•s. Wl^ •• • * 1 j£- ■>' «Sb ~ v Itv ^ ftp' . * ^ Hc *i jAp, i ? ^ 'iv *,•<> • ' » # ^ >,r ‘ ;,> - V v TjT£ v < • j/» • ,.' ■iJK / . V ~-^fc-,' Solidity , and Beauty. For no Edifice can be allow’d to be per¬ fect, if it be commodious and not durable; or, if being durable, it be fubjedt to many inconveniencies; or, if having both folidity and conveniency, it has no beauty nor uniformity. An Edifice may be reckon’d Commodious, when every part of it has its proper place and fituation, in refpedt to its dignity and ufes; having neither more nor lefs than thefe require : as when the Halls, Rooms, Clofets, Galleries, Cellars, Garrets, &*c. are fitly difpos’d, and in their proper places. The Solidity of an Edifice depends upon the care of eredting the Walls very plum , and thicker below than above, with good and flout Foundations: taking care that the pillars above be exatflly perpendicular over the pillars below, and that all the openings, as Doors and Windows, be one above the other, fo that the folid be upon the folid, and the void upon the void. As for the beauty of an Edifice ? it confifts in an exadt Proportion of the parts within themfelves, and of each part with the whole: for a fine Building ought to appear as an entire and perfedt body, wherein every member agrees with its fellow, and each fo well with the whole, that it may feem abfolutely neceflary to the being of the fame. These things confider’d upon the Draught, or Model, the Charges of the whole are to be diligently computed, and all requifite materials timely provided, that nothing be deficient, or hinder the finifhing of the work : it being no little fatisfadtion and praife to the Builder, nor a fmall advantage to the work it fclf, if it is compleated with due expedition, and in all its parts together: becaufe, if all the Walls are rais’d at the fame time, they will fettle equally every where, and there will be none of thofe Chinks or Clefts, which are fo common in the build¬ ings finifh’d at feveral times. Therefore having made choice of the moft skilful Artifts that can be had (to the end, that, by their advice, the Work may be bet¬ ter carried on) Bricks, Stones, Lime, Sand, '1 imber, and Metals, are to be provided in a fufficient quantity ; concerning which provifion, I intend to lay down fome very ufeful Obfervations: as for example ; for framing the Floor# of the Halls and Chambers, fo many Joyfls are to be provided for, as when fram’d, there may remain between them the fpace of a Joyfl and a half. Likewife concern¬ ing Stones, notice ought to be taken, that the "Jambs of the Doors and Windows are not to be bigger than a fifth, and not lefs than a lixth part of the opening* Vol. I. C And 2 The Architecture of A. Palladio. And ii the building is to be inriched with Columns , or Pilafers, tlie Bajes, Ca- fitch, and Entablature , may be made of Stone, and the reft of Bricks. As for the Walls, they ought to diminifh according as they rife. Thefe Confiderations rightly apply’d, will help to leften the Expences of the work. But becaufe I am to difeourfe about all thefe things in particular, ’twill be {Efficient to have given here this general hint as a rough draught of the whole Building. And as the quality and goodnefs of the materials, are as much to be enquir’d into, as the quantity of them, the experience of thofe who have built before, will be a great help to determine what is fit and expedient to be done. And tho’ Vitruvius > Leo Baptijla Albert', and other excellent Mafters, have given us their opinions of the choice of Materials; yet that nothing be wanting in this Book, I ffiall fubjoin my own Obfervations to the moft necefiary of theirs. CHAP. II. Of Timber. f"TrAIMBER, according to Vitruvius (Book 2. Chap. 9.) ought to be cut down in autumn, and during the winter; becaufe the Strength, which, in the fpring and fummer, was difpers’d through the leaves and fruits of the trees, is then gather’d into the trunk and boughs : and if it is fell’d in the wane of the Moon, then it is free from a certain moifture which is apt to breed worms, and to rot the wood. Timber fhould be cut at firft only to the pith, and fo left until it be dry, that the rotting moifture we have fpoken of, may the eafier drop down and pafs away. Being cut, it muft be laid under fhelter from Sun and Rain, chiefly that fort of wood which grows of it felf, that is, without being fow’d or planted, for fear it fhould chop: and in order to make it grow dry equally, it will be very proper to daub it over with Cow-dung. It fhould not be drawn home through the Dew, but rather in the afternoon ; neither ought it to be wrought, if it is wet or too dry, becaufe it would make it warp and occafion clumfy work : nor will it in lefs than three Years be dry enough to ufe it in Planks, Doors, and Window Frames. ’Tis expedient for thofe who undertake a building, if they want skill in this, to inform themfelves from men who are throughly acquainted with the nature of Timber, that they may judge which is fit for fuch or fuch ufes, and which not. Vitruvius , in the above quoted Chapter, gives good inftru&ions on that head ; befides many more who have written at large on the fame Subject CHAP. III. Of Stones. T HERE are two forts of Stones, natural and artificial. The natural are dug out of the Quarry, and cither fit to make Lime (of which we fhall fpeak more at large hereafter) or to be employ’d in making the Walls of Buildings ; and of thefe laft there are feveral forts. Some extreamly hard, as Marble, and fuch other living Stones, as they are call’d : fome lefs hard, as Frce-ftone : others foft, 3 as Ch:; 4- Of Stones , and Sand. as Chalk. Marble and Free-ftone may be wrought as Toon as dug, for they will be then more ealy to work, ftnee the longer they are out of the Quarry they be¬ come the harder. But as to fofter Stone, it ought to be dug in fummer, be ex¬ pos d to the Air, and not to be ufed within two Years; especially when the nature of the Stone is not well known, as when tis dug in a place from whence none has been yet taken : for being expos d to Wind, Rain and Froft, it grows hard by de¬ grees, and more capable to bear the Weather. Another reafon why it fhould be left fo long is, that thofe which' are damag’d may be laid afide, to be ufed in Foundations, and other places not expos’d to light; and that the others which are well feafon’d may be employ’d in the outfide work, becaufe then we may be fure that after fuch a trial, they will laft long. Artificial Stones, which from their form are commonly call’d ^uadrels, alias Bricks, are made of a chalky,, whitilh, and foft Earth, without any mixture of Clay or Sand, which is to be carefully feparated. The Earth is to be dug in autumn, and temper’d in winter, that the Bricks may be moulded in the fpring: But if neceftity forces to make them in winter or fummer, they mu ft be cover’d in winter with dry Sand, and in fummer with Straw. When made, they require a long time to dry, and ’tis belt to dry them under fhelter, that both the middle and the outfide may be equally hardned, which can’t be done in lefs than two years. They may be made bigger or fmaller, according to the nature and qua¬ lity of the Building, and the ufe to which they are defign’d. The Ancients made their Bricks for publick and great Buildings, larger than thofe for finall and private ones. The bigger fort ought to have fome holes left here and there, that they may dry and burn the better. The Earth for Bricks mud be dug in Au¬ tumn, wrought in Winter, and made Bricks in Spring. C H A P. IV; Of Sand. # T' HREE forts of Sand are commonly ufed in Buildings; Pit-Sand, River- Tlm-efom ofSandj JL Sand, and Sea-Sand. Pit-Sand is the beft of all, and is either black white of . Pl A °l Ri T s ’ red, or cindry ; which laft is a fort of Earth burnt by Fire inclos’d in the Moun- of the Pit is the bed. tains, and very common in Tufcany. There is alfo in Terra di Lavoro , in the Territories of Bai& and Cumee ,, a Sand by Vitruvius call’d Puteolana, which Thcrr ' s another fori knits together very foon in Water, and makes Mortar exceeding ftrong. ’ It has t&AaUed fei- been found by long experience, that of all Pit-Sand, the white is the worft; and of River-Sand, that which is in the rapid dreams, and under falls of water, is the bi[1 ds prefently. beft, becaufe it is the cleaneft. The Sea-Sand is the worft of all; however it Sea-Sand is the word ought to be blackiftr and to fhine like Glafs : the biggeft and neareft the ftrore is ° f forMort3rs - the beft. Pit-Sand being the fatteft makes the ftrongeft Mortar, and is therefore to be ufed in Walls and long Vaults, but 'tis apt to crack. River-Sand is very good for rendring and rough-cajiing of Walls. But the Sea-Sand, being foon wet and foon dry, and apt to melt away by reafon of its Sait, is unfit to bear any weight The beft Sand in its kind of any of tlrefe forts, is that which being handled and fqueez’d between one’s Fingers, crackles or makes a noife; or, if being put upon a white cloth, it neither ftains nor dirties it. That which mingled with Water makes it fliiny and muddy, is very bad : as alfo that which has for a long ^ ^rhi Architecture of A. Palladio. long time been expos’d to the Air, Sun, Moon, or Froft; becaufe it gathers much earth and rotten humour, apt to bring forth fhrubs and other wild plants, whic i are very prejudicial to Buildings. C H A P. V, Of LIME, and how to work it. Stones proper to J I ME-Stones are either dug out of Hills, or taken out of Rivers. Thofe of Lime, are thofe | J ^ ar e good, if they are dry, free from any moifture, and naturally Rivers or Torrents, brittle ; having no mixture of any thing in them, which after palling the fire, rnoftly might make the Stone lefs. The beft Lime therefore is made of the hardeft, Ufcd to plaifter the heavieft, and white ft Stones ; and which, being burnt, remain about a third part mate SwSk, 1 ' lighter than before. There is alfo a fort of fpungy Stone, which makes very good an d white. Lime> f or ren dring of Walls. In the Hills of Padua, , they dig a certain rugged and fcaly Stone, whofe Lime is very good for works expos’d to the Weather, or m the Water, becaufe it hardens immediately, and lafts a long time. All dug Stones are better to make Lime, than the gather’d ones; and rather thofe that come from a fhady and moift pit, than from a dry one ; and the white better than the brown. Pebbles, efpecially white ones, that are gather’d in Rivers and rapid Streams, make excellent Lime ; the work done with it is very white and neat, therefore ’tis commonly ufed in jinijhing of Walls. All ftones, of what fort fo- ever, are fooner or flower burnt, according to the Fire given them; but gene- The stones for Lime rally they arc burnt in 60 Hours. The Lime being taken out of the Kiln, to may be burnt in fixty i t we U ? water muft be pour’d upon it by degrees, and at divers times, till it "pt r in a nd moif?and i s we H temper’d. It mull be left afterwards in a Ihady place, without any mix- ftady place. tur£j on ^ coverc q lightly with Sand ; and when ’tis to be ufed, the more it is beat and mixt with die Sand, the better and ftronger it will be, except that which is made with the fcaly Stone of Padua ; becaufe it muft be employ’d as Three parts of Pit- foon as kiln’d, othcrwife it waftes and burns away. To make good Mortar, Sand Sand to be mixt with * s j. Q m jxt in fuch a proportion, that one part of Lime be put with three parts ofRiver'or^a-Sand of Pit-Sand, and two parts only of River or Sea-Sand, with one of Lime, for good Mortar. CHAP VI. Of Metals. T H E Metals ufed in Building are Iron, Lead, and Copper. Iron is fit to make Cramps, Spikes, Nails, Hinges, Bolts, Chains, Locks, and the like works. It is no where found pure; but when the Ore is dug, ’tis purged by the Fire, which renders it liquid ; and before ’tis cool, its foulnefs may be eafily ta¬ ken away. And after it is fo purg’d and cool’d, it becomes foft and eafy to be wrought and beat out with the Hammer ; but it can’t eafily melt again, except it is put into a furnace made for that purpofe. If, being red-hot, it is not quickly beat and work’d, it waftes away. It will be a ftgn of its Goodnefs, if being made into Bars, its veins are continu’d ftrait, without interruption, and if the ends of the Bars are clean and without foil, or feum ; becaufe the ftreightnefs of its veins {hews Chap. 6. Of Metals. $ fhews the Iron to be without knots, puffs, or flaws: and one may judge of the middle by the ends being forg’d into fquare plates, or any other Figure ; and if the Tides are even, one may conclude that it is equally good every where, having equally endur’d the Hammer. Lead ferves to cover magnificent Palaces, Towers, Churches, and other pub- lick Buildings: as alfo to make gutters and pipes to convey Water. It is like- wife ufed in faflning all manner of Iron-work in Stone, as for example hooks to hang Gates, &c. There are three forts thereof, white, black, and of a colour between both, call’d by fome Afh-colour. The Black is fo call’d, not becaufe ’tis really black, but only becaufe it has fome black fpots intermixt with its white- nefs; and therefore to diftinguifh it from the other fort, the Ancients have call’d it black. The White is the moft perfect of the three. The Afh-colour is be¬ tween both. Lead is dug in great natural Lumps, or in fmallflaining blackiffi pieces; or elfe in very thin Leaves which flick in Rocks, Marble, Pebbles, Flints, and other Stones. All forts of Lead are eafily melted, becaufe the heat of the Fire makes it Liquid, before it is red-hot; but if ’tis put into a very hot Furnace, it lofes its fubftance, and changes partly into Litharge, what remains being no¬ thing but fcum. Of thefe three forts of Lead the black is the fofteft, and confe- quently very eafily wrought, but it is heavier than the others. The white is hard¬ er and lighter ; the Afh-colour is much harder than the white, but of a middle weight between both. Copper is fometimes ufed to cover publick Buildings. The Ancients were' wont to make a fort of hook, or cramp with' it, to faften the Stones one with an¬ other : by the help of thofe cramps, a Building was rendred a great deal flronger and more durable. The cramps, we now moft commonly ufe, are made of Iron, but the Ancients made them oftner of Copper, becaufe that Metal, being not fubjedt to ruft, it lafts longer. The Letters for Infcriptions, which they plac’d in the Entablatures of their Buildings, were alfo made of that Metal, of which fe- veral Authors affirm, that the hundred famous Gates of Babylon were alfo made : as likewife the two Pillars of Hercules eight Cubits high, in the Ille of Cades. The Copper is efteem’d the beft, which being drawn from the Mine, and purg’d by the Fire, is red with a yellow caft, and full of Pores; for ’tis a fign of its cleannefs, without any drofs. Copper may be heated like Iron, and made liquid, fo that it may be caft ; but if the Fire is too hot, it will not endure it, but totally confume away. This Metal, altho' very hard, is yet very pliable, and dilates it felf into very thin Leaves. ’Tis beft preferv’d when dipt in Tar; for tho’ it does not ruft like Iron, yet it has a kind of ruft peculiar to it felf called Ver-de-greafe , efpecially if it touches any ffiarp moifture. Of this Metal mixed with Tin, Lead, and Latten (which laft is another fort of Copper colour’d with Lapis Calaminaris ) is made a Metal call’d Brafs, which oftentimes Architects do ufe in Bafes and Ca~ pitels of Pillars, Statues, Vafes, and fuch like Ornaments. There are at Rome four Columns of Brafs in the Church of St. Giovani de Lateratio , one only of which has its Capitel. Auguftus had them caft out of the Brafs taken from the Prows of thofe Men of War, that he took from Marcus Antonius in Epirus. There remain alfo in Rome, to this day, four ancient Gates, viz. that of the Rotunda, , formerly the Pantheon : that of St. Adriano , which was the Temple of Saturn : that of St. Cofmo and Damiano , which was the Temple of Caftor and Bollux, or rather of Remus and Romulus ; and that of St. Agnes, without the Gate Viminalis. But the fineft of all thefe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda, wherein Vol. I. D the 6 The Architecture of A. Palladio. the Ancients endeavour'd to imitate by art that kind of Corinthian Metal, in which the natural Colour of Gold did prevail; for we read that when Corinth was deftroy’d and burnt, all the Gold, Silver, and Copper, which was in that flourishing City, being melted and mix’d together into feveral lumps, they were fo varicufly temper’d, that it made the three forts of Metal, which afterwards were called Corinthian. That, in which Silver prevailed, remain’d white ; where Gold, it took the yellow ; and the third was that, in which all thefe three Me¬ tals were of a pretty equal quantity. Thefe three forts of Metal have been flnee imitated by Workmen, in many different ways. Hitherto having difeours’d of thofe things which are to be conflder’d and provided, before one thinks of Building, it now remains that fomething be faid of Foundations, flnee the Work by them muff begin. CHAP. VII. Of the Qualities of the Ground, wherein Foundations arc to be laid. HAT we call the Foundation of a Building is properly the Bafis of it, Y V that is to fay, that part which is under Ground, and fupports what ap¬ pears above. Of all the faults therefore which arc committed in Building, thofe about the Foundations are the mod prejudicial to it; becaufe they endanger the whole Fabrick, and they can’t be re&ify’d without great difficulty and ex- pence. The Architedl therefore ought to be extraordinary nice in the fetting of the Foundation, flnee in fome places it is folid enough from the nature of the Soil, and in other places it is neceffary to be made fo by Art. A Natural Foundation is, when the Soil is rocky, or of a foft Tandy Stone, or Gravel; for then without digging, or other helps of art, the earth it felf is an excellent Foundation, and capable to bear the greateft Building both in Land and Water. But if nature affords not a Foundation, it mull be compafs’d by Art; and then the place to build upon, is either a folid Earth, or Clay, or ’tis Sand, or foft and moift Ground, or marffiy Land. If the Earth is firm and folid, one may dig fo far as to a difereet Architect may feem requifite for the quality of the Building, and the foundnefs of the earth it felf. If no Cellars or other under¬ ground Offices are intended, a fixth part of the height of the Building may be a fufficient depth. One may judge of the flrmnefs of the Earth by digging of Wells, Cifterns, and fuch like. ’Tis alfo known by Herbs growing upon the place, as if fuch do ufually grow only in firm and folid Ground ; or if a great weight be thrown thereon, it neither refounds nor fihakes; and from the report of a Drum, being fet on the Ground, and if lightly touch’d, it does not found again ; or if Water put in a veffel does not fhake. The neighbouring places will alfo help one to know the firmnefs of the Earth. But if the place be Tandy or gravelly, it is to be conflder’d whether it be on Land or in Water; becaufe if it be on Land, it will be fufficient to obferve what has been already faid concerning folid Ground : but if you are to build in Water, the Sand, or Gravel is altoge¬ ther ufelefs; becaufe the Water, by its continual ftream and flood, changes its Bed. Therefore one muft dig till a folid bottom is found ; but if that can’t be done, or is judg’d to be difficult, then dig fomewhat in the Sand or Gravel, and fo drive Piles whofe ends may reach to the found and good Earth, and upon thofe Piles o Chap 7, 8. Of the Qualities of Ground for Foundations. 7 Piles cover’d with Planks one may venture to build. But if there is a neceffity to build upon a loofe or made Ground, then one muft dig as far as the folid and found Earth, and therein alfo in proportion to the bignefs of the Walls, and the greatnefs of the Building. The folid ground fit to build upon, is of divers forts; for, as Leo Baptijla Alberti well remarks, it is in fome places fo hard as fcarce to be open’d with the proper Tools, nay fometimes as hard as Iron it felf: in other places blackiffi, in fome places whitiffi, which is accounted the weakefi:; in fome places like Chalk, in others Sandy. Of all thefe the beft is that which is cut with more difficulty' or if being wet, it does not diffolve into dirt. No Foundation ought to be dug on the Waterside, before one has carefully founded the bottom. If it is marfhy and foft, then it ought to be ftrengthen’d with Piles, whole length muft be an eighth part of the height of the Wat], and thick by a twelfth part of their length. The Piles muft be drove in as clofe as pof ftble, and ramm’d with blows rather quick than heavy ; fo that the Earth may the better confolidate and faften. Not only the Out-Walls are to be fupported in that manner, but alfo the inner and crofs-Walls; for if the Foundation for the inward- Walls differ from thofe without, then laying the Girders along one by the other, and the Joyfts crofs upon them, it may happen that the inward Walls fhall fink' when at the fame time, the Out-Walls being upon Piles, fhall not ftir: both of them confequently will crack, and caufe the ruin of the whole. Therefore the Expence of the Piles being lefs to be fear’d than the falling of the Buildinv ; the Piles muft not be fpar’d, but diftributed according to the proportion of theWalls thofe in the middle being plac’d fomewhat thinner than thofe without. CHAP. VIII. Of Foundations. T HE Foundations ought to be twice as thick as the Walls to be rais’d upon them, fo that both the quality of the Earth and the greatnefs of the Build¬ ing are to be regarded, making the Foundation larger in a foft and loofe Ground or where there is a great weight to be fupported. The plane of the Trench muft be level, fo that the weight may prefs equally every where; and not inclining more on one fide than the other, which occafions the cleaving of the Walls. For this reafon the Ancients ufed to pave the plane with Tivertine , but we moft com¬ monly ufe to lay Planks or Beams to build on. The Foundations ought to be made Hoping, that is to fay, to diminifh as they rife ; but yet in fuch a manner that the middle of the Wall above may fall plum with the middle of the low eft part; which muft be alfo obferv’d in the diminution of Walls above Ground, be- caufe by that means the Building becomes much ftronger, than by making the diminution any other way. 6 Sometimes to avoid Charges (efpecially in moorifh Grounds, where there is a neceffity to ufe Piles) Foundations are arch’d like a Bridge, and the Walls are built upon thofe Arches. In great Buildings ’tis very proper to make vents through the body of the Walls from the Foundations to the Roof, becaufe they let forth the Winds and other Vapours, which are very prejudicial to Buildings ; they leffen the 8 The Architecture of A. Palladio. the Charges, and are of no final 1 convcmency, efpecially when there for winding-ftairs from the bottom to the top. is occaficn CHAP. IX. Of the feveral forts of JVatls. rp HE Foundations being laid, it remains that we treat of ^ Ektati 1 the Walls above ground. The Ancients had fix forts of Walls one of winch call’d Reticulata, or Network : another of guadreh, or Bricks: the tfur of Cement, which is a mixture of Flints, or Pebbles and Earth roughly laid with or without Morter: the fourth made of various Stones and call d Rujltck: fifth of fquar’d Stones : the fixth called Rimpiuta, , or Coffer-work, d he a, or Chequer-work is no more in ufe at this time ; but becaufc Fnruvutt relates that it was common in his time, I would not omit to give here the dcfign of it. The Corners of the Building, or Wall, were made of Bricks; and between every two Foot and a half, three courfes of Bricks were laid as a band to the whole work. PLATE I. A. Corners of Bricks. B. Courfes of Bricks which find the whole IV all. C. The Net or Chequer-work. D. Courfes of Bricks through the thicknefs of the Wall. E. The inward part of the Wall made of Cement. Brick-Walls, both tliofe which inclofe a City, and thofe defigned for a great Edifice muft be fac’d on both fides with Bricks, and the middle fill’d up with Cement, ramm’d together with Brick-bats: and to every three Foot in height there muft be three courfes of Bricks of the biggeft fort through the whole breadth of the Wall; the firft courfe being laid the leffer part out-fide ; the fe- cond the length laid fide-way; the third as the firft ; and fo forth. Of this fort are the Walls of the Rotunda in Rome, and the Bath of Diocletian , and moft of all the other ancient Buildings. PLATE II. E. Courfes of Bricks which bind the whole Wall. F. The middle part of the Wall made of Cement. The walls of Cement muft be order’d in fuch a manner, that to every two Foot at leaft, there be three courfes of Bricks difpos’d as before. The Walls of Turin in Piemont , have been made after that manner, that is of large River- pebbles fplit in the middle, which, being laid with the fplit-fide outwards, make very frnooth work and agreeable to look upon. The Walls of the Arena in Verona arc likewife of Cement, and to every three Foot, there are three courfes of Bricks. In like manner are built many ancient Edifices which I have mention’d in my book of Antiquities. PLATE HI. G. Cement , or River-Pebbles. H. Courfes of Bricks which bind the whole Wall. T h e Walls made of uncertain, or irregular Stones of different forts, were call’d Ruffick , by reafon of the various fhapes of the Stones. In the building of thefe Walls they made ufe of a leaden Rule, which being bended according to the place where the Stone was to be laid, fiiew’d how it was to be form’d and fquar’d ; fo I. Irregular or Ruftick Stones. Walls of Free-ftones may be feen at Rome in that place, where were formerly the Piazza and the Temple of Augujlus , in which the Idler Stones were inclos’d with fome Courfes of greater onei. PLATE V. K. Courfes of leffer Stones. L. Courfes of larger Stones. The Ancients ufed to make Walls called Retmpiuta, that is fill’d up with rag¬ ged Stones, which is alfo call’d Coffer-work , taking Planks and placing them edge¬ way in two rows diftant one from another, to the thicknels they intended to give the Wall; filling the fpace between thofe two rows of Planks with Cement , Stones of all forts, Earth and Mortar mingled together: and fo they went on from Courfe to Courfe. Such Walls are feen at Sirmion upon the Lake di Guar da. PLATE VI. M. Planks fut edge-way. O. The Face of tbe Wall , the Planks being taken N. The inward part of the Wall. away. Of this kind may be call’d the ancient Walls of Naples , which are made of two rows of free Stones four Foot thick, and fix Foot diftant the one from the other: thefe two rows of Stones are bound together with other croffing-rows, fo the Space or Coffers , which were between the crofiing-rows and the out-rows of Stones, being four foot fquare, were fill’d up with Stones and Earth. PLATE VII. P. The outward-rows of Stones. R. Coffers filed with Stones and Earth. Q, The croffing-rows. These, in a word, are all the forms which the Ancients gave to their Walls, the Foot-fteps whereof are yet to be feen ; from whence one may eafily conclude, that Walls of what fort foever they be, ought to have fome chief courfes of a larger and harder matter than the reft, to ferve like Sinews to hold faft all the o- ther parts together, which chiefly is to be obferv’d, when Walls are made of Bricks: to the end that, if in procefs of time the Walls fhould happen to fink, or give more on one fide than the other, the reft might not become likewife ruinous: as has happen’d in many Walls, efpecially on that fide that looks to¬ wards the North. VOL. I. £ CHAP. i o e ,"the Architecture of A. Palladio. CHAP. X. Of the Method which the Ancients did praclife, in ereBing their Stone-Buildings . W HEREAS it happens fometimes that Buildings are made, the whole, or a good part of Marble, or of fome other great Stones; I think it very proper here to explain what the Ancients did on fuch occafions, becaufe it is to be obferv’d in their Works, that they were fo nice in the joining of their Stones together, that fometimes the Joints are difficult to be perceiv’d : which every one ought carefully to coiffider, who, belides the Beauty, deffies alfo the folidity and laftingnefs of the Work. As far as I can underftand, they firft fquar’d and wrought thofe fides of the Stones, which were to be laid one upon the other, leaving the other fides rough, fo that the edges of the Stones being thicker, men might move them with lefs danger of breaking or bruffing them, than if they had been fquar’d, and confequently thinner, on all fides before. In this manner they made their Stone Buildings rujlick , or rather rough, till they had quite e- redled them to the very top ; after which they went on working and poliffiing that face of the Stone which was expos’d to the light. It is true that the Rofes which are between the Modilions , and fuch other like Ornaments of the Cornice, which could not conveniently be work’d after the fixing of the Stones, were made before while they lay on the Earth. This may be eafily obferv’d in feveral an¬ cient Edifices, where many Stones remain rough and unpoliffi’d, juft as they were laid. The Arch near the old Caftle in Verona , and all the other Arches and Buildings there, were done in the fame manner; as it appears by the very marks of the Tools, which fhew how the Stones were wrought. The Trajan and An- toninc Columns at Rome were alfo wrought in that manner ; otherwife they could never have fo exactly join’d the Stones, as to meet fo clofely crofs the Heads, and other parts of the Figures. The fame I fay of other Arches that are to be feen. When they went about fome great piece of Building, as the Arena in Verona , the Amphitheatre of Pola, and the like, to fave the exceffive charge and length of time, which the finishing of fuch Works would have requir’d, they wrought on¬ ly the hnpojls of the Arches, the Capitels and Cornices ; and left the reft rujlick , having only regard to the beauty of the whole Fabrick. But in their Temples, or rather fumptuous Building', which requir’d more Curiofity, they fpar’d no pains nor coft in the working them ; poliffiing and glazing even to the very Channel¬ ling or Flutes of the Columns, with great exadtnefs. Therefore in my judgment, Brick-walls ought not to be rujlicated , much left the Mantles of Chimneys, which require the moft curious Workmanffiip : for befides the mifapplying of that fort of work, it would look as if one had a mind to make a thing, which naturally ought to be entire, appear to be divided and made of feveral pieces. But indeed, according to the greatnefs and quality of the Building, it may be made either ru- ' flick, or «:frer a more elegant manner: for what the Ancients did with Reafon when they were neceffitated by the greatnefs of their Edifices; we ought not to imiraiv, when fmaller Buildings require neatnefs. C H A r Chap, ii, i z. Of the Diminution of the Walls, 8cc. CHAP. XI. Of the Diminution of the Walls , and the parts of the fame. I T is to be obferv’d, in the erecting of the Walls, that they ought to diminifli proportionably, as they are rais’d and grow higher. That part therefore which appears above Ground, is to be one half thinner than the Foundations; and the fecond Story half a Brick thinner than the firft Story, and fo fucceffively to the top; but ftill with fuch difcretion, that the upper-moft part of all be not too weak. The middle of the upmoft Wall ought to be perpendicular with the middle of the nethermoft, fo that the whole Wall becomes of a pyramidal form. But if there is a neceffity to make one of the two fuperficies of the Walls plum it muft be inwardly; becaufe the Floors, the Vaults, the crofs-Walls, and other Supporters of the Building, will keep the out-Walls from falling, or giving way The difcharg’d parts of the outfide may be cover’d with a Fafcia or Cornice, in- compaffing the whole Building, which will be both an Ornament and a Binding to the whole Fabrick. b The Angles, being common to two Faces, in order to keep them upright and faft together, muft be made very ftrong, and held with long and hard Stones a s it were with Arms: wherefore the Windows, and other like openings, ought to be made far from the Angles- or at leaftfo much fpace muft be left "between them and the faid openings, as is the breadth of any of the openings. Having fpoken hitherto of mere Walls, ’tis now time we fhould pafs to their Ornaments, the greateft of all which are the Columns , when they are fitly plac'd and in their due proportion with the whole Fabrick. 3 CHAP. XII. Of the five Orders ufed by the Ancients. T HE ancient Architect have made ufe of five different Orders call’d by them, the Tufcan , Dorick, lonick ,, Corinthian , and Compofite Orders. Thefe, in a Building ought to be difpos’d in fuch a manner, that the ftrongeft be always fet lowermoft, as being more capable of bearing the weight, and alfo to give the Building a more fure Foundation : wherefore the Dorick muft always bear the lonick, the lonick the Corinthian, , and the Corinthian the Compofite. The Tufcan is fo rude and material, that it is feldom ufed above ground, unlefs it be for a Rufiick Edifice of one Order only ; or in feme vaft Building, as Amphitheatres and fuch like, which having many Orders one upon the other ; this, inftead of the Dorick is plac’d under the lonick. But if an Architect has a mind to leave out one of them, and place (for Example) the Corinthian immediately over the Dorick , it may be done ; provided always, according to the rule aforefaid, that the more fohd be the loweft. I fhall fet down the meafures and proportions of each of thefe Oiders, not fo much according to Vitruvius , as to my own Obfervations on the ancient Buildings: But firft it feems neceffary to explain thofe things which belong to all the Orders in general. 3 CHAP. ■.JK& Of the fuelling and diminution of Columns and Pilajlers, which divide and fupport the Arches. HE Columns of every Order agree in this, that the upper part is to be lef- fer than the lower, with a little fwelling about the middle. In the di- minifhing of them it mu ft be obferv’d, that by how much longer they are, by fo much the lefs they muft diminifh, becaufe the height has already the effect of diminifhing them by the diftance. Therefore if the Column is 15 Foot high, die Diameter of it, towards its bafis^ muft be divided into 6 half parts, to give 5 halfs of them to the diameter next to the Capitel. If the Column be from 15 to 20, the faid diameter below fhall be divided into feven parts, 6 halfs of which muft be the diameter above. So likewife in thofe from 20 to 30 the lower dia¬ meter ought to be divided into 8 parts, and 7 of them fhall be the upper dia¬ meter: and fo proportionably for the higheft, as Vitruvius teaches in his 2d Chapter of his 3d Book. But as to the method of making the fwelling part of the Column, we have no more from that Author, but a bare promife, and there¬ fore many have written as they thought beft upon that fubjetft. For my part, I am wont to make die profil of the faid fwelling in this manner. I divide the jhaft of the Column into three equal parts, drawing the lower third part perpen¬ dicular, at the extremity of which I lay a thin bending Rule, as long as the Co¬ lumn, or a little more; and bending that part of the Rule, till the end touches at the point of the diminution under the Collarino , or Aftragal\ I follow the bent of the Rule, and fo the Column becomes fomewhat fwelled in the middle, and diminifties towards the top very handfomely. And altho’ I could not con¬ trive a fhorter, or eafter way, or which has a better fuccefs in practice; yet I was the more confirm’d in this method, fince after having told Peter Cattaneo of it, he was fo much pleas’d with it, that he has mention’d it in his fine Treatife of Ar¬ chitecture, with which he has not a little illuftrated our Profeflion. A B. The third part of the Column which is perpendicular. B C. The two thirds which are gradually diminifhing. C. The point under the Collarino or Aftragal, where the Diminution ends. The Inter-columns , that is to fay, the fpaces between the Columns, may be made of a diameter and a half of the Column (the diameter being always taken at the lower part of the Column) or of two diameters, of two and a quarter, fome- tirnes of three, and fometimes of more. The Ancients not with ftanding never gave more than three diameters, except in the Tufcan Order ; in which, the Architrave being made of Timber, they kept the Liter-columns very large : but on the other hand, they never made them lefs than a diameter and a half; they allow’d this fpace, efpecially when the Columns were to be extremely high. But amongft fuch variety of Inter-columns , that of two diameters and a quarter was look’d upon as the moft noble and moft beautiful of all. Tr: Plate VIII. Chap. 13. Of the fuelling and diminution of Columns, See. 13 r i s of abfolute necefiity, to keep a certain proportion between the Columns and the Inter-columns : for leaving too much vacancy between fmall Columns, they will lofe a great deal of their Beauty, becaufe too great a quantity of Air between them, diminifhes considerably their thicknefs: and on the contrary, in leaving too little fpace between great Columns, the ftreightnefs of the vacancy will make them appear too thick, and without any grace. Therefore if the fpaces exceed three diameters, the Columns ought to have in thicknefs the feventh' part of their height, as I Shall obferve hereafter in the Tufcan Order. But if the fpaces are to be of three diameters, the length of the Columns muff be 7 and a half or 8, as in the Dorick Order : if 2 and a quarter, the length of the Column muff be g, as in the Ionick : if 2 only, the Column mud be 9 and a half, a? in xhz Corinthian: laftly, if 1 and a half, the Column Shall have 10 diameters, as in the Compofitc . Upon thefe Orders I have made Such Observations, that they may Serve for Examples in all the Inter-Columns, which Vitruvius has mention’d in the 2d Chapter of his 3d Book aforefaid. In the front of Buildings the Columns ought to be an even number, that So the middle Liter-column being left bigger than the reSt, the Doors and Entries, which are ufually placed in the middle, may be the better Seen ; and thus much for Single Pillars, or Collo?iades. But if Galleries are to be made with Arches and Peers, the Arches mud be difpos’d in Such a manner, that the Pilafters or Peers between the Arches, be no lefs than a third part of the vacancy between two Pi- laders, and thofe at the corner mud be two thirds of the faid vacancy, that the Angles of the Building may be fo much the firmer and dronger. And when they are to fupport an extraordinary weight, as in a very large Fabrick, then they mud be the half of the vacancy, which may be Seen in the Arch of Vicenza, and in the Amphitheatre of Capua : or elfe two thirds, as thofe of the Theatre of Mar¬ cellas at Rome, and in that of Ogubius , which now belongs to Ludovico de Ga- brielli a Gentleman of that City. The Ancients made them fometimes as large as the whole fpace, as in the Theatre of Verona, in that part which is not on the Hill. But in private Buildings, they are not to be made lefs than a third of the fpace, nor larger than two thirds; and altho’ they ought to be fquare, yet to fave charge, and to make more room to walk by, they may be made lefs in the Flank than in the Front: and to inrich the fame, Plalf-Columns, or Piladers, may be put in the middle, to bear the great Cornice above the Arches; which Half- Columns, or Piladers, mud be as large as their height requires, according to their feveral Orders, as it will appear in the enfuing Chapters and Dedgns. For under- danding of thefe (that I may not repeat the fame thing over and over) it mud be obferv’d, that in dividing and meafuring the faid Orders, I did not think fit to make ufe of any determinate meafure peculiar to any particular City, as a fathom, foot , fpan, or the like, knowing that meafures are as various as the Cities and Countries themfelves: but in imitation of Vitruvius , who divides the Dorick Or¬ der with a meafure taken from the diameter of the Column, common to all (and by him called a Module ) my meafure in all the Orders fhall be the diameter of the Column taken at the bafe, and divided into 60 parts, or minutes ; except in the Dorick , in which the module is to be the half diameter of the Column, and is divided into 30 parts, becaufe it fo falls more commodious in the diviiions of that Order. Therefore every one may divide the module into as many, or as few parts as may be thought moft convenient, according to the bignefs, or fmallnefs of a Vo l. I. F Building; The Architecture of A. Palladio. Building ; and ufe the proportions and prof Is which I have here delign d for each Order. CHAP. XIV. Of the Tuscan Order. * r | MIE Tufcan Order, according to what Vitruvius writes of it, and what it X is in effect, is the plaineft and mod fimple of all the Orders of Archi¬ tecture ; becaufe it retains more of the ancient fimplicity of the firft Architects, who had not yet invented thofe Ornaments that render the other Orders fo plea- fant and fo worthy of conlideration. This Order draws its original homTufany, a Country very remarkable in Italy, where it ftill preferves its name. The Column with its Bafe and Capitel, ought to be in length feven Modules , and the top diminifh’d by a fourth part of its bignefs. If one is to make a row of Columns of this Order only, the Inter-columns may be kept very large, becaufe the Architraves are commonly made of Timber ; and for that reafon, this Order will be very convenient for a Country-building, for the going in and out of Carts, and other Country conveniencies, belides that the charge will be lefs conftderable. A. Architrave of Timber. B. The ends of the Traves, or Joyfs which make the Coro 7 ia. ■f B u t if one would make Gates, or Galleries with Arches, then the meafures, which I have mark’d in the deftgn, muft be ftridtly obferv’d, wherein the Stones are fo difpos’d and join’d together, as I think they ought to be, when the whole work is to be made of Stone. The fame obfervation I have made for the four fol¬ lowing orders; and this way of difpoftng and faftening the Stones, I have taken from many ancient Arches, as will appear in my book of Arches , wherein I have ufed the utmoft care and diligence. ** The Pedeftals to be made under the Columns of this Order, muft have a module in height, and be made plain. The Bafs is to be in height the half dia¬ meter of the Column; and this height is to be divided into two equal parts, whereof one is given to the Orlo or Plinth , which muft be made round, or fquare according to fotne. The other is divided into four parts; one for the Vi fella , or CinBure , which fometimes may be made a little lefs. In this Order only, it makes a part of the Bafts, for in all the others, it is join’d with the ftaft of the Column. The other three parts are for the Torus. The projeCture of this bafs is a ftxtli part of a module, or of the diameter of the Column. The Capitel is likewife the height of half the diameter of the Column below, and is divided into two or three equal parts : one is given to the Abacus , which from its form, is com¬ monly call’d Dado, or Dye ; the other to the Ovolo, and the third is fubdivided into feven parts. Of one is made the Liftella under the Ovolo, and the other lix remain for the Collarino, or the Neck of the Column. The Afragal is double the height of the Liftella under the Ovolo, and its center is made upon the line which falls plum from the faid Liftella , the proje&ure of which falls perpendi¬ cularly upon the Liftella or CinSlure, below the Afragal, which is as thick as the other. The projedlure of the Capitel anfwers to the body of the Column below. Its Architrave is made of wood, fquare every way, and its breadth is not to exceed the * Plate IX. t Plate X. ** Plate XI. Chap. 14. Of the Tuscan Order. j - the body of the column at the top. The Traces, or Joyfts, which bear the Eaves projea a fourth part of the length of the Column. Thefe are the meafures of the Tufcan Order, as taught by Vitruvius. A. Abacus. B. Ovolo , or Echinus. C. Collar ino, or Frife of the Capitel. D. AJlragal. E. The Body of the Column above. F. The Body of the Column below. G. Liflella , or CinElure , or Annulet. H. Torus, or Tore, !• Orlo, or Plinth. K. Pedeftal , or Stylobatum. The Profils mark’d L. are the impojls of the Arches. * Bu t if th e Architrave is to be made of Stone, what was faid before of the Inter-columns mu be obferv’d. There are to be feen fome ancient Building which may be faid to have been built according to this Order, becauf. they retain in part the fame meafures, as in the Arena of Verona, and the Arena and Thea- ^e ofp o/fl a nd many others, of which I have drawn the Prefils of the Baf.s Ca^ds, Architraves, Frifes, and Cornices, which are in the laft Plate of this Chapter as thofe of the of the Vaults and Arches; of all which I lhail put the defigns into my Book of A?itiquities. A. Cwiafium, or Ci?na reSla. B. Corona. C. Cima reSla. D. Cavetto. E. F. G. H. I. Frize. Architrave. Cimafum. Abacus. Cima reEla. of the Capitel. K. Collarino , or Hypotrachilum , or Frize of the Capitel L. Aftragal. M. Body of the Column towards the Capitel. N. Body of the Column, towards the Bafs. O. Annulet, Lifella, or CinBure. P. Torus, or Tore, in the form of a Cima r ever fa,\ Ql Orlo, or Plinth, l . On the right hand of the profil’d Architrave, mark'd F, I have given the Profit of another more curioufly done. h ? of the Bafis * Piece XII. CHAP, Tfhe Architecture of A. Palladio. Palladio is miftaken •, for the Colonies that went into Afia were Athenians , and after¬ wards call’d Ionians , from Ion their Gene¬ ral. They imitated the Temples which they faw among the Dorians , and call’d them Derick. 16 C H A P, XV, Of the Do rick Order. T HE Dorick* Order was invented by the Dorians 3 , and named from them ; being a Grecian People, which dwelt in Afia. If thefe Columns are made alone without Pilafters, they ought to be feven and a half, or eight diame¬ ters high. The Intercolumns are to be little lefs than three diameters of the Co¬ lumns : and this manner of fpacing the Columns, is (by Vitruvius) call’d Diafiylos. f But if they are join’d to Pilafters, they muft be, together with the Bafis and Capitel , feventeen modules and one third high: that is, eight diameters and ■; 5 parts: for it muft be obferv’d, that (as I have faid before in the r 3th Chapter) the module in this Order, is the half of the diameter of the Column, divided into thirty parts; tho’ in all the other Orders, it is the whole diameter divided into 60 parts. ** Among the Ancients there was no Pedefial to this Order, tho’ the mo¬ dern Archite&s have adapted one to it. Therefore if one has a mind to join a Pedefial , the Dado , or Dye of it, muft be a perfeeft fquare, and from its mea- fure thole of its Ornaments fhall be taken: in order to this, the Dye is to be di¬ vided into three equal parts; the bafis , with its focket or plinth , fhall take two of them, and the Cimafium one ; to which the Orlo, or plinth of the bafis of the Column muft be join’d. This kind of Pedefial may be feen in the Corinthian Order, as at Verona in the Arch call’d the Arch de Lioni. I have fet down here feveral manners of Profils , which may be fitted to the Pedefials of this Order, which are all very agreeable, taken from ancient pieces, and very carefully mea- fur’d. This Order has no proper bafis : wherefore in many Buildings, its Co¬ lumns are without a bafis , as in the Theatre of Marcellus in Rome , in the Temple de la Piet a near the faid Theatre ; in the Theatre of Vicenza , and in divers o- ther places. But fometimes the Attick bafis is join’d to it, which is a great orna¬ ment to the Order, the proportion whereof is as follows. The height is the half diameter of the Column, and is divided into three equal parts: one is for the Zocco or plinth : The other two are fubdivided into four parts, of one is made the 'Torus fuperior: the three remaining are again fubdivided into two, one for the Torus inferior , and the other for the Scotia or Cavetto , with its An¬ nulets, , or Lifiellas ; which have alfo their peculiar meafures : for in dividing the whole into fix parts, the two Annulets , or Lifiellas take each of them one, and the four remaining are for the Scotia. The whole projedture of the bafis muft be the fixth part of the diameter of the Column; the CinElure is as broad as half of the Torus fuperior: if it be divided from the bafis , its projeElure muft be the third part of the whole projeElure of the bafis. But if the bafis and a part of the Column muft be of a piece, the CinElure muft be fmaller; as it may be feen in the third defign of this Order, where I have alfo drawn two manners of Impofis for Arches. A. The Body of the Column. B. Annulet , or CinElure ) or Lifiella. C. Upper * p/ate XIII. t Plate XIV. ** Plate XV. Of A Dorick Order. Chap. 15. r 7 C. Upper Torus. D. Cavetto , or Scotia with its Annulets, or Liftellas. E. The lower Torus. F. Zocco, or Plinth. G. Cimaftum, H. Dado, or Z)y£, or Square , > of the Pedeflal. I. Bafs, J K. Impofls of Arches. * The Capitel likewife ought to have in height the half diameter of the Co¬ lumn, which being divided into three principal parts, the firft above is fubdi- vided into five, three are for the Abacus, and the other two for the Cimafeum ; which being again fubdivided into three, the Liflella takes one, and the Cima reSla the other two. The fecond principal part is divided into three, one of which is given to the three Annulets, or Lijlellas , that are equal • the other two are for the Ovolo , whofe projeSlure is two thirds of its height. The third and laft principal part, is for the Prize of the Capitel, call’d Collarino , or Gorgerin , or Collar. The whole projeSlure of the Capitel is the fifth part of the diameter of the Column. The Aflragal is of the fame height with the three Filets, or Annulets ; and is equal in its projeSlure with the lowed: part of the Column, Th z. Annulet is only half the height of the Aflragal, and its projeSlure is plum with the Center of it. The Architrave is placed upon the Capitel, and is to be in height a module > or half the diameter of the Colunin. ’Tis divided into feven parts, one of which makes the Tenia , whofe projeSlure is equal to its height. The whole is again divided into 6 parts, one whereof is given to the Guttce, and the Lift el, under the Tenia. The Guttce are fix in number, and the height of the Lijlel is a third of the faid Guttce. The whole, from the Tenia downwards, is again divided into feven parts, of which the firft fafeia takes three, and the fecond four. The Prize is in height a module and a half. The breadth of the Trigliph is one module: and its Capitel takes up the fixth part of a module. The Trigliph is divided into fix parts, two whereof are given to the two Chanels in the middle, and one to the two half Chattels at the extremities: the other three make the {paces between the faid Chattels. The Metopa, that is to fay, the fpace between two Trigliphs, ought to be perfectly fquare. The height of the Cornice is a module and a fixth, and is divided into five parts and a half: of which two are for the Cavetto, with its Lijlel, and the Ovolo. The Cavetto is lefs than the Ovolo , by as much as its Lijlel. The other three and a half are allow’d for the Corona , or Cornice , and to the two Citnas, the reverfa and the reSla. The Corona ought to projeeft two thirds of a module , and to have on its plain underneath fix Guttce in length, and three in breadth with their Liftels over the Trigliphs, and fome Rofes, or other Ornaments, over the Metopa. The Guttce are round, and in the fhape of little Bells : thole under the Corona muft anfwer to thole under the Tenia. The Cimafium ought to be an eighth part larger than the Corona , and is divided into eight parts, two where¬ of are given to the Lijlel, and the other fix to the Citnaife, whofe projeSlure is feven parts and a half. So that, at this rate, the Architrave , the Frize and Cor¬ nice, rife to the height of the fourth part of the Column : and thefe are the propor¬ tions of the Cornice according to Vitruvius, from whom I have a little receded, by altering fome Members of it, and making the whole fomewhat larger. Vol. I. G A. Cima Plate XVI. I( S Ihe Architecture A. Cima re Ft a. B. Cima reverfa. C. Coro?ia . D. Ovolo. E. Cavetto. F. The Capitel of the Trigliph. G. 'Trigliph. H. Met op a. I. Tenia. K. Guttce. L. Fir ft Fafcia. M. Second Fafcia. N. Cimafium. of A. Palladio. O. Abacus. P. Ovolo. Annulets , or Lijlellas. R. Collar , or Frize of the Capitel. S. Aftragal. T. Eiftella , or CinEture. V. Body of the Colujnn. X. The Plan of the Capitel , and the Module divided into thirty Mwutes , or parts. Y. Soffita , or the underneath of the Corona. CHAP. XVI. Of the I o N i c K Order. T HE* Ionick Order had its Original in Ionia , a Province of Afia ; and we read that the famous Temple of Diajia at Ephefus was built of that Or¬ der. The Column with its Capitel and Bafe y is nine modules high : and by a ?nodule is under flood, as we have faid before, the diameter of the Column be¬ low. The Architrave , Frize , or Cornice , have the fifth part of the height of the Column. When the Columns are fingle, the Inter-colu?nns are of two dia¬ meters and a fourth part, and this is the moft beautiful and commodious manner of all hitcr-colujims , which Vitruvius calls Eujlylos. ■f I n the Archesj the pilaflers are in breadth a third part of the fpace between two of them ; and the Arch ought to be in height the double of the faid lpace. ** If there is to be given a pedejlal to the Column of the lojiick Order, as in any defign of Arches, it muft be made as high, as half the breadth of the open¬ ing of the Arch : and having divided it into 7 parts and a half, two of them fhall make the Baje and one the CimaJiwti ; the other four and a half remaining fhall be for the Dado , or Square of the Pedejlal. The Baje of this Order is half a module high, and is divided into three parts: one is for the Orlo , or Plinth \ whofe projeElure is the fourth part of its height, and confequently the eighth part of a module: the two other parts of the Bafe are fubdivided into feven; of three is made the Torus ; the other four are di¬ vided again into two parts, one given to the Scotia , or Cavetto above, and the other to that below, which ought to have more projeElure than the other. The Aftragal muft have the eighth part of the Scotia. The CinEture of the Colunm y is the third part of the Torus of the Bafe ; but if the bafe be made a part of the Column, the faid CijiFlure may be made fmaller, as I have already obferv’d in the Dorick Order; and the CinEture has half of the projeElure already men¬ tioned. Thefe are the meafures of the Ionick bafe y according to Vitruvius. But becaufc the Attick bafe is put to this Order in many ancient Buildings, and that it feems to me more agreeable upon a Pedeftal\ I have drawn the Attick bafe t Vu-ic XVIII. P XIX Chap. 16. Of the Ionick Order. j^ bafe with a fmall AJlragal under the CinElure, not omitting, at the fame time, to give the Defign as Vitruvius teaches us. The Defigns mark’d L. are two different profits to make the Impofts of Arches; and upon each of them the meafures are fet down by numbers which fignify the minutes, or parts of a module, as I have done in all other Defigns. Thefe Impofts are in height half as much again, as the thicknefs of the pilafler, which fupports the Arch. A. Part oft tie Body oft the Colutnn. B. AJlragal with its Liftella, or CinSlure, which are MetJibers of the Column. J C. The upper Torus. D. Cavetto, or Scotia. E. 'The lower Torus. F. The Plinth faflened. to the Cimafmm of the pedejlal. G. Cimaftum in two ftorms, H. Dado, or Dye, or Square, > oft the pedeftal. I. Bafte in two forms, J K. Orlo, or Plinth of the bafte. L. Impofts of the Arches. * In order to make the Capitel, the foot of the Column mull be divided into 18 parts, and 19 of fuch parts will be the length and breadth of the Abacus the half of which is given to the height of the Capitel with its Valutas, whereby it comes to be 9 parts and a half high. One and a half is for the Abacus with its Cimaftum ; the other eight remain to the Valuta, which is made in the fol¬ lowing manner. From the extremity of the Cimaftum, one of the nineteen parts being taken within, from the point where that nineteenth part ends, a line is let fall plum, which divides the Viluta by the middle, and is call’d the Ca theta Where the point falls upon this line, which feparates the four parts and a half above, with the three and a half below, there is made the Center of the Bye of the Valuta, whofe diameter is one of the eight parts of its height- and from the faid point a line is drawn, which interfteEli?ig at right Angled the Ca- theta, divides the Valuta into four parts. Next in the Eye of this Valuta a fquare is form d, the bignefs whereof is the half diameter of the faid Eye: and two diagonal lines being drawn in it, upon them are mark’d thirteen points (com¬ puting the Center of the Eye) which are as many Centers whereon the fixed foot of the Compafs is to Hand to make the Valuta ; and as to the order which mult be obfervd m them, it appears by the numbers mark’d in the Defio- n . The AJlragal of the Column is right againft the Eye of the Valuta. The Vo- lutas are as thick in the middle, as is the projeElure of the Ovolo, which reaches beyond the Abacus, fo much as does the Eye of the Valuta. The hollow, or Chanel of the Viluta is even with the body of the Column. The Aftragll of the Column turns about under the Valuta, and is always vifible, as it appears by the Plan: for ’tis natural that fo flender a thing as the Valuta is feign’d to be, fliould give way to another ftronger, as the AJlragal is, from which it is always equally diftant. I n the Angles of Collonades, or rows of Columns, and Porticos of the Ionick Order, Capitels are made with their Volutas, not only in the front, but alfo on that part which, making the Capitel as ufual, would have been the Flank • where¬ upon they come to have the front on two fides, and are called Angular-Capitels. How * Plate XX. 10 The Architecture of A. How they are to be made I ftiall teach in 4th Book. A. Abacus. B. Chanel , or hollow of the Voluta. C. Ovolo. D. Aflragal under the Echinus or Ovolo. E. CinSlure, or Annulet , or Liflella. F. .P^r/ the Body of the Column. G. A Line call'd Catheta. , The Plate XXI. reprefents the Ionick Bafe according to Vitruvius , toget er with the of the Voluta upon a large Scale, marked & Members of the Bafe according to Vitruvius . K. Part of the Body of the Column. L. CinSlure , or Annulet. M. Lor us. N. Eirfl Scotia. O. Aflragal. P. Second Scotia. Orlo, or Plinth. R. ProjeSlure of the Bafe. * The Architrave, Prize and Cornice have, as I faid before, the fifth part of the height of the Column ; and the whole is divided into 12 parts. The Archi¬ trave has four, the Frize three, and the Cornice five. The Architrave is fubdi- vided into five parts; of one is made its Cimafium , and the reft is fubdivided again into twelve : for the firft Fafcia and its Aflragal three, to the fecond and its Aflragal four, and to the third five. T h e Cornice is divided into 7 \ parts; two are given to the Scotia, or Cavetto and Ovolo ; two to the Modi lions , and the reft to the Corona and Cimafium. The whole Cornice projects as much as its height. I have drawn the Front , the Flank , and the Plan of the Capitel; and the Ar¬ chitrave, Frize and Cornice, with their proper Ornaments. A. Cimafium, or Cima reSia. B. Cima reverfa. C. Corona. D. Cimafium of the Modilions. E. Modilions. F. Ovolo. G. Cavetto. FI. Frize. I. Cimafium of the Architrave. K. Firft Fafcia. L. Second Fafcia. M. Third Fafcia. Members of the Capitel. N. Abacus. O. Channel, or hollow of the Voluta. P. Ovolo, or Echinus. CF Aflragal of the Column. R. Part of the Body of the Column. 2 The * Plate XXII. Palladio. my Book of Temples , i. e. the Chap. 17. Of the Corinthian Order . 2 1 The Plan mark’d S, reprefents the Soffite , or the underneath of the Corona be¬ tween each Modilion. CHAP. XVII. Of the Corinthian Order . * A T Corinth , a mod famous City of Peloponnefus, now the Morea , was in- jLA. vented the Order from thence call’d Corinthian , and which is more gen¬ teel, rich, and beautiful, than any of thofe I have yet difeours’d upon. The Co¬ lumns are like thofe of the Ionick Order; and, with the Bafe and Capitol , they are nine Modutcs and a half high. If they are fluted they muft have 24 Flutes or Chanels , which are to be half as deep as they are broad. The Plans , or Spaces , between one Flute and the other, muft be a third part of the breadth of the faid Flutes. The Architrave ) Frize , and Cornice , are a fifth part of the height of the Columns. In the defign of a Colonnade , or fingle Columns, the Inter-columns are two diameters, as in the Portico of St. Maria Rotunda at Rome; and this manner of diflancing the Column is, by Vitruvius , call’d Syflylos. i' In that of Arches , the Pilaflers have two fifths of the breadth of the Arch-, which breadth or void is in height two fquares and a half, the thicknefs of the faid Arch being comprehended. ** The Pedeftal under the Corinthian Column, muft have in height the fourth part of the length of the Column, and being divided into eight parts, one is gi¬ ven to the Gimajium , two to the Bafe , and five to the Dye or Square. The Bafe muft be divided into three parts, two for the Zocco or Plinth j and one to the Moulding. The common Bafe of this Column is the At tick; but yet it differs from that which is put to the Dorick Order; for in this the projeSlure is the fifth part of the diameter of the Column ; whereas in the Dorick it is the fixth part. It may alfo vary in fome other parts, as it appears by the Defign, where I have profil'd the Impofts of the Arches, the height of which is double of the Mem- bretto , or Half-pilafler which bears up the Arch. A. Part of the Column. B. CinSture , or Aflragal of the Column . C. Upper Torus. D. Cavetto, or Scotia , with its Aflragals. E. Lower Torus. F. Orlo, or Plinth of the Bafe , joiiid to the Cimafium of the PedeflaL G. Cimafium, "j H. Dado j or Dye, or Square , | . I . Moulding of the Bafe, |“ ^ ^ Pedeftal . K. Orlo, or Plinth of the Bafe, \ L. The Impofl of the Arch. ft The height of the Corinthian Capitel takes a diameter of the Column be¬ low, and a fixth part more,- which is allow’d to the Abacus. The reft is divided into three equal parts. One is for the lowermoft row of Leaves , the other for the middle row; but the third is fubdivided into two, and of that part next to Vo l. I. H the * Plate XXIII. f Plate XXIV. ** Plate XXV. ft Plate XXVI. * The Stock or Stem < .ken from Colewort, is a plain miftake: for all fuch Leaves at their Stalk are ftrong- er, but not broader than in the midll; as thofe of the CaulicuU, in the Corinthian Ca- pitel: It is not a Stalk only with the Leaves ftript off, but a Ten¬ dril ; and he means from the fide of the Square of the Abaco, which is all one, as from the Rofes {freight Leaves, and not as Vignola has made them. But the Rofes of Palladio have too little Projec¬ tion, as the other have too much. Between them both, Scamoz- zPs is the beft, which he makes a Circle of one diameter and a, and the Lines are to touch the Aftragal. This Rule I have tiled myfelf, and it does well. Viola Zanini follows Palladio di- re&ly. 22 7 he Architecture of A. Palladio. t'ic Abacus are made the CaulicuU , or Stalks, with their Leaves, which feem to be fupported by them ; and therefore the Stalk from whence they grow, muft be made thick, but they in their foldings muft diminifh by degrees; following in that the Example of the Plants, which are thicker at the bottom than at the extremities of their Branches’. The Bell which is the inward body of the Capitol under the Leaves , ought to be plum with the bottom of the Flutes of the Co¬ lumn. To give the Abacus a convenient projeElure, , a perfect fquare muft be made, each fide whereof is to be a module and a half, and the diagonal lines being drawn from one angle ol it to another, the point of their interiecftion in the middle, is the center of the faid fquare ; on which the fix’d foot of the Compafs being plac’d, towards each Angle of the fquare a module muft be mark’d, where lines muft be drawn interfering at right Angles with the faid diagonal Lines, that they may touch the fides of the Square. Thefe are the bounds of the projeElure of the Abacus , the length of the faid Lines, giving the breadth of its Horns. The Curvilineal-fide , or diminution of the Abacus is made, by drawing a circular line from one horn to the other, which will be the Bafe of an equila¬ teral triangle. Then a ftrait line is drawn from the extremities of the faid horns to the extremities of the Aftragal of the Column, which Line the Fojjgues of the Leaves muft feem to touch, or rather pafs a little outwards, and fo they have a full projeElure. The Rofe is to be as broad as the fourth part of the diameter of the Column at the foot. The Architrave, Frize and Cornice (as I have faid be¬ fore) are to be a fifth part of the height of the Column, and the whole is to be divided into i 2 parts, as in the Ionick Column : with this difference however, that the Cornice of the Corinthian is divided into eight parts and a half, one of which is given to the Cima rev erf a, and another to the Denticuli , the third to the Ovolo, the fourth and fifth to the Modilions , and the other three and a half to the Co¬ rona and Cima. The Cornice has as much projeElure as it has height. The Pannels of the Rofes, between the Modilions , muft be fquare ; and the Modilions as big as half the Plan of the faid Rofes. The Members of this Order have not been mark’d with Letters, as the foregoing, becaufe by them thefe may be eafily underftood. CHAP. XVIII. Of the Composite Order . | A HE Compofite Order (which is alfo named Roman , as being an Invention i of the ancient Romans) is fo call'd, becaufe it partakes of all the afore- faid Orders; and the moft regular and beautiful is that which is compounded of the Iotiick and Corinthian. It is more {lender than the Corinthian , and may be made like it in all its parts, except in the Capitol. The Columns ought to be io Modules high. In the Defigns of Columns, or finsle Collonades , the Inter columns are but of one diameter and a half: and in this manner is call’d by Vitruvius, Picnoftylos. f In thofe of Arches , the pilafters are to be half of the breadth, or void of the Arch , which is to be under the Key (lone two fquares and a half high ; that is to fay, two diameters and a half of the Arch. i * A N D * Plate XXVII. f Plate XXVIII. Chap, 18. Of the Composite Order. 23 * And becaufe ( as 1 have raid) this Order is more flender than the Corinthian, its Pedejlal muft be the third part of the height of the Column; which being divided into eight parts and a half, of one part is made the Cima- fuim of the faid Bafe, five and a half for the Daclo ; the two others for the Bafe, which being fubdivided into three, two will make the Zocco, or Plinth j and the third for the Doras and Cima. The Bafe of the Column may be made Attick,, as in the Corinthian ; and it may be alfo compounded of the Attick and the Ionick ,, as appears by the Defign. The Impojls of the Arches are profil’d by the fide of the Pedejlal • and its height is equal to the diameter of the Membretto, or Half-pilajler. A. Impofl of the Arch. f The Capitel of the Compofite Order has the fame meafures as that of the Corinthian ; but it differs from it in the Foluta, Ovolo , and Fufarolo ,, or Fife, which are Members of the Ionick Capitel The way of making it is thus. From the Abacus downward, the Capitel is divided into three parts, as in the Corinthian. The firft is given to the firft row of Leaves, the fecond and the third to the Foluta, which is made in the fame manner, and with the fame points as that of the Ionick. It takes up fo much of the Abacus , that it feems to go out of the Ovolo, at the foot of the Flower which is put in the middle of the circular fide of the Abacus ; and it is as thick in the front, as the breadth of the Horns there¬ of, and a little more. The Ovolo is as big as three parts of five of the Abacus and its lower part, that is its Fife ,, ought to be parallel with the Eye of the Fo- luta. It has in its projeBure\of its height, and is with its projeSlure ,, perpendi¬ cular to the hollow of the Abacus , or a little more outwards. The Fife is a third F, art ,°f, tieilei g ht of the and has in its frojeSure fomething more than the half of its thicknefs. It turns about the Capitel under the Foluta, and is al- ways feen. The Liftel, which is under the Fufe, and makes the edges’ of the Belt of the Capitel, is the half of the Fufe. The body of the Bell ought to be plum with the bottom of the Flutes of the Column. I have feen one of this fort at Rome, from which I have drawn all thefe meafures, becaufe it appear’d to me very beautiful and well contriv’d. There are Capitels to be feen made after another manner, and which may be call’d Compofite; of which I propofe to fpeak, and to infert the Defigns of the, i m my Book oh Antiquities. The Architrave, Frize, and Cornice , have the fifth part of the height of the Column ; and it will be ve ■ eafy to know their dif¬ ferent divifion, or diftnbution, by that which h been faid before in the other Orders, and by the Numbers I have plac’d in the Defigns. CHAP. XIX. Of PEDESTALS. ITHERTO I have difcours’d, as much as to me feem’d neceffary to be known, concerning Ample Walls and their Ornaments; and in particular I have touch’d upon the Pede/l Is, which may be applied to every Order But becaufe it appears that the Ancients have not had this regard to make the Pe- deflals * Hate XXIX. f Plate XXX. 2 The u Architecture of A. Palladio. 1 Ms bigger for one Order than for another, altho’ this part much adds to the beauty and ornament of the work, when it is made with difcretion and due pro¬ portion to the other parts: to the end neverthelefs, that the Architefts may get a foil knowledge of thefe, and make a right ufe of them upon occafion, they mult take notice that the Ancients made them fometimes fquare, that rs to fay as ong as broad, as may be feen in the Arch call’d di Lion, at Verona ; and thefe I have affirm'd to the Dorick Order, becaufe it requires more folidity Sometimes they took their meafure in making of them from the diameter of the vord of the Arch as in tire Arch of Titus at SanBa Maria Nova at Rome, and that of Tra¬ jan over the Gate of Ancona, where the Pedeftal is half the height of the openmg of the Arch ; and of this kind of Pedeftals I have put to the Iomck Order. Some¬ times they took their meafure from the height of the Column, as is feen at Sufa, a City fituated at the foot of the Mountains which divide Italy from France , in an Arch erected to the honour of Auguflus Cxfar : and in the Arch of Polo, * City of Dalmatia, and alfo in the Amphitheatre of Rome in the Iomck and Co¬ rinthian Orders: in which Buildings the Pedeftal is the fourth part of the height of the Column, as I have made it in the Corinthian Order. In Verona, in the Arch call’d di Caftel vecchio, which is very beautiful, the Pedeftal is a third of the height of the Column, as I have order’d it in the Compofiu Order. All thefe forms of Pedeftals are moft beautiful, and have moft elegant proportions with the other parts to which they belong. And when Vitruvius difcourfmg of Theatres, makes mention of the Poggio, one muft know, that by that word he means the Pedeftal to which he gives the third part of the Columns with which he adorns the Scenes. But of Pedeftals which exceed a third part of the Column, we have an Example at Rome in the Arch of Conftantine, where the Pedeftals have one of two parts and a half of the height of the Column. And almoft in all the an¬ cient Pedeftals ’tis to be obferv’d, that the Bafes have the double of the Cimafium, as I fhall demonftrate in my Book of Arches. CHAP. XX. Of the Errors and Abufes introduced into Architecture. H AVING fet down all thofe Ornaments of ArchiteBure which conftft in the right ufe of the five Orders, and having ftiewn how they ought to be made by drawing the Prof Is of each of their parts, according as I found that the Ancients did pradife; it feems to me not unfit here, to inform the Reader of many Abufes, which having been formerly introduc’d by Bar¬ barians , are obferv’d even to this day; and this I do, to the end that the Studious in this Art may avoid them in their own Works, and be able to take notice of them in thofe of others. I fay then, that ArchiteBure (as all the other Arts) being grounded upon Rules taken from the imitation of Nature, admits of nothing 3 that is contrary, or foreign to that Order which Nature has preferib’d to all things. Wherefore we fee that the ancient Architeas, who begun to alter their Timber-Buildings, and to make them with Stones, kept their Columns lefs at the top than at the foot, taking example from Trees, all which are lefs at the top than in the Trunk, and towards the Roots \ likewife, becaufe it is very na¬ tural that thole things upon which any great weight is laid, fhould be prefs d, under Chap. 20. Of Errors and Abu fes in Architecture. 2 ." under the Column they did put a Ba/e y which by its Torus, Cavern, and Aflra- gal, feems to reprefent a fwelling caus’d by the burden over it. So they brought m the Cornices, Trig/iphs,, Modilions , and Dentils, to reprefent the heads of the Joyfts, which in the Cieling are plac’d to bear up the Roof. The fame may be obferv’d in all other parts, if one is curious to examine them. And this being fo, what fliall we fay of that form of Building, which is fo contrary to what Nature has taught us, that it deviates from that Simplicity which is vifible in things by her produc’d, and departs from all that is good, or true, or agreeable in the way of Building t for which reafon, inftead of Columns, or Pilafters, which are con¬ triv’d to bear a great weight, one ought not to place thofe Modern Ornaments call’d Cartoofhes , which are certain Scroles that are but an eye-fore to the Artifts and give others only a confufed Idea of ArchiteElure , without any pleafure or fa- tisfa&ion ; nor indeed do they produce any other effect than to incrcafe the Ex¬ pellees of the Builder. For the lame reafon thefe Cartoojhes ought never to come out of the Cornice ; for it is requifite that all the Members of it fhould be made to fome end, and to fhew what it would be, if all the work had been fram’d of 1 imber. Befides that, as it is requifite to uphold a great weight with lomethino- lolid, and fit to fupport it: fo fuch non-fenfical things, as Cartoofies , are altoge¬ ther fuperfluous, becaufe it is impoffible that the Joyfts, or any other Timber whatfoever, could really perform what thefe reprefent ; and fince they are feign’d to be foft and weak, I know not by what Rule they can be put under any thing heavy and hard. But of all A’bufes, in my opinion the moft intolerable is, the making certain frontons of Doors, or Windows, or Galleries, divided in the mid¬ dle : becaufe thefe frontons were contriv’d at firft to defend thofe parts from Rain neceflity having taught our firft Architects to give them the form of a Roof- fo that I know nothing more contrary to natural Reafon, than to divide and open that part which the Ancients did make whole, in order to defend the Inhabi¬ tants of the Houfe, and thofe that enter into the fame, from Rain, Snow, Hail, and other injuries of the Air : and altho’ variety and novelty fhould pleafe all, yet we are not to go againft the precepts of Art, and that which Reafon demon- ftrates; whence we fee that the Ancients in their feveral Contrivances have never departed from the general and neceftary Rules of Art or Nature, as may be feen in my Book of Antiquities. As for the projeElure of the Cornice , and other Or¬ naments, tis not a Email abufe to make it too great; becaufe when thefe Projec- tuies exceed their juft meafure, efpecially if the Building is in a clofe place, it appears the narrower and more uncomely, as well as always frightning thofe which ftand underneath, as if it would fall upon them. One ought alfo care¬ fully to avoid making the Cornice difproportionable to the Columns ; for ’tis cer¬ tain that putting great Cornices upon little Columns, or upon great Columns little Cornices , muft needs make a very fad Afpetft. Again, thofe forts of Columns, which are feign’d to be made of feveral pieces, and jointed together by the means of certain Rings, or Annulets, in the form of a Ruftick, ought alfo to be no lefs carefully avoided ; becaufe how much the more entire and ftrong the Columns appear, fo much the more they perform the delign for which they are plac’d, which is to render the Work above more fecure and firm. Many other the like abufes might be reckon d up, as of fome Members which in the Cornices are made difproportionable to the reft, as by what I have fhewn before, and by what is now faid, may be eafily known. It remains now to come to the difpofing of the particular and principal parts of a Building. V O L. I. X CHAP- Eke Architecture of A. Palladio. chap. xxr. Of Galleries y Entries y Halls , Anti-Chambers, Chambers, and of their feveral proportions. ALLERIES are commonly made in the fore or back Front of a Houfe; J or if only one is intended, it muft be in the middle: if two, they are to be plac’d in the Wings. They ferve for many ufes, as walking eating and other diversions. They are made larger or leffer, according to the greatnefs and con- veniency of the Building; but ordinarily they ought not to have lefs than 10, nor more than 20 Foot in breadth. Befides this, every well-order’d Houfe ought to have in the middle, or chief part, fome place with which all the other parts of the Houfe may have an eafy Communication. Thofe places in the Ground- Story are vulgarly call’d Rntries , Lobbies , or Pajfages ; and above they are Halls. They ferve in a Houfe as publick places. The Entries ferve for thofe who at¬ tend, or wait on the Matter to falute him, or to do any bufinefs with him. Such places are the parts of the Houfe, (befides the Galleries) that firft prefent themfelves to thofe that are about to enter the fame. The Halls ferve for all forts of ceremonial Feafts, as Weddings, Banquets, Comedies and fuch other Pattimes. For this reafon, therefore, thefe places ought to be made much more fpacious than others, to the end that many Perfons may commodioutty be entertain’d therein, and eafily fee what’s a doing. I do obferve always to allow for the length of a Hall, no more than the double of its breadth ; but the nearer they come to a Square, the more beautiful and convenient they will be. The Anti-Chambers and Chambers ought to be fo divided and difpofed, that they may fall on each fide of the Entry and of the Hall, taking care that thofe on the right hand may exadtly anfwer to thofe on the left; that fo not only one fide of the Building be in all things equal to the other, but that the Walls likewife may bear equally the Burden of the Roof: becaufe if the Chambers were on one fide larger than on the other, this (confidering the clofe- nefs of the Walls) would bear more of the weight; and the other, being propor- tionably weaker, would occafion many inconveniencies, and in procefs of time the ruin of the whole Fabrick. The handfomett and mott elegant proportion for Chambers, and which have the beft effect, may be taken {'even different ways: for they may be made round (which form is very little in ufe) or fquare, or they have in length the Diagonal of their fquare, or a third more than the fquare, or a fquare and a half, ora fquare and two thirds, or two fquares full. CHAP. Of Floors and Cielings, 7 CHAP. XXII. Of Floors and C i e l i n g s. FTER having fpoken of the forms of Galleries, Halls, Anti-Chambers, and FjL. Chambers, tis neceflary to fay fomething of Floors and flat Cielings. "I he fuperficies of the Floors may be made out of Mortar, as ufual in Venice , or of fquare Tyles, or of hard Stone. Thofe of Mortar or Plafter are very good, when made out of beaten Cetnent and fine Sand, or with River-Pebbles, or Pa- doua Stone-lime; all well mixt together. Such Floors muft be made during the Spring, or Summer, that they may dry the better. Brick, or Square Tyle-Pave- ments are more agreeable to the Eye, becaufe of the many forms into which they may be made, and of the Colours they are capable to receive by the divers co¬ lours of the Earth they are made with. The Floors of Bed-chambers, or other much frequented Rooms, are feldom made of Marble, or any hard Stone, becaufe in the Winter they would be too cold ; but in Galleries, or other publick places, they will agree well enough. Care muft be taken, that all the Rooms which are of the fame Story, may have their Floor or Pavement equal, and in fuch a manner that the very Threfholds of the Doors may not be higher than the reft. And if any little Room or Clofet ftiould happen to be lower than the reft, what is wanting muft be fupplied by a Mezanme , or falfe Floor-Cieling. The Cielings are alfo made divers ways, for fome delight to have handfome and well wrought Joyfts; in which cafe it is necetfary to obferve, that the Joyfts be diftant one from another the thicknefs of a Joyft and a half: becaufe fuch a diftribution will make the Cieling very handfome, and between the ends of every Joyft, there will be fufficient Wall to bear the upper Story : whereas if they fhould ftand wider one from the other, it would look ill, and if clofer, ’twould be like a dividing of the upper Wall from the lower ; and the Joyfts rottino- at the end, or being confum’d by Fire, the Wall above muft fall of courfe. O- thers will have Compartements of Stuc (which is a fort of hard PlaflerJ or of Planks, that they may enrich them with Pictures, beautifying them according to their various Humours and Fancies ; and therefore in this point there can be given no determinate Rules. CHAP. XXIII. Of the Height of Chambers. XII AMBERS are made either arch’d, or with a flat Cieling. If the laft way, the height from the Pavement or Floor to the Joyfts above, ought to be equal to their breadth : and the Chambers of the fecond Story muft be a fixth part lefs than them in height. As to the Rooms which are arch’d (and which are commonly made to in the firft Story, not only becaufe they are more beautiful, but alfo lefs fubjecft to Fire) their height in a fquare Room is a third more than their breadth: but in thofe whofe length exceeds their breadth, a height -o <7 he Architecture of A. Palladio. height proportional to the length and breadth together may be eafily found, by lining both the two Lines of the length and breadth into one Line, which being divided by the middle, the one half will give exadtly the height of the Arch. As for Example, let BC be the place where an arch’d Room is to be made ; joining the breadth AC with the length AB, and the line EB being divided into two equal parts in the point F, ’tis plain that F B is the height requir’d. Or if the Room to be arch’d is i 2 Foot long, by 6 wide, thefe two numbers join d together, give 18, the half of which is 9, and therefore the height of fuch a Room mu ft be 9 Foot. Another proportional height to the length and breadth of a Room, may be found in this manner. BC being the Room to be arch’d, the length and breadth fhall be join’d upon one Line as BF ; on the middle of which having mark’d the point C, it will be the Center of the Semi-circle BGF, and in pro¬ longing the Line AC till it touches the Circumference at the point G, the Line AG will be the height of the Arch BC. That fame proportion is to be found by numbers in this manner: knowing how many Foot are contain’d in the length and breadth of the Room, we muft find a number which has the fame relation of proportion with the breadth, as the length has with it, by multiplying the lefs extreme by the greateft ; becaufe the fquare Root of the product of that mul¬ tiplication fliall be the height demanded. As for Example, if the place to be arch’d is 9 Foot long and 4 Foot wide, the height of the Arch fhall be 6 Foot, for the proportion from 9 to 6, is the fame as from 6 to 4, viz. the fefquila- teral proportion, but it muft be obferv’d that this height is not always to be found by numbers. There is another height to be found, which tho’ lefs, has notwithftanding a very good proportion with the length and breadth of the Room. Having drawn the Lines AB, AC, CD, and DB, which reprefent the breadth and length of the Room, and the height taken according to the firft method, which is CE being join’d to AC ; draw the Line EDF, then prolonging the Line AB till it touches the Line E D F, in the Point F, the Line B F fhall be the height of the Arch. But to find it by numbers is thus: Having taken the length and breadth of the Room according to the firft method, which height is in the foregoing Example 9 Foot; put together the length, the breadth and the height, as this Figure repre- fents, then multiply the 9 by 12, and the 6, and the product of the 1 2 being let under the 12, and that of the 6 under the 6 ; 12 9 6 multiply 6 by 12, lay the produdl under the 9, which will make 108, 72, 54 72, and having got a number which being multiplied by 9, pro- 8 duces 72, as 8 would do in this Example; I fay that the Arch is to be 8 Foot high. Thefe different heights have fuch a relation amongft themfelves, that the firft is larger than the fecond, in the fame proportion with which the fecond is larger than the third. We may then make ufe of each of thefe heights, according as they will allow more conveniency in contriving, that the feveral Rooms of different dimenfions may have their Arches equally high, and yet with a juft proportion. By thefe means the Rooms will have an agree¬ able Afpeft, and the Floor above will be upon a level, and very commodious. There are other proportions for the height of Arches , which have no determinate Rules: and fo they muft be left to the Architect to make ufe of them, according to his Judgment, and as he fees neceftary. 1 C H A P. Chap. 24,25. Of the different Arches, Meafures of Doors, See. 29 CHAP. XXIV. Of the divers forts of Arches. T HERE are fix different forms of Arches, viz. crofs'd, fafeiated, flat, (thole are call d fo, which are but a Sedlion of a Circle) rou?id, grijjded, and Jhell-like, all which have in height one third of the breadth of the Room The two laft are but of a modern Invention, but the other four were uled by the Ancients. Round Arches are fit for Iquare Rooms: and the way to make them, is to leave in the four Angles fome fort of Mutules, Cartoofljes, Confoles , or any other Jhouldering-pieces , to bear the Arch , which in the middle happens to be flat, but more round, as it comes nearer the Angles. Such a one is at Rome in the Bath of Titus, which was almoft ruined when I law it. I have drawn here * the form of each fort of Arching, appropriated to the figure of the Rooms that are fit for the fame. CHAP. XXV. Of the Meafures of D o o R s and Windows. I T is not poflible to give any certain and determinate Rule for the height and breadth of the principal Gates, or Doors of Buildings, nor of the Doors and Windows of Rooms; becaufe, that, for to make the principal Gates, the Ar¬ chitect mull accommodate them to the extent of the Edifice, the quality of the Mafter, and the ule that is to be made of them, by what goes in, or out of the fame. The following method feems to me to fucceed well enough : that is, to divide all the height from the Ground to the firlt Cieling above into three parts and a half (as Vitruvius mentions in his 4th Book, Chap. 6.) and to give two of thofe parts to the height of the opening, and one to its breadth, wanting a 12th of the height. The Ancients were wont to make their Doors narrower above than below, as may be leen in a Temple at Tivoli ; and Vitruvius teaches the fame, perhaps for procuring a greater folidity. The great Doors ought to be placed in fuch a manner, that there may be a free coming to them from all parts of the Houfe. Doors within the Houfe ought not to exceed three Foot in breadth, nor fix and a half in height: nor can they be lefs than five Foot high by two wide. As for the openings of the Windows, one muff confider how to place them lo that the Rooms fhould not receive too much nor too little Light; and that the Windows theinfelves be not too clofe, nor at too great diftance one from another. Therefore in ordering of them the dimenfions of the Rooms are to be confider d, becaufe it is plain that a large Room wants more Light than a little one ; and if Windows are made lefs in number and fmaller than the Building re¬ quires, the Rooms will be dark : as on the contrary, if they exceed both in num¬ ber and largenefs of the opening, they’ll render the Rooms uninhabitable, becaufe of the Air which will bring in, according to the feafons, too much cold, or too much heat; except they are fituated to a temperate expofition of the Sun. For Vol. I. K thefe Plate XXXIV. -o The Architecture of A. Palladio. thcfe Reafons, the breadth of the opening of the Window ought not to exceed the fourth part of that of the Rooms, nor to be lefs than the fifth : they muft like- wifc have, in height two Squares and a twelfth part. And becaufe a Houfe is made of feveral Rooms, fome of a large, fome of a fmall, and fome of a middle fize ; and that neverthelefs all the Windows of the fame Story are to be equal, I chufe to take the meafure of them on the dimenfion of thofe Rooms whofe length is two thirds more than the breadth, that is, as io foot are to 30 • and I divide that breadth into 4 parts and a half, one of which ferves for the breadth of the opening of the Windows, giving to the height two of the faid parts, with a fixth of the breadth, and I keep the fame proportion of all the other Windows.- Thofe of the fecond Story ought to be lower by a fixth part than thofe of the firfi:; and if there be fome others above them (as in a third Story) they muft fol¬ low the fame diminution. One muft take great care alfo, that the Windows may be equal one with the other in their rank and order ; fo that thofe on the right hand may anfwer thofe on the left, and thofe above may be plac’d right over thofe below. Likewife, the Doors muft be exatftly over one another, to the end that the void may be upon the void, and the folid upon the folid. Moreover, they require to be upon the fame Line, that one may fee through from one end of the Houfe to the other, which is very beautiful and cool in the Summer, and has many conveniencies befides. For folidity’s fake certain Arches are turn’d over the Cornices of Doors and Windows, which Workmen call Flat-Arches, to prevent the Doors and Windows from being prefs’d with too much weight, which is of no little importance for the lafting of the Building. The Windows muft be diftant from the Corners of the Building as much as pofiible, as I have obferv’d before; becaufe that part whofe Office is to fupport, bind, and fallen all the reft of the Fabrick, ought not to be open and weaken’d. The Pilafters, Jambs, or Cheeks of Doors and Windows are not to be thicker than the fifth part of the breadth of the opening, nor lefs than the fixth. It remains to fee their Ornaments. CHAP. XXVI. Of the Ornaments of Doors and Windows. H OW to enrich and adorn the principal Doors in Buildings, may eafily be known from what Vitruvius teaches in the 6th Chapter of his 4th Bookj with the help of the explanation and draughts made by the moft Reverend Bar- baro upon that Subjedl, together with what I have faid and defign’d already about the five Orders: wherefore leaving thcle things, I fHall only give here fome Orna¬ ments of the Doors and Windows of Chambers, in the manner that they may be varioufly made; and will alfo Ihew the method of profiling each Member with grace, and its due ProjeElure. The Ornaments which are given to Doors and Windows, are the Architrave , Frize , and Cornice. The Architrave turns about the Door, and ought to be as thick as its Jambs , or Pilafters : which (as I have faid) muft not be lefs than the fixth part of the breadth of the opening, nor more than a fifth. The dimenfions of the Prize and Cornice are alfo taken from the fame opening. Of the two following inventions the firft, that is the uppermoft, is meafur’d thus. * The Chap, 2.6. Of the Ornaments of Doors and Windows. 31 * The Architrave (which is fufpos'd here to he the fixth part of the hreadth of the opening) is divided into four equal parts, three of which are allow’d for the Frize: and five, like them, will make the Cornice. The Architrave is ao-ain divided into ten parts, the fir 9 t Fafcia takes up three, the fecond four; and^the three remaining are fubdivided into five, two of which are for the Regula, or Liflel, the three others for the Cima reverfa : its ProjeBure is equal to its height • the Regula projefls lefs than half of its thicknefs. The Cima reverfa is made in the following manner : a ftrait Line being drawn from the underneath of the Regula to the upper part of the fecond Fafcia, that Line is divided into two parts, fo as each of thefe halfs is the Bafe of a Triangle Ifocel, that is of two e- qual fdes ; and on the Angles oppos’d to thefe Bafes the fix’d foot of the Com- pafs being placd, and the Curve Lines drawn, they’ll form the faid Cima reverfa. . The Frixe > which takcs U P three P^ts of the Architrave divided into four is made the Convex of a portion of a Circle iefs than the Semicircle ; its Weft diameter falling plum over the Cimafeum of the Architrave . The five parts a 1 - low’d for the Cornice, are diftributed to its Members in this manner; one'is given to the Cavetto with its Lifiel (which is a fifth part of the faid Cavetto ) the pro- jeaure of which Cavetto is two thirds of its height. To defign it, one muft form a Triangle Ifocel, the center of which is (as here) the Angle C; fo that the Ca vetto becomes the Bafe of the Triangle. Another of the faid five parts is mven to the Ovolo. The projefture of it is alfo the two thirds of its height and is likewife form’d by the help of an Ifocel triangle, its Center being at the point H The other three parts of the five, are fubdivided into t 7 ; eight for the Corona with its Lijlels, of which that above makes one of the eight parts; and that which is below, and makes the hollow of the Corona, has but a fixth part of the Ovolo The other nine are for the Cima reBa and its Regula, which is a third of the faid Cvna. But to make the faid Citna of an elegant form and juftnefs, the ftrait line AB is drawn, and divided into two equal parts at the point C; one of thefe two parts is fubdivided into fevcn, whereof fix being taken at the point D one muft draw the two Triangles AEC, andCBF: then on the points E and F a foot of theCompafs being fixd, the portions of the Circles AC, and CB, will form the faid Cima re 81 a. The Architrave of the fecond invention (which is the lowermoft) is likewife divided into four parts, three of which are given to the height of th z Frize and ve i ce them to the Cornice. The Architrave is again divided into three parts, two of which being fubdivided into feven, three are for the lower Fafcia, , and four for the other. The third part of the Architrave is divided into nine parts, of two whereofis made the AJlragal, and the feven remaining, being fubdivided into five, three are for the Cima reverfa , and two for the Orlo, or Regula. The height of the Cornice is divided into five parts and three quarters One of which being fubdivided into fix parts, five are given to the Cima reverfa above the and the fixth for its Lift el- the ProjeBure of the faid Cima is equal to Its height, as is that of the Liftel. The Ovolo takes the fecond part of the height of the Cornice and its ProjeBure is three quarters of its height; the Liftel above the Ovolo is a fixth of it, and projects juft as much. The other three parts of the height of the Cornice are fubdivided into i 7 , eight of which arc for the Corona whole procure is one third more than its height. The other nine are fubdivided into four parts; three are for the Cima reBa, and one for the Orlo or Liftella. The * Plate XXXV, fhe Architecture of A. Palladio. The three quarters remaining are fubdivided into five parts and a half, oi one is made the Lift ell a, and the four and a half for the Citna reverfa above the 6^ rona The projefture of this Cornice is equal to its thicknefs, or height. By the means of the two following Defigns, one may know the Members of the fecond invention. Members of the Cornice of the firft invention. I. Cavetto. K. Ovolo. L. Coro?ia. N. Cima re El a. O. Orlo, or Liftella. Members of the Architrave. P. Cima reverfa. Firft Fafcia. V. Second Fafcia. R. Orlo, or Liftella. S. Convexity, or fuelling of the Frize. T. Part of the Prize which enters into the Wall. * O f thefe two other inventions following, the Architrave of the firft mark’d F, is likewife divided into four equal parts, three and a quarter of which make the height of the Prize, , and five like them is the height of the Cornice. The Architrave , being divided into eight parts, five are given to the Plain, and three to the Cimaftum ; which Cimafium is fubdivided into eight, three for the Cima re¬ verfa, three for the Cavetto , and two for the Orlo or Regula. The height of the Cornice is divided into fix parts, two are for the Cima reEla with its Orlo or Re- gala, and one for the Cima reverfa with its Liftella. The Cima reEla is divided into nine, eight of which are for the Corona with its Liftella. The Aftragal, , or Tondino, above the Prize, is but a third of one of the faid fix parts; and what remains between the Corona and the Aftragal, is left for the Cavetto. I n the next Invention the Architrave mark’d H, is divided into four parts: the Prize is as high as three and a half of them, and the Cornice as five. The Architrave being again divided into eight, the Fafcia takes five, and the three others are for the Cimafium: which Cimaftum being fubdivided into feven, where¬ of the Aftragal takes one; the fix are again fubdivided into eight, three of which are for the Cima reverfa, three for the Cavetto , and two for the Orlo, or Regula. The whole height of the Cornice is divided into fix parts and three quarters; The Cima reverfa, Ovolo , and Dentilli take three. The Cima projects as much as its fquare, the Dentilli project as much as two of three parts of their height, and the Ovolo as three of four parts. The Cima reverfa, between the Cima reEla and the Corona, is made ot the three quarters of a part of the firft divilion. The three remaining parts are fubdivided into 17. Nine of which are for the great Cima with its Orlo, or Regula ; and eight for the Corona. This Cornices ProjeElure is equal to its height, or thicknefs, as the other aforefaid. * Plate XXXVI. CHAP. Chap. 27 . 33 Of Chimneys. CHAP. XXVII. Of Chimneys. T HE Ancients ufed td heat their Chambers in this manner. They made their Chimneys in the middle of the Room, with Columns, or Modiliojis to bear up the Architrave , upon which were the Funnels of the Chimneys made in a Pyramidal form, which convey’d away the Smoak. Of that kind one may be feen at Baits near the Fifh-pond of Nero ; and another near Civita-vecchia. And when they did not care to have any Chimney, they ufed to make Pipes , or Funnels , in the thicknefs of the Walls, through which afcended the heat of the fire which was kept under the Rooms, and fo was convey’d thro’ certain Vents, or Valves that were at the top of the faid Pipes , or Funnels. Much like this the Gen¬ tlemen of the Family of Fresiti in the Vice?itin refrefh in the Summer the Chambers of their Villa at Cojloza . For that Building is fituated upon Hills, in which are certain great Caves , call’d by the Inhabitants Covalij which in former times were Quarries. Thefe, I fuppofe, Vitruvius means in his fecond Book, wherein, {peak¬ ing of Stones, he tells us that iti the Trevizan there is a fort of Stone which i s favv’d like Timber. From thefe Caves arife extreme cold Winds, which thefe Gentlemen introduce into their Houfe, through certain fubterraneanVaults, named by them VentiduSls: and by the means of certain Pipes or Funnels , like to thofe whereof I have ipoken before, they make them run through all the Chambers, open¬ ing and {hutting them at pleafure, to take more or lefs of that cold Air, according to the Seafon. And though this place would be wonderful, were it only for this fingular conveniency, neverthelels that which renders it ftill more admirable and worthy to be feen, is another place call’d the Prifon of the Winds ; which is a fub- terranean Room contriv’d by Sigjiior Francifco di Trenti , named by him /Eoliaj that is, the Palace of /Coins, in which many of thefe Wind-Pipes , or VtntiduEls, are difeharg’d: and to render it beautiful and worthy of this name, he has fpared neither pains, nor cofts of any fort. But to return to our Chimneys, we Moderns place the Funnels of the Chimneys in the thicknefs of the Walls, and carry them quite through the Roof, and higher than the ridge , that they may the better carry the Smoak away into the Air. One mull take care that the Funnels be made neither too wide, nor too narrow: for if they be too wide, the Wind hav¬ ing a great deal of room to play in, will drive back the Smoak into the Room ; and if they are too narrow, the Smoak, not having a free Pafiage, will alfo re¬ turn backwards. Therefore the Chimney Funnels of Chambers are not to be made narrower than half a Foot, nor larger than nine Inches; and in length two Foot and a half. The mouth of the Pyramide , where it meets the Funnel, muft be a little narrower, that in cafe the Smoak happens to come back, it fhould put a flop to its returning into the Room. Some make the Funnels crooked, think¬ ing that by the winding of them, and the force of the Fire, which naturally drives the Smoak upward, it can’t return back into the Room. The Chimney- tops, or openings by which the Smoak goes out, mu ft be broader, and free from any combuftible matter. The Jambs and Mantle-Frees of Chimneys, on which the Fusmels lie, muft be curioufly wrought; for as to Rujlick-'work , it does not look well, unlefs it be in a very large Building, for the Reafons aforemention’d. Vol. I. L CHAP 1k& 34 The Architecture of A. Palladio. CHAP. XXVIII. 0 / Stair-cafes, and their different forts ; of the number and proportions of their Steps. T HERE ought to he great care taken in the well-placing of Stair-cafes; for there is not little difficulty to find a place convenient enough, fo as the Stairs may not be a hindrance to the reft of the Building. Therefore a par¬ ticular place muft be mark’d out, that no part of the Building fhould receive any prejudice by them. There are three openings neceftary to a Stair-cafe. The firft is the Door-way that leads to them, which the more it is in fight, the better it is; and I highly approve that it be in fuch a place, where before one comes to it, may be feen the beft part of the Houfe ; for altho’ the Houfe fhould be little, yet at this rate it will appear much larger: therefore the faid Door muft be obvious, and eafy to be found. The fecond opening is that of the Windows, through which the Light comes into the Stairs. They ought to be in the middle, and large enough that all the Stairs may be every where inlighten’d. The third opening is the Landing-place, by which one enters into the Rooms above, which ought to lead firft into the largeft places, fair and well adorn’d. Stair-cases will be perfect, if they are fpacious, light and eafy to afeend: as if, in fome fort, they feem’d to invite People to mount. To make them light- fome, they muft have a perfect Light, that, as I faid, difperfes it felf equally to all parts. As to their fpacioufnefs, ’twill be enough, if in relpedt of the bignefs and quality of the Fabrick, they do not appear too little, nor too narrow. Ne- verthelefs they muft never be narrower than four Foot, to the end that if two Per- fons meet, they may commodioufiy pafs one by the other. They will be conve¬ nient enough with regard to the whole Building, if the Arches under the Steps arc made fo large as to hold fome Goods, or other neceftary things ; and conve¬ nient likewife for the Perfons that come up and down, if the Stairs are not too fteep, nor the fteps too high. Therefore they muft be twice as long as broad. The Steps ought not to exceed fix Inches in height; and if they be lower, they muft chiefly be fo to long and continued Stairs, for they will be fo much the eafier, becaufe one needs not lift the Foot fo high: but they muft never be lower than four Inches. The breadth of the Steps ought not to be left than a Foot, nor more than a Foot and a half. The Ancients ufed to make the Steps of an odd number, to the end that beginning to afeend with the right Foot, they might end with the fame Foot, which they took to be a good Omen, and a greater mark of re/pedl fo to enter into the Temple . It will be fufficient to put eleven or thirteen fteps at moft to a flight, before one comes to half-pace, thus to help weak People, and of fhort breath, that they might reft a little, and that if fomething happens to fall from above, it may ftop there. Stairs are made either ftrait, or winding. The ftrait may be made either divided into two Branches , or Paflages, or quite fquare, in fuch a manner that they turn on four fides. * To make them in this laft manner, all the fpace muft be divided into four parts, whereof two muft be for the Stairs, and two for the va¬ cancy * Plate XLI. Chap. 28. Of Stair-cafes, and their different forts , &c. cancy in the middle, by which the Stairs fliould receive Light if it be left open They may be made with a Wall within, and then within the two parts which are allow’d for the Stairs, the Wall is included, which makes the Cafe os Newel- tho there is no neceffity to do it, for it may be done without a Wall within Thefe two forts of Stairs were invented by Signior Lewis Comoro , a Gentleman of an excellent Genius, as one may judge by the Defign of a very fine Gallery, and a magnificent Palace which he has erefled for himfelf at Padua. As for Winding Stairs, which are alfo call’d. Cockle-Stairs fome are round fomeoval, fome with a Newel in the middle, fome open, efpecially when room is wanting; becaufe they take up a great deal lefs than the ftrait Stairs, yet not fo cafy to go up and down. Thofe which are open in the middle are very hand- fome, becaufe they may have light from above; and that thofe which are above may fee thofe who are coming up, and arc alfo feen by them. * Those which have a Newel in the middle are made in' this manner The diameter being divided into three parts, two are given to the Steps, and the third is for the Newel, as in the Defign mark’d A : or otherwife the diameter may be divided into feven parts, three of which are for the Newel, and four for the Steps Juft in this manner is the Stair-cafe of the Column of Trajan at Pome ■ and if the Stairs are made circular, as in the Defign B, they will be handfomer and longer than if they were made ftrait. t BUT as it may happen that the /pace will not fee norm for thefe meafurs, then the diameter may be reduced and divided, according as it is here repr fated CD. * J ‘ u 5 ** The diameter of the Stairs open in the middle muft be divided into four parts, two of which are for the Steps, and two for the middle. Besides the aforefaid forts of Stairs, there has been another fort of winding Stairs, invented by Siguier Marc-Antonio Barbaro, a Gentleman of Venice of an excellent Judgment, which is very convenient for narrower places It has no Neweim the middle, and the Steps being winding or circular, are much looser ■ its divinon is the fame as the aforefaid. See the Defign E F. ft Those which are Oval, are divided in the fame manner, as the round- they are very handfome and pleafant, becaufe all the Windows and Doors are in the middle, and at the head of the Oval, and are very commodious. I have made one open in the middle, at the Monaftery of Charity at Venice, which is without a Newel, and has had a very good Succefs. A. Winding or cockle Stairs with a Newel in the middle. B. 7 he fame with circular Steps. C. The fame with a Newel of a lefs diameter with ftrait Steps. D. The fame with circular Steps. E. Winding Stairs open in the middle. F. The fame with circular Steps. G. Oval Stairs open in the middle. H. Another Oval-Stair with a Newel. I. Strait fquare Stairs open in the middle. K. Another with a fquare Wall in the middle. * + There is another very handfome manner of Stairs, which the magnam rnous King Francis the Firft, caufed to be made in the Caftle of Chamber near Blots m France. ’Tin built in this manner. There are four Stair-cafes, ’which have * Plate XXXVII. f Plate XXXVIII. ** Plate XXXIX, ++ Plate XL. *f Plate XLII 3 6 ArchiieEfure of A. Palladio. have four entrances, one entry to each: and they go up the one over the other in fuch a manner, that being made in the middle of the Building, it may ferve for four Apartments; fo that it is not poflible to go from one into the other, and yet becaufe it is open in the middle, they all fee each other going up and down, without juftling one another. This Invention being new and beautiful, I have placed here the Defign of it, and mark’d each Stair with its particular Letters on the Plan and Settion, that one may know where each of them begins and where it ends. There were alfo to the Porticos of Pompey at Rome, leading to the "Jews quar¬ ter, three Stairs of the fame kind of an admirable form ; for being placed in the middle of the Edifice, and where they could not receive any light but from a- bove, the Architect had fet them upon Columns, to the end that the light might diftribute it felf to all parts alike. According to this Example, Brajnante , the moft skilful Architect in his time, made one at Belvedere ; but without Steps, having the four Orders of Architecture, Dorick , Ionick , Corinthian and Compofite . To make thofe Stair-cafes , the whole fpace mull be divided into four parts, two whereof are for the void fpace in the middle, and one on each fide of the Steps and Columns. There are many other fafhions of Stair-cafes in ancient Edi¬ fices, as Triangular ; and of this fort are thofe of the Cupola of St. Maria Ro¬ tunda r, which are open in the middle, and receive Light from above. * I n the fame City thofe which are in the Church of SanElo Apofolo , towards Monte Cavalloy are very fine; they were double, and many have lince taken Mo¬ dels thereof: they led to a Temple feated on the top of the Mountain, as will ap¬ pear in my Book of Temples ; and of this fort of Stairs, is the laft among the Defigns. CHAP. XXIX. Of ROOFS. H AVIN G rais’d the Walls to their intended height, and made the Vaults, laid the Joyfts of the Floors, brought up the Stairs, and perform’d all thofe things we have fpoken of hitherto, we are now to raife the Roof which embracing every part of the Building, and with its weight equally prefling upon the Walls, is as a band to all the Work. Befides that it defends the Inhabitants from Rain, from Snow, from the burning of the Sun, and from the moifture of the Night; it is alfo of no fmall help to the Building, calling off from the Walls the Rain¬ water, which altho’ for a little while it feems to do but little hurt, yet in procefs of time caufes much damage. Vitruvius fays that the firft Men built their Houfes with flat Roofs, but finding that thereby they were nor fufficiently defended from the Weather, neceflity made them raife the middle, in order to give the Water its Current. Thefe Roofs are to be rais’d to a higher or lower pitch, according to the Country in which they are. Wherefore in Germaiiy they raife their Roofs to a very high pitch and fharp, by reafon of the great quantity of Snow that falls there; covering them with Shingles^ which are fmall pieces of thin Wood, for fear they fhould be crufh’d by the great weight of the Snow. But we, who dwell in a more temperate Country, ought to chufe a Roof of a handfomer form, al¬ lowing only a fufficient Current for the Water. Therefore the breadth of the 2 Building * Plate XLIII. Chap. 29. Of Roofs. 37 Building is to be divided into nine parts, two of which will be a fufficient pitch, becaufe if it was done of a fourth, the Roof would be too ftiff; and the Tyles, or Slates, would hardly remain upon it; and in making it only of a fifth, it would be fo flat, that the Tyles and the Snow muft lie too heavy upon them. Gutters are commonly made round the Houfes to convey off the Rain-Water by Pipes, or Spouts: and over thefe ought to be laid at leaft a Foot and a half of Wall, be¬ caufe they will be not only thereby the ftronger ; but this will prefervc the Tim¬ ber againfl: the Rain, and the moifture of the Weathef. There are many ways of framing the Timber of the Roofs, but when the middle Walls bear the Girders, they are eafily laid on; and ’tis what I do much approve, becaufe the out- Walls are lefs prefs’d, and if any end of the Girder fhould happen to rot, the Roof would not be in fo much danger of falling. The E?id of the Firfl Booh „ M. Vol. I. NOTES [ 3 § ] Notes and Remarks of INIGO JONES upon the Plates of the Firft Book of PALLADIO 's Architeaure : Taken from the Manufcript of the faid Inigo Jones, in the Library of Worcefter- College, Oxford, June 23 , I74 1 - P LATE IV. I. Going to Naples I law aWall of an ancient Houfe of irregular Stones like this, and it did look very well. PLATE V. This Wall is of the Temple of Augujlus. I have often obferved that fuch W alls have a grand look. In the Book of An¬ tiquities you will find thefe manner of Walls in various Places. PLATE VII. The Walls of the Town of Naples are of this fort. PLATE X. A. The Import of the Tufcan Arches is in height 4 part of the Pilafter or Jambs B. PLATE XI. K. The Pedcftal is one Module in height, and made quite plain. Sec Vitru¬ vius lib. 3. fol. 1+2. I. The Bafe with one Boultcl, or Torus, is taken from Vitruvius, and it is an an¬ tique Bafe at Spoletto , Serlio fol. 53. and the fame Bafe is to the Columns of Tra¬ jan and Antoninus. PLATE XII. F. The Architrave of the Tuf can Order is made of Wood, as high as it is broad, and the breadth is not to exceed the body of the Column under the Capital. Sec the firft Defign of this Order. The Mouldings of the Bale Capital I. Freeze and Cornice, arc taken from the Arena of Verona, and of other Antiqui¬ ties and Amphitheatres. The Wave, or Gola Dritta, and Fillet I. inrtcad of the Ovolo, in my Judgment is very gracious. The Cimafia and Fillet G, is not ufed, yet very good. P. This Wave, or Gola Reverfa, is put in the place of a Torus. This Invention is partly taken from the Por¬ tico of 'Pompcio Serlio , fol. yy. PLATE XIV. The Trigliph over the Kcy- ftone does well; the Key-ftone is to be half the diameter at the bottom of the Column, and all'o the laid Kcy-ftone is to be accord¬ in'! to the Column ; but thofe of Scamozzi arc better, which are by the height of the Architraves; therefore the Kcy-ftoncs are llcnder as the Order is flcndcr. A. The Import of the Arch is 4 part of the Pilarters or Jambs C, in height from A to B. PLATE XV. L. This Ovolo Roftrato is ufed in all the Cimafta’s following, and is taken from the Temple of Mars the Revenger, lib. 4.. Plate 11. and of many other Temples I have obferved. B. This Cimafia is too little. The Attick Bale. Sec the Temple of Bac¬ chus, Plate 67 ; that of Tivoli, Plate 71; that at Naples, Plate 74.; that at Trevi, Plate 7y ; that at Seiji, Plate 82 ; and, that at Tola, Plate 36 . PLATE XVI. C. This Corona is taken from the Theatre of Marcellus ; but the upper Members and under ones of the Corona arc varied, the Freeze is taken entirely from the faid Theatre of Marcellus : The Architrave is taken from the Temple in Foro Boareo. See An. I'Abacco fol. 16. and Serlio lib. 4. fol. 20. PLATE XVIII. A. This Key-ftone is half the diameter of the Column at the bottom, and is in height twice the Archi-volto. B. The Import of the Arch is in height 1 part of 10 and 4 of the Pilafter or Jamb from B to C, which is half as much more as the thicknefs of the Pilarters or Jambs. PLATE XIX. Ralladio likes this Bafe better than that deferibed by Vitruvius ; this is the Attick Bale with a fmall Boultel or Torus B, under the Cimbia. This Bafe is taken from the Temple of c Peace, Plate 4, and from the Temple of Jove, Plate 32, and from the Temple of Mars, Plate 4y. The Cimafia G is taken from the Temple of Nerva, Plate 17. The Cimafia G G is taken from the fecond Temple of Nifmes, Plate 94, but varied very much from it, and has an Ovolo over the Wave, and a Boultel and Cimbia in- ftcad of the Cafcment; it may be called Palladio’s own Invention. When there is a Cafcment, or Gola, the Pc- deftal H has no Cimbia, for that will ferve inftead of it. See the Pedcftal of the Com- pofitc Order, Plate 34. 1 . 1 . This fide of the Bale is taken from the Temple of Nerva, Plate 17. The other fide marked finglc I. is taken from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Plate 34. PLATE XXI. This is Vitruvius’s Ionick Bafe, but to my mind is not good. PLATE XXII. E. The fquare Modilionsarc taken from the Temple of Concordia, Plate 97. but under them is a Dentil, and under it an Ovolo and Cavetto. PLATE XXIV. A. The Key-ftone is half dia¬ meter of the Column at the bottom by the Bafe. B. The Import is one part in height of the 10 parts, but 4 of the height of the Pi¬ lafter or Jamb, from B to C, which is as much with the Aftragal; which in all has twice the thicknefs of the Membrctto. PLATE XXV. This Bafe is taken from the Temple of Nerva , Plate iS. but the Aftra¬ gal differs fomething. See likewile the Temple Notes and Remarks Temple of Nifmes ; but in that there are two Tondini’s and a Fillet under the Cafement, and oneTondino above it, Plate 90. All the Cimafia's of the Pedeftals, 'Palladio does compofe according to the Bafc of the Columns; but the Ancients varied them more. The Bafc of this Pedeftal is taken from the Temple of Tola, Plate 86. the Carving is added, and the Members have better proportion than the Bale of the Temple of For tuna Virilis , Plate 34. PLATE XXVI. A. The Cornice has as much Projection as its height* B. Is the Depth of the Coffers of the Rofes, which is the full depth of both Ovolo and Fillet of the Coffers. C. The Fillet is over the Gullet of the Car- toochcs or Modilions. D. I do find the numbers within the prick’d Line, to be falfe; for there is in the up¬ per part of the Cornice fet down 19 parts and a half, Whereof I can find no more than 17 and a quarter. The Field or Coffers of the Rofes in the Sof- fita of the Corona of the Cornice is a per¬ fect Square from E to F. The Cartoochcs G is half of it in width of the Coffers. H. The Gullet is the Soffita of the upper Ci- rna retd a of the Cornice. I. Is the Margin round the Square of the Cof¬ fers, and this was ufed when the Spaces were too narrow to make a perfect Square; but when the Spaces were too broad, the Coffers of the Rofes were longer than broad; both are defective. In moft of the Ancients this faid Space I. was broader than long, which to my mind is much better. From IC to L of the Abaco is one diameter and a half, and this Rule is to be obferved in all the Corinthian and Compofitc Ca¬ pitals ; when you are to make double Co¬ lumns at diftance one from another 4 dia¬ meter, the Abaco’s will but juft touch. M. The Bell or Campana of the Capital goes ftreight up to the biggeft Leaves. N. The Bending Leaves arc the 4th part of their height. O. The perpendicular prickt Line fhewsthe Bowing of the leffer Leaves to be even with the Ovolo of the Bell. P. Is the thicknefs of the ift Tiers of Leaves, mark’d in the Plan of the Capitals. Q. The thicknefs of the 2d Tiers of Leaves, which is to the Depth of the Flutings. The prickt Line is the Projection of the Leaves from the extreme part of the Abaco, to the extreme part of the Aftragal, which is Projection enough. Sec Scamozzi, lib. 6. fol. 139. PLATE XXVIII. A. This Key-ftone is 4 the diameter of the Column at the bottom, and is as high as the Archivolto, or the 9th part of the Opening of the Arch. B. The lmpoft is in height 1 part of 10 and X of the height of thePilafter or Jambs from B to C, which is as much befides the Af¬ tragal as the Membretto is thick. PLATE XXIX. B. This Bafc is compofcd of the Attick and Ionick Bales, and is taken from the Rotonda, Plate 60. and from the of Inigo Jones. 39 Temple of Neptune, Plate ioi. and from the Temple of Mars the Revenger, Pla;e 11. But there are fomc Alterations, as an Aftragal between the under Boultcl Fillet, and the Cimbia. Being large, there is no Aftragal under it, but moft of all from the Temple of Jove Stator, Plate p. The height of this Import is equal to the thicknefs of the Pilaftersor Jambs. This Cimafium of the Pedeftal under the Bafc of the Column is taken from the fecond Temple of Nifmes, Plate 94. but there is an Ovolo over the Wave, where the Cim¬ bia is C. Alfo there is a Boultcl over it, or an Orlo. None of Palladio’s Pedeftals has a Cimbia but this. See the Temple of Antoninus and Fauflina, Plate 24. The Bafc of this Pedeftal is taken from the Temple of Seiji, Plate 82. but the Mem¬ bers of that are not carved, for I find the Ancients never carved their Cafcmcnts for more Solidity, and becaufe the Bales being on the Ground, neither the Cimalia of a Pedeftal for the fame reafon. P L AT E XXX. When a Cornice flood far from the Eye, the Ancients did make the Members larger, and fometimes did put Modilions next to the Frize, which made the Architrave, Frize, and Cornice, fhew all in one. Of this Secret, Scamozzi has been purblind, and un- derftood it not. See the Colijeo’s upper Or¬ der, Serlio fol. 6y. lib. 3. This Cornice is taken from the Temple of Jove. The double fquare Modilions of the Compo- fite Cornice are taken from the Temple of Jove, and of the Frontifpicce of Nero. Plate 33. In thefe two Temples the Waves are richly carved, but in this it is nor. Scamozzi , lib. 6. fol. 20. taxes Palladio for this Cornice wrongfully, for having the Members under the Modilions; nor know¬ ing that the Modilions and the two Fafcias flood far from the Eye. ThcArchitrave is taken from the faid Temples, the fecond Fafcia, and Cimafia extraordi¬ nary ; but in them is an Ovolo under the Cavetto, and in this is a Gola reverfa : the Ovolo does agree better with the Cavetto, and it is in the Architrave of the Temple of Palias. An Houfe, 'ris true, that in the Architraves of Doors is ufed as in the Temple of Vejla, Plate 72. and in the Temple of Nifmes, Plate 90. but not in the real Cornices. PLATE XXXIV. The manner of Arches are fix, viz. A Crochiera I. a Fafcia Q_, a Re- mcnato, or Part of a Circle H, a Rotonda G, a LunetteP, and a Conca N and K; which two laft are both alike, only one has more Sefto than the other. That a Fafcia is the fame as a Conca, and terminates to the Walk There are mixt Arches, which I note apart. O. This fhews the height of the infide of the Lunette. Scamozzi taxes Palladio for ufing the dia¬ gonal Line, as being fo near a Square and- half. K. The Conca is lefs in the Square than the others, and more in Sefto. The Center to make the Arch K, is the Safe of 4 ° Notes and Remarks of the Triangle M. I. The Fafeia Q. I have fecn in many Galleries, long Rooms, Por¬ tico’s, and Entries. I obferved the Crochicra or Groining Arches, are not much ufed to the Rooms above flairs. The Conca is more ornamented for the upper Rooms. The Arches and Fafeia arc often inrich’d and adorn d with various forts of Compartments. This is from the Corners to the Square, half of the Ground in breadth, and this is the common Rule of the Bricklayers; but this holds not ever, or very fcldom. Some Rooms have Lunette in the Corners and Square in the middle. PLATE XXXV. This is a plain Cornice of ‘Palladio , that has a Fillet under the Ogee marked B ; but Scamozzi puts this Cor¬ nice to the Tufean Doors, lib. 6. fol. 66 . O. This is a fquare Fillet over the Ogee. X. This is another plain Cornice of ‘Pal¬ ladio , and Scamozzi puts it to theDorick Doors, lib. 6. fol. 8i. the Architrave has no Aftragal under the Gola reverfa he puts this Architrave to thelonick and Com- pofite Orders, and there is an Ovolo be¬ tween the two Fafeias carved with Leaves, which is all the difference he makes. The Projection of the bottom of the Gola re¬ verfa, is ^ part of the Square, as the Pricks fhew. PLATE XXXVI. F. This Architrave is divid¬ ed into 8 parts, y are to be given to the plain Fafeia, the other 3 parts are to be fubdi- vided into 9, 4. for the Gola reverfa, 3 for the Hollow, and 2 for the Square or Fillet. In the ancient Architraves, where there is an Ovolo under the hollow, they ufed to put an Aftragal under it carved, with Beads. The Invention of the Cimafia of the Archi¬ trave F, is taken from the Temple of Peace, of Inigo Jones. lib. 4. Plate 4. Plate 33. ibid, and Plate 4y. ibid, but thofe Arches have an Ovolo carved under the Cavetto. I. The Cornice has few Members and plain, it may ferve very well to the Dorick Order. Scamozzi puts this Architrave to the Co¬ rinthian Order, with two Fafeias, and a Boultel between. K. This other kind of Cornice has more Members, and Scamozzi puts this to the Ionick Order, with Dentils carved. H. This Architrave is of another Invention j the Cimafia of the Corona of the Cornice, Scamozzi likewifeputs to his Roman Or¬ der, as he calls it, and makes the Dentil plain, and carves the Ovolo and Gola re¬ verfa. PLATE XXXVIII. D. The winding Stairs have a Pillar in the middle, with crooked Steps, which makes the going wider than the ftreight ones. E. This is the Center of the circular Steps, which is taken from every three Steps F. PLATE XXXIX. F. The winding Stairs is quite open in the middle, and this Mark G. is the Center of the circular Steps, which is taken from every four Steps H, which makes the going wider than the other. PLATE XLII. I have feen thefe Stairs at Chambur in France, and there are but two ways to afeend; and round the Newel is a Wall with Windows in it, to give light to thofe Stairs. I am furc Palladio has heard talk of this Stair-cafe, and from them he has invented thefe, which are much more magni¬ ficent. PLATEXLIII. This double Stair-cafe is very eafy to afeend, up a Hill, or fomc Temple, or Palaces, or other Places: There arc fuch Stairs at St. Apofioli, by Monte Cavallo at Rome. mmmt 4 *w. / =Ca=n^3rx±^r ■an 'SSSSBB^ssssbsss^, ■HIBMWv ..:><\m\W : iassaw** - ^ f •'4 '*; 4 * ‘;/j. r.‘. .. ... ML WEi w/'V///m////////AV//////fWMwm/Mr/'mMM/////iT//m//'//m///w/////.'/////M yfm/mmumMMmuM/tmmmtmMmitmmimfmmwtimiff. '/////////'//////// •//////// >/////■/ y///,///, />///mi 'mut/, ////////, t///m/ //////// y/////// ///////»' . £*uAtSeu/f. * - : t X C/l’fH. /. U,/ ' 1 Ihi.As j\ul 31 a . + Mi J3. Jla . I 1 c cEErEE 'llllll UlLLLC lllll mm. -I -'/ / ‘-.A, ■ XIY JSLs.lJS. S'l’l?! . / . & ^ '-f ^:-L'£X3r riw Will L '• v.» h ir M iII 'MViiL^L^ rrM ^-, J , ::' '' !\:!■}';> '"' :r w ■■ ■ 1 V f jv ?:<^yyj< Jic . -2 ■ X X IV ft Of ft . /. .LLLLLC LULL LL L'LTT UTCULL'LLO ^ j -rnix} m m —- w/m/em . /fJ' c . r ,r^ jvu/. . //. f y r (rutAt S.-u/. \\\4 s.WY •( i \ [ 43 J the SECOND BOOK. CHAP. I. Of the good Grace Suitahlenefs, and Proportion which ought to be obferved in private Buildings . I ' HA 7 E ^ f ° reg0in § Book of aI1 thofe things which I thought ntoft neccffary to be obferved in the conftruflion of publi! and private Bufd- ,r ^\ m ° r ? er t0 , make them beautiful - convenient, and durable. I have whrct 1 ? ,1 ,7 the r C ° nVeniencieS of F*™ Gentlemen’s Houfes, of I particularly dehgn to fpeah in this fecond Book A n D becaufe we commonly call a Houfe convenient, when it is fuitable to the quality of its Matter, and that all the parts of it not only have a proportion Z fwerable to the whole but alfb an exaft fymmetry each with one another - an 7 d r 5 p er f re nlUft f lk& y ° b 7 e ’ what ruruvius recommends in his Yrrft and-fixth Books, v,z. that when he builds for Perfons of Quality, and more elpecally for thofe that are in publick Employment, he mufttuildAeir Palaces with Portico s, Galleries, and large ftately Halls richly adorn’d : that thofe who come for bufinefs, or to pay their refpefls to the Owner, may be received commodiouf- ly, and delighted and amufed whilft they wait for him. But for thofe of a meaner Station, there muft be a medium obferv’d, as well in the fize and form I ouft ft'HfrT “ 7°7 mentS ^ ExpenCe ’ J ud § es and Counfellors Iloufcs muft alio have places fit to walk in, and where their Clients may wait without being weary. T hofe of Merchants require Warehoufes, and other places expos d to the North, wherein they may keep their Goods and other Commodi¬ ties , and thofe places muft be fo difpofed, that the Matters may have no occa- lon to fear Thieves coming at them. One muft alfo obferve fuch a proportion, that every Member of the Building may agree with the whole; fo that either in great, final! or ordinary Buildings, one may obferve the parts to be meat finall, or ordinary, fuitable to their feveral Extents. For without doubt it would e a great fault, and a thing very difagreeable, if in a large Edifice all the Halls and Rooms were finall; or if in a finall Houfe, two or three great Rooms Ihou d take up the whole. One muft then (as I faid juft now) have regard as much as pollible, to the quality of the Gentleman who builds, more than to’his wealth, and make him a Houfe fuitable to his quality: which being agreed up¬ on, the parts of the Building muft be fo adjufted, that they all may agree with the whole, and every one with each other, with fuch Ornaments as°are fuitab.e to them. But it frequently fo happens, that the Architeft is obliged ra- tner to fellow the fancy of him who intends to build, than thofe Confiderations which Ins Art and Judgment didlate to him. C H A P. 44 The Architecture of A. Palladio. CHAP. II. Of the Compartition or Diflribution of Chambers and other Places. T O make Houfes convenient for a Family, (without which they cannot be approved of by any body) one mull take a great deal of care, not only in what concerns the chief parts of them, viz. the Entries, Halls, Courts, great Rooms, light Stair-cafes (fpacious and eafy to go up and down) but alfo that the meaneft and lead: beautiful of them may be fituated commodioully to ferve the other greater and more confiderable Apartments. For in the fame manner as we fee in the human body, fome noble and beautiful Members, and others again as difagreeable and ugly, which lad; are neverthelefs very ufeful to the fird, and without which they could not fubfid; fo fome parts of a Building mud: make a fine and noble appearance, and fome others be lefs beautiful and elegant, without which the chief ones could not be didinguifhed, but rather lofe a part of their dignity and perfection. But as our blefied Lord has ordered our Members, fo as to make the fined of them to be the mod expos’d to fight, and concealing them that are not feemingly fo : jud fo we mud contrive a Building in fuch a manner, that the fined and mod noble parts of it be the mod expofed to publick view, and the lefs agreeable difpofed in by-places, and removed from fight as much as poflible; becaufe thither ought to be carry’d the refufe of the Houfe, and what¬ ever may produce any ill effect or embaraflfnent. For this reafon I approve, that the Cellars, Wood-houfes, Pantries, Kitchen, Servants Halls, Landries, Ovens, and other Offices which are continually ufed, fhould be placed in the lower part of the Building, and which I commonly order a little under ground. This didri- bution has two advantages: the fird is, that the Apartment above is altogether free from the faid Incumbrances ; and the fecond, which is of no lefs confequence than the former, is, that the faid Apartment is thereby much wholefomer, its Floor being free from the moidure of the Ground, befides that its being high renders it more graceful, and contributes to a better profpedb Care mud be taken next, that in the red of the Building there be large, middle-iiz’d, and fmall Rooms; and that they be all near one another, for the better Communication be¬ tween them. Convenient Partitions mud be alfo contriv’d for Clofcts, Libraries, Horfe-Furniture, and to put out of the way other things which one may have daily occafion for, and which would appear very unfeemly in a Bed-chamber, Dining-room, or place where Strangers are receiv’d. It is alfo convenient that the Summer-rooms be large and fpacious, and open to the North ; and the Winter ones fmaller and open to the South and Wed ; becaufe that in Summer we feek the Air and Shade, and that in Winter we feek the Sun, as well as by reafon little Rooms are eafier warm’d than larger ones. But the Rooms defign’d for Spring and Autumn fhould look towards the Ead, and have their profpect towards Greens and Gardens. Studies and Clofets mud alfo have the fame profpeft, becaufe the Morning is the bed time of reforting to fuch places. All the Rooms in general, either large, middle fized, or fmall, ought to be fo order’d or contriv’d, that (as I have already faid) every part of the Building may correfpond one with the o- ther, and the whole frame fhew fuch a convenience and fymmetry between all its parts, as may render it handfome and agreeable. But becaufe it mod commonly happens Chap. 3. Of the Confiruction of Houfes in 'Towns. 43 happens that in Cities, either the Party-walls, the Streets, or publick Places con¬ fine and reftrain an Architect within certain bounds, beyond which he has not the liberty to go; therefore necefiity compels him to fuit himfelf with the place according to its Situation: and on thofe occafions, if I am not miftaken, one may receive fome benefit from the Plans and Elevations I am now going to give; which may alfo ferve as Examples for what I have already laid in my firft Book. * This Plate reprefents half a Vicentine Foot, half a French Foot, and half an Rvglifh Foot. All the following draughts have been made and meafured according to the Vicentine Foot, which is here divided into 12 Inches, and every Inch into 12 parts, as are alfo the Fre?icb and Englijh Foot. N. B. That the French Foot, commonly called Fie cle Roy , is equal to 11 Inches of the Vicentme Foot, and the Fnglijh one makes only 10 Inches one quarter of the fame. CHAP. III. Of the Conf ruciion of Houfes in Towns. I Am fure that they, who fhall look upon the Buildings I am going to give the draughts of in this Book, and they, who know how hard it is to introduce a new way, particularly into the Art of Building (in which every one prefumes to be knowing) will think me very happy, that I have met with Perfons who were generous, judicious, and reafonable enough to hear and approve my Reafons; and afterwards to give over that old way of Building, which is without any pro¬ portion or grace at all: and indeed I own it as a particular favour God has done me among!! many others, to give me an opportunity of putting feveral things in practice, which I had learnt by a very laborious Examen and long Study. And tho’ among thofe very Buildings fome have remain’d unfinifh’d, yet it is very eafy to judge by what is done, what the whole would have been. I have put the names of the Owners, and the places where the Buildings are fituated, to their Draughts; that they who have a mind, may fee how they have fucceeded in the performance. After this I think it very proper to acquaint the Reader, that I have had no regard to the Rank or Quality of the Perfons in the order of my Draughts; for they are every one of great Quality and Honour, and I placed them only as they came firft to my Memory. But it is now time to come to our Buildings, the firft of which is at ft Udene , the Metropolis of Friuli. It was built from the Foundations by Signior Floriaito Antonini , a Gentleman of the fame Town. The Ground-floor Wall of the fore¬ front is Ruftick; and the Columns of the Veftibule and Gallery backwards are Ionick. The firft Chambers are arched ; and the Arches of the largeft are made according to the firft method I fpoke of, concerning the Arches or Vaults that are in places longer than broad. The Chambers of the fecond Story are ceil’d, and are a little broader than the lower ones, becaufe of the diminution of the Walls; the height of the Ceilings being equal to their breadth. There are o- ther Chambers higher, that may ferve for Garrets. The Hall is fo high that it reaches to the very Roof. The Kitchen is feparated from the body of the Houfe; but for all that it’s very convenient. Near the great Stairs is the Houfe of Office, V o l. I. O which * Plate I. f Plate II. 4 6 'The Architecture of A. Palladio. which tho’ in the body of the Houfe, does not give any ill fmell, being in a place whereon the Sun does not fhine, and having vents made in the thicknefs of the Wall from the bottom of the Pit to the very top of the Ploufe, through which the offenlive fmell is evaporated. At Vicenza , on the place vulgarly call’d the Ifle, Count Valerio Chiericato , an honourable Knight of the fame Town, caufed the following defign * to be exe¬ cuted. This Building has a great Portico or Gallery in the lower part, that takes up the whole fore-front of it. The Bafe of the firft Order is five foot above the ground, which is fo difpofed that the Cellars may be underneath it, as alfo all the other Offices intended for the conveniency of the Houfe; which had not fucceeded fo well, were they quite under ground; becaufe of the neighbourhood of the River, and that thereby the upper Stories fhould be more airy, and have a far better profpedl. The Vaults or Arches of the great Rooms are raifed according to our firft method, or firft rate of Arches: the leffer ones are arch’d fhell-like, and are as high as thofe of the largeft fort: the Clofets are alfo arched, and have Mezzanino’s or half Stories above them. Every Arch is adorn’d with comparti- tions of Fret-work curioufly wrought by Bartolo?neo Ridolfi, a Sculptor of Vero?ia , with feveral excellent pieces of Painting done by Meffer Domenico Rizzo, and Meffer Battijia Venetiano, men very famous in thofe Profeflions. The Hall is in the middle of the Fore-front above, and occupies the middle of the Gallery be¬ neath. Its height reaches to the Roof of the Houfe, and becaufe it proje&s a little outwards, its Angles are fupported by double Columns. On each fide of this Hall are Galleries, the Cielings of which are adorn’d with Pi&ures that are extremely fine, and make a glorious Ihow. The firft order of the Fore-front is Dorick, and the fecond Ionick. This following defign f reprefents part of the Fore-front enlarg’d. The next draughts ** are of Count IJfeppo de Portis Houfe, a noble Family in the fame City. This Building fronts two large Streets, and therefore has two Entries or Veftibules with four Columns each, which bear an Arch to fecure the fuperincumbent weight. The Rooms of the firft Story are arch’d ; the height of thofe on the fides of the Veftibule are after our fecond method of Arches. The Rooms of the fecond order are ceil’d, and all painted, as well as thofe of the firft Story, and fet off with very rich Ornaments of Fret-work, made by thofe Artifts we fpoke of before; and the Pictures are made by Paul Vzronefe a moft famous Painter. From each of thefe Entries one may go through a Paffage into a Court that is to be furrounded with a Portico ; the Pillars of which are 36 -A Foot high, which is the whole height of the firft and fecond Stories. Behind thefe Columns are Pilafters that are one Foot and 9 Inches diameter, and they project out¬ wards fupporting the Pavement of the upper Gallery. This Court divides the whole Houfe into two parts. The fore part is for the Mafter and his Women, and the back part is defign’d for the reception of Strangers: that the one and the other may pafs to and fro with more freedom, a thing to which the Ancients, and particularly the Grecians had a fpecial regard. And moreover this way of dividing a Houfe may be alfo very convenient, in cafe the Children or any of the Family fhould require private Apartments. I placed the principal Stair- cafes under the Portico, which is juft oppofite to the middle of the Court; that thofe who go up and down may neceffarily have a profpedt of the moft beauti¬ ful part of the Houfe, and that being in the middle, they may ferve the two feparate Plate HI. t Plate IV. ** Plate V. r> Chap. 3. Of the Conflruclion of Houfes in Towns. 47 feparate parts of the Fabrick. The Cellars and other Offices are under ground. The Stables are feparate from the body of the Houfe, and have their Entries un¬ der the Stair-cafes. * The firft of the two great draughts reprefents a part of the fore-front; and the fecond, that lide that fronts the Court. T The following Houfe is at Verona, which was begun by Count Gianni Bat- tljla della Torre , a Gentleman of the fame City, whofe Death put a flop to its finifhing, tho’ it was very far advanced. The Entries are by the Tides of it, where there are paffages ten Foot broad, which lead to the Courts fifty Foot long, and from thence to an open Hall, adorn’d with four Columns, which ferve alfo to fup- port fecurely the upper Flail. This fame Hall leads to the Stair-cafe, which is of an elliptical form, and open in the middle. The faid Courts are furrounded with Balluftrades, that are level with the fecond Floor. The other private Stairs ferve for a greater Conveniency throughout the whole Houfe. This Compaction fuc- ceeds extraordinary well in its Situation, which is long and narrow, and one of the Wings fronting the principal Street of the City. ** The following is the draught of a Building at Vicenza , belonging to Count OElaviajio de Thieni , and was begun by Count Marc Anto?iia'. This Houfe being fituated in the heart of the Town, near the Market-place, I thought it was very proper to leave room for Shops on that fide which fronts the Market; the Archi¬ tect being oblig’d to have fome regard for the advantage of thofe that are at the expence of the Building, when the extent of the Ground will conveniently allow it. Every Shop has over it a half Story for the ufe of the Shop-keeper, and over thefe are the Matter’s Apartments. This Houfe, as one may fay, ftands in an Ifland, being furrounded by four Streets. The chief Entry, or Mafter-gate (as we may fpeak) has a Gallery before it, and fronts the principal Street of the Town. The great Hall is to be above it, and will projed as far out as the Piazza under¬ neath. In the two Wings are two other Entries with Columns in the middle, which ferve rather to ftrengthen the upper part, and render its breadth propor¬ tionable to its height, than for bare Ornament. By thefe Entries one paffes to a Court furrounded with a Piazza, of which the firft Row of Pilafters are Ruftick, and the fecond row of the Compofite order. The Rooms at the four corners are odangular, and have a good effed, both for their beauty, and the feveral con¬ veniences to which they may ferve. The Chambers that are now finifh’d have been adorn’d with very fine Stuccatures made by Melfer Alejfandro Vittoria , and Me (Ter Bartolomeo Ridolji , and painted by Anfelmo Canera , and Bernardino India , both of Verona , and not inferior to the beft Mailers in their profeflion. The Cellars and fuch like places are under Ground, becaufe the Building is fituated in the higheft part of the Town, where there is no great fear of Water. ■ff The firft of the two great draughts following reprefents a part of the Fore¬ front of the Houfe, the fecond that fide which fronts the Court. The Counts Valmaratia , of a moft noble Family of the fame place, have alfo built according to the following defigns *f, not only for their own honour and conveniency, but alfo for the ornament and glory of their Country. They have left nothing wanting which may be defir’d in the enriching of fuch a Building either for Stuccature or Painting. This Floufe is divided into two parts by a Court in the middle, about which there is a Corridor with Ballufters, which leads from the fore-part of the Houfe to that which is behind the Court. The Chambers of the firft Floor are arch’d • and the upper ones are ceil’d, of which the height is * Plate VI. and VII. + Plate VIII. ** Plate IX. ft Pl‘>'e X. and XI. *fPlateXU, 48 Tthe Architecture of A. Palladio. is equal to their breadth. The Garden before the Stables is i 20 Foot long by 60 Foot wide. I think this defcription is fufficient for what concerns this Houfe, all the reft being eafily feen in the Plan of it, where I have fet down the meafure and ftze of every part, in the fame manner as in the foregoing ones. * The draught that follows is one half of the fore-front on a large Scale. A. mongst feveral worthy Gentlemen of Vicenza^ there is Signor Paolo Arme- ricOj who was Referendary to the Popes Pius the fourth and fifth, and deferv d to be made a Citizen of Rome ; as well as all his Family for his fake. This Gen¬ tleman after having travel’d a long time to improve himfelf, being come to fettle at laft in his own Country, after the death of all his Friends, chofe his abode at a Country-houfe he had on a Hill, within lefs than half a Mile of the Town, where he fince has built the following Houfe -f, which I have not placed among the Country-houfes, becaufe of its proximity to the Town, to which one may properly fay it belongs. Its Situation is as advantageous and delicious as can be defir’d, being feated on a hillock of a moft eafy afcent, at the foot of which runs the Baccbilione , a navigable River. On the other fide, it is furrounded by feveral Hills, that feem to form a great Theatre, and which befides are all of them cul¬ tivated, being very fertile, abounding with excellent Fruits and Vineyards: fo that having the advantage of fine Profpedts on all fides, fome confin’d, fome more remote, and fome farther than the fight can reach, I have made Portico’s to all the fore-fronts ; under the which, and alfo of the Hall, I have contrived Rooms for the ufe and conveniency of thofe of the Family. The Hall which is circular, and placed in the middle of the Building, receives its Light from the top. The Clofets have Mezzanines. Above the great Rooms furrounding the Hall (the Arches of which are after our firft method) there is a Platform to walk on 15 - Foot broad. On the Pedeftals, which fupport the fteps of the four Portico’s, are Statues made by Mr. Lorenzo Vicentino , an excellent Sculptor. Signor Guioglio Capra , a worthy Gentleman of the fame Town, for the ho¬ nour of his Country rather than for his own conveniency, has made all the pre¬ parations neceftary, and even begun to build the following defign **, which is ad- vantagioufly fituated, in the principal Street of the Town. This Building is to have Courts, Galleries, Halls and Chambers of all forts, fome being large, fome little, and others of a middle fize. The form of it is beautiful and diverfify’d, fo that it will be magnificent and noble, fuitable to the dignity and generality of its Maftcr. C. A little open Court. D. Another little Court. L. The great Court. ‘ S. A Hall which is fupported with Columns underneath , but having none above , makes it appear much lighter. Count Montano Barbarano , having a place to build on in Vicenza , defir’d me to give him the following defign ft, which not fuiting the place at firft, I was obliged to make fome Alterations in it; but that Gentleman having fince bought the ground that was wanting, the firft defign has been entirely executed. The Stables and Servants Rooms on the one fide anfwer to the Womens Apart¬ ment, to the Kitchen and other convenient Offices on the other fide, as may be feen in the draught. This Building is fo far advanc’d, that they are railing the Fore-front, which is made according to the following defign in great *+. I could * Plate X III. f Plate XIV. and XV. ** Plate XVI. ft Plate XVII. *f Plate XVIII. 3 49 Chap. 4 Of the \Tufcan Atrium, or Hall. could not furnifh the Printer Toon enough with the plan of the lafl draught, ac¬ cording to which it was finally refolv’d to build it, and that the Foundations of it are already laid. The Entry has fome Columns which fupport an Arch for the reafons betore given. On each fide there are two Chambers, which are a fquare and a half in length, at the end of which are two fquare ones, and after them two Clofets. Oppofite to the entry is a paflage that leads to a Portico towards the Court. On each fide of this fame paflage is a Clofet with a Mezzanino above it, to which one goes by the principal Stair-cafe. All the Arches of thefe places are twenty one Foot and a half high. The Hall above, and all the other Rooms are ceil’d, except the Clofets, which are arch’d as high as the Ceilings of the Rooms. The Columns of the fore-front have their Pedeftals, and fupport a Cor¬ ridor, to which one enters by the Soffit. The front is not to be after this firfl: method, as I have faid before, but as it is in the next defign * drawn upon a larger Scale. CHAP. IV. Of the 'Tufcan Atrium, or Hall. N O W that I have given the defigns of fome Houfes I have ereefled in Cities, I think it proper to difeharge my felf of my promife, in deferibing fome of the principal places of which the Houfes of the Ancients were compofed. I fliall begin with the Atrium , as being one of the moft principal parts, and come afterwards to the other adjoining parts of the faid Buildings, and laftly to their common Halls. Vitruvius in his lixth Book obferves that there were five forts of thefe Atriums among the Ancients, viz. the Tufcan , that of four Columns, the Corinthian , the Teftudinated , and the open one, of which I intend not to Ipeak. The following defigns + are for the Tufcan Atrium. The breadth of this is equal to the two thirds of its length. The breadth of the Record-room is but two fifths of that of the Atrium , which is fquare. From this one pafles into the Pe- riftylos, which is a Court furrounded with Pilafters, a third longer than its breadth. The breadth of the Piazza or Portico ( that is y the fpace from the Wall to the Pillars) is equal to the height of the Columns. Oppofite to the wings of the Atrium one might contrive little Halls, having a profpedl over the Gardens; and if they are made as they are reprefented in the draught, their Columns fhould be Ionick y about twenty Foot high, and then the Piazza’s would be as broad as the diftance between each Column. Above there fhould be fome other Columns of the Corinthian Order, a fourth part lefs than thofe below, between whom there fhould be Windows to give light, in imitation of the Corinthian Halls, as one may fee hereafter , Plate XXX. The opening above fhould be without any cover at all, and ought to be furrounded with a Balluftrade. If the ground will allow it, one may make more or lefs Lodging than I have here drawn, according as the ufe and conveniency of the mafter fliall require: The following draught ** upon a larger Scale reprefents this Atrium .• A. Atrium. B. Door to the Record-room. Vol. I. P C. Record- * Plate XVIII. f Plate XIX. ** Plate XX. 5° The Architecture of A. Palladio. C. Record-room. D. Portico of the Periftylos. E. Portico , or Gallery before the Atrium, which may be called the Vejlibule. F. Freeze and Cornice on the Breft-fummer , fupporting the top of the Atrium. CHAP. V. Of the Atrium with four Columns. T HE following defign *reprefents the Atrium with four Columns; the length of which being divided into five equal parts, the breadth takes up three. The Wings ( that is , the fpace between the Wall and the Columns , which is not comprehended in the breadth of the Atrium] have in breadth a fifth part of the height of the Columns. The Columns are Corinthian , and their diameter is equal to the breadth of one half of the Wings. The opening above is the third part of the breadth of the faid Atrium , and the breadth of the Charter- room is half of the breadth of the fame Atrium , and has the fame length. From which Atrium one pafles through the Charter-room into the Perijlylos , which is a fquare and a half in length. The Columns of the firft order are Doricli , and the breadth of the Portico is equal to the height of thole Columns. Thofe of the fecond order are Io?iick , and a fourth part lefs than the firft, under which there is a Pedeftal two Foot and three quarters high. A. Atrium. B. Door to the Charter-room. C. Charter-room. D. Portico of the Periftylos. E. Chambers near the Atrium. F. Portico through which one enters into the Atrium. G. Wings of the Atrium. If. Freeze under the Cornice of the Atrium. I. Opening on the top of the Atrium, with a Balluftrade round it. K. Solid above the Columns. L. Scale of ten Foot. CHAP. VI. Of an Atrium made after the Corinthian manner. T HE Edifice which I am going to defcribef, is at Vejiice in the Convent named the Charity , belonging to the regular Canons. I have endeavoured to make this Houfe refemble thofe of the Ancients, and in order thereto, I have built a Corinthian Atrium in it, the length of which is the diagonal of its fquare. The wings [that is , the fpaces between the Wall and the Columns) have in breadth two fevenths of the length of the Atrium , that is, one for each Wing. The Columns are Compofte , and are three Foot and a half in diameter and 35 Foot high. The aperture in the middle is one third of the breadth of the Atrium , taken between the Columns. Above the Atrium there is a Terrace level to the third order of the Cloifter, where the Cells of the Canons are. The Veftry is on one fide, near the Atrium , round about which there is a Dorick Cornice • Plate XXI. t Plate XXII. 3 Chap. 6, 7. Of the different forts of Atriums, ffc. s r Cornice which fupports an arched ceiling. The Columns that are there, bear up that fide of the Cloifter’s Wall, which in the upper part divides the Chambers or Cells from the Galleries. The Veftry ftands in the place where the Ancients kept the Images of their Anceftors, and which they called the Record-room ; tho’, to fuit with the conveniency of the place, I have made the wings of the Atrium ferve for that ufe, oppofite to the Veftry in the Chapter-hall anfwerable to one another. On the fide near the Church, there is an Elliptical, or oval Stair-cafe, open in the middle, which is very commodious and agreeable. From the A- trium one enters into the Cloifter, where there are three Orders of columns one over the other. Ihe firft is Donck, and its columns projefl more than one half from the Pilafters. The fecond is Ionicl, and the columns are a fifth part lefs in height than the former. The third is Corinthian , and diminilhes alfo a fifth in the height of the fecond. In this laft range, inftead of Pilafters, there is a con¬ tiguous Wall; and over the center of the Arches of the two firft orders, are Windows which give light to the Entries of the Cells, the arched ceilings where¬ of are made of cane, to difeharge the Walls. Oppofite to the Atrium and the Cloifter, beyond the Stair-cafe, is the Refeflory, or large Dining-room, which is two fquares in length, and raifed to the third Story of the Cloifter. It has a Gallery on each fide, and under it a Cellar made in the fhape of a Ciftern, that no Water may come into it. At one end are the Kitchen, the Ovens, the Poultry-yard, the Wood-houfe, the Landry, and a pretty fine Garden ; at the other end are other Conveniencies. This Building has 44 Rooms, and 46 Cells, including the apartments for Strangers, and other places for feveral ufes. The firft * of the following draughts is a part of the Atrium drawn at large, and the fecond + is a part of the Cloifter. CHAP. VII. Of the Teftudinated Atrium, and the private Houfes of the ancie?it Romans. B ESIDES the various forms of Atriums we have fpoken of before, there was one very much in ufe among the Ancients, which they called Teftudinated (that is , after the form of a Tortoife ) and becaufe what Vitruvius fays of it is very obfeure and difficult, and confequently requires a particular Obfervation ; I ftiall therefore acquaint you with what I think upon that fubjeft, addino- alfo the difpofition and fttuation of the OEc/ues , or great Halls of the Chanceries , Re- feSioi ics , Baths, and the like j {o that the following Cut fhall reprefent all the parts of a private Houfe, every one in its place, according to Vitruvius. The length of the Atrium is equal to the diagonal of its fquare, and has its full breadth in height, which reaches as far as the fummer, or architrave of the Roof. The Rooms on the fides are fix Foot lefs in height; and above the Walls which feparate them from the Atrium , there are Pilafters which bear the Roof of the faid Atrium : between thefe Pilafters there are fome Apertures or Windows which give light to the faid Atrium ; for the Chambers have an open platform or terrace above them. The Record-room is oppofite to the entry, and is two fifths of the breadth of the Atrium. This place ferved, as I faid before, to put in the Images * Plate XXIII. f Plate XXIV. ** Plate XXV. - 2 The Architecture of A. Palladio. Images or Titles of their Anceftors. A little further one finds the Pcriftylos , a- bout which are Piazzas as broad as is the height of the columns. The Chambers are of the fame breadth, and their height, to the import of the Arches, is equal to their breadth ; as the Arches have in height the third part of their diameter. Vitruvius has defcribed feveral forts of OEques, which were great Halls or Sallons for Feafting and other Recreations, wherein alfo the Women did their work. Some of thefe were called Tetraftyli, becaufe they had in them four Pillars. O- thers were called Corinthian, , which were furrounded with femi-columns. The Egyptian ones had, over and above the firrt row of columns, a Wall, which in- clofed them with half-columns placed dirertly above the lower ones, and a fourth part lefs. Between thefe pillars were the Windows that gave light to the Hall. The Height of the Galleries that furrounded it, did not exceed the columns of the firrt order ; and above all there was a plat-form with a corridor, and an elbow- rail round the whole. I fliall give a defign of each of thefe kinds of Halls fe- parately. The fquare Halls were to take the cool in during the Summer, and had commonly the profpecrt of Gardens or other Verdures. They had alfo ano¬ ther kind of Halls that were called Cizicenes , and which were alfo defign’d for the abovefaid ufes. The Chanceries and Libraries were generally on the Eaft- fide, as alfo the Triclinia, , or Eating-rooms. There were likewife Bagnios for Men and Women, which I have reprefented in the further part of the Houfe. A. Atrium. B. Record-room. C. Periftylos. D. Halls after the Corinthian man ner. The following defign * is for the fame Atrium, from a larger Scale. A. Atrium. E. A Hall with four Columns. F. y^Bafilica. G. Apartme?its for the Summer . FI. Chambers. I. Libraries. B. Record-room. C. Piazza about the inner court. D. The inner court. E. Door-way to the Record-room. F. Fart of the Corinthian Hall. G. Galleries , or Piazzas. FI. Piazza before the Atrium. Chambers about the Atrium. K. Summers making the Freeze of the E?itablature within. L. Windows which give light to the Atrium. The flat above the Walls of the Atrium. M CHAP. VIII. Of the Halls with four Columns. T HE following defignf is of that fort of Hall call’d Tetraflylos , becaufe it had four columns. It was made fquare, and the columns ferved not only to proportion the breadth to the height, but alfo to make the upper place ftill the firmer; which is a thing that I have pradtifed in moft of my Buildings, as may be feen both in the defigns I have already given, and in thofe that are to follow. * Plate XXVI. t Plate XXVII. CHAP. Chap. 9, i a. Of the different forts of Halls , &c. 53 CHAP. IX. Of the Corinthian Halls. T HE Corinthian Halls were of two forts. The firfl: had their columns only laid on the Floor, as may be feen in the firft defign*; and the fecond were laid on Pedeftals, as in the fecond defignf: But the columns in both were al¬ ways near the Wall, and the Architrave , Freeze , and Cornice were made with Stuc, or elfe of Wood, and there was but one row of Pillars. The Ceilings were either made femi-circular, or fcheme, that is, fo flat as to have in height only one third of the breadth of the Room. They were generally advanced with compartments made with flue and painting. The length of thefe Halls would be of a fine proportion, if it was of a fquare and two thirds of their breadth. CHAP. X. Of the Hall after the Egyptian manner. T HE following defign ** is for Halls after the Egyptian way, which very much refemble Baflicas , or Courts of Juftice, (of which I Ihall alfo fpeak when I treat of publick Buildings) becaufe thefe forts of Halls had a Portico wherein the columns were at a diflance from the Wall, after the fame manner as in the Baflicas ; and upon thefe Pillars were placed the Architrave , Freeze , and Comice. The fpace between the Pillars and the Wall was covered with a platform Surrounded by a Corridor with rails and ballufters. Above the fame Pillars, there was a continu’d Wall with half Pillars on the infide of it, a fourth part lefs than the lower ones. Between the faid half Pillars were placed the Win¬ dows that gave light to the Hall, and through which, when laid open, thofe that were on the platform could look into it. This fort of Halls mu ft needs have been of an admirable magnificence, as well by reafon of the ornaments of its Pillars, as for its height ; becaufe the Soffite reached above the Cornice of the fecond Order, and one may judge how commodious they were, for receiving great companies, for banqueting, and for all manner of Recreations. * Plate XXVIII. f Plate XXIX. ** Platt XXX. CL Vol. r. C PI A P, 54 7 ~he Arc hi t e J 7 a re of A, Palladio. CHAP. XI. Of the private Houfes of the Greeks. rr-SHE Greeks had a different way of Building from the Romans ; for, as Vi- j[_ truvius fays, inftead of making Portico’s, or Galleries and Halls, they made the entry to their Houfes very narrow *, placing on one fide the Stables, and the Porter’s -1 odges on the other. From this hr ft entry, one pals d into a Court, which had Piazzas on three fides, and towards that of the South they made Anti , or butments of Pilafters, which fupported the joyfts of the Ceiling more inwards: becaufe, that leaving fome fpace between the one and the other, they had very large places, which they appointed for Lodgings to the Miftrels of the Houfe, and to the Men and Maid Servants. On the fame Floor with thefe hut¬ ments, there were fome Rooms which we may call Anti-chambers, Chambers, and Drawing-rooms, being every one juft behind the other. About the Piazzas were places appointed for eating, ftceping, and the like Family neceftities. To this Building was another join’d, greater and ; ‘ter adorn’d, with larger Courts, wherein they made four Porticos , or Piazzas of equal height, if they did not make one of a larger fize to the South ; and then the Piazza on that fide was called Rhodian , perhaps becaufe the Rhodians lirft ufod this manner of Building. In thefe Courts were very magnificent Galleries to the Front: they had their own Gates, being inhabited only by Men. On the right and left fide of this Building they made others, which, as well as the foregoing, had their own particular Gates, with all the conveniences neceffary for a dwelling. There they ufed to lodge Strangers; for it was a cuftom among this Nation, that when they had a foreign Gueft, they entertain’d him at their own Table the lirft day ; but after that time they afiign’d him an Apartment in this kind of Houfe, wherein they furnifhed him with every thing neceffary for his maintenance : fo that Strangers were thus obliged to no Ceremony, and had the fame liberty as if they had been all the while at their own home. And now I think I have fufficiently explained the ancient Greek way of Building, as well as that we praftife our felves at prefent in the Towns. Parts of a private Houfe after the Grecia?i manner. A. Pajfage at the entry of the houfe . B. Stables. C. Porter s Ledge. D. Fir ft Court. E. Lobby , or Vfiibule^ thro -which people pafl i?ito the rooms. F. Places where the women did their work. G. Firfl great Chamber , which we may call an Anti-chamber. H. A leffer ?'oo??:. I. A Clofet. K. Great dining-room. L. Common Chambers. M. Second Courts larger than the firfl. N. Piazza larger than the three others , the Court of which is calFd Rhodian. O. Pajfage lead'mg from the little Court to the greater. P. "Three Piazzas, the pillars of which are frail . * Plat* XXXI. Cizicene Chap. 12. Of the Situation to be chofen for Country Houfes. 55 Qj Cizicene Refectories^ and Chan¬ ceries , or places that ufed to be painted. R. Hall S. Libraiy. T. Square Hall 'where they ufed to eat. V. /Jpartjnents for Strangers. X. S?nall pajfages which divided the f rangers apartments from thofe oj the mafer. Y. Small open Courts. Z. The prbicipal freet. CHAP. XII. Of the Situation which ought to be chofen for Country Houfes. A S certainly ’tis highly creditable and convenient for d Gentleman to have a Houfe in the City, where he is obliged fometimes to refide, either as oc¬ cupying fome publick Poll in the Government, or for the management of his own private Affairs; fo perhaps he may receive no lefs pleafure and advantage from a Houfe in the Country, where he paffes the reft of his time in feeing and im¬ proving his own Poffeftions, in augmenting his fubftance by induftry and agri¬ culture ; where, by exercifing himfelf, either in walking, or on Horfe-back (which are only proper for the Country) he preferves his Body ftrong and healthy ; and where, in a word, the mind being overlaboured by the fatigues of the City, will be fingularly recruited and recreated : fo that he may then quietly apply himfelf to the ftudy of Books, or the contemplation of Nature, in imitation of thofe an¬ cient Sages, who, on fuch acccounts, ufed frequently to retire to the like places; where being vifited by their virtuous Friends and Relations, and poffefling Plea- fure-houfes, Gardens, Fountains, and fuch other Objeds of diverfion, but above all their own virtue, they could eafily attain that higheft pitch of a happy Life, that on this earth can be poffibly enjoyed. Now, having already, by the help of God, finifhed all I had to fay with relation to Floufes in the City, ’tis but rea~ fonable 1 fhould pafs next to thofe in the Country, where private Affairs and Family-bulinefs are chiefly tranfaded. But before we come to give the deflgn and draughts of fuch, it appears very proper to difeourfe a little about Situation, or the places fit to be chofen for fuch Buildings ; and of the compartment or diftribution of the parts of the fame : becaufe not being commonly (as in Towns) ftraiten’d for room by publick Buildings, nor confin’d by our Neighbours to cer¬ tain determinate bounds, it is the duty of an able Archited to find out with all care and diligence the moft commodious and healthy places; fince People live in the Country for the greateft part of the Summer, during which feafon, our Bodies, even in the healthieft region, are apt to grow weak and fickly, by rea- fon of the heats. In the firft place therefore, let the feat pitch’d upon be, as near as poflible, the moft convenient for the owner’s Eftate, that is, towards the center of the fame; to the end that without much fatigue, he may himfelf view the whole at any time, and make improvements all around; as likewife that the Tenants and Labourers may the more eafily bring the growth of it to his Houfe. If the *i t ; s a beautiful and Buildinp can be creded near a River , it will much conduce to its Beauty and commodious thing to 0 J build aCountry-houie Convenience ; becaufe thus not only the produds of the Land can at all times upon a Moat, for the be the more eafily carry’d by Water to the City, and that the Water ilfelf will G^TnS^ifions! ferve the ufes of the Houfe and Cattle; but it will render the profped moft befidcs, one may eafily water Gardens and o- agreeable, ther Grounds. 2 r 6 The . -Ire bit eeli