. -V 
 
 ^ataonit, Persian, Ptolemaic, Homan, 33’^antinc, Saracenic, jWlcmloofc, 8c ©woman, 
 
 ITS ANCIENT MONUMENTS, ITS MODERN SCENERY, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 VARIED CHARACTERISTICS DP ITS PEOPLE, ON THE RIVER, ALLUVIUM, AND DESERTS, 
 
 EXHIBITED IN A 
 
 GRAND PANORAMIC PICTURE, 
 
 EXPLAINED IN 
 
 ORAL LECTURES, 
 
 Embracing the latent Researches , Archaeological , Biblical, and Historical, 
 
 * 
 
 AND ILLUSTRATED BY A GALLERY OF EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES, MUMMIES, &c„ 
 
 WITH SPLENDID TABLEAUX OF 
 
 3M™ijpjjirnl Writing^ gratings, nuit tnitytuiB. 
 
 By GEO. R. GLIDDON. 
 
 LONDON: . 
 
 JAMES MADDEN, 8, LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
 Stereotyped] 
 
 Price — Two Shillings. 
 
 [Emtioc,. 
 
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR, 
 
 fFOR TWENTY-THREE YEARS A RESIDENT OF EGYPT, AND 
 FORMERLY UNITED STATES CONSUL AT CAIRO.) 
 
 I. 
 
 A MEMOIR ON THE COTTON OE EGYPT. 
 
 Loudon, 1841. 
 
 II. 
 
 AN APPEAL TO THE ANTIQUARIES OF 
 EUROPE ON THE DESTRUCTION OF 
 THE MONUMENTS OF EGYPT. 
 
 London, 1841. 
 
 III. 
 
 ANCIENT EGYPT. 
 
 A Series of Chapters on Early Egyptian History, Archeology, and other Subjects 
 connected with Hierogh/pliical Literature. 
 
 New York, Winchester, 1843—12tli Edition, revised and augmented, Philadelphia, 
 
 T. B. Peterson, 1843. 
 
 ("25,000 Copies of this curious Work have been sold in six years.) 
 
 IV. 
 
 0 T 1 A iEGYPTIACA. 
 
 Discourses on Egyptian Archaeology and Hieroglyphical Discoveries. 
 
 London, 1849. 
 
 “ Having now run' through these lectures—although not in a cursory mannei, for 
 one must pick his steps while traversing such a mass of erudition—we have only to 
 recommend the Volume to the studious reader, as one from which he will receive as 
 much general information on Egyptiological Science, as he could obtain by the 
 perusal of a variety of more bulky, though not more learned, productions. 
 Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal, No. 290 ; July 21, 1849. 
 
 LONDON, JAMES MADDEN, 8, LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
H AND- B 0 0 K 
 
 TO THE 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 PANORAMA OF THE NILE, 
 
 SMitig tljr (Original (Enmsfmrrnt ^irtnrc 
 
 EXHIBITED IN LONDON, AT EGYPTIAN HALL, PICCADILLY, 
 
 PURCHASED FROM ITS PAINTERS AND PROPRIETORS, 
 
 MESSRS. II. WARREN, .1. RONOMI, AND J. FAHEY. 
 
 By GEO. R, GLIDDON. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 “ Year LXXIV of the Great Festival —under General Taylor— Commander of the Troops 
 Powerful Warrior—Victorious like Mentu (Mars), Lord of the Upper Region—Ever living 
 —Chief of his country—Head of his land—Chosen by the People—Presiding oyer America, 
 Western Land enviable and happy- Beloved of Osiris, Protector of the West.” 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JAMES MADDEN, 8, LEADENIIALL STREET. 
 
 1849 
 
If glorious structures and immortal deeds 
 Enlarge the thoughts and set our souls on fire, 
 
 My tongue has been too cold in Egypt's praise— 
 
 The queen of nations, and the boast of times, 
 
 Mother of science, and the house of gods.” 
 
 (Salt, 1824, from Young's Busiris.) 
 
 “ Not merely are there hieroglyphics in Egypt. This country offers subjects of observation and 
 meditation which no traveller can entirely neglect, whoever he may be, if he have eyes to see, a 
 memory to remember, and a sprinkling of imagination wherewith to dream. Who can be 
 indifferent to the tableaux of unaccountable Nature on the banks of the Nile? At the spectacle 
 of this river-land, that no other land resembles ? Who will not be moved in the presence of this 
 people, which of old accomplished such mighty deeds, and now are reduced to misery so extreme ? 
 Who can visit Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, Heliopolis, Thebes, without being thrilled by 
 reminiscences, the most imposing and the most diverse? Is there in the world a country more 
 apart from other countries and withal more entwined with their history? The Bible, llomer, 
 Philosophy, the Sciences, Greece, Rome, Christianity, the Heresies, the Monks, Islamism, the 
 Crusades, the French Revolution : almost every thing great in the world's history seems to 
 converge into the path-way of him who traverses this memorable country ! Abraham, Sesostris, 
 Moses, Helen, Agesilaus, Alexander, Poinpey, Caesar, Cleopatra, Aristarchus, Plotinus, Pacomus, 
 Origen, Athanasius, Saladin, St. Louis, Napoleon,—what names!—what contrasts! Of such, 
 Greece and Italy present perhaps fewer and less striking, Egypt, that awakens all the grand 
 memories of the past, interests us still in the present and in the future: in the present, by the 
 agony of her dolorous parturition: in the future, through the destinies wdiich Europe is preparing 
 for her, so soon as Europe shall have taken possession of her, which cannot very long be 
 retarded; [now that the Isthmu: of Sue: has again become the highroad of nations, the link which 
 unites the Oriental to the Occidental hemisphere.] A country made to occupy eternally the 
 world, Egypt appears at the very origin of the traditions of Judaea and of Greece. Moses issues 
 from lier; Plato, Eudoxus, Thales, Pythagoras, Lycurgus, Solon, Herodotus, Diodorus, Strabo, 
 and Tacitus enter into her bosom to be initiated in her sciences, religion, and law’s. She attracts 
 the thoughts and the tomb of Alexander, the piety of St. Louis, and the fortunes of Bonaparte ; 
 and at this moment (1840) the object of the somewdiat exaggerated attention of Paris and of 
 London is the son of Mohammed Ali.” — [Ampere, “ Recherclies en Egyptc ct en Nubic;” Ire. 
 partie .-—Revue des Deux Moncles; 1st August, 1840; page 390.] 
 
 But portray not the squalor, the tatters, the gloom, 
 
 That wrap the poor serfs as they sink to the tomb ; 
 
 Dejected the men, and the women-alas ! 
 
 Maimed or weeping the children : ah ! leave we the mass, 
 
 To seek the “ high places,” where justice is doled. 
 
 Here His Highness’s grandson protrudes from the mould, 
 
 A scion impure of the consecrate race ; 
 
 On which though ’t w’ere hard to impress a disgrace, 
 
 Yet, whatever small virtues the others redeem, 
 
 The son of Toussoon is unvexed with a gleam. 
 ********* 
 
 Nor vain is the cry of the weak and oppressed : 
 
 Retribution may tarry, and justice may sleep, 
 
 But their curses thick-sown, thou, Oh Abbass, shalt reap !” 
 
 (J. G., MS. Poems on the “ State of Egypt.” Cairo, 1843 ) 
 
MAP 
 
 OF TIIE 
 
 BASIN OF THE NILE. 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE LATEST DISCOVERIES, 
 
 PROJECTED 1ST 
 
 CHARLES T. BEKE, Pn.D., F.A.S. 
 
l> It 0 G R A M M E 
 
 OF TIIE 
 
 GRAND 
 
 MOVING PANORAMIC PICTURE 
 
 [Above 800 feet in length, by 8 feet in breadth ,~| 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EXHIBITING THE ANCIENT AND MODERN FEATURES OF INTEREST, ON BOTH BANKS 
 OF THE “SACRED RIVER,” FROM THE CITY OF CAIRO AND THE PYRAMIDS 
 OF MEMPHIS TO THE SECOND CATARACT OF NUBIA INCLUSIVE— 
 
 A DISTANCE OF 1,720 MILES I— 
 
 PAINTED IN LONDON IN TIIE YEAR 1849, 
 
 BY 
 
 MESSRS. HENRY WARREN, JOSEPH BONOMI, AND JAMES FAHEY, 
 
 WITH THE VALUABLE ASSISTANCE OF 
 
 MESSRS. JOHN MARTIN, K. L., EDWARD CORBOULD, 
 AND C. H. WEIGALL, 
 
 FROM 
 
 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MADE IN EGYPT AND THE NUBIAS, DURING RESIDENCES 
 AND TRAVELS EXTENDING OVER MANY YEARS, BY 
 
 MR.. JOSEPH BONOMI, 
 
 LATE ASSOCIATE OF THE PRUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC MISSION 
 TO THE VALLEY OF THE NILE. 
 
B.c. !J07. AiywKTOV S’etuai, oo\l-^7]i' odoi' apya\er]v re. 
 
 To visit Egypt s land, a long and dangerous way.” 
 
 Homer, Odyss., iv., 481. 
 
 B.C. 15.-" II ne reste plus qu’ a dire avec Homfere, Parcourir VEgypt* ; route longue et 
 
 Penible. Strabo, lib. xvii.; French Edition, vol. v., pages 349, 3G7. 
 
 A.D. 1849. “ pay 6 d. to go to the Bank, which is merely in Threadneedle Street, and 
 
 we are sure you will not object to 1 5 .—for that is all the fare—to see the two 
 Punch, London Charivari , vol. xvii., page 79. 
 
 Banks of the Nile. 1 
 
^purification of tije principal Cableauv 
 
 1 st Section.— ASCENT OF THE NILE. 
 
 SUNRISE—Inundation of the “ Sacred River.” 
 
 GRAND CEREMONY of the “ Cutting' of the Khaleeg in August, at the 
 “ Wefa el-bahr,” completion of the Sea. 
 
 MOHAMMED ALI, surrounded by his Court.— Soleymdn Aga, last of the 
 Memlooks : Egypt, in her modern “ glory;” a.d. 1802-40. 
 
 CAIRO, its Citadel, Mosques, Minarets, Tombs, and Caliphate Buildings. 
 
 THE PASHA’S KANJA, or State Barge : nautical music and oarsmen’s 
 chants. 
 
 MEMPHIS, and lier“ City of the Dead.” 
 
 A KIOSK, or Turkish Summer Pavilion— ZuleyJca ; Nilotic flowers. 
 
 SCENES on the River Boats, Bottle-rafts, Sailors, and varied Population : 
 Buffaloes, Children. 
 
 ARAB-towns, and /VMA-villages ; Date-Palm-forests, and Doim-trees. 
 
 DENDERA, Temple of Tentyris ; —Limestone-hills. 
 
 THEBES, West Bank.—Temple-palace of Setiiei I, at El-Qoorna. — 
 Temple-palace of Ramses II., miscalled the Mcmnonium—The Colossi 
 of Amunoph III.; Memnon of the Vocal Statue—Temple-Palaces of 
 Ramses III., &c., at Medeenet-IIdboo. 
 
 THE ACIIERUSIAN LAKE, original Styx, at Twilight. 
 
 ERMEND, Hcrmonthis , and a bivouac by Night. 
 
 ESNE, Latopolis, with its exiled Aimes, or Dancing-girls ; and Turks. 
 
 EDFOU, Apollinopolis Magna,—its Ptolemaic Temple, and modern Town. 
 
 SILSILIS, its ancient Sandstone Quarries, antique chapels, &c. 
 
 ELEPHANTINE and PIIILfE, Sacred Islands— Nilometer ; times past; 
 times present. ’ 
 
 THE FIRST CATARACT, its Rapids, and grotesque Islets. 
 
 GRANITE BOULDER, “ Kurset-Pharaoon,” or Pharaoh’s Seat_ 
 
 Hieroglyphical Tablets : Dromedaries ; Travellers’ furniture. 
 
 NUBIA—Ruins of Dalbd, Ethiopian, Greek, and Roman. 
 
 ISLANDS—Crocodiles, Sicsacs, Hippopotami, Pelicans, Vultures, &c. 
 
 GERTASSE—its Temple beautifully shown by Moonlight. 
 
 BAB-EL-KALABSIIE, Gate of Kalabslie, with its precipitous cliffs. 
 
 A NUBIAN WEAVER, his primitive Loom and simple Apparatus. 
 
 A SAK1A, or Water-wheel : irrigation ; botany. 
 
 TEMPLES of Dandoor, Gerf-Husseyn, DakJcch, Korti, Sebboa, and Amada. 
 
 ABOO-SIMBEL—its two vast Temples excavated in the rock, and the 
 Colossi of Ramses II.—Greek and Phoenician petroglyphs. 
 
 1 HE SECOND CATARACT— Butn el-Hdgar, or the “ Womb of Stones 
 its basaltic rocks and savage aspect. 
 
2 nd Section.— DESCENT OF THE NILE. 
 
 DERR, the Capital of Nubia, anciently “ City of the Sun.” 
 
 SYCAMORE TREE, the largest known, and of immense antiquity. 
 
 PYRAMIDAL ROCKS—singular freaks of Nature. 
 
 IBREEM, Premmis, its ruined Fortress. 
 
 GROUP of Barabera, Abdbde and Bishdrri, of Nubia ; with a Iidwee, 
 Saddeh, or Serpent-charmer : dancing cobra, &c. 
 
 NUBIAN VILLAGE, Manners and Customs : lady in full dress. 
 
 THE ANCIENT SUAN, Syene —Pharaonic and Saracenic Ruins- 
 
 THE MODERN ASSOUAN—its Granite Quarries, Cnfic sepulchres, &c. 
 
 TEMPLES at Bourn Ombos, and El-Kab or Eilcthyas. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL SCENE—Rise ofihe Dog-Star, Sirius, or Sothis : cynic 
 cycle. 
 
 THEBES, East bank—Temples, Palaces, Propyleia, and gigantic Remains 
 at Luqsor and Kamac. 
 
 BENI-HASSAN—Antique Tombs of the Xllth dynasty ; n.c. 2,000 a ( ?J 
 ■ —proto-doric Columns— Speos-Artemidos. 
 
 GEBEL-ET-TAYR, or the Bird-mountain. Coptic Monks and Convents. 
 
 THE DESERT, on the Libyan side. Turkish Officers, and Qddcc ; Arab 
 Horses, Saises, Dromedary-riders, Egyptian Donkies, &c. 
 
 BEDAWEES, Encampment, Camels and Flocks. 
 
 THE SIMOOM, or Sand-storm, overtaking a— 
 
 CARAVAN from the Oasis of Jupitcr-Ammon. 
 
 OSTRICHES, and wild Animals of the Desert. 
 
 THE MIRAGE—“ Moyet es-Sheytan,” or Waters of Satan —the deceiver. 
 
 PYRAMIDS and Tombs of the Illd and IVtli Memphite Dynasty at Gcczcli 
 and vicinities—the former the largest, and with the latter the most 
 ancient monuments of man on earth,—-above o,000 years old. 
 
 AND FINALLY TI1F, 
 
 SPHINX—“ AbooT-hoolee,” father of terror , to the Arabs—emblem of the 
 unknown, enigmatical and occult, to the Greeks—symbolizes the mys¬ 
 terious gloom that, around this very spot—the vanishing point at which 
 the earliest records of humanity disappear—closes Nilotic scenes with— 
 
 SUNSET. 
 
 N.B.—It is the intention of the respective Proprietors, in England and in 
 America, as time enables them, to represent pictorially such objects of science or 
 historical interest as the Traveller is now supposed to pass by in his boat at night, 
 and therefore without notice, to add Aew Tableaux to the present Panorama. 
 Jn the interim, the writer takes this occasion of mentioning, that his own Tllus- 
 trations, independently of the Panorama, embrace, if on a smaller scale, everything 
 that Egyptological Science and Art have made public property ; together with 
 not a few subjects which, being yet unpublished, are to the public entirely 
 unknown.— G. It. G. 
 
OPINIONS OF TFIE LONDON PRESS. 
 
 “ The country of Egypt, in its geographical and physical features, is as singular 
 as the history of its ancient inhabitants is marvellous and interesting. Though 
 modern research has thrown considerable light on the past, and has thereby 
 increased our knowledge of its early state, socially and politically, there is a vast 
 deal that still is, and ever will be, a mystery. The philosopher, whom a spirit 
 of enquiry tempts to its wildernesses of barren rocks and dry sands, finds himself 
 totally unable to reconcile its present natural aspect with that fertile land to 
 which the Israelites flocked to buy corn for themselves and their herds. The man 
 of science sees 
 
 ‘ Those temples, pyramids, and piles stupendous, 
 
 Of which the very ruins are tremendous,’— 
 
 and wonders by what human machinery the huge masses of granite were heaped 
 on each other to form edifices that, even in their state of mutilation and decay, 
 airoru abundant evidence of architectural beauty; while he who would search 
 into the truths of Scripture, and seek to have his faith confirmed bv ocular de- 
 monstration of prophecies fulfilled, finds that her children ‘are desolate in the 
 midst of cities that are desolate, and her cities stand in the midst of cities that 
 are wasted.’ Thus, as in ancient times, Egypt is looked upon as < a land of 
 maivels, and has lost none of its attractions by comparison with the mighty 
 tracts that have since been discovered. It may readily be supposed that such a 
 country otters peculiar points of interest to a nation who, like ourselves, possess 
 so many fragmentary portions of its ancient grandeur as we have stored up in the 
 halls ol the British Museum, where they are regarded with wonder by the 
 thousands who, year by year, visit that establishment ; and it will as readily be 
 presumed that these thousands would desire to see somewhat more of the land 
 whence these fragments have been conveyed. Let such then pay a visit to the 
 “ Moving Panoramic Picture of the Nile,” now open at the Egyptian Hall, which 
 gives as perfect a representation of the various localities as can be effected by any 
 pictorial display. The spectator is supposed to start from Grand Cairo, up the 
 nvei, with his face towards the western bank, as far as the second cataract, 
 passing the once celebrated city of Memphis ; the pyramids of Dashour, almost 
 coeval with the ‘everlasting hills;’ Girgeh, formerly the capital of Upper Egypt- 
 the temple ol Dendera, commenced by Cleopatra; the Memnonium, or temple of 
 Kamses IT., with its gigantic or sitting statues; Edfou, the Apollinopolis Magna 
 ol the llomans, one of the largest temples of Egypt ; the ‘ Throne of Pharaoh ’ 
 as the remarkable group of rocks, near the Island of Phil®, is termed by the 
 Arabs. Having reached the second cataract, which divides Nubia from Ethiopia 
 a journey of nearly eight hundred miles from the place of starting, the navigation 
 of the Nile here terminates, and the spectator descends the river with his face 
 to the eastern bank, on his return to Cairo ; his voyage now enables him to see 
 lien, the capital of Nubia; a portion of Thebes ; Karnak ; the tombs of Beni 
 liassen ; the Lybian Desert ; the Pyramids ; and the Sphynx. There are, of 
 course, numerous other places of a highly interesting character brought into’the 
 panorama, which we cannot more particularly refer "to ; and there are peculiar 
 effects of scenery, such as the Simoom, the rising of the Dog-star, as well as 
 illustrations of the habits and manners of the people. The painting is principally 
 the work of Mr. Warren, President of the New Society of Painters in Water 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 r AN'ORAM A OF THE 
 
 Colours ; am! of Mr. Fahey, the Secretary to the same Institution, from sketches 
 niaiie chiefly by Mr. Boiiomi, the distinguished traveller in the Mast- It is almost 
 needless to remark that, in such hands, there is an assurance for a faithful and 
 well-executed work of Art, and such we have no hesitation in pronouncing it. 
 The views, from being transparent, convey to us, perhaps, less the idea of a 
 picture than an ordinary panorama, and exhibit on the whole less power of 
 colouring ; but then the eye is less distracted by wandering over a large surface 
 ol canvas, and has opportunity to digest (if we may so speak) each separate 
 portion before it travels onwards. We must, however, injustice state, that some 
 of the scenes arc most forcibly rendered, and are abundantly rich in colour. 
 Altogether we have been both delighted and instructed by this Panorama of the 
 Nile, which we trust will find a largo measure of public support. Besides the 
 artists already mentioned, we hear that Messrs. J. Martin, E. Corbould, Weigall, 
 and House, have lent their assistance in its production.— 
 
 Art Journal, September, 18-19. 
 
 ■‘The two American panoramas which exhibit in London the scenery of the 
 Mississippi would seem to have stimulated our native artists to the production of 
 similar effects: but in all the qualities of Art the English work far surpasses its 
 transatlantic compeers. This new panoramic series of views is derived from the. 
 studies of Mr. Bonomi, the traveller,—himself an artist of no mean powers, whose 
 residence of many years at different sites on the banks of the Nile gives warrant Un¬ 
 til.) authenticity of his materials. These in the hands of Mr. Henry Warren— 
 whose illustrations from Scripture history form annually a feature in one of our 
 Water-colour Exhibitions—have enjoyed all the advantages of a style of Art 
 applicable to their peculiar character. Mr. Warren has, we arc informed, had the 
 a -istance of Messrs. Fahey. John Martin, Edward Corbould, and others, in his 
 task: combination of talent which sufficiently accounts for the superiority ol 
 
 this panorama as a work of Art.”—(The representations of places are) 
 “ given with a fidelity and individuality which impress the form and complexion 
 on the mind in a manner that no written deseription can. The incidents, physical 
 and social, of the scenery, too, are. all conveyed. The trade or the pastime, on 
 tlu-river, in the desert, or in the dwelling, are all rendered: and I he zoology, 
 botany, and other branches of natural history have been strictly attended to. Wo 
 hear the Arab boat song.—watch the crocodile,—see the camel at rest, and the 
 hippopotamus trampling down the standing corn,—the, ostrich crosses the plain 
 before us.—and the simoon does its ravages in our sight. Tn a technical sense, 
 there is much in this picture to admire.”— Athoiairm, August 28, 1849. 
 
 This Panorama may be safely pronounced one of the most interesting and 
 instructive exhibitions that ever sought the patronage of the public. It has been 
 reserved for our time, by discovering the key to hieroglyphic language, to raise up 
 the veil, and these artistic labours are most valuable in aiding the mass of 
 information so recently acquired. Mr. Bonomi, whose name is authority in all 
 matters connected with Egypt and its history, has furnished the material for the 
 undertaking—all being from careful drawings made by him with the Camera 
 Lucida, and by most accurate measurements, so that every object here presented 
 to the public may bo relied on. His coadjutors are Messrs. Warren and Fahey, 
 artists of well-known talent. Mr. Warren, the President of the New Water 
 Colour Society, is well known to the public by his beautiful delineations of Arab 
 life, with which he seems to have completely identified himself. The work has 
 also received the friendly and powerful aid of John Martin, some of whose magical 
 effects it was not difficult to find out in the sun and moon-lit scenes. Tims there 
 is little left for us to desire in the pictorial arrangement and detail. The manners 
 and social circumstances of the country are carried out in conjunction with these 
 interesting antiquities in a series of beautiful tableaux : indeed, the picture, unlike 
 Olliers of this magnitude, is excellent ns a work of art. independently of the in¬ 
 formation it convoys.”— JAlorarii Guutlc. July :fs. 1849. 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NIEE. 
 
 11 
 
 '■ The introduction of moving panoramas of scenery in this country by the 
 Americans, has been most beneficial to the progress of knowledge. We know of 
 nothing by which so much new and varied information can be obtained in so little 
 time, and in so pleasurable a manner, as by one of these geographical paintings, 
 i he advantages of such pictures, it is to be hoped, will ensure them popularity, 
 increase in number, and improvement in style. The Rhine, the Danube, and a 
 hundred noble rivers, await to bo conveyed to the canvas. In the meantime, 
 Egypt being- nothing more than a narrow strip, watered by the Nile’s overflow, 
 almost all its great cities and temples visible from the river, and the oldest and 
 largest buildings in the world being made to revolve before the spectator, it 
 presented itself as peculiarly fitted for this kind of representation. Mr. Bonomi, 
 an old and well-known traveller and artist, had the sketches necessary for the 
 undertaking, and assisted by such distinguished painters as Messrs. Warren and 
 I ahey, a panorama has been produced, the fidelity and accuracy of which can be 
 relied, upon ; the wondrous architectural remains, the existing towns, the boats, 
 inhabitants, animals, and plants, the river and land scenery are all as true to 
 nature and art as representations of the kind can well be. ‘ There is this great 
 advantage in the panorama of the. Nile, that it can bo depended upon as a 
 representation of that which is.”— Colburn’s New Monthly , September 1, 1849. 
 
 “ The moving panoramic picture of the Nile was opened on Monday, the 23rd 
 uh. (July). Messrs. Warren, Bonomi, and Fahey, assisted by Messrs. Martin 
 Corbould, Weigall, and Howse, have conspired to produce an exceedingly in¬ 
 teresting and very beautiful work of art. The spectator, starting from Cairo 
 is made to sec, first one bank of the Nile, as far as the second cataract in Nubia’ 
 and then, returning, the other is brought before him. The subject is full of 
 interest. < Egypt' as the preface to the Catalogue states, ‘ was the land visited 
 by Abraham in search of food, when there was a famine in his own country; 
 the laud to which Joseph was carried as a slave, and which he governed as prime 
 minister. From Egypt Moses led the Israelites through the waters of the Red 
 Sea. Here Jeremiah wrote his ‘Lamentations.’ Here Solon, Pythagoras, Plato, 
 and other Greek philosophers, came to study. Here Alexander the Great came 
 as a conqueror; and here the infant Saviour was brought by his parents to avoid 
 the persecution of Herod. Egyptian hieroglyphics, in which the characters arc 
 taken from visible objects, are the earliest form of writing ; and the Hebrew and 
 Greek alphabets were both borrowed from them. Egypt" taught the world the use 
 of paper—made from its rush, the papyrus. In Egypt was made the first public 
 library, and first college of learned men, namely, the Alexandrian Museum. 
 There Euclid wrote his ‘Elements of Geometry,’ and Theocritus his ‘Poems,’ 
 and Lucian his ‘ Dialogues.’ The beauty of Cleopatra, the last Egyptian queen, 
 held Julius Caesar, and then Marc Anthony, captive. In Egypt were built the 
 first monasteries; the Christian Fathers, Origen and Athanasius, lived there; the 
 Arian and Athanasian controversy began there,’ With such a subject the artists 
 could scarcely fail to produce a Hue work.”— People's Journal. 
 
 " At the Egyptian Hall, in Piccadilly, a moving panorama of the Nile is 
 exhibited. The spectator begins his sedentary voyage at Cairo; ascends to the 
 second cataract, surveying the right or Eastern bank of the great river; and 
 returns in view of the western bank, ending with the head of tire Sphinx. 
 Occasionally the course leaves the liver, to display some traits of desert life. It is 
 a highly interesting- survey of one of the most interesting regions in the world, and 
 cannot fail to.attract numbers in search of instruction no less than amusement: it 
 is full of merit as a work of art.”—“ The exhibition is one of the most interesting 
 ever opened to the public. Many of the objects have been familiarized to the 
 spectator by the works of Roberts, Prisse, and others, and have been even more 
 minutely illustrated; but the relations of the whole have never been thus set before 
 him—the succession of Egyptian landscapes; the general aspect of the great river; 
 the general tone ot the climate; the relative positions of the cities, the ruins, and 
 the pyramids.; among the most popular scenes were evidently those exhibiting the 
 human life of the Nile—such as the Nubian women, the trial of an Arab depre¬ 
 dator. and even the apochryphal simoom.”— Spectator , August 4. 1849. 
 
 b 2 
 
12 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO TIIE 
 
 “ A moving picture of the panorama of the Nile, now on view at the I V\ pt i ni 
 Hall, in Uieeadilly. is beautifully painted by Mr. Warren and Mr. bali.-v, 
 by other eminent water-colour artists, front drawings made bv Mr. Llonomi. the 
 Eastern traveller, during a residence of twelve years in the valley of the great 
 river.”— Examiner, August -1, 1849. 
 
 “ The buildings alone, especially those of Egyptian architecture, are painted— 
 we might almost say raised —by a'masterly hand.”—"‘We must advert to 
 the cleverly-depicted scene of the serpent-charmer, the spectators of which, 
 allowing them to he seen through a magnifying-glass, are grouped with classical 
 aste, and form a most effective picture.”— Court Journal. July 28, 1849. 
 
 “ The. scenery of the Nile is even better adapted than that of the Mississippi for 
 the production of those longitudinal miles of painting.”—“ The Panorama 
 of the Nile carries the spectators, nevertheless, very agreeably over ground 
 which religion, history, and monumental art, have combined to consecrate. Manv 
 oi the scenes are effectively pourtrayed, and possess much merit as detached 
 pictures of their respective objects. Among the last we may enumerate the ruins 
 of the Second Cataract, the pyramidal mountain of granite boulders upon the 
 Island of Biggeh, and the rock-hewn temple at Abou-Simbal.”— Atlas. July 21. Is 18 , 
 
 “ This admirable new Panorama.”—“ Various eminent individuals whoso 
 historical knowledge and local travel well qualify them to speak as authorities 
 upon the accuracy and fidelity of these pletoral representations, have lately visited 
 this grand moving panorama, and express'd themselves highly satisfied with the 
 exhibition; and the same feelings of gratification and interest are warm l v 
 participated in by the general audiences that frequent the Egyptian Hail, as is 
 abundantly testified by their hearty and oft-renewed plaudits. With regard lo 
 the series of life-like views which arc brought in rapid succession before the eve 
 ol the interested spectator in this panorama, it is impossible here even to enumerate, 
 much less to give anything like an adequate description of them.”—" We know 
 not how a leisure hour could he more agreeably, and at the same time move 
 profitably, employed than by a visit to ‘ The Panorama of tile Nile.’”— 
 
 Morning Chronicle, August 28. 1849. 
 
 "The subject is full of interest, and if the Nile cannot boast, of such picturesque 
 and varied scenes as the Mississippi, it is infinitely superior to that river in its 
 remains of ancient magnificence and its historical associations. The panorama 
 presents to view all the edifices and places of celebrity, not only on the hanks hut 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of'the river. Cairo, Memphis, Dendcrah. Thebes, 
 Esne, Edf'ou, Elephantine, Phila . Herr, Esseboua. Hilethyas, Karnac—in short, 
 all the remarkable Egyptian localities appear in succession, and the eye of the 
 spectator constantly alights on some relics of ancient grandeur.”— Momma lie,aid 
 July 23, 1849. ' 
 
 “ As a work of art, executed from drawings made from the objects, by Mr. 
 Bonomi, during a residence of many years in Egypt, the panorama reflects'great 
 credit on the talent of that gentleman and his fellow-labourers, Messrs Warren 
 and Kahev. The objects have been delineated with a faithful pencil, as inferred 
 from the plaudits of those travellers present, who are familiar with them, and 
 therefore judges; and, as an entire picture, as well as in its details, it exhibits 
 great attention and elaborate^finish. The lights and shades of the colours are 
 in excellent keeping with the rules of art.”—" The panorama, however, 
 must be regarded as amongst the most attractive sights in the metropolis, and as 
 one that will richly repay a visit from the lover of art and antiquity.”— 
 
 Morning Advertiser, July 23. 1849. 
 
 “ The panorama of the Nile—is a most interesting agglomeration of all 
 tlie wonders of Egypt. Indeed, it would he difficult to find a more suitable 
 subject for panoramic scenery than the Nile on this account. But the panorama is 
 
1' ANOR A M A OF T1IE NILE. 
 
 13 
 
 Hot confined to its banks alone, it also extends to the desert, of which some scenes 
 have been entrusted to the experienced and skilled hands of Mr. Warren, if we 
 mistake not, the artist of the 1 Camel in the Desert.’ The delineation of the 
 cities and ruins is, wo believe, from the hands of Mr. Bonomi, whose long residence 
 in Egypt is a gage of their accuracy. 
 
 “ As the canvas revolves it unfolds the whole of the Nile’s scenery, from the 
 apex of the Delta to the Second Cataract on the borders of Ethiopia. Ail that has 
 been read of, or been conjured by the imagination, is here realized—from the 
 legions of crocodiles and their tiny bird-guardians in the hour of danger, the Sic- 
 Sucs, to the gigantic pyramids. Not only is the ground shifted, but atmospheric, 
 changes are given, as in the rising of the dog-star, not slightly reminding one of 
 Martin’s brush. The simoom, and a caravan crouching under the impending 
 infliction, are well represented. Altogether there seems to have been much care, 
 time, and research bestowed, which ought to render this panorama deservedly 
 popular.”— Daily News , July 23, 1849. 
 
 “ The artists who have laboured on the work are gentlemen of repute. The 
 names of Warren and Fahey, assisted by John Martin, Edward Corbould, Weigall, 
 and Howse, naturally excite expectation.”—“ The cloth appears to he as 
 long, or even longer, than those said to be of miles’ extent."—“ The drawing 
 is generally good, and frequently superior. The harmony of tone is maintained 
 throughout, and the treatment is never defaced by vulgarity. The effects 
 are sometimes beautiful, and they are, in every instance, depicted with an artist’s 
 eye.”— Morning Dost. 
 
 “ A moving picture of the panorama of the Nile, now on view at Egyptian Hall, 
 in Piccadilly, is beautifully painted by Mr. Warren and Mr. Fahey, assisted by 
 other eminent water-colour artists, from drawings made by Mr. Bonomi, the 
 Eastern traveller, during a residence of twelve years in the valley of the great 
 river.”— Observer, July 29, 1819. 
 
 The Egyptian and Nubian banks are in turn both shown to the spectator; and 
 the way of life in the river and on the desert is amply illustrated. In this manner 
 we have the famous boat-song. ‘ Hey, hey, ho, heeleysa,’ a barcarolle with which 
 the boatmen of the Nile cheer their voyage, and which is, indeed, the standard song 
 of departure for the Hanoi as.” — Illust. Loud. News.: July 28. 1849. 
 
 “ Tire panorama offers superior attractions to others of its class, inasmuch as it 
 gives the spectator a view of both banks of the river. In the first part we commence 
 at Cairo and proceed through Egypt, and then through Nubia, until we approach 
 Ethiopia and arrive at the second cataract of the river. Having journeyed a 
 distance of some 800 miles, and seen the colossal remains of antiquity on tile 
 'western side, we arc carried hack to inspect the eastern shore of tire Nile. Both 
 of the paintings possess an extraordinary interest from the number of historical 
 places and objects which they depict.” —Weekly Dispatch. 
 
 “ The hot and arid sands of Egypt and Nubia are admirably depicted. The 
 drawing is good, and equal in its excellence, and this is no inconsiderable praise to 
 bestow on a work in the production of which so many persons have been engaged. 
 Viewing the panorama as a work of art, it is superior to anything of the kind now 
 exhibiting.”—“ Those who view it, as undoubtedly it should be viewed, as an 
 artistic portraiture of nature, cannot fail to find in it much to admire and little to 
 condemn. The painting does not profess to bo any given number of miles in 
 length, though the extent of canvas is fully equal to that of others, which, it is 
 alleged, if unrolled, would reach from London Bridge to Woolwich.”—“ The 
 painting is evidently the production of gentlemen who know and appreciate then- 
 art, and who have in a praise-worthy manner resolved to improve the public taste 
 by a portraiture of nature as it is. rather than please the eye for a moment by the 
 exhibition of gaudy absurdities. The scenes which the painting presents, arc, 
 perhaps, the most remarkable in the old world. They arc full of historic assc- 
 
14 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO TI1E 
 
 ciations, and even now, through the long vista of two thousand years, the spectator 
 cannot but gaze with absorbing and melancholy interest on the stupendous vestiges 
 of an empire respecting which so many prophecies have been realized, and which 
 was once the greatest and most powerful in the world. It is impossible for any one 
 to visit the panorama without deriving amusement and instruction in the most 
 attractive form.”— Weekly Chronicle , July 29, 1849. 
 
 “ A picturesque voyage up the Nile, as far as the second cataract, and a journey 
 across the desert into Nubia, may be very pleasantly', safely, and cheaply enjoyed, 
 in tlie course of an hour or so, by stepping into the Egyptian llall, Piccadilly'.'’— 
 “ Tlie famous river and the stupendous monuments of Egyptian art on its hanks. 
 Pyramids, temples, tombs, and colossal statues, pictured with the utmost fidelity 
 by the. united talents of Messrs. Bonomi, Warren, and Fahey, pass before the 
 visitor in a continuous succession of views, all of them interesting and characteristic, 
 and many of them highly effective."-—“ As a work of art, also, the painting of this 
 cabinet panorama has claims to admiration.”— 11 There are evidences of the skill 
 of the artists to gratify admirers of good painting; and altogether the exhibition h 
 of the most gratifying description. Indeed, it conveys a most complete and vivid 
 idea of the wonders of Egypt .”—John Bull, July 28, 1849. 
 
 “ A most interesting exhibition. That ancient river, the Nile—from Cairo, the 
 capital of Egypt, to the second cataract, with all its wonders—is made to pass in 
 review before the admiring spectator. Here let all go who wish for instruction combined 
 with amusement. Tlie home-bred citizen may acquire information, at small cost 
 on all that belongs to that wonder-fraught land, Egypt: the travelled arehuiologist 
 may refresh himself by reading—actually reading—the hieroglyphical inscriptions 
 on her ancient walls; the student in Scripture lore may increase his stock ol 
 knowledge in the contemplation of the truths here pictured.”— Weekly Times. 
 
 “The present panorama represents tlie Nile, between Cairo and the second 
 cataract in Nubia, the drawings for the purpose being made by Mr. J. Itnomi. 
 and the panorama painted by 7 the well-known artists, Henry Warren and James 
 Fahey; and it is a work of much merit, in an artistic point of view, being 
 excellently painted, and the scenes of interest along the Nile are very numerous 
 —“ giving us a most vivid idea of this extraordinary river, the manners and 
 customs of the Egyptians, the aspen of their country, and the whole economy ol 
 their arrangements —“ far more instructive than any work of travels.”— 
 
 News of the World, June 22, 1849. 
 
 “ In point of size, it is about the same as the American paintings, and quite as 
 long, and, for the features portrayed, cannot fail of proving equally, if not more 
 interesting, at least to those who love to contemplate the history 7 , manners, and 
 habitations of the people of the early ages.”—■■ In the route the panorama takes, 
 every object of tlie slightest interest has been made available-, and faithfully 
 portrayed from drawings made on the spot; and amongst the incidents, tlie 
 caravan overtaken by a simoom is tlie most dramatic and striking.”— 
 
 Lloyd's News, July 29, 1849. 
 
 " Messrs. Warren, Bonomi, and Fahey, assisted by Messrs. Martin, Corbould’ 
 Weigall, and Howse, have conspired to produce an oxer, dinglv interesting and 
 very beautiful work of art. The spectator, starting from Cairo, is made to see, 
 first one bank of the Nile, as far as the Second Cataract, in Nubia; and then, 
 returning, the other is brought before him.”—“ With such a subject, the artists 
 we have named could scarcely fail to produce a fine work, and they-have fully 
 justified the anticipation.”— Builder, .July 28, 1849: and Chut, August 4, 1849. 
 
 “A new panorama of tire Nile lias gist been opened at the Egyptian Hall, 
 Piccadilly. We had only time to pay it a flying visit, but. saw enough to know 
 that it poss.'.--es many points of excellence. We will report more fully on il: 
 merits next month.” — Bjjoi ting Review, August 1, Is 19. 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 15 
 
 We yesterday visited (his Exhibition at tlic Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, and 
 Wave highly ([. lighted with it, and we are quite sure our readers will thank us for 
 bringing it under their notice. It is doubly interesting, first as a work of art, and 
 secondly as recording most faithfully the stupendous works of antiquity on the 
 banks of the Nile, from Cairo, the capital of Egypt, to the Second Cataract in 
 Nubia.”—“ The artists, Messrs. Bonorai, Warren, and Fahey, have dis¬ 
 played great talent in the construction of the panorama, and altogether it is one 
 of the most interesting exhibitions in the metropolis.”— 
 
 Theatrical Observer, July 25, 1849. 
 
 THIS gYRO-EGYPTIAN SOCIETY, AND THE PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 “ Last evening, in consequence of an invitation on the part of the proprietors of 
 the Panorama of the Nile to the members of the Syro-Egypiian Society, a large 
 number of gentlemen connected with that learned body, with their ladies, 
 assembled at seven o’clock in the panorama-room at the Egyptian Ilall, Piccadilly, 
 where they were met by several of the council. 
 
 “ The object of the proprietors in thus gratuitously giving an opportunity of 
 inspecting the panorama to the associates of the above-named Institute, was In 
 give to those who had visited the ancient ‘ land of Egypt,’ the privilege of again 
 seeing shadowed forth, in the metropolis of Great Britain, the magnificent scenes 
 they had witnessed on the banks of the Nile from Cairo to the second cataract, 
 upwards, and returning by the village of Wady Haifa, by Derr, to the great 
 1 ’yramids northward. 
 
 Mr. Davyd W. Nash (in the absence of the President, Dr. J. Lee,) “ having 
 taken the chair, said that it was with much pleasure that he met his friends and 
 fellow-laborers in the investigation of the historical records of Egypt. The studies 
 in which they were engaged were most interesting and important. There was 
 something in the study of matters connected with Egyptian remains which was 
 calculated to give to the inquiring mind a still keener edge, and which led tile 
 inquirer on further and further into desire for the full information they sought. 
 The lecturer said that no doubt the company present would be enabled to spend 
 a most pleasant, and profitable evening, as several gentlemen well acquainted with 
 the localities to be represented, would orally illustrate certain parts of the river, 
 so as to afford to all the information which had been gathered while the parties 
 were travelling through that ancient, country. 
 
 ********** 
 
 “At the close of the exhibition, the Chairman' said he hoped that they bad 
 all profited by what they had seen, and that they would endeavor to represent, 
 the merits of that truthful work of art to all interested in researches connected 
 with a country so ancient in its history, and so celebrated for its monumental 
 remains ."—Morning Chronicle, Sept. 7, 1849; and Examiner, Sept. 9, 1849. 
 
 “The Syro-Egyptian Society visited in a body the Panorama of the Nile last 
 evening; the exhibition having been set apart for their exclusive entertainment 
 by the proprietors. There were upwards of 200 persons present. (Mr. Nash) was 
 in the chair; and Mr. Bonomi undertook the task of pointing out the several 
 points of interest on the moving picture of that great river, and which no man in 
 this country is better qualified to perform. As the panorama progressed, several 
 members of the society addressed observations, critical, scientific, or elucidatory to 
 the audience upon the places or subjects before the meeting.” 
 
 ********** 
 
 “Tliis closed the exhibition, in the course of which testimony was home in the 
 strongest terms to the accuracy of the panorama as a delineation of the Nile.”— 
 
 Morning Herald, September 7, 1849. 
 
 “Last evening this society was invited by the proprietors of the panoramic 
 picture of the Nile.”—Mr. Nash, “ who presided on the occasion, said the object 
 ot the Society was the study of the history and antiquities of Syria and Asia Minor, 
 and also the history and antiquities of Egypt. Difficulties were often presented to 
 
16 
 
 IIAND-liOOK TO THE 
 
 members of the society who lwd not visited these countries, to understand 
 allusions made in the various papers read at the meetings of the Society, and as 
 many might not have the opportunity of making a journey to these interesting 
 places, the next best thing was to make themselves acquainted with them through 
 the medium of the exhibition they were invited to inspect. The antiquities of 
 Egypt were studied not as mere objects of curiosity, but as one of great importance 
 as relating to a country which fourteen hundreds years before the Christian era 
 was a flourishing empire, which presented the most interesting records of the 
 ancient world.—The members of the Society, by an inspection of the panorama 
 of the Nile, would be enabled to understand many allusions of a geographical 
 and topographical character, in the papers which might be read before the 
 Society.” 
 
 “ The observations of the members of the Syro-Egyptian Society were highly 
 interesting; and”—"displayed an intimate acquaintance with the various 
 localities, and even monuments and buildings depicted in the panorama, as well as 
 a very erudite knowledge of the antiquities of those interesting remains. The 
 company appeared highly delighted with the instruction they received from 
 their apposite remarks, and the learning they displayed upon this branch of 
 antiquarian lore. There was one impression which the visit of the Society must 
 have fixed upon the attention of all present, that the painting is an accurate 
 delineation of the scenes it professes to describe, and must assure every one that 
 the exhibition has the merit of being a general pictorial map of the country, its 
 cities, monuments, and buildings. Mr. Nash, before the company separated, 
 expressed his own thanks and that of the Society to the spirited proprietors of the 
 exhibition, for their liberality in affording them an opportunity of witnessing 
 t he exhibition, and explaining to those members who had no othermeans of becoming 
 acquainted with places they were familiar with through historical studies alone.”— 
 
 Advertiser, September 7, 1S4'J 
 
 punch’s cheap excursion ur and down tiie xii.e. 
 
 ” You start from Piccadilly. It has been a matter of doubt which was the real 
 source of the Nile. That doubt is for ever set at rest—it is the uml rella-stand of 
 the Egyptian Ilall. Never mind about band-boxes, carpet-bags, or trunks—travel 
 for once without luggage.”—“ The first city you observe through the chiavo- 
 obseuro is Cairo. There is no capital in the world which is ‘ so well off for soap,’ 
 for it has uo less than seventy baths; but this must not be wondered at, for, if you 
 recollect, Egypt was the land where the pail of civilization was first discovered.”— 
 " The Mosque of Sultan Tooloon is well worth notice. The ascent is on the 
 outside by a spiral flight of steps. The idea was taken from the Lyceum 
 Theatre, which, when it was built, was found to have no staircase to its gallery.”— 
 “ Two of the Pyramids of brick have temples attached to them. This clearly 
 must have been suggested by our ‘Brick Court, Temple.’ What thieves those 
 Egyptians were!”—"As we are now approaching the Desert, you had better run 
 • out to Eakrance’s, and get an lee, — you know that Ices generally come in with tho 
 Desert! Besides you cannot be far wrong, for if Wilkinson and Gunter tell us 
 rightly, the tutelar deity of Egypt was ISIS.”—“ We are again compelled to halt 
 awhile. We will rest for a minute under the shade of the welcome Ge.niaiz, and 
 enjoy in peace the national Kaif. llepose is most needful in travelling in Egypt, 
 as without it the mind would become petrified with astonishment at the marvels it 
 was continually called upon to digest in this wonderfully-gifted country of 
 millstones.”—“ Next week we will finish our Cheap Excursion. KceoUect there 
 is no additional charge for these delays. You pay fid. to go to the Bank, 
 which is merely in Thrcadneedle Street, and we are sure you will not object to 
 Is.—for that is all the fare—to see the two Banks of the Nile .”—Vide Pi nch, ]<S, 
 23 August, and 1 September, 1840. 
 
VAN OK AM A OF Til L NILE. 
 
 17 
 
 TO MY FRIENDS IN AMERICA. 
 
 “ Plurimas terras peragrctvi, disjunctissma quwque lustrans ; coeli solique 
 
 generaplurima vidi, eruditos homines perinullos avdivi ; . 
 
 JEgt/ptiorum, qui HAU.PEDONArT.a5 (aQtr^ovaTrrai — Clem. Alex. Strom. I. 
 =J?nsn—J1X—'naiH) HRPD—AUN-—HPTE=‘GW«i chc largiscc la virtic 
 della luce;' i. e. the Illuminati — Michelangelo Lanci, ‘ Lettre a M. Prisse 
 d’Avennes,’ Paris, 1347 ; pages 80, 81 :) nominantur, apud hosautem postremo 
 multos^er annos peregrinatus sum." 
 
 Democriti Abderitte Operum fragmenta—p. 228. Ed. Mullachius, 
 
 Berlin, 1848. 
 
 The encouragement you have been pleased to bestow upon my Lectures 
 on Egyptian Archceology, ever since the Course first laid before you in the 
 winter of 1842-8, having engendered in me the habit of direct address, I 
 make bold to adopt it in the present remarks as at once the most natural and 
 straightforward. 
 
 More than eighteen months will have intervened between the cessation of 
 1113 ' lectureship (at St. Louis, May, 1848,) and its approaching resumption ; 
 and on the occasion of a fourth passage from the Old World to the New, 
 einbued, as experience and travel enable me to draw comparisons, with a 
 profounder sense of the inestimable value of the Republican Institutions of 
 the United States ; I feel desirous of explaining that this interval of recess 
 has been devoted to the acquirement of knowledge and the collection of 
 varied materials, calculated to render my future discourses in method of 
 illustration more generally popular, no less than in character interesting and 
 instructive. 
 
 It is with this view that, on issuing a Hand-book to the transatlantic 
 branch of the duplicate Exhibition, simultaneously in England and in 
 America, of Messrs. Warren, Bonomi, and Fahey’s magnificent 
 
 PANORAMA OF THE NILE, 
 
 1 deem it expedient, whilst embodying in the following pages a variety of 
 new scientific data, whereby the reflective mind will perceive and appreciate 
 the importance of a few of the problems embraced within the circle of 
 Egyptian studies, to sketch the chief considerations that last year suggested 
 
18 
 
 n AN l>-i;OOK TO THE 
 
 the suspension of my Lectures for a season ; and at the same time to indicate, 
 in a few words, the augmented facilities with which I hope to have the 
 gratification of re-opening my Lecture-rooms, this winter, in the United 
 States . for, in turning showman , I by no means intend to abandon my proper 
 vocation of Orientalist and Arch6ologue. By myself, the value of the 
 “ Panorama of the Nile," great as its conception and artistic merits unques¬ 
 tionably arc, is regarded more especially in an educational point of view— 
 inasmuch as the occular contemplation of the venerable, sublime and 
 beautiful, in a country which contains the oldest and, humanly speaking, the 
 most authentic records of man on earth, is calculated to inspire the beholder 
 of its picturesque features, and the most cursory reader of its romantic history, 
 with a desire to become acquainted with the triumphant progress of that 
 science, through which the earliest chronicles of mankind have been de¬ 
 ciphered, and brought within the intellectual comprehension of any one 
 who sincerely chooses to inquire. 
 
 The Prospectus" that in October, 1846, announced my return from a pre¬ 
 ceding sojourn at Paris and London, followed by my Lectures during tbt: 
 winters of 1846-7, 1847-8, had set forth, that hicroglyphica! inquiries into 
 Primeval History, which in 184.5 received new life and impetus from Chcv. 
 Bunsen’s erudite work,+ were to a great extent in a state of transition, if not 
 wholly in abeyance, pending the publication of the immense discoveries 
 made in Egypt and Ethiopia, 1842-5, by tbc Prussian Scientific Mission 
 under Chcv. It. Lepsius. And although through vigilant observation of such 
 items of novelty as from time to time found their way into the public prints, 
 or through the kind hints of friends in private correspondence, 1 may have 
 known as much or as little about these discoveries as others, prudence as 
 regarded the lecturer, and justice towards his auditors, seemed to dictate a 
 withdrawal from the public consideration of subjects so important, until 
 opportunity might render their details more accessible. 
 
 In the meanwhile another field of Oriental research, admirably adapted to 
 popular lectures, teeming with associations not less venerable than picturesque 
 and fraught with consequences of the utmost interest to the biblical student, 
 was opened up in Assyria. The successive discoveries among the mounds 
 of time-interred Nineveh by Messrs. Botta and Bayard, coupled with the 
 successful labours of Major Rawi.inson in deciphering cuneiform in¬ 
 scriptions, attracted my earnest attention ; but, remote from the centre of 
 discovery, and from any library wherein all the works requisite to the pro¬ 
 secution of inquiries, to myself entirely novel, might be found, it was im¬ 
 possible to obtain in America the preliminary information indispensable to the 
 success of my endeavors. 
 
 * Republished in the form of an Appendix to the 10th and 12th editions of 
 “Chapters on Early Egyptian History,” &c., New York, 184.3. T. }{. Peter son, 
 Ghesnut St., Philadelphia, 1848. Jama: Madden, S, Leadenliall St., London. 
 
 t “JEgyptens Sti lie in dor Weltgoschiehte,” 3 vols., Hamburg. 1815. “ Egypt's 
 
 Place in Universal History.’ translated from tin German by Charles II. Cottrell. 
 Esq., M.A.. 1st vi'!., London, 1848. 
 
PANORAMA OF TI1E NILE. 
 
 1 !) 
 
 In consequence 1 proceeded to London in tlic summer of 1848 ; unu for 
 many months have been a constant reader in flic Library of the British 
 Museum—how far successfully time alone can developc. The frequent in¬ 
 spection of the Nimroud Marbles has rendered me acquainted with the 
 peculiar style and characteristics of Assyrian Art; and although I must 
 confess to extreme diffidence in tendering my acknowledgments, lest per¬ 
 chance the performance of the contemplated effort to popularize cuneatie 
 discoveries in the United States, should fall as far short of the worth of these 
 gentlemen’s researches as of the grandeur of the subjects, I trust that an 
 expression of my deep obligations will not be rejected by Mr. Austen 
 Henry Layard, Mr. S. Birch, Mr. R. Norris, Mr. W. Francis Ainsworth, 
 and lastly, Mr. John Murray ;* while I reserve, to future opportunity, 
 the pleasure of reference to the specific favors for which I am happy to own 
 myself their debtor. 
 
 During the winter, my few hours of leisure were employed in annotating 
 a digest of the newspaper-reports of some of the Egyptian lectures delivered 
 before American audiences ; first published in serial order by my esteemed 
 and erudite colleague, Mr. L. Burice, Editor of the “ Ethnological Journal 
 (Nos. vi., vii., viih, ix., and x.) These desultory articles have since been 
 collected into one volume, and under the title of “ Otia iEgyptiaca” have 
 appeared from the press of my friend Mr. James Madden, the Oriental 
 Publisher. Some months having elapsed since their compilation, the Author, 
 who has not been altogether idle in subsequently verifying the correctness 
 of his assertions, may be allowed to state, that lie entertains (due regard being- 
 had to the dates of publication,) small doubts as to general accuracy of 
 the views set forth. 
 
 In the month of April I paid a visit to Paris, with the object of seeing 
 the “ Galcrie d’ Antiquites Assyrienncs ’’—exhumed from the mounds of 
 Khorsabad by an admired colleague of “ auld lang sync” in Egypt, 
 M. Paul-Emile Botta ;+ and, since my former stay at the Parisian capital, 
 deposited, in a style commensurate with the gigantic splendor of the Sculp¬ 
 tures, and with French scientific munificence, in the Louvre Museum ; under 
 the eminent curatorship of M. Adrien de Longkerier, whose courtesies 
 demand my warmest thanks. 
 
 Time permitted also a hasty glance at the hoary relies of Pharaonic Art,.j: 
 
 * The Publisher, to whose liberality, and desire to promulgate knowledge, 1 am 
 indebted for a presentation-copy of the superb folio, “ The Monuments of Nineveh,” 
 from Drawings made on die spot, by Austen Henry Layard, Esq., D.C.L. Illus¬ 
 trated in one hundred folio plates. London, 1849. 
 
 ■j Son of the renowned Italian Author of “ Storia dell’ Independenza degli 
 Stati Uniti dell’ America,” and now French Consul at Jerusalem. 
 
 ;[ Monuments of the laborious discrimination of the 11 Institut de 1’Egypte,” of 
 the successive acquisitions made chiefly at the instigation of the Patriarch of 
 Egyptian studies, the venerable and still-enthusiastic Jomard, and of Champol- 
 lion’s Mission to Egypt and Nubia in 1828-30, which, to the disgrace of former 
 Conservators and Architects, had been abandoned pell-mell (o the damp, and 
 secluded from the inspection of students, (some of the objects during thirty years,) 
 
HAND-BOOK OF THE 
 
 ‘20 
 
 then in process of erection in the New Saloon, dedicated to Envutian 
 Sculptures at the Louvre.* 
 
 U here all have been so kind, and with such ready cordiality have severally 
 entered into the spirit of my desires, it would be invidious to particularize 
 the gentlemen to whose personal urbanities I feel most under obligation • 
 nor, as I indulge the hope of littering publicly my sentiments on the erudite 
 labors of French archaeologists, need I regret that space now restricts me to 
 the honorable names of M.M. Ampere, Boudin, Ciiampollion, Dr Rouge, 
 Dr Soulcy, Jomard, Lesueub, Longpkrieb, Pautiiiku, Prisse, and Raoul- 
 Rociiette : but however habituated, through their goodness, to record mv 
 gratitude towards Parisian Savans, the surpassing liberalities of M.M. Gid'e 
 
 & <>t and the ^ective co-operation of M. A. Lf.leux,* call for a most 
 especial mention. 
 
 Early m May, I had the gratification of availing myself of Chev. Lepsiits’s 
 invitation to inspect with him the Egyptian Museums of Berlin ; where, with 
 
 m the mildewed cellars of the Louvre-palace. (Cf.‘‘Quelques observations sur le 
 Musee des Antiques ilu Louvre. — Revue Arclteoloqique ; Paris, 1844 : Tom 1 
 pages 333-7.) In 1846, at the recommendation of LetrokNe I made 
 personal application to M. Duhois, for permission to see them. '['lie reason he 
 alleged for refusing was, that the unknown “ caveaux,” in which these antiriue 
 
 vestiges were mouldering, contained the precious “badauderies”of modern sculptors! 
 
 I wish it had been likewise in my power to compliment the “ Conservateur du 
 Musee Charles X., on the wonderful improvements and ingenious metamorphoses 
 introduced by him, at the time of my recent stroll through the halls upstair* into 
 collections once classified scientifically by the hands of Cn vmpolliov-lf-Je’ukf 
 It was a sublime conception which led this later reformer of hierology to arrange 
 alabaster Junereal vases (so-called Canopic ) no longer according to their well-known 
 respective epochs, but classed and actually “ timbres, scion lour capncite on 
 hires: and 1 trust that his successors will carefully preserve, in order that pos¬ 
 terity may realize “jusqu’ A que point l’on a pu etr e timbre" in the 49th year of 
 the xixth century, a tew samples of those exquisite magnetic machines iii which 
 little porphyry, agate, lapis-lazuli, and other symbolical Eyes, and “ sallo Dio” 
 what not were suspended, in proof of ancient Egyptian acquaintance with the 
 philosophie de 1 aimant.” But, what else could have been expected from the 
 Author ot the u Diutionnaire des Hieroglyphes,” Bordeaux, 1839 ! 
 
 } ft, M. Camille Duteil may be consoled with an assurance, that a “pendant” 
 exists in another Curator, and in another Museum, equal to any of his most 
 brilliant imbecilities. There is, no (matter where I saw it.) a restored sitting statue 
 of a 1 haraonic “Priest and Scribe—relative of the king,” whose head is that of 
 a Ct/nocep/ialus. 
 
 * Future visitors may congratulate themselves that a new Administration in 
 every way qualified to do justice to the venerable treasures confided to its .nw 
 dianship, now watches over the arrangements of the Louvre Museum than which 
 nothing promises to be more satisfactory. (Cf. Revue Archioloqimte • 15 Join 
 1849 ; pages 205—6.) J 1 ’ 
 
 f Publishers of the “ Voyage on Perse, par M.M. Flandin et Coste ” ano f 
 the “Monument de Rinive, par M.M. Botta et Flandin ’’—vast splendid and 
 costly works indispensable to the student of cuneiform discoveries! present, 'ttinn- 
 copies ot which-for my lectures in the United States, I owe to M.M. Gidr & C ic ' 
 munificence. 
 
 t Editor of the incstimaVe “ Recueil de Documents et de Memoires ’ univor- 
 S.allv lauded as the Revue Arclihihujique —without which it is a vain attempt at 
 the present day to keep pace with Continental researches. 
 
PANORAMA OK THE NILE. 
 
 21 
 
 antiquarian taste and luxury of embellishment yet unattempted elsewhere, 
 arc deposited the earliest (and to this hour unpublished.) monuments of 
 antique humanity-—hieroglyphical legends of which the original execution 
 dates as far back as fifty centuries ago, eoetancous with the Hid., IVth,, 
 Vth., Vlth., as well as with later Manethonian dynasties—disinterred, and 
 rescued from oblivion or perdition by the enthusiatic exertions of the Prussian 
 Scientific Mission to Egypt and Ethiopia, in the years 1842-5. 
 
 Preceding relations,—as my American audiences have been annually made 
 cognisant of, since the commencement of Cliev. Lr.rsius’ researches at 
 Memphis in December, 1842,* * * § —directly with the Chief and some associates of 
 this unrivalled expedition at the time of their local discoveries,t or indirectly, 
 during the lifetime of my revered Father ,% and the later residence of my 
 brother William, at Cairo ; coupled with more minute attention to the 
 progressive developments of the Prussian Mission^ than had perhaps been 
 devoted by many others, (even in Egypt, as maybe inferred from pending 
 publications,) had long ago prepared me for historical revelations, unanticipated 
 by the most ardent of hicrological disciples. In common with Letronke — 
 whose loss to Egyptian Sciences is as much deplored as his commendation 
 remains a durable guerdon of merit, I had been aware, since Yyse and 
 I’kriunc.’s pyramidal researches of 1837-9, “ qu’il n’y a plus maintenant 
 que des fouilles dispendieuses , qui puissent procurer de nouvenux documents,’ 
 with the aid of which to prosecute successful enquiries into the primeval 
 history of humanity in the valley of Nile ; and, hailing the Prussian Mission 
 to Egypt, as t-he harbinger to the solution of ten-thousand problems—with 
 Letuonne, I repeat, 1 have ever beheld in “ le docteur Richard Lursius, 
 Vespoir des etudes Egyptiennes depuis la mort a jamais regrettable de 
 
 Ch AM POLL! ON.” j | 
 
 To such an extent had this conviction affected the system projected by me 
 in 1842, for the popular diffusion of hieroglyphical discoveries among the 
 educated multitudes of America, that while presenting, as they became 
 known or accessible to me, such points of the profound investigations of the 
 
 * Programme of the first Course of Thirteen Lectures delivered by me in the 
 United IStates ; commencing at Boston, 19th December, 1842.—“Chapters,” 1st 
 edition, New York, 15th March, 1843 ; notes, pages 10, 54, 58. 
 
 •f I/iiil. Appendix to Baltimore edition, March, 1845, pages 67, G8.—■ 
 “Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences" at Philadelphia ; July and 
 August, 1843 ; July and October, 1844 ; January, February, and May, 1S45.— 
 “ Southern Literary Messenger,” July, 184.1 ; Progress of Archaeological Science in 
 America, pages 4, 8, 11, 12. 
 
 J The late John Gi.iddon, for twenty-five years a resident, and for fourteen 
 years U. S. Consul in Egypt ; deceased at Malta, 3rd July, 1844. 
 
 § “Chapters,” 10th and 12th editions, Appendix, Philadelphia, October, 1346, 
 pages 3, 4. —Bartlett, “The Progress of Ethnology New York, 1847, pages 
 48-53.— “Ethnological Journal,” No. 7, December, 1848, pages 298 to 302, &c.—- 
 “ Otia JEgyptiaca,” Appendix A , page 39, et seq. 
 
 || “ Rccueil des Inscriptions Grecques ot Laiines de 1’Egyptc Paris, 1842, 
 v*> 1. L, Introduction, page xxxi. 
 
HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 1 lierolog-ists of England, France, Germany, and Italy, as were in their 
 nature likely to interest, or were adaptable to oral exposition before mixed 
 audiences, I have felt, especially in the last two years, the necessity of 
 accompanying my verbal statements with so many reservations, (for fear of 
 misleading those auditors who honored me with attention,) that the otherwise- 
 congenial profession of a lecturer became morally irksome ; and I rejoiced 
 at the opportunity of a recess, until circumstances should enable me to teach 
 myself, before pretending to possess the capability of enlightening others. 
 
 You, then, my Friends in republican America, whose approbation I have 
 striven to earn, will readily understand the mental satisfaction with which 1 
 beheld, at Berlin, facts that removed doubts or apprehensions, and at the 
 same time fixed in my mind ideas heretofore fugitive. 
 
 11, therefore, my future discourses should contain aught that may be in 
 advance of the age, not merely on Egyptological, but on other momentous 
 questions of human origines, my hearers will owe acquaintance with by far 
 the greater part of them to the conversations, materials, works,* and to the 
 generous, open-hearted kindnesses of Lepsius. 
 
 1 lie occasion of a visit to the Prussian metropolis was fortunate in enabling 
 me to thank the learned friend, and fellow-traveller of Chcv. Lepsius in 
 distant Ethiopia, Dr. Abeken, for many tokens of his urbanity during 
 his sojourn at Cairo. By Prof. E. Gerhard, + and by Baron Alexander 
 V on Humboldt, an expression of my vivid remembrance of their complaisance 
 will not be refused. The page would be filled with honorable names were I 
 lo enumerate the civilities graciously offered to mo if I could have prolonged my 
 stay among the Savans and Scientific Institutions of Germany. As time enables 
 me to become more familiarized with their works, I trust to evince my admira- 
 I ion of the authors by the use made of their profound and elevating researches. 
 
 Such are the preliminary observations with which I am fain to renew 
 public intercourse with my Friends in the United States ; and here the personal 
 narrative might he brought to a close, if after acknowledging the powerful aid 
 vouchsafed to my future lectures by Continental erudition, it were not 
 equally incumbent upon me, as well as consonant with my feelings, to offer 
 my sentiments of gratitude for the effective co-operation and facilities I have 
 enjoyed though the personal condescension of devotees to science in England 
 and in Egypt. 
 
 In a note to this address, I have sketched a “ List of the Illustrations and 
 Antiquities ,” which comprises the varied items 1 have been enabled to add 
 to the collection already so well-known to my transatlantic audiences ; and 
 
 f While writing, (20th August, 1849,) Mr. Madden announces to me his 
 reception of the first vol. of “ 1 lie Chronologic der AEgypter. bearbeitet von Richard 
 Lepsius, —Einleitimg und Erster Theil :— Kritik der Quellen. Berlin, 1849: 
 London, James Madden, 8, Leadenhull Street:” 551 pages, 4 to. The first half of 
 this great work, struck off by the author for private circulation among Ins friends, 
 was communicated to me last December, and a copy of one of the four “tirages a 
 part" of a portion of the second half, “ Kritik der Quellen,” I had the pleasure 
 of receiving from his own hands at Berlin last May. 
 
 t The celebrated Etruscan Scholar, Editor of the “Archiiologische Zeitnng.” 
 
r A NOR AM A OF THE NILE. 
 
 23 
 
 f.lie perusal of the contributions appended to the present Handbook, will 
 direct the reader’s attention to some Nilotic problems under discussion, no 
 less than to serve as an earnest of the novel materials, due to the interest taken 
 in the diflpsion of knowledge by the Gentlemen whose learned researches 
 form the ground-work of my remarks—which I hope successively to lay 
 before my future hearers. Not to interrupt the order, deemed most suited 
 to the several objects of this pamphlet, by digressions which might distract 
 the reader’s attention, it has been thought best to class each subject under 
 a separate head. 
 
 But these contributions, valuable as they undoubtedly are, form not a 
 tithe of the archaeological information communicated to me in manuscript 
 notes ; indices to authorities ; donations of books, charts, plates, and pam¬ 
 phlets; Egyptian Antiquities', in viva-voce intercourse, or in epistolary 
 correspondence ; by ray honored friends and colleagues Mr. S. Birch, Mr. 
 Davyd W. Nash, and Dr. Charles Buke, in London, and Mr. A. C. 
 Harris of Alexandria; who, with a considerate liberality and frankness 
 that command my highest admiration, have anticipated and removed several 
 of the wants that have so often baffled my efforts to keep pace with the pro¬ 
 gress of the European age while lecturing in America. Nor must I omit, in 
 referring to the kindnesses I have enjoyed from Egyptologists in England, 
 the renewal of my acknowledgments to Chev. Bunsen, to Mr. S. Sharpe, 
 and to my old friends and fellow-residents in Egypt, Messrs. J. S. Peering, 
 and Jos. Bonomi. 
 
 Thus much have I ventured to lay before my Friends in the United 
 States ; in accordance with two principles , to my view the most enduring, 
 and which long familiarity with public and private sentiment has taught me 
 to regard as those most prized in the land of my adoption. They were incul¬ 
 cated, some twenty-six hundred years ago, by the “ pure sage ” of China, 
 among the “five salutary maxims” laid down for the practice of disciples, 
 who commemorate Kiioung-tseu, as “ the most saintly, the most wise, and 
 the most virtuous of human Legislators.” 1st, “Uprightness; that is, that 
 rectitude of spirit and of heart, which makes one seek for truth in everything 
 and to desire it, without deceiving oneself or deceiving others —and 2ndly, 
 “Sincerity or good faith; that is to say, that frankness, that openness of 
 heart, tempered by confidence, which excludes all feints and all disguising, 
 as much in speech as in action.” 
 
 If haply the fulfilment of the contemplated effort to popularize in America 
 some of those splendid conquests over the past which the modern science 
 of Archscology is hourly achieving, but which in Europe are yet but little 
 appreciated beyond the immediate circles of Orientalists—should be com¬ 
 mensurate with the materials it has been my good fortune to collect, the 
 public will be indebted for these advantages to the elevated tastes and zeal in 
 the cause of national enlightenment, as much as the writer to the long-tried 
 friendship,—of Richard K. Haight. 
 
 London, September, 1ST!). 
 
 GEORGE R. GLIDDON. 
 
I’j I ST OF MR GEO. R. GLIDDON’S PICTORIAL 
 ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 111(11,1,1 \NTIjV COLORED, AND ('OVKMNG MAW THOI'SAKD 
 SQUARE FEET OF SURFACE. 
 
 IIiEROGLYPHicAi., Hieratic, Encliorial, Greek, Roman and Coptic Texts, 
 Tablets, Steles, Inscriptions, See., from tlie Sculptures, Paintings and Papyri; 
 including the Rosetta Stone, the Funereal Ritual, the Turin Genealogical 
 Papyrus, the Tablet of Abydos, the Ancestral Chamber of Karnac, the 
 Zodiac of Dendera, and all important historical documents of the Egyptians 
 from the earliest times to the Christian era. A complete series of the 
 Pyramids, and pyramidal monuments of Memphis, &c. Panoramic vievA's 
 of the Temples, Palaces, and remarkable Tombs, in Egypt and Nubia— 
 Tableaux embracing the entire series of documents and paintings illustrating 
 tbe arts, sciences, manners, customs and civilization of the ancient Egyptians 
 Plates illustrative of the art of embalmment, human and animal, and of the 
 more celebrated Sarcophagi, Mummies, and funereal subjects extant in Egypt 
 or in European Museums. Fac-simile copies of the most splendid Tableaux 
 found in the Temples and Tombs along the Nile—Portraits of the Pharaohs 
 in their chariots, and royal robes—Queens of Egypt in their varied and 
 elegant costumes— Likenesses of 48 Sovereigns of Egypt, from Amunnph the 
 1st, about B.C. 1700, down to the Ptolemies, and ending with Cleopatra, 
 a.c. 29, taken from the Sculptures—Priests and Priestesses offering to all 
 the Deities of Egyptian Mythology— Battle-scenes on the Monuments of 
 every epoch—Egyptian, Asiatic and African Ethnology, elucidating the 
 conquests, maritime and caravan intercourse, commerce and political relations 
 of the Egyptians with Nigritia, Abessinia, Libya, Canaan, Palestine, 
 Phoenicia, Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Persia, Central Asia, Stc. 
 &c. —Negroes and other African families, of every epoch—Scenes supposed to 
 relate to the Hebrew captivity. Sec. —Processions of Foreign Nations tributary 
 to the Pharaohs—Plans, geographical maps, topographical charts and paint- 
 
PANORAMA 01 THE NILE. 
 
 nil's, exhibiting the Country and the Architecture of Egypt. In short, 
 Diagrams of every kind, illustrating every variety of Egyptian subjects, 
 during a period of human history far exceeding 3,000 years, and terminating 
 with the Romans in the third century a.c. 
 
 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Four unopened human Mummies, besides Crania of Ancient Egyptians, 
 and several highly finished Mummy-cases —Funereal cerements, clothing, 
 ornaments, and specimens of objects interred with the dead. Animal 
 Mummies of every variety ; comprising, in whole or in part, Bulls, Rams, 
 Jackals, Cats, Dogs, Apes, Ichneumons, Ibises, Owls, Hawks, Crocodiles, 
 Snakes, and Reptiles, &c. &c. For the possession of these venerable relics 
 the writer cannot too often express his gratitude to Mr. A. C. Harris ; to 
 whose friendship he is indebted for by far the greater part, in different ship¬ 
 ments from Egypt, 1846 and 1840. 
 
 Stamp;, Impressions, and Plaster-Casts of many archseological novelties 
 collected at Berlin, Paris, and London ; and a beautiful wooden model of the 
 Great Pyramid, exhibiting its interior chambers and construction, made 
 under the direction of the celebrated explorer of the Pyramids, Mr. J. S. 
 Peering ; (he generous gift of which calls for the writer’s especial acknow¬ 
 ledgments. 
 
 To these will be added each and every newly-discovered subject of 
 interest as it presents itself in future explorations ; together with all the more 
 valuable hierogrammatical Books which are or may be published in elucida¬ 
 tion of the philology, chronology, ethnology, &c., &.C., of Egypt; so that in 
 no department of Egyptian science will the critical or cursory attendant 
 on^Mr. Gliddon’s Lectures find any desideratum wanting. 
 
 N. B. The Catalogue of the Illustrations, &c., with the aid of which the 
 writer proposes to lecture on the arrow-headed inscriptions, and Monu¬ 
 ments of Nineveh, Babylon, and Perscpolis, will be given hereafter. 
 
 o 
 
HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 A 1» [> ENDICES. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 
 
 In Appendices, severally classed under the heads of Nilotic Geology, Geography, 
 Philology, and Chronology,* it is intended to furnish the visitor to the “ American 
 Panorama of the Nile,” and the attendant on my future discourses, with succinct 
 mnemonieal data, that may enable them to realize some of the varied and more 
 important applications of Egyptian studies, by surveying a few of the problems 
 now undergoing scientific investigation from their highest point of view : and whilst 
 submitting to the reflective reader indices to the latest sources of information, 
 through which, if inclination prompted, he might pursue inquiries for himself, 
 endeavor is made in the following pages, to fix in his mind somo ideas that 
 may heretofore have been evanescent, as a preliminary to the oral explanations and 
 historical deductions, I trust my future lectures will be found adequate to afford him. 
 
 From the first lecture on liieroglyphical discoveries, delivered at Boston, 19th 
 December, 1842,f followed by the infinitude of discourses consecutively laid before 
 the American public during five winters of lectureship throughout the Union, 
 1 have maintained,—that the foreign fables and mystified traditions, about the valley 
 the Nile, comprehended within the circle of classical history, have been modified 
 where not altogether superseded, since Champollion’s era, by indigenous 
 monumental fact s;—that the aspect of primeval history, owing to these discoveries, 1 las 
 undergone a complete metamorphosis;—and that subjects which, barely a quarter of 
 a century ago, seemed destined never to receive solution, have been brought by 
 science within the domain of the intelligible, the rational, and the practical. 
 
 Irrespectively of that systematic suppression of knowledge which it is considered 
 respectable, fashionable, or politically desirable, to uphold in addressing popular 
 audicncies elsewhere, every effort has been made in my transatlantic lecture- 
 rooms to present, to public examination, each progressive phase of Egyptological 
 Sciences as it became known to me; and, in consequence, my lectures have 
 rarely fallen short of the age; sometimes, owing to the considerate generosities of 
 m\' colleagues, they have been far in advance of it: for, if on the one hand a 
 
 * The subject of Ethnology I deem it expedient to postpone. On this 1 have collected a 
 mass of new materials which I hope in time to produce ; but until they have been submitted 
 to the masterly analysis of my honored friend, Samuel Geoiu.e Morion, M.I)., Phila¬ 
 delphia, a synopsis from my hands would lie premature. 
 
 f “Chapters,” 1843, pages 2 to 11. 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 27 
 
 popular lecturer labors under the disadvantage of appearing to hazard assertions 
 Without the power of supporting them, at tho time, with evidence sufficiently 
 demonstrative; on the other it is his privilege, and to his hearers no insignificant 
 one, to keep pace with the hourly progression of discovery, often in Egyptian 
 matters years in advance of publication. Such were the principles with which my 
 1'.gypto-Arucrican prelections commenced; and these will be observed during their 
 continuance. 
 
 It is to afford the reader, the hearer, and the speaker, some common grounds of 
 departure, that the following paragraphs are condensed into this / land-book, with 
 as much brevity as is consistent with perspicuity: while to the Gentlemen whose 
 liberal love of science, and desire for its popular diffusion, have induced them to 
 favor us with valuable definitions, some yet unknown to the world, and others 
 embraced in ponderous and expensive volumes, mostly in foreign languages, or 
 this moment in the press, the reflective reader, no less than the writer, jointly owe 
 their sentiments of deep obligation. 
 
 * A.—GEOLOGY. 
 
 _ The Map hereunto annexed, in which the learned Abossinian traveller, Dr. 
 Cu arles ISeke, lias concentrated all that the most reeent scientific researches 
 have collected on the once-mysterious sources of this stupendous river, presents to 
 the, reader, and embodies for the first time, a complete view of the entire “Basin 
 of (he Nile.” 
 
 At my solicitation, and in order that it may correspond with the large colored 
 maps and sections of Egypt, exhibited and explained in my American lectures. 
 Dr. Beke has kindly allowed this map to be reversed: and reserving further 
 remarks on it to the succeeding Appendix B., I proceed to describe the diagrams 
 presented in woodcut, which bear more directly on the geological questions 
 now to be discussed; while, in the absence of my lecturing Illustrations , the reader 
 will obligingly turn to “ Chapters on Early Egyptian History,” pages 39-40; 
 wherein a rough skeleton mop, and explanations,'will afford him an idea of the 
 physical peculiarities of a river-land, in its nature unique, and unlike the superficial 
 aspect of any other region of the habitable globe. 
 
 This rude outline of a chart, wherein Egypt is reversed from the usual order of 
 hydrographical arrangement (i.e. turned upside down; the Mediterranean being placed 
 at the bottom of the page instead of the top); is the reduced copy of a large 
 colored Map—eight feet by four—always suspended in my transatlantic Lecture- 
 rooms—which is designed to afford its beholder such a view of the Valley of the 
 Nile, as would be presented to his eye were he borne in a balloon by tho Etesian 
 winds up the Nile, from the sea to Nigritia, at such an aerial elevation that small 
 objects would be indistinct. In its preparation I was guided by the requirements 
 of lectureship; inasmuch as it seems more natural to an occidental auditor, on 
 commencing an imaginary voyage towards Egypt from the New World, that 
 Palestine should lie on his left, and Barbary on his right hand, exactly as these 
 countries bear from the forecastle of the ship which carries him to Alexandria; 
 while, on the part of the lecturer, compelled incessantly to indicate with a wand 
 the relative position of Monuments situated along the-Nile, it would appear para¬ 
 doxical were he to point downwards on ascending the river, or vice versa, as he 
 would be required to do on the ordinary arrangement. Six years of practical ex¬ 
 perience have, moreover, confirmed the expediency of this arbitrary deviation from 
 hydrographic usage. 
 
 On tliis original Map the colors of the four characteristic features of Egypt arc 
 presented—the Nile in blue; the alluvium in green; the slight intervals of sand in 
 pale yellow; and the barren ridges of the “ Hagar” (ArabicO stone; the modem 
 name of the rocky and sterile table-land which, from the latitude of Cairo upwards, 
 bounds either side of the Valley,) in shades of brown. A glance at this chart 
 
28 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 conveys to the mind of a spectator, accustomed to the forest-clad hills of the United 
 States, more than a volume of explanation. 1 
 
 Hut, lecturing experience soon convinced nie. that but few of those who have not 
 actually visited the Valley of the Nile, and not a few authors who have, with 
 opinions in regard to the earth’s superficies predicated upon local European or 
 American topography, can adequately realize, even from inspection of the laigc 
 colored map of Egypt" above referred to, the curious relation that, the A alley of the 
 Nile bears to its limitrophic deserts, and adjacent provinces of Asia and Africa. 
 To obviate this difficulty, in an effort to popularize knowledge among the masses 
 of the people, l have latterly constructed a sectional diagram, which 1 now proceed 
 to describe. . 
 
 Looking from North to South, up the Nile from the Mediterranean, (as m the 
 skeleton map, “ Chapters,” p. 39,) 1 have stricken an imaginary line, for about 
 780 miles in length, transversely from Arabia Petrrea, through Cairo, to the 
 Oasis of Secwah. between long. 8C and 24, and in breadth from about lat. 30 to 2(1. 
 so as to include the Gulf of Alcala on the left hand, and the. Basin of the Fuyoom 
 
 on the right. , 
 
 In such a sectional arrangement the mountains of Arabia Petrjea arc seen to dtp 
 abruptly to the level of the Elanitic gulf, or Bdhr Akaba ; rising again to the height 
 of 8,000 feet in the craggy peaks of the plutonie Peninsula of Syui, with a gradual 
 descent at Gebel-et-Teeh to the level of the Bed Sea at its apex of Suez, and the 
 flat land surrounding the lagoons of the Isthmus. XTicnee the limestone forma¬ 
 tions, commencing with Gebcl-et-Tuqci , form a rocky table-land, intersected la the 
 occasional Sei/dleh, gullies and ravines, of the Eastern Desert , as far as the Mokdt- 
 tam hill behind the citadel of Cairo : at which point the limestone clips from a 
 height of about 500 feet above the level of the river, to form the subterranean 
 basis of the rocky concavity called the Valley of the Nile: upon which, during un 
 known centuries, hitherto countless, the “Sacred Elver” has been annuallj 
 depositing its beneficent, alluvium. On the opposite, or right hand, of this basin, 
 rises the Libyan chain, now surmounted by the Geezeh group of Pyramids, to an 
 elevation of perhaps 150 feet: whence, in a continuous table-land or steppe of arid 
 rock, save where the hills dip to form the fertile basins of the Fayoom and the 
 rallies termed Oases, the Western high-lands trend across Africa till they lose 
 themselves in the vast deserts of the Sahara —at a recent geological period, the bed 
 of a salt ocean. 
 
 Colored according to the gen era! aspect of their respective superficies, as these 
 Mountains, Seas, Alluvials," and Kiver Nile are in that Section, the mind of the 
 visitor of my American Lecture-rooms grasps at onco the unique features of “Egypt s 
 Place in the World’s Geography.” 
 
 He is struck with the atomic proportion that the fertile alluvium of th( Nil . 
 little more than one per cent of cultivable sr.il in 780 miles of sterility—bears to the 
 naked rock bv which it is flank' d ; and, if he carry his parallel to the Atlantic on 
 the West, and into Arabia on the East, he becomes amazed at the infinitesimal 
 proportion of fertility to wilderness. 
 
 The basis, or subterranean foundation, upon which this dark alluvium rests, 
 (depth beneath its surface at this latitude unknown) is a mighty channel rifted in 
 the calcareous rock, the white and yellow limestones, by geological convulsions 
 long anterior to the advent of the “ sacred river.” Above the limestone, and lying 
 between it and the Nilotic alluvium, is a stratum, layer, or couche, composed of 
 boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, &o. ; which, especially visible about Manfaloot in 
 Middle Egypt, and Dendera in Upper, appears equally on the surface of the hills 
 on either side of the valley; deposited (after the above-mentioned limestone trench 
 had been rent,) by icebergs, oceanic drifts, or similar causes produced by geological 
 cataclysms at an epoch intervening between the limestone and the alluvial soil; 
 posterior to the former, and anterior to the latter; thus corroborating Newbold’s 
 assertion, that “ Egypt has twice formed, the bed of the Ocean, and has been twice 
 derated above the water.” 
 
 To the most ancient of these two ante-alluvial epochas, in all probability, belongs 
 tie Bdhr-bila-Ma or nr,, without- wro . of the Lif e an desert; to the more recent 
 
PANORAMA OF Till; NILE. 
 
 29 
 
 the petrified forests, $c. : of the Eastern plateaux behind Cairo, hint at either, or 
 IkjI h, of these geological periods, a vast Ocean, bounded probably by the Pyrenees, 
 Alps, Balkan, Caucasus, Taurus, Himalaya-chain of India, the mountains of 
 America, and the Atlas and highlands of Ethiopia and Central Africa, for incalcu¬ 
 lable centuries covered this hemisphere of our globe. 
 
 Towards the latter portion of the ultimate subsidence of this Ocean, and in the 
 ratio that its level descended to the present height of the Mediterranean, the water 
 appears to have receded slowly, in a northerly direction, from Nubia through Egypt; 
 laying bare successive beaches, distinctly characterised to the eye of the concho- 
 lffgwt,. long before the existing state of things; previously to the advent of 
 Mic River Nile; and still further removed from the hour when the Asiatic nomad 
 migrated into Egypt, via the bstlirnus of Suez. 
 
 . At what ora of the world’s geological history the River Nile , the Bdhr-el-AUad 
 m particular, first descended from palustrine localities in Central Africa, along the 
 successive levels of Nubian plateaux, through its Egyptian channel to the Mediter¬ 
 ranean, (beyond the .indisputable fact that its descent took effect after the deposition 
 of the so-termed diluvial diuft upon the subjacent limestone ,) is a problem yet 
 unsolved. But wore proper investigations, such as those commenced in 1799'by 
 w"u AIiD ’r a ! ld cl } fc short by European belligerent interference, entered upon, in the 
 y ,i c ^ ^ ie itgelf, by competent geologists, the alluvial antiquity of the “ Land 
 
 of Khem” could be approximately reached: and this is the point to which the 
 geological Sections , now appended in woodcut, specifically apply. 
 
 They have been prepared in conjunction with my esteemed fellow-student, Mr. 
 Joseph Bonomi, whose intimate knowledge of every locality here indicated is a 
 voucher for their accuracy within the very concise limits in which the ideas are 
 embodied. No claim is made for them beyond approximative correctness; but 
 having been drawn to a scale to suit Mr Samuel Sharpe’s excellent “ Map of 
 Egypt, (under Antoninus Pius, a.d. 140—London, 1848,)” the reader will find 
 that, chart of material assistance to their complete intelligence. 
 
 Every year the Nile brings down and deposits in its bed, and upon every 
 portion of the Egyptian valley its waters attain, during its beneficent over¬ 
 flow, more alluvial mud; and every year, in consequence, the river rises in its 
 bed and its inundation being periodical, the mean increase in the elevation of its bed 
 has been estimated at 0 m 120 per century. 2 
 
 Through the operation of these causes, the alluvium of Egypt, as may be seen 
 m the Sections, from being originally concave, lias, by t.he successions of deposits 
 superposed annually upon the preceding surface, become convex ; the two brinks 
 ot the river’s banks being always the highest points of Egypt’s alluvial. 
 
 Ib therefore, inasmuch as by the experienced eye the' horizontal line of each 
 year’s stratum is readily distinguishable, the number of these annually-deposited 
 layers of alluvial were counted along a supposed vertical shaft, from the limestone 
 rook beneath to the most recent of these depositions on the surface, the number of 
 years, that the Nile has deposited alluvium might be ascertained, with as much 
 certainty as the age of a tree can be calculated by its rings. The very rough 
 estimates heretofore made by geologists yield a minimum of 7,000 years for the de¬ 
 positions of the present alluvium by the river Nile. The maximum remains 
 utterly indefinite; but, nevertheless, we are enabled to draw, from the data 
 already known, the following among other deductions, of primary importance to 
 Nilotic chronology :— 
 
 lst ' Ple y !ous, .y to tiie advent of the “Sacred River” no deposition of alluvium 
 Having taken place upon the limestone, Egypt was uninhabitable by man. 
 
 2nd.—Humanity must have entered the Valley of the Nile, under conditions such 
 as exist, at this day, after a sufficiency of alluvium had been deposited for the 
 production of vegetable aliment, but at a time when the depth of this alluvium 
 was at least twenty (fifty, or more, for aught we can assert to the contrary.) 
 feet below the level of the highest portion of the Nile’s bed at this hour; but 
 how much soil had been previously deposited—that is, what its thickness was 
 over the limestone when humanity first entered Egypt—it is vet impossible 
 to define. 1 ' 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 31 
 
 3rd.—Many centuries (in number utterly unknown) must be allowed for the 
 multiplication of the human race in Egypt, from a handful of rovers to a 
 mighty nation ; and for the acquirement, by self-tuition, of arts and sciences 
 adequate to the conception and execution of a Pyramid :—thus yielding us a 
 blank amount of chronological interval ; bounded on the one hand bv the 
 unknown depth and surface of the Nilotic alluvial, sufficient for the growth 
 of human iood, at the time of the Asiatic nomad’s arrival: and on the other, 
 (after this nomad had been transmuted by time and circumstance into a 
 farmei and then into a monument-building citizen,) by the Pyramids and 
 Tombs of the Ilird Memphite dynasty ; placed by Letsius’ discoveries in the 
 35th century, b.c. 
 
 If it be momentarily granted to the defenders of the s/wf-clironology, in the face 
 of tlie endless multiplicity of evidences which, to my view, render their hypotheses 
 (and, though their “ name is legion,” they are sufficiently known to me) untenable, 
 t hat tire Ilird Manethonian dynasty may be placed at a lower date, I do not see how 
 their contracted systems, each one susceptible of being shivered to atoms by itself, 
 could derive much benefit from such concession. There was abundance of allu¬ 
 vium in Egypt for the growth of human subsistence during centuries innumerable 
 before human chronology begins; and at whatever epoch these definitive system¬ 
 atizes may be pleased to place the earliest Egyptian monuments, it as much out 
 of their power as beyond mine, until geological science shall demonstrate at 
 what precise era of the world’s history that alluvium was not, to hazard a 
 rational guess at the length of time, during which the Egyptian had occupied 
 the Nilotic \ alley, before his hand raised the first stone of the oldest monument 
 now extant. 
 
 These are questions for elaboration in my future lectures. In the interim, the 
 inspection of these Sections may convince the reader that Oases are not “ Islands in 
 the midst of sandy plains: ” and the removal of one false impression may prepare 
 him for the abandonment of others. Hypotheses non jingo ; quicquid enim ex phenomenis 
 non deducilur, hypothesis vocanda. esl; et hypotheses, vel metaphysical, vel physicce, 
 vel quantitatum occultarum seumechanicee, inphilosophia locum non habent .— (Newton.) 
 
 Years ago, 3 corroborating my assertions with details in subsequent lectures, 
 
 I stated,—“ the desert, the sand, the simoom, the khdmeseen, with all their 
 fabulous horrors, alarm not the Arab who has plenty of water; and to a hale 
 European, are infinitely more appalling in a book of travels, than when 
 encountering the acme of their disagreeables in the Sahara itself,” &c. 
 
 “Waves of sand," and “ overwhelming Simooms, to the mortiferous action of 
 which travellers in African deserts are hourly exposed, are ideas so consecrated in 
 the European mind, that belief in their existence forms part of the popular creed; 
 and he is a lierotic in public estimation if not to philosophy, (which after all is but 
 common sense,) who dares to declare them altogether illusory. Who could doubt 
 the truth of that which the poet Addison has immortalized ? 
 
 “ So where our wide Numidian wastes extend, 
 
 Sudden tlx’ impetuous hurricanes descend, 
 
 Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play, 
 
 Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away ; 
 
 The helpless traveller, with wild surprise, 
 
 Sees the dry desert all around him rise, 
 
 And smothered in the dusty whirlwind dies." 
 
 Who so presumptuous as to mistrust the account given by the Halicarnassiau of 
 the destruction of the army of Cambyses ? 
 
 In lecturing, with the aid of the “ Panorama of the Nile,” it will be impossible 
 to shrink from comments on the Simoom —a conception so vividly 7 and beautifully 
 embodied on canvas by the ablest pencils: and, either by tacit acquiescence 1 
 must violate experiences derived during some twenty three years of residence and 
 personal exploration in the Egyptian valley and its deserts, and thus retract 
 assertions printed long ago, or give reasons why 1 wish the American reader to 
 
32 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 place- the Simoom " in quarantine/' until, wand in hand. I can orally descant upon 
 the physical impossibilities obnoxious to its historical acceptance. I prefer the 
 latter alternative ; and proceed. 
 
 About a century after the events described by him. the “ Father of History” 
 learned, through the medium of his nameless interpreter, how “ Cambyses 
 afterwards determined to commence hostilities against three nations at once, the 
 Carthaginians, Ammonians, and the Macrobian (long-lived!) ./Ethiopians, who 
 inhabit that part of Libya which lies towards the Southern Ocean.” 1 
 
 The expedition against the Carthaginians fell through, in consequence of the 
 repugnance of his Phoenician allies to support Persian ambition with their fleets in 
 the subjugation of their Western brethren. Against the Macrobians, Cambyses 
 led ■in army in person : which, owing to a deficient commissariat, experienced such 
 sufferings from famine before a. fifth part, of the march was performed, that the 
 soldiers ate one another; and burning with chagrin at the disgraceful issue of his 
 projected attack on an unoffending people, rather' than that at the loss of his troops, 
 the infuriate Monarch returned to Thebes. Nor has it escaped the. acumen of 
 
 Letkoxne, that “all these insensate acts of Cambyses, - his violences, his 
 
 cruelties, his sacrileges without motive, which bear the impress of madness or of 
 imbecility—are of an epoeli posterior to his return from Ethiopia.” 5 
 
 The habitat of the Macrobians being unknown, and the distance vaguely 
 given, it is not easy to fix upon the localities attained by Cambyses before he 
 hod reached the fifth part of his journey ; but, supposing the Isle of Meroe to 
 have been his destination, analogy in the-march of armies and caravans at this 
 day. would place the scene of the Persian disasters in the deserts about Korosko, 
 in Lower Nubia. 
 
 This is confirmed, about 415 years after Herodotus, by the “ Father of Geo¬ 
 graphy,' when he casually remarks, that “ from Pselcis (now Dakke, on the west 
 bank), I’etronius, crossing the downs of sand in which the army of Cambyses was 
 engidphed by the winds, reached Premmis;” (now Ibrecm, on the eastern shore), 15 
 a distance of some 70 miles; the road lying, as all armies would naturally 
 march, along the river: which, it appears, Pctronins crossed (?). 
 
 Now, aside from the preposterous notion of sudden dangers accruing from 
 sand on this route to anybody who, like myself, has been there, all that is 
 relevant to the question before us is, that, in the lapse of above four centuries 
 between Herodotus, who spoke from hearsay, and Strabo, those disasters to the 
 Persian army, which the former, who lived so much nearer their occurrence, 
 ascribes to their very natural cause, famine, was by the informants of the latter 
 magnified into Greco-Roman tales of an entire army swallowed up by sands ! pro¬ 
 bably in a Simoom! 
 
 Having thus felicitously disposed of one tradition of the submersion of a 
 Persian army “in waves of sand,” let us see with what success we can establish 
 the authenticity of the other, upon the authority of Herodotus : who, although 
 he says he ascended the river as far as Elephantine ,' or the first cataract, has 
 most unaccountably forgotten to describe Thebes —the world-renowned metropolis 
 of Egypt! 
 
 The troops (previously stated to have been 50,000 men! who were dispatched 
 against the Ammonians. left Thebes with guides, as far as the Oasis-city. This 
 place is distant from Thebes about a seven days’ journey over the sands, and is 
 said to be inhabited by Samians of the JGschryonian tribe. The country is called 
 in Greek Maitaput' vr)&OQ , “the happy Islands ” (!). The array is reported to 
 have proceeded thus far: but what afterwards became of them it is impossible to 
 know, except from the Ammonians, or those whom the Ammonians have in¬ 
 structed on this head. It is certain that they never arrived among the Arn- 
 monians, and that they never returned. The Ammonians affirm, that as they 
 were marching forwards from tire Oasis through the sands, they halted at some 
 place of middle, distance for the purpose of taking repast, which, whilst they 
 were doing, a strong south wind arose, and overwhelmed them beneath a mountain 
 of sand (!), so that they were seen no more. Such, as the Ammonians relate, was 
 the fate of this armv." 
 
PANORAMA OP THE NILE. 
 
 33 
 
 If anything could augment, my reverence for the venerable traveller, it is the 
 guarded manner in which lie introduces this narrative. That, great as was his 
 capacity for deglutition, Herodotus should iiave so carefully provided against the 
 acceptance of this Ammonian legend upon his own authority, excites my admi¬ 
 ration. Let us continue; after remarking that liieroglyphieal records extant at Hibe, 
 now the Great Oasis of El-Khargeh, of the time of Darius, prove that this 
 catastrophe did not deter other Persian detachments from encountering the 
 horrors of that desert; any more than the caravans to and from Dar-Foor at this 
 day, or numerous European travellers of our time. Having journeyed from Persia, 
 itself surrounded by wildernesses, to Thebes, the armies of Cambyses must have 
 been somewhat familiarized with desert-marching; much more so, indeed, than 
 the Macedonian phalanx that escorted Alexander to the Oasis of Amun, which 
 nevertheless experienced no such appalling vicissitudes. 
 
 For my own part, I will give credit to these overwhelming effects of sabulous 
 particles set in motion anciently by aerial dynamics, when, with Eratosthenes, “ l 
 have been shown the currier who made the wind-bags which Ulysses, on his voyage 
 homewards, received from riEolus.” 9 
 
 But, wc have authority for tho later continuance of the 11 poisonous Simoom.” 
 Bruce, in the wilderness of Upper Nubia, after describing very frequent, if distinct 
 and almost-hannless atmospherical occurrences, the sand-spouts, or revolving 
 pillars of dust and light sabulous atoms, so common during the summer months in 
 Egypt, remarks at the close of his magniloquent picture,—“.I began now to be 
 somewhat reconciled to this phenomenon, seeing that it had hitherto done us no 
 harm,.” A little before he had written,—“ Idris cried out with a loud voice, fall 
 upon your faces, for here is the Simoom! I saw from the South-East a haze 
 come, in color like the purple part of tho rainbow, but not so compressed or thick. 
 It did not occupy twenty yards in breadth, and was about twelve feet high from 
 the ground. It was a kind of blush upon the air, and it moved very rapidly, for 
 I scarce could turn to fall upon the ground with my head to the northward,'when 
 1 felt the heat of its current plainly upon my face. We all lay flat on the ground, 
 as if dead, till Idris told us it was blown over. The meteor, or purple haze, 
 which I saw was indeed passed, but the light air that still blew was of heat to 
 threaten suffocation. For my part, I found distinctly in my breast that I had 
 imbibed a part of it, nor was I free of an asthmatic sensation, till I had been 
 some months in Italy, at the baths of Porctta, near two years afterwards.’’ 10 
 
 Net less to the point arc the asseverations of an earlier European eye-witness, who 
 relates the terrific casualit.ios to which tho caravans annually proceeding from 
 Cairo to Mecca are. exposed. It appears that sometimes the pilgrims to the Hadj 
 get along- comfortably enough—“ but., if in an evil hour the South wind comes on 
 to blow, it is ordinarily so hot, and so stifling, that there perish in a single day 
 even as many as four or five hundred persons, and sometimes more. One breathes 
 then but an air mingled with fire and dust, and it requires excessive precautions 
 not to be smothered : one has no other remedy but to keep oneself then prostrate 
 with one’s head to the earth, covered by a mantle, and to carry frequently to the 
 nose a handkerchief steeped in vinegar. [How have the Bedawees managed to 
 survive the absence of this acetous antidote ?] 
 
 “ One is not occupied with the interment of those who die on the route, the wind 
 renders them this last duty, by covering them with sand; the dryness of which 
 prevents them from being corrupted: and one finds them many vears after, when 
 the same wind comes to uncover them, as entire as the day on which they died; but 
 they are then so desiccated, and consequently so light, that if one happened to tread 
 on the foot, without perceiving them, they spring bolt, upright; what would 
 extremely scare those who might not be prepared for it.” 11 
 
 Postponing further consideration of the Sand, the Khameseen, and the Whirling- 
 pillars, with a reference, “ad interim” to Lane 12 and to Wilkinson, 13 1 would 
 remark that, although “ Sarnoom” is an Arabic word, 1 do not remember to have 
 once heard it used by a native during nearly a quarter of a contuiy’s practical 
 familiarity with scenes and all weathers in the valley of the Nile; while 1 lay 
 before the reader tho testimony of Sheykh Ibraheem; u than whom, whether as a 
 
3 i 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 voracious Orientalist, a scholar, a traveller, or a man, there are none entitled to 
 higher respect. 
 
 Speaking of the fables current among Europeans in regard to tire desert, 
 Buhckhajbdt observes:—“Such accidents as these may sometimes happen either 
 from want of proper guides, from tire necessity of taking circuitous roads, or from 
 not having a sufficient quantity of camels loaded with water; 15 but they must in 
 general arise from a want of proper precaution; and I cannot help thinking that 
 those which my predecessor, Mr. Bruce, describes himself to have suffered in this 
 desert, have been much overstated.”—- I again inquired, as I had often done 
 before, whether my companions had often experienced the Seinoum, (which we 
 translate by the poisonous blast of the desert, but which is nothing more more 
 more than a violent South-east wind.) They answered in the affirmative, but none 
 had ever known an instance of its having proved fatal. Its worst effect is that it 
 dries up the water in the skins, and so far endangers the traveller’s safety.”—“For 
 my own part I am perfectly convinced, that all the stories which travellers, or 
 the inhabitants of Egypt and Syria relate of the Scmoum of the desert, are greatly 
 exaggerated, and I never could hear of a single well-authenticated instance of 
 its having proved mortal either to man or beast.”—“/never observed that the 
 Semoum blows close to the ground, as commonly supposed, but always observed 
 the whole atmosphere appear as if in a state of combustion: the dust and sand 
 are carried high into the air, which assumes a reddish, or blueish. or yellowish 
 tinge, according to the nature and color of the ground, from which it arises.”— 
 “ / never saw any person lie down flat upon his face to escape its pernicious blast, 
 as Bruce describes.”—“Camels arc always much distressed, not by the heat hut 
 by the dust blowing into their large, prominent eyes. They turn round and 
 endeavour to screen themselves by holding down their heads : but this /never saw 
 them do, except in the case of a whirlwind, however intense the heat of the 
 atmosphere might be.” 
 
 In tire absence of shelter, all animals, whether in wind, dust, rain, hail, or snow¬ 
 storms. naturally turn their backs to the blast. Even C.uhli.e Dcntm 10 lias laid 
 down among his axioms—“ L’ane, en libertd, tounie toujours le deni ere an vent;” 
 whence, he opines, proceeded the ancient custom of using a jackass for a vane! 
 
 B.—GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 “ Les erreurs out la vie bien dure ; quand le temps ne les dttruit pas, 
 il les embaume." 
 
 Ampere. 17 
 
 I should deprive my oral discourses on the “Panorama” of one grand clement 
 of public attractiveness—viz : that of novelty ; and at the same time divest the 
 geographical and ethnological section of Lectures on perhaps the sublimest theme 
 it can fall to a speaker to descant upon, at any rate, of the charm of freshness, 
 were I, in the shape of an appendix, to give free scope to the ideas that, in 
 common with every beholder of this beautiful Glyphograph, suggest themselves 
 while contemplating the aggregate results of more than 2,500 years of scientific 
 inquiry, now condensed, probably fur th ^ first time in the history of hydrography, 
 into the annexed Map of the “ Basin of the NILE.” 
 
 The Nile ! “ there's magic in that name" such as no other human appellative 
 possesses. 
 
 Linked, through its perennial rise at the summer solstice, with the astronomical 
 revolutions of the divine Orb of day at the acme of his ardent power, and 
 most glorious effulgence,—marked, in the sky's cerulean blue, during the period of 
 its increase, by the heliacal ascent of Sirius, —each monthly phenomenon of the 
 deified river was consecrated by sempiternal correspondencies in the heavens ; 
 at the same time that, to the mind of the devout Egyptian, Hapimoou, the numerous 
 waters, “Father of the Gods in Senem,” ,s appeared to be the most ancient of 
 divinities, in his capacity of progenitor of the celestial Amun, himself “ a great 
 God, king of the Gods who, through a mythical association with Nouf, was the 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 35 
 
 “ Father of the Fathers of the Gods, period of periods of years.” In fact, as the 
 benign .inundations of the river necessarily preceded, in point of date, the for¬ 
 mation of the alluvium, the Nile seemed, to the first human wanderers on its 
 sedgy banks, to be the physical parent of all things good and beneficent. 
 
 Exalted, in the sacred papyrus Book of the Dead, to the heavenly abodes of 
 Elysian beatitude, the Celestial Nile was supposed to regenerate, by lustration, 
 the souls of the departed Egyptians, and to fertilize, by irrigation, the gardens of 
 happiness tilled by their immortal spirits, in Amenthi ; during the same time that, 
 on earth, the Terrestrial Nile, by its depositions of alluvial created, while its waters 
 inundated, a country so famed among Eastern nations for its boundless fecundity, 
 as to be compared ("in Gen. xiii, 10,) to the “Garden of IeHOuaH, like the 
 land of Mitzraim — 19 that is, the two Mussrs, the two Egypts, upper and lower ; 
 over which the androgynous IIapimoou crowned with the Lotus and Papyrus 
 tiaras, in his duplex character of the Southern and the Northern Niles, annually 
 spread out the prolific mould and the nourishing liquid, through which he was 
 at, once the Creator and the Nurse of Egypt. 
 
 Thus, renowned from immemorial ages as the gift of the Nile, Egypt issues 
 from the womb of primordial time armed, cap-a-pie like Minerva, with a 
 civilization already perfected at the very earliest epoch of her history, hieroglyphed 
 on the monuments of the Hid and IVth dynasties, prior to the 35th century before 
 the Christian era. But, the River itself,—-origin, vital principle, and motive cause 
 of that wondrous civilization, has flowed on unceasingly at the foot of the 
 Pyramids ; its Sources a marvel, an enigma, an unfathomable mystery, to above 
 one-hundred-and-sixty consecutive human generations, which have “lived, moved, 
 and had a being,” since the limestone cliffs of Memphis were first quarried into 
 tombs. And, when we moderns, in the quiet of our cabinets, calmly span the 
 chronological interval of above 5350 years, which have elapsed since the Hid 
 Manethonian dynasty and the present year a. d. 1849, our vain-glorious boastings 
 of the patronage vouchsafed by Europe towards African expeditions in advance¬ 
 ment of science, encounter signal reproof from the mute fact, that “ caput NILI 
 quterere ” is a task as arduous now-a-days as fifty-three centuries ago it was to the 
 primeval builders of the Pyramids. 
 
 The first authentic evidences extant of Expeditions, made to penetrate towards 
 the Nile’s unknown sources, date with the Xllth dynasty, (apud Lepsius,) 
 about 2300 years before our era ; when Osortesen III. had extended his con¬ 
 quests up the river at least as high as Sanineh in Upper Nubia ; where a harbour 
 or arsenal, and a temple, the former repaired by the Amenemiias, and the latter 
 rebuilt by Thotmes III., with other remains, prove that the Pharaohs of tire Xllth 
 dynasty had established frontier garrisons. But, as the ' Tablet of Wadee Haifa 
 contains the names of nations undoubtedly Nigritian, and inasmuch as there are 
 abundant arguments to prove that the habitat of Negro races, anciently as at this 
 day, never approximated to Egypt closer than, if as near as the northern limit of 
 the Tropical Rains, we can ascend without hesitation to the age of Osortesen I ; 
 and confidently assert that, in the 23rd century n.c., the knowledge possessed by 
 the Pharaonic Egyptians of 20 the upper regions of the Nile, extended to points as 
 austral, ns that derived, between the years 1820 and 1835 a.d., by civilized 
 Europe from the Ghazwas, or slave-hunts, of Mohammed ali. 21 
 
 But, whatever information, on the Sources of the Nile, may have accrued to 
 the “ sacred Scribes” from these warlike, commercial, or more indirect relations 
 with Nigritia, they do not seem, in their sacerdotal exclusiveness, to have com¬ 
 municated it to the Greeks ; who, from the epoch when Psametik, b. c. 650, 
 threw open the maritime ports of Egypt to the Hellenes, flocked into that country; 
 hi hopes of shaking the same “pagoda-tree ” which now-a-days attracts so many 
 thousands of the Anglo-Saxon race into Hindostan. Nor, indeed, have w r e aright 
 to infer, because the Pharaohs, in quest of gold and slaves, invaded the Beliid-es- 
 Soodin 2,300 years b.c. ; that therefore they w’ere better acquainted with those 
 latitudes than the Pasha’s government was twelve years ago, before Eussegger’s 
 mining expedition. The story which the Priest of Sais told Herodotos, about 
 the Sources of the Nile being at Elephantine, (a locality which the historian, who 
 
36 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 suppresses Thebes , says he visited himself! lit). II, §,9,5-1, 55 ;) is a fail- 
 sample of the sort of information an antique Hierogrammateus, like a modern 
 Shri/kh, would take the trouble of giving to an ‘ outside barbarian,’ through the 
 medium of the latter's half-caste dragoman. 
 
 Hence originated those outrageous theories and extraordinary misconceptions 
 on the Sources of the Kile, which classical ignorance of geography and the crude 
 cosmogenical hypotheses in vogue among the ancients, handed to us with com¬ 
 mentaries truly worthy of our own “ middle ages,” have perpetuated down to the 
 era of Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign; — the sole exception being Ptolemy 
 the Geographer. 22 
 
 Thus, out of some 200 writers on the Four Fivers of the “ Garden in Eden,” 
 the majority, misled by the false translation of the specific Hebrew word Cush , by 
 the LXX. and Vulgate, into the vague Greek term JElh opia have overlooked 
 the existence of the Jehun, Oxus, in Asia, and beheld the Nile in the river 
 (Gen. ii., 13,) “that encompasseth the whole land of Cush” ! And this idea, 
 in the days when mediaeval orthodoxy insisted that the earth was flat, augmented 
 by the strenuous attempts of the Fathers and the Rabbis at reconciliation , was 
 faithfully displayed in the Map. on which Cossias Indigo-Pleustes,-' who wrote 
 about a.d. 535, projected, with far more exactitude than people are taught to believe, 
 the original Jewish conception of cosmology. So firmly were these dogmatical 
 notions of old Cosmas impressed upon the minds of succeeding generations at 
 Home, that it is to their action that Galileo’s defence of the Coperniean system 
 was pronounced, a.d. 1615, by the holy Jesuitical college, “absurd, false in 
 philosophy, and formally heretical, being contrary to the express word of God 
 and not, as usually stated, because the revolutions of our little globe around 
 a Sun, apparently stationary, interfered with an ecclesiastical mistranslation of a 
 well-known biblical text (Joshua, x., 12-14) ; the philologically-correct 
 signification of which a living Orientalist at Rome, Michelangelo Lanci, has 
 definitely settled. 25 
 
 The Indus, first mentioned in Greek literature by Eschylus, (Prometh., v„ 208,) 
 coupled with the everlasting confusion of ideas inherent in the vagueness of the 
 geographical limits assigned to the words Indian and .Ethiopian, when reached 
 by the armies of Alexander the Great, opened another door to a wilderness of 
 error; because, on beholding alligators in its waters, the Greeks, who knew of 
 no such reptiles apart from Egyptian crocodiles, thought they had, at last, arrived 
 at the Sources of the Nik! And, after the Admiral Neauciius, issuing from the 
 mouth of the Indus into the Persian Gulf, ascertained that a Sea divided Asiatic 
 India from African JEthiopia, this river was still supposed, even as late as 
 PhilostORGos in the 5th century after Christ, to dive beneath the Indian Ocean, 
 and reappear in Africa as the Sources of the Nile! 
 
 “ Th’ affrighted Nile ran off, and under Ground 
 Concealed his head, nor has it yet been found !” 
 
 (Ovid, lib. IT, 296.) 
 
 Justus the Alpheus in Greece, and the Arctium in Sicily, were figured by poets 
 — and so believed, even by the sober Pausanias, on the valid authority of the 
 Delphian oracle—to be subterraneously united. “ The' strangeness of the 
 adventure, uni the beauty of the names, have made everybody in love with 
 the story. All the world knows how • divine Alpheus,’ as Milton says :— 
 
 “ Stoic under Seas to meet his Arethuse.” 28 
 
 Finally, when in the 4th century of our era, the grand ecclesiastical and rabbini¬ 
 cal controversy arose as to the exact terrestrial location of the “ four rivers of 
 Paradise,” the Gihon of Genesis was demonstrated to be the Indus ; and 
 inasmuch as this last had been ascertained, through its underground passage 
 aforesaid, to be no other than the Nile, so radicated were these geographical 
 blunders in the meagre science of the loth and 16th centuries, that while the 
 Jesuit Missionaries beheld the real Gihon in the yellow waters of the Hoang-ho 
 of antichthonous China, Columbus actually believed that he had discovered the 
 true Sources of the Nile when he reached the mouth of the Oronoho ! 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 37 
 
 But I must reserve for oral lectures further continuance of sketches, in copious¬ 
 ness and variety of materials inexhaustible, alike expohitory of very natural 
 human ignorance and most amusing human folly. Ci.audianus’s apothegm, written 
 some 1,500 years ago, that the Nile was “ sine teste creatus,” is infinitely more 
 rational than conjectures bootlessly expended by Greek, Roman, Hebrew, Arab, 
 or “moyen-age” European geographers ; always excepting Alexandria’s 
 Ptolemy ; down to the time when the Portuguese Jesuit, Pedro Paez, in the 
 in the beginning of the xviith century, anticipated Bruce's claims to priority 
 towards the end of the xviiith. ; in regard to which, it has been ably demon¬ 
 strated, 27 that neither party had discovered the true Sources of the Nile, in 
 those of the Abai in the mountains of Abessinia. I leave the subject, with a 
 feeling of regret, that space does not allow me to edify the reader with an 
 explanation of the maps, and still more of the quaint commentaries of that Father 
 of mystifiers, Kircher. 23 
 
 The question immediately before us is, not what may have been the errors of 
 our predecessors, but what, at the hour in which we are writing, are the ultimate 
 results of scientific inquiry :—what,in short, do we know aboutthe Sources ofthe Nile? 
 
 A practical answer is best conveyed in the admirable Map of the Basin of 
 the Nile which the scientific liberality of my friend, Dr. Charles Beke, 
 enables me to place before the reader. 
 
 Yielding to my request, for the reasons before stated (page 27), Dr. Beke 
 has allowed this Map to be reversed. It is my intention to enlarge it into a 
 pictorial diagram on a scale adapted to my future lectures; when its already- 
 perspicious features will be rendered more salient through appropriate colors : 
 but a few words will indicate its peculiarities, no less than its novelties. 
 
 In the first place, on looking up the river from North to South, the darh- 
 sliaded space, on either side of the Nile, represents the amount of ground covered 
 by the “ Panorama ”—a distance of about. 860 miles, from the city of Cairo to the 
 2nd cataract of Nubia : but the most interesting features of Nilotic scenery, on 
 both sides of the river, being displayed in the “Panorama of the Nile,” it is fair to 
 assume, that 1,720 miles of the River’s course are portrayed in Messrs. Warren, 
 Bonomi, and Fahey’s spirited and faithful Tableaux. 
 
 Still ascending, from the 2nd Cataract to the Limit of the Tropical Bains, the 
 sterile rocks which flank the valley are represented in undulating shades of paler 
 effect, as far at the mouth of the River Atbara ; and, at a glance, the eye realizes 
 the first extraordinary characteristic of this mighty flood, that, for a length of 
 more than 1,500 miles, the Nile, unlike in this respect any river in the world, 
 receives no affluent, is fed by no tributary. 
 
 Having thus proceeded up the river to the mouth of the Atbara, or Aslaboras, 
 the beholder of the annexed map has arrived upon ground where the researches of 
 Dr. Beke, in breadth of scan and profundity of investigation, supersede, at this 
 day, everything that has been published on the Sources of the Nile. Referring 
 the critical inquirer, by way of preliminary, to the Chart, Sections, and Memoir 
 on the “Nile and its Tributaries,” 20 I lay before him on abstract of such further 
 particulars as will facilitate his appreciation of the curious little Map which ac¬ 
 companies the present Appendix. They are culled from the autograph manuscript 
 Notes of this distinguished Orientalist and traveller, kindly lent to me for this 
 object. The passages inclosed in brackets are quotations of Dr. Beke’s own 
 words ; and my oral lectures will afford me ample opportunity of enlarging upon 
 a geographical area probably exceeding One million and a half of square miles, of 
 territories heretofore undefined, which are now reclaimed from mystification and 
 fable by Dr. Beke’s comprehensive Map. 
 
 The Atbara, called by the Abessinians Tdkkazie, in early Christian ages 30 looked 
 upon as the head of the Nile, rises in the province of Lasts ; the sources of some of 
 its branches being in Samen, amid snowy mountains more than 15,000 feet high. 31 
 
 From the same lofty regions issues the Abai, which, formerly termed the Astapus, 
 becomes the Bdhr-el-Azrak, or “Blue River,’’ at Khartum. The Abessinians 
 still look upon the Abai as the Gihon of Genesis ; as did the Portuguese Jesuits 
 in the 16th and 17th centuries. One hundred and fifty years before Bruce, its 
 
HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 38 
 
 source in the Peninsula of Gbdjam was visited and far more accurately described 
 by Pedro Paez. 3 '- 
 
 Beyond the junction of the Astapus with the Bdhr-el-Abiad, or “ White River,'' 
 tlie Ancients seem to have known nothing of the course of the Nile, previously to 
 the time of PioEEmv the geographer, except that it came from the West-, in this 
 vaguely referring to the KeXldk. Our present knowledge of the upper course of the 
 Bdhr-d-Abiad is derived from the three Expeditions sent up it between 1835 and 
 1841, by the late Mohammed Ali ; from which we learn that on the Eastern 
 bank, the main stream is joined, in about 9° 20' N. lat., by the Sobat, otherwise 
 Tdfi, or Bahr-cl-Habesh, which takes its rise in the same Abessinian high lands 
 whence issue the Tdhkazie and the Aba'/. 
 
 Of the head-streams of the Sobat the principal is the Buko, known higher up its 
 course by the names Uma and Godjeb. This last, in the country of the Gallos , 33 
 is joined by the Gibbe , or Zebee of Father Antonio Fernandez, a.d. 1613 ; 31 
 the Gibbe itself being formed by the union of three rivers all bearing the same name. 
 
 “One of the three, the Gibbe of Ena tea, has been singled out by M. n’ Abbadie, 
 —who states that he visited the country of Kaffa in 1843-4, 35 —and that ofEnarea 
 in 1845-6, 311 — as the true source of the Nile ; and he contends, though unsuccessfully, 
 that the Gibbe and Godjeb unite to form the head of tlie direct stream of the 
 Bahr-el-Abiad , above the extreme point reached by the second Egyptian ex¬ 
 pedition in 1841. 3; ” The proofs that the Godjeb and Gibbe are the head 
 streams of the Sobat or River of Habesh, are given in various communications 
 made by Dr. Beke to the scientific world, which are referred to in the notes. 3 * 
 
 In about the same parallel of latitude as the junction of the Sobat, the main 
 stream of the Nile divides into two great arms. The western one, named KeXlclk, 
 already referred to, is as yet unexplored, except just at its mouth by M. 
 Lafargue. 39 The other, which conies from the South, is the direct stream of the 
 true Nile, or Bdhr-d-Abiad, explored by the second Egyptian expedition as high 
 as the “Island of Jcanker, or Tchanker, in the negro kingdom of Bari. The 
 extreme point attained is placed in 4° 42' 41" N. lat-, and 29" 18' lon< r . E. of 
 Paris, by M. d’ Arnaud; 43 and in 4° 4 N. lat., and 30° 6' long. E. of Paris by 
 M. Werne.'" The difference between these two determinations is not material ; 
 the result being that the explorers had penetrated to within 300 miles of the 
 Equator !” 
 
 “At the point where the expedition turned back, the river is described by M. 
 Werne 1 - as consisting of two arms divided by the Island of Tchanker (Jeanker) ; 
 which two arms, though the waters were then much fallen, were still found to be 
 respectively 300 and 100 metres (986 and 328 English feet) broad ; while there 
 were evident signs that, during the rains, the island, which then stood 15 feet 
 above the stream, is entirely covered with water ; as is likewise the greater 
 portion of the valley of the river, which, between the rocks on either side, is 
 near 600 metres (l,9G8 English feet) in width. The length of a river of this 
 magnitude, upwards to its sources, cannot well be less than several hundred 
 miles ; so that it will scared)' admit of a doubt that those sources have to be 
 looked for to the south of theEquator. Indeed, Lakono, the King of Bari, informed 
 M. Werne that the river comes from a distance of 30 days’journey further south, 
 and that there it divides into four shallow brooks ; and that in the direction of the 
 sources are high mountains, in comparison with which those visible at Bari are a 
 mere nothing.” 43 
 
 Arnaud, however, learned that about thirty leagues higher up than where 
 they then were, the river divides into several branches, of which the principal 
 stream, the Shoabcrri. came from the East." The information furnished to Werne 
 and Arnaud respectively, evidently relates to two different branches of the Bahr- 
 el-Abiad. 
 
 Having now ascended to the “ultima Thule” of latitudes reached by modern 
 research in seeking, along upwards of 3,000 miles of its course, for the Sources 
 of the Nile, let us see whether, guided by Ptolemy’s description, of more than 
 seventeen centuries ago, we cannot approach them from the opposite direction. 
 
 From the 9th chapter. IVth book, of his Geography,'* we gather—-“that. 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 39 
 
 round a gulf or bay on the East coast of Africa, called the Barbarian Gulf, in 
 which is an island named Monuthias, dwell certain cannibal negroes, to the 
 west of whose country are situate the mountains or hill-country of the moon— 
 to rtjg jjt opog —the snows of which are received into the lakes of the 
 
 Nile these “ Mountains of the Moon,” as likewise the Island of Menuthias, 
 being placed by him in 12" 30' .S. lat., 234 geographical miles to the south of the 
 parallel of Cape llhaptum, and 150 miles to the north of Cape Prasum, the 
 extreme point on the east coast of Africa known to the navigators and geographers 
 of that period.” 
 
 The proper method of using these data of Ptolemy, “ who has carried the 
 positions much too far to the South, is not to view each position positively or 
 separately, but the whole of them relatively and connectedly.” 
 
 “ If we can only determine the representatives of Menuthias and Cape Prasurn, 
 the other sites will naturally adjust themselves to their respective true positions. 
 Now, by D’Anville, 10 Vincent, 1 ' and De Froberville, 45 the island of Zanzibar 
 has been identified with Menuthias ; and hence there is reason to regard Cape 
 Delgado as the representative of Prasum. These, then, become our fixed points; 
 and from them—or, more properly speaking, from the former of them—we may 
 hope, by penetrating into the interior, to test the correctness of Ptolemy’s state¬ 
 ments concerning the sources of the Nile.” 
 
 “ Singularly enough, a great part of our task has been performed only within the 
 last fewraonths, and the remainder of it appears to be on the eve of accomplishment.” 
 
 “ From letters recently received from the Rev. Dr. Ivrapf and Mr. Rebmann, 
 of the Church Missionary Society, stationed at Rabbai Empia, near Mornbas on 
 the oast coast of Africa, in about 4° S. lat., we learn that Mr. Rebmann has 
 penetrated inland as far as Djagga, a mountainous country' situate about 200 miles 
 to the west of Mornbas’; where he has made the remarkable discovery of a lofty 
 mountain, called Kilimandjdro, the summit of which is covered with perpetual snow; 
 and he has further ascertained that beyond Kilimandjaro is a country named 
 Uniamesi, in which there is a large lake.* 0 According to the last accounts just 
 received from Dr. Ivrapf, 50 Mr. Rebmann again set out on the 5 th of April last, 
 for the purpose of visiting Uniamesi and exploring this lake.” 
 
 “ The country thus called Uniamesi by the Missionaries, is one whose name, at 
 least, has been known to us since the time of the Portuguese settlements in 
 Southern Africa, and has consequently obtained a place in our maps under 
 various forms. Of these forms Mono-Moezi appears to be the most correct. This 
 name, Mono-Moezi, is a compound word, significant in many of the languages of 
 the Kaffir class, spoken throughout the entire continent of Africa south of the 
 Equator, as far as the limits of the Hottentots ; among which languages is 
 specially to be mentioned that of the Sawahilis, who inhabit the sea-eoast of 
 Zindj or Zangebar. The first component of this name, Mono or Mani, is of 
 frequent occurrence in the designations of countries in Southern Africa, such as 
 Mani-Congo, Mani-Puto (as the Portuguese possessions in Africa are called), 
 Mono-Motapa, &c. ; and its meaning appears to be King or Ruler. The second 
 component, Moezi, which alone is properly' the name of the country, has the 
 signification of Moons’ 1 If however, we take the Missionaries’ form of the name, 
 Uniamesi, it may, as Dr. Ivrapf writes to me, be rendered ‘ the Country of the 
 Moon ;’ which is virtually the same.” 
 
 “ As long ago as 1846 I advanced the opinion, that the Greek navigators and 
 traders of Alexandria, who, from the time of IIlitalus’s discovery of the monsoons 
 in the middle of the firstcentury of our era, 52 if not earlier, frequented the east coast 
 of Africa, 53 obtained from these Sawahilis the particulars respecting the eastern 
 portion of that continent and the sources of the Nile, which are recorded by their 
 countryman Ptolemy ; and that, as it was not an unusual practice of the Greeks 
 to translate proper names into the equivalents in their own language, the de¬ 
 signation given by' Ptolemy to the mountains in which those sources are situate, 
 is simply a translation of the Sawahili expression, “the Mountains of Moezi.’’ 
 The position of this country of Mono-Moezi or Uniamesi may be pjaced approxi¬ 
 mately in about 1° to 4° S. lat., and from 23° to 34" E. long, ; and by extending. 
 
40 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 on ihe authority of M. Webne, the course of the direct stream of the Nile 
 only 300 or 400 miles beyond the furthest point reached by the second Egyptian 
 Expedition, we shall bring it to the vicinity of, if not actually into, this country 
 of Mono-Moezi.’’ 
 
 “Thus then vve find five main particulars mentioned by Ptolemy in connexion 
 with the sources of the Nile to be substantially true:—namely, 1st,— A mountainous 
 country lying to the west of the low districts along the sea-coast opposite to the 
 island ofMenuthias or Zanzibar ; 2ndlv,—A mountain there (and doubtless others 
 will be met with) so lofty as to be capped with perpetual snow ; 3rdly,—A district 
 in these high regions of the interior called Monomoezi or Uniamesi ■—the country' of 
 the Moon : 4thly,—A large lake, within or adjoining to, the hill country or 
 ‘mountains of the Moon:' and Sthly,—The head of the Nile itself carried into the 
 same vicinity'. Are we not, then, justified in anticipating that when Mr. Rebjtann 
 reaches Uniamesi—it may indeed be hop, d that he is there already—he will find 
 that it was not without good cause that tho geographer of Alexandria placed the 
 mysterious sources of the river of Egypt in the ‘mountains of the Moon,’ and 
 described the lakes of that river as being fed by the snows of those mountains ?” 
 
 “The head-streams of the Nile having thus been carried to their furthest southern 
 limit, it yet remains for us to examine the western boundary of that river’s basin. 
 As regards that portion of it, which may' reasonably' be supposed to extend to the 
 hydrographical system of the Congo, the absence of all data prevents us from 
 doing more than conjecture the line of demarcation between the basins of the two 
 rivers. But as we proceed northwards, and approach the parallel of the river 
 Ke'iluh, the great western arm of the Nile already' mentioned, we once more come 
 into the field of reasonable hypothesis, if not of absolute certainty. Our principal 
 guide must here be the learned orientalist, M. Fui.cence Fresnel, who, in two 
 memoirs recently communicated to the Geographical Society of Paris, has given 
 of some the results of his extensive researches into the geography and hydrography 
 of the interior of Africa. In one of these memoirs he states, on the authority of 
 an intelligent Fellatah pilgrim named ABD-ER-K.uiMAN.that in the country of /loam, 
 situate to the south of Wad.si, is a large river bearing the like name, which divides 
 into two branches. Of these, the one towards the west is the river named 
 Tchadda by the brothers Lander, and Toto by Abd-er-Raiisian himself, which 
 joins the Kuara (Quorra) or Niger to the south of Kakunda ; while the other 
 branch towards the east is the Bdhr-el-Ahiud of Khartum, that is to say the Nile. 
 From these particulars M. Fresnel infers the possibility of going by water from 
 the Niger to Egypt ; namely,—1st, by descending the Niger as far as the mouth 
 of the Tchadda ; 2ndly,—by ascending the Tchadda to where it brunches off into the 
 Bdhr-cl-abiwl ; and 3rdly,—by descending this latter river as far as the Cataracts. 
 But, in this hypothesis, the physical objections to a water-communication between 
 two streams running in opposite directions appear not to have been duly considered. 
 The more natural interpretation of Abd-er-Rahman’s statement — the truth of 
 which it is not intended to impugn—is that the alleged communication in Bosso, 
 between the Tchadda and (the western arm of) the Bihr-el-Abiad, is nothing 
 more than the native enunciation of the fact, that the water-parting between the sources 
 of Ihe two rivers is in that country' ; the close proximity of their respective sources 
 bemg, according to the native mode of thinking, equivalent to an actual communi¬ 
 cation between the streams themselves. 55 M. Jomard, in his Observations sur le 
 Voyageau Da t four of the Sheikh Mohammed el Toons y, 50 describes on the authority 
 of M. Kcenig, a river named Ambirkey, as being a branch of the Gula or Iiula, and 
 as running from the south of the country of Bagertni northwards to the 
 Nile. The identity of this river with Abd-er-Rah.man’s western arm of the 
 Bdhr-el-Abiad may reasonably be inferred : and it is so hypothetically laid 
 down in the Map.” 
 
 “From the second Memoir of M. Fresnel, 57 which consists of an elaborate dis¬ 
 quisition on the country of Waddi, we derive much valuable information respecting 
 several streams having their courses westwards through that country and falling 
 into lake Tchad. These are likewise marked—of course merely approximatively 
 in the Map ; and it is reasonable to conclude that their several sources are at (ho 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILF,. 
 
 41 
 
 water-parting between the hydrographical system of that lake, and that of the 
 western arm of the Nile ; the line of demarcation lying somewhere between the 
 adjoining kingdoms of YVadai and Darfur. In this latter country, according to 
 the Sheikh Mohammed el Tounsy is a large river named Bare , which M Jomard 
 regards as being most probably an affluent of the Ke'ildh , 58 I C]uite assent to this 
 hypothesis ; and I have laid down this river accordingly in my Map.” 
 
 “ In the existing state of our knowledge, or rather want of knowledge, it would 
 however be wrong to dogmatize on the subject ; and the positions, and even the 
 names, attributed to the river in the western portion of the Map, are to be under¬ 
 stood as being merely a first , and from its nature a most rough approximation to 
 the truth, which ere long we may hope to have presented to us in a more perfect 
 form.” 
 
 The reader requires no further comments on the annexed Map of the “ Basin of 
 Nile, ’ to perceive its originality. The attendant on my oral lectures will receive 
 further developments of a theme, the first principles of which, thanks to Dr. 
 Beke, are now laid down in this Appendix on Nilotic Geography. 
 
 C.— PHILOLOGY. 
 
 The most ancient language of which monuments are at this day extant, coetane- 
 ous in erection with the man who spoke it;—the earliest inscriptions in which his 
 hand gave graphical expression to ideas, conceived by his mind in that language ;— 
 and the oldest materials he employed when striving to overcome space and tune in 
 the transmission of his thoughts ;—are still preserved in the sculptures, paintings, 
 and writings, left by the Egyptian in the valley of the Nile. 
 
 This great fact, asserted by all antiquity, contradicted by modern self-sufficiency, 
 vindicated by Ciiampolmon, is now, thanks to the pakeological researches of a 
 Bosellini, a Birch, a Bunsen, and a Lepsius, irrevocably established. 
 
 To Mr. Birch the reader is indebted for the following comprehensive sketch. 
 I have also appended a Table indicative of the origin and probable order of 
 Alphabetical writings ; and in future discourses I hope to have the pleasure of 
 supporting former statements, with a variety of materials collected since the 
 publication of “ Otia Egyptiaca 
 
 THE LANGUAGE AND WRITINGS OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. 
 
 The ancient Egyptian or hieroglyphical language may be considered the 
 earliest of all known, being definitely formed at least b. c. 2000. It is a language 
 in a transition state from the first attempts of man to form language by paintings, 
 to transferring to these representations sounds and ideas not directly represented 
 by them. 
 
 It stands as the parent or primitive language of the Indo-germanic and Semitic 
 families, exhibiting in parts unequivocal Semitic analogies, as in the detached 
 pronouns and in the forms of the verb and noun, and in a considerable part of the 
 copia verborum, while in other respects it approaches the Indo-germanic languages 
 by' offering many words of similar etymology. 
 
 In the nation itself it never formed a sacred language, but w r as understood by all 
 the educated classes, and was employed for allpurposes of civil life It differed from the 
 spoken language, in syntax, and in its elliptical mode of expression, suppressing 
 at will those affixes and prefixes which are essential to distinct speech. Through¬ 
 out it exhibits a high pictorial tendency, often sacrificing strictly logical arrange¬ 
 ments to artistic convenience or elegance, and frequently placing the names of 
 gods, by' a kind of literary etiquette, befyre the expressions which they really follow. 
 A hierogly'pliical text is in fact a speaking picture, appealing at the same time 
 to the ear and eye, charming (he eye, and refreshing the memory by aids not found 
 
 Appendix G, pages fifl to 113. 
 
 D 
 
HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 in languages purely phonetic, capable at the same time of an indefinite expansion. 
 
 Before entering on the question of Egyptian Writings, it is necessary to bear 
 in mind the meaning of the following terms :—■ 
 
 A. — Symbolics: Hieroglyphic symbols used to express ideas, and never 
 
 pronounced or read except as the idea was. 
 
 B. — Determinatives'. Symbols, never pronounced at all, placed after groups 
 
 of characters which were pronounced, and used to determine or fix their 
 meaning. They are the same as the Chinese leys, or radicals. 
 
 C. — Phonetics : Symbols used to express sounds, and not ideas, forming 
 
 groups which express the sounds or spoken words of the ideas intended 
 to be conveyed. 
 
 C. ”— Alphabetic : Expressing one articulation. 
 
 D. — Syllabic : Expressing a syllable. 
 
 This last may be— 
 
 d.’ — Limited : Employed to express one or few ideas, 
 n,” —Extended: Used extensively in the texts. 
 
 E. — fnherent: The character whose pronunciation exists in another, although 
 
 not actually written. Thus the goat w as pronounced b-a, whether it 
 had a reed, the a, after it or not, and meant “ soul the reed being 
 inherent or understood. 
 
 F. — Complement: The character written after a syllabic symbol to complete 
 
 the syllable ; when omitted, it is inherent in the syllabic symbol. Thus 
 the mouth r added to the hoe formed the syllable nir “to love” &c. ; the 
 r being the complement, or that which completed the syllable. 
 
 G. — Homophone: A symbol having similar sound to another, and used in 
 
 other examples of the same word. Thus the red crown (t eshr) was 
 used as the sound n or en, in the sense of the genitive prefix “of" in 
 place of a line of water conveying the same sound and meaning, being 
 the homophone. 
 
 I. Supposed antecedent primseval period of pure picture writing—no remains 
 existing. 
 
 II. Archaic period, iv.-xii. dynasty. Pure hieroglyphics, elaborately sculp¬ 
 tured, especially in the details,* * which are well carved. Linear hieroglyphics, 
 which depict the form by its outline only ; used for ordinary purposes f At this 
 stage there was no purely alphabetical system ; but, on the contrary, the phonetics 
 consisted of sixteen monosyllables, commencing with the articulations a, b, t, y. h, 
 i, L-, m, n, p. r. I, s. t, sh, kh, u The process by which this had been deduced 
 from pure picture writing appears to be this :—J 
 
 Originally, the object was a symbolic, i.e., expressed its own direct meaning ; 
 thus, a sieve depicted was khi, “a sieve"; a mouth represented “ a mouth,’’ pro¬ 
 nounced itu ; but the two written together depict the ideas mouth and sieve ; or if 
 pronounced, the sound ru-khi ; which expressed in the spoken language “ to 
 know,” or inverted k’hi-ku ; in the same primarily-spoken language “ to,” or “ at.” 
 It is evident, that the misapprehension of meaning suggested the syllabic develop¬ 
 ment, as a person reading oft’ a purely symbolical system of picture writing would 
 naturally present to the ear combinations of monosyllables different from what 
 was intended to be seen by the eye ; and human intelligence could soon perceive 
 the value of the application. At this age, the monosyllables, which end in vowels, 
 generally have the vowel inherent (e), and not expressed as complement (n) ; 
 which was added to recall to memory the syllable. Thus, the syllable khi is 
 formed by the sieve, in itself khi ; or by the sieve and two cross-bars, the syllable 
 
 * Vtse Journal, vol. ii iii.. Coffin of Mycerinus.— Tablet of Cheops at the Wady Magara : 
 Leon be Laiiorde, Voyage dans 1‘Arabie Petree.—Tombs near Pyramids, Burton ; Ex. Heir, 
 pi. xxvii.—L epsios, Auswabl Taf. vii.— Pyramid ol 1 ashour. Vise Journal, vol. iii. 
 
 f Quarry-marks of Great Pyramid; Vyse Journal, 1. c.— Lenormant, Cercueil de 
 Mycerinus; PI. ii.— Lepsius, Auswald, Taf. xiii.— Vyse Journal, vol. iii., second 
 pyramid. 
 
 * J Bunsen, Egypt’s Place ; vol i., page 416. 
 
PANORAMA OF TITE NILE. 
 
 4 3 
 
 iu or ul ; thus, k’h [i]—k’hi [u], —* At this period, the symbols were occa¬ 
 sionally doubled, or even trebled, to express the value of unusual sounds, as kiit, 
 kha, khaua, for kiiau, “ altar showing that the language was in a state of 
 formation or transition. At this age, the use of symbolics and determinatives 
 prevailed, and all the great principles of the language were laid down. The 
 interchange of homophones is rare. No hieratical writing known till the xith. 
 dynasty : the first instances being on the coffin of the queen Mentuhept,! and 
 the king EndI^ntef.J 
 
 III. Epoch of National Greatness , xviii.-xix. dynasty. Introduction of a 
 greater interchange of homophones (a). The Hieratic writing developed, exhibiting 
 unequivocal traces of a syllabic system, and employing a less extended number of 
 determinatives (b), owing to its less pictorial character ; but not exhibiting any 
 nearer advances to an alphabet —standing in the same relation to the hieroglyphics 
 as writing to our print. 
 
 IV. Epoch oWecadence , xx.-xxvi. dynasty. Commencement of a revolution 
 in the language, indicated by a much greater number of homophones-: that is, the 
 syllables which, up to that period, had been in general carefully distinguished, 
 are now promiscuously interchanged ; and many symbolical signs incorporated gra¬ 
 dually into the system. This was perhaps consequent on the Egyptians being 
 subjected to foreign influences, and thus becoming acquainted with the more 
 extended systems of the Assyrian-Cuneiform, Phoenician, and other writings. 
 
 V. Egypt's Fall. Introduction of the Demotic or Enchorial. First appearance 
 of partly alphabetic and syllabic system of more limited range than the hieratic ; 
 containing still fewer determinatives, and representing the then-spoken language. 
 It is an outgrowth of the hieratic writing, which it superseded for the legal and 
 ordinary purposes of life—the hieratic being retained as late as Trajan. The 
 demotic, late under the Roman Empire, superseded entirely the hieratic, and was 
 ultimately itself extinguished by the Coptic. It was an attempt to assimilate the 
 Egyptian system of writing to the Alphabetic Phoenician. 
 
 Tiie CUNEIFORM Writing, 
 
 As far as yet dccyphered, appears to class as— 
 I. Assyrian. Chaldean Armenian. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Alphabetical. 
 
 Phonetic. 
 
 Syllabic. 
 
 Med 
 
 Determinative 
 not following 
 
 IAN. 
 
 groups preceding ; 
 as in hieroglyphics. 
 
 \ 
 
 Syllabic. 
 
 
 disap 
 
 Dear. 
 
 Persian. 
 
 No determinatives ; words 
 carefully divided by a wedge, or stop. 
 
 British Museum, 25th Sept., 1849. 
 
 S. BIRCH. 
 
 * Hincks, “ On the Powers of Eg. Alpli.,” 1847, conceives that there was a pure 
 alphabet, anti that the complements merely recal the name of the characters, as be for b, cee 
 for c. This theory is founded on the interchange of homophones. 
 
 f A copy of this coffin, made by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, exists in the Museum 
 collection. 
 
 X In the British Museum. Bunsen, Egypt’s Place. 
 
 D 2 
 
MAN WRITINGS. 
 
 ■ Phcenices primi, famie si creditur, ausi 
 Mansuram ruclibus vocem signare figuris. 
 
EARLIEST PHOENICIAN WRITINGS. 
 
 PANORAMA OF TIIE NILE. 
 
 45 
 
 H 
 
 . Ph . 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 hP 
 
 a nd 
 
 £ 
 
 «s 
 
 «! '43 C 
 H ftrJJ 
 
 2 ^ 2 § 
 
 _ o 
 
 «C3g 
 
 es 
 
 o oT 
 
 ■M. 
 
 ■ m o h . 
 
 w « 
 
 HH rQ * 
 
 i_Li rrt O 
 
 55 
 
 < 
 
 C/3 
 
 Pi 
 - w 
 Ph 
 
 
 W . 
 w o 
 w *a 
 
 pi O 
 
 -0- 
 
 C « 
 
 
 ?3 
 
 fts 
 
 .3 02 
 
 -02 
 
 «s ^ - 
 
 rO 
 
 s 
 
 
 02 
 
 02 
 
 r£> 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 
 r 3 
 
 - e S 
 Is g 
 <0 > 
 
 &3 
 
 
 °o ■ 
 
 JO 
 
 1 A 
 
 <3 ^ 
 
 •h ~ 
 
 co ctj 
 
 
 -‘ rO 
 
 S3 
 
 - s 
 
 S3 
 
 e3 
 
 JhX2 
 
 3 
 
 l> 
 
 ^3 
 
 § 
 
 - <3 ‘ 
 Co 
 «o 
 
 o 
 
 § ■§ 
 , °? !p 
 
 S3 eO 
 
 ft} t3 O Co 
 
 All modern Zend. Arabian Cufic . | Uigurico - 
 
 European Alphabets. I Peshito. Mongolian. 
 
 Modern Neskee. 
 
46 
 
 D.—CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 When Fourier, the polytechnic philosopher, in that masterpiece of eloquent 
 erudition—the Preface to the “Description de I’Egypte”—claimed .a period ot 
 twenty-five hundred years before the Christian era,* 9 for the Monuments which he, and 
 the corps of illustrious Savans oftvhom Jomahd is the surviving patriarch, had beheld 
 in the v alley of the Nile, his intuitive grasp of the amount of time adequate to the 
 construction of then-unnumbered piles as gigantic in their architecture as diversi¬ 
 fied in their sculptures, obtained but little favor with the scholars, and none with 
 the public of Europe, from 1810 to 1830. As when the immortal Haevey announced 
 his discovery of the circulation of' the blood, no Surgeon, over forty years of age, 
 but died an unbeliever in the theory; so forty years after the utterance of this 
 chronological estimate by Fourier, and notwithstanding the victorious labors of the 
 Hierologists, do we still encounter educated minds unwilling to accept, or incapable 
 of comprehending, the general truth of his proposition. 
 
 Equally unpalatable was this scale of 2,500 years, at the time of its publication, 
 to the representatives of two distinct schools; whom, for convenience sake, we will 
 designate as the tony and the short chronologists. fin the one hand Dupuis and 
 the astronomers who had claimed as much as 17,000 years b.c. for the erection of 
 the temple of Dendera, and on the other, the followers of the Petavian and Usherian 
 computations of the chronological element in Scripture, coincided in its rejection ; 
 the former deeming it too restricted, the latter too extensive for their respective 
 cosmogenical theories. And, in a controversy in which the first principles of 
 historical criticism, and the common basis of debate were alike wanting; before 
 Young had deciphered the first letter in the hieroglvphical name of Ptolemy: before 
 Ciiampollion-lk-Jeuxe’s “ Precis” broke the spell in which the antique writings 
 of the Egyptians had been bound for fifteen centuries: and at a day when absolutely 
 nothing was known of the respective ages of Nilotic remains; the dogmatical 
 assertions of the latter were infinitely preferable to the hallucinations of the 
 former. 
 
 On his death-bed in 1830, Fourier was solaced by the glimpse which 
 Chamroi.mox, then just returned from his triumphant mission to Egypt, afforded 
 him of the probable accuracy of his prospective vision: but, before the founder of 
 Egyptological science could arrange the enormous materials collected for his 
 chronological edifice, the 4th of March, 1832, overtook Ciiampollion on his own 
 death-bed, in the act of bequeathing the Manuscript of his immortal Grammar, as 
 “ my visiting-card to posterity.” 60 
 
 In the same year, Rosellini commenced the publication of the “ Monument! 
 dell’ Egitto e della Nubia;” in which, for the first time, an effort was made to 
 embrace in one grand compendium all the Egyptian documents in that day 
 deciphered. Inheritor of the ideas, and associate in the labors of the great master, 
 the Tuscan Professor’s frame-work of chronology reflects Cn ampoule >n’s views on 
 Pharaonic antiquity up to the close of 1830. The practical result of the erudite 
 Italian’s researches was the monumental restoration of the lost history of Egypt, 
 back to the xviiith Dynasty, computed by him at u. c. 1822,—and the vindication 
 of the general accuracy of M.anetho, back to the .with dynasty, at b. c. 2272 : 01 
 confirmed by Champolliox-Figf.ac , 62 with many improvements and valuable 
 suggestions; mainly drawn from “ les papier- de mon Frere.” 
 
 In 1835, Wilkinson’s admirable work, “ Topography of Thebes,” presented a 
 summary of the learned author’s personal exploration of Egyptian monuments 
 during some twelve years of travel in the valley of the Nile. The epoch of 
 Menus, first Pharaoh of Egypt, was conjecturally assigned to the year b.c., 2201 ; 
 but the accession of the xviiith dynasty placed at b.c. 1575, corroborated by 
 the collation of hieroglvphical and Greek lists, evinced the critical author’s 
 appreciation of the solidity of the Egyptian chronological edifice, and of 
 Manethonian authority, at least up to the latter era. 
 
 We thus reach the year 1835; when b.c. 1822 as the maximum, and b.c. 1575 as 
 the minimum, for the accession of Maxetiio’s xviiith dynasty of Diospolitans, 
 were already recognised by the world of science in general principle as established 
 
PANORAMA OP THE NILE. 
 
 47 
 
 facts : and sixteen centuries of lost monumental history were resuscitated from the 
 sepulchre of ages, through hieroglyphical researches that commenced in a.d. 
 1822. 63 
 
 But there had been, in Egypt, times before! there were still extant the 
 Pyramids, with the lengthy chain of tombs extending for above 20 miles along the 
 Memphite necropolis, unexplored-, —there were the “unplaced Kings” recorded in 
 the “Materia Hieroglyphica”—the “ Excepta”—and the “ Notes”—of Wilkinson, 
 Burton, and Felix ;—and there existed in the Museums of Europe, as well as 
 throughout the valley of the Nile, innumerable vestiges, recognised by every 
 qualified student of Egyptology to belong to ages long anterior to the xviiith 
 dynasty—infinitely older than the year 1575 1S22 b.c. ; to say nothing of the 
 
 biblical and classical texts, that attested the necessity for more elbow-room in the 
 chronology of the ancient Egyptians. Every one felt it:—every man who had- 
 beheld the storied mins in Egypt itself asserted it, with more or less assurance 
 according to the elasticity of the social atmosphere he breathed:—every Hierologist 
 knew it. 
 
 Plow was the conscientious discussion of these overwhelming questions avoided ? 
 Why were the countless monumental documents, that vindicated the claims of 
 Manetho’s first fourteen human dynasties to historical acceptance left of sight ? 
 Bosellini, while faithfully publishing all the materials in his possession, and throw¬ 
 ing back Pyramidal questions into the category of things anterior to the xvith 
 dynasty, having the fear of Petavius before his eyes, modestly declares—“ No a 
 me occorre indagare piu addentro in tantobujo di tempi.” 64 Wilkinson, —in whose 
 invaluable “ Materia Hieroglyphica,” among a host of “ unplaced Kings,” the 
 names of Shooplio, Shafra, and Menkera, builders of the three great Pyramids of 
 (feezeh, had been published years before, and two of them at least read and identified, 
 —Wilkinson, appalled perhaps at the authority of Usher, in his Plate I. of the 
 “ Dynasties of the Pharaohs ” jumps at a bound from MENA1. over SE-NOFRE- 
 KE-RA and RA-NEB-NAA, to RA-NOUB-TER (which last he places in the xvth 
 dynasty at b.c. 1830) ; omits every “ unplaced King ” published in his previous 
 researches ; ignores some fifty Pharaohs whose monuments prove they lived between 
 Meses and the XVIIIth dynasty; and assigns only the year n.o. 2201 (!) to Menes, 
 “ for fear of interfering with the deluge of Noah, which is 2348 n.o.” 65 
 
 It is sufficient for my purpose, herein, to point out to the reader, that the year 
 1836 closed with a mighty stride, already accomplished, into the “ darkness of 
 Egyptthrough which a mass of time, exceeding fifteen centuries in duration, was 
 irrevocably restored to the world’s history. The mutilated annals of the oft- 
 maligned Priest of Sebennytus were vindicated by an unanswerable appeal to 
 monuments contemporaneous with the Pharaohs recorded by him, back to his 
 xviiith Theban dynasty. More than one-half of the twenty-five hundred years 
 claimed by Fourier and Napoleon’s “ Institut d’Egypto” was thenceforward 
 restored to positive history by the Ilierologists. 
 
 The years 1837 to 1839 witnessed the munificent expenditures, and fulfilment 
 of the grand conception, of a Yyse; the self-sacrificing exertions of a Purring, 
 but for whose fortitude, enthusiasm and engineering skill, small, indeed, would 
 have been the scientific results accruing from such immense undertakings; and 
 the archeological acumen of a Birch, in deciphering and assigning an historical 
 place to the fragmentary legends disentered among some 39 Pyramidal Mausolea 06 
 of the Memphite and Arsinoite nomes. 07 Simultaneously with these successes, the 
 Tablet of Abydos, that most precious register of the genealogy of the Rajiessides. 
 found its way to the British Museum. 08 
 
 Lenormant 69 , I believe, was the first to apply the new discoveries to chronology, 
 and Nestor Liiote 70 to retread the Memphite necropolis, and verify some of the 
 data obtained bv the English explorers. 
 
 The combined result of these researches, in the year 1840, was the recognition 
 of the great principle, that the Pyramids, without exception, antedated the xviiith 
 dynasty, already established between the loth and the 18tli centuries b.c: — 
 that a mass of "“unplaced Kings,” and a vast field of unopened tombs in the 
 burial-ground of Memphis; together with a prodigious variety of lesser monuments, 
 stretching from the peninsula of Sinai to the temples of Samneh and Soleb in 
 Upper Nubia; still preserved authentic records coetaneous with the first twelve dynasties 
 
18 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 of Manetho: and that, from out of the chaos, the ivth Mancthoniau dynasty, 
 cotemporary with the building of the Gcezeh group of Pyramids, loomed like a 
 meteor in the night of time. 
 
 And here, as my own studies of hieroglvphical love commence about these 
 days, I may be pardoned for alluding to mys -li'; reserving an exposition of the 
 motives which, in 1839, led me to abandon degraded Ottoman for Pharaonic 
 Egyptian matters, to the " Memoirs, historical, political, and anecdotal, of my per¬ 
 sonal acquaintance with Modern Egypt and Egyptians from 1818 to 18-11promised 
 in “ Otia AJgyptiaca,” page 71. 
 
 In December 1839, I joined my honored friend, Mr. A. C. Harris of Alexandria, 
 in a voyage from Cairo to Wddee Haifa, which occupied above three months. Our 
 joint familiarity with Nilotic habits and people, love of sporting adventure, and 
 antiquarian curiosity, while possessing extra facilities that few travellers enjoy, 
 naturally took us into distant localities, all rarely, some not before, explored by 
 Europeans, llis ample archaeological library offered us in our boat 71 instant means 
 of reference to the labors of our predecessors: at the same time that his knowledge 
 of tile monuments derived from a former journey, and mastery of hieroglvphical 
 arcana, inducted me at once into the “ Mysteries of Isis.” We made a mul¬ 
 titude of minor discoveries, the publication of which, in that day, would have 
 anticipated some since put forth bv our successors; 72 and even now, after the lapse 
 often years, I can look upon the pages of our diurnal note-book with the satisfac¬ 
 tory assurance, that many of our memoranda are yet scientifically available. In 
 brief, if any labors of mine have diffused some knowledge of the most ancient 
 portion of the Old world, among the educated masses of the New, I should be 
 grieved not to record that my archaeological inquiries owe their departure, and not 
 unfrequently their successful prosecution, to some twenty-five years of friendship 
 enjoyed with Mr. Harris . 73 
 
 On my return to Cairo, I devoted a twelvemonth’s leisure to the verification of 
 the solidity of the basis upon which hieroglyphical revelations had placed Egyptian 
 monumental chronology. The result was a conviction as profound then, as subsequent 
 researches,—echoed by the voice of universal erudition, and embodied in the works 
 of a host of Savans whose names gild the brightest page illuminated l>y science in 
 the xixth century,—have since demonstrated its accuracy, of the utter impossi¬ 
 bility of reconciling Egyptian facts, geological, topographical, ethnological, hiero- 
 glyphicnl and historical, with Archbishop Usher’s system of patriarchal chronology. 
 
 A manuscript compilation, over which an old and valued colleague, M. Prisse, 
 and myself wiled away at Cairo many delightful weeks in reciprocal exchanges of 
 our several gleanings, under the title of “Analecta Hieroglyphiea” condensed 
 every Cartouche, with references to most of the historical monuments, known 
 to llierologists up to April, 18-11; and, as many personal friends are aware, 
 this manuscript, is still a most important ground-text and manual to those who, 
 like myself, are anxious to ascertain the stability of prior investigations, before 
 hazarding the erection of a theoretical superstructure. 
 
 April, 1843, found me in America, compelled to publish, prematurely as 
 regarded the possible durability of any definitive system of Egyptian chro¬ 
 nology, and solely with a view to clear away obstacles that might have em¬ 
 barrassed my future lectures,—the substance of thirteen discourses delivered at 
 Boston, in the winter of 1842-3. Presented gratis to the New York publishers, 
 on the sole condition that the price of the pamphlet should not exceed 25 cents, 
 or one shilling sterling, the “ Chapters on Early Egyptian History,” Ac., passed 
 rapidly through many editions: and their sale continues to this day, although 
 25,000 copies, I have been told, have been disposed of. Never having contem¬ 
 plated the slightest pecuniary connexion with its success, I have felt no 
 hesitation in constantly referring to passages and facts contained in a popular 
 treatise, in cost accessible to the humblest reader of our English tongue; with 
 which facts it is certainly not the author’s fault if such reader be not already 
 acquainted. 
 
 It was, however, imperative on me to adopt some scale of biblical chronology, 
 by recurrence to which Ihe attendant on my oral lectures should be enabled to 
 measure the importance of Egyptian subjects in their relation to the world’s 
 history. The Scptuagini computation, as the longest, seemed best fitted for this 
 
PANORAMA OF X1IE NILE. 
 
 49 
 
 object; but especial care was taken by me to state, ( Chapters , page 36,) that—“ in 
 rejecting Usher’s chronological system in toto, I accept the Septuagint date for 
 the Deluge only—because, for all subsequent epochs, I consider myself free to 
 choose (from among three hundreds systems of chronology) that' arrangement 
 best adapted to Egyptian monumental, and other records. I commit myself 
 therefore only to the Septuagint date of the Ddvge , as the shortest limit allowable 
 for Egyptian jiistory, independently of all other nations; while I reserve the 
 right of adopting any extension, that future discoveries may make orthodox, or 
 indispensable. As it is, we have not a year to throw away—and if 1,000 more 
 years could bo shown admissible by Scripture, there is nothing in Egypt that 
 would not be found to agree with the extension.” 
 
 In the absence of the positive data which later discoveries in Egyptian ar¬ 
 chaeology have since accumulated, 71 I set forth the various estimates through 
 which 1 adopted provisionally the year 2750 B.c., for the accession of Menes, 
 “as within a hundred years’ approximation of the truth;” 75 accompanying this 
 view with the following caveat (Chapters , page 51) 
 
 ‘ Perfectly aware of the extreme uncertainty of these calculations, I would 
 observe, as an excuse for the digression, that the epoch of Menes is all-important 
 in history—that I have endeavoured to reconcile it with the Septuagint as nearly 
 as possible within reason and probability—and that 1 lean rather in favor of an 
 extension of the interval between Menes and our Saviour; for which I could 
 easily bring forward a mass of arguments and explanations, founded on facts; 
 among which are the vast number of “ unplaced Kings” we possess, who must 
 have lived between Menes and the 16th dynasty.” 
 
 Nor may I not lay claim to some intuitive perceptions entertained in 1843, of 
 the probable extent to which monumental researches would eventually carry the 
 epoch of Menes. ^ In 1845, Bunsen’s era for this monarch was b.c. 3643; and 
 in 1849, Lepsius s is B.c. 3893. One of the preceding quotations from my 
 “ Chapters ’ asserts, that “ it 1,000 more years could he shown admissible by 
 Scripture, there is nothing in Egypt that would not bo found to agree witli the 
 extension. It is a happy coincidence, exhibiting how different minds, in 
 countries widely apart, reasoning upon similar data, arrive at conclusions nearly 
 tin' same, that, if the above “ 1,000 years” be added to my former conjectural and 
 minimum estimate, printed six years ago, of the date of Menes, noted at about 
 li.c. 2750, the sum b.c. 3750 falls, almost equidistantly, between the eras as¬ 
 signed to this primordial Pharaoh by two of the three highest hierological chro- 
 nographersthe third, it need scarcely be observed, being Mr. Birch; who, 
 whilst tabulating Egyptian events in the recognised order of Mauethonian 
 dynasties has never yet put forth an arithmetical system of hicroglyphical 
 chronology. As before remarked ( Otia, page 45):— 
 
 “ We are dealing, in events so inconceivably remote, with stratified masses of 
 time, and not with supposititious calculations of the exact day, week, month, or 
 year; in futile attempts to ascertain which so many learned investigators “ ne font 
 qu’un trou dans l’eau.” 
 
 Our sketch of the progressive conquests over the past, commenced by Cham- 
 pollion in 1822, through which a pathway has been cleaved, inch by inch, by 
 the axes of the Hieroloa'ists, far into the briary jungle of Pharaonic antiquity, 
 has reached the year 1S43 ; and already Fourier’s “ twenty-five hundred years 
 B.c.,” for the monuments of the N ile, even to the uninformed eye, began to wear the 
 garb of probability—to the hieroglyphieal student, who had actually beheld with 
 his own eyes these monuments in Egypt itself, 77 they had assumed in that year the 
 aspect of certainty. 
 
 The discovery made by Lepsius, in 1340, (unknown to me until the summer 
 of 1843, after the publication of the “ Chapters,” and then only through private 
 correspondence,) that the Tablet of Abydos, between Cartouche No. 40 and No. 
 39, omits the xiiith, xivth, xvth, xvith and xviith Mauethonian dynasties, 
 thus jumping over the entire Hyhsos-pcriod,' s had marked a new era in the 
 chronological consideration to be awarded to some royal genealogical Tablets. 
 '} l lls discovery, I agree with De Rouge (before quoted) in deeming the most 
 important feature of that day ; but so varied and unforeseen were the victorious 
 
50 
 
 IJ AN D- BOOK TO T1IE 
 
 achievements effected, in the year 1843, by the Prussian Scientific Mission, 
 among the Pyramids, from Memphis to the Labyrinth ; in such rapid succession 
 did novelty succeed novelty ; and so exciting were the friendly communications 
 which, borne on the wings of steam, reached me in America that, not to 
 encumbermy after lectures with definite chronological systems until the publication 
 of Lkpsius’s discoveries, I announced in initiatory discourses on the Pyramids, 
 (Boston Lowell Institute , October to December, 1843,) that 1 should thenceforward 
 confine myself, while presenting the views of each hieroglyphics] pioneer as they 
 fell in my way, to the tabulation of Egyptian epochas anterior to the xviiith 
 dynasty, 80 not arithmetically, but according to the gross musses of time into which 
 they could be approximately subdivided. 
 
 1 can only congratulate myself and my auditors on the rigid observance of this 
 system—or rather on this absence of systems, in all my American lectures on Egyptian 
 primeval history, from 1843 to 1848 : because, the classification thus a lopted had 
 the advantage of grouping Egyptian monuments into relative periods of time, 
 without the disadvantage of being obliged to undo one day the layers of a chro¬ 
 nological edifice built the day preceding. These periods were as follows: I 
 present them with the same commentary that accompanied their republication last 
 December, 81 before a visit to Paris and Berlin, this -spring, had made me acquainted 
 with the progress of Egyptian science at either capital. 
 
 1. —The ante-monumental period. 
 
 [This of course is an utter blank in Chronology. Science knows not where 
 geology ends, and humanity begins ; and the definitive, or artificial 
 systems, current on the subject, are of modern adoption and spurious de¬ 
 rivation.] 
 
 2. —The pyramidal period. 
 
 [Occupying, according to Mr. GUddon’s view, about fifteen centuries ; probably 
 beginning with Manetho’s second dynasty, and ending with the xiitli or 
 xiiith, about twenty-two centuries prior to the Christian era.] 
 
 3.—The period of the IIykshos. 
 
 [There being no monuments for this period extant, with the exception of 
 the names chronicled long after on the “Chamber of Karnac” (Brisse, 
 “Notice sur la Salle des Ancelres de Thouthmes III,’’ 1845 ,) See., here is 
 the grand difficulty in Egyptian chronology ; it being impossible to determine 
 its duration : which Mr. Gliddon considers to be far shorter than is estimated 
 in the “ JEgyptens Stelle in der Weltgesehichte,” and to embrace all scriptural 
 connexions with Egypt from Abraham to the Exodus inclusive ; on which 
 the hieroglyphics are utterly silent, 
 
 4.— The positive historical period. 
 
 [Commencing about 1,000 to 1,800 years before Christ, with the New Empire 
 and the Restoration, after the expulsion of the IIykshos tribes, under Aahmes, 
 the founder of xviiith. dynasty.] 
 
 What modifications I may eventually introduce must be postponed to future 
 oral lectures ; but the comparison between these roughly-stated results, and the 
 gigantic system comprehended by Lepsius, and displayed in the subjoined 
 synopsis, will be curious to the reader, and perhaps not altogether subversive of 
 the prospective judgment of the lecturer. 
 
 After my return from studies at Baris during 184G, in an attempt to furnish 
 the critical attendant on my lectures with a clew wherewith to pursue the 
 subject of Egyptian chronology through the latest and best authorities of the 
 day, I published 82 some of the estimates current on the era of Menus. These, 
 with additions, are here repeated. 
 
 Date of Menes. 
 
 Bockii,— Berlin, 1845, —“ Manctho und die Hundssternperiode,” Years c. c. 5702 
 Barucchi,— Turin, 1845, —“Discorsi critici sopra la Cronologia Egixia,” 4890 
 Bunsen,— Hamburg, 1845, —“A£gyptens Stelle in der Weltgesehichte,” 30414 
 Henry,— Paris, 1846, —“ L’Egypte Pharaonique,” - - - - 5303 
 
 Lesueur,— Paris, 184S,— “ Chronologie des Hois d’Egypte,” - - 5773 
 
 Lf.psius,— Berlin, 1849, —“Chronologie der ASgypter,” ... 3893 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 51 
 
 And, although these Savans have not yet defined their chronological opinions 
 in a tabular or numerical shape, the same broad views are taken by the erudite 
 Ilierologists, He Rouge * 3 and Ampere . 81 
 
 The reader has before his eyes indices to authorities sufficient to convince him, 
 that the ever-antagonistic opinions of the long and the short chronologists are 
 now, in Nilotic questions, fairly at issue; and he may perhaps believe that the 
 former, whilst in possession of the stone-books of Egypt, like the geologist with the 
 rocky volumes which bountiful Nature spreads out before him, is not likely to 
 recede, from his hard-worn positions, in the face of the sort of arguments hitherto 
 advanced against chronological extension by dogmatical superciliousness. 
 “ Magna est veritas, et prevalebit.” 
 
 Seven years ago, after sketching the vast materials extant in the valley of the 
 Nile that attest the existence of long-reigning dynasties anterior to the xvitln, 
 I wound up a lecture 85 with these words.—“ But more than this we do not know— 
 perhaps never may. Yet the discovery of a single tablet of kings—a genealogical 
 papyrus— a copy o/Manetho —or the same wonderful chain of successful labors 
 and extraordinary coincidences, that have hitherto attended the Cliampollion- 
 school, may enable some fortunate explorer to find, and to open the sealed, the 
 lost books of Hermes.” 
 
 Next to the unhoped-for exhumation, from the tomb of twenty centuries, of the 
 papyric volumes bequeathed to an ungrateful posterity by the Priest of Sebenny/us 
 —and things far more wonderful than even such a contingency are notorious 86 in 
 the annals of hieroglyphical discovery—is the restoration of Manetho's Scheme 
 of Egyptian chronology; through the analysis and synthesis of the precious 
 fragments of this historian scattered throughout the pages of Greco-Roman 
 writers. 
 
 I esteem it a high privilege to be the first in laying before the American reader 
 a tabular view of Lefsius’s restoration of Manktho ;—drawn up in part from the 
 1st volume of the “ Chronologie der Aigypter,” 87 and in part through the oral 
 instruction derived, during a visit to Berlin last May, from the frank communi¬ 
 cations of this high-minded scholar. Nor will I detract from its self-evident 
 importance by adding any present comments of my own. 
 
 MANETIIO’S SYSTEM OE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY, 
 
 AS RESTORED BY LEPSIUS. 
 
 EPOCHAS anterior to Menes —Cyclic Periods. 
 
 Divine Dynasties : 
 
 Julian Years. , 
 
 19 Gods reigned— 13,870 = 19 Sothic (Ami-periods. 
 
 30 Demi-Gods - 3,650 = 30 twelfths of a Sothic-period. 
 
 17,520 = 12 Sothic-periods of 1,460 years. 
 
 Ante-historical Dynasty : 
 
 10 Manes, Thinites, 350 — commencement of a new Sothic 
 
 period. 
 
 EPOCH of MENES — Commencement of historical period ; Thirty Dynasties : 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Old Empire : —■—- 
 
 1st Dyn.—Accession of Menes,. 3893 
 
 Commencement of Monumental period ; Third Dynasty. 
 
 4th Dyn. — Pyramids and Tombs extant — began — 3426 
 12th Dyn. - -- -- -- -- -- ends — 2124 
 
 Invasion of the Hyksos ; comprising the 
 
 15th and 16th Dynasties ■—from B. c. 2101 - - to— 1590 
 
 New Empire — Restoration. 
 
 17 th Dyn. - began— 1671 
 
 30th Dyn. — ending on the second Persian Invasion — 340 
 
HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 Bat, to convince the American reader of the critical importance of these 
 Egyptian researches, and to indicate to his enlightened comprehension the nature 
 of the modifications which popular views of mundane chronology must eventually 
 sustain, I place before him four parallel illustrations ; accompanying each with 
 the dates as computed by Usher, 88 from the Hebrew Text, and generally 
 appended to the English translation authorized in the reign of King James, 
 a. t>,, 1611; and by Hales 89 from the Greek Septuayint Version. The new 
 synchronisms between Hebrew and Egyptian events, put forward by Lepsius, 
 may assist the bierological student in authenticating monumental history through 
 the established dates of Scripture. It will be remarked that, while Hales 
 extends, Lepsius reduces the antiquity assigned to each Israelitish era by 
 Archbishop Ushek. 
 
 BIBLICAL SYNCHRONISMS. 
 
 USnEn, HALES. LEPSltTS. 
 
 Epoch of Pharaonic Cotemporaries. a.d. 1GG0. a. d 1830. a.d. 1840. 
 
 Abraham . ' . . Amunoph III, Memnon, b.c. 1920, 2077, about 1500 
 
 Joseph . . . Setiiei I, Sethos, „ 1706, 1863, „ 1-400 
 
 Moses . . . Ramses II ; Jewish oppression (1394 — 1328 
 
 Exodus(b.c. 1314 ?)Meneptha, „( ’ | 1328 — 1309 
 
 The volumes, in which Chevalier Lepsius will analyse and lay before the 
 world the hieroglyphical documents discovered by the Prussian Commission, being 
 yet unpublished, no positive monumental synchronism between Egyptian and 
 Hebrew annals is known to me of a date earlier than b.c. 971 :—the conquest of 
 the “ Kingdom of Judah” in the 5th year of Rehoboam, (I Kings, xiv., 25 ; and 
 2 Cliron., xii., 1 @ 10 ;) by Pharaoh Sheshonk, represented at Karnac. 90 In 
 consequence, at present, these questions remain subject to the commentary my 
 lectures have so often laid before American audiences. 91 
 
 A few of the notable discrepancies prevailing, among biblical chronologists, 
 extracted from 120 different opinions tabulated by Hales, (vol. I, page 212, &e.,) 
 are printed in my “Chapters,” (page 33). These systematic discordancies 
 among scriptural eomputators were estimated at 300 in number, only a few 
 years ago; of which a copious variety maybe seen in JDe Brotonne. 9 - 'I he 
 last ten years have been so prolific in swelling the list, that even to enumerate 
 them would be a feat:—for verily, their “ name is Legion." 
 
 NOTES 
 
 APPENDIX A.—GEOLOGY. 
 
 1. See all the Authorities , &c., in “ Otia iEgyptiaca,” pages 62 to 69. 
 
 2. “Description de l’Egypte.” Tom. xx., pages 33 et seq. 
 
 3. “Chapters,” 1843, page 43.—“Otia,” 1849, page 64. 
 
 4. Thalia , § 17, et seq.—This, “ southern ocean,” be it remarked “ cn passant,” in those 
 days ol’ cosmographical misconception, was part of the “ circumamhiant ocean” which sur¬ 
 rounded a flat earth ; and these wonderfully long-Heed ^Ethiopians, “sun -burned faces” were 
 austral members of that primitive system of Hellenic geographers which placed the fabulous 
 Hijperboreans to the north, and the fabulous Macrobians to the south. (Cf. “Otia;” notes , pages 
 16, 121, 124, 133. —Letronne, “Opinions cosmographiques des Peres de l’Eglisc;” 
 Rerue dcs deux Mondes, 1834; pages 601 to 633.— Ibid, “ llecueil des Inscriptions,” 1848; 
 vol. ii, page 37 et seq.—M atter, “ Ecole d’Alexandrie,” 1840, Geographic, &c.—R aoul- 
 IIochette, “ Memoires d’Archeologic comparee, Asiatique, Grecque et Etrusque,” 1848 ; 
 part ii., page 190, et seq. 
 
 5. “ La Civilisation Egyptienue,” 1845, page 34. 
 
 6. Strabo, lib. xvii.; Erench edition, Vol. v., page 436 ; lie who was terrified lest a squall 
 of wind should entomb him in the sands around the Memphite temple of Serapis!— 
 page 391. 
 
 7. Euterpe , § 29. 
 
 8. Thalia , § 26. 
 
 9. Bunsen, “ Egypt’s Place,” 184S; vol i., page 120. 
 
 10. Bruce, “Travels,” 1790; vol. iv., page 557 & 563. Sec, on the necessity for taking 
 some, at least, of this renowned traveller’s accounts “ cum grano sails,” the excellent 
 criticism of Beke, “ Memoire Justificatif.”— Bull, de la Soc. de Grog., ISIS. 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 53 
 
 11. “ Ce qui epouvanterait extrtmement ceux qui n’y seraient pas prepares!” says Paul 
 Lucas; (“Voyage.” Amsterdam, 1720; vol. i., page 382-3:) in a work, as the title-page 
 announces, “ou l’on trouvera des Re marques trhs-cuneuses :”—the same “ne plus ultra” of a 
 liar, who, on his return from his first visit to the Levant, in 1704, related to Louis XIV., 
 at whose expense he travelled, that the waters of the Nile at the 1st cataract descend from an 
 elevation of more than two hundred feet , or some 3G feet higher than the Falls of Niagara!— 
 who had beheld giants climbing the mountains of Thessaly as ordinary rungs of a ladder ; 
 men with a single leg, who nevertheless could run quite fast; and who had met, seen, and 
 entertained in a desert, the hermetic philosopher Nicholas Flamcl and his wife Pernelle — 
 “couple,” he adds, “encore tres vivace”—notwithstanding their demise above 300 years 
 before! (Ciiampollion-Figeac, “Egypte Ancienne,” 1839; page 10). 
 
 12. “Modern Egyptians,” 12mo. edition, pages 23, 124-5. 
 
 13. “Manners and Customs,” vol. i., pages 5 to 11; vol. iv., pages 105 to 121. 
 
 14. Burckitardt, “Travels in Nubia.” 1819 ; pages 203 to 207. 
 
 15. Compare “ Chapters,” 1S43, pages 43—4. 
 
 16. Dictionnairc des Hidroglyphcs,” Bordeaux, 1839 ; voce Athiboroun. 
 
 appendix b. geography. 
 
 17. “ Uecherches cn Egypte et en Nubie;” vi., Le Nil:—Revue des deux Mondes, 1847, 
 page 214.—I have the more satisfaction in referring to the delightful pages of this accom¬ 
 plished traveller, as we derive many of the views adopted by both of us, from a common 
 source, the ever-lamented Letronne :—from the MS. notes taken by me at one of whose 
 Lectures at the College de France, Stance, 31 Jan., 1S46, I extract part of the curious geo¬ 
 graphical information, I hope hereafter to treat upon in extenso. But, reference is particu¬ 
 larly made to the crowning monument of his fame, “llccueil des Inscriptions,” .vol. ii., 
 page 37, et seq. 
 
 18. Birch, “Gallery of Antiquities;” part ii., pages 25, 10, 2, &c., Plate 13. 
 
 19. NAsn, “ On the origin and derivation of the term Copt , and the name of Egypt.”— 
 Ethnological Journal , April, 1849. I indulge the hope of testifying my admiration of this 
 ingenious and learned paper at a more eligible opportunity. 
 
 20. Birgit, “Relations of Ethiopia under the Egyptian monarchy .”—Proceedings R. 
 Soc. of Literature, 1845; pages 236-7, 8.—also “Otia ^Egyptiaca,” pages 142 a 146. 
 
 21. “ Appeal to the Antiquaries,” pages 30 a 40. 
 
 22. Beke, “Essay on the Sources of the Nile in the Mountains of the Moon;” in 
 Edinburgh New Phil. Journal, vol. xlv., Plate iv., Fig. 1. 
 
 23. See the references on .z Ethiopia , note 4. 
 
 24. “Topographia Christiana.”—M ontfaucon, Colleclio Nova Pat-rum el Scriplorum 
 Grceconm, Paris, 1706; Vol. II.; plate I.; endorsed by St. Augustine, Lactantius, 
 Chrysostom, Severianus, Beda: “multisque aliis, quos recensere supervacaneum 
 esset:”—pages 188, 189. 
 
 25. “ Paralipomeni all’illustrazione della Sagra Scrittura,” Paris, 1845; Vol. II., pages 
 381 and 389. 
 
 26. Leigh Hunt, “ Honey from Mount Ilybla,” page 19, &c. 
 
 27. Beke, “ Memoirc Justificatif ,”—Bulletin de la Sociele de Geographie, 1848 ; and 
 “ Plan de la Source de PAbditherein.” 
 
 28. Kircher, “ GE-lipus iEgyptiacus,” Romm, 1652: Tom. I., page 52; plate I., 
 Chorographia Originis Nili. But the fecundating properties of the Nile, if we are to believe 
 Kircher, were not restricted to the soil :—“Unde fseminm non uno, dnobus, aut tribus 
 contents, sed sex, septem aut octo feetus unico partu; quod et llebraei in Exodum common- 
 tatores raemorant, subinde effundebant. Nemini igitur mirum esse debet, filiorum Israel 
 spatio ducentorum prope aunorum, quo iEgyptum incolcbaut, immensam fuisse propa- 
 gationem.” 
 
 29. Beke, in Journal Roy. Geograph. Soc., vol. xvii, 
 
 30. Beke, Remarks on the Mats'ha fa Tomar, (an Ethiopic account of a letter said to 
 have descended from Heaven to St. Athanasius,) in the British Magazine, vol. xxxiii., p. 311. 
 
 31. Philos. Magazine, vol. xxxv., page 99. 
 
 32. The priority of Paez, and the minute accuracy of his description of the source and 
 upper course of the Abdi, are fully established by Beke, in his “Memoirc Justificatif,” 
 printed in the Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, 3rd series, vol. xi, pp. 145-186, 209-239. 
 
 33. On the Origin of the Gallas, see Beke, in Report of the British Association for the 
 advancement of Science for 1847, “ Report of the Sections,” p. 113. 
 
 34. Tellez, 1Lisloria de Ethiopia a Alta (fol. Coimbra, 1660), p. 318. el seq. 
 
 NOTES FROM DR. BEKE’s MANUSCRIPTS. 
 
 35 . See Athenaeum, No. 90G, of March 8 th, 1845 Bulletin, 3rd series, vol. in., pp. 52, 311. 
 
 36. Athenaeum, No. 1041, of October 9th, 1847 Bulletin, vol. ix., p. 97. 
 
 37. Bulletin, 2nd series, vol. xix., p. 89, et seq. Werne, Raise zur Entdeckung der Quellen des 
 
 weissen Nil (Berlin, 1848), p. 290, et seq. 
 
54 
 
 HAND-BOOK TO THE 
 
 38. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xvii., p. 47, et seq.; Bulletin 3rd series, vol. viii., 
 
 p. 25G, et seq. ; vol. x., p. 315, et seq.;—Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol.xlv., 
 
 p. 238, et seq .; vol. xlvii., p. 273, note.; — Athenaeum, No. 1044, of October 30th, 1847 ; 
 
 No. 1137, of August 11th;—1849, and see Werne, Reise Ac., p. 52G, et seq. 
 
 39. Bulletin. 3rd series, vol. iv., p. 1G0. 
 
 10. Ibid, 2nd series, vol. xix., p. 90; and see M. d’Arnaud’s Map there. 
 
 41. See the Map at the end of M. Werne’s Reise, Ac., constructed from his materials, by Profes¬ 
 
 sor H Maiilmann of Berlin. 
 
 42. pp. 320, 322. 
 
 43. pp. 313. 
 
 44. Bulletin, p. 95. 
 
 45. p. 115 (Edit. Bertu, p. 131.) 
 
 46. Memoires de l Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Jettres, vol. xxxv., (1770), p. 599, et seq. 
 
 47. Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients , vol. i ip. 174, et. seq.; Voyage of Near chits and 
 
 Periplus, p. SO. 
 
 48. Bulletin, 3rd series vol. 1., p. 224, et seq. 
 
 49. Church Missionary Intelligencer, vol. i , pp. 12, 54. 
 
 50. Ibid. p. 107. 
 
 51. See Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xvii. p. 75, et seq.;—Edinburgh New Philos. 
 
 Journal, vol. xlv., p. 222. 
 
 52. Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. x., cap. xxvi. Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, 
 
 vol, i., p. 49, et seq. 
 
 53. Strabo, lib. ii., cap. iv. §5, p. 118. 
 
 54. Bulletin, 3rd series, vol. x., p. 300, et seq. 
 
 55. A striking instance of this native misconception within my own knowledge in the case 
 
 of the rivers Howasli and Muger, in Abessinia, is given in the Phil. Mag. vol. xxxv., 
 
 p. 101, et seq. 
 
 5G. Paris, 1845, p. 38. 
 
 57. I have not the reference to the volume of the Bulletin, being only in possession of a copy 
 
 of the tirage d part, through the kindness of M. Jomard. 
 
 58. Observations sur le Voyage au Darfour , p. 29. 
 
 APPENDIX D. CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 59. Champollion-Figeac, “Fourier et Napoleon: l’Egypte et les cent jours;” 1844 ; 
 page 61. ^ 
 
 GO. " Grammaire Egyptiennc,” 1S35; Introduction. See also in " Ciiampollion-Eigeac 
 ("N otice sur les Mauuscrits Autograplies dc Ciiampollion le Jeune, perdus on Pannee 
 1S32, et retrouves en 1810;” Paris, 1S42;) the account of that atrocious larceny which, 
 while it accounts for the non-publication up to this hour of all the Manuscripts lclt by this 
 indefatigable scholar, compels the historian to wipe his pen after writing the name— 
 S.\lvol;ni. The example had, however, been previously set by the plagiarist of John 
 IIunter’s MSS. 
 
 61. *• Chapters,” 1843 ; pages 48, 49 ; and General Table, pages 64, 65 & 66. 
 
 62. " Egypte Ancienne ”—Univers Eilioresque, 1839. 
 
 63. Ctiampollion, " Lettre a M. Dacier,” 1822. 
 
 64. " Monumenti Storici,” 1832; vol. I., page 111. 
 
 65. "I am aware that the era of Menes might be carried back to a much more remote 
 period than the date I have assigned it; hut as we have as yet no authority further than the 
 uncertain accounts of Manetho’s copyists to enable us to fix the time and the number of reigns 
 intervening between his accession and that of Apappus, 1 have not placed him earlier, for fear 
 of interfering with the date of the deluge of Noah, which is ^2348 B.c.” —"Topography of 
 Thebes,” 1835 ; pages 506 & 509.—Compare my exposure of the inconsistencies inherent in 
 this scheme of chronology, in "Chapters,” 1843; pages 5L2—and take note, that, in his 
 most excellent later work, " Modern Egypt and Thebes,” 1843, no less than in his “Hand¬ 
 book,” 1S47, this erudite Egyptologist has left chronological disquisitions pretty much as lie 
 had defined them in 1835—as if inquiry had been stationary in Europe during 12 years !— 
 although, when treating geologically on the antiquity of the Delta , " il laisse percer le bout 
 d’oreille” in the following scientific assertions;—" Weave led to the necessity of allowing an 
 immeasurable time for the total formation of that space, which to judge from the very little 
 accumulation of its soil, and the small distance it has encroached on the sea, since the erection 
 of the ancient cities within it, would require ages, and throw back its origin /hr beyond the 
 deluge, or even the Mosaic era of the Creation .”—“Manners and Customs,” 1837-1841; vol. 
 I., pages 5 to 11; vol. II., pages 105 to 121. 
 
 66. " " Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Gcezeh, from 1837 to 1S39.” 
 
 67. Siiarpe, "Chronology and Geography of Ancient Egypt,” 1849; Plate 11, Map, 
 " Ancient Egypt under Antoninus Pius.” 
 
 6S. Lepsius, "Auswahl,” 1842, plate 11 .—Birch, "Gallery of Antiquities,” part II. 
 Elate 29 ; and pages 66 to 71 .—Letronne, Table d’Abydos, imprimee cn caracteres 
 mobiles,”—Paris, 1845 ; pages 24 to 36 .—Bunsen, “Egypt’s Place,” 1848 ; pages 44 to 51. 
 
 I may here observe with respect to my own opinions on the chronological value of this 
 venerable monument, that in my lectures I have for a long time advocated views similar to 
 those so clearly expressed by 1 )e Rouge, "Examen de 1’Ouvrage de M. Bunsenf 1847; 
 pages 16 & Extrait des Annates de philosophic chretiennes— and Ibid, " Deuxieme Lettre 
 
PANORAMA OF THE NILE. 
 
 M. Alfred Maury, sur lc Sesostris do la Xllme dynastie .”—Revue Archeologique, 15 Oct. 
 1847; pages 4*79, 480. Lksueur, “ Chronologic des Rois d’Egypte,” overage couronne; 
 Paris, 184-8 ; pages 260 to 263. Prisse, “ Notice sur la Salle des Ancitres de Thouthmes III.,” 
 Revue Archeologique, Paris, 1845. 
 
 69. “ Eclaircisseinens sur le Cercueil de Mycerinus ,” Paris, 1839. 
 
 70. “ Lettrcs d’Egypte,” Paris, 1840. 
 
 71. A beautiful and commodious yacht, built by me for Mr. Harris during the Plague of 
 1834-5; among several of more capacious burthen sufficiently celebrated among Nilotic 
 boatmen under the Arabicized name “ Sigurta,” for the Italian “Sicurta,” constructed and in 
 part owned by me, from 1833 to 1839. Their history will form a curious chapter in my 
 “ Memoirs.” 
 
 72. These, at that time new data, may be briefly stated to have been,— many new carlouches of 
 “ Unplaced Kings,” and an infinitude of variants , standards, dates, fy'c., of others—besides 
 some important tablets; among them that record of the Vlth year of the heterodox Aten- 
 ra- Bahhan, at Tel-el-Amarna ; published by Prisse, in his magnificent u Continuation —des 
 Monuments d’Egypte et de la Nubie,” Paris, 1848 ; Plate xii. and Preface , page 3. The 
 hierological reader of my “ Appeal to the Antiquaries,” 1841, and “ Chapters,” 1843, will 
 detect notices of some others monuments to which, at the present hour, it has ceased to be of 
 moment to advert. 
 
 73. The Publication, in 1848, of that curious Papyrus , “Fragments of an Oration 
 against Demosthenes,” critically examined by the erudite Mr. Samuel Siiarpe, ( Transac¬ 
 tions of the Philological Society, London, 1849 ;) and by Professor Boekh, of Berlin, 
 {Halle Litcrrarische Zeitung, 1849 ;) is by no means the first, nor the most important benefit 
 conferred upon Science by the antiquarian zeal of Mr. Harris ; whose liberality is recorded 
 on many a costly donation to the British Museum, and whose Cabinet at Alexandria, formed 
 during twenty-five years of residence in Egypt, is unique for the skilful discrimination dis¬ 
 played in the choice of its rarities. (Cf. Prisse, “ Collections d’Antiquites Egyptiennes.”— 
 Revue Archeologique , 15 Mars, 1846. 
 
 I myself have had the pleasure, aside from abundant other references in my lectures, of 
 communicating to the Royal Society of Literature, ( Proceedings , 1846, page 236 ; and page 
 239;) several items of Mr. Harris’s discoveries; among which, in importance not the least, 
 was the Tablet of Setiiei I.; copied on the clilT at Ibreem in Nubia, where it had escaped 
 the notice of preceding Hierologists; fac-similes of which copy the courtesy of Mr. H. 
 Eox Talbot caused to be multiplied, for private distribution, by the photographic process 
 which bears this gentleman’s distinguished name. 
 
 But, by far the most opportune of the hieroglyphical discoveries of Mr. Harris, (duly 
 announced to the R. Soc. of Lit. by Mr. Birch,— Proceedings, June 11th, 1846;) equally 
 important to the Egyptian arclueologist, mvthologist, and topographer, being yet in 
 manuscript , I avail myself of the oft-experienced politeness of Mr. Utll and Mr. Bonomi to 
 define by its title; by anticipation of the discourses in which I hope to apply its data to 
 history:— 
 
 “The Hieroglyphical Standards of Districts, Cities, and Towns in Nubia and 
 Egypt, (collected at Philce , Bender a, Carnac, Edfoo , FA-Bershell, Antccopolis, Memphis, 
 &c.,) the Domains of Queens, and the names of Mines and Quarries, &c., out of the Valley of 
 the Nile :—collected by A. C. Harris, of Alexandria, 1847.” 
 
 To say more pow, without space to do justice to its peculiarities, would be to detract from 
 the completeness of a learned essay; through which, in Ten Plates, and twenty-four pages of 
 MS. Text, Mr. Harris, as the brief preface declares, may proudly say to the student:— 
 
 “ that, in this new field of enquiry, I have planted his feet, firmly, upon two certain posi¬ 
 tions from which he may look around him.” 
 
 74 Even Perring’s Appendix, or Vyse’s 3rd voh, had not then been seen by me— 
 “ Chapters,” page 54. 
 
 75. I am happy to find that this, (by myself long ago abandoned,) scheme of the possible 
 epoch of Menes, approximates so nearly to the date adopted by Nolan; who places, ac¬ 
 cording to the “Old Chronicle,” Menes (whom he takes to be Noah!) at b.c. 2673 : or only 
 ten years difference from “ my reduction of the Old Chronicle , b.c. 2G83,” five years previously: 
 (Compare “ Egyptian Chronology analysed,” London, 1848 ; pages 133,156, 212, and 399, with 
 “Chapters,” page 51). Still less does it differ from the point at which a “great authority, 
 whose permission I have not asked to give his name,” although it bids fair to take rank-with 
 the highest in Egyptian sciences, fixes {astronomically speaking) the era of Egypt’s first 
 Pharaoh: viz., b.c. 2714-15—the very date, b.c. 2715, to which I reduced Manetho, in 
 1843. (Compare Literary Gazette, London, 1849 ; pages 485, 522, & 641, with “ Chapters,” 
 page 51.) It is here relevant to note, incidentally, that the critical validity of the Septuagint 
 Version, in matters of science, must be debated upon grounds wholly independent of hiero¬ 
 glyphical history; its weight, to those who have mastered continental exegesis, and modern 
 hebraical criticism, being undoubtedly small. The hcllenistic Jews of Alexandria, termed the 
 LXX., merely tacked on an Egyptian Soihic Period , 1,460 years, to the previous numbers of 
 the Hebrew Text! (Sharpe, “History of Egypt,” London, 1846; pages 195-6:—compare 
 
56 
 
 PANORAMA OF TRE NILE. 
 
 “Otia iEgyptiaca,” pages 45, 46, & 51.) The ground so felicitously broken up by Bunsen ; 
 (“ Egypt’s Place,” 1348; Revelation and Chronology, pages 159 to 207,) has been covered, 
 and with a giant’s grasp, by Lepsius (“ Chronologie dor JEgypter,” 1849 ; vol. I., hrifik der 
 Quellen, pages 314 to 404); but until eligible opportunity admits of my encountering these 
 critico-biblical discussions, I must be content with referring the enlightened reader to my 
 present sentiments as I find them embodied in the two closing lines of Lesueur : (“Chro¬ 
 nologie,” page 305). 
 
 76. “Relative epochs of Mummies ,” in “Otia iEgyptiaca,” pages 73 to 87—also pages 
 113 to 115. 
 
 77. It is a remarkable fact, often expatiated on in my American lectures, that, with the 
 exception of Wilkinson, whose chronological consistency has been indicated (ubi supra), 
 not one of those Egyptologists whose critical opinion is now authoritative, and who, at this 
 day, yet aspires to the name of a sforAchronologist (that is, one to whom the Us her i an 
 deluge , at b.c. 2348, is a bed of Procrustes), has ever studied Egyptian monuments in Egypt ■' 
 Much allowance, therefore, should be made for living English scholars who still, like the 
 ostrich, bury their heads in sand; surrounded as they are, essentially, by the “intellectual 
 flunkey ism” for which this age, in Englafld, is eminently celebrated among scientific men on 
 the Continent and in the United States. The ponderous weight of brains, congealed in the 
 “cast-iron'moulds” of Oxford and Cambridge, presses upon British intelligence and education 
 with the numbing power of an Incubus. Among the most recent vindicators of the claims 
 of Egypt to the longest chronology is Eergusson ; (“True Principles of Beauty in Art, &c., 
 London, 1849), to whose crushing pamphlet I must refer admirers of the educational 
 “ standard of a by-gone and semi-barbarous age,” upheld in “ the Sister Universities;” with 
 which the citizens of republican America, of course, have nothing to do, physically, morally, or 
 intellectually—(cf. “ Observations on the British Museum, National Gallery, and National 
 Record Office;” London, 1849). 
 
 7.8. Bunsen, “ iEgyptens Stelle1845 ; Yol. II, page 277 : and “ Egypt’s Place,1848 ; 
 pages 42, 49, and 52. Compare Hincks, “On the Egyptian Stele,” 1841; page 68:—and 
 Barucciii, “Discorsi Critici sopra la Cronologia Egizia,” Torino, 1845. 
 
 79. “ Otia iEgyptiaca,” Appendix A ; and note, pages 44 & 45. 
 
 80. “ Chapters, ” General Table , Uosellinis system, page 62. 
 
 81. Ethnological Journal, No. VII., pages 304-5—“ Otia iEgyptiaca,” pages 43 4. 
 
 82. Appendix to “ Chapters,” Philadelphia, 1846 ; 10th and 12th editions. 
 
 83. “ Les efforts de M. de Bunsen seraient la meilleure preuve du contraire; apres avoir, 
 sans egard pour l’histoire et les monumens, suppose des regnes consta-nnent collaleraux, 
 (compare “ Otia,” page 41,) trois dynasties h la fois et huit oudix rois shmdtanes pendant la 
 moitie des 12 premieres dynasties, il n’ en lixe pas moins le regne de Manes a l’au 3643 av. 
 J.C. L’obstine fils de Chanaan, inutile avec acharnement pendant 3 volumes, se releve enfin 
 de ce lit de Procuste ou l’avait etendu son critique impitoyable, et Ton s’apperpoit alors qu’il 
 depasse encore de plusiours siccles les mesures qu’on Ini avait imposees an nom des calculs 
 que la chronologic ordinaire avait fondes sur la gencalogie cV Abraham (“Examen,” kc., 
 page 82.— Annales de Philosophic GhrStienne, 1847). 
 
 84. “ Je n’ai pas touche, sans un certain respect, ce livre des Rois, commence par lui avant 
 son voyage d’Egypte, et qui contient (as I, who have since beheld it with equal admiration at 
 Berlin, can vouch), uric collection de noms royaux plus complete qu’ ancuue autre ne pent 
 l’&tre, et un ensemble de chronologie Egyptienne depuis l’ancien roi Menes jusqu’ a Septime- 
 Severe. Cette serie va plus loin encore, car M. Lepsius ne s’arrete pas a ce nom, le dernier 
 qu’eussent trouve ecrit en hieroglyphes Champollion et ses autres successeurs. M. Lepsius 
 a etd assez heureux pour dccouvrir, dans un petit temple de Thebes oil Champollion avait 
 trouve le nom d'Othon, les noms de Galba, de Pescenniurs Niger, et, ce qui est plus important, 
 de l’erapereur Piece. Par cette decouverte, M. Lepsius prolonge la serie hieroglyphique 
 d’un demi-siecle an dela de Septime Severe, ou elle s’arretait jusqu’ ici. On a done -une suite 
 de monumens et d' inscriptions qui s'St end ent depuis 2500 avant Abraham jus-qu’ a 250 ans 
 apres Jesus Christ. II n’ y a rien de scmblable dans les annales humaines ”—(“ Recherches 
 en Egypte ;” VII, Thebes, 21 Jan. 1845.— Revue des deux■ Mondes, 1842; page 1035). 
 
 85. “ Chapters,” page 60. 
 
 86. Eor a happy exemplification witness the discovery, announced by Mr. A. C. Harris 
 to Mr. Birch, in a papyrus just found in a Mummy at Manfaloot, of fragments of Books of 
 Homer! (At hence um, 8th September, 1849.) 
 
 87- “ Chronologic der ./Egypte r,” Berlin, 1849; Erser Tlieil : kritrk der Quellen; pages 
 470 to 509. 
 
 88. “ Chronologia Sacra,” Oxford, 1660. 
 
 89. “ Analysis of Chronology,” 1830. 
 
 90. “Chapters,” 1843; page 9. 
 
 91. “ Otia iEgyptiaca,” 1841 ; pages 16-7. 
 
 92. “Filiation et Migrations des Peuples,” Paris, 1837 ; vol. II., pages 429 to 436. 
 
 London: Bateman and Hardwicke, Printers, 14, Clement’s Lane, Strand. 
 
THE ORIENTAL ALBUM. 
 
 ©Jjaiattfnf, ©ogtwmw 
 
 , anU JSodfss of ®fe 
 
 THE VALLEY 
 
 OF THE NILE. 
 
 7 
 
 ILLUSTRATED FROM DESIQNS TAKEN ON THE SPOT, 
 
 BY E. PRISSE, 
 
 WITH DESCRIPTIVE LETTER PRESS, 
 
 BY JAMES AUGUSTUS ST. JOHN, 
 
 AUTHOR OF “ EGYPT AND MAHOMMED ALI,’ 
 
 AND “MANNERS AND CUSTOMS of ANCIENT 
 
 GREECE.” 
 
 LIST OF 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 _ Frontispiece, coloured from an Arabic MS., one of the most beautiful 
 
 compositions ever printed from Lithography. 
 
 Portrait of the late George Lloyd, Esq., to whom the Work is Dedicated. 
 
 I. Arnaout and Osmunli Soldiers. 
 
 15. Fellahs, a Man and Woman. 
 
 Alexandria. 
 
 16. Women of Middle Egypt. 
 
 2. Ghawazi, or Dancing Girls. 
 
 17. Peasant Dwellings. Upper Egypt. 
 
 Kosetta. 
 
 18. Ababdeh, Nomads of the Eastern 
 
 3. Camels resting in the Sherkiyeh. 
 
 Thebaid Desert. 
 
 Land of Goshen, Lower Egypt. 
 
 19. Ababdeh, riding their Drome- 
 
 4. Egyptian Lady in the Harebin. 
 
 daries. 
 
 Cairo. 
 
 20. Kafik'h, with Camel bearing the 
 
 5. Nizam, or Regular Troops. Kanka 
 
 Hodejh. 
 
 6. Habesh, or Abyssinian Slave. 
 
 21. Dromedaries halting in the East- 
 
 Cairo. 
 
 ern Desert. 
 
 7. Zeydt (Oilman), his Shop and 
 
 22. Arab Sheikh smoking. From the 
 
 Customers. Cairo. 
 
 Coast of the Red Sea. 
 
 8. Janissary and Merchant. Cairo. 
 
 23. Wahabis with an Azami Arab. 
 
 9. Young Arab Girl returning from 
 
 24. Neejdi Horse. Arabia. 
 
 the Bath. Cairo. 
 
 25. Nubian Females ; Kanodsee Tribe. 
 
 10. Cairine Lady waited upon by a 
 
 Phil®. 
 
 Galla Slave Girl. 
 
 26. Nubian, and a Fellah, carrying 
 
 11. Bedouins, from the vicinity of 
 
 Dromedary Saddle-bags. 
 
 Suez. One of the Muhazi, and 
 
 27. Bcrberi, playing on the Kisirka 
 
 the other of the Soualek Tribes. 
 
 to Women of the same Tribe. 
 
 12. Fellah, dressed in the Haba. 
 
 Nubia. 
 
 13. Female Fellah. 
 
 28. Abyssinian Priest and Warrior. 
 
 14. Female of the Middle Class, draw- 
 
 29. Warrior. Erom Amhara. 
 
 ing Water from the Nile. 
 
 30. Abyssinian Costume, etc. 
 
JAMES MADDEN, 8, LEADEN'D ALL STREET. 
 
 LIST OF THE WOOD ENGRAVINGS 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE TI1E TEXT. 
 
 1 . Arms of the late George Lloyd, Esq. 
 
 2 . View on the Nile, in Arabesque Border. 
 
 3. Egyptian Soldier. 
 
 4. KaDja, Nile Pleasure Boat. 
 
 5. Egyptian Gypsey. 
 
 6 . Marabout’s Tomb, at Atfee. 
 
 7. Covered Balcony, ‘ Marsharabebyeh.” 
 
 8 . Arabs throwing the Jereed. 
 
 9. View of Cairo, frum the West. 
 
 10. Egyptian Fishermen with Baskets. 
 
 11. Domestic Utensils. 
 
 12. View of Cairo, from the South. 
 
 13. Female in Out-door Dress. 
 
 14. Wahabis on Horseback. 
 
 15. Egyptian Cottage. 
 
 IG. Figeon-Houses. 
 
 17. Cairo Females, with Water Jars. 
 
 19. View of the Ekhmin, Upper Egypt. 
 
 20. Muslim Cemetery. 
 
 21. Pigeon-House on the Nile. 
 
 22. Ababdehs. 
 
 23. Landscape. 
 
 24. Sheikh-el-Belled. 
 
 25. Shaikh’s Dwelling. 
 
 2G. Effendi smoking the “ Shisheh.” 
 
 27. The Bastinado. 
 
 28. Egyptian Fishermen. 
 
 29. Minar at Natens. 
 
 30. View of Philae, North side. 
 
 31. -South side. 
 
 32. Pavilion, near Kasham. 
 
 33. Milking Sheep and making Butter. 
 
 34. Interior of an Arab Tent. 
 
 35. Tail-piece (Utensils, Furniture, etc.) 
 
 18. View of a “ Sakia,” or Water Wheel. 
 
 Plain Copies, 01. 5a. ; Tinted after the originals, in/. 1C*. ; Fully Coloured 
 and mounted as the original drawings, 15/. los. 
 
 OPINIONS ON THE WORK. 
 
 “ Cheshaji Place, July 8. 
 
 “Lord Castlcrengh presents his compliments to Mr. Madden, and has v.ery 
 o-reat pleasure in bearing his testimony to the fidelity and beauty of the 
 ‘"Oriental Album,’and in expressing his humble opinion nv.commendation ot 
 llie manner and style of the production ol the woik. 
 
 “ With regard to the more important matter contained in the work—the 
 laro'e lithographic prints—it is impossible for us to speak too highly of the 
 judgment exercised in the selection of subjects, and the manner in which 
 they are executed. A large number of the wood-cuts in the book are sur¬ 
 rounded with elegantly designed arabesque borders ; indeed, no' expense 
 seems to have been spared to render it worthy of the expensive circulation it is 
 unquestionably entitled to. It ought to take its place by the side of those 
 other splendid pictorial works relating to the East, to which we have already 
 alluded; a fitter companion for them could not be found. It fills up the gap 
 hitherto unoccupied by any, and which appears requisite to complete the 
 series of more valuable and interesting publications.”—Art Union. 
 
 “M. Prisse is a French artist who has traversed Egypt and the upper 
 n ; 0 f the Nile ; and a magnificent volume has been drawn from his rich 
 portfolio. The book is printed on paper of very large size ; it contains thirty 
 lithographic drawings, coloured after theartist; and let into the text arethirty- 
 g v( wood-cuts, of considerable size and much beauty. The lithographs ex¬ 
 hibit the different races and classes of the Nilotic region, the large scale of the 
 figures permitting a very full and minute exposition of character and costume ; 
 the bacl gri unds etting forth Egyptian and Nubian scenery, the foregrounds 
 shoning the furniture and implements of the land. The wood-cuts supply 
 furiher insight into tic- general aspect of the towns, the groups of people, the 
 house architecture, and the furniture. Mr. St. John’s letterpress is intended 
 m , ,, ly for such current explanation as may accompany the turning over ol the 
 ' prints' : it is written with the clear style of an accomplished pen, and with the 
 distinctness of knowledge gathered on the spot. 
 
 “M. Prisse is a very skilful draughtsman : his works are not, as the illus¬ 
 trations of travels too often are, mere diagrams, but they reproduce to the 
 si'dit the forms us they appear in life. The lithographic copyist has bestow ed 
 
JAMES MADDEN, 8, LEADEN HALE STREET. 
 
 commensurate pains and skill on the prints, and has very happily caught the 
 style of his original. The air of life, the force of effect, the brilliant but 
 harmonious colouring, render the prints among the very finest works of their 
 kind. 
 
 “ A book of this kind is not only entertaining as an ornament for the 
 drawing-room table—not only interesting as a specimen of book-work in the 
 cultivation of art—but is most valuable as supplying information which no 
 writing, even by the most graphic hand, can convey. Written description is 
 vague, and is inevitably eked out by epithets, which are always equivocal or 
 doubtful: the skilful artist defines objects with the lucidity of sunlight, and 
 needs no epithets. But the aspect and make of things are essential elements 
 for a true judgment. The politician, for example, will derive valuable 
 information, in the must restricted and utilitarian sense of the word, from 
 seeing the soldiers and the peasantry of Egypt paraded before him, as they 
 are by M. Prisse. The influence of such a book on the mind is analogous to 
 that of travelling: it extends our knowledge of different modes of existence, 
 and helps us to limit our category of necessaries. To possess such a work, 
 therefore, is a luxury which counteracts the influence of luxury ; though, 
 indeed, to many it will furnish materials much more substantially useful than 
 any more luxury.”— Spectator, 
 
 “This splendid volume possesses intrinsic merits that place it far above the 
 class of books which generally grace the drawing-room table. The numerous 
 illustrations are distinguished by that accuracy of detail which we should 
 expect from M. Prisse’s long residence in the country ; whilst the descriptions 
 are most creditable to the pen of Mr. St. John,—to whoso preceding inquiries 
 into the social and political position of Modern Egypt literature already owes 
 much. The design of the work appears to have been suggested by the late 
 Mr. George Lloyd, whose melancholy fate near Thebes while prosecuting his 
 researches into his favourite science of botany is touchingly recorded in an 
 appropriate dedication.”— Athenccum. 
 
 “Among the splendid illustrated works by which this age is distinguished, 
 there is, perhaps, none that will excel the ‘Oriental Album,’ which is devoted 
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 section of letter-press is headed by a highly finished wood-cut, representing 
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 a real delight in contemplating the varieties of human nature.”— Times, 
 
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 no fewer than twenty-five wood-cuts of various sizes, and thirty large colored 
 lithographs distributed through it. As a companion to Mr. Robert’s fine work, 
 
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 that splendid example of modern taste and spirit .”—Morning Pod. 
 
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