak,” a marriage was solemnized between Lord Guildford Dudley, the fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland, and the Lady Jane, and then her ambitious father-in-law, with the consent of the council, nobility, chief lawyers, the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London, prevailed upon the young king to appoint Lady Jane as his successor to the crown, passing over his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He soon afterwards deceased at the early age of sixteen. Between him and Lady Jane there was little difference in age. Shortly after his decease, Lady Jane reluctantly consented to be proclaimed Queen in the City of London and other places. Mary forthwith asserted her rights, and what happened is well-known, the kingdom espoused her cause, and the result was that Northumberland with his sons were imprisoned in the Tower, and within a month he was beheaded. Lady Jane and her husband, at that time within the Tower, together with Archbishop Cranmer, and others, were conveyed to Guildhall, convicted of high treason and sentenced to death by one Judge Morgan, who subsequently died raving mad from the recollections which ever haunted him having affected his mind. On the 12th February, 1554, Lady Jane was beheaded on Tower Green, and likewise her husband, the Lord Guildford Dudley. Many others were executed at this crisis, Cranmer excepted ; arraigned at the Guildhall for treason ; he was, however, pardoned simply to be sent to Oxford, where as a martyr he suffered at the stake. The trial and condemnation of Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, is thus recorded in the Chronicles of the Grey Friars, under the year 1553 :— “ Thys yere the xiij day of Novembre the Byshoppe of Cantorbery Thomas Creme and Lady Jane that wolde a bene Qwene and iij of the Dudleyes condemyd at the yelde-halle for hye-tresone.” The Bishop here referred to was the well-known Cranmer, and the two Dudleys who were condemned in addition to Lord Guildford were Lord Ambrose and Lord Harry. A further incident in connection with these troublous times occurs in the following year, viz., on “the furst day of February the Qwenes Grace came [in] hare owne persone unto the yelde-halle of Londone and showyd hare mynde unto the mayer, aldermen and the hole crafttes of London (in) hare owne persone, with hare cepter in hare honde in tokyn of love and pes, and wente home agayne by watter at the Crane in the ventre.” Among the celebrated trials which may be mentioned as having taken place at Guildhall, is that of Henry Peckham and John Daniell, in the year 1556. These individuals were associated with twelve others in what is called Dudley’s conspiracy, of which a full and interesting account has been printed by Mr. J. Bruce, F.S.A., in the “ Yerney Papers,” 1 published by the Camden Society in 1853. Henry Peckham was a younger son of Sir Edmund Peckham, Cofferer of the Queen’s Household, Treasurer of the Mint, and a Privy Councillor. His brother, Sir Robert Peckham, had married Elizabeth, sister to John, Lord Bray, and aimt to Edmund and Francis Yerney ; and Lord Bray’s sister Dorothy, was the wife of Edmund, Lord Chandos, whose sister, Catharine Brydges, was the wife of Edward, Lord Dudley, and sister-in-law to Henry Dudley, from whom the conspiracy took its name, Lord Bray and the Verneys were compromised in the plot. Henry Peckham had recently sat in Parliament for the Borough of Chipping Wycombe. 1 “The Yerney Papers.” Camden Society’s Publications, pp. 38-75. 208 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. “ His conduct,” writes Mr. Bruce, “ was infamous, for though one of the most busy of the conspirators, he endeavoured to procure favour by betraying his associates, a favour which, notwithstanding his father’s position at Court, was sternly refused.” Henry Peckham and John Daniell were with others committed to the Tower on the 18tli March, 1556, where they remained until the 7th May, when they w r ere taken to Guildhall and tried for treason, found guilty and executed on Tower Hill, either on the 7th or 8th July. Machyn, the Chronicler of the time, says on the former day:—“ 1556. The vii day of July was hangyd on a galaus on Towre-hylle for tresun agaynst the quen on Master Hare Peckham, and the oder Master John Daneell and after cutt downe and heded, and ther hedes cared unto Londune bryge, and ther sett up, and tlier bodys bered at Allalows- barkyng.” In the confession of John Daniell, in the State Paper Office, he implores to be released from his horrible dungeon in the Tower, where he lived among newts and spiders, afflicted with the stone, etc. His prison was in the Broad Arrow Tower, where the name John Daniell, and the date 1556, carved on the stone wall by his own hand are still to be seen. 1 In the time of the troublous faction between the Houses of York and Lancaster, in the reign of Henry YI, Sir Thomas Oldgrave or Oulegreve, son of William Oldgrave of Knottysford, in Cheshire, Lord Mayor in the year 1467, was accused of treason. It was during his mayoralty that Dame Margaret, sister to the king, rode through the City on her way to the sea-side, to pass into Flanders, there to be married to Charles, Duke of Burgundy. After her departure, Sir Thomas Cooke, Lord Mayor in 1462, who had been associated with Jack ftade in the well-known rebellion of 1450, was impeached of high treason in the year 1467, at the instance of one Hawkins ; he too was tried at Guildhall, but acquitted ; on his acquittal he was sent to the Bread Street Compter, and from thence to the King’s Bench, and was there kept until he paid £8,000 to the King and £800 to the Queen. 2 According to Fabyan the Chronicler, “ Sir Thomas was brought into Guildhall and there arreined of the said Treason, and after that committed to the Comtore in Bread Street and from thence to the King’s Bench in South war ke. In which time and season he lost much good, for both his places in the country and also in London were under ye guiding of the said Lord Rivers’ servants, and of Sir John Fog, the Under-Treasurer : the which spoyled and destroyed much things: and over that much of his jeweles and plate, with great substance of ye merchandise, as cloth of silk and clothes of arras, were discovered by such persons as he had betaken the said goods to kepe, and came to the Treasurers hands, which to the said Sir Thomas was a great enemy, and finally, after many persecutions and losses, was compelled as for fine to pay unto the King £8,000, and after he was thus agreed and was at large, for the King’s interest, he was then in new trouble against the Queene, which demanded as her right for every £1,000 paid unto the King by way of fine 100 marks, to which he was fain to agree besides many good gifts which he gave to his Council.” 1 Bayley’s “ History of the Tower,” vol. i, p. 207. 3 See paper entitled “ Some Particulars of Alderman Philip Malpas, and Alderman Sir Thomas Cooke, K.B.” Ancestors of Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Bacon), and Robert Cecil (first Earl of Salisbury), by B. Brogden Orridge, F.G-.S., “ Transactions London and Middlesex Archeological Society,” vol. iii, p. 285. 209 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. On 16th July, 1509,1 Henry VIII, Edmund Dudley, Esq., was tried at Guildhall for treason against the King, and found guilty. He was associated with Sir Thomas Empson m the plot, the latter being tried at Northampton, and likewise convicted. Empson had risen from small beginnings, but noted for his wit and industry, had gained thereby a P° sition in tlie Councils of Henry VII, and from this circumstance became a useful instrument in raising money for his royal patron. Edmund Dudley, a gentleman by birth and education, was Speaker of the House of Parliament in the same reign. For the above offence they were committed to the Tower, and though doubts existed as to their guilt, Henry A II., in response to general clamour, and thinking to please the citizens, authorised their execution. The attaint against Dudley was reversed by Parliament in the year 1533, 5 Henry VIII. In the same reign occurred the martyrdom of the unfortunate and accomplished Anne Askew. Sir Martin Bowes was Lord Mayor at the time of her first examination at Saddlers’ Hall, by the Inquisitor, Christopher Dare, in March, 1546. The second enquiry was before Sir Martin, who sent her to prison, refusing sureties or bail. On subsequent application, he, however, consented to release her, if it met with the approval of the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Mayor made application to this functionary and to Bishop Bonner, and eventually she was brought again to Guildhall, and partially recanting at St. Paul’s, was, lor a while, released; later on there were further requirements to which she declined to accede. She was accordingly sent to Greenwich to be examined before the King, and thence to Newgate ; again to Guildhall, where she was condemned by the Lord Chancellor ; next to the sign of the Crown, where the Bishops, together with one Master Rich, endeavoured to persuade her to recant, but refusing, she was sent to the Tower and submitted to the rack. Sir Anthony Knyvett was then Lieutenant, and he was present at the inhuman punishment; he was unwilling, however, to add more than possible to the sufferings of the unhappy woman, so Lord Chancellor Wriothesley and Master Rich, already mentioned, are said to have taken off their gowns in order the better to ply the rack with their own hands. So intense had been her sufferings, that when brought to the stake at Smithfield, either in June or July, for historians differ, she had to be conveyed in a chair. Associated with her were Nicholas Beleman, a priest, from Shropshire; John Adams, a tailor; and one, John Lacels, a member of King Henry’s Court. The Lord Mayor was present on the Bench erected under St. Bartholomew’s Church, together with the aged Earl of Bedford, and others. Upon a final refusal to recant, the Lord Mayor ordered the fire to be lighted, calling out with raised voice, “ Fiat Justitia.” This unfortunate young woman, daughter of Sir William Askew, wife of one Master Kyme, and mother of two children, was but twenty-five years of age at the time. The presence of the high dignitaries mentioned, together with that of the civil officials, is a striking illustration of the intolerance and bigotry which at this time prevailed. In that interesting old Chronicle the Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant Taylor, there appears under the years 1550-1, the following reference to certain proceedings before the tribunal at Guildhall which are quaintly stated : “ The xiiij. day of Marche was raynyd at the yelde-halle a C (hundred) mareners for robyng on the see, and the captayne, behyng a Skott, was cared to Nugate the sam day, and serten cast (condemned). In 1552, the vij. day of Juin the duke of Northumberland and dyvers of the kynges consell DD 210 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. sat at yeld-hall [to hear] certen causys, and toke up my lord mayre and [his] brodurne for vetell, because he lokyd not to yt, and for sellyng of the sam, and odur causys. In 1559 the furst day of Desember, was raynyd at the Geld hall, master Grymston, captayn.” Sir Nicholas Throckmorton was tried at Guildhall in April, 1554, for treason against the Queen. Sir Nicholas, the son of a Papist, had distinguished himself at the battle of Pinkie, during the reign of young Edward VI, and had been honoured with knighthood by him in consequence. He was accused of complicity in Wyatt’s rebellion, but without just reason, and shortly after the death of the latter, he was arraigned for participation in a conspiracy to kill Queen Mary. The Commissioners appointed at his trial included the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas White, an ancestor of Cromwell and the founder of St. John’s College, Oxford; the Earl of Shrewsbury; the Earl of Derby; Sir Thomas Bromley, Lord Chief Justice ; Nicholas Hare, Master of the Rolls ; Sir Francis Englefield, Master of the Court of Wards and Liberties ; Sir R. Southwell, Privy Councillor ; Sir Roger Cholmeley ; Sir William Porteman, Justice of the King’s Bench ; Sir Edward Saunders, Justice of the Common Pleas ; Master Stamford and Master Dyer, Serjeants ; Master Edward Griffin, Attorney General; Master Sendall and Peter Tichborne, Clerks of the Crown. After the hearing of the case, the details of which are among the most curious upon record, and a spirited defence having been made by himself, the Jury found him “Not Guilty,” and on the presentation of their verdict, an incident, almost without precedent, occurred. The distinguished members of the Court, many of them being the most able and talented men of the time, were so dissatisfied with the verdict that they committed the Jury to prison. They were sent to the Fleet, four were released on their submission as offenders, three were adjudged to pay two thousand pounds apiece, and the others each one thousand marks, five others were discharged on payment of a fine of two hundred and twenty pounds each, and the other three pleading inability to pay so large an amount, upon their contribution of sixty pounds apiece were set at liberty. In the year 1570 a singular trial took place at the Guildhall. It possesses an historic interest from the illustration it affords of the inhuman cruelties with which the citizens were at this time familiar, and content to see practised when treasonable and religious matters were in question. One, John Felton, was tried, on the 8th August, in the above year, his offence being high treason against the Queen, and the setting up of a traitorous bull on the Bishop of London’s gate. Sentenced to execution at Guildhall, he was sent to Newgate, and the subsequent details connected with his death are painfully recorded in the literature of the time. 1 He wore a satin doublet and a gown of grograin, was laid upon a hurdle and drawn along the Old Bailey to St. Paul’s Church Yard, where he recited the “ De Profundis.” Loosed from the hurdle by two serjeants, he was stripped by the hangman, then standing and quivering and shaking with fear, he said, “Ah, ah, Lord, have mercy upon me.” 2 He was next led by the hangman to the ladder. Sheriff Beecher commanding silence, willed Master Christopher, the Secondary of the Comptor in the Poultry, to publish a proclamation, &c. Felton, having repeated the 51st Psalm, in Latin, stepped up the ladder, turned his face 1 Hollingsliead’s “ State Trials,” vol. i, p. 869. 2 See the “ End and Confession of John Felton, &c., &c.,” by J. Partridge. Imprinted at London, by Richard Johnes and Thomas Colwell, 1570. -a* ' PL. ill. lunmiumamm ' 1 V. -- . '-XTVT : -•— u l t Ui i . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 211 towards the Bishop’s Gate and addressed the people. While praying he was turned off the ladder, and after hanging there six turns was cut down and carried to the block, his head was then smitten off and held up, whereat the people shouted, with a wish that all traitors were so served. He was then quartered, sent to Newgate to be parboiled, and then liis remains again exposed to public view. The record, after describing the horrible transaction, concludes with “ God Save the Queen.” In the reign of Elizabeth, a Portuguese Jew—one Dr. Roger Lopez, Physician to the Queen was tried at the Hall for treasonable intentions against her. He was arraigned before the Lord Mayor, Robert, Earl of Essex, and Charles, Lord Howard. 1 A few years later, and in the reign of James I, occurred the Gunpowder Plot, and of those who were chiefly associated with that conspiracy, we find the Jesuit, Henry Garnet, as having been tried at Guildhall. He appeared 28th March, 1606, 4 James I, before the Lord Mavor, Sir Leonard Halliday, the Earls of Nottingham, Suffolk, Worcester, Northampton, and Salisbury. Sir John Popliam, Lord Chief Justice of England, Sir Christopher Yelverton, Knt., one of His Majesties Judges and the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. The execution took place on the 3rd May, upon a scaffold, erected at the west end of St. Paul’s Church, the Deans of St. Paul’s and Winchester being present, likewise the Recorder of London. Granger describes him as a man of learning, a Professor of Philosophy and Hebrew in the Italian College at Rome, and skilled in mathematics. 2 It does not appear to have been ever proved that he was very active in the conspiracy, and he declared, just prior to his execution, that he was only privy to it, and concealed what was revealed to him in confession. In the same reign occurred the celebrated trial of Richard Weston, for the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. This was before the Lord Mayor of the -year, Sir Thomas Hayes, Lord Chief Justice Coke, Justices Crook, Dodderidge, Haughton, Serjeant Crew, and Sir Henry Montague, Recorder. When charged, the indictment was to the effect that Richard Weston procured and administered poison to Sir Thomas Overbury, His Majesty’s prisoner in the Tower. Sentenced to die, he still resisted all temptations to deny any of his previous confessions, and was executed at Tyburn by hanging. He had been originally an apothecary, but subsequently rose to the position of Under-Keeper to Sir Jervis Elwes, the new Lieutenant of the Tower. Sir Thomas Overbury had been killed by poison, and Sir Jervis was an accomplice with Weston in the crime. Sir Jervis Elwes was tried in the Hall on the 16th November, 13 James I, 1615, and found guilty. He was executed on Tower Hill. His estate, worth £1,000 a year and more, was given by the King to Lord Pembroke, who, to his lasting honour, generously bestowed it on the widow and children. Sir Thomas Monson was likewise an accomplice. He underwent one day’s trial at the Hall. He pleaded innocence, and the evidence was so far in his favour that he was ultimately set at liberty. The celebrated Nonconformist Minister, Richard Baxter, was tried in the Hall before Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys, on 30th May, 1685. He was accused of writing a work, which he had entitled “A Paraphrase upon the New Testament.” He was fined £500, and ordered to give security for his good behaviour for seven years. The fine was remitted. For a time he resided within the precincts of the 1 “ Domestic State Papers.” Elizabeth. Vol. ccxlviii, No 16. s Granger’s “ Biographical History of England.” Vol. i, p. 380. DU 2 212 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Great Fire of 1666 . King’s Bench Prison, hut on the 28th February following his trial, he removed to a house in Charterhouse Yard, where he preached to a separate congregation, without interruption, as long as he lived. His death occurred after the Revolution, viz., on 8th December, 1691. In addition to this list, one imperfect, but interesting from its association with the varied traditions belonging to the building, there is another with which I may close this section, viz., one recorded as follows in the Diary ot Samuel Pepys, on the 1st December, 1663. It was concerning the insurance of a ship, and the diarist says : “ It was pleasant to see what mad sort of testimonys the seamen did give, and could not be got to speak in order, and then their terms—such as the judge could not understand ; and to hear how sillily the counsel and judge would speak as to the terms necessary in the matter, would make one laugh ; and, above all, a Frenchman that was forced to speak in French, and took an English oath he did not understand, and had an interpreter sworn to tell us what he said, which was the best testimony of all.” The edifice in which these historic scenes were enacted was doomed to destruction in the Great Fire of 1666. The injury was partial only, for although a large amount of irreparable damage was done, the old Gothic walls were left standing ; portions are still visible, and more were exposed when the old buildings were pulled down for the erection of the new Council Chamber. A considerable amount of the old frontage yet remains con¬ cealed behind the present Saracenic facing. This unsightly excrescence has well served its purpose, inasmuch as it has protected the ancient walls from injury by a past generation, who felt but little interest in the public buildings of the City. In the present more enterprising age, when, with a praiseworthy determination, the Corporation are by degrees developing a magnificent series of new buildings more suited to the requirements of its business, and by utilising and repairing what remains of interest in the older building are so gradually improving the whole, that the Guildhall of the future, with its numerous offices, will, when it is completed, form a series of buildings that will bear comparison with similar structures on the Continent; and it is at the same time an interesting reflection to consider that when the present facjade comes down there will be exposed to view the Gothic work of the 15th century, with its architectural features comparatively uninjured, and but little altered from the condition they were in generations ago, in the days of the Plantagenets, the Tudors and the Stuarts. The annexed fac-simile of a section of Ogilby’s Map of London, defines the various changes brought about with respect to Guildhall and its vicinity in consequence of the Fire of 1666. It may be remarked that, so far as the Hall itself was concerned, the main walls were left standing, although the various offices and apartments in which the municipal business was conducted were all destroyed. Some reference to this historical event is admissible before entering upon what was subsequently done as to the general restoration of the structure and its adjoining buildings. There are but few contemporary descriptions of the Fire as recorded by spectators ; some of these are, however, of interest, inasmuch as they not only detail the impression made on the mind of the observer at the time, but they give many curious references to the buildings destroyed, omitting in some cases any mention of Guildhall. Among the Gough collections at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, are three very curious letters from an anonymous writer in the Middle Temple, dated September 24th, 29th, and October 3rd, 1666, respectively. Without printing them in full, some interesting details are here given. The Fire commenced on Sunday, 2nd September, at 1 o’clock in the morning, and it had gotten some strength ere discovered, yet reasonably enough to allow a merchant who dwelt next door to remove all his goods,” that it soon became so powerful as to despise ye use of buckets, and was too advantageously seated among narrow streets to be assaulted by engines.” “ Twas therefore proposed to ye Lord Mayor, who came before three o clock, that it would be necessary to pull down some houses to prevent its spreading.” It appears from a somewhat coarse expression in the MS, that he would do nothing, but ridiculed the idea. The writer proceeds to describe its increase in power, “ how by eight o’clock twas gotten by ye bridge, and there dividing, left enough to burn down all that had been ere of the last great fire, and with ye main body pressed forward into Thames Street. About 7 o’clock that morning a little stable in Horsehoe Alley, near Winchester Stairs, in Southwark, was a fire (supposed by a spark) but was stopd within two hours by ye pulling down a third house after two had been burnt. I heard nothing of all this till 9 o'clock , and then running down into ye Temple Garden, saw ye smoak of both and ye flames of ye former. I was not satisfied at this distance, but going with some others into ye street, found it full of people and those (full) of fears, for twas already imagined the design of ye French and Butch in revenge of what our Forces had done lately at Brandaris , upon the island of Schelling , and the riding of an hot headed fellow through ye street (with more speed and fear than wit) crying Arm, Arm, had frightened most of the people out of ye churches.” At 10 o’clock our author was in Gracechurcli Street where after dinner he “took boat and landed at Pauls Wharf, stopped in Canning Street by ye abundance of goods and carts with -which twas filled. Here met my Lord Mayor on horseback, with a few attendants, looking like one frightened out of his wits.” Next morning he tells us how Lombard Street was consumed, that the “ Duke of Monmouth, with several of ye Guard, sat there on horseback.” “ The Duke of York was in another part of the City. We came home at .5 o'clock , and seeing little probability in a desired stop, three of us (of this house) packed up our books and put them aboard a barge.” In his second letter he describes at length the damage done, that within the walls but 13 Parish Churches remained, and without that three only were consumed, viz., St. Sepulchres, St. Brides and Bridewell Chapel. “All,” he says, “were so terribly torn and shattered that nothing is left but pieces of walls, others have some pillars standing.” “ The Halls are all burnt except Ironmongers, Leathersellers, Glovers Hall, and a few others.” He speaks strongly of the losses of the booksellers, in St. Paul’s Church Yard, owing, in many cases, to the fact that they, in hopes of saving their stock, stored it in St. Faith’s and other of the vaults beneath the Cathedral of St. Paul’s. He tells us the general opinion as to the conduct of the Lord Mayor, how everyone condemned him as “a person delighting more in drinking and dancing than is necessary for such a magnate. His authority and that of ye Aldermen was little regarded.” In the last there is much apropos of the Papists and their presumed connection with the Fire, and concludes in saying how the civic business is to be conducted at “ Gresham Colledge.” Among the curious and interesting pamphlets which were called into existence on the occasion is one written three weeks after the event, by an anonymous writer, but dedicated to “his much honoured and respected friend, John Buller, Esq., a worthy I 214 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. member of the House of Commons.” After describing the outbreak on the morning of that ill-fated 8th September, and the rapidity with which the fire continued to spread, in spite of the strenuous exertions made to prevent it, he records how on the Wednesday following a stop was put to it at the Temple Church, near Holhorn Bridge, Pye Corner, Aldersgate, Cripplegate Gate, near the lower end of Coleman Street at the end of Basinghall Street, by the Postern, at the upper end of Bisliopsgate Street, and Leadenhall Street, at the Standard at Cornliill, at the Church at Fancliurch Street near Clothworkers’ Hall in Mincing Lane, at the middle of Mark Lane and the Tower Dock. In a further chapter comparing the damage done with that recorded in the accounts of great conflagrations in foreign cities, it came nothing near this, “which in three days and three nights, of about 460 acres of ground upon which the City of London stood, hath swept away about 350, which is at the rate of four parts in five, having destroyed about 12,000 Houses, 87 Parochial Churches, besides 6 or 7 Consecrated Cliapells, and the magnificent and stately Cathedral of St. Paul, the public and most excellent buildings of the Exchange. Guildhall and Custom House, and all, or very nearly all, the Halls belonging to every private Company, besides an innumerable quantity of goods of all sorts. 1 In the neighbourhood of St. Paul’s, booksellers, as now, dwelled about the Cathedral Church; they sheltered their treasures in the subterranean Church of St. Faith’s, which was propped up with so strong an arch and massy pillars that it seemed impossible the Fire could do any harm to it; but the Fire having crept into it through the windows, it seised upon the pews, and did so try and examine the arch and pillars, by sucking the moisture of the mortar that bound the stones together, that it was calcined into sand. So that when the top of the Cathedral fell upon it, it beat it flat, and set all things in an irremediable flame. I have heard,” continues the chronicler, “that judicious men of the trade affirm that the only loss of books, in that place and Stationers’ Hall, public libraries, and private persons houses, could amount to no less than 150,000 pounds.” Summing up the total losses as computed in connection with the public buildings of the time, he thus includes Guildhall with others, as deserving of special comment:— “Four-score and seven Parochial Churches, besides that of \ St. Paul’s, the Cathedral, and six consecrated Chapells, the Exchange, Guildhall, Custome House, the Halls of j £1,800,000.” Companies and other Public Buildings, amounting to \ half as much The MS. has been but briefly quoted, for the original letters are somewhat long. It contains no actual reference to Guildhall, although a very large number of public buildings are mentioned. The best description of the appearance of the Hall at the time has been previously referred to. In the diary of Samuel Pepys there is no especial reference to the building, neither is any to be found in the writings of his distinguished contemporary, John Evelyn, though both authors wrote at length in describing the various buildings that suffered by the Fire. The omission is possibly to be explained by the structure 1 “Observations, Both Historical and Moral, upon the burning of London, September, 1666, with an account of the Losses, &c.” By “ Rege Sinceria.” London, printed by Thomas Ratcliffe, and are to be sold by Robert Pawlett at the Bible in Chancery Lane, 1667, page 13 and seq. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 215 having been only partially destroyed. There are, however, in the collections of the Bodleian and Guildhall Libraries two curious little poems, extracts of which, as they both contain distinct references to the Hall of some little interest, are here subjoined LONDINI QUOD RELIQUUM OH, LONDONS REMAINS: IN LATIN AND ENGLISH. [By Simon Ford, D.D.] pp. 5, 6 and 7. LONDON. Printed for Sa : Gellibrand. 1667. A loft// File, (now humbled) next appears, Once Christ'ned ’twas SAINT SEPULCHERS: Which since it felt the all-interring Flame, The Saint lost, kept its empty Name. They tell us here of One unmelted Bell, That toll'd Condemned Felons Knell. This Rumour heard, hang still, said she, to do That Work for LONDON'S FAUXES too. Thus, Westward plac’d, She view’d the WESTERN TOWN Glad by its Tops it might be known: And, (Englands Glorges) I congratulate To you, (She said) your better Fate. There stands Saint Peter's Shrine: Next, that, wherein What denies Princes Gods, is seen. And there’s the House where wisest Heads decreed, And th’ HALL where nimblest Tongues are fee’d. And there’s WHITEHALL, a Noble Pile, although Its Royal Owner much below. I joy you both, (may both Joyes lasting be) Of Thee, thy Master, of thy Master, Thee. Her Face once turn'd, she now beholds an Heap, Where stood a Street, misnamed CHEAP. Here once a glorious Aqueduct did shine, Where Triumphs Water turn’d to Wine. May Fire refine, and teach thee too, She cryes, As statelier, so more honest rise. On the next Gate, unhappy Limbs there stood, That expiated Charles His Blood. The Flames themselves were loath, that after-Times Should lose the Vengeance of such Crimes. This seen; Sad Reliques, teach the World, (She sings) Long-handed are the Ghosts of Kings « 216 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. To SION-COLLEGE next She turns her Eyes ; Which, fart-burnt, part-escap'd, She spyes. Dear Boolcs, (said she) your dangers were my cares: And now my Joy exceeds my fears. Glad you are safe; I gladder should become, Your House re-built, and you at home. Here flam'd an Hive the Muses Bird had fraught With Honey from Hymettus brought. Poor Bird! (said She) this Fate attends thy Name, For BEES oft plundered are with Flame. But Vulcan, yet, rue-thinks, you Custom brohe, For tlT Honey sav'd, the Bees we smoke. Yea, rather, thank me, Madam, (answer’d Hee) That took your Hive, and drove your Bee. Your Bee preserv'd, will spread his buzzing wing, And to New Hives all Hybla bring. Within this Hive, of all the Wealth She lost, The Sacred Criticks stung her most. Dear Births, (said She) of my once-teeming Throwes, How Parents of my lasting Woes! Unhappy Flame, in which devoured lye Th’ Ashes of all Antiquity ! No other Losse disdaineth Times repair: But This, is Times and my despair. Next GUILD-HALL, once, on Marble Pillars stood, Pillars, too proud of such a Load. Tivo armed Giants were its constant Guard, Whiles thither peacefid Goivns repair’d. Here, a grave Senate Causes did debate, Which the Lord Mayor adjudg’d in State. But lawless Flames adjourn'd the Court from thence, ’Gainst which its Guards were no defence. But, Rise, (said She) more stately from thine Urn, And may the banish$ Court return. THE DREADFUL BURNING OF LONDON: DESCRIBED IN A POEM. BY J. G. M. A. [Joseph Guilldi of Brasenose Coll.] LONDON. 1807 . p. g. They hence to Bow-Church stretch themselves, where they Its lofty Roof do in the ashes lay. And haviug first destroy’d the sacred Quire, Up to the stately Tower they next aspire. 21 7 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The Bells before rung backward, did thereby, Some accidental fire still signifie. But when the Churches and the Bellfiries burn, The Bells are dumb, and their black towers mourn. What Fire is this, makes the Bells cease to chime ? Destroyes the Clocks, so triumphs over time : Vast 1 Halls, nor Temples could these flames repel, Which ruin’d all, where e’re their fury fell. Rich Fabricks, once the Glory of our Isle, Become but now the Cities Funeral Pile. Guild Hall, where the grave Senatours still sate, When they the City business did debate. Immediately after the Great Fire, a meeting was held at Gresham House, under the presidency of Sir Thomas Bludworth, Mayor, 2 for the purpose of considering the amount of damage wrought by that calamity. The ruins were ordered to be cleared of all rubbish and obstruction, and that no other labour was to be undertaken with respect to the various dwellings until such were finished. A Committee was appointed for the City’s present subsistence and for letting out to the Freemen of the City, whose buildings had been destroyed, plots of ground in Moorfields, the Artillery Grounds and other vacant spaces. Sir Thomas Bludworth does not appear from the recorded opinions of the time to have been altogether equal to the duties required of him in this emergency. He was the son of a wealthy Turkey merchant descended from a Derbyshire family, pursued a business career, and by degrees rose to a position of high t J t. standing. He was elected Sheriff in 1662, at which time he was pro¬ bably knighted. In 1665 he became Master of the Vintners’ Company, ^ it was during his tenure of office that the Great Fire occurred. Pepys, in his “ Diary,” speaks of him in far from complimentary terms as to other matters, but especially as to his connection with the arrange¬ ments which had to be so promptly made at this disastrous time. The diarist had been sent by the King to the Lord Mayor to command him not to spare any of the houses, but to pull down before the Fire in every direction. He says, “ At last met my Lord Mayor in Canning Street, like a man spent, with a handercher about his neck. To the King’s message he cried, like a fainting woman, Lord ! what can I do ? I am spent ; people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses, but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it; that he needed no more soldiers ; and that for himself, he must go and refresh himself having been up all night, so he left me and I him and walked home.” It is recorded in Rugges’ “ Diurnal,” that the Fire continued to smoulder in some of the cellars of the houses for nearly four months, and it is to this circumstance that Pepys alludes, when, under date of December 1, he says, “ Walking to the Old Swan I did see a cellar in Tower Streete in a very fresh 1 Domus munimentis sqitce, Templet, vmris cincta, Delubra Deum et Portions anumitati dicatce, latius procidere. Tacit. 15. Anal. - Repertory 71, fol. 169-175. EE 218 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. fire, the late great winds having blown it up. It seemed to be only log-wood that hath kept the fire all this while in it. Going further, I met my late Lord Mayor Bludworth under whom the City was burned. But Lord ! the silly talk that the silly fellow had, only how ready he would be to part with all his estate in these difficult times to advocate the King’s service, and complaining that now as everybody did lately in the Fire, everybody endeavours to save himself and let the whole perish, but a very weak man he seems to be.” Sir Thomas was a subscriber towards the rebuilding of Vintners Hall. He lived and died at Camden House, Maiden Lane. His daughter Anne became the wife of Sir George Jefferys, Lord High Chancellor of England. The family Arms were Argent , three bars sable in chief, three torteaux 01 within a bordure ermine. In the record of another meeting held in the same place, it is ordered that the City workmen 1 repair Newgate so as to make it secure as to prisoners there, that the Sessions House at the Old Bailey be fitted up for public use, and that the portion connected with Guildhall, where the Courts of Justice were wont to be held, should with all speed be fitted up for former use, and the Chamberlain was instructed to pay out from time to time such monies as were required. On the 4th October, in the same year and at the same place, Sir Thomas Adams, with others of an appointed Committee, attended on the Lord Chancellor, and other of His Majesty’s Privy Council, to receive from the King an expression of his pleasure as to the most expeditious manner of rebuilding the destroyed portion of the City. For the better arrangement of the work a Committee was appointed, comprising Dr. Wren, Mr. May and Mr. Pratt, to act in connection with the Surveyors to the Corporation and they were requested to make a speedy survey of all that had been destroyed by “ the late dismal fire.” They were to see that particular interests were looked after and provided for, and it was settled that Mr. Hooke, Reader of Mathematics in Gresham College, Mr. Mills, Mr. Edward Formyn, “ doe joyn with the said Dr. Wren, Mr. May and Mr. Pratt in taking the said survey, in order that they may have the opportunity of looking to the interests, not only of themselves, but those of the inhabitants of the respective Wards.” At a meeting of the Court held at Gresham House on the 9tli October, 1666, 2 it was ordered that the various proprietors of dwellings destroyed by the Fire should clear all rubbish from the foundations, and pile up the bricks and stones, within fourteen days from the publication of the notice. In the same Journal 3 there is an entry of the Proclamation for a General Fast thougliout the country on Wednesday, 10th October, 1666, “given at Whitehall, 13 September, in the 18th year of our reign.” At a meeting held on the 6th November, 1666, under the presidency of Sir William Bolton, Mayor, a weekly meeting was arranged for, taking into consideration the rebuilding of the Hall. The following is the order, as entered in the records :— “It is thought fitt and Ordered by this Court that to morrow in the afternoone and soe weekly on Wednesdayes in the Afternoone soe long as there shall bee occasion a Speciall Court of Aldermen shall bee holden att my Lord Maior’s house, to advise and consider of rebuilding the Guildhall, Gates, Prisons and other Publique Works & of raising or obteyning some revenue to carry on the same.” 4 1 Journal xlvi, fob 120b. Idem, fol. 128. 3 Idem, xlvi, fol. 123. 4 Repertory 72, fob 2. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 219 , ^? eting held at Gresham House ’ 12tl1 November, 1666, under the presidency of William Bolton, Mayor, thanks were voted to the Lord Chief Justice and the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer for having held their sittings within the walls of the late Guildhall, pending the separation of the rooms then being fitted up for their better accommodation. In the record here quoted, reference appears 1 to the various alterations in the old thoroughfares, and a list is given of new streets to be constructed. It is mentioned that “ye new street intended from Guildhall to Cheapside be 36 feet broad, from Guildhall into Cheapside a high street, from Cheapside to Newgate also a high street.” At this time the Irish Chamber was ordered to be repaired. The order for the rebuilding and providing accommodation meanwhile for the Courts of Justice is given in the Records, 2 “ That Mr. Mills and the Citty workemen doe speedily as can be done prepare convenioncys within the mines of the Guildhall, to keepe all the Courts there in the places they were antiently kept,” and further it was ordered by a subsequent Court, that the Sheriffes shall attend my Lords the Judges, and make excuse for the places erected within the Walls of the late Guildhall, that they are no more commodious for their Lordships sitting which for the shortness of time and condition of the place could not be remedied, and desired that their Lordships will please for this terme to content themselves with those places, and this Court will endeavour, and do hope against the next sitting to have those rooms of the Hall rebuilt and fitted where their Lordships formerly sat.” In the following month there is a further meeting for the purpose of considering whether some of the ground adjacent to the Hall could not be purchased from the owners with a view to increase the accommodation, or in any way prove advantageous to the requirements of the new building. The entry is dated 4th December, 1666. “It is ordered that the Comittee of this Court form r ly appointed to direct & order the rebuilding and repayres at the Guildhall shall treate aud agree with the proprietors of any Ground about the said Hall which they thinke fitt to bee purchased for the Ornament and Accomodation of the place or otherwise for the vse & benefitt of the Citty.” The works were already in hand, for at the same meeting we gather that an agreement had been made with the City Mason for certain portion of the work, and it is ordered that grants of money shall be made from time to time as the work proceeds, and be continued until the whole be completed, in accordance with the contract. “ This Court now approving the Agreement in writing made with Thomas Jordan, the Citty Mason, for Stone Worke to be done about that parte of the Guildhall now in hande to be repaid doth thinke fitt and order that the sum of xx u which shall be due for the said worke, (viz 1 -) xx 11 and xxx 11 as the same shall proceed & be carryed & the residue when the whole is finished shall bee paid according to the Tenor of the s' 1 - agreem'- ” At a succeeding meeting, under the presidency of the same Mayor, we find that one of the provisions to be made for meeting the requisite expenditure is the appropriation of fines paid by such individuals as may not wish to undertake the duties of Aldermen. “It is ordered by this Court that all fines or suines of money which betwixt this & Midd§ shall bee paid by any persons to bee discharged of y° office of Aldran shah be reserved in the Chamber and imployed only towards the rebuilding & repaire of the Guildhall and Justicehall in the Old Bayley. And to that ende that a viewe be taken and consideration had of what is now requisite to bee done at each of the said places. 1 Repertory 72, fol. 14(5. 2 Repertory 71, p. 172. 3 Repertory 78, p. 2. Repertory 72, fol. 81b. EE 2 220 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. In addition to tlie meetings for business at Gresham House, “ Change was also held in the gardens and walks attached to that building. It was ordered that they should be speedily fitted and prepared for the occasion, and the Governors of the East India Company were desired to remove the pepper out of the said walkes with all convenient speed. 1 The King had also been requested to send tents into Finsbury I ields for the comfort and accommodation of the poor “ whose dwellings had been consumed and cannot yet provide themselves with other habitations ; and further, that all care and diligence be used at the places where the Fire had been quenched, by labour and watchfulness, that the same do not kindle again, and that the Aldermen of the respective Wards appoint honest and able persons for the effective execution of the service. The Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, under the same authority, were, in cases where their residences had been destroyed, “ to make use of such rooms in Gresham House as his Lordship shall tliinke fitt, for their lodgyng and accommodation during their respective offices.” At a succeeding meeting, held at the same place, it was ordered that, “ the places within the ruinous walls of the late Guildhall, and the offices therewith belonging, be forthwith cleansed of stones and rubbish, and that the melted lead and iron, and such other materials as are of value, be picked out and preserved for the Cittys use, and that all the passages to the said Guildhall bee forthwith closed with ye Boards now standing on the Cittys ground neere Mooregate, and that Sir William Turner, Mr. Alderman Starling and Sir Richard Ryvos, or any two of them, doo direct and order this service to be done in such manner, and by such hands, and for such wages as they may tliinke fitting. It was also decreed that “ Mr. Chamberlain shall keepe his office in Doctor Goddards lodgings in Gresham House, until the Court shall otherwise direct and order. And moreover, that Mr. Avory, Dep 3, Towne Clerke, and Mr. Swordbearer, whose houses were consumed by the fire, shall for their accommodation and same readinesse to attend this Court and services of this Citty, and for the better custody of the records removed from Guildhall, and such books and papers as shall be in use, have the lodging in Gresham House which was lately enjoyed by Doctor Horton.” In a subsequent paragraph this order appears in detail. The late residence of the Doctor is stated to be the “most commodious in severall respects for the placing of the Records and the writings of daily use and necessity.” So great was the expenditure in connection with rebuilding or restoring the large number of public buildings which had been destroyed that the Corporation decided upon petitioning the Crown for an Act of Parliament enabling them to levy a duty upon all coals entering the Port of London. By this means a large sum would be realised and in a fair and equitable way, inasmuch as set forth in the petition the burden would to a great extent fall upon the citizens themselves. The petition addressed to Charles II by the Court is as follows :— 2 To the Kings most Excellent Ma tie The humble Peticon op the Lord Maior and Aldermen of the Citty op London. Sheweth That in the late dreadfull conflagracion of the said Citty the Guildhall with the Chappell and offices, severall of the Gates, and all the Prisons, the Conduits, and Aqueducts, and other publique workes and goodly Monuments of great Antiquity, Ornament and Necessity, have bene miserably burnt and destroyed, and cannot Repertory 72, fol. 20b. Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 192, No. 1G5. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 221 without an immense charge bee restored rebuilt aucl maintained as they ought to bee; And the Citty having no common stock, nor revenue, nor any capacity to raise within it selfe anything considerable towards so vast an expence. The peticoners have prepared a Bill for an Imposicion upon Coles that shall bee brought into the Port of London, to bee imployed to those uses ; as the most reasonable and easie way they could devise, and least greivous to others in regard very much of the Duty will fall to bee borne by the Cittizens themselves. The Peticioners do therefore most humbly beseech your Majesties countenance and Royall leave for preferring the said Bill to the High Court of Parliament for establishing the said Imposicion for such time as your Majestie in your great wisdome shall thinke convenient for restoring and maintaining the said publique workes for your Majesties Service and the Honour and welfare of this your Royall Chambers Avery. And your Pet” shall ever pray etc. Tlie formation of the new street leading from Guildhall to Cheapside was, of course, one of the results of the Fire. This road is shown in Ogilby’s Map as New King Street, and marks the opening of a most important thoroughfare for the convenience of the citizens. In the Calendar of State Papers, under date Charles II, February, 1667, it is stated that, “the Committee of the Common Council of London, for making the new street called King Street, between Guildhall and Cheapside, will sit twice a week at Guildhall, to treat with persons concerned as to the value of their land, persons refusing to appear enquiry was to be made by jury according to the Act for Re-building the City, as to what compensation should be awarded to them.” The minute is thus recorded :— “ The Committee appointed by order of the Co mm on Councell of the City of London to treate with and satisfye the owners of the Ground to be taken away for the makeing the new street between Guildhall and Cheapside called Kingstreet doe give notice that they do intend to sit at the Guildhall London about that affaire every Wednesday and Fryday in the forenoon where they shalbe ready to treat with and satisfye all persons concerned in such ground And doe give notice that Inquiry shalbe taken by a jury (according to the late Act of Parliament for rebuilding the City) of the vallue of all persons Ground who shall refuse to appeare before them.” 1 At a special meeting of tlie Court, held on the 19tli December, 1671, the Mayor, George Waterman, presiding, a resolution is recorded in connection with the distribution to the poor of the remainder of the money which had been subscribed for the relief of those who had suffered loss at the time of the Great Fire. A list is given as follows of the Wards concerned, together with an order that the amounts be paid to the “ Aldran, Deputy and Comon Councell men of tlie said severall wards to go amongst the poore, distressed by I the said ffire, and those only in proportion to every ones condicon, sufferings and necessitys and that a faire and pticuler accompt bee kept to bee pduced as there shall be occasion of the just disposall of the said money.” Of Bridge ' L s. viij. Of Cornhill l. s. V J- Of Cordwayner viij. Of Langborne XV. Of Candlewicke X. Walbrooke X. Of Bassisliaw vii. Far Without xxviij. Faringdon Within xxxviij. xii. Castle Baynard xvij. Biskoppsgate Within ij- Yintrey xviij. Aldersgate Within XV. Coleman Street xij. Cheape iiij. Cripplegate W th in xiij. xii. Tower xii. Broad Street viij. Dowgate XV. Bread Street vi. xvi. Billingsgate xiij. Queenhithe xviij. 1 Domestic State Papers, Charles II, vol. 18!), No. 49. 999 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. From this it would appear that proportionately at this time there was a comparatively small number of necessitous persons resident in the immediate neighbourhood of Guildhall. There is a reference to the formation of King Street in the “ Diary” of Samuel Pepys, which is of some interest as indicating the alteration of the value of land and house property in certain districts of the City resulting from the Great Fire. Writing on the 3rd December, 1667, he says, “ Sir Richard Ford told us this evening an odd story of the baseness of the late Lord Mayor, Sir W. Bolton, in cheating the poor of the City out of the collections made for the people that were burned, of £1,800 ; of which he can give no account, and in which he hath forsworn himself plainly, so as the Court of Aldermen hath sequestered him from their Court till he do bring in an account.” He says also, “ that this day hath been made appear to them that the keeper of Newgate hath at this day made his house the only nursery of rogues, prostitutes, pickpockets and thieves in the world, where they were bred and entertained, and the whole society met, and that for the sake of the Sheriffs, they durst not this day commit him for fear of making him let out the prisoners, but are fain to go by artifice to deal with him. He tells me also, speaking of the new street that is to be made from the Guildhall down to Cheapside, that the ground is already most of it bought, and tells me of one particular of a man that hath a piece of ground lying in the very middle of the street that must be, which when the street is cut out of it, there will remain ground enough on each side to build a house to front the street. He demanded £700 for the ground and to be excused paying anything for the melioration of the rest of his ground that he was to keep. The Court consented to give him the £700 only not to abate him the consideration, which the man denied ; but told them and so they agreed that he would excuse the City the £700, that he might have the benefit of the melioration without paying anything for it. So much some will get by having the City burned. Ground by this means, that was not worth four-pence a foot before, will now, when houses are built, be worth fifteen shillings a foot. But he tells me of the common standard now reckoned on between man and man in places where there is no alteration of circumstances, but only the houses burnt; here the ground which with a house on it did yield £100 a year, is now reputed worth £33. 65 . 8 cl., and that is the common market price between one man and another made upon a good and moderate medium.” As Ogilby’s map was the only authorised survey of the reconstructed City, it will be interesting to record the high estimation in which it was held at the time it was completed. At a Court held before Sir Richard Ford, Mayor , 1 on the 27th July, 1670, among the resolutions of the meeting appears the following “Whereas this Court is informed and well satisfied of the care and industry of John Ogilby, Esq., Citizen and Merchant Taylor, of London, in the designing, printing and publishing a complete map of the Citty of London with its Liberties and adjacent parts, this Court doth therefore grant unto the said John Ogilby free power and authority to design and engrave and print the same, forbidding all other persons whomsoever to engrave, print, or copy, any new designed map or ground plot of the Citty of London and Liberties, or any part or parcel thereof, or the prospect or other design of the Exchange, Guildhall, or other ornamentall or public edifice within the said Citty or Liberties without licence first had of the said John Ogilby or his assigns .” 2 1 Repertory 76, fol. 214b. 2 Repertory 77, 1671-1672, fol. 89b. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 223 At the time when John Ogilby was contemplating the publication of his Survey of the City and its Liberties, an application for protection against the pirating of his work was made to the Corporation. At a special meeting of the Court, 20th February, 1671, we find that “ Whereas this Court is informed that John Ogilby, Esq., his Majesty’s Cosmographer, is preparing an historicall descripcon and a newe and more accurate Survey of the Citty of London and Libtyes thereof than hitherto hath beene done, it is now upon the humble request of the said John Ogilby ordered by this Court that the said John Ogilby shall proceede in the said worke without interrupcon or molestacon of any other person or persons that shall or may attempt the saame designs.” 1 In Granger’s “Biographical History of England,” there is a short notice of Johannes Ogilvius, or John Ogilby. He is spoken ot as having been a most industrious man and as one who commenced the pursuit of literature at a time when other men would be thinking of leaving it. He attempted translations of Virgil and Homer, brought out an edition of iE sop’s Fables, and an heroic poem in twelve books in honour of Charles I, the latter being, as he himself relates, “ the pride, divertisement, business and sole comfort of his age.” This was burnt in the Fire of 1666. It was by this calamity that his fortune was reduced to the small sum of £5, but he was successful in his efforts to retrieve his losses which he did in the space of a few years. He was employed by Charles II to take a survey of the roads throughout the kingdom. His death occurred on the 4th September, 1676. Subsequent to the Great Fire of 1666 but little of importance has to be recorded in connection with the Hall. After this event immediate action was taken to provide means for the restoration not only of the Hall but the Chapel and the adjacent buildings. Among the records is an account of the monies borrowed for the building of the different public edifices connected with the Corporation, and from this it appears that the re-edification for the Guildhall absorbed an expenditure of £34,776. os. 0d., this included the tenements, there being a distinct charge for the Chapel amounting to £1,845. It is rather singular that in the second volume of the Journals commencing with the vear 1594, and rana'ina; from that period to the year 1694 inclusive, there should be but one entry having any special reference to the Hall, and this is the one relating to the thanks voted to the Lord Chief Justice and others for the conduct of business in places within the walls of the partly demolished building, until other rooms could be prepared and fitted up. 2 A long period is thus unaccounted for, and it is a question as to liow far the record of matters associated with the building became transferred to other chroniclers. A further mention of the structure, is one that commences anew a chronological account of much appertaining thereto and its surroundings. It occurs in the volume of the Journals commencing with the year 1694 and terminates with that of 1799. The entry referred to occurs in another volume, 3 1759 to 1762, thus leaving nearly a century unaccounted for, though an indirect mention of the building appears in connection with Royal Entertainments and Receptions ; for example, the Banquet given to the Prince of Orange prior to his taking leave of England ; 4 and again the presence of William and Mary at dinner at the Guildhall on Lord Mayor’s Day ; also the invitation given by the Corporation to the Prince and Princess of Denmark, &c. 5 1 Repertory 76, fol. 24b 2 Repertory 77, 1671-1672, fol. 89b. 3 Journal 46, fol. 129b. 1 Journal 62. 3 Journal 47 (1669-1673). 224 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Lotteries. Though there does not appear to be much to be gathered from the records at this particular time, there is rather an interesting reference to Guildhall preserved in a diary written by Samuel Sewall, an American Judge. It is entitled “ England in 1689, and was published by the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, U.S.A., in the year 1878. The writer commences on Thursday, 22nd November, 1688, with his departure from Boston Harbour, and continues from time to time to relate the incidents of his voyage, mentions various places which attracted his attention, until his arrival at Dover, 13tli January, 1688-9. He subsequently visits London, and refers to the buildings which he had the opportunity of observing. There is a reference to a visit to Westminster, the Royal Exchange, Whitehall, Temple, Gresham College, and Christ’s Hospital. On Saturday, 9th February, 1688—9, as he goes to Guildhall, he writes, “Guildhall I find to be fifty yards long of which the hustings take up near seven yards ; measuring by the same jointed rule, Mr. Brattle and I find the breadth to be sixteen yards.” On Wednesday, the 20tli March, he goes again, taking in Weavers’ Hall and Goldsmiths’ Hall. At Guildhall he finds the citizens choosing their Mayor. He says, “About 16 were put up, though I think but four were intended. Pilkington and Stamp had by much the most Hands, yet those for fatal Moor and Rayment would have a Pole, which the Court of Aldermen, in their scarlet gowns, ordered to be at four o’clock. They sat at the hustings ; the Sheriffs in their gold chains, managed the election. Common Serjeant, Counsel of the Mayor and Aldermen, made a speech, when the people cried, A Hall! A Hall! The Aldermen came up two by two, the Mace carried before them came in at the dore opposite the street dore out of another apartment. I stood in the Clock Gallery.” Mr. J. Greenstreet, who has communicated the Diary which contains the foregoing extract to the pages of the Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer, lias a foot-note to the effect that the parties to this contest were Sir Thomas Pilkington, elected Lord Mayor in 1689 ; Sir Thomas Stamp in 1692; Sir Jonathan Raymond, and probably Sir John Moore who had been Mayor in 1682, or some relative of his. In the year 1682 there was a severe struggle for the election of Sheriffs. Kennett says, “ This great struggle put the Court upon considering, and in a manner resolving to take away the election of Sheriffs out of the power of the City, and no other expedients could be found but by taking away their charter.” This may account for the epithet “fatal” attached to Sir John Moore’s name. 1 Reference has been made elsewhere to the presence in the Hall of shopkeepers and traders who were allowed, as at Westminster to a very recent period, to offer their respective wares for sale. The Hall, however, in addition to such appropriation was at times utilised for the drawing of the State and other Lotteries, popular institutions in the last and preceding centuries. An illustration from the Gardner collection accompanies this brief notice of a system of English and Corporation financing, happily long since dispensed with and abolished. Such gambling transactions were like the majority of other things, good or evil legacies from the ancients. The acquisition of wealth or possession of any kind by the means of chance and hazard finds many a prototype in Scripture history. With the Romans Lotteries enlivened their saturnalia, Augustus rejoiced in them, Nero was one who established a public lottery of a thousand tickets a day all prizes, some of which made the fortune of the holder of the ticket. Heliogabalus was the inventor of some very singular Lotteries, the prizes were either of great value or of none at all; prizes of slaves were 1 “Antiquarian Magazine,” March, pp. 116, and seq. S 225 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. given, others of flies only. Valuable vases in some cases, in others, vessels of the most inferior description. In English history the first record to be depended upon in connection with this form of speculation appears to belong to the reign of Queen Elizabeth—this was in the year 156/, when prizes in money were provided, and others in good tapestry meet for hangings and other covertures, and certain sorts of good linen cloth.” The objects for which some 400,000 lots were disposed of was for the purpose—at least so said the Govern¬ ment of the day—for repairing the harbours and fortifications and for the public works. In 1630 we read of a special license being granted by Charles I for a lottery to raise the requisite expenditure necessary for the conveyance of water to London. The money was collected, and in 1641 on the 28th May a petition was presented by Sir Walter Roberts, praying that it should be paid over to the hands of the Lord Mayor and Corporation to be employed for that purpose only. 1 Many others might be quoted, while the rage for such hazardous speculation existed. Guildhall was frequently the building selected for the drawing. It has been stated that so driven to the verge of madness were the speculators that medical practitioners were in the habit of attending in order to be at hand should their services be required when the announcement of loss had too great an effect upon the loser. There is a curious broadside extant, which tells of the State Lottery office being at No. 1 Cornhill, and that a firm named Pidding and Co. were the proprietors. The same little record mentions—with what amount of truth, I know not—that Thomas Guy, the founder of the well-known hospital which bears his name, resided at this house, and by his speculations in this direction had realised the enormous sum of nearly £400,000. The engraving shows the drawing of a State Lottery in Guildhall. The business is being conducted beneath Beckford’s monument, the President is seated at the table with other dignitaries on either side, and four clerks are represented in a space beneath and fronting their President. The drawing is going on, the tickets being collected, as was customary, by Blue-coat Boys, from Christ’s Hospital. On one side is the wheel for blanks, and on the other appears one for prizes. From the shape of the quaint structures in which the wheel is enclosed, it is clear that they could be closed up when not in use. The Royal Crown, which is seen on one portion, would then be in the centre. With reference to the custom of the schoolboys being selected for drawing'- the tickets, there is, among much other nonsense on the little broadside or advertising sheet referred to, the following:— “ This is the "Wheel in which Prizes abound, which the Blue-coated Boys will quickly turn round, who drew the same Number which Columbine found by the side of the Horse Shoe that Emblem of Luck, which was stampt on the Shares which so many partook of the Capital Prizes which Pidding has sold, at the very same House, as in History told, the Lucky old House where Guy lived.” Without much reference to the subject, the Lottery is interesting as regards the Corporation, from its association with worthy Alderman Boydell. He had ac¬ cumulated, as is well known, a large collection of works of art, and being anxious to dispose of them in this way, he applied for and obtained an Act of Parliament for the purpose. He did not, however, survive to witness the drawing as he died on lltli December, 1804, a few days after the first tickets were sold. The drawing took place on 28th January, 1805, at Guildhall, and one Mr. Tassie, of Leicester Square, became FF House of Lords Calendar.” See L.J., iv, 259. 226 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. the fortunate possessor of the valuable Shaksperian Gallery, and a right in the estate and interests of the Messrs. Boy dell. Among the objects deposited for exhibition in the Library are specimens of the Lottery tickets, which are interesting as illustrations. There are examples of three series of vouchers signed by the proper recognised officials. Upon the first is graven an interesting vignette of the Church of St. Clement Danes in the Strand. These bear the signature of John Silvester, Recorder. This particular Lottery was organised under the authority of an Act of Parliament in the year 1805, 46 George III. The second Lottery was drawn on the 26th April, 1808. Upon the tickets appear the autograph signatures of Josiah Boy dell, Bryce Combe, and John Vaillant, the Commissioners. The record of the transactions gives twenty numbers of successful ventures, the prizes consisting of house properties in the City. The third, drawn 7th February, 1811, was likewise for similar property in certain districts. A list is preserved in the collection of the benefits and blanks. With the improvement in good taste which by degrees sprang up in the early part of the present century, the Government of the country, although the revenue became a sufferer to the extent of some £300,000 per annum, began to feel a sense of degradation in obtaining money by such means, and awoke to a sense of the moral evil which it inflicted on the general community, and determined to abolish them. An Act for the purpose was passed in the reign of George IV, and on the 18th October, 1826, the last State Lottery was drawn in England. Court" 8 ' The Orphans’ Court is one that has been customary to hold before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen at Guildhall. The Mayor and his colleagues were the guardians to the children of Freemen that are under age at the decease of their fathers. The City records contain a large amount of highly-interesting information in connection with the proceedings of this Court, and many are the entries which could be quoted in illustration of the care and vigilance exercised by the officials of past times in their endeavours to discharge with faithfulness the trusts confided to them. In the event of marriage, it was necessary that orphans of Freemen, whose affairs were under the supervision of the Court, should obtain the consent of the latter. This was essential ere the union could take place, and where this was omitted to be obtained, a fine and penalty were imposed ; for example, it will be found that this happened to Ralph Harwood, a merchant, who had married one, Martha Offley, “ an orphan of this City,” and in consequence had incurred a fine of xF This amount the husband paid into the Chamber of London ; but it was subsequently ordered, at a Court held on the 1st February, 1671, Waterman, Mayor, presiding, that the sum of xxxv' - “be returned as part of the said fine paid by him as aforesaid.” 1 Occasionally such unions occurred between the daughters of deceased citizens who were in charge of the Corporation, with members of the aristocracy, and there is a reference of interest to one in connection with the Scarsdale family. On the 13th February, 1671, the Earl of Scarsdale appeared before Lord Mayor Sir George Waterman and the assembled Court, to “ acquaint them that his eldest sonne had lately married with 1 Repertory 77, 1671, 1672, fol. 73. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 227 Mary, one of the daughters and orphans of Sir John Lewis, Late Cityen and Ironmonger of London.” The Court accordingly desired that “liis Lopp would be pleased to appeare before this Court agayne on Thursday next, and bring the said orphan and the young Lord, her husband, with him, and they would desire Sir Thomas Foot, who is grandfather to the said orphan, to bee here pret also, and they would then consider what answer be returned unto his Lopp touching that matter.” 1 At the subsequent Court held on loth February, 1671, it appears that the said Earl of Scarsdale was admitted as guardian to the said Mary and the other orphans of Sir John Lewis, Ivnt., and so to continue during the pleasure of the Court. The matter of the marriage was further considered, and it was decreed that “Whereas Robert, Lord Deincourt, eldest sonne of the Right Honb 1 - the Earl of Scarsdale, hath lately married with Mary, one of the Daughters and late orphans of Sir John Lewis, Knt.,” late Cittizen and Ironmonger of London deced, And the said Earle, desiring the consent of this Court thereon, and acquainting this Court that liee had made a good and ample settlement for a joynture upon the said Mary, it is ordered by this Court that Mr. Recorder Sir William Turner and Sir Robert Clayton, Knts. and Aldren, with Mr. Comon Serjeant, shall examine and consider of the said settlement, and report their opinions unto this Court. 2 Great care appears also to have been taken by this Court in looking after such matters as plate, jewels or other such things which might have been bequeathed or left for the advantage of Orphans under its protection. On the 26tli March, 1672, a petition was presented by Richard Abraham and Martha, the children and orphans of Richard Price, late Cityen and Joyner of London, deced, and it was ordered “ That William Crosse, Exec r- of the Last Will and Testament of John Richards, one of the overseers of the Last Will and Testament of the said Richard Price deced, doe appeare before this Court on Thursday next, and bring with him a small box which this Court is informed he hath in his possession, wherein are several Gold rings and other things of value belonging to the said orphans.” 3 Again, in a case where, like the son of the Earl of Scarsdale, a marriage had been entered into without the consent of the Court, one Isaac Jackson, Gent., had married Mary, daughter and orphan of Jeremy Halfehide, Cityen of London, deced, made his appearance at the Court held 16th March, 1672, and agreed to settle upon her the sum of £300 a year, which was considered to be an amount comptent to the portion to which the receiver would be entitled. 4 * Further, on the 2nd May, 1627, an information was laid before the Court that the daughter of the late Alexander Holton, Cityen of London, “had been stolen away from the house of Mr. Holt, in Ironmonger Lane, and married to a trooper of inconsiderable fortune. It is ordered that the said Mr. Holt doo appeare here upon Tuesday next, to give an account touching that matter.” 6 This order was confirmed at the following Court. No further reference, however, to the matter occurs until we read in the minutes of a Court held on the 6th June, 1672, when the case re-appears in connection with another daughter of the said Jeremy Halfehide, who had been conveyed away by her uncle into the country, his intention being to marry her to a relation, contrary to “the opinion and without the leave of this Court.” 6 As the daughters were entitled to a 2 Repertory 77, 1671, 1672, fol. 122. 4 Idem, fol. 144. 6 Idem, fol. 200b. 1 Repertory 77, 1671, 1672, fol. 73 and seq. 3 Idem, fol. 127. 5 Idem, 1671, 1672, fol. 171. FF 2 New Library. 228 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. considerable amount, it was ordered that tlie City Solicitor, doe attend the Lord Chiefe Justice for his Lopps Warrant to apprehend and bring before this Court all the said persons. (And that a Tippstaffe may be imployed for that purpose if they cannot otherwise be taken), to be dealt with all according to the usage and custome of this Citty in the like cases.” On the 9th July, in the same year, a Mr. Nevill, who had married one of the daughters, made his appearance and declared that he had settled £220 per annum upon his wife and heirs of her body, and was seised of a considerable estate of inheritance, besides, whereupon it was ordered “ that he produce the Deed of the said Settlement to bee passed by Mr. Comon Serjeant, and give him satisfaccon in the point of the value of the said estates, and also bring the said other Orphan hither the first Court to be held in September next.” 1 On the 14th May, 1672, it was decided that in future, and in all cases, that the Court might deem suitable in connection with obtaining security for payment of such portions as might belong to orphans that executors, or others liable for the same, should engage to allow to the recipients an amount equal to 5 °/ 0 per annum for all such “ surne or suihes of money as shall be so secured for the use and benefitt of the said orphans.” 2 In the same volume occurs an entry to the effect that Thomas Comer was committed to Newgate for a period at the disposal of the Court, for having married the daughter and orphan of Alexander Holt, Cityen, deceased, without leave or license. He was, however, to be released shortly afterwards, “ provided he entered into a Bond for the disposal of her property to the advantage of herself and her heirs, in such a manner as the Court should deem lhost expedient.” By the Act of Parliament George III, c. 37, 1767, 3 the whole of the Orphans’ Fund was devoted to public purposes. The Court of Orphans was presided over by the Common Serjeant ex officio. Since the repeal by statutes of the City custom, under which the Citizens were prohibited from disposing by Will of more than one-third of their personal estate and the remaining part being required to be paid into the Chamber in trust for their orphans; the functions of this Court have entirely ceased, and all the practices connected therewith have fallen into desuetude, but the records are preserved in the muniment room of the Town Clerk. There are few things to which the Corporation have devoted more energy and attention than in the development of its present magnificent Library. We have elsewhere recorded all that is known in connection with the earlier building, founded by Whittington and his friend William Bury, its connection with John Carpenter in later years, the appropriation of its contents by the Lord Protector in 1552, and its final destruction in the Great Fire of 1666. Subsequent to this, a long period elapsed before the nucleus of the present valuable collection was formed. On the 8th April, 1824, upon the motion of Mr. Richard Lambert Jones, a special Committee was appointed to establish a Library in the Guildhall. This Committee recommended that a suite of rooms should be provided for the purpose, and assisted by the advice of William Upcott, then Librarian at the London Institution, and whose attachment to all branches of literary study is well known, they began by collecting works upon London, Southwark, Westminster, and the County of Middlesex, and on the 21st August, 1828, the first Librarian was appointed, viz., William Repertory 77, 1671, 1672, fol. 155. 3 Repertory 77, fol. 198. 3 Report of the House of Commons, 1823. . \ 229 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Herbert, the author of the “ History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London,” and the Library was opened for the use of the Members of the Corporation. In 1832, a new building was provided for the treasures which, up to that time, had been collected. The first catalogue, issued in 1840, contained some 10,000 volumes. Mr. William Turner Alehin was appointed Librarian in 1845. The catalogue prepared by him, and issued in 1859, showed an increase up to no less than 30,000 volumes. The Corporation continued to increase in every way the usefulness and value of the collection, and at length allowed the general public to participate therein by issuing tickets to students and others. In I860, the present Librarian, W. H. Overall, F.S.A., was appointed after having ably filled the position of sub-librarian for many years. Under his superintendence the great utility of the Library became by degrees to be so much appreciated, that additional accommodation was found necessary owing to the continued increase in the number of readers. This was brought before the Corporation in the year 1869, by Dr. William Sedgwick Saunders, F.S.A., and it was unanimously agreed that a more commodious building should be provided, and the site chosen was one at the east end of the Guildhall. The present building was then erected at an expenditure, inclusive of the land, of over £90,000. It was opened by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Selborne, on Tuesday the 5tli November, 1872, as a Free Library. The principal Library, 1 now daily thronged with readers and students is 100 feet long and 65 feet wide, and 50 feet in height, divided into nave and aisles, the latter being fitted with oak book cases, forming 12 bays. This room is w r ell lighted, the clerestory over arcade of the nave, with the large windows at the north and south ends, together with those in the aisles, transmitting plenty of light to every corner of the room. The beautiful roof comprises arched ribs which are supported by the Arms of the twelve great City Companies, with the addition of those of the Leathersellers’ and Broderers’ and also the Royal and City Arms. The timbers are richly moulded, and the spandrels filled in with tracery. There are three large louvres for lighting the roof and providing ventilation. The aisle roofs, the timbers of which are also richly wrought, have louvres over each bay, and at night are lighted by means of sun-burners suspended from each of these louvres, together with those of the nave. Each spandrel of the arcade has, next the nave, a sculptured head, representing History, Poetry, Printing, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Music, Astronomy, Geography, Natural History and Botany; the several personages chosen to illustrate these subjects being Stow, Camden, Shakspere, Milton, Guttenberg, Caxton, William of Wykeham, Christopher Wren, Michael Angelo, Flaxman, Holbein, Hogarth, Bacon, Locke, Coke, Blackstone, Harvey, Sydenham, Purcell, Handel, Galileo, Newton, Columbus, Raleigh, Limiteus, Cuvier, Ray and Gerard. There are three fireplaces in this room. The one at the north end, executed in D’Aubigny stone, is very elaborate in detail, the frieze consisting of a panel of painted tiles, the subject being an architectonic design of a procession of the Arts and Sciences, with the City of London in the middle, emblematised by an enlarged representa¬ tion of the ancient seal, viz., St. Paul, and some mediaeval buildings with a river in the foreground. The quatre-foil panels on either side have the sculptured heads of Carpenter, the founder of the City of London School, and Chaucer, the “ Father of English Poetry.” 1 See Account of the Library, by W. H. Overall, F.S.A., in the “Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of Librarians,” held in London, October, 1877. INTERIOR OF THE LIBRARY. Adjoining the Library, on the east side, is the Committee room, which is lighted by windows looking on to Basinghall Street, and has a very richly-moulded waggon- headed roof, the principal ribs of which are supported on stone corbels, bearing the shields of Arms of the several members of the Committee specially appointed for the erection of this building. 230 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The two chimney-pieces at the south end are also carved and foliated with the words “ Anno Domini MDCCCLXXII,” on the frieze of one, and “Domine Dirige Nos,” the City motto, on the other, surmounted in both instances with the Royal, City, Middlesex, Westminster and Southwark shields of Arms. The screens in front of these fire-places are executed in oak, the panels being inlaid with coloured foreign wood, and the bases of the screens forming dwarf book-cases, which are fitted to receive large folio books. 231 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The windows in this room are filled with glass in hexagonal quarries, each having a varied object of animal, bird, or flowers, and medallions representing the four Seasons, the Elements, Printing, Engraving, Time, etc. In the centre window are the Arms of the then Lord Mayor, Sir John Sills Gibbons, Bart., and those of the two late Lord Mayors, Sir Thomas Dakin, and Robert Lesley, Esq. The Public Reading-Room, at the south end of the Library, is a commodious apartment, 50 feet in length by 24 feet wide, lighted by a window at the west end, and also by sky-lights in the roof. The subject represented is the “ School of Philosophy,” taken from Raphael s celebrated mural painting ; the principal personages represented are Plato, Aristotle, Archimides, Socrates, Zoroaster, Alcibiades and Pythagoras. It was presented by Baron Lionel de Rothschild, Member of Parliament for the City of London. The entrance from Basingliall Street is by a porch having wrought-iron gates, on the left hand side of this porch is placed the marble foundation-stone, the scroll, containing the following inscription, being held by a sculptured female figure, typifying the City of London, in bas-relief:— This Stone Was laid October xxvii, a.d. M.DC.C.C.L.XX. William Sedgwick Saunders, M.D., D.L., Chairman of the Library and Museum Committee Of the Corporation of the City of London, During the Mayoralty of The Rt. Hon. Robert Besley. Horace Jones, Architect. Passing through the porch, the lower hall is reached, from which a short flight of steps descends to the Museum. On the right of this hall is a room fitted up with cases around the walls, for the reception of books, &c., and on the left, through an oak screen, is a staircase, executed in stone, the balustrade being pierced with open tracery. The entrance to the Reading Room is from the upper landing, and the Library is entered through the hall, affixed to the wall of which is a brass tablet, commemorative of the erection of the building, inscribed as follows :— This Building was erected by the Corporation of London Under the direction of a Committee Specially appointed by the Court of Common Council. W. Sedgwick Saunders, M.D., F.S.A., Chairman. Sir David Salomons, Bart., M.P., Alderman. Henry Aaron Isaacs, F.S.S. Henry De Jersey, Deputy. Charles Reed, M.P., F.S.A. William Hartridge. William Cave Fowler, Deputy. .John Hampden Hale. Charles John Todd. James Ebenezer Saunders, F.L.S., F.G-.S. John Staples. Henry Lawrence Hammack. Richard Nathaniel Philips, D.C.L., F.S.A. Commenced, 1870. Finished, 1872. Horace Jones, V.P.R.I.B.A., Architect. 232 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Tlie building has been erected from the designs and under the superintendence of Sir Horace Jones, the Architect to the Corporation. The style of architecture is perpendicular Gothic, in accordance with that of the Guildhall. The work of the new Library was commenced in 1870, the contractors being Messrs. George Trollope and Sons, and completed some two years later, when it was formally opened by a Conversazione, with an exhibition of Antiquities and works of Art. A valuable Catalogue of the miscellaneous contributions exhibited on this occasion was compiled at the time by the Librarian. Considering the purpose of the building, the stained glass in it required a special treatment, so as to admit as much light as possible consistent with a decorative effect ; consequently, a large amount of white glass has been introduced, and the colour con¬ centrated. It is said that stained glass should be so rendered as to be rather an auxiliary to the architecture with which it is united, than an independent object of interest; and it should be employed rather to subdue and enrich the light which it transmits, than to serve as a means of displaying imitative or academic Art, which is often obtrusive : or, in other words, fitness rather than splendour. The large North Window of seven lights, divided by a transom, is the gift of some of the inhabitants of the Ward of Aldersgate. It has two major pictures, in rich colours, and eight single figures. The subject occupying the three upper centre lights is the introduction of printing into England, and represents Caxton and his press in the Almonry at Westminster; the principal or centre figure being the great printer showing to King Edward IV, and the Abbot of Westminster, his works. Wynkyn de Worde is engaged at the press, pulling a proof; Pynson is carrying a form ; in the background, a boy is seen mulling the ink. The four side figures are Guttenberg, who was the first to conceive the idea of printing from movable type; Wynkyn de Worde, foreman to Caxton; and Pynson, one of his workmen, who succeeded him in his business, and subsequently became the King’s printer; also Bishop Coverdale, the translator of the Bible. The treatment of these figures is what is termed “grisaille,” so as to complement, or set off, the colours in the centre group. The subject in the three lower centre lights is Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, purchasing the Library of the Abbot of St. Albans for fifty pounds’ weight of silver. This also is in rich colours, and the four side figures, like the upper ones, are in “grisaille,” on a silver quarry ground. The figures represent Whittington and Gresham, both founders of Libraries in this City, w r itli the addition of Stow and Milton. Below is a representation of the old Aldersgate. The Clerestory contains twenty-eight windows, having two lights each, in which are represented the symbols of the Planets, also Night and Day, upon a quarry ground. The aisles are lighted by fourteen windows of three lights each, having the signs of the Zodiac, also on quarry grounds, with labels running across, containing the following Proverbs, or Aphorisms, taken from the works of Shakespeare: Be Just and Fear Not. Daring, Bold, and Venturous. Speaking iu Deeds. Witty without Affectation. Heaven has au Eud iu all. Mine Honour is My Life. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 233 Be comfort to my Age. Achievement is Command. God shall be my Hope. They are set here for Examples. Seek the Light of Truth. Good Angels guard Thee. The Time of Life is Short. Live all Free Men. Be that you are. Hath all the good gifts of Nature. Truth is Virtue. Resolve what Tales I have told you. I am not Bookish. An honest Chronicler. All within the Will of God. It was a worthy Building. Swift as a Shadow. Ignorance is the curse of God. Virtue is Beauty. God bids us do Good for Evil. Do Wrong to None. Sweet Mercy is Nobility’s True Badge. Deep within the Books of God. As true as Steel. Use the Olive with the Sword. Learn of the wise. God gives you Joy. Men’s eyes were made to Look. Learning is but an Adjunct. Audacious without Impudency. Digest Things rightly. Here is my Journey’s End. Roses have Thorns. There is a History in all Men’s Lives. Things Won are Done. An honest Mind, and Plain. Time’s the King of Men. My Library was Dukedom large enough. Kindness, nobler ever than Revenge. My books I prize above my Dukedom. Order gave all Things View. I cannot hide what I am. A Thousand Moral Paintings. You Two are Book men. The Will of Heaven be Done. Truth will come to Light. Sermons in Stones. Take Counsel of some Wiser Head. Books in the Running Brooks. In Purity of Manhood stand upright. What, at your Books so hard ? Life’s but a Walking Shadow. Read on this Book. True as Truth’s Simplicity. Words sweetly placed. The idea of displaying the heraldic hearings of those important City Companies whose Arms are not set up in Guildhall, originated with the Council of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, and its suggestion to the Companies to contribute this valuable addition to the ornamental glazing in the Library met with a ready response. The Committee appointed by the Society to effect this object consisted of Charles John Shoppee, F.R.I.B.A., Alfred White, F.S.A., F.L.S., Joshua W. Lutterworth, F.S.A., Henry Campkin, F.S.A., and the Honorary Secretaries of the Society, Edward W. Brabrook, F.S.A., and John Edward Price, F.S.A., who received the cordial co-operation of the New Library and Museum Committee, presided over by Dr. W. Sedgwick Saunders, F.S.A. The best authorities were consulted as to the precedence of the several Companies, and the correct blazon in each case has been obtained from the Heralds’ College through a member of the Society, John de Havilland, F.S.A., York Herald. Several of the Companies are entitled to supporters, but they are of necessity omitted. The windows contain seven lights and tracery. The Royal Badges, with con¬ ventional ornaments, are displayed. Each of the seven lights contain the armorial bearings, helmet, crest, mantlings, and motto of the Companies placed in the following order:—First row.—Dyers, Brewers, Leathersellers, Pewterers, Barbers, Cutlers, and Bakers. Second row.—Wax Chandlers, Tallow Chandlers, Armourers and Braziers, Girdlers, Butchers, Saddlers, and Carpenters. Third row.—Cordwainers, Founders, Broderers, Coopers, Joiners, Cooks, and the Stationers. A desire having been expressed by other Companies that their Arms should appear, arrangements were made for their GG 234 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. insertion in the window upon the principal staircase, and, as soon as a sufficient number of applications had been received, the designs were inserted, comprising the Arms of the following of the minor Livery Companies :—Painter-Stainers, Plumbers, Poulters, Brick¬ layers, Scriveners, Turners, Loriners, Bowyers, Spectaclemakers, Wheelwrights, Masons, Coachmakers, Glass-Sellers, Clockmakers, and Plasterers. The number of works in the Library is estimated to exceed 60,000. Several Libraries have entrusted their collections to the care of the Corporation, viz.:—The Dutch Church, Austin Friars, the Clockmakers’ Company, the Salomons’ collection, and—more recently—the Remembrancer has presented his Law Library. Museum. Immediately below the Library is the Museum. It is approached from the former by a flight of stone steps and has at the same time an entrance from Basinghall Street. It is on a level with the ancient crypt of Guildhall, with which it is in communication. It is a building divided into nave and aisles, is 83 feet long and 64 feet wide, and has an elevation of 20 feet. It is rich m antiquarian and the removal of the Guildhall Chapel, and formed a nucleus of what now exists. treasures. In it may be found the un¬ written record of the history of the City, and the vast number of objects which are preserved would the better be able to tell their silent tale, were it possible for them to be more widely distributed than they are. There was, as is well known, indeed in the memory of antiquaries still living, a time when the collection of antiquities possessed by the Corporation of the City of London, was unworthy of them, and scarcely worth examination for the purpose of study, whereas now it is gratifying to know that in spite of all the difficulties there must ever be in saving what is constantly being dis¬ covered in the various excavations, the collection now classified at Guildhall will bear favorable comparison with those preserved in any of the local museums of this country. The first attempt to form such a collection was in the year 1829, when a large number of interesting objects discovered in the course of excavating for the New Post Office in St. Martin’s-le-Grand, the new London Bridge, the Royal Exchange, These were presented to the Corporation, Since that period there have been frequent HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 235 accessions, both by way of gifts as well as by the purchase of collections from private individuals. On entering the museum the first most striking object to attract attention is the magnificent Roman tessellated pavement fixed against the wall. It is all but perfect and one of the finest specimens of mosaic floors common to Roman buildings. It was found in Bucklersbury, about 19 feet from the level of the road¬ way, at a short distance from the course of the stream known as Walbrook, and parallel therewith. In form it is a parallelogram 13 feet wide and 12 feet 6 inches long, inclusive of a semi-circular portion at its northern end of 7 feet 3 inches diameter, making its total length about 20 feet. It was enclosed by walls of brick and tile, with blocks of chalk and ragstone, about eighteen inches thick. These rested upon a chalk foundation, laid on square wooden piles pointed at the end and from 3 to 4 feet long. In the wall surrounding the recess there were at intervals upright flues con¬ nected with the liypocaust below, the whole being the arrangement for warming the apartment. This is shown by the accompanying diagram which well illustrates in addition the flues below the floor. A second woodcut shows the site where the pavement was discovered and its relation to the course taken by the ancient stream. There are also other examples of Roman mosaic discovered in Cheapside, Leadenhall Street and other places. One of the familiar objects in the Museum for some years, is the group of sitting figures discovered some forty years ago in the course of excavation for sewers in Crutched Friars, and represents three female figures seated, and bearing in their laps baskets containing what has been usually described as fruit, and the group is presumed to be a representation of the Deai Matres, or Mother Goddesses of the Roman age, and similar to those frequently illustrated by sculptures found along the line of the Roman wall in Northumberland and elsewhere. Its massive character and the great depth at which it was found, associated with the debris of Roman buildings, point to the conclusion that it had not been brought to the site as building material, but had belonged to a building or sacellum , one which was probably succeeded in later days by the Christian Church of St. Olave, Hart Street, in Tower Ward. In the Pagan mythology of old time, such figures were intended to impersonate the three goddesses or mothers, who were presumed to preside over woods and fields, pre-arranged the fates of individuals, and dispensed the blessings of Providence to man. Another interesting relic is the sepulchral altar bearing an gg 2 236 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. inscription of great interest. It was discovered in tlie year 1806, near to the London Coffee House, on Ludgate Hill, thus marking as a sepulchral monument the limits of the Roman City at the time. The inscription records the early death of an exemplary young wife, who died at the age of nineteen years. D.M. CL. MARTI NAE AN XIX ANENCLE TVS PROVINC CONIYGI PIENTISSIMAE H. S. E. This describes how Claudia Martina was the most dutiful and pious wife of Anencletus Provincialis, and that he erected the memorial to her on the site of sepulture. There are also in the collection some interesting examples of Sarcophagi or tombs typical of the various forms selected by the Romans. The marble coffin found at Clapton is the most interesting of the series. It is about 6 feet 3 inches long, 1 foot 3 inches wide, and 1 foot 6 inches deep —the thickness being about 2-1 inches. The front is ornamented with a fluted pattern, the channels being filled to a third of their height with a bead. These channels, etc., are all designed in accordance with the rules of the Corinthian order. In the centre of the coffin is a medallion, containing a portrait or bust of the deceased. The whole is thoroughly classical in design, the attitude and position of the fingers being characteristic of Roman work. Beneath the figure are three lines of what were well-cut letters ; they are nearly illegible. The last is probably MARITIMIYS, a name familiar in Roman in¬ scriptions. The other tombs are of a more simple kind, plain in form and cut from solid blocks of oolitic stone. One was discovered near to Fleet Lane, at a depth of twelve feet, on the margin of the bank of the Old Fleet River. It contained the remains of a skeleton when found. Near to these tombs there is an interesting piece of masonry illustrating, better than can any written description, the uniformity with which the Roman architects worked in the construction of the walls, both when for the protection of their cities or for the public structures enclosed therein. It was discovered among the important remains of Roman buildings brought to light when Leadenhall Market was rebuilt by the Corporation. Of sculptures belonging to the Roman period, the most interesting are those found within the last few years, in the course of excavations, which have revealed no less than three of the bastions belonging to the City wall. 1 It has been shown these had for their foundations huge masses of statuary, architectural fragments and other sculptured blocks, the debris of earlier Roman buildings. It is unnecessary to give but briefly a description of some of the principal objects found, although there is scarcely a stone among the large collection now accessible to the student but what has an interest of its own. The most important “ On a Bastion of tlie City wall,” by J. E. Price, F.S.A., 1873. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 237 of the series is a statue of a Roman soldier discovered in the first of the three bastions excavated, viz., that in Camomile Street, Bishopsgate, ten years since. The annexed woodcut, taken from a photograph, well .illustrates the figure. This is seen enclosed in a recess or niche, which is not only indicated by the portion of stone that rises above the left shoulder, but by the debased Corinthian pilaster upon the same side—this, with an arched or semi¬ circular canopy connecting the two, was probably re¬ peated on the other. To the right of this pilaster there is a hole or cavity in the side, doubtless cut for the insertion of an iron cramp or bar to keep the monument in position. The figure illus¬ trates a time - honoured practice, familiar to our¬ selves, of setting up within the City representations of individuals who had in their lifetime been distin¬ guished in its service. This particular statue may have either been portion of a sepulchral monument or been attached to a public building; in either case it probably represents an official once noted for his military career, but one who, retiring from the ser¬ vice, became a civilian, a personage equal in impor¬ tance, and one probably associated with the magis¬ tracy of Londinium. That a portrait has been intended by the sculptor is evidenced by the details, the heavy head, cropped hair, the depression in the temples, thinness of the cheeks and projecting eyes, together with the nose, which, though broken and injured, was clearly wide instead of thin, are indications of an attempt, at any rate, of portraiture. 238 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. The costume as represented by the artist is not devoid of interest, the figure is clothed with the pcenula , or civilian’s cloak, a dress worn over the tunic, and adapted more particularly for long journeys or for use in cold or wet weather; from the manner in which the drapery is disposed across the shoulders, it is clear that this soldier had his right arm uplifted, and that in his hand he grasped either a spear or standard. This position exposes the tunic or undercoat beneath, the waistband and girdle are also shown, together with the sword suspended from the belt. In the left hand is a novel object, and from its presence we are enabled to understand the position which the individual had filled ; he holds a series of tablets similar to those used by the ancients for writing purposes. These are suspended by cords fastened probably to a strap, and they represent the tabellce kept by the owner for some special and official purpose, evidence exists as to what this was. A comparison with similar figures in the museums on the Continent leads to the opinion that our figure represents a “ Signifer,” or standard bearer in the Roman Army. It was a practice in the Roman Legions to keep a record of the accounts of the moiety of the donatives of each cohort, as deposited by military law, apud signa , each man’s half of his donatives being saved up for him, to be re-delivered when he left the army honourably. Such accounts in connection with these donatives were kept by the “ Signifer,” and the account-keeping, inasmuch as it required education and character, redounded much to the credit of the position enjoyed by such an official. In the museum at York is a memorial to a “ Signifer,” or standard bearer of the ninth legion, but so far as our City is concerned, this statue may be looked upon as unique. It stands by itself among London discoveries and is one that possesses an especial interest. Associated with it were numerous sculptured blocks of stone, belonging doubtless to the monument of which the figure had formed the principal object, such massive sepulchres and cenotaphs having been doubtless as common to Roman Britain and its many cities as they were to those associated with Imperial Rome. The traveller on the great Appian way which leads to Ostia from the walls of the Eternal City, meets with such memorials, and the ruins of them abound in great abundance on either side of the roadway. They are indeed most striking objects and full of interest for the antiquary. The accompanying engravings show two of such fragments. From one or two other pieces we have been enabled to imagine HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 239 the forms assumed by the niche beneath which the statue was placed. These fragments are in the Museum, and the annexed woodcut gives the form of the canopy as restored. Second only in interest to this statue is the figure of a lion represented by the sculptor as having overpowered by its spring either another lion or an animal of inferior strength, like the statue of the standard bearer, itis carved from oolitic stone. It doubtless has formed part of a sepulchre of large dimensions, possibly resting on the cornice of a building or served as an ornamental finish to a tomb. Its meaning, if such it has, is probably to symbolise conquest, and intended to illustrate the existence of a power to which all creation must give way. Such representations are not uncommon among monu¬ mental sculptures associated with the worship of Mithras, an oriental cult greatly recognised in the declining days of the Roman Empire. Another curious relic from the same locality is a is intended to represent an elderly man for, though roughly treated, there is the wrinkled forehead, depressed cheeks, together with a generally worn and haggard expression of the countenance all indicative of age, but little hair is shown, and this is closely cut. It is somewhat suggestive of the short curled hair of the negro race, the peculiarity certainly favours the opinion that a portrait of an African was intended although it is possible for the resemblance to be accidental and merely due to the broken condition of the face. There are also, in connection with this wonderful collection of classic sculpture, fluted shafts and pilasters, mitred and weathered mouldings, cornices, and a curious fragment adorned with an enriched cavetto of bold leaf and petal ornament carved in basso relievo , and designed in imitation of the tongue-and-tassel border so familiar in Roman pottery. piece of sculpture which 240 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Tlie following are additional illustrations of some of the many objects, for the most part architectural, which made up the foundations of this particular bastion of the old City Wall. Since these were discovered, the sculptures found, beneath two other bastions, have been set out in the Museum. They are of equal interest, and indeed all point to the presence, in days gone by, of a large number of monuments, the broken fragments of which were too heavy to remove to any distance —so were utilised by the architects and builders of the time as materials tor later structures, and to this circumstance alone is their preservation due. The fragments latelv found, and now added to the collection, viz., the interesting series from Bevis Marks have not yet been described, nor have any engravings been pub¬ lished of them. In addition to some interesting statuary with portions of friezes, representing thereon funeral scenes and other subjects ; various inscriptions, or portions thereof, have been exhumed. These latter may be briefly mentioned. There are four and the letters cut upon the respective stones are :— IVL AY I CANDID I ET ME MORI A S NT 10 ELIAE NYMIDI DO RLXX NTISSIMA FEMI RELIQYA CAY. With the exception of the third, all may be taken as associated with sepulchres. Doubtless, above the first was the familiar [D.M.], the Dedication to the Gods. And then the name of the defunct Julius. The Do in the last line may be interpreted as Do (mo), having- reference to his birthplace, the second refers to one Avi(divs) (A)ntio(chvs) Anno(r) lxx, Annor being the abbreviation ot Annorum , and the inscription thus rendered would be presuming the [D.M.] to have been placed above — “To the Divine Shades of Avidius Antioclius of seventy years (of age).” The third is probably a centurial stone, and having a reference to the Century of Candidus. - The fourth is evidently a tombstone, the in¬ scription commenced [D.M.] Et Memoriae, the name of the deceased lady commemorated is as follows : Aeliae Nvmidiae (or Numidice) or possibly Cornelia ?, the third line would HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. be Pientissimos Femince. Therefore, subject to further investigations, we may read the inscription as a memorial “To the Divine Shades and to the memory of Aelia (or Cornelia) Numidia.” If the word Pientissimce be admitted we should have, in addition, “ a most dutiful woman.” One of the most important acquisitions, which has recently been added, is the highly interesting collection of Roman antiquities, discovered some fourteen years since in the course ot excavations for the premises of the National Safe Deposit Company, near to the Mansion House. This unique collection was presented to the Corpora¬ tion by the Metropolitan Board of Works, and it enjoys a special interest from there being no question as to the genuine character of the objects found, or as to the site on which they were discovered. The collection is preserved intact, and apart from the miscellaneous objects so carefully arranged and classified in the Museum by W. H. Overall, F.S.A., the whole of this par¬ ticular collection repre¬ sents objects, chiefly of a domestic character, once in daily use with the inhabitants of Roman London. They found their way, as in modern HH 242 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. times does tlie debris of our households, into the river bed. The whole came from the Walbrook, and to their presence in moist and boggy soil may be ascribed the excellent preservation in which they are. A series of coins, ranging in consecutive order from the reign of Agrippa, b.c. 13 to b.c. 9, to Antoninus Pius a.d. 138 to a.d. 161. The Samian, Upchurch, Durobrivian, Salopian and other Pottery may be also mentioned, as affording specimens perfect and fragmentary, of almost every variety of earthenware familiar to the Italian Potters. Of the most familiar forms of Samian paterae and cups which are among the collection, the above are selected as types of the respective sizes of these vessels; it is but necessary to remark that they are of all dimensions varying from a diameter of 2 inches only by 1 in depth to a width of from 10 to 11 inches. The vessel upon which appears a Lion’s head serving the purpose of a spout is a mortarium, studded HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 243 inside with silicious particles for the purpose of trituration. There are other forms of this description of cooking vessel made from a light coloured clay, of which the Museum possesses numerous examples :— The mythical story of Romulus and Remus, a favourite legend with the Romans, also appears upon one of the Samian howls, relieved by fanciful scrolls of foliage, and it is repeated all round the vessel. Although a subject frequently selected for the ornamentation of coins and medals, especially of the later Emperors, its illustration is by no means familiar on Roman pottery. EL AG AB ALUS. (Found at Jerusalem.) CONSTANTINUS MAGNUS. As one of the most popular stories connected with heathen mythology it is well known. In the present instance the twins as suckled by the wolf are alone seen, but there are examples, and one in the Roach Smith Collection in the British Museum, which gives a complete illustration of the tale, viz., the presence above the figures of the Picus , or Woodpecker, familiar to readers of Ovid, 1 as the bird who contributed to the daily sustenance of the infant twins. Although the bird is absent in the present case, it is represented in compart¬ ments just above the figure of the wolf, and worked into the design selected for the principal ornamentation of the bowls. It measures 10 inches in diameter by 4^ deep, and has a label across the bottom bearing the potter’s name— MARINVS. F. Of the embossed or ornamented Samian ware there is a large representative collection. On the broken bowls and fragments are innumerable illustrations of mystical subjects. Gladiatorial combats, fanciful designs, hunting scenes, animals and birds interspersed with repre¬ sentations of the fruit and foliage of the vine. Others tell of the sports and combats of the arena, for example, on a fragment of one of the upright bowls appears a representation 1 Ovid’s “ Fasti,” lib. iii, 1. 53. HH 2 244 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. of tlie closing scene in a gladiatorial fight. The two figures are distinct, and not together as they are so often seen. The victor, armed with his curved sword, has his shield uplifted and is prepared to strike. The other, armed in like fashion, is kneeling and imploring mercy at the hands of the spectators ; those who wished his death would turn their thumbs towards their breasts, as a signal to the opponent to stab him, others, anxious to spare his life, turned their thumbs downwards, as a signal of dropping the sword. 1 Upon another fragment is the subject illustrated by the annexed woodcut. It is a variety of the well-known illustration of that particular form of combat practised by the retiarius and secutor of ancient times. Numerous examples could be quoted of its presence on Mosaic pavements, both in this country and elsewhere, the most recent being a good typical representation upon one of the pavements now preserved at the Roman Villa, dis¬ covered a few years ago, near Brading, in the Isle of Wight. Other subjects transmit to us many fanciful stories of Pagan mythology, for example, the wolf and the crane — the seventh fable of iEsop — may be specified. There is likewise the figure of a juggler, attired like one of modern times, he is skipping with a rope. In another instance, a modern pastime survives, viz., that of battledore and shuttlecock. There are also representations of musical instruments, for example, one figure is playing upon the lyre, and another, a votary of Bacchus or Cybele, is in the act of clashing the cymbals. Of Amphorce, funereal urns and lamps, there are many fine examples, some specimens of the latter bear upon them ornamental figures, descriptive of legends, derived from a classic source. In connection with the lamps, mention should be made of two examples of clay moulds which have been employed in the fabrication of such objects. These are of great rarity, and indeed, with the ex¬ ception of the lamp actually discovered in the kiln found by Conyers 2 in St. Paul’s Church¬ yard, they afford the only evi¬ dence there is as to the home manufacture of such articles. Though not the same mould the figures represent both the upper and lower portion, thus indicating the manner in which such were used. In one appears the mortices, and in the other the corresponding- tenons are clearly seen. 1 “ Juvenal,” iii, 36. Commentary by J. B. Mayor, 1872, p. 18. 3 In the year 1675. Sloane MSS. British Museum, 958, fol. 105. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 245 Of Lamp appendages there are some interesting specimens. One here selected illustrates an object of great rarity. It is of bronze, and is an instrument for trimming Roman Lamps. There is a small chain attached by which it was fastened to the lamp. It is somewhat difficult to describe the manner in which it was used, the pointed end was probably for raising the wick, and the projec¬ tions for removing hardened crust. Though rarely met with in this country, such trimmers are often found among Roman remains abroad. A good example is figured in La Chausse’s Grand Cabinet Remain , p. 94, Lampe v: and in Montfaucon’s 1 Antiquite Explique there is a figure of a bronze lamp suspended by a chain, and from the lamp there hangs a trimmer of this character. The annexed woodcut illustrates two earthenware objects which are equally uncommon. They are about three inches in diameter and rather more than two inches deep, each has a small raised socket in the centre. They are candlesticks, and seem admirably suited to that purpose. Candles of wax, pitch, or tallow with rushes for wicks were known to the Romans. An interesting specimen was discovered some years ago in an old lead mine at Shelve Hill, it had evidently been left there by one of the Roman miners many centuries ago. There is further testimony to the use of candles recorded by the satirist Juvenal. He extols the economy of the poor man endeavouring to be satisfied with his candle and moderate its wick. 2 “ Me, quam luna solet deducere, vel breve lumen Candelas, cujus dispenso et tempero filum, Oontempnit.” Among other objects of exceptional interest is a curious series of what are termed “ Hipposandals ” or horse shoes of iron ; they were principally discovered in the course of excavations for the Broad Street Station of the North London Railway in Liverpool Street. They average from seven to eight inches long, and have what may be termed handles, the sides flanked by clips and one end terminating in a hook. Up to a recent period they belong to a class of objects to which little attention has been devoted, they are now, by the aid of com¬ parison with similar examples abroad, believed to have been fabricated for the use of mules or horses having tender or diseased 1 Montfaucon, vol. v, p. 212, part 153, also plates 139 and 150. 2 Satire 111, 286. 246 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. feet, or for temporary employment on moist or boggy soils and were attached to the hoof by straps or strings. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., writing of a specimen in his own collection gives the foregoing as a reasonable suggestion and supports it by a quotation from Catullus (xvii, 25) in which that writer speaks of a mule leaving its iron solea or shoe in the mud, “ In gravi derelinquere cceno, Terream ufc soleam tenaci in voragine mula.” From this it is clear that the shoe was not one affixed by nails, but one permanently bound on, and—from the context—one apparently used for soft or quaggy land. 1 In the late Lord Londesborough’s collection was a richly ornamented specimen from Stony Stratford, and a still better example was exhumed some years ago during the re-building of Blackwater Bridge at Coggeshall, in Essex, associated with Roman de¬ bris. It is deco¬ rated with beaded bands and impres¬ sed circles wrought with the hammer upon its under surface. There are also many interesting specimens of a “ Hipposandals ” in the British Museum, chiefly from the Continent, one may be specially mentioned as serving to demonstrate the use to which such objects were applied. It shows traces of wear and has an aperture in the centre around which has been placed a strip of iron, in form, resembling a modern horse shoe. This was fastened on to the original in a separate piece. Of miscellaneous objects, such as glass, embossed and plain, implements of iron, used by the artificers of the time, spindles for spinning wool or flax, portions of head gear, bolts, chisels, brooches, needles, pins, locks, and keys, there is not only in this particular case a typical collection, but highly valuable and interesting examples of each respective class. In connection with the Roman section, no better collection of inscribed tiles can be referred to than is here preserved. They are valuable inasmuch as they are all of local interest. One of the latest acquisitions is that taken from a portion of the City Wall, lately uncovered in Warwick Lane, Newgate Street, in the course of ex¬ cavations for the new Hall of the Cutlers’ Company, and presented to the Corporation Illustrations of Roman London,” C. R. Smith, F.S.A., p. 146. 247 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. by that body. It is a tile of the ordinary Roman make, measures 17 by 12 inches by about 1§ inch thick. Upon it are a series of letters inscribed by means of a pointed instrument. These are as follows:— AYSTALIS DIBVS .. II VAGATVRSIB COTIDIM. Ihe meaning of this is somewhat obscure, but the explanation given by C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., is reasonable, and doubtless a correct one. He views it as a fugitive comment by one workman upon another—-just as we see jokes scribbled with their meaning if any, limited to the narrow local influence of the writer— and that it means “ Aus- talis wanders off (from his work) by him¬ self to the gods everyday.” It is unfortunate that the letters after DIBVS are mutilated, otherwise the inscription is complete. In addition to the inscribed tiles there are many scored with geometrical figures or small squares, worked with a diamond pattern. There is one which indicates a rude attempt at portraiture. It would seem that the intention was to represent the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons, celebrated for her beauty and flowing locks, which were afterwards changed to serpents by Minerva. The locks with the rest of the design have been executed on the tile when soft, and been entirely done with the finger, the course of which may be at once detected on the original. The indentation for the mouth is a perfect impression of one of the fingers of the designer, though of rougher character. It resembles the sculptured head on the tympanum of the temple dedicated to Minerva at Bath, on which serpents are entwined with the curling hair in an 248 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. ingenious and artistic manner. The present figure was doubtless sketched off in a moment of fun by some youthful fabricator of Roman tiles, to whose mind representations of Minerva were familiar, either in the spirit of caricature, or as a rude effort to delineate the characteristics of the Gorgon’s head. There are also pieces of flue and hypocaust tiles, all ornamented in a variety of ways, many of these designs, as well as those elsewhere noticed, are tasteful and artistic, and they illustrate the singular practice with the Romans of decorating objects which were to be concealed from view. It indicates their love of art and their desire to carry it into practice, even in matters of every day life. These devices are said to have been scored upon the tiles with a toothed instrument when soft, and to have been merely for the purpose of making the mortar adhere more closely to them. Sometimes the flues would be so constructed as to be visible, in which case the labour spent in their decoration would not be thrown away. In many cases they were ornamented with patterns from wooden blocks. Several interesting examples are preserved in this collection. The metal work of the ancients is well represented, both in bronze and iron, of the former there are some fine examples, especially may attention be directed to a bronze arm discovered at the bottom of a well in Seething Lane, Tower Street. It was found in excavations connected with the construction of the Inner Circle Railway, and is a portion of a statue of a male figure, evidently of heroic size. From the position of the fingers and general contour of the arm, together with the aperture which appears in the palm of the hand, it would seem that it originally held some object. If this were a spear, it would lead to the idea that the original figure was that of a military personage, but from the attitude of rest which is suggested it would rather appear to have been a statue of some noted civilian, who bore in his hand a baton or wand, symbolical of office. The dimensions, which may be of interest for the purpose of comparison, are as follows :— End of arm to end of thumb ... . „ „ to tip of middle finger . Wrist to knuckle on back of band Length of thumb. „ middle finger . „ little finger. Width of knuckles of hand. Circumference of thickest part of arm „ „ wrist. ft. in. 1 63 1 Gf 0 3f 0 3f 0 54 0 4 £ 0 4 1 H 0 94 It is somewhat singular that, with the exception of the colossal head of Hadrian which was dredged from the river bed of the Thames, below Old London Bridge O 3 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 249 some fifty years ago, tlie few illustrations which have occurred since of the fact that the City of London was, during the Roman occupation, embellished with statuary and works of art, have, so far as the large bronzes are concerned, been hands only. The present is either the fourth or fifth which has been found within recent years ; and when it was first brought to light it was hoped that it might prove to he the second hand of a large bronze figure, of which one hand preserved in the British Museum, and formerly in the possession of C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. (engraved in his Catalogue of London Antiquities, 1854, p. 6), was found in the same locality near to the Tower end of Lower Thames Street. There is, however, no connection between the two. A bronze hand and wrist of smaller dimensions is also in this collection. It was discovered in the year 1867, on the site of the old Spread Eagle, Gracechurch Street. It is the left hand, and measures, from the tip of the finger to the broken edge, 9f inches. The circumference of the wrist is rather over 7 inches. There are other bronze objects equal in interest to these fragments of large figures, viz., small statuettes of Pagan divinities, a class of objects better known under the designation of “Lares” and “Penates,” or household gods, who were presumed in ancient times to preside over the fortunes of the house in which they were located. Many possibly were merely adopted as ornaments, and comprised in the domestic furniture of a Roman dwelling. As an illustrative specimen is a figure of Mars, the God of War—a divinity greatly reverenced by the Romans—many of the altars which have been found in Britain being dedicated to his honour. He is usually represented in military costume with either shield, helmet, or spear, and small images emblematical of his peculiar attributes have been often found, especially among remains abroad. In the present instance the greaves, helmet, and other military appointments are well defined, as is the flowing hair and beard, often seen on per¬ sonations of this deity. His left hand is raised above the shoulder as though holding a spear, and from the small aperture present in the hand it is probable that such a weapon was originally at¬ tached. In the right hand appears the sacrificial patera used for holding the wine generally poured over the victim or altar at the time of sacrifice. This figure was found in Bucklersbury, asso¬ ciated with other relics at the time when the Mosaic Pavement previously referred to was discovered, some years since. In addition, there is in the collection a figure of Hercules, together with other divinities ; similar objects in terra cotta are also preserved ; 11 250 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. this interesting series comprises representations of the goddess Pomona, Venus, Leda and the Swan, and many others. In leather work there are examples of the Caliga , or military shoe, together with those common to the household, viz., the Calceus , or hoot; among the illustrations here presented of some of the objects it will be observed how closely the latter resembles the shoes or boots of modern days. Of orna¬ mental sandals, there are several interesting fragments. The invasion of the Danes in the reign of Alfred, 871-901, is illustrated by a curious Scandinavian relic. It is a portion of a sepulchral memorial stone discovered in St. Paul’s Church Yard in August, 1852, at a depth of twenty feet beneath the roadway. The inscription which it bears records that one “ Konal caused this stone to be laid in memory of Tuki.” A skeleton was found in close proximity to the stone. The decadence in the Potters’ art finds illustrations in the Frankish and Saxon earthenware as it does in the Norman and Mediaeval Pottery, which is so exhaustively represented. The tasteless forms of the bowls and pitchers and other vessels commonly used in the Middle Ages, present a striking contrast to those of earlier days. As a typical specimen of this class of Mediaeval Pottery is a curious old pitcher of the thirteenth century, discovered some years ago in excavations opposite Northumberland Alley, Fenchurch Street. It is twelve inches high, formed of light-coloured clay, and covered with a mottled glaze ; its chief interest consists in the ornamentation, it being decorated with shields bearing the Arms of the ancient family of the De Clares, Earls of Gloucester. Of this period of English History there is a large collection of objects, comprising armour, swords and daggers of all kinds, locks and keys, and one of the finest series of those curious little objects known as Signacula or Pilgrims’ Signs which has, perhaps, ever been brought together. Of Mediaeval Leather Work there are many illustrations ; for instance, a series of shoes marking the various changes adopted in fashion in different reigns ; of the . HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 251 old u Llack Jack, or Leather Bottle, there are several examples. Such were much in use during’ the seventeenth century, being’ employed for the same purposes as the wooden puncheons and firkins still carried about by farm labourers, and to which they bear a close resemblance. There are other objects in leather comprising jerkins, collars, etc., ranging from the reign of Henry VIII to James I. Many of the former are decorated and slashed according to the then prevailing style. In the sixteenth century such jerkins were used as a covering for the quilted armour of the time, and were intended to project somewhat in front, after the manner indicated by the dress of our modern Punchinello. In the illustration the slashing is clearly shown, the apertures were for the purpose of exhibiting the undercoat beneath. Of a later time, there are relics of Old London signs, viz., of the Boar’s Head in Eastcheap, the three Magi or Kings on Ludgate Hill, the Three Crowns, Lambeth Hill, and lastly that of the George and Dragon from George Yard. There is yet a curious piece of sculpture possessing an interest peculiar to itself, inasmuch as it is associated with the history of the famous Whittington. It illustrates and indeed gives credence to there being some truth in the old story of the Cat, which —whether true or false—will for all time form for the citizens one of the most attractive traditions connected with his career. That a belief in the old story existed, and was' cherished in his native place, is beyond dispute. Whittington came from Pauntley in Gloucestershire, and it was in Gloucester that the sculpture now preserved in the Museum was first discovered. It fell into the possession of the late Rev. Samuel Lysons, before referred to, and was by him bequeathed to the Corporation of London. At a meeting of the British Archaeological Association, held at Worcester some years ago, Mr. Lysons gave the following interesting description of this relic of the past, and its association with the ii 2 252 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. history of the renowned Lord Mayor “ This small basso-relievo, apparently a portion of an ancient chimney-piece, or tablet, was recently dug up in Westgate Street, Gloucester, in which locality the Whittington family possessed their town house, as was the custom with most county families. We are made aware of this fact in an ancient register, or rent-roll of rents, possessions, lands, and tenements of the abbots, priors, commoners, seneschals, and other the burgesses and divers others within the municipality of Gloucester, in the year 1460, among which appears the following, translated from the Latin:— “ The Priory of Llanthony holds all those houses and buildings, with their appurtenances, in the said lane called Abbey-lane, up to the common processional way (public road) adjoining the chancel of the church of St. Nicholas, and also the tenements of Richard Wliitynton, lord of the manor of Staunton, which are called Rotten-row and Asschowellys-place.” Asliwell’s-place, originally the property of Thomas de Ashwell, was about the centre of the Westgate-street, Gloucester, where this stone was discovered (singularly enough it stood upon the site, also, of a Roman temple). Richard Ashe well was representative of Gloucester, 13 Richard II, and also bailiff of the same city. There is, or was, in the possession of the Corporation of Gloucester, recited in Furney’s MSS., a lease (temp. Richard II), which exactly marks the spot of Ashwell’s-place, being the northernmost of four houses in the parish of Trinity, in Ebruge ( i.e ., Westgate-street). As there are only four houses in Trinity parish, which fronts the Westgate-street, it clearly indicates the house of Mr. Compton, upholsterer, in the foundations of which the stone was dug up by the labourer in the employ of the late Mr. Bonner, to whom the house then belonged. Now, if it be necessary in all cases to have contemporaneous evidence of history, I don’t think we can have it more satisfactorily than in the present instance. “ The Richard Whittington here alluded to was great nephew of the renowned Lord Mayor of London, living contemporaneously with his celebrated relative, the rent-roll above quoted having been made within thirty-seven years of Dick Whittington’s death, and thus bearing testimony to the fact that, however sceptical some persons may be as to the truth of the story of the cat, it was at least entertained by his own family, and commemorated by them with satisfaction. This, then, forms another instance, in addition to the four others given in my life of that model merchant of the representation of a cat in connection with Richard Whittington, executed at possibly a very early date, and showing that the story is no modern invention.” 1 It was Whittington’s reputed wealth that led to the unwarranted disturbance of his remains after death. He was three times buried in the church of “ St. Michael Pater “ The Model Merchant of the Middle Ages,” by the Rev. Samuel Lysons, M.A. DOORWAYS. GUILDHALL. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 253 Noster in the Royall,” first by his executors under a faire monument, then in the raigne o . Edward the Sixth, the parson of the church thinking some great riches (as hee said) to be buried with him, caused his monument to be broken, his body to be spoyled of his leaden sheet, and againe the second time to be buried. And in the raigne of Queen Mary, the parishioners were forced to take him up, to lap him in lead as afore, to bury him the third time, and to place his monument, or the like, over him againe. Whereupon this epitaph is engraven, partly erazed and imperfect “ Ut fragrans Nardus fama fuit iste Rickardus, Altificans villam, qui juste rexerat illam, Flos mercatorum, Fundator Presbiteorum, Sic et egenorum, testis sit cetus eorum, Omnibus exemplum Barathrum vicendo molosum, Condidit hoc templum Michaelis quod speciosum, Fegia.res rata turbiss, Pauperibus Pater extiterat, Maior quater urbis, Martius kune vicit, en Annos gens tibi decit, Finijt ipse dies sis gibi Christe quies. Amen. Eius sponsa pia generosa probata Sophia Jungitur.” 1 Whittington’s memory was cherished long after his lamented death. As late as the reign of Edward VI, the anniversary of his decease was respectfully recognised. In the returns of the chantries belonging to the second year of this reign, the following appears. The entry is copied from the records in possession of the Mercers’ Company, to which fraternity Whittington belonged:— “ Paide y erel y for fc ke °bitte of Master Whittington for spicest brede, with the spices and whyte bunes and butter, with other thinges thereto apperteyninge xlis. viijd. For Perres, apples, pyskettes, chese, ale and wine, and the buttelers’ fee, with other thinges xxviijs. viijd. For waxe and ringing bells, ijs. To the poore men for to offer, xiijs. To the Lord Maior of London, vjs. and viijd. To the three wardens of Mercers, vjs. and viijd. And as for priestes and clerkes, we never paid none.ixli. vjs. ijd.” The annexed illustration shows the exterior of the Hall as exposed to view at the time when the excavations were in progress, for the purpose of preparing the site of the New Council Chamber in 1882. It is from a drawing by Mr. Henry Hodge, in order to represent a comprehensive view of the buildings, foundations and their connection with the Guildhall. This clearance involved the removal of a considerable block of buildings a portion of which are designated upon the “Plan of Guildhall” and its surroundings, a.d. 1750. “Bakehouse to Guildhall,” “Town Clerk’s Office,” “Yard,” “Chamberlain’s House,” and “ Chamberlain’s Repository.” The Porch and “ Area under Chamberlain’s Court ” are also shown. These operations opened to view the north side of the Guildhall, which had been concealed for a considerable period by the contiguous buildings, and as it is again hidden by the New Council Chamber, its delineation is interesting and worth preserving. The Hall presented a very imposing appearance, five bays out of the eight being fully Excavations for the site of the New Council Chamber. Weever’s “ Funeral Monuments,” Edit. 1631, p. 408. 254 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. disclosed. The roof restoration, with its principal features of the hexagonal lantern crowned with the highly embellished fleche ; the broad expanse of slate roof, crested with light ironwork, and pierced with eight fine gabled dormers, was effective. Likewise the restored turrets and pinnacles, and the enriched heads of the buttresses breaking up the horizontal line of coping. Five of the Hall windows were brought to light. Two in the Eastern Crypt were visible, these with one other being now the only unobstructed lights. Three doorways appear on the view. That in the first bay was a convenient communication between the Chamberlain’s Court and the dais of the Hall by a staircase. In the third bay, the upper opening provided access from and to the building in connection with a commodious staircase, also shown in the “ Area ” view. Upon the plan it will be seen that a doorway and stairs then existed, and from the evidence of a filled-in archway through the adjacent buttress, it may be deduced that stairs of earlier date, from “The Porch” closely connected the Crypt with the Hall by the north-west doorway of the East Crypt, now walled up. The lower opening is the north doorway, this was approached from the yard by stone steps between the double staircase. In the fifth bay (but not in the view) was the filled-in arch of the north-west doorway before mentioned, and above, an entrance from the Hall to the Court Porch. These afford material evidences of earlier modes of communication. During the alterations the removal of the east wall of the Court building exposed to view the south archway, string course, window and niche. Also the south-west doorway, shown on plate of “ Doorways,” and the jamb and head of another ancient entrance, and also two modern others on the west side, connected with the adjacent corridor or loggia. Two blank windows are shown, which were wholly or partially concealed by panelling. Behind the plaster cornice was found the remains of an ancient string course or corbel table, probably connected with the original roof. The Porch or Lobby to the Court is seen through the arch, and the position of the Police Receiver’s Office with doorways opening to the Corridor. In the basement, which was filled with earth and debris, were massive foundation walls with arches. The base of these walls was laid on the clay stratum overlaying the ballast, at 11 feet 3 inches from the level of the yard. These arched basement walls varied in thickness from 4 to 4 feet 8 inches. The materials were rag, chalk and flint. The eight basement arches, viz.: three to east, three to west, one to north and one to south walls, were of rough and irregular shape. The south arch was of unusual construction, the lower part of the opening being formed with horizontal courses. The upper part of the east basement wall was 3 feet 6 inches thick, and on both sides, about 2 feet high, faced with rag in courses, showing that the earlier level was 2 feet lower. This difference was observable at the plinths of the Hall buttresses. The upper walling varied from 3 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 10 inches. The east and west walls (except base¬ ment) had been considerably altered, especially at south end of west wall. A tracery springer was found which may have belonged to one of the windows, if not of earlier date, a length of groin rib also. Other fragments, including Purbeck marble shaft; and a piece of Norman sculpture of the sunk star pattern was taken out of the east wall of the Porch, where it had been carefully set with the ornament visible. Against the north end was found a chamber, which was filled with charcoal. It appeared to have been associated with the ovens shown on the plan “ Bake House.” It was against the west wall, below 255 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. tlie tile oven mouth ; and its position is marked by a darker tint upon the view, and there the wall seemed to have been scathed by fire. It was accessible through the adjacent wall arch, by an opening in the crown of the brick-arch, and built with red bricks. Ihe walls were one brick thick, covered with a Tudor arch, and paved with similar bricks. A well was exposed against the exterior of the west wall at the centre arch in the view. It commenced at the level of the “Measure Yard” near the north-east corner. Depth, 22 feet 0 inches, and diameter, 3 feet. It is now filled in with concrete. It was steined with worked Kentish rag and chalk, and in addition, lined up to 12 feet 6 inches with an iron cylinder. In reference to the openings in the west wall of the Court building, commenced in 1425, it would appear that at that time there existed means of access w r hich also served for the admission of light to the Court itself, as well as to the lower chamber. It may be considered that the building was, at that date, sufficiently isolated on all sides, although directly attached to the Hall by the Porch, built about the same time. This condition remained until the erection of the kitchens and other offices in 1501. Distributed over the area of the site were thirteen “ pits,” varying in size. They were of a peculiar character, being squared, and cut into the clay. They were found at the general level of the excavation. The position of the extreme east pit was under the ditch, thus suggestive of earlier origin. The condition of the superstratum did not indicate that the holes had been sunk through that deposit, and the filling in was of similar black soil, so a higher antiquity may be assigned. In them were found, rudely deposited, the jaws and teeth of the ox and horse, bones of sheep, skulls of animals, &c. At the base of the west wall of the Chamberlain’s offices on the extreme rie’ht of O the view, northward, an arch of rag and chalk, 12 feet span, was turned over a ditch or stream which had extended north and south. This condition of the soil accounts for the use of the planking and piling in the later works, the earlier being on the loam. This leafy silt lay about S feet below the surface, which was the level of the walls. On the north, a lesser ditch was seen. On the site (northwards) at about 2 feet 3 inches below the surface was a deposit of light brown mortar, the debris of green sandstone, pebbles, brown earth, gravel, stone, and tiles, &c., from former buildings and demolitions. Under this, and over the whole site, was made ground and the black soil as is usually found, in which were discovered a few pieces of Roman and mediaeval pottery and coins. This illustration, re-produced from a drawing executed in 1882, previous to the demolitions, represents the covered space at the south end of “ The Yard,” where the entrance to the Hall, the Crypt, Mr. Architect’s Offices, and the passageway through the Arch to Clerk of the Works, Stores, &c., were situated. This delineation of a portion of the north wall of the Hall, with its massive buttress projections ; the base of the north-east angle octagonal turret; the moulded corbelling and projection, supposed to have been the back of a fire-place in the Hall; and the two Crypt windows, is of interest as showing some of the original and unrestored features of the ancient buildings. Area under Chamber¬ lain’s Court. Doorway, Court of Exchequer. 256 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. This small doorway between the Court of Exchequer and the Corridor was discovered upon the removal of the panelling which had concealed it on both sides. It was refined and delicate in design and considered an excellent example of masonry, containing a prolusion of elaborate moulded details and very fine workmanship. With this description of the latest changes and alterations, the History of Guildhall is brought up to the present time. Other improvements are in progress, and when all is finished the group of Municipal buildings will be such as the Corporation of London may well be proud of. The desire has been to sketch the history of the building generally in such chronological sequence as is possible where so many sections and variety of subjects have to be referred to ; from the “ Old Bury ” or “ Court ” described by Stow as situate in Aldermanbury, up to the development of the present building, and also to trace the chief features of historical interest with which it has been connected during the lapse of many centuries. It has been thought desirable to print in full some of the Charters and other documents mentioned in the text. These will be found in the Appendix. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL 257 APPENDIX. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. (-Inquisition ad quod damnum, 30 Edw, III , No. 23. A.D. 1356.) Edwardus Dei gracia Rex Anglie et Francie et Dominus Hibernie dilecto sibi Simoni Fraunceys Majori Ci\ itatis sue Loudon et Escaetori suo iu eadem Civitate salutem. Mandamus vobis quod per sacramentum proborum et legalium hominum de balliva vestra per quos rei veritas melius sciri poterit diligenter inquiratis si sit ad dampnum vel prejudicium nostrum aut aliorum si concedamus Petro Fanelore et Ade Fraunceys quod ipsi unum mesuagium cum pertinenciis in parocbia Sancti Laurencii juxta capellam Beate Marie contiguam Gihalle London’ simul cum libero introitu et exitu ad capellam predictam, et ad quendam fontem, et ad medietatem cujusdam latrine qui inter dicta mesuagium et capellam existunt, quod quidem mesuagium simul cum libero introitu et exitu ad capellam fontem et medietatem latrine predictos, iidem Petrus et Adam sibi et lieredibus suis de Majore Aldermannis et Communitate London nuper adquisierunt, dare possint et assignare custodi et capellanis cantarie in capella predicta per ipsos Petrum et Adam de novo fundate. Habend’ et tenend’ eisdem custodi et capellanis et successoribus suis custodi et capellanis cantarie predicte pro divinis singulis diebus in capella predicta juxta ordinacionem ipsorum Petri et Ade in bac parte faciend’ celebrandis imperpetuiun necne, et si sit ad dampnum vel prejudicium nostrum aut aliorum, tunc ad quod dampnum et quod prejudicium nostrum, et ad quod dampnum et quod prejudicium aliorum et quorum et qualiter et quomodo, et de quo vel de quibus predictum mesuagium teneatur et per quod servieium et qualiter et quo modo, et quantum valeat per annum in omnibus exitibus juxta verum valorem ejusdem, et qui et quot sunt medii inter nos et prefatos Petrum et Adam de mesuagio predicto, et que terre et tenementa eisdem Petro et Ade remaneant ultra donacionem et assignacionem predictas et ubi et de quo vel de quibus teneantur et per quod servieium et qualiter et quo modo et quantum valeant per annum in omnibus exitibus, et si terre et tenementa eisdem Petro et Ade remanencia ultra donacionem et assignacionem predictas sufficiant ad consuetudines et servicia tarn de predicto mesuagio sic dato quam de aliis terns et tenements sibi retentis debita faciend’, et ad omnia alia onera que sustinuit et sustinere consuevit ut in sectis visibus franci plegii auxiliis tallagiis vigiliis finibus redempeionibus amerciamentis contribucionibus et aliis quibuscunque oneribus emergentibus sustinend’, et quod iidem Petrus et Adam in assisis juratis et aliis recognicionibus quibuscunque poni possint pront ante donacionem et assignacionem predictas poni consueverunt. Ita quod patria per donacionem et assignacionem predictas in ipsorum Petri et Ade defectum magis solito non oneretur seu gravetur. Et inquisicionem inde distincte et aperte factam nobis sub sigillo vestro et sigillis eorum per quos facta fuerit sine dilacione mittatis et hoc breve. Teste me ipso apud Westm’ xviii. die Maii anno regni nostri Anglie tricesimo regni vero nostri Francie decimo septimo. (In dorso.) Execucio istius brevis patet in Inquisicione huic brevi consuta. Inquisicio capta coram Simone Fraunceys Majore civitatis London’ Eseaetore domini Regis in eadem civitate vicesimo sexto die mensis Maii anno regni regis Edwardi tercii post conquestum tricesimo per breve domini Regis huic Inquis’ consutum ad inquirendum de omnibus articulis in eodem brevi contentis, per sacramentum Johannis Baltrip’, Johannis de Croydon’, Johannis atte Hoke, Witti Gorel, Thome Batour, Thome de Berkyngg’, Andr’ Aungewyn, Johannis Gore Foundour, Roberti le Chaundeler, Roberti Bateman, Willebni Godrych’, et Johannis de Abyndon’ Tayllo r . Qui dicunt super sacramentum suiun quod non est ad dampnum vel prejudicium domini Regis nec aliorum, si idem dominus Rex concedat Petro Fanelore et Ade Fraunceys quod ipsi unum mesuagium cum pertin’ in parochia Sancti Lam’ juxta capellam Beate Marie contiguam Gihalle London’ simul cum libero introitu et exitu ad capellam predictam, et ad quendam fontem, et ad medietatem cujusdam latrine qui inter dicta mesuagium et capellam existunt, IvK 258 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. quod quidern mesuagium simul cum libero introitu et exitu ad capellam fontem et medietatem latrine predictos, predicti Petrus et Adam sibi et heredibus suis de Majore Aldermannis et communitate civitatis predicte nuper adquisiveruut, dare possunt et assignare custodi et capellanis cantarie in capella predicta per ipsos Petrum et Adam de novo fundate. Habend’ et tenend’ eisdem custodi et capellanis et successoribus suis custodi et capellanis cantarie predicte pro divinis s in gulis diebus in capella predicta juxta ordinacionem ipsorum Petri et Ade in liac parte faciend’ celebrandis imperpetuum. Dicunt eciam quod predictum mesuagium tenetur de domino Rege in liberum burgagium sicut tota civitas London’. Dicunt eciam quod predictum mesuagium cum suis pertin’ valet quiete per annum in omnibus exitibus duodecim denarios. Dicunt eciam quod non est aliquis medius inter dominum Regem et predictos Petrum et Adam de mesuagio predicto. Dicunt eciam quod terre et tenementa eisdem Petro et Ade remanencia ultra donacionem et assignacionem predictas sufficiunt ad consuetudines et servicia tarn de predicto mesuagio sic dato quam de aliis terris et tenements sibi retentis debita facienda et ad omnia aba onera que sustinuerunt et sustinere consueverunt. Et quod iidem Petrus et Adam in assisis juratis et aliis recognicionibus quibuscuuque poni possunt prout ante donacionem et assignacionem predictas poni consueverunt. Et quod patria per donacionem et assignacionem predictas in ipsorum Petri et Ade defectum magis solito non onerabitur in abquo seu gravabitur. In cujus rei testimonium jur’ predicti huic inquis’ sigilla sua apposuerunt. Dat’ London’ die et anno suprad ’. (In dorso.) Fiat pro dimidia marca. (.Patent Roll, 20 Ric. II, p. 1, in. 34. A.D. 1396.) De terns datis) R es n mni bns ad quos &c. salutem. Licet &c. de gracia tamen nostra speciali et pro viginti marcis quas ad manum > 1 .... mortuam. ) C ustos et capellani capelle Beate Marie juxta Guyhaldam London’ nobis solverunt m hanaperio nostro, concessimus et bcenciam dedimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est Stephano Speleman civi et mercero London’ quod ipse unum mesuagium tres sbopas et unum gardinum cum pertinenciis in parocbia Sancti Andree Huberd’ London’ que de nobis tenentur in liberum burgagium sicut tota civitas London’ dare possib et assignare eisdem custodi et capellanis. Habend’ et tenend’ sibi et successoribus suis in auxilium sustentacionis sue imperpetuum. Et eisdem custodi et capellanis quod ipsi predicta mesuagium sbopas et gardinum a prefato Stephano recipere possint et tenere sibi et successoribus suis predictis imperpetuum sicut predictum est tenore presencium similiter bcenciam dedimus specialem statuto predicto aut eo quod predicta mesuagium shope et gardinum de nobis tenentur in liberum burgagium ut premittitur non obstantibus. Nolentes quod predictus Stephanus vel heredes sui aut prefati custos et capebani seu successors sui racione statuti predicti seu aborum premissorum per nos vel heredes nostros justiciarios escaetores vicecomites aut alios ballivos seu ministros nostros vel heredum nostrorum quoscumque inde occasionentur molestentur in abquo seu graventur. Salvis tamen capitabbus dominis feodi ibius serviciis inde debitis et consuetis. In cujus &c. Teste Rege apud Westm’ primo die Jubi. (.Patent Roll, 8 Henry VI, Part 2, in. 20. A.D. 1430.) Pro Majore ^ R ex omnibus ad quos &c. salutem. Sciatis quod monstrantibus nobis humibbus bgeis nostris Majore tate°cMtetu \ Aldermannis et Communitate Civitatis nostre London’ cum capeba Beate Marie Yirginis juxta Guyhaldam London’. ) Lo^o^’ q ua quoddam cobegium sive cantaria de quinque capellanis quorum unus est custos per cives dicte Civitatis ab antiquo sit fundat’ que adeo parva stricta debibs et ruinosa existit quod iidem suppbcantes et abi illic frequencius confluentes ad audiend’ divina simul et devociones suas Altissimo profundend’ absque magno tedio et gravi periculo diu expectare nequeunt nec audent prout vebent et tenentur ac preter solum dicte Guyhalde quam iidem suppbcantes sunt et a diu fuerunt in edificando locus non habeatur competens et contiguus super quern abam hujusmodi capellam apte largitatis edificare possint nisi solum cujusdam veteris et debibs mesuagii quod dominus Johannes Bernard’ nunc custos et capebani prefati cobegii occupant et inhabitant ex parte australi dicte Guyhalde situat’ in parochia Sancti Laurencii ibidem. Et quod quidern mesuagium cum pertinenciis Adam Fraunceys nuper civis London’ pretextu cujusdam licencie sibi et cuidam Petro Fanebor per dominum Edwardum Tercium nuper Regem Anglie, anno regni sui tricesimo facte per scriptum suum dedit concessit et assignavit adtunc custodi et capellanis cantarie predicte. Habend’ et tenend’ eis et successoribus suis imperpetuum sicut per bcenciam et scriptum predicta plene liquet. Nos ad supplicacionem dictorum Majoris Aldermannorum et Communitatis dicte Civitatis de gracia nostra speciab per avisamentum consibi nostri concessimus et bcenciam dedimus pro nobis et heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est prefatis Majori et Communitati quod ipse ad diviiii HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 259 cultus augmentuin et in. perpetuum memoriale status nostri regii dictam parvam antiquam capellam et dictum vetus mesuagium prosternere aliamque de novo capellam largiorem super solum ejusdem veteris mesuagii edificare ac unum collegium m eadem de quinque capellanis quorum dictus dominus Johannes Bernard’ sit custos denuo erigere facere fundare possmt et stabilire et quod iidem custos et capellani kabeant successionem perpetuam et sint persone perpetue liabiles et capaces in lege ad staturn in feodo de terns et tenements sibi et successoribus suis imperpetuum perquirend recipiend’ et kabend’. Et quod ipsi Major et Communitas in recompensacionem dicti veteris mesuagii dare possint et. assignare eisdem custodi et capellanis ac successoribus suis imperpetuiun unum aliud mesuagium cum pertinenciis. ad mbabitand’ situatmn super commune solum dicte Civitatis ex parte boriali prefate Guykalde. Et quod iidem dominus Johannes Bernard’ custos et capellani mesuagium illud cum pertinenciis a prefatis Majore et Communitate recipere et habere ac tenere possint sibi et successoribus suis custodi et capellanis divina cotidie ibidem pro. statu nostro duin vixerimus et anima nostra cum migraverimus necnon pro statu et animabus fundatorum dicti antiqiu collegii et aliorum juxta ordinacionem dictoriun supplicancium in hac parte faciend’ celebraturis et facturis imperpetuum. Et ulterius de uberiori gracia nostra concessimus et licenciam dedimus eisdem domino Jokanni Bernard custodi et capellanis quod ipsi omnia alia terras et tenementa in civitate predicta et suburbiis ejusdem unde custos et capellani dicti antiqui collegii sive cantarie aliqualiter hactenus virtute alicujus licencie regie possessionati fuerunt et sunt libere ingredi possint et intrare ac terras et tenementa ilia cum pertinentiis pacifice habere et tenere possint sibi et successoribus suis imperpetuum sine impeticione nostra aut heredum nostrorum vel aliorum quorum- cumque et quod placitare possint et implacitari pro dictis terris et tenementis si deforcientur aut injurientur de eisdem ac in aliis causis accionibus et cur’ quibuscumque statuto de terris et tenementis ad manum mortuam non ponend’ edito, aut eo quod mesuagia terre aut tenementa predicta cum pertin’ teneantur de nobis in burgagio sicut tota civitas London’ tenetur non obstante. In cujus, &c. Teste Rege apud Civitatem suam Cantuar’ x. die Aprihs. Per breve de privato sigillo, et pro viginti solidis solutis in kanaperio. Carta executorum de domo que est in parochia Sancti Benedicti de Wodewerwe. Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Gilibertus capellanus Rector ecclesie Sancti Benedicti de Wodewerwe, Galfridus de Winton’, Robertas de Winton’ frater ejusdem Galfridi, et Ricardus de Stanes clericus, executores testamenti Stepkani capellani de criptis, salutem in Domino. Noverit universitas vestra nos vendisse domino Ade Abbati de Osen’ et ejusdem loci conventui totum illud mesuagium cum pertinenciis quod fuit predicti Stepkani in parochia predicte ecclesie Sancti Benedicti inter mesuagium quod fuit Gikberti de Faulcekam versus austrum et mesuagium quod fuit Stepkani le Gras versus aquilonem, quod vero mesuagium predictum cum pertinenciis prefatus Stepkanus capellanus in suo testamento ad vendend’ disposuit. Habend’ et tenend’ dictis Abbati et conventui et eorum successoribus et cuicunque vel quibuscunque dare vendere invadiare dimittere vel alio modo assingare voluerint kbere quiete integre bene et in pace in perpetuum. Reddendo inde annuatim canonicis de Mertona quatuor sokdos ad duos anni terminos scilicet duos solidos ad Pascka et duos solidos ad festum Sancti Mickaelis pro omnibus serviciis exaccionibus et demandis sicut melius Uberius et quietius predictus Stepkanus dictum mesuagium cum pertinenciis de predictis canonicis per predictum servicium kabuit et tenuit. Pro kac autem nostra vendicione dederunt nobis predicti Abbas et conventus viginti libras sterlingorum cum quibus acquietavimus debita predicti Stepkani et complevimus testamentum secundum ipsius testatoris ultimam voluntatem. Et ut kec nostra vendicio rata et stabilis in perpetuum permaneat presentem cartam sigillorum nostrorum inpressione roboravimus. Hiis testibus. ClROGRAPHUM INTER NOS ET ROGERUM DE NaSINGES ET UXOREH EJUS DE UNO DENARIO ANNUO. Omnibus Ckristianis ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Frater Willelmus, miseracione divina Abbas Osen’ et ejusdem loci conventus, salutem in Domino. Noverit universitas vestra nos dedisse concessisse et kac presenti carta confirmasse Rogero de Nasinges et Amide uxori sue et heredibus ipsorum domus nostras quas kabui in Londonia in parochia Sancti Benedicti de la Wodewereve cum fundo ejusdem in longitudine et latitudine et cum omnibus pertinenciis suis in perpetuum. Reddendo inde nobis et successoribus nostris unum denarium annuum ad Pascka et capitalibus dominis feodi servicia debita et consueta, et nos et successores nostri dictas domus cum fundo et akis suis pertinenciis prefatis Rogero et Amicie et heredibus suis contra omnes gentes warantizabimus. Et ut kec nostra donacio concessio et carte confh’macio rata sit et stabilis in perpetuum kuic scripto sigillum nostrum apposuimus. Hiis testibus. KK 2 260 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Carta Ricardi filii Reyneri de octo solidis annuis redditus. Omnibus Sanctae Matris Ecclesi® filiis Ricardus filius Reyneri salutem. Noverit universitas vestra me dedisse et concessisse et bac carta mea confirmavi in liberam et perpetuam elemosinam ecclesie Sancte Marie de Osen’ terram et redditum quern Willelmus Leuricus tenuit de patre meo et de me jure bereditario in Aldermanesberia, scilicet octo solidos redditus et omne jus quod in eadem terra habui pro animabus patris mei et matris mee et antecessorum meorum et pro salute mea et meorum et specialiter pro anima Johannis fratris mei cum corpore ejus apud Osen’ sepulto ad anniversarium ejus faciendum. Ita quod conventus ejusdem loci reddet inde mihi et heredibus meis annuatim duos denarios et obolum pro omni servicio infra Octabas Pascbe. Et ego et beredes mei debemus acquietare terram illam versus dominum feodi de servicio quod eidem terre pertinet et eandem terram versus omnes homines predicte ecclesie warantizare. Hiis testibus. Carta Thome de Wike de domo in parociiia Sancti Septjlcri anno regni regis Edwardi sexto. Ista carta lecta fuit et inrotulata in Hustengo London’ die Lune proxima post festum Sancti Martini. Sciant presentes et futuri quod ego Tbomas de Wik’ clericus dedi concessi et bac presenti carta mea confirmavi Deo et ecclesie Sancte Marie de Osen’ et Willelmo Abbati et canonicis ibidem Deo servientibus capitale managium meurn cum omnibus suis pertinenciis quod babui in parocbia Sancti Sepulcri extra Newegate in suburbio Londonie. Quod managium situm est inter terram et domos domini Roberti de Ludbam clerici et terram et domos Willelmi Cissoris. Et continet dictum managium in fronte secus vicum regiurn decern ulnas et dimidiam ulnam cum polbcibus de ulnis ferreis domini Henrici Regis tercii. Et in longitudine a terra predicti Roberti de Ludbam versus orientem usque quod fuit Tliome Harang versus occidentem viginti et duas ulnas et dimidiam et unum quarterium unius nine de eisdem ulnis. Et in profundo a vico regio versus aquilonem usque ad terram predicti Roberti versus austrum decern et novem ulnas et dimidiam ulnam de eisdem ulnis. Et in latitudine in medio inter terras dicti Roberti et Willelmi septem ulnas et dimidiam ulnam de eisdem ulnis videbcet quicquid ibidem babui vel babere potui vel debui in longitudine latitudine lingnis lapidibus edificiis et rebus cunctis sine ulla diminucione. Habenda et tenenda dictis ecclesie et canonicis in puram et perpetuam elemosinam quantum ad me et beredes meos pertinet. Reddendo inde annuatim Nicbolao de Balsbam et beredibus suis unam bbram cimini ad Pascba pro om ni re que pro terra vel de terra exigi potest vel poterit in perpetuum. Et ego Thomas et beredes mei dictum managium cum pertinenciis suis prefatis ecclesie et conventui contra omnes Christianos et Judeos warantizabimus acquietabimus et defendemus in puram et perpetuam elemosinam nostram. Et ut bee mea donacio concessio et omnia supradicta perpetue firmitatis robin optineant banc cartam sigilli mei inpressione roboravi. Hiis testibus. Carta Willelmi Blundel de mesuag’ in parochia Sancti Michaelis in Hangenlane et Sancti Zacarie. Sciant presentes et futuri quod ego Willelmus Blundel clericus dedi concessi et bac presenti carta mea confirmavi pro me et beredibus vel assignatis meis Deo et ecclesie Beate [Marie] de Osen’ et canonicis ibidem Deo servientibus et eorum successoribus totam terram cum domibus superedificatis et pertinenciis suis quam emi de Tboma de Lasceles et quam babui in parocbia Sancti Michaelis de Honggenlane et in parocbia Sancti Johannis Zacarie London’ una cum duodecim denariis annui et quieti redditus de principiori domo adjuncta ecclesie Sancti, &c. Charter of the Executors of Stephen, Chaplain of the Crypts, concerning a House in the Parish of St. Benedict of Wodewerwe. To all the faithful in Christ to whom the present writing shall come, Gilbert the Chaplain, Rector of the Church of St. Benedict of Wodewerwe, Geoffrey of Winchester, Robert of Winchester, bis brother, and Richard of Stanes, clerk, executors of the will of Stephen, Chaplain of the Crypts, greeting in the Lord. Know ye all that we have sold to Adam, lord Abbot of Oseney and to the Convent of the same place, all that messuage with its appmtenances, which belonged to the aforesaid Stephen in the parish of the aforesaid Chinch of St. Benedict, [lying] between the messuage which belonged to Gilbert de Faukeham towards the south and the messuage which belonged- to Stephen le Gras towards the north; which messuage aforesaid with its appmtenances the aforesaid Stephen the Chaplain in his will desired to be sold. To have and to hold to the said Abbot and Convent and their successors and to anyone to whom they might wish to give, sell, pledge, demise, or in any manner assign it, freely, HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 261 in the year to wit 2s. at Easter, and 2s. at the Feast of St. Michael, for all services [&c.], in like manner as the aforesaid Stephen held the said messuage with its appurtenances of the aforesaid Canons by the aforesaid service I .P'O I TITflll TVAnlir nr»rl f" 0 .. “1 Tl il > •» . , service [&c.] well, freely and quietly [&c.]. For this our sale the aforesaid Abbot and Convent have given to us £20 sterling with which we have paid the debts of the aforesaid Stephen, and fulfilled the testament according to the last will of the same testator. And that this our sale may remain strong and stable for ever we have confirmed the present charter by the impression of our seals. These being witnesses. Chirograph between us and Roger of Nasinges and his Wife concerning an Annual Rent of One Penny. To all Christians to whom the present writing shall come, Brother William, by Divine mercy, Abbot of Oseney and the Convent of the same place, greeting in the Lord. Know ye all that we have given, granted, and by this present charter confirmed to Roger of Nasinges and Amicia his wife and to their heirs our houses which we held in London in the parish of St. Benedict of Wodewereue, with the soil of the same, in length and breadth and with all their appurtenances for ever. Rendering therefor to us and our successors one penny yearly at Easter, and to the chief lords of the fee the services due and accustomed ; and we and oiu- successors will warrant the said houses with the soil and other appurtenances to the aforesaid Roger and Amicia and their heirs against all people. And that this our gift [&c.] may be strong and stable for ever we have placed our seal to this writing. These being witnesses. Charter of Richard, Son of Reyner, concerning an Annual Rent of Eight Shillings. To all the sons of Holy Mother Church, Richard, son of Reyner, greeting. Know ye all that I have given, granted [&c.] to the Church of St. Mary of Oseney, the land and rent which William Leuric held of my father and of me, by hereditary right in Aldermanesbery, to wit, a rent of eight shillings, and all the right which I had in the same land, for the souls of my father and mother and of my ancestors and for my health, and specially for the soul of my brother John together with his body buried at Oseney to make his anniversary. So that the Convent there shall render annually to me and my heirs two pence halfpenny within the octaves of Easter for all service. And I and my heirs will acquit that land against the lord of the fee of the service which belongs to the same land, and will warrant it to the aforesaid Church against all men. These being witnesses. Charter of Thomas de Wire concerning a House in the Parish of St. Sepulchre. This Charter teas read and enrolled in the Hustings at London , on Monday next after the Feast of St Martin in the sixth year of the reign of King Edward [the First]. Know all men present and to come that I, Thomas de Wike, clerk, have given [&c.] to God and to the Church of St. Mary of Oseney and to William the Abbot, and the Canons there serving God, my chief manor with all its appurtenances which I held in the parish of St. Sepulchre without Newegate in the suburb of London, which manor is situated between the land and houses belonging to Robert of Ludham, clerk, and the land and houses of William Taylor (Cissor). And the said manor contains in front next the high street lO-g ells, together with a few inches of the iron ells of King Henry the Third; and in length from the land of the aforesaid Robert of Ludham towards the east to the territory which belonged to Thomas Harang towards the west, 22-g ells, and one quarter, of the same ells; and in depth from the highway towards the north side to the land of the aforesaid Robert towards the south, it contains 19^ ells; and in width across the middle between the lands of the said Robert and William, 1\ ells, of the same ells; to wit, whatever I there held or could or ought to hold in length, and in breadth, in timbers, stones, buildings and all things, without any diminution. To have and to hold to the said Chinch and Canons, in pure and perpetual alms as much as pertains to me and to my heirs. Rendering therefor annually to Nicholas de Balsham, and to his heirs, one pound of cumin at Easter, for everything which can be exacted for or out of the land, for ever. An il I Thomas and my heirs will warrant [&c.] the said manor with its appurtenances, to the aforesaid Church and Canons against all Christians and Jews in pure and perpetual alms. And that this my gift [&c.] aforesaid may remain strong for ever, I have confirmed this charter by the impression of my seal. These being witnesses. 262 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. Charter op William Blundel concerning a Messuage in the Parish of St. Michael in Hangenlane and St. Zacary. Know all men present and to come, that I, William Blundel, clerk, have given [&c.] to God and to the Church of St. Mary of Oseney and the Canons there serving God and their successors, all that land with the houses thereon built and its appurtenances, which I bought of Thomas de Lasceles, and which I held in the parish of St. Michael of Honggenlane and in the parish of St. John of Zacary, London, together with an annual rent of 12 cl., from a neighbouring house adjoining the Church of St. Michael aforesaid on the western side, to be paid annually in pure and perpetual alms. Which pence John of St. Helena about a year ago used to pay me for the aforesaid house and its appurtenances annually and quietly. And the said land [&c.] lies between the territory of Henry le Bus on the eastern side, and the land adjoining the New Temple, and that adjoining the Jerusalem Hospital in London on the western side, to wit, whatever I held [&c.] of stones [&c.] without any retention or diminution. To have and to hold to the said Church and Canons and their successors or to any one to whom they might wish to sell [&c.] or assign it, freely, quietly, wholly, well and in peace for ever. Rendering annually to the aforesaid Thomas and his heirs and assigns, one pound of pepper or sis pence of silver, at Easter ; and also to the Lord Bishop of Ely two shillings of silver ; and to William de la More and his heirs, 3s. of silver, for all services [&c.]. And I the aforesaid William and my heirs and assigns will warrant [&c.] all the aforesaid land with houses thereon built and appurtenances, together with the aforesaid rent to the said Chinch and Canons, and their successors against all Christians and Jews, in pure and perpetual alms for ever. And that all these aforesaid may remain strong and stable for ever I have put my seal to the present charter. These being witnesses. Chirograph between Us and Mr. Thomas op Lichesfeld Doctor, concerning an Annual Rent of Three Pence. To all the faithful in Christ to whom the present writing shall come, Brother W., Abbot of Oseney, and the Convent of the same place, greeting in the Lord. Know ye all that we have given [&c.] to Master Thomas of Lichesfeld, all the land with the houses and appurtenances thereon built, which we held by the gift of Will. Blundell, in London, in the parishes of St. John of Zacary and St. Michael of Hoggenlane ; which land with the houses and appurtenances thereon built lies between the land of Henry le Rus on the Eastern side, and the land belonging to the Jerusalem Hospital in London on the western side, to wit, whatever we held [&c.] without any retention or diminution. To have and to hold to the aforesaid Master Thomas and his heirs or to any one to whom they might wish to sell [&c.] it, from us and our successors, freely, quietly, wholly well and in peace for ever. Rendering annually to us and our successors, 3 pence at the Feast of St. Michael. And to Thomas de Lasceles and his heirs one pound of pepper or sixpence of silver at Easter. And to the Lord Bishop of Ely two shillings of silver. And to William de la More and his heirs, three shillings of silver, for all service [&c.]. And we and our successors will warrant [&c.] all the said land, with houses thereon built, with its appurtenances, to the aforesaid Master Thomas and his heirs and assigns against all Christians and Jews for ever. And for this our gift, &c., the aforesaid Thomas has given us 24 marks in payment. And that this our gift [&c.] (may remain strong and stable for ever) have confirmed the present writing by affixing the seal of ora Chapter. These being witnesses. Charter of Stephen de Cornhill concerning a House near the Church of St. Mary of Bothawe. Know all men present and to come, that I, Stephen de Cornhull, for the honour of Our Lord Jesus Christ [&c.] have given, granted and by this my present charter confirmed to William, Lord Abbot of the Church of St. Mary of Oseney at Oxford, and to the Convent and its successors, there serving God, for the health of my soul and those of my heirs and assigns, a certain messuage of mine in the City of London, which messuage formerly belonged to Humfrey Duket. It lies between a messuage of mine on the northern side, and the Church of St. Mary of Bothawe on the southern side, stretching (Eastward towards a messuage of mine) and (Westward towards the King’s highway). To have and to hold the aforesaid messuage with all its appurtenances of me and my heirs and assigns to the aforesaid Abbot and Convent and their successors, freely, quietly, well and in peace. Rendering annually to me and my heirs and assigns one clove gilliflower at Easter at the socage of our Lord the King six pence on the day of HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 263 St. Martin, and to the Prior of Holy Trinity, in London, half a mark at the 4 chief terms in the year. And 9s. to be paid at the said periods to the heirs of John de Betonia, for all service [&c.]. And I the aforesaid Stephen de Cornhull and my heirs and assigns will warrant [&c.] the said messuage against all persons for ever. In testimony whereof I have affixed my seal to the present writing. These being witnesses, &c. Richard, by the grace of God, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland to the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex greeting. We command you that the demand you make on Stephen Mazerer and Gilbert Clerk of Luton for lviis. vii<7., required from them out of a remainder of £17. 19s. 6 d. recovered against them out of the price of one and a half sacks xi stones and 1 pound of wool, forfeit to our Lord Edward late King of England, be altogether given up, and that any distraint you may have made on them on that account and anything you may have levied from them, be altogether released and be restored to the same. Witness R. de Plesyngton, at Westminster, 23 July in the 10th year of our reign. By the Great Roll in the 8th year of the King, now at London, where it is entered that the aforesaid Stephen and Gilbert are acquitted of the said debt. The Abbot and Convent hold divers rents in the City of London as is shown in the following Charters. Charter of Robert le Ver, Earl of Oxford, concerning a Rent of Five Shillings. Know all present and to come that I, Robert de Yer, Earl of Oxford, have given, granted, and by this my present charter, confirmed to God and to the Church of St. Mary of Oseney and the Canons there serving God, a rent of 5s. in London ; to wit, a rent of 3s. which Ralf, son of Edric of Alegate, used to pay to me for a tenement which the same Ralf held of me in the bailey of the Tower of London. And a rent of 2s. which William Chamberlegn used to pay to me for a tenement he held of me in Cokeslane, for the health of my soul and of the soul of Henry le Yer, my brother [&c.], in pure and perpetual charity. I have also granted to the same Canons whatever I had or may have had in the same tenements, and that they may hold [&c.] the aforesaid rent of 5 shillings well and in peace, freely [&c.] for ever. And I Robert, Earl of Oxford, and my heirs will warrant the aforesaid rent of 5s. to the said Canons against all persons. And that this my donation [&c.] may not be defrauded by the dishonesty of anyone, I have confirmed it by placing my seal to it. These being witnesses. [Bad. Coll. Arch. 1.] [B. 22, 10]. London. St. Lawrence-Jewry. Grant by Sir Hugh de Wykhawbroke, Canon of the Church of St. Martin-le-Grand, to Master Henry de Affeyte, Cleric, for his life. a.d. 1287. Anno regni Regis Edwardi filii Regis Henrici quintodecimo. Die Sancti Petri ad Yincula ita convenit inter Dominum Hugonem de Wykhambroke,- canonicum Ecclesie Sancti Martini Magni, Londoniis, ex parte una, et Magistrum Henricum le Affeyte, clericum, ex [parte] altera, videlicet, quod predictus Dominus Hugo concessit, dimisit, et prtesenti scripto suo confirmavit prefato Magistro Henrico totam domum illam cum gardino et pertinenciis quam habet in parochia Sancti Laurentii in Judeismo London’, inter cimiterium ejusdem Ecclesie ex parte Australi, et Gyhallam London’ ex parte Aquilonari, et tenementum predicti Domini Hugonis versus Orientem, et tenementum quod quondam fuit Isabelle Bokerel versus Occidentem. Habendam et tenendam predicto Magistro Henrico le Affeyte de prefato Domino Hugone, heredibus, et assignatis suis libere, quiete, bene, et in pace ad totam vitam ipsius Magistri Henrici. Reddendo inde annuatim prefato Domino Hugoni, heredibus et assignatis suis, sex denarios ad festum Sancti Michaelis pro omnibus servitiis consuetudinibus, exactionibus, et secularibus demandis. Note.—[F rom the Cartulary of Osney Abbey, in the Archives of the Dean and Chapter of Christchurch (c. 1275). (MS. No. 24. fol. 279).] HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 264 Post decessum vero predicti Magistri Henrici prefata domus cum gardino et omnibus pertiuentiis suis ut predictum est prefato Domino Hugoni, heredibus vel assignatis suis, quiete et solute, reverteret. In cujus rei testimonium partes predicte prassenti scripto cirographato alternatim sigilla sua apposuerunt. Hiis testibus, Domino Radulpko de Sandwyco tunc custode civitatis Londoniensis, Tboma Cros et Waltero Hauteyn tunc vicecomitibus Londoniarmn, Petro de Norwyco, Waltero le Blond, Tboma le Fundur, Jokanne Rickeinond, Tkoma de Norwyco, Rogero de Bareber, Jokanne le Bareber, tunc serviente ilkus Warde, Jokanne clerico, et multis akis. (Witk fine oblong; Seal.) 1287. Endorsed:— Concessio Domini Hugonis de Wikkambrolce facta Domino Henrico la Feyte. Et est scriptum indentatum. [‘ St. Laurent, London,’ in a late band.] Translation. [Ball. Coll. Arcli. 1.] [B. 22,10.] London. St. Lawrence-Jewry. Grant by Sir Hugh de Wykhambroke, Canon of the Church of St. Martin-le-Grand, to Master Henry le Affeyte, Clerk, for his life. a.d. 1287. In tke fifteenth year of tke reign of King Edward, son of King Henry, on tke day of St. Peter ad Vincula, it is thus agreed between Sir Hugk de Wykhambroke, Canon of tke Ckurck of St. Martin-le-Grand, London, of tke one part and Master Henry le Affeyte, clerk, of tke other part, to wit, that tke aforesaid Sir Hugk granted, demised, and by bis present writing confirmed to tke aforesaid Master Henry all that bouse witk tke garden and appurtenances which be has in tke parish of St. Laurence in tke Jewry, London, between tke churchyard of tke same ckurck on tke south part, and tke Guildhall of London on tke north part, and tke tenement of tke aforesaid Sir Hugk towards tke east, and tke tenement which formerly belonged to Isabella Bokerel towards tke west. To have and to hold to tke aforesaid Master Henry le Affeyte of tke aforesaid Sir Hugk, bis heirs and assigns, freely, quietly, well and in peace for tke whole life of tke same Master Henry. Rendering therefor yearly to tke aforesaid Sir Hugk, bis heirs and assigns, six pence at tke feast of St. Michael for all services, customs, exactions and secular demands. And after tke decease of tke aforesaid Master Henry tke aforesaid house witk tke garden and all its appurtenances, as is aforesaid, shall revert to tke aforesaid Sir Hugk, bis heirs or assigns, quietly and freely. In witness whereof tke aforesaid parties have alternately placed their seals to tke present chirograph writing. These being witnesses—Sir Ralph of Sandwich, then Keeper of tke City of London, Thomas Cros and Walter Hauteyn, then Sheriffs of London, Peter of Norwich, Walter le Blond, Thomas le Fundur, John Rickemond, Thomas of Norwich, Roger le Bareber, John le Bareber, then Serjeant of that ward, John tke clerk, and many others. Endorsed : Grant of Sir Hugk de Wikkambroke made to Sir Henry la Feyte. And tke writing is indented. (Chancery. Inquisition ad quod damnum, 27 Edw. 3. No. 57. a.d. 1353.) Inquisicio capta coram Adam ffraunceys Maiore Ciuitatis London’ et Escaetore dornini Regis in eadem Ciuitate die Martis in festo sancti Barnabe Apostoli Anno regni regis Edwardi tercii post eonquestum vicesimo septimo per breve dornini Regis kuic Inquisicioni consutum de o mni bus articuks in eodem brevi contentis per sacramentum Jokannis de Hynton Willielmi de Swalcly .... Ade de Ckepstede Jokamiis Letton’ Sampsonis de Swafkam Jokannis Wenge Thome Basset Jokannis de Bentelee Willielmi Tomer Ade Pricket Jokaunis Pkipp .... Willielmi atte Brome Qui dicunt super sacramentum suum quod non est ad dampnum vel preiudicium dornini Regis nec ahormn si idem dominus Rex concedat Petro ff . . . . ffraunceys et Henrico de ffrowyk quod ipsi unum Mesuagimn cum pertinenciis in parockia sancti Vedasti in Warda de ffarndon’ London’ dare possint et assignare Willielmo de Brampton’ Capellano Custodi cuiusdam Cantarie per ipsos in Capella beate Marie Gikalde London’ contigua de nouo fundande et quatuor aliis Capellanis ibidem iuxta ordinacionem ipsorum Petri Ade et Henrici inde iuxta ordinacionem predictam celebraturis imperpetuum Dicunt eciam quod non HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. 265 est ad dampnum vel preradicium domini Regis nec aliorum si idem dominus Rex concedat quod iidem Adam et Henncus concedere possint quod vnum Mesuagium cum pertinenciis in parochia sancti Egidii extra portam de Crepelgate London’ quod prefatus Petrus tenet ad terminum vite sue de hereditate dictorum Ade et Henrici et quod post mortem ipsius Petri ad prefatos Adam et Henricum reuerti deberet’ remaneat prefatis Custodi et Capellanis et successonbus sms m Perpetuum Dicunt eciam quod non est ad dampnum nec preiudicium domini Regis nec aliorum si idem dominus Rex concedat quod predicti Petrus Adam et Henricus concedere possint quod octo marcate redditus cum pertinenciis in predictis parockiis quas Margareta que fuifc vxor Galfridi atte Lee tenet ad terminum vite sue de hereditate dictorum Petri Ade et Henrici et que post mortem ipsius Margarete ad prefatos Petrum Adam et Henricum reuerti deberent post mortem eiusdem Margarete remaneant prefatis Custodi et Capellanis et successoribus suis predictis Habendum et tenendum vna cum dicto Mesuagio iu predicta parochia sancti Egidii in auxilium sustentacionis sue imperpetuum. Dicunt eciam quod predicta duo Mesuagia tenentur de domino Rege in liberum burgagium sicut tota Ciuitas London’ et quod predicta Mesuagia valent in omnibus exitibus per annum sexdecim libras tres* solidos et quatuor denarios sterlingonun Inde debent subtrahi de Mesuagio in parochia sancti Vedasti quinquaginta tres solidi et quatuor denarii annui et quieti redditus Soluendi Priori et Conuentui Hospitalis beate Marie extra Bisshopesgate London’ et tresdecem solidi et quatuor denarii annui et quieti et redditus soluendi Priori et Conventui sancti Bartholomei de Smetkefeld’ London’ et centum sex solidi et octo denarii annui et quieti redditus soluendi Margarete que fuit vxor Galfridi atte Lee ad terminum vite eiusdem Margarete Dicmit eciam quod de predicto Mesuagio in parochia sancti Egidii extra portam de Crepelgate debent subtrahi quatuor solidi annui et quieti redditus soluendi Prebendario de la More in ecclesia sancti Pauli London’ et pro reparacione domorum de predictis duobus Mesuagiis sexaginta solidi sterlingorum per annum Et sic valent predicta duo Mesuagia quiete per annum durante tota vita ipsius Margarete quatuor libras et sex solidos sterlingorum et post mortem eiusdem Margarete valebunt quiete per annum nouem libras duodecim solidos et octo denarios sterlingorum Dicunt eciam quod non est aliquis medius inter dominum Regem et predictos Petrum Adam et Henricum de mesuagiis predictis Dicunt eciam quod terre et tenementa eisdem Petro Ade et Henrico remanencia vltra donacionem et assignacionem predictas sufficiunt ad consuetudines et seruicia tarn de predictis tenementis sic datis quam de aliis terris et tenementis sibi retentis debita facienda et ad o mni a, alia onera que sustinuerint et sustinere consueuerint et quod iidem Petrus Adam et Henricus in assisis juratis et aliis recogni- cionibus quibuscumque poni possint prout ante donacionem et assignacionem predictas poni consueuerunt et quod patria per donacionem et assignacionem predictas in ipsorum Petri Ade et Henrici defectum magis solito non onerabitur in aliquo seu grauabitur In cuius rei testimonium Juratores predicti kuic Inquisicioni sigilla sua apposuerunt Datum London’ die et anno supradictis. 1 PEDIGREE OF HENRY FITZ-AIL WINE, First Lord Mayor of London. LEOFSTANE, Provost of London ,t dead in 1115, buried in Ber¬ mondsey Abbey. Ailwixe, living in 1115.=? Witzo, Robert, living in 1139. living in 1115. Hkxry Fitz-Ai i.ivixe, First Mayor of =fM argaret, living in 1212. London, died 1212, buried iu the Priory I of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate. Peter Fitz-Ailwine, dead=Isabel do Chesney, dead in 1203, buried in Alan, Thomas, Richard, in 1208._ J Bermondsey Abbey. _ living in 1213. living in 1213. living in 1213. Margaret, living in 1203, but died, Joan, dead in=i=Ralph Pnrmintar, it is thought, unmarried. 1212. i living in 1208. From this interesting Pedigree, it appears that Leofstane 2 was buried in Bermondsey Abbey, and further that the son surviving him was named Ailwine; this latter name was closely connected with the Priory of Holy Trinity, for the founder of the house appears to have been one Alwin Child, a citizen of London, who established the Monastery as early as the year 1089, for the benefit of monks of the Cluniac Order. 3 1 See Ante, p. 112. 2 See Ante, p. 37. 3 See “Annales Monastici,” Edited by H. R. Luard, M.A., vol. iii, p. 36. KK : 266 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE GUILDHALL. FIRE OF LONDON. At page 214 a record is given of the number of Churches, Civic Halls and other Public Buildings destroyed in the Fire of 1666. There are in the Library four interesting volumes in MS. entitled “ Oliver’s Summary of Ground staked out after the Great Fire of 1666,” in which there are ground plans given with measurements, &c., of the principal buildings destroyed. Among others is included the ground fronting the Guildhall, and indicating at the same time the position of the Gate of Blackwell Hall, St. Laurence’s Church, &c., with the measurements of the site as then adjusted. BLACKWELL HALL. -GATE.- 84 0'4 0-0 -f 72 07 0 j - o CHURCH. INDEX. PAGE Aaron, figure of. on Porch. . 72 Aaron the Jew. 40 Abbeville, wool staple at . 146 Abercom, Duke of, Beckford married a granddaughter of the. 80 Abyndone, John de. 170 Achatur, Joceus le. 168 Adam, land held by . 18 Adams. John, and Anne Askew . 209 Adams, Sir Thomas. 218 Adrian, John . 117 iElia Numidia, inscription to the memory of . 240. 241 Affeyte, Henry le, living of St. Laurence Jewry, granted to. 42 - grant (with translation) of Hugh de Wykham- broke to . 263, 264 Agas’ Map, Mercers’ Hall in. 50 - differences between editions . 59 Agincourt, thanksgiving for the victory at . 160 - Henry V’s victory at . 188 Ailey, Thomas, token of. 71 Ailwin. See Fitz-Alwyn. Albert of Lorraine, land of . Albert Victor, Prince, Freedom presented to . Albinus, transfer of land to. Alehin, William Turner, appointed Librarian. Alcibiades represented in Public Reading-Room Window Alderman, analogous to the Decnrion . Aldermanbury. -old entrance to Guildhall in . - and the Guildhall. -land in, given to Oseney Abbey. - Stow places ancient Hall in . Aldermanries, earliest document referring to Aldermen . called Barons of London on the Common Seal... — arms in Windows of Guildhall — to attend service in the Chapel — seats in Chapel . - no Alderman to bring more than one servant into the Hall . - no two of the same Company to be nominated for Mayor. 17 196 45 229 231 6 21 37 34, 38, 39 35 106 21 164-166 12 54 141 142 161 161 PAGE Aldermen to keep three horses each. 164 -annual election abolished . 165 - conditions of the office. 165 -costume . 165, 166 -preside over wards. 167 -acted as butlers at Queen Mary’s coronation ... 190 -acted as waiters at the banquet to George III... 194 -fines of persons not serving the office appro¬ priated for the expenditure caused by the Great Fire. 219 Aldermen’s Court . 166, 167 Aldersgate, old, represented in New Library Window ... 232 Aldersgate Ward, early representatives of. 167, 170 -Window in New Library given by . 232 Aldgate Ward. 18 - early representatives of . 168, 169 Aldred, Henry, pension paid to . 140 Ale-houses forbidden unless licensed or built of stone ... 44 Ale wives forbidden to brew by night . 44 Alfred the Great, rebuilding of London by, represented in Lancashire Window . 85 Alfwar, Bishop. 10 Algar Manningestepsune, Ward of . 18 Alison, Edmond, Chaplain and Librarian, tomb in Chapel 130 Alkefolde, Thomas de . 169 Allen, Sir Thomas, account of . 192 - entertained Charles II. 192 Allen, W. F., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 Allen’s London on the charter of the founders of the Chapel . 110 - on statues from front of Chapel. 149, 151 Allhallows, Honey Lane. 22 Alsi, land of . 17 Altar piece of Chapel . 135, 142 Aluph, son of Fromundus, land held by . 40 Alveva, wife of Edward Cecus, land held by . 17 Alwin Scot, land held by . 20 Alwold, Ward of .17, 37 Alwyn, Nicholas, and his bequest of tapestry. 57 Ambassadors entertained by the Corporation . 196 Amiens, insignia of justice at . 162 Anco, Robert de, land held by . 20 Andover, collection of records at . 29 Andreu, James. 169 LL 2 272 INDEX. PAGE Andreu, Robert. 169 Angelo, Michael, sculptured head of, in New Library ... 229 Angels, representations of . 100 Anketill, John. 168 Anne, Queen, portrait of .77, 79 - presents trophies of the battle of Ramilles ... 79 Anne Boleyn, coronation of. 163 Anne of Denmark, statue from front of Chapel possibly represents. 152 - entertained by City . 193 Ansker, land of . 18 Antwerp, giant at . 91 - wool staple at. 146 Apothecaries’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber 177 Appendix . 257-266 Appian way, remains on the. 238 Apprentices . 181, 182 - additional fees for enlarging Guildhall . 51 Archer, Sir John, portrait of . 79 Archimides represented in Public Reading Room Window 231 Archway into Hall. 73 Aristotle represented in Public Reading Room Window... 231 Arles. Article of the Council at, referring to the Defenseur 8 Arlington, Earl of, descended from the Bennet family ... 174 Armitage, John, name in Lancashire Window. 85 Armourers’ Company, contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 —--arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Arms of England, in frieze of Hall . 74 - on Pavement of Hall . 76 - on Bosses in East Crypt . 98 Arras, Robert de . 168 Arthur, Prince, unveiled Prince Consort Window . 88 - Freedom presented to . 196 AsciH, land of. 18 Ashwell family, property in Gloucester of the . 252 Askew, Anne, martyrdom of . 209 Askew, Sir William. 209 Askham, Hamond, Master of Balliol Hall. 43 Askham, Sir William, Mayor. 158, 159 Aspal, Adam . 169 Asshe, Robert de . 170 Aswy, Richard. 167 Aswy, Stephen. 22, 42, 167 Atkyns, Sir Edward, portrait of. 79 Atkyns, Sir Robert, portrait of . 79 Atter, Edwin, land of . 18 Aubrey, Andrew, Mayor. 168 - assault committed on . 205 - receives letter from Edward III congratulating him on suppression of a riot. 206 Aubrey, John, married daughter of Adam Fraunceys ... 116 Augusta, London called. 5 Augustus institutes the Milites stationarii . 6 - and lotteries . 224 Aula PuVlica .24, 33 Aula Tcutonicorum . 32 Aumbrisbere, Martin de .42, 43 Aumbry in Eastern Crypt . 102 Austalis, name of a workman found on a Roman tile ... 247 Avery, William, Town Clerk, tomb in Chapel. 132 PAGE Avery, William, lodged in Gresham House, after the Great Fire. 220 Avidius Antiochus, inscription to the memory of . 240 Aylif, Sir John, Library transferred to, for a clothes market . 129 Aylmer, Sir Laurence, imprisoned by Star Chamber ... 130 Aynsworth, Sir Rowland . 193 Bacon, Francis, sculptured head of, in New Library ... 229 Bacon, John, Beckford monument wrongly attributed to 80 - executed monument to the Earl of Chatham ... SI Bacoun, Richard . 168 Bacun, Walter, robbery committed by . 47 Bailiff analogous to the Duumvir . 6 Baily, Charles, on restoration of Hall. 68 , 69 - on stairs in stone buildings. 101 Bakehouse.65, 66 Baker, Ric., and the Ironmongers’ Pageant in 1566. 197 Bakers forbidden to bake by night . 44 Bakers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. 64 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Bakewell, Thomas. 144 Bale on destruction of libraries . 128 Balliol College, Oxford, property transferred to .36, 37 - Advowson of St. Laurence Jewry granted to ... 42 Banbury, Earl of, a descendant of Sir Thomas Knolles ... 159 Bankes, Henry, M.P., statues from Porch bought by ... 73 Banks, Thomas, statues from Porch presented to . 73 Bankwell, John de.42, 144 Banquelle, Lady Cecily, hands over a chest to Lady Joanna Lodelawe . 144 Banquelle, Sir John de, residence of. 22 - property transferred to . 47 - and Blackwell Hall . 144 Barber, Charles, name in Lancashire Window. 85 Barber, Thomas le. 169 Barbers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. 65 - contribute for Chapel Roof. 126 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Barentin, Sir Drew. 119, 146. 158, 159 Barkham, Sir Edward, on committee for inspecting the Royal Exchange statues . 155 *-and the Council Chamber of 1614 . 174 -account of . I7fi Barnard’s Inn, Louvre on the Roof of . 59 Barnavers, Ralph, Custos . 157 Barnett, John atte. 170 Barnsbury, meaning of. 3 « Baron, Lieut.-Col., and Samuel Pepys. 192. 193 Baroncin, silver dishes stolen from . 47 Barons, Aldermen formerly called . 104 Barons of the City. 9 - allowed to choose a Mayor from themselves ... 10 - title survives on the Common Seal . 12 Bartholomew Fair, custom of proclaiming . 203 Bartholomew the Great, founding of the Church and Hospital of . 86 INDEX. 273 PAGE Bartolozzi, engraved Carlini’s design for the Beckford monument. gO Barton, Sir Henry, Mayor . - a benefactor of the Chapel ... -Will. - organised street-lighting Basing family, owners of Blackwell Hall Basinge, Robert de. Basinghall Street entrance to New Library Basket-Makers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber Bassishaw Ward, identical with the Parish of St. Michael -Window in Hall given by ... -early representatives of Bateman, Henry, property held by Bath, inscription to a Deeurion found at -Merchant Guild at. Baudri, John . Bavaria, Trophy of the Elector of Baxter, Richard, and his trial Bayley, William . Baynard’s Castle represented in Hall Window. Beaconsfield, Earl of. Freedom presented to . Beamond, John, grant from his estate for enlarging Guildhall. Beaufoy Cabinet of Tokens Beckford, Peter . Beckford, William, and his monument -speech to George III . Bedeforde, John de. Bedford, John T., Window in Hall given by . Bedford, Lucy, Countess of, monument to her relatives... Beecher, Sheriff . Beket, Gilbert, served the office of Gertfa . - annual visit to his tomb . Beket, Thomas, City arms substituted for the figure of, on the Common Seal . Beleman, Nicholas, and Anne Askew. Belgrave, Thomas, Sergeant-at-Arms. Belhus, Henry. Bell, John, executed Wellington monument . Bell, The, Carter Lane . Bell, The, Mincing Lane . Bellator, Flavius, inscription on the sarcophagus of Benet, Walter. Bennet, Sir Thomas, and the Council Chamber of 161-1... - account of . 158, 150 .. 121 123-125 .. 125 .. 144 .. 16S .. 231 177 22 86 168,170 .. 139 8 29 168 79 211, 212 146 8S 196 52 71 80 SO 81 169 89 152 210 11 11 Ben tele, John de, tenement belonging to Berkingge, Ralph de . Berkyng, John de . Berkyng, John the younger. Berkyng, Richard de, Alderman. -repairs Cripplegate Gate 13 .. 209 .. 160 .. 167 82 .. 198 ,. 198 8 .. 169 .. 172 .. 174 .. 114 168 .. 169 170 48 ,. 144 110, 120 36 Bernard, Sir John, Custos of the Chapel. Berners, Ralph de . Bernes, William de. 169 Bernewell, William, contribution of lead out of the estate of, for Chapel Roof. 125 Besley, Robert, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 -arms in Library Committee Room . 231 Betevile, Anketinus de. 167 Betoyne, Richard of, Mayor.30, 31 Beverlaco, William de . 167 PAGE 240 172 15 168 Bevis Marks, Roman remains found in . Billingesley, Sir Henry, and the Council Chamber of 1614 Billingsgate Ward. - early representatives of . Birch, Samuel, wrote inscription for the statue of George III. 177 Birmingham, dimensions of the Town Hall . 76 Bishop’s Ward. 16 Bishopsgate Ward, early representatives of . 168,169 Bishopsgate Without Ward. 15 Black, W. H., on the word “ Gild ” . 27 Blackfriars Bridge represented in Hall Window . 89 Blacksmiths’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 Blackstone on parochial boundaries . 22 -sculptured head of, in New Library. 229 Blackwell Hall. 143-147, 266 -site of . 47 -clothiers attended morning service in Chapel... 141 -mentioned in connection with a Chantry of the Chapel . -sold to Corporation and opened as a cloth market -keeper of. -rebuilt 1658 . -again rebuilt after the Great Fire . -managed by Governors of Christ’s Hospital ... -removed in 1 S 20 . Blades, East and Blades print Account of Guildhall -fire at their works. Bladesmiths’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen... Blanket Hall in Blackwell Hall. Blaimche, John Blithe, William the Hall 144 145 146 146 147 147 147 i. ii. 65 147 169 170 67 Blome, Richard, on Blound, Ralph le . 168, 178 Bloundel, Walter . 42 Blount, Sir John le, Mayor. 157, 179 Bludworth, Sir Thomas, his conduct during the Great Fire . 213, 217, 21S -arms and account of . 217, 218 Blue-coat boys, lotteries drawn by . 225 Blundel, William, charter of, concerning a messuage in the Parish of St. Michael in Hangenlane. 260 .- translation of the charter . 261 Boadicea, Queen, insurrection under. 4 Boar’s Head, Eastcheap, sign of, in Museum. 251 Boccherilli, original name of the Bukerel family . 36 Bodley, Sir Thomas, his tomb at Oxford. 153 Bohun, William de, Earl of Northampton, granted Tonge and Bygenhalle Manors to Peter Fanlore. 115, 116 Bokerel, Andrew, Chief Butler at the marriage feast of Henry III. 163 Bokerel family. 36 Bole, Henry le. 1G8 Bole, John, Pelterer . 170 Bollingbrook, Roger, arraigned for conspiring against Henry VI. 206 Bologna, dimensions of the Palazzo del Podesta . 76 Bolton, Sir William... 218, 219 accused of cheating the poor out of the fund for the sufferers by the Great Fire Bonde, Thomas. 222 168 274 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Bonham. Sir John, included in Johnson’s Nine Worthies Brichtric, land of . 17 of London . ... 181 Bricklayers’ Company, arms in New Library Stair case Bonnets. Fashion of wearing square bonnets. ... 54 Window . ... 234 Booksellers, losses of, in the Great Fire . 213, 214 Bridge House . 180 Boot and Crown, Ludgate Hill . ... 91 Bridge House Estates, managed by the Chamberlain 179, 180 Bordarius, meaning of. 18 - Comptroller of . ... 185 Bordeaux Museum, Roman antiquities in the. 26 Bridge Keeper. 179, 180 Boreham, Essex, description of the New Hall at ... ... 77 - to be a Freeman, and not hold the appointment Boreman, Thomas, publishes story of Gogmagog and more than two successive years . 180 Corineus . ... 91 Bridge Ward . 15 Bosses in the Eastern Crypt. 97-99 -early representatives of . lflS - on Porch. ... 70 Bridges, early bridges over the Thames . ... ISO Boteler. Baldwin, arbitrator in the matter of the Barton Bridgwater, Earl of, asks permission to copy statue of jewels. 122 Edward YI . 154 Bowe. Alice Attee, burnt for murder. ... 46 Bridgman, Sir Orlando, portrait of . ... 79 Bowes, Sir Martin, and Anne Askew. 209 Bright, Edward, Sir Thomas Cambell, married daughter of 175 Bowles, John, view of Hall published by. 61 Britain a Roman province . 5 Bowyers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 65 Brithmar Mancus, land of . ... 18, 19 -arms in New Council Chamber. ... 177 Brito, Ralf, land of. 17 -arms in New Library Staircase Window ... ... 234 Broad Street Ward. 15 Box, Martin . ... 168 - early representatives of . 169 Box. Thomas . 168 Brocesgange, Ward of . 19 Box. William . ... 168 Broddesworth, John, executor of Robert Chichele ... 57 Bovdell. Alderman, instrumental in Porch statues being Broderers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 65 given to Banks. 73 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 225 - arms in New Library . 229 - ILlo UOIltJt/ulUIl Uibpu&tJU. kjj luuucj-j . Boydell, Josiali, Lottery Commissioner . ... 226 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Brabazon, Adam . 168 Broke, Geoffrey, Sheriff. ... 158 Brabrook, Edward William, and the Account of the Bromholme, John de . ... 168 Guildhall . ... iii. Bromley, Sir Thomas, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s - on committee to place arms of Companies trial . ... 210 in New Library . ... 233 Bronzes in Museum. 248, 249 Brading. Isle of Wight, pavement in the Roman villa at 244 Broun, Thomas. ... 169 Braghhynge, Laurence de . 168 Brown, Anthony, arms in Window in the Aldermen’s Brakelond, Jocelyn de, quoted . 7 Brampton, William de, grant to, for a Chantry in the Chapel . 112. 114 Bramptone, Alderman William ... Brandon’s Analysis of Gothic example of an engaged pier ... - again quoted. Architecture gives Brandone, Thomas de, Sheriff . Braziers’ Company, arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . - arms in New Library Window. 15S 97 105 115 . 177 . 238 . 151 . 167, 170 . 169 . 169 ... . 19 42, 43, 47, 157, 164 . 48 Brayley on statues from front of Chapel ... Bread Street Ward, early representatives of Brendewod, John de . Brenge, Henry. Bretell, land of. Breton, Sir John le, Custos . Breton, Richard de, Mayor . Brewer, J., erroneously describes Doorway in Eastern Crypt. 102 Brewere, John le, tried for assaulting the Lord Mayor ... 205 Brewers, fines of . 51 Brewers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 64 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Brichmar the Cottager, Ward of. 18 Brichmar the Moneyer, Ward of. 18 Court . Browne, Sir Samuel, portrait of. Bruce, John, on the Star Chamber . - on Henry Beckham . Brugge, Sir John . Brumle, Ralph de . Brussels, giant at . Bubb, J. G., executed Pitt monument . Buckingham, Countess of, her tomb at Westminster Abbey Buckler, J. C., drawings of Chapel by. Bucklersbury. meaning of . - Roman pavement found in. - figure of Mars found in . Bugi, land of . Bukerel, Mayor, Butler at Queen Eleanor's coronation ... Bukerel family. B uller, John . Bullock, John, repaired Sir Thomas Kneysworth’s tomb Bunnian, Lord Mayor’s Chaplain. Bunning, J. B., restored Eastern Crypt . Burbrigg, John, convicted of disobedience to the Warden of the Chapel . Burgh, Herbert de, Chief Justiciary, riot suppressed by... Burgoyne, Undersheriff. Burhivaru or burgesses. Burial within City walls forbidden by Roman law. Burke, Edmund, inscription on monument to the Earl of Chatham attributed to . 166 79 130 208 146 167 91 84 153 142 36 235 249 16 36 36 213 141 203 95 119 157 122 9 15 81 INDEX. PAGE 169 3G 169 232 126, 127 Burre, John . Bury, meaning of . Bury, Adam de. Bury, Richard de, represented in New Library Window Bury, William, Library built by his executors. Bushnell, John, statues at the Royal Exchange and Temple Bar by. 15 G Butchers’Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 64 •-- give Window to Chapel . 126 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 -arms in New Library Window . 233 Butterworth, J. W., on committee to place arms of Companies in New Library. 233 Buxhull, Sir Alan, married daughter of Adam Fraunceys 11G Byeston, Thomas, held Chantry of Fanlore Chapel, Edmonton. 115 Bygenhalle, manor of, held by Peter Fanlore. 115, 116 Byterlee, John de . 42 Csesar, Sir Charles, married a daughter of Sir Edward Barkham . 176 Calais, wool staple at . 146 Calceus or boot in Museum. 250 Caliga or military shoe in Museum . 250 Cambell, Sir James, Mayor . 175 - on committee for inspecting the Royal Ex¬ change statues. 155 Cambell, Sir Thomas, and the Council Chamber of 1614. 172,174 -account of . 174,175 Cambridge, dimensions of Trinity Hall . 77 - Sir W. Dixie prominent in the building of Peterhouse College. 202 Camden, William, sculptured head of, in New Library ... 229 Camomile Street, statue of Roman soldier found in... 237, 238 Campkin, H., on committee to place arms of Companies in New Library . 233 Candlesticks in Museum. 245 Candlewick Ward . 15 - early representatives of . 16S, 169 Canelyshe, John, and the Ironmongers’ Pageant in 1566 198 Canning, Rt. Hon. George, inscription on Pitt monument by . 84 Cannon Street Terminus on the site of the Steelyard ... 32 Canonbury, meaning of. 36 Cantebrege, Ralph. 169 Canterbury originally divided into six wards. 15 Canterbury. Thomas de, payments to, for work at the Chepe. 112 Capell, Giles, fined by Star Chamber. 130 Capell, Sir William, fined and imprisoned by Star Chamber 130 Caperoun, Simon . 169 Caperun, land of . 18 Carden, Sir Robert W., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court.. . 167 Care, Goodman, and the Ironmongers’ Pageant in 1566... 198 Carletone, Richard de . 169 Carlini, Augustine, made a design for the Beckford monument. SO Caroline, Princess, accompanied George III to Banquet... 194 Carpenter, John, executor of Whittington.52, 53 2 75 PAGE Carpenter, John, bequeaths books to Library . 127 -Town Clerk . 184 -sculptured head of, in New Library. 229 Carpenters’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 -arms in New Council Chamber. 177 -arms in New Library Window . 233 Carpenters’ Hall . 50 Carroll, Sir George, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 167 -knighted. 194 Carter, John, description and drawing of figures on Porch 72 Carter, Alderman John, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court. 1G7 Case, Thomas, report on idolatrous figures in Windows... 56 Cashiobury, meaning of . 36 Cass, Rev. F. C., gives history of Frowyke family in South Myirms . 118 Castle Baynard Ward, early representatives of ... 167,169 Castle Carey, Roman inscription found at. 26 Cateaton Street. 59 ( 60 -tesselated pavements found in . 23 Catherine, Queen of Henry V. 189 Catullus on a mule’s shoe . 246 Caumont, M. de, on age of French buildings . 105 Caumpes, Richard de . 168 Caumpes, Roger de . 1G9 Caustone, John de . 168 Caustone, William de, tenement belonging to. 114 Caverley, Sir Hugh, included in Johnson’s Nine Worthies of London . 131 Caxton, William, sculptured head of, in New Library ... 229 - and his press represented in New Library Window . 232 Caxtone, Thomas de . 169 Cecus, Edward, land held by Alveva, wife of . 17 Cestrehunte, John de . 167 Chalfhunte, Robert de . 167 Challis, Thomas, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court... 167 Chaloner, William le . 170 Chamberlain on statues from front of Chapel. 151 Chamberlain, The . 178-181 -election of . 75 -- office originally combined with that of Mayor and Coroner . 173 -election vested in the Commonalty. 179 - not to hold the appointment more than two successive years . iso Chamberlain’s Court . 177, 178, 181, 182 - destroyed by fire, 1786 . 182 -area under . 255 Chantries, foundation of, in the Chapel . 112-115 -form of presentation to . ns Chapel . 110-126, 130-143, 147-149 -built by Whittington . 53 - Windows examined for idolatrous figures - charter of founders . -- monuments . - altar piece, pulpit, etc. -staff of the . -purchased by Corporation . -disestablishment of . services m dimensions of ... 56 .. 110 130-134 135, 142 .. 13S .. 13S .. 140 140,141 .. 142 276 INDEX. PAGE Chapel used as Court of Requests . 142 -west front . 143 -Windows. 143, 147, 14S -statues in front of. 140-156 -service before the election of Mayor in . 158 - grants referring to. 257-259, 264 Chaplains, residences for . 110 - neglect their duties . 119 Charing Cross demolished .55, 56 Charles I, statue from front of Chapel identified as that of. 151, 152, 154 - statue of, taken down and reinstated. 153 - Sir Robert Titchborne. a judge at the trial of... 161 -— entertained by City . 190, 191 -visits City to demand the surrender of the five impeached members .. 191 Charles II, portrait of . 7S --dined nine times in the Hall . 191 -entertainments given to . 192, 193 -expresses satisfaction for the speedy re-building of the City after the Great Fire . Charles V, King of Spain . Charles, Duke of Burgundy, married to Margaret, sister of Henry VI . ••• . Charlotte, Queen, portrait of, moved from Hall to Mansion House. Charlton, Sir Thomas, married daughter of Adam Fraimceys. -- tomb in Edmonton Parish Church . Charnel house by Paul’s. Charters . Chatham, Earl of, his friendship for Beckford... . - monument in Hall. 218 171 208 79 Chaucer on the Hall Dais . -sculptured head of, in New Library. Chaundiler, Matthew le. Cheap Ward . -contains greatest number of Parish Churches... -boggy nature of soil in. - early representatives of . - number of members in 1654 . Cheapside. stone houses in . -represented in Window in Hall. -fall of scaffolding at a tournament in . - fraudulent fish-baskets burnt in. Cheapside Cross demolished. Cheatham, George, compensated for loss of light . Cheney, Richard, places statue of Edward VI in the Royal Exchange ..- . 155, 156 100 162 168 115 159 121 126 .. 116 .. 116 123-125 257-265 80 SI 45 .. 229 .. 168 15 22 23 169 171 45 86 112 179 55, 56 174 Cherubim, representations of . Chester, civic insignia at . Cheverell, Tristram le .. . Cheyny, Thomas, Mercer . Chichele, Archbishop . Chichele, John, Chamberlain, married daughter of Sir Thomas Knolles . -indemnified for borrowing lead for Chapel Roof Chichele, Sir Robert, Mayor, bequest for Guildhall and London Bridge of . 57 - donor of groxmd for St. Stephen’s, Walbrook 158, 159 Chichester, Roman inscription found at . 26 Child, Alwin, founder of the Priory of Holy Trinity ... 265 PAGE Child, Sir Francis, subscribed for entertainment to William III . 203 -pageants in honour of. 204 Child, Sir Josiah . 193 Child’s Bank, Temple Bar, remains found on site of 102, 105 Chipsted, Adam, Vintner . 115 Chiusi pottery, heads on. 99 Cholmeley, Sir Roger, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . 210 Christopher, Master, Secondary of the Poultry Comptor 210 Christ’s Hospital, Library of, built by Whittington ... 53 - dimensions of... 76 -Library to be formed in . 129, 130 - received revenue from Blackwell Hall . 147 -portrait of Sir Wolstan Dixie, in the Court Room 202 - blue-coat boys drew at lotteries. 225 Churches, altars ordered to be taken from. 55 Cibber, Gabriel, statues at the Royal Exchange, by ... 156 Cissores separate from the Pannarii . 6 City Arms substituted for Beket’s figure on the Common Seal . 13 -dagger in the City shield .13, 14 - on Doorway of Hall . 73 -on Pavement of Hall . 76 -on Bosses in Eastern Crypt. 98 - in New Library . 229, 230 City fosses, bequest of Thomas Legge for cleansing the 164 City gates, armed men supplied by each Ward for the ... 15 City Laureate . 196, 204 City Match, quoted. 199 City sword. 162,163 City wall, three bastions of the, found . 236 Clapton, marble coffin found at . 236 Clarendon on Sir Richard Gumey . 190 Claudia Martina, sepulchral monument of . 236 Claudius’s expedition to Britain. 5 Claufag, land of . 20 Claveringe, Richard de. 169 Clayton, Sir Robert, subscribed for entertainment to William III . 203 - to report on a settlement for Mary, daughter of Sir John Lewis. 227 Clayton and Bell execute Lancashire Window. 85 Clergy, vast landed property of the . 21 Clericus, John dictus . 168 Clifford, Sir Roger de, owned Blackwell Hall. 144 Clipstone, John, Chaplain and Librarian, petition of ... 127 -tomb in Chapel . 130 Clockmakers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber... 177 -arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 -its Library preserved in the New Library ... 234 Cloth market established in Blackwell Hall . 145 Cloth trade . 145,146 Clothes market, Library converted into . 128.129 Clothiers of Blackwell Hall attended morning service in Chapel . 141 Clothworkers’ Company, formed by union of the Shermen and Fullers . 65 - contribute for Chapel Roof. 126 -arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 Clutterbuck, Rev. R. H., and the Account of the Guildhall iii INDEX. 277 Clutterbuck, Rev. R. H., and the records of Andover ... Coachmakers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber... -arms in New Library Staircase Window. Coals, duty on, levied for the expenditure caused by the Great Fire. Cobbe, Alexander . Cockayne, Sir William, and the Council Chamber of 1614 -arms and account of . Coffins in Museum. Coffrer, Henry le . Coffrer, John le . Coggeshall, Essex, Roman horse shoe found at. Coins in Museum . Coke, Chief Justice, a judge at the trial of Richard Weston - sculptured head of, in New Library. PAGE 29 177 234 220 169 173 . 175 136-138, 236 . 167 167 246 242 211 .. 229 42 19 60 .. 180 15 168, 169 25 29 32 33 C 196 179 229 226 65 Colbroke, Robert de. Colchester, William of, land of . Cole Harbour shown in Pricke’s Prospect of London Colechurch, Peter of, bridge built by. Coleman Street Ward . -early representatives of . Collegia opijicum . Collier, Rev. C., and the records of Andover . Cologne merchants and the Steelyard. - grant of John to the . Colonial . Colonial and Indian visitors entertained by the Corporation Columbers. Mathew de, Chamberlain. Columbus, sculptured head of, in New Library . Combe, Bryce, Lottery Commissioner. Combmakers’ Company, extinct since 1S37 . Comer, Thomas, committed to Newgate for marrying a City orphan . 22S Comes Civitatis, office of . 8 Committee Room of New Library . 230, 231 Common Clerk. 183, 184 Common Council . 167-171 - adopted as model by Town Councils. 32 - list of the first Court . 168-170 - number of members increased . 168, 170, 171 —-members fined for non-attendance ... -. 170 -proceedings to be kept secret . 170 Common Hall, meetings of . 75 Common Pleas Court, portraits removed from Hall to ... 79 Common Seal, Aldermen styled Barons on the. 164 Commonalty, their power of electing the Mayor taken away and restored . 157 - petition that the Mayor should go to West¬ minster by water . 160 Comptroller . 185 Conduit, Reynald de . 168 Conduit, Stephen atte . 169 Confectionery Room . 66 Consort, Prince, Window in Hall in memory of .87, 88 -bust in New Council Chamber . 177 - accompanied Queen to Guildhall in 1851. 195 Constans, Emperor, mentioned in an inscription . 26 Conver, Thomas le. 168 Cooke, Sir Thomas, Mayor, tried for high treason, ac¬ quitted, but compelled to pay fine . 20S Cooke, Sir Thomas, Sheriff, subscribed for entertainment to William III. 203 PAGE Cook-shops to be whitewashed . 44 Cooks’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber . 177 -arms in New Library Window . 233 Coopers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. 65 -arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Coote, H. C., on Guilds . 27 - on the word “ Husting ” 45 - on the Dragon. 163 Copeland, W. Taylor, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 166 Corbet’s Iter Boreale refers to the Giants. 94 Cordwainer Ward . 15 -- Parishes in . 22 - early representatives of . 168,170 Cordwainers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen... 65 -arms in New Council Chamber. - arms in New Library Window . 177 . 233 . 90 ... 12, 34, 181 Corineus, original name of Magog . Cornhill, Henry de. Comhill, Stephen de, charter concerning a house near the Church of St. Mary of Bothawe. 262 Cornhill Ward, early representatives of . 168,169 Cornwall, Thomas de . 169 Coronation feasts, Mayors of London and Oxford Butlers at 28 -Mayor acts as Chief Butler at . 163 Coroner, office of Chamberlain and Mayor originally combined with that of . Corporation, Henry Y pledges part of his jewellery to Corporation Seal . Corpus Christi, Guild of, gift of Henry Barton to the Cosin, Peter . Costantyn, Walter. Costume of Aldermen . Cotarius , difference between Bordarius and . Cotiller, Henry. Cotton, Sir Robert, gives Oseney Chartulary to Christ¬ church . Cotton, Alderman W. J. R., name in Lancashire Window -Window in Hall given by . -arms in Aldermen’s Court . Council Chamber. 171-174 - in 1424 and 1614 . 171 - chamber of 1614 destroyed by the fire of 1666... 173 - site chosen for the Chamber of 1614. 173 - orders for building and improving the Chamber of 1614 . 174,175 Council Chamber, New. 176,177 -old foundations on site of . 110 -excavations for its site. 253-255 Country Captain , quoted . 199 Courts of Justice, rebuilt after the Great Fire. 218, 219 178, 179 ,. 188 .. 12,13 .. 123 .. 168 .. 169 165,166 18 170 35 85 S6 167 Covens’ Projil de la T 'ille de Londres shows Hall and St. Laurence’s Church . Coventry, St. Mary’s Hall at. Coventry, John, executor of Whittington. Coverdale, Bishop, represented in New Library Window . Cowan, Sir John, arms in window in Aldermen’s Court... -presented Sword of State to Queen at Temple Bar 59 50 52, 53 232 166 194 118 Cranle, Thomas, Chaplain . Cranmer, Archbishop Thomas, trial and condemnation of . 4,206,207 Craysfort, Lord, descended from the Probye family ... 175 MM 4 278 INDEX. TARE Creed, Mr., and Samuel Pepys . 193 Creppin, Ralph, nefarious practices of . 46 Cressingham, John. 169 Crew, Sergeant, a judge at the trial of Richard Weston... 211 Cripplegate Gate repaired . 48 - timber used in repairing . 144 Cripplegate Ward, formerly Ward of Alwold. 37 - early representatives of . 16S, 170 Croker, Sir Christopher, included in Johnson’s Nine Worthies of London . 181 Cromwell, Oliver, receiving Jews’ petition, represented in Hall Window . 87 -a descendant of Sir Thomas White. 210 Crook, Justice, a judge at the trial of Richard Weston ... 211 Cros, Thomas . 168 Crosby, Sir John, represented in Hall Window . 86 Crosby Hall . 50 Crowder, John, arms in Window in Aldermen's Court... 166 Crowmer, Sir James, a descendant of Sir William Crowmer 159 Crowmer, Sir William, Mayor . 158,159 Crutched Friars, group of figures foimd in . 235 Crypt, referred to as “the Cellar” . 48 -east doorway of . 69 Crypt, East .95-102 -Bosses in. 14 -identical with the Crypt of Chapel . 110 •-Windows. 254 Crypt, West . 102-109 Crystal Palace represented in Prince Consort Window ... 87 - Gerard’s Hall Crypt acquired by . 109 Cubitt, William, name in Lancashire Window. 85 -arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Curia Municipalis . 37 Curiales . G, 14 Curriers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 Custard, custom of the jester jumping into a. 204, 205 Custodial Scyrts . 15 Custos substituted for Mayor . 157 Custos of the Chapel, residence for . 110 Cut-throat Alley . 69 Cutler, Sir John, represented in Hall Window. 86 Cutlers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. G5 -arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 -arms in New Library Window . 233 Cuvier, sculptured head of, in New Library . 229 Cyprus, King of, landing of, represented in Hall Window 86 Dacia, gold-fields of . 26 Dais in Hall .45, 75 Dakin, Sir T., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 - arms in Window of Library Committee Room 231 Dallynge, John de. 170 Dance, George, design for enlarging Porch . 73 - the facade added by . 185 Dangy, John, presented to a Chantry in the Chapel ... 118 Daniel, John, tried and executed for high treason ... 207,208 Danzel, William . Kjq Darby, Alderman, portrait of . 54 PAGE Darci, Henry . 168 Dare, Christopher, and Anne Askew . 209 Dashwood, Sir Samuel, arms and account of . 203 - Vintners’ Pageant in honour of. 204 Davenants’ The Wits quoted . 198 David of Scotland, landing of, represented in Hall Window SG Decuriones . 6 - two inscriptions referring to . 8 Defensor Ciritatis, office of. 8 Deincourt. Robert, Lord, marries a City Orphan . 227 Dekker, Thomas, writes pageant for the betrothal of Elizabeth, daughter of James I . 175 Dendrqphori . 26 Denecombe, Henry, tenement belonging to . 114 Denmark, Prince and Princess of, attended Sir John Shorter’s banquet . 203 Deorman, land held by. 20 Depham, Roger de, Alderman and Recorder . 158, 168 -Chantry in memory of. 126 Derby, Earl of, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial 210 Dering, land of. 16 Devonshire Hall in Blackwell Hall . 147 Dewing, William, a whiffler to the Norwich Corporation 198 Deynes, John . 169 Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing Cross quoted. 55 Dijon, Roman sculpture in the Hotel de Ville at . 26 Dilberoglue, Stauros, name in Lancashire Windows ... 85 Dillon,Hon. Harold,and the Account of the Guildhall ... iii. Diocletian, dimensions of the Baths of . 76 Discipline, figure of, on Porch .71, 72 Distillers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber ... 177 Dixie, Sir Wolstan, pageant in honour of. 199-202 - arms and account of . 202 Dodderidge, Justice, a judge at the trial of Richard Weston . 211 Dode, John, Chamberlain . 179 Dodsley on statues from front of Chapel. 151 Domus . 44 Donestaple, John de, Chamberlain . 179 Doomsday mentions Dover Guildhall. 3 Doorway between the Crypts . 96 -in Eastern Crypt . 101, 254 - in Three Nuns’Alley . 110 -in Hall . - in Exchequer Court Double, Richard . Douce, Francis, on Gog and Magog . - on the derivation of the word Whiffler .. 254 .. 256 .. 168 91 .. 198 3 32 15 168, 169 35 .. 163 Dover, the Guildhall of. Dowgate, Cologne merchants in ... '. Dowgate Ward. - early representations of . D’Oylly, Robert, founder of St. Mary’s Abbey, Osney .. Dragon,the . Draper, Sir Christopher, Sir Wolstan Dixie married daughter of . 202 Draper, Sir William, Ironmongers’ Pageant in honour of 197, 198 Drapers’ Company and Fitz-Alwyn . 6 - separate from the tailors . 6 - contribute to build the Kitchen. 64 - appointment of Keeper of Blackwell Hall vested in 146 INDEX. 279 PAGE 170 Darby, Alderman, pageant in honour of Sir John Jolles -arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . Drope, Sir Robert . Dudley, Edmund, tried for treason . Dudley, Lord Guilford, tried and executed ... . Duke. Sir James, arms in Window in Aldermen's Court... Duket, Laurence, murder of. Dunthom, William, Town Clerk, and the Liber Dunthom Dunton, Gilbert de. Durham, dimensions of Hatfield Hall, at. Durham, Bishop of, land of the . Durobrivian pottery in Museum. Dutch Guildhall in London. Dutch Church, Austin Friars, piers in . - its library preserved in the New Library. Duum vir, office of . - the Defensor Civitatis took precedence of the... 8 Dwelling-houses, small number of, at an early period ... 23 Dyer, Sergeant, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial 210 Dyers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen . G-i - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 .. 177 .. 1G1 209 20G, 207 1G7 46 184 1G7 7G l(i 242 32, 33 97 234 G Eadgar, legislation on parochial boundaries in the laws of Ealdormctn in place of Comes . Earl, Mayor enjoys honours of an . Easterlings, the, and the Steelyard . Edild, land of . Edinburgh. Duke of, Freedom presented to . Edmar, land of. Edmonton, Peter Fanlore built Chapel at. - manor of, held by Adam Fraunceys. - tombs in Parish Church . Edmund, land of . Edric the clerk, land of. Eduin, son of Golduin, land held by. Eduin of St. Augustine, land of. Edward the Confessor and Guildhall. - arms on Porch . - arms on Doorway of Hall . - arms on "Windows in Hall . - arms on Pavement of Hall. - arms on Bosses in Eastern Crypt . Edward I substitutes Warden for Mayor . - built crosses in memory of Queen Eleanor - banishing Jews represented in Hall Window ... - seized the government of the City . Edward II. flight of . - money advanced to, when Prince of Wales ... - and Piex-s Gaveston . Edward III, his landing, represented in Hall Window ... - ordering gold to be coined, 1344, represented in Hall Window . - at a tournament in Cheap . - writes letter to Aubrey congratulating him on suppression of a riot . Edward IV making four citizens Knights of the Bath represented in Hall Window. 22 8 1G2 32 20 19G 17 115 11 (> 116 18 17 IS 20 33 70 73 75 7G 97 43 56 87 157 5 47 1S7 86 88 112 206 88 PAGE Edward V, statue of, placed at the Royal Exchange ... 153 Edward VI passing to his Coronation represented in Hall Window . 85 -- presenting Charter represented in Hall Window 88 - figure of, in front of the Chapel . 134 -assisted the Corporation to purchase the Chapel . 138,154 -statue from front of Chapel identified as that of. 151,152,154 - statue of, placed in Royal Exchange by Richard Cheney . 155,15G Edward the Black Prince, entertainment in honour of ... 188 Edward, son of Wizel, Ward of . 19 Edwin, Sir Humphrey, subscribed for entertainment to William III . 203 Eilwin, land held by . IS Elderton, William, lines on statues on Porch by . 71 Elizabeth, Queen, represented hunting in Epping Forest in Hall Window . 89 - Giants placed at Temple Bar during her passage through London . 94 - figure of, in front of the Chapel. 134 -statue from front of Chapel identified as that of. 151,152,154 - statue of, at Guildhall Gate . 153 - wore false hair . 154 - Dr. Lopez tried for treasonable intentions against 211 Elizabeth, daughter of James I, marriage of . 175 Elizabeth of York, fashion of wearing her hair . 153 Ellis, Sir J. W., represented in Hall Window presenting address to Queen in Epping Forest . S9 - arms in Aldermen’s Court. 1G7 Ellys, Sir William, Portrait of . 79 Elmslie, J. P., water-colour drawings made by . i Eltham Palace, dimensions of . 77 Elwes, Sir Jervis, tried for the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. 211 Empsom, Sir Thomas, tried for treason . 209 Englefield, Sir Francis, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . 210 English, Michael, executor of Nicholas Alwyn . 57 Entertainments . 186-196 Entick on statues from front of Chapel . 151 Episcopal Heraldry, illustration of . 9S Epping Forest and the Corporation . 89 Espaigne, Thomas d’ . 169 Essex, Robert, Earl of, a judge at the trial of Dr. Lopez 211 Essex, Wolmarus de . 1GS Estfelde, Sir William . 38 - a donor to Chapel. 120 Eustace, house of . 19 Eustace, nephew of Fulcred, land held by . 19 Euston Square Terminus, dimensions of . 77 Eva, land held by . 20 Evans, Arthur J., researches of, in Illyricum. 25 Evelyn. John, witnesses demolition of Cheapside Cross... 55 - does not specially describe the destruction of the Hall in 1GGG . 214 Everdone, Geoffrey de . 16S Exchequer Court, Doorway between the Corridor and the 250 Exeter, civic insignia at. 162 -Henry VII gave his sword and a cap of liberty to. 163 MM 2 280 INDEX. Exhibition of 1851, represented in Prince Consort Window - entertainment in commemoration of . Exhibition of works of art at opening of New Library ... Extone. Nicholas, Mayor . Ezekiel’s prophecies concerning Gog. PAGE 87 196 232 118 91 Fabri, Corporation of . Fabyan, Stephen, spells Mayor J lay re . -and his Chronicle. -notes enlargement of Guildhall, 1411 — exonerated from serving as Alderman — describes the treatment of Sir Thomas Cooke .. 25, 26 9 23 ..49,110 .. 165 .. 20 S Fair holt, F. W., on Gog and Magog . 91 Falconer, Sir Thomas, Mayor . 158, 159 Fanlore, Gregory . 115 Fanlore, Peter, and the Chapel . 110, 112-115, 120 - grant enabling him to endow a Chantry in the Chapel. 257, 264 Fan Makers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber ... 177 Fannere, Henry . 169 Farebrother. Charles, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court. 166 Farncomb, Thomas, arms in Hall Window . 86 - arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Farndon, William de . 167 Famdone, Nicholas de . 30, 31, 144, 158 Farriers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber ... 177 Farringdon Ward, divided into two wards. 165 - early representatives of . 170 Farringdon Within Ward, Sir Drew Barentyn, first Alderman of . Farringdon Without Ward, Window in Hall given by - number of members in 1639 . 159 S9 170 218 168 65 65 177 210. 211 Fast proclaimed after the Great Fire. Fayrher, Geoffrey . Felmongers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - the Company extinct . Felt Makers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber Felton, John, tried and executed for high treason ... Fenkyll, Lady, gives up the keys of Blackwell Hall to a new Keeper . no Finch, Sir Heneage, portrait of . 79 Finchingfeud, Walter de . 108 Fine Arts Gallery formed . 135 Finke, Ahvin . 40 Finnes family. 36 Finnis, T. Quested, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 167 Finsbury, meaning of . 36 Finsbury Fields, tents for the poor in, after the Great Fire 220 Fire, precautions against .44, 45 - at Blades, East and Blades. ii - in London, 981 23 - in London, 1077, 1092, and 1135. 24 - in Southwark, 1212 .24, 44 - in London, 1666 . 22, 23, 212-223, 266 - churches destroyed and not rebuilt. 22 - Hall destroyed . 67, 213-221 - judges to adjust claims arising out of the ... 77 - in Chamberlain’s department in 1786 182 Fireplaces in New Library . 229, 230 Fish Street, first mention of. 21 PAGE Fishermen’s Company, extinct since 1837 . 65 Fishmongers, riot between the Poulterers and the. 205 Fishmongers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 64 - Window in Hall given by . 86 - contribute for Chapel Roof. 126 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - presented a boat to Isabel, Queen of Edward II, and escorted her through the City . 187, 188 Fishmongers’ Hall, shown in Pricke’s Prospect of London 60 Fitz-Alwyn, Henry, elected Mayor . 6 - member of the Drapers’ Company . 6 - his Assize of Buildings quoted. 24 -represented in Hall Window . 88 - first Mayor . 157 - pedigree of . 265 Fitzreiner, Richard, Sheriff in 1189 . 12 - gave part of the land on which the first Hall was built. 12 - and his gift to Osney Abbey .34-36 - Charter (with translation) relating to his gift to Osney Abbey . 260, 261 Fitzstephen on London. 4 Fitz Cigar, Hugh, Ward of. 19 Fitzwalter, Robert, doing service as Banneret, 1303, represented in Hall Window. 88 Flaxman. sculptured head of, in New Library. 229 Fleet, Sir John, Lord Mayor, subscribed for entertainment to William III. 203 Fleet Street, ale-wives and felt cap-makers in . 44 Fletcher, John, accused of mutilating portrait of William HI . 7S Fletchers’Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Coimcil Chamber. 177 Florence, dimensions of the Palazzo Vecchio, at . 76 Fludyer, Sir Samuel, entertained George III . 194 Fluellen, Alderman William, tomb in Chapel. 132 Fluellen, William, has reversion of the Keepership of Guildhall. 132 Foach, Sir John . 193 Fog, Sir John, Under-Treasurer. 208 Folkmote. 15 Foot, Sir Thomas . 227 Ford, Sir Richard, Mayor . 222 - son of, and Samuel Pepys . 192 Ford’s Londini quod rcliquum quoted . 215, 216 Forester. Walter, Sheriff . 115 Formyn, Edward, appointed to survey the City after the Great Fire. 218 Fortifications repaired by money raised by Lottery. 225 Fortitude, figure of, on Porch .71, 72 Founders’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Fountain near Chapel . 114 Fowler, Sir Robert Nicholas, arms in Aldermen’s Court... 167 Fowler, William Cave, member of Library Committee ... 231 Foxe, Robert, pension paid to . 140 Framework Knitters’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber . 177 Framlingham, Suffolk, monument to Henry, Earl of Surrey, at. 206 a IXDEX. France, Roman remains in . Frances, Thomas, Chaplain and Librarian, tomb in Chapel Franklin, John, sketched a window in Hall Fraunceys, Adam, and the Chapel ... 110, 112-117, 120, 170 — grant enabling him to endow a Chantry in the PAGE 2 (i 130 03 Chapel - abstract of the grant Fraunceys, Elizabeth . Fraunceys, Matilda. Fraunceys, Simon, Mayor . Freeman. Thomas, epigram on the growth of London ... Freeman’s Reign of William Rufus quoted . Freemasons’ Hall, dimensions of. Freemen to contribute for enlarging Guildhall . - swearing in of . - registers of admission destroyed by fire. 1780 ... 257, 204 112, 113 110 . 115, orphans of 117 110 158 01 17 77 51 181 182 220-228 French, Emperor and Empress of the, entertained by the Corporation . 19 G French Chronicle of London gives account of Duket’s murder . 40 Freshfield, Dr., on derivation of the word Lothbury ... 30 Froissart’s description of Isabel, Queen of Edward II ... 180 Frowyke, Henry de, appointed Custos of the City in 1272 117 and the Chapel 110, 112-115, 117, 118, 120, 108 - grant enabling him to endow a Chantry in the Chapel . 267, 204 - abstract of the grant . 112,113 Frowyke, Sir Henry, daughter of, married Sir John Spelman . 113 Frowyke, John, Apothecary. 115 Frowyke. Roger de. 118 Frowyke, Thomas de . 117 Frowyke family, pedigree of . faces 117 -history of . 118 Fruiterers’ Company, arms in Xew Council Chamber ... 177 Fulcher Xain, land of . 20 Fulcred. land given to, as a marriage portion. 10 Fulham, William de . 109 Fuller quotes Bale on destruction of libraries. 12S Fullers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. 05 -unite with Shermen’s Company. 65 FuUonvs . 26 Fynes family . 36 Fynesbury, meaning of. 30 Gabriel, Sir T., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... Galeys, Henry le, Mayor . Galileo, sculptured head of, in Xew Library . Gardens, frequent mention of . Gardeners’ Company, extinct since 1837 . Gardner, John E.. gives permission to use his collection of prints . Gardyner, Richard, Mayor, to survey Chapel repairs ... Garnet, Henry, tried and executed for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot . Garrard, Sir John, and the Council Chamber of 1014 ... - account of . Garrard, Sir William, Mayor . Garratt, John, arms in Window in the Aldermen's Court 107 179 229 22 05 i 126 211 172 174 174 160 Gate, Xicholas atte. Gaul, survival of Roman institutions in . Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II . Gayre, Sir John, Alderman. Gayton, Edmund . Gentleman’s Magazine, view of Hall and description in - describes stone coffin . 130-138 - gives representation and account of the banquet to George III . 194 Geoffrey the Canon, land held by . 20 George I, portrait of . 77 George II entertained by City . 194 George III, portrait of, moved from Hall to Mansion House. 79 - Beckford’s speech to .SO, 81 -statue in Xew Council Chamber . 177 - entertained on occasion of his marriage. 194 George and Dragon, George Yard, Sign of, in Museum ... 251 Gerard, sculptured head of in Xew Library . 229 Gerard’s Hall, Crypt under. 108, 109 Gersummam . 42 Geyles, Thomas, and the Ironmongers’ Pageant of 1506 Ghent, giant at . Gialla, land of. Giants at London Bridge, on the return of Henry V - at reception of Mary and Philip. Gibbons, Sir J. S., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court - arms in Window of Library Committee Room... Gibbs, Alderman . Gibbs, Joseph, name in Lancashire Window . Gibbs, Michael, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... Gilbert the Cisor (Tailor) .40, 41 Gilbert, Robert, Bishop of London, consecrated Chapel when re-opened, 1444 . 122 Gild, meaning and derivation of the word .27. 28 Gild a Jlcrcatoria .28-32 Girdlers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 04 - arms and trade represented in Xew Council Chamber . - arms in Xew Library Window . Gisors, Sir John, Gerard’s Hall Crypt, the property of ... - Alderman of Vintry Ward. Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., entertained by Corporation ... Glass Sellers’ Company, arms in Xew Council Chamber... - arms in Xew Library Staircase Window. Glassthorne’s Wit in a Constable quoted. Glaziers’ Company, arms in Xew Council Chamber Gloucester, the Roman Glcvinn . - head on a closing ring at St. Xicholas Church... - Whittington sculpture found in. Gloucester, Earl of, tenement belonging to . Gloucester, De Clares, Earls of, their arms on a pitcher in Museum. Gloucestershire Hall in Blackwell Hall . Gloucestre, John de, tenement belonging to . Glovers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. - arms in Xew Council Chamber. Glovers’ Hall, not destroyed by the Great Fire. Godard, son of Harold, land held by. Goddard, Dr., his lodging in Gresham House appropriated for the Chamberlain after the Great Fire. Godid, mother of “ Huniet,” land held by. 282 INDEX. PAGE Godwin, son of Esgar, Ward of . IS Gog . 77, 89-95 Gogmagog originally one word . 90 Gogmagog and Corineus, story of the adventures of ... 91 Gold and Silver Wire-Drawers' Company, arms in New Council Chamber . 177 Goldbetere, Richard . 170 Golder, Bob, pension paid to. 140 Goldney, G. P., Remembrancer, presents his law library to the New Library. 234 Goldsmiths’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... (!4 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - pageants in honour of Sir Francis Child. 204 Goldwin the Clerk, land of . 17 Gomme, G. L., Index of Municipal Offices quoted . 0 - on civic insignia . 102 Goodge, Dr. William, report of idolatrous figures in Windows . 5(5 Gordon, Dr. Richard, arbitrator in the matter of the Barton jewels. 122 Gore, John, on committee for inspecting the Royal Exchange statues . 155 - and the Council Chamber of 1014 174 Gore, Sir William . 193 Gorham, Robert de, Abbot of St. Albans . 30 Gorham Bury, meaning of . 30 Gosfregth the Portreeve . 9 Gothic architecture in the fifteenth century . 49 - French later than English. 105 Gracechurch Street, bronze hand found in . 249 Grafton’s account of Whittington quoted . 53 Granger’s Binyrajflvical IIistory on Charles Y of Spain... 171 - description of Henry Garnet . 211 - gives account of Ogilby . 223 Grant, General Ulysses S., Freedom presented to . 190 Gratefige, William. 108 Grauntbrege, Thomas de . 170 Gray’s Inn Hall, dimensions of . 77 Greenstreet, J., on the election of Mayor in 1088 . 224 Gregory, William, arbitrator in the matter of the Barton jewels. 122 Gresham, Sir Thomas, portrait in Lancashire Window ... 85 -- statue of, remained entire after the Great Fire 150 - represented in New Library Window . 232 Gresham House, civic business after the Great Fire conducted at . 213, 217-220 Grevell, Thomas, property held by . 139 Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, married daughter of Sir Samuel Dashwood. 203 Grey, Lady Jane, tried and executed. 4, 200 , 207 Grey Friars’ Chronicle records Louvres being set up on Guildhall. 58 - notes the institution of a service before the election of Mayor . 119 - describes trial of Lady Jane Grey . 207 Grey Friars’ Library built by Whittington .53, 54 Griffin, the. 1G3 Griffin, Edward, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial 210 Griggs, W., lithographs and fac-similes prepared by ... i Grocers’ Company, Knowles gives his house to. 49 - contribute to build the Kitchen. 04 PAGE Grocers’ Company, Window in Hall given by. 80 - contribute for Chapel Roof. 120 -arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - contribution to the pageant on the restoration of Charles II . 192 Grocers’ Hall, Mayors’ banquets formerly given in. 180 - Commons’ Committee on the five impeached members met in . 191 Grosley, P. J., on the Giants. 95 Grove, Roger, fined and imprisoned by Star Chamber ... 130 Grove, William, at death-bed of Whittington. 53 Grymston, Captain, arraigned in Hall . 210 Gubald, land of . 10 Guildliala Teutonicorum .32, 33 Guildhall. See Hall. Guildhall Gate. 70 - statue of Queen Elizabeth at . 153 Guilds.24-28 Guillim's Dreadful. Burniny of London quoted ... 210,217 Gunmakers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber ... 177 Gurney, Sir Richard, entertained Charles I . 190 Guttenberg, sculptured head of, in New Library . 229 - represented in New Library Window. 232 Guy, Thomas, and his fortune . 225 Haberdashers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 04 - Window in Hall, given by ... . 89 -- give Window to Chapel. 126 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 Hablond, John de . 168 Hacon Ward . 17 Hadestok, Simon de. 167 Hadestok, William de . 168 Hadley, Sir John, Mayor . 118, 158, 159 Hadley Green, probable site of manor house on . 117 Hadrian, head of, found in Thames . 24S Hakenee, Benedict de . 16S Hale, John Hampden, member of Library Committee ... 231 Hale, Sir Matthew, portrait of . 79 Hale, Warren Stormes, name in Lancashire Window ... 85 - arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Ilalfehide, Jeremy, daughter of, City orphans. 227, 228 Hall, early notices of . 3, 44, 45 - mentioned in ancient deeds. 10 - part of land on which the first Hall was built given by Fitzreiner. 12 - a prison for Jews. 21 - formerly almost isolated . 22 - original meaning of the word Guildhall. 28 - antiquity of . 33 - original site of . 34, 109 - old entrance in Aldermanbury . 37 - Aldermanbury associated with .38, 39 - parochial marks in . 39 - partly in the Parish of St. Michael Bassishaw 39 - St. Laurence Jewry associated with. 39 - Corporation empowered to buy ground for ... 43 -- always stood on present site .. 48 INDEX. 283 Hall enlarged, 1326 . - enlarged, 1411 . - money raised for its enlargement, 1412-13 - free passage granted for materials for its en- PAGE 48 48-51 51 largement. - scavage devoted to its enlargement — Whittington’s Windows in. — bequests for its enlargement . — arms of Aldermen in Windows. — Windows examined for idolatrous figures — bequest of tapestry for. — Louvres on the Roof . — maps showing. — South Wall raised by Wren. — Sun-dials. — Vanes . — Windows. 62, 63, 72, 74, 75, 85-89, 254 — Mayor’s banquet first held in . 63.1S6 .66,67 . 66-68 . 70-73 . 73-77 52 52 52 52-54, 57 54 56 57 ... 57-61 ... 59-61 61 61 61 — appearance during Fire of 1666 . — Roof. — Porch . — Interior . — Dais. — dimensions compared with other large buildings — lighting. — Pavement . — Screen . — standard of length placed in . — appearance in 1708 . — trophies of the battle of Ramilles in. — portraits in . — Queen Victoria’s visits to . — statuary in . — Gog and Magog .89-95 — stalls for sale of goods in . 91, 224 — proposal to place Gerard’s Hall Crypt under- 76 76 76 76 76 77 77, 79 77-79 79, SO 79-84 neath. - rebuilt in 1411 . - statues from front of Chapel placed in - statues removed from . - portraits of William III and Mary, George III and Queen Charlotte, removed to the Mansion House - receptions and entertainments . - decorated for the reception of Charles II - State and other trials in . - injury caused by Fire of 1666 . 109 110 149 150 152 - references in two poems on the Fire to - rebuilding after the Great Fire. - cost of rebuilding after the Fire - Lotteries in . - exterior in 1882 . - Doorways. Hall-keeper, reversion to the appointment granted -house of . Hall’s Chronicles describe the coronation of Anne Boleyn Halliday, Sir Leonard, and the Council Chamber of 1614 - a judge at the trial of Henry Garnet . Halstede, Ralph de. Hamersley, Alderman, on committee for inspecting the Royal Exchange statues. - and the Council Chamber of 1614 . Hamilton, Duke of, a descendant of Beckford. 185-205 .. 192 205-212 212 215-217 218-220 223 224-226 .. 253 .. 254 .. 132 .. 14S 163 174 211 168 155 174 80 Hammack, H. L., member of Library Committee . Hamond, John. Hampden, John, flies to City on his impeachment. Hampton, Alderman William, to survey Chapel repairs... Hampton Court Hall, dimensions of. Handel, sculptured head of, in New Library . Hanford, Sir Humphrey, on committee for‘inspecting the Royal Exchange statues. - and the Council Chamber of 1614 . Hanhampstede, William de. Hansard, Octavius, on restoration of Hall. Hanse Merchants, house of the . - banished by Elizabeth. Hanseatic League and London trade. Harbours repaired by money raised by lottery. Harcourt, Sir William, on the Corporation of London ... Hare, Nicholas, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial Hariot, William, gift towards expense of Windows in Hall . - placed Louvres on the Roof of Hall. Harris, Henry, Window in the Hall, given by. Hartridge, William, member of Library Committee Harvest, Thomas . Harvey, sculptured head of, in New Library . Harvey, Sir Sebastian, and the Council Chamber of 1614 -account of . Harwood. Ralph, fined for marrying a City orphan. Haslerig flies to City on his impeachment. Hat Bandmakers’ Company, extinct since 1837 . Hatfield, John de . Hathfield, John de. Hatton’s Xnu Vino of London, gives account of Hall in 1708 . - refers to the giants . -describes Man’s tomb . - describes interior of Chapel. - describes Lightfoot’s tomb. - on statues from front of Chapel... 151 PAGE 231 168 191 126 77 229 155 174 170 68 32 32 32 225 iii 210 54 58 85 231 172 229 173 176 226 191 65 169 168 77 92 131 134 134 152 211 205 168 38 Ilaughton, Justice, a judge at the trial of Richard Weston Haunsart, Thomas, tried for assaulting the Lord Mayor Hautein, Walter . Hautpas, grant to Estfelde to erect a. Havilland, J. de. assists committee to place arms of Companies in New Library . 233 Hawkins, the denouncer of Sir Thomas Cooke. 208 Hawkwood, Sir John, included in Johnson’s Nine Worth ies of London . 181 Hayes, Sir Thomas, Mayor . 172 - a judge at the trial of Richard Weston . 211 Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, rode to Westminster on horse¬ back, 1710. 160 - arms and account of . 161 Heathcote, Sir John . 161 Hedresete, Nicholas de . 168 Heliogabalus and Lotteries. 224 Hellenes. King of the, entertained by the Corporation ... 196 Helyas, land of. 16 Hench boys . 198 Hende, Sir John, Mayor . 159 - a creditor of Henry V. 188 Henrietta Maria, statue from front of Chapel, identified as that of. 151. 152 284 INDEX. PAGE Henry I, mention of the word Ward in the charter of. to the Citizens. 15 - presenting charter, represented in Hall Window 8S Henry III, charter of. as to the election of Mayor. 10 - charter of, to Oxford .29, 30 - marriage of . 163 Henry IV, Londoners? supporters of . 4S - arms on Doorway of Hall . 73 Henry V grants free passage for materials used in enlarging Guildhall. 52 - entering London after Agincourt. represented in Hall Window . 89 - and his victories in France. 18S, 189 - entertained by Whittington. 189 Henry VI, Roger Bollingbrook arraigned for a con¬ spiracy against. 206 - arms on Porch . 34 , 70 - a giant took part in his reception . 94 Henry VII, statue of, placed at the Royal Exchange ... 153 Henry VIII, visited by Charles V, of Spain . 171 Henry, Prince, son of James I, statue from front of Chapel, possibly represents . 152 Hentzner’s description of Queen Elizabeth . 154 Herbert, Ward of . 19 Herbert, William, on the word “ Gild ” 27 - appointed Librarian . 229 Hercules, figure of, in Museum . 249 Herewartestoke, John . 199 Herford, Henry de. 16 S Herlewin, house of. 20 Herrick family. 174 Hever Castle, Kent, stairs at. 101 Heyrum, William . 16 S Heywood, Thomas, refers to Whittington in his Life of Queen Elizabeth . 54 -wrote pageants . 197 Higham Ferrers Church, head carved in oak at ... ... 99 Hille, Mr. and the Ironmongers’Pageant in 1566 . 19S Hipposandals in Museum . 245.246 Hodge, Henry, plans and drawings of Guildhall taken by i - drawing of exterior of Hall in 1882 . 253 Hogarth, Idle and Industrious Apprentices by . 182 - sculptured head of, in New Library. 229 Holbein, Hans, sculptured head of, in New Library ... 22!) Holbom Viaduct represented in Hall Window. 89 Hollar's View of London shows the Steelyard. 33 - his views of London described . 60 Hollis flies to City on his impeachment . 191 Holmby, Giants at. 94 Holme, John, held Chantry of Fanlore Chapel, Edmonton 115 Holt, Mr., clandestine marriage of a City orphan from the house of . 227 Holte, Stephen atte. 169 Holton, Alexander, clandestine marriage of the orphan daughter of . 227 Holy Trinity Priory . 21,264 - Prior of . 158,159 Hone, William, on Gog and Magog .90, 92 Honilane, Elias de. 167 Honorius, edict of, admonishing British towns to protect themselves. s Hooke, Mr., consulted on addition to Porch . 72 PAGE Hooke, Mr., to survey the City after the Great Fire ... 218 Hooper, J. K., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 Hore, William le . 169 Horn, Andrew, Chamberlain.30, 31 - and Liber Horn . 179 Horn, Edmund. 168 Horn, John, Sheriff. 178 Homblow, Sir James . 193 Hornere, Robert . 169 Horners’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber. 177 Horse-shoes in Museum. 245, 246 Horsham, Adam de. 42 “ Horshed,” tenement called. 114 Horton, Dr., his lodging in Gresham House appropriated for City officials after the Great Fire. 220 Hostellers, fines of. 51 - invited to contribute for Chapel Roof . 125 Hotot, Nicholas . 169 Houses, construction of. 24 Howard, Charles, Lord, a judge at the trial of Dr. Lopez 211 Howe. John, Organ-maker, pension granted to . 141 Howes, Groom, name in Lancashire Window . 85 Hubert, gate and land of . 16 Huggin Lane, tesselated pavements found in. 23 “ Huksters,” fines of . 51 Hulyn, executor of the will of William Bernewell. 125 Humphrey, John, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 167 Hundesdichs, Galfrid de. 16S Hundred and Tithing, origin of the . 6 Hunter, William, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court... 167 Hures, makers of . 64 Hurricane in 1091 . 23 Hustings Court . 10. 45, 75 - rolls of the . jj "Hwrers Ilettermerchantes ” contribute to build the Kitchen . 64 Ilyngestone, John de . 170 Ightham, Kent, Hall roof of the Mote at. 69 Illefostre, Roger . 40 Image Makers. 26 Incorporation of Guilds. 2S Inner Temple Hall, dimensions of . 77 Innholders’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 Insignia . 162, 163 Irish Chamber enlarged. 73 - repaired after Great Fire . 219 Ironmongers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen... 64 -arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - Pageant in honour of Sir William Draper 197, 198 Ironmongers’ Hall, not destroyed by the Great Fire ... 213 Isaacs, Henry Aaron, member of Library Committee ... 231 Isabel, Queen of Edward II, entertainments in honour of the birth of the son of . 186-188 Jackson, Isaac, marries a City orphan, but makes a settle¬ ment . Jacobson, Sir Jacob, married Anne, daughter of Sir Gilbert Heathcote . 227 161 INDEX. 285 PAGE James I, figure of, in front of Chapel. 134 - statue from front of Chapel identified as 151, 152 ... 175 that of. - entertained by Sir William Cockayne James II. portrait of the Duke of York mutilated - flight of . - attended Sir John Shorter’s banquet... Jeffreys, Chief Justice, tried Richard Baxter ... - married daughter of Sir T. Bludworth Jersey, Henry de, member of Library Committee . Jester. Jesus. Monogram I H S on Porch . - statue on Porch . 7 ] Jewry, early mention of Jewish occupancy . Jews, settlement in England. -persecution and expulsion of . - banished by Edward I. represented in Hall Window . - petitioning Cromwell, represented in Hall Window . Joanna of Navarre attends thanksgiving for the victory at Agincourt . John. King, charter as to the election of Mayor . - granted to the citizens the right of election of Sheriff . - grant of, to the Cologne merchants. John. King of France, his landing represented in Hall Window . - entertainment in honour of. John of Gaunt, represented in Lancashire Window John, Clerk of St. Laurence Jewry . John, son of Peter.. ... John, son of Half, son of Eurard, land of. Johnson, Dr., quoted . - on the word “ Gild ” . Johnson, John, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... Johnson. Thomas, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court Johnson’s Xinc Worthies of London quoted . Joiners’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. -arms in New Council Chamber. - arms in New Library Window . Jolles, Sir John, and the Council Chamber of 1614... 17 - account of . Jones, Sir F., Mayor, and the Council Chamber of Kil l... Jones, Sir Horace, constructs New Roof of Hall . - built New Council Chamber . - built New Library and Museum. 23 Jones, Richard Lambert, and the formation of the Library Jonson, Ben, appointed Chronologer. - His Devil's an ass quoted . Jordan, Thomas, a pageant writer . Jordan, Thomas, City Mason. Judges, portraits of, formerly in Hall . Jury in Throckmorton’s trial committed to prison ... Justice, figure of, on Porch. Justiciars, citizens given liberty to elect . Juvenal on the use of candles . Kebell, Alderman, fined by Star Chamber. Kelly, Thomas, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... Kelwedon. William de . 78 193 202 211 218 231 204 70 72 17 17 21 87 87 160 10 10 33 PAGE Kelynge, Sir John, portrait of . 79 Kennett on the election of Sheriffs in 1082 . 224 Kent, arms of the county of, in Hall Window. 87 Kentish Hall in Blackwell Hall. 147 Key, Sir John, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 100 Iveyley, Henry de . 167 King Street ordered to be made . 219, 221 Kirkeby, William, Rector of St. John, Walbrook, gift of Henry Barton to . Kitchen . Kueysworth, Sir Thomas, fined by Star Chamber . - tomb in Chapel . - tomb repaired by John Bullock. Knight, Sir H. Edmund, arms in Aldermen’s Court. Knight, William . Knighton, Henry, describes ladies riding to a tournament Knights, English Guild of . Knolles. See Knowles. Knotte, Richard . Knoville, Roger . Knowles, Margery, married John Chichele . Knowles, Sir Thomas, Mayor, monument to . - represented in Hall Window . - arms and crest in Window of Mayor’s Court ... and the second election of Whittington 123 63-66 130 130 141 167 169 99 21 ... 108 ... 168 ... 121 49 8S ... 117 158,159 Knyvett, Sir Anthony, Lieutenant of the Tower, and Anne Askew . 209 80 Kyme, Master . 209 188 Kyngestone, John de . ... 170 85 Kyrkby, John, King’s Treasurer. 43 40 168 19 Lacels, John, and Anne Askew . ... 209 ii Lacer. Richard. . 115, 168 27 La Chausse’s Grand Cabinet Remain gives example of 107 lamp-trimmers. . ... 245 100 Lambert on statues from front of Chapel... 151 181 Lambert, Richard, Sheriff . 131 05 Lambeth Palace, Chapel defaced. ... 55 177 - dimensions of the Hall. . ... 77 233 Lambethe, Richard de . . ... 16S 173 Lamp-trimmers in Museum. . ... 245 170 Lamps in Museum. . 244, 245 173 Lancashire operatives, Window in Hall given by ... 85 08 Lancastrian Kings, arms on Window in Hall ... 75 170 Land acquired by the wealthy burgesses ... ... 12 232 Langbourne Ward . . ... 15 228 - early representatives of . . ... 10 S 204 Langland’s Vision of Piers Plowman, spelling of Mayor 204 in . . ... 9 197 Langley, Sir John, account and pedigree of 130, 131 219 Lappenberg on Guilds . . 27 -79 Lares et Penates, specimens of, in Museum . ... 249 210 Latoner, Roger. . ... 170 . 72 Laud’s account of damage done to Lambeth Chapel ... 55 157 Laurie, Sir Peter, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 166 245 Law, figure of, on Porch . . ... 71 ,72 Lawrence, Sir J. C., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 167 Lawrence, Thomas. . 174 130 Lawrence, William, alterations in Hall during his 106 Mayoralty. ... 74 108 -name in Lancashire Window 85 NN 286 INDEX. PAGE Lawrence, William, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 1(17 Lea’s plan shows Louvre on Hall Roof . 59 Lead, grant of, for the Guildhall. 48 Leadenhall, possibly the residence of the Prastor . 5 -used as a Court of Justice. 5 Leadenhall Market, Roman remains found on site of ... 5,236 Learning, figure of, on Porch .71, 72 Leate, Nicholas, on committee for inspecting the Royal Exchange.statues . 155 - and the Council Chamber of 1614 174 Leather work in Museum . 250, 251 Leathersellers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 64 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library . 229 - arms in New Libraiy 'Window . 233 Leathersellers’ Hall not destroyed by the Great Fire ... 213 Leda and the Swan, terra cotta figure of, in Museum ... 250 Lee, Geoffrey atte, rents held by Margaret, widow of 113,114 Legge, Thomas, arms and accoimt of. 164 Leggy, Thomas . 115,168 Lely, Sir Peter, portraits painted by. 78 Leman, Sir John, and the Council Chamber of 1614 ... 173 - accoimt of . 176 Lemman, John. 169 Leofstane, Provost. 37, 265 Leopold, Prince, Freedom presented to . 196 Leuric the Provost, land of. 16, 37, 38 Leuric, William, land held by .35, 37 Levelife, John. 169 Levett, Sir Richard, subscribed for entertainment to William III . 203 Lewis, Sir John, daughters of, City orphans . 227 Lewis, Prof. T. Hayter, on restoration of Hall. 68 Libraries, destruction of, in the 16th century. 128 Library . 126-130 - built by Whittington . 53 Library. New . 22S-234 - inaugurated . 196 - cost of . 229 - fireplaces. 229, 230 - inscription on Foundation Stone . 231 - Windows. 232, 233 - number of volumes in. 234 Library Committee Room . 230, 231 Library Staircase, statues placed on . 150 - Window on . 234 Lichesfeld, Thomas de, chirograph concerning an annual rent of three-pence. 262 Lichfield, William, executor of John Carpenter . 127 Lieutenancy, Commissioners of, Pepys summoned to attend meeting of the . 192 Lightfoot, Catharine, monument in Chapel . 134 Lightfoot, William, tomb in Chapel . 134 Lightfoot family, arms of . 134 Lighting of Hall . 76 - of streets first organised . 125 Lilly, describes knife hafts made of the stones of Charing Cross. 55 Lime Street Ward, early representatives of . 168,169 Limemen contribute to build the Kitchen . 65 Lincoln College, Oxford. Louvre on the Roof of . 59 PAGE Lincoln’s Inn Hall, dimensions of . 77 Lindfield Church, Sussex, piers in . 97 Linendrapers contribute to build the Kitchen. 65 Linmeus, sculptured head of. in New Library. 229 Liripipc, an article of costume . 99 Little Ease, prisons for unruly apprentices, called. 182 Littleton, Sir Timothy, portrait of . 79 Liured, Ward of . 19 Liverpool, dimensions of St. George's Hall, at. 76 Livery Companies.24, 28 - incorporation and development of . 48 - begin to erect Halls . 50 -grants of the, for extension of Guildhall, 1411 50 - Mayors’ banquets given in their Halls ... 63, 186 - contribute to build the Kitchen.64, 65 - arms on Porch . 70 - arms on frieze of Hall. 74 - arms of twelve great Companies in Lancashire Window . 85 - contribute for Chapel Roof .125, 126 - and the elections of Mayors and Sheriffs. 16.1 - arms and representations in New Council Chamber . 177 - arms in New Library *. 229 - arms in New Library Windows. 233 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Living the Deacon, land of. 16 Llanthony Priory, property in Gloucester belonging to... 252 Loaf eater, servant called . IS Locke, sculptured head of, in New Library . 229 Lodelawe, Lady Joanna, receives a chest from Lady Cecily Banquelle . 144 Loftie, W. J., denies that London is the capital . 4 Londesborough, Lord, Roman horse-shoe in the col¬ lection of. 246 londini quod reliquum quoted . 215, 216 London, early importance of . 4 - called Augusta . 5 - Roman remains found in .5, 235-250 - separate jurisdiction of the City. 6 - institutions identical with those of Rome ... 7 -its government practically unchanged . 10 - Barons of . 12 - former picturesque aspect of . 22 - fire in 1666 . 22, 23, 212-223 - fire in 981 23 - hurricane in 1091. 23 - paucity of buildings in. 23 - fires in 1077, 1092, and 1135. 24 - rights of Oxford identical with those of.29-32 - its trade a monopoly of the Hanseatic League 32 - maps of .59-61 - epigram on its growth. 61 - rebuilding by Alfred the Great, represented in Lancashire Window . 85 London Bridge burnt, 1135 . 24 - burnt, 1212 44 - revenues levied on, for enlarging Guildhall ... 51 -Chichele’s bequest for. 57 - represented in Hall Window . 88 - holding a Joust on, 1395, represented in Hall Window . 88 INDEX. 287 London. See of, arms on Bosses in Eastern Crypt . London and Middlesex Archaeological Society suggest Companies’ arms in New Library. Longbow Stringmakers’ Company, extinct since 1837 ... Longe, John le. Longo-bardic style of writing . Lopez, Dr. Roger, tried for treasonable intentions against Queen Elizabeth . Lord Mayor. See Mayor Lord Mayor’s Fool. Lord Mayor’s Show. - giants carried in . Lorimer, definition of a. Loriners’ Company, and the word Lorimer - contribute to build the Kitchen. - arms in New Council Chamber. - arms in New Library Staircase Window PAGE 93 233 G5 169 137 211 Lothbury, derivation of the word . Lott. Thomas, on the statues from Porch. - suggests placing Gerard’s Hall Crypt under Guildhall . Lotteries in the Hall Louthe, Alderman William. Sheriff Louvain, Giant at ... Louvres . Lovehow. John, executor of Robert Chichele . Lowe, Sir Thomas, Mayor . Lucas, M. P.. used copies of the Giants in his procession - arms in Window in the Aldermen’s Court ... 204 196-205 91, 93, 94 16 16 65 ... 177 ... 234 36 73 Lucas, Stephen. Ludgate and Newgate Ward, early representatives of Lumbard. John . Lupus, Martin. Lusbert, land of . Lusk, Sir A., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court... Lycett, Sir Francis, name in Lancashire Window ... Lyons, Roman inscription at. Lyouns, Thomas . Lysons, Rev. S., on the Whittington sculpture Museum . .. 109 224-226 158,159 91 .. 57-61 57 .. 172 94 166 168 167 169 168 17 167 26 ... 169 in 251.252 McArthur, Sir William, arms in Aldermen’s Court. 167 MacDougall, Archibald, Window in Hall given by. 86 Mace .6, 162, 163 Machyn's Diary notes custom of carrying the Giants in processions . '*2 - gives account of services in the Chapel . 141 -describes execution of Peckham and Daniel ... 20S - describes trials in the Hall. 209, 210 Mackenzie, Frederick, drawing of Gerard’s Hall Crypt by 109 Madefrey, Nicholas. 170 Madour, Roger. 770 Magdalen Tower, Oxford, grotesque ornaments on.98, 99 Magnay, Sir William, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court 167 - baronetcy conferred on. K)4 Magnus II of Denmark landing, represented in Hall Window . ? r ’ Magog. 77,89-9o Maitland’s London gives view of Hall . 61 -describes Chapel . I'*" 2 Maitland's London on statues from front of Chapel Makers of Playing Cards Company, arms in New Council Chamber . Malcolm’s Londinium Redivivum gives view of Hall - wrongly attributes the Beckford monument to Bacon . - describes a Lord Mayor’s Show. PAGE 151 177 62 80 197 Malet, William, land held by. 19 Maleverer, Sir Henry, included in Johnson’s X/no Worthies of London . 181 Malines, giant at . 91 Man, William, Swordbearer, arms and tomb in Chapel 131,132 Manchester Assize Courts, dimensions of the Great Hall... 77 Manhale, Robert . 169 Mansion House, portraits removed from Hall to .79,152 Mansur a. meaning of ... 18 Maps showing Guildhall and neighbourhood .59-61 Marchaunt, John, house held by. 71 Mareschal, Alexander . 169 Margaret, sister of Henry YI, rode through City on her way to Flanders . 208 Margaret of Anjou, statue from front of Chapel possibly represents. 152 Mars, figure of, in Museum. 249 Marshal, Symon . 173 Marshall, Sir Chapman, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court. ••• 166 Martin, land held by . 18 Martin the Arbalester, house of. 42 Mary, Queen, her reception in City after her marriage ... 190 - visit to City on occasion of Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion . 190 Mary, Consort of William III, portrait of. 77, 79, 152 - statue from front of Chapel identified as that of . 152 Maryns, Thomas de, Chamberlain . 48 - repairs Cripplegate Gate . 144 Mason, Thomas, Chaplain and Librarian . 126 Masons’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen.• 64, 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Massinger's City Madam, reference to the Lord Mayor in 162 Mathew, John, annual service in memory of . 139 May, Richard, contributor to rebuilding Blackwell Hall... 146 - to survey the City after the Great Fire . 218 Mayfield, Sussex, roof of Archbishop’s Palace at . 69 Maynard, Master, Sheriff, Giants carried in his procession 92 Mayor .156-164 - preceded by the Prefect . 6 - medium of communication between the King and the Citizens . 6 - derivation and various spellings of the word ... 9 - chosen by the Barons of the City . 10 - Common Seal carried by . 12 - Butler at coronation feasts.29. 163,190 - office of, suspended. - presides over Hustings Court . - banquet first held in Hall . - election of . -service in Chapel before the election... . - seat in Chapel. - to attend service in the Chapel 43 45 63,186 75 119,158 135,142 .. 141 NN 2 ; Mills, Mr., to find accommodation for the Law Courts Milton, John, sculptured head of, in Xew Library represented in Xew Library Window Mithras, worship of. Mold, added to the Common Seal . Moneyer, office of . Monox, George, fined for not serving the office of Mayor Monson, Sir Thomas, tried for the murder of Overbury... Montague, Sir Henry, Recorder, his arms to be set up in the Council Chamber of 10If . - a judge at the trial of Richard Weston . Montefiore, Sir Moses, Window in Hall given by . - knighted. Montfaucon’s Anti quite exjflique gives example of lamp- trimmers . Montreuil, Abbey of St. Sauve of. 173 211 87 19-1 215 11 Mayor’s Court, Whittington’s Windows in... description of a Window in foundation laid . portraits removed from Hall to ... Mayoralty, inauguration of the ... - limited to a year . - influence of the Portreeve prior to the institu tion of the. Seal of the . Mazeliner, Ralph le. Mazeliner, William le, Coroner ... Mazener, William le . Measure Yard . Meat Market, Smithfield, represented in Hall Window Medical Congress, conversazione given to. Medical practitioners in attendance at lotteries Medley Hall in Blackwell Hall . Meinbod, land of . Mercers’ Company, the foremost Guild .. ... - contribute to build the Kitchen. - contribute for Chapel Roof. - arms and trade represented in Xew Council Chamber . Mercers’ Hall . Merchant Guilds . Merchant Taylors’ Company, arms and trade represented in Hew Council Chamber Merewether, Henry A., error in his History of the Porouyhs, etc. Metropolitan Board of Works presents collection of Roman remains . Michel, Francisque, on a Roman sculpture at Bordeaux Middle Temple Hall, dimensions of Middlesex arms in Xew Library ... Middleton, Sir Hugh . 172, 171 Middleton, Sir Thomas, and the Council Chamber of Hill . 171-171 - his arms to be set up in the Chamber . 173 - account of . 171 Middleton, Thomas. 196 - held office of Chronologer . 201 Middleton family . 172 Milbourne, George. 116 Milites stationarii . 6 Milk Street, rent of house iu . 13 Mills, Mr., to survey the City after the Great Fire. 218 Monuments in Chapel . Moon, Sir F. G., arms in Window in Aldermen's Court ... Moore, Mr., executed monument to Beckford . Moore, Sir John . Moorfields, boggy nature of soil in . - given by the Finnes family to the City . Mordocke, John, pension paid to. More Prebendary, quit rent due to . More, Sir Thomas, spells Mayor, Mu ire . - place of, at the coronation of Anne Boleyn ... Morgan, Judge, death of . Morgan’s Prospect of London shows Hall. Morley, William, name in Lancashire Window. Morning star, Gog’s weapon called a. Mortier’s Profit dela Villc de Land res shows Hall and St. Laurence's Church ... Morton, Sir William, portrait of Moses, figure of, on Porch ... Mosse, Mr., Comptroller. Motun, Hugo . Mountague, Mr., had charge of stone coffin . Munday, Anthony, and the pageants written by him Municipal Authorities entertained by Corporation ... Munioipia . Museum . Musgrove, Sir John, arms in Window in Aldermen's Court . Musicians’ Company, arms in Xew Council Chamber Xares quotes verses on the Giants in his Glossary . Xasinges, Roger of, and his wife, chirograph between, concerning an annual rent of one penny . - translation of the chirograph . JYautcv . JYdvicularii . Xeedle Makers’ Company, arms in Xew Council Chamber Xelson, Viscount, monument in Hall to . Xero and lotteries . Xetherlands, cloth trade with the Xeubery, John de . Xeue, John le. Xeuport, William de . Xeve, Oliver . Hevill, Mr., marries a City orphan but makes a settlement. 130-13-1 ... 167 80 .. 224 23 36 ... 140 ... 113 9 .. 163 .. 207 61 85 90 59 79 72 56 .. 168 .. 137 176, 197 .. 196 6 234-251 167 177 93 259 261 26 26 177 82, S3 224 146 169 169 169 43, 44 225 INDEX. New College Chapel, Oxford, Angels represented in ... Newcastle, Duke of. a descendant of Beckford. Newcourt’s Map shows Louvre on Hall Iloof Newerk. Prior of, tenement belonging to. Newgate built by 'Whittington . - ordered to be repaired after the Great Fire ... •-mal-practices of the Keeper of. Newton, sculptured head of, in New Library Nichols, J. B.. on Guildhall and Edward the Confessor... - on Porch. - on Sir William Stewart’s monument in the Chapel . - on Chapel in 1819. - on statues from front of Chapel . - on the Council Chamber of 1614 . Nichols, John Gough, on Guilds. - possessed copy of the Adventures of Gogmagog and. Corineus . - on the Giants. Nicomedia. Corporation of Smiths at. Norbury, John, a creditor of Henry Y . Norden, John, on Sir Thomas Charlton’s tomb. Norden, Robert, his plan shows Louvre on Hall Roof ... Norfolk, Duke of, escapes execution by the death of Henry VIII . Norfolk, Mowbray, Duke of, arms granted to. Noriot, land of. North, Sir Francis, portrait of . Northampton, John de. Northamptone, Henry de . Northumberland Alley, Fenchurch Street, pitcher found in Northwick, Peter de . Nortune, land of . Notibia, London called Augusta in the . Nottage, G. S., arms in Aldermen’s Court. Nowell. Dr., in Heywood’s Life, of Queen Elizabeth . Odo, land of . Odyliam, Richard, Chamberlain. 18, Offley, Martha, a City orphan, marriage of . Ogilby, John, resolution approving his map . - account of . - resolution to protect his Survey . Old Fold, the property of the Frowyke family. Oldgrave, Sir Thomas, accused of treason. Oliver, Robert. Oliver’s Summary of Ground stalled out after the Great Fire Olney, John, appointed to survey rebuilding of Chapel... Operarius , a name for a farm labourer . Oriel College, Oxford, Louvre on the Roof of . Orphans’ Court. 226- Orphans’ Fund devoted to public purposes . Orridge’s Citizens and Rulers , error in . Osbert Dringepinne. -Ward of . Osbert Masoulus, land of . Osbert, the Treasurer, land of . Osegodeby, Alan . Osekyn, Alderman John. Vintner . Osney Abbey, mention of the Mayor of Oxford, in con¬ nection with . 289 PAGE Osney Abbey, gift of land in Aldermanbury .34-36 - charters referring to . 260-263 Overall, W. H., and the Account of the Guildhall . iii - Catalogue of Sculpture. Paintings, etc . 82 - appointed Librarian . 229 - compiles Catalogue of the Exhibition at the opening of New Library. 232 - arranges and classifies Museum. 241 Overbury, Sir Thomas, murder of . 211 . Overton’s Map shows Louvre on Hall Roof . 59 Owden, Sir T. S., arms in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Oxenford, John de, Mayor, property transferred to. 42 - dies during his term of office . 158 Oxford, jurisdiction of its officials unaffected by the Conquest . jq - Mayor . io -Mayor acts as Butler at coronation feasts ... 28, 30 - Merchant Guild at.28-32 —- Hustings Court at. 29 - Mayor to be presented to the Barons of Exchequer. 29 - charter of Henry III to .29, 80 -claims same privileges as London .29-32 — dimensions of Christ Church Hall . 77 -Sir Thomas White founded St. John’s College 210 Oxford, Robert le Ver, Earl of, charter concerning a rent of five shillings . 263 Padua, dimensions of the Palazzo della Ragione at ... 76 Pagan, land held by . 13 Page, Walter . 1 G 9 Pageants. 196-204 I -giants carried in . 92 I - given by the Guild to which a new Mayor belonged . 10 G Painter Stainers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen . 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Palcy’s Manual of Gothic Mouldings, gives example of an engaged pier . 97 - again quoted. 105 Palgrave, the, entertained by Sir John Swynnerton ... 175 Palmere, Gilbert . 170 Palmere, Henry . 169 Palmere, William . 168 Pannarii separate from the C'issores . 6 Papworth. J. W., on restoration of Hall . 68 Paris, Matthew, his account of the fire of 1212. 24 Parish Churches, number of.21,22 Parish Clerks’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber 177 Parishes .22, 23 Parker, J. Henry, on restoration of Hall .68, 69 Parker, Thomas . 169 Parochial marks in Hall. 39 Parole, Edward, Ward of . 18 Parys, Simon de, Chamberlain . 179 Passeluuet, land held by the son of . 20 Patou. Walter. 182 Patten Makers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber 177 PAGE 100 SO 59 114 53 218 222 229 33 70 133 136 152 172 28 91 94 25 188 116 59 206 97 16 79 168 169 250 42 18 5 167 54 19 118 226 222 223 223 117 208 187 265 120 IS 59 -228 228 43 19 20 17 20 169 115 11 290 INDEX. PAGE Paul’s Cross, youth of London swearing fealty at, 1259, represented in Hall Window. 88 Paumer, Richard le. 168 Paumer, Robert le. 167 Pauntley, Gloucestershire, birthplace of Whittington ... 251 Paviours’ Company, extinct since 1837 . 65 Payn, William. 170 Pead, Mr., and the Hall decorations for the reception of Charles II. 192 Pearson, Mrs. Charles, presents portrait of Sir James Shaw, painted by herself . 182 Pecche, John . 169 Peckham, Sir Edmund . 207 Peckham, Henry, tried and executed for high treason 207,208 Peckham, Sir Robert . 207 Pecok, Reginald, executor of John Carpenter. 127 Peele, George . 196,199 - pageant of 1585, written by . 199-202 Peete, Robert, token of. 71 Pele, Mr., and the Ironmongers’ Pageant in 1556 . 198 Pemberton, Sir James, and the Council Chamber of 1614 172,173 - account of . 175 Pencriche, John, house granted to . 71 Pennant wrongly attributes the Beckford monument to Bacon. 80 - on the service before the Lord Mayor's banquet 140 Pennington, Sir Isaac, Mayor .55, 56 Penshurst Hall, Kent . 50 Pepys, Samuel, summoned to attend meeting of the Commissioners of Lieutenancy . 192 - describes a dinner in the Hall . 192,193 - on sailors as witnesses in a Court of Law ... 212 -does not specially refer to the destruction of the Hall in 1666 214 - on the conduct of Sir Thomas Bludworth during the Great Fire . 217, 218 - refers to the formation of King Street . 222 Persia, Shah of, entertained by Corporation . 196 Peshall’s History of Oxford quoted . 11 Pessemeres, John de . 42 Peter, son of Walter, heirs of .40, 41 Pewterers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 64 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 -arms in New Library Window . 233 Phalaise, John de . 187 Philip of Spain, Giants took part in his reception. 94 - unpopularity of the marriage of Queen Mary with . 190 Philip, the Sellarius (Saddler) .40, 41 Philippa, Queen, at a tournament in Cheap . 112 Philips, R. N., member of Library Committee. 231 Phillips, Sir B. S., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court... 167 Philosophy, school of, represented in Public Reading Room Window. 231 Picard, Sir Henry, receiving five Kings, represented in Hall Window . 86 - feasting four Kings, 1363, represented in Hall Window . 88 Pickett, William, account of, and his Public Imj/rovc- mcnts quoted . 135 Pidding & Co.’s Lottery Office . 225 PAGE Pike, Thomas, grants his scavage for enlarging Hall ... 52 Pilgrims’ Signs in Museum. 250 Pilkington, Sir Thomas. 224 Pinker, Friar . 186 Pinmakers’ Company, extinct since 1837 . 65 Pirie, Sir John, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 Piscina in Eastern Crypt . 102 Pitchard, Sir Henry, included in Johnson's Xhic Worthies of London . 181 Pitt, Right Hon. William, monument in Hall to .83, S4 Plantagenent Kings, arms in Window in Hall . 75 Plasterers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Plato represented in Public Reading Room Window ... 231 Plautius, Aulus, first Roman Piaetor. 5 Plebiscite! . 15 Plumbers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Poictiers, entertainment in commemoration of the victory at. 188 Police, the militcs stationarii precursors of the . 6 Polle, Alderman Thomas, Sheriff. 158. 159 Pomona, terra cotta figure of, in Museum. 250 Pontearch, William de, land held by.„ . 19 Pope’s Nuncio attended Sir John Shorter’s banquet ... 203 Popham, Sir Francis, daughter of Sir Sebastian Harvey, married John, son of . 176 Popham, Sir John, a judge at the trial of Henry Garnet 211 Populonia, heads on coins of. 99 Porch of Hall.70-73 Porteman, Sir William, a Commissioner for Throck¬ morton’s trial . 210 Portgrave, office of. 9 Port Meadow, mentioned in Doomsday . 10 Port-mole, mentioned in ancient deeds . 10 Portraits formerly in Hall . 77-79, 152 Port-reeve, the, originally a nominee of the King. lo - derivation of the word. ] 1 - influence of, prior to the institution of the Mayoralty. ] 1 Portsoken Ward . 21 - early representatives of . 168.169 Poter, Edmund le, house of. 42 Poteral, Richard, elected Chamberlain . 179 Poterel, Richard . 497 Potkyn, Joan, arms of . 131 Potter, John le. 168 Potter, Laurence le. 168 Pottery in Museum. 242-244. 250 Potyn, Thomas. 4(59 Poulterers, riot between the Fishmongers and the. 205 Poulters’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 -arms in New Council Chamber. 477 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Pountfreyt, Alderman Henry, Sheriff. 453 . 159 Pmj’ositus, office of . 44 Presses . g Praetor of Britain . 5 Pratt, Mr., to survey the City after the Great Fire. 218 Preface . INDEX. Prefect, his duties identical with those of the Mayor - term of office limited . Prefecture . Prefet dc Vi lie equivalent to the Roman Prcfcctus . Prentice, Thomas, elected Bridge Keeper. Preston, Robert de. Prestone, John, Recorder . Prestone, Richard de, work at the Chapel and at the Chepe done by. Price, J. E„ on committee to place arms of Companies in Xew Library . Price, Richard, petition of his children to have some jewels given up to them. Prieke’s South Prospect of London, shows Hall. Printing, its introduction into England represented in Xew Library Window . Proby. Alderman, and the Council Chamber of 1(>H - account of . PAGE 6 (5 6 11 180 168 158 112 233 227 59 Proby, Mr., and Samuel Pepys . Proffyt, John, elected Chamberlain . Provost, office of . Prutfot, Gillebert. land of . Pui, brethren of the . Pulpit to be built in place of St. Paul’s Cross ... Pulteney, Sir John de, Mayor . Purcell, sculptured head of, in Xew Library ... Puttenham’s Arte of English Poesie mentions custom of carrying the Giants in processions . Pycot, John . Pycot, Roger . Pycott, Xicholas, elected Chamberlain . Pykeman, Adam . Pykeman, Robert . Pym flies to City on his impeachment . Pynson represented in Xew Library Window . Pythagoras represented in Public Reading Room Window ... 232 ... 174 ... 175 192,193 ... 180 11 17 ... Ill ... 55 30, 31,168 ... 229 92 169 170 179 168 168 191 232 231 Queen’s Bench Court, portraits removed from HaH to ... 79 Queenhithe Ward, Parishes in . 22 - early representatives of . 167,169 Ragenhild, land of. 19 Rahere's Dream represented in Hall Window . 86 Rainsford, Sir Richard, portrait of . 79 Raleigh, Sir Walter, a frequenter of Sir Hugh Middleton’s shop . 174 - sculptured head of, in Xew Library. 229 Ralph, son of Algod, Ward of . 20 Ralph the goldsmith, land of . 18 Ralph’s wife, land of .. ... 19 Rameseye, William de . 170 Ramilles, trophies of the battle of .77, 79 Ramsey Monastery, bequest to . 45 Rannulf, land held by . ... 18 Rannulf Parvus, land held by . 20 Rannulf the Canon, land held by. 17 Raphael’s School of Philosophy copied in Public Reading Room Window. 231 PAGE 229 224 161 7,8 Ray, sculptured head of, in Xew Library. Raymond, Sir Jonathan. Rayner, Christopher, Sir Gilbert Heathcote married Hester, daughter of. Raynouard’s Histoire du Droit Municipal cn France quoted . Raynton, Alderman, on committee for inspecting the Royal Exchange statues. 155 - and the Council Chamber of 1614 . 174 Reading, Guildhall at, referred to as Yield Hall . 28 Reading Room, Public . 231 Receptions and entertainments . 186-196 Reed, Sir Charles, member of Library Committee . 231 Deg't ones . 14 Reimund, Ward of. 19 Renery, Richard, and his gift to Osney Abbey.34-36 Renger, Richard, Mayor . 36 Repositories . 233 Requests, Court of. 142 148 Reyner, Richard, son of, charter concerning an annual rent of eight shillings . 260 - translation of the charter . 261 Reynolds, Frederick, describes a visit to Major Topham 165 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, portrait of Thomas Tomp kins by 182 Reynwell, John, Mayor. 71 Rich, Master, and Anne Askew. .. 209 Richard I and Oxford . 29 - granting charter represented in Hall Window 88 Richard II. extortionate demands of. 48 Richard III, statue of, placed at the Royal Exchange ... 153 Richardson, John, pension paid to . 140 Rilerghe, Thomas, pension paid to . 140 Riley on stone coffin . 433 Rislepe, Roger de . 43 Robert, Abbot of St. Sauve and St. Guingualceus of Montreuil. 40 Robert, brother of Fulcred, land held by. 19 Robert, son of Berner, land held by . 20 Robert, son of Gosbert, land held by. .. 20 Robert, son of William, son of Terri, land of . 19 Roberts, Edward, report on the Roof of the Hall . 67 - on restoration of Hall. (J 8 Roberts, Sir Walter. 225 Robinson, Sir Leonard, Chamberlain. 193 Robynson, Rowland, pension paid to. 140 Roche, Henry atte. 169 Roger, Master, tried for treason and sorcery . 206 Rogers, Robert, pension paid to . 140 Rokele, John de la, payment to, for work at the Chepe... 112 Rokesley, Sir Gregory de, Mayor .12, 43, 168 - suspended from office by Edward I . 157 -acted as Coroner and Chamberlain as well as Mayor. 179 Rokesley, Sir Richard de . 43 Rokesley, Robert de . 42, 43, 168 Rokesley, Roger de. 43 Rolf, son of Li viva. 18 - Ward of . 18 Roman aristocracy, its contempt for trade . 11 Roman Britain in the third century. 7 Roman government of Britain . 5 Roman remains found in London . 5 ' 292 INDEX. PAGE Roman remains found in France. 26 - in Museum . 235-250 Roman roads lead to London . 4 Roman soldier, statue of, in Museum. 237, 23S Roman wall, erection of, represented in Hall Window ... 88 Rome, institutions identical with those of London. 7 - dimensions of S. Maria degli Angeli at . 76 - lotteries in . 224 Romeneye, John de. 169 Romney, Sir William, and the Council Chamber of 1614 172 Romulus and Remus, story of, represented on coins and a Samian howl in Museum . 243 Roof of Chapel, companies invited to contribute for ... 125 -of Hall . 66-68 - of Library Committee Room . 230 - of New Council Chamber . 177 - of New Library . 229 Rose, Sir W. Anderson, name in Lancashire Window ... 85 - arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, presents Window for Public Reading Room. 231 Rouen, Jews of, come to London. 17 - Henry V’s entry into . 189 Royal arms on Porch . 79 - on entrance to Blackwell Hall. 144 - in New Library . 229, 230 Royal badges in New Library Windows . 233 Royal Exchange, statues in. 153-156 - opened by the Queen . 194 Rugges’ Diurnal records long duration of Great Fire ... 217 Russell, Elias, Mayor . 157, 179 Russell, John . 169 Russia, arms of, on Bosses in Eastern Crypt . 98 - Emperor of, entertained by Corporation. 196 Ryder, Sir William, and the Council Chamber of 1614 ... 172 Ryther’s Map shows Hall and St. Laurence’s Church ... 5!) Rywos, Sir Richard . 220 Saddlers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - arms in Window in Hall . 85 - spectators of Edward Vi’s coronation procession 86 - arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Window . 233 Saddlers’ Hall represented in Window in Hall. 86 - examination of Anne Askew at. 209 St. Andrew, and Church of, represented in Ilall Window 89 St. Antholin’s Church, monument to Knowles in . 49 St. Bartholomew, vision of, to Rahere, represented in Hall Window . 86 St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, quit rent due to the Prior and Convent of. 113 St. Bartholomew’s Hospital partly built by Whittington 53 St. Bennet Sherehog . 23 St. Bride, and Church of, represented in Hall Window 89 St. Catherine represented in Hall Window . 89 St. Dunstan, and Church of, represented in Hall Window 89 St. Dunstan’s in the East, parochial boundary of . 22 St. Edmund, Fulco de . 168 St. Faith’s Church, booksellers stored their stock during Great Fire in . 213, 214 PAGE St. George, Cross of. 163 St. George's Chapel. Oxford Castle, and Osney Abbey 35 St. Helen represented in Hall Window. 89 St. James’s Church, Duke Place, Sir Edward Barkham a benefactor of . 176 St. Jerome on Cherubim . 10U St. John, eagle of, on Porch. 70 St. John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, represented in Hall Window 88 St. Lawrence Jewry, Church of .17, 23 - churchyard of. 22 - Church rebuilt after the Fire . .. 23 - associated with Guildhall . 39 - early history of . 40 - Advowson of, granted to Balliol College. 42 - vicarage house of, bought by Corporation ... 43, 44 - shown in maps . 59 - monuments from Chapel moved to . 133, 135 St. Lawrence Pountney’s Church shown in Pricke’s Prospect of London . 60 St. Lo. Normandy, a pier at. 105 St. Luke, bull of, on Porch . 70 St. Mark, lion of, on Porch . 70 St. Martin dividing his cloak, represented in a pageant 203, 204 St. Martin Pomary. 23 St. Mary Aldermanbury, churchyard of . 22 St. Mary Colechurch . 23 St.-Mary-le-Bow, roof of Church blown off . 23 St. Mary without Bishopsgate, quit rent due to the Prior and Convent of. 113 St. Mary Magdalen and All Saints, Chapel dedicated to 110 St. Mary Oseney, Abbey of .34, 35 St. Mary’s Church, Southwark, burnt, 1135 24 St. Mary’s Hall, Coventry . 50 St. Mathew, angel of, on Porch . 70 St. Michael Bassishaw, churchyard of . 22 - identical with Bassishaw Ward. 22 - Guildhall partly in the Parish of . ... 39 St. Michael, Wood Street, Church of, reared upon Roman walls. 23 St. Nicholas represented in Hall Window. 89 St. Nicholas Aeon . 17 - Church of, destroyed in 1666 17 St. Olave, Hart Street, earlier building on its site. 235 St. Olave Jewry, Church of. 17 St. Pancras, Soper Lane. 23 St, Paul, figures of, on the Common Seal and the Seal of the Mayoralty.13, 229 - short sword in City Arms emblematical of ...- 14 -sword of on Crypt Bosses . 98 St. Paul’s Cathedral, lands belonging to, in the twelfth century .15-21 -land of the Dean of . 16 - burnt, 1135 24 - as a sanctuary for criminals . 47 - in Hollar’s View . 60 -vaults used by booksellers as a store during Great Fire. 213 —- destroyed by Fire, 1666. 214 St. Paul’s Cross demolished. 55 St. Paul’s, Paris, the Jacquemard of. 95 St. Peter, figure of, on the Seal of the Mayoralty . 13 - sword of. 9 S INDEX. 293 PAGE Sfc. Peter’s at the Cross in Cheap. 23 St. Sauve of Montreuil, Abbey of . 41 St. Sepulchre, Snow Hill, represented in Hall Window ... 89 St. Stephen Walbrook, and the Barton jewels. 121—125 St. Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster, masks and other figures over Windows . 99 St. Stephen’s Crypt, Westminster, dimensions of . 95 St. Wynewall, the Soke of, transferred to Balliol College, Oxford .3G, 37 Salisbury, John, Earl of, married daughter of Adam Fraunceys. 116 - Thomas, Earl of . 116 - Marquis of, Freedom presented to . 196 Salomons, Sir David, being sworn-in, represented in Hall Window given by him . 87 -arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court . 167 - member of Library Committee. 231 - his collection in New Library . 234 Salon®, industries of the inhabitants of . 25 Salopian pottery in Museum. 242 Salters’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen. 64 - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . 177 Samian pottery in Museum. 242, 243 Sandall, Thomas, pension paid to. 140 Sanders, William, daughter of, married Henry Spelman 113 Sandwich, Ralph of, Custos or Warden . 30, 31, 43, 157 “ Sarazineshed,” tenement called. 114 Sarcophagi in Museum. 236 Sardinia, King of, entertained by the Corporation. 196 Saunders, Sir Edward, a Commissioner for Throck¬ morton’s trial . 210 Saunders, James E., member of Library Committee. 231 Saunders, Captain Richard, made figures of Gog and Magog .90, 92 Saunders, Dr. W. Sedgwick, proposed New Library. 229 - Chairman of New Library Committee ... 231, 233 Sawyer, W. P., on the Drapers’ Company and Fitz-Alwyn - on the Drapers’ Company and the Keepership of Blackwell Hall. Say, Lord, brought to the Hall for trial .. - William Lord, sold Edmonton Manor to Ada Fraunceys. Scandinavian relic in Museum . Scarsdale, Earl of, informs the Court of marriage with a City orphan . Scat, Godwin, land of . Scavage devoted to enlarging Guildhall . Scharf, George, and the Account of the Guildhall ... - on the statues from front of Chapel. Schnebbelie, R. B., drawing of Archway into Hall... - drawings of Chapel . 6 146 206 116 250 his son’s . 226,227 17 52 iii 152 73 142 Screen in Hall. Scriveners’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - arms in New Council Chamber. - arms in New Library Staircase Window ... Seal, Common, of the Corporation . Seal of the Mayoralty . Seaman, La., report on idolatrous figures in Windows Seawen, Sir William . Seccheforde, Andrew .. Seething Lane, bronze arm found in. 76 64 177 234 12.13 13.14 56 193 170 248 Segrave, Nicholas . Selbome, Lord, opened New Library. Sely, Alderman John, fined for improper dress . Sendall, Master, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . Sens, Roman sculpture at . Seraphim , representations of . Sergeaunt, Geoffrey ... .. Settle, Elkanah . Sevenoaks, Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School at ... Sevenoke, Sir William, Mayor . - elected Bridge Keeper. - account of . Sewall, Samuel, describes election of Mayor in 1688 Shaa, Sir Edmund, account of . Shaa, Sir John, built the Kitchen . - arms, pedigree and account of. - gave first Lord Mayor’s banquet in Hall Shaa, Ralph, Prebendary of St. Paul’s . Shad worth, Sir John, Mayor. Shakespeare’s Richard III , quoted . PAGE 169 229 165 . 210 . 26 . 100 . 169 197, 203, 204 . 181 . 51 . ISO . 181 .. 224 .. 186 .. 63, 64 .. 185 .. 186 .. 186 15S, 159 .. 3,186 - one of Elderton’s ballads quoted in Much Ado About Nothing . - Henry VI and the Roses of Lancaster and York 72 98 - Henry VIII quoted . 163 - Henry V quoted . 189 - All's Well that Ends Well quoted . 204 - sculptured head of, in New Library. 229 - Aphorisms from his works in New Library Windows . 232,233 Sharnebroke, Thomas . Sharpe, Reginald R., transcript by, of a MS. in Balliol College, Oxford . Shaw, Sir James, Chamberlain, portrait of . Shaw, George, and the Account of Guildhall . Shelve Hill, Roman candlestick found in a lead mine at Sheridan, Rt. Hon. R. B., inscription on Nelson monu¬ ment by . Sheriff, originally called Port-reeve . -election of, vested in the citizens . - presides over Hustings Court . -election of . - statue to be placed in Royal Exchange as a fine for not serving the office . -the office to be served before that of Mayor ... - election in 1682 . 169 40 182 i, iii 245 83 10 10 45 75 155 159 224 64 65 177 Shermen’s Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... - unites with Fullers’ Company . Shipwrights’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber... Shoppee, C. J., on committee to place arms of Companies in New Library. Shore, Richard, fined by Star Chamber . Shorediche, Richard de. Shorediche, Robert de, the elder. Shorter, Sir John, account and death of . 202, 203 Shrewsbury, Earl of, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . 233 130 169 170 Sidney, Thomas, arms m Signacula in Museum Signifer . Sigonius Ee ju re Italico quoted. Silchester, dimensions of the Basilica at Window in Aldermen’s Court 210 167 250 238 7 76 OO 294 INDEX. PAGE 65 65 226 55 64 177 168 169 26 246 247 83 203 80 25 173 65 231 125 128, 154 31 50 24 ... 230 Silk Throwers’ Company,.extinct since 1837 . Silk Weavers’ Company, extinct since 1837 . Silvester, John, Recorder . Simpson, Rev. W. Sparrow, on St. Paul’s Cross . Skinners’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . Skip, John. Smelt, Richard. Smith, C. Roach, on Roman remains in France - on Roman horse-shoes. - on an inscribed tile in Museum. Smith, James, executed Nelson monument . v Smith, John, Sir Samuel Dashwood married daughter of Smith, Nathaniel, made a design for the Beckford monu¬ ment . Smiths, Corporation of, at Nicomedia. Smythes, Alderman, and the Council Chamber of 1614 ... Soapmakers’ Company, extinct since 1837 . Socrates represented in Public Reading Room Window ... Somerset, Edward, Duke of, destroys the Charnel House - borrows and keeps Library. Somerset, Thomas, Mayor of Oxford, comes to London South Wingfield Manor House, Derbyshire . Southwark fire in 1222 . - arms in New Library . Southwell, Sir R., a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . 210 Southwell, Thomas, Rector of St. Stephen, Walbrook ... 125 Southwold, Suffolk, angels represented in Church at ... 100 Spanish Hall in Blackwell Hall. 147 Spectacle Makers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Spelman, Henry . 113 Spelman, Sir Henry. 113 - on the word “ Gild ” 27 Spelman, Sir John. 113 Spelman, Stephen, and his Endowment of the Chapel ... 113 Spencer’s monument at Westminster Abbey . 153 Spenser, Giles . 170 Sperling, Ward of . 18 Sprot, land of . 18 Spurriers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 - the Company extinct . 65 Stairs in the Eastern Crypt. 101 Stalls in the Hall . 224 Stamberry, Peter, and the Chapel . 110 Stamford, Piers in St. Martin’s Church at. 97 Stamford, Sergeant, a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial . Stamp, Sir Thomas. Standard of Length in Hall ... Stanes, Thomas de . Stanley, Sir Thomas, represented in Lancashire Window Staples, John, Lord Mayor, and the Account of Guildhall - member of the Library Committee Star Chamber, its tyranny over City officials . Starchmaker’s Company, extinct since 1837 . Starkey, Mr., installed as Keeper of Blackwell Hall Starkey, Humphrey, Recorder . Starling, Alderman. State and other trials . 210 224 76 168 85 i, iii 231 130 65 146 161 220 205-212 PAGE 65 .. 177 .. 233 .. 79-84 .. 70-73 149-156 153-156 .. 169 31 .. 32,33 60 18 259 260 3 168 Stationers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - arms in New Council Chamber - arms in New Library Window Statuary in Hall . Statues in Porch . - in front of Chapel... - in Royal Exchange... Staundone, Richard de . Staunton, Sir William, Mayor Steelyard, the . - shown in Pricke’s Project of London Stephen, land held by ... ... Stephen, Chaplain of the Crypts, charter concerning a house in the Parish of St. Benedict of Wodewerwe... - translation of the charter. Stephens, A. J., error in his History of the. Boroughs, etc. Sterre, Henry . Stewart, Sir William, account of, and his monument in the Chapel. .133,134 Stock-fishmongers contribute to build the Kitchen. 64 Stomine, Richard, tomb in Chapel . 130 Stondon, Sir William, Mayor . 158,159 Stone, Alderman D. II., arms in Hall Window. 86 - arms in Aldermen’s Court. 167 Stone, Henry, sculptor and painter . 153 Stone, Nicholas, account of, and his work ... 152,153,156 . 152 . 102 . ii 4 12 33 34,174 50 54 61 64 70 .. 108 Stone, W., statues from front of Chapel, said to be by Stoup in Eastern Crypt. Stow, John . - importance of his Survey . - list of the Portgraves, Provosts, etc. - description of the Dutch Guildhall . -- on original site of Guildhall . - on extension of Guildhall, 1411. — description of a Window in Mayor’s Court -— view of Hall in Strype's edition. — on building the Kitchen . — on Porch and Mayor’s Court . — on Gerard’s Hall Crypt . — account of a platform falling at a tournament in Cheap . - on Wells’ tomb in Chapel . - account of tombs in Chapel . - on the early Council Chambers. - sculptured head of, in New Library ... - represented in New Library Window 112 121 130 171 229 232 Stratford, John de, Bishop of Winchester, grants lead for repair of Chapel . Stratforde, Robert de . Stratfort, Gerold of, land given by . Stratton, Dr. John, arbitrator in the matter of the Ba jewels . Street lighting first organised . Strode flies to City on his impeachment . Stubbs, Bishop, on the early government of London Styles, Sir John . Stystede, John, executor of Robert Chichele . Suetmann the priest, land of . Suffolchia, Osbert de . Sule, John. Surgein, Robert le. Surgeons’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 111 , 112 .. 168 .. 18 >n .. 122 .. 125 ... 191 ... 12 ... 146 ... 57 ... 19 ... 168 ... 146 ... 168 ... 65 Surgeons’ Company contribute for Chapel Roof Surrey, Henry, Earl of, tried and executed . Sutton, Mabel de, transfer of land from . Sutton, Sir Thomas, his tomb at the Charterhouse ... Sutton, William de, Abbot of Oseney Swaine, Robert, Keeper of Guildhall Swan, Godfrey atte. Swanlond, Simon de, Mayor Swerman. Swifte, William . Sword Bearer . Sword of State presented to the Queen at Temple Bar Swynnerton, Sir John, and Council Chamber of 1014 - account of . Sydenham, sculptured head of, in New Library Sylvester, Thomas, pension paid to . Syward, John . Tacitus, mention of London in the Annals of. Taillour, Alderman William, to survey Chapel repairs ... Tailor, J., furnished boys for the Ironmongers’ Pageant in 1500 . Tailors’ Company separate from the Drapers’ Company... - contribute to build the Kitchen. Taiso, house of. Taki, monument in memory of . Tallow Chandlers’ Company contribute to build Kitchen . - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . - arms in New Library Window . Tankerville, Earl of, descended from the Bennet family 174 Tapestry, bequest of, to Guildhall . 57 Tassie, Mr., winner of the Boydell Shakesperian Gallery 225 Tateham, William, property held by . 139 Tatham, John, wrote pageant for the entry of Charles II 192 - collection of his pageants . 197 Tattershall, angels represented in Church at . 100 Taubman, Matthew. 197 -composed song for Sir John Shorter’s banquet 203 Taverner, Fauk le . 167 Taylor, John, wrote pageant for the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I . 175 Taylur, Philip le . 168 Temperance, figure of, on Porch.71, 72 Tempest, Sir Richard, Sir Thomas Cambell married the daughter of . Temple, Cowpcr, moves resolution in House of Commons on Epping Forest . Temple Bar, represented in Hall Window. Teobald, land of . Tesselated pavements found. -preserved in Museum . 174 Thame, John de . Thames Street, Lower, bronze hand, found in. Theodoric, land of . Thomas, Master, tried for treason and sorcery. Thompson, William, arms in Window in the Aldermen’s Court . Thoms on Elderton. 89 89 16 23 235 170 249 17, 20 206 166 71 -- arms and account of . Tiles in Museum . 246, 247 Timber, grant of, for the Guildhall . 4 S - gift of, for the Chapel. Ill,112 Tin Plate Workers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber . Tobacco-pipe Makers’ Company, extinct since 1837. Todd, Charles John, member of Library Committee. Todenham, William de. Toft ground . Tokens, tradesmen’s, giving representations of Guildhall Gate . Tompkins, Thomas. Tonge, manor of, held by Peter Fanlore . Tooke, John Home, Beckford’s speech to George III attributed to . 80 Topham, Major, costume and equipage of. 165, 166 Tornegold, John . 169 Tournament in Cheap, fall of scaffolding at . 112 Tower of London represented in Hall Window. 88 Tower Ward . 15 - early representatives of . 16S Town Clerk . 183, 184 -antiquity of the office. 183 - election vested in the Commonalty . 1S4 Trafford, Sigismund, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Gilbert Heathcote . 161 Trencemarche, land of . 19 Trentemars, Edmund . 168 Trials. 205-212 Trinity Church, Aldgate, Prior of . 168 - Sir Edward Barkham a benefactor of . 176 Trinolantes represented in Hall Window. 8S Trollope, George, and Sons, build New Library. 232 Trompour, Godfrey, le, coffin of. 136-138 Trump Street . 136 Truscott, Sir Francis W., arms in Aldermen’s Court ... 167 Tudor flower . 98 Turke, Walter. 163 Turkey, Sultan of, entertained by the Corporation. 196 Turner, Sir William . 220 - to report on a settlement for Mary, daughter of Sir John Lewis. 227 Turners’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber. 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Tumor, Sir Christopher, portrait of . 79 Tumor, Sir Edward, portrait of. 79 Twysden, Sir Thomas, portrait of . 79 OO 2 m f. 296 INDEX. PAGE Tyboum, water brought from, to Aldermanbury . 38 TyfEeld, John de . 170 Tyler, Wat, death of, and the dagger in the City Shield... 13, 14 - death of, represented in Hall Window . 86 Tylers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen . G5 Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber . 177 Tyrrell, Sir Thomas, portrait of. 79 Tysdale, Richard, compensated for loss of light and his house purchased . 174 TJgle, Rig., pension paid to . Upchurch pottery in Museum . Upcott, William, and the formation of the Library Upholders’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen •-arms in New Council Chamber. Urville, Robert of, land held by. Ussher, John, Chamberlain. 140 242 228 63 177 19 118 Vaart, Jan Van der, paints portraits of William III and Mary.79, 152 Vaillant, John. Lottery Commissioner . 226 Vaughan, Sir John, portrait of . 79 Venables, William, arms in Window in the Aldermen’s Court. 166 Venour, Sir William, Mayor. 158, 159 Venus, terra cotta figure of, in Museum . 250 Vere, William. 169 Verli, Hugh de, land of. 16 Vicenza, dimensions of the Palazzo della Ragione at ... 76 Victoria, Queen, visits to Hall .79, 80 -dedicating Epping Forest to public use repre¬ sented in Hall Window . 89 - Crypts used on occasion of her visit in 1851 ... 95, 96 — bust in New Council Chamber — receptions in the City. ... 177 194, 195 Vicus Piscarius . Villiers, Sir Christopher, a suitor of the daughter of Sir Sebastian Harvey . Vincent’s God's terrible voice quoted. Vintners’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - arms and trade represented in New Council 21 176 67 64 177 Chamber . - pageant in honour of Sir Samuel Dashwood 203, 204 - Sir Thomas Bludworth subscribed to rebuild . 218 . 168, 169 their Hall. Vintry Ward, early representatives of... “ Vitillars,” fines of. Vyne, Thomas atte. 51 168 Waco the priest, land of. 20 Wadham College, Oxford, Louvre on the Roof of . 59 Waithman, Robert, arms in Window in the Aldermen’s Court .., . 166 Waits, or watchmen carried trumpets. 136 Wake, Sir Thomas de, grants timber for repair of Chapel 111 , 112 Wakerilde, land of.. Walbrook, Roman remains found near Walbrook Ward . - early representatives of PAGE 19 5, 235, 242 15 168, 169 Walcott, Rev. E. C. M., on different representations of angels. 100 Waldene, Thomas de . 169 Walderne, Sir William, Mayor . 158, 159 Wales, Prince of, entertained after unveiling statue on Holborn Viaduct, and on his return from India ... 196 Wales, Prince and Princess, Window to commemorate visit of . 86 - busts in New Council Chamber. 177 - entertained on occasion of their marriage ... 196 Waleys, Henry le, Mayor .43, 168 - makes a grant for support of a chaplain. Ill Wallbridg, John, and the Hall decorations for the recep¬ tion of Charles II . Walloxton, John, executor of John Bcamond ... Walpol, Adam. Walpole, Horace, a grandson of Sir John Shorter Walpole, Robert, married a daughter of Sir Edward Barkham . Walpole, Sir Robert. nd the Seal of the 192 52 170 203 176 176 Walworth, Sir William, Mayor, 1381, Mayoralty . - and Wat Tyler - inscription on his statue at Fishmongers’ Hall - knighting of, represented in Hall Window - slaying Wat Tyler, represented in Hall Window - included in Johnson’s Nine Worthies of London Ward and Hughes, executed Prince Consort Window Ward, Edward, London Spy of, mentions the Giants Warde, John, Mayor, 1530 . Warden substituted for Mayor . Wardmote. Wards. - each Ward to elect its own Alderman - representatives in early Common Councils Ware, Henry de . Warner, Alderman John. Warwick, angels represented in painted glass in Church at - Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of, Thomas Legge married the daughter of. -Earls of, descendants of Sir S. Dashwood. 13 13, 14 14 86 89 181 87 93 13 43 15 14,15 164 167-170 169 Warwick Lane, Roman tile found in. Water, cost of bringing to London, raised by lottery Waterlow, Sir S. II., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court Waterman, Sir George, Mayor . 158 100 164 203 246 225 167 221 , 226 Wax Chandlers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - arms and trade represented in New Council Chamber . - arms in New Library Window Weavers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen - Window in Hall given by ... - arms in New Council Chamber Weever on Charlton’s and other tombs in Edmonton Church . Welde, William atte. Wellington, Duke of, monument in Hall to . Wells, John, appointed to survey rebuilding of Chapel .. - Window and tomb in Chapel 64 177 233 65 8S 177 116 169 S 2 120 121. 130 INDEX. 297 Wells, Norfolk, angels represented in Church at . Werlee, John de . Westmacott, Sir Richard, on the statues from Porch ... - copied statue of Edward VI for the Earl of Bridgewater . Westminster, modes of the Mayors’ proceeding to . - thanksgiving for the victory at Agincourt in the Abbey. - arms in New Library . PAGE 100 169 73 154 160 . 160 . 230 Westminster Hall, dimensions of. 76 Weston, Richard, tried for the murder of Sir Thomas Over bury . 211 Westone, Peter de . 169 Whatelee, John, elected Bridge Keeper . 180 Wheelwrights’ Company, arms in New Council Chamber 177 - arms in New Library Staircase Window. 234 Whetham, Sir Charles, arms in Aldermen’s Court . 167 Whifflers . 197-199 White, Alfred, and the Account of tlic Guildhall . iii - on the Crypt . 106-110 on committee to place arms of Companies in New Library . White, John, at death-bed of Whittington. White, Sir Thomas, included in Johnson’s Nine Worthies of London . - a Commissioner for Throckmorton’s trial White, Sir Thomas, arms in Aldermen’s Court. Whitehall, stones of Charing Cross utilised for pavement White Lion, token of the . Whitfield, Sir Ralph, Sir Henry Spelman died at the house of . Whittington, Sir Richard, plague and pestilence during his Mayoralty. - grants from his estate for enlarging Guildhall 52, 53 -account of, in Grafton’s Chronicles . 53 - illumination representing his death. 53 - arms of, on Windows in the Mayor’s Court ... 53, 54 - referred to in Ileywood’s Life of Queen Elizabeth 54 -represented in Hall Windows .85, 88 233 53 1S1 210 167 55 71 113 48 - elected Mayor. 119, 158, 159 - Library built by his executors . 126, 127 - and the cloth trade . 145, 146 - a creditor of Henry V. 1S8 - entertains Henry V and destroys the King’s bonds 189 - represented in New Library Window. 232 - and the Cat story. 251, 252 - his grave disturbed . 252 - epitaph on his monument . 253 -anniversary of his decease kept. 253 Whittington College . 53 Whyttyn, William, presented to a Chantry in the Chapel 118 Wike, Thomas de, charter concerning a house in the Parish of St. Sepulchre. 260 - translation of the charter . 261 Wildman, Sir John. 193 Wilkes and the Middlesex elections .80 William the Conqueror, charter of, granted to the Citizens 9 - granting first charter represented in Lancashire Window . 35 - represented in Hall Window holding first charter 88 William III, portrait of... ... 77, 79, 152 William III, mutilation of the portrait of. -welcomed on his arrival, Freedom conferred, and entertainments given to. -entertained on Lord Mayor’s Day, 1692 ... William, Bishop of London. William Old . William, son of Fulcred, land of. William, son of Gosbert, land held by . William, son of Isabel, land held by. William, son of Simer, land of . William, nephew of Hulbold, land of. William de Arundel, house of . William of Draiton, land held by. Wilson, Cornelius Lea, Window in Hall given by ... Wilson, Alderman Samuel, Window in Hall given by - arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court Wilton, Under-Sheriff . Winchester, Merchant Guild at . Winchester, Bishop of, Henry V pledges his crown to the Winchester, Henry, arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court Winchester, Ralph of . Windmill Court, origin of the name . Windows, Whittington’s Windows in Hall and Mayor’s - in Hall contained arms of Aldermen contribu- PAGE 78 193 203 9,10 40, 41 16 20 40 19 19 19 20 88 88 166 122 28, 29 188 166 40 42 52, 54 ting to their cost . - examined for idolatrous figures - in south side of Hall . — in Hall . — in Eastern Crypt . — in Western Crypt . — in Chapel. — in Aldermen’s Court . — in New Coimcil Chamber — in Library Committee Room — in Public Reading Room — in New Library . — on New Library Staircase .. . 54 . 56 .62, 63 ... 72, 74, 75, 85-89 . 100, 101 . 104, 105 121, 126, 143, 147, 148 . 166, 167 . 177 . 231 . 231 . 232, 233 . 234 Winebert, land of . 20 Wintonia, Nicholas de . 168 Wircestre, William de . 169 Wire, D. W., arms in Window in Aldermen’s Court. 167 Wiresellers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 Witenagemote, or Saxon Parliament. 9 Wlfram, land of . 16 Wluard, land of . 19 Wlured, land of .17, 37 Wluric the Loriner, land of. 16 Wlwin Juvenis, land held by . 19 Woldern, William, Mayor . 51 Wolf gar . 19 Wolsey, Cardinal, order of, on the cloth trade. 146 Wombwell, Robert, Vicar of St. Laurence Jewry . 43 Wood, Antony, notes multilation of the portrait of Duke of York . 78 Wood, Sir Matthew. 203 Wood Street, tesselated pavements foimd in . 23 Woodcok, Sir John, Mayor . 119,158 Wooclmongers’ Company contribute to build the Kitchen 65 - the Company extinct since 1837. 65 Woodville, Elizabeth, statue from front of Chapel possibly represents. 152 298 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Woolmen’s Company contribute to build the Kitchen ... 65 Wylde, Sir William, portrait of . 79 - arms in New Council Chamber. ... 177 Wymond, Henry . 168 Worcestershire Hall in Blackwell Hall . ... 147 Wymondeham, John de, elected Bridge Keeper . 180 Worde, Wynkyn de, represented in New Library Window 232 Wyndham, Sir Hugh, portrait of. 79 Worstede, Simon de. 115, 170 Wyndham, Sir Wadham, portrait of . 79 Wotton, Lord, a descendant of Nicholas Wotton ... 15