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 fe~ 
 
The number of considerations entering into the calculations for exposure is so great that 
 many will not undertake to weigh them against each other , and strike the balance 
 which shall point out the particular exposure to be given in any particular case. These 
 say that they can look at the image on the ground glass, and can judge from its 
 brightness , as it appears to their eyes, what is the exposure required ; and that from 
 this one indication they obtain a result which is rarely seriously wrong! For those 
 who are in such complete enjoyment of this happy faculty of correct 
 judgment, further aids may be unnecessary ; but there is the far larger 
 number, even amongst careful and experienced workers, who are somewhat 
 diffident of the accuracy of their judgment, and who recognise that this 
 judgment varies in the same individual with causes, such as state of health, that 
 are not under control. By these, as well as those who have less experience, what aid 
 science can give, either in the shape of well- ascertained data, or of tables to save the 
 trouble and liability to error of individual calculation for every particular case, 
 will be welcomed.” — Photographic Nkws, 
 
IIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIS 
 
 SECOND THOUSAND. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL INDEX 
 
 OF 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE, 
 
 With an Appendix as to 
 Sensitometer Numbers and Rapidity ok Plates. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. R. WORMALD. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, SUTTON, SURREY, 
 
 And may be obtained of all Photographic Dealers. 
 
 I [Price Eighteen pf.nce. 1 i888 - 
 
 V = [Entered at Stationers' Hall. 
 
 r ‘ ,llllllllll,lllllll,llilllllimi111 ^^^ 
 
 
. 
 
 
 Harrison and Sons 
 
 Printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty, 
 St. Martin's Lane. 
 
 
THE PRACTICAL INDEX 
 
 OF 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE. 
 
 HE object of the following Tables is to supply a want that it is 
 believed has hitherto remained unsatisfied — one that every 
 beginner in Photography must experience namely, the want of a 
 ready means of knowing (without calculations, or with as little 
 calculation as possible), the duration of exposure likely to produce a 
 good negative with a given stop and plate. 
 
 Notwithstanding that exposure tables have been characterised as a ‘‘delusion 
 and a snare by some who, spite of their many failures and ignorance of the focal 
 
. 
 
 values of stops, think they know more than any Tables can teach them, it is never- 
 theless a worse “delusion and snare” to have no guide whatever; for a beginner 
 to experiment with half-a-dozen various stops, and no indication as to the exposure 
 necessary with any one of them, is like setting out on a journey without having the 
 slightest notion as to the direction in which the intended destination is to be 
 
 All opinions to the contrary, there can be no doubt whatever that the Tables 
 previously available have been of great service to such as have used them with 
 care and with a desire to make them useful, but a serious objection has been the 
 number of items and calculations needful in arriving at the desired result. 
 
 An objector writes : — “Truly the time and trouble expended in their compilation 
 must have been enormous, and the methods of using them are not characterised by 
 sweet simplicity. Ascertain (says he) the intensity ratio of the stop used, multiply 
 by a factor, appraise the character of the subject, and then add, subtract, multiply or 
 divide by a ‘ subject number, 5 make a correction for the season of the year and the | 
 time of day, and then expose — but alas ! the light has changed, the effect is gone.” .• 
 
 1 ■ . ... jtlhi ... -jd 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 I he Practical Index Tables will, in a great measure, dispense with the 
 necessity for such calculations as are here so severely ridiculed, nor will it be 
 necessary to use actinometers, photometers, and the like, in connection therewith. 
 1 hey will be found to indicate in a clear and simple manner, and at a glance the 
 duration of exposure for every month of the year, every hour of the day, and every 
 stop generally in use (and for other stops it will be easy to judge the proportional 
 figures). 
 
 Success in Photography depends in a great measure on a correct estimate of 
 the exposure necessary when using any given stop. It is the diameter of aperture 
 of the lens or stop in proportion to the focal length of a lens that determines its 
 (so-called; rapidity of action— the fact being that every lens is of equal rapidity 
 when used with an equivalent stop— thus a single lens used with its stop _ii_ 
 is identical in rapidity with a portrait lens used with its stop-T. , and a knowledge 
 of this will prevent much misapprehension in the minds of beginners in Photograph)' 
 who read advertisements of “rapid lenses.” The term “rapid” lens only indicates that 
 it is of comparative short focus and wide aperture— it is not a quality of the lens— thus 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 while a portrait lens of short focus and wide diameter will work at-~, or 
 an aperture of half its focal length, a view-lens of smaller aperture and longer focus 
 may only commence work at ^' (aperture a tenth of its focal length), but the so- 
 called quick portrait-lens is no quicker at ~ than is the view-lens at.-^-. 
 
 From this it will be seen that a Table of Exposures adapted to any given lens, 
 is equally adapted to any other lens, the universal applicability of such a Table 
 being governed only by the focal value of the various stops employed, and the 
 rapidity of plate used. 
 
 It is perhaps desirable to explain that there are several systems of stops in the 
 market, and two of the series most commonly in use have been adopted in these 
 Tables, namely, the standard system of the Photographic Society of Great Britain 
 with as the unit of aperture (U.S. stop No. i), and the series generally sent out 
 by French and other makers, with-^- as the unit or No. i stop. The latter may be 
 considered as the most convenient for landscape work, they have more workable 
 focal values than the standard system, as in squaring say No. i stop,-^-, the result 
 is ioo, and the successive stops give results 200, 400, &c., in squaring to ascertain 
 
 . • v ■ 1 .■ ■ V - L 
 
 
their relative rapidity. The numbers and focal values of both systems are 
 clearly shown in the Tables. The Photographer is recommended to steer, in all 
 cases, by the focal values of the stops , rather than by their numbers , as the focal 
 values are a universal index common to all systems of stops , while the stop numbers 
 only indicate the relative exposure as between one stop and another when applied 
 to the particular set of stops in which they are employed. Thus by a reference to 
 the Tables, it will be seen that the numbers in the U.S. column are i to 256, while 
 the numbers of the other set are 1 to 32. Now the same numbers in each set (as 
 No. 16 for example) are not the same, or equivalent stops, but if we take a stop 
 from each series designated by its focal value — such are identical, and in any set 
 of stops l6 will be precisely the same in its effect on the necessary exposure, no 
 matter by what member it may be called. 
 
 It is presumed the photographer will have the focal value of each of his stops 
 marked plainly upon them, if not, he should get his Optician to supply the needful 
 figures at the earliest opportunity, or, he may find them for himself by dividing the 
 focal length of his lens by the diameter of the stop-aperture in eacli case. The 
 

 
 
 
 focal length of the lens may be found by obtaining a sharply focussed image of a 
 distant object (at least 60 feet) on the focussing screen, and then measuring the 
 distance between the ground glass and (i) the glass of a single lens, or (2) the 
 stop-slit of a double lens. The diameter of stop-aperture may be accurately 
 ascertained with a wedge-shaped piece of card pushed into the aperture as far as it 
 will go, and measured where the card is cut, or indented, by the edge of the aperture. 
 Suppose the focal length is found to be 10 inches and the aperture of one of the stops 
 
 The exposures given in the Index Tables are for sunlight, using 30 times plates, 
 and where these are not present allowances must be made ; thus 20 times plates 
 will require an exposure of half as much again as the 30 times, while 60 times 
 plates will require only half the exposure. If the sun is obscured so that there is 
 good diffused light, the exposure must be doubled, trebled for cloudy weather and 
 quadrupled when very dull. 
 
 Too much importance need not be attached to varyi 
 
 t inch, ^ will be its focal value ; another stop of the set is found to be f of 
 an inch, and 10 divided by -§- gives 77 as its focal value, and so on with the others. 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 subjects, and in proof of this it is only necessary to point out that the golden rule 
 is to expose for the darkest shadows. 
 
 Now if the highest lights are not spoiled by exposing for the darkest shadows, 
 in the same picture, it follows that both light and dark subjects are capable of 
 receiving a similar amount of exposure, indeed it will be found that it is nearness 
 and distance of subjects rather than their kind or quality that require the most 
 consideration. Thus confined and near objects require the most exposure, and 
 open views embracing long distances (distant mountains, sea and sky for example), 
 require the least. 
 
 I he exposures given in the Index Tables will be found to be of average 
 duration for most outdoor work, but for open landscapes it may be halved, and 
 quartered for distant views without near foreground. Views made up of sea and 
 sky require the shortest of all exposures, and for such a twelfth part of the time 
 in the fables will (with bright sunshine) be found sufficient. 
 
 The photographer using the Index Tables will not have to calculate for season 
 time, lens, or stop ; light and subject or distance being the only considerations that 
 
will add to or diminish the number of seconds given (when using 30 times 3 
 
 For example, suppose we are taking an ordinary view, say in a lane (not heavily 
 overshadowed by trees). We are using 30 times plates and say —■ stop. It is June 
 and 8 o’clock in the morning. A reference to June table gives two seconds in 
 sunlight. And if the sun were under a cloud then four seconds (double exposure), 
 would be necessary. 
 
 If we turn to the February Table we shall find that at same hour and with same 
 stop the sunshine exposure would require to be 13J (say 14) seconds, and the 
 April Table gives us 2f seconds. 
 
 It will not be necessary to multiply examples, the Tables are so simple that the 
 rise of them will be clear at a glance. 
 
 With reference to the notion that judgment is superior to data, one writer gives , 
 as a potent reason for his opinion, that the “ rapidity of plates varies in different 
 batches, nay even in different plates of the same packet,” but he fails to tell us how 
 judgment or experience is to gauge this uncertainty any more than Tables can ! \ 
 
 / • ' , .. JS &. ./ qvsuv.' jd dx?, ^i’ -1 F 'fir iW*i 
 
( II ) 
 
 Another writer says lie has found that when “ the amateur has depended on his own 
 observation," ignoring fables, “ the negatives have always been more satisfactory,” 
 in other words that unaided judgment or guess-work is likely to be superior to 
 judgment guided by blown facts and data ! 
 
 To apply the same idea to developers, it ought to be sufficient merely to name 
 the chemicals that should be used, without giving any idea of the proportions in 
 which they should be mixed, letting judgment find it out ! ! It has wisely been 
 said that developers must be “mixed with brains,” it is equally true that the 
 use of exposure Tables must be accompanied by common sense, and with this 
 proviso, it is hoped the Practical Tables here supplied will not only be a valuable 
 Index to the beginner, but will prove a useful guide to the photographer of 
 experience and judgment. 
 
 In the Appendix following the Tables will be found some remarks on sensito- 
 meter numbers and rapidity of Plates. 
 
 % 0 
 
DIRECTIONS AS TO USE OF TABLES. 
 
 I. As to Subject and Distance (30 times Plates : in sunshine) 
 
 1. Near View with foliage, or dark objects 
 
 or shadows in foreground : portraits 
 and living objects out of doors 
 
 2. Near view with long distance ... 
 
 3. Distant view (no near foreground) 
 
 4. Sea and sky 
 
 5. Copying 
 
 6. Interiors ... 
 
 II. As to Light : — 
 
 Exposure as in Tables. 
 
 Half do. 
 
 Quarter do. 
 
 One-twelfth do. 
 
 At least Half as much more do. 
 25 times as much (or more) 
 
 1. Sun obscured (bright sky) 
 
 Double the above. 
 
2 . Cloudy ... 
 
 3. Very dull 
 
 4. Gloomy ... 
 
 III. As to Plates (See Appendix) .* — 
 
 1. Ten times Plates 
 
 2. Fifteen do. 
 
 3. Twenty do 
 
 4. Forty do. 
 
 5. Fifty do 
 
 6. Sixty do. 
 
 Note. — The zig-zag line in the Tables 
 
 ... Treble the above. 
 
 ... Four times do. 
 
 ... Five do. 
 
 . . . Three times as much as 30 times. 
 ... Twice as much as 30 times. 
 
 ... Half as much more as 30 times. 
 ... One fourth less than „ 
 
 ... One-third „ 
 
 ... Half the 30 times exposure, 
 is merely for convenience ; it divides 
 
 exposures of one second upwards shown in the lower portion, from exposures of 
 less than one second given in the upper part of the Tables ; when using 30' times 
 plates the lower section can be worked with the cap, while the upper would in 
 sunlight require the use of a shutter. 
 
 b 2 
 
%trt 
 
jfebruar\) anb ©ctober 
 
 
 
 
 Sun shining 
 30 Times Plates. 
 Average Exposure 
 in Seconds 
 at 
 
 TIX 
 
 IIX 
 
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 30 Times Plates. 
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 in Seconds 
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 Average exposure 
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 I 
 
 
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 in Seconds 
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 XII 
 
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* The Sensitomer hitherto in gene) at use , and referred to in these pages , is that known as 
 IVarnerke’s . Since they were in type Mr. W. F. Don kin, at the Conference of 
 the Camera Club , read a Paper on “ A new form of Sensito meter ,” which he described 
 as being on the principle of the pin-hole camera, the source of illumination being a 
 lighted candle. In the discussion that followed, the Chairman , Captain Abney, 
 referred to a similar invention by Mr. Spurge, in which “ the source of illumination 
 was a surface instead of a candle He “ thought there was no instrument so 
 unreliable as IVarnerkds Sensitometer, as the divisions never agreed in tivo specimens, 
 and therefore he hailed the advent of any new form. He had used the Spurge 
 Sensitometer very frequently and with the greatest success 
 
 JWarch, 1888, 
 
‘ 
 
 : 
 
 SV//VV//W//VV//VV/VV// 
 
 v vr r v vr r v v££v v^v v^r v 
 
 APPENDIX ON SENSITOMETER NUMBERS 
 AND THE RAPIDITY OF PLATES. 
 
 ; N the Table to be found at the end of these remarks, an attempt has 
 been made to assist the photographer with a list of the various 
 negative plates in the market, giving the rapidities and sensitometer 
 numbers, as quoted by their respective makers. 
 
 It has, however, been found impossible to make the list as complete as was 
 desired, nor can the author in any sense guarantee or endorse the information it 
 contains ; it must not be considered a comparative statement of the speeds of the 
 various plates, but merely a record of the maker’s own estimate, in each case, and 
 the photographer can confirm orojpcck the figures given, by comparing his own 
 experience of the plate of his ch^^with the statements made on its behalf. It is 
 
 c 2 
 
 1 - : 
 
only fair to point out, that the means at the disposal of the makers to reliably 
 estimate and express the rapidity of a plate are far from satisfactory. 
 
 Unfortunately, there is no authoritative and universal standard by which to 
 measure the actual, or perhaps even the relative rapidity of, gelatine plates. 
 
 The method of indication by comparison with a wet plate is probably the best in 
 theory that could be desired ; expressed in terms of so many times (20, 30, 60 times, 
 &c.) the actual as well as comparative speed, would seem to be capable of being 
 clearly represented, but the speed of a wet plate itself depends on items that have 
 no fixed or recognised standard, viz. : the collodion to be used, the bath, and the 
 developer, and until there is an authoritative basis of estimate it will perhaps be 
 impossible to obtain positively reliable information expressed in terms of unequivocal 
 meaning. The sensitometer is another means of indication ; but even if the instru- 
 ment could in all cases be depended upon, it is still necessary (as now used), in order 
 to understand its meaning, to have a scale of ratios (such as “ number of times ”) in 
 conjunction with it, inasmuch as sensitometer numbers bear no sort of ratio to each 
 other that will indicate relative rapidity* 
 
( 23 h 
 
 
 This will be plain from the following scale, translating the sensitometer numbers 
 into the ratio-figures they are usually taken to indicate. Without such a scale 
 sensitometer numbers can only be a mystery to the uninitiated, to whom, it is feared, 
 they supply less practical information than the description of rapidity by “ number 
 of times.” Thus : 
 
 Sensitometer No. 14 may indicate 3 times rapidity of wet plate. 
 
 15 „ 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 •I 
 
 16 „ 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 „ 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 18 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 19 „ 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 >■> 
 
 20 „ 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 O T 
 
 w 1 ,, 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 “"■* 11 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 23 » 
 
 11 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 11: 
 
 11 
 
 24 „ 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 ,? 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 25 » 
 
 „ 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 In using the Practical Index (or any other guide on Exposure) the above con- 
 siderations must be borne in mind, and as far as possible care must be taken that 
 the plate in use with the tables is of the “ number of times ” it is represented to be. 
 This may to some extent be gauged by ascertaining the sensitometer number ol 
 the plate in use, and comparing it with the “ number of times” in the above scale ; 
 or it may be estimated by comparison with the quickest plates in the market, that 
 are admitted to be of “ 60 times ” rapidity. Finally, the Tables themselves will 
 form a test of rapidity : thus, a 30 times plate may be proved to be so by its being 
 found to work satisfactorily with the Index Tables, and similarly any other rapidity 
 may be approximately tested. 
 
 The Author is indebted to Mr. Warnerke for a letter kindly confirming the 
 ratios of the above-quoted sensitometer indications, as well as to the many firms 
 who have been good enough to contribute the details in the following Table : — 
 
( ?5 ) 
 
 
 Maker or Vendor. 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Rapidity as quoted. 
 No. of times, j 
 
 American Brand Co. 
 
 American Brand 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 40 
 
 18 
 
 ,, 
 
 Instantaneous 
 
 6o 
 
 24 
 
 American Camera Co. . . . 
 
 Edgware 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 Extra Rapid 
 
 6o 
 
 19 
 
 Britannia Works Co. . . . 
 
 Ilford 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 30 
 
 18-19 
 
 
 New Rapid 
 
 40 
 
 19-20 
 
 
 
 Special Rapid 
 
 6o 
 
 23-25 
 
 Cadett 
 
 Cadett 
 
 Very Rapid 
 
 — 20 
 
 
 5> 
 
 Manchester 
 
 i 
 
 Lightning . . , 
 
 25 
 
 Chapman 
 
 )> 
 
 Slow | 
 
 Rapid r 
 
 Extra Rapid ... J 
 
 No information. 
 
 Dale 
 
 1 Ludgate 
 
 — 
 
 No information. 
 
 Derby Plate 
 
 Abney 
 
 Bromo-Iodide 
 
 bo 
 
 23-25 
 
 Derby 
 
 Rapid 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 
 Extra Rapid 
 
 40 
 
 22-24 
 
 J* 
 
 Eastman Co 
 
 Neg. Paper 
 
 — 
 
 No information. 
 
 Eastman Co 
 
 Stripping Films 
 
 — _ 
 
 No information. 
 
 Edwards & Co 
 
 1 XL ..." 
 
 Extra Sensitive 
 
 30 
 
 15-10 
 
 
 
 - — — 
 

 ’ * 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ( 26 ) 
 
 Rapidity as quoted. 
 
 Maker or Vendor. 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 1 
 
 Description. 
 
 No. of times. | 
 
 Edwards & Co 
 
 XL 
 
 Special Instantaneous 
 
 50 20-22 
 
 
 XL 
 
 Isochromatic 
 
 SO-! OO 
 
 Elliott 
 
 Advance 
 
 Extra Special ... ') 
 
 - 
 
 
 Albert 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Clarke’s No. 48 
 
 1 
 
 _ i 
 
 No information. 
 
 , , ... . . 
 
 Dragon 
 
 Ordinary Studio | 
 
 Elliot & Fry % 
 
 
 Extra Rapid ... J 
 Studio 
 
 No information. 
 
 England 
 
 | England’s ... 
 
 Slow Landscape 
 
 4 15 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 Rapid ,, 
 
 1 5 20 
 
 >) 
 
 >> • • 
 
 Ordinary Studio 
 
 15 20 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 Extra Rapid Studio... 
 
 60 25 
 
 Fallowfield 
 
 Miall 
 
 Ordinary ... 
 
 
 
 
 Tailfer 
 
 Extra Rapid ... > 
 
 No information. 
 
 
 Isochromatic ... ) 
 
 
 Freeman 
 
 ! Freeman 
 
 Rapid 
 
 No information. 
 
 
 Freeman 
 
 Process 
 
 No information. 
 
 Fry & Co 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Landscape 
 
 6 12-15 
 
 5 » 
 
 1 
 
 1 ?? 
 
 Special 
 
 30 20-22 
 
 
 . 
 
■ 
 
 ( 27 ) 
 
 Maker or Vendor. 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 Fry & Co. 
 Gotz 
 
 Hardcaslle 
 
 Hinton ... 
 
 Home & Thornthwaite. 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Flexible Films . . 
 Obemetter 
 Dr. Vogel’s 
 Brightonian 
 
 Hinton’s . 
 Trafalgar . 
 
 Houghton & Son ... 
 Lancaster & Son ... 
 Leather, Sadler,& Holmes 
 
 Levi & Co. 
 Marion . . 
 
 Diamond 
 Imperial . 
 Lancaster 
 
 Alliance 
 
 Leviathan 
 
 Academy 
 
 Britannia 
 
 
 
 Description. 
 
 Rapidity as quoted 
 Mo. of times. 
 
 Sensr. 
 
 No. 
 
 6 o times 
 
 Gel. Bromide 
 Azaline 
 Ordinary . . . 
 Extra Rapid 
 Ground Glass 
 Landscape 
 Instantaneous 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 Extra Rapid ... 
 Landscape Special 
 
 30 times 
 
 60 times 
 
 Rapid 
 
 Landscape 
 Ordinary 
 
 60 
 
 20-25 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 1 2h 
 
 25 
 
 i5-i7 
 
 24 & 20 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 No information. 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 I £ 
 
 , . V 
 
 No information. 
 
 . 
 
 
 . - — — 
 
 
— - — . 
 
 ( 2 *> ) 
 
 Maker or Vendor. 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 Description. 
 
 
 Rapidity as quoted. 
 
 
 No. of times. 
 
 Sen.sr. 
 
 No. 
 
 Marion 
 
 >? 
 
 Britannia 1 
 
 Globe 
 
 ■Extra Rapid 
 
 J 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 5 ) 
 
 5? 
 
 ?9 ». •. » ••• ••• 
 
 Isochromatic 
 
 Jerome | 
 
 Soho i 
 
 Medium Rapid.. . 
 
 t 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 No information. 
 
 5) 
 
 ?> ■ 1 
 
 Extra Rapid ... 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Mawson & Swan 
 
 Mawson 
 
 Instantaneous ... 
 
 ) 
 
 6o 
 
 — 
 
 ;> 
 
 )J 
 
 Castle 
 
 Photo-Mechanical ...j 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 No information. 
 
 Mayfield, Cobb & Co. ... 
 
 Woolwich | 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 Extra Rapid 
 
 
 40 
 
 -- 
 
 5 5 
 
 Special Favorite . . , ! 
 
 Slow 
 
 
 IO 
 
 — 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Rapid 
 
 
 20 
 
 . — 
 
 5 5 • • • 
 
 55 
 
 Extra rapid 
 
 
 50 
 
 — • 
 
 Morgan & Kidd 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Ultra Rapid . . . 
 
 
 6o 
 
 24-25 
 
 j> j 
 
 55 
 
 Special Instantaneous 
 
 15 
 
 18-20 
 
 ’> 
 
 Neg. Paper 
 
 Landscape 
 
 
 15 
 
 18-20 
 
 Mothersill 
 
 Beernaert 
 
 Extra Rapid . . . 
 
 
 6o 
 
 25 
 
 Negretti & Zambra . 
 
 Monkhoven 
 
 — 
 
 
 j - 
 
 25 
 
 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 Maker or Vendor. 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 Newton 
 
 Newton ... 
 
 » ••• 
 
 Paget Prize Co. . . • • 
 
 Photo. Artists’ Assn. ... 
 
 XXX... ... ... 
 
 xxxxx 
 
 Charterhouse ... 
 
 5 J **/ 
 
 ? J > J 
 
 Pollard Graham & Co. 
 Pumphrey 
 
 Albion 
 
 Derwent 
 
 Pumphrey 
 
 5 i 
 
 Robinson 
 
 Rouch 
 
 55 
 
 Regent 
 
 Rouch 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 Rudowsky ... ••• 
 
 5 5 
 
 Dr. Schleussner 
 
 5 » 
 
 
 
 Sands & Hunter 
 
 . >> 
 
 , Premier ... 
 
 Description. 
 
 Rapidity as quoted. 
 
 . T r s Se'nsr. 
 
 No. of times. 
 
 Extra Rapid ... ) 
 
 Lightning \ 
 
 No information. 
 
 As 30 
 
 \ 
 
 to 50 
 
 Special, 30 times ... 
 
 30 
 
 ,, 60 times ...j 
 
 60 — 
 
 Extra rapid 
 
 ! 50 . — 
 
 
 
 j No information. 
 
 Instantaneous ... 
 
 60 25 
 
 Lifting Films 
 
 60 25 
 
 Rapid 
 
 <9 
 
 Instantaneous 
 
 50 2T-23 
 
 Extra rapid 
 
 30 18-19 
 
 Slow landscape 
 
 iS >5 
 
 Extra rapid ... I 
 Orthochromatic V 
 
 No information. 
 
 Stripping Films J 
 
 Ordinary ... 
 
 . | — 20 
 
 Extra rapid 
 
 — 25 
 
Maker or Vendor. 
 
 ( 
 
 Name of Plate. 
 
 Amy Scott 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shew 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 Spicer Bros 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Stereoscopic Co 
 
 Black -band 
 
 Thomas & Co 
 
 Pall Mall ... !!. 
 
 » ? 
 
 United Kingdom Co. .. 
 
 )» 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Verel 
 
 60 times 
 
 j ? 
 
 Matchless 
 
 
 
 30 times 
 
 Vergara Film Co 
 
 Froedman’s Film 
 
 j> # 
 
 Wratten & Wain wright... 
 
 5 » 
 
 London 
 
 > J • • • 5 5 
 
 »» • • 5 J 
 
 Description. 
 
 Instantaneous 
 
 Rapid 
 
 Landscape Ordy. 
 Special Instantaneous 
 
 Extra rapid » 
 
 Thickly coated 
 
 Instantaneous 
 
 Extra rapid 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 Instantaneous 
 
 Drop shutter, special 
 
 Rapidity as quoted. 
 
 No. of times. 
 
 No information. 
 
 60 25 
 
 No information. 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 15-18 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 60 
 
 20-22 
 
 60 
 
 20-22 
 
 30 
 
 15-17 
 
 — 
 
 1 7 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 
 <$W e 
 
 OtW 
 
 c^ ( 
 
 
 v yarded by the Photographic Society 0 f 6 
 ■jded a ' e '' 8 in 1884 to 
 
 Bi 'it a 
 
 Ul 2 
 
 ]V[c 
 
 DOUBLE-PINION, TREBLE-PATENT 
 
 4 **"% 
 CAMERA, 
 
 fe 
 
 7)k firmest, lightest , most compact, and handiest Camera in the world. 
 
 Mess^'ToE Eastman DRV Plate & Film Co., 1.5, Oxford t ^- ‘ 
 
 position to supply from their stock any required size without delay, at McKellen s List l,uce. 
 
 1 . . , ...u.-n.ii olK.;, 0 c„p^irt1ot(» f.A. -rix c f.zA £6. 10X8^7 
 
 xsition to supply from their stock any required size witnout ueiay, a, , 
 
 McKellen’s Automatic Roller Slide all sizes up to \ plate A, 7* x 5 £s, t &>> IO x 8 dj 
 -X 10 18 , 15 x 12 do, is the only really Automatic Roller Slide in the market. 
 
 - t~\ 1 Tfc* _ l r n • lororpr A TOAL I 
 
 A IO X,Oj 15 A 12 ^ UIC Uiny ' # r 
 
 MnK'pllpn’q Automatic Rocker, Polished Pine, 1 plate size, £2 10s . ; larger, £3 toa. , 
 Mahogany, by which a table receives a steady side-to-side rocking movement for about an hour 
 with once winding up, and an even flow of the liquid is ensured. 
 
 McKellen’s T Level, 4 s. 6 d. 
 
 The Photo erar) tier’s Watch. A superior Silver Lever Chronograph, with hour, 
 minute, and seconds hands, and on the other side chronograph fly-back seconds and minutes. 
 McKellen’s guarantee. Price £s 10 s. 
 
 McKellen s guarantee. Price £3 ™s. 
 
 Send for Lists and Illustrated Sheets to— S. D. McKELLEK, Photographic 
 Engineer, Spring Gardens and Marriott s Court, Manchester. 
 
 Works: 3, Chapman Street, Hulme. 
 
 
 
 t ' ■ - ' - - - " ■■ 
 
A dvertise mcnts. 
 
 
 
 J) 
 
 44 Aptus 55 View Finder, 7/6. ^ perfect instrument. 
 
 44 Aptus ” Rubber Roller Squegees. Superseding all others. 3 in. I/O, 
 
 4 in. 1/4, 5 in. 1/8, 6 in. 2/0. 
 
 44 Aptus ” Mountant, i/o. Always ready, pure , clean, and sweet. 
 
 44 Aptus ” Bromide Pencils. For working up 
 enlargements. White and 3 grades black. 
 The set , 1/3. 
 
 “Aptus” Double Blind Shutter. The 
 44 Paul Lange ” 21/0. 
 
 Catalogues , Cfc., from — 
 
 SHARP & HITCHMOUGH, 
 
 Photographic Instrument Makers, 
 103 , DALE ST., LIVERPOOL. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 CINCE the introduction of rapid Dry Plates and the growing popularity of Photography as a pastime for 
 Amateurs, their one great difficulty hfis been to correctly estimate the exact exposure required by a certain 
 object. This is more especially the case in England, where the light is seldom, if ever, of quite the same 
 actinic power for 
 
 five consecutive 
 minutes, hence 
 the desirability 
 of some infallible 
 guide in estima- 
 ting the quantity 
 of light and the 
 exact exposure 
 necessary. 
 
 The Stereo- 
 scopic Company 
 has long sought 
 a really reliable 
 
 tM i ii 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 1 mn i i n i m Hi iiii Hi iiiniiim mttt 
 
 ‘UNCERTAINTY MADE CERTAIN.” 
 
 THE 
 
 I London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company's j 
 
 “Perfect” Photometer. 
 
 : The London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company, Limited, ■ 
 110 & 108, REGENT ST„ W.; & 54, CHEAPSiDE, E.C. j 
 
 i i i i I I I i « l > I i a l « I 8 1 8 M 3 l l 1 1 6 > I I1 . U I « a JI J . A I I l U . I I i M I! ti n t 8 M 1 1 
 
 instrument to re- 
 commend their 
 customers, and 
 now offer their 
 
 “Perfect” 
 
 Photometer 
 
 with the greatest 
 confidence, feel- 
 ing sure that it 
 will speedily 
 commend itself to 
 all their Amateur 
 patrons. 
 
 It is only necessary that the graduation of the Photometer should be compared once for all with the brand 
 of Dry Plate proposed to be used ; but, for the guidance of Amateurs, the Company supply Instructions for 
 \ise, founded on their own series of popular Dry Plates. Price to.?, 6 <t, Post free, 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 Telegraphic Address -SENSITIZE, LONDON. 
 
 HINTON & Co., 
 
 pharmaceutical anfc photographic Chemists, 
 38. BEDFORD STREET. STRAND-. W.C. 
 
 Decoudun’s Perfect Photometer, 8 o post free. 
 
 Hinton’s Washing and Drying Racks, portable. 
 
 "Wray's Magnificent Lenses, all classes. 
 
 Hinton’s Magnesium Flash Lamps. The best in 
 the market. 
 
 Hinton’s Beach’s Developer, corked, 2/- ; in stop- 
 pered bottles, 2/6. 
 
 Hinton’s Special Alkaline Developer, in one solu- 
 tion only, pints, 3/-; half-pints, 1/6. 
 
 Hinton’s Hydrokinone Developer, in one solution 
 only, does not stain, pints, 19 ; half-pints, 1 /- 
 
 Hinton’s Ferrous Oxalate Developer, in set of 
 three bottles, viz., 40 oz. No. 1, 10 oz. No. 2, 
 2 oz. No. 3, per set, 3/-. 
 
 Hinton’s Bath for Toning and Fixing Prints by 
 one operation, 2/6 per pint, in two bottles ; 
 most convenient for the occasional printer. 
 
 HINTON’S PURE CHEMICALS at 
 
 moderate prices ; Trays, Printing Frames, 
 Measures, Scales and Weights. 
 
 HINTON’S Sensitized Papers, Bromide Papers, 
 Aristotype Paper, &c. 
 
 NOTE THE ADDRESS, and send for a Price List. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 MAYFIELD, COBB, & CO.’S 
 
 SPECIALITIES FOR 1888. 
 
 T HE INSTITUTION CAMERA, Long extension, Rising and Cross Fronts, Reversing 
 and Swing Back, each with three double backs, | plate, £$ ios. \ plate, ^8. 
 MAYFIELD’S POCKET CAMERA, made in Ebonite, with Rapid Rectilinear 
 Lens and Shutter. The most perfect Pocket-Camera in the market. 
 
 MAYFIELD’S UNIVERSAL DEVELOPER, in one solution. Does not stain. 
 Suit any Plates. 2/- Pint. 
 
 COBB’S PLATES as used for the celebrated London Street Pictures. Thick films. 
 Cheap prices. £ plate, I /-, .1 plate, 2/3, } plate, 4/3 doz. 
 
 Send for Price List to. 
 
 41, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, 
 
 or Works, WOOLWICH. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 F* 
 
 % <n 
 
 i»> 
 
 
 PkH¥ES 
 
 
 To) 
 
 -J! 
 
 SLOW FOR LANDSCAPE. of all 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 TIMES. 
 
 TIMES. 
 
 Dealers. 
 
 Samuel Fry 
 
 ' J n 
 
 S, HERBERT FRY, Managing Director, 
 
 Kine:ston-on-Thames. 
 
A dvertisements. 
 
 a kgg ph0TOQWi|»e 
 
 ^ — - ' r ' e * 
 
 ^88. 
 
 THE 
 
 HAS BEEN AWARDED TO THE 
 
 PAQEtf PRIZE PLfftfE eO]APAJ^y, 
 
 EALING, W. 
 
 PRICE LIST, &c„ FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION. 
 
 Telegraphic Address —BROMIDE, LONDON. 
 
 1 ) 2 
 
A dvertisements . 
 
 TBEOMikS’S 
 
 “Pall Mall” Plates. 
 
 ^ or ) None can 
 
 CHEAPNESS, BRILLIANCY, > approach 
 
 RICHNESS OF FILM, UNIFORMITY, ^ them. 
 
 Extra Rapid : Quarter, I /- ; Half, 2/3 ; Whole, 4/3 per doz. 
 
 Thickly Coated Landscape : Quarter, 1/6; Half, 3/6 ; Whole, 6/6 per doz. 
 
 Thotographic Outfits from 2 to 20 guineas, and all requisites for Photography at the Depot, 
 10, Pall Mall, where there is a Studio for free instruction to all purchasers of apparatus. 
 
 R. W. THOMAS & CO., Limited. 
 
 10, PALL MALL, S.W. 
 
 Factory : THORNTON HEATH. 
 
A dvertisem ents. 
 
 U 
 
 m 
 
 TfTfPWARDS of 6,000 dozens of these celebrated ^ te j o ar ^ e ^ 11 petrin% ? ce e with 'the 
 U at the New Factory ln ^ hent ’ k f, e trial will prove these to be in everyway 
 
 X^^r^^-rapidVonly; 60 times! and of one quality only, the 
 
 Sample dozens per parcels post at i 1/8, \ 4/-, 1 8/-. All othei sizes kept in st >Cv 1 
 . to 24 by 18 inches, and some French sizes. 
 
 NOTICE l 25 per cent . discount for cash orders , and carriage pan on wor 
 
 Brunck’s Cri Mounts, Studio 
 
 Extra Brilliant Sensitized Paper. Sk J n ^ e , ’ St dio Cameras made to order. 
 
 “ Eclipse,” 3/6. Amateurs’ complete outfits from 35/-. ^tiiciio 
 
 Sole Wholesale Agent— 
 
 JAMES MOTHERSILL, 
 
 60, Holloway Road, London, N. 
 
A Advertisements'* 
 
 PLATINOTYPB PRIKTTIIffG 
 
 CAREFULLY EXECUTED FROM PHOTOGRAPHERS’ OWN NEGATIVES, 
 
 BY 
 
 RICHARD KEENE, DERBY. 
 
 The Fourth Edition of the OUTDOOR PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTE- BOOK, Post free for 13 Stamps, 
 
 Prom It. KEENE, Photographic Dealer, Derby. 
 
 15 x 12 CAMERA £6 10s. 
 
 RAPID RECTILINEAR FOR Do.£5 5s. 
 
 This Camera is of first class workmanship and 
 materials. Front extension, taper bellows, rack to 
 focus, swing back, rising and falling and swinging 
 front. Square and reversible for vertical and 
 horizontal pictures, hinged focussing glass. One 
 double slide, book form with double-hinged shutters 
 and brass clips. The lens is best quality F 8, 
 2 if in. back focus, excellent for portraits and 
 instantaneous work. 
 
 James Thomson, 19, Richmond Place, Portgordon. 
 
 A New and Improved Encaustic Cerate. 
 
 Produces a brilliant surface on prints, 
 opals, &c. , gives depth and richness, and 
 brings out detail, at the same time pre- 
 serving and rendering more permanent. 
 Send 7 or 14 stamps to 
 BROOKER, Photo-Chemist, Hastings. 
 
Advertisements. 
 
 W. lYLAl^, 
 
 57, HIGH ST., ASTON, BIRMINGHAM. 
 
 Send for a Catalogue of some of the most 
 useful novelties ever introduced to the photo- 
 graphic public . 
 
 Plate Lifting Frames, save all handling of 
 plates or chemicals, set of 6\ 2/6, 6J 5/°> 
 
 Folding Developing Trays, invaluable to 
 tourists, sets of 4 J plate i/o, 4 plate l/6, &c. 
 
 Washing and Drying Racks, folding 
 and rigid, from I /- upwards. 
 
 INSTANTANEOUS SHUTTERS. CHEAP RELIABLE BURNISHERS, &c 
 SPECIAL AWARD OP MERIT, CRYSTAL PALACE, 1888. 
 

 . 
 
 A dvertisements . 
 
 THe £+/x\p>Ls£T @P ALL J+be^ jq eX>0£Up^e 
 
 IS THE 
 
 job. 7\etinometcp ancl Exposure TaBle ComBinecl. 
 
 
 Calculations for Subject, Stop, Light, and Plate, reduced to a Simple equation giving 
 
 result in Seconds. 
 
 Price 1/-, or Post Free 1/2 from the Maker, 
 
 ISAAC WATTS, ALTRINCHAM, CHESHIRE. 
 
A dver ii sent enis. 
 
 “AUTOCRAT ” 
 
 Regd. 
 
 LEVEL, 
 
 Post Free. 
 
 3 / 9 . 
 
 G. S. MARTIN, " 
 
 Eight years with Ross & Co., 
 
 Retail Dealer in Perken, Son, & Rayment’S 
 
 “OPTIMUS.” 
 
 CAMERAS, LENSES, STANDS, ETC. 
 
 FREE LESSONS. 
 
 BIRKBECK INSTITUTION, BREAM’S BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C., 
 
 Approached from Chancery La7ie and Fetter Lane. 
 
 AUTOCRAT ” 
 
 Regd. 
 
 & 
 
 FINDER 
 
 METER, 
 
 3 / 9 . 
 
 THE DEWEY SHUTTER 
 
 is the Simplest, Lightest, Cheapest, 
 and most Efficient Pneumatic Shutter in 
 the Market ; can be used for Instantaneous 
 or Prolonged Exposures. From 15s. 
 
 PNEUMATIC DROP SHUTTERS, 
 Prom 5s. 
 
 ALFRED DEWEY, Sutton, Surrey. 
 
 Regd. 97728. 
 
 WYNNE’S 
 
 NEW 
 
 LEVEL. 
 
 Post 
 Free. 
 
 Can be used in any direction of Swing. 
 Sole Agent— 
 
 C 3-- S. MARTI IW , 
 
 Address above. 
 
A dvertisements. 
 
 SHEW’S SPECIALITIES FOR 1888 . 
 
 Smew’s Eclipse Pocket Apparatus, for 
 Hand Exposures, Fixed Focus. 
 
 Smew’s Do. Do. fitted with Eastman 
 Roll-holder for Paper and 
 Stripping-films. 
 
 Smew’s New Detective Case for the 
 above, with Finder. 
 
 Shew’s Box Detective Camera for Glass 
 or for Paper Negatives. 
 
 Shew’s Cyclists’ Companion Hand Appa- 
 ratus, fitted with Universal Grip 
 for instantly levelling in any 
 position. 
 
 Shew’s Combination Camera. 
 
 Smew’s 1888 Camera. 
 
 Shew’s Automatic Developing Rocker. 
 Smew’s Folding Wire Plate-washer and 
 Drainer combined. 
 
 Shew’s Folding Changing Boxes. 
 
 Shew’s Patent Camera Adapter. 
 
 Shew’s Camera Extension Fronts. 
 Shew’s Automatic Magnesium Lamp for 
 enlarging. 
 
 Shew’s Cameras for enlarging. 
 
 Shew’s Lamps for enlarging. 
 
 Shew’s Condensers for enlarging. 
 
 Shew’s Universal Camera Clip. 
 
 Smew’s Eclipse Dry Plates. 
 
 See Complete List, free on application to J. F. SHEW & CO.., 
 
 88, NEWMAN STREET, 4 DOORS OFF OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W. 
 
 
 
A dvertisements. 
 
 # Z& y • 
 
 ,2-SI K » I S REVOLVER CAMERA 
 
 For Plates 4! x 3^ or Paper. Best Lenses only. 
 
 CONSISTS IN SOLID RECTANGULAR BOX 8| X 7 f X 5 . 
 
 BRICE/ S PATENT, 
 
 For all information , address 
 
 WILLIAM A. BRICE, 
 
 Care of GOY, LIMITED, 
 
 54, LIME STREET, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 See Photo Annuals , 1888, 
 
 This perfect apparatus, with 
 everything always in situ , 
 consists in a solid rectangular 
 box, with handle, lock and 
 key; circular spirit level, view 
 finder or large ground glass 
 window for focussing and 
 watching effects whilst expos- 
 ing, both l^t in on top of box. 
 Shutter instantaneous or slow. 
 No loose parts or anything 
 separate except stand, if de- 
 sired. Will contain and will 
 work 42 plates, films, or 
 paper . &c., in succession, by 
 the simplest means possible. 
 
 Nothing to get out of order. 
 No slides to draw. No doors 
 to open. No changing bags'. ' 
 No box to be constantly 
 opening. 
 
 Five plates can be exposed 
 and changed almost mechani- 
 cally in three minutes or less, 
 or as slowly as desired. ^ 
 
 Pamphlet of instructions 
 with each apparatus, ren- 
 dering its working quite easy 
 to understand. 
 
 See Photo Annuals , 1888.