> am#!*-; 
 
 >. a#, (if-. 
 

 c 
 
 
 - ^ as- ' 
 
 •.• \f -■ 
 
 ' 1 % 
 
 ■ ' ^K' 
 
 
 -* '' 
 
 
 
 *'' . -‘^v - ■ V 
 
 
 
 W' 
 
 a -t;. 1 ^' - %* 
 
 ■ m 
 
 w ^ 
 
 4" 
 
 »r. 5 
 
 %> 
 
 
 « ^ " - 1# ^ 
 
 “ w. ^ ^ ^ ^ *4 
 
 •s ^ 4 . i •» • ' < 
 
 *W ^ ’t • 
 
 •..fe'?- i. 
 
 
 fv* 5 j 'v- 
 
 ' -^.- 
 
 i 4 * :'^ 
 
 • ii# - ■ -, 
 
 * «• 
 
 •v 
 
 '-V^ 
 
 , ♦ '"ifiti 
 
 --•i •V.-'-f 
 
 
 
 
 '-1 
 
 i^V« ' » ' 
 
 ■ ' V . ■ ^ 
 
 M ^ 
 
 f-. 
 
 % 
 
 . % 
 
 
 i»^ Jf' ^ 
 
 ^ Air 
 
 v^- 
 
 p i 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 '»' Jl" '- J • . — . - 
 
 « »_.- 1 ?. ■_. - ^it 
 
 • X. T. <■* i 
 
 1 
 
 I-'- 
 
 
 ^.' -' 1^ f ',4 . .•< ? < >-»« • ^ ‘ \. - ji ■'• ' 
 
 > ^ •. .' ^ ‘ »• ^ ■ ' 4 . T-> r 
 
 ' ■';’’ i^-*. 'rlj; :f' - ■'■•• ' • ,> • ■^■'^ 
 
 I W' ^ ^ ^ c * ^ • ■• ■' • r Tls* ■ 
 
 *-**'•»* ,*■. V --rr ' -i •, .: *4 * • ^ 
 
 -r- 
 
 .-*. 
 
 .**' '* 
 
 t 
 
 J-v .y* ' 
 
 ■ i ^ 
 
 ■ p* t 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 • ». 
 
 
 
 >>V^^- 
 
 -9' 
 
 
 _ i 
 
 f • -? 
 
 . , 4 -- -B 
 
 
 W' ^ 
 
 ' < 
 
 . * , • • 
 
 
 f 
 
 <n 
 
 .* 
 
 
 'irV "> 
 
 
 '■4 ^i'z^-A^’ 
 
 .>ar 
 
 
 ■A- e 
 
 e> .#• 
 
 \ * -- • 
 
 ■- IT 
 
 • <» 
 
 > ♦ 
 
 
 a. 
 
 t ^ ' 
 
 ^ ■ * ' JC 
 
 ^ 3 - -Ji 
 
 ■' 
 
 .. # ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 I 
 
 ii 4 
 
 #»- • 
 
 “t, * ri' • " • . 
 
 A. 
 
 • ^ 
 
 ^ - a 
 
 
 
 ■■• ^yt.' 
 
 * 
 
 • * “* ' 
 
 - ' • 
 
 
 • . “ -^i i 
 
 S' ^ * * 
 
 
 
 ■ • • •- ' •-» I „,/! A 
 
 W 
 
 ' . *■ 
 
 • > « - 
 
 • ^ 
 
 « ' 
 
 ~ ■% 
 
 if •. • ^ 1 
 
 V. « ^ -r 
 
 € ^ 
 
 4 K^ . I 
 
 . -X 
 
 V 
 
 « 
 
 
 •H ' 
 
 » •'♦ * 
 •i^' ■ 
 
 ^ - -*■' '^ ' ti-'- 
 
 , ■;rfetV • ' fci-;'^-.V 
 
XT" ' 
 
 , Vk' - • • 
 
 
 > r ♦ *w t ^ • . • . 
 
 ■■- -£ ^^V.''' * a^’ *■ • 
 
 ' ^. -^;‘ •V’» 
 
 % •■ ■ Jt 
 
 __ ‘ 
 
 ** ' ^ '«ii 
 
 f '■*'’ 'i* 
 
 ♦ -* - . -ifc » »^‘ . 
 
 R 'ai' v! ■^’v. *■ 
 
 # i ■ 
 
 
 ■' f .:.s.‘!?^i;.v - ,. 
 
 - V** ♦ ^L ^ • ■• • .. • . ttL...efc 4^’^.'- : 
 
 'iif 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 I . 
 
 
 5 * 
 
 'o'i/* ' 
 
 Sr ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 •fc- 
 
 V 
 
 ■ , - •-» .- 
 . ■ -.*. ■■' 
 
 ’ -if 'O * 
 
 r4; 
 
 • • r 
 
 * • 
 
 -r 
 
 ' . j c, 
 
 ■■ A • 
 
 Ip* 
 
 'p- ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ' '■ 
 
 
 V" ^ 
 
 • ^ - 
 
 4 
 
 i^‘ 
 
 
 . « 
 
 Jtf 
 
 ^r 
 
 % • ' 
 
 .r 
 
 '■■if. 
 
 #- 
 
 * 1' 
 
 r^' 
 
 ■f-r 
 
 i 
 
 # ' ^ 
 
 * -■ 
 
 

 -'3 . ' ' 
 
 (► ?; 
 
 i**! 
 
 
 , -* v-! 
 
 p,. .4 
 

 1C 
 
 ' >■ /' ft . 
 
 • . ' 
 
/ »• 
 
 t. ..' i . "'f* • • y - 
 
 ■ ■ '. • .' r.V' • 
 
 .#V 
 
 
 • L 
 
 
 ' ' .* > ■ 
 
 ^ . 
 
 ■ # 
 
 ; « 
 
 >r. 
 
 
 
 • '^*7 
 
 • :> 
 
 4 
 
 ■’' "' / 
 
 u> 
 
 “ -r • 
 
 
 r*« 
 
 ; 
 
 • tl 
 % 
 
 • A < 
 
 iC 
 
 
 ' ■ J*" 
 
 • ft 
 
 ■ 
 
 T'* 
 
 ^^•- f 
 
 
 
 ‘ 
 
 ;\r 
 
 ' t 
 
 r 
 
 t- • 4 , 
 
 --!» • 
 
 • h\ 
 
 t 
 
 ,R*. 
 
 ( 
 
 
 %'Si^ 
 
 .-T >V 
 
 - 1 
 
 1- ■■ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 .- ] i-, 
 
 s 
 
 
 eiOB 
 
 idH i^ 
 
 % 
 
 » 
 
 : 
 
 •* *1 
 
 i, 
 
 
 -4 
 
 ■%. • - 
 
 » fj 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ • -t. • ^ * 
 
 ■ • ‘ • :.■-“!►: ■> '•'“f..^: -c 
 
 ti 
 
 V-s 
 
^inU 
 
 ON 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING, 
 
 %c. %c. %c. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Getty Research Institute 
 
 
 
 https://archive.org/details/hintsonornamentaOOpapw_0 
 
FStOJ^TISFIX cj: . 
 
 A FOlUITTAIIf . 
 
 rtU'f'ac .RA, KHULUWj JWVSJItJ/ir, ^AKTSJj: Jtraiul. jAtt . 
 
HINTS 
 
 ON 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 A SEMES OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR 
 
 GARDEN BUILDINGS, 
 
 USEFUL AND DECORATIVE 
 
 GATES, FENCES, RAILINGS, &c. 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRINCIPLES AND THEORY OF 
 RURAL IMPROVEMENT, INTERSPERSED WITH 
 OCCASIONAL REMARKS 
 
 ON 
 
 asiuTal ^rttitfctuTT* 
 
 E Y 
 
 JOHN BUONAROTTI PAPWORTH, 
 
 ARCHITECT AND LANDSCAPE GARDENER TO THE KING OF 'NVIRTEMBURO, 
 AUTHOR OF RURAL RESIDENCES, ESSAY ON THE DRY ROT, &C. &C, 
 
 EonHon: 
 
 PRINTED FOR R. ACKERMANN, 101, STRAND, 
 
 BY J. DIGGENS, 14, ST. ANN’s LANE. 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 T HE circumstances which produced the Work entitled — 
 Rural Residences/’ by the same Author in 1818, have 
 also been the parents of this Essay. 
 
 During the years 1819 and 1820, the following designs for 
 Garden Buildings were presented to the Public in the Repository 
 of Arts, immediately succeeding the Rural Residences,” — 
 which subject related more to the theory and practice of such 
 buildings than of Garden Improvement. Prom the patronage 
 bestowed on that Work the proprietor of the Repository is now 
 induced to publish, in a collective form, the Hints on Orna- 
 mental Gardening,” and so as to produce an accompanying 
 volume, in doing which, many additions have been made, 
 and the deficiencies in part supplied, which necessarily be- 
 longed to the first desultory manner of publication. 
 
 Like the former Essay — this Work ” neither affords nor 
 assumes to afford information to the Architect;” — its pretentions 
 are limited to the desirable task of shewing to those persons, 
 who have as yet thought but little on the subject, that Orna- 
 mental Gardening is amenable to the principles of Pictorial Art ; 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 and that no better result is to be expected from the mere efforts 
 of caprice and fancy in this^ than in any other^ in which they 
 may be substituted for the offspring of cultivated imagination 
 and sound judgement. 
 
 J. B. P. 
 
 10 , Caroline-street^ 
 Bedford-square. 
 
INDEX TO THE PLATES 
 
 Plate 
 
 1 A GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 2 GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 3 COPPICE WOOD FENCES, GATES AND HURDLES. 
 
 4 A LODGE. 
 
 5 A PLANTATION SEAT. 
 
 6 A TEMPLE OR AVIARY. 
 
 7 A BRIDGE AND BOAT HOUSE. 
 
 8 A RUSTIC BRIDGE. 
 
 9 A BRIDGE AND TEMPLE. 
 
 10 A BRIDGE ADAPTED TO PARK SCENERY. 
 
 11 A PICTURESQUE DAIRY. 
 
 12 A POLISH HUT. 
 
 13 AN ICE HOUSE, TOOL HOUSE, AND GARDEN SEAT. 
 
 14 A WOODLAND SEAT. 
 
 15 A LAUNDRY. 
 
 16 A POULTRY HOUSE. 
 
 17 A CONSERVATORY. 
 
 18 A VENETIAN TENT. 
 
 19 A GARDEN SEAT. 
 
 20 AN ALCOVE. 
 
 21 AVIARY FOR A FLOWER GARDEN. 
 
 22 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 23 THE FRONTISPIECE. A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 24 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 25 A BATH. 
 
 26 AN APIARY. 
 
 27 GARDEN RAILING. 
 
 28 A CENOTAPH. 
 
GENERAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Patfc 
 
 INTRODUCTION — 7 
 
 PLANS AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF GROUND 33 
 
 SITUATION FOR THE HOUSE 35 
 
 BOUNDARIES AND FENCES 39 
 
 BOUNDARY PLANTATIONS 44 
 
 FORMS OF GROUND 49 
 
 WATER IN LANDSCAPE 56 
 
 FORMS OF WATER 59 
 
 EMBELLISHMENTS OF WATER 66 
 
 PLANTING 70 
 
 PLANTATION FORMS 72 
 
 ON DISPOSITION 73 
 
 QUANTITY 74 
 
 LIGHT AND SHADE 75 
 
 COLOUR 76 
 
 TREES AND PLANTS 81 
 
 APPROACHES 84 
 
 LAWNS 94 
 
 WALKS AND PATHS 97 
 
 FLOWER GARDENS lol 
 
 FOUNTAINS 
 
 103 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 Alt HOUGH the love of rural scenery and the capacity 
 to enjoy it, are universal and common to man, there seems 
 to have existed from very early times, as general a desire, 
 to controul the operations of nature when near the vicinity 
 of his dwelling, and a zeal to apply the pictures of his fancy in 
 substitution for its simple excellencies. The ancient records of 
 gardening bespeak that its principles were not then sought in 
 nature herself, nor was it the practice to assemble for its crea- 
 tion the chaster beauties of landscape, but rather, constraining 
 them to assume fantastic arrangements, forms and effects, to 
 treat nature as subservient to art, and so as to constitute features 
 wholly unlike the surrounding scenery of the country. The 
 gardens alluded to by classic authors were of this kind — and 
 such of the ancients as prided themselves on excelling in the 
 business of the garden, although not insensible to the beauties 
 of nature when seated beyond the confines of their abodes, rather 
 founded their claims to admiration on the evidences of their 
 geometrical skill in ornamenting their grounds, and in the labour 
 and expense of perfecting them, than in cultivating the genuine 
 materials of rural beauty; as if the profusion of graces with 
 which nature had surrounded them had created satiety, and that 
 they were therefore no longer capable of estimating her charms. 
 
 Amongst the Romans this abandonment of nature for these 
 offsprings of fancy was carried to great excess, and with them, 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 probably, began the practice of clipping evergreens into grotesque 
 and artificial forms so long the disgrace of modern times ; 
 the Italians, the French, and the Germans long followed the 
 Roman example ; and the Dutch, with equal zeal, applied a 
 similar practice to the singular circumstances of their country. 
 
 In England, the study of rural improvement has long em- 
 ployed the attention of men of science ; and it has consequently 
 passed through several stages of practice in its way to the emi- 
 nence at which it has arrived, making the English Garden a 
 model, imitated by every country in Europe. Not more than a 
 century ago, however, the same formal style prevailed here as 
 in other countries, and in which the interferences of art were so 
 prevalent that every material of garden-landscape submitted to 
 the operations of the geometrician. At that time the site of a 
 garden was preferred in proportion to its flatness, unless terraces 
 and flights of steps were proposed as embellishments, and irregu- 
 larities of surface were only desired as they afforded real 
 opportunities for introducing them. At this time high walls shut 
 in the flower garden, and shut out the views — avenues were a- 
 dopted as important vistas and placed in every direction — square 
 fields, bordered by trimmed hedges, occupied the intermediate 
 spaces, and which were relieved by circles, parallelograms 
 and polygons disposed as ponds and canals and placed in sym- 
 metrical order all over the domain. As a feeling for the 
 liberty of nature began to dawn, the little wood and wilderness 
 were permitted to become features in the arrangements ; but as 
 yet the former was simply an assemblage of trees compactly 
 planted in precise order and carefully trimmed ; so the wilder- 
 ness, also a little wood, was regularly disposed into alleys, 
 converging to one or more centres, decorated with stone ponds 
 and leaden statues ; and were further diversified by serpentine 
 paths traversing the wood and intersecting the alleys in their 
 circuitous progress to the spot whence they commenced — thus 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 n 
 
 producing a labyrinth without intricacy or variety, and to which 
 every cross path was an effectual clue. 
 
 The style of disposing the materials of a country residence, 
 was considerably improved by Kent the architect — it was, how- 
 ever, but a modification of the former practice, which was not 
 departed from until Brown, adopting nature for his model, 
 selected the favourable, the beautiful and the striking features of 
 rural scenery, and studiously congregating them about the 
 mansion, formed thence a landscape scenery that seemed to be the 
 work of nature herself, although carefully cherished by the hand 
 of man. The more scientifically to obtain the end in view, Mr. 
 Brown sought in the works of the poets and of eminent painters, for 
 those descriptions and delineations of pictorial beauty, which being 
 realized in landscape art would become strikingly engaging: 
 hence the terms picturesque and landscape-gardening are com- 
 monly applied to such dispositions of the ground, water, trees, 
 shrubberies, &c. as the painter would prefer as objects wherewith 
 to compose his picture. The terms at least were of natural 
 birth, and they point out the chief means by which the transi- 
 tion was so rapidly made in designs for country residences, in 
 which the stateliness of former times was superseded by the 
 simple graces of nature. 
 
 As the progress of science is always gradual, it was not to be pre- 
 sumed that the new manner should be pure and wholly unmixed 
 with some of the defects of the preceding style: and we 
 ought therefore to expect that something of the former practice 
 should be discovered even in the best works of Mr. Brown. There 
 is indeed much evidence of those trammels, but it may exist 
 because he could not at once stem the obstructions thrown in his 
 way, by prejudice and by ignorance, both of which every inno- 
 vator on public taste has to contend with, and to conquer. 
 These however cannot abridge the well earned fame of our great 
 
 c 2 
 
12 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 self-taught predecessor,” as Mr. Repton terms him, and who for 
 himself established a reputation in the art, of no less eminence. 
 
 In Mr.Brown’s arrangements, an undulating surface of ground 
 was sought and improved to such natural slopes as were calcu- 
 lated to produce variety and grace ; and on the most commanding 
 he usually placed the mansion, supporting it by shrubberies on 
 the sides and in the rear, through which the walks were con- 
 ducted, so as to be immersed in shade, occasionally opening to 
 the park or landscape in favourable points ; and in this particular 
 he pursued something of Shenstone’s practice in his arrangement 
 of the Leasowes — whose object it was to lead the visitor by simi- 
 lar means to chosen spots prepared with suitable foregrounds, 
 and commanding varied and contrasting prospects of picture- 
 like effects. 
 
 Water formed a leading feature in his designs, whenever 
 Mr. Brown had suitable means of employing it. This he con- 
 ducted through the park as a small river, so as to be conspicuous 
 and decorative from the principal apartments of the house-— its 
 banks were gently sloped — bridges, cascades, and islands formed 
 its chief embellishments ; and its effect was heightened by the 
 plantations that were scattered over the whole park, and which 
 he surrounded by another called a belt, supported by large 
 masses of plantation where the property was extensive enough 
 to permit it, and through them he formed a boundary drive or 
 walks so as to permit extensive exercise within the limits of the 
 local property. 
 
 The road of approach was made to traverse a considerable 
 portion of the park in a sinuous progress to the building, and 
 so as to favorably display some of the leading features of the 
 design. It was embellished and supported by the plantations, 
 through some of w hich it was made to pass, and by bridges as 
 it crossed the river, until nearly approaching the mansion the 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 13 
 
 view at once opened completely with bold and striking magni- 
 ficence. The wild as well as the polished characters of scenery 
 were cultivated as varieties in the arrangements; and decorative 
 edifices and ornamental works were distributed over the whole 
 as objects of embellishment and pleasure. 
 
 To the advantages afforded him by the labours of this in- 
 genious improver, Mr. Repton, who may be said to have 
 succeeded to his attainments, was qualified to superadd those of 
 highly cultivated taste ; he possessed also a quick perception of 
 the defects presented to his view in spots requiring his aid, and 
 in an eminent degree, an aptitude of appropriating the beauties 
 of nature in substitution for them. — He readily perceived the 
 necessity of connecting the works of art with nature, by gentle 
 and almost insensible degrees, thus harmonizing the landscape 
 with the buildings — for without such care the one appears to be 
 a trespasser on the property of the other, and in the conflict the 
 mind is offended or perhaps disgusted. 
 
 To harmonize these operations of art and nature, the landscape 
 with the building, or the building with landscape, as the case may 
 be, requires considerable skill ; and on this important subject 
 Mr. Repton’s works cannot be consulted without benefit; and 
 they are highly valuable as means of teaching how to look at 
 nature and to comprehend its beauties, for there are many persons 
 who never having directed their attention to such observances 
 are in effect, suflfering a species of blindness : for as its beauty 
 conveys no kind of intellectual gratification to them, they are 
 incapable of appreciating and of enjoying its charms. 
 
 When however the mind becomes familiar with the sources that 
 produce these delights, and make the observer no longer indiffer- 
 ent to the perfections of natural and ornamental sceuery, every 
 truth that tends to establish principles in the art, is received 
 
14 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 by him with interest, and if he be about to congregate around 
 him a portion of the excellencies that he has feelingly admired, 
 he becomes anxious to do so with correctness and with taste. In 
 doing this he has to avoid the errors of others, and also those 
 of his own prejudice, and which present, perhaps, more effectual 
 obstacles to his success. 
 
 With a view to forward these very interesting enquiries, the 
 hints contained in this volume were suggested, and as the the- 
 ories on which they have been formed have also been supported 
 by practical results they are offered with some degree of confi- 
 dence to the public, the more particularly as they are unconnected 
 with certain systems of proceeding in the art of landscape im- 
 provement, which tend rather to teach by a formula of rules 
 than by an exercise of the understanding. 
 
 It would be a fruitless attempt to harmonize the landscape 
 with the building, if their characters were incongruous with 
 each other — they must be associated therefore with reference to 
 the characteristics of each : that is to say, the cottage with rustic 
 or rural scenery — the villa with the beautiful — the palace with 
 the grand, and the castle with rocks, rugged or alpine scenery, 
 with the forest and the bolder products of nature. 
 
 It has been properly observed of the rustic as it relates to cha- 
 racter — that it is simple and inartificial ; a mixture of the wild 
 with unstudied cultivation, although not enough of the latter 
 to have produced the pastoral enjoyments of life. 
 
 Of the rural — that it is accompanied by marked evidences of 
 civilization and a desire to possess convenience and comforts, 
 with such embellishments as are not expensive or allied to 
 luxury. 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 15 
 
 Of the beautiful — that it is expressed in gaiety and luxuriance, 
 by an easy gracefulness of forms and parts, and that its qualities 
 are lightness, neatness, symmetry, regularity, uniformity and 
 propriety. 
 
 And of the grand and sublime — that actual magnitude, solemn- 
 ity and simplicity are its essential qualities. 
 
 All these admit of an infinite modification, consequenlty both 
 in architecture and ornamental gardening, the principles inherent 
 in the several characters, must be applied with appropriate dis- 
 cretion, rather than according to any system of rules, and which 
 indeed, are otherwise rendered inapplicable in almost every case 
 in which the character of the place or subject is consulted, by 
 some local circumstances. 
 
 In building, the site of the dwelling has always been consi- 
 dered of the first importance, and to this point too much 
 consideration cannot be given, for the aspects of the apartments, 
 — the views to be obtained — the requisite shelter from the winds, 
 — the drainage, and many other equally important objects are to 
 be settled ; and when done, the offices have to be arranged, and 
 the planting if not already existing, to be performed, or perhaps, 
 completed. 
 
 It was the practice formerly to exhibit the house, as standing 
 alone in the cube-formed nakedness of its construction; the 
 offices were placed behind the dwelling, and planted out so as 
 not to be visible from any distant point of view below the plane 
 of their stations, whilst no tree was permitted to interrupt the 
 prospect of the house itself, which occupied the broad green field 
 with an undivided empire, except indeed that vestage of a yet ear- 
 lier system still remained — the avenue, and which contended with 
 it for importance ; but this practice is now judiciously abandoned 
 
16 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 by every professor of the art, and there is little doubt that in a 
 few years the many excellent houses that are existing and so 
 circumstanced, will be benefited by the privileges which in the 
 improved practice has been given to nature. 
 
 In new erections the architect considers the house, the offices 
 and the plantations as a great whole, which he combines with a 
 view to create picturesque effects in every point of view, whether 
 near or distant. The plantations support and contrast with 
 the building, which by the shrubberies is carried forward 
 until it blends naturally and gracefully with the landscape, that 
 seems a surrounding domain, increasing its effect, and offering 
 the products of its fertility. 
 
 Evergreens are veryextensively used in pleasure grounds because 
 they exhibit a scenery in the adverse seasons of the year, that is 
 very agreeable and not to be obtained without them ; they should 
 however be varied by ornamental shrubs of the deciduous kind, 
 and by trees of delicate foliages, of which the acacia, the la- 
 burnam and the sumac are useful additions, as are also the 
 early flowering trees, as the almond, the scarlet cherry, and such 
 ornamental growths as do not belong to the orchard. Extensive 
 walks, and in some instances drives, have been clothed with ever- 
 greens, and with considerable effect ; but these are only proper 
 when the domain is of so great an extent as to admit it without 
 an injurious abandonment of the deciduous kinds, for unless they 
 are relieved in the chief points by those trees that experience 
 the more decided changes natural to the seasons of the year, the 
 eye would experience satiety, however grateful it might feel for 
 the verdure they afford at those times, in which nature is usually 
 deprived of her foliage. 
 
 Their beautiful freshness in the Spring — the gradual bursting 
 of the buds of every kind of deciduous tree, the progressive steps 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 17 
 
 by which they advance from day to day — the blossoms that they 
 bear, and the full luxuriance they attain, are delightful oc- 
 currences that may not be dispensed with — even the change of 
 colour that transpires as they become mellowed in the autumn, 
 and fall into sear and yellow leaf,” greatly augments the 
 interest we take in them ; besides, the broad and bold masses 
 that they form in the scenery, the flowing outlines and deep- 
 toned shade that they project, add considerably to their interest 
 when in masses ; and when occasionally in combination with 
 each other, they are varied, contrasted, and opposed in colour, 
 form and substance. It will hence be seen that evergreens are not 
 substitutes for those beauties beyond the vicinity of the dwelling, 
 where indeed they are precious to us, at the time in which they 
 are most needed, and where they became almost a part of our 
 domestic furniture. 
 
 It must have been noticed by every observer of landscape, 
 that when distant ground slopes, and forms an extensively in- 
 clined plane, that the masses and groups of trees upon it, are 
 exhibited with much greater effect, than could occur, if the sur- 
 face had been nearer to a level; and when it is continued in 
 bold undulations, that the display is benefited. 
 
 In contemplating a place so formed and wooded, the spectator 
 naturally says to himself — how admirably a house would 
 occupy the spot I see there;” and the imagination readily con- 
 verts the scene from that of landscape only, to a habitable 
 residence ; and so when we are about to build in such a place, 
 it is proper first to view it thus at many points, until the mind 
 is satisfied with the station proposed, and afterwards to visit the 
 identical site, and observe if it be also one that can be with 
 propriety adopted, taking into consideration the views it com- 
 mands — the aspect and shelter it could obtain— the con'veniency 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 of roads, water and drainage, and all the local circumstances 
 necessary to the health, comfort, and pleasure of the inhabitants. 
 
 When this is satisfactorily concluded, the style and character 
 of the house and offices should be studied, so that they shall be 
 suited to the occupancy and to the surrounding scenery. 
 
 Towards placing the house well there are many and highly 
 important points that deserve serious attention, some of which 
 will be noticed in the course of this work, particularly those 
 which relate to its site, and the relative advantages that occur to 
 both house and ground when they are mutually considered. 
 
 Similar attention must be given to the aspects of the several 
 fronts so that the apartments may be conveniently situated and 
 benefited by the changes of the day. — The morning rooms to 
 be cheered by the east and southern sun, the dining room 
 to have a cool aspect, and the offices, if possible, to be placed 
 to the east, that they may have the benefits of early light and 
 warmth, and of coolness during the later part of the day. 
 
 Of the domestic offices something needs to be observed res- 
 pecting a late practice of placing them beneath the level of 
 the ground, under the chief apartments of the house. — This is 
 injudicious on many accounts: it subjects the house to ill scents, 
 and much noise, and is often fatal to the health of servants, who 
 are thence afflicted by the cold and damps that must accom- 
 pany that arrangement. But this is not generally suspected to 
 be a necessary consequence, because in London the houses are, 
 it is said, so circumstanced in almost every instance; this is 
 however a mistake arising from a want of knowledge regarding 
 the original formation of the streets of the metropolis, the pave- 
 ments of which are in general eight or ten feet above the native 
 soil. 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 19 
 
 Thus it will appear that although in London houses, the 
 offices are in general below the level of the street pavements, 
 they are, nevertheless, above the surface of the original platform, 
 and beneath which the drainage is effected — the pavements are 
 elevated by vaults and other, altogether, artificial means, so 
 that in front and rear they are preserved from damps, and ven- 
 tilated by areas, and on either side they are connected with 
 other buildings, and so screened from all damps, except such as 
 may arise from the ground on which they stand, and which maybe 
 prevented by passages of air beneath the floors, and by inserting 
 into the walls adequate means to arrest the progress of the damps, 
 that are otherwise raised in them by absorption. 
 
 If in a country building, the offices are placed beneath the 
 house, it almost of necessity follows that they are also below the 
 level of the natural ground, and subject to the damps arising 
 from the land springs which the walls intersect, and which al- 
 though in some degree checked by surrounding areas, cannot be 
 wholly arrested. For such reasons, if none other existed, the 
 offices should be apart from the house, but when it is considered 
 that the comfort of servants, is greatly abridged by thus banishing 
 them from a due proportion of light, air and prospect, and that 
 the offices, when viewed as adjuncts to the chief building, 
 may be made useful in the general com'position of the scenery, 
 they should be conclusive ; and particularly, as upon a view of 
 the comparative costs, they would be found less expensive. 
 
 The arrangement and connection of the chief apartments 
 should come into early consideration, as much of the after en- 
 joyment will depend upon both. 
 
 Until the formalities of earlier times, and the restraints to 
 which females were then subjected by erroneous notions of 
 decorum, were abandoned, the chief apartments had their 
 
 D 2 
 
20 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 stations over an elevated basement above the ground floor ; 
 so that they were completely separated from the ornamental 
 grounds, that in their appearance somewhat resembled our pre- 
 sent kitchen gardens — flowers being substituted for esculents, 
 and trimmed hedges for fruit walls ; and affording very little 
 temptation to frequent visits they were therefore used only at 
 certain periods of the day for exercise and air, and with as 
 much ceremony and preparation as if far removed; but as 
 society improved in liberal sentiment, and became more civil- 
 ized, the fair sex was enabled to repossess their equal share of 
 social freedom, and were permitted the exercise of that bril- 
 liant intellect which is their inherent property. 
 
 On the instant the models of our buildings partook of a cor- 
 responding improvement, and they have advanced in elegance 
 and social convenience to the present day. 
 
 The chief apartments are now therefore placed on the level 
 of the ground, and have free access to the lawn or terrace by 
 casements that descend to the very floor. This has been at- 
 tended by the introduction of colonnades and verandahs that 
 throw agreeable shade on the apartments, and which become 
 new ones for occasional reading or study; it has also drawn 
 the conservatory from its 'heretofore distant station and con- 
 nected it with the dwelling, ultimately blending.it with the 
 garden, while its lawns and walks, no longer separate and 
 distinct, admit the hourly enjoyment of both, and certainly af- 
 ford by this juncture a large portion 'of healthful and pleasur- 
 able occupation. 
 
 Amongst the changes that have resulted to architecture from 
 this amendment in society, and by which it is so largely bene- 
 fited, the library has not escaped as material a transformation. 
 It was formerly placed in any retired part of the principal floor. 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 21 
 
 or in some almost inaccessible nook, and as far from the drawing 
 room as possible, as if wholly unsuitable to female occupation 
 and only to be consulted by the grave, on abstruse points of 
 gloomy study, and which admitted no feminine participation. 
 
 All this is altered — the library is now in daily use — it is one 
 of the chief apartments ; it is a room of morning study, and of 
 evening reading and recreation ; its contents have been aug- 
 mented by productions in the Fine Arts of every description, 
 and would rather seem devoted to the most refined class of intel- 
 lectual attainments than to monastic seclusion, which formerly 
 seemed to possess it merely.” 
 
 The connection of the principal apartments by means of 
 central folding doors communicating from room to room through 
 a whole suit, is another improvement that has given great ele- 
 gance and rendered very large apartments the less necessary, 
 because they are now capable of being occupied together. 
 
 When placing the dining room it will immediately suggest 
 itself that the neighbourhood of the kitchen is a proper station, 
 that it may be served and attended readily and without the ne- 
 cessity of subjecting the house to the savours of the meats, which 
 , although a necessary consequence of good fare, is not agreeable 
 after it has been enjoyed, nor to those who have not been par- 
 ^ takers of it : indeed, the recommendation of the Author of the 
 “ Social Day,” to remove after dinner from the dining room to 
 an adjacent one, for the dessert, would be attended with much 
 comfort. 
 
 “ The banquet o’er ♦ * * * * 
 
 The adjoining room the fruit supplies, 
 
 And to fresh air the party rise ; 
 
 Nor wait the encumbering cloth to clear 
 Ere sought another atmosphere.” 
 
22 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 In the original construction of a house, preparation should be 
 made for supplying the whole with warm air — not with a view 
 to heat the apartments, but to warm the vestibules, corridors, 
 passages and staircases sufficiently, and to disperse over them an 
 agreeable temperature ; by this precaution much after expense 
 will be prevented, and the object obtained in the most perfect 
 manner : without ample means of doing this, the rooms are ren- 
 dered uncomfortable every time the doors are opened, besides 
 that it is otherwise difficult to raise the temperature of a room 
 equally, or to prevent the annoying or dangerous drafts of cold 
 air that occur in the winter season. 
 
 The chief apartments arranged, and it being shown that the 
 domestic offices should not be below the level of the ground, 
 it is necessary to consider where they should be placed, in doing 
 which it will be proper to remark on the several ways in which 
 they have been disposed from the time in which we adopted the 
 Italian practice after the designs of Paladio. 
 
 In imitation of some of his Italian villas, the offices of domes- 
 tic use were placed on one side of the dwelling as a wing, and 
 the stable offices were made to form a corresponding one on 
 the other side, by which the front was extended to considerable 
 length. At that time the pleasure ground, as might be expected, 
 was composed of stately walks, avenues, and trimmed hedges 
 enclosing formal little paddocks, and ornamented with vases, 
 figures, and other similar decorations. This was the prospect 
 from the front apartments of the house : at the rear was placed 
 the ornamental garden, connected with the building and en- 
 compassed by walls or wall-like hedges ; it was usually of a 
 square or oblong shape, intersected by crossing paths arranged 
 with mathematical precision, and ornamented with ponds, 
 canals, terraces, ballustrades, steps, vases and figures ; and the 
 parterres planted in the forms of scroll foliages, and any fan- 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 23 
 
 tastical device of the imagination — prospect and natural land- 
 scape scenery was at that time entirely out of the question. 
 
 The desire of introducing a novelty, and as a vast improve- 
 ment, the vista became multiplied into several avenues, cut as 
 it were through a wood for roadways, or for prospect openings, 
 and radiating from the windows of the apartments ; the wings 
 which heretofore were often made to project considerably became 
 unsuited to this design, because they only permitted distant 
 objects to be viewed in a directly straight forward course. 
 
 The wings were thence abandoned — and by congregating 
 the offices behinil surrounding and garden-like walls, they were 
 collected together on one side of the house, and further con- 
 cealed by rows of trees marshalled before them, in military order. 
 By this arrangement another portion of the building was open 
 to participate in the improvement. 
 
 So soon as the stately formalities of the first style became in- 
 vaded, fresh innovations poured fast upon it; and as it was 
 soon perceived that variety of aspect brought additional comforts 
 and added chearfulness to the mansion, it was assumed that by 
 some ingenious contrivance the four sides might be disencum- 
 bered of buildings, so as to admit the more varied changes. 
 This led to the practice of placing the servants rooms on the 
 level of the ground, occupying a basement, over which were the 
 chief apartments ; and as the avenues were found to be con- 
 ductors of the winds, from whatever quarter they might blow, 
 new arrangements were adopted as chance or fancy directed, 
 until the introduction of another improvement. 
 
 As it required about twenty-four external steps to ascend from 
 the road to the hall, and to descend from the saloon to the 
 garden, the house was not approachable by females except in 
 
I 
 
 24 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 fair weather, and the garden could not be conveniently visited 
 at any time. 
 
 This was however in part remedied, although at the expense of 
 stateliness, by having private doors and staircases for more con- 
 venient entrance from the basement, but this was found to be an 
 imperfect arrangement : the porticos and steps were of no use, 
 and all greatness of effect was destroyed by the sub-entrance 
 and secondary staircase, and by their close connexion with the’ 
 servants rooms. 
 
 During these changes the improvement of the garden was 
 making rapid progress: Men of taste and feeling had laboured 
 to introduce natural scenery — and when the stately formal- 
 ities of style had been so far trespassed on, the introduction of 
 another style occurred, in which the offices were dismissed to the 
 rear and planted out, as it is called — so that being enveloped in 
 a thick plantation in the middle of the property, the house alone, 
 was visible to the observer. This was Mr. Brown’s manner. 
 
 The grounds at this time were surrounded by plantations 
 called the Belt, and the park, so termed, if of sufficient extent to 
 preserve deer’ was spotted over by round masses of trees, called 
 clumps. This manner pleased for a while, but it was still im- 
 perfect. ' 
 
 Ornamental gardening had now proceeded so far as to be 
 established successfully against the prejudices in favor of the older 
 styles, and the field was open to unrestrained improvements ; 
 and since they were no longer to be expected from the linear 
 and systematic practice, they were judiciously sought for in na- 
 ture, and as at this time, the best apartments were taken from 
 their elevated pedestals and put on the level of the ground,' the 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING, 
 
 25 
 
 servants rooms were necessarily placed as adjuncts; for it rarely 
 happened that they were received into the house itself, although 
 certainly, there were instances of that arrangement. But as the 
 end at which they were placed was usually as much concealed 
 as possible, and as they subjected the house to many inconvenien- 
 cies, with those which attended the formation of the design, 
 arising from differing altitudes of the apartments — some being 
 for state and others for common purposes ; besides the difficulty 
 of making the apertures for windows conform to both, the 
 practice was superceded by the foregoing method of placing the 
 offices, although indeed, each was occasionally adopted by 
 Mr. Brown. 
 
 When Mr. Repton commenced his practice, he perceived that 
 much remained to be done toward perfecting the art, by dedu- 
 cing principles from nature, as well as in imitating her works : 
 — that nature and art required to be blended together with more 
 propriety and grace, than was exhibited in the former systems ; 
 and that the offices were capable of becoming auxiliaries in 
 effecting that object, and towards creating picturesque effects. 
 
 Exercising his painter like qualifications, Mr. Repton soon 
 combined the offices with the plantations, and brought them 
 from their accustomed seclusion into view, because of their 
 usefulness in encreasing the richness of the composition, and to 
 lead to and support the chief building, by giving it accompani- 
 ments in its own kind and character. They were in part, con- 
 cealed however by the plantations, to lessen their seeming 
 magnitude, that they might not collectively trespass by compa- 
 rison on the more important claims of the dwelling, as also to 
 screen offence, and shut out the operations of their several 
 departments. 
 
 E 
 
26 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 The practice of admitting the offices to bear a part in the 
 composition, has been attended by several advantages. The 
 house is now viewed as a principal attended by a retinue of 
 subordinates, that are evidently necessary to its rank and ac- 
 commodation, of which they ought to exhibit satisfactory 
 assurances. They admirably blend themselves with the planta- 
 tions in the home scene, and thence make way for the in- 
 troduction of ornamental buildings and other decorations, which 
 without such gradual connection would seem obtrusive and in- 
 appropriate. 
 
 Much of controversial and of critical acumen has resulted 
 from the several changes that have taken place in the progress 
 of landscape gardening ; and in consulting authors on the sub- 
 ject, it is proper to be familiar with the several stages in the 
 advancement of the art, and to know the practices of the day 
 in which they were written, or it is very probable that the 
 censure intended for one practice, will be applied to another 
 system, and prejudices created in the mind that may not be 
 easily removed ; for it has been no uncommon usage in the 
 discussion, to substitute opinion for judgement, and liking for 
 propriety. 
 
 Where truth has been sought in principles, then only is the 
 result worthy of confidence : it is to such examinations as those 
 adopted by Mr. Payne Knight, and others who have deeply 
 reflected on the subject, that taste is actually indebted, and by 
 which the public judgement is benefited. 
 
 With a view to exhibit the practice of the present day in ar- 
 chitectural arrangements of the dwelling, and in ornamental 
 gardening in a spot of corresponding magnitude, the general 
 plan, Plate I. is introduced, and to which the following obser- 
 vations refer. 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 27 
 
 The house is approached by a line of gravel road winding up 
 the slope of ground on which it is placed, in the way naturally 
 chosen to surmount an ascent, and so that the offices would be 
 seen between and above the plantations as they are passed. 
 The house itself would be occasionally viewed through the inter- 
 vening masses of trees, and the grounds gradually open to an 
 increased display, towards which its elevated terrace in front would 
 contribute ; besides affording an ample platform on which the 
 building would stand, and the carriages turn about and find a 
 station, when attending for visitors. 
 
 The terrace would become a means of uniting the building 
 with the grounds — removing the field-like approximation of the 
 lawn in the spot where the objection commonly existing would 
 be the most apparent ; and from this platform the scenery would 
 have a varied and park-like effect, although limited in extent, 
 in comparison with those obtained by the spectator when within 
 the south apartments. Prom these a considerable expanse 
 would be viewed, varied by the undulating forms of the ground, 
 and enriched by the masses, groups and single trees of the fore- 
 ground, middle and distances; and by the enlivening effect of 
 the water, which would be viewed up its course in the most 
 favorable manner, to create the interesting display of which it 
 is so eminently capable. From this point the whole prospect 
 towards the south is composed in exact imitation of the natural 
 scenery of a park, commencing at the evergreen plantations of 
 the fore-ground, and terminating in the distant prospects which 
 the country might afford ; and to which the park character is 
 united by the wilder plantations near the boundary of the 
 property. 
 
 In the adjoining apartments toward the west, and in the rear 
 of the building, a new character is created : the windows shel- 
 tered by verandahs, open to the level of the lawn, in which 
 
 E 2 
 
28 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 complete seclusion from the park is obtained by a boundary of 
 evergreen shrubs overhung by the most ornamental trees, and 
 varied for the purpose of embellishments, by colour, by blossom 
 and leafage. The lawn is disposed in flower-beds, and from its 
 situation is capable of affording shady or sunny walks at every 
 hour of the day. 
 
 Against the wall which separates the lawn from the kitchen 
 garden, a corridor and conservatory is placed, and in connection 
 with it an aviary and pheasantry. This corridor being en- 
 tered from the vestibule, it would lead the spectator forward 
 to a considerable length, and until he would arrive at the 
 rosiary. Along this extensive line of covered way, statues, vases, 
 plants, and other embellishments of art and nature might be 
 placed to advantage, and receive the protection of ample shelter. 
 
 The rosiary at the extremity of the avenue is circular, and 
 contains in the centre a fountain, and receptacles for gold and 
 silver fish. As this little garden is formed upon the projecting 
 point of the hill on which the house is placed, it commands views 
 of the surrounding country, and towards the south, that of the 
 home grounds, in which the water becomes a leading fea- 
 ture. It is in these selected spots in the neighbourhood of the 
 house that evergreen shrubs are chiefly placed, and about which 
 walks are planned for the purpose of being benefited by verdure 
 in all seasons of the year. By these means, buildings and works 
 of art are embellished and connected with landscape scenery — 
 and, being mixed with trees of the deciduous kinds, they may be 
 made gradually to yield their compact and deep-toned effects, 
 and insensibly unite with the park arrangements. 
 
 The walks about the house are disposed both for variety of 
 scene, and to obtain warmth or coolness as the season or the day 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 29 
 
 may permit ; these are assisted in their object by alcoves, seats, 
 and verandahs so placed as to afford the benefits required. 
 
 The kitchen garden forms a part of the arrangements for 
 walks in the accompanying plan, and it is so connected with the 
 pleasure grounds that it may be entered from several parts of 
 them. This circumstance to many is not of value — but although 
 the kitchen garden is not arranged for pleasure or display, its 
 usefulness and perpetually changing culture, is not without its 
 charms and therefore should not be estranged from the neigh- 
 bourhood of the pleasure gardens: besides as the course of walk 
 should properly permit every spot appropriated to interesting 
 purposes to be entered, the kitchen garden may fairly claim the 
 privilege. The walks communicating with the distant grounds, 
 depart from the home plantations in various places. 
 
 In the front, descending the hill by the road of approach, a 
 path passes the lodge and proceeds in concealment until neve 
 prospects are obtained by openings into the grounds, and some- 
 times towards the country. From this line, which may be termed 
 the boundary path, others diverge, leading into the park and to 
 certain points by shortened routs ; these should be chiefly mown, 
 except when they speedily return into the boundary line. 
 
 ■ To prevent the too obvious appearance of passing near the 
 enclosures, the plantations must generally have sufficient depth 
 to hide them : with this precaution, and by changing the direc- 
 tion gradually, and at interesting objects amidst the intricacies 
 of the scene, the visitor may circumambulate the place unaware 
 that he has so nearly approached its confines. 
 
 In varied spots in the course of the walks, ornamental seats, 
 alcoves, temples, bridges and aviaries may be presented to the 
 eye, being at once useful and pleasing ; and as the path would 
 
30 
 
 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 lead to contrasting effects of scenery, these should be designed 
 and disposed accordingly — remembering always, that suita- 
 bleness is the essential quality to which each will be indebted 
 for approbation, and that the accompanying scenery must be 
 harmonized with them. 
 
 Prom what has been said and from a knowledge that a vast 
 variety of study and information is necessary to create a resi- 
 sidence suited to a man of taste and fortune, it is evident that 
 the architect ought to possess the qualifications both of the painter 
 and the sculptor ; and the power of combining the theories of 
 art with scientific excellence. This is not, however, generally 
 understood — nor is it generally known that the profession of an 
 architect is separate and distinct from that of the builder; and 
 that the latter is dependent on the architect for the higher qua- 
 lities that adorn his works. 
 
 Architecture, which embraces every feature relating to the re- 
 sidence, is both an art and a science ; or rather, is a science 
 over which art presides : the knowledge required is derived from 
 so extensive a field of study as necessarily to make the attainment 
 extremely difficult, and the application of these to practice is of 
 a no less arduous nature : hence the Greeks, who understood the 
 art, distinguished the architect from the builder. To him the 
 design was entrusted, and the executive parts were performed 
 under others, but subject to his inspection and controul as it is 
 now with us. He was an artist of the first class — skilled in design 
 and all the principles of lineal composition — professedly a sculp- 
 tor, and a painter in every qualification, except in indeed, what is 
 called handling or treatment of the material — for a thorough 
 knowledge of the arrangement of colour is essential to his 
 pursuit. 
 
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 
 
 31 
 
 Such should be the architect — endowed with a capacious 
 grasp of mind — full of imagination — extensively versed in the 
 mathematics — in the principles of art and science^ and practically 
 an artist. Not so the builder: — the demand made on his time 
 by the execution of the detail is imperative for all that he can 
 bestow upon them ; the purchase and arrangement of materials, 
 the government of numerous work-people, the financial cares 
 and his calculations in matters which involve either profit or loss, 
 fill up every moment of his leisure, and leave him no time to 
 devote to the depths of study, or the theories of art. 
 
 Thus it will appear that architecture in the proper sense of 
 the word, is “ less dependant on physical than intellectual 
 skill and that the architect is he only, who is absolutely an 
 artist in his profession, and that the builder’s duties belong to 
 the execution alone. 
 
 Milton’s use of the term architect, as quoted by Dr. Johnson, 
 is figurative, and implies creative power in its highest significa- 
 tion, it would indeed have partaken of the bathos if it had held 
 none higher than those of the bricklayer or mason ; and Sir Henry 
 Wotton, himself an artist, defines the architect to be a pro- 
 , fessor of the art of building,” as he would have defined the 
 builder a professor of the science of building.” 
 
 These observations are made as essential to the object of the 
 work, as stated in the preface — for until the public discriminate 
 between the labours of the mind and those of the hand — between 
 works of mere fancy and those of sound judgement, every brick- 
 layer, carpenter or mason, will assume the distinction due only 
 to the artist ; nay, every man will become “ his own architect:” 
 at least few will doubt his qualifications for the task, so long as 
 he remains unconvinced of hisi folly. 
 
32 
 
 ORNAMEN-fAL GARDENING. 
 
 This mistake in the public mind, and perhaps the consequent 
 suspicion of architectural capacity in England, has given encou- 
 ragement to a practice of adopting the edifices of the ancients 
 for all places and for all purposes, and which is not only repug- 
 nant to good taste, but to common sense, and has allowed the 
 privileges of the architect (only so by his powers as an artist 
 and scientific superiority) to any workman who will abandon 
 his mind” to pilfer from Stuart or Degodez, and who will 
 shamelessly condescend to pile up or crowd together the product 
 of his larcenies, and call upon the world to admire his ingenuity 
 in doing so. 
 
 Improved knowledge and better taste will not long yield to 
 such delusions. Let our architects, who have the opportunity, 
 by the execution of public works display the powers they pos- 
 sess, in a few real and legitimate works of art, founded on the 
 ’principles that have been the objects of their research, and ar- 
 chitectural felony will cease to be ; because the public will no 
 longer permit themselves to be the dupes of artifice, and the de- 
 luded receivers of stolen goods. 
 
SITE OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 33 
 
 ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF GROUND FOR 
 IMPROVEMENT, AND FOR THE DISTRIBUTION 
 OF ITS BUILDINGS, GARDENS, &c. 
 
 PRESUMING that every spot of ground, possessing rea- 
 sonable extent and good soil, is capable of conversion to the 
 purposes of rural and elegant enjoyment, and the proprietor 
 having resolved on the style of building he will adopt for his 
 habitation ; his next proceeding should be to have the whole 
 intended improvements fairly drawn on paper, so as to embrace 
 the complete arrangement of every part. It is from foresight of 
 the numerous difficulties to be removed, advantages gained, and 
 deficiences to be supplied consequent on this practice, that 
 makes an early employment of the artist in Architecture and 
 Ornamental Design demonstratively conspicuous, even at the 
 commencement of the undertaking. The errors that otherwise 
 occur and afterwards admit of no remedy unless by immense 
 sacrifice of property, are secretly lamented by thousands of 
 persons whose knowledge, so dearly bought, would be as gene- 
 rally communicated, but that each is unwilling to proclaim the 
 great mistake he has committed in placing too implicit confidence 
 in his own unaided powers ; and without this experience it rarely 
 happens that the individual is doubtful of his ample qualifications 
 to excel, because it is always easier to please his own fancy" 
 than to satisfy the understanding of himself or of others. The 
 celebrated Earl of Burlington, so eminent for his taste, having 
 failed in his first effort to accomplish his views, ensured his 
 reputation by the employment of Kent, the architect, to whose 
 taste and scientific knowledge in the sister arts of architecture 
 and landscape improvement, he afterwards confided the arrange- 
 ment and perfection of his works, and in doing this he set an 
 
34r 
 
 SITE OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 avowed and praiseworthy example of candour and good sense 
 to every architectural amateur. 
 
 It is wholly impossible to devise rules that shall be universally 
 applicable to every site, character, and circumstance of a place, 
 but, as hints for due consideration, there are some so useful 
 towards forming the general plan, that they ought not to be 
 omitted. Foremost amongst which are those for the 
 
 SITUATION OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 The site for the house itself must evidently have the lead of 
 every other part, and too great care cannot be taken that it shall 
 be well placed upon the ground by which is meant that it shall 
 command all the advantages that the spot itself is capable of 
 affording, with such others as are to be obtained by views, 
 openings, or shelter from the adjacent country, and from apart- 
 ments so situated as also to receive the highest possible benefit 
 of aspect; the mansion having free and well regulated con- 
 nexion with its offices and gardens. A supply of water and the 
 means of quick and ample drainage from all these, are no less 
 important considerations ; and indeed, amongst the wise eccle- 
 siastic builders in our own country, and with the arehitects of 
 Rome and Italy, it was the first. 
 
 If the quantity of ground be but of moderate extent, unless 
 very small indeed, it is evident that it would be generally inju- 
 dicious to place the house in the middle of the property. 
 
 ROAD 
 
 because its situation being nearly equi-distant from its boundary. 
 
SITE OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 35 
 
 as shewn by the dotted radial lines, the means of producing 
 variety would be limited ; and the very principles of art forbid 
 that quantities and distances should nearly resemble each other, 
 except where symmetry is indispensable. 
 
 Should the house be placed in front of a similar spot of 
 ground. 
 
 rv 
 
 A.HOVSE 
 
 / 
 
 
 B. OFFICES 
 
 ROAD 
 
 and unless the offices are removed from the house, the distances 
 become more equal than in the former case, and the approach is 
 wholly dispensed with, although a feature capable of producing 
 advantageous sensations in the mind of the visitor, as it leads 
 him irresistibly to anticipate greater claims on his respect, yet 
 in store for it, in the remaining parts of the arrangement. On 
 account, also, of expectations so raised in traversing the ap- 
 proach, it cannot be judicious to seat the house deeply in the 
 plan. 
 
 for the visitor in his progress towards the house, having surveyed 
 the greater part of the grounds ; the anticipations of extent or 
 beauty still further interesting his imagination, cannot be real- 
 
 F 2 
 
36 
 
 SITE OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 ized, and he constantly returns by the road he came, disap- 
 pointed or disgusted. 
 
 When the house is situated near the side of the property. 
 
 A.HOV5E 
 
 and as is exhibited more at large in Plate L, all the objections 
 before stated are thereby avoided. 
 
 The radial lines have here the greatest length that can be 
 obtained ; they diverge from points situate in the building most 
 favourable to command views within its own compass of domain, 
 and present the amplest opportunities for ornamental improve- 
 ment, and the creation of variety and change which is essential 
 to perfection in gardening. 
 

 
 \ 
 
 
 . “ 1 ' 
 
A G-EK'EM.ATL PlLAI^ . 
 
 \cr Jmx/lcfi/ JClrCLf. 
 
 H Stfible^ y^zr^l. 
 
 I M^elerv Grnu/uL. 
 y^Flz^M'er ^rdz'fv. 
 Jj Fffsinry . 
 
 W F/itr/mrr (r/zt^ . 
 
 j.n^ atuoso. 
 
 B CW^To' . 
 
 C Se/ib/t\<^ . 
 
 D Kiti'?zen (hirden , 
 Is Cofu<er^titpry . 
 
GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 37 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 A GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 UPON the principle laid down in the last diagram^ the 
 general plan represented in the annexed plate is formed. The 
 shadowed surface indicates that the ground is undulating, and 
 that the house is situated on its highest point, sufficiently in view 
 from without, and capable of commanding its own domain ; 
 the fly leaf shews the circumstances of the spot prior to the 
 improvement suggested. 
 
 Although the ground was not of the precise form or propor- 
 tion of the engraving, suiting it to the page has not altered its 
 character. A large barn or stable was situated near the present 
 lodge, and the lower ground was wholly occupied by the manu- 
 facture of tiles and red pottery ; which, in the course of the 
 workable strata, materially added to its undulations, and in- 
 creased a small running brook to irregular holes and ponds. As 
 the design of such a property, small as it is, naturally leads to 
 the chief points of arrangement for every other of similar and 
 even lower class of pretence, and as it will be found useful to 
 apply to a plan occasionally during the several discussions ; to 
 this plate reference is made for the purpose of ocular illustra- 
 tions of such points as may be advanced, and in this inspec- 
 tion the advantage of forming a general plan of every part, in 
 the first instance, may thence perhaps more forcibly present 
 itself to the proprietor of an estate who is desirous to improve its 
 features scientifically and with taste. 
 
 This plate exhibits the house so situated that its aspects are 
 good, and the views as extensive as the ground permits. The 
 
^ jnrU'. 
 
 H SUi^U^ yiird . 
 
 I MelvTh G-rpi(fid>. 
 
 A Th^ Ntucsej. 
 B 
 
 C SUl/>/Af . 
 
 A Geicematl, PEAN . 
 
 T) Kitf'Jtcfi (ittr^irn . 
 F. t'f?/Kt(‘r-v*t.£nry . 
 
 RJ^/pyf'er drinit'/v. 
 Ij Mpsifi*y . 
 
 Jwf J'.'/if7't7?l/-r SYit*" . 
 
GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 37 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 A GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 UPON the principle laid down in the last diagram, the 
 general plan represented in the annexed plate is formed. The 
 shadowed surface indicates that the ground is undulating, and 
 that the house is situated on its highest point, sufficiently in view 
 from without, and capable of commanding its own domain ; 
 the fly leaf shews the circumstances of the spot prior to the 
 improvement suggested. 
 
 Although the ground was not of the precise form or propor- 
 tion of the engraving, suiting it to the page has not altered its 
 character. A large barn or stable was situated near the present 
 lodge, and the lower ground was wholly occupied by the manu- 
 facture of tiles and red pottery ; which, in the course of the 
 workable strata, materially added to its undulations, and in- 
 creased a small running brook to irregular holes and ponds. As 
 the design of such a property, small as it is, naturally leads to 
 the chief points of arrangement for every other of similar and 
 even lower class of pretence, and as it will be found useful to 
 apply to a plan occasionally during the several discussions ; to 
 this plate reference is made for the purpose of ocular illustra- 
 tions of such points as may be advanced, and in this inspec- 
 tion the advantage of forming a general plan of every part, in 
 the first instance, may thence perhaps more forcibly present 
 itself to the proprietor of an estate who is desirous to improve its 
 features scientifically and with taste. 
 
 This plate exhibits the house so situated that its aspects are 
 good, and the views as extensive as the ground permits. The 
 
38 
 
 GENERAL PLAN. 
 
 stables are sufficiently removed to prevent offence, and are easy 
 of access without too near an approach to the house. The 
 domestic offices are separated from the house by a corridor 
 and side entrance of communication to both, being an entrance 
 for general use in addition to the central portico. The servants’ 
 entrance would be at the end of the offices next toward the 
 stable yard, and so approached by the branch of road leading 
 to its gates. 
 
 The plan of the house is supposed to contain, on the ground- 
 floor, a hall of entrance, and corridor or breakfast room beyond 
 it, through which the view would pass along the covered avenue, 
 commanding the conservatory, and onward to the garden and 
 rosiary. The hall being from its aspect necessarily in shade, 
 and the objects beyond becoming splendidly illumined by its 
 southern exposure, they would be striking from the contrast, 
 and produce a cheerfulness of effect very desirable towards ex- 
 citing a favourable impression of the house upon a first visit. 
 The aspect of the dining room would be North East ; the draw- 
 ing room presents to the South East, the best aspect for its 
 occupancy; it has also openings beneath a verandah towards 
 the South West ; a spacious gallery for statues, models, pictures 
 and books is added in the rear, but connected with the drawing 
 room by means of the intermediate corridor : it o])ens into a 
 covered way, communicating with the flower garden, the kitchen 
 garden, and stable yard ; a coat room and pantry are situated 
 near the side entrance. 
 
 The kitchen garden is so placed as to allow immediate com- 
 munication for the gardener to the flower garden, the kitchen 
 yard, and the melon ground, and this is in close connexion with 
 the stables : whence its very important materials of cultivation 
 are supplied. 
 

 / ' • 
 
 Ma',, 
 
 
 .'4 
 
 <»•.' O’' 
 
 
 V 
 
 <1 
 
 
 i ^ a 
 
 
GATES AIT© FEITCES . 
 
 • - .''rr,/nU lAg? . 
 
BOUNDARIES, FENCES AND GATEWAYS. 
 
 39 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 THE subjects of this engraving demand early consideration, 
 for, until the property be secured from injury and depredation, 
 it is in vain to plant : hence the first suitable moment should be 
 taken to secure the plantations proposed to accompany the inclo- 
 sure, This rural screen from offences without, should be liberally 
 executed — a partial removal for advantages of prospect being 
 rapid and easy ; but its deficiencies can only be supplied by a 
 lapse of years, always to be regretted. 
 
 The annexed plate represents designs for gates and fences, 
 progressively advancing in degree from simple park paling to 
 the decorated iron work suited to the villa or mansion. Thus 
 the first design represents an oak close fence gate in two 
 modes of execution, that on the right is embrasured by using 
 pales of unequal lengths alternately, that to the left is straight, 
 and is therefore less liable to the injuries which frequently occur 
 when the palings are unsupported by each other, and the strong 
 oak fillet that is usually applied to the tops of this example, 
 firmly uniting them together. 
 
 The second design is for a field gate of considerable strength 
 and novel form ; it is suited to a farm house or other building in 
 that degree of pretension, — The hinge side is strengthened by 
 double posts, according to the dotted lines, and on the right is a 
 hand gate to correspond. 
 
 The third example is suited to a villa or manorial house, and 
 is applicable to any country dwelling, where ornamental embel- 
 
40 
 
 BOUNDARIES, FENCES AND GATEWAYS, 
 
 lishment is sparingly introduced : this is wholly constructed of 
 wood. 
 
 The succeeding and last design is of a higher class, and is 
 proposed for execution in iron. Stone walls, in regular courses, 
 should accompany these gates, at least for a considerable dis- 
 tance, and a small lodge would properly be placed near them. 
 
 As the adaptation of boundary fences must very much depend 
 on the materials afforded by the country or neighbourhood of 
 the improvement, so should the gates correspond in design and 
 character ; when the materials are wood, then a light form is 
 admissable ; but when stone, and perhaps in large and solid 
 blocks, are to be used as walling and piers, iron gates or more 
 substantial forms and constructions become necessary. 
 
 Fences in rural situations are improved in characteristic ap- 
 pearance by ample cloathing afforded to them by ivy, bramble, 
 and such defence from pressure by cattle, as can be supplied by 
 thorns, hornbeam, birch, and alder, according to the suitable 
 nature of the soil — these also assist in partial concealments of 
 the fence, which are essential to a pleasing effect, because, by 
 otherwise exhibiting itself as a mere boundary, the mind of the 
 spectator too readily recognizes limitation and restraint. It 
 is true that oak fences are subject to premature decay, when 
 not exposed to the free approach of air, but on the other hand, 
 these means greatly protect them from wet, the destroying oper- 
 ation of stormy winds, and the injuries permitted by an easy 
 approach to them ; and when decayed, they often support the 
 paling as effective fences for many years. 
 
 The painter and the poet, have not failed to profit by the scenic 
 beauty of the ivy-capped tower and wall, whether of brick or 
 stone, richly and harmoniously stained by mosses, and venerable 
 
IIOUNDARIES, FENCES AND GATEWAYS. 
 
 41 
 
 In a prolonged decay, unwillingly yielding to the picturesque 
 devastations of time. When these materials form the boundary 
 wall, every such means towards its embellishment should be 
 adopted, for surely no appearance can be more offensive than its 
 otherwise dull and prison-like continuity, and, if not built with 
 mortar, threatening hourly dilapidation. In counties where 
 piled stones are the common walling, and thence scar and dis- 
 figure the face of nature there, much of the deformity might be 
 concealed by the beautiful and legitimate veils with which vege- 
 tation could be made to over mantle them. 
 
 The desire of seclusion renders it necessary that small proper- 
 ties should be effectually screened from public roads; but when 
 gardens are situated in parks, their boundaries should not be 
 permitted to exclude the advantages that the park scenery is 
 capable of affording, or give the spectator reason to suppose 
 that the proprietory is subdivided. — Parks being in themselves 
 sufficient separation, generally, to ensure seclusion to the garden, 
 the traveller has reason to expect from the liberal proprietor that 
 the park fence shall be no more an interruption to his prospect 
 than is sufficient to guard the property, confine his stock, and 
 exclude the impertinent intruder; for there is nothing so fatal to 
 the beauty of the road, as the fences and walls that confine his 
 views. Boundary fences, near public roads, are of several de- 
 scriptions, suited to the size and nature of the property, and 
 constructed according to the object desired, as mere wood paling 
 or park fencing, brick or stone walls upon level ground, or 
 fences or walls raised on banks with a trench outward. 
 
 A great variety of means may properly be used in the same 
 estate, adopted or devised according to the circumstanees of the 
 place, and the peculiar advantages each is capable of affording. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 BOUNDARIES, GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 This form permits a person within to overlook the road, 
 whilst it wholly excludes the view of the passenger, and avoids 
 the offence of a high wall. The rear and side fences of a pro- 
 perty may generally be formed in a way less hostile to landscape, 
 by hedges and ditches with open wood posts and rails, until the 
 natural fence is capable of affording more ample protection. 
 Pieces of water and any other rural means analogous to the ge- 
 neral character of the spot, may be used for this purpose ; and 
 when there is an opportunity of commanding a distant prospect, 
 or of overlooking a fine and fertile country, similar modes of 
 separation may be used, and which are also more generally 
 applicable to internal separations of the domain. 
 
 FENCES OF SUBDIVISION. 
 
 Many contrivances have been resorted to for the purpose of 
 separating ground so that the appearances of confinement or 
 restraint shall exist in the least possible degree — this in the 
 immediate vicinity of the dwelling is absolutely needful, if cattle 
 are at any time pastured near it, Mr. Brown and the improvers 
 of his day, adopted the Ha, ha ! by which contrivance no actual 
 division appears when the lawn is viewed from the house. 
 
BOUNDARfES^ GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 43 
 
 4'he laic Mr. Repton preferred the terrace with a parapet or 
 ballustradej when adopted in conformity to the style of the place : 
 
 he considered it to be the best security against cattle ; and, as 
 the different growth and appearance of the lawn and the park 
 verdure will always manifest a division, he preferred the honesty 
 of its avowal to the most ingenious substitution possible ; parti- 
 cularly as the terrace gradually harmonized the building with 
 the grounds, and gave dignity, variety and effect to the whole ; 
 these, however, are only suited to large properties, where the 
 loss of ground, or view of it, can be well spared. 
 
 The sunk fence is a substitute for both in small grounds ; 
 
 the iron or invisible fence is a good separation ; and when a few 
 sheep only are the tenants of the outer lawn, a wire fence in 
 front of the house will be still less obtrusive. 
 
 A difficulty has always existed where the pasture was of 
 such extent as to need subdivision for feeding stock — this, too, 
 has done much towards the banishment of paths to the extremi- 
 ties of the ground, making them accompany the enclosure in 
 one unvaried round, without hope of speedier return from its 
 remote parts than is afforded by the already trodden circuit line 
 of its boundary. If a path be made so as to separate a paddock, 
 and it is desirable that the view shall not be interrupted by 
 
44 
 
 UOUNDARIES^ GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 plantations, nor by the offence of a double railing, the object 
 may be attained by a trench in the way of a sunk fence on one 
 side of the path, and by an iron open fence on the other ; thus 
 enclosing the path between them, by which means it is secured 
 from the approach of cattle, and the paddocks completely sepa- 
 rated. And if, in the execution of the path and trench, care be 
 taken to elevate the ground towards the spectator, so as to con- 
 ceal them, the light iron fence only is exhibited ; which, if well 
 disposed, will rather be ornamental thaii otherwise. 
 
 ON BOUNDARY PLANTATIONS. 
 
 Boundary Plantations should be made so soon as the fences 
 for their protection have been completed. 
 
 It has been a practice to surround the whole domain with a 
 plantation thence called its Zone or Belt, and where a park does 
 not exist to make its adoption improper, the belt has many 
 advantages : — it obtains seclusion ; it opposes itself to offensive 
 neighbourhoods over which the person planting may have no 
 controul ; it conceals the boundary fences, and if planted with 
 proper trees, some of which the fence may be formed to exclude 
 in occasional groups or single trees, it obtains a natural character 
 of effect ; so, if the interior forms be made to follow the irregular 
 workings of nature in the shapes of bays, promontories, isth- 
 muses, and islets of pasture and plantation, the boundary will 
 soon lose its evidences of the labours of art. 
 
 The selection of trees for the purpose of the boundary, must 
 also be ruled by the laws that govern nature — they must be 
 suitable to the soil, and planted in masses of congenial kinds, 
 occasionally interspersed with others seeming to have obtained 
 accidental footing there: these, if placed with discretion, will 
 give great effect by contrast of colour, form and leafag-e, and 
 
BOUNDARIES^ GATES AND FENCES. 
 
 45 
 
 thus prevent the appearance of too much sameness, which ought 
 at all times to be avoided. 
 
 The common practice of planting alternately oak, elm, lime, 
 fir, larch, beech, birch, and again repeating oak, elm, lime, and 
 so on, or any other order of arrangement upon the same errone- 
 ous system, is absurd, and wholly unlike the broad and bold 
 workings of nature, and is incapable of producing good effect 
 or suitable variety ; for although the trees be various, and have 
 in themselves the principles of opposition and contrast in a high 
 degree, yet when disposed in this way, and so mingled together, 
 every twenty rods of it will be but the repetition of the former 
 twenty rods ; and although the plantation should be twenty 
 miles round, it is capable of affording no variety beyond that of 
 each tree’s actual identity, which at a distance cannot be recog- 
 nized. Such plantations always look dull and heavy in colour, 
 in consequence of the complete mixture of the bright and the 
 dark together — so black and white, the greatest of all contrasts, 
 when blended become grey ; thus, too, the most brilliant primi- 
 tive colours, red, blue, and yellow, when mixed together, form 
 a dusky hue, nearly approaching to a sooty black. The prac- 
 tice is so obviously bad, that it must necessarily be soon aban- 
 doned, and where the error has already been committed, the 
 remedy must be applied when the plantations are thinned ; at 
 which time much of the objection may be removed, and a great 
 deal of the effect desired may be obtained. 
 
 The projector in his general plan will do well to mark the 
 nature of the soils if they differ, and form his first arrangements 
 and selections from these circumstances. As one soil may be 
 suitable to several kinds, he may next plan them in masses, 
 conformably to suitableness, contrast, opposition and harmony 
 of form and colour — not abruptly placing them in masses of oak, 
 elm, and other trees, but as it were dovetailing them into each 
 
46 
 
 BOUNDARIESj QATES AND FENCES. 
 
 other in the way that nature herself has joined varieties of soil 
 and growths ; and, acting according to her own laws of fitness 
 and variety, has thus perfected her plantations. 
 
 If this practice of planning and planting be pursued, the inte- 
 rior of the domain so surrounded will seem a favoured spot of 
 nature’s own creation, and warrant and demand the labours of 
 art to subject its forest or wood-like qualities to human occu- 
 pancy, and domestic and elegant enjoyment. 
 
 These plantations, when advanced a few years, may be thin- 
 ned and opened with great advantage towards the producing 
 of variety. When chief views are determined on, the planting 
 may, in the first instance, be omitted at such points ; but for 
 secondary effects, the plantations may be thinned so as to 
 admit only a broken prospect, or to obtain it between the stems 
 of the outer trees. Advantage may be taken at the same time 
 of every incident which the operations of natural growth have 
 pointed out, and to this no general rule is applicable, but which 
 will be instantly seen and siezed by the mind of the artist. 
 
 After a few years growth, thinning is absolutely necessary 
 to the welfare of the plantation ; for either the larger trees will 
 be robbed by those which have not so well succeeded, or they 
 will grow up, choak and exhaust each other. 
 
 In thinning woods and coppices, much material is found for 
 plantations ; and its spare produce may be usefully employed. 
 
f 
 
Coppice WOOD Fei^ces. Gates, ait® hurbees 
 
rENC'F.S, GATES AND IIUUDEES. 
 
 47 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 COPPICE, WOOD FENCES, GATES AND HURDLES. 
 
 THE uses to which the produce of coppices are applicable, 
 and by which they become valuable property, make a part of the 
 present subject no further than they are subservient to garden 
 embellishments ; to this purpose the common thinnings of cop- 
 pices may be applied. The annexed designs exhibit the forms in 
 which the hazel, the sallow, and the ash could be tastefully used. 
 
 The first design represents three fences of unbarked wood, 
 fastened together by thongs stripped from other branches, and 
 the uprights made firm by insertion into the ground. 
 
 The second design is also for a fence of the same materials, 
 with a gate at each extremity ; the forms may be infinitely 
 varied, without difficulty, by any tasteful imagination. 
 
 The third line consists of three designs for garden fence gates, 
 and the fourth line, of hurdles, or short and portable fences, 
 which, when many are put together in the manner of sheep- 
 folds, sufficiently protect from ordinary injuriek 
 
 Fences of this description may be made by the gardener, in 
 which he may also construct alcoves, avenues, espaliers, and 
 garden seats of corresponding character. These means are not 
 proper as exterior inclosures, unless for small ornamental cotta- 
 ges, which have also the protection of an embankment and 
 hollow, in the manner of a sunk fence : in this way they become 
 very ornamental. Similar materials may be used as basket-work 
 fences to shrubberies ; and upon a smaller scale, to flower beds 
 and borders. 
 
48 
 
 LODGES. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 A LODGE. 
 
 WHEN the house is situated a considerable distance within 
 its boundary, a lodge or residence for some servant to the pro- 
 prietor is needful for the convenience of himself, and visitors, 
 and the accommodation of persons coming on matters of busi- 
 ness. It is by no means necessary that this building should 
 assume an ostentatious display — its size is adverse to high pre- 
 tension ; but being the introductory medium to the dwelling, 
 where the visitor receives his’ first impression of the place, it is 
 important that it should exhibit propriety and fitness — have 
 fair pretension to suitableness of character with the estate to 
 which it belongs, and possess undoubted convenience and com- 
 fortable accommodation. 
 
 In general the lodge should be situated at a sufficient distance 
 from the dwelling and its offices, to make it clear that the 
 accompanyment of a lodge cannot be dispensed with ; for when 
 too near the edifice, it assumes the appearance of ostentation 
 rather than of unquestionable accommodation. It is no less 
 worthy of great care that it should, in point of size and seeming, 
 be perfectly suited to the consequence of the estate, and possess 
 those qualities which best cause it to harmonize with its ac- 
 companying scenery. Of no less real importance is the internal 
 arrangement of this building, which should be so disposed as to 
 prevent the appearance of a greater quantity of building than its 
 own nature and its relation to the estate demands. 
 
 A judicious architect will not fail to adopt that style of build- 
 ing in which to make his design, that some circumstance suffici- 
 
A (&AMEK;EEFE MӤ JLiOlD^E , 
 
 Tubf'ac JiiACKEXMAyji^j JtEPOSITiUiy’ofiiriRrS . ut Strand idzz . 
 
I I 
 
 1 I 
 I 
 
 I : 
 I ' 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i • 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I 1 
 
 i i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
FORMS OF GROUND. 
 
 49 
 
 ently important to govern it may demand,, and thence supply its 
 character ; this will arise either from the nature of the country 
 in which it is placed, the peculiarities of the spot on which it is 
 to be built, the edifice to which it is attendant, or the rank and 
 station of the proprietor. 
 
 In general it may be said of lodges (for but few exceptions 
 occur in places of moderate extent) that they should be consi- 
 dered as a higher class of cottages, improved upon the foregoing 
 principles, and also sparingly decorated. 
 
 ON THE FORMS OF GROUND. 
 
 To imitate natural scenery, an irregular surface of ground is 
 sometimes necessary : to effect which is the business of garden 
 improvement, and demands an early attention ; for, unless an 
 undulating surface be prepared before the planting is begun, 
 very little of such advantage can be expected without sacrifices. 
 
 Great diversity of surface may, in general, be obtained at no 
 objectionable expense, if the labour be discreetly conducted. 
 To sink the valley and raise the hill is a good rule, when 
 properly applied, in which case the beneficial results are so 
 immediate and striking, as amply to compensate for every exer- 
 tion : hence plants and trees obtain the appearance of several 
 growths as they are situated on greater or less elevations, and 
 produce varieties of incident and opposition of light, shadow, 
 form and colour that cannot be effected on level ground. Such 
 undulations also allow a command of near and distant views, 
 and occasionally afford sites appropriate for temples, alcoves, 
 and seats, suited to retirement, reflection or study. 
 
 Artificial means should be resorted to in flat situations, to ele- 
 vate the house itself, for the purpose of obtaining command of 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 FORMS OF GROUND. 
 
 view over the landscape, and security against damps ; this may 
 be performed with great ease and effect by a gradually rising 
 knoll, formed by the earth excavated from the cellars and foun- 
 dations. The floors of the principal apartments should be only 
 one or two steps above this artificial surface, to admit a ready 
 egress from them at the casements, which may be made to open 
 to the carpet. A few years ago prevailed the Italian style, of 
 erecting the chief apartments on an elevated basement — at that 
 time the knoll was not in use for such purposes ; but since the 
 self-imposed constraint and reserved stateliness of the former 
 age has yielded to the charms of the garden, and of greater 
 freedom, the use of the basement story, as it was called, is aban- 
 doned, and the lawn become a verdant continuation of the 
 carpetings of the library and drawing room, sharing with them 
 the honours of hourly occupation. 
 
 The form or position of the natural soil on which the house 
 is to be erected, must govern the means employed to create 
 suitable levels, mounds or terraces. If the ground be sloping, 
 one of its fronts must be raised to an outward gently hanging 
 level, whilst the opposite front will require a terrace. If it be in 
 a hollow, then it must have a considerable elevation of the lawn 
 to produce the effect of a rising surface, and to throw the water 
 from the building, which would else be liable to an overflow 
 from showers. 
 
 Hollows that seem to be the site of exhausted ponds, have 
 always an ill effect ; these should be judiciously opened at the 
 extremities, by which a valley-like continuity is produced, and 
 the mind becomes satisfied. 
 
 The mound or knoll, when a little curved on its surface and 
 rounding only as it becomes a sort of terrace next the house, is 
 more natural and pleasing than when altogether convex: indeed 
 
FORMS OF GROUND. 
 
 51 
 
 the rising surfaces of lawn and pasture are improved when so 
 hollowed, and are viewed with advantage from lower ground, 
 for they there exhibit the whole area, which is abridged in the 
 other instance; besides, the shadows projected upon them are 
 often considerably lengthened by this form, and thence become 
 means of greater repose to the landscape. 
 
 It is manifest that ground composed of hill and valley in 
 graceful undulations, exhibits many local and incidental beau- 
 ties not possessed by the level plain : — the continual changes of 
 form produced by the movements of the spectator — the diversity 
 of light, shade and colour, changed by the varied angles at 
 which they are viewed — the intricacy and pleasing combinations 
 of differently elevated objects as they are passed, all combine to 
 prove the superiority of an undulating surface. 
 
 Whenever the formation of ground is taken into considera- 
 tion, due attention must be paid to its character and that of the 
 surrounding country, the peculiarities and qualities of the spot, 
 and the effect proposed to be introduced, remembering that 
 
 the object of the artist is to conceal his art.” The romantic 
 should be bold and broken, combining steep declivities with 
 dell-like ravines. The rural exhibit natural irregularities, but 
 not be so broken and abrupt. The park and pastural demand 
 sweeping and expansive undulations, without the necessity of 
 wholly disguising the means employed for its improvement; but 
 the studied landscape which should form the fore-ground of the 
 mansion, and harmonize with its features, may display the entire 
 skill of the improver. Here the artist, judiciously selecting the 
 most perfect specimens from nature, should combine them with 
 poetic feeling, and preserve them with assiduous care. Without 
 becoming liable to the imputation of neglect or slovenliness, 
 the operations of the gardener cannot be concealed in this spot. 
 
 H 2 
 
52 
 
 FORMS OF GROUND. 
 
 On this subject much controversy has existed, because too 
 many authors have disregarded the harmony necessary to 
 combine the landscape with the building, or because a certain 
 quantity of picturesqueness” was considered necessary to the 
 perfection of landscape. This word is still fatal to the recon- 
 cilement of conflicting opinions, for the roughnesses only of 
 nature are often supposed to constitute the essential attributes 
 of the picturesque. 
 
 The Picturesque” rather implies that which is like to a pic- 
 ture, or such combinations of form, light, shade, colour and effect 
 as a painter would choose to record by his pencil. The term 
 indeed embraces a vast extent of matter, and painters have 
 shewn us what it is ; — the simply chaste compositions of Raphael 
 and Guido, alike with the exuberant compositions of Rubens — 
 all that is elegant, refined, graceful, gorgeous or splendid in the 
 higher claims of art, are within the measure of the term : and 
 SO with the inferior but pleasing compositions of the Dutch and 
 Flemish schools. In landscape it is the same ; the elegant and 
 classic scenery of Claude, the bolder compositions of Poussin, 
 the romantic flights of Salvata Rosa, the homely scenes of 
 Wynants, all come within the same pale, and are capable of as 
 distinct classification. 
 
 The fundamental error, has arisen out of the too common 
 opinion that all which is not rugged and rude, is not picturesque ; 
 w'hereas beauty and fitness are its indispensable characteristics ; 
 it exists wherever these qualities are combined, and ceases 
 where they are not. The picturesque ends at the point where 
 nature or art is distorted or exaggerated ; where nature herself 
 is extravagant, she is not beautiful but fantastic. Rubens ven- 
 tures to the full limit, but is yet picturesque ; Goltzius, though 
 a painter of genius and vast energy, passes the boundary, and 
 becomes grotesque. 
 

 • *■'. • 
 . ‘ *' 
 
 ■■ ' ■ • . •: 
 
 ^'.L»i.'. '•■' , 
 
 ■SrtV- V . V' 
 
 
 
 ’>• 
 
 
 
 «V1 ■•^1%?.'. 
 
 z*' - 
 
 ’i' 
 
 
 # • 
 
 
TPLAHTATIOH SEAT 
 
PLANTATION SEAT 
 
 53 
 
 PLATE V, 
 
 A PLANTATION SEAT. 
 
 THIS design is adapted to such parts of a plantation near the 
 house as are carefully decorated ; it is a low sheltered seat, in 
 which proportion and embellishment have been studied, for the 
 purpose of introducing more valuable materials and workman- 
 ship than are usually applied to similar designs. The pillars are 
 intended to be of bronze; marble might be introduced and 
 sculptured to form the back, and also for the pedestals and 
 plinths. The covering, composed of reeds, would be rendered 
 water-proof by a suitable composition or cement. The under- 
 side, forming an arched cieling, might be ornamented by small 
 enriched compartments and central flowers, delicately coloured 
 and relieved in gold; and several portions of the other orna- 
 mental decorations might be lightly gilded also. 
 
 The vases at the extremities would be of marble, and con- 
 trived to receive pots of flowers; from the centre of which a 
 copper rod is placed to support a beautiful and appropriate 
 climbing plant, which would realize the effect represented in 
 the design. 
 
 This seat would be particularly rich and novel thus executed; 
 but if merely constructed in the usual manner, it is evident that 
 it must be pleasing, and afford an efficient shelter from sun and 
 rain. 
 
54 
 
 A TEMPLE. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 A TEMPLE OR AVIARY. 
 
 THIS small building, designed to embellish extensive grounds, 
 affords an agreeable seat and prospect room : it is supposed to 
 be situated on a small island in a retired portion of the estate, 
 not far distant from the mansion, where repose of scene would 
 make such a building effective in all its points, and the melo- 
 dious harmony of the birds within, a delightful relief to its 
 surrounding stillness. Being encompassed by water, and suit- 
 able iron gates affixed to the approach, which is over a small 
 bridge, it would perhaps be secure from those depredations 
 from which it is to be lamented few such edifices are exempt, 
 when even a little removed from the immediate vicinity of the 
 house. 
 
 Should this appropriation of the building be dispensed with, it 
 would become an agreeable retirement for reading or study. 
 
 On extensive properties such erections are essential as resting 
 places in the walks, and as retreats from hasty showers : from 
 these, well arranged plantations acquire a peculiar interest; 
 for, besides their attractive qualities, which invite the spectator 
 onward, he is secure from inconvenience by the rapid changes 
 of the weather, and the intervening scenes are therefore enjoyed 
 in confidence. When they are designed and placed with judi- 
 cious attention to the character of the spot, they often afford 
 admirable embellishments to the landscape, and carry forward 
 the seeming extent of the more polished arrangements of the 
 pleasure grounds. 
 
“ my 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
A BM]D)€E BOAT MOOSE 
 
BRIDGE AND BOAT HOUSE. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 A BRIDGE AND BOAT HOUSE. 
 
 THIS design is intended as a means of approaching an island 
 situated on a lake at the extremity of an estate^ answering the 
 double purpose of a bridge and boat house, and also a shelter 
 from rain. The platform is inclosed by a parapet railing on 
 one side for safety, but is open on the other for the convenience 
 of taking boat, and for landing on return. 
 
 It will be seen that this building is not intended for the com- 
 plete protection of the boat, even during the summer months, 
 much less against the inclemencies of the winter season ; but it 
 is sufficient shelter from the sun and rain at its moorings during 
 the day, when it is in readiness; and from this bridge it is 
 easily and safely entered, as its side comes in immediate contact 
 with the foot-path. The construction of this building is very 
 simple, the materials of which it is composed may be of un- 
 wrought timbers: the supports being the trunks of unbarked 
 trees, the arch of their taj)ered branches, and the walling of cleft 
 logs, built in the manner of the rough walling of the Romans. 
 The roof is of thatch, and the flooring of iron, covered by gra- 
 vel, in continuation of the walk. As the garden at this spot 
 would properly change its character to the wilder accompa- 
 niments of the lake, this building would assimilate with the 
 scenery, and please by its rural effect, well contrasting with 
 the more elegant and polished objects of other parts of the 
 plantations. 
 
 Some extensive estates that have been much improved, still 
 afford opportunity of combining the effect of the river and the 
 
56 
 
 WATER IN LANDSCAPE, 
 
 lake ; indeed, it is to be lamented that the former only has been 
 chiefly introduced when the latter so beautifully and consistently 
 might have assisted as its companion. The lake, in extensive 
 grounds, is a very beautiful feature, and properly contrasts those 
 scenes which admit the appearances of cultivation by art. 
 
 ON WATER IN LANDSCAPE. 
 
 Where a continued supply of water can be obtained, and the 
 natural irregularities of the ground present suitable reservoirs for 
 its preservation, or where they can be artificially prepared, the 
 artist will not fail to benefit by the opportunity afforded for the 
 use of so important a feature ; but the supply must be ample, 
 for few defects of the landscape are so objectionable as the 
 deficiency exhibited by half-empty pools, lakes or canals, origin- 
 ally intended as garden embellishments ; and the defect always 
 occurs, too, in warm and dry seasons, when the coolness and 
 beauty of water is most inviting and desired : instead of which 
 they betray to the spectator the scantiness of their sources, and 
 infect the air with offensive vapours. 
 
 When the supply is abundant at all times, then water becomes 
 a striking and interesting material in the hands of the improver ; 
 the brilliancy of sheets of water give lustre to the most dull and 
 insipid portions of a landscape, and it is the chief means by 
 which the artist produces those vivid and fascinating reliefs in 
 the garden, which, by white or richness of colour, the painter 
 exhibits in his picture. — The deep tones of shade essential to 
 vigour and striking effect are also augmented by water, in the 
 reflections of over shadowing objects, whilst its occasional rippling 
 movements create partial and brilliant touches of light that 
 begem its surface. 
 
 So pleasing is the effect of objects reflected on clear water. 
 
WATER IN LANDSCAPE. 
 
 which objects themselves scarcely attract attention, that they con- 
 vey a charm to the eye of the same poetic sentiment, that sound 
 returns to the ear in the magic voice of the echo ; and in the 
 agitation of water by wind or other causes, a continual change 
 is produced, which dispels the sameness of effect that many 
 persons have objected to, as produced by lakes and canals: an 
 objection that has been maintained by many proprietors, but 
 only so because they have not given attention to the fair claims 
 of water ; even the track of fowls upon its surface, and the ring- 
 lets which the swallow creates by the dipping of its wing, are 
 interesting, and produce variety of incident, always relished by 
 the tasteful. 
 
 Ground, trees, and water are the chief and legitimate mate- 
 rials of landscape ; and if the latter be dispensed with, a full 
 proportion of the means of creating its picturesque beauty is 
 abandoned also. 
 
 A beautiful piece of water, particularly if it be seated in a 
 well clothed, sequestered, and tranquil spot, engages the mind, 
 and inspires it with pleasing sentiments; and notwithstanding 
 our northern atmosphere is unfavourable to a full perception of 
 the claims which water has to the gratitude of the inhabitants of 
 warmer soils, yet we are enchanted with the sublime eulogies 
 afforded to it by the poets and historians of the East; and 
 assuming something of their feelings, we readily transfer the 
 pleasure excited by their glowing imagery to the shades and 
 streams we contemplate ourselves — there we remember with 
 pleasing sympathy the many tales that we have read in our 
 youth, and which have been told to the fountain and the 
 stream by the proselytes of love, of hope, and of despair, in a 
 language that has imprinted on our memories not only the 
 thoughts of the poet, but the pictures which his eloquence has 
 created in our minds. 
 
 1 
 
58 
 
 WATER IN LANDSCAPE. 
 
 The painter, too, has represented the beauties of water with 
 all the magic of his wondrous art. If, in his introduction of 
 water into landscape scenery, the artist can so dispose it as to 
 call into action any of the sentiments that each of these sources 
 is capable of producing, he will have in that spectator’s mind 
 an advocate for the beauties of water that will make needless 
 all other motives for its admiration. 
 
 With regard to the situation of water in landscape improve- 
 ments, it is scarcely necessary to observe that the practices of 
 nature in her happiest works should be followed, and therefore 
 that the valley is the properest site for it ; for, when situated on 
 high ground, or on rapidly inclined planes particularly, the 
 operations of art, in some points of view, will be manifest, unless 
 the defect be discreetly hid by such well arranged plantations as 
 will conceal the embankments, arrest the view of the slope, 
 and produce the appearances of a valley. 
 

 
 
 A 
 
 'I 
 
 ■It 
 
 pTV.,^' 
 
 •^91 
 
 IT:- 
 
 fi: 
 
 •V. 
 
 t 
 
 J' 
 
 • o* 
 
 A • 
 
 t\ 
 
 
J‘uif<u, R^ACKgUMAJ/VJ KEPflSITOm'or ARTS 2ai Srnutd- iSzt. 
 
RUSTIC BRinCE. 
 
 59 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 A RUSTIC BRIDGE. 
 
 WATER being so essential to the beauty of cultivated sce- 
 nery, from its power of contrast to the surrounding verdure, its 
 brilliancy, colour, motion and sparkling reflections, as also from 
 other results of its mirror-like surface — the frequent use of it 
 demands the introduction of an additional picturesque feature to 
 the landscape. 
 
 The annexed design for a bridge is suitable to this purpose : 
 it forms a rustic shelter and fishing seat ; and the parapets of 
 each extremity arranged in step-like forms are prepared to 
 receive orange trees or other plants. 
 
 The construction is chiefly of timber and unbarked slabs, and 
 the roof is proposed to be covered by reed thatching. 
 
 It sometimes happens that the natural slope of ground will 
 not permit so large a piece of water as may be desired, unless 
 it is made to occupy two or more levels, at such points a low 
 bridge erected over its fall will conceal the irregularity. 
 
 ON THE FORMS OF WATER. 
 
 As the character which water assumes is dependent on its 
 shape, quantity and motion, each should be well considered 
 before the ground is prepared for its reception. In England the 
 source of a natural stream is generally a small bursting of water 
 from the earth, bubbling in some elevated spot, or the draining 
 of hilly lands, for nature has benevolently placed on heights her 
 
 I 2 
 
60 
 
 FORMS OF WATER, 
 
 treasury of fresh waters, whence she liberally dispenses them to 
 the country until having fulfilled their duties they again blend 
 themselves with the ocean. From their source they depart in a 
 rill gentle or rapid, wide or contracted, deep or shallow, accord- 
 ing to the form and slope of ground over which they pass. The 
 confluence of several of these make the streamlet and the brook, 
 until by multiplied union and increase, they become a river. 
 
 In the first instance it is the mere shape of ground that influ- 
 ences the course, but in its progress, the softer soil yielding to 
 the stream, it speedily makes channels for itself, still however 
 conforming to the resistance of harder soils or casual opposi- 
 tions, every obstruction it meets with operates to change its 
 course from a direct line, these being abundant the serpentine 
 form of running waters must necessarily occur, and in proportion 
 to the rapidity of its motion, the abruptness and sinuosity of the 
 river will be found — the gentlest waters have easy and long 
 sweeping curves. 
 
 It often happens that in the line of a river, the water is 
 received into a valley which having no outlet below the level of 
 the stream, lakes and islands are formed of various magnitudes, 
 governed by the eminences which rise above the plane of its 
 surface, this also collecting water from the surrounding hills 
 the river departs from it with augmented supplies and greater 
 power. 
 
 The quality of the beds of streams and rivers operate to 
 create diversity of shape and character, for by the yielding or 
 opposition of the soil beneath it the motion of the stream 
 is increased or retarded, and the water is permitted to imbed 
 itself, or is spread over the surface ; from all these causes it is 
 found that the margins of natural waters are seldom parallel 
 to each other for any considerable distance, unless bounded by 
 
FORMS OF WATER. 
 
 61 
 
 steep declivities, but that in general the widths and depths are 
 proportioned to each other : 
 
 “ The broad is shallow, and the narrow deep.” 
 
 When their course is broken by abrupt changes of levels, 
 ravines, cascades and waterfalls are created, accommodating 
 themselves to the quality and structure of the soils over which they 
 travel : the hard will effect a sharp aud immediate fall like the 
 overshot of a mill-dam, whereas the soft will gradually and par- 
 tially give way, permitting the waters to form a ravine through 
 which it will rush in a broken and rugged course, creating a 
 variety of cascades in its progress. 
 
 Having examined the operations and effects of nature in these 
 interesting features of her works, such portions of them may 
 readily be adopted as are suitable to the character of the place 
 to be improved, the magnitude of the property, and the object 
 to be attained. The romantic stile admits the lake and the 
 river, the ravine and the cataract, with all the wild abruptness 
 of which water is capable. The rural and the pastoral compose 
 the lake, the meer, the pool, the river, and all the lesser and 
 milder operations of the stream. So the pleasure garden being 
 a work of art, and in which art is avowedly directing nature Mn 
 contradistinctional submission to her great mistress in all other 
 parts of the domain — the canal, the basin and the fountain, are 
 legitimate materials to the artist, provided he does not violate 
 the laws of fitness and propriety in the use of them, and admits 
 them only when designed with taste. 
 
 Where the grounds are sufficiently extensive it is very desira- 
 ble to enlist portions of both the river and the lake into the 
 landscape, commencing at the point of juncture as exhibited in 
 nature. The variety of scene consequent on this proceeding 
 
62 
 
 FORMS OF WATER. 
 
 would be very pleasing, and obviate the objectionable repetition 
 of river forms in the several views about the property. 
 
 In laying out ground for the river, particular regard should be 
 had to the point from which it will be chiefly viewed, as from 
 the house or lawn, so that it may obtain variety of form and 
 incident, and display the greatest possible breadth, contrasted 
 with the narrowness consequent on the perspective. 
 
 The above is a perspective representation of a river so plan- 
 ned, viewed up its serpentine course, the margins of which are 
 supposed to be parallel; but were that parallelism departed from 
 according to nature, the effect would be increased, and the 
 water appear of still greater magnitude. 
 
 The usual practice has been to place the water so that persons 
 at the house shall look across rather than along its course : — 
 this gives the effect of equal width to the stream, although it may 
 considerably vary in its dimensions. The same principle should 
 be applied to the formation of lakes and islands, for by a proper 
 arrangement of form agreeably to the laws of pespective, their 
 magnitude will, in appearance, be greatly increased ; but if this 
 be neglected, they will seem proportionably to diminish. 
 
FORMS OF WATER. 
 
 63 
 
 The heavy character of circular pools, square and oblong 
 canals, and other such geometrical forms of masonry should have 
 prevented the patronage they once obtained and so long pos- 
 sessed : they produce no intelligible change although viewed at 
 various places, and therefore excite little interest beyond that 
 which arises from their obvious cost, and the contemplation of 
 the excessive labour that produced them. They are capable 
 of affording astonishment but cannot please. 
 
BUH)GLS. 
 
 ()4 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 A BRIDGE AND TEMPLE. 
 
 WHERE the banks of a stream intersecting the garden of a 
 domain in an elevated class of decoration are precipitous, a 
 bridge, as here represented, would form an agreeable feature of 
 the scene, and accordingly as the stream favourably deviated 
 from a straight line, the view from the temple would be varied 
 and interesting. 
 
 This design should be executed in stone, and upon a small 
 scale ; for such an edifice, when applied as ornamental chiefly, 
 should be considered rather as a bijou than otherwise, and ele- 
 gance of character be made to supersede the striking and bold 
 effects necessary to buildings connected with the chief approach 
 to the mansion. When stone quarries are on the estate it.self, 
 and the charge of distant carriage therefore not incurred, these 
 buildings may be erected at a moderate expense, and many 
 architectural beauties introduced that are not within the reach 
 of persons otherwise situated, without a vast expenditure. The 
 expense attendant on land carriage, has done more to prevent 
 the use of stone, and consequently the adoption of similar de- 
 signs, than the consideration of the labour necessary to erect 
 them, united with the additional charge of the material itself: 
 from this cause they have sometimes been built of wood or 
 plaister; and the speedy decay of these have necessarily pre- 
 vented the frequent use of such buildings in landscape or 
 ornamental gardening. 
 
4.” tife 
 
 5fe-S^ , .r- 
 
 
 
 
 &gA^i ' - *, 
 
 A. IB MI® ©JE 
 
 & TEMP'lLTE , 
 
 Jid>f'iitR-Ail[a3UlWiMR)Sn'<'‘ia’or'JJCS iM.Jtrmdy. iSzz . 
 

A BmilDGE APAPTE® TO PAMIK SCEl^ERY. 
 
BRIDGICS. 
 
 65 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 A BRIDGE ADAPTED TO PARK SCENERY. 
 
 WHERE water intersects a park in such a way as to render 
 a bridge across it necessary in the line of approach to the man- 
 sion, the annexed design would be appropriate, particularly if 
 the ground at each end of the bridge happened to be so elevated, 
 or gently rising from the plane of the park as to permit the 
 parapet to be level, instead of an extended curve, according 
 to the usual practice in such edifices; and this circumstance 
 would afford a greater length to the road-way of the bridge, 
 and consequently produce an effect of magnitude at little ad- 
 ditional expense. 
 
 Without the side arches, a building so formed would divide 
 the grounds on both banks of the river or canal ; but in this 
 instance, a free communication is obtained, and the walks 
 along its margins preserved entire ; which are here supposed 
 to be embellished by plantations, as being in the immediate 
 vicinity of the pleasure grounds, and one bank might very pro- 
 perly form a part of them. 
 
 A bridge of this description should be placed so near the 
 mansion as to combine with its general design, and appear to 
 be an essential part of the whole ; in which case it would greatly 
 add to its seeming magnitude and consequence, and lose its 
 liability to the objection raised to many bridges standing in 
 the middle of a park, on account of their unsupported and 
 solitary appearances. 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 WATER. 
 
 EMBELLISHMENTS OF WATER. 
 
 Sheets of water however beautiful in form, unless it be the 
 ocean, are little interesting in themselves — they require the 
 intervention of suitable objects of art or nature to embellish 
 them, either on the margins or their surfaces, as the character 
 of the place demands. The judicious artist will supply these 
 so as to produce variety and intricacy, without injury to the 
 composition of the landscape, and to its proper breadth of effect, 
 and without overloading the picture, as it is called, by too 
 much material. 
 
 In the embellishment of water, it is necessary to remember 
 that it doubles by reflection all the objects of its margin. This 
 circumstance is favourable, or otherwise, according as the 
 means are adopted ; — if the banks are steep and the water 
 narrow, an ill effect is produced, because the height of the 
 banks is exaggerated, and the width of the water seemingly 
 diminished. If the water is wide, as in lakes, then the steepness 
 of its banks and the over-hanging foliages of its margin acquire 
 added dignity and multiplied effect. The management of the 
 varieties of the margin of ornamental water is of great conse- 
 quenee ; when it is viewed transversely or over narrow portions 
 of it, the ground should slope to the water’s edge, or the banks 
 will intercept the view of its surface and perhaps hide it wholly ; 
 on the other hand, when water is viewed upward in its length, 
 steep and broken banks add the advantages of form and colour 
 to the variety it produces, and give force and vigour to the 
 scene. Water should be placed to the southward of the man- 
 sion, not only on aeeount of the coolness of effect, but as its 
 brilliancy is augmented when so viewed. 
 
 Because nature is not prolific of the nobler trees in the vicinity 
 
WATER. 
 
 67 
 
 of much water, she has added to her store such as are peculiarly 
 suited to its decoration ; and in the aquatic plants will be found 
 the means of adding still more extensive variety, than at first 
 appears, to the retired scenery of the grounds ; these, differing 
 in colour and character, may be so arranged as to be highly 
 ornamental, and favorably contrast the valley with the hill. 
 
 When the valley is not of sufficient extent to allow the intro- 
 duction of the lake, the river may be much improved by 
 separating its course into branches : thus forming small islands 
 or aits; which, when planted according to their forms and 
 characters, will become admirable embellishments. 
 
66 
 
 WATER. 
 
 EMBELLISHMENTS OF WATER. 
 
 Sheets of water however beautiful in fornix unless it be the 
 ocean, are little interesting in themselves — they require the 
 intervention of suitable objects of art or nature to embellish 
 them, either on the margins or their surfaces, as the character 
 of the place demands. The judicious artist will supply these 
 so as to produce variety and intricacy, without injury to the 
 composition of the landscape, and to its proper breadth of effect, 
 and without overloading the picture, as it is called, by too 
 much material. 
 
 In the embellishment of water, it is necessary to remember 
 that it doubles by reflection all the objects of its margin. This 
 circumstance is favourable, or otherwise, according as the 
 means are adopted ; — if the banks are steep and the water 
 narrow, an ill effect is produced, because the height of the 
 banks is exaggerated, and the width of the water seemingly 
 diminished. If the water is wide, as in lakes, then the steepness 
 of its banks and the over-hanging foliages of its margin acquire 
 added dignity and multiplied effect. The management of the 
 varieties of the margin of ornamental water is of great conse- 
 quence ; when it is viewed transversely or over narrow portions 
 of it, the ground should slope to the water’s edge, or the banks 
 will intercept the view of its surface and perhaps hide it wholly ; 
 on the other hand, when water is viewed upward in its length, 
 steep and broken banks add the advantages of form and colour 
 to the variety it produces, and give force and vigour to the 
 scene. Water should be placed to the southward of the man- 
 sion, not only on account of the coolness of effect, but as its 
 brilliancy is augmented when so viewed. 
 
 Because nature is not prolific of the nobler trees in the vicinity 
 
WATER. 
 
 67 
 
 of much water, she has added to her store such as are peculiarly 
 suited to its decoration ; and in the aquatic plants will be found 
 the means of adding still more extensive variety, than at first 
 appears, to the retired scenery of the grounds : these, differing 
 in colour and character, may be so arranged as to be highly 
 ornamental, and favorably contrast the valley with the hill. 
 
 When the valley is not of sufficient extent to allow the intro- 
 duction of the lake, the river may be much improved by 
 separating its course into branches : thus forming small islands 
 or aits; which, when planted according to their forms and 
 characters, will become admirable embellishments. 
 
68 
 
 DAIRY. 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 A PICTURESQUE DAIRY. 
 
 THIS building is designed in imitation of the ruins of a 
 church or chapel, formerly belonging to a small sequestered reli- 
 gious establishment, and intended to be placed, as those houses 
 generally are, by the side of a piece of still water, as if formed 
 for the purpose of being a stew for the preservation of fish, and 
 to which it might be appropriated; or built by the side of a 
 river, as if to partake of the benefit that would accrue from a 
 succession of fresh-water fish that would be caught in the different 
 wears placed in the stream. 
 
 The spot on which the building is supposed to be erected, is 
 in a retired part of a gentleman’s estate, who farms his own 
 land, and has an extensive dairy-farm under his own direction, 
 and who would build it to be at one and the same time an 
 object of attraction to his visitors, as well as a place of resi- 
 dence for the person entrusted with the superintendance of the 
 dairy. 
 
 Though the outside of that part of the building which consti- 
 tutes the supposed chapel is meant to bear the appearance of the 
 dilapidations of time, the inside is intended to be handsomely 
 finished with Gothic decorations — at least it was originally so 
 designed, having been prepared for actual execution. The spot 
 was surrounded by higher ground, whence a spring issued, and 
 as a cascade, fell into the lake, on the margin of which the 
 building was proposed to stand. At a sufficient height a small 
 stream was separated, and continued under-ground, with the 
 intention to conduct it, in a small channel, round the pavement 
 
(•;,)/ fnwMi- K’lM s'.p/y.jo yQ{OMS(i,/:-/v - Atfym.vxjyv •^»v'v 
 
of the chapel, and from thence into the river ; bringing, by that 
 means, a constant current of air, that would prevent atmospheric 
 stagnation, and render the building at all times wholesome and 
 of even temperature. 
 
 The lower building extending on the side of the chapel, was 
 to be constructed for a scalding apartment, and for preserving 
 the dairy implements in that state of cleanliness and purity which, 
 is so necessary for the welfare of such a delicate establishment, 
 and on which so much of its prosperity depends. 
 
 This picturesque dairy should be placed at the end of the 
 pleasure grounds, and the door of communication approached 
 by devious walks : From the perspective delineation of the plan, 
 this is hidden from sight, and must be imagined, as well as the 
 residence for those entrusted with the management of the farm ; 
 while that part of the erection which has been stated as the 
 boiling room, apparently communicates with the meadows, where 
 the kine may be supposed to be grazing. 
 
 The bell is placed upon the principal roof, not merely to have 
 a picturesque and appropriate appearance, but for the useful 
 purpose of summoning the herdsmen to drive the cattle to the 
 stalls, as well as to call the rnilk-maids to their duties. 
 
 Surrounded by well grown plantations, the appearance of the 
 building would become interesting, and if backed by foliage 
 of many-tinted green, occasionally hidden, and then bursting 
 on the sight, it would enrich the home-grounds, and embellish 
 the neighbourhood. 
 
 The inside of the building was proposed to afford accommoda- 
 tion on marble shelves for a considerable number of pans, in 
 simple arrangement, and with the introduction of stained glass 
 
70 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 at each window, it would produce a pleasing sensation, and 
 embrace the gratifying consideration — that the edifice was built 
 for profit as well as pleasure. The charm of the whole is meant 
 to be heightened by the cheerfulness and neatness of the lighter 
 coloured material with which the interior would be cased, in 
 contrast to the more sober grey hue of the stone with which 
 the outer walls should be erected. 
 
 Woodbines, jessamines, ivy, and other aspirants might be 
 trained up the blank wall next the pleasure ground ; while the 
 part appropriated for business would merely require space, and 
 the charms of regularity and cleanliness. 
 
 ON PLANTING. 
 
 During the study of the forms of ground and the disposal of 
 water, planting is always present to the mind as needful to 
 the perfection of the scene, and a painter-like perception is 
 necessary to combine them with effect ; indeed the artist must 
 have many other qualifications, in common with the painter, 
 superadded to those more obviously essential to the landscape 
 gardener, before he is capable of giving reality to the pictures 
 of his imagination. 
 
 The principles on which the painter works are equally appli- 
 cable to this study. The materials which nature and art supply 
 are represented by his palette ; the laws which govern the 
 character, compositions, arrangements, and linear harmonies of 
 the one, apply as correctly to the other. In point of light and 
 shade, each seeks and disposes them with the same relations 
 of effect and balance : the same knowledge of harmony, oppo- 
 sition, contrast, expression and gradation is necessary ; and 
 both direct them by similar laws and scientific principles. Their 
 practice however differs in this; the painter sees on the instant 
 
FLAMING. 
 
 71 
 
 all he desires to produce^ but the other artist’s labours are those 
 of anticipation : time alone can perfect his works, and exhibit 
 the fulfilment of his wishes. Like the works of the sculptor, 
 his objects are subject to new appearances with every change 
 of the spectator’s movement; and no artist better knows the 
 difficulty of associating blended forms, so that at every point of 
 view they shall be graceful and pleasing. 
 
 A picture may be painted with three decided features — the 
 fore-ground, the middle, and the distance; but in the actual 
 disposition of similar machinery, it must be remembered that, 
 by the spectator’s movement, they change places, and the fore- 
 ground becomes the middle or the distant, thus each character 
 must be suitable to all. From these facts it must be evident, that 
 the mere amateur is not accomplished for the purposes of orna- 
 mental improvement, and his failure will be complete when 
 architectural embellishments are to be added to those of nature, 
 an union always accompanied with difficulty, and only to be 
 reconciled by the man of science. 
 
 The planting of the boundary having been considered, so far 
 as it encloses the property, it will be needful to view it in con- 
 nection with the whole plot ; and as nature is to be followed in 
 all things, to examine her operations and endeavour to imitate 
 them. When we find a naturally over-wooded property, and 
 seek to improve it by expanding the lawns and pastures, and by 
 selecting groups and assemblages of trees to remain insulated 
 within them, — it will be seen that two or three kinds of forest 
 trees prevail as the native tenants of the soil ; and although 
 many others are found interspersed, that they seem chance 
 thrown, or as strangers hospitably received — such are the bold 
 and broad workings of nature, and which are too often rejected 
 for affected variety. 
 
72 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 Ill forming a residence on a similar spot of ground^ that 
 is yet without trees, it is on this principle that the plantations 
 should be made, so that w^hen the whole has arrived at maturity, 
 these embellishments of the spot shall seem to be derived from 
 nature without the aid of art. In the disposition of single trees, 
 of groups, or masses, nature should be imitated in her most 
 effective and agreeable productions ; to do which, it is necessary 
 to understand something of the rationale of her proceedings ; 
 on this knowledge, also, such further embellishments should be 
 added as will increase the effect and beauty of the scenery, and 
 transform the wilds of the forest into the abode of the rational 
 and tasteful being, — the man of reflection and of taste. 
 
 Toward the employment of these additions, an acquaintance 
 with the following points is necessary, on which a few hints are 
 therefore introduced. 
 
 OF PLANTATION FORMS. 
 
 The outlines of the spaces occupied by planting, compose the 
 forms in question, and they are suitable or otherwise, as they 
 produce, or fail to produce, the best effects of form in scenic 
 nature. The frequent practice of planting by a belt surrounding 
 the property, and by clumps or circular patches of trees within 
 it, gave rise to a notion, yet existing with many, that in the 
 arrangement of these, consisted the chief art of garden improve- 
 ments. 
 
 The ingenious Mr. Brown was the unconscious author of this 
 style, for he did not originally propose to himself that these 
 massive incumberances to the picturesque should long retain 
 the eircular forms, which for the convenience of fencing and for 
 temporary advantages he gave them. Mr. Brown’s object was 
 to rear them to a certain state of growth, then to abandon the 
 
PLANTING, 
 
 73 
 
 geometrical figures, and to carve from these, blocks, with an 
 artist’s hand, the variety of form and shape desired ; and select- 
 ing the well grown trees from the lower growths, preserve the 
 one from injury, whilst his skill added dignity to the nobler trees, 
 by the advantages of contrast. 
 
 In the mean time, whilst he waited for the period suited to his 
 object, fashion adopted the novelty, and many of Mr. Brown’s 
 works never had the benefit of his better intentions : thus the 
 country soon became clumped and dotted in lamentable abun- 
 dance. This practice has at length passed into disrepute, and 
 the irregular forms of natural growth have succeeded, — the 
 advantage of which, towards producing character, variety, and 
 intricacy, are evident; and all of these are improved by judici- 
 ous dispositions of the parts, and by the effects of light, shade, 
 and colour. 
 
 OF DISPOSITION. 
 
 The arrangement of groups and masses of trees should be so 
 made that they shall not divide the ground into equal portions, 
 for it is important that broad spaces of verdure shall be preserved 
 and contrasted by the less, being so proportioned that the larger 
 shall be seemingly magnified by the opposition. Unequal gra- 
 dations in distances of objects should also be observed : on this 
 the effect of the aerial and linear perspective of the scene is 
 greatly dependant. 
 
 When the ground consists of hill and valley, much beauty 
 may be produced by disposing the forms so as to rise irregularly 
 up the ascent, thus increasing the heights, whilst the valley is 
 chiefly disposed in pasture ; for the seeming elevation of the 
 hill is magnified by the additional altitude of the trees, so 
 long as the valley is unoccupied. To abandon this advantage 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 by planting the valley, would be a gross error, into which 
 however many amateurs have fallen, or have permitted to exist, 
 because they have argued that it must be right, as nature is 
 less prolific on the hill than in the valley — forgetful that she 
 often leaves the valley and clothes the hill with trees, and is then 
 most beautiful in her operations. 
 
 OF QUANTITY. 
 
 As it relates to the sizes and magnitudes of trees, grouping, 
 and masses, in planting, the due arrangement of quantities is 
 of important consideration ; — indeed, in the whole art of design, 
 the management of quantities, as they are called by painters, is 
 a study of the first order ; that which is great and valuable in 
 the scene, should be augmented by the contrasts of well propor- 
 tioned masses supporting, and therefore not competing with its 
 importance. 
 
 When the quantities are nearly equal in any design, the 
 composition is bad. In planting, they should be so arranged 
 that contention shall not exist between them, but that the low 
 growths shall improve the appearance of their more exalted 
 neighbours, and the groups readily yield to the larger masses ; — 
 these should all occasionally give way to the expanse of the 
 plain, or the water, which, in other points of view, will as 
 readily be made to submit to them. 
 
 Trees planted so as to appear detached from the groups or 
 masses, and being yet in their neighbourhood, have a very 
 pleasing effect, produce variety, and give solidity and breadth 
 to the greater masses : these should be placed at unequal dis- 
 tances, or they betray the interference of art. Insulated trees 
 are rarely unpleasing when so disposed as to leave spaces decid- 
 edly differing in quantity between them ; it is otherwise if they 
 
PLANTING. 
 
 75 
 
 occupy the lawn or park in spaces of mathematical sameness ; 
 and it has been observed of small groups, that the effect is most 
 agreeable, when their trees are planted in odd numbers, at least, 
 so far as seven, beyond which the eye does not convey to the 
 mind impressions so accurate as to enable it to determine on the 
 instant, if the numbers be odd or otherwise. 
 
 OF LIGHT AND SHADE. 
 
 As display of form in objects depends more or less on light 
 and shadow, and as, in works of art, they become pleasing or 
 defective, according as they are produced agreeably to certain 
 rules, it is necessary to understand them, that in the business 
 of planting, the forms adopted shall be such as to produce 
 well regulated effects of light and shade ; and the plantations of 
 the boundary give ample means to obtain them. If these be 
 planted so as to form large bays and bold promontories, well 
 disposed to receive the glancing rays of the sun, it is evident 
 that broad effects of light and shade must transpire ; so, in large 
 masses of planting, if they be formed judiciously, the irregu- 
 larity of their plans will, at all points of view, exhibit effective 
 light and shade, without which, such objects are tame and vapid. 
 
 In making arrangements to produce the effects of light and 
 shadow, the objects must be governed upon the same principles 
 as a painter would dispose them for the purposes of his art ; they 
 would then acquire prominent and modified lights, broad sha- 
 dows — in part re-illuminated by reflections — middle tints, and 
 actual depths or darknesses; — it is from the disposition and due 
 proportion of all these, that what is called force in a picture, is 
 produced, and it is not otherwise in landscape improvement. 
 Under the term Light, may be considered the illuminations 
 of the object, whether within the actual and sparkling effect of 
 sunshine, or subdued by the operations of distance : The sha- 
 
 L 2 
 
76 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 dows form the relief and repose of the scene, the small and brilli- 
 ant touches, and the deep and vigorous shades that give force 
 by opposition, are the powerful means of creating the bold effects 
 so greatly admired in works of art, and which may be produced 
 with equal success in the actual landscape. The broad glare 
 of sunshine on an uniform surface cannot please, and the calm 
 equable tone of shade alone, is dull and insipid ; but when both 
 are judiciously modified by form and situation, and relieved and 
 contrasted by each other, they become all that the tasteful mind 
 desires to create by them. 
 
 For the purposes of contrast, or for relief, it is not uncommon 
 to place small white objects in grounds, as statues, vases, busts, 
 &c. ; it may not be improper to observe, here, that these are 
 generally more injurious than useful — particularly if they are of 
 white marble ; the contrast is too abrupt, and at a distance the 
 object seems but as a spot which, however, acts so forcibly on 
 the sight, that it seems actually near, and thence lessens in 
 appearance, the real extent of the ground. Indeed, so power- 
 ful is this effect, that where several marble busts and statues 
 have been introduced in grounds, an experienced eye has been 
 deceived in more than half its area ; these embellishments are 
 best in retired places and in buildings — they do not always mix 
 agreeably with the landscape. 
 
 ON COLOUR. 
 
 The pleasing effects that may be produced by light and shade, 
 are capable of increase by colour. Vegetation, in the hands of 
 the landscape improver, is a substitution for the palette of the 
 painter, and both use them upon the same principles. But, as 
 the green colours of the landscape artist may generally be di- 
 vided into the simple denominations of light and dark, he cannot 
 do better than view them as such, and proceed accordingly : thus 
 
PLANTING. 
 
 77 
 
 he will augment his effects of light in his general arrangements^ 
 by light-coloured trees, and increase his depths by the dark 
 ones; and thus he will produce contrast and opposition, and 
 give general effect of disposition and colour, even without the 
 invigorating benefit of sunshine. 
 
 The blossoms of some trees present another feature of colour 
 which should be carefully applied — they admirably embellish 
 the near grounds and home plantations, by their gaiety and 
 brilliancy ; but on those accounts they are not suitable to the 
 general scenery, because they either produce a spotty appear- 
 ance, or otherwise disturb the general harmony and park-like 
 character. In low growths, however, if sparingly brought for- 
 ward from the masses of trees they contrast, they are certainly 
 decorative and inoffensive. 
 
 In the dressed grounds and the flower garden, where gaiety 
 and splendour should prevail, every thing that suitably contri- 
 butes to them, in art or nature, is desirable aid, and there is am- 
 ple space for an ingenious and tasteful display of them : Towards 
 accomplishing this, a few hints, well known to artists, may be 
 useful. 
 
 Red and blue are called hot and cold colours, and all their 
 modifications are considered as warm or cool, as red or blue are 
 found to prevail in them ; they are strong in contrast to each 
 other, but do not harmonize without the intervention of a third. 
 The colours that are said to be in perfect harmony are Red and 
 Green, Blue and Orange, Yellow and Purple — they are 
 nevertheless perfect contrasts, or in the extremes of opposition, 
 green possesses a greater portion of repose than any other 
 colour ; Nature, therefore, has beneficently made it the mantle 
 of the earth, and with which all colours agree. The use of 
 white is too well known as the means of increasing the lustre 
 of colours, to need further observation. 
 
78 
 
 POLISH HUT. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 A POLISH HUT. 
 
 THIS design is intended as an embellishment to plantations^ 
 and to form an open and spacious retreat, fancifully intersecting 
 a long and straight pathway of an elevated terrace. Several 
 buildings thus placed, and at proper distances, produce an 
 agreeable vista, and are particularly useful and ornamental in 
 newly made plantations. This kind of improvement has been 
 successfully adopted at the beautiful grounds of White Knights, 
 by his Grace the Duke of Marlborough, who, in this way, and 
 by arcades and trellises, has created a novel and interesting 
 feature in a part of his domain, that was otherwise destitute of 
 interest. 
 
 The style of this building is similar to many of the cottages 
 of Poland, and not unlike those of Switzerland: the former 
 country, however, afforded the example from which the present 
 design originated. These huts were greatly admired, and 
 perhaps first employed in garden decoration by the celebrated 
 architect Kleber, in the picturesque and anglicised grounds of 
 the Marquis of Florimont, at Florimont in Alsace. This is the 
 same Kleber, who, afterwards, as general in the French service, 
 so eminently distinguished himself in Egypt, by his amiable 
 manners, and his scientific and military acquirements ; and of 
 whom Buonaparte exclaimed “ If I could be jealous of another, 
 it would be of Kleber!” — he was born a general, and bred an 
 architect. 
 
 The trunks and arms of trees that retain their bark, are the 
 simple materials of which the building is erected, and the roof is 
 
A Foil. IS JUT Hirni' 
 
 “1 
 
POLISH HUT. 
 
 79 
 
 covered with reed thatching ; the cieling and walls are covered 
 with kiln-dried furze, which is of a M'arm drab colour, and 
 which, from its nature, is little subject to become a harbour for 
 noxious insects or vermin ; indeed, the abundance of these 
 troublesome creatures are so injurious to the use of garden build- 
 ings which are not enclosed, that it is desirable to ascertain a 
 remedy efficient to prevent their approach. The furze so dried, 
 is adverse to small animals and birds, and has a reputation for 
 being offensive to insects ; but it is doubted if experience war- 
 rants full dependence on its efficacy. If, however, seats were 
 detached from the walls, and supported on glazed porcelain feet 
 of a mushroom shape, and used as castors are applied to furni- 
 ture, it would prevent the annoyance, in a great degree, which 
 some persons find from these intruders. 
 
 If straw be used instead of reeds for thatching, a few seasons 
 will show the propriety of employing the sharper material ; for 
 mice and sparrows have a great facility of assailing such roofs, 
 and speedily destroy them. 
 
80 
 
 ICE AND TOOL HOUSE. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 AN ICE HOUSE, TOOL HOUSE, & GARDEN SEAT. 
 
 IN a retired spot of the grounds, and not far removed from 
 water, and yet sufficiently elevated to be secure from damps, 
 this building should be situated ; it is intended as an ornamental 
 covering to an Ice Well, for when the means of drainage are 
 not ample, in point of depth, the building is often so near the 
 surface of the ground as to require additional covering, and a 
 thatched roof becomes important to the preservation of the ice, 
 as the sun will otherwise penetrate and melt it ; — in such cases, 
 a free current of air should be permitted to take place between 
 the crown of the well and the roof, so that the temperature 
 should be moderated. 
 
 The plan of this building is square ; space thus remains appli- 
 cable to a tool house for the gardener ; and on the opposite 
 side, a garden seat might be formed, which, if so placed as to 
 command a prospect, would make a pleasant retreat, and an 
 arbour in which ices and other refreshments might be taken. 
 
 Reed thatching is the proper covering for this building ; the 
 pillars which support it should be the unbarked wood of forest 
 trees, and the arches and railing composed of its branches; 
 creepers and other plants might be trained about it in great 
 luxuriance, so as to render it an ornamental object in a planta- 
 tion. 
 
rui^u H-M'KCKM-IAI/i mKSnflRrorAHrS im strand, idii . 
 
TREES AND PLANTS. 
 
 81 
 
 TREES AND PLANTS. 
 
 The nature of the soil being ascertained, and due consideration 
 bestowed on the character of the surrounding scenery, both 
 having great claim on the attention of the landscape improver, 
 the choice of forest trees will not be difficult ; but as ample 
 space must be allotted for the trees and shrubs more imme- 
 diately ornamental, it will be proper to mark their respective 
 sites on the general plan — to do which they may be considered 
 in the following order, after having appropriated the spaces for 
 the buildings, lawns, pastures, water, roads and walks : — 
 
 Forest Trees, for the leading features and characteristics 
 
 of the place. 
 
 Low-growths, to plant with them, for the purposes of 
 
 thickening the bottom, to produce con- 
 trasts, and occasionally to soften the 
 outline forms. 
 
 Copse or Underwood, to thicken. 
 
 Plantation or Ornamental Trees, for the immediate 
 
 vicinity of the home walks, and to 
 intersperse in suitable situations. 
 
 Evergreens, to produce variety, and supply foliage in 
 
 the winter. 
 
 Shrubs, to ornament and soften. 
 
 Plants and Flowers, for embellishments. 
 
 In the choice of trees for original planting it is needful to 
 consider if the general character of connecting objects are, 
 in outline, best suited to the pointed forms of the fir, or 
 to the rounding and undulating lines formed by other trees; — 
 again, as to the character of the architecture adopted : firs do 
 not harmonize with the gothic style, its pinnacles and pointed 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 TREES AND PLANTS- 
 
 terminations offer no contrast to tlieir upright stems and conic 
 forms; whereas, the horizontal and massive heads of the oak 
 and elm, by opposing the prevailing lines of the building, give 
 additional grace to it. Firs are decorative to plantations, and 
 useful as ever-greens ; they are beautiful in masses, but do not 
 mix well with other trees. When associated with them, and 
 viewed at a distance, their form and colour disagree; and if 
 placed in the rear of other plantations, should they overtop them, 
 they present a meagre fringe-like border to the bold waving line, 
 and in some seasons of the year, disturb the sober colouring of 
 the greater mass, by the obtrusive brightness of their shoots. 
 
 Where a property is already wooded, although insufficiently, 
 the later growths may be made to operate to great advantage 
 in contrasts with the established features of the place : in this 
 instance, size, form and colour are in favour of it. 
 
 Low growths, and particularly thorns and hollies, are useful 
 in concealing that defect in parks called The browsing line,” 
 produced by the deer or other animals, who bite off the bran- 
 ches to an equal height from the ground, creating thereby a 
 parallel and offensive vacancy around all the foliages that admit 
 their devastations. 
 
 Ever-greens are numerous, and by adopting every class 
 of them with judgement, portions of the grounds may be chear- 
 fully embellished with foliage during the winter season. 
 
 It must, always, be remembered in good time, that it is in 
 vain to plant, unless the ground is suited to it by trenching and 
 all the preparations of the gardener, and this too in an ample 
 and liberal manner; if this be omitted, the growth of a few 
 years will demonstrate the error by the weak and perhaps decay- 
 ing evidences of the trees themselves ; on the other hand, the 
 
TREES AND PLANTS, 
 
 83 
 
 growth will correspond with tlie culture, and with interest 
 reward the labonr bestowed upon it for its advantage, provided 
 the ground be well drained at the same time, if it be of a nature 
 to retain the rains, for then the portions trenched or dug become 
 pond-like, and the roots are too constantly immersed in water. 
 So, when a single tree is to be planted in the lawn or pasture, 
 it generally happens that a mere hole is dug for it, perhaps, 
 indeed, of sufficient depth and size, and the ground properly 
 enriched for the purpose, but as no immediate drain presents 
 itself, it is so left, gnd necessarily becomes a reservoir for the 
 water, which not having means of escape, the root rots, and in 
 a short time the plant becomes stag-headed, (as its manifestation 
 of decay is called,) it gradually withers and soon dies, or 
 continues to exhibit a deformity and the negligence of the 
 gardener. 
 
84 
 
 WOODLAND SEAT. ' 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 A WOODLAND SEAT. 
 
 THIS building is intended to be composed chiefly of unbark- 
 ed wood, which is commonly the refuse of trees felled and sawn 
 into square timbers for the carpenter. To receive these native 
 pieces, a frame-work is to be erected, and to which they are 
 to be fixed ; and here the ingenuity of the selecter of the mate- 
 rials would be fully employed, for much of the design consists 
 in the choice and disposal of the planks and pieces, so that 
 by its colour it may claim attention, independent of its outline 
 and general proportions. 
 
 The various sizes of the materials, the colour and texture of 
 the bark when contrasted with the dark browns and yellow hues 
 of the sawn surfaces of the timber, afford ample means for an 
 effective display of taste, particularly as they may be disposed 
 in infinite variety. The upper roof is intended to be covered 
 with reed thatching. 
 
 The seat should be placed on the border of an elevated 
 wood or coppice, at a short distance from the residence : here it 
 would add relief and force to its sombre or secluded character, 
 become a resting-place and a shelter from heat or rain, and 
 induce the visitor more satisfactorily to contemplate the prospects 
 its situation might command. 
 
 OF THE APPROACH. 
 
 In the General Plan, Plate I. this road is designed to possess 
 all the advantages to be gained through grounds of such limited 
 
A itoobijAhjd) Seat. 
 
 Tui^acJiuiCKSjmdinrj MrosrroiarofjOa-s.ica so-and. lizz. 
 

 
 • ^1* , s'' - '/ 
 
 '■'■•* V- 
 j .' s 'V 
 
 
 
 
 “s >. 
 
 Hi ' 
 
 S < 
 
 
 -.‘ '-Vi* 
 
 
 
 
 >• <; 
 !»' 
 
 IIm 
 
 At.'!: ^'*''7/ ijp,** 
 
 f* 
 
 ■j '■ ' . .A 
 
 ••: '"’V /■• <''•■. - • ' 
 
 
 
 V , _. -■> 
 
 uW 
 
 t*- r*^. 
 
 
 '-.1 
 
 
 
 ■v; '•. 
 
 
 # 
 
 fr!. ‘ ^ ‘J ' • ;.4 : \ ''^)^ 
 
 yrv-. 
 
 
 • r-« 
 
 ■■ -'f 
 
 I ( 
 
 
 av‘' ' ’ 
 
 ■,. ' il''V»' ■ ‘ ’ ‘‘‘i 
 
 j, » . r.i-i.^.-'v'‘ •• |i-' ‘i ' <.^*-‘. ' 'a;>iA 5' ' , ■' 
 
 ,' . • ' .••/ •> .•• i.i ' a ■ ■-■ 
 
 ' • i ■ ;■■ ;■' *• •' 
 
 
 *4. ■,'', S'"- • 
 
 = .- • Ai- ■■.-,2^. •-,, , 
 
 
 . n 
 
 
 
 . . >r.' . >•- ■ y' -- •- 
 
 .♦iv,. 
 
 ■s -f ; 
 
 
 
 4-. ,' i 
 
 > 
 
 y/i ;• 's*' .1 >'i 
 
 ■•? 
 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ■it -.rtS 
 
APPROACH. 
 
 85 
 
 extent, except that it is not quite the shortest road from tlie gates ; 
 but as the shortest road may not be the best line to adopt, be- 
 cause superior benefits may result from a different course, it 
 must be yielded. 
 
 The entrance should be so conspicuously placed that the visitor 
 shall not seem to pass the house before he obtains a sight of the 
 lodge or gates — nor should he from any other circumstances be 
 in doubt that he has missed his way, and as it is desirable that the 
 grounds should escape the appearance of too great limitation, it 
 is advantageous that the road should exhibit so much of its line 
 as will assure the visitor that the grounds are of an extent pro- 
 portionate to the building of which he has had already a distant 
 view, and which should not be visible from the gates, because 
 it would at once define the distance, more usefully left to be 
 discovered in future ; and here the form of ground or the plantation 
 should screen the landscape, that it may not be overlooked. 
 
 In its progress towards the house, the road should not skirt 
 the boundary, because by doing so it demonstrates limitation; 
 and it ought not to divide the pasture into similar quantities, 
 but pass so near the one side as to escape the first error, giving 
 to the greater portion all the benefit of contrast. The road 
 should be judiciously supported by occasional plantations, to 
 prevent the nakedness which is otherwise offensive, and its line 
 should be curved, because the most pleasing, as it produces 
 greater variety of scene than a straight one, as it is traversed ; 
 and if the ground be rising, it is also the most natural, for we 
 always attempt to ascend the hill by the easiest means. 
 
 The house having been already viewed, it should be concealed 
 as near approached, until arrived at the most favourable point 
 it may be commanded under all the imposing circumstances 
 of its perspective : here it should burst at once upon the sight. 
 
86 
 
 APPROACH. 
 
 and if from amidst a well-grown plantation whose shadows^ as 
 a fore-ground, would give greater brilliancy to the sun-shine 
 upon its surface, the effect would be additionally striking. 
 
 This road, for a certain distance, will lead toward both house 
 and offices ; but as the stable or farm yard should be at some 
 distance in the rear, at a convenient point, a second road should 
 branch off to them, less in width, and so differing from the 
 sweep of the main road that its purpose shall be unquestionable; 
 and this should be sufficiently distant from the house to prevent 
 the gravel in its vicinity from being disturbed by the traffic to 
 the offices. 
 
 If these points are attended to, and advantage taken of the 
 localities that are about it, the approach will be well disposed ; 
 but it must be remembered that its object, and those of diverg- 
 ing roads, should be intelligibly clear. All labyrinths are offensive 
 when the mind is not prepared for a puzzle : an exercise with 
 which the discreet and the wise are most willing to dispense ; 
 and as servants and persons whose business leads them to the 
 domestic offices are numerous, and not being generally well 
 qualified to solve problematic difficulties, the avenues to them 
 should be clearly demonstrated. 
 
r 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
A LiAUJJ^BKT^. 
 
 The Plan at an enlatged scale . 
 
LAUNDRV 
 
 87 
 
 PLATE XV . 
 
 A LAUNDRY. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the purposes of the annexed design are foreign 
 to those of a garden, as a building it may often afford embel- 
 lishment to the shrubberies, if suitably designed : in the present 
 instance a retreat is formed in the centre, and the walls which 
 would inclose the drying ground are disposed for training the 
 magnolia; thus becoming a useful and pleasing feature of the 
 garden arrangements. The plan exhibits the requisites of a 
 complete laundry, suitable to a large establishment : its parti- 
 cular advantages may, however, be introduced into a building 
 on a small scale, and many of its points may be applied with 
 advantage to every apartment devoted to such purposes, and 
 consequently supercede many annoyances of the operations 
 in this department of domestic economy. 
 
 The plan is separated into two parts — one disposed for wash- 
 ing and the other for ironing, mangling, and folding linen: 
 between the two apartments are situated drying forms, heated 
 by steam ; and the linen is at once passed into the second apart- 
 ment by these forms and dried, when the weather is unfavorable 
 to the use of the drying ground ; the steam or vapour is dismissed 
 by funnels immediately above the forms, and a current of air 
 admitted to dispatch it more freely. The mangle is lighted by 
 a sky-light, and the windows being opposite to each other, the 
 whole is well ventilated. The washing trays are fixed, and 
 supplied with hot and cold water by pipes, and are emptied by 
 valves and pipes into reservoirs for the use of the garden, so 
 that none of the valuable properties of the soap wash may be 
 lost to it. 
 
88 
 
 LAUNDRY. 
 
 A large cistern is disposed in the roof, and the hot water and 
 boiling coppers below, as also the small steam apparatus. The 
 several parts will be understood by reference to the index. 
 
 The apartments are warmed by the steam apparatus, which 
 may effect other useful purposes. 
 
 A A. Washing Trays 
 B B. Rinsing Trays. 
 C. Elevated Boiler. 
 
 D D. Coppers. 
 
 E. Steam apparatus. 
 
 F. Mangle. 
 
 G G. Folding Boards. 
 H H. Ironing Boards. 
 K K. Drying Forms. 
 
 L L. Closets. 
 
 M. Pump. 
 
I 
 
 "''W ■ *' 
 
 
 
 I.'.' " 
 
 ■ff-: 
 
 ■ " ' 
 
 *< 
 
 'jms 
 
 ^y»“, fv 
 
 ’ r A. « -r**. 
 
 ■ •'■ 
 
 >/. •• • 
 
 * •; ■ 
 Jl^4 ' 
 
 ■ V ^ *■ , 
 
 ■■■ •, - 
 
 . t ■ ' • . , . ••/, . 
 
 ? • -i . . 
 
 - ;. >• 
 
 ■.,:'^; 
 
 ■ 'n^> * 
 
 
 ■X. '-i' 
 
 'f. 
 
 '^" itfi 
 
 V .. . 
 
 •!i(. V' iT*-'- ♦ ■ 
 
 t '; ■ '"■ .y;'*". 'j 'If 1 '' 
 
 '•r. 
 
 ^■ 4 ^V. 
 
 f l‘vX ■ 
 
 
 
 'A I ''ojipMh > '> 
 
 ' * /■«« K / -Y 
 
 iJ’*' . ■ . 
 
 ■ ‘I* ‘ 
 
 
 f' 
 
A FOTUILTIKir ETOItTSi: 
 
A POULTRY HOUSE. 
 
 89 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 A POULTRY HOUSE. 
 
 EVERY office building belonging to a dwelling may be 
 made subservient to the embellishment of the grounds, and' to 
 such end the design of a poultry house is introduced. 
 
 It may be placed in some secluded nook of the plantation, 
 and an ornamental elevation presented to the walks, which 
 are here made to pass near the margin of the water, and strong 
 wire fences would confine the poultry, except such water-fowl 
 as might be permitted to embellish it, restraining them from 
 wandering, by a light surrounding fence. 
 
 This building should have its chief aspect toward the morning 
 sun, that the inclosures may be divested of their damps at an 
 early hour, and afford to the poultry the benefit of its rays — 
 it must be amply screened from the cold and prevailing winds, 
 and so judiciously sheltered by trees, that at all times of the 
 hottest day some parts may be in shade, and if possible, a rill 
 of water should be conveyed through the enclosures. The 
 floor is best formed of sand or fine gravel, and it must not be 
 forgotten that cleanliness and free ventilation are essential to 
 success in the management of poultry. A small grass paddock 
 should be situated in the rear into which the fowls may be occa- 
 sionally admitted. 
 
 It is proper to keep the roosting places separate from the nest 
 rooms, for the laying fowls seek concealment for their nests, 
 and are readily disturbed by the intrusion and noises of their 
 companions. 
 
 N 
 
90 
 
 THE PHEASANTRY. 
 
 The economy of domestic fowls of every kind is an agreeable 
 study, and such a building would afford interesting amusement, 
 as its accompaniments consist of many varieties of animated 
 nature. A pigeon house may properly form a part of this build- 
 ing, and be rendered accessible through the cieling in the centre 
 of the roof. 
 
 The poultry house should be built on a dry soil, and as near 
 to the farm or stable yard as possible, without subjecting the 
 horses and other animals to be disturbed by its noises — these are 
 so frequent and alarming to animals, that without such care much 
 injury has sometimes been sustained, and particularly by breeders 
 of valuable horses. 
 
 The pheasantry is a building also affording considerable in- 
 terest and amusement, and is well suited to the more embellished 
 portions of shrubberies — they require very similar arrangements 
 of space and shelter, and are more than equally in need of 
 choice of sun and shade; they require also the addition of sheltered 
 out-door roosts, which the birds sometimes prefer even in cold 
 and inclement weather; opportunity of seclusion, free venti- 
 lation and great cleanliness are essential to the pheasantry. 
 

 
 ■ft" 
 
 t- 
 
 
 '4 
 
 I' 
 
 • V': 
 
 rxl -^V 
 
 
 ,>< :'ir^* iii^ * 
 
 , ^ 
 
 it . 
 
 i 
 
 nv'tf 
 
 ^ry. 
 
 .' V **5 . " 'yf^,-; y. .& 
 
 u» 
 
 
 b V'' 
 
 
 '>» a- 
 
 •yj- 
 
 >0- • ••■v 
 
 I y ■— • m / 
 
 j >-*^r ^, ■ ., • 
 
 • Kf^ii . ■• . ■. ;; 
 
 ■ '■ ■'“ . , ,V„ , . -,W- -v' •■ 
 
 ’iftwartstii' , ’. ' ■■ ' ■ ** V4rit :■■/., 'I^X'r * , :-r 
 
 6 • 7 '’^ ■'" 
 
 
 A-/'***!''’.- .* 
 
 
 
 ♦ r-i"' 
 
 
 ' s' ? 
 
 ’- l#V ft, 3A(HN ' 
 
 I 
 
 IUm ' 
 
 ■-4* 
 
 ■rj ■ % t ^ • i .<»«* ■• .#-'7 ; '■ -»V 
 
 ■'-r.-, v^-TruiiilMw. 
 
 ■ :■ ^ ? 'fC '■ ■■ 
 
 . -y v.V . V -. t. 
 
 ;;M»v,4ja*>4 Ibr,'^ 
 ■V. f?*)i‘^vf».l:' 
 
 •'■;«(f^-.- ■ • <■ 
 
 
 , ■' yfyw ; ifl ; "“ 
 
 • ! ’■ •: -A'.” - - 
 
 : k 
 
 
 "• ■ T f 'i^'^ •'*' 
 
 >:v ^ _'■ 
 
 
 "y J^-w- *.s»f 
 
 . ( 
 
 ■^-iv 
 
 
 V. ; . 
 
 ^ " ' i.y- \ '•• ',j.s'i'r'”’r''y”'' : 
 
 7 v ••* : • ‘"‘■* *• . 
 
 .-•. V. yi--' 
 
 • Mk. ' 'j _-- - ■^•■'** -> 
 
 v'JrJ, 
 
 ‘>A •-# 
 
 ^ r • ■ 4^:. **’ 
 
 *: ' > 
 fL ■*■- ' 
 
 ^‘. i‘4.< 
 
 
 m- 
 
 Ml 
 
 ■h 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 ■y 
 
 y 
 
 
/i^CKrjiAfyfAr.V.e Kf:POSITORYor/i/iT,<;fcc,ri ! I- ■> Kf. i . 
 
A CONSERVATORY. 
 
 91 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 A CONSERVATORY. 
 
 THE attention bestowed by gardeners of this country to 
 plants introduced from every quarter of the globe has made it 
 necessary to erect buildings for their preservation and culture ; 
 and to so great an extent has the means been carried by the 
 scientific, to create and govern artificial temperature, that 
 many exotic plants and fruits have arrived at a perfection 
 with us, rarely known to the country whence they were ob- 
 tained. Being compelled by the variableness of our climate to 
 study their nature and devise means to cherish them, Horticul- 
 turalists have proceeded in their exertions, and at length, have 
 arrived at results, beyond the products of nature in the most 
 congenial climate, unless assisted by the studies and labours of 
 man, which not being necessarily demanded they have in gene- 
 ral failed to receive. The transactions of our Horticultural 
 Societies exhibit ample testimonies of these facts, and satisfacto- 
 rily illustrate the experiments and results obtained by enlightened 
 theorists, and by practical men on these subjects, and thence 
 supply an ample source of amusements no less beneficial to society 
 than interesting to the individual whose leisure permits the 
 prosecution of such studies. 
 
 The propogation of heat, and the application of it to all the 
 purposes of horticulture are now well understood ; and although 
 every year adds something to the great fund of knowledge 
 collected on these subjects, they are frequently the efforts of 
 the ingenious to economise in fuel and building, rather than to 
 introduce new methods of cultivation. This branch of the 
 science is, perhaps, near to its perfection, and its improve- 
 
 N 2 
 
92 
 
 A CONSERVATORY. 
 
 merits are fully communicated to Horticulturalists by the publi- 
 cations of the Societies’ transactions, these benefits are not only felt 
 and appreciated by this country, but are eagerly sought for by 
 others, and there is good reason to expect thattheir influence has 
 produced useful results in every country in Europe, notwith- 
 standing the Societies both of London and Edinburgh are yet of 
 recent establishment. 
 
 To the transactions of those societies the studious are referred 
 for the latest and best information on Horticultural subjects. 
 
 The conservatory is a building contradistinguished- from 
 forcing houses of every description, and as its name implies, is 
 chiefly used for the preservation • of plants, although vines are 
 sometimes trained within it. The means consist in the capabi- 
 lity of affording shelter to delicate plants from the winds and 
 rains ; in equalizing the temperature of the seasons, and of the 
 day and night — in the summer it is rather devoted to display 
 than to protection, but in the cold months, the stoves provided 
 to create artificial heat are occasionally brought into action, and 
 whether heated by smoke flues or by steam, thebuilding possesses 
 a suitable and equal temperature — and thus the conservatory 
 seems to be privileged against the severer laws of nature, and 
 its inmates flourish in one eternal spring. 
 
 The subject of the annexed plate is a garden building, the 
 centre of which forms a small conservatory, to which the alcoves 
 at each end serve as approaches, being separated only by glass 
 partitions, and having glass terminatures' at each end>, orna- 
 mented by small portions of coloured glass. The front of the 
 building should be situated to the south, and the back towards 
 the kitchen garden, whence it receives the attentions of the gar- 
 dener and prevents the occasional litter that would otherwise 
 occur in the walks and lawn. 
 
A CONSERVATORY. 
 
 93 
 
 The application of iron to the formation of hot-houses has 
 certainly done much towards perfecting them ; the bars and 
 supports are thence so small as in the least possible degree to 
 intercept the rays of the sun ; and unless its frequent expan- 
 sion and contraction by whichthe glass would suffer — its liability 
 to oxidation, or tendency to transmit heat, be not found by ex- 
 perience to diminish its present reputation, iron will be generally 
 adopted for the frames of garden buildings. 
 
 The conservatory is a very desirable appendage to the mansion 
 itself, and forms in such cases, one of its most interesting apart- 
 ments; indeed, it presents such an endless source of amusement 
 at all seasons and all times, that its frequent adoption may be 
 well expected : — coloured glass may be introduced in several 
 parts of the conservatory with admirable effect; and if the aviary, 
 small fountains of water, and basins of gold and silver fish, 
 be introduced as embellishments, the conservatory may be ren- 
 dered as ornamental as any part of the building. 
 
94 
 
 A VENETIAN TENT. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 A VENETIAN TENT. 
 
 THE frame to form the tent and to receive the canvas is 
 composed of light manufactured iron-work, and suited to receive 
 decorative foliages which might be trained on wires below the 
 roof so as to embower the whole without being liable to much 
 injury when the canvas should be added as exhibited in the 
 design; and it will be obvious, that a great variety of such 
 erections may be contrived to suit the same canvas in part or 
 whole, so as to form with ease and at pleasure, other tents of 
 various shapes, or the whole erection might be conveniently 
 removed from place to place, if sockets were properly placed 
 at chosen situations to receive them ; for the parts being con- 
 nected by screws and nuts, and the awning canvas suspended 
 by hooks and eyes, it would need but half an hour’s employ- 
 ment to take it down and replace it where required. In summer, 
 such a temporary retreat is a gratifying appendage to the 
 house, and affords variety and healthfulness to the amuse- 
 ments of the day. 
 
 THE LAWN. 
 
 By the lawn is meant that portion of grass-plat which lies be- 
 tween the house and the pasture, and which is constantly kept 
 mown, forming a verdant carpet on which the building stands, 
 and amongst the improvements that have resulted from the 
 modern practice of gardening it merits particular notice, for in 
 small dwellings it is a substitute for the broad gravel or stone 
 terraces that were formerly adopted, it now receives the inha- 
 tants from the windows of the apartments ; and, in fact, the 
 
.LMaix iJViJLaLMaA V 
 
THE LAWN. 
 
 95 
 
 lawn has become a favorite auxiliary to every apartment of the 
 ground-floor. 
 
 The lawn is usually separated from the pasture by a light 
 iron-fence — from parks by a ha ! ha ! or sunk fence and terrace, 
 as before described ; its embellishments are beds of choice shrubs 
 and flowers, formed upon it of various shapes, and by single 
 ever-green trees or shrubs growing from the grass, and which 
 should be distributed upon the same principles as are described 
 in the subject upon planting in general : — if these are judicially 
 disposed they will harmonize the landscape with the building, 
 and dismiss the nakedness that too commonly prevails in the 
 lawns of villas in general. From the interior this decorative 
 planting will carry forward the richness and furnished effect of 
 the apartments, and obviate that abrupt and offensive difference 
 that seems otherwise to prevail between them and the external 
 scenery. 
 
 Small ornamental seats of China or porcelain — rustic or fan- 
 ciful chairs — vases — and basket-work borders to the flower-beds 
 are furniture of the lawn ; and the tent or marquee is in summer 
 an important accompaniment. The lawn is in general veiy 
 much restricted in point of size, from the labour that is ima- 
 gined to be necessary to keep it mown: but this is a. great 
 error — ^perhaps proceeding from the silly habit that the mower 
 has of indicating his industry, by the frequent use of the grit- 
 stone in sharpening his scythe; and generally at the time of 
 the morning when such noises are most tormenting. 
 
96 
 
 A GARDEN SEAT. 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 A GARDEN SEAT. 
 
 THIS design would furnish an elegant appendage to 
 flower-gardens, as its parts are composed for the purpose of 
 training foliage in a light and playful manner : the construction 
 is very simple, consisting of oak-pillars and iron-rods to form 
 the arcades and trellisses. The basket-like ornaments on the 
 pillars may be formed either of light-iron or wicker-work into 
 which creepers could be trained, so as to fill them with a rich 
 assemblage of natural and living flowers ; or vines could be 
 substituted and so conducted as to appear to fill the baskets with 
 their produce. An arcade of this kind, being of considerable 
 length, would have a good effect either in a straight line bor- 
 dering a parterre, or in compassing a circular or polygonal arena 
 of grass-plats and beds of flowers. 
 
 As a garden seat, perhaps the design could be improved by 
 adding to it a light trellis roof, sloping from the straight con- 
 necting rods above the arches, down to the wall or back of the 
 recess ; this roof might be covered by foliages, thus affording 
 protection from the sun. 
 
 In flower-gardens, it is usual to have an ornamental conserv- 
 atory, and if it be so placed as to permit this kind of erection 
 on each side of it, forming ornamental approaches on its right 
 ajid left, a beautiful perspective continuity would result when 
 viewed through its length, and the front view would also be 
 improved by it. The expense of this addition is compara- 
 tively small, but the effect produced would be both striking and 
 agreeable. 
 
A cam.tde:^' Seat 
 
GARDEN WALKS. 
 
 97 
 
 GARDEN WALKS. 
 
 The arrangements of garden and plantation walks and drives, 
 require the perception of an artist’s eye, and all the judge- 
 ment of his mind to perfect them: — ^when properly disposed, 
 they afford relief to the scene by their form and colour, and 
 become connecting and blending mediums to parts, of land- 
 scape that would else seem disjointed and straggling from each 
 other — in such cases they are like the ribbon that confines the 
 nosegay — uniting individual beauties into one grand whole. 
 
 Walks and drives are necessarily the means by which the 
 spectator is brought to view successively, the scenes that are 
 prepared for him ; and here the discrimination and taste of the 
 artist is chiefly engaged. Presuming that the spot is furnished 
 with natural and artificial beauties of home scene and dis- 
 tance, his business is to direct his course in such manner that 
 each shall be viewed to the best advantage — that variety shall 
 constantly spring up before the eye, heightened by the effects 
 of well-adjusted contrast. 
 
 The effects and benefits of sun and shade must be colti- 
 vated in the arrangements of walks : in the heat of the day the 
 refreshing coolness of the latter should be secured, and all the 
 opportunities of sunshine obtained against the chill hours of the 
 morning and evening, and of spring and autumn : indeed, for 
 the perfect arrangement of walks and drives, and the creation 
 of effective scenery in extensi^^ grounds, the artist should be ca- 
 pable of embracing in his mind every effect of sun and shade 
 upon his work, through each hour in the day — of every day in 
 the year. 
 
 o 
 
98 
 
 GARDEN WALKS. 
 
 Although that inestimable compound of quick perception, fine 
 fancy, and sound judgement, commonly denominated taste, is 
 requisite to perfect this department of ornamental gardening, and 
 therefore but little subject to rules; which, though they may 
 properly govern the multitude, are merely beacons to the skilful ; 
 yet, there are some precepts relating to paths so established by 
 scientific experience and principles, that they are worthy of 
 general attention — they do not, however, relate to formal 
 gardens, which are exempt from such controul. 
 
 Paths should not be seen to cross the lawn before the windows 
 of the apartments. 
 
 They shonld not be viewed from the windows along their 
 course. 
 
 They should not seem to divide portions of lawn or shrubbery 
 into equal parts. 
 
 They should not be quickly sinuous without sufficient cause, 
 and in all cases, connected curves should be unlike each other 
 in extent and compass. 
 
 The whole of two> or more curves, should not be visible at 
 the same view. 
 
 Paths that are parallel, or that appear to be so, should not be 
 seen at the same time. 
 
 They should be well drained, and particularly where the 
 ground is sloping. 
 
 They should not ascend rising ground abruptly, but inclinedly. 
 
GARDEN WALKS. 
 
 99 
 
 Walks should always have an outlet, and occasionally di- 
 verge into ramifications, so that visitors shall not be obliged to 
 return by the path they went, or to join society when they would 
 choose to be private. 
 
 Garden walks and drives are of two kinds — the one formed of 
 gravel or some firm substitute for it ; and the other of grass, 
 kept mown and rolled for the purpose of rendering it smooth 
 and even, and to permit the damps to evaporate speedily which 
 it may have received by rain or dews. Grass walks are suited 
 to spacious avenues, or as diverging branches from principal 
 gravel walks, and for summer terraces ; they should be wide, that 
 the footstep may not be constrained to form a beaten-path, and 
 they should be bounded by dwarf shrubberies separating them 
 from the over-hanging branches of larger trees, that they may 
 avoid the injurious consequences of their drip. 
 
 In the formation of grass paths great care should be taken to 
 lay between the soil and the turf a bed of lime and smith’s ashes, 
 or other sufficient means to prevent the occurrence of worm-casts 
 upon them ; for, without this precaution, they become unpleasant 
 to walk upon, unsightly, and very troublesome to the gardener. 
 
 Gravel walks must be separated from beds of flowers or from 
 plantations, by a border or verge ; where the labour to the soil 
 is frequent, as in flower-beds, and the kitchen garden, box is 
 the favorite edging — but to plantation paths, the verge should 
 be of grass, from fifteen to twenty-four inches in width where 
 they are not connected with portions of lawn ; but otherwise if 
 it can be so distributed — the path should seem to be inlaid upon 
 the lawn itself, skirting its area and separating it into occasional 
 bays and avoiding the objectional parallel lines which otherwise 
 belong to grass verges. 
 
 o 2 
 
100 
 
 AN ALCOVE. 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 AN ALCOVE. 
 
 THE design of an alcove is represented as seated on an 
 eminence, facing an extensive portion of a garden, and so as 
 to become an ornamental feature from the walks. The stile 
 of this little building is light and elegant, but of no specific archi- 
 tectural character ; and from its arrangements and design should 
 be rather splendid in its finishing, than otherwise. 
 
 The pillars are of iron, and from them are suspended China 
 pattera of rich colours : the chains are gilt, as is also the ter- 
 minal of the roof. ’The scale-like forms of the roof covering 
 are of thin lead, and might be richly painted; indeed, the 
 whole should be so decorated as to become highly ornamental, 
 and be in splendid harmony with its accompanying parterres 
 and flower-beds — its aspect should be north, to insure shade in 
 the summer, and look forward on the effects of sunshine before 
 it, which would be augmented to the spectator by being viewed 
 from a shaded spot — this circumstance should be attended to in 
 all buildings of the flower-garden, erected for alcoves not in- 
 tended for the reception of plants; and, in general, where 
 garden-seats are erected they should be disposed with reference 
 to the seasons of the year ; thus it is desirable to have a re- 
 treat presented to the sun for the spring and autumn, and for 
 summer, one that affords ample shade and free ventilation. 
 
Ah Ail cove 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
Kwr 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 s , Cw 
 
 
 
 
 ■^‘S. 
 
 ^¥^1, ■* 
 
 , ' 'v" . 
 
 ~1<J' 
 
 : -mJ'- 
 
 
 -‘iT. ;; > 
 
 
 <■ 
 
 S 'J>»«- ,> •/:: • ■ . :. ,^. , 
 
 v *, ' 
 
 (■■ 
 
 ’ , Jf- , "j; ' .- '-’.K • " • ■ •' ■ '■•.■^\ ,1^'--^'' " • » '■ >J 
 
 ^ ■' 'W^ ■ ‘ '^•'- ••;'■ v^‘- - ■ 
 
 Kv>' ■; 
 
 
 
 '.i* V' 
 
 
 ^ . • 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 .' - V 
 
 ■K.. ' ». . 
 
 Y', 
 
 ■ ■, I V 
 
 
 
futf-at sfj^rscroRrcrAJiTs jAj 
 
AN AVIARY. 
 
 101 
 
 PLATE XXI, 
 
 AVIARY FOR A FLOWER-GARDEN. 
 
 THIS design is intended as the chief feature of a flower- 
 garden — it is an aviary in the centre of an arcade of woodbine, 
 roses, jessamines, and other creeping and flowering shrubs : in 
 front is a piece of water for gold and silver fish, and ornamented 
 by a fountain — the roof of the aviary is greatly projecting, afford- 
 ing shelter and protection to the birds during the months they 
 are permitted to remain in such inclosures, and the supports 
 are formed for the purpose of receiving foliages — the banks 
 sloping to the water, are embellished by flower-beds, enclosed 
 by basket-work, imitations of which are admirably executed 
 in iron, and in small pieces, when placed around the beds 
 they have a good effect, are of easy application, and from the 
 nature of the material very durable. 
 
 The custom of the antients to have gardens suited to the 
 seasons of the year is followed by ourselves, or rather our 
 inventions, have superceded the necessity of several gardens, 
 so far at least as our hot-houses and conservatories are con- 
 cerned ; yet there is a defect in our al fresco gardens that was 
 avoided by them. Flowers are there planted and sown for suc- 
 cession, as it is called, so that one plant is seen to flourish in full 
 blossom and display, whilst its neighbour on one side is proceed- 
 ing to decay, and on the other is just budding into promise ; this 
 is a defect; and it will be found, that in the best gardens, if they 
 are not prepared for the luxuriance of one or two months, in the 
 year alone, the flowers are in the state alluded to, and do not 
 present the full effects of which they are capable. 
 
102 
 
 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 THE FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 SOURCES of water, were respected or held sacred, from very 
 high antiquity in Eastern nations, as is recorded by historians both 
 sacred and profane. The Greeks, Tuscans, and Romans also, 
 employed them as useful and decorative architecture ; and hence 
 they were adopted by the Italians and the French. In the 
 formation of the celebrated gardens of Versailles, they were in- 
 troduced in profuse magnificence, and became a prime feature 
 in all the varieties of falls, fountains and jets-d’eau. Fashion 
 immediately took them up, and water was spouting every where ; 
 no place was complete without a fountain, and the first recom- 
 mendation of the tasteful towards the embellishment of a garden, 
 court, walk, or alley, was certainly place a fountain there.” — 
 But in art, as in matters of less importance, it frequently happens, 
 that fashion encroaches upon, or supercedes the more steady pa- 
 tronage of fitness and propriety ; and in her vacillating progress, 
 adopts or discards, equally without reflection ; and, in her dis- 
 missal, the subject, which was hitherto her pride and boast, 
 becomes as obnoxious to her distaste. Thus it was with the 
 fountain in ornamental gardening. 
 
 As in other cases where fashion predominates, its fulness pro- 
 duced its fall; — their absurd adoption in most instances, with 
 the incessant repetition of them, occasioned satiety and disgust, 
 consequently they were demolished with as little regard to fine 
 
A GAMBET^ FOUl^TAI]^ „ 
 
 J^ti^atACXEim/iimiREPOSlTOKyof^inTS. jm.strojul,. Jf22. 
 

A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 103 
 
 feeling or sound judgement as was bestowed upon them when first 
 erected. Time has now banished the impression that was fatal to 
 such designs, and their beauties are again proper subjects for 
 garden embellishment, when circumstances permit an unforced 
 use of them. Water is rarely otherwise than desirable; and the 
 motion and sound of lightly-falling water gives liveliness to a 
 spot however secluded, that is not readily obtained in its 
 absence. 
 
 To execute the proposed fountains it is necessary to be in pos- 
 session of a body of water at a sufficient height to produce the 
 jet, and it must be something higher than the altitude pro- 
 posed, because of the resistance the jet meets with, and amongst 
 others, from the pressure of the air, and in striking against its 
 descending waters : the aperture at which the water escapes 
 must be proportioned to the height of the reservoir, and to the 
 diameter of the conducting pipes. The following table will give 
 the practical results, in feet, of the received theories on this 
 subject. 
 
 Height 
 
 of 
 
 Reservoir. 
 
 Diameter of 
 conducting 
 Pipes. 
 
 Diameter of 
 aperture or 
 ajutage. 
 
 Height of 
 the Jet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 5 
 
 1| inch 
 
 k inch 
 
 Ft. D. 
 
 4 : 91 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 — — 
 
 9 ; 68 
 
 20 
 
 2| 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 : 82 
 
 30 
 
 3k 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 27 : 48 
 
 40 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- 
 
 35 : 74 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 J 
 
 A 
 
 43 : 65 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 1 inch 
 
 51 : 24 
 
 80 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 65 ; 64 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 If 
 
 79 : 12 
 
 These proportions of conducting-pipes are suitable to jets 
 removed from reservoirs not exceeding five hundred feet; but 
 
104 
 
 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 if the water requires to be brought from a yet greater distance 
 the pipes must be of larger diameters. 
 
 Unless the bends in pipes of communication from the re- 
 servoir to the aperture or ajutage be easy and bold, the es- 
 cape will be proportionally impeded; and to produce an even and 
 regular jet it is necessary to apply a suitable air-vessel near 
 to the ajutage, the construction of which is well known to 
 manufacturers in copper, of which material they are usually 
 constructed. 
 
 The designs are simple in form, and consequently limited in 
 show of water ; but if the jets were amply supplied, the over- 
 flow of the tables would produce the effect desired. 
 
 Designs of this kind are now usually manufactured in artificial 
 stone, or sculptured in Portland stone ; as they were formerly of 
 lead, the convertibility of which valuable metal undoubtedly 
 assisted in the rapid disappearance of fountains as soon as they 
 fell into disrepute. The present rage for cast iron will probably 
 supercede the use of such leaden works, and as iron would offer 
 no premium for their demolition, they may be expected to enjoy 
 a longer triumph of fashionable importance in our gardens. 
 

 ■» 
 
 
 s.rvw.' 
 
 
 / 
 
A FcraTAIPT 
 
A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 10.5 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 A FOUNTAIN. 
 
 PEW architectural embellishments have so interesting an 
 effect as fountains, and being capable of an inexhaustible vari- 
 ety of design, situation and magnitude, it is rather a matter 
 of surprise that their beauties have been neglected, ever since 
 the general abandonment of them nearly a century ago. At 
 that time certainly their whimsical and profuse introduction 
 in all places, suitable and otherwise, naturally satiated the 
 taste, and was eventually altogether fatal to their cultivation ; 
 but, since they have been excluded so long from our country, 
 the motive which effected it, is surely banished also, • and they 
 may again very properly meet with encouragement, and suc- 
 ceed to some of the patronage by which far less valuable 
 material is now fostered. 
 
 When a supply of water is adequate, fountains may in most 
 cases be introduced with propriety; for it is that part of their 
 artificialness which implies scarcity of water, and manual la- 
 bour in effecting a display of its powers, that is offensive to 
 true taste ; and surely it must be most painful to witness such a 
 display, when it is known that, to produce it, a poor fellow, hid 
 in some nook of the premises, is pumping most lustily, and anx- 
 iously wishing you would turn your attention to some other 
 object, that his labour may be over. It was formerly, however, 
 no uncommon thing to witness extensive displays at the expense 
 of proportionately laborious means. 
 
 p 
 
106 
 
 A BATH. 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 A BATH. 
 
 AMONG the decorative buildings employed for the embel- 
 lishment of gardens, the bath should not be neglected, for its im- 
 portant usefulness demands a place wherever pure water can be 
 obtained; and the agreeableness alone of bathing, without its sa- 
 lubrity, should suffice to procure to the bath a higher degree of 
 patronage than it has yet received in this and its neighbouring 
 country : but during many years the difficulties of dress, conse- 
 quent on the fashion of wearing powder in the hair, were inimical 
 to its use : this impediment being removed, it is probable that 
 baths will be employed by us as common and frequent sources 
 of innocent pleasure as well as for medical relief. 
 
 Bathing among the Romans was held in very high estimation, 
 so much indeed, Rome alone is said at one time to have contained 
 eight hundred and fifty-six public baths; and the emperors 
 endeavoured to conciliate the people by the erection of such 
 buildings. Those of Paulus ^Emilius, Titus, and Dioclesian, 
 ranked amongst the noblest edifices of the empire. 
 
 The use of the tepid bath is now so much prescribed, and 
 the method of imparting heat to water is so simple and perfect in 
 its application, that the warm bath ought to accompany the 
 cold one. 
 

Ji J:'X£/iMAATiri Jlip,vm.'/rjr --f iSa. 
 
APIARY. 
 
 107 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 AN APIARY. 
 
 THE cultivation of bees as a rural amusement gives occasion 
 for the annexed plate, presenting a subject for garden embel- 
 lishment ; for few studies afford more satisfactory results to 
 persons of leisure and reflection, than are to be obtained by 
 contemplating the habits and conduct of these little animals 
 from which just lessons of prudence, industry, and social virtue, 
 may be as correctly acquired, as from the deep-studied instruc- 
 tion of the schools. 
 
 The design for an apiary is given as an ornamental reception 
 for the hives, which are, as usual, placed on forms, and sheltered 
 by a roofing which encompasses them from the ground in an 
 arched canopy covered with reeds, and lined beneath an opening 
 to admit a free current of air, with straw mattings, similar to the 
 hives themselves, the more fully to screen them from the 
 excessive heat which transpires from other roofings, and is inju- 
 rious to their contents. The back of this erection is supposed 
 to be glass, through which the bees M^ould be visible from the 
 walk behind it; and the wire fence is placed on each side as a 
 guard, to prevent the too near approach of persons, who would 
 be liable to attack from their offended government, always pre- 
 pared to repulse intruders. An apiary should be remote from 
 the farm and domestic offices, and placed under the care of the 
 gardener, near to whose labours it is best situated, and whose 
 gardens, plantations and orchards, afford the means for an 
 abundant produce of wax and honey. 
 
108 
 
 APIARY. 
 
 Bees affect warmth, and need ample shelter: their abodes 
 should therefore present to the southward, and be protected 
 from the north and east winds particularly, and from the driving 
 rains of the south-west ; they should be so constructed also as 
 to be screened from the degree cold, by which honey becomes 
 candied : thus it will appear, that the apiary should be situated 
 in low and sheltered spots, that a medium temperature may be 
 more readily obtained and preserved. 
 
 Water is essential to bees, which should be near their abode : 
 a small pool is therefore introduced in the design, and as a 
 receptacle also for valuable aquatic plants. 
 
 The improvements recently made in hiving bees are worthy 
 of particular attention : — by the arrangements made according 
 to Wildman’s method, not only a regular examination of the 
 proceedings of these ingenious artificers is permitted, but the 
 comb and honey can be collected in small portions : — besides, 
 they afford the very humane opportunity of collecting the honey 
 and the wax, without the ungracious necessity of destroying the 
 animals, when we wrest from them their store-houses and their 
 treasures. 
 
 Hemlock, nightshade, red-poppy, feverfew, black briony, 
 box-wood, hew, and other plants of a bitter flavour are injurious 
 to the Apiary, as they impart such qualities to the honey, if the 
 bees select from them ; these should therefore be banished from 
 ts neighbourhood. 
 
I 
 
 V V 
 
 
 
 
 •ji' - 
 
 i, 
 
 
GAmiTOEW JRAIEIIITG , 
 
 
GARDEN RAILING. 
 
 109 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 GARDEN RAILING. 
 
 FOR the purposes of separation, or of protection, an orna- 
 mental fence is sometimes required in flower gardens ; and they 
 impart considerable finish when tastefully designed ; but usually 
 they are very far from meriting distinction on that account. 
 
 As varieties of design the annexed plate is introduced, some 
 of which have been executed, and being bronzed, and in part 
 gilt, have proved both decorative and useful. They are designed 
 to be chiefly executed in iron, and the lighter parts, of strong 
 copper wire. 
 
 Although these designs are suitable to the flower garden, they 
 are not so as fences against cattle, or to separate lawn from 
 pasture, or the latter from the shrubberies. Here the simplest 
 are most proper — formed by four or five strong horizontal bars, 
 finished by a chain at top, supported at equal distances by 
 efficient standards ; this is perhaps the least obtrusive to the sight, 
 and the mind is satisfied of its powers of protection, against the 
 inroads of the cattle that may occupy the pastures. 
 
 In small grounds and where no other animals than sheep are 
 fed, the lighter sort of fence composed of wire nettings, are suf- 
 ficient for the purpose ; and they may be rendered nearly invisible 
 to a distant observer by color. 
 
110 
 
 CENOTAPH. 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 A CENOTAPH. 
 
 IT is justly observed by a celebrated writer on the embellish- 
 ments of gardens, that they are usually uninteresting from want 
 of variety, and insipid, as they induce no sentiment beyond 
 what springs from rural beauty, although their object is, to fill 
 the mind by varied incident and contrasting subject. To this 
 truth, however, many of our best gardens are tasteful exceptions; 
 and fashion is again adopting the aid of architecture and sculp- 
 ture towards multiplying the means by which a judicious change 
 and interest are created, which she once abandoned ; because 
 mere eye-traps and grotesque absurdities were substituted for 
 works of real art, and intrusively thrust upon the observer at 
 every turn and alley of the plantations. 
 
 The annexed design is intended not merely as an embel- 
 lishment, but as the model for some monument of veneration, 
 esteem, or respect for departed worth or friendship. Its situation 
 in grounds would properly be a spot adapted and exclusively 
 devoted to solitude and meditation. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
A DUMOTAFM , 
 
 AJOEmVflfs MPl’SrrCKi'of ARTS 
 
INDEX, 
 
 
 Page 
 
 AJUTAGE 
 
 103 
 
 Ancient Gardens 
 
 101 
 
 Alcove 
 
 100 
 
 Apiary 
 
 107 
 
 Approach 
 
 84 
 
 Aviary 
 
 50 , 101 
 
 Bath 
 
 106 
 
 Bathing 
 
 106 
 
 Bees 
 
 107 
 
 Belt 
 
 44 
 
 Blossoms, of Trees 
 
 77 
 
 Boat House 
 
 55 
 
 Boundaries 
 
 40 
 
 Boundary Fences 
 
 40 
 
 • • Planting 
 
 70 
 
 Plantations 
 
 44 
 
 Bridge 55 , 
 
 , 64 , 65 
 
 Browsing Line 
 
 82 
 
 Burlington, Earl of 
 
 33 
 
 Brown, Mr. 
 
 42 , 72 
 
 Cascades 
 
 61 
 
 Cenotaph 
 
 109 
 
 Character, in Styles 
 
 51 
 
 , of Parks 
 
 51 , 61 
 
 , of the Pastoral 
 
 51 , 61 
 
 , of Pleasure Gardens 61 
 
 of Scenery 6 1 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Clumps 
 
 72 
 
 Color 
 
 76 
 
 Conservatory 
 
 91 
 
 Copse Wood 
 
 81 
 
 Dairy 
 
 68 
 
 Disposition, in Planting 
 
 73 
 
 Drive 
 
 97 
 
 Embellishments of Water 
 
 66 
 
 Evergreens 
 
 81 
 
 Earl of Burlington 
 
 33 
 
 Fences 40 , 47 , 109 
 
 Fences in Gardens 
 
 109 
 
 Firs 
 
 82 
 
 Flowers 
 
 101 
 
 Forms, of Ground 
 
 49 
 
 Fountains 
 
 102 , 105 
 
 Garden 
 
 101 
 
 ■ Fences 
 
 109 
 
 Paths 
 
 99 
 
 • Railing 
 
 109 
 
 Seat 
 
 96 
 
 Walks 
 
 97 
 
 Gardens, Ancient 
 
 101 
 
 Gates 
 
 39 
 
 General Plan 
 
 33 , 37 
 
 Gravel Walks 
 
 99 
 
 Goltzius 
 
 52 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Ground^ Forms of 49 
 
 Hollows in 50 
 
 Hurdles 47 
 
 Jet d'eau 103 
 
 Ice House 80 
 
 Iron, used in Hot Houses 93 
 
 Islands 62 
 
 Italian, Style of House 50 
 
 Kent, the Architect 33 
 
 Kleber, the Architect and General 78 
 Knolls 50 
 
 Landscape, Painting 70 
 
 , Materials of 57 
 
 , Water in 56 
 
 Lake 62, 67 
 
 Lawn 95 
 
 Laundry 87 
 
 Light and Shade in Planting 75 
 
 Line Browsing 82 
 
 Lodges 48 
 
 Low Growths 81 
 
 Marbles in Gardens 76 
 
 Materials of Landscape 57 
 
 Mounds 50 
 
 Ornamental Trees 81 
 
 Painter, Landscape 70 
 
 Park, Character of 51, 61 
 
 , Paling 39 
 
 Pastoral, character of the style 5 1 , 6 i 
 Paths 98 
 
 Picturesque, the 52 
 
 Pipes, to Fountains 103 
 
 Pheasantry 90 
 
 Plan, General 33, 37 
 
 Plants 81 
 
 , and Trees 81 
 
 , and Flowers 81 
 
 Planting 46, 70, 82 
 
 , Disposition in 73 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Planting, Light and Shade 
 
 in 75 
 
 Plantation 
 
 44 
 
 Seat 
 
 53 
 
 Pleasure Garden, Character of 61 
 
 Polish Hut 
 
 78 
 
 Poultry House 
 
 89 
 
 Quantity, in Planting 
 
 74 
 
 Railing 
 
 109 
 
 Repton, Mr. 
 
 43 
 
 Reservoirs for Fountains 
 
 103 
 
 Rivers 
 
 60, 66 
 
 Road of Approach 
 
 84 
 
 Romantic, Character of, in 
 
 
 Scenery 
 
 51, 61 
 
 Rubens 
 
 52 
 
 Rural, Character of the 
 
 51, 61 
 
 Rustic Bridge 
 
 59 
 
 Shrubs 
 
 81 
 
 Seat, Garden 
 
 96 
 
 Situation of House 
 
 34 
 
 Streams 
 
 60 
 
 Style 
 
 51 
 
 , of House 
 
 50 
 
 Thinning Plantations 
 
 45 
 
 Trees, single 
 
 83 
 
 , Ornamental 
 
 81 
 
 , Blossoms of 
 
 77 
 
 Trenching 
 
 82 
 
 Trees and Plants 
 
 81 
 
 Venetian Tent 
 
 94 
 
 Verges 
 
 99 
 
 Underwood 
 
 81 
 
 Walks 
 
 97 
 
 , Gravel 
 
 99 
 
 Walls 
 
 40 
 
 Water, in Landscape 
 
 56 
 
 , Forms of 
 
 59, 62 
 
 , Embellishments of 
 
 66 
 
 Woodland Seat 
 
 84 
 
 Diggeni, Printer, St. Ann*« Lane, London. 
 


 
 m 
 
 ^ • * -• ■'•k' ^ J- 
 
 !v -v^ 
 
 . . . ■ . :w , ^ V‘. 
 
 7^^.v 
 
 
 «>* . 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ”1 
 
 ' >; '2’ » - • 
 
 tr. 
 
 %>,. ' ■■ is ■■:;• , j" "2 ■■ 
 
 ■ ‘ »■ * ,: ■' ■: .< ’'i: •• -f- ■ 
 
 '“A- 
 
 'a, ':! ■» V' ,SF : i :'^' ^.» ., ., _ ..... „., 
 
 \^.x 2a% -..-w .ir ■# -.^ ^ ^ r ■ *-f; 
 
 .-»»■ , V ^ ^t^■ ■’^VV-S *'>.■ '". "'■ - ■ .’ ,... ;<> V%' 
 
 . ■ ?»■ I. •"■^1 
 
 ‘r 
 
 -'- ^ ■*'^ V s ,•, i 
 
 ■ ' ' . 
 
 tt xij. 
 
 ■J^V^ 
 
 ' • 1 I ^ '- 'St 
 
 ' Ik.. ' * ' ^ ■. ^ 
 
 ^ ' .it -■ 
 
 # .*• 
 
 
 ' - . . ?: f ' I ’■ * 
 
 ♦ 4^“ 
 
 £2 '■ ' % ' ^ 
 
 « #• 
 
 > 
 
 , .. ‘ '^- "a 
 
 if ■••■^•**^-< 
 
 *• . • -- 
 
 .>C'. 
 
 
 ff^- : J 
 
 •• p . V. .. • • 4! - 
 
 ■4-i ? 
 
 ' -• 
 
 f 
 
 • "r> V ^ w 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 SStdra^^nfl^H^