HERALDRY IN AMERICA. BY EUGENE ZIEBER. WITH OVER. NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS. PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HERALDRY OF THE BAILEY, BANKS & BIDDLE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA. I895. PREFACE. Among civilized nations a knowledge of heraldry may properly be re¬ garded as a desirable, and indeed a necessary, element in higher refinement and culture. Though such knowledge has at times been relatively neglected in the United States, coat-armor has always been in use here, and “ recognized as a mark of social distinction,” as John Gough Nichols remarks, “by the republicans of the New World quite as devotedly as by the patricians of the Old.” In America, quite as really as elsewhere, acquaintance with heraldic laws is indispensable to the architect, artist, and author, and to lovers of the fine arts and of literature. How many blunders in our art and absurdities in our literature might have been avoided had not Americans of a certain class assumed lofty indifference to a science they had taken little trouble to under¬ stand ! Appreciation of the great works of the brush, the chisel, and the pen that come to us from or are studied by us in other lands must be largely impossible to persons who are unfamiliar with heraldry. Aside from such practical questions, “ it is always pleasant,” as Boutell says, “to be familiar with the heraldic blazonry that appears upon the panels of aristocratic carriages. Nor is it less satisfactory when we chance to see a flag displayed and blowing out in the breeze, or when our eyes rest upon an heraldic seal, or when we discover a shield of arms in a book or on a monu¬ ment, or amidst the decorative accessories of some building, to be able to read what heraldry thus has written with her peculiar symbols.” This volume is designed to meet a felt want in America for a popular work upon heraldry. The writer has endeavored to group in a concise and intelligent manner all that is necessary to enable the student correctly to interpret and apply the manifold laws of the gentle science of Arms. In this respect the book is largely a compilation, as are all modern works upon the subject. It contains, in addition, a collection of material—gathered from the use of royal and other seals upon Colonial documents, and individual coat- 3 4 PREFA CE. armor upon old tombstones, hatchments, tablets, family plate, wills, deeds, etc. —showing an early practice and wide recognition of heraldry in America. It also presents a view of the present practical application of heraldry in the United States, particularly to the use of official, corporate, and personal seals, and insignia of orders and societies. The writer would be manifestly ungrateful if he failed to express his appreciation to the many friends who have materially aided his work. He is under especial obligations to Rev. Henry C. McCook, D.D., for valuable su gg es ti° ns ' and for free access to a large collection of heraldic seals. To Colonel J. Granville Leach acknowledgments are due, particularly for data relating to Colonial and Revolutionary Societies and American Orders. Mr. William Nelson L. West also has the author’s thanks for general and efficient assistance. In this volume heraldic experts may find something that is new: to friends of heraldry in general the author ventures to hope it will prove welcome. From all readers he begs a generous indulgence. E. Z. Philadelphia, December, 1894. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGE The Origin and Development of Heraldry. 9 Uses of Arms. 13 CHAPTER II. The Herald. 15 CHAPTER III. Heraldry applied to the Arts. 20 CHAPTER IV. Heraldry in America. 33 Monumental Heraldry.38-59 Architectural Heraldry. 39 Memorial Windows. 64 Heraldry and Republicanism. 67 The Necessity of Heraldry. 70 Symbolism. 72 The Misappropriation of Arms. 73 The Use of the Crest in America. 76 Rules to Govern Heraldry in America. 77 Arms of Pennsylvania Families. 81 A Grant of Arms. 87 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ,. CHAPTER V. PAGE American Flags, Seals, and Coins... 88 Seals. 92 American Seals. 94 Ecclesiastical Seals. 197 Miscellaneous Seals.216 American Coins. 223 The Royal Arms of England in America ....223 CHAPTER VI. Colonial Societies and American Orders.228 Society of Colonial Wars.228 Society of the Cincinnati. 230 Society of Sons of the Revolution.232 The Society of Sons of the American Revolution.234 General Society of the War of 1812...235 Aztec Club of 1847.236 The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.237 Society of the Army of the Tennessee.240 Society of the Army of the Potomac.241 Grand Army of the Republic.242 Society of the Army of the Cumberland.243 Naval Order of the United States. 244 Society of Colonial Dames of America ..246 Society of Daughters of the Revolution. 247 Society of Daughters of the American Revolution .. 248 CHAPTER VII. Parts of an Achievement. 250 » CHAPTER VIII. The Shield.252 Partition or Dividing Lines. 253 Ornamental Lines. 254 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 CHAPTER IX. PAGE The Tinctures and Furs. 2 55 CHAPTER X. Ordinaries and their Diminutives, Subordinaries, and Combinations.258 CHAPTER XI. Varied Fields. 26 7 Diaper. 2 ^8 CHAPTER XII. Charges, Roundels, Gutte.269 Charges .. 2 ^9 Roundels or Roundlets.272 Gutte or Gouttes .. 273 CHAPTER XIII. Crosses. 2 74 CHAPTER XIV. Rules for Blazoning, with Examples . 277 Rules for Blazoning.277 Examples of Blazoning.282 Obsolete Blazon. 293 CHAPTER XV. Crests, Badges, Mottoes, and Supporters..= . • 295 Crests.295 Badges.296 Mottoes.297 Supporters .. 2 9 ^ 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. Marks of Cadency, Differencing, Augmentation, and Abatement . Marks of Cadency. Arms in America Differenced by the Reversal of Tinctures . Augmentation .... Abatement. CHAPTER XVII. Marshalling. Impalement .... Dimidiation. Quartering. Illustration of Four Grand Quarters ..... CHAPTER XVIII. Miscellaneous . Helmets. Crowns, Coronets, Mitres, and Caps. Coats of Arms. Hatchments. Book-Plates. CHAPTER XIX. French and German Heraldry .. French Heraldry. German Heraldry. GLOSSARY. French, English, and Obsolete Terms ....... PAGE 3 °° 3 °° 303 304 305 305 3°7 3°7 307 308 312 3 H 3i4 3i5 3 V 318 320 330 330 334 339 Index 393 HERALDRY IN AMERICA, CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HERALDRY. In determining the origin of heraldry, the modern writer is confronted with a confused mass of authorities on various sides of the question,—some ready to blazon the arms of Adam and Eve, others equally ready to assert that there was no heraldry in existence until the twelfth century. Guillim, on the authority of Diodorus Siculus, traces the origin of the custom of bearing arms to Osyris, the grandson of Noah, who, in one of his great campaigns, bore on his shield “ a Sceptre Royal, insigned on the Top with an Eye.” His son Hercules, the captain of his army “ in this so Ancient an Expedition of Wars,” bore “ a Lyon Rampant, holding a Battle-Axe. Certain authorities trace the origin of the custom to the Cimbri and Teutons; others to the distinctive symbols which Jacob gave to his children when he blessed them,—to Judah, a lion; to Issachar, an ass; to Benjamin, a wolf.— Gen. xlix. In Numbers ii. 2 we read, “ Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with the ensign of their father’s house.” On the other hand, many hold that heraldry was not in existence at the time of the Norman Conquest, nor even at the time of the Crusades. It is, however, certain that emblems closely resembling the devices of modern coats have been borne on the shields of warriors, as decorations or badges of distinction, from the very earliest ages. But armorial coats, strictly so called, were not in general use until much later, and it is only in compara¬ tively modern times that they have become hereditary. There can be little doubt that there is a relation between the early devices borne by warriors and the charges upon modern coats of arms. Ihe only difficulty—for us an unimportant one—is to find exactly how close this rela¬ tion is. Whether, as “ the Ingenious Mr. Nisbet” says, the difference between early device bearing and modern heraldry is the same as that between early painting and the modern art; or whether, as modern writers seem to hold, the relation between the two can scarcely be discerned, we may rest assured that the early devices are the source from which many of our modern heraldic emblems are derived. 9 IO HERALDR Y IN AMERICA . Much confusion has arisen from the different uses of the word heraldry, some making it synonymous with mere symbolism or bearing of devices; others using it to denote the modern system by which this early symbolism has been reduced to an exact science. Thus it happens that Boutell places the Bayeux tapestry “ at the head of the early existing illustrations of the Heraldry of Britain,” while Cussans, Hulme, and others point to it as a proof that no heraldry existed in England at the time of the Conquest, since its devices “ are not at ail heraldic in character.” On the whole, no better summary of the “ rise and progress” of heraldry can be found than that given by Charles Boutell, M.A. It must be remem¬ bered that Boutell uses the word heraldry in the broadest sense, to mean any bearing of devices, however rude. “ An inquiry into the Heraldry of the past leads us back almost to the remote fountain-head of human history. From the very earliest periods, we find it to have been an usage universally prevalent amongst mankind for both individuals and communities to be distinguished by some Sign, Device or Cognizance. The idea of symbolical expression coupled with a love of sym¬ bolism appear, indeed, to constitute one of the component elements of the human mind, as well in the rude condition of savage life as in every pro¬ gressive advance of civilization and refinement. Through the agency of such figurative imagery the mind is able both to concentrate a wide range of thought within a very narrow compass, and to give to the whole a visible form under a simple image. The mind thus speaks to the eye. By this symbolical blazonry a multiplicity of definite impressions are conveyed, in the simplest manner, and with poetic impressiveness. By such means, also, the mind is empowered to combine the imaginative with the real, and, while extending its speculations beyond the bounds of ascertained verities and actual facts, to impart a definite character to the visions of the imagi¬ nation. “ The exercise of a faculty such as this, it is easy to conceive, would be held in the highest estimation in the primitive stages of human society. Men so circumstanced had much to say; but they had only rare opportunities for speaking, and they knew but few words in which to convey their meaning. They delighted, therefore, in an expressive symbolism, which might speak for them, laconically, but yet with emphasis and to the point. . . . “ War and the chase would naturally furnish the imagery that would first become prevalent. A man’s physical powers or peculiarities, as a warrior or a hunter, or the issue of some exploit in which he might have been engaged, would determine his distinctive personal cognizance. If swift of foot, or strong of hand, or fierce in demeanour, or patient of hardship, he would naturally seek to symbolize himself under the form of some animal distinguished pre-eminently for one or other of those qualities. For, it is natural that man should find symbols of his own physical attributes in the inferior animals; because in mere THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HERALDRY. II swiftness or strength, or such like qualities, those animals are superior to man. The next thing would be to render this personal symbolism hereditary. A man’s son would feel a natural pride in preserving the memorial of his father's reputation, by assuming, and also by transmitting, his device. It would be the same with the comrades of a chief, and with the subjects of a prince. Thus a system of Heraldry would arise and become established. “ And such is actually the process, which has produced and matured its own Heraldry amongst each of the various races and tribes of the earth. In the Far West, the Red Indian, from time immemorial, has impressed upon his person the totem of his people—the cognizance that his fathers bore, and by which they were distinguished before him. In the very constitution of his mind essentially a lover of symbolism, the Oriental revels, and he always has revelled, in a truly characteristic Heraldry. In the relics of the wonderful races that once peopled the valley of the Nile this Heraldry of the East is everywhere present. Another expression of the same semi-mystic symbolism was found, deep buried beneath the mounds of Assyria. Somewhat modified, it was well known in ancient Israel. In Europe, with the first dawn even of historical tradition, the existence of Heraldry may be distinguished. Nearly six hundred years before the Christian era, zEschylus described the heraldic blazonry of the chieftains who united their forces for the siege of Thebes. . . . The well-known Eagle of the Romans may be said to have presided over the Heraldry of Rome as their own Dragon has ever presided over that of the Chinese. The legendary annals of mediaeval Europe abound in traces of a barbaric Heraldry, in the war-banners of the chiefs and in their personal insignia. The Bayeux tapestry of the Conqueror’s Consort may be placed at the head of the early existing illustrations of the Heraldry of Britain. That celebrated piece of royal embroidery exhibits a complete display of the mili¬ tary ensigns in use at the period of the Conquest. . . . “ Illuminations in MSS. take up and carry on the Heraldic record. Seals, carvings in ivory, monumental memorials, stained glass, and the various productions of the architectural sculptor, gradually contribute their several memoirs, and lead us on to the full development of English mediaeval Heraldry through the agency of the Crusades. “ The Crusades formed the armed followers of the different European princes into a military alliance for a common purpose, and also brought the rude yet gallant soldier of the West into contact with all that then existed in Eastern lands of the refinement, both military and social, of still earlier times. Among the many and important results of those strange and strangely roman¬ tic enterprises, were great changes in the weapons and armour of the Western chivalry; and these changes were accompanied with the introduction of an infinite variety of armorial devices. The Crusade confederacy itself would necessarily demand the adoption, by the allied sovereigns, of a more definite system of military standards and insignia than had been previously prevalent. 12 HER ALT) R Y IN AMERICA. The use of the improved defensive armour, also, combined with a better system of organization and discipline in the armour-clad bands, rendered it necessary for each warrior of any rank to assume and wear some personal cognizance, without which he could not have been distinguished at a time when the ascer¬ tained presence of certain individuals was of such grave importance. And the device of each baron or knight would be assigned, with appropriate modifica¬ tions, to their respective retainers and followers. In this manner, Crests were introduced, and placed on basinets and helms; and thus some recognized device or composition was displayed upon all knightly pennons and banners, and was emblazoned both upon the rich surcoats which the knights wore over their armour, and upon the shields which so long formed most important com¬ ponents of their defensive equipment. Such is the origin of Shields-of-Arms and Coats-of-Arms ,—terms that we still retain, with the representations of the Shield, and with Crests, in our own Heraldry at the present day. “ In England, Heraldry may be considered to have first assumed a definite and systematic character during the reign of Henry III., a.d. 1216 to 1272; and at the close of the thirteenth century it may be said to have been recog¬ nized as a distinct science. The heraldic devices that were adopted in England in the thirteenth century, in common with those which were added to them during the century that followed, partook of the ideal character of all symbols, but at the same time they were distinguished by a simple and dignified expres¬ siveness. And they were associated directly, and in a peculiar manner, either with individuals, families, establishments, potentates, or with the community at large: so that they may be considered after a definite method, their varieties readily admit of classification, their characteristics may be clearly elucidated and fully set forth, and they may be subjected to certain general laws and treated as forming a system in themselves. This classification and description, and the general laws themselves, we now unite with the devices and composi¬ tions under the common name of Heraldry. And with the Heraldry of the thirteenth century we associate that of the fourteenth, and of succeeding cen¬ turies, and of our own era, assigning to the whole the same common title. For, as it happened in the instance of Architecture, when once it had been duly recognized in England, Heraldry rapidly .attained to an advanced degree of perfection. Whatever the Heralds of Edward I. might have left to be accom¬ plished after their time, their successors of the fourteenth century were not slow in developing. Under the genial influences of the long and brilliant reign of Edward III., mediaeval Heraldry attained to its culminating point. The last quarter of the fourteenth century proved to be equally favourable to the Her¬ alds. And again, during the Lancastrian era, and throughout the struggle of the Roses, English Heraldry maintained its/reputation and its popularity. Its practical utility was felt and appreciated by the Plantagenets in their fierce social wars, as it had been before their time by the Crusaders. Then, with a general decline of the Arts, Heraldry declined. Its art-character, indeed, had THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HERALDRY. 13 shown signs of a coming degradation before the accession of the Tudors to the disputed throne of the realm. The next downward step seriously affected the early simplicity of the art-science, so that the Heraldry of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries can advance but comparatively slight claims upon our present consideration. And thus we are brought onwards to the great and general Art-Revival of our own times, in which Heraldry again appears in the act of vindicating its titles to honourable recognition, as an Art- Science that may be advantageously and agreeably studied, and very happily adapted in its practical application to the existing condition of things by ourselves.” USES OF ARMS. 1 “ Firji then. They often lhew from what Country, or Perfon, their Bearers did defcend, and therefore (as Mackenzie doth well obferve, Science of Heraldry, P. 3.) they are call’d Tejfera Gentiltia. Thus the Maxzvels and Ramfays (fays Mackenzie ) bear the Eagle, to fhew their Defcent from Germany: The Ruthwens the Arms of Portugal, from which King they are faid to be defcended : And the Name of Majoribank bear the Cufhion, to fhew that they were ‘Johnftowns originally. Thus the Weems and Fyfe, are known to be Cadets of Mackduff; and the Colquhouns and McFarlans, Cadets of the family of Lennox; and thefe (faith Mackenzie') are furer Marks of Conianguinity than the Surname, as may be known by many Inftances; and among others, the Shazvs in the North are known to be Mclntojhes by their Arms. “ Secondly, They fhew us the Alliance of their Bearers to other Families by the Heirefs from whom they defcend, whofe Arms are quartered by the Defcendants; and by this Means the Memory of great Families, and even of Clans and Surnames in Scot¬ land, faith Mackenzie, is only preferved. Thus Scotland (adds he) by bearing a double Treffure Flory Counter Flory, is remembered by their League betwixt France and them in the Reigns of Achaius and Charlemaign; and thus there are no Monuments (as he afferts of the Scots, by Instances, p. 3.) to preferve the Memory of many ancient and worthy Families in England, but the quartering their Arms by their Succeffors. “ Thirdly, Thefe Arms let us know, if the Bearers are Noblemen or Gentlemen, and what their Dignity is; that appearing by their Helmets, Coronets etc. “ Fourthly, The Shield, and oftentimes the Signet, made the Bearers who were killed in the Crowd to be known, that they might be honourably buried. “ Fifthly, They being appended informed us of the true Surnames of the Granters, which are become illegible; and thus, by the Seals, I have (faith Mackenzie) found fome Charters to be granted by Menzies of Weems, when we could hardly read the Name; and I have been (adds he) in Proceffes, wherein Charters were alleged to be falfe and forged, becaufe the Granter’s true Arms and Seal were not appended. For the Scots were very punctual in fealing with their Arms, being enjoin’d by Law and Statutes in that Particular. “ Sixthly , By thefe Arms we are inftructed of the right Originations and Writings of 1 Sixth edition of Guillim (1724). 14 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Surnames. And thus we know (fays Mackenzie) the Name of Tarbet to be wrong written, and that it fhould be written Turbet, feeing that they have three Turbets fretted tor their Arms. He gives other inftances in p. 4. “ Seventhly, Thefe Arms fhew who have been Founders of Towns, Cattles, or Churches. Thus the Church of Durham is known to be built by the King of Scotland , and the Town of Erf or t is known to be built by the French King, becaufe (Dretfer, p. 227.) they bear their Arms. And thus moil of our publick Buildings in England, fuch as our ancient Abbies, Churches and our Colleges in both Univerfities, do, for the motl Part, expofe to publick View the Arms of their Founders, as well as the ancient Seats of our Gentry do thofe of their Owners. Wherefore one of the late Editors of this Book did well obferve, that in cafe a Difpute fhould arife concerning the Right to any ruined building, or the like, he whofe Arms are found affix’d thereto, is moil intereifed therein. “Eighthly, Thefe Arms infer a prefumtive Right of Superiority, Quando Arma in Portis, vel Curiis pinguntur , Bart. Tract, de infg. When they are painted in Gates and Courts. And thus when the Millaners did engage to be Vaffals to the Emperor Frederick the Firft, they undertook to carry the Arms of the Empire upon the Steeple of their Chief Church, Limn, de jure publ. cap. 6. nurn. 126. And when Orkney and Zetland were fully refign’d to the Kings of Scotland, it was agreed, that the Arms of Scotland fhould be affix’d in their publick Courts: And thus the Dukes of Venice are known not to have an abfolute Jurifdiction, becaufe they are not allow’d to reprefent the Arms of their Family upon the Coin of the Publick, Alberi, ad l. Si qui C. de oper. publ. And one of their Dukes was feverely cenfured by the State, for having contravened this Rule in Heraldry, Tejfaur. decif. 270. Arms do prefume Propriety in Moveables efpecially, to which Men have only right by Poffeffion, and not by Writ, Hopping, c. 13. And this is an ordinary Prefumption in all Judicatures, Nam ficut ex fignis fegnatum, ita ex infigniu Domini rerum cognofcuntur, Tufk. Tom. I. Concluf. 516. For as Signs declare the Thing fignified, fo Arms Jhew the Owners of Goods. “Ninthly, By thefe the Ships of Enemies are known, and are accordingly confifcated, if taken at Sea; which Lawyers extend fo far, that if a Ship carry the Flag of an Enemy, it will be declared Prize, though it belong to a Kingdom in Amity with the Seizer, JaJon, confil. 16j h. jg. “ Tenthly and lafly. They are moif neceffary for figning Articles of Peace between Princes, Contracts and other Writs among private Perfons.” CHAPTER II. THE HERALD. The herald was originally a messenger to hostile camps or one who proclaimed to the people the will and pleasure of his king. The antiquity of the office is indisputable, since reference is frequently made to it in Homer’s Iliad, and in Daniel iii. 4 we have it recorded that a herald proclaimed the will and pleasure of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. The office grew in dignity and honor as the pomp of warfare increased, and the herald came to be regarded as the representative of his sovereign; his person was held sacred and his position was considered one of the most honorable. It was in the Middle Ages, when honor and chivalry were at their height, that this office attained its greatest dignity. A herald was created by the sovereign in person or by a special commission from him. According to Gerard Leigh, the ceremony was conducted in the following manner: “ The king asked the person to be so created whether he were a gentleman of blood or of second coat-armour; if he was not, the king gave him lands and fees, and assigned him and his heirs proper arms. Then, as the messenger was brought in by the herald of the province, so the pursuivant was brought in by the eldest herald, who, at the prince’s command, performed all the ceremonies, as turning the coat of arms, setting the manucles thereof on the arms of the pursuivant, and putting about his neck a collar of SS, and when he was named, the prince himself took the cup from the herald, which was gilt, and poured the water and wine upon the head of the pursuivant, creating him by the name of our herald , and the king, when the oath was administered, gave the same cup to the new herald.” To appreciate the full significance of the office of the mediaeval heralds, and thoroughly to understand the magnitude of their work, we must remem¬ ber that its influence did not cease when the chivalric age ended, but that it lives and is of vital importance to-day. Those men and their successors instituted a system without which hopeless confusion would reign in regard to the origin of numerous social laws throughout Christendom, and it is owing entirely to the science of heraldry that the distinguishing signs of honors and privileges granted to warriors and statesmen have been preserved for the benefit of their descendants. A noted authority well says,— “ When the profession of arms became the profession of every gentleman, 15 i6 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. and the business of his life, at once employment and amusement; when martial exercises formed a part of every pageant, and the combat-camp became the court for love’s disputants to decide their claims, and frequently the last supreme tribunal of appeal from the halls of justice; when man knew no other criterion of worth than the sword, and woman no other test of virtue, but cheerfully rested the justification of her arraigned innocence on the prowess of her champion, and her champion on her innocence all his hopes of victory; and when the Almighty was most frequently worshipped by the least amiable of the titles that man has given him, the God of battles,—in such a state of affairs when all that was dear and valuable so often depended on the issue of a combat, and life and fame, fortune and power, virtue and love were the stakes for which champions were daily entering the lists, it is natural that the whole proceedings should have been arranged with a caution proportionate to the importance of the event, that every possibility of unfair advantage should be precluded, and every obstacle removed to placing both parties on the most equal terms, and such laws formed as by an impartial observance of them should leave in the minds of the vanquished a full con¬ viction of the unsoundness of their cause or resignation to the mysterious dispensations of that Providence, to whose especial care they fancied they had entrusted themselves, and by whose immediate interposition they believed it to be, that oppression should triumph and innocence be darkened for a while. To conduct the business of these proceedings required men of judg¬ ment and experience, and those to whom authority was first entrusted to arrange all matters of war and chivalry were men who had seen twenty years’ service and generally such as had been disabled by their wounds. These when once possessed of such authority, could not fail to increase their own influence by creating, out of their knowledge, a system which none but the initiated could comprehend, and they bequeathed to their successors, not merely the result of their experience, but also the produce of their ingenuity: and as mystery in those times was considered essential to every science, Her¬ aldry, among the rest, was not without its mysteries, which it was an impiety to divulge, and into which the sovereign himself had no right to inquire.” With the decay of mediaeval knighthood and chivalry, the disuse of armor for defence, and the changes in the manner of warfare which attended the general employment of gunpowder, the necessity for the herald in the army was less strongly felt, and it became the custom for some inferior officer, chosen for the occasion, to bear the messages of the general to the opposing camp. The abandonment of the “ trial by combat” or “ wager of battle,” as a means of settling disputes and suits at law, lessened the importance of the tournaments and turned them into mere pastimes, so that much of their dignity and solemnity was lost. With the disuse of knightly weapons in war, the skill in wielding them naturally declined, and even as amusements tourna¬ ments became less and less popular. THE HERALD. 17 Cut off from his military office of messenger and no longer needed as a “ blazoner” at tournaments, the herald gradually lost his prominence in public affairs, his duties became less known to the world, and he drifted into genea¬ logical work. It was at this time that the clearness and simplicity of the early science were destroyed by the fantastic imagination of the age. New methods of blazoning were introduced; precious stones, the planets, the days of the week, and other curious systems were adopted for describing the tinctures of arms, instead of the simple metals and colors used in the early days. A great number of technical and frivolous rules were made, each herald differing from every other, until the whole system became confused and heraldry fell into discredit. It seems to be the general tendency of the present day to disregard this confused mass of rules, and return to the science as it existed in its purity. In England, in modern times, armorial bearings have been regulated by the College of Arms or Heralds’ College. At the head of this college is the Earl Marshal of England, and this office, of great antiquity and honor, is hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. It is the prerogative of the Earl Marshal to appoint and control all Kings-of-Arms, Heralds, and Pursui¬ vants, except those of the Lyon Office, and through the various Kings-of- Arms he confirms arms and pedigrees, and grants new armorial bearings to those who are not entitled to them by descent, but who are nevertheless in a position to sustain the rank of gentleman. The granting of supporters to those below the rank of a Knight Grand Cross of the Bath does not come within the jurisdiction of the Earl Marshal. Such privileges are granted by the Sovereign only, as a mark of royal favor, in reward for important services to the state; in Scotland, however, they may be borne by the authority of the Lyon King-of-Arms. The date at which the English College of Arms or Heralds’ College was organized remains uncertain, but it is generally believed to have been during the reign of Henry V., though it was not incorporated until much later,—in 1483, by a charter from Richard III. The body then established varied from time to time until 1622, when it was limited to three Kings-of-Arms, six Heralds, and four Pursuivants. The Garter King-of-Arms, so called from his official connection with the Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the chief, and has jurisdiction over all England; under him, the Clarenceux King-of- Arms, originally Sorroy King-of-Arms , has jurisdiction over England South of the Trent, and the Norroy King-of-Arms, over England North of the Trent. The Heralds,— Windsor, Chester, York and Lancaster were created by Edward IIP; the Richmond Herald was created by Edward IV., and the Somerset Herald by Henry VIII. The official costume of a herald consists of an embroidered satin tabard or surcoat of the Royal Arms and a collar of SS. The Pursuivants-of-Arms, whose duties, like those of the heralds, consist 2 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. in tracing arms and genealogies and in regulating public feasts and proces¬ sions, are,— Rouge Croix, the earliest created, and named “Red Cross” from the Cross of St. George; Blue Mantle, named by Edward III., on account of a blue French coat which he wore; Rouge Dragon, created by Henry VII., and named for one of the supporters of that king’s arms; and Port¬ cullis, also created by Henry VII., and named for the portcullis which the king had adopted as one of his royal badges. The present duties of the Heralds’ College “comprise Grants of Arms; the Tracing and Drawing up of Genealogies ; the Recording of Arms and Gene¬ alogies in the Registers of the Heralds’ College; recording the Creation and Succession of Peers and others, with all similar matters, including the direc¬ tion of Royal Pageants and Ceremonials.” The Bath King-of-Arms, or, as he is sometimes termed, the Gloucester King-of-Arms, was created for the service of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. He was soon after given jurisdiction over Wales and the power to grant arms to persons residing in that principality. Although not a member of the English Heralds’ College, the Bath King is closely connected with it and takes precedence of Clarenceux and Norroy. In Scotland, the duties of the English College of Arms are performed by the Lyon Office. Over this the Lyon King-of-Arms, or Lord Lyon, presides, and under him there were for many years six Heralds,— Rothsay, March- mont, Islay, Albany, Snowdon, and Ross; six Pursuivants,— Dingwell, Bute, Carrick, Ormond, Kintyre, and Unicorn; the Lyon depute; the Lyon Clerk and the Lyon Clerk depute; and a Procurator Fiscal; but by Statute (30 Viet. cap. 17) passed 3d of May, 1867, it was decreed that the Lord Lyon and the Lyon Clerk should discharge the duties of their respec¬ tive offices in person, and hence the office of depute was abolished in both instances. By the same statute it was decreed that:—“No vacancy in the Office of Herald in Scotland shall be filled up by the Lyon King-of-Arms until the number of Heralds has, by death, resignation, or removal, fallen to below three, after which event the vacancies which may occur in said office shall be filled up, so that the number of Heralds shall in time coming be maintained at three.” The same provisions are made for reducing the number of Pursuivants to three. The Heralds now are Rothsay, Marchmont, and Albany; the Pursuivants, Unicorn, Carrick, and Bute. The Lyon King-of- Arms is appointed by the Sovereign, and not by the Earl Marshal, as the other Kings-of-Arms are. His powers are in some respects greater than those of the Earl Marshal, particularly in the right to grant supporters, already noticed. In rank he is next to the Garter King-of-Arms, and occupies a position in the Most Noble and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle similar to that occupied by the Garter King in the Most Noble Order of the Garter. The Lyon Clerk is also appointed by the Sovereign, but the Heralds and Pursuivants, as well as a Herald Painter and a Procurator Fiscal, are appointed by Lord Lyon. THE HERALD. 19 In Ireland the place of the Heralds’ College is taken by the Office of Arms, whose duties are, according to late advices, discharged by the Ulster King-of- Arms and the Athlone Pursuivant. The Ulster King-of-Arms is the head of the office, and he is also officially connected with the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick. In early times the heralds made periodical Visitations to the various prov¬ inces of the realm, and summoned all those bearing arms and those styling themselves Esquires or Gentlemen to appear before the proper officers and prove their right to the arms or titles. On these visitations pedigrees were inquired into, and arms were traced, and an accurate record was kept of both at the Heralds’ College. Many of these records have come down to us, and in them are found the hereditary arms of the older English families. The first of these visitations was probably undertaken in the early part of the fifteenth century, but the records are fragmentary until a century later. From 1529 until 1687 the circuits of the kingdom were regularly made every twenty or thirty years, and these records of pedigrees and arms have proved invaluable to the genealogist and herald. In following the development of the messenger between armies into the member of the College of Arms of the present day, one contrast cannot have failed to strike the mind of the most careless reader,—it is that between the herald of the Middle Ages, associated with the brilliant life of the mediaeval camp and the gorgeous display of the tournament, and the modern herald, a man of peace, a scholar, and antiquarian. CHAPTER III. HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. In the fine arts, heraldry occupies a prominent position, since, in most historical sculptures and paintings in which scenes or characters of the Mid¬ dle Ages are displayed, the laws of heraldry must be closely followed, and the sculptor or painter requires to be familiar with the growth of the science and the forms in use at the different stages of its development. Historical accuracy is now deemed of great importance in all branches of art, and anachronisms are severely criticised. One example of an error of this sort exists in Leutze’s well-known picture of Washington crossing the Delaware in December, 1776, in which the stars and stripes are displayed, when, in fact, the flag bearing them was not accepted until the fourteenth of the following June. In the picture of “The Boston Boys and General Gage,” the British Union Jack is shown over the porch of the Providence House in the form which was not adopted until a quarter of a century after the occurrence depicted in the painting. The same mistake occurs twice in the frescoes in the Houses of Parliament. One of these represents the Mayflower sailing for America in 1620 with the Union Jack of 1801 flying! In another fresco, Charles II. is represented landing in England under the same flag. Similar errors are very common in architecture also. One of the best known of these blunders is seen on the tomb of Elizabeth in the chapel of King Henry VII. There the arms ascribed to William the Conqueror are impaled with those of his wife. The system of impaling in its very earliest form, that of dimidiation, was not introduced until the time of Edward I., two hundred years later. The most glaring anachronisms exist in the exemplification of American seals. We see documents with copies of State seals upon them which are intended to emphasize certain periods in America’s history, but which were not designed until years after the dates they are supposed to commemorate. For instance; an example of the seal of New Jersey upon a colonial document bears the three ploughs, which were not adopted until 1776, the New Jersey seals having borne the various royal arms, and, previous to those, the arms of Berkeley and Carteret, as proprietors, and for six months after the Revolution the arms of Governor Livingston. In another illustration, the colonial seal of New Hampshire is depicted as bearing the ship upon the stocks. It is a matter of record that this device was not adopted until 1784* Representations 20 HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 21 of the French arms, supposed to be those borne by the French in America prior to the Revolution, are shown with the shield charged seme de lis, while it is of historical record that Charles V., in 1365, reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis in the French arms to three, and since then they have been so borne. In another representation, the arms of Maryland are included in a group of seals indicating the Revolutionary period, but instead of Lord Balti¬ more’s crest, an eagle is shown. Mr. W. H. Browne, of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in a letter dated October 28, 1880, states that “the legislature, some twenty-five or thirty years ago, swept away the Cap and Crest and put in their place an unmeaning eagle, which remained until about 1873 or 1874, when the ancient device was restored.” Thus it is seen that the eagle did not appear in the Maryland arms until seventy-five years after the Revolution. For the understanding of Gothic architecture in particular a knowledge of Heraldry is essential. A popular writer claims that “ Every Gothic Architect ought to be a thorough Herald. Heraldry alone can enable him to render his works, in the noblest and most perfect sense, historic monuments. Without Heraldry, no lover of the great art, which has been so happily revived amongst us, is able to feel the full power of what the Gothic has transmitted to him from the olden time, or to realize all that it is now able to accomplish as a living Art.” An enthusiast has gone so far as to say of heraldry that “ no one’s educa¬ tion is complete until he shall have studied and mastered its laws and detail.” While this assertion may not be accepted in its broad sense, it is true in the sense that the educated man who is acquainted with heraldry will derive much more pleasure and profit from history and literature than one who is not familiar with the science. In fact, heraldry is so closely connected with history that a certain amount of heraldic knowledge is indispensable for the historian. In the works of all early English writers, heraldic terms are constantly used; while in old ballads the personages are frequently called by their crests or devices, instead of by their proper names. Many parts of Shakespeare’s historical plays would be almost unintelligible without an heraldic commentary, and Scott’s works, both prose and verse, abound in allusions which must be entirely lost upon those of his readers who are deficient in heraldic learning. Many of the romances of the Middle Ages contain descriptions of tournaments, and Scott’s “ Ivanhoe” has made the spectacle a familiar one to every reader of English. In Chaucer’s “ Knight’s Tale” the gorgeous accessories of the lists are described, and the combat for the hand of Emelie is precisely such as would have taken place in Chaucer’s time. During the reign of Richard II., such ceremonies were conducted with the greatest pomp, and in Shakespeare’s play the preliminaries are well described. Lohengrin appears as the champion of Elsa’s innocence in a trial of this kind in Wagner’s opera. 22 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. A few quotations, chosen at random from English literature, as illustra¬ tions of the use of heraldic terms by our best authors, may interest the reader. Richard III., when the tide has turned against him at the battle of Bos- worth, eageily seeks Richmond, so that by killing him he may destroy the hope of the enemy, and at last exclaims,— “ I think there be six Richmonds in the field ; Five have I slain to-day instead of him.” Richard III., Act V., Scene 4. This is an allusion to the practice of having several knights bear in battle the devices of their lord in order to mislead the enemy. Henry Bolingbroke, afterwards King Henry IV., on his return from banishment, tells of his degradation by Richard II.: “ From my own windows torn my household coat, Raz’d out my impress, leaving me no sign, Save men’s opinions and my living blood, To show the world I am a gentleman.” Richard II., Act III., Scene 1. Frequent reference is made to the badge of the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick, inherited by the Neville family, Earls of Salisbury and Warwick,— “ Clif. Might I but know thee by thy household badge. War. Now, by my father’s badge, old Nevil’s crest, The rampant bear chain’d to the ragged staff, This day I’ll wear aloft my burgonet, ******** Even to affright thee with the view thereof.” Second Part of King Henry VI, Act V., Scene 1. Richard Plantagenet, in the same scene, means the Nevilles—father and son—where he cries,— “ Call hither to the stake my two brave bears, That with the very shaking of their chains They may astonish these fell-lurking curs : Bid Salisbury and Warwick come to me.” In the Third Part of King Henry VI., Edward congratulates himself on the security of his throne, and refers to the Earl of Warwick, “ The King-Maker,” and his brother, the Marquis of Montague, as among the noble slain : “With them the two brave bears, Warwick and Montague, That in their chains fetter’d the kingly lion.” Fig. 1. Act V., Scene 7. HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 23 The cognizance of Richard III. was a white boar, and it is to him that Hastings alludes when he says,— “To fly the boar before the boar pursues Were to incense the boar to follow us, And make pursuit where he did mean no chase.” King Richard III., Act III., Scene 2. Gloster, afterwards King Richard III., refers to the badge of Edward IV. —the sun in splendor —when he says at the opening of the play,— Fig. 2. “ Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York.” King Richard III. Henry VI., following the custom introduced by Edward III., bore the Royal Arms of France in the first and third quarters of his arms, to show that the English kings claimed the crown of France. Henry IV. changed the French quarters in the Royal Arms of England from France Ancient to France Modern, since this change had been made in the French Arms about forty years before by Charles V. (See Figs. 538 and 539.) It is to the decline of English success in the French wars, after the death of King Henry V., that the messenger refers when he exclaims,— “Awake, awake, English nobility! Let not sloth dim your honours, new-begot: Cropp’d are the flow'er-de-luces in your arms ; Of England’s coat one-half is cut away.” First Part of King Henry VI., Act I., Scene 1. In the same play the noble Talbot cries at a moment when defeat seems imminent,— “ Hark, countrymen ! either renew the fight Or tear the lions out of England’s coat; Renounce your soil, give sheep in lions’ stead.” Act I., Scene 5. The famous badges, the white rose of York and the red rose of Fancaster, are frequently referred to. Near the close of the scene in the Temple Garden, in which the roses were adopted as emblems, Somerset (Fancaster) cries,— Fig. 3. “ Ah, thou shalt find us ready for thee still; And know us by these colours for thy foes, For these my friends, in spite of thee, shall wear.” 24 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Plantagenet (York),— Fig. 4. “And, by my soul, this pale and angry rose, As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate, Will I forever, and my faction, wear, Until it wither with me to my grave, Or flourish to the height of my degree.’’ First Part of King Henry VI, Act II., Scene 4. The Tudor Rose, formed by the union of the roses of York and Lancaster, was borne as a badge by Henry VII., to symbolize the union of the two factions by his marriage with Elizabeth of York. Thus Henry, after his success at Bosworth, says,— Fig. 5. “ We will unite the white rose and the red.” King Richard III, Act V., Scene 5. Scott refers to the same cognizance: “ Let merry England proudly rear Her blended Roses bought so dear.” In Canto First of Scott’s “ Marmion,” we have a description of Marmion in armor, with his arms emblazoned on his shield. It will be noticed that the rule that “ color shall not be placed upon color” is violated by the falcon sable on an azure field. Sir Walter, however, defended himself against the charge of false heraldry by declaring that the rule was of comparatively recent date, and in earlier times there were few strict rules, so that a knight bore the tinctures which pleased him best. “ Well was he arm’d from head to heel, In mail and plate of Milan steel; But his strong helm, of mighty cost, Was all with burnished gold emboss’d ; Amid the plumage of the crest A falcon hover’d on her nest, With wings outspread, and forward breast: E’en such a falcon, on his shield, Soar’d sable in an azure field : The golden legend bore aright, ‘Who checks at me, to death is dight.’ Blue was the charger’s broider’d rein ; Blue ribbons decked his arching mane ; The knightly housing’s ample fold Was velvet blue, and trapp’d with gold.” ******** HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 25 “ On high his forky pennon bore ; Like swallow’s tail, in shape and hue, Flutter’d the streamer glossy blue, Where, blazon’d sable, as before, The towering falcon seem’d to soar. Last, twenty yeomen, two and two, In hosen black, and jerkins blue, With falcons broider’d on each breast, Attended on their lord’s behest.” Fig. 7. In Canto IV. we have a description of the Scottish camp: “ A thousand streamers flaunted fair, Various in shape, device, and hue, Green, sanguine, purple, red, and blue, Broad, narrow, swallow-tail’d, and square, Scroll, pennon, pensil, bandrol, there O’er the pavilions flew. Highest, and midmost, was descried The royal banner floating wide ; The staff, a pine-tree, strong and straight, Pitch’d deeply in a massive stone, Which still in memory is shown, Yet bent beneath the standard’s weight Whene’er the western wind unroll’d, With toil, the huge and cumbrous fold, And gave to view the dazzling field, Where, in proud Scotland’s royal shield, The ruddy lion ramp’d in gold.” Scotland’s banner. In Canto Sixth a carving of the arms of Douglas is described. The arms were anciently azure , three stars argent , but the crowned heart was added by the successors of the Black Douglas to commemorate his pilgrimage to the 26 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Holy Land bearing the heart of Bruce. The arms are now blazoned, Argent , a heart gules , ensigned with an imperial crown proper; on a chief azure , three mullets of the field. Fig. 13. “ Above the rest, a turret square Did o’er its Gothic entrance bear, Of sculpture rude, a stony shield; The Bloody Heart was in the field, And in the chief three mullets stood, The cognizance of Douglas blood.” The procession preceding “ Lord Lyon King-at-Arms” is thus described: “ First came the trumpets, at whose clang So late the forest echoes rang ; On prancing steeds they forward press’d, With scarlet mantle, azure vest; Each at his trump a banner wore, Which Scotland’s royal scutcheon bore: Heralds and pursuivants, by name Bute, Islay, Marchmount, Rothsay, came In painted tabards, proudly showing Gules, argent, or, and azure glowing, Attendant on a king-at-arms.” Sir David Lindsay, one of the most famous of the Lyon Kings, follows his Heralds and Pursuivants, and his accoutrements are minutely chronicled: “ On milk-white palfrey forth he paced ; His cap of maintenance was graced With the proud heron-plume. From his steed’s shoulder, loin, and breast Silk housings swept the ground, With Scotland’s arms, device, and crest Embroidered round and round. The double tressure might you see, First by Achaius borne, The thistle and the fleur-de-lis, And gallant unicorn. So bright the king’s armorial coat. That scarce the dazzled eye could note, In living colors, blazon’d brave, The lion, which his title gave.” In “ The Lay of the Last Minstrel,” the Lion passant argent, the badge of the Duke of Norfolk, is thus vaunted: “For who in field or foray slack Saw the blanche lion e’er fall back ?” Canto IV. HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 2J The war-cry of the Homes, which has now become the motto of the family, occurs in its older use in “ The Lay of the Last Minstrel”: “ Nor list I say what hundreds more, From the rich Merse and Lammermoor, And Tweed’s fair borders, to the war, Beneath the crest of old Dunbar, And Hepburn’s mingled banners come, Down the steep mountain glittering far, And shouting stilf ‘ A Home ! A Home !’ ” William Dunbar, in “The Thistle and the Rose” (1503), refers thus to the Scottish lion: “ This awfull beist full terrible of cheir, Persing of luke and stout of countenance, Ryght strong of corpes, of fassoun fair, but feir, Lusty of shap, lycht of deliverance, Reid of his cullour as the ruby glance. In field of gold he stude full myghtely With floure de lucis sirculit lustely.” The tradition is that the badge of the Prince of Wales, three ostrich plumes and the motto “ Ich Dien,” was won by the Black Prince from John, King of Bohemia, at Crecy, and adopted as an emblem of his victory. It is to this that Aleyn refers : ‘ There lay the trophie of our chivalry, Plumed of his ostridge feathers, which the Prince Tooke as the ensign of his victory, Which he did after weare and ever since The Prince of Wales doth that atchievement beare, Which Edward first did win by conquest there.” Fig. 14. “ Upon his breast a bloodie Cross he bore, The deare remembrance of his dying Lord, For Whose sweet sake that glorious badge he bore, And dead, as living, ever Him adored ; Upon his shield the like was also scored, For sovereign hope which on His help he had.” Spenser. Chaucer, in “The Rime of Sir Thopas,” describes the armor of the knight: “ And over that his cote armour, As whit as is a lilye flour, In which he wol debate. Fight. 28 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. “ His sheeld was al of gold so reed And ther-inne was a bores hed, A charbocle 1 bisyde.” In “The Knight’s Tale,” after the battle in which Theseus captures Thebes, Palamon and Arcite are found among the heaps of slain : “ And so bifel, that in the taas 2 they founde, Thrugh-girt with many grevous blody wounde, Two yonge knightes, liggynge by and by, 3 Bothe in oon armes wroght ful richely : ******** “ Nat fully quyke, ne fully dede they were. But by here cote-armures, and by hir gere, The heraudes knewe hem best in special, As they that weren of the blood roial 4 Of Thebes, and of sustren 5 two yborn.” Drayton. “ Upon his surcoat valiant Neville bore A silver saltire upon martial red.” Fig. i 6 . “ Behold the eagles, lions, talbots, bears, The badges of our famous ancestors.” “A Raven sat on Corbet's armed head.” In many old ballads the characters are called by their badges rather than by their names ; thus, in “ The Battle of Towton,” the Rose stands for the Earl of March, the Ragged Staf for the Earl of Warwick, the Fisshe Hoke for Lord Fauconberg, the Cornysshe Chowghe for Lord Scrope: “ The way unto the North contre, the Rose ful fast he sought ; Wt him went ye Ragged Staf, yt many men dere bought; The Fisshe Hoke came into the feld wt ful egre mode, So did the Cornysshe Chowghe and brought forth all hir brode.” “ The Rising of the North Countree “Now spread thine Ancyent 6 Westmorland, Thy Dun Bull faine would we spye ; And thou, the Earle of Northumberland, Now raise thy Half-Moone up on hye.” 1 Carbuncle. 2 Heap. 3 Lying side by side. 4 Royal. 5 Sisters. 6 Ancye 7 it , a sort of banner. See dictionary. HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 29 The badge of the Percys, Earls of Northumberland, a crescent argent , is referred to in another ballad : “ The minstrels of thy noble house All clad in robes of blue, With silver Crescents on their arms, Attend in order due.” In a ballad in Scott’s “ Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,” the old blazon for a lion passant guardant , a leopard , or libbard, appears in referring to the lions of England. The victory of the English is graphically symbolized by the boast that the “ Libbards” on England’s banner shall tear the Scottish Lion from the golden field on which he is displayed. “ There shall the lion lose the gylte And the libbards bear it clean away At Pinkyn Cleutch, there shall be spilt Much gentle bluid that day.” In “ Owen Glyndwr’s War Song” Felicia Hemans mentions the comet or “blazing star” which appeared in 1402 and was interpreted as favorable to the Welsh cause. Owen Glyndwr assumed the name of “The Dragon” in imitation of Uthyr, the father of King Arthur, who bore as his cognizance, during the wars against the Saxons, a star with a dragon beneath it, since such a star, appearing near the beginning of the strife, was regarded as an omen of his success. “ Saw ye the blazing star ? The heavens look down on freedom’s war, And light her torch on high : Bright on the dragon crest, It tells that glory’s wing shall rest When warriors meet to die.” Among writers, none have used heraldic language with more beautiful effect, and none probably more correctly, than Tennyson. In “ Merlin and Vivien” a particularly attractive verse is presented: “ And Merlin lock’d his hand in hers and said, ‘ I once was looking for a magic weed, And found a fair young squire who sat alone, Had carved himself a knightly shield of wood, And then was painting on it fancied arms, Azure, an Eagle rising or, the Sun In dexter chief; the scroll “ I follow fame.” And speaking not, but leaning over him, I took his brush and blotted out the bird, And made a Gardener putting in a graff, With this motto, “ Rather use than fame.” You should have seen him blush ; but afterwar He made a stalwart knight.’ Fig. 17. 30 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. The care of Lancelot’s shield by Elaine forms the first verse of the popular poem: “ Elaine the fair, Elaine the lovable, Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat, High in her chamber up a tower to the east Guarded the sacred shield of Lancelot; Which first she placed where morning’s earliest ray Might strike it, and awake her with the gleam ; Then fearing rust or soilure, fashion’d for it A case of silk, and braided thereupon All the devices blazon’d on the shield In their own tinct, and added, of her wit, A border fantasy of branch and flower.” When Lancelot lies hidden, ill of his wound received at the tournament of the diamond, and King Arthur has despatched a knight in search of him, this messenger finds his shield in the possession of Elaine and recognizes it: “ And when the shield was brought, and Gawain saw Sir Lancelot’s azure lions, crown’d with gold, Ramp in the field, he smote his thigh, and mock’d ; ‘ Right was the King ! our Lancelot! that true man !’ ” The suggestion of a fesse or a bend, charged, is contained in the following: “ And out of this she plaited broad and long A strong sword-belt, and wove with silver thread And crimson in the belt a strange device, A crimson grail within a silver beam ; And saw the bright boy-knight, and bound it on him.” The Holy Grail. A knight of “The Last Tournament” is thus described: i “ An ocean-sounding welcome to one knight, But newly-enter’d, taller than the rest, And armor’d all in forest green, whereon There tript a hundred tiny silver deer, And wearing but a holly-spray for crest, With ever-scattering berries, and on shield A spear, a harp, a bugle—Tristram—late From overseas in Brittany return’d.” One verse of “ Gareth and Lynette” calls to mind the statement of an old writer, that a shield was borne without any device or decoration, until, owing to some valiant or meritorious action, the bearer was granted distinguishing marks: HERALDRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS. 31 “ For, midway down the side of that long hall A stately pile,—whereof along the front, Some blazon’d, some but carven, and some blank, There ran a treble range of stony shields,— Rose, and high-arching overbrow’d the hearth. And under every shield a knight was named: For this was Arthur’s custom in his hall; When some good knight had done one noble deed. His arms were carven only ; but if twain His arms were blazon’d also : but if none The shield was blank and bare without a sign Saving the name beneath ; and Gareth saw The shield of Gawain blazon’d rich and bright, And Modred’s blank as death.” The Wayside Inn. But first the Landlord will I trace: Grave in his aspect and attire, A man of ancient pedigree, A Justice of the Peace was he, Known in all Sudbury as “ The Squire.” Proud was he of his name and race, Of old Sir William and Sir Hugh, And in the parlor, full in view, His Coat-of-Arms, well framed and glazed. Upon the wall in colors blazed ; He beareth gules upon his shield, A chevron argent in the field, With three wolf’s heads, and for the crest A wyvern part-per-pale addressed Upon a helmet barred ; below, The scroll reads, “ By the name of Howe,” And over this, no longer bright, Though glimmering with a latent light, Was hung the sword his grandsire bore In the rebellious days of yore, Down there at Concord in the fight.” Longfellow. Fig. 18. ‘ His sev’n-fold Targe, a field of gules did stain In which two swords, he bore his word ; Divide and reign.” P. Fletcher. “ Follow thy drum ; With man’s blood paint the ground gules, gules." Shakespeare. Like a hawk which feeling herself freed, From bells a?id jesses which did let her flight.” Spenser. 32 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. “ Between the increscent and decrescent moon.” Tennyson. “ Two gemels silver between two griffins passant." Strype. “On sounding wings a dexter eagle flew.” Pope. “ The lion of England and the lilies of Fra?ice without the bato7i sinister , under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they were debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.” Macaulay. “ Whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace.” B. Jonson. “ The King gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canto7i in our arms.” Evelyn. “ Not like those steps on heaven’s azure." Milton. “ Yonder arge7it fields above.” Pope. “ Sta7idards and go7ifalo7is ’twixt van and rear, Stream in the air.” Milton. “ A battered mo7'io7i on his brow.” Sir Walter Scott. “ Hang up your e7isig7is, let your drums be still.” Shakespeare. “ His obscure funeral: No trophy, sword or hatclmient over his bones.” Shakespeare. “ The tressured fleur-de-luce he claims To wreath his shield." Sir Walter Scott. “ Turns thither his regarda7it eye.” Southey. “ The fierce lion in his kind which goeth ra77ipa7it after his prey.” Gower. “ The lion ra77ipa7it shakes his brinded mane.” Milton. “The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert.” Addison. “ Now put your shields before your hearts and fight, With hearts more proof than shields.” Shakespeare. “The loze 7 iged panes of a very small latticed window.” C. Bronte. CHAPTER IV. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. The bearing of coats of arms in this country has been sometimes faulted, but there is surely no reason why any individual in America should be deterred, by ignorant or malicious criticism, from preserving, for himself or his children, the heraldic devices which were borne by his ancestors, even though in his own land such devices have no governmental recognition, and are not of official record in any herald’s office. The fact that arms were borne here during Colonial times creates of them American arms, and is sufficient authority for their use by descendants of the old families. It is an historical fact that the early settlers did not emigrate to this country with the view of severing family connections, or discarding the customs of their various nations. The love they bore their mother-country was evinced by the loyalty with which they adhered to home customs, and by the fact that nearly all their villages and cities were named after, or were similar in name to, those from which they came. Cussans, in his recent edition, very justly remarks: “It is no matter of surprise that Americans, particularly those of the Eastern States, with all their veneration for Republican principles, should be desirous of tracing their origin to the early settlers ; and of proving their descent from those single-hearted, God-fearing men who sought in a foreign land that religious liberty which was denied them at home.” Many seals, engraved with the arms of these early settlers, are now in the possession of their descendants or exhibited by various American historical societies. An interesting group of individual seals may be described as follows: In Massachusetts, the civil commissions bore the seal of the Province. The commissions of the military officers were from the Governor, who, as commander-in-chief and vice-admiral of the forces of the Province, signed them as such, and under his seal-at-arms. Examples of the gubernatorial seals are with few exceptions quite common; the one which is deemed the most rare is that of Governor Samuel Shute, 1716-1723, affixed to a military commission. There is but one known impression of this seal, which is in the possession of Walter Kendall Watkins, Esq., Assistant Librarian of the New England Historical Society. The following examples are from the report of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, April 29, 1885 : 3 33 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 35 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 1 If doubt exists in the mind of any one as to the use of heraldry in the early days of America, such doubt may be readily dispelled by a visit to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Thirteenth and Locust Streets, Philadel¬ phia. Here are found carefully preserved documents of Colonial and post- Revolutionary times, bearing their heraldic seals, official and individual, still distinct enough to be interpreted. Old books in endless numbers contain engravings of arms and heraldic devices in book-plates of ancient pattern. Notable is the Bible of William Penn, dated 1698, containing a book-plate of the Penn arms. A book-plate of General Washington is also shown in one of the cases, and musty old army commissions still bear the clear impressions of their seals in paper or wax. Fig. 31. Fig. 33. Fig. 32. Lord Baltimore. In the study an old example of the American eagle, displayed, executed in gold relief, supports the national shield upon his breast, and on the chief are three mullets, suggestive of the arms of Washington. The arms of Penn are executed in bold relief in iron-work upon the front windows, and an illuminated cast of the same arms is hung upon the inner walls. These arms are again seen hanging side by side with those of Lord Balti- 1 The author notes the valuable assistance rendered by Frederick D. Stone, Esq., and John Woolf Jordan, Esq. 36 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 34. more, where it is noted that the tinctures are not correctly indicated (Figs. 31 and 32). The originals are upon stones upon either side of Mason and Dixon’s Line. Upon the same wall we see the great seal of the lord proprietors of the Province of Carolina, the reverse of which bears a grouping of their indi¬ vidual arms (Fig. 33). Their fac-simile signatures are appended in the fol¬ lowing order: Clarendon (Lord Clarendon). Albemarle (General Monk, Duke of Albemarle). Craven (Lord Craven). Will Berkeley (Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia). Ashley (Lord Ashley Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury). Carteret (Sir George Carteret). John Berkeley (Lord Berkeley). Jno. Colleton (Sir John Colleton). The old seal of the United States, as shown in Fig. 274, is distinctly impressed upon a document, signed by George Washington, appointing David Lenox marshal of Pennsylvania District. Benjamin Franklin’s seal of office (Fig. 34) is at¬ tached in wax to the appointment of Richard Bache, Esq., “for Secretary, Comptroller and Receiver General of the General Post Office,” and a fine example of an eccle¬ siastical seal (Fig. 35) is boldly impressed upon a grant, Fig. 35. viz.: “ RICHARD by Divine Permission Bishop of London to our beloved in Christ, Richard Peters, Clerk Greeting, We do by these Presents Give and Grant to You in whose Fidelity, Morals, Learning, Sound Doctrine and Diligence we do fully confide our Licence & Authority (to continue only during our pleasure) To perform the Office of a Priest in the United Churches of Christ Church and Saint Peters in the City of Philadelphia in North America,” etc. etc. Great interest is aroused by the old heraldic flag (Fig. 36) which was made by the Pennsylvania Volunteers while on their way to Mexico, and under which they fought so gallantly; beside this flag are also exhibited two embroidered banners bearing the American eagle and sever¬ ally the inscriptions, “ First Regiment HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 37 Fig. 36. Pennsylvania Volunteers,” “Second Regiment Penn¬ sylvania Volunteers.” These flags were presented to the troops, upon the heights of Mexico, by General F IG . 37. Scott. Here too is what may be called a genuine American helmet, a rusty old morion, a true relic of the colonial sol¬ dier, which was dug up on the banks of the Susquehanna (Fig. 37). It would be useless to attempt to mention the Society’s wealth of literary treasures pertaining to the heraldry of America, which are of such great value, alike to the genealogist and heraldist. The books contain enough book¬ plates alone to furnish months of interesting study, and the various historical works upon the seals, arms, and coins of America are replete with facts and illustrations. ^ „ Independence Hall. Fig. 38. In Independence Hall, Philadelphia, a very odd coat of arms in proper colors is seen upon the geneal- °gy of Ccesar Rodney, one of the signers of the Declara¬ tion of Independence, and Governor of Delaware. These arms are doubly interesting from the fact that they bear three crests, and the tincture purpure appears in the devices. They may be properly described as follows : Arms : Or, three eagles displ. purp. Crests : 1. A boar's head sa. conpcd gu. 2. Out of a ducal coronet or, an eagle rising, purp. 3. A demi-talbot arg. eared and langued gu. due ally gorged or (Fig. 38). In the same room are collected the coats of arms of the thirteen original States, painted in proper colors upon shields; the seal of Penn, a jug bearing the Washington arms, Colonial flags, etc.; and a moulded coat of arms surmounts the portrait of Thomas Cushing, and forms a portion of the frame (Fig. 39). Arms: Quarterly, I. and IV. gu. an eagle displ. arg., II. and III. gu. two dexter hands headways couped. A canton chequy or and as. Crest : Two lion's gambs erased sa. si ip porting a ducal coronet or, from which hangs a human heart gu. Other proofs that heraldry was early practised in America, and that its use was not entirely abandoned after the Revolution, are to be found on tombstones and memoiials throughout New England, the Middle and Southern States, and piobably exist in other parts of the country as well. In old graveyards are specimens of heraldic carving in which coats of arms are displayed, and some Fig. 39. 38 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. of them are well executed and in a remarkable state of preservation. Exact blazoning is, however, impossible, since the color lines are frequently omitted and some of the minor details are incorrect. In both cases the fault has probably been with the sculptors in their evident desire to produce effects. A number of the carvings are strongly cut in bold relief, and the quiet dignity of the tombs cannot fail to impress the spectator. It is with regret that the writer, in referring to the important factor “ detail,” and in showing examples of monumental heraldry in this country, has been obliged to place before the reader so many instances in which charges and tinctures have been slighted, or else obliterated by time. Such incompleteness is unfortunate, since in heraldry every charge or tincture has its distinct value. The coats of arms found in our burying-grounds are to a great extent of assistance in the com¬ piling of genealogies; but the uncertainty as to the tinctures and other points, which are of vital consequence in substantiating claims to coats of arms by different branches of families of the same name, would have been removed in many cases if the attention of the designer or sculptor had been drawn to the necessity of a closer following of heraldic laws. The following coats of arms are copied exactly as they now exist, and no attempt has been made to supply any deficiencies. Under the heading of Miscellaneous are shown other examples copied from various church records, genealogies, etc. Many of these specimens are now illegible upon their tomb¬ stones, others are not to be found, and some tombstones have through neglect sunken so far into the ground that their inscriptions and heraldic carvings cannot be seen. Old Christ Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is due to the courtesy and kind interest of Rev. C. Ellis Stevens, LL.D., D.C.L., the Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia, that the writer was given access to the valuable heraldic objects within that historic old building, and in Fig. 41. Fig. 40. Lawrence, MDCCLIIII. Proctor, 1 753 ■ its graveyard. Here a number of coats of arms are found, but several of the slabs are so much worn and defaced by time and weather that it is impossible to decipher them, and the carving on others is barely legible. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 39 Upon the tomb of Thomas Lawrence appears the outline of what must have been very finely executed arms. The shape of the shield and peculiar style of mantling are readily recognized as belonging to the Colonial period. Beneath the arms is the inscription, but so indistinct that reference to the church records becomes necessary to insure correctness. This is one of the few examples of impaled arms found upon monuments in this country, and is most interesting (Fig. 40). Merely a suggestion of the carving (Fig. 41) remains upon the slab bearing the name of Richard Proctor; enough, however, to permit one to form an idea of what the arms originally were. The inscription is entirely obliterated, and this name is also taken from the church records. Another coat is here found, under the name of Baynton; although of much later date, it is the least legible of the arms that have been deciphered. The outlines are quite indistinct and a bend of some combination is just per¬ ceptible. The arms are probably those of the English family of Baynton: Sa. a bend lozcngy arg. (Fig. 42). Fig. 44. Fuller, I 79 I_I 799- Goodman. The best-preserved arms are those upon the slab bearing the names of Benjamin and Rebecca Fuller (Fig. 43). The inscription upon another monument proves that it was erected to Captain Walter Goodman, who died August 26, 1782. A perpendicular line indicates that the shield was parted per pale. The crest is indistinct, but appears to have been a double-headed eagle, displayed, as on the shield. If this presumption is correct the arms would coincide with the blazon in Burke: “ Per pale erm. and or, an eagle displ. with two heads sa. Crest : An eagle as in the arms ” (Fig. 44). It is in the church that the more interesting heraldic specimens are to be found, and each one contains its lesson. Entering the doorway, the eye is attracted by a beautiful memorial window erected to Bishop White. It is rich in ecclesiastical decoration, and contains, in the lower centre, the bishop’s arms (Fig. 45). 40 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 45 . Memorial window to Bishop White. In the Tower Room, and executed in a very quaint style, is a carving of the head of George II., which was formerly upon the outside of the building; artistic scrolls, boldly cut, form a frame¬ work, and give the appearance of a shield; surmounting the whole is the royal crown, handsomely carved, no detail being neglected, the cross having evidently been broken off (Fig. 46). Upon the south wall, over a tablet are the arms of Colonel Samuel John Atlee (Fig. 47), which are faithfully executed, and surmounted by a helmet, but marred by the absence of the crest, which, with a portion of the wreath, has been omitted. The family book-plate is also designed in this way, though no reason can be given for it. What appears to Fig. 46. Head of George II. Fig. 47. Atlee. Fig. 48. be a border is evidently the result of the sculptor’s attempt to produce effect. The tinctures are indicated ; the blazon being, Az. a lion ramp. arg. Accord¬ ing to Burke the crest is, “ Two lion's heads addorsee ppr'd A perfect gem of an old heraldic achievement (Fig. 48) is found upon a tomb in the north aisle. It is in the form of impaled arms surmounted by a helmet and crest, and is surrounded by a mantling of beautiful scroll-work. The coat of arms upon the dexter is that of Welsh, Az. six mull els or, three , two, one, and so proved by a careful glass inspection of 'the tomb. Beneath the achievement is the scarcely legible inscription, “ Flere lies the body of Samuel Welsh deceased January 1702 aged 70.” The changes upon the sinister are identical with those of the families of Glover, Palmer, or Withers, although the church records reveal no connection of any one of the three with the family of Welsh; and as the color indications are worn away, it remains an interesting subject for future investigation. The crest surmounting the impaled arms is evidently a demi-unicorn, but so much worn by footsteps that this is not positively clear. HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. 41 Another very valuable relic is a wood carv¬ ing in bold relief of the royal arms of the reign of William and Mary, which decorated the state pew of the governors. Despite its great age, its features are still distinct, though it is naturally much discolored and cracked. (See Fig. 49.) A very rare specimen is a hatchment which hangs in the Tower Room, and contains the inscription, “ Frederick Smyth Died 5th May 1806 aged 65 Be Virtuous & be Flappy.” This was originally prepared upon the decease of his wife, as the sable in the sinister side indicates. The example is shown in Fig. 914. Frederick Smyth was the last royal Chief Justice of New Jersey. Carvings of bishops’ mitres appear upon several chairs. A copy of the arms of the thirteen original States hangs in the belfry, and is said to have been presented by General Washington. Wondrous old books are carefully preserved in the library of this church; and their vellum bindings, iron clasps, and odd type prove some of them to have been printed in the early days of the art of printing. Engraved portraits of various clergymen appear in frontispieces, to which in several instances are added exceedingly fine examples of ecclesiastical arms; particularly noticeable are those of Bishop Sanderson. In other volumes, book-plates adorn the inside of the covers, and the names Preston, Chambres, and Penn appear frequently beneath them. In the case of the latter, an original book-plate is found of the private library of the first Pro¬ prietor of Pennsylvania, whose family were long connected with this church, where some of their tombs are still to be found. It is in this old church, a landmark of Colonial times, that the pew of General Washington is pointed out, as well as the pews occupied by Franklin, Robert Morris, Francis Hopkinson, and other generals and statesmen of the Revolution ; here too is preserved a touching relic of the first “ Flag Day,” where Miss S. S. Coxe, a Com¬ mittee of one appointed by the Daughters of the Ameri¬ can Revolution, fastened to the pillar in the pew once occupied by Betty Ross an American flag with a card bearing the inscription: Fig. 51. Fig. 50. Reduced fac-simile of William Penn’s book-plate. Fig. 49. 42 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. “ In honor of Elizabeth Claypole who made the first American Flag [stars and stripes], and who at one time occupied this pew. “Placed here Flag Day June 14th 1891 by a member of the ‘Daughters of the American Revolution.’ ” In Old Swedes’ Church-Yard, Wilmington, Delaware, a monument, recently erected, bears, over the names of Noah Platz Burr (Fig. 52) and Rebecca Bulkley (Fig. 53), his wife, the arms of the two families in shields, side by side. Fig. 52. Burr, 1857. The helmets are placed to face each other for the sake of artistic effect, and hence the one over the Burr coat of arms faces to the sinister. In the church-yard on Market Street near Tenth in the same city, a mon¬ ument in memory of Gunning Bedford, a friend of Benjamin Franklin, who died in 1812, bears on one side an escutcheon charged with three lion's gambs couped and erect within a bordure (tincture not indicated) For crest: A lion's ganib couped and erect (Fig. 54). Fig. 56. Fig. 55. Fig. 54. Drake. Bedford. Bedford. On the opposite side of the shaft there is carved the design shown in Fig- 55, which seems to be two representations of another crest {a leopard's head ) placed side by side. An exceptionally fine example is found in the church-yard of Old St. David’s at Radnor, Pennsylvania (Fig. 56). Sculptured on a monument over HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 43 the names of Richard Drake (died 1808) and Mary Fearon, his wife (died 1812), appears the well-known wyvern of the Drake family, and for a crest a castle of three towers embattled, surmounted by a wyvern. (The wyvern on the shield corresponds with that on the arms of John Drake, who settled in Boston in 1630, and the two families are probably connected.) In the Evergreen Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, two coats of arms are found, not as finely executed as that on the Drake monument, but quite well preserved. One is a representation of the Mac- Pherson arms (Fig. 57) over the name of Robert McPher¬ son (died 1749). Per fesse or and azure, a lymphad with her sails trussed up, and oars in action of the first. In the dexter chief point a hand couped grasping a dagger, point upwards gu. ; in the sinister chief a cross-crosslet fitchee of the last. Crest : A cat sejant ppr. Motto : “ Touch not the cat, but a glove!' 1 The color lines are not indicated and the carving is somewhat inaccurate. On another tomb the Buchanan arms appear over the name of Andrew Buchanan (died 1780): Or, a lion rampant sable, armed and langued gules, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second. Crest : A hand holding tip a ducal cap, tufted on the top with a rose gules, within a laurel branch, disposed orlezvays proper. Motto: “ Audaces juvo clanor lane hones !' 1 The supporters seem to be two parrots. The indications of the tinctures are omitted in this coat of arms also (Fig. 58). In the Old South Church in Boston, below the portrait of Col. William Henshaw, Adjutant-General of Massachusetts Militia in 1775, are represented Fig. 57. MacPherson, 1749. Fig. 58. his arms as shown in Fig. 59. In the Old State House in the same city hang paintings of the arms of Col. Samuel Shute, Governor and Commander-in- Chief in 1716 (Fig. 60), and those of Thomas Pownall, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in 1757 (Fig. 61). 1 Burke. 2 Burke. 44 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Copp’s Hill Burying-Ground, formerly called the Old North Burying- Ground, Boston, was the second one established in that town, and was used for interments as early as 1660. The names of many illustrious dead can here be found, among them those of Andrew and John Elliot, Cotton Mather, and Edmund Hart, builder of the frigate “ Constitution.” Among the coats of arms still preserved are Fig. 64. Fig. 65. St. Mary’s Church-Yard in Burlington, New Jersey, one of the early settlements on the Del¬ aware, contains several specimens of ecclesi¬ astical heraldry worthy of special mention. A very elaborate pastoral staff is to be seen on the tomb of William Henry Odenheimer, who died August 14, 1879; also a finely carved bishop’s mitre upon the same tomb, every detail of which is depicted by the sculptor, leaving no room for speculation or doubt as to any portion (Figs. 65, 66). On another tomb is seen a beautiful specimen of the bishop’s mitre (Fig. 67) with the inscription: Fig 66. Fig. 67. Washington Doane D.D., LL.D. for XXVII years Bishop of N. J. Here are also seen the arms of Bayntone, who died a.d. 1743 (Fig. 68). Fig. 68. Bayntone, 1743. While these arms are apparently incorrectly represented upon the tomb, there is no doubt that they are those of the same family (or of a branch of it) whose arms are seen upon a slab in Old Christ Church Burying-Ground in Philadelphia (Fig. 42). A very curious instance of the misappropriation of arms, most likely unintentional, is found in Maplewood Cemetery, Freehold, New Jersey. Upon a tomb bearing the name of HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. 45 Bennett is the coat of arms of Rhode Island with some slight variations. This mistake was evidently committed through ignorance on the part of the sculptor or, having the knowledge perhaps that the family originally came from Rhode Island, he has copied the design of the arms of the State, em¬ bodying the anchor and motto, “ Hope,” for want of a better emblem, without regard to its legitimacy. The coat of arms shown in Fig. 69 is taken from a tomb found upon Greenberry farm, opposite Annapolis, one of the early plantations, and gives rise to the opinion that this was formerly a very old burying-ground. Por¬ tions of blue-granite tombs, which are now and then brought to the surface, together with the bricks (evidently of foreign make) used in supporting the slabs, strengthen this belief. Among other examples found by the writer are those of Fig. 69. St. Peter’s Church-Yard, Pine Street near Third, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fig. 70. Fig. 71. St. Paul’s Church-Yard, New York. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Lachlan, 1802. Nordeek, Baron de Rabenau, 1782. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 47 The Granary Burying-Grounds, Boston, Massachusetts. Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. Fig. 89. Checkley, 1737. Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Leverett, 1724. From tomb in the old burying-ground at Cambridge, Mas' Mount Bethal Cemetery, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Fig. 93. From tomb of William Campbell, an English prisoner of war. St. Ann’s Church-Yard, Annapolis, Maryland. \ MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 49 Fig. 102. Mayo, 1740. Powhatan, near Richmond, Virginia. Fig. 103. Tombstone at Southampton, Long Island. Denbigh Church, War¬ wick County, Virginia, Fig. 104. Fig. 105. died Feb” 176s Aged 64 LAdy HousToun HisWidOti ed 26 “Feb'? 177s Aged 60 N_ * Tombstone formerly in old cemetery, Savannah, Georgia, now at Bonaventura. Fig. ro6. MONUMENTAL HERALDRY— MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. Granary Burying-Ground, Boston, Massachusetts. Fig. 107. Winslow, 1753. Bonner, 1804. Fig. 108. Fig. 109. 4 ip? 5 ° Fig. iio. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. iii. Fig. i i 2. Jackson. vmtfc? Southac. Rockyhill Burying-Ground, Wethersfield, Connecticut. Fig. 114. Fig. 115. Cushing. Bulkley, 1748. Bulkley, 1713. Old Ipswich Burying-Ground, Massachusetts. Fig. 117. Fig. 116. Fig. 118. Fig. 119. Emerson, 1712. First Church Burying-Ground, Hartford, Connecticut. Fig. 120. 54 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. Old North Burial-Ground, Providence, Rhode Island. Harris, 1723., Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 155. Fig. 156. Fig. 154. Fig. 157. Arnold, 177a. St. John’s Church-Yard, Providence, Rhode Island. Fig. 158. Merrett, 1770. MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 55 Trinity Church-Yard, Newport, Rhode Island. Fig. 159. fi (Vy~ C, QJ/y' Gibbs, 1767. Fig. 160. Fig. 161. Fig. 162. Fig. 163. Old Burying-Ground near Northern End of Thames Street, Newport, Rhode Island. Fig. 164. Fig. 166. Sanford, 1721. 56 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Chaloner, 1752. Ward, 1763-67. Fig. 172. Gardner, 1764. Fig. 173. Freebody, 1736-59. Graveyard at Salem, Massachusetts. Fig. 175. Fig. 176. Fig. 170. Wanton, 1726. Fig. 174. Buckmaster, 1754. Fig. 177. Brown, 1687. Pickman, 1761. 53 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 187. Fig. 188. Lake, 1676. Thornton, 170$. Nowhere perhaps on the American continent is to be seen such a magnificent display of sculptured coats of arms as upon the battle-field of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where monuments bear the arms of the States by which they have been erected. Many of these States, whose regiments took part in the battle commem¬ orated, seem to have vied one with another in erecting handsome and costly monuments to the memory of their honored dead. As one pauses on the summit of Little Round Top and looks down into the valley of the Cumber¬ land, one is impressed by the great numbers of monuments dotting the valley as far as the eye can reach, standing out in sharp contrast to the green back¬ ground. In most cases, as just said, they are embellished with the coats of arms of the State which they represent. Upon the 136th New York Infantry monument on the Taneytown road, as upon that erected to the 121st Infantry of the same State on Little Round Top, are the arms of the State of New York, finely executed in bronze. The arms upon the monument to Berdan’s Sharpshooters of New York are also worthy of mention. The arms of Michigan modelled in brc-nze are placed upon the base of the memorial of the 5th Michigan Infantry near “ the loop.” A plain but substantial monument is that in honor of the 2d Rhode Island Volunteers on Sedgwick Avenue; the arms of the State are clear and finely cut, the details being exceptionally well sculptured. The beauty of the plain, massive stone of the 20th Connecticut Infantry on Culp’s Hill is greatly enhanced by the arms of that State. The arms of Pennsylvania are in nearly every instance cast in bronze upon an oblong panel, as on the remarkably fine specimen shown in Fig. 189. 1 The large cross to the I42d Pennsylvania on Reynolds Avenue, as well as the 1 From photograph furnished by Colonel John P. Nicholson. ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 59 very imposing one to the 2d Pennsylvania Cavalry on Meade Avenue, bears the arms in this same manner. The arms of Maryland form the prominent feature of the Confederate monument on Culp’s Hill. The writer could fill pages in the enumeration and description of the State arms upon the memorials dotting this famous battle-field; suffice it to say that the comparative newness of these monuments has an especial attraction to those interested in a correct delineation of armorial insignia, as they are examples of what is being accomplished to-day, and clearly show that the science is not degenerating, but that the laws of heraldry are becoming more clearly understood and more closely followed. ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. Coats of arms are frequently seen forming a portion of the decoration of public buildings in the United States. On the Public Buildings of Philadelphia the arms of Pennsylvania are placed high over the south entrance. The carving is well executed and accurate in detail even to the indications of the tinctures; but the position of the horses (supporters) is incorrect. They should be rampant. Above the Fig. 190. Fig. 191. other three doorways are the arms of Philadelphia, which, while finely carved, are marred by the incorrect drawing of the fesse (excepting one at the north entrance) and the position of the supporters. Upon the front of that quaint old building, Carpenters’ Fig. 192. Hall, appears a carving of the armorial insignia of the Carpenters’ Company. (See Fig. 192.) This is identical with the arms of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters of London. Two old flags bearing the same device, and which were carried in processions in 1788 and 1832, are displayed upon the inside walls. The arms of the thirteen States in proper colors are also upon these walls. This building is memorable in history as the place where the First Continental Congress met. 6o HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. Fig. 193. Fig. 194. An instance of a coat of arms used for interior decoration is furnished in the Red¬ wood Library at Newport, Rhode Island, where the arms of William Redwood (Fig. 193) are displayed in a large and finely- executed piece of carved work placed above the doorway. This adds to the artistic effect of the quaint old building, and at the same time stands as a memorial of the beneficent founder of this old and valuable library. In the vestibule of Old Trinity Church, Newport, are seen the coat of arms of the Chevalier de Ternay (Fig. 194). These are executed upon a black marble tablet erected to his memory. The shield and crest of Judge Richard Peters of Revolutionary fame are executed in stucco upon the ceiling of Belmont Mansion, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (Figs. 195, 196). In the Capitol at Harrisburg the carved arms of Pennsylvania enter very extensively into the decoration, and a representation of these arms in mosaic is placed on one of the main paths leading to the building. In the mosaic work, however, heraldic accuracy is sacrificed to artistic beauty. Fig. 195. Fig. 196. Fig. 197. Washington contains among its many examples of American heraldry some fine specimens of arms of the States, both in stained and painted glass, but more frequently they are found in sculptured work. On the ceiling in the hall of the House of Representatives are seen the arms of the States, illuminated in proper colors. This ceiling is of glass, and with the lights above produces a very beautiful effect. In this hall is the time-honored mace, the Speaker’s symbol of authority; it is very similar to the Roman fasces frequently borne as a charge in heraldry, and is composed of a number of sable rods bound together with transverse bands of silver; at the top is a silver globe surmounted by the American eagle in silver. The mace is held aloft by the sergeant-at-arms when he is required to execute the commands of the Speaker. In other portions of the Capitol are representations of the escutcheon of the American arms, the dome itself of this mag¬ nificent edifice being surmounted by the figure of Liberty supporting the national shield. The Washington Monument, one of the main attractions of AR CHITECTURAL HERALDR Y. 61 our capital, contains upon the inside the arms of many of the States, sculp¬ tured upon different varieties of marble and placed in the walls of the monu¬ ment. The greater number of these are the productions of clever sculptors, but are incorrectly executed; as is often the case with this class of work in the United States. George R. Howell, M.A., in an interesting paper upon heraldry, thus describes several coats sculptured in the Capitol at Albany, New York. The carvings are placed in ornamental spaces overlooking the court, as shown in Fig. 203, from photograph lately secured: “ Above the six dormer windows that open on the court, and that are in the story above the chambers of the Senate and Assembly, are sculptured the arms of six families that have become more or less distinguished in the history of the State. The vertical length of these arms as sculptured is about four feet, and, as they are placed so high, from any possible point of observation this is none too large to enable one to distinguish their several devices. It may be difficult to make on stone such a carving as will indicate the color or tincture of the various objects employed in coat armor, and to preserve their proper and relative proportions. This may account for some variations between the arms as they are sculptured and as they are engraved on book plates or blazoned in works of heraldry. The carving, so far as a good field-glass enables one to inspect it, appears to be admirably well done. The names of the families that have been thus commemorated in the lofty court of the capitol are Stuyvesant (Fig. 198), Schuyler (Fig. 199), Livingston (Fig. 200), Jay (Fig. 201), Tompkins (Fig. 202), and Clinton (Fig. 203). Had there been one more window we doubtless would have seen over it the arms of Hamilton, to whom perhaps, more than to any one man, we are indebted for the strength of the form of our National government.” Fig. 198. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. 62 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 203. Artistic effects have been produced by coats of arms which enter into the ornamentation of the grill- Fjg 2q5 work of gates. In America fine examples were executed during the Colonial period. Notable among these may be mentioned the Byrd arms in the gate at Wes- tover, Virginia (Fig. 204). The mansion of Pro¬ vost William Smith, D.D. (1727-1803), was erected at Falls of Schuylkill in 1760. A brass plate on the massive gate-post bore his crest. (See Fig. 205.) The plate is in the possession of a descendant. Upon the gate-posts at the entrance to Harvard College grounds are the arms (Fig. 206) which are depicted in the seal of the college, cast upon an Fig. 204. ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 63 oblong iron panel and set into the brick¬ work, giving the front that picturesque appearance so often seen in European countries, where it has been the custom to place armorial bearings upon the entrance to cities, baronial estates, and public build¬ ings. The arms of Pennsylvania (Fig. 207), sculptured in white marble, set in the brick-work above the western door of the State House in Philadelphia, are a notable example of this old style of architectural decoration. The oldest specimen perhaps to be found on this continent is the Spanish coat of arms (Fig. 208), surrounded by the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, upon the old fort at St. Augustine, Florida. This beautiful example of architectural heraldry is shown in “St. Nicholas,” 1894, and the building upon which it appears is described as the most interesting feature of St. Augustine. “ This is the old fort of San Marco, which, since it came into the possession of our government, has been re-named Fort Marion. “ The old fort is not a ruin, but has the style of fortifi¬ cations of the Middle Ages. We cross the moat and the drawbridge, and over the stone doorway we see the Spanish Coat of Arms, and under it an inscription stating that the fort was built during the reign of King Ferdinand VI. of Spain, with the names and titles of the dons who superin¬ tended the work.” The decadency of the custom of introducing heraldic decoration was noticeable at the discontinuance of Colonial styles of architecture. However, with the very marked revival of Colonial forms in building it has again at times been found necessary to introduce coats of arms upon prominent portions of the edifices, to complete that old-fashioned effect, which is so pleasing to eyes accustomed to the many varied styles of architecture seen in our day. Fig. 206, 64 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. MEMORIAL WINDOWS. The decided leaning toward the antique, and with it, necessarily, the intro¬ duction of heraldic devices, such as shields, fleurs-de-lis, lions rampant, griffins, dragons, etc., in our modern architecture, is very perceptible even to the casual observer, and indeed it is an attempt to rob heraldry of a great portion of its time-honored glory to say that without it many of the pleasing and harmonious effects to be seen on our modern buildings could be obtained. The trend among designers of church architect¬ ure of the present day is in this direction, and the beauty of many of our churches is due to the fact that they are modified forms of old cathedrals and abbeys of European countries, wherein heraldry forms an integral part of the decorations, and the imposing effect of their great stained windows, with heraldic devices depicted in brilliant colors, lends an additional loveliness to the stately whole. In this country we have numerous examples of such memorial windows, but attention is only di¬ rected to those that have come under the personal observation of the writer. A most beautiful window is seen in St. Mark’s Church, Philadelphia, erected “in memory of a branch of the Mifflin family.” The design is plain, extremely artistic, and the coloring is in perfect harmony. The well-known Mifflin arms appear in the lower portion of this window, as shown in Fig. 209. It is Fig. 210. giatifying to note in another window of this church the care and correctness v ith which the heraldic tinctures of the shields and charges are delineated (Fig. 210). MEMORIAL WINDOWS. 65 In the Old Swedes Church at Wilmington, Delaware, is a very handsome window, placed there some years ago, in memory of James Asheton Bayard ( i 799 _i 88o) and Anne Francis Bayard (1802- 1864). It is one of the finest pieces of stained glass work known to the writer; the coloring is exquisite, and the design is graceful, simple, and in good taste. A very important feature is the dis¬ play of the arms and crest of Bayard and Francis, placed side by side. For Bayard : Azure, a chevron or, between three escallops argent. Crest : A demi- horse argent. For Francis : Per bend sinister sable and or, a lion rampant counterchanged. Crest : Out of a ducal coronet or, a demi-lion sable, holding between his paws a garb erect of the first (Fig. 211). Another example of heraldic work in stained glass is found in St. Peter’s Church in Philadelphia. In the lower part of a window erected in memory of Joseph R. Evans, by his grandson, Joseph R. Evans, Jr., appears the achievement shown in Fig. 212. In the First Reformed Church of Philadelphia can be seen the arms of Zwingli, the great Swiss reformer, on a window surmounting a brilliantly diapered background and embodying the word “ Zwingli” in a panel (Fig. 213). Very close to this is a copy of a seal bearing the in¬ scription, “ Synod of the German Reformed Church in the U. S.” (Fig. 214). Fig. 212. Fig. 211. Fig. 213. Fig. 214. An example of amateur heraldic work, comparing very favorably with work of professionals, is shown in Fig. 215. This window was designed and executed by Eugene Devereux, Esq., formerly of Philadelphia, and appeared in his De Lancey Place home for several years. Fig. 216 is copied from illustrations of windows, of the old church at Albany, said to be now in the possession of the Dudley and Van Rensselaer families. 5 66 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 215. Fig. 216. V n Hi llsS llp v rit ? and a proclamation, publishing the fact of its adoption, was issued by the Governor. “ This seal continued in use only for twenty-three years. Its size, three and a half inches in diameter, and its pendent form were probably deemed inconveniences; for it was superseded by a much smaller one, which was made, as have been the subsequent seals, to be used with a press and stamped in the papers to which it was affixed. “ The order for the new seal is recorded by the following entry among the Council Proceedings under date of March 14th, 1817. 1 “ ‘ Ordered that the Great Seal of the State be altered and changed and that the Register in Chancery cause a new seal to be made of the diameter of one inch and a quarter, that the device on the same be the Coat of Arms of the United States surrounded with the words ‘ Seal of the State of Maryland,’ and that the same when completed shall be and is hereby declared to be the Seal of the State of Maryland.’ (See Fig. 338.) “ The seal prepared under this order was engraved on steel. Its device was merely the American Eagle, as the order of Council required, with thirteen stars in a semicircle above, and surrounded by a border ornamented with thirteen points. “The formal adoption of this seal by the Council occurred on June 9th, 1817, and on the following day a proclamation publishing the fact was issued by the Governor, Charles Ridgely of Hampton. “This rather insignificant seal was used until 1854 when an attempt was made to restore the arms of the State to their place upon the Great Seal. . . . Governor Lowe brought the subject to the attention of the General Assembly. In his message to the Legislature, at the session of 185 4 > h e sa ^ : ‘ The Great Seal is much worn by long use. I do not think that it is appropriate. It 1 Proceedings of the Council, 1813-1817- 140 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. should in my judgment consist of the arms of the State, and not of a device which has no significant relation to its local history. I recommend that another be provided.’ “accordance with this recommendation an act was passed by the Legislature providing for the procuring of a new seal bearing ‘ the arms of the State as heretofore known and accepted,’ and the motto ‘ Crescite et Multi - plicamini. (See Fig. 339.) The act required that the new seal should be used on May 1st, 1854, on which day the old seal should be broken. 1 The intention of the Legislature in respect to the restoration of the arms of the State was not suc¬ cessfully carried out at this time. In the prepara¬ tion of the seal recourse was evidently had to a rough wood-cut printed on the title page of Bacon’s Laws of Maryland in 1765, and some errors which it contained were reproduced in the seal. For example, the Calvert arms were made paly of five pieces instead of six, and the portions of the cross in the second and third quarters of the shield which are properly red, were represented as black. These departures were not only errors in fact, but they were in violation of the ordinary rules of heraldic drawing and coloring. The errors did not end here. The coronet, helmet, and crest were coi lectly lepiesented in the wood-cut j but in their stead a spread eagle was placed upon the seal. The story is told that the gentleman,—an officer of the State government at that time,—to whom was entrusted the task of preparing the new seal, deemed it imprudent to restore the coronet, lest the Whigs, then in opposition in the State, should use the circumstance upon the hustings, and by accusing the Democrats of an intention to restore aristocratic institutions, secure their defeat at the next election. He, therefore, of his own motion and for these prudential considerations, disregarded the directions of the act of the Assembly which required the restoration of the Arms ‘as heretofore known,’ and substituted for the ancient crest the familiar figure of the American Eagle. “At the session of the Legislature held in 1874, attention having been by that time attracted to the errors in the existing Great Seal, a joint resolution was adopted directing its correction ; but in this resolution reference was made to the wood-cut in Bacon’s Laws as the model to which the corrected seal should conform. When it was recognized that the copying of that wood-cut would result in re-producing some of the errors which it was intended to correct, the Governor, James Black Groome, concluded to take no action under the resolution, and brought the matter to the notice of the Legislature 1 The old seal, defaced as the law directed, was found November, 1885, and is now preserved in the Land Office in Annapolis. Fig. 339. AMERICAN SEALS. 141 Fig. 340. in his message at its next session, in 1876. A carefully prepared resolution was then adopted in which was embodied a full description of the arms in¬ tended to be restored, so as to guard against the possibility of errors in the future. The restoration of the Italian motto and the -legend upon the circle was also directed. In the preparation of this resolution Lord Baltimore’s letter of commission for the seal of 1648, and old impressions of the seal itself, were taken as the guides to be followed, and the arms upon that seal were distinctly designated as the Arms of Maryland. “It was not until 1880 that the succeeding Governor, John Lee Carroll, reported to the Legislature that the new seal was completed and had ‘been in use for the last year.’ From a note addressed by Richard C. Hollyday, Esq., Secretary of State, to the Maryland Historical Society, presenting to the Society the first impression of the new seal, it appears that it was first used February 27th, 1879. “ This seal (see Fig. 340) was engraved upon brass, and executed in Paris, under the order of Governor Carroll. It was not attempted, in preparing a new design, to reproduce the style of the old seal; but the directions contained in the resolution were departed from only in the introduction, not inappropriate in itself, of the figures ‘ 1632’ (the year in which the charter of Maryland was signed) at the base of the circle. On the new seal the pennons forming the crest are represented flowing toward the dexter side, as upon the lesser seal used by Frederick, Lord Baltimore. There is no inscription upon this seal to in¬ dicate that it is the Great Seal of the State, none having been prescribed in the resolu¬ tion under which it was prepared. “ By the adoption of this seal in 1876 the ancient arms of Maryland were finally restored in their integrity to the Great Seal of the State. The eques¬ trian figure upon the obverse of the old seal, which symbolized the personal authority of the Proprietary, ceased to be appropriate after the downfall of the Proprietary government. But the arms upon the reverse side, which had become identified with the Province, and did not change either in form or significance with changing administrations, are retained as the symbol of the State.” Massachusetts. “The Colony of Massachusetts was authorized by its charter of 4th March, 1628-9, as follows : ‘And further that the said “ Governor and Companye and their successors maie have forever one common seale, to be used in all causes 142 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. and occasions of the said Company, and the same seale maie alter, chaunge, breake and newe make, from tyme to tyme, at their pleasures.” ’ 4 In April, 1629, the Governor in England wrote to the colonists here that he had sent over ‘ the Companyes seale in silver, by Mr. Samuell Sharpe, a passenger.’ 1 2 “ This seal bears the device of an Indian, as shown in the impression (Fig. 341), and this seal was the only one used for over fifty years, or until the abrogation of the first charter, in 1684. 3 4 “ When King James II. formed a new government for New England, in 1686, with Sir Edmund Andros as Governor, a new seal was found necessary and was furnished. This seal had two sides, and therein differs most essen¬ tially from the first seal. “ A representation of it is as follows (Fig. 342): “ It might be held that the Indian of the earliest seal was really the arms of the Colony; but in this second seal, the armorial part consists of the royal arms, duly distinguished therefrom by the addition of the words ‘ Sigillum Novae Angliae in America.’ “With the downfall of King James in 1689 came a new state of affairs; the Second Charter, for the province of Massachusetts, being granted in 1692. This act provides 4 that all laws &c. ‘ as shall be soe made and published under our Seale of our said Province,’ shall be duly observed. And also that all laws ‘be, by the first opportunity after the makeing thereof, sent or Trans¬ mitted unto us, Our Heirs and Successors, under the publique Seal to be appointed by us, for Our or their approbation or Disallowance.’ 1 Mass. Rec., vol. i. p. 10. 2 Ibid., vol. i. p. 397. 3 In this example attention is directed to the color of the Indian, which is indicated by lines vert. This is an exact copy of cut published in the pamphlet issued by the Massachusetts House of Repre¬ sentatives. There is no doubt that the Indian should be in proper colors, and that this is an error of the maker of the original cut. 4 Acts and Res., i. 16, 17. AMERICAN SEALS. 143 “ The seal thus adopted for Massachusetts was the royal arms, with a motto showing that it appertained to the province. The following examples show the two forms in use from 1692 to the Revolution. The second style was adopted about 1728, and on the accession of George III. his name was substituted (Fig. 344). Fig. 343. Fig. 344. Seal under George I. Seal under George II. “In 1775 the temporary government adopted the seal whose design is shown in Fig. 345, and this continued in use for five years. When Massachu¬ setts became a State, however, action was taken by the Legislature on the subject of a State seal, and under date of 13th December, 1780, we have the following record: ‘ Ordered That Nathan Cushing Esqr. be a Committee to Fig. 345. Fig. 346. prepare a Seal for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, who reported a Device for a Seal for said Commonwealth as follows viz. SAPPHIRE, an Indian dressed in lus Shirt; Moggosins, belted proper, in his right Hand a Bow TOPAZ, in his left an Arrow, its point towards the Base ; of the second, on the Dexter side of the Indian's head, a Star; PEARL, for one of the United States of America. 144 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. “ ‘ Crest. On a Wreath a dexter Arm cloathed and ruffled proper, grasping a Broad Sword, the Pummel and Hilt TOPAZ with this Motto. Ense Petit Placidam sub Libertate Quietem —And around the Seal— Sigillum Rei- PUBLIC/E Massachusettensis (Fig. 346). “ ‘ Advised that the said Report be Accepted as the Arms of the Common¬ wealth of Massachusetts.’ “ This report was sent up for approval by the Governor and Council, and it seems that no further action was taken on it. The seal was, how¬ ever, made and used for many years, inaccuracies were introduced by differ¬ ent designers, until in 1885 it was thought necessary to pass the following Statute: “ ‘ Section i. The great seal of the Commonwealth shall be circular in form, and shall bear upon its face a representation of the arms of the Common¬ wealth, with an inscription round about such representation, consisting of the words “ Sigillum Reipublicae Massachusettensis but the colors of such arms shall not be an essential part of said seal, and an impression from an engraved seal according to said design, on any commission, paper or document of any kind, shall be valid to all intents and purposes whether such colors, or the representation of such colors by the customary heraldic lines or marks, be employed or not. “ ‘ Sect. 2. The arms of the Commonwealth shall consist of a shield, whereof the field or surface is blue, and thereon an Indian dressed in his shirt and moccasins, holding in his right hand a bow, in his left hand an arrow, point downward, all of gold; and in the upper corner above his right arm a silver star with five points. The crest shall be a wreath of blue and gold, whereon is a right arm bent at the elbow, and clothed and ruffled, the hand grasping a broadsword, all of gold. The motto shall be “ Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem.” ’ ” 1 Michigan. 2 “ The Great Seal of the State of Michigan was presented by the Hon. Lewis Cass to the Convention which framed the first Constitution for the State, in session at the city of Detroit, on the 2d day of June, 1835. “ The Latin motto on the seal, ‘ Si quaeris peninsulam amcenam circumspice,’—‘ If you 1 From pamphlet entitled “ Great Seal of the Commonwealth,” No. 345, published by the House of Representatives of Massachusetts. Cut of present seal of Massachusetts was furnished by Charles Warren, Esq. 2 Letter of Mrs. Mary C. Spencer, State Librarian. Seal is from impression supplied by Governor John W. Jochim. Fig. 347. AMERICAN SEALS. HS wish to see a beautiful peninsula, look around you,’—was doubtless suggested by the inscription upon a tablet in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, to the memory of Sir Christopher Wren, its renowned architect, Si quaeris monumentum cir- cumspice,’—‘ If you wish to see his monument, look around you,’ referring to the great masterpiece of architecture, by him designed, as the most fitting tribute to his memory.” Minnesota. 1 “ The first official record of a State seal is in the message of Governor Ramsey to the first Territorial Legislature, September 9, 1849, in which he says, ‘ A temporary great seal of the territory of Minnesota has been adopted, an impression of which will be submitted. I preferred consulting the legis¬ lative assembly upon the adoption of a permanent great seal, and I herewith lay before you the design of one, to which I ask your attention, and if you approve it, or suggest its modification, it will be placed in the hands of an artist and engraved, and thenceforward supersede the seal now in use.’ On October 31, Mr. James Boal, from the committee appointed to draft a device for the Territorial seal, reported having adopted for ‘a device, an every-day scene, consisting of an Indian family with their lodge, canoe, etc., and a single white man visiting them, with no other protection than the feeling of hospi¬ tality and friendship existing between the two people. The white man is receiving from the Indian the pipe of peace,’ etc. This report was adopted, and an Act providing for the use of the seal was duly passed and became a law. But, for some reason, the seal so authorized was never used. “ In place of it one was adopted, just how or by whom there is no record now, and which was used as ‘ the great seal of Minnesota’ until 1858. It bears the date at the bottom ‘ 1849.’ The device is much the same as the 1 Information and seal impression from Governor Nelson. 10 146 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. present State seal. A farmer is ploughing in the foreground, but facing to the west. His rifle, powder-horn, etc., are leaning on a stump near him ; in the distance, to the left, is the Falls of St. Anthony, and an Indian on horseback riding rapidly eastward towards what appears to be a rising sun. Over the device is the motto, ‘ Quo sursum velo videre,’ the third word a misprint for volo, the whole meaning, ‘ I wish to see what lies beyond.’ This motto was selected by Hon. H. H. Sibley, while delegate in Congress. “ This seal was ridiculed more or less by journalists, who said it represented ‘ a man plowing one way and looking another,’ or ‘ an astonished Indian and a scared white man,’ etc. But it was used until 1858. “At the first session of the State Legislature the subject of a State seal was taken up. Hon. Charles F. Dowe, a member of the Constitutional Convention in .1857, had drafted (by Mr. Buechner, an artist of St. Paul) a design for a State seal which he had hopes that the first State Legislature would adopt. It was generally considered very suitable. 1 Article fifteen of the State Con¬ stitution, adopted on October 13, 1857, provided that ‘The legislature shall provide for an appropriate device and motto for said seal.’ The first legis¬ lative session (which assembled December 2, 1857), however, does not seem to have done so, and when the State government came into operation in May, 1858, there was still no ‘State seal’ for use on documents. Governor Sibley authorized the Secretary of State to continue the use of the old Territorial seal for the present. At the adjourned session of the Legislature, in June, Governor Sibley referred to the subject, and a special committee was appointed to report the design for a seal, of which W. H. C. Folsom was chairman. This was done on June 30. Mr. Folsom had secured an elaborate design from an artist of St. Paul, Dr. R. O. Sweeny, fully described in his report. A joint resolution adopting the design was passed and duly signed on July 16. “ Several months appear to have elapsed before the new seal was engraved and put into use, and when it was, it was found that the elaborate design pro¬ posed in Mr. Folsom’s report had not been adopted, but that the device of the old Territorial seal had been used, with a little change. The equestrian Indian was represented as riding westward, and the farmer ploughing east¬ ward. No other change was made, except the use of the word ‘ State’ instead of ‘Territory,’ and adding the date of its admission, ‘1858.’ The motto was ‘ L’Etoile du Nord’ (the North Star). The ‘ Minnesotian’ newspaper ridiculed this latter in a series of vituperative articles, declaring that Governor Sibley had used a French motto simply because he spoke that tongue. But the seal soon came into general use, and has been the only one used officially for twenty years. Mr. Folsom in his book says, There seems to be no evidence that it was ever legally adopted, and the question may well be raised as to its validity.’ 1 An engraving is given of it on page 658 of W. H. C. Folsom’s “ History of the Northwest.’ AMERICAN SEALS . 147 Mississippi. Fig. 350. The most correct representation of the national device, so far noted, in State seals is here shown, but open to criticism, inasmuch as but three arrows instead of thirteen appear, and they are held in the dexter claw, the olive branch in the sinister. The olive branch also should contain the sym¬ bolic thirteen in its leaves. “ The State of Mississippi has never adopted a Coat of Arms. In 1861 the State Conven¬ tion, which is denominated the ‘ Secession Con¬ vention,’ adopted a Coat of Arms and Flag for the State, but when the star of the Confederacy went down the Coat of Arms and State Flag went down with it, and since that time the State of Mississippi has had neither Coat of Arms nor State Flag. “ The Seal, an impression of which I send herewith, has been in use ever since the admission of Mississippi into the Union as a State.” 1 Missouri. Fig. 351 is a representation of the Seal of Missouri as it exists, and Fig. 352 a representation of the seal as it should be, to conform to the statute and as it is printed upon official stationery. The difference between the two designs is explained by the following description: Fig. 351. fig. 352. “The device for an armorial achievement for the state of Missouri shall be as follows, to wit: Arms, parted per pale; on the dexter side, gules, the white or grizzly bear of Missouri, passant guardant, proper, on a chief en¬ grailed, azure, a crescent argent; on the sinister side, argent, the arms of the 1 Letter of Governor Stone. 148 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. United States, the whole within a band inscribed with the words, ‘ United we stand, divided we fall.’ For the crest, over a helmet full-faced, grated with six bars, or, a cloud proper, from which ascends a star argent, and above it a constellation of twenty-three smaller stars, argent, on an azure field, sur¬ rounded by a cloud proper. Supporters on each side, a white or grizzly bear of Missouri, rampant, guardant proper, standing on a scroll inscribed with the motto ‘ Salus populi suprema lex esto,’ and under the scroll the numerical letters MDCCCXX. And the great seal of the state shall be so engraved as to present by its impression the device of the armorial achievement foresaid, surrounded by a scroll inscribed with the words, ‘THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI,’ in Roman capitals, which seal shall be in a circular form and not more than two and a half inches in diameter.” 1 It will thus be seen that in the seal now in use the dexter impalement is divided per fesse, the engrailed line is omitted or illegible, and the arrangement of the stars does not conform to the blazon. In both seals the bear wrongly faces the sinister, and in Fig. 35 1 is passant, and not passant guardant as described. The seal as in Fig. 352 contains a line invected, which should be engraded, and the shield upon the eagle’s breast is charged with stars, which are again duplicated above him. The seal as Fig. 351 was prescribed by an “Act approved January nth, 1822.” 2 Montana. 3 The Territorial seal of Montana is shown in Fig. 353, the State seal in Fig. 354. The latter was approved by an Act of March 2, 1893, as follows: Fig. 353. Fig. 354. 1 Laws of Missouri, vol. ii. p. 721. 2 Preble, page 645. It is here noted that the design shown in Preble does not coincide with the blazon. Hon. A. A. Lesueur, Secretary of State, in forwarding impression of seal directs attention to these irregularities. 3 Seal is designed from impression furnished by Hon. L. Rotwitt, Secretary of State. AMERICAN SEALS. 149 “ Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Montana: Section i. There shall be a great Seal of the State of Montana, which shall be of the following design, namely: A central group representing a plow, a miner’s pick and shovel; upon the right a representation of the great falls of the Missouri River; upon the left mountain scenery, and underneath, the words ‘ Oro-y-plata.’ The Seal must be two and one-half inches in diame¬ ter, and surrounded by these words, ‘The Great Seal of the State of Montana.’ Section 2. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed. Section 3. This Act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.” Nebraska. 1 Fig- 355 - “ The territorial seal of Nebraska was never adopted by any act of the legislature; but as it existed in fact, was two and one-half inches in diameter, and bore the following devices: ‘ In the cen¬ tre a chart, inscribed “ The Constitution,” supported on the right hand by a man in citizen’s dress, and on the left hand by a man in a hunting frock, holding a gun resting on his left arm,—both of these supporters point¬ ing to an American ensign waving over the chart. On the right of the citizen a locomo¬ tive, plow, and other agricultural emblems. On the left of the hunter a river, steamboat, and sheaf of wheat. The sun’s rays are seen behind the folds of the American flag. Over these devices the motto, “ Popular Sover¬ eignty,” under them, the word “ Progress.” ’ ” 2 In 1867 Nebraska was admitted into the Union as a State, and then adopted the seal shown in Fig. 355, and described as follows: “The eastern part of the circle to be represented by a steamboat ascending the Missouri River; the mechanic arts to be represented by a smith with hammer and anvil; in the foreground, agriculture to be represented by a settler’s cabin, sheaves of wheat, and stalks of growing corn; in the background a train of cars heading towards the Rocky Mountains, and on the extreme west, the Rocky Mountains to be plainly in view; around the top of this circle, to be in capital letters, the motto, ‘ Equality Before the Law,’ and the circle to be sur¬ rounded with the words, ‘ Great Seal of the State of Nebraska, March 1st, 1867.’” 3 1 Seal impression was furnished by Hon. Lorenzo Crounse, Governor, and information by Hon. John C. Allen, Secretary of State. 2 Preble. 3 General Statutes of Nebraska, 1873, Chapter lxxiii. HERALDRY IN AMERICA . 150 Nevada. “An Act of the Legislature of 1861 provided for a Territorial Seal, designed as follows: “ Mountains with a stream of water cours¬ ing down their sides and falling on overshot wheel of a quartz mill at the base. A miner leaning on his pick and upholding a United States flag, with a motto expressing the two ideas of loyalty to the Union and the wealth to sustain it: Volens et potens. “ Several designs were made and submitted for a State Seal, none of which proved accept¬ able. The Legislature in 1866 passed an Act providing for ‘ a Seal of State for the State of Nevada.’ It is described in the Act as follows : ‘The Great Seal of the State of Nevada,’ the design of which shall be as follows, to wit: In the foreground two large mountains, at the base of which, on the right there shall be located a quartz mill, and on the left a tunnel penetrating the silver leads of the mountain, with a miner running out a carload of ore and a team loaded with ore for the mill. Immediately in the foreground there shall be emblems indicative of the agricultural resources of the State: a plow, a sheaf, and a sickle; in the middle ground a train of railroad cars passing a mountain gorge; also a telegraph line extending along the line of the railroad. In the extreme background a range of snow-clad mountains, with the rising sun in the east; thirty-six 1 stars to encircle the whole group in an outer circle, the words, “ The Great Seal of the State of Nevada,” to be engraven, with these words for the motto of the State: “ All for our country.” ’ ” 2 New Hampshire . 3 SOME SEALS OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Fig. 356. “A grant was made in 1622 to Mason and Gorges of land from the Merri¬ mack to the Kennebec River, and in the next year the first settlement was made at Portsmouth, and one at Dover, New Hampshire. In 1629 this grant was divided and a separate one made to Mason of the part west of the Piscat- aqua River, called New Hampshire, and to Gorges that east of the river, called Maine. “ In 1641 Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over New Hampshire, and 1 Impression from which design No. 356 is taken contains thirty-nine stars. 2 Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of Nevada, by Hon. O. H Grey. 3 For information and seal impressions the author pays acknowledgments to Walter Kendall Wat¬ kins, Esq. Obligations are also expressed for the assistance of Hon. Ezra S. Stearns, Secretary of State, and Mr. Kimball, of the State Library. AMERICAN SEALS. 15 1 maintained it until 1679, when it was decided by the English court of appeal that the authority exercised by Massachusetts was illegal, and New Hamp¬ shire was made a separate Province. “John Cutt was appointed the first President, his commission bearing date 18th September, 1679, and on the 1st of January, 1679-80 he received his com¬ mission and the seal first used by the Province. “ The motto on this seal read as follows: ‘ Sigillum Pr/esidentis et Con- silis de Provincia Nov/E Hamptoni^e in Nova Anglia;’ the arms used were the royal ones of that period. This was used by John Cutt and his successor, Richard Waldron, in 1680 and 1681. On the accession of Edward Cranfield, in 1682, who was commissioned lieutenant-governor, the motto was changed to ‘ Sigillum Province Nostr^e Nov/e Hamptoni/e in Nova Anglia.’ “ This was also used by Walter Barefoote, Deputy Governor, who succeeded Cranfield in 1685, till the following year, when New Hampshire, Maine, Mass¬ achusetts, and Narragansett; (Rhode Island) were united under a single Royal Province, with President Joseph Dudley at the head for a year, until Sir Edmund Andros was appointed Governor in 1687. On his overthrow in 1689, when Massachusetts resumed under her old charter, she took New Hampshire under her protection with Simon Bradstreet as Governor. “ In 1692 Massachusetts received her second charter, and New Hampshire was re-established as a separate Province with John Usher as Lieutenant-Gov¬ ernor, acting for Samuel Allen, of London, the Governor. “ The seal used at that time bears the motto, ‘ Sig : Provin : N’r^e : Nowe : Hampton : in : Nov : Anglia.’ “ Fortunately for antiquarians and students of heraldry, the die of this interesting seal is in existence and deposited in the custody of an institution, where it may be inspected by those interested in the subject. Its owners are the Misses Getchell, of Newburyport, descendants of the Pillsbury family, a noted one in Colonial times. Through the indefatigable research and labors of Mr. James Rindge Stanwood, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, this gem of the engraver’s art has been identified and preserved, and now is exhibited in the chamber of the old State House, Boston, in the keeping of the Bosto¬ nian Society. “ The motto encircles a crown, surmounting the British shield of William and Mary’s time, which includes the arms of Nassau with those of France, Scotland, and Ireland. “ Surrounding the shield is the familiar motto in the garter of ‘ Honi soit qui mal y pense,’ while outside the garter appear the monogram of William and Mary on one side, and R. R. (Rex, Regina) on the other. “We refer more fully to this seal, as the die is still in existence, and will pass over the changes wrought in the royal arms on its successors and dwell on one more interesting to the American public as an example of ‘ native 152 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. blazoning,’ as it might be termed. We refer to the seal adopted by the Colony of New Hamp¬ shire in 1776. The seal displayed a codfish, five arrows bound together, and a pine-tree. The motto, ‘Colony of New Hampshire. Vis Unita Fortior’ (Fig. 357). “ This is the first example on her seal of native emblems, the codfish of her coast and the pine- tree of her interior being represented, while the five arrows represents the then five counties of her jurisdiction, and her ‘ united strength the stronger.’ “ The die of this interesting specimen of ‘ native heraldry’ has fortunately survived the century and more of the existence of New Hampshire as an independent State, and is preserved as a pre¬ cious relic of the Revolutionary period in the cabinet of the New England Historic-Gene¬ alogical Society in Boston. This die was used only in the year 1776, being superseded by a similar device with the motto ‘ Sigill : Rei- pub : Neo : Hantoni : Vis : Unita Fortior.’ “In 1784 the familiar ship on the stocks appears on the State seal, with a rising sun, which in a design accepted in 1785 was omitted, and the motto now used, ‘ Sigillum Reipub- licas Neo Hantoniensis,’ is the legal one adopted February 12, 1785C “ The present seal of New Hampshire was adopted in November, 1784, but owing to some irregularity in the proceeding it was thought necessary to confirm it in February, 1785. The description then made was, ‘A field en¬ compassed with laurels ; round the field, in capital letters, “ Sigillum Reipublicee Neo Hantoniensis ,” on the field, a rising sun, and a ship on the stocks, with the American banners displayed .’ ” This seal has not been changed since then. Fig. 358. Fig. 357. New Jersey . 1 2 “ Of Colonial seals, properly used and to be used in the State of New Jersey, a very early allusion thereto, which is at the same time quaint and curious, is that concerning the seal of New Albion (Figs. 359, 360). Regard- 1 This bare synopsis of the history of New Hamsphire’s seals has perhaps an interest to many readers, who may add greatly to their knowledge of the subject by a perusal of Mr. J. R. Stanwood's account of “The Province Seal of New Hampshire under William and Mary.” 2 From paper by Francis Bazley Lee, Esq., of New Jersey Historical Society. Acknowledgments are also expressed for the valuable assistance of Governor Werts, Hon. Henry C. Kelsey, Secretary of State, General William S. Stryker, Vice-Chancellor Robert S. Green, and William John Potts, Esq. 0 AMERICAN SEALS. 153 ing the history of the semi-fabulous expedition by Plowden to the shores of the Delaware, Mr. Gregory B. Keen, of Philadelphia, has given a full and succinct account. 1 As one of the phases of this elaborate attempt to found an earldom in what was later West Jersey, Edmund Plowden essayed a seal for his colony in or about the year 1648, which appears in Beauchamp Planta- genet’s ‘ Description,’ and was at this time printed in London. The ‘ Order, Medall and Riban of the Albion Knights, of the Conversion of 23 Kings, Fig. 359. Fig. 360. their support’ may be thus described. The medal bears on its face a coro- neted effigy of Sir Edmund Plowden surrounded by the legend ‘ Edmvndvs. Comes ' Palatinvs • Et - Gvber ' N • Albion.’ Upon the reverse are two coats of arms impaled, the dexter those of the Province of New Albion, viz.: the open Gospel, surmounted by a hand dexter issuing from the parti-line grasping a sword erect, surmounted by a crown : the sinister those of Plowden himself, a /esse dancettee with two fleurs-de-lis on the upper points : supporters two bucks rampant gorged with crowns; the whole surmounted by the coronet of an Earl Palatine, and encircled with the motto ‘ Sic Svos Virtvs Beat,’ and the order consisting of this achievement encircled by twenty-two heads couped and crowned held up by a crowned savage kneeling—the whole surrounded with the legend ‘ Docebo Itiiquos vias tuas, et impii ad te convertentur.’ Other Latin mottoes appear, as do the verses : 1 True virtue mounted aloft on Honour high In a Serene Conscience as clear as skie.’ ‘ All power on life and death the Sword and Crown On Gospel’s truth shineth Honour and Renown.’ “ Previous to the English conquest of 1664, the Dutch claimed all of what is now the State of New Jersey, but colonized only the northeast portion thereof. Whatever claims they may have had to the Zuydt Rivere (Delaware) shores were in virtual abeyance until 1655 when the Hollanders broke down 1 From Winsor’s “ Critical and Narrative History,” vol. iii. p. 462. 154 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. the power of Sweden. Thus all the Dutch settlements in New Jersey were a part of New Netherlands, and as such the seal of the Province had full force and effect in the plantations and towns on the west of Hudson’s River. The seal of the colony is thus blazoned: ‘ Argent , a beaver proper: Crest , a coronet: Legend, Sigillvm Novi Belgii.’ Van Der Donk alludes to this seal in one of his papers, when the historian says that New Netherland was called a province because it was invested by their Fig. 361. 2 Hi«;h Mightinesses with the arms of an earl. 1 This seal was used until 1664. Occupying, upon the Delaware, a position analogous to the Dutch on the Hudson, were the Swedes, who during their occupancy of the Zuydt Rivere extended colonization operations into West Jersey from ‘The Falls’ at Trenton to the Cohanzey. This was during the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of the XVII. century. Most of these attempts were abortive, except in the counties of Camden, Gloucester and Salem. Inasmuch as the Dutch confined their claims to quarrelling with the Swedish Governors, until the bloodless war of 1655, it is to be taken for granted that all Swedish commissions and state papers designed for the West Jersey settlements would bear the seal of the Province of New Sweden. “ In 1664 the English conquered New Amsterdam, and with this Anglo- Saxon occupancy fell the rule of both Dutch and Swedes in New Jersey. Charles II. soon granted New Jersey, and much adjacent territory, to his brother James, Duke cf York, who in turn re-granted practically what is now called New Jersey to Lord John Berke¬ ley and Sir George Carteret, who some¬ what later partitioned the grant between them. What may well be termed their Great Seal has fortunately been pre¬ served. Fig. 362. Arms of Sir George Carteret : also used by Gov¬ ernor Philip Carteret . 3 1 “ Documentary History of the State of New York.” 2 Seal upon document at Historical Society of Pennsylvania, signed by Christina at Stockholm. 3 From “ New Jersey Archives,” vol. i. p. 60. This design contains several palpable errors, but, like other illustrations, is copied exact and the reference noted. The fusils should not be voided and the canton should be argent, the hand gules. AMERICAN SEALS. 155 “The arms of Berkeley in duplicate with those of Carteret (Fig. 363) and surrounded by the motto ‘ Sigillvm Provinciae Cesareae Novae appeal in the commission of Robert Vauguillin to be surveyor of New Jersey. This document, now preserved in the New Jersey Historical Society, is believed to have this only impression of the arms which were ‘ Given vnder our seale of our said Province y e Tenth day of ffebru- ary in the yeare of our lord one thousand six hundred sixtie and foure.’ “ Carteret and Berkeley at a later time disposed of their interests, each division passing into the hands of Proprietors. In 1683 the Board of Proprietors came into existence and as such their great seal ap¬ pears. Upon the nth of May, 1685, in a confirmation of orders sent to Governor Barclay it is recited that ‘For the Just en¬ couragement of those who travell dilligently for the good of the Publique and for the fixing of due Authoritie in them, That all commissions Instruments, Orders and Instructions whatsoever, and every of them, that shall hereafter have the Seale of the Province affixed there¬ unto, and the Hands of five whole Proprietors.’ William Dockwra of London was instructed to ‘ affixe the Seale’ and be a subscriber. Fig. 363. Seal of Berkeley and Carteret.1 Fig. 364.' 2 Fig. 365. 3 “ Fig. 364 shows the seal of the Eastern Proprietaries in use before 1701. “ The two mottoes of the seal of the Eastern Proprietaries in letters of sable , ‘ Righteovsnes ■ Exalteth * a • Nation,’ ‘ Its : God : Giveth : In- 1 From “ New Jersey Archives,” vol. i. p. 27. 2 Ibid., vol. i. p. 488. 3 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 199. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 156 crease,’ and around the whole ‘ The : Seal: of : the : Province : of: East: Iersey : in : America : This seal was probably destroyed upon the surrender of the government in 1702. “The Western Proprietors took origin about 1676. “ Fig. 365 is the seal of the Western Proprietors and is the earliest seal discovered. “ Tile seal of the Western Proprietaries has no motto. “ In a quit rent authority by both East and West Jersey Proprietors to Rip Van Dam (December 14, 1697), appears the ‘ Publique Seal’ of the Province of West New Jersey as is here shown. “The attempt of James II. to annul the grants of East and West Jersey which he himself, as Duke of York, had delivered to Carteret and Berkeley, is well known. The project had long been considered by the King and bore fruit in 1688 in a commission to Governor Andros dated April 7 of that year to include New York and the Jerseys in his jurisdiction, which jurisdiction, up to that time, had only circumscribed practically what is now New England. As early as September 18, 1685, Governor Thomas Dongan wrote that ‘ A New Seal of this Province is very much wanting,’ to which Secretary Sunder¬ land, from the Court at Windsor, August 16, 1687, replied. The King appointed a seal for ‘Our Province of New York and the Territorys depending there upon in America,’ thus including the Jerseys. The seal is thus described, in a warrant, under date of August 14, 1687, ‘being engraven on the one side with Our Royal Effigies on Horsback in Arms over a Land-skip of Land & Sea, with a Rising Sun and a Scrole containing this Motto Aliusq et Idem, and our Titles round the circumference of the said Seal. There being alsoe en¬ graven on the other side Our Royal Arms with the Garter, Crown, Supporters & Motto, with this Inscription round y e Circumference Sigillnm, Provincial Nostrce Novi Eboraci &c in America . . . and that it bee to all intents and purposes of the same force & validity as any former seal within our said Province, or as any other seal whatsoever appointed for the use of any of Our Plantations in America is or hath been.’ This seal was ordered defaced on the 16th day of April, 1688, and in its place the Great Seal of New Pmgland be used. An order was issued to Governor Dongan to deliver his seal to Sir Edmond Andros, which was broken in New York City in September of that year. “ Governor Andros and his council went to Elizabeth and Burlington. Both East Jersey and West Jersey ‘ shewed their great satisfaction in being under his Ma ties immediate Gov*’ writes Mr. Randolph to the Lords of Trade, which would be valuable history—were it true! Both the Jerseys, under their own Proprietary government, disowned Andros, and in so far as he was con¬ cerned gave the lie to Director Stuyvesant’s statement written a quarter of a century before, that the Englishman in sight of the great seal ‘ commonly gapes as at an idol.’ AMERICAN SEALS. 157 “The Andros government foisted upon the Jerseys was repudiated, and whilst de nomine the Great Seal of New England was presumed to be used in the Eastern and Western divisions, it is doubtful if it were ever recognized de facto. The accession of William and Mary saw the effectual re-establishment in 1689 of the seals of the Proprietors. “Upon the union of the Jerseys in the year 1702 Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, was appointed by his cousin, Queen Anne, Governor of New York and the Jerseys. Upon the 3d day of May, 1705, a warrant for a new seal for the ‘ Province of New York and the Territories depending thereon in America’ was issued. It was engraven upon one side with the royal effigies, with two Indians kneeling and offering presents, with the royal titles around the circumference, and upon the other side with the royal arms, garter, crown, supporters, motto Semper Eadem , and this inscription, ‘ Sigillum ' Provinciae * Nostrae * Novi' Eboraci ‘ in ‘ America.’ Whilst this seal was in preparation Lord Cornbury, on the 8th of July, 1705, requests from the Lords of Trade a new seal as ‘ the old one is very much worn.’ A seal had already been sent for New Jersey, as Secretary William Papple so advised on the 28th of July, 1705. “Upon July 24, 1710, Governor Hunter returned the seal of New Jersey broken in council, which was laid before Queen Anne late in October or early in November of that year. “A curious fact appears in Governor Hunter’s ‘State of the Quit Rents’ relative to Provincial seals. This shows that in land patents that both Dongan and Andros, who assumed, the former by virtual implication, the latter by com¬ mission, a certain gubernatorial authority in the Jerseys, used their seal at arms and the ducal seal. “ In July, 1718, Governor Robert Hunter received the new seals for New Jersey, which had been issued by a warrant from George I. to Governor Hunter, dated Hampton Court, October 8, 1717, wherein the King directs the Governor on receipt of the ‘ new Seals’ to cause ‘ the former Seal to be broke before you in Council and then to transmit the said former Seal so broken to our Com rs for Trade and Plantations to be laid before Us in Council as usual.’ “ This seal was engraven with the Royal Arms, Garter, Supporters, Motto and Crown, with this inscription round the same, ‘ Sig : Provinciae nos tree de Nova Ccesarea in America .’ “ From New York on the 1 ith of July, 1718, Governor Hunter transmitted the old seal which was broken at ‘a Council in the Jerseys,’ and which, ‘accord¬ ing to His Ma’tys Commands and by the Same Ship (which is still here by Contrary winds),’ is sent to the Lords of Trade and Plantation. “ This seal of George I. lasted until the accession of his successor. Upon the 17th of November, 1727, a warrant was issued from the Board of Planta¬ tions to ‘ Mr. Rollos His Majesty’s Seal Cutter to prepare new Seals for His Majesty’s Plantations in America.’ “ The order from council included all the colonies and plantations in 158 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. America. The general direction commanded the insertion of the King’s par¬ ticular arms and foreign titles as in the Great Seal of the Kingdom. To the seal cutter discretion was given in contracting words. The seal was the same as that of 1717, with this addition, ‘in an outward Circle’ ‘ Georgicus II DEi Gratia Magnae Britaniae Franciae Et Hib : Rex Fid: DEfensor Brunsvici et Luneburgi Dux, Sacri Romani Imperij Archi Thesaurarius et Elector.’ The ship bearing this seal was cast away, and the symbol of authority lost. How¬ ever, under date of December 17, 1731, another was ordered. “The 20th day of October, 1760, in Court at Saville House, George III. directed Governor Thomas Boone, through an order from the Secretary, William Pitt, that His Excellency continue the use of the former seal. Upon the 29th of the same month a circular .letter was addressed from the Lords of Trade to the Governors in North America informing them that warrants for using the old seals were in preparation, together with proclamations for con¬ tinuing officers at their employments, orders for the alteration of the liturgy, and the like. A general order was issued from Whitehall, December 2, 1760, from John Pownall, Secretary of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, and directed to Mr. Major, engraver of seals, that he engrave ‘ new ones for the Colonies.’ With the exception of ‘ Georgicus Tertius’ for ‘ Georgicus Se- cundus’ the seal of New Jersey underwent no change. “ William Franklin, the last colonial governor of New Jersey, writing from Burlington under date of October 6, 1767, acknowledges to the Earl of Shel¬ burne the receipt of a new seal for New Jersey and a warrant for the use thereof. The old seal was returned, and was defaced at Saint James on the 20th of April, 1768, together with the seals of some of the West Indies, South Carolina, Georgia, Nova Scotia, New York, and Massachusetts Bay. “ From 1702 until 1738, when New Jersey was separated from New York, the seals of the two colonies were identical in obverse and reverse. After 1738 New Jersey assumed Nova Caesarea in place of Novi Eboraci.” “ THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. “Upon the 27th day of August, 1776, the Legislature of the State of New Jersey met in the town of Princeton, within the classic walls of her famous college. The General Assembly forthwith chose John Hart, Speaker, the Council (Senate) selecting John Stevens as its presiding officer. This was the incipiency of the new political life of the commonwealth, and the formal institution of New Jersey’s share in national liberty. Desirous of some symbol whereby the power and authority of the new-born State should be recognized, active measures were taken to prepare a great seal, ending in a formal resolution of the Council, bearing date the sixth day of September, 1776, wherein it was ordered that ‘ Mr. Smith and Mr. Cooper be a Committee to meet a Committee of the House of Assembly in order to form a great Seal for the State and to make report thereof to this house.’ AMERICAN SEALS. 159 “ Mr. Richard Smith was of the county of Burlington, whilst Mr. John Cooper was from Gloucester County. Mr. William Paterson, of Somerset County, was directed by Council to inform the Lower House of the selection. Upon the same day the Assembly chose Mr. Samuel Dick, of Salem, Mr. Ephraim Harris, of Cumberland, Mr. John Covenhoven, of Monmouth, and Mr. Charles Coxe, of Hunterdon, as a committee to act with Council ‘ in order to form a Great Seal for the State.’ “ Council was informed of the action of the Assembly by Mr. Joseph Holmes, Jr., of Monmouth, and Mr. Joseph Newbold, of Burlington. “On September 10, 1776, Senator John Fell, of Bergen, brought to the Lower House a resolution from Council, who ‘ having taken into Consideration that it will necessarily take up some Time to get a Proper Great Seal prepared for the Sealing of such Commissions as have usually passed under the Great Seal and that it will be necessary for the publick Good that Sundry Commis¬ sions should issue before such Great Seal can be made: therefore “ 'Resolved :—That the Seal of Arms of His Excellency William Livingston, Esquire, Shall be deemed and taken as the Great Seal of this State till another shall be made.’ “ In which the Assembly concurred, and Messrs. Dick and Covenhoven acquainted Council thereof. “ The Joint Committee of the 6th of September through its chairman, Mr. Richard Smith, reported to both Houses on the 3rd of October, ‘ That they have considered the Subject and taken the Sentiments of several intelligent Gentlemen thereon : and are of Opinion that Francis Hopkinson , Esq., should be immediately engaged to employ proper Persons at Philadelphia to prepare a Silver Seal, which is to be round, of two and a half Inches diameter, and three-eighths of an Inch thick, and that the Arms shall be three Ploughs in an Escutcheon; the Supporters, Liberty and Ceres, and the Crest, a Horse’s Head; these words to be engraved in large Letters round the Arms videlicet , “THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY’” (Fig. 366). “ Mr. Hopkinson was ordered to ‘ draw on the Treasurer of this State for the Expence’ of the Great Seal. Mr. William Woodhull, of Morris, and Mr. Peter Tallman, of Burlington, were instructed to acquaint Council of the engagement of Mr. Hopkinson in this service. To this Council assented, and Mr. Andrew Sinnickson, of Salem, advised the Assembly of the concurrence of the Upper House. “ In the office of the Honorable Henry C. Kelsey, Secretary of the State, at Trenton, is the silver seal designed by Du Simitiere, and with it the care- Fig. 366. The present Great Seal of New Jersey. i6o HERALDRY IN AMERICA. fully preserved report of the 6th of September, 1776. Upon a comparison of the two it will be seen at a glance that the artist deviated not a little from the wording of the report. From his note-book it is learned that he drew the design in India ink during October, 1776, having finished the Great Seal of Virginia in August and preparing for the artistic execution of the seals of Georgia and Delaware, which he finished in November, 1776, and January, 1777, respectively. When the drawings for the great seal of New Jersey came from the brush of this artist-archeologist—Pierre Eugene Du Simitiere—he had placed beneath the crest of the horse’s head an earl’s helmet, and had inserted below the escutcheon ‘ MDCCLXXVI.’ No legislative sanction exists for these alterations, which may well be traceable to the eccentricities of the designer. That Du Simitiere did exceed his authority is shown by the fact that in many of the printed representations of the great seal, as upon the title-pages of State laws, the printers discarded both helmet and date and made their own designs based on the report of 1776. It is worthy of note that the late seal of the State Department of Insurance follows the letter of the law. “ Throughout the range of New Jersey’s official publications no less than a score of designs of the great seal are to be found. The supporters are often reversed, whilst the horse’s head faces either dexter or sinister over the escutcheon. The widest liberties were taken with the supporter Ceres, her cornucopia being in all imaginable positions. Often the representations border the ludicrous, as in many cases the supporters are clad in what appear to be bombazine petticoats. Not until Morton A. Stilles’ edition of the laws of 1854 is there any attempt toward artistic execution of the seal on the part of State printers. “ A variety of mottoes occur; but among the earliest is that used in the Joseph Justice edition of the laws (1821), wherein the words ‘Liberty and Prosperity’ are found. This is now the recognized motto of New Jersey when such is used. “ In the ‘ Life of William Livingston,’ Revolutionary Governor of New Jersey, 1 a most interesting reference is made to the arms of William Living¬ ston, which it will be remembered were used as the Great Seal of New Jersey from Qctober, 1776, to May, 1777. The original emigrant Robert Livingston, the virtual baron of the manor, was compelled to return to England in 1694. In this voyage, taken to advance business interests, he was shipwrecked in Portugal and reached the mother country by a continental journey. To commemorate the event, it is said the American family at this early period altered the Scottish crest, a demi-savage, to a ship in distress, and changed the motto Si je puis to spero meliora. “Among the papers of General Henry Livingston of Ancram, New York, was found, in 1811, a letter from William Livingston dated December 13, 1698, 1 By Theodore Sedgwick, Jr. AMERICAN SEALS. 161 from Edinburgh. Writing to the American family, he notes their genealogy and thus blazons the arms of the family : “‘Quarterly ist and 4th Argent three gilliflowers gules, slipped Propper within a double tressure umber fiorevest, the name of Livingston : 2nd quartered ist and last Gules a chifron Argent, a rose between two lyons counter rampant of the field 2nd and 3rd Argent three Martletts Gules, the name of Hepburn of Waughtenn 2nd quarter Sable a bend between six billets Or the name of Callender, your liveries is green faced up w h whytt and red green and whytt passments. “ ‘ I would cause cutt you a seal with this coat-of-arms, having one James Clark, a very honest man, who is graver to our mint-house here, and the most dexterous in that art, but could not get a steel block to cut upon.’ “ Sedgwick considers that this excerpt contains 1 heraldic blunders.’ Further on the biographist quotes a letter from the Governor addressed to Colonel Livingston in Holland and dated June 10, 1785. His Excellency reiterates the fact of the alteration of crest and motto and adds, ‘ These have been retained by all the family except myself who not being able without ingrat¬ itude to Providence to wish for more than I had, changed the former (crest of a ship in distress) into a ship under full sail and the latter (spero meliora) into “ Aut Mors aut vita decora.” ’ A book-plate, probably engraved when William Livingston was an entered student-of-law in Middle Temple about the year 1742, shows the alterations made by himself. “In the commissions signed by the Governor between October, 1776, and May 10, 1777, the quartered seal was not used.” New Mexico. “ Although the impression (Fig. 368) has been used as the great seal of New Mexico almost since the organization of the Territory, yet it was not formally -adopted as such, by law, until the 27th session of the legislature, held in 1887, when that body passed an act entitled ‘ An Act adopting and establishing the coat of arms and great seal of the terri¬ tory,’ which was approved by the then Gov- Fig. 368. Fig. 367. ^ OME W Arms of Livingston Family. From collection of book-plates at Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 162 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. ernor, Edmund G. Ross, on the first day of February, of that year. The first section of which reads as follows: “ ‘ The coat of arms of the territory of New Mexico shall be the Mexican Eagle grasping a serpent in its beak, the cactus in its talons, shielded by the American eagle with outspread wings, and grasping arrows in its talons. The date MDCCCL, under the eagles, and above that, on a scroll, the motto : Crcscit Eiindo. That the great seal of the territory have the coat of arms thereon, being the same seal now used by the secretary of the territory, and that the same be adopted and established as the official seal and coat of arms of the territory of New Mexico.’ ” 1 New York . 2 “ I.—SEAL OF NEW NETHERLAND. “ This is the first public seal of the Province, and is thus described: ‘ Argent , a Beaver, proper; Crest, a Coronet; Legend, Sigillvm ' Novi • Belgii.’ In a paper by Van der Donck, entitled ‘Further Observations on the Petition of the Commonalty of New Netherland,’ it is stated, that ‘ New Netherland was called a Province because it was invested by their High Mightinesses with the Arms of an Earl.’ The engraving is copied from an impression of the seal in the office of the Secretary of State. It was in use until 1664, and after- Governor Colve in 1 673 - 4 - “ II.—SEAL OF THE DUKE OF YORK. “ This is a copy of the Royal arms of the House of Stuart, which Burke thus describes: ‘ Quarterly, first and fourth, France and England quarterly; second, or, a lion rampant, within a double tressure, flory counter flory, gu. Scot¬ land; third, az. a harp, or, stringed, ar. Ire¬ land. Motto , “ Honi ‘ Soit ' Qui • Mai' y • Pense.” 1 Letter of Hon. W. T. Thornton, Governor of New Mexico. 2 New York is one of the few States that possess complete records of Colonial and other seals. The “ Documentary History of New York” furnishes the examples of Colonial seals from which the cuts in this book are taken, and most valuable papers by Henry A. Homes, LL.D., New York State Library, give an exceptionally interesting and complete history of the seal which was adopted after the Revolution. Fig. 370. Great Seal of the Province of New York, 1670-1673, 1674-1687. Fig. 369. First seal of Province: seal of New Nether¬ land, 1623-1664. wards, we presume, under 1 AMERICAN SEALS. 163 Legend, “ Sigill ' Provine Novi ’ Eborac.” Crest, a Coronet composed of crosses and fleur de lis, with one arch;’ which, Burke adds, the Duke of York was directed to use, by a Royal Warrant dated 9th P'eb. 1662. There are several impressions of this seal in the first Vol. of Land Papers, in the Secretary’s office. They are incumbent, but those to the patent of Ren- selaerwyck (1685) and to the charter of the city of Albany (1686) are pendent. The earliest impression in the Secretary’s office is to a patent dated 20th August, 1670, and from the fact that the patents issued by Gov¬ ernor Nicolls are sealed only with his signet, it is inferred that the Great Seal now reproduced was received in October, 1669, at the same time as the seal presented by Governor Lovelace to the city of New York. It was in use until 1687, with the exception of Colve’s brief administration in 1674. “ III.-SEAL OF JAMES II. “We have not been able to find an impression of this seal, the warrant for which bears date 14th August, 1687. It is described therein as having ‘on the one side our Royal effigies on Horseback in Arms over a Landskip of Land and Sea, with a Rising Sun, and a Scrole containing this motto, Aliusq: et Idem. And our Titles round the circumference of the said Seal; There being also engraven on the other side Our Royal Arms with the Garter, Crown, Supporters and Motto, with this Inscription round y e Circumference Sigillum Provinciae Nostrae Novi Eboraci etc., in America.’ Despatches of the above date were received in New York on the 21st November following; the seal was in use, it is supposed, until Leisler’s usurpation in June, 1689. 1 “ IV.—SEAL OF KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. “ The warrant for this seal, which was brought over by Governor Sloughter, bears date 31st May, 1690. It served as the model for all the Great Seals of New York subsequently received from England, and has, on one side, the effigies of the King and Queen, and two Indians kneeling offering as presents—the one, a roll of Wampum, the other a Beaver-skin. Around the circumference are their Majesties’ titles: Gvliemlmvs III • et * Maria * II • Dei ’ Gra • Mag • Brit • Lran • Hib * Rex et Regina ■ Lid • Def. On the reverse are the Royal arms with the garter, crown, sup¬ porters, and motto, and this inscription : Sigil- Ivm : Provinc : Nostr : Nov : Ebor : etc : in : America. These arms are, it will be remarked, the same as those on the Stuart seal, with the 1 I he seal of James II. is shown in the seals of Massachusetts (Fig. 342). The wording, of course, is different. Fig. 371. Great Seal of the Province of New York, 1691-1705. 164 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. addition, however, of an escutcheon of pretence, containing a Lion rampant, for the arms of Nassau, of which house King William was a member. It has some peculiarities worthy of attention. Much importance has been at¬ tached to this seal from the fact that it was affixed to several patents in this country after the King’s death. But the objections made to the validity of those patents, on that account, must disappear when the fact is understood that this seal was not superseded until September, 1705, —three years and a half after the King’s demise. The engraving is from the seal attached to the original charter of Trinity Church, New York, 1697, in the State Library, and to the commission of Johannis Abeel, Mayor of Albany, 1694, in the Albany Institute. “ V.—SEAL OF QUEEN ANNE. “ There were two Great Seals for the Province in this reign. “ 1. The first, the warrant for which bears date the 3rd May, 1705, was brought out by Col. Nott, of Virginia, and was received on 6th September following, when that of William and Mary was defaced, and sent back to England broken. On the one side are the Queen’s effigy and the Indians offering their tokens of submission, as before, with the Royal titles Anna • Dei ' Gra ‘ Mag ' Brit • Fran ’ et • Hib • Regina ' Fid • Defen. On the reverse, the Stuart arms as already described (see II.)—the escutcheon of Nassau having been removed on the death of the King—with crown, garter, supporters, and motto, and this Inscription : Sigillvm • Provincise * Nostrae • Novi ’ Eboraci' in ’ America. Motto, Semper Eadem. The engraving is copied from the seal in the State Library to a patent of Anne fig. 373. Bridges and others for a tract in Westchester County, dated 25th Sept., 1708. “ 2. The Union between England and Scotland, in 1706, rendering a new seal requi¬ site, a second one was ordered on 29th Oc¬ tober, 1709, and received on the arrival of Governor Hunter, 14th June, 1710, when that of 1705 was broken. The Queen’s effigy, the Indians with the Royal titles, are the same as on the first seal; on the reverse, the Royal arms, now changed in consequence of the Great Seal of the Province of New York, Union; on the first and fourth quarters Eng- i 7IO -i 7 i8. Fig. 372. Great Seal of the Province of New York, i 7 o5-i 7 io. AMERICAN SEALS. 165 land empales Scotland; on the second are the lilies of France; on the third the Harp for Ireland, and the former motto, Semper Eadem. Around the circumference is the inscription Sigillvm ' Provinciae ' Nostrae * Novi ‘ Eboraci • in’ America. This seal was not superseded until July, 1718, four years after the Queen’s death. “VI.—SEAL OF GEORGE I. “This seal was ordered 8th October, 1717, and received ‘by Hopkins’ on 1st July, 1718, when that of Queen Anne was broken and returned to the Board of Trade. On the one side are the effigy of his Majesty, two Indians offering presents; and around the circumference the royal titles : ‘ Georgivs ' D' G' Mag ‘ Brit' Fran ‘ et • Hib • Rex • Brvn ' et • Lvir Dvx • Sa ■ ro - Irrr Arc ‘ Thes • et • Prin • Elec.’ On the reverse, the.Royal arms, garter, crown, supporters, and motto, and this inscription : ‘ Sigillvm - Pro¬ vinciae ' Nostrae • Novi ’ Eboraci ' in ‘ America.’ The ‘ Semper Eadem’ of the last seal is re¬ placed by Dien et Mon Droit; and on the escutcheon we have, first, the arms of England empaling those of Scotland; second, France; third, Ireland; fourth, gu. two lions passant guard, in pale or, for Brunswick; impaling, or, semee of hearts gu. a lion ramp, az., for Lunenburgh, on a point in point gu. a horse courant ar., for Saxony; on the centre of the fourth quarter an escutcheon gu. charged with the Crown of Charlemagne, or, as Arch-Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. Fig. 374. 1718. Fig. 375. “ VII.—SEAL OF GEORGE II. “ This seal is a finer specimen of the arts than the last, and exhibits a progressive change in the dress and drapery of the principal figure. The kneeling Squaw is introduced here for the first time mule, and great care is bestowed in de¬ lineating the skin she offers, in which we can almost trace the perfect outline of the animal to which it belonged. There is another improve¬ ment worthy of remark,—the inscriptions on this and the next seal are on the sides opposite to those they heretofore occupied. The words ‘ Sigillvm' Provinciae • Nostrae' Novi' Eboraci' in ’ America’ are appropriately on the side repre¬ senting American gifts ; whilst the Royal titles, ‘ Georgius ■ II * D ' G * Mag ‘ Bri • Fr ' et ‘ Hib ' Rex • F' D ' Brun' et * Lun - Dux * S ’ R * I ' Arc * HERALDR Y IN AMERICA . 166 Th • et • Pr • El.’, surround the Royal arms on the reverse side. These arms are the same as those last described, but their design and finish are immensely superior. This engraving is, also, from an impression in the State Library. Fig. 376. “ VIII.—SEAL OF GEORGE III. “ The warrant for this seal bears date 9th July, 1767; it was received on the following 3d October (seven years after the death of George II.), and the preceding seal was returned to the Colonial office. The principal side, where the Indians are offering their gifts to the King, is surrounded by the inscription ‘ Sigillum ' Pro- vinciae • Nostrae - Novi ‘ Eboraci - in • America;’ on the reverse are the Royal arms (as last described) with the royal titles : ‘ Georgius III * D ‘ G ’ Mag ■ Bri * Fr • et ’ Hib ‘ Rex • F ’ D ‘ Brun ‘ et • Lun • Dux ’SRI' Ar • Thes ' et - El.’ This was the Great Seal of the Province of New York down to the Revolution. “ NEW YORK STATE. “The first Great Seal of the State of New York was devised by a com¬ mittee consisting of Messrs. John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and John Sloss Hobart, appointed by the Constitution of the State in 1777. It was thus described: ‘“A rising sun, over three mountains; motto underneath, “ Excelsior legend, “ The Great Seal of the State of New York.” The reverse is a huge rock rising out of the sea, and the legend, “ Frustra, 1777.” ’ “ In 1798 a new pendent seal was adopted, having for a device the arms of the State. The third seal, which is still in use, was adopted in 1809, and is incumbent.” The drawings of the State arms have differed materially from each other, and in 1880 a commission was appointed to examine into the matter and to fix upon a design for the arms which should be definitely adopted by the Legislature. The result of this committee’s work is shown in Fig. 377. The committee’s design for the arms has been severely criticised, however, by the Rev. Beverly R. Betts in an article in “The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record” for October, 1885, in which he states that the meadow and vessels in the foreground do not belong to the arms. He giv.es as his authorities, among others, the seals of 1798 and 1809 and the flag of the Third New York Regi- Fig. 377. Great Seal of the Province of New York, 1767 to the Revolution. AMERICAN SEALS. 167 ment, in the possession of the family of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, of Albany, New York. The design which the Commissioners recommended was based largely on a design which formed the interior of the initial letter of military commissions of Revolutionary times. North Carolina. 1 “ The first legislation upon record since the adoption of the State Consti¬ tution relative to the Great Seal of State is to be found in an ordinance ratified the 22nd day of December, 1776; that is to say, four days after North Carolina ceased to be a colony. “This ordinance appointed William Hooper, Joseph Hews, and Thomas Burke ‘ Commissioners to procure for this State for the use of the Governor for time being a Great Seal to be affixed to all grants, proclamations and other public acts.’ It was further ordained that until a Great Seal could be procured the Governor should use his own private seal. “ So far as appears these Commissioners failed to procure a seal; at least, in April, 1778, by act of Assembly, William Tisdale was appointed to cut and engrave a seal under the direction of the Governor for the use of the State, to be called the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina. A seal was made under this act, and used until the year 1794. From a seal pendent to a com¬ mission as major-general of the Third Division of Militia in the State to William Richardson Davie (the impressions on which were taken from the seal of 1778) its design is described. It had two faces or sides, and made its impression upon a cake of beeswax covered with paper, three inches in diam¬ eter and near a quarter inch thick, and was the last State seal so made, the succeeding ones having one face only, and being applied directly to the face of the paper-writing to be sealed. This indeed had come to be the practice on ordinary occasions years before. Governor Tryon states in one of his dis¬ patches that since 1750, at the request of the inhabitants living remote from the Secretary’s office, paper had been substituted for parchment for grants of land and impressions on the faces of the grants for the heavy pendent wax seals. The bulk and weight of the grants to be sent out, if of parchment with pendent wax seals, caused ‘ great inconveniency and expense’ in delivery to remote settlers, whereas if of paper with seals impressed thereon, ‘ one or 1 From letter to Governor Jarvis by Secretary of State W. L. Saunders, January 30, 1883. Governor Carr, S. F. Telfair, Esq., Private Secretary, and J. C. Ellington, Esq., State Librarian, have the author’s acknowledgments for assistance rendered. Fig. 378. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 168 two horsemen would take up to them all the grants issued at a court of claims.’ It had been found from experience too, he said, in this climate, that parchment was more liable to destruction by insects and little vermin than paper. “ On one face of the new seal appears a figure supposed to be a female. . . . Her left hand is extended, and plainly grasps a sword. Her right arm abruptly disappears at the elbow, leaving no trace whatever of forearm or hand. It is supposed that the hand in its palmy days held a well-adjusted pair of scales. . . . This impression was taken in 1794, after the new seal of 1793 had been ordered into use, but failed to work for want of a proper screw. Hard by stands a forked tree. ... It does not show any sign of being a pine. Between the tree and the lady is a cow peacefully browsing, or drinking it may be, in front of and seemingly with her hip against the sword. The cow is of some dwarf species, and does not reach higher than the line of the lady’s knee. Enclosing the whole is the legend, ‘ O Fortunatos Nimium, Sua Si Bona Norint,’ which being liberally interpreted may read : ‘ How happy are they if they only knew which side their bread was buttered.’ “ On the other side is Liberty, with her pole and cap in one hand and a scroll in the other inscribed with the word ‘ Constitution.’ Enclosing all is the legend, ‘ The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina.’ Beneath Liberty is the further legend, ‘ In Legibus Salus.’ The legend beneath the other lady is ‘ Independence, MDCCLXXVI.’ When this seal was made is not known; it is known, however, that Governor Caswell in 1787 used his private seal. “ In 1791 the Governor was again requested, by act of Assembly, to pro¬ cure a seal for the State. The order for the new seal was given by Governor Alexander Martin, but it was not filled until the second year of Governor Spaight’s administration. It was designed in Philadelphia under the super¬ vision of Colonel Abesha Thomas, the State’s agent in Philadelphia for the settlement of North Carolina’s Revolutionary claims against the Federal Government, aided by the skill and learning of Dr. Hugh Williamson, then in Philadelphia as a member of Congress from this State. “ Governor Martin himself was not satisfied with the old seal of 1778, and he accordingly designed a new one. This design he sent to Colonel Thomas with instructions to the artist to correct the disposition of the figures and give them such ornaments as they might need and the proper classic drapery, and is as follows: “ The Great Seal is laid off into quarters. The first sinister is intended for a sheaf. . . . The first dexter is intended for Amalthea with her cornucopia heaped with Indian corn; the corn is falling out, representing the great plant¬ ing interests of Roanoke and the northern part. The second dexter is filled with hogshead, barrels, and bales of goods, representing the commerce of the State. The fourth sinister contains a pine-tree, representing the timber, pitch, AMERICAN SEALS. 169 tar, and turpentine productions of the southern part, and Liberty standing under the shade with her cap on a staff held by her right hand and the Con¬ stitution held by her left. The motto, ‘ His Cresco,’ to be done in the shape of a riband or label at the bottom. The diameter of the seal to be three inches. “Under date of January 30, 1793, Colonel Thomas wrote to Governor Spaight that it was agreed on all hands, in Philadelphia, that the design sent by Governor Martin would not do. Nor was Governor Martin himself satis¬ fied with it, for he had directed Colonel Thomas to procure an artist to sketch something for his design and send to him for approbation. Colonel Thomas did so, but the sketch proved equally unsatisfactory, and the Governor gave orders to stop further proceedings in the premises. “ Along with Governor Martin’s design Colonel Thomas sent Governor Spaight the artist’s sketch from it, which is as follows : “ ‘ The figures are Minerva in the act of introducing Ceres, with her horn of plenty, to Liberty, who is seated on a pedestal holding in her right hand a book on which is inscribed the word “ Constitution.” In the background are introduced a pyramid, denoting strength and durability, and a pine-tree, which relates immediately to the produce of the State.’ “ It was objected that the first was too complex to be executed on so small a scale, besides, the men of science said it was not conformable to the rules of heraldry to quarter the arms on the seal of a single sovereign State. “Governor Spaight, under date of nth February, 1793, wrote back to Colonel Thomas, professing to be perfectly ignorant of the science of heraldry, and for that reason said he would not presume to give any particular direc¬ tions respecting the seal. He preferred, however, the sketch of the artist by far to Governor Martin’s. He thought Governor Martin’s too large and the objects too crowded and diminutive. He thought that the fault in the artist’s sketch, viz., its lack of reference to commerce, might be easily amended by adding a ship (in the most proper part), which, in his opinion, was the most sublime emblem of commerce, and would stand for boxes, bales, tobacco, hogsheads, pitch, tar, and turpentine, barrels, and a thousand other minute articles, the basis of commerce. In conclusion he left the business wholly to Colonel Thomas, as he was in a city where the arts and sciences were under¬ stood, and where he could get the necessary information and assistance. “ The press of business pertaining to his agency prevented anything being done toward cutting the seal until 1st of July, after which date it was made, and Colonel Thomas brought it home with him in time for the meeting of the Legislature in November following. “ By act of Assembly in 1793, the new seal was ‘ approbated’ and ordered into use. But not even an act of Assembly will make a seal, great or small, work, if its screw is wrong, which happened to be the case with this. Another act of Assembly was therefore passed in 1794 authorizing the use of the old seal of 1778 until the screw of the new seal could be put in order. 170 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. “Unfortunately in the act ‘approbating’ the seal in 1793 no description of it was set forth, and there is consequently nothing in the statute books to show what the seal was, or if there be, a faithful search has failed to discover it. “ From impressions, however, made from this seal it is known to have been simple in its design, presenting only two figures, viz.: Liberty sitting on a pedestal with her pole in her right hand, and her cap on the pole; in her left hand, as if exhibiting it to Plenty, is a scroll with the word ‘ Constitution’ upon it. Plenty is standing to the left and front of Liberty, with her horn in her right hand, its mouth turned upward; in her left is a sheaf of wheat. Enclosing all is the legend, ‘ The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina.’ “The seal of 1793 lasted until the winter of 1834-35, when the Legisla¬ ture, after bearing preambulatory testimony to its long service, passed an act directing the Governor to get a new seal with suitable devices. This seal, while it preserved the unity of the design of its predecessor, changed the disposition of the figures. Liberty is now standing up, with the Constitution in her right hand and her pole and cap in the left, while Plenty is sitting down, with her left hand on her cornucopia, from the mouth of which its contents are running out at her feet; in her right hand are three heads of wheat. Enclosing all is, of course, the legend, ‘ The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina.’ And this is the seal of to-day also. “ There can be little doubt, however, that in its main design the seal finally chosen was suggested by the Colonial seal. Under date of 9th of July, King George sent out to Governor Tryon a new Great Seal, the principal figures of which on one side were Liberty and Plenty, and the Royal Effigies, nor was there any reason against it. All that was needed was to substitute the scroll of the Constitution for the Royal Efifigies, call it ‘The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina,’ instead of ‘ The Great Seal of the Colony of North Carolina,’ and the work was done! “ In the Revised Statutes a general provision was inserted requiring the Governor to procure a new seal whenever the old one became unfit for use, and this provision has been brought forward through the Revised Code to Battle’s Revisal. Since the Revised Statutes it is believed there has been no special legislation relating to the Great Seal of the State.” Following is a copy of “An Act to establish a State Motto. Whereas, Contrary to the usage of nearly all the States of the American Union the Coat-of-Arms and the Great Seal of this State bear no motto ; and whereas, a suitable motto, expressive of some noble sentiment and indicative of some leading trait of our people, will be instructive as well as ornamental, and the State should also keep in perpetual remembrance the immortal Declaration of Independence made at Charlotte ; now therefore, “ The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: “ Section i. That the words ‘ Esse quam videri ’ are hereby adopted as the motto of this State, and as such shall be engraved on the Great Seal of North AMERICAN SEALS. 17 1 Carolina and likewise at the foot of the Coat-of-Arms of the State as a part thereof. “ Sec. 2. That on the Coat-of-Arms, in addition to the motto at the bottom, there shall be inscribed at the top 1 May the 20th, 1775*’ “ Sec. 3. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification. “ Ratified the 21st day of February, a.d. 1893.” Ohio. 1 “ The present Arms and Seal which were established by Acts passed April 16, 1867, 2 are described as follows : “‘Sec. 15. The coat of arms of the State of Ohio shall consist of the following device: A shield, in form a circle. On it, in the foreground on the right, a sheaf of wheat; on the left a bundle of seventeen arrows, both standing erect; in the background and rising above the sheaf and arrows a moun¬ tain range, over which shall appear a rising sun. “‘Sec. 16. All official seals shall have en¬ graved thereon the coat of arms of the State, as described in the preceding section. The great seal of the State shall be two and one- half inches in diameter, and shall be sur¬ rounded by these words : “ The great seal of the State of Ohio.” ’ ” Oklahoma Territory. 3 “ An Act to establish a permanent Grand Seal for the Territory of Okla¬ homa was effected March 10, 1893, as follows: “ ‘ Under the motto “ Labor Omnia Vincit” shall be Columbia, as the central figure, repre¬ senting Justice and Statehood. On her right is the American pioneer farmer, on her left is the aboriginal American Indian. These two representatives of the white and red races are shaking hands beneath the scales of Justice, symbolizing equal justice between the white and red races of Oklahoma, and on the part of the Federal Government. Beneath the trio group is the cornucopia of plenty and the olive 1 The impression from which design is made was furnished by Governor M’Kinley. 2 Laws, vol. lxv. p. 175. From letter of Robert Clarke, Esq. 3 The cut of seal is taken from an original impression sent by Governor Renfrew and from a copy of his letter-head, sent by him as an example of “ the correct arms of the Territory.” Fin. -180. Fig. 379. 172 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. branch of peace, and behind is the sun of progress and civilization. Behind the Indian is a scene depicting the barbarous, nomadic life of the aborigines— tepees, emigrants’ train, grazing herds, etc., representing Oklahoma in her primeval wildness. Behind the white man is a scene depicting the arts of civilization—farmer plowing, rural home, railroad train, compress mills, ele¬ vator, manufactories, churches, schools, capitol and city. “ ‘ The two scenes are symbolic of the advance of the star of empire west¬ ward ; the peaceful conquests of the Anglo-Saxon and the decadence of the red race. Under all shall be the words, “ Grand Seal Territory of Oklahoma.” ’ ” Oregon. 1 Fig. 381. The seal of Oregon is as shown in Fig. 381, and the description is from the statutes: “ The seal of the State of Oregon shall be an escutcheon, supported by thirty-three stars, and divided by an ordinary, with the inscrip¬ tion, ‘ The Union.’ In chief—mountains, an elk with branching antlers, a wagon, the Pacific Ocean, on which a British man-of-war de¬ parting, an American steamer arriving. The second—quartering with a sheaf, plow, and a pick-ax. Crest—the American eagle. Legend —State of Oregon.” Pennsylvania. Records relating to the Colonial Seal of Pennsylvania are not known to exist, and it is doubtful if any other than that of Penn was ever in use. The Penn Charter, signed by Charles II., instructs William Penn to use his own seal, and documents bearing the personal devices of the Proprietor are still in 1 Impression of seal and copy of statutes was supplied by the Secretary of State, Hon. George W. McBride. AMERICAN SEALS. 173 existence. Two of these are preserved in the Historical Society of Pennsyl¬ vania. Here the Great Seal is pendent from a commission dated 1702, appointing Penn’s “well beloved friends Edward Shippen, John Guest, Samuel Carpenter, William Clark, Thomas Story, Griffith Owen, Phineas Pemberton, Samuel Finney, Caleb Pusey and John Blunston, to be my Council of State for the Government of the Said Province of Pennsylvania.” The lesser seal appears in sealing wax upon a paper dated 1682, appointing “Justices of the peace and Court of Judicature for the town of Newe Castle.” The obverse and reverse of the Great Seal are shown in Figs. 382 and 383. Until lately but little has been known of the seal adopted after the Revo¬ lution, and readers are indebted to the researches of Dr. William H. Egle, State Fibrarian, for the following information : “the arms and seal of the state. “ Although the general Convention which adopted the first Constitution establishing the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the 28th of September, 1776, provided that ‘all commissions shall be in the name, and by the authority of, the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, sealed with the State Seal,’ no provision was made what that seal should be, and yet it is here that we ought to find the first record of the arms of the State. “ On the 20th of March following, however, an act was passed for emitting bills of credit for the defence of the State; and on the 10th of April, 1777, currency was issued upon which was engraved a shield with the Arms. These Arms consisted of the same armorial bearings now officially recognized as those of the Commonwealth, and may be de¬ scribed as follows; “ A plough between two barrulets ; in chief, a ship under full sail; and in base, three garbs (Fig. 384). “ There is, however, neither crest, motto, nor supporters. We have no knowledge to whom we are indebted for this design; and yet it would seem to have been a composition made up from the Provincial seals of the three original counties; for, we find that on the crest which surmounts the Penn Coat of Arms on that of Philadelphia, in 1683, a ship under full sail; on the seal of Chester County, a plough; while on that of Bucks County was probably a sheaf of wheat; of the latter we have no description. The seal of Sussex County (now in Delaware) of the same period seems to have had for its crest a sheaf of wheat, while the seal of the city of Philadelphia in 1701 had upon its quartered arms a sheaf of wheat and a ship under full sail. “In 1778 we find an engraving of the Coat of Arms in type metal (Fig. Fig. 384. 174 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 385), printed on a broadside, in which, in addition, is the motto, ‘ Virtue, Liberty, and Independence,’ the eagle as a crest, as also the supporters, two horses rearing, capar¬ isoned for draught, including the stock of maize and an olive branch as additional devices. A fac-simile of this publication of the Arms of the State is given in this connection. The State Arms were first cut in printer’s metal by Caleb Lownes, who was directed by the Supreme Executive Council, on the 19th of April, 1779, to be paid therefor. Various reproductions of this plate, as to size, were prepared and in use upon imprints of laws, procla¬ mations, commissions, and other public documents, down to the year 1805, when we have the first innovation made by the engraver. One of the early plates was in good preservation and in use occasionally as late as 1865, when by the burning of the Telegraph printing-office in Harrisburg it, with many other relics of the craft, was destroyed. That this was one of the original plates there can be no doubt, because, as early as 1782, there appeared upon the laws printed by F. and R. Bailey, a ‘ battered’ plate of the Coat of Arms. This is especially noticeable in the mane of the horse on the dexter side of the shield, impressions of which are in existence down to the period of its destruction. Neither can there be any doubt that the Arms of Pennsylvania, as engraved originally by Lownes, were those adopted by the authority of the State. No record, however, of this appears, and yet, it will be perceived by the sketch of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth, hereafter presented, that it had official recognition. “ As referred to, the first innovation made upon the Arms proper was in 1805 or thereabouts. A rude engraving of the Arms was used, omitting the stocks of maize in the rear of the supporters and also the harnessing of the horses. The olive branch is also omitted. Various changes were made from that period down to the year 1874. In all instances the engraver left off the harness; while in some cases two white horses were in proper position ; again we find one black and one white horse; at another time both horses were in a semi-recumbent position ; and, more frequently, each in different posture. It appeared to be impossible for any two engravers to give the same design for the Arms, from the fact that so many innovations had been made coming down for almost three-quarters of a century, that scarcely any one knew what was really the authorized Arms of the Commonwealth. “The attention of the Legislature of 1874 having been called to this matter, a joint resolution approved the 30th day of April, 1874, directed the appointment of a commission ‘ to correct the Coat of Arms of the Common¬ wealth,’ and ‘ to have the same recorded in the State Archives.’ The preamble of that resolution sets forth that,— Fig. 385. AMERICAN SEALS. W 5 “ ‘ Whereas, There is no record of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth to be found in any Department of the Government; and whereas, such armorial ensigns are frequently used, attached to or copied upon public docu¬ ments of various kinds, as also upon banners upon State occasions, such as are very likely to arise during the approaching centennial celebration, and in other ways displayed or issued from the seat of Government, wherein correct¬ ness and regularity are desirable; and whereas, the Arms now in use, from their style and from their approach to uniformity, are evidently founded upon and derived from the devices composing the Great Seal of the State, now of correct record in the State Department, thus conferring what would seem to be sufficient authority upon the said armorial bearings by common consent and custom, though more specific authority be not known to exist, or having existed, has been lost.’ “ This commission were authorized ‘ to have the present Arms of the State, as far as ascertained, the same being derived from the Great Seal, corrected of such errors or anomalies as may be therein discovered, by careful comparison with and consultation of the science of the rules of heraldry, and as soon as may be practicable, to have a copy of the said Arms, so corrected, carefully emblazoned and described so as to be of record in the State Department for future reference; the description to be in manner similar to the description of the Great Seal now of record in said Archives.’ “ The Commissioners at first delegated their authority to two gentlemen well versed in heraldry, to report any suggestions or recommendations. Unfortunately, these gentlemen transcended their authority and reported at first a Coat of Arms with the following heraldic devices: “ ‘ Escutcheon—Party, per fess, azure, and vert; on field azure, a ship sailing proper, with canton Arms of Penn, argent, fess sable with three plates; on the fess, Or, a plough ; on field vert, three garbs, Or. “ ‘ Crest—On an escroll sustained by a keystone, an eagle, rousant, proper. “ ‘ Supporters—Two horses, sable, rearing, respecting, caparisoned for draught. “ ‘ Motto—“ Virtue, Liberty, and Independence.” ’ “ Another modification of the escutcheon was suggested, as follows. “ ‘ Party per fess, Or, azure and vert; on field azure, a ship sailing, proper; on a field vert three garbs, Or, over the fess on an escutcheon of pretence, argent, fess sable with three plates.’ “ The foregoing was thus recommended, to the surprise of every one who was familiar with the history of the early seal of the State, and also with the resolution of the Legislature, which directed that ‘ the present Arms of the State’ as ‘ derived from the Great Seal’ be ‘ corrected of such errors or anomalies as may be therein discovered’ and ‘ carefully emblazoned and described, so as to be of record.’ In their report, the gentlemen alluded to, seem to have been impressed with the idea, not that they were to decide the question of what 176 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. was the Arms of the Commonwealth, but to report such Arms as they saw proper. The result was that the plough was to be displaced by the Penn Coat of Arms, while the eagle on the crest was to stand on the keystone instead of ‘ on a wreath of its colours.’ “ The attention of the Commissioners being called to the fact that such authority was not warranted by the resolution of the Assembly, a collection was made of impressions of the Arms of the State, as designed at various periods, as well as impressions of the Great Seal, hereafter to be described, and, in recognition thereof, the Commissioners reported to the next General Assembly, March 17, 1875, the following: “ ‘ That they had adopted the Arms as represented by Caleb Lownes, in 1778, which represented the veritable Arms of the State, and describing the same so as to be of record in the State Department for future reference: “ ‘ Escutcheon —Party per fess, azure and vert, On a chief of the first, a ship under sail. On a fess, a plough, proper. On a base of the second, three garbs, Or. “ ‘ Crest —An eagle, rousant, proper, on a wreath of its colours. “ ‘ Supporters —Two horses, sable, caparisoned for draught, rearing, re- spectant. “ ‘ Motto —Virtue, Liberty, and Independence.’ “ The foregoing, therefore, is the proper heraldic description of the Arms of the State of Pennsylvania, save the mention of the maize and olive branch on the sides of the shield; and, as such, it should never be deviated from in the least. As it is a very important matter, we have thus alluded to it in full, giving, as closely allied thereto, the following brief account of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth: Fig. 386. Fig. 387. “ THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE. “ The great Charter of Pennsylvania, given by Charles II. of England to William Penn, declares, among other things : ‘ Know Yee Therefore, that Wee reposing speciall trust and confidence in the fidelitie, wisedome, justice, and AMERICAN SEALS. 177 provident circumspeccon of the said William Penn, for us, our heires, and successors, Doe grant free, full and absolute power, by vertue of these presents to him and his heires, and to his and their Deputies and Lieutenants, for the good and happy government of the Countrey, to ordeyne, make, Enact, and under his and their Seals to publish any Lawes whatsoever, for the raising of money for the public use of the said Province, or for any other End apper- teyning either unto the publick state, peace, or safety of the said Co untrey, or unto the private utility of perticuler persons, according unto their best discre¬ tions,’ etc., etc. “ The first Great Seal, therefore, of the Province of Pennsylvania contained the Arms of the Penn family, and this seal continued in use till the period of the Revolution. On the 28th of September, 1776, the first State Constitution was adopted; which, besides declaring the independence of the State of Pennsylvania, in the 16th section thereof, provided for a seal for the General Assembly to be called ‘ The seal of the laws of Pennsylvania.’ This was to be affixed to every bill, but not to be used for any other purpose. In the 21st section of the same bill, as referred to in the historical sketch of the ‘ Arms of the State,’ it directed ‘ all commissions to be in the name and by the authority of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, sealed with the Great Seal, signed by the President or Vice-President, attested by the Secretary, which seal shall be kept by the Council.’ “ It may, however, be remarked here that at the meeting of the Com¬ mittee of Safety, August 31, 1775, it was resolved ‘That Mr. Owen Biddle procure for the use of this Board, a seal about the size of a dollar, with the cap of Liberty, and the motto: “ This is my right, and I will defend it,” inscribed with “Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 1775.” ’ This was, there¬ fore, designed and used especially on all commissions issued by that body up to, perchance, the year 1778. On the second of January of that year, however, an act was passed for establishing a new seal for the Supreme Court, etc., in these words : ‘Whereas, Since the late glorious Revolution, it is become expedient and proper to have a new seal for the Supreme Court and the Courts of Oyer and Terminer and general gaol delivery of the State; be it enacted, etc. That a new seal shall be procured and made under the direction of the prothonotary or clerk of the said Supreme Court, having the Arms of the State engraven thereon, with such other devices as the justices of the said court shall direct, with an inscription round the edge and near the ex¬ tremity thereof, in these words, to wit: “ Seal of the Supreme Court of Penn¬ sylvania,” and the figures “ 1776” underneath the arms; and that the same from and after the receipt thereof by the prothonotary of the said court, shall be the seal of the said court, and used as such upon all occasions what¬ soever.’ “ In 1780 the seal which has come down to us and [which is] designated as the Great Seal was engraved in Paris, a copy of which in exact fac-simile is 12 178 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. preserved in connection with this report. A letter from P. Penet to the Supreme Executive Council, writing from Nantes, under date of May 20th, 1780, says : ‘ I bespoke your standards in Paris; I expect them every day. They will be sent to you by some French frigate. Capt. Samuel Smith, who has been ready to sail for some time, will deliver to you as soon as he arrives in Philadelphia, the seals representing the Arms of your State. As you desired they were engraved in Paris.’ (Fig. 388.) ; “From an impression of this seal in 1782, we find the following heraldic devices: On a shield, parted, by a fess of gold, charged with a plough,—a ship sailing upon a silver field above, and three sheaves of wheat or garbs upon a blue field below. These same devices were, as has already been stated, engraved upon the first paper money issued by the State, in April, 1777. As a fuller description of this is given further on, it is here omitted. There seems to have been no innovation at any time made upon the Great Seal. When the New Constitution of 1789-90 was adopted, no provision was made for a State seal, although article 6, section 4, recog¬ nized its existence, and the first law that passed under that instrument, of date January 8 , 179C declared and established the seals of the Commonwealth, as follows: “‘Whereas, the late convention of this Commonwealth did, on the second day of September last, establish a new form of government for Pennsylvania, and no provision is therein made for public seals : Be it enacted therefore, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that from and after the pass¬ ing of this act, the seal, heretofore known by the name of the “ Great Seal,” lately in the custody of the Supreme Executive Council, is hereby consti¬ tuted the State Seal, and shall be affixed to all patents, proclamations, and other public rolls, commissions and papers of State, which require the Great Seal of the Commonwealth, and to which the same has heretofore been usually applied. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the seal lately in the custody of the Supreme Executive Council, called the “ Lesser Seal,” shall be henceforth deemed and taken and shall be applied as the Less Seal of this Commonwealth, and, as such, set to land-office warrants, marriage licenses, licenses to keep public houses, and such other documents, as have heretofore been issued under the Lesser Seal. “ ‘ And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the said seals, respectively, shall be, and the same are hereby declared to be, the Great and AMERICAN SEALS. 179 Less Seals of this Commonwealth, and shall be affixed accordingly, under the direction of the Governor.’ “The next we hear of the ‘ Great Seal’ was in March, 1809, when an act was passed on the second day of that month to perpetuate the same, as it is so expressly entitled. This was owing to the fact that the seal so long used had become worn out. The act referred to provides : Whereas, The Great Seal of this Commonwealth is so nearly worn out, that it is necessary to renew the same, and whereas, it appears that there is no description thereof on record, and it being proper that the said seal should be particularly described and established, so that the same may hereafter be more fully known and recognized ; therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that the Secretary of the Common¬ wealth be, and he hereby is authorized and directed to procure the renewal of the Great Seal of this Commonwealth, and record and deposit a description thereof, in writing, in this office that the same may be made perpetual.’ “ Under the foregoing act a record was made of the Great Seal, which we find in the Executive Minutes under the date of Saturday, July 1st, 1809, as follows : “ ‘ In obedience to the directions of an Act of General Assembly passed the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and nine, the following description of the Great Seal is recorded, that is to say :— The shield shall be parted Per Fess, Or, charged with a plough, Proper, in chief; on a sea wavy, Proper, a ship under full sail, surmounted with a sky, Azure; and in Base, on a field Vert, three Garbs, Or. On the sinister a stock of maize, and Dexter an olive branch. And on the wreath of its colours a bald eagle— Proper, perched Wings extended, for the Crest. Motto — Virtue, Liberty, and Independence. Round the margin of the seal, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The reverse, Liberty, trampling on a Lyon, Gules, the emblem of Tyranny. Motto—Both can't survivel “ This, therefore, is the Great Seal of the State. Unfortunately, there seems to be some difference between the original engraving in Paris and that now in use in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. We, there¬ fore, present for the purpose of permanent record a copy of the first seal ; although, as will be perceived, the heraldic description as extracted from the Executive Minutes shows some errors, as follows : First, in describing the base as vert, when the horizontal lines on the seal show that it was azure; second, in describing as on the sinister side the stock of maize and on the dexter side an olive branch, when neither were to be found upon the seal; third, in describing the eagle, when there was no eagle or wreath upon the seal; fourth, in describing the inscription around the edge of the seal as ‘ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’ instead of ‘ Seal of the State of Pennsyl¬ vania,’ as was on the original seal. i So HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 389. “ In these days when the tastes of the people have been directed to the subject of heraldry, it is certainly appropriate that not only the Great Seal of the State, but the Arms of the Commonwealth, shall be now and henceforth heraldically cor¬ rect, and it is hoped that by referring in brief terms to the history of this subject, better attention thereto will hereafter be given.” Since this book has gone to press a new seal has been designed, which corresponds with the description, excepting that the branches upon either side are still transposed (Fig. 389), the olive branch appearing upon the sinister instead of the dexter. In the reverse, the female figure is somewhat changed in attitude, and the sword-point rests upon the lion’s head. 1 Obverse. Rhode Island. 2 “ ‘ The arms of Rhode Island are a golden anchor on a blue field, and the motto thereof is the word Hope.’ 3 This is not a foul anchor, as often lepre- sented. (A foul anchor has a cable attached and intertwined with the anchor.) This device is very old. At first it was described as ‘ an anchor,’ giving no colors. Colors were assigned in 1882 for the first time. In the earliest times there was a seal in common use in Providence for sealing deeds. This seal 1 Acknowledgments are due Governor Pattison and H. D. Tate, Esq. 2 Letter of Hon. George M. Carpenter. The seal of the Newport Historical Society is a reproduc¬ tion of the old seal of the Colony. The cut, Fig. 391, was furnished by R. H. lilley, Esq., Librarian of the Society, and an impression of the present State seal by Richard W. Jennings, Esq., Executive Secretary. 3 “ Public Statutes of Rhode Island,” cap. v. p. 40. AMERICAN SEALS. 181 had the figure of an anchor. 1 It has been thought that the suggestion for the State arms may have come from this seal. “ The first arms of the Colony were a sheafe of arrows bound up, and in the leiss or bond this motto indented : ‘ Amor Vincet Omnia.’ 2 The second device, adopted in 1647, as follows : ‘ It is ordered that the seale of the province be an anchor.’ ” 3 South Carolina. 4 “ The device for the armorial achievement and reverse of the Great Seal of the State of South Carolina was as follows : “ Arms. A Palmetto-tree growing on the sea-shore erect; at its base a torn-up oak-tree, its branches lopped off, prostrate; both proper. “Just below the branches of the Palmetto, two shields pendent; one of them on the dexter side is inscribed M 26 Ch , the other on the sinister side Ju * y . Twelve spears proper , and bound crosswise to the stem of the Palmetto, their points raised; the band uniting them together bearing the inscription Quis Seper- abit. Under the prostrate oak is inscribed Meliorem Lapso Locavit, below which appears in large figures 1776; at the summit of the exergue are the words South Carolina, and at the bottom of the same Animis Opibusque Parati. “ Reverse. A woman walking on the sea-shore over swords and daggers; she holds in her dexter hand a laurel branch, and in her sinister the folds of her robe; she looks toward the sun just rising above the sea, all proper; on the upper part is the sky azure. “At the summit of the exergue are the words Dum Spiro Spero ; and within the field below the figure is inscribed the word Spes. The seal is in the form of a circle, four inches in diameter; and four-tenths of an inch thick. “ It was not designed until after the fort at Sullivan’s Island had defeated the British fleet, as all its devices will prove. The fort was constructed of the stems of the palmetto-trees (corypha palmetto) which grow abundantly on our sea islands,—which grew on Sullivan’s Island at the time the fort was made, when the battle was fought, and which grow there at this day. “ The Arms were designed by William Henry Drayton, and the original executed by him with a pen, bearing great similtude to what is represented on 1 See “ Early Records of Providence,” vol. i. pp. 29, 40, 42, 52. 2 “Rhode Island Colonial Records,” i. 115. 3 Ibid., i. 151. 4 Letter of Mrs. Caroline Le Conte, State Librarian. Seal impression was furnished by Governor Tillman. Fig. 392. 182 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. the seal, is in the possession of his son. It, however, contains more devices, but this is easily reconciled by supposing all he had designed was not deemed by the President and Privy Council necessary for the Great Seal. The expla¬ nation of this side of the seal is the following: The Palmetto-tree on the sea¬ shore represents the fort on Sullivan’s Island, the shields bearing Ma 2 ^ ch and Ju 4 ly allude to the Constitution of South Carolina, which was ratified on the first of these days, and to the Declaration of Independence, which was made by the Continental Congress on the last of them. “ The sun rising in great brilliancy above the sea indicates that the 28th of June was a fine day, it also bespeaks good fortune.” 1 An Act concerning the Seal of the State,’ which enacts ‘ that hereafter there shall be two copies of the small seal of the state, one to be kept in the office of the Secretary of State in Charleston and the other in the office of the Secretary of State in Columbia; and that the copy of the seal of the state usually called the small seal which has been procured by his Excellency John L. Wilson, Governor and commander in chief in and over the State of South Carolina, shall be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbia and hereafter used in the said office as the seal of the State; any law, usage or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.’ “ The seal as above described contains the arms of the State. There has, however, been used for many years at the head of advertisements of procla¬ mations, official papers, and the like, a representation, which represents two sides of the seal, with Liberty on one side with a crown in her hand, a Conti¬ nental soldier on the other side, and Fame going from Liberty to the soldier. How and when this was adopted has not been ascertained.” Tennessee. 2 “ The devices on the seal were adopted by the Convention of 1796, the year in which Tennessee was admitted as a State. The Roman numerals XVI were inserted to de¬ note that Tennessee was the sixteenth State admitted. “ The only known authority for the use of the great seal of the State of Tennessee is in article 3, section 15, of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, which says : ‘ There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the great seal of the State of Tennessee.’ ” 1 From “ Drayton’s Memoirs,” 1823. 6 vol., st. p. 210. 2 The design of seal is taken from original impression furnished by J. D. Talley, Esq., Assistant Secretary of State. Fig. 393. AMERICAN SEALS. 133 Texas. fig. “ During the struggle with Mexico, Texas adopted as an official seal a white or silver star of five points on an azure field encircled by branches of live oak and olive. Around the outer circle were the words, ‘ Republic of Texas’ in Roman capital letters.” 1 The present seal of the State is as shown in Fig. 394, and is described as follows: “ The Seal of the State shall be a star of five points encircled by olive and live oak branches, and the words ‘ The State of Texas.’ ” 2 Utah. 3 “ The seal of Utah was adopted immediately after the Territory was organ¬ ized, September 9th, 1850, and its device was a bee-hive with bees volant about it. “ The only record known to be in existence refers to a new seal approved in 1872. “ ‘ The Auditor of Public Accounts be, and is hereby authorized and required to procure a new Seal for the Territorial Secretary’s office; the pattern and design of said Seal to be the same as the original Territorial Seals, excepting the year of date, which shall be represented by figures, and not as in the original by Roman letters ; said Seal to be two inches in diameter.’ ” Vermont. 4 The seal of the State of Vermont (Fig. 396) includes “ The coat of arms (Fig. 397) (excluding the crest, scroll, and badge), and with the motto and circular border around the same.” The arms are described as follows : “ The coat of arms of the state shall be, and is described as follows : Green, a landscape occupying half of the shield ; on the right and left, in the back¬ ground, high mountains, blue ; the sky yellow. “ From near the base, and reaching nearly to the top of the shield, arises 1 Preble. 2 Letter of Hon. George W. Smith, Secretary of State. 3 Letter of Charles C. Richards, Esq., Secretary. 4 Reference is made to a paper published by the Vermont Historical Society, and acknowledg¬ ments are expressed for assistance of T. L. Wood, Esq., Assistant State Librarian, and J. H. Goulding, Esq., Secretary of Civil and Military Affairs. Fig. 395. 184 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. a pine-tree of the natural color, and between three erect sheaves, yellow, placed bendwise on the dexter side, and a red cow standing on the sinister side of the field. 1 The Crest. A buck’s head, of the natural color, cut off Fig. 397. "and placed on a scroll, blue and yellow. The Motto and Badge. On a scroll beneath the shield, the motto: Vermont; Freedom and Unity. The Vermonter’s Badge; two pine branches of the natural color, crossed between the shield and scroll.” The exact date of the adoption of this seal is believed to have been in 1778; such belief is established by records of the bill for engraving same. The Journals of the House of Representatives and of the Governor and Coun¬ cil, are silent upon the subject. The description of this seal is as follows: “ The principal figure is a pine-tree rising from the centre of a thick growth of evergreens with conical tops. Above these tops start the limbs of the pine, and the bases of the evergreens extend in a horizontal line quite across the seal. A sheaf of grain stands on each side of the pine, far in the background and for want of proper perspective close up under high strata of clouds that occupy the upper edge of the seal. And below the sheaf on the right of the observer, and above the tops of the evergreens, stands a cow. Below the line of evergreens, and in the form in which they are here printed, are the words: Vermont Freedom & Unity. A sheaf of grain stands at each end of the word freedom. All is encircled 1 In the impressions from official documents, furnished by Governor Fuller, it is noticed that color lines indicate the mountains to be green , whereas they are described as blue, while the cow is marked by purple lines (Fig. 397), or indicated as a sanguine cow (Fig. 396). As in all cases, this seal and arms are copied exactly. AMERICAN SEALS. 185 by a narrow border of consecutive arrow-heads, the point of each inserted in the socket of the next.” By whatever authority adopted, this was the seal of the State used by its officers until 1821, at which time a new seal was procured substantially the same in design as the old seal; but the devices are more artistically arranged. The sheaves of wheat, now three in number, and the cow, were taken from their aerial perch and made to stand upon the earth. The pine-tree was well clothed with foliage ; and in the background, instead of the conical evergreens, were seen the mountains which gave name to the State. Around the margin of the seal the words “Vermont Freedom and Unity.” As the devices of the State seal differed greatly in detail, apparently by the fancy of every officer that had occasion to procure a new die to impress upon official documents, the Vermont Historical Society, in 1862, appointed a committee 1 to petition the General Assembly to pass a law that would not change , but fix and establish the seal. The petition was acted upon favorably, and a description of the seal is entered in the Statutes. 2 Virginia. “ THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA. 3 “ In the original patent of April 10th, 1606, to Sir Thomas Gates and others, for the colonization of Virginia, ‘ two several colonies and companies’ were provided for, each to have a council of thirteen persons, to be guided by the King’s instructions, and each to have a seal with the King’s arms engraved on one side ‘ and his portraiture on the other;’ on one side of the seal of the first Colony were to be the words ‘ Sigillum Regis Magna; Britanle, Franci/E et Hibernia,’ on the other side ‘Pro Consilio Primas Colonize Virginia;.’ The seal of the second was the same as the first except the change in the legend on one side to ‘ Pro Consilio Secund.e: Colonize Virginia.’ There was also provision made for a council, resident in England, known as the ‘ King’s Council of Virginia,’ which should have the managing and direction of the settlement within the limit of the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude. This council was to have a seal like the others, but with the legend on one side, ‘Pro Consilio Suo Virginia.’ 4 An example of this seal, with the same dimensions and devices, but with the differing legend on the reverse of ‘ Colonia Virginia;—Consilio — Prima,’ is in the collections of the Virginia Historical Society. It is of red wax, between the leaves of a foolscap sheet of paper, and is affixed to a patent for land issued by Sir John 1 G. W. Benedict, Norman Williams, Charles Reed. 3 General Statutes of Vermont, 1862, p. 788. 3 From paper by Hon. J. G. ITankins, issued in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. 4 Neill’s “ Virginia Vetusta,” pp. 4, 5, a cut of the last described seal appearing on p. 5. The cut is also given in “ Narrative and Critical History of America,” vol. iv. p. 140, Chapter V., “ Vir¬ ginia, 1606-1689,” by R. A. Brock. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 186 Harvey, Governor, dated 4th March, 1638. Another seal was proposed for the Virginia Company 15th November, 1619. An escutcheon quartered with the arms of England, and France, Scotland, and Ireland, crested by a maiden queen with flowing hair and eastern crown. Supporters: Two men in armour, beavers open, helmets ornamented with three ostrich feathers, each holding a lance. Motto: ‘ En Dat [Day] Virginia Quintum.’ 1 “ COLONIAL SEALS OF VIRGINIA. 2 “Dr. William P. Palmer, in his introduction to the ‘Calendar of State Papers of Virginia,’ 3 states that the small number of documents preserved in 1 From the “ Transactions of the Virginia Company from April, 1619, to Tune, 1620.” A cut of this seal is given in Neill’s “ Virginia Vetusta,” p. 135. It also appears on the frontispiece to Bever¬ ley’s “History of \ irginia,” and on the title-page of every legislative publication of the Colony to the era of the Revolution. “This motto, allusive to five crowns (corona), was in the taste of the times. Spenser, Raleigh's friend, dedicated his ‘ Faerie Queene’ to Elizabeth, ‘ Queen of England, France, Ireland, and Virginia.’ After James of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England, Virginia could, in compliment, be called the fifth kingdom, and it was so called by the Rev. Patrick Copland, who, on April 8, 1622, spoke of ‘ this noble plantation tending so highly to the advancement of the Gospel and the honouring of our drad soueraign by enlarging his kingdome and adding a fifth crowne unto his other four, for “ En dat \ irginia Quintam ’ is the motto of the legal seal of Virginia.’ As the coat of arms appears with the motto ‘ En dat \ irginia Quintum’ on the frontispiece of Smith’s History, editions of 1624 and 1632, the ‘ Quintum’ may be an error of the engraver, as “ Day” undoubtedly is.”— Tyler. Mr. Hankins expresses his doubt as to whether this seal (Fig. 400) was ever used, and Professor Tyler states the following : “ I he assumption, however, that any change in the Colonial seal took place in 1619 is a mistaken one. 1 he coat of arms adopted in 1619 was for the use of the company in London, and it is so stated in their proceedings; the Colony seal was not changed at this time, nor even after the abrogation of the charter of the company in 1624. The council in Virginia was not abolished, though the company was; and so we find the old seal authorized in the original charter for the local council in use for many years later as ‘ the seal of the colony.’ Several instances of this use as late as 1643 have come under my observation. I have two original land patents, granted by Sir John Harvey, Governor, between 1635 and 1639; one of them has the precise date torn off, the other dated August 14th, 1639, both bearing perfect specimens of the ancient seal authorized by the charter of 1606. The wax is placed between a folded sheet at the right hand upper corner, and the obverse and reverse impressions appear on the outer pages of the paper. The manuscripts are mutilated, but of beautiful chirography, and are said by Harvey to be ‘ given under my hand and seal of the colony.’ The impressions are elliptic, about two inches and a quarter in height, and an inch and a quarter wide. There is also in the Virginia Historical Society Rooms an original land grant by Sir William Berkeley to Richard Kemp, dated April 7th, 1643 ; and this paper likewise bears an unmistakable impression of the same seal, though the wax in part is worn away. It may be then stated, with confidence, that the seal described in the charter for ‘ the first colony of Virginia’ continued the recognized emblem until the treaty at Jamestown in 1652 with the parliamentary commissioners. “ As a consequence of the treaty a change of government ensued, and the royal seal was discon¬ tinued. From 1652 to 1660 the recorded copies of the land patents in the land office in Richmond are no longer declared to be under the seal of the colony, but under the hand and seal of the gov¬ ernor, attested by the secretary of the state ; and the public papers in the state archives bear the private seals of Bennett and the other governors of the interregnum.’’ 2 F'rom copies furnished by Professor L. G. Tyler. 3 Volume i. page xxvi. AMERICAN SEALS. 18/ the archives of the State ‘ bearing impressions of the Royal, Colonial, and other official seals, is limited to the short period included between the time of James II. and the latter part of Queen Anne’s reign,’ and that ‘ the earliest of these, dated 1686, September the 1st, is a writ of election for certain members Fig. 398. Fig. 399. Seal of the Colony of Virginia, authorized by the charter granted April io, 1606. 1 of the House of Burgesses, issued at “ Rosegill” (the seat of the Wormeley family, whom he was then doubtless visiting) by the governor, Lord Howard, Baron Effingham. The impression of the Colonial seal on this document (as with all others herein) (the Calendar) is upon wafer. It displays a shield in Fig. 400. Seal of the Colony proposed in 1619.2 Fig. 401. Seal used after the restoration of Charles II. the centre field, quartering the arms of England and France first and fourth, with those of Scotland and Ireland second and third, enclosed by the Order of the Garter and its appropriate motto. In the exergue appear the words : 1 See “Virginia Vetusta,” p. 5. 2 Design from John Stowe’s “ Survey of London.” 188 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. “En Dat Virginia Quintum,” the whole surmounted by the crown proper, and flanked right and left respectively by the characters “ C” and “ R.” ’ This was evidently a continuation of the use of the seal of the preceding reign of Charles II., under the government of Sir William Berkeley. In the ‘ Rich¬ mond Dispatch,’ of 15th October, 1882, appeared a communication from the editor, including one to him from Charles Dean, LL.D., Cambridge, Massa¬ chusetts, giving a proclamation from James II., dated 21st December, 1687, appointing a new seal for Virginia, as follows : ‘ Engraven with our Royal effigies sitting in our Royal Robes enthroned, having on each side a Land- skip, and upon the Canopy, which is supported by two angels and a Cherubim Fig. 402. FlG - 4 ° 3 - of Queen Anne. Seal of t j, e Q 0 l on y (1775).! overhead, this motto: In (En) Dat Virginia Quintum, with our Royal Title in the Circumference, and on the other side our Royal Coat of Arms, with the Garter, Crown, Supporters, and Mottoes, with this Inscription in the circumference: Sigillum Dominii Nostr. : Virgin : America.’ This seal was brought from England by Colonel Bird, the first of the family in Virginia, but it does not appear to have been used. 2 “ The first use of such a seal, broad and pendent, was in the reign of Queen Anne, by proclamation dated 6th October, 1712, which veritable docu- 1 As shown at the head of the “ Virginia Gazette,” edited by John Dixon and William Hunter. 2 “ About this time King James abdicated the throne and became a fugitive. Under William the Third no changes occurred, except the substitution of the royal letters ‘ W.’ ‘ R.’ for ‘ C.’ ‘R.’ flanking the crown, and the addition of the arms of Nassau, placed by way of pretense upon the Stuart shield. “On the incoming of Governor Edward Nott, in 1705, a more extensive change in the Colonial seal ensued. Anne was now Queen. A land patent dated May 1st, 1706, has in the exergue ‘ En dat Virginia Quintam,’ and underneath the ring of the Order of the Garter. Enclosing the Stuart arms are the words 4 Semper Eadem,’ the Queen’s motto. The escutcheon of pretense for Nassau is absent. The initial letters are also wanting, and instead of the elliptical shape the impression of the exergue is perfectly circular.” —Tyler. AMERICAN SEALS. 189 ment was published, with engraving of the accompanying original waxen seal, 1 and is thus described : ‘ Engraved on the one side with an effigy and an Indian on his knee presenting tobacco to us. This inscription, En Dat Virginia Quartam, being under the effigy, and around the circumference Virginia • in * America • Sigillum • Provinces ... On the other side of the said seal is engraven our arms, garter, crown, supporters, and motto, with this inscription around the circumference: Anne ' Dei ' Gratia ' Magme ' Britanni/e Francis • et • Hibernite ■ Regina ■ Fidei • Defensor, for use to affix the said seal to all patents and grants of land, and to all public acts and instruments of government, which shall be made and passed in our name within our said colony.’ On the 6th of March, 1706-7, the Queen had given her royal assent to an ‘ Act for an Union of the two Kingdoms of England and Scot¬ land,’ and thenceforth the motto read Quartam instead of Quintum. “ It is a quite common error, into which many writers have fallen, that Charles II. gave the motto En Dat Virginia Quintum in recognition of the loyalty of the colony during his exile, but the title was held as early as the reign of Elizabeth, when Virginia was the sole dominion of the Crown of England on the continent of America. In the inscription accompanying an admirably-engraved portrait of the ‘ Virgin Queen,’ 2 hanging in the hall of the Westmoreland Club-house, Richmond, Virginia, in which the Virginia Histori¬ cal Society has its rooms, she is entitled ‘ Serenissima ac Potentissima Prin- ceps Elisabet D. G. Anglite, Francis, Hibernia et Virginia Regina Fidei Christian/E Propugnatrix Acerrima.’ “ The use of the great or broad pendent seal appears to have been common to all the colonies from the time of Queen Anne, with like designs of obverse and reverse, as have been described. They are of white wax papered, and measure about five inches in diameter and one-fourth of an inch in thickness. Documents and local commissions issued during the reigns of George II. and George III., with small pendent seals of white wax, crown-shaped, and with¬ out other insignia, are also in existence.” 3 “SEAL AND ARMS OF THE VIRGINIA MERCHANTS. 4 “ Ar. a cross gu. betw.four escutcheons , each regally crowned ppr., the first escutcheon in the dexter chief\ quarterly; France and England , quarterly; the second in the sinister chief the arms of Scotland; the third the arms of Ireland; 1 “American Historical Record,” B. J. Lossing, LL.D., editor, volume v., No. 4, April, 1872, pp. 160-162. 2 Henricus Hondius—Hague Comit: Cum Privilegio Must.: D.D. Ord. Generalium, 1632. 3 From “Virginia Historical Collections,” vol. vii., New Series; Virginia Company, 1619-1624, vol. i., foot-notes, pp. 152-155. 4 In Stowe’s “ Survey of London,” edition of 1633, appears an engraving of the seal of the Virginia Company, with the cross, etc., as described. (See Fig. 404.) HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 190 fourth as the first} Crest : A maiden queen couped below the shoulders ppr., her hair dishevelled of tlpe last , vested and crowned with an eastern crown or. Sup¬ porters : Two men in complete armour, with their beavers open ; on their helmets Fig. 404. 620 Temporall (government. Merchants of Virginia, r I 1 He Company of Merchants, called Merchants of Virginia ^, 1 . 'Bermudas , or Summer-Lands, for (as I heare)all thefe additi¬ ons are given them. Iknownot the time of their incorporating, neither by whom theirArmes, Supporters,and Oneft were gran¬ ted, and therefore am compelled to leaue them abrupt!/. THE three ostrich feathers ar., each charged on the breast with a cross gu., and each holding in his exterior hand a lance ppr. Motto : En Dat Virginia Quart ami ' 2 1 These arms are borne in the first quarter of shield in seal of General Society of Colonial Wars. (See Fig. 522.) 2 Burke’s “ General Armory.” AMERICAN SEALS. I 9 I “ SEALS OF VIRGINIA. 1 “The celebrated State Convention of 1776 which formed the first written constitution for any State broke away from the old traditions completely. Royalty, and heraldry its accompaniment, fell into utter disrepute ; the Roman and Grecian Republics, affording, as they did, the noblest exemplars of valor and grandeur known to the world at that time, became the ideals of our statesmen. One of the first acts of the Convention was to provide for a seal. The design was reported by George Mason, but is said by Girardin, under the supervision of Jefferson, to have been devised by George Wythe. The design was entirely classic, and the words of the report describing the seal are remarkable for clearness and precision: ‘ Virtus, the genius of the Commonwealth, dressed as an Amazon, resting on a spear with one hand and holding a sword in the other, and treading on Tyranny, represented by a man prostrate, a crown falling from his head, broken chain in his left hand, and a scourge in his right. In the exergon, the word “ Virginia” over the head of Virtus; and underneath, the words “ Sic Semper Tyrannis.” On the reverse, a group, Libertas with her wand and pileus; on one side of her Ceres, with the cornucopia in one hand and an ear of wheat in the other; on the other side SEternitas, with the globe, and Phoenix ; in the exergon these words : “ Deits nobis hcec otia fecit.” ' The Convention substituted for this last word ‘ perseverando’ over the heads of the figures. The seal was executed in France, under the supervision of the accomplished scholar Dr. Arthur Lee, but it was not ready till September 4th, 1779. In the mean time the Governor was empowered to issue all neces¬ sary commissions under his signature without any seal; but when in 1778 William Lee was appointed Virginia’s agent in France to borrow two millions of livres for the State, a seal became necessary to authenticate his power. One was improvised in America, which was not a true representation of the ideas of the Convention; to save expense it was subsequently adopted as the lesser seal of the Commonwealth, and, being far more frequently used than the great seal, has caused incorrect ideas of the figure and significance of virtus, the commanding emblem of the great seal. The original disc of the great seal itself, executed in Paris, the great centre of art, according to the most approved classic ideas, existed in 1856, when being so worn by use as to be incapable of making an impression, it was substituted by a new one, which in turn was substituted in 1884 by a third, in the preparation of which every effort was made by Colonel Sherwin McRae, then Librarian of the State, to Fig. 405. 1 From paper by Professor Lyon G. Tyler, Williams and Mary College. 192 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. make the figure upon it conform to the best classic models. It is claimed by Colonel McRae that no other American State has a seal equal to that of Virginia in classic beauty and appropriateness, and the fact that it was described so carefully at the beginning has been of infinite importance in securing its exact reproduction at the present time. The seal of a State, as Colonel McRae declares, ‘ is not a bauble, but an important and necessary element of government; indeed, the Convention of 1776 was so impressed with the truth that the great seal was made a specific constitutional provision.’ ” 1 Washington. 2 “Washington Territory was organized March 2, 1853. Its Territorial seal is two and one-fourth inches in diameter, and surrounded by the legend, ‘Territory of Washington, 1853.’ (See Fig. 406.) For devices, it has a female figure with flowing tresses seated in the foreground, facing to the left, and holding up her right hand; at her side is an anchor; to her right, a city with spires and domes, and a steam vessel; on her left, a log cabin and a pine forest; surrounding the head of the female is a sun with rays, and over her head, in large capitals, ‘AL KI,’ Indian for ‘ by and by.’ 3 4 In 1889 Wash¬ ington became a State, and the present seal was then adopted. Fig. 406. Fig. 407A “The seal of the State of Washington (Fig. 407) was adopted by the Constitutional Convention, which met in this city [Olympia] in 1889, on the 4th day of July. This Convention was held in pursuance of an Act of Congress, approved February 22, 1889, which provided for the admission of the (then) Territory of Washington into the Union.” 1 The author notes his obligations to Hon. H. W. Flournoy, Secretary of the Commonwealth; Phillip A. Bruce. Esq., Virginia Historical Society; Charles Poindexter, Esq., State Librarian. 2 Letter of B. W. Davis, Esq., Chief Clerk and Acting Secretary of State. 3 Design from Hough’s “ American Constitutions.” Description from Preble. 4 Seal is from impression forwarded upon instructions of Governor John II. McGraw. AMERICAN SEALS. 193 The seal is thus described: “ The seal of the state of Washington shall be a seal encircled with the words : ‘ The seal of the state of Washington,’ with the vignette of Gen. George Washington as the central figure, and beneath the vignette the figures ‘ 1889.’ ” 1 West Virginia. 2 “ A Great Seal for the State of West Virginia was adopted September 26, 1863. ‘The obverse bears the legend, “State of West Virginia,” with the motto, “ Montani Semper Liberi,” inserted in the circumference. In the centre, a rock with ivy, emblematic of stability and continuance, and on the face of the rock the inscription, “June 20, 1863,” the date of the foundation of the State, as if “ graved with a pen of iron on the rock forever.” On the right of the rock, a farmer clothed in the traditional hunting-shirt peculiar to this region, his right arm resting on the plough-handles, and his left supporting a wood¬ man’s axe, indicating that while our territory is partially cultivated, it is still in process of being cleared of the original forest. At his right, a sheaf of wheat and corn-stalk. On the left of the rock, a miner, indicated by a pick-axe on his shoulder, with barrels and lumps of mineral at his feet. On his left, an anvil, partly seen, on which rests a sledge-hammer, typical of the mechanic arts, the whole indicating the principal pursuits and resources of the State. In the front of the rock and figures, as if just laid down by them, and ready to be resumed at a moment’s notice, two hunter’s rifles crossed, and surmounted at the place of contact by the Phrygian cap, or cap of liberty, indicating that our freedom and independence were won and will be defended and maintained by arms.’ “ A lesser seal, an inch and a half in diameter, with the same legend, motto, devices, etc., was ordered. ‘ The reverse of the great seal is encircled with a wreath of laurel and oak leaves, emblematic of valor and strength, with fruits and cereals, productions of the State. Device, a landscape. In the distance, on the left of the disc, wooded mountains, and on the right a cultivated slope, with the log frame-house peculiar to the region. On the side of the mountain, a representation of the viaduct on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Preston County, one of the great engineering triumphs of the age, with a train of cars about to pass over it. Near the centre, a factory, in front of which a river with 1 Article XVIII., Washington Constitution. 2 Design is taken from an impression furnished by J. B. White, Esq., Private Secretary to the Governor. Fig. 408. 13 194 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. boats on the bank, and to the right of it, nearer the foreground, a derrick and shed, appertaining to the production of salt and petroleum. In the foreground, a meadow, with cattle and sheep feeding and reposing,—the whole indicating the leading characteristics, productions, and pursuits of the State. Above the mountains, the sun emerging from the clouds, indicating that former obstacles to the prosperity of the State are disappearing. In the rays of the sun the motto, ‘ Libertas e Fidelitate’ (Liberty from loyalty), indicating that the freedom and independence of the State are faithfulness to the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the national Constitution.’ ” 1 Wisconsin. 2 “ There have been five Great Seals of the Territory and State of Wis¬ consin. The first (Fig. 409), designed to be ‘ emblematic of the mineral resources of Wisconsin,” was devised by Hon. John S. Horner, the first Secretary of the Territory, in consultation with Hon. Henry Dodge, the first Territorial Governor of Wisconsin. On the 28th of October, 1836, the Terri¬ torial House of Representatives, on motion of Mr. James P. Cox, of Iowa County, voted to adopt this seal. The Territorial Council, on the second of November, adopted the report of the Committee on Territorial Affairs that ‘its devices are not such as the seal of the Territory ought to be, but as a matter of expediency it had better be adopted by the Council for the present.’ Offi¬ cial documents show this seal to have been in use as late as March 11, 1839. “The second Great Seal (Fig. 410) was designed and engraved in pursu¬ ance of a resolution offered in the House of Representatives November 18, 1837, authorizing the Secretary of the Territory to procure a seal ‘indicating the various and peculiar resources of the territory of Wisconsin.’ This reso¬ lution was concurred in by the Council November 21, 1837, and December 1 Preble, p. 625. 2 Reference is made to “Wisconsin Blue-Book,” 1880. Thanks are extended to Hon. T. J. Cunningham, Secretary of State, and Isaac S. Bradley, Esq., Librarian of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. AMERICAN SEALS. 195 Fig. 411. 14, 1838, a committee reported on the new seal to the effect that, ‘while it represents the pursuits of the citizens of the different parts of the Territory, mineral, agricultural and commercial, it at the same time, by its symbols and expressive motto, “ Civilitas Successit Barbarum,” holds up to view in a strong light the progress of civilization and the continual regress of ignorance and barbarism. The seal shows an originality of design creditable to the artist; the more so as he is a native of our country and self-taught in his art.’ March 11, 1839, Governor Dodge approved a resolution adopting the seal. This seal continued in use as late as October 1, 1849, over a year after the Territory became a State, the Legislature having passed a joint resolution June 21, 1848, adopting the seal of the Territory as the seal of the State until another could be prepared. “ The third seal was the same in design as the second Territorial seal, the word ‘ Territory’ being changed to ‘ State.’ This was first used March 1st, 1850, and continued in use as late as No¬ vember 6th, 1851. The fourth seal was de¬ scribed December 31st, 1851, in the office of the Secretary of State, as follows : ‘ The scroll surmounting the upper part of the seal reads “ Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin,” followed below by thirteen stars for the original States of the Union. The shield is quartered, the quarters bearing, respectively: a plough for agriculture, an arm and held hammer for manufacture, a crossed shovel and pick for mining, and an anchor for navigation, representing the industrial pursuits of the people of the State. The arms and motto of the United States are borne on the shield, in token of the allegiance of the State to the Union. The base point of the shield rests upon the horn of plenty and a pyramid of lead ore. The supporters are a yeoman resting on a pick, repre¬ senting labor by land, and a sailor holding a coil of rope, representing labor by water. The crest is a badger, the popular designation of the State, sur¬ mounting a scroll bearing the vernacular motto “ Forward.” ’ “ This seal was procured by Governor Dewey, first Governor of the State, in his second term. The motto was suggested by the motto of New York, ‘ Excelsior,’ and presented itself successively in the words ‘ Upward,’ ‘Onward,’ and 1 Forward,’ the latter being chosen as the best word to express the pro¬ gressive character of the young and growing State. The badger was placed as the crest in compliance with the popular sobriquet for Wisconsin people, the term having grown out of the custom of the early miners to live in ‘ dug-outs,’ suggestive of the badger’s burrowing in the ground. The first three seals are not in the State Department, and their whereabouts is unknown. 196 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. “ In 1881 the old seal became so worn that a perfect impression could not be taken from it, and a new seal was ordered, which has since been in use” (Fig. 411). Wyoming. 1 The Great Seal of the State of Wyoming was approved February 8, 1893, and described as follows : “ A circle two and one-fourth inches in diameter, on the outer rim or edge of which shall be engraven the words ‘ Great Seal of the State of Wyoming,’ and the design shall conform substantially to the following description : “ ‘ A pedestal, showing on the front thereof an eagle resting upon a shield, said shield to have engraven thereon a star and the figures “ 44,” being the number of Wyoming in the order of admission to statehood. Standing upon the pedestal shall be a draped figure of a woman, modelled after the statue of the “ Victory of the Louvre,” from whose wrists shall hang links of a broken chain, and holding in her right hand a staff, from the top of which shall float a banner with the words “ Equal Rights,” thereon, all suggesting the political position of woman in this State. On either side of the pedestal, and standing at the base thereof, shall be male figures typifying the live stock and mining industries of Wyoming. Behind the pedestal, and in the background, shall be two pillars, each supporting a lighted lamp, signifying the light of knowledge. Around each pillar shall be a scroll with the following words thereon : On the right of the central figure the words “ Live Stock” and “ Grain,” and on the left the words “ Mines” and “ Oil.” At the base of the pedestal, and in front, shall appear the figures “ 1869—1890,” the former date signifying the organization of the Territory of Wyoming, and the latter the date of its admission to statehood.’ ” 2 “Wyoming Territory was organized July 25, 1868. The seal of the Territory has in the upper half a range of mountains, at the base of which is a railroad and train of cars; a sun in the left-hand corner gilding the mountains with its rays; over the mountains the motto ‘ Cedant Arma togae, 1863.’ The lower half of the shield is divided per pale; the dexter half gules, bearing agricultural implements; the sinister half or, a mailed hand holding a drawn sword.” 3 1 Design is from seal impression furnished by Hon. Amos W. Barber, Secretary of State. 2 Wyoming State Laws. 3 Preble, pp. 654, 655. Fig. 412. ECCLESIASTICAL SEALS. 197 ECCLESIASTICAL SEALS. Ecclesiastical and corporate seals form two distinct groups, which have long held a prominent place in the heraldry of America, although they have in some instances suffered from the improper application of heraldic laws. Those of the former class generally show careful treatment, but the seals of commercial bodies, etc., are very often open to severe criticism. This difference is undoubtedly due to the fact that the clergy, as a rule, understand heraldry, and possibly dictate the arrangement of their own devices, while the seals of corporations, etc., are distinctly commercial, and their designs receive little attention, as the main object, it is apparent, is to secure something that will make an impression. Ecclesiastical seals are first noted in the ninth century. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries they were beautiful in design and execution. Their forms have scarcely varied from the early date to the present, and usually are of pointed oval shape for both official and personal use. The most common subjects of those older seals are the figure of a bishop, sometimes the Trinity, the Virgin, or a patron saint seated under an elaborate canopy. Records of the use of corporate seals of towns and boroughs date back as far as the twelfth century, and some of the earlier impressions bear the town gates, city walls, or some similar device. Arms were not generally introduced until later. After the time of Constantine, the Roman emperors introduced the bullae, or leaden seals, and their use was continued, after the fall of the Western Empire, by the Popes, who attached them to documents by bands or silk cords, hence the term the - Pope by a bull,” etc. Among the devices appearing upon ecclesiastical seals are the Pall, Cross, Keys, Crown, Sword, Pastoral Crook, Mitre, Chalice, Book, Escallop Shell, as well as the emblems of the Evangelists,—the Angel of St. Matthew, the winged Lion of St. Mark, the winged Ox of St. Luke, the Eagle of St. John. These devices, with others, are formed into achievements, and often impaled with the personal arms of bishops. Presidents of colleges and other institu¬ tions impale their personal arms with those of their office in the same manner. The rule is invariable that the official arms shall occupy the dexter and the personal arms the sinister parts of the escutcheon. One old writer com¬ pares the form of marshalling ecclesiastical devices to the conjoining of coat- armor of a husband and wife, when he suggests that “ those who have a func- 198 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. tion Ecclesiastical and possess the high honor of Pastoral Jurisdiction are supposed to be knit in nuptial bonds of love and tender care to the Cathedral Churches which they superintend ‘ infomuch as when a Bifhop deceafeth, Ejus Ecclefia dicitur , Viduata.' Accordingly the paternal coat is always marshalled upon the sinister side of the escutcheon, the preference of position being given to the arms of their See, as these arms are perpetual, ‘ for they belong to a Political Body which never dieth.’ ” An old seal is thus quaintly blazoned: “ The Most Reverend Father in God, Dr. William Lawde, late Lord Archbishop of Canterbury , His Grace, Primate of all England , and Metropolitan, Chancellor of the University of Oxford and one of the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council; Beareth these two Coats impaled, viz.: “The Field is Jupiter, a Staff in Pale Sol, & thereupon a Cross Patee Luna, surmounted of a Pall of the last charged by 4 other like Crosses fitched, Saturn, edged and fringed as the second. This Coat belongs to the Archiepiscopal See of Canterbury , conjoyned with his Lordship’s own Arms, Viz.: Sable, on a Chevron, Or, between three Stars, as many Crosses Patee fitchee, Gules.” A very valuable collection of seals is in the possession of Rev. Henry C. McCook, D.D., the well-known expert, who favors this volume with the fol¬ lowing : “ The use of seals is sanctioned by custom and law. Our States all have communal seals, some of which go back to Colonial times, and have therefore direct sanction of English heraldic usages. Our cities have communal seals, some of them also Colonial. Corporations have seals, as do notarial officials, etc., and all individuals may have their own proper and legal seals. “ Here is an undeniably legitimate field for American heraldists to culti¬ vate. It is to the seal that we should relegate the formal and public use of such ancestral arms as may be fairly established as of hereditary right. There is no good reason why one may not adopt for a legal seal the device, or some modification thereof, borne by an ancestor. Of course in its adoption good taste and good judgment as well as good genealogical science should prevail. In settling such points we need trained experts. ... In this department, also, lies the field of ecclesiastical heraldry in the United States, and a wide field it is. Our numerous church denominations, missionary and other societies, individual congregations, bishops and other ecclesiastical dignitaries, hospitals and divers charities, educational institutions, benevolent societies, etc., etc., are for the most part chartered, and have by law the right to have and use a seal. “ Alas ! What a wilderness of inappropriate, absurd, inartistic, grotesque, and utterly unheraldic caricatures opens before one who collects and studies the seals of these different organizations. It is most unfortunate that some law, or some custom with the force of law, cannot be brought to bear upon ECCLESIASTICAL SEALS. 199 this chaotic mass in order to reduce it to something like reasonable and scien¬ tific order. I hold it to be self-evident that if we are to have and maintain such a custom at all, it ought to be regulated by common rules pervaded by good judgment and good taste, in harmony with history and the fitness of things, and at least in sympathy with the heraldic usages of other nations. “ Does it not seem that our law-makers might well take the matter into consideration ?” The episcopal seals of America, with few exceptions, are heraldic and of remarkable interest to the student. The shape of the diocesan seals is uniform, and the reason for this is best explained in the description of the official seal of the Right Rev. William F. Nichols, D.D., Bishop of California (Fig. 413): The seal of a diocese should be in shape what is called a pointed oval, this having been suggested by the form of the fish which, in early Christian times, was used as a symbol of Christ, from the fact that the initial letters of “ Jesus Christ, the Son of God the Saviour,” in Greek formed the word IX 0 YI ,—a fish. The shape must be produced by the intersection of two equal circles, each of which passes through the centre of the other, pro¬ ducing that which is true. Bishop Nichols’ seal con¬ sists of a golden shield, a bishop’s mitre, and a ribbon with the motto, “ Pacifica et ImperaP All of this lies on a background of rich purple, the recognized color. On the golden shield is a group, composed of the Iona cross, with the circle and the key and pas¬ toral staff; issuing from this group are rays of glory. Above this, in the upper part of the shield, is the descending dove of the Holy Spirit; and below, in the base of the shield (in natural colors), are the hills (the earth), suggested by part of the arms of the State of California. The shield, the key, and the crozier are taken from the arms of Bishop Seabury, the first Bishop of the Church in this country. The Iona cross is significant of the Scotch succession of the Episcopate, associated with Iona Island, from which succession Bishop Seabury received his consecration at Aberdeen in 1784. The legend, “The Prot: Ep: Church in the Diocese of California” is placed in letters of gold within the outlines of the border, which is also in gold. The ground of the border, on which are the letters, is of a tint in pleasing and correct keeping with the purple centre. The official seal of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons is composed of a shield, upon which is the figure of the Virgin Mary, over which appears the archiepiscopal cross (the sign of Metropolitan Jurisdiction); below is “Auspice Maria,” which means that the hope is in the protection and intercession of the Redeemer’s mother. Above all is the cardinal’s hat (Fig. 414^). The Cardinalitial seal is shown in Fig. 414- Fig. 413. 200 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 414. Fig. 414a. Fig. 417. Fig. 415. The Right Rev. Henry Benjamin Whipple, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Minnesota, bears a shield charged with a cross, broken tomahawk, and pipe of peace, the whole surmounted by a mitre. The motto is “ Pax Per Sanguinem Crucis” (Fig. 415). The seal of the Right Rev. Anson R. Graves, D.D., Bishop of the Platte, is a combination of his 11 *:• i: *:• ij vi i'-i Erminois. Black spots on a gold field (Fig. 602). Pean. Gold spots on a black field (Fig. 603). THE TINCTURES AND FURS. 25 7 Vair. White and blue, represented by Fig - 605. figures of little bells or cups, ranged in a line so that the base white is opposite the base blue. Vair is said to have originated from a small beast, having a white belly and a blue-gray back, called Varus (Figs. 604, 605). Fig. 606. Counter - Vair. The same as Vair, ex- Fig. 607. cept that the bells or cups of the same tincture are placed base against base and point against point (Fig. 606). Potent is formed by a number of figures resembling crutch heads arranged in the same manner as Vair (Fig. 607). Fig. 608. Counter-Potent. The Potents are arranged as the cups are in Counter-Vair (Fig. 608). Erminites and Vair-en-Point are mentioned by some heralds, but are seldom seen. The former is similar to Ermine, but has the addition of a red hair on each side of the spots. In Vair-en-Point, the bells are arranged with the bases in the upper line, resting upon the points of those beneath. Vair, Counter-Vair, Potent, and Counter-Potent are always Argent and Azure unless otherwise named, in which case, if the field were Or and the bells Vert , it would have to be blazoned Vairy, or and vert. In all cases metals precede colors unless otherwise described. The more thoroughly to acquaint the student with the system of indicating the tinctures, they are shown in lines and proper colors in the plate. 17 CHAPTER X. ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES, SUBORDINARIES, AND COMBINATIONS . 1 Ordinaries are the earliest devices of mediaeval heraldry, and derive their name from their ordinary or frequent use. They may have originated from the strips of wood or metal fastened upon the shield to add to its strength, and several are said to represent a sash or belt. While the examples show them to be formed of straight lines, they are also often formed of the various ornamental lines. The Chief \ the Bar , the Pale , the Bend , the Bend Sinister , and the Chevron have diminutives which are described in regular order with the ordinaries themselves. The Chief (P'ig. 609) contains in depth the upper third part of the field; it may be borne in the same composition with any other ordinary except the Fesse. The diminutive of the Chief is the Fillet , one-fourth the width of the Chief, of which it always occupies the lowest portion. The Fesse is of the same size and shape as the p IG . 611. Chief, and differs from that ordinary only in its position in the field of the shield, of which it always occupies the horizontal central third part (Fig. 610). The Fesse may be surmounted by a Pale or a Bend (Fig. 611). The Bar is like the Fesse, but its width is one-fifth instead of one-third of the field (Fig. 612). The Bar may be placed horizontally in any part of the field, except absolutely in chief or in base. A single Bar never appears in heraldic compositions without some other ordinary. The two diminutives of Fig/612. e 1 The examples are designed in black and white for the sake of distinctness, and may be blazoned argent and sable. The indications of tinctures appear in the examples of blazoning (Figs. 770 to 841, inclusive). 258 Fig. 613. Fig. 614. ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES, ETC. 259 the Bar are the Closet (Fig. 613) and the Barrulet (Fig. 614), which are re¬ spectively one-half and one-fourth of the Bar itself. When either of these diminutives is placed on each side of a Fesse or Bar, the ordinary is said to be Cotised. The Pale (Fig. 615), like the Chief and the Fesse, occupies one-third of the field, but its position is vertical and always in the centre. The two di- Fig. 615. Fig. 616. Fig. 617. minutives of the Pale are the Pallet (Fig. 616) and the Endorse (Fig. 617), which are respectively one-half and one-fourth of its width. The Cross may be defined as a combination of the Fesse with Fig. 618. the Pale. When charged, the Cross occupies about one-third of I---. the field, but otherwise it occupies only one-fifth of the field. It is always plain, unless otherwise specified (Fig. 618). The Bend is formed by two parallel lines, equidistant from the l H J Fesse Point, drawn diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. When charged, this ordinary contains one-third, but when plain, one-fifth part of the field (Fig. 619). The Bendlet (Fig. 620), which is one-half the Bend, and the Cost or Cotise (Fig. 621), which is one-quarter of the Bend, are the diminutives, and another Fig. 619. Fig. 620. Fig. 621. 51 S 8 Fig. 622. diminutive, called the Riband or Ribbon , is formed by cutting off the ends of the Cotise (Fig. 622). Charges set on a Bend are placed bend-wise; that is, they slope with the Bend. Two uncharged Bends can appear on one shield. When a Bend appears between two Cotises it is said to be Cotised. When a Bend issues from the sinister, instead of the dexter chief, it is called a Bend Sinister (Fig. 623). This is frequently seen in French and 26 o HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. German heraldry, but avoided by English heralds, possibly because it has popularly been confused with the Baton Sinister. Fig. 623. Fig. 624. Fig. 625. A noted London authority thus writes under date of December 23, 1893 : “ The Bar Sinister, properly speaking, the Bend Sinister, though sometimes it is reduced to a Baton Sinister, is often used as a difference and not as a mark of Bastardy.” There are two diminutives of this ordinary : the Scarp (Fig. 624), which is one-half the Bend, and the Baton Sinister (Fig. 628), which is one-half the Scarp, and couped or cut off smoothly so that its extremities do not reach the sides of the escutcheon. The Baton Sinister is borne as a mark of illegitimacy. This must not be confused with the Bend Sinister (Fig. 623), or with the Riband (Fig. 622), or with the Baton (field-marshal’s staff), which are honorable charges. When a number of Batons appear as charges they are also honorable. The Baton when borne as an abatement is borne singly , Sinister bendways and over all other charges, as though the shield had received a broad long blot. An erroneous impression exists in the minds of many persons, not only in the United States but in Europe, that the Baton Sinister, Bend Sinister, and “ Bar Sinister” are identical, but such is not the case. The Baton Sinister is a distinct mark of illegitimacy, the Bend Sinister is defined as an “ honorable ordinary,” while the “ Bar Sinister” is an heraldic impossibility, and the use of such a term in English or American heraldry is considered a great fault. Some French writers have used the word “ Barre” to mean the Bend Sinister, from this evidently comes the English misnomer “ Bar Sinister,” but the leading French authorities approve the term Contrebande. A very able critic in a recent edition of the “ London Times” directs atten¬ tion to the misuse of the term: “ The heraldic blunders committed by gentlemen of the press and novelists—the lady ones in particular—are innu¬ merable, and few heraldic heresies are more common than that touching the ‘bar sinister.’ Mr. Cussans reminds us that ignorant people often speak of the ‘ bar sinister’ as a mark of illegitimacy; whereas a bar sinister or dexter is a simple impossibility. As well may one speak of two parallel lines, which, meeting, form an isosceles triangle.” The definition of a Bar is as follows : “ The Bar is an ordinary formed by two parallel , horizontal lines, and containing a fifth part of the field.” ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES, ETC. 261 While the Bar can be placed in any part of the field (horizontally), except in chief, it cannot be placed there diagonally. See following examples: Fig. 626. Fig. 627. Fig. 628. 0 S 0 Bar. Bend. Bend Sinister. French, Barre ; also Contrebande. A Bend always implies a Bend Dexter , and a Bend Sinister must always be named. The Saltire (Fig. 629) is a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister. Fig. 629. It contains one-fifth of the field, but one-third when charged. The Saltire may appear in the same com¬ position as the Chief. It has no diminutive. Charges set on a Saltire slope with each of its limbs. The Chevron (Fig. 630) comprises somewhat more than the lower half of a charged Saltire, and occu¬ pies one-fifth of the field. Charges set on a Chevron slope in the same manner as those set on a Saltire. Two Chevrons may appear in the same composition. A Chevron may be combined with a Chief. The diminutives of this ordinary are the Chevronel (Fig. 631), which contains one-half of a Chevron, and the Couple Close, which is one-half the Chevronel. The Pile (Fig. 632) is composed of two lines which form a wedge-shaped figure. The length de¬ pends on what other figures may occupy the shield. If it is the only charge it may extend as far as in the example. It is said to derive its origin from the stakes used in building bridges or fortifications. The Pile may issue from various points of the shield line. The Quarter (Fig. 633) is formed by a fesse line Fig. 631. 0 Fig. 630. Fig. 632. Fig. 633. and a pale line terminating at the fesse point. It Fig. 634. occupies one-fourth of the field, and is always placed | in the chief. | The Canton (Fig. 634) is a square figure like the quarter, and generally occupies the third part of the chief. Unless its position is otherwise blazoned, it is situated in the dexter portion of the chief. Of all the subordinaries the Canton alone can be placed over the Bordure In blazoning it is named last. 2 62 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 635. Fig. 636. Fig. 637. The Bordure or Border (Fig. 635) generally occupies one-fifth of the field, and surrounds the edge of it. At one time the Bor¬ dure was borne as a difference, but is now frequently borne as a charge, and is always represented in relief. The Orle (Fig. 636) is an inner border of the same shape as the shield, which does not touch the edges, the field being seen around it on all sides, as well as within it. It is blazoned by some heralds as an Inescutcheon voided. In size it is one-half the width of the Bordure. Charges are sometimes arranged in orle; that is, in the form and position of an orle. The Tressnre (Fig. 637) is one-half the width of the Orle, and is generally borne double. It passes around the field in the shape and form of the escutcheon. It is usually decorated with fleurs- de-lis, and blazoned Fleury-countcr-fleury where the alternate fleurs-de-lis are reversed, as in the arms of Scotland. (See second quarter, Fig. 541.) The Gyron (Fig. 638) is a triangular figure formed by two lines, one diagonally from the corner in the dexter chief and the other a horizontal line, meeting at the fesse point. When the field is divided into a number of gyron-shaped pieces the blazon would be Gyronny , and the number of pieces named ; thus, in Fig. 919, the thirteenth quarter is Gyronny of eight. The Inescutcheon is a small escutcheon borne upon the shield (Fig. 639). The Lozenge is a four-cornered figure, said to represent a pane of glass in old casements (Fig. 640). The Mascle is by some heralds described as a lozenge voided, and is by some supposed to represent the mesh of a net; by others said to represent spots in certain flints found in Brittany (Fig. 641). The Rustre is like the Mascle, except that the opening is pierced round instead of lozenge-shaped (Fig. 642). The Frette (Fig. 643) is a figure resembling two sticks lying saltire-ways and interlaced with a mascle. Some writers call it a Herald’s True Lover’s Knot. It is probably more correct to describe it as a Bend- let, Scarp, and Mascle interlacing each other. When the interlacing is repeated so as to cover the entire field it is said to be Frette or Fretty. The Frette is always represented in relief when correctly designed. The Fusil is longer and more acute than the Fig. 639. Fig. 638. 5 Fig. 640. Fig. 641. Fig. 642. Fig. 643. m Fig. 644. ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES , ETC. 263 Fig. 645. TTT Fig. 646. Lozenge, and was formerly represented as a long oval, pointed at top and bottom like a spindle covered with thread (Fig. 644). The Label (Fig. 645) is a Barrulet, with three or more pen¬ dants, placed in the upper part of the field. The Label is used for a difference of the eldest son, and supposed to have had its origin from ribbons anciently worn by a son about the neck of his helmet to distinguish him from his father. The Billet (Fig. 646). Billets are oblong figures by some said to represent bricks, but undoubtledly derived from a letter folded in that shape. When a number of these charges appear on one shield it is described as Billetee or Semee of Billets. The Flanch (Fig. 647) is composed of an arched line, drawn from the upper angle of the escutcheon to the base point of one side, and so on the other side. They are always borne in couples and one position. The Flasque (Fig. 648) is like the Flanch, but Fig. 6 4& smaller. These are also borne in pairs. The ornamental lines are used in the ordinaries and subordinaries when so blazoned, otherwise the plain line is understood. Charges are frequently placed in the form of the ordinaries, and are blazoned in chief , in bend , in cross , etc., which implies that they are to be arranged in the form or position of such ordinaries, and not upon them. The ordinaries, in addition to the forms already mentioned, may be com¬ bined and borne in various ways, a few of which are illustrated and explained. Fig. 647. 0 0 Fig. 649. Fig. 650. Fig. 651. 5 5 e The Chief can be combined with the Bend and also with the Saltire (Figs. 649, 650). A Canton and Fesse can be combined (Fig. 651), and can also be borne with the Bordure. A Chief Engrailed (Fig. 652). In the example the Chief has the ornamental line, and this or any other ordinary can be formed of this or any other ornamental line. Fig. 652. 264 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Bends can be borne as follows : Fig. 653. Fig. 654. Bend arched or archy. Bend removed or fracted. Fig. 655. Fig - 656. A Bend can also be embellished with other Fig - 6 57 - bearings than those with which it is charged. The example (Fig. 656) is a Bend fleury-counter-fleury. Bends and other ordinaries may also be composed of any of the furs. Bend Wavy , a Bend formed of wavy lines (Fig- 657). Two or more Bendlets are often borne on the same shield (Fig. 658). Bends are also subject to ornamental lines (Fig. 659). This is blazoned three bendlets engrailed. Fig. 658. Fig. 659. A Bend can be charged with another bend. Chevrons can be borne in any part of the field; the examples are: Fig. 660. Fig. 661. Fig. 662. Chevron abaisse. Chevron couched. Chevron reversed. Fig. 663. When a chevron is borne with its extremities cut off it is said to be chevron couped (Fig. 663). ™- ' ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES , ETC. 265 Chevronels are generally borne in threes, sometimes interlaced, sometimes separately. The examples are: Fig. 664. Fig. 665. Three chevronels interlaced. Three chevronels. Fig. 666. Pallets (Fig. 666) are borne in many English arms; in the example they resemble Paly of a certain number , but are in reality greatly different. Paly is a shield divided into stripes of alternate tinctures, all represented of the same surface, while Pallets are represented as elevated on the shield. The American shield is Paly of thirteen argent and gules (see frontispiece). This also applies to three Bars , which is different from Barry of six; that is, six stripes of alternate tinctures. Bars , Pallets , etc., may be Onde (Wavy) or formed of any of the ornamental lines. Piles are borne in different ways. The following examples are blazoned: V Fig. 667. Three piles meeting in base. Fig. 668. Three piles in point. Fig. 669. Three piles terminating in fesse. Fig. 670. Fig. 671. Three Piles , one issuing between two others , transposed (Fig. 670). Piles are borne in bend, issuing from the sinister base or dexter chief. Piles are occasionally decorated with fleurs-de-lis, flory on the tops. The Tressure is usually borne double, embel¬ lished with fleurs-de-lis, the alternate ones reversed, and is blazoned a double tressure flory or fleury- counter-fleury (Fig. 671). When charges are blazoned in chief \ in bend , in cross, etc., they must be placed in the position of the ordinary named, and not on it. On a bend signifies that a bend is placed -5F" 266 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. upon the field and the charges upon the bend ; but in bend indicates that the charges must be placed upon the field in the position of a bend (no ordinary interfering). Fig. 672. AAAAA fffff Fig. 673. Fig. 674. ® 5J This refers as well to on a fesse and in fesse, etc. Example (Fig. 672) is blazoned Five fusils conjoined in fesse. Fig. 673, A bend of fusils, no number being specified. Fig. 674, Five lozenges conjoined in pale} 1 For various combinations the writer has referred to Aveling’s edition of Boutell. \ CHAPTER XT. VARIED FIELDS AND DIAPER. Fig. 675. m Fig. 677. Fig. 679. Fig. 681. Fig. 676. Fig. 678. In addition to ordinaries, partition lines, etc., the shield is varied by figures derived from them. The shield is not charged with these; that is, they do not rest upon it, but are in it, of the same plane or level, and aie designed without shading. Paly is when the field is divided into four or more even number of parts by perpendicular lines, and consists of two tinctures interchange¬ ably disposed (Fig. 675). Bendy is when a field is divided bendways into an even number of equal parts diagonally, the two tinctures alternating (Fig. 676). Barry is a field divided by horizontal lines into an even number of equal parts, of two tinct¬ ures interchangeably disposed. The example is, Barry of six nebnle (Fig. 677). When there are more than eight bars, the term Barruly or Closetty is generally used. Paly , Bendy , and Barry all admit of an ordi¬ nary or charge being placed over them. Paly Bendy is formed by lines perpendicular, or Paly, and by others diagonally across the shield from dexter to sinister, or Bendy (Fig. 678). Barry Bendy is a field equally divided into four or more equal parts by lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base and from side to side, the two tinctures alternating (Fig. 679). Gyronny is when the field is divided into six or more equal triangular parts of two tinctures, the points all uniting in the centre of the field. Fig. 680 is Gyronny of eight. Lozengy is when the field or charge is divided into lozenges (Fig. 681). Fusilly is when the field or charge is divided into fusils, similar to Lozengy except that the lines are more nearly vertical (Fig. 682). Fig. 680. Fig. 682. 267 268 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Fig. 683. Fig. 685. Fig. 687. Fig. 689. Cheque , Cheeky , or Chequy is composed of small squares of two tinctures arranged alter¬ nately, the lines perpendicular and horizontal crossing each other (Fig. 683). Fretty or Frette is a field formed by dexter and sinister stripes interlacing one another (Fig. 684). Barry Pily is composed of piles issuing from the side of shield and tapering and extending to the opposite side. Fig. 685 is Barry pily argent and sable. Bendy Pily is an equal number of pile-shaped divisions arranged in the direction of a bend. Fig. 686 is Bendy pily sable and arge?it. Compony or Compoite is applied to an ordi¬ nary consisting of one row of small squares, of two tinctures alternating (Fig. 687). Counter-Compony is when an ordinary is made up of two rows of squares and with the tinctures alternating (Fig. 688). Bordure Bendy or Bendy Bordure is the same as Bendy, previously described, but the bends are only represented in those parts that fall within or on the bordure (Fig. 689). In all the above it is customary that the first- named tincture occupies the dexter position. Counter-Changing means a change of color for metal, or metal for color, and the term indi- Fig. 684. Fig. 686. Fig. 688. Fig. 690. cates the presence of one metal and one color, so that whatever is charged upon the metal must be tinctured of the color, and that which is charged upon the color must be tinctured of the metal (Fig. 690). Per pale arg. and sa., a chevron counterchanged. diaper (Fig. 691). In many heraldic designs, particularly those of the Middle Ages, diapering Fig 69j . was introduced in various ways to add to the ornamental beauty of the shield, and consisted of geometrical patterns filled in with small decorative figures. It was chiefly em¬ ployed in sculpture, seals, and stained-glass effects. While the surface of the shield was covered with many of these figures, they formed no part of the blazon, and they were always subordinate to the charges. Numerous designs in fresco and wall-paper may be said to be of the diaper pattern. CHAPTER XII. CHARGES, ROUNDELS, GUTTE. Fig. 692. Charges are figures or devices borne upon a coat of arms. Since the ordinaries and subordinaries were not of sufficient variety to give each man a different coat, various other charges were introduced, and these comprised every known object, animate and inanimate. Birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, flowers, plants, trees, fabulous creatures, planets, etc., were charged upon the shields of the warriors, each of whom took unto himself that creature “ best fitted to his estate, or whose Nature and in Quality did in some Measure quadrate with his own, or whereunto himself was in some respect in Quality like or wished to be resembled unto.” At other times these charges were adopted without regard to their symbolical meaning, or were borne to signalize some special event in a warrior’s life, and when heraldry became systematized, they were awarded as marks of honor by sovereigns. When a device is placed upon a shield, the latter is said to be charged with it, and this charge can be charged with another charge. Devices are frequently blazoned as in fesse, in pale, in cross, in orle, etc., which means that they are to be disposed in the F]g 6 form of such ordinaries. Example Fig. 692 is prop¬ erly blazoned as Three escallop shells in chief. This must not be confused with Three escallop shells on a chief, as example Fig. 693, which are entirely differ¬ ent arms. As it would, of course, be impossible to give examples of all charges, their positions and attitudes, only a few of the most prominent will be placed before the reader. Rampant. A term applicable to lions, bears, tigers, etc., when standing erect with head in profile, one fore paw raised above the other and one hind paw raised from the ground (Fig. 694). Argent, a lion rampant gules. Rampant Guardant. Signifies animals of the above class when standing upright with head turned toward the spectator (Fig. 695). Argent, a lion rampant guardant azure. Rampant Reguardant. A term used when the beast stands erect and looks 269 Fig. 694. Fig. 695. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 270 Fig. 698. A beast walking with the head The three lions of Fig. 699. Fig. 696. backward toward the tail (Fig. 696). Argent, a lion Fig. 6 97 - rampant reguardant sable. Ramp ant-Addorsed. Beasts are so described when rampant and back to back, but when borne close together face to face they are termed Combatant (Fig. 708). Fig. 697 is blazoned, Argent, two lions rampant- addorsed azure. Passant. In a walking position (Fig. 698). Argent, a lion passant azure. Passant Guardant. turned to the spectator (Fig. 699). England are passant guardant. Passant Reguardant. Indicates a beast walking and looking behind him (Fig. 700). Argent, a lion passant reguardant sable. Fig. 700. Fig. 701. Fig. 702. Fig. 703. Fig. 705. Fig. 707. Fig. 704. Fig. 706. Statant. A term used for beasts or animals when borne in a standing position with all four feet upon the ground and head in profile (Fig. 701). Argent, a lion statant gules. Fig. 702, Argent, a stag statant gules. Salient. Applied to a beast when leaping or springing (Fig. 703). Argent , a lion salient azure. Sejant. Signifies sitting, and applies to all beasts in that position (Fig. 704). Argent, a lion sejant gules. Couchant. Lying on the ground. All beasts when Couchant should be represented with the head upright (Fig. 705). Argent, a lion couchant azure. Dormant. Signifies a beast lying down and sleep¬ ing, and differs from Couchant by having its head resting upon the fore paws (Fig. 706). Argent , a lion dormant azure. Coward (in French Diffame). Defines an animal when the tail, usually borne upward, is hanging be¬ tween the hind legs and the head is turned backward (Fig. 707). Argent, a lion coward gules. Combatant (French Affronte or Confronte). A term applied to beasts when borne salient, rampant, etc., face to face. The example is Argent, two lions rampant combatant gules (Fig. 708). Fig. 708. Fig. 709. Fig. 711. of prey. Fig. 713. Fig. 715. Fig. 717. CHARGES , ROUNDELS, GUTTE. Queue Fourche. Having a forked tail (Fig. 709). Argent, a lion rampant sable, queue fourche. Tripping or Trippant. A term used to express a buck, antelope, or other animal of the chase when represented with the dexter foot lifted up and the other three feet on the ground, as if trotting (Fig. 710). Argent, a stag tripping sable. Courant. Signifies animals of the chase, grey¬ hounds, etc., running or in coimse (Fig. 711). Argent, a stag courant gules. Springing. A term applicable to animals of the chase in the same way as Salient is applied to beasts It is sometimes applied to fish when placed bendways. is blazoned, Argent, a stag springing sable. At Gaze. With all four feet upon the ground and Fig. 712. Fig. 712 Fig. 714. —1- looking full-faced towards the spectator (Fig. 713). V” Argent, a stag at gaze vert. Lodged. Refers to an animal of the chase when at IB 7 \ J rest and lying upon the ground, in the same sense that Couchant is applied to a lion (Fig. 714)- Argent, a stag lodged purpure. Naiant. Applied to fish placed horizontally as if swimming (Fig. 715). Argent, a - (name of fish) naiant azure. Hauriant. A fish in an upright position is blazoned hauriant when the head is in chief, but uriant when the head is in base (Fig. 716). Argent, a -(name of fish) hauriant gules. Enibowed. Generally applied to the dolphin when Fig. 716. Fig. 718. --- in a bent position (Fig. 717). Argent, a dolphin em- bozved azure. |1| Displayed. Term applied to eagles and other iSff birds of prey when borne with the wings spread open Fig. 719. on each side of the head (Fig. 718). Argent , an eagle displayed azure. Disclosed. Applied to birds that are not birds of prey. Fig. 720. Rising, indicates birds in a position as 11 pre- paring to take flight (Fig. 719). Argent, an eagle rising gules. w l J Volant. A term applied to a bird in a flying attitude (Fig. 720). Argent, an eagle volant reguardant azure. 272 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. Fig. 721. Preying. A term used in heraldry to describe Fig. 722. any ravenous beast or bird standing on or in a proper position for devouring its prey (Fig. 721). Argent, an eagle sable preying on a duck azure. Vol. In French blazon implies two wings con¬ joined and expanded (Fig. 722). Argent, a vol azure. Fig. 723. Demi- Vol. A single wing is sometimes called a Fig. 724. demi-vol, and in blazoning, mention must be made as to whether it is the sinister or dexter wing, and whether the tip is inverted (Fig. 723). Argent, a sinister demi- vol gules. Erased or Erazed. Signifies anything forcibly torn off, leaving the parts jagged and uneven. The example is an eagle's head erased sable (Fig. 724). Couped (French Coupe). A term used by heralds for anything that is severed with a clean cut. The lion’s head in the example is said to be couped (Fig. 725). Argent, a lion's head couped azure. Fig. 725. Fig. 726. Fig. 727. Eradicated. Torn up by the roots. The tree is couped and eradicated (Fig. 726). Argent, the trunk of a tree eradicated and couped, in pale, sprouting out two branches gides. Dismembered. Cut in parts and set in a position that retains the form (Fig. 727). Argent, a lion rampant dismembered sable. ROUNDELS OR ROUNDLETS. Roundels occur frequently in heraldry, both as charges and crests, and form a distinct group. The titles, with the exception of the Fountain, inva¬ riably denote the tinctures, which are indicated in engraving in the usual way. The Bezant, Plate, and Fountain are represented flat, but all the others are shaded to represent their spherical shape. ^ „ The Bezant. Or, Gold. Named from a piece of gold coin which was current in Byzantium, now Constantinople (Fig. 728). The Plate. Argent, Silver. A round flat piece of silver without any impression (Fig. 729). William Penn’s arms are Argent, on a fesse sable, three plates. (See Fig. 50.) CHARGES, ROUNDELS, GUTTE. 273 The Pomrne. Vert, Green. Derived from the French pomme, an apple. If in plural they are called Pommeis (Fig. 730). The Torteau. Gules, Red (Fig. 731). The Hurte. Azure, Blue (Fig. 732). The Golp. Purpure, Purple (Fig. 733). The Pellet or Ogress. Sable, Black (Fig. 734). The Fountain is of two tinctures, and is repre¬ sented by wavy lines, as in the example. Barry wavy of six, argent and azure (Fig. 735). The Orange. Tenne or Tawny , Orange (Fig. 736 ). The Guze. Sanguine, the color of cold blood Fig- 737)- The last, two Roundels are seldom used, and by some heralds are not recognized. All, except the Bezant, Plate, and Fountain, are said to repre¬ sent small cakes of different colors which were used in the Crusades. Fig. 730. Fig. 732. Fig. 736. Fig. 731. Fig. 733. Fig. 735. Fig. 737. GUTTE OR GOUTTES. Gutte, derived from the Latin gutta, a drop, is the term for a field sprinkled with drops. In illustrations the tinctures are indicated in the usual manner. Or . . . Or . Gutte d’or . Sprinkled with gold. Argent . Arg. Gutte d’eau . u “ water. Gules . . Gu. . Gutte de sang . u “ blood. Azure. . Az. . Gutte de larmes (( “ tears. Vert . . Vert Gutte d’olive a “ oil. Sable . . Sa. . Gutte de poix . u “ pitch. Fig. 738. Either the field of the shield or any charge can be Gutte, and in blazoning, either the name or the tincture can be specified. Example Fig. 738 is Gutte de sang or Gutte gu. Gutte reversed is like Gutte, but the drops are inverted. When argent these drops are sometimes blazoned icicles. Fig. 739 is Giitte de sang reversed. Fig. 739. 18 CHAPTER XIII. CROSSES. Crosses figure very prominently in heraldry, and, as they have always been held in high favor, they are very frequently borne in coats of arms. They were in general use by knights during the expeditions to the wars in the Holy Land in the year 1096. There were also at that time great numbers of persons who wore crosses made of cloth or silk, which they received from the hands of bishops and priests, and sewed on their garments. From this arrangement the expeditions were named “ Croisades,” and by varying the' forms for the devices different leaders and their followers were distinguished. As crosses were considered the emblems of Christianity, they were retained by the Crusaders to perpetuate their exploits. It will be readily seen that an immense variety of shapes and forms were thus originated, heralds differing as to the exact number. It is therefore impossible to name all, so the best known will be mentioned. Fig. 741. The Cross. When blazoned a cross , this form is understood (Fig. 740). Cross Patriarchal. So called because it was the distinguishing cross of the patriarchs (Fig. 741). Cross Quadrate signifies that the centre of the Fig. 743 - cross is square (Fig. 742). Cross Nowed, Degraded , and Conjoined. De¬ graded means placed upon steps or degrees (Fig. 743)- Fig. 742. Fig. 740. Fig. 744. Cross Patee or Formee is small in the centre and widens toward the ends, which are broad (Fig. 744). There are many varieties of this cross, of which example Fig. 745 is one. Cross Patee Concaved (Fig. 745). Fig. 745. CROSSES. Fig. 748. Fig. 750. Fig. 752. Fig. 754. Fig. 746. Four Fusils Cross is a cross formed by joining Fig. 747. four fusils together (Fig. 746). Crosses may be 4 formed in this way of fleurs-de lis, roundels, pheons, T 4-X-4. etc. (See example Fig. 747.) Cross of Four Ermine Spots (Fig. 747). Cross Patonce resembles the Cross Fleury at the ends, but the lines are curved (Fig. 748). Cross Fleury or Fleurie signifies decorated with fleurs-de-lis, which is indicated upon the end of each arm (Fig. 749). Authorities differ as to the drawing of this cross and Cross Flory. Cross Fleurettee , Fleur-de-lis , or Flory. Some heralds consider this the same as the Cross Fleury (Fig. 750). Cross Urdee Voided (Fig. 751). Cross Crosslet was very popular, and figures fre¬ quently in the heraldry of to-day (Fig. 752). Cross Moline. A cross in the form of a Fer-de- Moline, or Mill-rind (Fig. 753). Cross Recercellee resembles a Cross Moline, but its extremities are more expanded (Fig. 754). Cross Engrailed. The plain cross decorated with the ornamental lines (Fig. 755) Fig. 749. Fig. 751. Fig. 753 - Fig. 755. Fig. 756. Fig. 757. Cross Raguly. Seeming to represent two trunks of trees with branches trimmed off (Fig. 756). Cross Flamant (Fig. 757). □□c Fig. 760. Fig. 762. Fig. 764. Fig. 766. Fig. 768. HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. Fig. 759. Fig. 761. Fig. 763. Cross Double Parted (Fig. 758). Cross Voided is the plain cross with the centre cut, leaving only thin lines between which the field is seen (Fig. 759). Cross Tri-parted and Fretted (Fig. 760). Cross Quarterly Pierced. The plain cross with that part cut out where the arms meet (Fig. 761). Cross Fimbriated has a narrow border or hem of another tincture (Fig. 762). The Latin Cross. The three top limbs of this cross are of the same size, caused by the horizontal limbs being couped (cut off straight) and enhanced; that is, placed in a higher position than usual (Fig. 763). Cross of St. Anthony or Tail Cross. A represen¬ tation of the Greek letter Tau is called St. Anthony’s Cross because he was always painted as wearing it upon his habit (Fig. 764). Cross Humettee or Couped is so named because it is cut or shortened so that the extremities do not reach the edge of the shield (Fig. 765). Cross Potent. So termed by reason of the resem¬ blance its extremities bear to the head of a crutch. Potent was the old name for crutch (Fig. 766). Cross Rayonnant is that which has rays of light behind it, darting from the centre to all parts of the escutcheon (Fig. 767). Fig. 765. Fig. 767. Cross Ur dee. Pointed at the ends (Fig. 768). Cross Pommee. Applied to a cross whose ex¬ tremities terminate in a ball or knob (Fig. 769). Any crosses may be fitchee—pointed at the lower part and the entire lower arm tapering to a point. Crosses may also be formed with the ornamental lines. Fig. 769. CHAPTER XIV. RULES FOR BLAZONING, 1 WITH EXAMPLES. In heraldry the term Blazon or Blazoning is applied to the description of the tinctures, positions, and attitudes of all heraldic devices and figures, and is a very important branch of the science of heraldry, forming, with marshal¬ ling (the grouping of several coats of arms into one heraldic composition), the skill of armory. The custom of blazoning arms preceded the system of heraldry, and arose from the tournaments held by the Germans, at which events the arms of contestants were displayed, and their various devices publicly proclaimed by the heralds. It was also the duty of the heralds to blazon , or blow a horn to attract attention, and from this announcing the system received its name. After the knight had been proven eligible to compete in the lists, he was per¬ mitted thereafter to bear upon his helmet horns, which indicated that his arms had been duly blazoned. In German heraldry these horns are frequently borne with the crest. Blazoning, in a modern sense, means a description of armorial bearings according to the rules of heraldry. In heraldic language, which is concise and explicit, all unnecessary words are omitted, repetitions are avoided, and each and every detail is specified with great care and correctness. RULES FOR BLAZONING. In blazoning a coat of arms the general rule is that the tincture of the field is first mentioned. Thus, in the blazon of Fig. 795,— Azure , a crescent between three mullets argent,—azure is the tincture of the field. If, however, the field is divided by one or more of the partition lines, Per pale , Per fesse, Per bend , etc., the division line of the field, with its difference, unless straight, is mentioned before the tinctures. Thus, in the blazon of Fig. 845, Per pale indented argent and gules , the per pale indented is first named to show how the field is divided, and then the tinctures are mentioned. The first one named always occupies the dexter side, except in the case of Per saltire , where the tincture first mentioned occupies the upper and lower triangles. After the field the charge which lies next to the field and nearest the centre must be described, and afterwards those which are more remote : for example, 1 Mainly from Hugh Clark. 277 2jS HERALDR V IN AMERICA. Azure, a crescent between three mullets argent. Thus, the crescent is first named as being nearest to the centre of the field (Fig. 795). When a coat of arms consists of two tinctures only, as depicted in Fig. 771, it is blazoned Argent, a fesse, in chief three lozenges sable, which implies that both the fesse and the lozenges are sable. Azure, on a chevron or, between three bezants, as many pallets gules. In this example it will be noticed that the chevron is named first after the field, because it is nearest the centre; and as the pallets lie upon the chevron, so they are most remote from the field, and must be last named (Fig. 776). When bearings are described without ex¬ pressing the point of the escutcheon upon which they are to be placed, they are then understood to occupy the centre of the shield,—for example, Argent, a lion rampant gules; but if the blazon is Argent, a lion rampant in base gules, it must be placed in the base part of the shield. The repetition of words must be avoided, since iteration is considered a great fault in blazoning. It is correct to say, Or, on a saltire azure nine lozenges of the first, and incorrect to say, Or, on a saltire azure nine lozenges or, because the word Or is then named twice, which is unnecessary. The following rule will more clearly explain this important point. If a tincture or a number occurs twice in the same sentence of any descrip¬ tive blazon, such tincture or number is to be indicated by reference to the words already used, and not by actually repeating them. If any charge be of the same tincture as the field, it is said to be “ of the field,” or, as the tincture of the field is always the first that is specified in the blazon, a charge of that tincture may be blazoned as “ of the first!' Thus, in the blazoning of \ Fig. 773, Argent, on a quarter sable a spear in bend of the field (of the first), “of the field ” means argent. In the same way, when a charge is of the tincture mentioned second in the blazon it is termed “ of the second ,” when of the tincture mentioned third it is “of the thirdf and so on. Thus, in the blazon of Fig. 791, Per fesse sable and argent, a pale counter-changed; on each piece of the first a trefoil slipped, of the second, “ of the first” means sable, “ of tire second” means argent, since those tinctures are mentioned first and second respectively. In the blazon of Fig. 776, Azure, on a chevron or, betiveen three bezants, as many pallets gules, “ as many” means three. In printing, the position of the marks of punctuation must be carefully observed, and the rules as given near the end of this chapter should be followed. It is a positive rule in English heraldry that metal shall not appear upon metal, nor color upon color, —that is, a charge of one of the metals must rest upon, or be in contact with, a surface or another charge of one of the colors,— and in like manner a charge of one of the colors must rest upon, or be in contact with, a surface or object tinctured with one of the metals. This rule admits of exceptions when the surfaces are varied, or in the case of certain details of charges, as well as when charges are borne proper. RULES FOR BLAZONING , WITH EXAMPLES. 279 CHARGES. In blazoning charges of any kind or description, whether animate or in¬ animate, if they are perceived to be of the natural colors of the animals or things they represent, they are always termed proper (abbreviated ppr.), and not argent, gales, etc. A charge upon another charge is not mentioned until all of the charges lying next to the field have been named. Where two or more charges are of the same tincture and follow one another, the tincture should not be mentioned until all such charges have been specified. When the same device is charged a limited number of times upon a shield, the number in each row is generally specified, the number of devices in the top row being mentioned first, as in example Fig. 805, Or, six annulets, three, two, and one, sable; but when a large number are borne, and the shield has the appearance of having been cut out of a pattern, it is said to be “ Seme" of such a charge. ORDINARIES. Ordinaries formed of straight lines are described by the distinctive name alone, thus, a bend as.; but if the ordinary is engrailed, wavy, nebidy, em¬ battled, etc., the difference must be stated: for example, Argent, on a pile en¬ grailed azure, three crescents of the first. (See Fig. 786.) ANIMALS : LIONS, TIGERS, DRAGONS, ETC. The teeth and claws of all ravenous animals are called their arms, because they are their offensive and defensive weapons; when these are of a different tincture from the body of the beast they are said to be armed, and the tincture must be named; and when their tongues are of the tinctures of their arms they are said to be langued. Azure, a lion argent armed and langued gules. The claws and tongue of a lion are always gules, unless the field or charge is gules, then they must be azure. This is an example of where color is per¬ mitted on color in the detail of the charge. The bull, ox, ram, goat, etc., which are of a milder nature than the above, are endowed by nature with horns, which with their hoofs form their defensive weapons. They are said to be armed and hoofed. As deer, etc., are by nature timorous, they were supposed to wear their antlers as ornaments and not as weapons, therefore in blazon they are described as attired. Dogs appear often in heraldic compositions, and as they were bred for exercise and hunting, the first consideration is the breed of the beast and what sport fitted for, hence the terms beating, coursing, scenting, etc.: for example, Three greyhounds courant. 28 o HERALDRY IN AMERICA. BIRDS. When the beaks and claws of birds of prey differ in blazoning from the color of the body they are said to be armed and membered ; thus, An eagle volant sable armed and membered or. In blazoning swans, geese, ducks, cranes, herons, cormorants, etc., which are water-fowls and have no talons, instead of armed and membered, the correct term is beaked and membered. Armed, crested, and jelloped applies to the cock. The term armed signifies his beak and spurs, crested his comb, and jelloped his wattles. If he is indi¬ cated as in life he is called a cock ppr., but if of any other tinctures, he is blazoned accordingly: for example, Azure, a cock argent, armed, crested, and jelloped gules. The falcon is borne in the same postures as the eagle, and is described in the same terms, except when with hood, bells, virols (or rings), and leashes; it is then said to be hooded, belled, jessed, and leashed, and the colors of each must be named. Pouncing is a term given when he is striking at his prey. FISHES. In blazon fishes are described as naiant , swimming; embowed, in a bent position, head and tail down ; hauriant, rising; vorant, swallowing an object whole; uriant or urinant, with head down. When the tinctures of their fins are different from their bodies they are said to be finned of such a color, naming it: as, A dolphin embowed gules, jinned or. HEAVENLY BODIES. The first consideration in the blazoning of any heavenly body, such as a planet, is the state or condition in which it appears to be, as the sun, whether in his glory, splendor, rising, setting, etc., or the moon, whether in her com¬ plement, or in plenitude, crescent, decrescent, or increscent. All descriptions should be in proper astronomical terms. This is a rule, and all blazons are more elegant when expressed in the proper terms of the arts or sciences which the figures described represent, great care being taken that no armorial term necessary to be used is omitted. TREES AND PLANTS. Trees and plants or their parts are blazoned first as to their condition, whether spread or blasted; what kind of a tree; whether bearing fruit or not; if a part only, what part, whether the trunk, branches, fruit, or leaves ; if the former, whether standing or not; if not standing, in what manner it seems to have been felled, whether eradicated (torn up by the roots) or couped (cut evenly, as with a saw) (see Fig. 808); if the bearing consists of members, as its branches, fruit, or leaves, whether with fruit or withered, and whether slipped, pendent (drooping), or erect. RULES FOR BLAZONING , WITH EXAMPLES. 281 MAN. Man and portions of the human body frequently appear in coat-armor, and in blazoning are described as whole or in part; if whole, in what attitude, whether naked or habited; if the latter, in what manner, whether rustic, in armor, or in robes. When the temples of a man or woman are represented as encircled with a wreath of laurel, oak, or ivy, they are blazoned as wreathed with laurel, oak, or ivy, whichever the case may be. 1 The Escutcheon, or Shield, of Pretence when appearing in arms is blazoned last, as it surmounts all devices; and it is described in the usual way. The Helmet and Mantling are not mentioned in a blazon, but are under¬ stood to form part of the achievement. The following examples of coats of arms with their correct blazoning are given to acquaint the reader with the concise forms of words used, and to illustrate the foregoing rules. Some of the examples have been formed by modifying and simplifying existing coats of arms ; others are arms in actual use. No abbreviations are used in the blazoning, because the idea has been to simplify and avoid difficulties. 2 RULES. 1. Begin the blazon of every coat or quartering with a capital letter. 2. Use no other capitals except on the occasional occurrence of a proper name (such as Katherine wheel, Moor’s head, etc.). 3. Introduce only necessary punctuation, and seldom more than a comma, unless in very long and complicated blazons. Exception. A comma (not otherwise required) may be occasionally used after the metal “ or,” if there is any danger of that word being mistaken for the conjunction. 4. The metals and tinctures may be either given at length, or abbreviated, as arg. az. sa. &c. 5. State always “three wolf’s heads, three lion’s jambs, three palmer’s staves,” &c., not “ three wolves’ heads, three lions’ jambs, or three palmers’ staves;” the charges representing the head of one wolf, the jamb of one lion, the staff of one palmer, &c., and it being grammatically sufficient that the nominative case “ heads,” &c., should agree with the numeral three. 1 Too much stress cannot be placed upon the necessity of correctness in interpreting blazoning, as many different artists, from a correct blazon of arms, should be able to produce in a colored design the same result without reference to each other’s work; and as in painting or engraving arms the description is frequently all that heraldic designers have to guide them, the importance of a strict knowledge of the science of blazoning is apparent. 2 The rules for punctuation given in vol. i. of “The Herald and Genealogist,” edited by John Gough Nichols, F.S.A., have been followed in printing. 282 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 6 . For the heraldic numbers 3, 2, 1, 2 and 1, &c., the words “three, two, one, and two and one are preferable to figures, which may be confused with the numbering of quarterings. 7 - In case of complicated quarterings, clearness may sometimes be pro¬ duced where two coats only are quartered by the expression Quarterly, as Quarterly of France and England, of Hastings and Valence, &c.; or Quarterly of / and 4, Azure , a bend or, Scrope; and 2 and j, Or, a chevron gules, Stafford. Otherwise, the term Grand Quarterings is employed, and then numerals of different kinds may be used to distinguish the grand and the subordinate quarterings, thus :— Quarterly of four grand quarterings; I. Quarterly of four: i. Quarterly, 1. Or, &c.; 2. Argent, &c. 3. Gules, &c. 4. Sable, &c.; ii. and iii. Vert, &c iv. Ermine, &c. II. Or, &c. III. Gules, &c. IV. Azure, &c. The student should pay particular attention to the descriptions and posi¬ tions of the charges, and to the indications of the tinctures. Fig. 770. EXAMPLES OF BLAZONING. Argent, on a chief gules two mullets, pierced, of the first (Fig. 770). Argent, a fesse, in chief three lozenges, sable (Fig. 771). Fig. 772. Ermine, on a canton sable a harp argent (Fig. 772). Argent, on a quarter sable a spear in bend of the field (Fig. 773). Fig. 771. Fig. 774. Fig. 775. Argent, on a fesse sable three mullets or (Fig. 774). Ermine, three lozenges in fesse sable ( Fi g- 775 )- RULES FOR BLAZONING, WITH EXAMPLES. 283 Fig. 776. Fig. 777. Azure, on a chevron or, between three bezants, as many pallets gules (Fig. 776). Ermine, a chevron couped sable (Fig. 777 )- Fig. 778. Fig. 779. Sable, two lion’s paws issuing out of the dexter and sinister base points chevron-ways argent (Fig. 778). Sable, a bend and chief or (Fig. 779). Sable, four lozenges in bend cotised argent (Fig. 780). Argent, a pale and chief sable (Fig. 781). Fig. 782. Fig. 783. Argent, three pallets wavy gules (Fig. 782). Gules, three tilting spears erect in pale or (Fig. 783). 284 Fig. 784. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Azure, three leopard’s faces in pale argent (Fig. 784). Sable, a pile argent surmounted by a chevron gules (Fig. 785). Fig. 786. Fig. 788. Fig. 790. Sable, two shank-bones in cross argent, that in fesse surmounting the one in pale (Fig. 790). Per fesse sable and argent, a pale counter- changed, on each piece of the first a trefoil slipped, of the second (Fig. 791). Fig. 785. Fig. 787. '^gjgggyr Argent, on a pile engrailed azure, three crescents of the first (or of the field) (Fig. 786). <3 [TJ Argent, three piles one from the chief between the others reversed sable (Fig. 787). Fig. 789. Argent, a cross vert, on a bend over all gules, three fleurs-de-lis or (Fig. 788). Azure, five escallop shells in cross argent Mi II Ujl (Fig. 789). Fig. 791. Fig. 792. Fig. 794. RULES FOR BLAZONING , WITH EXAMPLES. Sable, two shin-bones in saltire that in dexter surmounting the one in sinister argent (Fig. 792). Per saltire gules and or, in pale two garbs argent, in fesse as many roses of the first (Fig- 793 )- Fig. 793. Fig. 795. pipS Gules, a saltire or, between four crescents argent (Fig. 794). Ijihe ;9*: :V][! mm Azure, a crescent between three mullets argent (Fig. 795). Fig. 796. Azure, two bars counter-embattled ermine (Fig. 796). Gules, five marlion’s sinister wings in sal¬ tire argent (Fig. 797). Fig. 797 Fig. 798. gules a barulet dancette or (Fig. 798). Argent, three bars-gemel azure, on a chief Sable, a fesse or, between two swords in pale the hilts toward the fesse point argent (Fig. 799). Fig. 799. 286 Fig. 800. HERALDR V IN AMERICA Azure, a pile inverted in bend sinister or (Fig. 800). Gules, a bend wavy argent, in the sinister N chief point a falcon standing on a perch, of the second (Fig. 801). Fig. 801. Fig. 802. Fig. 803. Si Or, a dexter arm vested issuing from the sinister fesse point out of a cloud proper, holding a cross-crosslet fitchee sable (Fig. 802). Azure, the sun in his glory (Fig. 803). Fig. 804. Fig. 805. Argent, three cinquefoils gules (Fig. 804). Or, six annulets, three, two, and one, sable (Fig. 805). Fig. 806. Fig. 807. Per saltire sable and or, a border counter- changed (Fig. 806). Quarterly argent and azure, a cross of four fusils between as many annulets, all counter-changed (Fig. 807). RULES FOR BLAZONING , WITH EXAMPLES. 287 Fig. 808. Fig. 809. Gules, the trunk of a tree eradicated and couped, in pale, sprouting out two branches argent (Fig. 808). Sable, three scaling-ladders in bend argent (Fig 809). Fig. 810. Argent, a man’s heart gules within two equilateral triangles voided and interlaced sable (Fig. 810). Argent, on a chevron azure between three trefoils slipped, per pale gules and vert, as many bezants (Fig. 811). Fig. 81 r. Fig. 812. Fig. 813. Argent, a chevron gules between three attires of a stag fixed to the scalp proper (Fig. 812). Or, three mullets of six points sable issuing out of as many crescents gules (Fig. 813). Fig. 814. Fig. 815. Sable, a chevron rompu between three mullets or (Fig. 814). Azure, a bull’s head couped or, winged and armed argent (Fig. 815). 288 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. Fig. 8 i 5 . Fig. 8x7. Argent, a man’s heart gules ensigned with an imperial crown or, on a chief azure three mullets of the field (or of the first) (Fig. 816). Gules, three bezants figured (or stamped with a head) (Fig. 817). Fig. 818. Argent, two chevronels azure between three flames of fire proper (Fig. 818). ' Argent, three dice sable each charged W'ith an ace of the field (Fig. 819). ■ Fig. 820. Per chevron vert and argent, in chief a Fig - 821 - §PP1 rose between two fleurs-de-lis of the second, in base a lion rampant reguardant azure (Fig. ■m 820). nI Gules, a lion rampant guardant double queued or, supporting between the paws a rose and branch argent (Fig. 821). Fig. 822. Fig. 823. Argent, a bend engrailed azure between two buck’s heads cabossed sable (Fig. 822). Ika& Argent, three moles barways sable (Fig. 823). RULES FOR BLAZONING, WITH EXAMPLES. 289 Fig. 824. Argent, two lion’s gambs erased in saltire the dexter surmounted by the sinister gules (Fig. 824). Argent, a heron volant in fesse azure be¬ tween three escallops sable (Fig. 825). Fig. 826. Fig. 827. Azure, on a bend cotised argent three martlets gules (Fig. 826). Argent, on a fesse between three trefoils slipped azure as many swan’s necks erased of the first (Fig. 827). Fig. 828. Fig. 829. Argent, on a pale azure three pairs of wings conjoined and elevated of the first (Fig. 828). Ermine, on two bars gules three martlets argent (Fig. 829). Fig. 830. Argent, three eels naiant in pale barways sable (Fig. 830). Azure, a dolphin embowed argent, on a chief or, two saltires humette gules (Fig. 831). *9 290 Fig. 832. Fig. 834. Fig. 836. Ftg. 838. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. Argent, a chevron between three eagle’s legs erased a la cuisse sable (Fig. 832). Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one sable (Fig. 833). Argent, a chevron engrailed sable between three crabs gules (Fig. 834). Ermine, three increscents gules (Fig. 835). Or, three woodbine leaves pendent gules (Fig. 838). Argent, three woodbine leaves bendways vert (Fig. 839). Fig 83; Fig. 835. Fig. 837. Argent, on a chevron gules between three crescents sable a mullet (for a difference) of the field (Fig. 836). Or, on a mound in base an oak acorned proper (Fig. 837). Fig. 839. RULES FOR BLAZONING , WITH EXAMPLES. 291 Fig. 840. Fig. 842. Fig. 841. Azure, a fesse dancette or, between three cherubs argent (Fig. 840). Argent, an arm sinister issuing out of the dexter chief point and extended toward the sinister base, gules (Fig. 841). Fig. 843. Argent, three starved branches slipped sable (Fig. 842). Argent, three stumps of trees couped and eradicated sable (Fig. 843). Gules, the limb of a tree in bend raguled and trunked argent (Fig. 844). Per pale indented argent and gules (Fig. 845). Fig. 847. Per chevron nebule sable and argent, three panther’s heads erased, counter-changed (Fig. 846). Argent, on a chevron gules three men’s skulls of the field (Fig. 847). HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. Fig. 849. Argent, on a fesse ragule azure three fleurs-de-lis of the field (Fig. 848). Quarterly, per pale dove-tailed gules and argent (Fig. 849). Fig. 851. Per saltire or and argent, four eagles dis¬ played in cross sable (Fig. 850). Per fesse dancette or and azure, two mullets pierced counter-changed (Fig. 851). Per bend embattled argent and gules (Fig. 852). Quarterly, I. and IV. Argent, a chevron gules between three torteaux. II. Quarterly, 1 Argent, a bend gules; 2 Argent, a fesse azure; 3 Argent, a chevron sable: 4 Argent, a pale purpure. III. Argent, a fesse between three billets gules (Fig. 853). Fig. 853. Fig. 855. Gules, a chevron counter-compony argent and sable between three fleurs-de-lis of the second (Fig. 854). Argent, a fesse cheeky of the first and azure (Fig. 855). RULES FOR BLAZONING, WITH EXAMPLES. 293 Fig. 856. Fig. 857. Azure, two bars indented or, a chief argent (Fig. 856). Or, a fesse dancette sable (Fig. 857). Fig. 858. Fig. 859. Argent, a wheel of eight spokes gules (Fig. 858). Ermine, two flanches azure each charged with three ears of wheat couped argent (Fig. 859). Fig. 860. Fig. 861. Sable, a chevron ermine between three salmons hauriant argent (Fig. 860). Or, two bars azure, a chief quarterly; 1 and 4 Azure, two fleurs-de-lis or, 2 and 3 Gules a lion passant guardant or (Fig. 861). OBSOLETE BLAZON. The blazon of the arms of Massachusetts (see Fig. 346) suggests the neces¬ sity of some information upon this method of describing heraldic tinctures. “Some of those fantastic writers of the 15th and 16th centuries, who have thrown such discredit upon the science they intended to support, promulgated the absurd opinion that colours, especially when compounded, were originally intended to signify certain virtues in the bearer, viz., gules with or signifies desire to conquer, with argent revenge, with vert courage in youth, &c. 294 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. “ Some, also, that Gentlemen, Esquires, Knights, and Baronets’ arms should be blazoned by metals and colours; Barons, Viscounts, Earls, Marquises, and Dukes, by precious stones ; Sovereign Princes, Kings, and Emperors, by planets. Premising that such ideas are purely visionary, and the practice of such rules mere affectation, we subjoin a table illustratin g the subject- COLOURS. NAMES. STONES. PLANETS. VIRTUES. Yellow, Or, Topaz, Sol, Constancy. White, -S Argent, Pearl, Luna, Innocence. Red, Gules, Ruby, Mars, Magnanimity. Blue, £ b > 'O Azure, Sapphire, J upiter, Loyalty. Green, V Vert, Emerald, Venus, Love loyal. Purple, 13 | Purpure, Amethyst, Mercury, Temperance. Black, Sable, Diamond, Saturn, Prudence. Orange, Tenne, Hyacinth, Drn. Head. Murrey, Sanguine, Sardonyx, Drn. Tail. “ These distinctions, however, were nowhere used but in England, being justly held in ridicule in all other countries, as a fantastic humour of our nation.” 1 1 Planche’s Clark. CHAPTER XV. CRESTS, BADGES, MOTTOES, AND SUPPORTERS. The Crest (from Latin cresta, the tuft or comb which grows upon the heads of many birds) was placed upon the top of the helmet of chieftains so that their followers might readily distinguish them in battle. Commanders alone were entitled to bear it. The helmets of esquires were decorated with feathers or scrolls, which hung down over their armor. Among French heralds the crest is known as the cimier. Another name by which it is frequently called is cognizance (Latin cognosco, to know), since by it the leader was recognized. It was usually the figure of some animal or bird placed on the top of the helmet, and its height made the wearer seem taller and more imposing. Alexander the Great adopted the ram’s head; Julius Caesar was known by a star, the head of a bull, an elephant, or the she- wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus. While crests are traceable to very early days, their use was not general until mediaeval times. Many of the more ancient arms of families are borne without these cognizances. It is probable that families derived crests as badges of distinction in peaceful times, from the device which their leader had worn in recent warfare. They were originally assumed at the pleasure of their bearers, and the same coat of arms is often seen surmounted by varying crests; an illustration of this is in the arms of Fowke of Leicester, and of Fowke of Dorsetshire, London, and Staffordshire. The relation of the families is made apparent by the fact that they bear the same shield, Vert, a fleur-de-lis argent; the former has for a crest, A dexter arm embowed, habited vert, cuff argent, holding in the hand an arrow or, barbed and flighted of the second point downwards, whereas the latter has for a crest, An Indian goat's head erased arg. Crests are even now less strictly under the control of the heralds than the • devices on the shield, and they are so various that a classification of them is scarcely possible. The following is an abridgment of their classification by Newton, who has written very fully on the subject in his “ Display of Heraldry. First, the most ancient class of crests he believes to have consisted of fero¬ cious animals, which were regarded as figuratively representing the bearer and his pursuits. Secondly, crests were devices assumed as memorials of feats of chivalry, and for the purpose of perpetuating tradition and family legends, 295 296 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. either in addition to or differing from charges represented on the shield. Thirdly, they served to give a more prominent place to objects already rep¬ resented on the escutcheon. Fourthly, they commemorated religious vows, or expressed the religious or knightly aspirations of the bearer. Fifthly, they were whims, and were adopted for no very definite purpose. When actually borne in battle, the crests were made of leather or some more durable material, such as metal or wood ; and these devices were fastened to the helmet by leathern thongs. Crests are now depicted on wreaths, coronets, or caps of maintenance termed chapeaus, and, when expressed without naming the wreath, coronet, or chapeau upon which they are borne (as is frequently the case), they are understood to issue from a wreath. The coronet or chapeau is always par¬ ticularly named. To face the dexter side of the shield is generally considered more honor¬ able than to face the sinister side, and all animals, birds, or other crests that face the edge of the shield should look to the dexter, else they may be con¬ sidered to have been reversed for some special reason. Palliot (French) says that the helmet when facing the sinister is a mark of illegitimacy. With the helmet thus reversed, the crest would also face sinister. Many incompetent artists make errors in details of this nature, and coats of arms are frequently seen upon which the ignorance of the designer or engraver has placed signs of disgrace. This fact alone is a substantial reason why every one who bears a heraldic device should understand the rules of heraldry, or, at least, be well enough acquainted with them to blazon his own armorial bearings correctly. It is well to note here that the wreath or roll , ordinarily placed beneath the crest, should consist of the leading metal and color of the shield, the metal invariably commencing on the dexter side. Originally, crests were considered personal bearings only, but leading authorities claim that they are hereditary. In the United States such seems to be the case, as the crest forms, with the shield, the distinctive family mark, and is sometimes borne alike by husband, wife, son, and daughter. BADGES. Badges (different from crests) were the various devices adopted by com¬ manders and families as distinctive marks, and were borne on surcoats, mili- * tary equipments, caparisons, and articles of domestic use, and also upon the coats of soldiers and liveries of household attendants, etc. This system was introduced that the followers of a chieftain might be known; and as the crest was his individual device, and his coat of arms was too elaborate for the purpose, the badge was adopted and borne without a wreath beneath it. Badges were at times selected from the devices of the shield; sometimes CRESTS, BADGES, MOTTOES, AND SUPPORTERS. 297 they resembled crests, but often were entirely different from the heraldic in¬ signia. Gerard Leigh says the badge was not placed on a wreath in the time of Henry V.; and for many years after no man under the degree of a knight had his badge so placed. Custom and the changes of time, however, have removed this restriction, and now quite often the badge of a retainer can only be distinguished from a crest by the careful study of pedigrees and family history. The most famous badges in English history were the Red and White Roses; the Red, adopted by John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, as the badge of his house and its followers; and the White, adopted by his brother Edmund of Langley, Duke of York. From these devices the “Wars of the Roses” received their name. After the accession of Henry VII. and his marriage with Elizabeth of York, anno i486, the Tudor Rose became the royal badge of England, and was represented of the two colors white and red per pale, or a white rose within a red one, and sometimes quartered, to symbolize the union of the houses of York and Lancaster. (See Fig. 5.) KNOTS. A distinct group of badges were formed of silk cord, which was twisted into monograms and various shapes, called Knots. The most prominent of these are known as the Stafford Knot, the Bouchier, the Heneagc , the Wake and Ormond , the Bowen , the Lacey , and the Harrington. MOTTOES. Associated generally with the arms and crest is the Motto. This is borne in a scroll or ribbon, placed below the shield, unless it has special reference to the crest. When it has such reference, it should be placed either immediately above or below the crest. The motto is not held to be hereditary, but is supposed to be strictly personal in character. In actual usage, however, it is transmitted and borne with the shield and crest, although it may be changed at pleasure. If no motto properly belongs to a coat of arms, its bearers may, with perfect propriety, adopt one, and many instances are recorded where the same motto is borne by several different families. Mottoes are perhaps more ancient than coat-armor, and many of the older ones were originally the war-cries of the families or clans. Later they were chosen to express the predominant passions of piety or love. In some cases the motto alludes to the name of the bearer or to some of the charges on his arms; and frequently it is merely a short quaint sentence, which pleased the 298 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. fancy or caprice of the person who first adopted it, or one referring to some particular feat which it is meant to perpetuate. By the rules of heraldry women do not bear mottoes; the sovereign only is excepted. In England, bishops do not bear mottoes. SUPPORTERS. Supporters are exterior ornaments placed at the sides of the escutcheon. They are generally borne in pairs of the same or different figures, one standing on each side of the shield as if in the act of supporting it. Single supporters were not uncommon in early heraldry, though little used now. Old authorities say that supporters had their origin from the custom which prevailed at tilts and tournaments, where the knights caused their shields to be carried by attendants, who were costumed as lions, bears, griffins, moors, etc. The duty of these attendants was to display and guard the escutcheons, which the knights were obliged to expose to public view for some time before the tilts commenced. Another theory is that the introduction of supporters in achievements was due to the fancy of seal engravers of the mediaeval period, who, in cutting arms on seals, introduced various figures to fill up vacant spaces. Supporters are distinctive of high rank, and as in England they are with few exceptions borne only by the sovereign or peers of the realm, it follows that it is improper to embody them (without authority) in the arms of any American. It will thus be seen that, according to English heraldic usage, any man bearing supporters in America is supposed to express that he is a peer of the realm, or that he has been given the right to bear them by a special grant. Burke remarks, “ In England, the right to bear Supporters is confined to Peers of the Realm, Knights of the Garter and Bath, and to those who may have obtained them by Royal Grant. Garter King of Arms has not the power to grant them to any person below the degree of a Knight of the Bath, unless acting under especial direction from the Sovereign, Lord Lyon however may, by virtue of his office, do so without any such Royal warrant.” In ancient times many personages who held high offices in the state used supporters, as did various eminent though unennobled families,—viz., the Ste- venings, of Sussex, the Stawells and Luttrells, of Somersetshire, the Tichbornes and Pophams, of Hants, the Fulfords, of Devon, the Savages, of Cheshire, the Trevanions, of Cornwall, etc. “ Hence,” says a learned heraldic writer, “it may justly be concluded, that those families who anciently used such sup¬ porters, either on their seals, banners, or monuments, and carved them in stone or wood, or depicted them on the glass windows of their mansions, and in the churches, chapels, and religious houses of their foundation, endowment, or patronage, as perspicuous evidences and memorials of their having a pos¬ sessory right to such supporters, are, full and absolutely, well entitled to bear CRESTS, BADGES, MOTTOES, AND SUPPORTERS. 2 99 them, and that no one of their descendants of such families ever ought to alienate such supporters, or bear their arms without them, because such possessory right is by far more honourable than any other, modern grant of supporters that can be obtained from the office of arms.” It will be, to say the least, in better taste for Americans to omit supporters from their arms, excepting, of course, in the rare cases where they have a distinct right to use them. 1 1 As a notable instance of the existence of such a right, the Barons Fairfax may be mentioned. Thus, an American is a British peer, and may bear coronet and supporters as such. Among other American families whose members have received titles and honors abroad are the Delafields, of New York, who are counts of the old German Empire, though long resident in the United States. The De Lanceys have been Viscounts de Laval and Nouvian; and there are other noble families here. The great scientist of the last century, Count Rumford, was a native American, and took title from his native town, Concord, N. If., then called Rumford. These Americans have had the heraldic rights of their rank, and exercised them. Americans have been created baronets,—instance, Sir William Johnson, and the two creations in the Pepperell family. The creations were for services rendered in America during Colonial times, and carried the usual heraldic insignia of baronets. Several Americans were knighted before the Revolution, as Sir Charles Hobby, who was knighted July 9, 1705, “for good service done the crown in New England,” and who has many living descendants. Sir Charles was colonel of the Massachusetts regiment in the Port Royal Expe¬ dition, under General Nicholson, in 1710. These knights of Colonial days were entitled to bear the helmet of knighthood over their shields. Americans have also been occasionally knighted down to the present time. Professor Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, was a knight of several foreign Orders. So was the eminent physician, Dr. Marion Sims, to whom has just been raised a statue in New \ ork. Edison, the inventor, has been knighted by the government of the French Republic for his distinguished services to the science of the world. There are several other American knights now living. These are entitled by the usages of heraldry to bear the insignia of their Orders with their coats of arms. It is a further matter of interest that some of the most historic arms known to heraldry are borne by Americans, in consequence of the residence here of many scions of the ancient nobility of England and Europe, descended from younger sons. In some instances, at least, the actual head of the family is an American. Such is the case with the Montgomerys, one of the most celebrated of the “great houses ’ of the Old World, and rightful Earls of Eglinton. From 912, for many generations this family were Counts of Montgomerie in France. They also held several earldoms in England from the time of the Norman Conquest. The Scotch branch finally succeeded to the headship of the house, and became Earls of Eglinton and Barons Montgomery. The fifth earl, who died in 1612, childless, alienated the title and estates to a relative by marriage, Sir Alexander Seton, who assumed the name of Montgomery; and from him descend the present Earls of Eglinton and Winton. The sole heir of the male line of the ancient house, Sir Neil Montgomery, of Lanislaw, never recognized the rightfulness of this alienation. Plis eventual heir, William Montgomery, Esq., sold the estate of Brigend in 1701-2, and removing to New Jersey became seated on a new estate, “ Eglinton,” in Mon¬ mouth County, which long remained in possession of his descendants. The present male representa¬ tive is a citizen of Philadelphia, connected by marriage with some of the best American families. CHAPTER XVI. MARKS OF CADENCY, DIFFERENCING, AUGMENTATION, AND ABATEMENT. Marks of Cadency are certain devices added to arms to distinguish mem¬ bers and branches of families one from the other, and are as follows: A label for the first son. (Worn only during the lifetime of the father) (Fig. 862). Fig. 864. Fig. 865. Fig. 866. Fig. 867. A crescent for the second son (Fig. 863). A mullet for the third son (Fig. 864). A martlet for the fourth son (Fig. 865). An annulet for the fifth son (Fig. 866). A fleur-de-lis for the sixth son (Fig. 867). 300 MARKS OF CADENCY, DIFFERENCING, AUGMENTATION, ETC. 301 Fig. 868. A rose for the seventh son (Fig. 868). Fig. 869. A cross moline for the eighth son (Fig. 869). Fig. 870. A double quartrefoil for the ninth son (Fig. 870). These marks are generally placed in the chief of the shield or upon the honor point, and are also borne upon crests. The system was invented to prevent the confusion which would arise if all the members of a family bore the same arms, and these marks were added to the family coat by the several sons in order that they might bear the family arms and still be individually identified. Marks of cadency permitted this without materially altering the original shield. According to this plan, the eldest son of a family bears, during his father’s lifetime, the label as the symbol which indicates his relation to the head of the family. When he succeeds to the headship, upon the death of his father, he removes from his shield the mark of cadency, and it is transferred to his eldest son. If the eldest son of any family dies without issue, and the father is living, the second son bears the label, and when he succeeds he bears the family arms without any mark of cadency, just as his elder brother would have done. The label is always the mark of the eldest surviving son. During the grandfather’s life the system is sometimes extended to the grandchildren in the same way. The first son of the eldest son would bear the family arms charged with his father’s mark,—a label,—and upon that label would be placed another label to show that he himself was an eldest son. The second son of the eldest son would bear the arms charged with a label, as his father’s mark, and upon the label would be a crescent to show that he himself was a second son. Upon the death of the grandfather, the father’s mark—the label—would be removed, and each of the latter’s sons would bear the family arms with his own mark of difference. The second son of the original family would bear the arms charged with a crescent, and his sons would bear the arms with their respective marks of 302 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. cadency charged upon the crescent. The children of the third son would charge theirs upon a mullet, those of the fourth upon a martlet, and so on. When the grandfather dies, no change is made in the marks of the second and younger sons, but each of them may become the founder of a house , and the mark of cadency would be retained by his descendants,—likely to change, however, if the line of one of the older houses should become extinct, since each house would then be one degree nearer the main line; the fourth would become the third, and change its martlet to a mullet, and so on with the others. Examples Figs. 871 to 880, inclusive, illustrate the system. FIRST HOUSE. Fig. 872. 1 If the first son marry and have issue during the lifetime of the head of the house, such issue charge their respective marks of cadency upon the label, as explained in the third paragraph on page 301. To further illustrate the system, the second house is shown in Figs. 876-880. The second son of the first house (Fig. 874) becomes the head of the second house (Fig. 876). MARKS OF CADENCY, DIFFERENCING , AUGMENTATION, ETC. 303 SECOND HOUSE. Wife. Fig. 879. Fig. 880. These complicated and elaborate methods are, however, very rarely carried out, and the marks of cadency are seldom used, even by brothers during the lifetime of their father. They now serve mainly to distinguish younger branches of families from the main stem ; and in many cases the mark of cadency has come to be considered an integral part of the arms. The daughters of a family have no marks of cadency, since in English law the general rule is that all the daughters inherit equally. Hence a woman bears a mark of cadency only where it is the mark of her father or where it has become the hereditary bearing of a junior branch of the family. The term Differencing is used to express certain marks which are applied to the arms of individuals and families who, while having no blood relation¬ ship are connected by marriage, or were connected in early days, through feudal dependency. Arms may thus be differenced by adding some new charge or omitting 304 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. some feature, substituting an ordinary, adding a border, changing the tinctures, reversing the tinctures of field and charges, etc. When arms thus modified by Differencing are once adopted they are permanently retained, but when differenced by Marks of Cadency they are subject to other changes in accordance with changes in relationship. It is to be noted, however, that many old arms borne by Americans still retain marks of cadency, placed on them many years ago in England, which have now become permanent parts of the armorial achievements. The only record of arms differenced in America known to the writer is published by “ The Salem Press Historical and Genealogical Record,” October, 1890, as follows : “The Hon ble Benj. Lynde Esq r Sam" Curwin Esq r and M r Henry Gibbs Executors to the last Will & Testament of M r W m Lynde dec d to James Turner 1752 Dr. May 14. To 8 Escutcheons for y e Funeral of f d dec d at 8/ ap s £6 [torn] To an inscription on y e Breastplate of the coffin 8-0 June 6th. To 9 Enamell’d Rings 1 for D° w* I 3 dwt . 23 gr 4 -4-0 June 9th. To adding a Crescent for Difference to each of the Escutcheons at 2/ ap s 16-0 £1 1-16-o” ARMS IN AMERICA DIFFERENCED BY THE REVERSAL OF TINCTURES. In a number of arms inherited from early American ancestors are found the same charges which were in the original English arms, but with the tinct¬ ures reversed; and this leads to the belief that some of the early settlers thus differenced their arms to distinguish them from their respective families in the country which they had left. This belief is strengthened by a statement of Mackenzie’s explaining an established custom: “ Colors have been changed upon very honorable occasionsand he explains that “ some families upon leaving their country, retained their arms, but chang’d their colorsfor ex¬ ample, arms that had been Argent , three nndlets gules , are now Gules, three mullets argent. This reversal of tinctures in a number of American coats of arms must be carefully distinguished from others, more numerous, in which the tinctures have been changed by the incorrect interpretation of the blazon by designers, or by mistakes which have been made on account of the small size of the 1 Rings were given at funerals in New England for at least one hundred and fifty years after the settlement of that part of the country. The custom was brought from England, as wills on record there make frequent mention of it. MARKS OF CADENCY, DIFFERENCING, AUGMENTATION, ETC. 305 original seal or engraving from which the arms have been reproduced, or, as is often the case, where the correctness of an illumination is sacrificed for more pleasing combinations of colors. These two classes—arms properly differenced and arms which contain errors—must be treated in entirely different ways. The former may be borne as they are, without modifications ; but the latter should be restored to their original condition and the tinctures and charges made to conform with the original blazon, thus avoiding “ false heraldry.” AUGMENTATION. Augmentations of arms are special marks of honor conferred by the sovereign, for a creditable act or heroic deed. They are charged upon shields or borne as crests or supporters. An example of augmentation is shown in the arms of the family of Douglas (Fig. 13). The story is told that when King Robert of Scotland was on his death-bed he exclaimed, having previously sworn that he would go on the Crusades, “ Since my body cannot perform what my heart desires, I will send my heart at least to perform my vows.” He commissioned Sir James Douglas to execute this task, who set forth with the heart in a silver casket. King Alfonso of Aragon begged his aid against the Moors, and he enlisted in such behalf. The battle went against the Christians, Sir James was surrounded by the enemy, and despairing, detached the casket from around his neck and cast it far in front of him, saying, “ Now thou, pass thou onward as thou were wont to do, and Douglas will follow thee or die.” Douglas was killed on the battle-field, and Sir Simon Lockhard, or de Locard, found the casket near his body and returned with it to Scotland, where the heart was buried in Melrose Abbey,—and the family of Douglas were granted an Augmentation of the Crowned Heart. Sir Simon changed his name to Lockheart. He received for an augmentation a heart within a lock, and bore the motto, Corda serrata pando: I lay open a heart shut up. ABATEMENTS. Abatements are mentioned by early heralds as marks whereby coats of arms were lowered or degraded in their dignity; however, no records of such arms are found, excepting those charged with marks of illegitimacy, although abatements are frequently seen in the American heraldry of to-day, the result of the indifferent treatment of blazon. Guillim blazons the marks of disgrace, and Sir John Feme, in his “ Blazon of Gentrie” (1586), says,— 20 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 3°6 “ A knight may be capable of nine vices. 1. To reuoke his own challenge. 2. To slea his prysoner (humblye yielding) with his own handes (except in time of danger) for so great was the compassion, mercy and curtesie in old times to be seene in all Gentlemen, farre aboue the vnnoble state of men (which be alwayes, vnciuell, crvel, vnmercifull, and inexorable) that therevpon in our vulgare speache we call it a man of mercye, compassion, and curtesie, a gentle person. 3. To voyd from his soueraignes banner in the fielde. 4. To tell his soueraigne false tales. 5. Full of lecherie in his body. . 6. Full of drunklew, or subiect to Bacchus. 7. Full of slovth in his warres. 8. Full of boast on his manhood. 9. Full or cowardize to his enemie.” Some heralds repudiate abatements as inconsistent with the idea of her¬ aldry and with the spirit of chivalry that a kingly gift once given should be afterwards debased. But they agree that there must have been a restraining influence exerted over some of the knights of old. We have from Shakspeare a suggestion: “ Yea, though I die the scandal will survive, And be an eyesore to my golden coat; Some loathsome dash the herald will contrive To cipher me.” It is most likely that those who had incurred their sovereign’s displeasure or merited his punishment were at times deprived of their arms or badge, which was considered a great disgrace, since in those days every man entitled to bear arms found it necessary to guard and cherish them in order to maintain his social position. Shakspeare’s Bolingbroke, in complaining of his treatment by King Rich¬ ard, says,— “ From my own window torn my household coat, Raz’d out my impress , leaving me no sign — Save men’s opinions, and my living blood— To show the world I am a gentleman.” CHAPTER XVII. MARSHALLING. Marshalling is that branch of the science of heraldry which treats of the placing in one group two or more coats of arms in strict accordance with heraldic law. In early heraldry arms were marshalled by placing the shields side by side in separate escutcheons, or the principal shield was surrounded by others containing the arms of the maternal ancestors, thereby to denote the several matches and alliances of one family with the heiresses of others. At the present time the principal methods of marshalling are by Impalement and Quartering. IMPALEMENT. The word impalement is used in heraldry to express the marshalling of arms of husband and wife (sometimes called “ Baron and Femme”). In such instances the husband’s coat occupies the dexter side of the escutcheon and the wife’s the sinister. In this manner archbishops and bishops impale their paternal coats with the arms of their episcopal sees, placing the arms of office upon the dexter side and their own coat on the sinister. Deans, heads of colleges, and various other officers also bear their arms in this latter way. When two coats of arms are impaled the distribution and size of the charges are adapted to the different spaces afforded by the impaled shield. In blazoning impaled arms they are treated separately, although the blazon is one, as in the example of the arms of Coyle and De Vere (fictitious). (See Fig. 886.) This is the coat of arms of Coyle, who married De Vere (not an heiress), who bears her father’s arms. The impaled arms are not hereditary. The issue would bear the arms of the father, and the impaled arms can only be borne by husband and wife or by the survivor. The widow would bear the impaled arms in a lozenge , and not upon a shield. If she marries again, she naturally discards the arms of her first husband, unless he was a peer. If a widower marries a second time he can bear the arms of both wives ; however, such a combination is not usual, and is naturally not considered good form, being altogether condemned by some writers. The early form of marshalling by impalement was known as dimidiation (Fig. 881 ), which is executed by cutting two shields in half paleways, and conjoining the dexter half of 3°7 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 308 one and the sinister half of the other. As such combinations generally produced grotesque and confusing effects, marshalling by impalement, as above explained, was introduced, and has since been practised. Where the arms of a family have many additions through alliances with heiresses, marshalling is executed by quartering, and it is necessary for the herald to have before him a genealogical table, in order that he may be able to collect such quarterings in the order in which they should be borne. It will thus be readily seen that heraldry and genealogy are closely allied, and the importance of absolute correctness in every detail of each science needs no further comment. MARSHALLING BY QUARTERING. Quartering—the bearing of two or more coats of arms on one escutcheon, a system but little practised until the fifteenth century, but now in general use —denotes the several matches and alliances of one family with the heiresses of others. It must be remembered that the word heiress, in heraldry, does not necessarily mean an heiress of landed estates or wealth, but signifies that the lady is the only daughter in a family in which there are no sons; if there are two or more daughters and no son, they are termed co-heiresses , and all have equal right to the arms. The husband of an heiress or co-heiress in event of issue is entitled to place her arms upon an escutcheon of pretence, which is then placed upon the centre of his coat of arms. The sons and daughters may, in such a case, quarter the arms of their mother with their paternal coat. The arms of the first heiress who marries into a family are borne in the second and third quarters by the descendants, while the paternal arms of the family are placed in the first and fourth quarters. The family arms then appear as in Fig. 883, which would be blazoned Quarterly: / and y, Argent, a bend gules, for Coyle; 2 and j, Or, a fleur-de-lis azure , for Dean. When a second heiress marries into the family, the descendants remove the arms of heiress number one from the third quarter, and substitute those of heiress number two, the other quarters being unchanged. The arms are then as in Fig. 885. Quarterly: 1 and y, Argent, a bend gules, for Coyle; a, Or, a fleur-de-lis azure, for Dean ; j, Argent, a lion rampant azure, for De Vere. The arms of heiress number three would replace the original arms of the family in the fourth quarter, and the shield would then be as in Fig. 893. Quarterly: 1, Argent, a bend gides, for Coyle; 2, Or, a fleur-de-lis azure, for Dean; j, Argent , a lion rampant azure, for De Vere; y, Argent, a saltire azure, for Greene. When more than four coats have to be marshalled, the number of vertical lines is increased, and the divisions, though more than four, are still called quarters. The coats are then placed in the divisions or quarters in the order MARSHALLING. 309 in which they came into the family. Where there is an uneven number of coats, the last quarter is usually filled by repeating the first. The following will more clearly explain the system : Example Fig. 882 illustrates the arms of Coyle , who married the heiress of the family of Dean, and accordingly bears her arms in the centre of his shield in pretence. In event of there being co-heiresses of the Dean family, the husband of each would bear the Dean arms in the same way over his own family arms, and the issue would be entitled to bear the combined arms. For example, the issue of the Coyle-Dean family would bear the arms quartered; thus, the Coyle arms would occupy the 1st and 4th quarters and the Dean arms the 2d and 3d (see Fig. 883), and the arms thus combined would be hereditary to all succeeding descendants and lineal heirs. It is in this way that heraldry records the marriages and alliances of one family with another, and genealo¬ gists are sometimes enabled to trace pedigrees through the medium of an impression from a cut or seal of an old coat of arms. Thus, Fig. 883 is the coat of arms of a son or descendant of Coyle- Dean, and, assuming that he marries a De Vere who is an heiress, he would bear the De Vere arms in a small shield of pretence over the arms of bis family (Fig. 884), and his children would bear quartered arms, as in Fig. 885. But if the De Vere is not an heiress, the arms of the two families would then 3 IQ HERALDRY IN AMERICA. be impaled as in Fig. 886, but the issue could only bear the father’s arms, as in Fig. 883. A daughter of the De Vere heiress would bear arms, as in Fig. 885, but upon a lozenge instead of a shield, as in Fig. 887. Fig. 886. Fig. 887. Fig. 888. If this daughter, herself an heiress (there being no sons), were to marry a Greene, her quartered arms would be placed over his in pretence , as in Fig. 888; but if she be not an heiress, her quartered arms would be then impaled with his, as in Fig. 889. If she were an heiress, her descendants would bear the combined arms of Greene, Coyle, Dean, and De Vere, as in Fig. 890; but if not an heiress, they would bear the Greene arms only. That these arms, as in Fig. 890, may be properly arranged they are mar¬ shalled by a system called quarterly quartering (see Fig. 580), and the arms of the various families are then placed in the several quarters in their regular order. If a son of the De Vere heiress (who had married a Coyle-Dean) were to marry a Greene, he would impale the Greene arms with his, as Fig. 891, but if she were an heiress her arms would be placed in pretence over the quartered arms of Coyle-Dean-De Vere, as in Fig. 892, and their issue would bear the quartered arms of Coyle-Dean-De Vere-Greene, as in Fig. 893. The quarters necessary for displaying later alliances would be formed by dividing the shield into a greater number of parts, as before described, the divisions or quarters MARSHALLING. being numbered from dexter to sinister as before, and the arms being placed in them in the order in which the alliances were made. (See Fig. 919.) Where the quarterings become numerous, heralds generally select a few of the most important, especially where the arms are to be painted in a small space or engraved upon small articles. When a man marries an heiress and their only issue is a daughter, she would bear in a lozenge the quartered arms of her father and mother. If the father had a son by a second wife, the son could bear only the father’s arms, having no claim to the arms of his father’s first wife. But if the second wife be an heiress, he can bear her arms with those of his paternal ancestors. Fig. 893. Fig. 892. Fig. 891. A shield of pretence must not be confused with an augmentation of honor , which is sometimes placed on a small shield, but is never quartered and never changes its position. Marshalling also consists in the grouping of the various parts of a coat of arms ; for instance, the shield, crest, helmet, mantling, motto, etc., when placed in one composition are marshalled , and called an achievement. Arms of dominion, communities, corporate bodies, etc., are also mar¬ shalled by quartering, and the principal coat, as in all quartering, occupies the first quarter, the other coats being assigned to their proper quarters in the regular order of precedence. There are also instances of such arms mar¬ shalled by impalement. 312 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. ILLUSTRATION OF FOUR GRAND QUARTERS. 1 An illustration of grand quartering is shown in Fig. 894. It includes the arms of Bellas of Bellasis, a family of whom (as has been said in time past by the heralds in their visitations of Yorkshire, Durham, and Westmore¬ land), “ few, if any, of our British nobles can boast of a longer line than that of the great and ancient house of Bellasys, deducing, as it doth, an unbroken genealogy from the time of William the Conqueror.” These arms, in the first grand quarter, together with those of the principal alliances of the family prior to its elevation to the peerage of England as Barons, Viscounts, and Earls Fauconberg (as shown in the fourth grand quarter) quartered with those of Smith and Moore in the second and Stuart and Wemyss in the third grand quarter, are as follows: Quarterly of four grand quarters. I. Quarterly : 1. Argent, a chevron git. betzveen two fleurs-de-lis in chief and an eagle displayed in base as. (Bellas). 11. Or, three pallets gu., a chief vaire (Bellasis), (Eng d ancient), in. Argent, a pale engrailed betzveen two pallets sa. (Bellasis, Scotland), iv. Argent, a chevron gu. betzveen three fleurs-de-lis as. (Bcllasyse of Bellasis). II. Quarterly : 1. Argent, a unicorn's head erased as. armed and maned or, on a chief zvavy as. three losengcs or (Smith of Scotland). 11. Argent, on a bend sa. three crosses crosslet of the field ( Charnocke). in. Gules, a chevron or, betzveen tzvo roses in chief arg. and a bugle-horn in base of the third, garnished as. (Duncan), iv. Argent, ten crosses potent, four, three, tzvo, one, gu. (Moore). III. Quarterly: i. Or, a fesse cheque arg. and as. (Stuart), n. Argent, three inescutcheons gu. (Haye). hi. Argent, on a bend as. three buckles or (Leslie), iv. Or, a lion rampant gu. armed and langucd as. (Wemyss). IV. Quarterly: i. Or, a fesse dancette sa. (Vavasour), n. Sable, an orle betzveen six martlets , three , tzvo, one, arg. (Lc Spring), in. Argent, three hunting-horns sa. stringed and garnished or (Bellingham), iv. Argent, three bars gemellcs gu. surmounted by a lion rampant sa. (Fairfax). Crests: i. A stag's head erased per fesse indented arg. and gu., gorged with a ducal coronet and attired or, holding in mouth a fleur-de-lis as. (for Bellas). 2. A lion couchant guardant as. (for Fauconberg). 3. An arm in armor embowed throwing a spear ppr. (for Smith). Mottoes: i. Bonne et belle asses (for Bellas and Bellasis). 2. Virtute sine timore (for Smith). 1 This is not an achievement in use, but the authentic arms of different branches of one family marshalled as an example. CHAPTER XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS : HELMETS, CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, CAPS, MANTLE, SURCOAT, CYCLAS, JUPON, TABARD, CONTOISE, HATCHMENTS, AND BOOK-PLATES. HELMETS. The Helmet , in English heraldry called also helm, casque, basinet, morion, and salade, in Latin gales and cassis, and in French heaulim, haulme , haume, and casqiie , has been made of various forms and compositions, to protect the head in battle. Ihe earlier Greek and Roman helmets were surmounted by plumes, but, unlike their modern successors, did not protect the face. During the Middle Ages the helmet was made of the finest steel, often inlaid with gold, and provided with a visor to cover the face in action and to allow of being opened at other times. From the form known as the Norman, the helmet at a later period varied in shape according to the degree of the person who wore it; and helmets were set over coats of arms to indicate by their forms the rank of the bearer. The helmet borne-by the sovereign and princes of the blood royal is of gold, full faced and open, generally with but six bars, and lined with crimson (Fig. 895). At times it is shown with a seventh bar. The helmet borne by dukes and marquises is placed affronte, and is of steel, with five golden bars. Fig. 895. Fig. 896. The helmet borne by earls, viscounts, and barons is of silver and guarded with ten golden bars, but placed in profile, so that only five of the bars show. It is lined with crimson (Fig. 896). The helmet assigned to baronets and knights is full faced, of steel, the visor up, and without bars, ornamented with silver, and lined with crimson (Fig. 897). The helmet of esquires and gentlemen is of steel, with the visor or beaver 314 MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS, CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 315 down, ornamented with silver, and placed in profile. This is the form used when the helmet is borne as a charge upon the field (Fig. 898), and, with rare exceptions, is the only helmet that should appear in the heraldry of America. German and other Continental heralds, who recognize the use of many crests over one shield of quarterings, place all of them upon helmets, looking from each side toward the centre one; but English heralds, when only one is Fig. 897. Fig. 898. borne, ever place it, if in profile, turned toward the dexter, but when two crests are depicted, they are sometimes placed vis-a-vis for the sake of artistic effect. In achievements the helmet is borne upon the top of the shield. The helmet when borne over the shield supports the crest, but it is not mentioned in' blazoning. In American arms, care should be taken in the designing of a proper helmet, as it would appear ridiculous for an American to bear the helmet of a king or noble. To the latter there are several excep¬ tions. According to English heraldic law, a helmet should never be placed over the arms of any woman except those of the sovereign. CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, AND CAPS. Crowns have always been the distinguishing ornaments of kings, and are the emblems of sovereignty throughout Europe at the present time. Coronets are worn by princes and nobles upon state occasions, and are always repre¬ sented above their coats of arms, the form of the coronet at all times indicating the rank of' the bearer. In France the coronet appears above the shields of noblemen almost invariably, and little attention is paid to the crest. The Imperial Crown of England is composed of four crosses pattee and four fleurs-de-lis, which are set upon the circlet alternately. Two arches studded Fig. 899. Fig. 900. Fig. 901. with pearls arise from within the crosses, and are surmounted by a mound, upon which rests another cross pattee. The cap is of crimson velvet (Fig. 899). 3 16 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. The Mural Crown is of gold; the circle is masoned and the top embattled. It was given to those who distinguished themselves in military sieges. It is drawn with either four or five points, but the form shown in Fig. 900 has the preference. The Pallisado Crozvn is a golden circle, from which sharp-pointed stakes arise (Fig. 901). When the stakes arise from the inside it is called Crown Vallery. The Eastern or Antique Crown , sometimes called Radiated , is represented by an indefinite number of rays, although it is generally drawn with five. It is of gold (Fig. 902). Fig. 902. 1 ig. 903. Fig. 904. The Celestial Crown resembles the Eastern Crown, but the rays are higher and not quite so broad, while each is surmounted by a star (Fig. 903). The Naval Crown is a gold circle, bearing on the rim sterns of ships and sails, arranged alternately (Fig. 904). A Duke's Coronet is a circle of gold chased and guarded by ermine. It is decorated with eight strawberry leaves, of which five are shown in represen¬ tation (Fig. 905). This must not be confused with the Ducal Coronet (Fig. 910). A Marquis' Coronet is a chased circlet of gold, with four pearls or balls of silver and as many strawberry leaves alternating, and set upon low points on the rim. In illustrations three leaves and two pearls are shown (Fig. 906). Fig. 905. Fig. 906. Fig. 907. An Earl's Coronet is a chased circle of gold, from which rise eight rays or spikes, and upon the top of each is a pearl. On the rim and alternating with the rays are strawberry leaves, of which four are shown in illustrations (Fig. 90 7 ). A Viscount's Coronet is of gold, and embellished with twelve, fourteen, or sixteen pearls set upon the rim close together (Fig. 908). A Baron's Coronet is a circle of gold, enhanced with six pearls of large size, four of which are shown in illustrations (Fig. 909). A Ducal Coronet. Various modifications of crowns and coronets exist, MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS , CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 3 17 and are often charged upon shields or borne with crests, etc. The most prominent is the Ducal or, as Boutell suggests, the “ Crest Coronet" (Fig. 910). Fig. 908. Fig. 909. Fig. 910. This coronet has reference to no rank, but is generally borne in conjunction with the crest or upon the necks of birds or animals, which are then said to be gorged. The Cap of Maintenance or Chapeau was for a long time an emblem of rank worn by kings and nobles. It is sometimes borne as a charge, but is generally used to support the crest in place of the wreath (Fig. 911). The Archbishop's Mitre is often represented as rising from a duke’s coronet, but sometimes the crest coronet is used as shown in Fig. 912. Fig. 911. Fig. 912. Fig. 913. The Bishop's Mitre is generally represented as in the example (Fig. 913). The caps of the coronets of the nobility are crimson, but they are not necessarily worn with the coronets, or borne with them in heraldic achieve¬ ments. The wife of a noble is entitled to bear over her arms the same coronet as her husband. COATS OF ARMS : THE MANTLE, SURCOAT, CYCLAS, JUPON, TABARD, AND CONTOISE. The Mantle or Surcoat was a loose, flowing garment, attached to the helmet, and worn over the armor to protect it from rust as well as heat, and from this arose the idea of decorating painted, engraved, or carved coats of arms with it. It is generally shown in fanciful twists and turns, said to repre¬ sent the cuts received in battle, and is designed at the taste of the artist, although in earlier times it was indicated exactly as worn. The mantle was decorated with the arms and heraldic devices of the bearer, and helped to distinguish him in the field of battle. HERALDRY IN AMERICA. 318 The style of the surcoat naturally changed, and it was followed by the Cyclas, which was long and flowing behind, but short in front. This was prob¬ ably due to the inconvenience of fighting with much material hanging over the arms. It is said that the surcoat and cyclas were worn only in battle. The Jupon was the next fashionable garment, and probably originated from cutting the back of the cyclas to the length of the front, although it fitted the body more closely. The Tabard was popular many years after the jupon had ceased to be worn, and may be described as like the jupon but with short sleeves, the jupon having no sleeves. The Contoise was a scarf worn by knights up.on the helmet, and is said to have been a love-token. From it the mantling seen in the decoration of shields is supposed by some to have been derived. Ladies of rank also wore mantles, frequently decorated with their hus¬ band’s arms impaled with their own, or the husband’s arms only. Many dresses of the richest materials were also embroidered with heraldic devices of most elaborate execution. HATCHMENTS. Hatchments are the armorial bearings of the deceased, borne within a lozenge-shaped form, which is placed upon the front of the house. They are not now used in the United States, although several examples still exist. One Fig. 914. of these hangs in the Tower Room of Old Christ Church in Philadelphia, and is represented by Fig. 914. Another, that of the Dickinson family, hangs in the Philadelphia Library (Fig. 915). Among other hatchments are those of the families of Browne, Gookin, and Thurston. BROWNE. Gules , on a chevron bctivecn three leopard's heads argent , as many escallops azure. MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS, CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 319 Crest : A cubit arm vested gules cuffed argent, holding in the hand ppr. a sword erect of the last, hilted or, enfiled with a leopard's head of the second. Motto : “ Virtus curd servabitf —“Virtue shall preserve by care.” 1 GOOKIN AND THURSTON. Quarterly 1 and 4, Gules, a chevron between three cocks or (Gookin) ; 2 and j, Sable, a cross crosslet ermine, impaling: Argent, on a bend gidcs three mullets or, and in chief a lion statant gules? The hatchment bearing the arms of the Izard family, related to the Drayton family, of Philadelphia, hangs in Old Goose Creek Church, South Carolina. Each hatchment indicates whether the deceased was a private gentleman or nobleman, whether a bachelor, married man, widower, married woman, maid, widow, etc. Hugh Clark thus describes the system: “ BACHELOR. “ When a bachelor dies, his arms and crest are painted single or quartered, but never impaled ; the ground of the hatchment under the shield is all black. “ MAIDEN. “ When a maiden dies, her arms (but no crest) must be placed in a lozenge, and may be single or quartered, with the ground under the escutcheon all black, as the former. “ MARRIED MAN. “When a married man dies, his arms are impaled with his wife’s; the ground of the hatchment under his side of the shield in black, the ground under his wife’s side in white; the black side signifies the husband to be dead, and the white side denotes the wife to be living. “ MARRIED WOMAN. “ When a married woman dies, her arms are impaled with her husband’s (but no crest); the ground of the hatchment under her side of the shield is black, that of her husband white; which signifies the wife to be dead, and the husband living. 1 This hatchment has been owned by three successive generations of William Browne, of Sudbury, Massachusetts. It is now the property of Mrs. Samuel Reed, of Ayer, Massachusetts, a grand¬ daughter of William Browne who died in Sudbury, 1850. 1 these arms hung in the church of Ripple, Kent, England, and were procured by the late J. Wingate Thornton, Boston, to whose family they belong. They are now deposited with the New England Historical and Genealogical Society. 320 HERALDRY IN AMERICA . “ WIDOWER. “ When a widower dies, his arms are impaled with those of his deceased wife, with his crest • the ground of the hatchment to be all black. “ WIDOW. “ When a widow dies, her arms are impaled with her husband’s in a lozenge (but no crest); the ground of the hatchment to be all black. “ When a man is the last of a family, the death’s head supplies the place of a crest, denoting that death has conquered all. “ When a woman is the last of a family, her arms are placed in a lozenge, with death’s head on the top. “OTHER DISTINCTIONS. “ The peer is distinguished by his coronet and supporters. “ The baronet by his peculiar badge. “ The knight-companion by the motto of his order. “ The bishop by the mitre.” BOOK-PLATES. Whatever criticism may be expended on the bearing of arms in America, none can affect the use of the book-plate; for in the privacy of his own library the armiger may enjoy the innocent luxury of heraldry to his heart’s content. Fig. 916. MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS, CEO JENS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 321 and adapt his family devices in a manner both useful and decorative. From the many book-plates long used in this country, it is evident that they are a source of great pleasure to lovers of the art. The designs are endless and of all classes, displaying in many instances the owner’s tastes and fancies. Some, generally heraldic, have passed as heirlooms from generation to gener¬ ation, the drawing and execution bearing evidence of the time in which the plates were made. Others are of later design—fanciful, pretty, appropriate or inappropriate, as the case may be—and in many instances the name alone in script or ornamented letters answers the librarian’s purpose. Book-plates ( ex-libris) originated in Germany (the birthplace of heraldry), and are known to have been used as early as the sixteenth century. Naturally, they were most often of heraldic form, as a coat of arms within a book answered the same practical purpose as the devices upon a warrior’s shield; one identified the man, the other his property. Much has been written on this interesting subject in this country as well as abroad; and here many fine examples are in the possession of collectors, who have gathered them from all sources. It is possible that several hundred Colonial families used this system of marking their libraries; and the practice has steadily increased in favor. Probably the oldest known book-plate is that of William Penn (1702), as shown in Fig. 50. The Byrd book-plate (Fig. 916) may be mentioned as one of historical interest. From many others the book-plate of Francis Hopkinson has been selected on account of its odd and artistic style (Fig. 917). Fig. 917 322 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. The best-known book-plate in America is undoubtedly that of Washington, examples of which are in possession of various historical societies and individ¬ uals throughout the country. The example as shown in Fig. 918 is taken from an original impression at Valley Forge. The arms in this plate are thus blazoned in Burke: THE WASHINGTON ARMS. Arms : Arg. two bars gu. ; in chief three mullets of the second. Crest : Out of a ducal coronet or, an eagle issuant, with wings endorsed, sa. Another Crest : A raven, with wings endorsed, ppr., issuing out of a ducal coronet or. Another book-plate (impaled) is a complete “ heraldic achievement,” and practically a genealogical table, showing the various alliances of the male lines with heiresses (Fig. 919). This is undoubtedly one of the finest speci¬ mens in use in the United States, and is thoroughly heraldic and historic in its character. No more pleasing or instructive example could be set before the student, and it is commented upon at length because it is American in every respect and detail. The arms in the quarterings are without exception those of coats borne paternally or quarterly by American Colonial families and well recorded and substantiated abroad. Of particular interest to Americans is the fact that two leading founders of the Colonies are here commemorated, in the family coat of arms of Sir Walter Raleigh and that of West, Lord Dela¬ ware. The book-plate is from the library of the Rev. Dr. C. Ellis Stevens, Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia, and Chaplain-General of the Society of Colonial Wars. Its emblazonry is as follows: Arms : Stevens—Quarterly of sixteen : 1. Per chevron azure and argent, in chief two falcons rising or. 2. Gules, on a bend cotised argent, a bendlet wavy azure. 3. Or, a chevron azure between three mascles gules, on a chief of the last a wolf passant argent. 4. Argent, a chevron sable between three roses gules seeded and leaved proper. 5. Argent, a chevron engrailed gules between three leopard's faces azure, a crescent for difference of the last. 6. Or, a bend vane. 7. Ermine, a fesse between three cinquefoils gules. 8. Gules, two bends wavy argent. 9. Or, in fesse two mullets between three bugle-horns sable, stringed gules, through that in base an arrow in pale point doivmvard of the second, barbed and feathered argent. 10. Azure, a chevron or, between three bucks statant argent. 11. Gules, a fret and canton argent. 12. Argent, a fret gules. 13. Gironny of eight, argent and gules. 14. Azure, a chevron be¬ tween three boar's heads coupcd or. 15. Argent, on a chevron gules, between three covered cups or, a dagger of the second tail sable. 16. Azure, seme of fleurs-de-lis and a lion rampant argent; impaling Aikman, quarterly of six: 1. and vi. Argent, a sinister hand in base issuing out of a cloud fesseways, hold¬ ing an oaken baton paleways, with a branch sprouting out at the top thereof proper, surmounted of a bend engrailed gules. 11. Grand quarter, (1 and 4) MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS , CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 323 Argent, a fesse dancette sable, (2 and 3) Gules, three leopard's faces reversed , jessant de lis or. hi. Azure, izvo bars argent , on a chief or, three escallops of the first, iv. Argent, on a bend engrailed sable , //vw annulets or. v. Azure, on a terrace vert, a tree proper. Crest : A demi-eagle displayed or. Motto : “Byde Tyme'd Below the centre of the shield is suspended the cross decoration of a Knight Commander of the Order of Christ, conferred on Dr. Stevens by the King of Portugal. These arms are an illustration of marshalling rare in this country, and, as already said, form a complete “ heraldic achievement.” On the dexter side they are quartered according to the English heraldic law, and on the impaled side according to the Scottish law, which is nearly the same as that in use upon the Continent of Europe. Though the bearer of this coat of arms is a male representative of the Norman house of Fitz Stephen, dating from the reign of the first of the Plantagenet kings, Henry II., in the twelfth century, his own line (which alone holds the hereditary honors) has been resident in this country for more than two hundred and fifty years. 1 All the quarterings have been inherited from heiresses, and are preserved in seals, or in sepulchral or manorial sculptures, and recorded in Visitations of the College of Heralds prior to 1620. The quarterings are, in fact, so ancient as to illustrate many points of interest in the history of heraldry,—some of them dating from the time of the actual use of coat-armor in battle and tournament. Such, for instance, is the sixth quartering, which represents a shield of brass with a band across it of the fur called vaire. This is the oldest device of the shields of the Raleighs, of Devonshire, and has been quartered by the ancestors of the present owner since before the days of Sir Walter Raleigh, who belonged to a later generation of the same house. Space does not permit of a full description of the many points of this emblazonry; but it may be mentioned that the ninth quartering is of the family of Howley, of which was Dr. How- ley, Archbishop of Canterbury; and the tenth quartering is that of the arms of Sir Robert Tresilian, Lord Chief Justice of England in 1382. Sir Robert was beheaded and attainted by the rebellious baronage for his loyalty to the king, forfeiting the right to transmit arms to his descendants. The arms are here quartered in consequence of a subsequent special royal grant of King Richard II. The eleventh and twelfth quarterings are interesting as furnish¬ ing an old example of the noting of difference in heraldic inheritance by reversal of tinctures. The first, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth quarterings illustrate ancient usages of hunting and the chase. 2 The impaled arms are those of the house of Aikman, lairds of Cairney, Rosse, and Brambleton, 1 The surname Stevens or Stephens, being derived from the Christian name Stephen, is borne by many English, Welsh, and American families having no connection with this particular family. 2 It will be noticed that the fifteenth quartering contains the apparent heraldic novelty of the use of metal on metal; but it has been borne in this way by the family since the reign of King Edward II. 326 HERALDR Y IN AMERICA. Judge of the Supreme Court from 1739 to 1743. He died in Philadelphia, 1746. William Griffitts, born 1724, was one of the founders and earliest con¬ tributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital. He married, April 16, 1752, Abigail, daughter of Samuel Powel, and died at Philadelphia, August 25, 1762. Samuel Powel Griffitts, M.D., born in Philadelphia, July 21, 1759, was founder of the Philadelphia Dispensary, 1786; one of the founders of Phila¬ delphia College of Physicians; and Professor of Materia Medica in the Uni¬ versity of Pennsylvania. He married Mary, daughter of William Fishbourne, and died in Philadelphia, 1826. This book-plate is a copy of one used successively by Thomas, William, and Dr. Samuel Powel Griffitts from 1714 to 1826. The original is still in the possession of a descendant, and copies are in the libraries of other de¬ scendants of the families of Griffitts, Fisher, Lewis, Morgan, Rotch, Jackson, Wharton, Churchman, Emlen, Smith, Pitting, and Wells. The book-plate shown in Fig. 921 presents the arms of the Merrick family quartered with those of Vaughan. The former traces ancestry to Cydavail, Judge of the Powis Court, Wales, circa a.d. 1200. The family name, then spelled Menric , was the Christian name of the son of Llewellyn, of Bodorgan, Anglesea, Wales, who thus became a founder. He died circa 1550. The descent lies through his second son, Rowland Meyrick, Bishop of Bangor (1556), and his grandson, Sir Geliy Mericke, of Lascard, County Pembroke, one of whose daughters married Sir John Vaughan, of Golden Grove, County Carew, Earl of Carberry, who died 1635. Thus the arms of these two ancient families were for the first time quartered. At subsequent periods inter¬ marriages took place between these two families, who were near neighbors in Wales and the bordering counties of England. The arms of the Merricks in one branch (through Sir Geliy Mericke) were : Gules, two porcupines in pale argent, armed or; in another branch, Sable on a chevron argent, between three staves raguly or inflamed proper, a fleur-dedis azure between three Cornish choughs proper. The original crest is A castle argent, surmounted by a chough holding a fleur-de-lis in the dexter claw. In 1583 a crest was granted to the aforesaid Sir Geliy Mericke of “a lyon's hedd coupcd arg. on a wreath argent and gules, wounded with a broken launce Or, embraced, gules, mantled argent doubled gules all as appears by a grant given under the hand and seal of Gilbert Dethocke, Garter King-at-Arms. A pho¬ tographic copy of this unique document is presented in Fig. 268. The arms of the Vaughan family as they appear quartered in the plate are, Sable, a chevron argent between three boy's heads coupcd ppr. crined or, enwrapped about the necks with snakes vert. The arms thus quartered were first borne in America before the Revolu¬ tion by Samuel Merrick, who settled in Philadelphia as a merchant. His MISCELLANEOUS: HELMETS, CROWNS, CORONETS, MITRES, ETC. 327 brother, John Merrick, married Rebecca Vaughan, a descendant of the afore¬ mentioned Sir John Vaughan, who was a sister of John Vaughan, Esq., the well-known philanthropist in the early days of Philadelphia. They settled in Hollowed, Maine, circa 1790. The owner of the book-plate is the son of their eldest son (Samuel Vaughan Merrick, Esq., who died 1871), and their eldest grandson. He has incorporated with the quartered arms both crests, and the motto (Christi Servitus Vera Libertas) which belonged of long time to his own branch of the family. The use of book-plates is by no means confined to individuals. Colleges, public libraries, societies, etc., have their book-plates, which emphasize his¬ torical events or are emblematic of the organization’s object. Notable among these is the book-plate of the Maine Historical Society, 1 which is particularly interesting. The heraldic features are in the shield, which is quarterly of four: I. From the seal of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. II. The arms of the Popham family. III. Arms of France. IV. Arms of Edward Godfrey, first Governor of Maine, 1649. Over all is an inescutcheon charged with four dates: 1605, First Voyage to the Coast of Maine. 1649, Edward Godfrey chosen Governor. 1678, The Usurpation by Massachusetts. 1820, The Sepa¬ ration from Massachusetts. (See Fig. 922.) The book-plate of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania is of the arms of Penn impaling the present arms of the State. (See Fig. 923.) 1 For a copy of book-plate from which design is taken acknowledgments are tendered Mr. H. W. Bryant, Librarian. CHAPTER XIX. FRENCH AND GERMAN HERALDRY. The heraldry of France and Germany differs materially from that of England, since it is more elaborate in character and governed by less exact rules. This fact was made very apparent at the Columbian Fair, where the endless display of heraldic decorations gave ample opportunity for comparison. The heraldry of Germany was particularly splendid in color and design, but so elaborate, and often so freely executed, that it became difficult to blazon it. Color appeared upon color and metal upon metal. Shields were charged with numbers of smaller ones. Charges and crests faced either the sinister or dexter. As many as ten or twelve helmets were placed over one shield, and in some instances the great number of quarterings produced confusing effects. The same characteristics were very noticeable in the Italian and Spanish exhibits also, and the free use of flags as accessories was a prominent feature. By contrast with so much that was elaborate and confused, the more simple and intelligible system of English heraldry commanded attention; and it is worthy of note that the execution of American heraldic painting seemed to conform to the English rules. FRENCH HERALDRY. The heraldry of France is particularly artistic and elegant, and probably approaches the English standard of accuracy more nearly than the heraldry of any other country; but there, as in the work of the other nations of the Continent, more freedom in execution is allowed. The rule that color shall not be charged on color nor metal upon metal exists, but it is avoided by terming bearings which violate it Cousu , or saved to the field. Thus, a mullet gules could be borne on a field azure by simply inserting the word cousu , to imply that the mullet was not charged upon the field, but simply sewed to it. The English rule that charges shall always face the dexter is violated in France, since charges borne contourne frequently occur, and in both impaled and quartered arms the charges on the dexter side sometimes face the sinister when there is a similar charge on the sinister side facing the dexter. This is probably done for the sake of artistic effect. The crest is rarely seen in French achievements except on helmets, but its place is supplied by the coronet or couronnc, which marks the rank of the 330 FRENCH AND GERMAN HERALDRY. 331 bearer. The coronet of a baron is known as le tortil; all others are termed couronnes. Another striking difference is found in the methods of marshalling. The shields of husband and wife are not impaled , but are borne on separate shields, and these are then placed side by side ( accole ). The children of the marriage bear the arms impaled, or sometimes quartered after the English manner. Fig. 924. Fig. 925. Fig. 926. lUBf Prince. Due. Marquis. Dimidiation is common in France, but it is used by the Germans even more often, and among them the results of it are occasionally very grotesque. The inescutcheon frequently bears the arms of an allied family, which, according to English rules, would form another quartering. Fig. 927. Fig. 928. Fig. 929. Comte. Vicomte. Baron. The French shield usually has for supporters two animals of the same species,—two bears, two lions, or two eagles,—and when human figures are used for supporters they are termed by some tenants; Pierre Palliot (1661), however, rejects this use of the term, and uses tenant only where a single figure or one animal holds or supports the shield. A very important difference in terms, and one that has caused some con¬ fusion in the United States and even in England, occurs in the use of the term Barre (French), which is used by some writers to mean the Bend Sinister. Guillim says, “A Bend Sinister is a term to which the French are unac¬ quainted, who call this ordinary a Barre: And some authors, as Baron in his l'Art Heraldique, p. 29, observes, ‘ Contreband, in my opinion, is a much properer name than the former: for as Bande or Bend is universally under¬ stood to express a Bend dexter; so Contrebande shews as plain the reverse in a Bend Sinister, which Barre I think doth not to any but themselves.’ ” The outline of the shield or l’Ecu may be varied, as is the practice in England, but the better usage seems to be to use a plain form, somewhat broader at the base than the customary English one, and thus better adapted to display quarterings. The lozenge is used for the arms of maiden ladies only ; a widow retains the shields of her husband and herself accole. The Mantling (.Lambrequins or Hachements) is especially elaborate, and as 332 HERALDR V IN AMERICA. it permits the full exercise of fancy, French artists take advantage of the opportunity to produce the most beautiful designs. It is tinctured in accord¬ ance with the arms. The motto is placed under the shield, and is called a Cri de Guerre or a Devise. The French helmet is placed over the shield, and should be cither affronte or facing the dexter. The old rule was that the achievements of noblemen only should be ornamented with a helmet, but even as early as the seventeenth century the rule was abused and commoners began to bear helmets. When the strict rule is followed, Emperors and Kings bear all of gold, ornamented and damasked , affronte, with the visor open (Figs. 930 and 931). Sovereign Princes and Sovereign Dukes bear a helmet which differs from the King’s Fig. 930. Fig. 931. Fig. 932. Fig. 933. helmet only in having the visor somewhat less open (Figs. 932 and 933). In either case the helmet may be borne with bars to the number of eleven or more. Princes and Dukes who are not Sovereigns, and certain high officers,—Constables, Admirals, Generals of Armies, Marshals, Governors of Provinces, Chancellors, and some others,—bear a helmet of silver, the visor, eye-guards, nose-guard, and ventaille border and studs (or nails') of gold, affronte and with nine bars (Fig. 934). Marquises bear all of silver with seven bars affronte (Fig. 935). Counts and Viscounts, as well as Premiers, Presidents, Guardians of the Seal, Colonels, and Master of the Camp, if Fig. 934. Fig. 935. they are Gentlemen by blood, bear all of silver, and turned so that two-thirds of the visor is seen, thus showing only seven bars (Fig. 936). Barons and Knights of old lineage bear it of burnished silver, turned so that two-thirds FRENCH AND GERMAN HERALDRY. 333 of the visor is seen, showing five bars (Fig. 937). Gentlemen of three races, paternal and maternal, should bear it of polished steel, in profile, with the visor open , nazal raised and the ventaille lowered , showing three bars (Fig. 938). Esquires bear it of iron, placed in profile, and only slightly open at the visor (Fig. 939). The Esquire’s helmet is also assigned to those newly ennobled. The same helmet when turned to the sinister was used as a mark of ille¬ gitimacy. 1 Fig. 937. Fig. 938. Fig. 939. Some charges in French coats of arms differ from the English forms. Chevrons are drawn high, and where no charges appear in the chief, they often extend almost to the top of the escutcheon. The Bordure also occupies more space than is permitted in the heraldry of England. The Mullet is represented with six points and the Etoile with five wavy points. The names of the tinctures and furs are much the same in both French and English blazon, except Vert, which is termed by French heralds Sinople. In blazoning gutte, the French usage is to give the tincture instead of using such terms as de sang, de larmcs, and de l'can. Thus, Fig. 738 would be blazoned by an English herald Argent, gutte de sang, but the French blazon for it would be D'argent gutte de geules. The Roundel of each color has its particular name, as in English, but these names are not generally used. The custom is to blazon them torteaux and indicate the tincture in the usual way. Thus, a Pellet would be blazoned Un torteau de sable; the English Torteau would be blazoned Un torteau de geules ; a Hurt would be blazoned Un torteau d'azure. The method of blazoning was originally the same in both countries, but now there is a wide difference between English and French blazons of the same arms. This can be best illustrated by a few examples. Aberdeen de Cairnbuly. De gu. au chev. d’arg. acc. de trois etoiles rayon- nantes (6) d'or. Aberdeen (Cairnbuly). Gu. a chev. ar. betw three etoiles or. Adams (Londres). D'herm a trois chats pass, d'azur, I'un sur l'autre. Adams (London). Erin, three cats-a-mountain in pale az. Broke de Nacton (Cheshire). D'or a la croix engrelee partie de gu. et de sa. Broke (Nacton, Co. Suffolk, bart). Or, a cross engr. per pale sa. and gu. 1 For examples of helmets reference was made to Palliot, 1661. 334 HERALDRY IN AMERICA . Brooke. De gu. an chev. d'arg. ch. d'un lion de sa. conr. d'or. Brooke. Gu. on a chev. arg. a lion ramp. sa. crowned or. Kerr de Greenhead. De gu. au chev. d’arg. ch. de trois etoilcs du champ et acc. en p. dune fete ct col de cerf du sec. Ker (Greenhead, Scotland). Gu. on a chev. ar. three mullets of the first , a buck's head erased in base , in chief a crescent of the second. GERMAN HERALDRY. The distinguishing characteristic of German heraldry is, perhaps, the elaboration of detail. This is frequently carried so far that clearness is en ¬ tirely lost and the arms become a confused mass of color. Quarterings are obtained not only by marriage with heiresses, but with others as well, and the result naturally is a great increase in the number of divisions of the shield and a consequent reduction in the size of the charges of each division. The form of the shield may vary with the fancy of the artist, but a plain form is most usual. The colors used are the same as those found in English coats, and are indicated in engraving in the same way. Roth .... Gules . . . Red . . . . R. Blau .... Azure. . . . Blue B. Grim .... Vert .... Green G. Schwarz . . . Sable .... Black . . . Purpur . . . Purpure . . . Purple . . . and the metals : Gold .... Or.Gold . . . . G. Silber . . . Argent . . . Silver . . . S. The rule that color shall not be placed upon color nor metal upon metal was strictly observed in early times, but the carelessness or ignorance of later painters has caused many violations of it. Arms which do not conform with this canon, which is fundamental in English heraldry, are called Rathsel- Wappen,—Puzzle-Arms,—a term which suggests the French des Armes a Enquerir. The colors which correspond to our Murrey and Sanguine are usually mentioned in connection with the other tinctures, but are rarely used. The furs which appear oftenest in German arms are those common in English arms, but to these have been added at least twenty others. A partial list of those used follows: Hermelin (Ermine), Gegenhermelin (Ermines), Gold- hermelin (Erminois), Fehwammen or Kursch (no corresponding fur in English), Hermelinkursch (no corresponding fur in English), Vehem (or natural Ermine), and Fell (Vair) in many varieties, the most common of which, Eisenhut-Feh , is the English vair. This same general name includes Potent (Sturtzkriicken Feh) and a modification of it (Wechsel-kriicken-Feh). The German Kruckc corresponds to our English potent , since both mean a crutch. FRENCH AND GERMAN HERALDR Y. 335 Diapering or Damascirung appears subordinate to the tinctures and charges of the field, as is the custom in English heraldry, but this orna¬ mentation is used much more frequently by German artists, and their patterns are more elaborate. The shield may be divided by the partition-lines,—Gespalten (per pale), Getheilt (per fesse), Geschragt or Schraggetheilt (per bend), Linkgeschragt or Schraglinksgetheilt (per bend sinister), Schraggeviert (per saltire), Geviert (per cross or quarterly). The ornamental lines are found both as partition¬ lines and forming the outlines of the ordinaries, but space will not permit of a detailed description of them. The “ ordinaries” of English heraldry are known to the Germans, but the German drawings differ in breadth from the English ; thus, the Pfal occupies but two-sevenths of the breadth of the field, while the English Pale occupies one-third. The Balken corresponds to the Fesse, but it is narrower, and may be placed higher or lower than the middle. Of the other ordinaries, the Schildhaupt (Chief), Vierung (Quarter), Obereck (Canton), Kreuz (Cross), Bord (Border), Schragbalken (Bend), Linker Schragbalken or Schraglink- balken (Bend Sinister), Keil (Pile), Sparren (Chevron), Schragen or Andreas- kreuz (Saltire) correspond very nearly to the English forms. Der Sparren is, however, drawn much higher than the chevron. In addition to these there are the Flanke , resembling a pale moved to the edge of the shield; the Shild- fuss, an ordinary placed on the base of the shield corresponding to the Chief in size; the Deichsel , an ordinary shaped like the letter Y; the Goppel , formed like an inverted Deichsel; and the Spitze, an inverted Pile. The Cross appears in the plain form and in the numerous fanciful variations, just as in the English arms. Fig. 940. Fig. 941. Fig. 942. Fig. 943. Three forms of helmets are seen, the Kiibel Helme (Figs. 940 and 941), the Stechhelme (Figs. 942 and 943), and the Spangenhelme (Figs. 944 and 945). They are usually of polished iron and lined with red, but helms of gold and 336 HERALDRY IN AMERICA. silver are sometimes seen, and occasionally blue or black is used for the lining. It is a general custom to place as many helmets above the shield as there are quarterings. The Mantling (Helmdecken) is attached to the helmet and colored in accordance with the tinctures of the arms. The Crest (Kleinod) is an essential part of a German achievement, and the rule once was that no helmet should be borne without a crest, and no crest without a helmet. This rule is not now followed, however, and many arms are borne with the crest placed on a wreath im¬ mediately over the shield. Perhaps the most common crest is the horn or pair of horns, said by some to represent the herald’s trumpet, and to indicate that the arms had been duly blazoned at some tournament. Crests face either dexter or sinister, but when borne in American achieve¬ ments should be subject to the English custom, and face dexter. The crowns and coronets of the German Empire are too numerous to be given in detail, since the sovereign of each state has his own particular form of crown, and the members of the reigning houses also bear coronets as distinguishing marks of their rank. The Kaiserkrone of the new German Empire is shown in Fig. 946. A few of the other coronets are shown in Figs. 947 to 952, inclusive. Fig. 946. Fig. 947. Princes and dukes. Fig. 948. Marquis in Austria. Fig. 949. Earl. Fig. 950. Baron. Fig. 951. Knight in North Germany. Fig. 952. Knight in South Germany. Human figures, beasts, and birds are used as supporters (Schildhalter); and the motto (Wappenspriiche), also called the Schlachtruf, or war-cry, may be placed either above or below the shield on the Spruchband. GLOSSARY In this glossary the aim has been to give a clear definition of every heraldic term in the shortest possible way. Many words quite familiar to English ears are explained at some length, since they are seldom heard in America, and in the same way some animals, common in England but rare here, are described. Numerous French terms are included for the benefit of those interested in armorial bearings on the Continent. Those which rarely occur in English blazon are marked (Fr.). The adjectives ending in y are for the most part formed from French adjectives ending in k or ke. When the French form is given, the masculine e has been used in all cases except where the adjective follows a cross; there the feminine ending ke has been retained, in accordance with the general usage. The accurate use of the French adjective when applied to English words would be difficult for those not deeply skilled in French genders, and, on the whole, an attempt to follow the French rule seems somewhat out of place. The adjectives have become technical words in English heraldry, and so should conform to English rules. Many different forms of the same word, produced by the erratic orthography—or, perhaps, non¬ orthography—of the writers previous to the time of Elizabeth, are included for the sake of complete¬ ness as well as for the assistance of Americans interested in the heraldic terms of early English literature. A. A. In tricking denotes argent. Abacot. A royal cap of state, in the shape of two crowns. Abaisse (Fr.). Lowered; used of an ordinary when depressed below the centre of the shield. Abatements. Certain marks of disgrace added to arms for an unworthy action committed by the bearer or his ancestor. Abbot. The head of an abbey or monastery. Abbot’s Staff. An abbot’s staff of office. Rep¬ resented with a crook turned inwards. It is usually accompanied by a cloth which hangs from it and encircles it. Abeyance. When the real owner of an estate or dignity is unascertained, the title is said to be in abeyance until the dispute is settled. A Bouche, a Shield. One notched for a lance on the dexter side near the top. Aboute. Used by the French heralds for Con¬ joined. Accessories. The various parts which go with the shield to make a complete armorial bearing; among them the helm, the crest, the supporters, the motto and scroll, the wreath, etc. Accolade. The blow given when the honor of knighthood was bestowed. It was said to be the last blow that the knight was to let pass unavenged. Accole. Used by French heralds to express collared. It also is used of two swords, etc., placed behind a shield, and of two shields placed side by side. Accompagne (Fr.). Between. Accosted. Used of a charge when flanked by other charges. Accroche. Used by French heralds to signify that one charge is hooked into another. Accroupi (Fr.). Lodged. Accrued. Used to express a tree which has attained its full growth. 339 340 GLOSSARY. Achievement. While this word is applicable to armorial bearings generally, yet it is now commonly used when speaking of the funeral achievement of some deceased person. This is usually affixed to the dwelling-house to de¬ note the death, rank, and station of the late occupant. It is composed of the shield with all the accessories,—helmet, mantle, crest, motto, etc. Acorne (Fr.). Attired. Acorned. Bearing acorns. Also called Fructed. Acote (Fr.). Accosted. Addorsed or Adossed. Applied to beasts, etc., placed back to back. Addosse (Fr.). Addorsed. Adorned. Decorated. As when a cap, turned up, has anything set on the side of it. Adumbrated. Represented in shadowy out¬ line. Adumbration. The shadow of any figure, out¬ lined and painted of a color darker than the field. Seldom seen in English coats of arms. Advancers. The upper branches of a stag’s horns. Affronte. (i) Facing or fronting one another. (2) Front or full-faced to the spectator. Agneau Pastoral (Fr.).. Agnus Dei. Agnus Dei Lamb, or Holy Lamb. A white lamb passant , with a staff crossed at the top, and a banner bearing the Red Cross of St. George. Aguilated or Aigulated. Ornamented with eagle’s heads. Aiglette. A small eagle. Aiguise. Sharp and pointed, or Fitchk. Used by French and early English heralds. Ailettes. See Emerasses. Aisle (Fr.). Winged. Ajoure (Fr.). Having a part of the ordinary removed so that the field appears through it. Also applied to open windows of castles. Alaisse or Alise (Fr.). Couped or Humett'e. Alant. A short-eared mastiff dog. A la Quise. See Cuisse. Alb. A long white garment worn by priests. Albany Herald. One of the members of the Lyon Office. Alderman. A city officer, derived from old English ealdor (older) and man. One of the elders. Alembic. A vessel for distilling, used originally by the alchemists. Aliaize or Aliece. A French term applied to an ordinary when it is couped at the ends so that it does not touch the edge of the shield. Alise. Spherical. Also (Fr.) Humette. Allerion. An eagle displayed, without beak or feet. Allume (Fr.). Applied to the eyes of a beast when they glow or sparkle. Almoner. One who distributes alms. Origi¬ nally a member of a certain religious order whose vows bound them to distribute alms among the poor. Altar. Usually borne surmounted by flames. Alterne (Fr.). Alternate. Amalthea (Fr.). Cornucopia. Ambulant. Walking or passant. Ambulant, Co-, Walking together. Amethyst. A precious stone of violet color, used by ancient heralds to denote purpure when blazoning the arms of peers. Amphisien Cockatrice. See Basilisk. Ananas. The West Indian pine-apple. Anchor. Borne in pale without a cable unless blazoned “ cabled.” Anchored or Ancred. A cross is so termed when each of its four extremities resembles the fluke of an anchor. Ancient or Ancyent. A small pointed flag, carried by an officer similar to the modern Ensign, who was also known as an An¬ cient. Ancre (Fr.). Anchored. Andrew’s Cross. See Saltire. Angenne. A six-leaved flower. Angle (Fr.). Angled. Angled. Applied to any bearing the outline of which is turned from its straight and natural course at one or more points. Anille (Fr.). Fer de Mouline. Anime. See Incensed. Annelet (Fr.). Annulet. Annodated. Bent like the letter S. Also ap¬ plied to serpents twisted or knotted loosely together. Annulet. A ring. Representing liberty and nobility, and, by its circular form, strength and eternity. It is the mark of difference of the fifth son. Annulets, Conjoined. Two or more annulets interlacing each other. Annulette, Annnulated, etc. Having a ring or annulet at each extremity. A Cross A min¬ iated. GLOSSARY. 341 Anserated. Parted. Used of a cross which is parted, and the extremities of which are formed into the shape of animal’s heads. Anshent. See Ancient. Antarctic Star. When but one star is borne it is called the North or Polar Star, but when two are borne, opposite each other, they are termed the Polar Stars, or the Arctic and Antarctic Stars. Ante or Ente. Ingrafted, or pieces let one into another, like dovetail. Antelope. An animal of the deer kind, with horns almost straight, tapering gradually from the head up; a long and slender neck, feet, legs, and body like a deer. The heraldic antelope is a fabulous monster, having the body of a stag, the tail of a unicorn, a tusk at the tip of the nose, and tufts down the back of the neck and on the tail, chest, and thighs. Anthony’s Cross. See Tau, a Cross. Antic or Antique. Ancient. Antique Crown. See Eastern Crown. Anvil. The instrument used by smiths. Apaume or Appalmed. Applied to a hand erect, open, and with the palm toward the spectator. This is the way the hand is repre¬ sented unless other directions are given. The red hand apaume is the badge of all baronets. See Badge of Ulster. Ape. An animal of the monkey tribe. Borne salt ant. Apostles’ Emblems. The emblems which have been given to the apostles have been adopted by various ecclesiastical bodies. The keys of St. Peter are borne by the sees of York, Exeter, and Gloucester, among others. Appalmed. Apauml or Apanmle Apple. Always borne with a short stalk. Apres. A fictitious animal, like a bull, but having the tail of a bear. Aquilated. Ornamented with eagle’s heads. Ar. or Arg. The abbreviation for Argent. Arazed. See Erased. Arbaleste. A cross-bow. Arch. Usually the arch of a bridge, supported by pillars. Both double and single arches are used in heraldry. Archbishop. The highest order in the English Church. Archduke. The title of the sons of Austrian emperors. Archduke’s Crown. A circlet of gold, adorned with eight strawberry leaves, and closed by two arches of gold set with pearls, meeting in a globe, which is surmounted by a cross. The cap is scarlet. Arched, Arche, or Archy. Said of an ordi¬ nary when both sides of it are curved alike. Arctic Star. When one star is borne it is of six points, wavy, and is termed the Arctic or North Polar Star. See Antarctic Star. Argent. The French word for silver, and in heraldry it is commonly white. It is usually abbreviated ar. or arg., and represented in en¬ graving by plain white. Arm. The human arm often appears as a charge, but more frequently as a crest. Armarium Honoris, See Cabinet des Armes. Arme (Fr.). Armed. Armed. Signifies that the claws, or the horns and hoofs, or the beak and talons, of any beast or bird of prey are borne of a different tincture from that of its body. Armed at all Points. Used for a man com¬ pletely encased in armor. Armes Parlantes. See Rebus. Arming Buckles. Lozenge-shaped buckles for fastening armor. Arming Doublet. A surcoat. Armoiries (Fr.). Insignia. Armorer. A maker of armor. Armorial Bearings. See Arms. Armory. One branch of the science of heraldry, consisting in the knowledge of coat-armors, as to their blazons and various intendments. Armoye (Fr.). Applied to a mantling when charged with arms. Arms. Hereditary marks of honor, composed of certain tinctures and figures, and originally either assumed by the bearers or else granted by sovereigns, to distinguish individuals, fami¬ lies, and communities. Arms of Adoption. The arms of a family into which a man is adopted. He usually bears them quartered with his paternal coat. Arms of Alliance. The arms of an heiress, quartered with those of her husband, borne by their children. Arms, Assumptive. Such arms as a man takes to himself as distinguished from inherited arms. Arms, Canting. Canting arms are those which allude to the name of the bearer,—a trevet, for Trevet; three herrings, for Herring; a camel, for Campbell; a pine-tree, for Pine ; three har¬ rows, for Harrow; a bolt and tun, for Bolton; and many others. 342 GLOSSAL Y. Arms of Community. Those of societies, guilds, towns, bishoprics, and other incorporated bodies. Arms of Concession. Parts of his own regalia granted by a sovereign to such as he wishes to honor. They are borne as augmentations. Arms of Dominion. Those which kings and emperors bear. These are attached to the lands and territories, and belong to the sover¬ eign by virtue of his office. Arms, Paternal and Hereditary. Those ac¬ quired by descent. Arms of Patronage. Those that governors of provinces, lords of manors, patrons of benefices, etc., add to their family arms as a token of their rights and jurisdiction. Arms of Pretension. Coats borne by sover¬ eigns who have some claim to, though they are not in actual possession of, the territories which the arms represent. Armys. Old English for arms or armor. Armys Harnysyd. Arms ar?ned. Aronde. Rounded off. Arondia. See Arrondie. Arrache (Fr.). See Erased. Arraswise or Arrasways. Applied to any square charge when placed with one corner toward the observer, and showing the top and two of the sides in perspective. Arrayed. Clothed or vested. Arrayer. A mediaeval military officer. Arriere. With back toward the spectator. Arrondie. Rounded or curved. Arrow. Represented with point down, barbed and feathered. Arrow Pheoned. One having a pheon instead of a spear-head or barb. Arrows. A bundle or sheaf consists of three,— two in saltire and one in pale. When more than three are borne their position must be described. Ascendant. Issuing upward. Aseare or Asewre. Azure. Ash Keys or Ashen Keys. The seeds of the ash-tree as they grow in bunches. Asker. An egg-breeding reptile. Aspect. Full-faced, or at gaze. In full aspect implies no part turning to either side. Aspectant or Aspecting. Face to face, or opposite each other. Co??ibatant is applied to lions in a similar position. Aspersed. Powdered or strewed. Ass. “ The lively emblem of Patience.” Assailant, Assaultant, or Assaulting. Used of animals placed almost upright. Assemble (Fr.). Dovetailed. Assieta or Assiette (Fr.). A bearing or charge. Assis (Fr.). Sitting or sejant. Assumptive Arms. Arms of a defeated knight assumed by his conqueror. Assurgent. Rising from the sea. Asteroid or Astroid. A star. Astrolabe. An instrument for taking the alti¬ tude of the sun, stars, or other heavenly bodies. At Bay. Applied to beasts of chase to denote that they are in a position of self-defence. Particularly applied to a stag with head lowered as if butting. At Gaze. Applied to beasts of chase to denote that they are standing full-faced to the spec¬ tator. At Speed. See Speed. Atchievement. See Achievement. Athelstan’s Cross. Parly per saltire, gules and azure, on a besant, a cross botonee or. The banner ascribed to Athelstan, who expelled the Danes, subdued the Scots, and reduced his country to one monarchy. Attire. A term for the horns of a stag or buck. Attire. Clothing. Attired. Applied to a stag, buck, or other animal, which wears ornamental weapons of defence, when represented with its antlers. A bull is armed of his horns. Attires of a Stag. Both the horns affixed to the scalp. Augmentation. A particular mark of honor added to an already existing coat of arms, and borne either on an escutcheon or on a canton. Aulned. Bearded, applied to ears of grain. Aure. Guttl d'or. Sprinkled with drops of gold. Auriflamme. The royal standard of France. A blue banner charged with golden fleurs- de-lis. Ave. The first word in the Romish salutation of the Virgin Mary. Avellane, a Cross. So called because the quarters of it resemble a filbert nut. Avellaned Pomel, a Cross. Sometimes called Pomety avelane or Pomel flory. Averlye. Seme or powdered. Aversant or Dorsed. Applied to a hand open but with the back toward the spectator. GLOSSARY. 343 Axe. The axes usually borne are: (i) Battle- axe, a short-handlecl weapon with a convex axe- blade to the dexter, a spear-point in chief, and another point to the sinister. (2) Lochaber- axe, a weapon with handle slightly curved, with a co?icave axe-blade to the dexter, broader than that of the battle-axe, and with a point to the sinister. The spear-point on the upper end of the battle-axe is absent from the Lochaber. (3) Broad-axe, an instrument with a broad convex blade to the dexter, but blunt to the sinister, and without the spear-point. Aylets or Sea-Swallows. Black, with red legs and beaks. Ayrant. Applied to eagles or other birds in their eyries or nests. A z. or Azure. The color blue. In engraving it is expressed by horizontal lines. Azur (Fr.). Azure. B. B. In “ tricking” denotes blue or aztire. Bachelor. The first stage of knighthood. One who had not yet raised his standard on the field of battle was a knight-bachelor. Badelaires. Crooked swords or cutlasses. Badge. A device adopted by some families in addition to the regular coat of arms. It is not placed on the coat of arms but borne sepa¬ rately, and has a peculiar signification of its own. Badge of Ulster. The badge of all baronets. It is a sinister (left) hand, couped (cut) at the wrist and colored gules (red), usually borne on a canton, or on an inescutcheon placed on the middle chief point or on the fesse point. It was given as a charge to one O’Neile who, on an early expedition to Ireland, cut off his left hand and flung it on shore, so that he or some part of him might be the first to land. From this O’Neile the ancient kings of Ulster were descended. This story explains why the left hand is borne rather than the right, since it was much more natural for the right hand to cut off the left, than for the left to cut off the right. This bloody left hand became the badge of baronets from the fact that James I. created the degree for the purpose of raising soldiers and money to put down rebellions in Ulster. The badge is blazoned: Argent, a sinister hand erect, appamne, couped at the wrist, gules. Badger or Brock. Usually borne passant. Bag of Madder. This charge resembles a bale of goods. Bagpipe. The Scotch national musical instru¬ ment. Bagwyn. One of the heraldic monsters. Baillonne. A lion rampant, holding a staff in his mouth. Baldrick. A girdle worn by heralds. Bale Corded. See Bag of Madder. Bale-Fire. See Beacon. Balista or Ballistra. See Sweep. Always borne loaded with a stone. Ball. A spherical roundel. Ball of Fire, or Fire-Ball. A bomb with flames streaming from the top. Ball, Tasselled. A ball with four tassels, radi¬ ating like a cross. Band. The fillet by which a sheaf is bound. Bande (Fr.). Bend. Bande (Fr.). Bendy. Banded. When anything, such as a garb or wheat sheaf, is tied round with a band of a different tincture from itself, it is said to be banded. Bandelette (Fr.). Bendlet. Banderole. A streamer fastened by strings near the head of a crozier or immediately under the crook of a pastoral staff, and enveloping the shaft. Banderolle (Fr.). Banner-roll. A banner three feet square, sometimes rounded at the fly. Bandrick. A sword-belt. Bandrol. Banderolle. Banner. A square flag, standard, or ensign on which was placed the heraldic device of the higher orders of military chiefs. It served to distinguish the leader from the ordinary knight, since the latter bore only the pointed pennon. Banner disveloped. This term is used for an ensign, or colors in the army, when open and flying. Banneret. A knight who was permitted to bear a banner instead of a pennon, as a reward for some noble action. Bar. An ordinary formed by two parallel, hor¬ izontal lines and containing a fifth part of the field. The bar can be placed in several parts of the field, horizontally. Bar-Gemelle. Two parallel bars. 344 GLOSSARY. t Barbe et Creste (Fr.). Barbed and crested. Barbed or Bearded. Having Barbs. This is also applied to a weapon wdth a barbed point. Barbed or Barbee. A cross is so termed when its extremities are like the barbed irons used for spearing fish. Barbed and Crested. Blazon for the comb and gills of a cock. Barbed and Flighted. Used of an arrow when the head and feathers are different in tincture from the shaft. Barbed Arrows. Arrows with barbed heads or points. Barbel. A fresh-water fish. Generally borne embowed. Barbele (Fr.). Barbed. Barbs. The five outside petals of the heraldic rose. Barded. Caparisoned. Barelle (Fr.). Barrulet. Barelle (Fr.). Barruly. Barking. The cry or noise made by a fox. Barnacle. A large water-fowl with a flat, broad bill. Somewhat like a goose in shape. Barnacles or Breys. A sort of curb placed on the upper lip of a horse when he is being broken to harness. Baron. Next below viscount in rank, and the lowest rank in the peerage. The name and degree were introduced in England about the time of the Norman Conquest, and replaced the Saxon thane. Baron and Femme. In blazoning the arms of a man and his wife marshalled together side by side, Baron expresses the husband’s side of the shield, or the dexter ; Femme, the wife’s side, or the sinister. Baronet. In rank between a knight and baron. It is the lowest title of hereditary honor, and was created by James I. in 1611. Baronet’s Badge. See Badge of Uester. Baron’s Coronet. On a gold circle bordered with ermine, six balls, of which four are shown in representation. Barracles. See Barnacles. Barralet or Barrulet. A diminutive of the bar, one-fourth of it in size. Barre or Barre Une (Fr.). A Bend Sin¬ ister. Barrulette, Barruletty, Barrulle, or Barrully. Barry of more than eight. Barry. Applied to a field divided by horizontal lines into an even number of equal parts. When more than eight parts are formed it may be blazoned barruly of ten, etc. Barry Bendy. Applied to a field divided into an even number of equal, lozenge-shapecl parts by lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and from side to side. Barry Indented. Applied to a field divided by bars so indented that the whole has the appear¬ ance of being covered with small triangles of alternate tinctures. Barry Pily. When the shield is covered with piles placed barways. See chapter on Varied Fields. Barry Sinister. See Barry Indented. Barry Wavy. Similar to Barry, but with undu¬ lating lines instead of straight ones. Bars (Fr.). Barbel. Bar-Shot. An iron missile formed of two balls joined by a bar. It somewhat resembles a dumb-bell. Barways or Barwise. Placed horizontally upon the shield. Bas de l’Ecu (Fr.). Base. Base. The bottom or lower part of the shield. Base Esquire. This charge resembles a gyron, but may taper beyond the fesse point. Basilisk. An imaginary animal, represented like the fictitious heraldic cockatrice, and with the head of a dragon at the end of its tail. Also called the Amphisien Cockatrice. Basket. See Winnowing-Baskf.t. Bassenet, Bassinet, or Basnet. A plain, round helmet. Baston, Baton, Batton, Etc. One-fourth of the bend sinister, but cut off at the ends so that it does not touch the edge of the shield. It is the mark of illegitimacy, and when of metal is borne by the offspring of princes only. Bat. See Rere Mouse. Bath. An English order of knighthood. See Knighthood (4). Bath King-of-Arms. The herald of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. Baton. A symbol of field-marshal’s authority. Sometimes borne as an honorable charge, sometimes as part of a crest. Baton. See Baston. Baton Sinister. A mark of illegitimacy. The term used to distinguish it from a field mar¬ shal’s baton. Bat’s Wing. Borne expanded, but may be placed in various positions. GLOSSARY. 345 Battering-Ram. An engine made of large pieces of timber fastened together with iron hoops, strengthened at one end with an iron head, and armed with iron horns like a ram’s, from whence it took its name. It was sus¬ pended by two chains, and swung forwards and backwards, by numbers of men, to beat down the walls of a besieged town or castle. Battle-Axe. See Axe. Battled. In the form of battlements or fortifica¬ tions. Battled Arrondie. Having a circular battle¬ ment on the top. Battled-Embattled. Having one battlement upon another. A line of partition. Battlement of a Tower. The fortified upper part. Batune. See Baston. Baudrick. See Baldrick. Baudrier (Fr.). Baldrick. Bauteroll. See Chape. Bay. See At Bay. Beacon, Beacon-Fire, Cresset, or Fire- Beacon. An iron basket with flames coming from it, placed on a pole against which a ladder leans. It was placed on top of a high hill and set blazing to warn the country-side of an attack or threatened invasion. In the reign of Edward III. every county had one. Beaked. A term for birds other than those of prey when borne with their bills of a different tincture from that of their bodies. Beam. The main horn of the attire of a stag. Beams or Rays of the Sun. Sometimes borne alone in a circle, but generally surrounding some other charge. Bear. Usually borne passant. Beard. The jagged part of the point of an arrow. Bearded, (i) Barbed, when applied to arrows. (2) Blazing, when applied to the tail of a comet. Bearers. Supporters. Figures placed as if sup¬ porting or guarding the shield. Bearing. Any figure borne as a charge. Bearings. Coat-armor. Beauseant. An oblong flag,— Per fesse, sable and argent ,—the banner of the Knights Temp¬ lars. Beautified. Adorned. Beaver. An amphibious, fur-bearing animal, with a tail covered with scales. Beaver. The visor of a helmet. Bebally. Party per pale. Becque or Beque. See Beaked. Beddeth. Used to express the place where a roe is lying. Bee. The emblem of industry. Borne volant, as a rule. Bee-Hive. Borne generally with bees volant about it, but sometimes borne alone. Beffroy. See Vair. Belfry. The part of the steeple in which the bells are hung. Belie. See Gules. Belled. Having bells affixed to some part. Belling. The noise or cry made by the roe. Bellowing. The noise made by the hart. Also applied to the noise of a bull. An ox or cow is said to be lowing. Bellows. Borne in pale with handles in chief. Bells. The bells common in heraldry are, (1) The round hawk’s bells, and (2) Church bells. Belt or Girdle. Generally borne in pale with buckles in chief. Bend. An ordinary formed by two parallel lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sin¬ ister base; it is supposed to represent a shoulder-belt or a scarf. Bendlet. One of the first diminutives of the bend. In size, half the breadth of a bend. Bend Sinister. An ordinary like the bend, except that it extends from the sinister chief to the dexter base, or from left to right. Bendways, Bendwise, or In Bend. Applied to charges placed diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Bendy. Used when a field or charge is divided bendways into an even number of equal parts diagonally. Bendy Pily. See chapter on Varied Fields. Beque. See Beaked. Berly. See Barry. Besant (Fr.). Bezant. Besaunte. .See Bezants. Besca. A spade or shovel. Besom. A broom. Betw. Abbreviation for between. Bever. See Beaver. Bevil, Bevel, or Bevile. Formed by one line meeting another at an acute angle. Bevy. A term applied to a number of roes together; also to a number of quails. 346 GLOSSARY. Bezants or Besants. Pieces of gold without any impression. They were the current coin of old Byzantium, now called Constantinople, and are supposed to have been introduced in arms by those who were at the Holy War. Bezante. Semi of bezants. Bezantlier. The branch which shoots from the main beam of a stag’s antlers, just above the brow-antler. The second branch of a hart’s attires. Bezantry. A cross composed of bezants. Bicapitated or Bicapited. Having two heads. Bicorporated. Having two bodies. Bill or Billhead. An instrument for lopping and cutting trees. Billets. Oblong squares, by some taken for bricks, but generally supposed to be epistles made up in that form. Billette (Fr.). Billetty. Billettes (Fr.). Billets. Billetty. Applied to a field sprinkled with billets when they exceed ten. Billing. A term applied to birds when facing each other with beaks touching. Biparted. Having a triangular piece cut out. Bird-Bolt, (i) A small arrow with a blunt head. (2) A small arrow with three heads. Bishop’s Cross Staff. A golden staff termi¬ nating in a silver Cross Patee. Bit or Bitt. Both the snaffle and the manage bit are borne in heraldry. Biting his Tail. Serpents are borne in this position, and, making a complete circle, they represent eternity. Bittern. A sort of heron. Black. In heraldry, sable. By old systems, Saturn or the diamond. See Sable. Black Rod (Usher of the). One of the Gar¬ ter officers, and chief Usher to the sovereign of England. Bladed. Applied when the blade or stem is tinctured differently from the ear, head, or fruit of a plant. Blanche. White. Blanch-Lyon. One of the ancient pursuivants. Blasted or Starved. A term for a branch when borne without leaves. Blazing Star. See Comet. Blazon. The proper heraldic description in words for an armorial bearing. Blazon. To express in proper terms all that belongs to a coat of arms. Blazoner. A herald. Blazonry. The part of the heraldic art which relates to the blazoning of armorial bearings. Blemished. See Rebated. Block-Brushes. Bunches of kneeholm or myrtle used by butchers to clean their chop¬ ping-blocks. Blood. The color representing blood is San¬ guine. Blood-Hound. Borne as if on scent with his nose to the ground. Bloom or Blossom. A flower. Bloomed or Blossomed. Bearing flowers. Blue. In heraldry Azure. Blue-Bottle. A flower of the Cyanus, some¬ what like the thistle. Blue Mantle. One of the Pursuivants of the College of Arms. Boar. Always the wild boar with its tusks. Boar’s Head. Always borne in profile. Bois de Cerf or Bois de Diam (Fr.). Attires. Bole or Head. Applied to flowers. Bolt and Tun or Bolt-in-Tun. A bird-bolt in pale, piercing a tun. Boltant or Bolting. Springing forward. Bolt-Hedys. Bull’s heads. Bonnet. A cap of velvet worn with a coronet. Borde (Fr.). Bordered. Border or Bordure. Borders were anciently used for distinguishing one part of a family from the other. They were thus used as a difference, but now are generally borne as charges. Bordered. Applied to a coat of arms around which a border is placed. Bordure. See Border. Boss. The ornament at the end of a bit. Boterall or Boteroll (Fr.). See Chape. Botoned. Having round buds, knobs, or buttons at the extremities. Bottle. Usually leathern, but sometimes glass, with a knotted cord attached to its long neck. Bottony. This term is applied to a cross when its extremities resemble the trefoil. Bouchier Knot or Bourchier Knot. A knot of silk. Bouckys. Ancient orthography for bucks. Boucle (Fr.). Buckled. Bouget. See Water-Bouget. Bourdon. A palmer’s staff. Bourguignote (Fr.,). Burganet. Bouse (Fr.). See Water-Bouget. Bouterolle. See Chape. Bouterolle d’une Lance (Fr.). Bur. GLOSSARY. 347 Bow. Should always be blazoned strung, un¬ strung, or sans strings. Bowed or Embowed. Applied to a serpent when coiled, with head erect in the centre. Bowed, Fleeted, or Reflected. Curved. When applied to an arm, bent at the elbow. Bowed-Embowed. Bent like the letter S. Bowen’s Knot. A knot composed of four bows. Bowl. A large, deep dish, usually containing a boar’s head or something of the kind. Braced or Brazed. Applied to figures of the same sort interlacing one another. Bracelet. An ornament placed about the arm of a king as part of the insignia of royalty. Branche (Fr.). Branched. Branches. Generally bearing nine leaves, but when fructed only four. The slip should bear three leaves ; the sprig, five. Brands or Fire-Brands. Borne in pale, raguly, inflamed in chief. Brassarts. Armor for the elbow. Brasses. Engraved brass plates placed on tombs. Brassetts. Armor for the arms. Breast-Plate. See Cuirass. Breathing. Applied to the stag instead of “ at gaze'' by some heralds. Brectesches. Parapets or battlements. Brettesse or Des Bastonades (Fr.). Em¬ battled on both sides. Flaving battlements facing each other. Counter-embattled. Breys. See Barnacles. Brick or Brique. Same shape as a billet, but so placed that the thickness is shown. Bricklayer’s Axe. A tool used for cutting bricks. Bridge. Usually of three or more arches, em¬ battled. Brigandine or Brigantine. A jacket or coat of mail. Brimsey. A gad-fly. Brinded, Breended, or Brindled. Spotted. Brise (Fr.). Broken. Brise Decouple (Fr.). Disjointed. Bristled. Applied to a boar when the hair on his back is diffetent from his body in tincture. Brisure or Brizure. The French term for a difference or mark op cadency. Any figure which is used to mark the “ distinctions of houses" is a brisure. Broad Arrow. This differs from the pheon by having the inside of its barbs plain. Broad-Axe. See Axe. Brochant (Fr.). Debruised. Broches. Instruments used by embroiderers. Brock. A badger. Brocket. A stag in the second year of its age. Brogue. A high shoe worn in Ireland. Broken. Applied to any charge when its ex¬ tremities are jagged, as if it had been violently torn apart. Also applied to a deer when being cut up. Bronchant, Sur le Tout (Fr.). See Over-all. Bronchant. Used by French heralds of a beast borne on a field which is seme of fleurs-de-lis. Brow-Antler. The first branch of the horn of a hart or buck that shoots from the main beam, next the head. Brush. The tail of a fox. Bruske. See Tenne. Bubble. Borne argent and represented spherical. It differs from the plate or roundel argent, since the plate is always represented flat, without any shading: Buck. The male of the deer kind. When five years old, it is termed a buck of the first head. Bucket. A pail standing on three legs and having a cord handle. Borne in various other forms. Buckle. Borne in various forms, oval, round, lozengy, etc. Buckled. Applied to belts, etc., borne with buckles. Buckler. A shield. Budded. (The Cross.) See Bottony. Bugle. A bull is sometimes so called. From this we have bugle-horn for hunting-horn, since it was made from the horn of the bugle. Bugle-Horn. Borne with mouth-piece to sin¬ ister. Usually garnished with the rings around it, and with strings. See Hunting-Horn. Bull. A bull is armed of his horns, not attired. Bullets. See Pellets. Bullrush. An aquatic plant. Bunch or Cluster. Applied to a number of fruits or flowers borne together. Bundle of Sticks. Usually six, in pale, bound with a cord. Bur. A broad ring of iron behind the hand, on spears used in tilting. Burelle (Fr.). Barrulet. Burelle. See Barry. Burganet or Burgonet. A steel cap worn by foot-sokliers in battle. Burling-Iron. An instrument used by weavers. Burning Bush. Sometimes called Moses's Bush. A bush on fire. 348 GLOSSARY Burst. Applied to anything split or open. Bush. See Brush. Bust. The head, neck, and shoulders, usually placed with face affronte. Bustard. A kind of wild turkey of a brownish color. Butcher’s Axe or Slaughter-Axe. The axe used by butchers to kill steers. Buttoned. Applied to buckles when ornamented. Buttony. See Bottony. Butterflies. Generally borne volant. c. Cabinet des Armes. A square tablet hung on the wall of the church in which a nobleman is buried, bearing on it, in the centre his tabard, helm, and crest, on one side his gauntlets and on the other his sword, at the bottom his spurs, and in the four angles his paternal and maternal coats of arms. Cable (Fr.). Corded. Cable. A twisted rope, affixed to an anchor. Cabled. Entwined by a cable. Caboched, Caboshed, or Cabossed. This term is used to express the head of any beast except the leopard, when it is placed affronte or full-faced and has no part of the neck visible. Cabosse (Fr.). Caboched. Cabre or Effray (Fr.). Applied to a horse in¬ stead of salient. Cadency. The heraldic distinction between members of a family, or between different collateral branches. Cadet. A younger son or younger branch of a family. Caduceus or Mercury’s Mace. Sometimes called a snaky staff. It was the staff of office borne by Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods, and hence was adopted as the herald’s staff on account of the latter’s office as messenger. It is variously represented, but usually it is a slender staff having two serpents entwined about it, the heads meeting at the top and the tails at the lower end or handle. Calamine Stone. A mineral which forms brass when mixed with copper. Calf. Applied to the young of the stag-kind as well as to that of the cow. Caltrap. See Galtrap. Calvary, a Cross. The cross on which our Saviour suffered on Mount Calvary. It is set upon steps. Calza. A stocking. Camel. Usually depicted fassant. Camelopard. Heraldic name for giraffe. Camelopardel. A beast of heraldic creation, formed by affixing two straight horns on the head of the camelopard. Camp. See Gobony. Campaned. Applied to a file or other similar charge from which bells are pendent. Campanes. Bells. Canelle (Fr.). See Invecked. Cannet. A duck without beak or feet, placed in profile like the martlet, but it has a longer neck than the martlet, and has not a forked tail. Cannon. A piece of ordnance, always borne mounted on a bed or a carriage unless other¬ wise described. Canon. A church officer. Canon. A rule or law. Canting Arms. See Rebus. See Arms, Canting. Canton. A charge generally formed at the dexter or sinister chief parts of the escutcheon by two lines meeting at right angles. Cantoned. See Cantonne. Also applied to a single charge, placed on a canton. Cantonne. Placed between four objects or charges. Cap. Frequently borne by ecclesiastics instead of a crown or coronet. Cap-a-Pie. From head to foot. Applied to a knight when in complete armor. Cap of Liberty. Always red. Cap of Maintenance. Made of crimson vel¬ vet, lined and turned up with ermine, and worn by the nobility. Cap of Mercury. Represented with wings. Caparaiponne. See Caparisoned. Caparisoned. Applied to a horse completely furnished for the field. Capital. The head or top of a column. Capuchon. A hood closed on every side. Carbuncle. See Escarbuncle. Cardinal’s Hat. Pope Innocent IV. ordained that cardinals should wear red hats, to signify that those who entered into that order ought to expose themselves, even to the shedding of their blood and the hazard of their lives, in the defence of ecclesiastical liberty. Careering. Applied to a horse instead of saliant. GLOSSARY. 349 Cartouche. The oval escutcheon of the Pope or other churchman. Case. The stuffed skin of an animal. Cased. Flayed. Casque. French for helmet. Castle. Usually one tower or two towers con¬ nected by a wall with a gate. This was granted as a charge to those who had reduced a fortified place or who were the first of a scal¬ ing party to mount the walls of an assaulted fortification. Also one of the pieces used in chess. See Chess-Rook. Cat. The domestic animal is seldom borne in coat-armor, but the wild-cat or cat-a-mountain occurs frequently. It is always borne guardant or full-faced. Caterfoil. See Quartrefoil. Catherine-Wheel. A wheel of eight spokes with a spike at the end of each. It was an instrument of torture, and derived its name from the fact that St. Catherine the Virgin suffered martyrdom upon it. Catoose. See Scroll. Caude (Fr.). Coward, when applied to a lion borne with his tail between his legs. Also applied to a comet with a streaming tail. Caul or Cowl. A monk’s hood. Cave. Rarely borne except with a wild animal issuing. C. B. Companion of the Order of the Bath. Ceckko. See Checky. Centaur. See Sagittarius. Cercele or Recercele. When applied to a cross, signifies encircling or curling at the ends like a ram’s horn. Cercle. A circle. Cercle (Fr.). Surrounded by a circle or diadem. Cerise. A torteau. Chafant. Applied to a boar when depicted as if enraged. Chain. Sometimes borne alone, but usually affixed to some other charge. Chained. Having a chain affixed. Chain-Shot. Some have taken this to be the head of a club called holy-water sprinkler; others, to be balls of fire ; but it is generally supposed to be an iron-spiked shot with a chain at each end. Chalice. A cup. Challenger. The champion who offers to fight or contest at a tilt or tournament. Chamber-Piece. A term for a short piece of ordnance without a carriage. Chamberlain, Lord. An officer of the English royal household. Chame. A French term for an annulet having a sharp point rising from one side. Chameleon. When borne in arms it is colored a pale green. Chamfrain or Chamfron. Armor to protect the head of a horse. Champ (Fr.). Field. Champain. See Cleclie. Chantant. Applied to song-birds when borne as if singing. Chape or Crampit. The metal ornament placed at the lower end of the scabbard to prevent the sword-point from obtruding. Termed by the French bouterolle. Chapeau. See Cap of Maintenance. Chaperon, Chaperoun, or Chaperonne. An old French word signifying a hood to cover the head, such as friars wear, with as much hanging down as was necessary to cover the shoulders and part of the arms. The name given to the small shields placed on the heads of horses at pompous funerals. Chaperonne or Shafferone. Hooded. Chaperonnet (Fr.). A little hood. Chaplet. A wreath of laurel or oak leaves interspersed with acorns. A wreath of leaves and flowers is also termed a chaplet, but more correctly a garland. Chaplet of Roses. Formed of four roses, two in pale and two in fesse, placed on a wreath or circlet of leaves or branches. Chapournet. A chief divided by a curved line. Used incorrectly by some English heralds for Chaperonnet. Chappe or Chape (Fr.). Cloaked. Formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the centre of the upper side, one to the dexter base, the other to the sinister base. Characters. The letters of the various alpha¬ bets, as well as the signs of the planetary system, are frequently borne on coat-armor. Charge. A figure borne on a coat of arms. Charge (Fr.). Charged. Charged. Any ordinary or figure upon which there is another figure, is said to be charged therewith. Charlemagne’s Crown. Divided into eight parts, made of gold, and weighing fourteen pounds. Borne as a charge in arms of George I. and his successors as Arch-Treasurers of the Holy Roman Empire. 350 GLOSSARY. Chasuble. A priest’s outer garment. Chat (Fr.). Cat. Chatter or Chatterer. The Bohemian lark. It resembles the English crested lark. Chausse (Fr.). Shod or wearing shoes. In blazon it is the opposite of Chapl, and is formed by two lines drawn from the upper corners of the field and meeting at the lowest point of the escutcheon. Chausse-Trappes (Fr.). Galtraps. Cheapeau-wise. Like a chapeau. Checkers. See Checky. Cheeky. Applied to a field composed of small squares of different tinctures alternately, and when on ordinaries it differs from compony by having three rows instead of one. Cheeseslip. An insect. Chef or Chefe (Fr.). Chief. Cheque or Chequy. See Checky. Cherub. A child’s head between two wings. Chess Rook or Cocke. One of the pieces used in chess. It resembles a tower, and is some¬ times called a “ castle.” Chevalier. A knight or horseman armed at all points. Chevaltrap. See Galtrap. Chevele (Fr.). Crined. Chevelle. Streaming. Applied to a comet which has the stream of light darting from it, which is sometimes less correctly termed the beard. Cheville (Fr.). Attired. Chevron. A couple. One of the honorable ordinaries. Its shape is supposed to be taken from a pair of rafters meeting at the peak of a house. See chapter on Ordinaries. Per Chevron , a field divided by such a line as helps to make the chevron. Chevron Couped. Applied to a chevron whose ends do not reach the sides of the shield. Chevron Reversed. Applied to a chevron placed point down. Chevrone (Fr.). Chevronny. Chevronel. The diminutive, and in size half the chevron. Chevronny. Applied to a shield divided into several equal portions chevronways. Chevrons Braced. Chevrons interlaced. Chevrons Couched. Lying sideways. Chevrons Contre-point. One standing upon the head of another. Chevronways or Chevronwise. Applied to charges placed on the field in the position of a chevron. Chewerond. See Chevron. Cheynyd and Crownyd. Used instead of gorged with a crown and chained. Chief. An ordinary formed by a horizontal line. It occupies the upper part of the shield and contains in depth one-third of the field. Chief, In. Applied to anything borne in the chief part or top of the escutcheon. Child’s Head. Usually couped below the shoulders. Chimera. A mythical monster with the face of a beautiful woman, the fore legs and mane of a lion, the body of a goat, the hind legs of a griffin, and the tail of a serpent. Chimerical. Such figures as have no existence except in the imagination. Chissel or Chizzel. A carpenter’s chisel. Chivalry. The touchstone by which honor and knighthood were tried in the Middle Ages. Derived from cheval (Fr.), a horse. Chough. See Cornish Chough. Church-Bells. Borne in pale with clapper in base. They are open at the bottom and the clapper is visible. In this way they are distin¬ guished from hawk’s bells, which are closed and spherical, closely resembling the bells used in strings for sleigh-bells. Cimier (Fr.). Crest. Cinquefoil. The five-leaved grass, borne with the leaves issuing from a ball in the centre. Circle. A ring of light about a charge. Circumflexant-Bent. Bowed around. Citadel. A fortress within a town as a place of last resort. It is distinguished from the tower in heraldry by the fact that the wall is placed in front. Civic Crown. A garland composed of oak leaves and acorns, given by the Romans as a reward for rescuing a citizen who had been taken prisoner by his enemy. Clam-Shell. See Escallop-Shell. Clarenceux. One of the Kings-of-Arms of the English Heralds’ College. He was originally known as Sorroy, from the fact that he had jurisdiction over all England south of the Trent. Claricord. See Clarion. Clarine. Used by French heralds to signify gorged with smalt bells. Clarion, Claricord, or Rest. A conventional figure in heraldry, by some said to be the musical instrument clarion, by others a rest for the lance of a knight. GLOSSARY. 351 Clasped or Conjoined. Applied to hands when depicted grasping each other. Cleche. Applied to any ordinary from which the centre has been removed and the outline only left. Clenched or Clinched. Applied to the hand when closely shut. Clipping. Clasping. Clock. Usually a table or mantel clock resting on four feet. Clos (Fr.). Close. Close. Used of a bird when the wings are down and close to the body. Also applied to a helmet with vizor down. Close Couped. Cut off close to the head, leaving no part of the neck. Close Girt. Applied to a figure whose gar¬ ments are fastened in by a girdle. Closet. The diminutive of the bar, and half as broad. Closing-Tongs. A tool used by founders. Closs. See Close. Clothed. Vested or clad. Clouds. Frequently borne proper with devices issuant. When one of the heraldic partition¬ lines is meant, it is termed nebuli. Cloudy. Circling toward the centre. Cloue. Nailed; applied to Treilll when the nails at the crossings are specially marked or tinct¬ ured. Cloven or Sarcelled. Cut in half. Birds and beasts are frequently so borne in German coats. Cloves. The well-known spice. Club. Usually borne in the hand of a savage, and frequently spiked at the end. Cluster. Applied to fruits, flowers, etc., borne in natural bunches. Clymant. Applied to a goat when salient or nearly erect on its hind legs. Co-ambulant. Walking together. Coat of Arms. Now applied to the whole achievement. Originally the surcoat worn over the armor and ornamented with the knight’s armorial bearings. Cobweb and Spider. Borne with the spider in the centre of the web. Cock. Sometimes blazoned dunghill-cock, but this is unnecessai'y, since it is rarely borne with its natural plumage trimmed for fighting. Cockade. Originally a badge worn by political parties. The Yorkists wore a white rose as a cockade, the Lancastrians a red. Cockatrice. A monster with the wings and legs of a fowl and the tail of a snake. Cocquel. See Escallop. Cod. The husk or shell in which pease or beans grow. Also a sort of fish. Codded. Applied to pease, beans, etc., when borne in the cod or pod. Co-equal. Applied to charges placed alike. Co-erectant. Set up side by side Cceur (Fr.). The heart. Cceur. A short line of partition in pale, in the centre of the escutcheon, which extends but a little way, much short of the top and bottom, and is there met by other lines, which form an irregular partition of the escutcheon. Cognizance. Sometimes used for Crest, some¬ times for Badge. Coif. A hood. Coif of Mail. A piece of defensive armor worn under the helmet. Coiffe (Fr.). Hooded. Coiled. Applied to snakes when wound about themselves in a spiral, with head erect in the centre. Cokke. See Cock. Collar. A part of the insignia of many orders of knighthood. Worn about the neck as a mark of honor. Collared. Wearing a collar. Applied to ani¬ mals, birds, etc. When a coronet or crown takes the place of the collar the creature should be blazoned gorged. Collared Gemelle. Having a double collar. Collaterally Disposed. Placed side by side. College of Arms or Heralds’ College. The body which has charge of armorial bearings in England. Collying. Applied to the eagle when depicted with head erect and stretching upward as if about to take flight. Colors. In engraving, Gules, red, is expressed by perpendicular lines; Azure, blue, by hori¬ zontal lines; Sable, black, by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other; Vert, green, by diagonal lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base; Purpure, purple, by diag¬ onal lines from the sinister chief to the dexter base. Colorys. See Colors. Columbine. The flower, represented pendent from a stalk. Column. Both Doric and Corinthian columns are borne. 352 GLOSSARY. Comb. The crest of a cock. Combatant or Confronts. Fighting or rampant, face to face. Combattand. Assaulting, or lifting up a weapon. Combed and Wattled. See Barbed and Crested. Combel. See Fillet. Comet or Blazing Star. In heraldry, a star of six points with a tail streaming from it, in bend. Fairbairn gives an example of one which is a star of five points. Commise Cross. A cross Tau. In the shape of the Greek T. Commixt. Indiscriminately mingled. Companions. The third rank in the Order of the Bath. Compartment. In Scotch heraldry, a panel bearing the motto, placed below the shield. Compartments. See Quarterings. Compassed or Encompassed. Surrounded. Compasses. A tool used for drawing circles. Complement. This term signifies the moon when at her full. Complexed. Folded or twined together. Complicated. Sometimes applied to the wings of birds to denote that they are somewhat raised, as if the bird were about to take flight. Birds thus borne are termed surgeant. Compon or Camp. Used by French heralds for Contpony. Compone (Fr.). Compony. Compony or Gobony. Applied to an ordinary composed of one row of squares of alternate metals and colors. When of two rows it is Compony- Counter-Compony. When of three it is Cheeky. Compony-Counter-Compony. Made up of two rows of small squares alternately, a metal and a color. Concaved. Applied to ordinaries when bowed inward like an arch. Coney. A rabbit. Confronts (Fr.). Facing or fronting one an¬ other. English Combatant. Conger-Eel. A large sea-eel. The head alone is generally borne. Conjoined or Conjunct. Applied to charges, in arms, when linked or joined together. Conjoined in Lure. Two wings joined to¬ gether, with their tips downward. This bear¬ ing is an imitation of the hawk’s lure. Conspicuous or Conspitiant. Applied to a charge placed in front of another. Constable. A military officer of high rank in mediaeval armies. Cont’ Escartele (Fr.). Counter-Quartered. Contoise. A scarf attached to the helmet. Contourne (Fr.). Applied to a beast with its face to the sinister side of the shield. Contra-Nuage. Covered with escallop-shells lying like the scales of a fish, each one over¬ lapping parts of two placed below it. Contrary, Contra, or Contre. See Counter. Contrebande (Fr.). Bendy, per betid sinister con n terch a nged. Contrebarre. Bendy sinister, per bend coun- terchanged. Contre-Escartelent (Fr.). Quarterly Quar¬ tered. Contre-Face (Fr.). Barry, per pale counter- changed. Contre-FIermines (Fr.). Ermines. Contre-Pale (Fr.). Paly, per fesse counter- changed. Contre-Point. Two chevrons meeting in the fesse point, the one rising from the base, the other inverted, falling from the chief, so that they are counter or opposite to one another, point against point. Contre-Potence (Fr.). Counter-Potent. Contre-Tenant (Fr.). Assaultant. Contrevaire (Fr.). Counter- Vair. Converted. Turned. Applied to the ears of a griffin or other animal converted into horns. Convexed. Bowed outward. Conyd. Counter. Coote. A water-fowl, smaller than the duck. The feathers about the head and neck are low, soft, and thick. The color all over the body is black, deeper about the head. Cope. A priest’s garment worn over the surplice on solemn occasions. Coppe or Copped. With top higher than usual. Copper. An instrument used to wind wire upon. Coquille (Fr.). A shell. Coquille de St. Jacques. An Escallop-Shell. Coquille de St. Michel. An escallop without “ ears.” Corbie. A Raven. Corbyws. Old English for ravens. Cordals. Strings of a mantle or robe of state. Made of silk and gold thread interwoven like a cord. Cor de Chasse (Fr.). Hunting-Horn. Corded. Bound with a cord, or formed like a cord or rope. GLOSSARY. 353 Cordiliere. A silver cord which sometimes en¬ circles the arms of widows. Cordirobe. A Roman garment. Cordon. A cord with tassels worn with robes of state. Corled. Coiled or wound round. Cormorant. A sharp-billed bird in shape some¬ what like a goose. Corne d’Abondance (Fr.). Cornucopia. Corned. Horned. Corneille (Fr.). Rook, crow, or chough. Cornet. A musical instrument. Cornet. A pennon or small flag with forked end. Cornichons. The branches of the horns of a stag. Cornish Chough. A black bird with red beak and legs. It is considered the king of crows, and is a noble bearing of antiquity. Cornished. Adorned with a cornice or mould¬ ing. Cornucopia. The horn of plenty, represented overflowing with fruit. Coronated. Adorned with a coronet. Coronet. The crown worn by a peer as a mark of noble rank. In modern times coronets are worn with a cap of crimson velvet underneath, and they are generally so represented in arms. Cost, Cotice, or Cotise. One of the diminutives of the bend. In size it is one-fourth of the bend. Cotice. A term used by the French when an escutcheon is divided bendways into many equal parts. Coticed or Cotised. Accosted, sided, or accom¬ panied by another charge, or placed between two charges. Cotoose. See Modii.lion. Cotoye (Fr.). Coticed. Cotton Hanks. Bundles of cotton. Generally borne in pale. Couchant or Couched. Signifies a beast lying down, but with his head lifted up, which dis¬ tinguishes the position from dormant. Couche. Applied to a shield when suspended by a belt. Couche (Fr.). Couchant. Couched. A chevron issuing from the dexter side is so termed. Coudiere. Armor for the elbow. Coue (Fr.). Coward. Coulter. Part of a plough. Counter. Against or opposite. Counter-Attired. When the double horns of an animal are borne one pair facing one way and the other the other way, the animal is counter-attired. Counter-Changed. Applied to a field parted, per one of the ordinaries, and one-half tinct¬ ured with a metal and the other with a color. The charges on the metal part of the field are tinctured with the color, anti vice versa. Counter-Compone. A field composed of two rows of small squares having a metal and a color alternating. Counter-Couchant. When applied to one lion means couchant facing sinister. When applied to more than one, it means couchant with heads in opposite directions. Counter-Embowed. Bent with elbow to sinis¬ ter, or bent in opposite directions. Counter-Fleury. Having fleurs-de-lis with the alternate ones reversed. Counter-Passant. Used of two beasts which are passing each other, walking in opposite directions. Counter-Potent. A fur used in heraldry. Counter-Salient. See Salient. Counter-Tripping. A term applied to deer in¬ stead of counter-passant. Counter-Vair. This fur differs from vair by having the cups or bells, which are of the same tincture, placed base against base and point against point. Countess. The wife of an earl. Coupe (Fr.). Party per fesse. Coupe et Parti (Fr.). Qciartered. Couped or Coupe. Cut cleanly off, leaving no jagged edge. Couped or Humette. When used of a cross or other ordinary, means cut or shortened so that its extremities do not reach the outlines of the escutcheon. Couped Close. See Close Couped. Couple (Fr.). Coupled. Couple Close. A diminutive of the chevron. Coupled. Charges borne in pairs. Courant. Running at full speed. Courbe (Fr ). Embowed. Courlett or Cuirass. A breast plate. Couronne (Fr.). Crowned. Course, in his. Applied to a beast running at full speed. Courtesy, Titles of. Such titles as are given by custom to younger sons, but which do not raise them in rank. 23 354 CL OSSA R Y. Couste. See Cost. Cousu (Fr.). Sewed to. When a metal is placed on a metal, or a color on a color, the upper one is termed cousu, that the heraldic law may not be violated. Coutre (Fr.). Coulter. Couvert (Fr.). Covered. Coward or Cowed. Used when a lion or other animal has its tail hanging between its legs. Cowl. A hood worn by monks and friars. Crab. Always borne with claws in chief. Crampette or Crampit. See Chape. Crampette. Ornamented like the end of a scabbard. Cramponne. Used of a cross when it has at each end a cramp or square piece coming from it. Crampoons or Cramps. Pieces of iron hooked at each end and used in buildings to fasten two stones together. Crancelin. A bend trefle, vert. A bend orna¬ mented like a coronet. Crane or Stork. A wading bird with long legs and neck. Crawling or Gliding. Applied to snakes, and other creatures which have no legs, when represented moving forward. Crefish. A crawfish. A small fresh-water creature like a shrimp or a diminutive lob¬ ster. Creneaux, Crenelle, or Enmanche. See Em¬ battled. Crenelles. The openings in a battlement. Crescent. The half-moon, with its horns turned toward the chief of the shield; by this position it differs from the increscent and decrescent (q. v.). Crescented. Used of a cross when it has a crescent at each end. Cresset. See Beacon. Crest. A figure placed upon a wreath, coronet, or cap of maintenance, above the helmet or shield. Creste (Fr.). Combed or Crested. Crested. When a cock or other bird has its crest of a different tincture from its body it is termed crested of such a tincture, naming it. See Barbed and Crested. Crest-Wreath. The wreath upon which the crest is borne. It is formed of strands of two tinctures, usually a metal and a color. Crete (Fr.). Crested. Crevice. See Crefish. Crined. A term used when the hair of an animal differs in tincture from its body. Crochet (Fr.). A note in music. Also known as the “ quarter note.” Crocodile. An amphibious animal, common in the Nile. Croissant. See Crescent. Croissant Contourne. See Decrescent. Croisette (Fr.). Crosslet. Croix (Fr.). Cross. Croix Recroisee (Fr.). A cross crosslet. Cronel. The iron head of a tilting spear. Crose or Drawing Board. An instrument used by coopers. Crosier. See Crozier. Cross. One of the honorable ordinaries, formed by the meeting of two perpendicular with two horizontal lines near the fesse point, where they make four right angles. First popularly used as a bearing at the Crusades, where each leader was known by the cross which he bore on his standard. It was from this fact that the Cru¬ sades or “ Croisades” received their name. Cross-Bow. An old English weapon. Cross Crosslet. A plain cross crossed at end of each arm. Crossed. Charges borne in such a way as to form a cross. Crosslet. A small cross. Crossways. Placed to form a cross. Crossys. Crosses. Crow. See Cornish Chough. Crowned. When this term is applied to an animal it means that it bears on its head a “ ducal coronet.” Crown of Thorns. Formed by twisting .two branches into a wreath. Crown of Rue. See Crancelin. Crowns. See article on Crowns. Crown Vailary. See Vallary-Crown. Crozier. A staff ornamented at the top with a cross. It belongs to an archbishop as an em¬ blem of his dignity. The staff of office of a bishop or abbot is sometimes termed a crozier, but it is properly a Pastoral staff. Cruceil or Crucellette. A cross crosslet. Crusilly or Crusuly. A field or charge strewn with crosses. Cry of War. Any word or sentence that be¬ came a general cry throughout an army upon its approach to battle. These were afterwards adopted as mottoes. GLOSSARY. 355 Crystal. Used in fanciful blazoning for argent. Pearl is more common, however. Cubit Arm. An arm couped at the elbow. The dexter arm unless blazoned otherwise. Cuffed. A sleeve with a cuff of a different tincture is so blazoned. Cuirass. A breast-plate. Originally a leathern jerkin. Cuisse. The thigh. A la Cuisse. Applied to the limb of a bird torn off at the thigh. Cuisses, Cullivers, Culboers, etc. Armor for the thighs. Culter. A ploughshare. Cumbant. See Lodged. Cup. Variously borne. Covered Cup. An egg- shaped vessel on a high stand. Cupola. The dome of a building. Cuppa. One of the heraldic furs, composed of pieces formed potent counter -potent. Some¬ times called varry-cuppa. Cuppules. Bars-Gemelle , since they are borne in pairs or couples. Cuppy. By some writers held to be a fur, by others not. Curling. Applied to snakes, etc., coiled. Curling-Stone. Used in the game of Curling. Currant, Courant, or Coursant. Running. Currier’s Shave. An instrument used to make leather thin. A blade between two han¬ dles. Curvilinear. A curved line. Cushion. This bearing is. looked upon as a mark of authority, and is borne by many an¬ cient families. Cutlass. A sort of sword. Cutt or Cloven. Animals in Dutch or German arms are frequently cut in half, and the halves borne endorsed or saltier-ways. Cutting-Iron. A tool used by pattern-makers. A blade with a handle at one end and a hook at the other. Cuttle-Fish. An ocean monster which, when pursued, throws out an inky fluid. Cygnet. A young swan. Cygnet Royal. A swan gorged with a “ ducal coronet” with a chain fastened to it and curled over the back of the bird. Cyphers. Monograms used at funerals of women instead of crests, which they are not allowed to bear. Cypress. The tree and its branches are used to adorn funeral achievements. D. Dacre Knot and Badge. An escallop-shell and a ragged staff with a cord fancifully knotted and entwined about them. Dagger. A short sword. Dais. The canopy hung over a throne. Daisy. The English flower. The emblem of constancy. Dalmatic. The distinctive garment of a deacon. Worn in early times by sovereign princes and bishops as a robe of state. Dame. The legal term for a baronet’s wife. Dancette. A large sort of indenting, wider and deeper than that called indented. Double-Dancette. The bend double-dancette is a mark of illegitimacy. Danche (Fr.). Dancette. Danish Axe. Similar to the broad-axe, but with an indent in the upper edge of the blade. Dauphin. The title of the eldest son of the French king until 1830. Dauphin’s Crown. A circle of gold, set round with eight fleurs-de-lis, closed at the top with four dolphins, whose tails conjoin under a fleur-de-lis. Death’s Head. A human skull. Debased. Applied to any ordinary or charge turned downward or lowered from its proper position. Debruised. Used when a bend or other ordi¬ nary is placed over any animal, whereby it is debarred of its natural freedom. Decapitated, Decapite Deffait, or Decol¬ lated. Having the head cut off smoothly. Differs from estete, which signifies with head torn off leaving a jagged edge. Dechausse. (1) Dismembered. (2) Without claws. Decked. Ornamented. Decked or Marguette. Used when feathers of a bird are edged with a tincture different from that of its body. Declinant or Declivant. Applied to a serpent borne with its tail straight down. Decollated. See Decapitated. Decoupled, Decouple, or Uncoupled. Parted or severed. Decours, Decresnent, Decressant, or Decres¬ cent. Shows the state of the moon when she 356 GLOSSARY. declines from her full to her last quarter, and differs from the increscent by having the horns toward the sinister side of the shield. Defamed or Disgraced. Applied to a creature which is represented without its tail, as if dis¬ graced by the loss. Defences. The natural weapons of defence which are given to a beast. Defendu (Fr.). See Armed or Tusked. Deffait. See Decapitated. Degradation of Honor. See Abatements. Degraded or Degreed. Used of a cross when it has steps at each end. Degrees. Steps. Dejected. Applied to anything cast or thrown down. Also applied to animals despectant. Delf. A square clod of turf or block of coal. A delf-tenne is a mark of disgrace for revoking a challenge. Demembre (Fr.). See Dismembered. Demi or Demy. Half. The upper or dexter half is understood. Demie-Jarretiere (Fr.). Deini-garter or per close. Demy Vol. One wing. Dentals, Dentels, Dentees, or Dens. The indents or teeth of Indented. Dente (Fr.). Tusked. Dentelle, Viurie. Indented. Denticules or Denticles. Small square pieces taken from the entablature in Ionic architecture. Derrache. Dismembered. Desarme (Fr.). Disarmed. Descendant or Descending. Applied to an eagle volant downward. Descending. Applied to a lion borne with head toward the base of the shield. Descent. Applied to a beast with its hind legs toward one corner of the chief and head toward one of the base points, as if leaping down from some height. Despectant. Looking downward. Despouille (Fr.). The stuffed skin of an animal. See Case. Detranche. Applied to a line bendways from some part of the upper edge or from some part of the dexter side. Detriment. A term for the moon when eclipsed. Sometimes also applied to her when decrescent. Developed. Unfolded. Applied to a flag un¬ furled and displayed. Device. An heraldic bearing. Devouring. See Vorant. Dewlaps or Wattles. The excrescences grow¬ ing under the beak of a cock, cockatrice, or dragon. Dexter. The right side of the escutcheon ; that is, the side opposite the left hand of the ob¬ server. The supporter, and everything placed on the right hand, is termed the dexter; it is also the male side in an impaled coat of arms. Dexter Base. The right side of the base. Dexter Chief. The angle on the right-hand side of the chief. Dexter Hand. The right hand. Dexter Wing. The right-hand wing. Dez. See Dice. Diadem, (i) A circlet worn by kings until the crown took its place. (2) The circles of gold which meet on the top of a sovereign’s crown and support the mound or globe. (3) The wreath on a blackamoor’s head. Diademed. Used of the imperial eagle with its crowned head. Diamond. Used in blazoning “by precious stones” for sable (black). Diapered. Used of a field when divided into geometrical patterns, and filled with a variety of figures. Diapre (Fr.). Diapered. Dice. Borne in pairs and represented with one angle toward the observer. Diffame. See Defamed. Diffamed. Sometimes used for a lion going toward the sinister. Difference. A figure or device introduced into heraldic compositions for the purpose of dis¬ tinguishing several persons who bear the same arms. Dilated. Open or extended. Applied to com¬ passes, etc. Dimidiated. Represented with one-half re¬ moved. Dimidiation. The earliest form of impalement. Diminution of Arms. See Difference. Diminutives. The pale's diminutives are the Pallet and Endorse; the bend has the Garter, Cost, and Riband; the bar has the Closet and Barrulet; the chevron has the Chevronel and Couple-Close; the bend sinister has the Scarpe and Baton, etc. Disarmed. Lacking the natural weapons of defence,—claws and teeth, or beak and talons, etc. Disclosed. Displayed. Dishevelled. With loose flowing hair. GLOSSARY. Disjointed. Applied to a chevron whose branches do not meet at the top. Dislodging. A term used for rousing a buck from its resting-place. Dismembered. Signifies a cross or other charge cut in pieces, and the severed parts so placed, at short distances from each other, as to retain the original form of the figure. Dismembre (Fr.). Dismembered. Displayed. An eagle with wings displayed is an eagle perched with its wings expanded. An eagle displayed is not perched. The eagle borne by Russia, and that on the seal of the United States of America, is an eagle dis¬ played. Disposed. Placed in any particular position. Distilling. Dropping. Distinctions of Families. See article on Marks of Cadency. Disveloped. Displayed. Colors flying or spread out are in heraldry said to be disveloped. Dividing Lines. Lines which divide the field into parts. They are in various forms. Diving. See Ukiant or Urinant. Dog. The dog in heraldry signifies fidelity, affection, watchfulness, and sincerity, when such illusions, rather than whim or caprice, are consulted in the formation of armorial bearings. Dog-Collar. The ends nearly meet, and are connected by a short chain and padlock. Dolphin. Generally represented embozued. Con¬ sidered the king of fishes, and frequently borne in coats of arms. Domed. Applied to a tower with a rounded roof. Dominion, Arms of. The arms of a sovereign, not borne without a difference by any other, even the nearest relative. Donjonne. Applied to a castle which has an inner tower rising above its battlements. Dormant. Sleeping, with the head resting on the fore paws. Dors or Dors Endorsed. Back to back. Dorsed. See Aversant. Dosser. See Water Bouget. Double (Fr.). Ornamented with Doublings. Double-Arched. Having two arches. Double Fitchee or Double Fitchy. A cross, each extremity of which has two points. Double-Headed. Having two heads. Double Plume. Generally composed of two rows of ostrich feathers, five in the lower and four in the upper. 357 Double Quartrefoil. An eight-leaved grass. The distinction for the ninth son. Double-Queued. Having a double tail. Double Tete. Having two heads. Double Tressure. Composed of two tressures, one within the other. Doublet. See Traverse. Doublings. The linings of robes or mantles of state, or the mantlings in achievements. Dove. Usually borne in profile, holding in its bill a sprig of olive. Dovetail. One of the partition-lines. Two different tinctures are set within one another in form of doves’ tails or wedges. Downsett or Daunsett. Applied to the sepa¬ rated parts of an ordinary when set one upon the other. Dragon. One of the heraldic monsters with a serpent-like tail, four legs, and two wings. Dragon (Fr.). In French heraldry a wyvern is so blazoned. Dragonne. See Dragony. Dragon’s Head. In heraldry the color tenne or tawny, orange color. Dragon’s Tail. In heraldry the term for san¬ guine or murrey, the color of cold blood. Dragony. Applied to a wyvern when its head or tail is of a different tincture from that of its body. It is then dragony of such a tincture. Drapeau (Fr.). A standard or ensign. Drawing-Board. See Grose. Drawing-Iron. An instrument used by wire- drawers. Drop. Called in heraldry a gutta or gutte. See Gutte. Ducal Coronet, or Crest Coronet. Frequently used as a collar, and occasionally in place of a wreath. Duchess. The wife of a duke. She is addressed “ Your Grace," and is styled “ Most noble." Duciper. See Cap of Maintenance. Ducks. When borne without beaks or feet termed Cannets. Dufoil or Twyfoil. A grass with two leaves. Duke. The highest title in English nobility. Originally the Latin dux, a leader of an army. Edward the Black Prince was the first English duke after the Norman Conquest. Dung-Fork. In heraldry a three-pronged fork. Dungeoned. See Donjonne. Duparted or Biparted. Cut into two parts. Dwal. The nightshade. Used by those who blazoned by flowers instead of sable 358 GLOSSARY. Eagle. Generally borne displayed, with wings and legs extended on each side of the body, which is placed affronte. It signifies mag¬ nanimity and fortitude of mind. See Dis¬ played. Eagle, Spread. An eagle displayed or an eagle with two heads. According to Pourney, the Emperor of Germany bears an eagle with two necks, because when Roumania became a part of the empire its arms, which were an eagle displayed sable, were the same as those of the emperor. The two eagles were united into one body, leaving it two necks, as it has now. Eaglet. When there are more than three eagles m a coat without some ordinary between them, they may be termed eaglets. Eared. Applied to animals whose ears differ in tincture from their bodies. Also applied to a gram when the ear is different in tincture from the stalk. Earl. In rank between a marquis and a viscount. It was a high rank among the Saxons, and the Normans retained the name, modifying the duties somewhat. An earl is usually styled “ Right honorable and truly noble.” His wife is a countess. Earl Marshal. The officer at the head of the English heraldic system. He appoints all heraldic officers except those of the Lyon Office. The office of Earl Marshal is hered¬ itary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. Earl's Coronet. A golden circlet from which rise eight points, each bearing a pearl. Be¬ tween the points are strawberry leaves. Eastern or Antique Crown. Formerly worn by the lewish kings; it was made of gold with rays arising from it. Eau. Water. Guttl d'eau. Sprinkled with drops of water. Ecaille (Fr). Scaled. Ecartele (Fr.). Quarterly. Ecartele en Sautoir (Fr ). Party per Saltire. Echiquete or Echiquier (Fr.). Cheeky. Eclate (Fr.). Jagged. Eclipsed. The sun and moon are sometimes so borne, the face, beams, and rays, sable, lhe moon when partially eclipsed is called “ in her detriment.” Eclope(Fr). Bevel. Ecusson (Fr.). An escutcheon or an inescutch¬ Edged. Applied to an ordinary when its edge has a peculiar tincture. Eel-Basket. A wicker basket used by fisher¬ men for holding eels and fish. Eels. Generally borne in pale. Eel-Spear. A barbed spear of three or five prongs. Effellonie. A lion standing on his hind legs with his fore legs raised to an equal height. Effray or Effeare (Fr.). See Cabre. Eguisee, A Cross. One which has the two angles at the end cut off so that the arms termi¬ nate in points. Eightfoil. Formed by eight leaves attached to a central ball. See Double Quartreeoil. Electoral Crown. A scarlet cap, faced with ermine, diademed with half a circle o.f gold, set with pearls, supporting a globe, with a cross of gold on the top. Elephant. Borne with or without a castle on its back. Elevated. Applied to wings with the points turned upward. Emanche. See Manch. Emaux de l’Escu. The tinctures of the es¬ cutcheon. Embattled. See Battled. Embordered. Having a border. Embowed. Bent or flexed. Applied to fish and to the human arm when bent at the elbow. Embraced. Bound together. Embrasse Droit (Fr.). Traverse Embroidery. Applied to a hill or mount which has several rises and falls. Also applied to a mount embroidered with flowers. Embrued. Bloody or dripping with blood. Emerald. A stone; it signifies in heraldry the color vert or green. Emerasses. Small shield-shaped pieces on the shoulders of a full-armed knight. Emmance, Viure (Fr ), or Serrated. Indented. Emmanche or Creneaux. Battled. Emmets. Ants. Emmuselle (Fr.). Muzzled. Emperor. The highest title of sovereignty. Empoigne (Fr.). Banded. En (Fr ). In. Enaluron. Applied to a border charged with birds. Enarched. Arched or flexed. En Arriere. Borne with the back to view. eon. GLOSSARY. 359 En Band (Fr.). In bend. Enceppe. Fettered, chained, or girt about the middle. Enclave (Fr.). Square pieces let into one another. Mortised. Encountering. Opposed to each other. Ap¬ plied to three birds, etc., borne with their beaks touching at one point. En Croix. (Fr.). In cross. Endenche or Endente. See Indented. Endorse. One-fourth of the pale. Endorsed. Placed between two endorses. Endorsed. See Addorsed. Enfiled. Said of any charge thrust through or encircled by another. When any charge is placed on the blade of a sword, the sword is said to be enfiled with that charge. Englante (Fr.). Acorned. Engoulant (Fr.). Vor ant. Engouled. Being swallowed. Engraile or Engresle (Fr.) Engrailed. Engrailed. A line of partition by which ordi¬ naries are diversified, composed of semicircles, the teeth or points of which enter the field. Engrossing-Block. A tool used by wire- drawers. Enguiche. Applied to the large end of a hunt¬ ing-horn when it has a rim different in tincture from the horn. Enhanced or Enhansed. Applied to an ordi¬ nary when placed above its usual situation. This happens most frequently to the bend and its diminutives. Enhendee, A Cross. Crosspotence. Enleve (Fr.). Raised or elevated. Enmanche, from Manche. Used when the chief has lines drawn from the centre of the upper edge of the chief to the sides, to about half the breadth of the chief. It differs from chappe , which comes from the top to the bottom of the chief. En Pied. On his feet. Applied by French heralds to a bear erect on his hinder feet. Enraged. Applied to a horse borne salient. Ensanglante (Fr.). Imbrued. Ensigned. Ornamented. A shield surmounted by a crown or coronet is said to be ensigned of it. Entangled. Bound together. Fretted. Ente (Fr.). See Ante. Ente en Rond. One of the partition-lines, somewhat like indented but formed of curved lines. Entire or Throughout. Attached to the sides of the shield. Entoire or Entoyer. The term for a bordure charged with dead or artificial things, to the number of eight. Entrailed, Purfled, or Shadowed. See Adum BRATED. Entwined. Wrapped by. Usually applied to a staff or sword around which is wrapped a serpent, a cable, or a branch of laurel, etc. Entwisted. See Annodated. Enurney or Enurny. The term for a bordure charged with beasts. Envecked. See Invecked. Enveloped. Applied to a man or a beast tightly encircled by a snake. Environed. Bound about. Environne or Environed, (i) A French term for a lion, or other figure, when surrounded with other charges, such as bezants. (2) In Orle or Orle. Enwarped. See Enveloped. Enwrapped. See Entwined. Epaulette. The decoration worn on the shoul¬ der by officers of the army and navy. It was originally a badge of great distinction. Epaulier. Armor for the shoulder. Epimacus. See Opinicus. Episcopal Staff. See Pastoral Staff. Epitaph. An inscription on a tomb or monu¬ ment. Eploye (Fr.). See Displayed. Equippe or Equipped. Applied to a knight armed cap-a-pie or to a horse fully capari¬ soned. Equise. See Aiguise. Eradicated. A term for a tree or plant torn up by the roots. Erased or Arazed. Applied to the head or limb of any creature which is violently torn from the body, so that it seems to be jagged. Erect. Upright, or perpendicularly elevated. Ermine. Applied to a cross formed by four ermine spots in cross. Ermine. One of the heraldic furs. Black spots on white fur. Ermines. One of the heraldic furs. White spots on black fur. Ermimtes. One of the heraldic furs, but rarely used. Black spots with one red hair on each side, on white fur. Ermmois. One of the heraldic furs. Black spots on yellow fur. 360 GLOSSARY. Errant. Wandering. Knights-errant were knights who wandered in search of adventure. Errant. In heraldry means Hauriant. Escaille (Fr.). Scaled. Escallop-Shell. The pilgrims’ badge in their expeditions and pilgrimages to holy places. They were worn on their hats and hoods, and were of such a distinguishing character that Pope Alexander the Fourth forbade the use of them to all except the pilgrims who were truly noble. Escarboucle (Fr.). Escarbuncle. Escarbuncle. A precious stone. Escartele or Ecartele (Fr.). Quarterly or Quartered. Escartele en Sautoir (Fr.). Party per Saltire. Escarteler (Fr.). A quartering. Esclatte. Broken irregularly or splintered. Escloppe. A sort of indenture. Escrol. See Scroll. Escutcheon or Shield. The shield used in war, on which arms were originally borne. The surface of the escutcheon is termed the field, because it contains such honorable marks as anciently were acquired in the field. Escutcheon of Pretence. The small escutch¬ eon in which a man bears the coat of arms of his wife, if she is an heiress; it is placed in the centre of the man’s coat, and indicates his pretensions to her lands. Esquire or Equire. By some considered the same as the Gyron. Others hold that the gyron cannot extend beyond the centre fesse point, while the esquire runs completely across the shield. Esquire. The title of honor between knight and gentleman. Originally the armor-bearer of a knight. Essonier. A diminutive of the orle. Essorant (Fr.). Applied to an eagle when depicted with wings slightly elevated, as if rising from the ground. Estete. With head erased or torn off. Estoile or Etoile. A star. It differs from the Mullet by having six waved points, while the mullet has five plain ones. In French heraldry the star has but five points. Estoile of eight points. Alternately straight and wavy. Estropie. Dismembered. Etete. See Estete. Etoile. See Estoile. Evangelists’ Emblems. The angel, the winged lion, the winged ox, the eagle. • Ewer. A vessel for holding liquids. Exasperated. Represented enraged. Exhalation. A fall of rain or a water-spout. Expanded or Expansed. See Displayed. Extended. Stretched out. Eyed. Applied to the variegated spots in a peacock’s tail. Also to an animal whose eyes are of a tincture different from that of its body. Eyes. Sometimes borne in armory as emblems of vigilance and vivacity. F. Face (Fr.). Fesse. Face or Fasce (Fr.). Barry. Faced-Lined. Having a part of the lining turned outward. Fagot. A bundle of small sticks bound to¬ gether. Faillis (Fr.). Applied to an ordinary having a splinter taken from it. Falchion or Faulchion. A sword with a broad curved blade. Falcon. This bird is borne in the same postures as the eagle, and is described in the same terms, except when with hood, bells, virols (or rings), and leashes. False Cross. A cross voided. False Escutcheon. An escutcheon voided. False Heraldry. Any violation of heraldic laws. False Roundel. A roundel voided, and hence an Annulet. Fan or Winnowing-Fan. An instrument used in husbandry to separate the chaff from the grain. Fanon (Fr.). A small standard. Far-Roebuck. The term for a roebuck in his fifth year. Fasce (Fr.). Fesse. Fasce (Fr.). Barry. Fasciolae Gemellae or Fasciollae Duplices. See Bar-Gemelle. Fawn. A deer in its first year. Feathered or Flighted. Applied to an arrow w'hen the feathers are different in tincture from the shaft. Feathers. Used as charges and crests. See Ostrich Feathers. GLOSSARY. 361 Feeding. See Preying. Femme. Used in heraldry for wife. See Baron and Femme. Fendue en Pal (Fr ). Voided per pale. Fer de Dard (Fr.). Pheon. Fer de Fourchette. A cross is so termed when it has at each end a forked iron, like that used by soldiers to rest their muskets upon. Fer de Mouline or Millrind. The cross-shaped iron in the middle of a millstone. Fermau or Fermail. The buckle of a military belt. Ferr. A horse-shoe. Fesse or Fess. One of the honorable ordi¬ naries, occupying one-third of the field; some authors say it was a belt of honor given as a reward for services in the army. Per Fesse. Applied to a field or charge divided into two equal parts by a horizontal line. Per Fesse and Pale. Used when the field is divided into three parts by the fesse line and ihe pale line, from the fesse point to the middle base. Fesse Point. The centre of the escutcheon. Fessewise or Fesseways. Placed horizontally. Festoon. A festoon of fruit is called a fruitage; a festoon of flowers, a piowerage. Fetlock. The fetlock of a horse. Fetterlock, Shackbolt, or Fetlock. A shackle or lock. An instrument attached to the fetlock of a horse to prevent him from running away. Fiche (Fr.). See Fitchy. Field. The surface of the escutcheon or shield which contains the charge or charges. It must be described first in blazoning. Fiery Furnace. A furnace with flames darting about it. Figetive. Fitched or fastened. Figured. The term used for those bearings which are depicted with a human face. File. See Label. Filet (Fr.). A narrow strip. Fillet. The only diminutive of the chief. It contains one-fourth of the chief in area, and always occupies the lowest portion. P'imbriated. Having a narrow bordure of another tincture. Finned. Applied to fish whose fins are of a tincture different from that of the body. Fire-Ball. A bomb. Fire-Beacon. See Beacon. Fire-Brands. See Brands. Firme. Sometimes applied to a cross which has its arms fixed in the sides of the escutcheon. Fish. When the kind is not specified, a small, somewhat conventional fish is meant. Fishes are borne naiant, hauriant, and uriant. Fish-Wheel. A sort of net for taking fish. It resembles in shape two hour-glasses placed base to base in fesse, but is made of wicker work. Fissure or Staff. A diminutive of the bend sinister, one-fourth of it in size. Fitchee, Fitched, or Fitchy. Fixed ; in blazon, pointed. This term is applied to crosses when the lower branch ends in a sharp point, since such crosses were used by the primitive Chris¬ tians to fix in the ground during devotion. Double Fitchee or Fitchy. A cross was so termed when each extremity had two points. Five-Leaved Grass. See Cinquefoil. Fixed. See Firme. Flag. T he modern development of the pennon or banner. On it are represented arms just as on a shield. The depth, or distance from chief to base, is termed the Hoist or Dip ; the length, or distance from the fastened side to the free end, is termed the Fly. The tinctures are indi¬ cated in the same way as in a coat of arms. Flagon. Generally borne vase-shaped, with a cover. Flamant. Flaming. Flambant (Fr.). flaming. Flank. The side of an escutcheon between the chief and the base. Flanches or Flanques. The flanch is formed by an arched line, drawn from the upper angle of the escutcheon to the base point of that side. They are always borne in pairs, the arches almost meeting in the middle of the field Flanque Point of the Escutcheon (Fr.). The Base Point. Flasques. Like flanches, but smaller. Flax-Breaker. See Hemp-Break. Fleam or Flegme. An instrument used by farriers in bleeding horses. Flecked. A line of partition. Fleet, Flectant, or Fleeted. Bent in con¬ trary directions like the letter S. Fleece. A sheep’s skin hung by a ring. It is usually the Golden Fleece , badge of a celebrated order of knighthood. Flegme. See Fleam. Flesh-Hook. An instrument used for taking meat out of the seething pot or caldron. It is borne with handle in base and three hooks in chief. 362 GLOSSARY. Flesh-Pot. An iron pot with three legs. Fleur-de-lis. By some this charge is called the lily, or flower of the flag. It has only three leaves, by which it differs from the lily of the garden, which has five. Others suppose it to be the top of the sceptre; some the head of the French battle-axe, others the iron of a javelin used by the ancient French. It was introduced in arms of the English kings on account of their claims to the French throne. Fleurone or Fleur-de-lise (Fr.). Flenry. Fleury, a Cross. Decorated with a fleur-de-lis upon the end of each arm. Flexed. Bent or embowed. Flighted. Feathered and ready for flight. Ap¬ plied to arrows. Float. An instrument used by bowyers. Flook. A flounder, Flory. Flowered with the French lily. Flory, a Cross. This cross differs from the patonce by having the flowers at the end cir¬ cumflex and turning down. Flotant. Floating or flying in the air. Applied to a flag. Also applied to a bird flying and to anything swimming or floating in water. Flourette. See Fleurone. Flourished. Ornamented with flowers. Flower of the Flag. The Fleur-de-lis. Flowers. In heraldry signify hope, denote human frailty, and momentary prosperity. Fly. See Gad-Bee. Fly. The length of a flag from the fastened end to the free end. Flying. Floating in the air. Flying Column. A winged column. Focked. Applied to animals whose hind feet differ in tincture from their bodies. Foldage. Leaves with several foldings and turn¬ ings, one from the other. Foliage. The leaves of a tree or branch. Also the doubling of a mantle, where it is turned outward. Foliated. Bearing leaves. Fondant (Fr.). Applied to an eagle about to seize its prey. Fontal. See Water Pot. Forcene. Used of a horse rearing or standing on his hinder legs. Fore-Staff. An instrument used by seamen. Forest Bill. See Wood Bill. Forked Branching into two parts. Form. The resting-place of the hare. Formee. See Pattee. Fortified. Surmounted with towers. Fountain. A roundel barry wavy of six argent and azure. It, like the metal roundels, is always represented flat, not spherical. Fourchee or Fourchy. Used of a cross which is forked at the ends or divided. Fracted. Broken. Fraise, Frasier, Fraze, or Frazier. A straw¬ berry plant or cinquefoil. Framed Saw. A saw fixed in a wooden frame, with a handle at each end. It is used for cutting timber. France Ancient The coat of arms of the early French kings. It was a field azure, seine of fleurs-de-lis or. This was quartered with the royal arms of England, to indicate the claim which the English kings had to the French throne. France was borne in the first and fourth quarters, with England in the second and third. France Modern. The change from the field seme of feurs-de-hs to a field bearing three fleurs-de-lis was made by Charles V., of France, in honor of the Trinity, and perhaps, to distinguish the royal arms of France from the arms borne in the royal arms of England. The English kings, however, soon after adopted the new form, and bore on the field azure , three fleurs-de-lis or. This new shield is termed France Modern. Franche or Frange (Fr.). F'imbriated. French Crown. A circle decorated with stones, and heightened with arched diadems, arising from as many fleurs-de-lis, that conjoin at the top under a fleur-de-lis, all of gold. Fresne. See Forcen£. Fret. A figure resembling two sticks lying sal- tireways, and interlaced within a mascle. Sometimes called the Herald’s True Lover’s Knot. Frette (Fr ). A fret. Frette or Fretty. In attacking a walled city the ancients used a movable tower built of wood, and of such a height that it overlooked the battlements of the city. It was covered with raw hides to prevent its being burnt, and had a net-work of ropes which hung in front of it, in order to deaden the violence of the stones that were thrown against it from the city. This net-work seems to be what fretty was originally taken from. The term is ap¬ plied to a field composed of small squares placed in rows bendwise. GLOSSARY. 363 Frette Triangular, Three semicircles inter¬ laced. Fretted. Interlaced. Fretted. Used of a cross when fretted and pointed in the form of five nrascles. Frightened. See h orcene. Fringed. Edged of a different tincture. Front or Frontal. The fore pait of anything The forehead of a man or woman. Fructed. A term given in blazon to all trees bearing fruit. Fulgent. Having rays. Fumant. Emitting smoke. Furs. See article on Tinctures. Those in most common use are Ermine , Ermines, Er- rninois, Pean, Vair, Counter - Vair, Potent, Counter- Potent. Furchy Forked. Furiosant Applied to an animal in rage or rangant. Fusee (Fr.). A jusil. Fusele (Fr.). Fusilly. Fusil. A spindle of yarn. Fusil. Derived from the French word fuste, a spindle; it is longer and more acute than the lozenge. Fusille or Fusilly. Applied to the field or charge when filled with fusils. Fylot, Fylfot, or Gammadion. A charge of unknown origin. It has been termed “ the mark of Thor’s hammer,” others have proved it a sacred emblem of India, It resembles a cross with the extremities of its arms bent. G. Gad-Bee or Gad-Fly. The horse-fly. Gener¬ ally represented volant. Gads. Curved plates of metal or small spikes on the knuckles of the gauntlet. Galleys. Small vessels with one mast, but usu¬ ally propelled with oars. Also called Lym- phads. Galthrap, Galtrap, or Caltrap A small spiked instrument thrown on the ground to injure the feet of horses in battle. Gamashes or Buskins. A kind of hose or stockings. Gamb or Jamb. The fore leg of a lion, or other beast, when borne in arms. If it is couped or erased near the middle joint it is called a Paw. Game-Cock. See Cock. Gammadion. See Fylot. Gantlet. See Gauntlet. Garb or Garbe. A sheaf of wheat. When of any other grain it must be so stated, as “ a garb of oats,” etc. Gardant or Guardant. Signifies a beast of prey full-faced, looking right toward the spectator with its body in profile. Gardebras or Garbraille. Armor for the elbow. Garden-Pales. Borne in pale fitche or pointed at the top and conjoined. Gardevisor or Guardevisure. That part of the helmet which protects the face. It could be raised or lowered at pleasure. Garland. A wreath of flowers and leaves. Garnished. Ornamented. Garter. Plalf of a bendlet. Garter. See Knighthood. Garter King-at-Arms. The herald for the Most Noble Order of the Carter, Garter-Plate. See Stall-Plate. Gauntlet. An iron glove introduced about the thirteenth century to cover the hand of a cavalier when armed cap-a-pie. It was fre¬ quently thrown like the glove by way of chal¬ lenge. When borne in arms they are usually represented without fingers, and never mailed on the palm Gaze. See At Gaze. G. C. B. The first class of the Order of the Bath,—Knights of the Grand Cross. G. C. H. A Knight of the Grand Cross of Hanover. G. C. M. G. A Knight of the Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George. Ged, The fish known as the luce or pike. Gemelles. See Bar-Gemelle. Gemmel Rings. See Gimmai, Rings. Gem Ring. A ring set with a precious stone Genet. A small fox-like animal, not larger than a weasel. Gentleman. The title next below esquire Gentry. Knights, esquires, and gentlemen. Those who possess no hereditary dignity. Genuant. Kneeling. George. See Saint George. George Badge. St. George on horseback slay¬ ing the dragon. Worn by Knights of the Garter. Gerated or Gerratty. Powdered or seme. 364 GLOSSARY. Gerbe (Fr.). See Garb. Geules (Fr.). Gules. Gilly-Flower. Properly July flower. A flower of a blood-red color. Gimmal Rings. Flat hoops of gold which fitted accurately within each other and formed but one ring. They are frequently borne in heraldry, in the position of two annulets inter¬ laced. Giraffe. See Camei.opard. Girl. The roe in its second year. Giron. See Gyron. Gironette (Fr.). Applied to tov/ers when topped with spears. Gironne. See Gyronny. Girt, Girded, or Girdled. Bound with a girdle or band. Gisant (Fr.). Jessant. Givers or Gringale. Figures with serpents’ heads at their extremities. Glaziers’ Nippers or Grater. A tool used by glaziers. Gliding. This term is applied to serpents, snakes, or adders when moving forward. Globe. A ball which represents the earth. Globical. Convex. Glory. A circle of rays. Glove. Generally the sort used in falconry. Goat. Frequently used as a crest or a supporter. Gobony or Gobonated. See Com pony. Gold. One of the heraldic metals, and blazoned or. In engraving it is represented by dots on a plain white surface. Golden Fleece. See Fi.eece. Golpes or Golps. Roundels of the purple tinct¬ ure. Gonfalon or Gonfannon. The banner of the Roman Catholic Church. Gonfalonier. The Pope’s standard-bearer. Gordian Knot. A double orle of annulets linked to each other and to one in the centre, gyronwise Gore or Gusset. Formed by two curved lines, one from the sinister chief point, the other from the middle base point, meeting in the fesse point and forming an acute angle. It is one of the abatements of honor. Gor6 or Gory. Double-arched. Gored. Cut into arched indents. Gorge or Gurge. See Whirlpool. Gorged. Applied to an animal or bird which has a crown or coronet about its neck instead of a collar. Gorget. Armor for the neck. Also a military ornament formerly worn by officers on the breast. Goshawk. A species of hawk. Goutte. See Gutie. Gradient. Applied to a tortoise represented walking. Grady. Having steps. Grady Embattled. See Battlf.d-Embattled. Grafted. Fixed in. Applied to the part of a shield which is inserted into another as one of the quarterings. Grain-Tree. A tree whose berries are used for dyeing. Grand Quarters. See Quarterly Quartered. Grand Seignior’s Crown. A turban enriched with pearls and diamonds. Grappling-Iron. A four-pointed anchor used in war to fasten ships together. Grasshopper. Among the Athenians gold grasshoppers were worn in the hair as marks of nobility. Grater. See Glaziers’ Nippers. Gray. A badger. Greaves. Leg-armor. Grenade. See Fire-Ball. Greyhound. Usually borne courant. Grices. Young wild boars. Gridiron. Usually borne in pale with handle in base sable. Grieces. Steps. Griffin. An imaginary animal, half eagle, half lion. It expresses the union of strength and swiftness. Griffin Male. In heraldry is represented with large ears, but no wings. It usually has rays of gold issuing from various parts of its body. Grillete (Fr.). Belled. Gringole or Gringolle. A term for crosses, saltires, etc., whose extremities end with heads of serpents. Griping. Grasping. Grittie. A field composed equally of metal and color. Groaning. The noise or cry of a buck. Grose. A tool used by coopers. Gryfin or Gryphon. See Griffin. Guard. Old term for doubling. Guardant. See Gardant. Guarded. Trimmed or turned up with. Ap¬ plied to a mantle or chapeau whose edge is turned up and tinctured differently. Guay or Cheval Guay (Fr.). A rearing horse. GLOSSARY. 365 Gueules (Fr.). Gules. Guidon. See Pennon. Guige. A shield-belt. Guirlande (Fr.). Chaplet. Guivre. See Gringole. Gu. or Gules. The color red. In engraving it is represented by perpendicular lines. Gull. A sea-bird. Gunshot or Gunstone. See Pellet. Gurges. See Whirlpool. Gusset. See Gore. Gutte. A drop. A Gutte reversed is a drop with the tapering part downward. This is sometimes termed an icicle. Gutte or Gutty. From the Latin Gutta, a drop, is said of a field or bearing sprinkled with drops. Gutte dlhuile ox Gutte d'olive. Sprinkled with oil, represented by drops vert (green). Gutte de larmes. Sprinkled with tears or drops azure (blue). Gutte d'eau. Sprinkled with water or drops argent (white). Gutte d'or. Sprinkled with drops of gold or drops or (yellow). Gutte de poix. Sprinkled with drops of pitch. Represented sable (black). Gtitte de sang. Sprinkled with blood. Repre¬ sented gules (red). Gutte reversed. When the drops are inverted. Guze. A roundel of sanguine or murrey color. Gyron. A gore in a garment. In heraldry it is formed by a straight line from the dexter chief point, meeting at the centre of the shield a straight line from the dexter fesse, and form¬ ing an acute angle at the fesse point. Gyronne or Gyronny. Applied to a field divided into six, eight, ten, or twelve triangular parts, of two different tinctures, and the points all uniting in the centre of the field. Gyronways. Applied to any charge borne in the form of a gyron. A chain is the most usual. H. Habeck or Habick. An instrument used by clothiers in dressing cloth. Habergeon. A small coat of mail, consisting of a jacket without sleeves. Habille (Fr.). Habited. Habillement (Fr.). Garment. Habited. Clothed. Applied to an entire figure, while Vested is applied to a part only. Thus, a man is habited , an arm is vested. Hacked. Applied to an indented charge when the notches are curved. Hackle. See Hemp-Break. Hair. See Crined. Hake-Fish. A fish like the cod, but longer in the body. Halberd or Halbert. A battle-axe. Still used at certain ceremonies. Half-Spear or Halk-Spear. A spear with a short handle. Hames or Heames. A piece of harness fitting on the collar of a horse. Hammer or Martel. Variously borne. Hanchet. See Bugle-Horn. Hand. Both right and left hands are borne, and must be blazoned dexter (right) or sinister (left). The hand open with the palm outward is blazoned appaume , if borne with the back toward the spectator it is dorsed. Again, it may be clenched, grasping an object, etc. See also Badge of Ulster. Harbored. See Lodged. Harboreth. Applied to the place where a beast of chase is lodged. Hare. Usually borne courant. Harness. Armor for a knight. Harp. The musical instrument, commonly called a Welsh harp. It is one of the national devices of Ireland, and is borne on the arms of Great Britain in the third quarter. Harpoon. The spear with a cable attached used in capturing whales. It is usually borne with the barbed point in base. Harpy. A mythological and heraldic monster with the body of a vulture and the face and neck of a woman. Harrington Knot. A badge of the family of Harrington. It is represented flat and in the shape of a frette. Harrow. An instrument used in husbandry. Usually represented triangular. Hart. A stag or male of the red deer from the age of six years. It is then of full growth with branching horns. The female is the hind , and bears no horns. Hart Royal. A hart which has escaped the pursuit of a king or queen. Harvest-Fly. An insect with spindle-shaped body and wide-spreading wings. A butter¬ fly. Hat. See Cardinal’s FIat. GLOSS A ft Y. 366 Hatchet. A short-handled axe. A charge of great antiquity. Hatchment. The armorial bearings of a de¬ ceased person, usually placed on the front of the house. Hauberk. A coat of twisted mail. Hauriant. A term used to express any fish erect or upright, as if it had risen to the surface for air. Hause or Hausse. See Enhanced. Hawk or Falcon. A bird of prey. Borne at times with bells, jesses, and varvels, and blazoned belled, jessed, or varvelled, as the case may be. Hawk’s Bells. Small round bells, somewhat like the bells used in strings for sleigh-bells. They were attached to the legs of hawks. Hawk’s Jesses. Small leathern thongs with which the bells were attached to the hawk’s legs. Hawk’s Lure. Two wings joined together with their tips downward. To this was attached a long cord, and it was then thrown in the air to imitate a bird flying. Used as a decoy by falconers. Hay-Fork. Represented with two prongs. Not often seen in English coats of arms. Heads. Borne in profile unless blazoned other¬ wise. Healme, Heaulme, or Helme. See Helmet. Heames. See Hames. Heart. Represented in the conventional form. Blazoned a human heart or a body heart. Heart’s-Ease. A flower. Commonly known as the pansy. Hedge-Hog. Borne passant with quills erect. Heightened. See Enhanced. Heinuse. The roe in its third year. Helmet. Defensive armor for the head. When borne as a charge it is an “ Esquire’s Hel¬ met.” Helved. An axe is helved of its handle. Hemp-Brake or Hackle. A machine formerly used to break or bruise hemp to soften it for use. Heneage Knot. A sort of double knot of cord. One of the badges of the Heneage family. Herald. An officer who regulates armorial bear¬ ings and directs matters of precedency, etc., on public occasions. Heraldry. In modern times the science which treats of armorial bearings. Also used by many in the sense of “ device-bearing,” or the custom of distinguishing individuals and communities by some symbol. Heralds’ College. See College of Arms. Herd. Applied to a number of deer, etc., grouped together. Herisse (Fr.). Set with long sharp points like those of a Herisson. Herisson (Fr.). A hedge-hog. Hermine or Hermines (Fr.). See Ermine. Hernshaw or Heron. A wading bird. Herse (Fr.). A harrow, or a portcullis. Herse. A bar or framework with upright spikes for the reception of candles. Used at funeral services and church services. Originally plain, but in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries of great beauty. Its development into the modern hearse can be easily traced. Heurts. See Hurts. Hiacinth. See Hyacinth. Highness. A title of honor. Hill. A mound vert. When more than one are borne they are blazoned hillocks. Hilt. The handle of a sword. Hilted. Having a handle. Hind. The female of the red deer. It bears no horns. Hippocampus. Sea-horse. Hirondelle. A swallow. Hoist. The distance from the chief of a flag to the base. Holy Lamb. See Lamb. Homage. The acknowledgment of his rela¬ tion to his lord made by a vassal. It is de¬ rived from the form of words used, “ Jeo deveigne vostre home," —I become your man. Honor Point. The point next above the centre of the shield. Honorable Ordinaries. See article on Ordi¬ naries. Honored. Applied in old blazons to an animal borne with a crown upon its head. Hood. The head-covering attached to the long gowns of monks and friars. Also a covering used for a hawk’s head in falconry. Hooded. Wearing a hood. Applied to hawks as well as to human heads. Hoofed. Applied to an animal whose hoofs are different in tincture from its body. Sometimes termed Unguled. Hop. The climbing plant. Horned. Applied to an animal whose horns have a special tincture. Animals of the deer- kind are attired. GLOSSAL V. 367 Horse, Blazoned passant, when walking; courant, or in full speed, when running ; cabre or effray, when rearing. Horse, Winged. See Pegasus. Horse-Shoes. Usually borne with the ends in base and turned up. Hound. Usually represented as a blood-hound on scent. Housse (Fr.). Caparisoned. Hovering. Applied in old blazons to the eagle when represented as if floating in the air with wings outspread. Huchet (Fr.). Bugle-Horn. Humet. A bar cut off at the extremities. Humette. Used of an ordinary which is cut smoothly off, so that its ends do not reach the side of the shield. It corresponds to couped, the term applied to charges. Hunting-Horn. This charge appears in two forms: (1) Almost semicircular with mouth¬ piece to sinister. (2) Slightly curved in the form of the horn of an ox, and borne in pale, mouth-piece in base. The first is the more usual form, and some authorities confine the term bugle-horn to it alone. The second form is, however, more nearly the shape of the natural horn of the bugle or bull, and if there is to be a distinction between the terms it would seem better to confine the term bugle- horn to the second form. The first form is usually borne as if suspended by a cord, and is then blazoned stringed. If ornamented with specially tinctured rings about it the horu is blazoned garnished. Hure (Fr.). The head of a boar or dolphin. Hurst. A clump of trees. Hurts, Heurts, or Huerts. Blue roundels. Supposed by some to represent wounds or hurts. Others consider them hurtleberries, and derive the name hurts from this. Hurty or Hurte. Seine of Hurts. Husk. The upper part of the stalk from which a gilly-flower blows. It need not be mentioned unless specially tinctured. Hyacinth. A flower originally grown in the Orient. Hyacinth. A name given to a fine red cinna¬ mon-stone, and sometimes to a ferruginous quartz of a blood-red color. In heraldry it was used, in the blazoning by precious stones, instead of metals and colors, to express tennt or tawny in the arms of peers. Hydra. A fabulous creature resembling a dragon, with seven heads. I. Ibex. An imaginary beast, in some respects like the heraldic antelope, but with this difference, that it has two straight horns projecting from the forehead, serrated, or edged like a saw. Icicles. Guttes reversed. Imbattled. A term for a house, tower, or a wall represented with battlements. Also one of the lines of partition. Imbordered. Applied to a field which has a border of the same tincture. Seldom seen in English coats of arms, but frequently on the Continent. Imbowed. See Embower. Imbrued. Spotted or dropping with blood. Impale. See article on Marshalling. Imperial Crown. A circle of gold, adorned with stones and pearls, heightened with fleurs- de-lis bordered and seeded with pearls, raised in the form of a cap, voided at the top like a crescent; from the middle of the cap rises an arched fillet, enriched with pearls and sur¬ mounted by a mound, whereon is a cross of pearls. Imperially Crowned. Surmounted by an Im¬ perial Crown. In Base. In the lower part of the field. In Bend. Placed Bendways. In Chevron. Placed Chevronways , In Chief. In the upper part of the field. In Cross. Placed in the form of a cross. In Fesse. Placed Fesseways. In Foliage. Having leaves. In Glory. Surrounded by rays. In her Piety. See Pelican. In his Majesty. Applied to an eagle when crowned and bearing a sceptre. In his Pride. See Peacock. In his Splendor. See Sun. In Leure or In Lure. Applied to the wings of a bird borne without the body and joined together at the place where they would nat¬ urally meet the body. The tips of the wings are in base in imitation of a hawk's lure. In Orle. Nearly in a circle. In Pale. Placed perpendicularly. In Pile. Placed in the form of a pile. f 368 GLOSSARY. In Saltire. Placed in the form of a saltire. Incensant. Applied to the boar when repre¬ sented angry. Incensed. A term for leopards and panthers when represented with fire issuing from their mouths and ears. Increment or Increscent. The state of the moon from her entrance into her first quarter, having her horns toward the dexter side of the shield. It was the emblem of the Turks during the Crusades. Indented. One of the lines of partition, in shape the same as dancette, but with smaller teeth. Indente. Applied to a field having teeth, not joined to each other, but set apart. Indentilly. Applied to a field having long teeth resembling piles conjoined. Indian Goat or Assyrian Goat. Resembles the English goat, but has horns more bent and ears like a hound. Indorsed. See Addorsed. Inescutcheon. A small escutcheon borne within the shield. It is usually placed on the fesse point. Infamed. See Defamed. Inflamed. Blazing. Infula. A fillet or crown ; the tiara. Ingrailed. See Engrailed. Ink-Horn or Penner and Ink-Horn. The em¬ blems of a notary A pen-case and a ves¬ sel containing ink, joined by a cord. They were carried by a notary in the Middle Ages. Ink Moline. See Fer-de-Moui.ine. Inquire, Arms to. Such coats of arms as are irregular because they violate some of the heraldic laws. Inraced or Race. See Indented. Insigned. See Ensigned. Interchangeably Posed. Placed in parallel lines so that the head of one lies between the tails of two others. Interchanged. See Counter-Changed. Interfretted or Interlaced. When annulets, rings, keys, crescents, etc., are linked together, they are termed interlaced or interfretted. Interposed. Placed alternately. Intersicants. Lines which cross each other. Invecke or Goare. Double-arched or arche. Invecked or Invected. One of the lines of partition, the reverse of engrailed, since the points go into the charge. Invelloped or Involved. Surrounded. Invertant or Inverted. Turned the wrong way. Especially wings with points down. Invexed. Arched. Ire. Angry. Iron Ring. A tool used by wire-drawers. Irradiated. Decorated or illuminated with rays of light. Issant (Fr.). Jssuant. Issuant or Issuing. Issuing or coming out of the bottom of the chief. When an animal is so blazoned the upper half of it alone is visible. Also applied to one charge coming out of, or rising from, another. Issuant and Revertant. Applied to an ani¬ mal borne as if issuing into the field at the base and going out again at the chief. The upper part of the lion is shown in base, the lower in chief. Jack. The fish known as the pike. Jack. See Union Jack. Jagged. Used when the outlines of an ordinary are rough, as if torn or broken. Jamb. See Gamb. Janus. One of the earliest Latin divinities. Represented on a beaming throne with a scep¬ tre in his right hand and a key in his left. A Janus's Head is a head with two faces, one aged and the other youthful. Javelin. A short spear with a barbed point. Used for throwing. Jellop. The comb of a cock. Jelloped. Having a“ comb” different in tincture from the head. Jerkin. A short coat or jacket. Jersey Comb. A comb with large teeth. Used by wool-combers. Jessamine. A flower. Used in the obsolete blazoning by flowers, for argent. Jessant. Rising or issuing. Jessant. Applied to a lion or other beast rising or issuing from the middle of a fesse. Jessant-de-Lis. Applied to a charge through which a fleur-de-lis is thrust. CL OSS ARY. 369 Jessed. Applied to a hawk whose jesses are of , a different tincture from that of his body. Jesses. Small leathern thongs with which a hawk’s bells were fastened. Joinant. See Conjoined. Jousts. Tournaments. Jowlopped. See Jei.loped. Jugariae Fasciolae. See Bar-Gemelle. Jumelle Rings. See Gimmal Rings. Jumelles (Fr.). Gemelles. Jupiter. The king of the Roman divinities. Afterwards the name of one of the planets, and in heraldry used for azure in blazoning by planets instead of by metals and colors. K. K.B. Knight of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. K.C.B. Knight Commander of the same order. K.C.H. Knight Commander of the Order of Flanover. Kenelleth. Applied to the place where the fox takes up his abode. Keys. The emblem of St. Peter. Borne in a bunch or singly. K.G. Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. Kid. Applied to the young of the roe in its first year as well as to that of the goat. Kings-of-Arms. Heraldic officers. Knight. In the Middle Ages, a mounted warrior entitled to bear a pennon and to wear golden spurs. In modern times, when used alone, it means a rank between a baronet and an esquire. The title is not hereditary. When coupled with the name of one of the orders of knight¬ hood, as “ Knight of the Garter,” it means a member of that order. Knighthood. The various orders of knighthood have been instituted by sovereigns throughout the world as “ Fraternities of Honor.” The principal British orders are: (1) The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded very early in English history, and composed of twenty-five knights companions, exclusive of the sovereign. The Garter is of dark-blue velvet, lettered in gold “ Huni soit qtii mal y pense ,” and having a buckle and border of the same metal. It is worn by the queen above the left elbow, and by the knights below the left knee. (2) The Most Noble and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, instituted in Scotland at a very early period, and consists of the sovereign and sixteen knights. (3) The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick, an Irish order founded by George III., and consisting of the sovereign, the Lord Lieuten¬ ant of Ireland, who is ex officio Grand Master of the order, and twenty-two knights. (4) The Most Honorable Order of the Bath, a very old order revived by George I. Its mem¬ bers are divided into three classes,— Knights Grand Cross (G.C.B.), Knights Commanders (K.C.B.), and Knights Companions (C.B.). (5) The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, founded by George IV., when prince regent, as a decora¬ tion for Malta and the Ionian Islands. The order is divided into three classes like those of the Bath. (6) The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, founded in 1861, and composed of the sovereign, the Governor Gen¬ eral of India, who is ex-officio Grand Master of the order, and twenty-five knights, with such honorary knights as the sovereign may choose to appoint. (7) The Royal Order of Vic¬ toria and Albert may be classed with the other orders, but it differs from them in that it is composed entirely of ladies. Knots. Badges formed of twisted silk cord, woven in different figures. K.P. Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick. K.T. Knight of the Most Noble and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle. L. Label or File. The Mark of Cadency used to difference the arms of the eldest son. By some supposed to be ribbons anciently worn by young men about the neck of their helmets, to distinguish them from their fathers. Labels. Ribbons that hang down from a mitre or coronet. Laced. Adorned with lace or interlaced. Lacs d'Amour (Fr.). True-love-knots. Lacy Knot. The badge of the Lacy family. 24 370 GLOSSARY. Lady. A title properly applicable to daughters of all peers above the rank of viscounts. By courtesy, however, it is extended to the wives of baronets and knights. Lamb or Holy Lamb. A white lamb passant , with a staff, crossed at the top, and a banner bearing the Red Cross of St. George. Lambeaux. A cross is so termed when borne upon a label or lambeaux. Lambeaux. See Label. Lambel (Fr.). Label. Lambrequin, (i) The point of a label. (2) Sometimes used for i?iantling. Laminated. Applied to reptiles to mean having scales. Lampasse (Fr.). Langued. Lancaster Herald. One of the members of the Heralds’ College. Lancaster Rose. A red rose was the badge of the house of Lancaster. It is represented as the heraldic rose gules. Lance. A tilting spear. Landskip or Landschape. A landscape repre¬ sented proper (ppr.). Langued. Applied to an animal when its tongue differs in tincture from its body. The tongue is gules unless otherwise blazoned. Lapin (Fr.). Rabbit. Lapped. Wound around. Larmettes or Larmes. Tears. See Gutte de larmes. Lattice or Lettice. See Treille. Launce. See Lance. Laurel. The emblem of victory and triumph. Laver. A coulter or ploughshare. Laverpot. Ewer. Lead-Line. An instrument used to find the depth of the sea. Leaping. Applied to reptiles borne erect. Leash. A leather thong used in hawking to pass through the varvels and thus prevent the hawk’s escape. The name is also applied to a strap attached to the collar of a greyhound. Leashed. Applied to a greyhound when a leash is attached to his collar. Leaves. Various kinds are borne. Usually placed with stem in base. Leg. The human leg is borne in various ways, but always bent at the knee. The leg of a lion is a gamb. Legged or Membered. Applied to a bird whose legs differ in tincture from its body. Legion of Honor. The decoration of this order is given for services to the state, either military or civil. It was founded early in the centuiy under the P'rench Republic. Lentally. Indented. Leopard. Always borne full-faced in early heraldry, while the lion was always borne in profile, thus the lions in the English coat were blazoned leopards. In modern times it is borne in the same positions and blazoned in the same terms as a lion. Leopard’s Face. When a leopard’s head ap¬ pears without any part of the neck it is bla¬ zoned a leopard's face. Leopard’s Head. When blazoned a leopard's head , the neck is shown. Leopardy or Leoparde (Fr.). Applied to a lion instead of passant. Level. The instrument used by carpenters. Lever. A cormorant. Leveret. A young hare. Lie (Fr.). Banded or Stringed. Lily of the Garden or White Lily. The em¬ blem of the Virgin Mary. Lily of the Flag. The Fleur-de-lis. Lily-Pot. See Cup. Limb of a Tree. Borne raguled, trunked, leaved, etc. Limbeck. See Alembic. Lind-Worm. A dragon without wings. Lined. (1) Applied to an animal which has a cord attached to the collar. (2) Applied to mantles, etc., whose linings are different in tincture from the outer surface. Lines. See Partition-Lines. Linked. Applied to annulets or rings interlaced, as well as to chains and chain-armor. Lion. See chapter on Charges. Demi-Lion. The upper half of a lion. A part of the tail is also shown, detached from the body. Lion of England. Gules, a lion passant guard- ant or. Lion of Scotland. Or, a lion rampant gules. It is surrounded by the well-known tressure, as it appears in the second quarter of the royal arms of Great Britain. Lion of St. Mark. A winged lion. Lionceau (Fr.). IAoncel. Lionced. Adorned with lion’s heads. Lioncel. A young lion. A term used by some heralds where two or more lions are in the same field. Lion-Dragon. Upper part like a lion and hinder part like a dragon. GLOSSARY. 37 1 Lionne (Fi\). Rampant. Applied to the leopard. Lion-Poisson or Sea-Lion. The upper half like a lion and the lower or hinder ending in a tail like a fish. It has webbed feet. Lions Conjoined. Several lions connected, borne symbolically, and not as a monster. Lis. Fleur-de-lis. Liston. See Scroll. Lists. A space enclosed for a tournament. Litre (Fr.). The armorial cincture or funeral girdle depicted on the wall of a church with the arms of the lord of the manor. Litvit’s Skin. A pure white fur. Livery. The color or combination of colors adopted by a family for the dress of its ser¬ vants. The colors should be those of the arms. Lizard or Lezard. A beast common in Den¬ mark, resembling a wild-cat. Lizard. A small reptile, usually represented green. Lizare or Lisere (Fr.). Bordered or Edged. Lobster. In pale. Always represented with claws in chief. Lochaber-Axe. See Axe. Lodged, A term for the buck, hart, etc., when lying on the ground. It corresponds to couch- ant, which cannot be used of beasts of chase. Lolling. Applied to a bird of prey when feed¬ ing with its wings hanging down. Long. See Per Long. Looking Back. Sometimes applied to a lion rampant toward the sinister, with the head turned to look toward the dexter. Loop-Holes. Borne square or elongated. Lopped or Snagged. Cut smoothly off. It differs from coziped, since the thickness is shown. Lord. Applied to peers, and to certain high officers by virtue of their office. Losange (Fr.). Lozengy. Loup-Cervier. A lynx. Lowered. Applied to an ordinary debased from its natural position. Lozenge. A four-cornered, diamond-shaped figure resembling a pane of glass in old case¬ ments, or the “ diamonds'" on ordinary playing- cards. Lozenges, Cross of. A cross composed of five lozenges. Lozengy. Applied to the field or charge when composed of lozenges. Luce or Lucy. The fish commonly called the pike, ged, or jack. Lumieres. The eyes. Luna. The moon. In blazoning by the planets, Luna means argent. Lunel. Four crescents in cross. L’Un a l’Autre (Fr.). Counter-Changed. L’Un sur l’Autre (Fr.). Applied to two or more charges placed one above the other in pale. Lure. Two wings with their tips downward, joined with a line and ring, cast in the air by falconers to imitate a bird and thus decoy hawks. Lute. A stringed instrument somewhat like the modern guitar. Lutra, Loutre, or Louterel. Otter. Lymphad. An old-fashioned ship with one mast, and propelled with oars. Usually borne with the sail furled. Lynes. Roes. Lynx. See Ounce. Lyon Court. The court which has jurisdiction over armorial bearings in Scotland. Lyon King-of-Arms. The head of the Lyon Office or Heralds’ Office for Scotland. Lyre. A stringed musical instrument somewhat like a harp. M. Mace. Originally a spiked war-club, but now borne before dignitaries as an emblem of au¬ thority. Macers. Officers of the Supreme Courts in Scotland. Made (Fr.). Mascle. Maqonne (Fr.). Masoned. Madder-Bags. See Bag of Madder. Maiden’s Head. The head, neck, and shoulders of a woman, and the head crowned with an antique coronet and wreathed with roses. Mail. A chain. Armor made of linked rings. Mailed. Clothed in mail. Main. A hand. Maintenance. See Cap of Maintenance. Male Griffin. See Griffin Male. Mallet. A tool used by carpenters. Borne with round head hi chief. 37 2 GLOSSARY. Maltese Cross. So called because worn by the Knights of Malta. Manacles. Handcuffs. Manche. An old-fashioned sleeve with long hangers. Mancheron (Fr.). A sleeve. Manchet. A cake of bread somewhat like a muffin. Mandrake. A sort of root. Maned. Applied to animals when the hair hangs down on the neck; or when the mane is tinctured specially. Man’s Head. Always the head of an old man with a beard, and placed in profile unless other¬ wise blazoned. Manteau (Fr.). Mantle. Mantele (Fr.). Like Chapl in form, except that the lines are drawn from the fesse point to the dexter and sinister base. Mantele (Fr.). Wearing a mantle. Mantelet. A wide short cloak with which knights covered their shields. Man-Tiger or Manticora. An imaginary mon¬ ster with body like a lion, face like a man, and horns on the head. Mantle. A military cloak worn over the armor to preserve it from rust. Also a long cloak decorated with heraldic devices, worn by ladies of rank. Mantles are frequently represented as a background for. armorial achievements. Mantling. The ornamental work surrounding an achievement. It is represented as if attached to the helm. It is supposed to represent a cloak or scarf which has been hacked in battle. Mantling. Applied to an eagle when it is rep¬ resented with one wing spread and one leg raised. Marcassin. A young wild boar. Its tail hangs down, while the tail of an old boar is twisted into a ring. Marine (Fr ). Marined. Marined. A term for an animal which has the lower part of its body like a fish. Marine Wolf. The seal. Marks of Cadency. Devices added to a shield or crest to distinguish sons from the father. Marquis. The title of the rank between duke and earl. Marquis’s Coronet. See article on Coronets. Mars. The Roman god of war. In blazoning by the planets Mars was used for gules or red. Marshalling, (i) That part of heraldry which treats of the proper arrangement of the arms of two or more families upon one shield. (2) The grouping of different parts of an achieve¬ ment. Martel. A hammer. Marten or Martin. A kind of weasel. Martin. A kind of swallow. Martlet. A bird, in shape like the swallow, but represented without feet. It is the Mark of Cadency for the fourth son. Mascle. A figure in shape like the lozenge, but the centre is cut out and only the outline left. Mascles, Cross of. A cross composed of five muscles. Masculy. Made up of mascles. Masoned. Divided by plain strokes representing the cement in stone buildings. Massonne (Fr.). Masoned. Match. A coiled fuse used to discharge artil¬ lery. Match-Lock. The lock of an old-fashioned musket. Maunche. A hanging sleeve worn about the time of Henry I. Mayor. The chief magistrate of a city or cor¬ porate town. Meire or Meirre. See Potent or Counter- Potent. Membered. Signifies that the beak and legs of a bird are of a different tincture from the body. Membre (Fr.). Membered . Meniver. See Miniver. Menu of Vair or Meniver. Applied to a field which is like vair, except that it has six or more rows instead of four. Merchants’ Marks. Devices adopted by early traders, and used either as signatures or trade¬ marks. Mercury. The messenger of the Roman gods. In blazoning by the planets Mercury was used {ox pur pure or purple. Merillion. An instrument used by hat-band- makers. Merlette or Merlion (Fr.). Martlet. Mermaid. A fictitious sea animal, half woman and half fish. Generally represented with a comb in one hand and a mirror in the other. Merman. A fictitious sea animal, half man and half fish. Usually represented with a trident or three-pronged spear in his hand. Mesle (Fr.). Mingled. GLOSSARY. 373 Mesne Lord. The holder of a fief who was a vassal to one above him and lord to others below him. Metals. Gold and silver are the heraldic metals, and in blazon are called or and argent. Or is represented yellow, and argent white. Metamorphosed. Applied to any part of an animal which is unnaturally changed into a part of another animal. Thus, a lion with head metamorphosed into that of an eagle. Meurtriere (Fr.). Port-hole or loop-hole. Mezail (Fr.). Gardevisor. Micouppe (Fr.). Applied to an escutcheon parted half-way across, per fesse. Middle Base. The middle part of the base. Middle Chief. The middle part of the chief. Mill-Pick. The instrument used by millwrights for dressing millstones. Millrind or Milrine. See Fer de Mouline. Millstone. Generally borne charged with a millrind. Miniver. A plain white fur used in ornamenting the parliament robes of peers. Miparty (Fr.). Applied to a shield made up of one-half from each of two others which have been dimidiated or cut in half per pale. Mirror. Usually represented as a hand-glass with a frame and handle. Mi-Taille (Fr.). Cut half-way across per Bend Sinister. Mi-Tranche (Fr.). Cut half-way across per Betid. Mitre. The pontificial cap worn by archbishops and bishops, and placed over the shield in their armorial achievements. The archbishop’s mitre has a rim like a ducal coronet, while that of a bishop is plain. Modillion. The scroll-like ornamental work on a pillar. Mole. A small gray animal living almost wholly under ground. Mole-Hill. The mound of earth made by the mole. Molette (Fr). Mullet of six points. Moline Cross. A cross in shape like the Fer- de-Mouline. It is the Mark of Cadency for the eighth son. Monarch. One who rules alone. Monche. See Maunche. Monde (Fr.). A Mound or the world. Monkey. Distinguished from the ape and ba¬ boon by its long tail. Monogram. A letter or several letters so arranged as to form a single device. Montant (Fr.). (i) Applied to a crescent with horns upward. (2) Applied to crawfish, etc., to express erect in pale with claws in chief. Montegre. See Man-Tiger. Moon. When at full blazoned in her comple¬ ment or in plenitude. When a crescent her horns are in chief. When increscent or in her increment the horns point to the dexter. When decrescent (sometimes termed in her detriment) the horns are toward the sinister. Moor-Cock. The male of the large black grouse. Moor’s Head. The head of a Moor, or some¬ times that of a negro, placed in profile, couped at the neck and wearing a wreath. Mooted or Moulted. Eradicated. Morion. A visorless steel cap or helmet worn by foot-soldiers. Morne (Fr.). See Cronel. Morne (Fr.). Blemished or rebated. Morne or Mortne (Fr.). Applied to a lion borne rampant, but without tongue, teeth, or claws. Morse. An ornamented clasp. Morse. A sea-lion. Mortaises (Fr.). Mortises. Mortcours. Lamps used at funerals. Mort-Head. A death’s head or skull. Mortier. A cap of state. Mortised. Let into one another or jointed after the fashion of mortises. Mortises. Square figures hollowed so that smaller ones may be jointed into the middle of them. Moses’s Bush. A bush in flames. Motto. A word or short sentence inserted in a scroll under, and sometimes over, a coat of arms, some alluding to the bearings and some to the bearer’s name, while others express some action, employment, or noble design, and may be taken or left at pleasure. Moulted. Eradicated. Mound. (1) Mound Royal, a globe having a cross on top. Part of the regalia of sovereigns. (2) A small hill on which crests are frequently placed. Mount. When the base of the shield is repre¬ sented green and curved somewhat semicircu- larly it is termed a mount vert. Mountain-Cat. See Cat-a-Mountain. Mounted. Applied to a horse bearing a rider. 374 GLOSS A R V Mounting. Applied to animals of chase instead of rampant. Mourn. Blunt. Mourned Blunted. Moussue. Rounded at the extremities. Mullet. Formerly supposed to be the rowel of a spur, but the mullet appeared in heraldry before spurs were used. It is a star of five points, and sometimes pierced at the centre. If of more than five points it must be so bla¬ zoned. The points of the mullet are clear cut, while those of the estoile are wavy. The mullet is one of the Marks of Cadency, and is borne by the third son. Mullet. A sort of fish. Muraille (Fr.). Masoned and Embattled. Mural Crown. Made of gold, with battlements on the circle; it was given by the ancients to him who first mounted the wall of a besieged town or city. Murrey. The dark-red color sometimes used in heraldry. See Sanguine. Muschetors. The black spots of ermine with¬ out the three dots over them. Musimon. An heraldic animal, supposed to be a cross between a goat and a ram. Musion. A cat. Musseled. See Muzzled. Muzzled. Applied to an animal when its mouth is tied or banded to prevent its biting. N. Naiant. Swimming. Applied to a fish when borne horizontally across the field as if swim¬ ming. 'Naissant. Rising. Used of a lion or other creature that seems to be coming out of the middle of an ordinary or charge. Issuant is used when the creature comes out from the bottom or from a coronet. Narcissus. A flower of six petals. Each petal resembles in shape the leaf of the cinquefoil. Natand or Natant, See Naiant. Naturel (Fr.). See Proper. Naval Crown. This was invented by Claudius, after surprising the Britons, as a reward for service at sea; it was made of gold, and con¬ sisted of prows of galleys, and galley-sails placed alternately upon the rim or circle. It was displayed over the gate of the imperial palace. In the modern Naval Crown the sterns of ships alternate with square sails. Navette or Navetty. Seme of shuttles, Nebuly or Nebule. One of the partition-lines resembling clouds. When the outlines of an ordinary or partition line run arched in and out, it is so blazoned. Neptune. The Roman God of the Sea, repre¬ sented as half man and half fish, holding a trident in his sinister hand. Nerved. Applied to leaves whose fibres are different in tincture from the leaf Neve or Newe. Fretted. Newt. A small water animal of the lizard kind. Nimbus. A halo or glory. Nisle or Nylle. Slender, or so narrowed as to be reduced almost to nothing. Nobility. Dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons. Nombril or Navel Point. The point next be¬ low the fesse point. Norroy. One of the English Kings-of-Arms. He is called Norroy or North King because he has jurisdiction north of the Trent. North Star. See under Antarctic Star. Nourri (Fr.). Couped. Applied to flowers. Nowed. Knotted. Nowy. A round projection in the centre of an ordinary. Nuance (Fr.). Nebuly. Nylle. See Nisle. o. O. Used in trickutg for Or. Oak. The emblem of strength. Obsidional Crown or Garland. Composed of grass or twigs of trees, interwoven. Among the Romans it was a reward for him who held out a siege, or caused it to Ire raised, repulsing the enemy, and delivering the place. Of the Field. Having the same tincture as the field. Of the First, Second, etc. Having the tinct¬ ure named first or second, etc., in the blazon. Oge (Fr.). Water Bouget. Ogress. See Pellet. GLOSSARY. 37 5 Olive Crown or Garland. The prize of a victor at the Olympic Games. Ombre (Fr.). Adumbrated. Onde (Fr.). Wavy. Ondoyant (Fr.). Gliding. Ongle (Fr.). Having the feet or claws specially tinctured; not applied to carnivorous birds ot beasts. On-Sett. Used when a piece of a fesse or chevron is placed as if it had fallen or slipped out of its proper place. Open, (i) Applied to the hand instead of ap paume. (2) Applied to a chevron separated at the point. Opinicus. This beast is of heraldic invention; its body and fore legs are like those of a lion, the head and neck like those of the eagle ; to the body are affixed wings, like those of the griffin, and a tail like that of a camel. Oppressed. Debruised. Or. Gold or yellow. Represented in engraving by small dots sprinkled over the held or charge. Oranges. Roundels of the tenne or tawney tincture. Orb or Globe. A ball. Orbit. A circle. Ordinaries. Those figures which by their ordi¬ nary and frequent use have become peculiar to the science,—the cross, chief, pale, fesse, pile , chevron, saltire , bend, etc. Oreille (Fr.). Eared. Oreiller (Fr.). A pillow or cushion. P. In tricking stands for purpure or pur¬ ple. Padlock. The ancient square form is usually borne. Paille (Fr.). Diapered. Pairle (Fr.). Pall. Paissant (Fr.). Pascuant. Pal (Fr.). Pale. Pale. An honorable ordinary, formed by two perpendicular lines drawn from the top to the base of the escutcheon. It contains the middle one-third part of the shield. In Pale. Placed in the position of a pale, upright Pale Bande (Fr.). Paly Bendy. Paleways. Vertically Palisse (Fr.). Pity Paly . Pall. A bearing which resembles the letter Y, Orgress. See Pellet. Oriflam. See Auriflamme. Orle. A border or selvage within the shield, at some distance from the edges. In Orle. Placed regularly within the escutcheon, in the form of an orle, near the edges. Ostrich. Usually borne with a horse-shoe in its bill, on account of Us fabled power to digest i ron. Ostrich Feathers. Always borne with their tops bent over. Ostrich Feathers in Plume. If three feathers are placed together they are termed a plume. If more than three the number should be given. Otter. An amphibious animal, usually borne with a fish in its mouth. Ounce or Lynx. An animal of the leopard kind, tawny and white, spotted with black. Over-All. Applied to any charge which is placed over another. Overt. Open. Sometimes used instead of Dis¬ played. Owl. This bird signifies prudence, vigilance, and watchfulness, and was borne by the Athe¬ nians as their armorial ensign. Always repre sented full-faced. Owndy. Wavy. Ox. The well-known draught animal Ox-Yoke. The harness by which a pair of oxen are attached to a wagon. It is composed of two collars connected by a bar. P. rising from the base point to the fesse point like the lower half of a pale, and there branching out to the dexter and sinister chief angles, like the upper half of a saltire. The name is de rived from the episcopal pall, a narrow band of white lamb’s wool. Palle (Fr.). Paly. Pallet. The diminutive of the pale, one half of it in breadth. Pallisse. Applied to a fesse when it bears a range of palisades, pointed at the top, with the field appearing between them. Palm. The broad part of a buck’s horn. Palmer’s Staff. See Pilgrim’s Staff, Paly. Divided by vertical lines into an even number of spaces, and the tinctures of the spaces alternating 37^ GLOSSARY. Paly Bendy. Divided into spaces by vertical and diagonal lines, and the spaces tinctured alternately of metal and color. Pame (Fr.). Applied to a fish, borne with its mouth open as if gasping. Panache. A plume of feathers, usually those of a peacock, arranged to form a crest. Pannes (Fr.). Furs. Panonceaux (Fr.). Pennoncelles. Pansey, Pansy, or Heart’s-Ease. A small tri¬ colored flower. Panther. Frequently represented full-faced and incensed, or with fire issuing from his mouth, nostrils, dnd ears, to show his ferocity. Papal Crown. See Pope’s Crown. Papellonne (Fr.). A field divided into varie¬ gated specks, like those on a butterfly, but ranged like the scales of a fish. Parer. An instrument used by farriers to pare the hoof of a horse. Park-Pales. Pointed palings close together. Parrot. The heraldic parrot is properly green, with a red ring around the neck, and red legs. It is frequently seen in Swiss coats, since in 1262 it was the badge of one of two great factions. Parseme (Fr.). Aspersed. Parted. See Party. Parti. Divided. See chapter on Dividing Lines. Parti (Fr.). Party per Pale. Parti de l’Un en l’Autre (Fr.). Counter- Changed. Parti Enmanche (Fr.). Barry Pily. Partition-Lines. Lines which divide the shield in the direction of the ordinaries, etc. Partitions. See Quarterings. Party per Pale and Base. Divided into three parts by the pale line, and a horizontal line in base. Party per Pale and Chevron. Divided by two lines, one a pale line, the other a line in the form of a chevron. Pas a Pas. Step by step. Paschal Lamb. See Holy Lamb. Pascuant or Pasquant. Grazing. Pasme (Fr.). See Fame. Passant. The term applied to beasts when in a walking position with head in profile. Passant Guardant. The term applied to a beast walking, but with face affronte. Passant Reguardant. Applied to a beast walking and looking behind him. Passion Nail. A sharp wedge-shaped nail used in the Crucifixion. Pastoral Staff. The staff of office borne by a bishop or abbot. It has a curved head some¬ what like a shepherd’s crook, from which a streamer or banderole hangs. Patee. Spreading. Applied to a cross whose arms are small in the centre and broad at the extremities. Paternal. Hereditary on the father’s side. Paternoster. Applied to a cross when com¬ posed of beads. Patonce. A cross ornamented at each extremity with a fleur-de-lis is so termed. Patriarchal. The term for the cross which was the distinguishing mark of the patriarchs. It is a cross with the upper arm recrossed. Patrick, St. See Knighthood. Patte (Fr.). Paw. Pauldron. Armor for the shoulder. Pavement. See Masoned. Pavier’s Pick. A sort of pickaxe. Pavilion. See Tent. Paw. The foot cut off at the first joint. If more of the leg appears the charge is termed a Gamb. Pawne. A peacock. Peacock. When borne affronte with tail spread it is termed in pride. When blazoned “ a pea¬ cock" it is represented in profile, with its wings down. Peal. A sort of wooden shovel used by bakers in taking bread from the oven. Pean. One of the furs, the ground black and the spots gold. Pear. Borne with stem in chief. Pearched or Perched. Applied to birds when in a sitting posture on a branch. Pea-Rise. A stalk of the pea-vine, leaved and blossomed. Pearl. Used for argent in the obsolete blazon¬ ing by precious stones. Pecys. Quarters. Peel. See Peal. Peer. A nobleman who has a seat in the House of Lords. Pegasus. The winged horse upon which Bel- lerophon was mounted when he was engaged in combat with the Chimera. Pelican. The pelican is represented with her wings indorsed, her neck embowed, picking her breast. When in her nest, feeding her young, she is termed a pelican in her piety. GLOSSARY. 377 Pelican’s Head. Represented with the neck embowed, as if picking her breast. Pellete (Fr.). Seme of Pellets. Pellets. Black roundels. Pelletys. Pellets. Pencil or Pensil. A small pennon. Pendal. The cross, composed of four round spindles, which is stamped on the coin of Harold II., is so termed. Pendant or Pendent. Hanging. Pendant, (i) A small standard. (2) The hang¬ ing part of the manche. Penner and Ink-Horn. See Ink-Horn. Pennon. A small flag, ending in one sharp point, or two, which was placed on the end of the spear with the personal device of the bearer. The charge was so placed that it was in position when the spear or lance was lev¬ elled. Pennonceaux (Fr.). Pennoncelles. Pennoncelle. A small pennon. Penny-Yard-Penny. A small coin stamped with a cross mouline between twelve balls. So called since it was first coined in the castle of Penny-Yard, near Ross, in the County of Hereford. Pens. The old-fashioned quill is usually borne. Per. See Dividing Lines. Perce. Having the centre cut out by lines parallel to those of the outer edge, so that the field shows through. Perche (Fr.). Pierced. Perched. See Pearched. Perclose or Demi-Garter. The part of the garter which is buckled and nowed. Perculaced. Latticed by vertical and horizontal lines. Percussant. Applied to the tail of a lion when represented as if he were beating or striking himself with it. Perflew. See Purflew. Perforated. See Pierced. Peri (Fr.). Perished. Reduced in size. Fre¬ quently equivalent to coaped or humette. Per Long (Fr.). Exceeding the usual length. Perpendiculum. A plumb-line hanging from an acute angle. Pertransient. Passing through. Petronel. A pistol. Pewit. A long-legged bird. Pheon. The barbed iron head of a spear. It is engrailed on the inner sides and borne point downward. Pheons. A cross composed of four pheons is so termed. Phoenix. A fabled Arabian bird which, when advanced in age, burns itself and springs, with renewed youth, from the ashes. It is always represented issuant from flames, so that but a portion of the bird is visible. Picote (Fr.). Speckled. Pierced. Applied to an ordinary or charge which has a hole through it so that the field may be seen. The opening is round unless otherwise described. Also applied to one charge through which another passes,—a chevron pierced with a bend, etc. Piety. See Pelican. Pignon (Fr.). The term for the top of a build¬ ing. Pignonne (Fr.). Turreted. Also applied to a figure which resembles two flights of steps leaned against each other and forming the outline of a pyramid. Pike. The well-known voracious fish. In blazon it is generally called a Luce or Lucy. Pike-staff. A pronged spear used by foot-sol¬ diers. Pile. An ordinary in the shape of a wedge, broad at the chief and tapering to a point. Party per Pile in Point. Applied to a field which is divided by a wedge borne in its nor¬ mal position, point down. Party per Pile in Traverse. Used when the field is divided by a wedge whose point is in the centre of the dexter side of the shield, and whose broadest part occupies the sinister side of the shield. Party per Pile Transposed. Divided by a pile inverted so that the point of the wedge is at the middle chief and the broadest part is at the base. Pilgrim. Represented wearing a long robe and a broad-brimmed hat ornamented with an es¬ callop-shell. Pilgrim’s Staff. A staff such as was carried on pilgrimages. Usually represented with a knob on the top. With the staff the palmer’s script is often borne. Pillar. See Column. Pily Barry. Bearing piles placed barways, point to the sinister. Pily Bendy. Bearing piles placed bendways. Pily Paly. A division of the field into the form of piles. Pincers. A gripping tool used by smiths. 37 § GLOSSARY. Pineapple. Originally the pine-cone, but now the West Indian fruit. Placcate. A piece of armor worn over the breast-plate. Planets. In the obsolete blazoning of the arms of princes by planets, instead of with metals and colors, Sol represents or; Luna, argent; Mar's, gules; Jupiter, azure; Venus, vert; Saturn, sable ; and Mercury, purpure. Planta-Genista. The broom-plant assumed by Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and retained by his descendants as the badge of the famous Plantagenet family. Plate. The white roundel. A round flat piece of silver without any impression on it. Platte. Seme of Plates. Platted or Plaited. Interlaced. Playing-Tables. Backgammon-tables. Plenitude. Applied to the moon when at the full. Plie (Fr.). Applied to birds to mean Close. Ploye. Bowed or bent like a segment of a circle. Plume. See Ostrich Feathers. Plumetty. Sometimes applied to a field divided into fusils and filled with the ends of feathers. Pluming. Applied to a bird arranging its feathers with its beak. Plummet. An instrument used by seamen to sound the depth of the sea, and by masons and others to prove perpendiculars. Pods of Beans. Borne open and displaying the seeds. Poing (Fr.). Applied to the hand when clenched. Point. A wedge-shaped charge issuing from the base of the escutcheon. Pointe (Fr.). (i) Base of the shield. (2) A point. Pointe (Fr.). Leaved. Pointed, a Cross. See Eguisee. Points. The term applied to a cross which has four points at each extremity. Points of a Label. The parts which branch down. Points of the Escutcheon. Fesse Point , Hotior Point, etc. Poisson. See Mariner. Polar Star. See Antarctic Star. Pomee or Pommee. Applied to a cross with a ball or knob at each end. Pomegranate. A foreign fruit. Generally stalked and leaved and the side of the fruit burst. Pomeis or Pommes. Green roundels. Pomel. The rounded knob at the end of a sword-handle. Pomelt and Hyltte Anowyd. Potnelled and hilted gold. Pometty or Pommettee. Applied to a cross with more than one ball or knob at each end. Pope s Crown. A cap or mitre of golden cloth, from which bang two pendants fringed; the cap is encompassed with three coronets, and has on its top a mound of gold, whereon is a cross of the same. Boniface VIII. added to the cap the first coronet, Benedict II. added the second, and John XXII. added the third in the year 1411, with a view to indicate by them that the pope is the sovereign priest, su¬ preme judge, and sole legislator among Chris¬ tians. Popinjay. A small parrot with green feathers and red legs and beak. Porcupine. A small animal whose body is covered with sharp-pointed quills. Port. The gate of a castle or tower. Portcullis. A heavy falling door, formed of bars with sharp-pointed lower ends, hung over the port of a castle. It could be dropped very quickly to close the gateway in case of attack. Portcullis Pursuivant. One of the members of the College of Arms. Portcullised. Latticed by horizontal and verti¬ cal lines. Port-Hole. A hole pierced in the wail of a fortified place. Pose. See Statant. Pose en Sautoir (Fr.). Saltireivays. Posed. Placed. Pot. A steel head-piece or hat. Pot. Of iron, with three legs. Potence (Fr.). A crutch-shaped charge. Potent. One of the heraldic furs. So called because formed of little figures which resemble the heads of crutches, formerly called potents. Potent. The term applied to a cross whose extremities resemble crutches or “ potentsP Potent-Counter-Potent. One of the heraldic furs. Potente. Applied to an ordinary whose out¬ lines resemble a succession of crutch-shaped figures. Pouldron. Armor for the shoulder. Pounce. The talon of a bird of prey. Pouncing. Applied to a bird seizing its prey. Pourpre (Fr.). Purpure. GLOSSARY. 379 Powdered. Promiscuously strewed with small, minor charges. Powder-Horn or Powder-Flask. Borne in pale with mouth in chief. Powdyrdy. Powdered. Poynt. Per Chevron. Ppr. Abbreviation for Proper. Prancing. Applied to a horse when rearing. Prasin. Used by some heralds for vert. De¬ rived from a Greek word which means a leek. Prawn. See Shrimps. Precious Stones. In the obsolete custom of blazoning the arms of the nobility by precious stones instead of by metals and colors, Topaz represents or; Pearl, argent; Ruby, gules ; Sapphire, azure; Emerald, vert; Diamond, sable; Amethyst, purpure; Hyacinth, tenne; Sardonyx, sanguine. The arms of Massachusetts are thus blazoned. Precise Middle. See Middle Chief. Predable. Sometimes applied to an eagle, fal¬ con, etc., instead of birds “of prey.” Preen. A tool used by clothiers in dressing cloth. Prester John or Presbyter John. Represented in a bishop’s habit, seated on a tomb, his dexter hand extended, in his sinister a mound, and in his mouth a sword fesseways. Pretence. See Escutcheon of Pretence. Preying. Standing upon its prey and devour- ing it. Pride. This term is used for turkey-cocks and peacocks. When they.extend their tails in a circle and drop their wings, they are said to be “ in pride." Primrose. The Quartrefoil. Prince. A title of honor given, in England, to members of the royal family only. In other countries it is given to the sons and grandsons of an emperor or king. Proboscis. An elephant’s trunk. Promening. See Pluming. Proper. Applied to any heraldic device when borne in its natural colors. Propre (Fr.). Proper. Prospect. The term for a view or landscape; also interior views of ruined castles, theatres, etc. Proyning or Pruming. See Pluming. Pryck-Spur. See Spttr. Purfled. Adorned. When applied to armor, this term means that the studs and rims are of another metal. When applied to a mantle, it means lined or bordered with fur. Purflew. A bordure of fur. Purpure. The color purple. In engraving it is represented by diagonal lines, from the sinister chief to the dexter base. Purse. Borne suspended from a girdle, after the fashion of the Middle Ages. Pursuivant of Arms. The lowest grade of officers of arms. Pycche. Pitched. Pynant and Sayland. Old term for the pomel and hilt of a sword. Pyot. A magpie. Pyramid. A solid figure with a broad base bounded by straight lines and tapering to a point. Python. A winged serpent or dragon. Quadrant. A Canton. Quadrant Fer-de-Mouline. A Fer-de-Mouline having a scpiare hole in the centre. Quadrate. Square. Quadrature, In. Placed in the four corners of an imaginary square. Quarter. An ordinary of quadrangular form which contains a fourth part of the field. To form quarters the field is divided per pale and per fesse. The dexter chief division so formed is called the first quarter , the sinister chief division is called the second quarter , the dexter base the third quarter , and the sinister base the fourth quarter. See also Marshal¬ ling by Quartering. Q- Quartered. Divided into quarters. See also Marshalling by Quartering. Quarterings. The several coats marshalled on one field. Quarterly. Applied to a shield or charge di¬ vided into four parts by a perpendicular and a horizontal line, which, crossing each other in the centre of the field, divide it into four equal parts called quarters. The same term is also used to indicate a division into a greater num¬ ber of parts, as qziarterly of six, quarterly of eight, etc. The number indicating how many divisions are to be made. Quarterly Pierced. Pierced by a square hole, through which the field is seen. 380 GLOSSARY. Quarterly Quartered. Applied to a shield whose quarters are again quartered. The original quarters thus treated are then termed Grand Quarters. Also applied to a saltire quartered in the centre and having its branches parted by two tinctures alternately. Quartier (Fr.). Quarter. Quatrefeuille (Fr.). Quartrefoil. Quartrefoil or Quaterfoil. A four-leaved grass represented without a stalk. Quartrefoil Slipped. A Quartrefoil having a stem. Queue. The tail of an animal. Most fre¬ quently used as Double Queued. Queue Fourche. Having a forked tail. Rabbit. Blazoned a Coney. Race. See Indented. Rack-Pole Beacon. See Beacon. Racourci (Fr.). Shortened or cut off so that the extremities do not reach the sides of the escutcheon. Radiant or Rayonnant. Applied to a charge which is represented with rays or beams glit¬ tering around it. Raguled or Raguly. Jagged or having irreg¬ ular projections. Raguly. Applied to a cross made of two tree- trunks stripped of their branches. Rainbow. Borne issuing from clouds in its natural colors. Ram. Represented conventionally with thick curving horns. See also Battering-Ram. Rame (Fr.). Branched or Attired. Rampant. Standing upright on the hind legs, and shown in profile. Rampant Guardant. Standing upright on the hind legs, the body in profile, but the head turned so that the face is affronte. Rampant Reguardant. Upright on the hind legs and body in profile, but with the head turned so that the face is toward the tail. Rampe or Ramped. See Rompu. Ramping. See Rampant. Rangant. A term for the bull or buffalo when depicted in a rage. Range (Fr.). Arranged in order. Raping. Devouring or Vorant. Rased, Rase, or Razed. Broken or splintered. Erased. Rasie. Having Rays. Quill. An instrument on which is wound yarn, gold thread, etc. Quilled. Applied to a bird whose feathers are different in tincture from its body. Quintain. A “ tilting” block set firmly in the ground against which horsemen broke spears. He who broke the greatest number of spears and displayed the most agility received the prize. Quintefeuille (Fr.). Cinquefoil. Quintefoil. See Cinquefoil. Quise, A la. At the thigh. Applied to the limb of a bird erased or couped, a la quise, or at the thigh. Quiver of Arrows. A case filled with arrows. Rasyd. Erased. Raven. A black, carnivorous bird, very com¬ mon in England. Ravissant (Fr.). Vorant. Ray. A stream of light from any luminous body. When drawn around the disk of the sun, the rays are sixteen in number; when round a star there are but six. Rayonnant or Rayonne. See Radiant. Razed. Erased. Rebated. Used of a weapon when the top or point is broken off. Rebatements. See Abatements. Rebending. Bowed-Embowed, or bent like the letter S. Rebounding or Reboundant. In early draw- ings'the tip of a lion’s tail was turned in, and the term rebounding was applied when the tail was represented in the way which is now cus¬ tomary. Rebus. A coat of arms that by its device alludes to the name of the person; as, three salmons for Salmon; a. pine-tree for Pines; a bolt and tun for Bolton. Recercelle. Curled. See a Cross Recer- cell£e. Reclinant. Bending backward. Recopyd or Recouped. See Couped. Recoupe (Fr.). Divided per fesse into equal parts and one of those parts divided per fesse. Recourcie. See Racourci. Recroisete (Fr.). Cross-Crosslet. Recrossed. Cross-Crosslet. Recursant. Facing directly away from the spectator. The opposite of affronte. GLOSSARY. Recurvant. Bowed- Emb owed. Red Hand. See Badge of Ulster. Redout or Redoubt. The Cross potent rebated is sometimes termed the Cross redout, from its resemblance to a bulwark or fortification. Reed. An instrument used by weavers. Reflected or Reflexed. Bent back. Applied to a chain or line which is attached to the collar of an animal and curved over its back. Regalia. The ensigns of royalty. Also the name for the ensigns of any office of dignity. Reguardant or Regardant. Applied to an animal looking behind, having its face turned toward its tail. Reindeer. As drawn in armory,—a stag with double attires, or antlers, one pair erect, the other hanging down. Remora. In heraldry a serpent. There is also a small fish of this name which adheres to the bottoms of ships. Removed. Fallen or removed from its proper place. Usually placed lower. Remply or Rempli. Filled up; denoting that the chief is almost filled up with a piece of another tincture, so that the chief appears only as a bordure about it. Rencontre or Au Rencontre (Fr.). A head Cabossed. Renverse (Fr.). Reversed. Re-passant. See Counter-Passant. Rere Mouse. A bat. Always borne with wings expanded. Resarcele. See Recercell£. Resignant. Applied to the tail of a lion when it is hidden. Respectant or Respecting. A term for two fishes or tame beasts when placed face to face, rampant. Resplendent. Surrounded with rays. Rest. This bearing is termed by some a rest for a horseman’s lance, by others a clarion or claricord. Retaille (Fr.). Divided into three parts by lines in bend sinister. Retierce (Fr.). Divided into three parts fesse- ways, and each part again divided into three parts in the same direction. Retorted. When serpents are woven together as a wreath or fretwise, they are called re¬ torted. Retracted. Applied to several charges placed fesseways, each of which is shorter than the next, as if cut off by a line bendways. 381 Retranche (Fr.). Cut into three parts by two lines bendways. Reverberant. See Reboundant. Reversed, Renversed, or Reversie. Placed with the head downward, or contrary to its natural position, as a chevron with the point downward or a beast when laid on its back. Revertant or Reverted. Bent like the letter S. Revestu. See Vestu. Reveyns. Ravens. Rhinoceros. A huge African beast of great strength armed with a horn on the nose. Riband or Ribbon. The eighth part of the bend, but does not touch the escutcheon at either end. Rising. Applied to birds preparing to fly. Risom or Rizom. The ear at the top of an oat-stalk. Roe. A small species of deer about two feet three inches high at the shoulder and of about fifty pounds weight. Its color is a shining tawny brown with the under parts white. Roebuck. The male of the roe bears erect, branching horns eight or nine inches in length Rompe or Rompu. Broken. Rond (Fr.). (1) A circle. (2) Circular. Roofed. Having a differently tinctured roof. Rook. A black bird. Sometimes in blazon confused with Chess-Rook or Castle. Rose. Represented in heraldry in a conven¬ tional form and without the stalk. It usually has ten petals, but sometimes only five. Rose-en-Soliel. A white rose surrounded with rays. Rouelle Spur. See Spur. Rouge. Red. Rouge-Croix. Red-Cross. One of the Pur¬ suivants of the English College of Arms. So named from the Cross of St. George. Rouge Dragon. One of the Pursuivants of the English College of Arms. Named for one of the supporters of Henry VII., by whom he was created. Roundels, Roundles, or Roundlets. Round figures. In English blazonry the yellow roundel is called a bezant, from the gold coin which was current in Byzantium at the time of the Cru¬ sades. The yellow roundel is represented flat, as is also the plate or white roundel. When the white circular charge is represented spher¬ ical it is called a bubble. All the other roun¬ dels are represented spherical, and are called, when green, Pomeis; when blue, Hurts; when 382 GLOSSAR Y. red, Torteaux; when purple, Golpes; when black, Pellets; when tenne, Oranges ; when sanguine, Guzes. Roussant or Rowsand. See Rising. Rowel. Part of a spur. Rowt. A company of wolves together. Royal Antler. The third branch of the attire. It shoots from the rear of the main beam above the bezantlier. Roys. Roes. Ruby. Used, in the obsolete blazoning of the arms of nobles by precious stones, for gules. Rue, Chaplet or Wreath of. A bend trefle vert. This bearing resembles a coronet placed in bend, or a bend ornamented with trefoils. Rundel. See Roundel. Rustre. A lozenge pierced in the middle by a round hole, through which the field may be seen. Rye. An ear or head of this gram is generally blazoned a stalk of rye or a rye-stalk, since the ear is not borne without the stalk. s. S. In “tricking” denotes sable or black. Sable. The color black. In engraving it is represented by horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other. Sacre or Saker. A kind of falcon. Sagittarius. A centaur or imaginary creature half man, half horse. It is the ninth sign of the zodiac, and was probably borne by King Stephen of England. Sail. Usually borne with a part of the yard-arm and mast showing. Saillant (Fr.). Saliant. Saint Andrew. The patron-saint of Scotland. The St. Andrew’s banner is a white saltire upon a blue field. Saint George. The patron-saint of England. His banner is white bearing a red cross, known as the Cross of St. George. Saint Patrick. The patron-saint of Ireland. His banner bears a red saltire on a white field. These three banners, St. George’s, St. Andrew’s, and St. Patrick’s, are combined in the present British Union Jack. Salamander. An imaginary animal generally depicted surrounded by flames proper. The animal is drawn in various ways in heraldry. Salient or Saliant. Springing. Applied to a beast erect on its hind legs. It differs from rampant, since when saliant two paws are raised equally as if the beast were about to spring upon its prey. Counter-Salient. Leap¬ ing in opposite directions. Sailed Head-Piece or Sallet. A mediaeval helmet. Salmon-Spear. A spear barbed like a harpoon. Saltant. Leaping. Applied to small animals only. Saltier or Saltire. This cross is an ordinary, which is formed by the bend dexter and bend sinister crossing each other in the centre at an acute angle, like the letter X. When un¬ charged it contains the fifth, and when charged, the third, part of the field. Per Saltire. Ap¬ plied to a field which is divided into four equal parts by two diagonal lines, dexter and sinister, that cross each other in the centre of the field. In Saltire. Applied to small charges placed in the form of a saltire. Saltireways. Applied to swords, spears, etc., when placed to form a saltire. The sinister one generally surmounts the dexter, Saltorels. Small saltires. Salts or Salt-Cellars. Small cups with salt falling from the sides. Sandal. A protection for the foot, bound on with strings. Sang. Blood. See Gutte de Sang. Sanglant. Bloody, torn off, or erased. Sanglier (Fr.). The wild boar. Sanguine. The murrey color, or dark red. It is represented in engravings by lines diagonally from the dexter to the sinister side, crossed by lines from the sinister to the dexter. Sans. Without. Sans Nombre. Without number. Powdered over with small charges, all of which are entire. Sapphire. Used in the obsolete blazoning by precious stones for azure. Saracens. The opponents of the Christians on the Crusades. A Sarace?i's head became a frequent bearing in European armory at that time. It is usually represented wreathed. Sarcelled or Sarcelle. Cut through the middle. Sarcelly. See Cercelle. GLOSSARY. 383 Sardonyx. In blazoning by precious stones this stood for sanguine. Saturn. A Roman god, the father of Jupiter. In blazoning by the planets it was used instead of sable. Satyral. A fictitious animal having the body of a lion, tail and horns of an antelope, and the face of an old man. Sautoir (Fr.). Saltire. Savage. A naked man wreathed about the temples and waist and holding a club. Sawtry. Per Saltire. Scaled or Escalloped. Covered with scales like a fish. Scaling-Ladder. A ladder with hooks on the upper end, used to scale the walls of besieged castles and cities. Usually placed bendways. Scallop. See, Escallop. Scalp. The skin of the forehead of a beast to which its attires are attached. Scarabaeus or Scarabie. A beetle held sacred by the Egyptians and used for seals and seal- rings. Scarf. A small ecclesiastical banner, usually borne attached to a crozier, but when borne alone it is placed in bend. Scarpe or Escarpe. Supposed to represent a shoulder-belt or an officer’s scarf. It is a diminutive of the bend sinister and one-half its breadth. Scatebra. See Waterpot Sceptre. A staff, the symbol of royal author¬ ity. Scimitar. The sword of the Saracens. It is like the falchion, but narrower and more curved. Scintillant. Sparkling. Scorpion. One of the largest of the insect tribe. Borne with the head in chief. Scotch Spur. See Spur. Scrip. The pouch or bag used by pilgrims. Scrog. A small branch of a tree. Scroll. The label or ribbon which bears the motto. It is placed below the shield, unless the motto has special reference to the crest. When it has such reference it is placed either between the shield and crest or above the whole achieve¬ ment. Scruttle. See Winnowing Basket. Scut. The tail of a rabbit. Scutcheon. See Escutcheon. Scythe, The instrument used in husbandry. It should be borne with blade in chief to the dexter. Sea-Dog. In shape like the talbot, but with a tail like that of a beaver, a scalloped fin con¬ tinued down the back from the head to the tail; the whole body, legs, and tail scaled, and the feet webbed. Sea-Horse. The upper part is formed like a horse, with webbed feet and a fin in place of a mane. The lower part is formed like a fish. Sea-Lion. Half lion, half fish. Sea-Mew. A sort of Sea-Gull. Sea-Pie. A water-fowl of a dark-brown color, with white breast. Sea-Swallows See Aylets. Sea-Wolf. A Seal. Seal. Usually borne in its natural position. Seax. A scimitar notched at the back. Secretum, A private seal or personal seal used by officers of high rank in addition to their official seals. Sedant. See Sejant. Seeded. Applied to roses, etc., to express the color of their seeds. Segment. A portion of a coronet, etc. Segrant (Fr.). Segreant. Segreant. Used of a griffin, erect on its hind legs, with the wings indorsed and displayed as if ready to fly. Sejant. Sitting. Sejant-Addorsed. Sitting back to back. Seme. Sprinkled with small charges some of which are cut by the edges of the shield, thus looking as if the field had been cut out of a larger surface. Seme-de-lis. Semi of fleurs-de-lis, or having fleurs-de-lis scattered over it. Senestrochere (Fr.). An arm issuing from the sinister side of the escutcheon. Sepurture. Endorsed. Seraph’s Head. A child’s head adorned with three pairs of wings, one pair, in chief, one pair in fesse, and one pair in base. Sergent or Serjant. See Segreant. Serpent. Borne coiled and twisted in various forms. Serrated. Notched like a saw. Serus or Cerise A torteau. Severed. See Disjointed. Sexfoil. See Sixfoil. Shack-Bolt. See Fetterlock. Shackle. An iron shaped like a horse-shoe, with a bolt across the opening. Shadowed. See Adumbrated, Shafferoon. See Chaperon. 3 §4 GLOSSARY. Shafted. Having a shaft or handle. Applied to a spear-head, arrow-head, etc. A feather is also termed shafted when the quill is of a different tincture. Shake-Fork. A two-pronged fork resembling the pall as a charge, except that it is pointed at the ends and does not reach the sides of the escutcheon. Shambroughs. A kind of ship. Shamrock. One of Ireland’s national emblems. It is a trefoil or three-leaved grass. Shapewined. In a curved line. Shapourned. In a curved line. Shapournet. See Chapournet. Shave. See Currier’s Shave. Sheaf. A bundle of three arrows. A sheaf of wheat is blazoned a garb. Shears. Large scissors. Sheldrake. A sort of duck. Shield. A piece of defensive armor borne on the arm and emblazoned with the devices of the knight. Shield of Pretence. See Escutcheon of Pretence. Shin-Bones. Human shin bones are frequently borne, placed in saltire. Ship. Originally borne in the form of an ancient galley, but more modern forms are now used. Shivered. Broken or splintered. Shoveller. A species of water-fowl, somewhat like the duck, but distinguished by a tuft of feathers at the back of the head and another on the breast. Shrimps. Borne as if crawling on the shield. Shuttle. An instrument used by weavers. Sickle and Garb. The Hungerford badge. A wheal-sheaf and a sickle. Side. A portion of the field, not exceeding one- sixth of the whole, cut off from either the dex¬ ter or the sinister side. Signet Royal. See Cygnet. Silk Hanks. Small parcels of raw silk twisted into a knot. Single. The tail of a deer. Sinister. The left. The side of the shield opposite the right hand of the observer. Sinister Base. The left-hand part of the base. Sinister Chief. The left side of the chief. Sinople (Fr.). Vert , the color green, repre¬ sented in engraving by diagonal lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Siren. A mermaid. Sixfoil. A six-leaved grass or flower. Skean, Skeen, Skein, or Skene. A dagger or short sword. Skipping. Applied to reptiles when borne erect. Slashed. Used of the sleeves of garments when cut lengthways and filled in with another color. Slay, Slea, or Reed. An instrument used by weavers. Sledge. A sled. Sling. An instrument used for hurling missiles. Slip. A twig bearing three leaves. See Branches. Slipped. Applied to a flower or branch torn from the stalk, with a portion of the stalk still clinging to it. Slipped Having a stalk. Slipped. Applied to plants instead of erased. Slughorn or Slogan. A Scotch war-cry. Snagged. See Lopped. Snail. Borne crawling, with the shell on its back. Snake. See Serpent. Soarant or Soaring. Flying aloft. Sol. The sun. In the obsolete blazoning by planets, Sol was used for yellow instead of or. Soldering-Iron. A tool used by plumbers. Soleil. The sun, used especially in the pharse, “ a rose en soleil meaning a rose radiant. Somerset Herald. One of the members of the English College of Arms. Somme (Fr.). Attired. The number of branches is always mentioned unless more than twelve. Sore. The young of the buck in its fourth year. Sorel. The young of the buck in its third year. Soustenu or Soutenu. Applied to a chief when supported by a small part of the escutcheon be¬ neath it, of a different color or metal from the chief, and reaching as the chief does from side to side. Spade-Iron. The shoeing used to protect the edges of the spade. Spancelled. Fettered. Having one fore leg and one hind leg fastened by fetterlocks. Spayade. A stag in his third year. Spear. A long-handled weapon with an armed point for thrusting. Speckled. Spotted over with another tincture. Spectant. At gaze or looking forward. Speed, At. Applied to a beast of chase when represented running. Spellers. The small branches shooting from the flat part of a buck’s horn at the top. Spervers. Tents. GLOSSARY. 385 Sphinx. A fabulous monster with head, face, and breast like a woman, body and claws like a lion, and wings like a bird. Spired. Having raised points. Splayed. Displayed. Splendor, In. Surrounded by rays. Spotted. Speckled with some other tincture. Spread Eagle. An eagle displayed. Sprig. A branch with five leaves. See Branches. Springing. Applied to beasts of chase, as saliant to those of prey. Also applied to fish when placed in betid. Spur. The earliest spur was the Pryk Spur, which had a single point. Then a large round plate was used, and this soon after was replaced by the Rouelle Spur, a spur with a smaller wheel, with a serrated edge. Square Pierced. Pierced by a square hole, through which the field is seen. Squirrel. The well-known animal, always de¬ picted sejant, and consequently that term is omitted in blazoning. Sruttle. A winnowing fan or basket. S.S. Collar. Instituted by Henry IV., and the letters are supposed by some to be the repeated initial of his motto, Soverayne. Others hold that the Collar of S.S. is much more ancient, and borne as a badge of the Society of St. Simplicius, from which the S.S. is derived. St. See Saint. Staff. See Pilgrim’s Staff, Crozier, Pas¬ toral Staff. Stafford Knot. An ordinary single knot, borne as one of the badges of the Stafford family. Stag. The general name given to all kinds of deer. Staggard. A stag in his fourth year. Stag’s Attires. The antlers of a stag. Stall-Plate. A brass plate bearing the arms of a knight placed in the chapel of the order of knighthood of which he was a member. Stamand. The colors murrey and tawney are sometimes so called. Standard. A square banner bearing an achieve¬ ment. It was allowed to none lower than the rank of knight banneret. In modern times it is applied to the flag of cavalry, while that of a regiment of infantry is called its colors. All standards were split at the end except those of princes of the blood royal. Staple. An iron door fastening, It is usually represented square. Star. See Estoii.e. Star of India. See Knighthood. Starved. Stripped of its leaves. See Blasted. Statant. Applied to an animal standing on its feet, both the fore and hind legs being in a direct line. Staves. See Staff. Steel Cap. A close-fitting head-piece. Stern. The rear of a ship. The tail of a wolf is also so called. St. George’s Cross. A plain cross gules on a field argent. Still. See Alembic. Stilts. Anciently used for the scaling of walls, castles, etc. Stirrup. The word alone means stirrup with leather. To blazon a stirrup alone, the ex¬ pression stirrup sans leather must be used. Stock. The stump or trunk of a tree. Stole. A priest’s garment. Stone Bill. See Wedge. Stooping. Applied to the hawk when darting down upon its prey. Stork. This bird is the emblem of piety and gratitude. Streaming. Used of the tail of a comet. Stretchant. Applied to beasts when represented standing as if stretching after having been lying down. Stringed. Having strings of a different tincture. The bugle-horn is always borne with strings unless blazoned sans strings. Studded. Ornamented with studs. Sub Ordinaries. Common charges, but less simple than the Ordinaries. Subverted. See Reversed. Succeedant. Following one another. Sufflue. A Clarion or Rest. Sun. In heraldry represented with a human face, environed with rays, and termed the sun “ in his splendor.” Super-Charge. A figure charged or borne upon another. Supported. Applied to an ordinary which has another ordinary under it by way of support. It differs from Surmounted. Supporters. Figures, animals or birds, which stand on each side of the shield and seem to support it. Suppressed. See Debruised. Sur. On, upon, or over. Surcoat. A loose coat emblazoned with the armorial devices of the wearer. It was worn over the armor. 25 3 86 GLOSSARY. Surgiant. See Rising. Sur le Tout (Fr.). See Surtout. Surmonte (Fr.). Surmounted. Surmounted. When one charge is placed over or upon another. Surpose (Fr.). In Pale. Surroy. The ancient title of Clarenceux. Surroyal Top. The broad top of a stag’s horn with smail branches from it. Sursuant. Sometimes applied to beasts of chase instead of rampant. Surtout (Fr.). Over all. It signifies a small escutcheon placed over or upon the shield. Suspectant. Looking upward. T T. In “ tricking” tawny or tennl. Tabard or Tabert. A military coat with large sleeves, worn over the armor and emblazoned with armorial bearings. Tabernacle. A pavilion or tent. Tail. A deer’s tail is blazoned the single; a boar’s, the wreath ; a fox’s, the brush ; a wolf’s, the stern ; a hare’s, the scut. Taille (Fr.). Party per Bend Sinister. Talbot. A hunting-dog somewhat like a beagle hound. It has a thick muzzle and long, thick ears. Tanke. A deep round cap worn by Roman slaves. Tapping. A charge or bearing. Tare de Front (Fr.). Affrontl. Targant. Twisted like the letter S. Target or Targe. A round buckler or shield. Tasces or Tasses. Armor for the thighs. Tassel. A bunch of silk or gold fringe, added to the strings of mantles and robes of state. Tasseled. Decorated with tassels. Tau, a Cross. So called from the Greek letter T, tau. Also known as St. Anthony's Cross, because St. Anthony, the monk, is always painted with it upon his habit. Tavalures (Fr.). Ermine spots. Tawny. See Tenn£. Teal. A water-fowl. Teazel. The head or seed-vessel of a species of thistle, used by clothiers in dressing cloth. Tenans (Fr.). Human figures which are used as supporters are sometimes termed tenans or tenants, but the better usage in French heral¬ dry would seem to be to apply the term tenant when only one animal supports the shield. Sustained. Having a narrow border on the lower edge. Swan. Usually represented with wings raised as if swimming. When blazoned proper it is white with a red bill. Sweep or Swepe. An engine used in ancient times to cast stones into towns or fortified places of an enemy. Swivel. Two iron links which turn on a bolt. Sword. The heraldic sword is represented with a straight blade and sharp pointed. Sykes. Fountains. Synettys. Swans. Syren. See Mermaid. Tenant (Fr.). A challenger. Tenant. Holding. Tenne or Tenney. Tawny or orange color. In engraving some represent it by diagonal lines, from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield, traversed by perpendicular lines; others, by diagonal lines from the sinister to the dexter crossed by horizontal lines. The latter system is favored. Tent. Usually represented round, and with a pennon flying from the top. Tergant or Tergiant. Having the back turned to the spectator. Terras. The representation of ground at the base of the shield. Usually Vert. Teste (Fr.). The head. Teste a la Queue. Applied to fish so placed that the head of each is between the tails of two others. Tete (Fr.). The head. Tetragonal Pyramid. A pile represented as a solid figure with a square base. Thatch-Rake. An instrument used in thatching. Thistle. The national emblem of Scotland. See also Knighthood (2). Thoulouse (Fr.). Applied to a cross whose arms bear circles at the end. Three, Two, and One. Three in the topmost line, two in the middle, and one in the lowest. Threstle or Trestle. A three-legged stool. Throughout. Extending to the sides of the shield. Thunderbolt. A twisted bar in pale inflamed at each end, surmounting two jagged darts, in sal¬ tire, between two wings displayed with streams of fire; this was the ensign of the Scythians. GLOSSARY. 387 Tiara. See Pope’s Crown. Tient de Sang (Fr.). Imbrued. Tierce. Tierced or divided into three equal parts. Tige. Bladed. Tiger. The heraldic Tyger differs materially from the natural beast. It is a fictitious animal, with a hooked talon at the nose and with a mane formed of tufts. Tilt. A Tournament. Tilting Helmet. A heavy helmet worn over the basinet and attached to the other armor by a chain. Tilting Spear. A heavy lance used in tourna¬ ments. Timbre (Fr.). Having a helmet. Timbre (Fr.). Properly all the accessories of the shield in an achievement, but generally used for the helmet when placed over the shield. Tinctures. The metals and colors used in coats of arms. Tirret. A modern term for manacles or hand¬ cuffs. Toad. Always represented sitting in water with head projecting. Toison d’Or. The Golden Fleece. Tomahawk. An Indian war-axe. Topaz. A precious stone of a yellow color, used in the blazoning by precious stones instead of or, for yellow. Torce (Fr.). A wreath. Torch. Generally borne inflamed. Toret. A ring moving on a swivel. Torgant. See Targant. Torn. A spinning-wheel. Torqued. See Targant. Torse. A wreath. Torteau. A Roundel of a red color. Repre¬ sented spherical. Torteau (Fr.). Any Roundel. Torteys. Torteaux. Tortille. Curling, knotted, twisted, or wreathed. Tortoise. Borne as if walking on the shield, with head to the dexter and feet and tail out¬ stretched. Tournament. A trial of skill in arms. Tourna¬ ments were made occasions of great pomp and ceremony, and magnificent prizes were awarded to the victors. Tournant d’Eau (Fr.). Whirlpool. Tourne (Fr.). Reguardant. Tower. Usually represented as a circular em¬ battled building, with a door. Towered or Turreted. Applied to walls or castles having towers or turrets. Tract or Traile. See Tressure. Trade-Mark. A peculiar device adopted by a manufacturer to distinguish his products from those of other men. Tranche (Fr.). Party per Bend. Trangle (Fr.). A bar or closet. Transfixed. Applied to a wounded animal when the weapon remains in the flesh. Transfluent. Flowing through. Transmuted. See Counter-Changed. Transposed. See Reversed. Traverse. A triangular bearing formed by two lines issuing from the chief and base corners of one side of the shield and meeting in a point near the middle of the opposite side, but not touching the edge. Traversed. Facing Sinister. Trecheur (Fr.). Tressure. Trefle (Fr.). Trefoil. Trefle. Ornamented with Trefoils. Trefoil. A three-leaved grass. Treille. Latticed. It differs from fretty in that the pieces which cross each other are not interwoven, but are nailed at the inter¬ sections. Tressure. The diminutive of the Orle, one-half of it in breadth. The tressure follows the outline of the shield. It is a bearing rarely granted except to those of royal descent. Trestle. A three-legged stool. Trevet. A tripod or three legged frame of iron used to set over a fire for the support of a pan or pot. Sometimes triangular, sometimes round. Trian Aspect. Showing three-fourths of the body. Tri-Arche. Formed of three arches. Trick. To outline or sketch a coat of arms, labeling the tinctures. Tricorporated. Having three bodies. A lion with three bodies issuing out of the three cor¬ ners of the escutcheon, all meeting under one head in the fesse point, was borne as a device by Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, brother to King Edward I. Trident. A three-pronged spear borne in the hand of Neptune. Trien. Three. Triparted. Divided into three equal pieces. Triple Plumes. Three rows of feathers, one above another. 3 88 GLOSSARY. Trippant or Tripping. Applied to beasts of chase when represented with one foot raised. Thus it corresponds to passant , which is applied to beasts of prey. Counter- Tripping is used when two beasts are trippant and passing each other in opposite directions. Triton. A Merman. Triumphal Crown. A crown of laurel granted to those Roman generals who vanquished their enemies. Trompe (Fr.). Hunting-Horn. Tron9onne (Fr.). Broken into many pieces,but preserving the general form. Tron-onne. See Dismembered. Tronque (Fr.). Trunked. Trowel. The flat trowel used by masons is usually borne. Trumpet. A long straight horn. Truncated. See Trunked. Truncheon. A short staff. Trundles. Quills of gold thread used by em¬ broiderers. Trunk of a Tree. When a tree is torn up by the roots and stripped of its branches it is called the trunk of a tree. Trunked. When the main stem of a tree is borne without roots or branches it is termed a tree trunked. Also applied to a tree whose trunk is specially tinctured. When applied to animals it means Cabossed. Trussed. Close. Trussing. Applied to a bird preying. Tuberated. Knotted or swelled out. Applied to a serpent when swollen at the middle. Tudor Rose. The rose formed by the union of the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster, which symbolized the union of the two factions by the marriage of Henry VII. with Elizabeth of York. It is usually repre¬ sented as a rose (i) per pale argent andgules ; (2) a rose quarterly argent and gules ; or (3) a white rose within a red one. It is curious that the argent of York should occupy the parts of the rose which correspond to the husband's portion of the shield in impaled or quartered arms. The white rose within the red one may be likened to a shield of pretence, since Eliz¬ abeth was an heiress, but the other forms seem contrary to the ordinary heraldic laws. Tuft. A bunch of grass. Tun. A I arge vessel for holding liquids. Turkish Crown. See Grand Seignor’s Crown. Turned Up. Having the edge specially tinct¬ ured and folded outward so that the tincture is seen. Turnpike. A frame of three vertical and three horizontal bars revolving on the central upright bar, which has a handle for turning. Turnstile. A turnpike placed on a foot-frame. Turret. A small tower. Turreted. Having small turrets on the top. Tushed or Tusked. Applied to an animal when its tusks are different in tincture from its body. Two and One. Two in chief and one in base. Twyfoil or Dufoil. A two-leaved grass, some¬ times borne with a flower between the leaves, and then blazoned flowered. Tyger. See Tiger. Tymbre. See Timbre. Tynes. The branches of a stag’s attires. Tyrwhitt. The lapwing. u. Ulster Badge. See Badge of Ulster. Ulster King-of-Arms. The heraldic “king’ who has jurisdiction over Ireland. Umbraced. See Vambraced. Umbrated. See Adumbrated. Undatyd. See Wavy. Unde or Undy. See Wavy. One of the par¬ tition lines. Un Demi-vol (Fr.). A wing. Unfructed. Without fruit. Unguled. Having hoofs of a different tincture from that of the body. Unicorn. A very beautiful heraldic beast, with a long twisted horn on its forehead; its head and body are like those of a horse; but it has cloven feet, and hair under the chin, like a goat, with a tail like a lion. Unifoil. A one-leaved grass. Union Jack. The first British Union Jack was devised to symbolize the union of England and Scotland. The red cross of St. George was charged upon the banner of St. Andrew, a white saltire on a blue field, and the red cross was fimbriated argent to prevent a violation of the rule that color must not be placed upon color. This was declared by James I. to be the national ensign of Great Britain in 1606. After the union with Ireland the red saltire of CL OSS ARY. 389 St. Patrick was charged upon the white saltire of St. Andrew, and the cross of St. George over all. The flag is thus blazoned by Mr. Cussans : “ Azure ; the Saltires of St. Patrick and St. Andrew, quarterly per Saltire, counter- changed, argent and gules ; the latter fimbri¬ ated of the second; surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the Third, fimbriated as the last.” Upright. Erect in pale. Urchant or Urchin. A hedge-hog. Urde. See Cleche. Uriant or Urinant. The reverse of Hauriant. Applied to fish borne in pale with head in base. Urvant or Urved. Turned or bowed upward. Usher of the Black Rod. See Black Rod. V. V. Used in “ tricking to indicate Vert or green. Vache (Fr.). Cow. Vair. One of the heraldic furs. Represented as composed of small shields alternately re : versed. Vair Ancient. Represented by lines nebule, separated by straight lines in fesse. Vair, a Cross. One composed of four pieces of vair, their points turned one to another, in the form of a cross. Vaire (Fr.). Vair. Vaire (F'r.). Having the same figures as Vair, but of various tinctures. Vaire or Vairy. A fur like Vair, except that the divisions which have the same tincture are placed directly under each other. Also called Counter - Vair. Vair-en-Point. A rare fur in which the shield¬ shaped pieces are placed base to point. Vallary Crown. A circle of gold, with pali¬ sades fixed against the rim; it was given by the general of the army to the captain or soldier who first entered the enemy’s camp by forcing the palisades. Vambrace. Armor for the arm. Vambraced. Applied to an arm habited in armor. Vamplate or Vamplet. A funnel-shaped piece of steel placed on the handle of a tilting speai just in front of the hand to protect it. Vamplate. A gauntlet. Vamps or Vams. Short hose reaching to the ankle only. Vannet. The escallop without ears. Variegated. Tinctured with numerous colors. Varriated. Cut in the form of Vair. Varries or Varreys. Separate pieces of Vair, in shape resembling a small shield. Varry. See Vaire. Varvelled. Used when the jesses of a hawk are fiotant, with rings at the end. Velloped. A cock is termed armed, crested, and velloped when his spurs, comb, and gills are specially tinctured. Venant (Fr.). Assaultant. Venice Crown. The cap of state worn by the Doge; it is made of cloth of gold bound by a circle of gold covered with precious stones, and has two long lappets, pointed at the end, which hang down one on either side. Venus. The Roman Goddess of Love. In blazoning by the planets Venus was used for green instead of Vert. Verbley. A hunting-horn, edged round with metal of a different tincture from that of the horn. Verde. Powdered or strewed with leaves or plants. Verdon Knot. A fret with the ends cut off. Verdoy. Applied to a bordure charged with any kind of leaves or plants. Vergette (F'r.). Pallet. Verry. See Vair£. Versant. Erected or elevated. Verse (Fr.). Renverse. Vert. The color green, represented in engrav¬ ing by diagonal lines from dexter to sinister. Vertant and Revertant. Bent like the let¬ ter S. Verules. The rings which encircle hunting- horns. When these are specially tinctured the horn is blazoned Veruled. Vervels. Small rings to which the jesses of a hawk are fastened. Vested. Clad. Applied to a part of the body, while Habited is used when the whole figure is covered. Vestu. Applied to an ordinary which has some division in it by lines only, and signifies clothed, as if some garment were laid upon it. Vexillum. A scarf attached to the head of a pastoral staff, and wrapped about its shaft. 390 GLOSSARY. Victoria Cross. A decoration given for eminent personal valor. View. The track of a buck. Vigilant. Watching for prey. Vilainie. The lower half of a lion ra?n- pant. Viper. A venomous snake. Vires (Fr.). Annulets one within another. Virole. The hoop, ring, or mouthpiece of a hunting-horn. Virolled. Applied to a horn when the rings about it are specially tinctured. Virols. Falcon rings. Visard. See Vizard. Viscount. The fourth degree in rank in the British peerage, in rank below an earl and above a baron. Viscount’s Coronet. A circlet of gold upon which are placed fourteen pearls, nine of which are shown in representation. Visiere (Fr.). Gardevizor. Viude (Fr.). Voided. Viure. A narrow band. w Wake’s Knot or Wake and Ormond Knot. A badge formed from the initials W and O, with two lengths of ribbon or cord intertwined. It is borne in chief. Walled. Masoned. Wallet. A pilgrim’s pouch. Wamays. See Vams. Warden. A sort of pear. Warwick Badge. The Bear and Ragged Staff Wastels or Wastel Cakes. Round cakes. Water-Bouget. A vessel made of two leathern pouches, and suspended on the ends of a yoke. Anciently used by soldiers to carry water to the camp. Water-Pot. The vessel from which a river god pours a stream over which he presides. Watery. Wavy or Undl. Watching. See Vigilant. Wattled. A term for a cock when its gills or wattles are of a different tincture from that of its body. Waved. Wavy. Wavy. Formed like waves, undulating. It has always three risings, and is a line of partition. Weare or Weir. A sort of dam made of stakes and twigs wattled together. It is used to catch fish. Vivre (Fr.). (i) Dancette. (2) Gliding, when applied to serpents. Vizard. A mask. Vizor. See Gardevizor. Voided. Applied to an ordinary when it has nothing but au edge to show its form ; all the inner part is supposed to be cut out so that the field appears through. Voiders. These figures are formed like the ilanches and flasques, but are smaller than either, since the arch does not reach so near the centre of the field. Vol. Both wings of a bird displayed and conjoined. Vol, Demi. A single wing. Volant. Flying. Volentes Volare. Essorant or Rising. Vorant. A term for any fish, bird, beast, or reptile swallowing any other creature. Vulned. Wounded and bleeding. When the weapon remains in the wound the beast is “ transfixed." Vulning. Wounding. Applied to a pelican when wounding her breast. Wedge. Like the pile in form, but does not touch the edge of the shield. Weel. A sort of net used to catch fish. Welke or Whelke. A sort of shell-fish. Well. Borne masoned and, as a rule, round, though square wells are sometimes seen in coat-armor. Well-Bucket. A bucket with three legs. Welsh Harp. See Harp. Welt. A narrow border. Were. Vair. Werwels. Vervels. Wharrow Spindle. An instrument sometimes used by women to spin as they walk, sticking the distaff in their girdle and whirling the spindle round, pendent at the thread. Wheat-Sheaf. Blazoned a Garb. Wheel. Usually of eight spokes. See Cath¬ erine-Wheel. Whet-Herys. Wheat-ears. Whirlpool or Gurges. Represented by two lines, azure and argent, commencing at the fesse point and alternately encircling each other to the outer edge. White. In heraldry argent. Represented in engraving by plain white. White Spurs. The spurs of an esquire were GLOSSARY. 391 of silver, and hence termed -white spurs to dis¬ tinguish them from the gold ones of a knight. Wild Man. A Savage or Saracen. Windsor Herald. One of the officers of the English College of Arms. Wine-Piercer. An instrument used for boring holes in casks. Winged. Having wings. It also signifies that the wings are different in tincture from the body. Winnowing-Fan, -Van, or -Basket. A basket for separating the grain from the chaff. Wisalls or Wisomes. Carrot tops. Wiure. See Viure. Wolf. When borne ppr. it is brown. Usually represented as if springing on its prey, and then blazoned salie 7 it. Wood. See Hurst. Yates. Gates. Yellow. See Or. Yeoman. A freeholder or man having lands of his own to live upon, the annual value of which was equal to or greater than a certain sum fixed by statute at various times. Zodiac. The different signs of the zodiac are frequently borne as charges, and there was also a system of blazoning by the signs of the zodiac, which is fortunately now obsolete. In this Or was Leo; Argent, Scorpio and Pisces; Gules, Wood-Bill. A sort of axe. Woodman. A Savage. Wool-Cards. Instruments used for carding wool. Wound. The Hurt or purple roundel. Woydyd. Voided. Woydyrs. Four quarters. Wrapped. Wound about. Wreath. An attire for the head, made of linen or silk of two different tinctures twisted together, which knights wore when equipped for tourna¬ ments. Wreathed. Wearing a wreath. Wyvern or Wivern. A kind of flying serpent, ihe upper part resembling a dragon and the lower an adder or snake. It differs from a dragon in that it has but two legs. Yoke. See Ox-Yoke. York Herald. One of the officers of the Eng¬ lish College of Arms. York Rose. The White Rose was adopted as its badge by the House of York. Aries and Cancer; Azure, Taurus and Libra; Sable, Capricorn us and Aquarius; Vert, Gemini and Virgo; Purpure, Sagittarius and Pisces. Zule. A German bearing which closely resembles a chess-rook. INDEX. A. PAGE A. 339 Abacot.339 Abaiss6.264, 339 Abatements.305, 339 Abbot.339 Abbot’s Staff.339 Abecrombie. 69 Abeyance.339 A Bouche, a Shield.339 Aboute.339 Accessories.339 Accolade.339 Accole.331, 339 AccompagnS.339 Accosted.339 Accroch6.339 Accroupi.339 Accrued.339 Achievement.340 Acorne. 340 Acorned.340 Acote.340 Adams, Bishop, Seal of.213 Adams Book-Plate. 67 Addorsed or Adossed.340 Addosse.340 Adorned.340 Adumbrated.340 Adumbration.340 Advancers.340 Affronts.270, 340 Agneau Pastoral.340 Agnus Dei.340 Aguilated or Aigulated.340 Aiglette. 340 Aiguise.340 Aikman.322 Ailettes.340 PAGE Aisle.340 Ajoure ..340 Alabama, Seal of.112 Alaiss6 or Alise.340 Alant.340 A la Quise.340 Alaska, Seal of.112, 113 Alb.340 Albany Herald.18, 340 Albemarle (Arms).35, 36 Alderman.340 Alembic.340 Aliaiz6 or Aliece.340 Alis6.340 Allen. 68 Allerion. 340 A llume.340 Almoner.340 Alston, Arms of. 48 Altar.340 Alternne.340 Amalthea.340 Ambler, Arms of. 48 Ambulant.340 Ambulant, Co-.340 America, Flag of. 88 American Coins.223 American Colonies, Flag of. 91 American Seals. 94 American Shield. 265 Amethyst.294, 340 Amphisien Cockatrice.340 Ananas.340 Anchor.340 Anchored or Ancred.340 Ancient or Ancyent.340 Ancre ..340 Andrews. 54 393 394 INDEX. Andrew’s Cross. Angenne . Angle. Angled. Anille. Anime. Anne, Queen (Arms) . . . Annelet. Annodated. Annulet. Annulets, Conjoined . . . Annulette, Annulated . . Anserated. Anshent. Antarctic Star. Ante or Ente. Antelope. Anthony’s Cross. Antic or Antique . . . . Antique Crown. Anvil. Apaume or Appalmed . . Ape. Apostles’ Emblems. . . . Appalmed. Apple. Appleton. Apres. Apthorp. Aquilated. Ar. or Arg. Arazed. Arbaleste. Arch. Archbishop. Archbishop’s Mitre . . . Archduke. Archduke’s Crown . . . . Arched, Arche, or Archy . Architectural Heraldry . . Arctic Star. Argent.. . . Arizona, Seal of. Arkansas, Seal of , . . . Arm. Armarium Honoris . . . A rme. Armed. Armed at all Points . . . Armes Parlantes. Arming Buckles. Arming Doublet. • • 340 • • 340 • • 340 • • 340 • • 34° • • 34° . . 226 • ■ 340 • ■ 34° 3°°> 340 • • 340 • • 340 • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i 316, 341 • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i . . 50 • • 34i • • 5i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 3 r 7 • • 34i • • 34i 264, 341 • • 59 • • 34i 255. 34i . . 113 • • 113 • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i 279. 34i • . 34i • • 34i • • 34i • • 34i PAGE Armoiries.341 Armorer.341 Armorial Bearings.341 Armory.341 Armoye.341 Arms.341 Arms of Adoption.341 Arms of Alliance.341 Arms, Assumptive.341 Arms, Canting.341 Arms of Community.342 Arms of Concession.342 Arms of Dominion.342 Arms, Paternal and Hereditary.342 Arms of Patronage.342 Arms of Pretension.342 Arrnys.342 Armys Harnysyd.342 Arnold. 54 Arond6.342 Arondia.342 Arrache...342 Arras wise or Arrasways.342 Arrayed.342 Arrayer.342 Arriere . ..342 Arrondie.342 Arrow.342 Arrow Pheoned.342 Arrows.342 Ascendant.342 Aseare or Asewre.342 Ash Keys or Ashen Keys.342 Ashley (Arms). 36 Asker.342 As many.278 Aspect.342 Aspectant or Aspecting.342 Aspersed.342 Assailant, Assaultant, or Assaulting .... 342 Assemble.342 Assieta or Assiette.342 Assis.342 Associators of Pennsylvania, Flags of . . . 89 Assumptive Arms.342 Assurgent.342 Asteroid or Astroicl.342 Astrolabe.342 At Bay.342 At Gaze ..271, 342 At Speed.342 Atchievement. 342 INDEX. 395 PAGE Athelstan’s Cross. 34 2 Athlone Pursuivant. 19 Atlee (Arms). 4 °> 82 Attire. 34 2 Attired.279, 342 Attires. 34 2 Atwell, Bishop, Seal of.212 Augmentation . .305, 342 Augmentation of Honor.3 1 x Aulned. 34 2 Aure. 34 2 Auriflamme. 34 2 PAGE Ave. 34 2 Avellane, a Cross. 34 2 Avellaned Pornel, a Cross. 34 2 Averlye. 34 2 Aversant or Dorsed. 34 2 Axe. 343 Aylets or Sea-Swallows. 343 Ayrant. 343 Az. or Azure. 2 55 > 343 Aztec Club of 1847 and Insignia.236 Azur. 343 B. B. 343 Bachelor. 343 Badelaires. 343 Badge.296, 343 Badge of Ulster.343 Badger or Brock . 343 Bag of Madder. 343 Bagpipe. 343 Bagwyn. 343 Baillonne . . . . .. 343 Baldrick.343 Bale Corded. 343 Bale-Fire. 343 Balista or Ballistra.343 Ball. 343 Ball of Fire or Fire-Ball.343 Ball, Tasselled.343 Baltimore (Arms). 35 Band. 343 Bande. 343 Band6. 343 Bandeau.250 Banded.343 Bandelette.343 Banderole.343 Banderolle.343 Bandrick.343 Bandrol. 2 5 > 343 Bangor, Episcopal Arms of.215 Banner.343 Banner Disveloped.343 Banneret. 343 Bar.258, 260, 343 Bar-Gemelle.343 Barbe et Creste.344 Barbed or Barbe.344 Barbed or Bearded.344 Barbed and Crested. 344 Barbed and Flighted. 344 Barbed Arrows. 344 Barbel. 344 Barbele. 344 Barbs. 344 Barded. 344 Barelle. 344 Barelle. 344 Barking. 344 Barnacle. 344 Barnacles or Breys. 344 Baron. 344 Baron and Femme. 3 ° 7 > 344 Baronet. 344 Baronet’s Badge. 344 Baronet’s Helmet. 3 H Baron’s Coronet.316, 344 Baron’s (French) Coronet.331 Baron’s Helmet.314 Barracles. 344 Barralet or Barrulet.259, 344 Barre or Barre Une.260, 331, 344 Barrett. 53 Barrulette, Barruletty, Barrulle, or Bar- rully.267, 344 Barry.265, 267, 344 Barry Bendy.267, 344 Barry Indented. 344 Barry Pily.268, 344 Barry Sinister. 344 Barry Wavy. 344 “ Bar Sinister” (misnomer).260 Bars. 344 Bar-Shot. 344 Barways or Barwise.344 Bas de l’Ecu. 344 39 6 INDEX. Base. Base Esquire. Basilisk.. Basket. Bassenet, Bassinet, or Basnet .... 314, Bassett, Arms of. Baston, Baton, Batton, etc. Bat. Bath . .. Bath King-of-Arms.18, Bath and Wells, Episcopal Arms of ... Baton.259, 260, Baton Sinister.260, Bat’s Wing.. Battering-Ram. Battle-Axe. Battled.. Battled Arrondie. Battled-Embattled. Battlement of a Tower. Batune. Baudrick. Baudrier. Bauteroll. Bayeux Tapestry. Bay. Bayard, Memorial Window. Bayley . •. Baynton (Arms). Bayntone, Arms of. Beacon, Beacon-Fire, Cresset, or Fire-Bea¬ con . Beaked.280, Beam. Beams or Rays. Bear. Beard . Bearded . Bearers. Bearing. Bearing Fruit. Bearings. Beating .. Beausant . Beautified.. Beaver . Bebally. Becque or Beque . Beddeth. Bedford (Arms). Bee. Bee-Hive. PAGE Beffroy.345 Belcher (Arms). 34 Belfr y. 345 Belie.uc Bel1 . 53 , 55 Bellas. 68 Bellas, Bellasis, Bellasyse.312 Belled.280, 345 Belling.343 Bellingham.3x2 Bellomont, Earl, Arms of. 34 Bellowing.343 Bellows.343 Bells.280, 345 Belt or Girdle.343 Bend . 259, 263, 345 Bend Sinister.259, 345 Bendways, Bendwise, or In Bend .... 345 Bendlet .259, 345 Bendy.267, 345 Bendy Bordure.268 Bendy Pily.268, 345 Be d u 6. 345 Berkeley (Arms).35, 36 Berkeley and Carteret, Seal of.155 Berl y. 345 Bernard (Arms). 34 Besant . 345 , 346 Besaunte.343 Besca . 345 Besom.343 Betw . 345 Bever . 345 Bevil, Bevel, or Bevile.345 Bev y. 345 Bezante.346 Bezantlier.346 Bezants or Besants.272, 346 Bezantry.346 Bicapitated or Bicapited.346 Bicorporated. 346 Bill or Billhead.346 Billets.263, 346 Billette. 346 Billettes.346 Billetty.346 Billing.346 Biparted.346 Birds. 280 Bird-Bolt.346 Bishop’s Cross Staff.346 Bishop’s Mitre. ..317 PAGE 344 344 344 344 344 48 344 344 344 344 214 344 344 344 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 11 345 65 55 39 44 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 280 345 279 345 345 345 345 345 345 42 345 345 INDEX. 397 PAGE Bissell, Bishop, Seal of.211 Bit or Bitt.346 Biting his Tail.346 Bittern.346 Black.346 Black Rod (Usher of the).346 Bladed.346 Bladin, Arms of. 48 Blanche.346 Blanch-Lyon.346 Blasted or Starved.280, 346 Blazing Star. ..346 Blazon.277, 346 Blazon, Obsolete.294 Blazoning, Rules for.277 Blazoner.346 Blazonry.346 Blemished.346 Block-Brushes.346 Blood.346 Blood-Hound.346 Bloom or Blossom.346 Bloomed or Blossomed.346 Blue.346 Blue-Bottle.346 Blue Mantle.18, 346 Boar.346 Boar’s Head.346 Bois de Cerf.346 Bois de Diam.346 Bole or Head.346 Bolt and Tun or Bolt-in-Tun.346 Boltant or Bolting.346 Bolt-Hedys.346 Bond, Arms of.70, 82 Bonner. 49 Bonnet.346 Book-Plates.320 Borde.346 Border.346 Bordered.346 Bordure or Border.262, 346 Bordure Bendy.268 Boss.346 Boterall or Boteroll.346 Botoned . ..346 Bottle.346 Bottony.346 Bouchier Knot or Bourchier Knot .... 346 Bouckys.346 Boucle.346 Boude. 68 PAGE Bouget.346 Bourdon.346 Bourguignote.346 Bouse.346 Bouterolle.346 Bouterolle d’une Lance.346 Bow.347 Bowdoin, Arms of. 5 ° Bowed or Embowed.347 Bowed, Fleeted, or Reflected.347 Bowed-Embowed.347 Bowen’s Knot.347 Bowl.347 Braced or Brazed.347 Bracelet.347 Branche.347 Branches.280, 347 Brands or Fire-Brands.347 Brassarts.347 Brasses.347 Brassetts.347 Breast-Plate.347 Breathing.347 Brectesches.347 Brettesse or Des Bastonades.347 Brewer, Bishop, Seal of.211 Breys.347 Brick or Bricque.347 Bricklayer’s Axe.347 Bridge.347 Brigandine or Brigantine.347 Brimsey.347 Brinded, Breended, or Brindled.347 Brinton. 68 Brise. 347 Brise Decouple.347 Bristled.347 Bristol, Episcopal Arms of.215 Brisure or Brizure.347 Broad Arrow.347 Broad-Axe.347 Brochant.347 Broches.347 Brock.347 Brocket.347 Brogue. 347 Broken.347 Bromfield. 52 Bronchant.347 Bronchant, Sur le Tout.347 Brow-Antler.347 Brown. 56 39 § INDEX. PAGE Browne.44, 318 Brush.347 Bruske.347 Bubble.347 Buchanan. 43 Buck.347 Bucket.347 Buckle.347 Buckled.347 Buckler.347 Buckmaster. 56 Budded. 347 Bugle.347 Bugle-Horn or Hunting-Horn.347 Bulkley.. 42, 50 Bull.347 Bullets.347 Bullrush.347 Bunch or Cluster.347 Bundle of Sticks.347 PAGE Bur.347 Burelle.347 Burelle.347 Burganet.347 Burgess, Bishop, Seal of.210 Burling-Iron.347 Burnet (Arms). 34 Burning Bush.347 Burr (Arms). 42 Burst.348 Bush.... . 348 Bust.348 Bustard.348 Butcher’s Axe.348 Bute, Pursuivant. 18 Butterflies.348 Buttoned.348 Buttony.348 Byrd, Gate and Arms. 62 Byrd, Book-Plate.320 c. Cabinet des Armes.348 Cable.348 Cable.348 Cabled.348 Caboched, Caboshed, or Cabossed .... 348 Cabosse.348 Cabre or Effray.348 Cadency . 77, 80, 300, 348 Cadet.348 Caduceus, or Mercury’s Mace.348 Cadwalader. 82 Calamine Stone.348 Calf.348 California, Seal of . „.114 Caltrap.348 Calvary, A Cross.348 Calza.348 Camel.348 Camelopard.348 Camelopardel.348 Canterbury, Episcopal Arms of.213 Canting Arms.348 Canton.261, 348 Cantoned.348 Cantonne. 348 Cap ... ..348 Cap-a-Pie.348 Cap of Liberty.348 Cap of Maintenance.317, 348 Cap of Mercury. 348 Caparagonne.348 Caparisoned ..348 Capers, Bishop, Seal of.204 Capital.348 Caps.315 Capuchon.348 Carbuncle.348 Cardinal’s Hat.348 Careering.348 Carlisle, Episcopal Arms of.216 Camp.348 Campaned.348 Campanes.348 Campbell. 47 Canelle .348 Cannet.348 Cannon.348 Canon.348 Carpenter. 83 Carpenters’ Co., Arms of. 59 Carrick, Pursuivant. 18 Carter, Memorial Window. 64 Carteret, Arms of.. . 35, 36, 154 Cartouche.349 Cary, Arms of. 46 Case.349 INDEX. 399 PAGE Cased. 349 Casque . 3 l 4 > 349 Castle. 349 Cat. 349 Caterfoil. 349 Catherine-Wheel. 349 Catoose . 349 Caude. 349 Caul or Cowl. 349 Cave. 349 C. B. 349 Ceckko . 349 Celestial Crown.316 Centaur.349 Cercele or Recercele.349 Cercle. 349 Cercle.349 Cerise.349 Chafant. 349 Chain.349 Chained.349 Chain-Shot . ..349 Chalice . 349 Chaloner. 56 Challenger. 349 Chambers . 46 Chamber-Piece. 349 Chamberlain, Lord.349 Chame. 349 Chameleon. 349 Chamfrain or Chamfron .349 Champ.349 Champain.349 Chantant.349 Chape. 349 Chapeau . 296, 317 Chaperon, Chaperoun, or Chaperonne . . . 349 Chaperonne or Shafferone.349 Chaperonnet.349 Chaplet. 349 Chaplet of Roses.349 Chapournet.349 Chappe or Chape.349 Characters.349 Charge.269, 279, 349 Charge.349 Charged.349 Charlemagne’s Crown.349 Charles I. and Charles II., Arms.225 Charles II., Virginia Seal after Restoration. 187 Charnocke.312 Chasuble.350 PAGE Chat. 35 ° Chatter or Chatterer. 35 ° Chausse. 35 ° Chausse-Trappes. 35 ° Cheapeau-Wise. 35 ° Checkers. 35 ° Cheeky.268, 350 Checkley, Arms of. 47 Cheeseslip. 35 ° Cheever, Arms of. 46 Chef or Chefe. 35 ° Cheque or Chequy. . 268, 350 Cherokee Indian Tribe, Seal of.130 Cherub.. . . • • 35 ° Chesebrough. 57 Cheshire, Bishop, Seal of.211 Chess Rook or Cocke. 35 ° Chester, Episcopal Arms of.215 Chester Herald. 1 7 Chevalier. 35 ° Chevaltrap. 35 ° Chevele. 35 ° Chevelle. 35 ° Cheville .. 35 ° Chevron ..254, 261, 264, 350 Chevron Abaiss6.264 Chevron Couched.264 Chevron Couped.264, 350 Chevron Reversed.264, 350 Chevrone. 35 ° Chevronel.261, 265, 350 Chevronny. 35 ° Chevrons Braced. 35 ° Chevrons Couched.. . 35 ° Chevrons Contre-point.350 Chevronways or Chevronwise.350 Chew. 83 Chewerond. 35 ° Cheynyd and Crownyd.350 Chichester, Episcopal Arms of.214 Chickasaw Indian Tribe, Seal of.130 Chief ..258, 263, 350 Child’s Head.350 Chimera. 35 ° Chimerical. 35 ° Chissel or Chizzel. 35 ° Chivalry. 35 ° Choctaw Indian Tribe, Seal of.130 Chough. 35 ° Church-Bells. 35 ° Churchman. 3 2 ^ Cimier . 295, 350 400 INDEX. PAGE Cinquefoil.350 Circle.350 Circumflexant-Bent.350 Citadel.350 Civic Crown.350 Clam-Shell.350 Clap. 52 Clarenceux King-of-Arms. 17, 350 Clarendon (Arms).35, 36 Claricord.350 Clarine.350 Clarion, Claricord, or Rest.350 Clark. 57 Clarke, Bishop, Seal of.201 Clasped or Conjoined.351 Cleche ..351 Clenched or Clinched.351 Clinton. 61 Clipping.351 Clock.351 Clos.351 Close.351 Close Couped.351 Close Girt.351 Closet.259,351 Clossety.267 Closing-Tongs.351 Closs.351 Clothed.351 Clouds.351 Cloudy.351 Cloue.351 Cloven or Sarcelled.351 Cloves.351 Club.351 Cluster.351 Clymant.351 Co-ambulant.351 Coat of Arms.250, 351 Cobweb and Spider.351 Cochran. 70 Cock.. . 351 Cockade.351 Cockatrice.351 Cocquel.351 Cod.351 Codded.351 Co-equal.351 Co-erectant.351 Coeur.351 Cognizance.295, 351 Co-heiress.308 PAGE Coif.351 Coif of Mail.351 Coiffe.351 Coiled.351 Cokke.351 Coleman, Bishop, Seals of.205 Collar.351 Collared.351 Collared Gemelle.351 Collaterally Disposed . . . .351 College of Arms or Heralds’ College ... 351 Colleton (Arms).35, 36 Collying. >. . . 351 Colony of Virginia, Seal of.187 Colorado, Seal of.115 Colors.351 Colorys.351 Columbine.351 Columbus. 72 Column.351 Comb.352 Combatant or Confront^.270, 352 Combattand.352 Combed and Wattled.352 Combel.352 Combinations.258 Comet or Blazing Star. 352 Commise Cross.352 Commixt.352 Companions .352 Compartment.352 Compartments.352 Compassed or Encompassed.352 Compasses.352 Complement.280, 352 Complexed.352 Complicated.352 Compon or Camp.352 Compone.268, 352 Compony or Gobony.268, 352 Compony-Counter-Compony.352 Compte, Coronet.331 Concaved, Cross.274, 352 Coney or Cony.352 Confronts.270, 352 Conger-Eel.352 Conjoined or Conjunct.274, 352 Conjoined in Lure.. . 352 Connecticut, Seals of.116 Conspicuous or Conspitiant. 35 2 Constable.352 Cont’ Escartele.352 INDEX. 401 PAGE Contoise. 318, 352 Contourne.352 Contra-Nuage.352 Contrary, Contra, or Contre.352 Contrebande.260, 331, 352 Contrebarre.352 Contre-Escartelent.352 Contre-Face .352 Contre-Hermines ..352 Contre-Pale.352 Contre-Point.352 Contre-Potence.352 Contre-Tenant.352 Contrevaire.352 Converted.352 Convexed.352 Conyd.352 Cookman. 70 Coote.352 Cope.352 Coppe or Copped.352 Copper.352 Coquille.352 Coquille de St. Jacques.352 Coquille de St. Michel.352 Corbie.352 Corbyws.332 Cor dais.352 Cor de Chasse.352 Corded.332 Cordiliere.353 Cordirobe.333 Cordon. 353 Corled.353 Cormorant.333 Corne d’Abondance.353 Corned.353 Corneille.353 Cornet.353 Cornichons.353 Cornish Chough.353 Cornished.333 Cornucopia.353 Coronated.333 Coronet.80, 251, 353 Coronets.313 Corrigan, Archbishop, Seal of ..... . 201 Cost, Cotice, or Cotise.259, 353 Cotice.353 Coticed or Cotised ..259, 353 Cotoose ..353 Cotoye.353 Cotton Hanks . . . . Couchant. Couche . Couched . Coudiere. Coue. Coulter. .. Counter. Counter-Attired . . . Counter-Changed . . Counter-Compone . . Counter-Couchant . . Counter-Embowed . . Counter-Fleury . . . Counter-Passant . . . Counter-Potent . . . Counter-Salient . . . Counter-Tripping . . Counter-Vair . . . . Countess. Coupe . Coupe et Parti . . . Couped . Couped Close . . . . Couped, Cross . . . . Couple .. Couple Close . . . . Coupled. Courant . Courbe. Courlett or Cuirass . . Couronne . Course, In His . . . Coursing. Courtesy, Titles of . . Couste. Cousu. Coutre. Couvert. Coward or Cowed . . Cowl. Cox. Coxe, Bishop, Seal of Crab. Crampette or Crampit Crampette. Cramponne. Crampoons or Cramps Crancelin. Crane or Stork . . . . Cranston. Craven (Arms) . . . . 353 .... 270, 353 . 353 .... 264, 353 . 353 . 353 . 353 . 353 . 353 .... 268, 353 .... 268, 353 . 353 . 353 . 353 . 353 • • • • 257,353 . 353 . 353 ■ • • • 257, 353 . 353 • • • • 272, 353 . 353 260, 264, 280, 353 . 353 •••• 276, 353 . 353 .... 261, 353 . 353 • • 271, 279, 353 . 353 . 353 •••• 33 °, 353 . 353 .279 . 353 . 354 • • 79 , 33 °, 354 . 354 . 354 .... 270, 354 . 354 . 69 .209 . 354 . 354 . 354 . 354 . 354 . 354 . 354 . 55 . 35 , 36 26 402 INDEX. PAGE Crawling or Gliding . . . Crefish. Creneaux, Crenelle, or Enmanch6 . • • • 354 Crenelles. Crescent. 280, 300, 354 Crescented. ■ - • • 354 Cresset. Crest.■. . . • 77, 8l > 2 5 r > 2 95> 354 Crest Coronet. . . 296, 317 Cresta. Creste.. Crested.. . . 280, 354 Crest-Wreath. . ... 354 Cret<§. Crevice. Cri de Guerre. Crined. Crochet . Crocodile. Croisette. Croissant. • • • • 354 Croissant Contourne . . Croix Recroisee .... Cronel. • • • • 354 Crose or Drawing Board .... 354 Crosier. Cross. • - 2 54: , 2 59, 274, 354 Cross-Bow. Crossed. Crosslet, Cross. . . . % Crossways. Crossys .. Crow. Crown . .. Crowned. Crown of Thorns . . . .... 354 Crown of Rue. PAGE Crowns. 31354 Crowns, French.331 Crowns, German. 336 Crown Vallery.354 Crozier.354 Cruceil or Crucellette.354 Crusilly or Crusuly.354 Cry of War.354 Crystal.355 Cubit Arm.. . 355 Cuffed.355 Cuirass.355 Cuisse.355 Cuisses, Cullivers, Culboers, etc.355 Culler.355 Cumbant.355 Cup.355 Cupola.355 Cuppa.355 Cuppules.355 Cuppy.355 Curling.355 Curling-Stone.355 Currant, Courant, or Coursant.355 Currier’s Shave.355 Curvilinear.355 Cushing.- • • • 37> 5° Cushion.355 Cuthbert.7°. 8 3 Cutlass.355 Cutt or Cloven.355 Cutting-Iron.355 Cuttle-Fish.355 Cyclas.3 18 Cygnet.355 Cyphers.355 Cypress.355 D. Dacre Knot and Badge.355 Dagger.355 Dais.355 Daisy.355 Dakota (North), Seal of.119 Dakota (South), Seal of.119 Dalmatic.355 Dame.355 Dancette.254, 355 Dancette, Double-.355 Danche.355 Danish Axe. 355 Daughters of the American Revolution, and Insignia.247 Daughters of the American Revolution, Seal of.221 Dauphin.355 Dauphin’s Crown.355 Davies, Bishop, Seals of.204 Dawes. 5 2 Death’s Head.355 Debased.355 INDEX. 403 PAGE Debruised.355 Decapitated, Decapite Deffait, or Decol¬ lated .355 Dechausse.355 Decked.355 Decked or Marguette.355 Declinant or Declivant. 355 Decollated.355 Decoupled, Decouple, or Uncoupled . . . 355 Decours, Decresnent, Decressant, or Decres¬ cent .355 Decrescent.280 Defamed or Disgraced . ..356 Defences.356 Defendu.356 Deffait ..356 Degradation of Honor.356 Degraded or Degreed.274, 356 Degrees.274, 356 Dejected. 356 Delafield.299 De Lancey.299 Delaware, Seals of.120 Delf.356 Demembre . ..356 Demi or Demy.356 Demie-Jarreti£re .356 Demy-Vol.272, 356 Denison. 50 Dentals, Dentels, Dentees, or Dens .... 356 Dente.356 Dentelle, Viurie.356 Denticules or Denticles.356 Department of Agriculture, U.S., Seal of . 108 Department of Indian Affairs, U.S., Seal of hi D epartment of Justice, U.S., Seal of . . . no Department of State, U.S., Seal of ... . 107 Department of the Interior, U.S., Seal of . 108 Department Seals (of U.S.).106 De Peyster.69, 324 Derrache.356 Desarme.356 Descendant or Descending.356 Descending.356 Descent.356 Despectant ..356 Despouille.356 De Ternay. 60 Detranche.356 Detriment.356 Developed ..356 Devereux. 65 PAGE Device. 35 ^ Devise.. 332 Devouring. 35 ^ Dewlaps or Wattles. 35 ^ Dexter.252, 356 Dexter Base.252, 356 Dexter Chief.252, 356 Dexter Hand. 35 ^ Dexter Side.252 Dexter Wing. 35 ^ Dez. 356 Diadem. 35 6 Diademed. 35 ^ Diamond. 294, 356 Diaper.268, 356 Diapre. 35 ^ Dice. 356 Dickinson.3*8 Diffame.270, 356 Diffamed. 35 ^ Difference. 3 ° 3 > 35 ^ Digges, Arms of. 49 Dilated. 35 ^ Dimidiated. 35 ^ Dimidiation. 3 ° 7 > 35 ^ Diminution of Arms.356 Diminutives.258, 356 Dingwell, Pursuivant. 18 Dip. 88 Disarmed .. 35 ^ Disclosed. 35 ^ Dishevelled.356 Disjointed. 357 Dislodging. 357 Dismembered.272, 357 Dismembr6. 357 Displayed.271, 357 Disposed. 357 Distilling .. 357 Distinctions of Families.357 District of Columbia, Seal of.125 Disveloped .. 357 Dividing Lines.252, 253, 357 Diving ..357 Doane, Bishop, Seals of.208 Doane, Tomb. 44 Dog. 357 Dog-Collar.357 Dolphin ..357 Domed.357 Dominion, Arms of.357 Donjonne. 357 404 INDEX. PAGE Dormant.270, 357 Dors or Dors Endorsed.357 Dorsed . 357 Dosser . 357 Double.357 Double-Arched.357 Double Fitchee or Double Fitchy .... 357 Double-Headed.357 Double-Parted, Cross.276 Double Plume.357 Double Quartrefoil.357 Double-Queued.. . . . 357 Double Tete.357 Double Tressure.265, 357 Doublet.357 Doublings.357 Douglas.26, 305 Dove . 357 Dovetail. 254, 357 Downsett or Daunsett.337 Dows, Arms of. 46 Dragon. 357 Dragonne.337 Dragon’s Head.294, 357 Dragon’s Tail.294, 357 Dragony.357 PAGE Drake (Arms). 42 Drapeau.357 Drawing-Board.357 Drawing-Iron ..337 Drop. 357 Due (French) Coronet.331 Ducal Coronet.316, 317, 357 Duchess.357 Duciper.357 Ducks.357 Dudley.. 34, 51, 65 Dudley, Bishop, Seal of.211 Dufoit or Twyfoil.357 Duke.357 Duke of York, Seal of. 162 Duke’s Coronet.316 Duke’s Helmet ..314 Dulaney, Arms of. 48 Dummer (Arms) . 34 Duncan. 312 Dung-Fork.357 Dungeoned.357 Duparted or Biparted .357 Dupee. 57 Durham, Episcopal Arms of.213 Dwal. 357 E. Dagle.358 Eagle, Spread.358 Eaglet.358 Eared.358 Earl . 358 Earl Marshal of England.17, 358 Earl’s Coronet.316, 358 Earl’s Helmet .314 East Jersey, Seal of.155 Eastern or Antique Crown.316, 358 Eau . 358 Ecaille.358 Ecartele.358 Ecartele en Sautoir.358 Ecclesiastical Seals.197 Echiquete or Echiquier.358 Eckley, Arms of. 46 Eclale.358 Eclipsed.358 Eclope.358 Ecusson. 358 Ed g ed . 358 Edison.299 Edward I , II., Ill (Arms).224 Edward IV., V., VI. (Arms).225 Eel-Basket.358 Eels.358 Eel-Spear.358 Effellonie . .. 358 Effray or Effeare.358 Eguisee, a Cross.358 Eightfoil. 358 Electoral Crown.358 Elephant. 358 Elevated.358 Eliot . ■. 57 Elizabeth, Queen (Arms) ........ 225 Ellery. 56 Ely, Episcopal Arms of.214 Emanche.358 Emaux de l’Escu.358 Embattled.254, 279, 358 Embordered.358 Embowed.271, 280, 358 Embraced.358 Embrasse Droit.358 INDEX. 405 PAGE Embroidery.358 Embrued.358 Emerald.294. 358 Emerasses.358 Emerson. 50 Emlen.326 Emmance, Viure .358 Emmanche or Creneaux.358 Emmets.358 Emmuselle.358 Emperor.358 Empoigne.358 En.358 Enaluron.358 Enarched.358 En Arri^re.358 En Band.359 Enceppe.\ ... 359 Enclave.359 Encountering.359 E11 Croix.359 Endenche or Endente.359 Endorse.259, 359 Endorsed.359 Entiled.359 Englante.359 Engoulant.359 Engouled.. . 359 Eng rail 6.359 Engrailed.254,279,359 Engrailed, Cross.275 Engresle.359 Engrossing-Block.359 Enguiche.359 Enhanced or Enhansed.359 Enhend6e, a Cross.359 Enleve.359 Enmanche.359 En Pied.359 Enraged.359 Ensanglante .359 Ensigned.359 Entangled.359 Ente.359 Ente en Rond.359 Entire or Throughout.359 Entoire or Entoyer.359 Entrailed, Purfled, or Shadowed.359 Entwined.359 Entwisted.359 Enurney or Enurny.359 Envecked.359 PAGE Enveloped.359 Environed.359 Environne or Environed.359 Enwarped.359 Enwrapped. 359 Epaulette.359 Epaulier.359 Epima'cus.359 Episcopal Church, Seal of Presiding Bishop 210 Episcopal Staff.359 Epitaph.359 Eploye.359 Equippe or Equipped.359 Equise.359 Eradicated.272, 280, 359 Erased or Erazed.272, 359 Erect.280, 359 Ermine.256, 359 Ermines...256, 359 Ermine Spots, Cross.275 Erminites.257, 359 Erminois.256, 359 Errant ..360 Erskine. 70 Escaille.„ . 360 Escallop-Shell.360 Escarboucle.360 Escarbuncle.360 Escartele or Ecartele.360 Escarteler.360 Esclatte.360 Escloppe.360 Escrol.360 Escutcheon or Shield.250, 252, 360 Escutcheon of Pretence.281, 360 Esquire or Equire.360 Esquire.360 Esquire’s Helmet.314 Essonier.360 Essorant.360 Estete.360 Estoile or Etoile.360 Estoile of Eight Points.360 Estropie.36° Etete.360 Etoile . ..360 Etting.326 Evangelists’ Emblems.202, 360 Evans, Memorial Window. 65 Ewer.360 Ewing. 5 2 Exasperated.360 406 INDEX. Exeter, Episcopal Arms of.215 Exhalation.360 Ex-Libris.*.321 Expanded or Expansed.360 PAGE Extended.360 Eyed.360 Eyes.360 F. Face.360 Face.360 Face-Lined.360 Fagot. 360 Faillis.360 Fairfax. 299, 312 Falchion or Faulchion.360 Falcon.360 False Cross.360 False Escutcheon.360 False Heraldry.8l, 305, 360 False Roundel.360 Fan or Winnowing-Fan.360 Faneuil. 49 Fan on.360 Far-Roebuck.360 Fasce.360 Fasce.360 Fasciolae Gemellae, or Fasciollae Duplices . 360 Fauconberg ..312 Fawn.'.360 Feathered or Flighted.360 Feathers.360 Feeding.361 Femme.361 Fendue en Pal.361 Fenner. 54 Fer de Dard.361 Fer de Fourchette.361 Fer de Mouline or Millrind.361 Fermau or Fermail.361 Ferr.361 Fesse or Fess.254, 258, 361 Fesse Point.252, 361 Fessewise or Fessways.361 Fesse, Per.361 Fesse, Per, and Pale.361 Festoon.361 Fetlock.361 Fetterlock, Shackbolt, or Fetlock.361 P’iche.361 Field.252, 361 Fiery Furnace.361 Figetive.361 Figured.361 File.361 Filet..361 Fillet.258, 361 Fimbriated, Cross.276, 361 Finned.280, 361 Fire-Ball.361 Fire-Beacon.36 1 Fire-Brands.36 1 Firme.361 First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, Flag of.90, 91 Fish.280, 361 Fishbourne.326 Fisher.326 Fish-Wheel.361 Fissure or Staff.361 Fitchee Cross.276 Fitchee, Fitched, or Fitchy.361 Fitchee, Double, or Fitchy.361 Five-Leaved Grass.361 Fixed. 3 6t Flag.36 1 “ Flag Day”. 92 Flagon.36 1 Flags. 88 Flamant, Cross.275, 361 Flambant.36 1 Flank. 3 ^ )I Flanches or Flanques.263, 361 Flanque Point of the Escutcheon.361 Flasques.263, 361 Flax-Breaker.361 Fleam or Flegme. 3 ^ >1 Flecked. 3 ^* Fleet, Flectant, or Fleeted.361 Fleece. 3 ^ >I Flegme . 361 Flesh-Hook.361 Flesh-Tot. 3 ^ 2 Fleur-de-lis.300, 362 Fleurelte, a Cross.275 Fleurone or Fleur-de-lis.362 Fleury, a Cross.275, 362 Fleury-Counter-Fleury.262 Flexed. 3 ^ 2 INDEX. 40; PAGE Flighted. 362 Float . 3 62 Flook. 3 62 Florida, Seal of. I2 6 Flory. 3 62 Flory, a Cross. 275, 3 ^ 2 Flory on the Tops.265 Flotant. 3^2 Flourette. 3 ^ 2 Flourished. 3 ^ 2 Flower of the Flag. 3 ^ 2 Flowers . 3^ 2 Fly.. 88, 362 Flying. 3 62 Flying Column.3^ 2 Focked. 3 ^ 2 Foldage. 3 ^ 2 Foliage . 3 ^ 2 Foliated. 3 ^ 2 Fondant. 3 ^ 2 Fontal. 3 ^ 2 Forcene . 362 Fore-Staff.362 Forest Bill. 3 ^ 2 Forked.362 Form.362 Formee, Cross.274, 362 Form of the Shield. 2 53 Fortified. 3 ^ 2 Foster, Arms of. 46 Founder of a House. 3 ° 2 Fountain. 2 73 > 3 ^ 2 Fourchee or Fourchy.362 Fowke, Arms of.295 Fowle, Arms of. 46 Fracted.264, 362 PAGE Fraise, Frasier, Fraze, or Frazier.362 Framed Saw.3^ 2 France Ancient. 3 ^ 2 France Modern .. 3^2 Franche.3^2 Francis . 65 Franklin, Benjamin (Seal). 3 ^ Freebody. 5 6 Freke. 4^ French Arms. 2I > 22 5 French Crown. 3 ^ 2 French Helmets. 33 2 French Heraldry. 33 ° Fresne. 3 ^ 2 Frette.262, 3^ 2 Frette or Fretty.262, 267, 362 Frette Triangular. 3^3 Fretted. 3^3 Frightened. 3^3 Fringed. 3^3 Front or Frontal. 3^3 Fructed. 3^3 F'ruit. 280 Fulgent. 3^3 Fuller (Arms). 39 Fumant. 3^3 Furs.255, 363 Furchy. 3^3 Furiosant. 3^3 Fusee. 3^3 Fusele. 3^3 Fusil.262, 363 Fusille or Fusilly.267, 363 Fusils, Cross.'.275 Fylot or Fylfot, Gammadion.363 G. Gad-Bee or Gad-Fly. 3^3 Gads. 3 6 3 Gailor, Bishop, Seals of ..203 Gales. 3*4 Galleys.363 Galthrap, Galtrap, or Caltrap.363 Gamashes or Buskins. 3^3 Gamb or Jamb. 3^3 Game-Cock.363 Gammadion. 3^3 Gantlet. 363 Garb or Garbe.363 Gardant or Guardant.363 Gardebras or Garbraille. 3^3 Garden-Pales. 3^3 Gardevisor or Gerdevisure. 3^3 Gardner. 5 ^ Garland. 3^3 Garnished. ... 363 Garrett, Arms of. 47 Garrett, Bishop, Seal of.212 Garter. 8o ) 3^3 Garter King-of-Arms.I 7 > 3^3 Garter-Plate. 3^3 Gauntlet. 3^3 Gaze.363 408 INDEX. PAGE G. C. B.363 G. C. H.363 G. C. M. G.363 Ged . 3 6 3 Gedney. 31 Gee . 57 Gemelles.363 Gemmel Rings.363 Gem Ring.363 General Society of the War of 1812, and Insignia.235 General Society of the War of 1812, Seal of. 221 Genet.363 Gentleman.363 Gentleman’s Helmet.313 Gentry.363 Genuant.363 George I., Arms of.227 George I., Seal of.143, 165 George II., Arms of.227 George II., Seal of.143, 165 George III., Arms of.227 George III., Seal of.166 George IV., Arms of.227 George Badge.363 Georgia, Seal of.126 Gerated or Gerratty.363 Gerbe.,.364 German Heraldry.334 German Reformed Church Window ... 65 Geules ..364 Gibbons, Cardinal, Seals of.199 Gibbs . 54 , 55 Gidle y. 55 Gillespie. 70 Gillespie, Bishop, Seal of.206 Gilly-Flower.364 Gimmal Rings.364 Giraffe.364 Girl . 3 6 4 Giron ..364 Gironette.364 Gironne.364 Girt, Girded, or Girdled.364 Gisant.364 Givers or Gringale.364 Glaziers’ Nippers or Grater.364 Gliding. .... 364 Globe.364 Globical.364 Glor y.364 Gloucester, Episcopal Arms of.215 Gloucester King-of-Arms. 18 Glove.364 Goat.364 Gobony or Gobonated.364 Godfrey.327 Gold.364 Golden Fleece.364 Gookin.318 Golpes or Golps.273, 364 Gonfalon or Gonfannon.364 Gonfalonier.364 Goodman (Arms). 39 Gordian Knot.364 Gore or Gusset.364 Gore or Gory.364 Gored.364 Gorge or Gurge.364 Gorged.317, 364 Gorges.327 Gorget.364 Goshawk.364 Goulding. 33 Goutte.273, 364 Gradient.364 Grady.364 Grady Embattled.364 Grafted .364 Grain-Tree.364 Grand Army of the Republic, and Insignia 242 Grand Quarters.254, 364 Grand Seignior’s Crown.364 Grant of Arms. 87 Grappling-Iron.364 Grasshopper.364 Grater.364 Graves, Bishop, Seal of.200 Gray.364 Gray, Bishop, Seal of.213 Greaves.364 Greaves, Arms of. 46 Greene. 51 Greenleaf. 69 Greenwood, Arms of. 44 Grenade.364 Greyhound.364 Grices.• 364 Gridiron.364 Grieces.364 Griffin.364 Griffin Male.364 INDEX. PAGE Griffiths, Book-Plate . ..324 Grillete.364 Gringole or Gringolle.364 Griping.364 Grittie.364 Groaning.364 Grose.364 Grosvenor, Arms of. 49 Gryfin or Gryphon.364 Gu. or Gules.365 Guard.364 Guardant.364 Guarded.364 Guay or Cheval Guay.364 Gueules.255, 365 Guidon.365 Guige.365 Guirlande.365 Guivre.365 409 PAGE Gules.365 Gull. 3 6 5 Gunshot or Gunstone. 3^5 Gurges. 3^5 Gusset. 3^5 Gutte. 3^5 Gutte or Gutty.273, 365 Gutte d’huile or Gutte d’olive.365 Gutte de larrnes.365 Gutte d’eau. 3^5 Gutte d’or. 3^5 Gutte de poix. 3^5 Gutte de sang. 3^5 Gutte reversed.365 Guze.273, 365 Gyron.262, 365 Gyronne or Gyronny.262, 267, 365 Gyronways. 3^5 H. Habeck or Habick.365 Habergeon.365 Habille.365 Habited.281, 365 Hachement.331 Hacked.365 Hackle.365 Hair.365 Hake-Fish.365 Halberd or Halbert.365 Hale, Bishop, Seal of.202 Half-Spear or Halk-Spear.365 Hall. 53 Hall, Bishop, Seal of.213 Hames or Heames.365 Hamilton. 84 Plammer or Martel .365 Hanchet.365 Hand.365 Harbored .365 Ilarboreth.365 Hare . 365 Hare, Bishop, Seal of ..200 Harness. 365 Harp.365 Harpoon. 365 Harpy.365 Harrington Knot.365 Harris. 54 Harrison, Arms of. 49 Harrow. Hart. Hart Royal. Harvard University, Arms Harvard University, Seal . . Harvest-Fly. Hat. Hatchet. Hatchment. Hauberk. Haulme. Haume. Hauriant. Hause or Hausse. Hawk or Falcon. Hawk’s Bells. Hawk’s Jesses. Hawk’s Lure. Haye. Hay-Fork. Heads.. . . . , Healme, Heaulme, or Helme Heames. Heart. Ileart’s-Ease. Heaulim. Hedge-Hog. Heightened. Heinuse. Heiress. . 365 . 3 6 5 .36S . 63 .221 . 3 6 5 .365 . 3 66 . . . • 318, 366 . 3 66 . 3 J 4 . 3 H . . 271, 280, 366 .366 .366 .366 .366 . 3 66 .312 .366 . 366 . . . . 314, 366 .366 .366 .366 . 3 i 4 .366 .366 .366 .308 4io INDEX. PAGE Helmet .... 79, 80, 81, 250, 281, 314, 366 Helmets, French.332 Helmets, German.335 Helved.366 Hemp-Brake or Hackle.366 Heneage Knot.366 Henry I., II., III. (Arms).224 Henry IV., V., VI., VII., VIII. (Arms) . 225 Henshaw, Arms of. 43 Herald. 15, 366 Heraldry.366 Heralds’ College.17, 18, 19, 366 Herd.366 Hereford, Episcopal Arms of.214 Heriss6.366 Herisson.366 Hermine or Hermines.366 Hernshaw or Heron.366 Herse.366 Heurts.366 Hiacinth.366 Highness.366 Hill.366 Ilillegas. 68 Hilt.366 Hilted.366 Blind. 366 Hippocampus.366 Hirondelle.366 Historical Society of Pennsylvania .... 35 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Book- Plate .327 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Seal of . 222 Hoar. 53 Hobby.299 Ploist. 88, 366 Holy Lamb. 366 PAGE Homage.366 Honor Point.252, 366 Honorable Ordinaries.366 Honored.366 Hood.280, 366 Hooded.280, 366 Hoofed.279, 366 Hop.366 Hopkinson Book-Plate.321 Plorned.366 Horse.367 Horse, Winged.367 Horse-Shoes.367 Hound.367 House of Representatives, U. S., Seal of . 107 Housse.367 Houstoun, Arms of. 49 Hovering.367 Howe, Arms of. 31 Ilovve, Bishop, Seal of.201, 202 Howell, Arms of. 49 Howley.323 Hubbard, Arms of. 47 Huchet.367 Humet.367 Humett6.367 Humettee, Cross.276 Hunting-Horn.367 Huntingdon, Bishop, Seal of.212 Hure.367 Hurst.367 Hurts, Heurts, or Huerts.367 Hurty or Hurte.367 Husk.367 Hutchinson, Arms of.34, 57 Hyacinth.294, 367 Hydra. 367 I. Ibex.367 Icicles.367 Idaho, Seals of.127 Illinois, Seal of.128 Imbattled.367 Imbordered.367 Imbowed.367 Imbrued.367 Impale.80, 197, 367 Impalement.307 Imperial Crown of England.315, 367 Imperially Crowned.367 In Armor.2 81 In Base .367 In Bend.263, 265, 367 In Chevron.367 In Chief.263, 367 In Crescent.280 In Cross.263, 367 Independence Hall. 37 Indiana, Seal of.129 Indian Territory, Seals of Civilized Tribes . 129 In Fesse.367 In Foliage.367 INDEX. 411 PAGE In Glory. 3^7 In her Piety. 3^7 In his Majesty. 3^7 In his Pride. 3^7 In his Splendor. 3^7 In Leure or In Lure. 3^7 In Orle.262, 367 In Pale . 3 6 7 In Pile.367 In Pretence. 3°9 In Robes.281 In Saltire.3^8 Incensant. 3^8 Incensed. 3^8 Increment or Increscent.368 Indente.3^8 Indented..254, 368 Indentilly.3^8 Indian Goat or Assyrian Goat.368 Indorsed.368 Inescutcheon.368 Inescutcheon Voided.262 Infamed.3^8 Inflamed.368 Infula.368 PAGE Ingrailed. 3^8 Ink-Horn or Penner and Ink-Horn . . . 368 Ink Moline.3^8 Inquire, Arms to. 3 ^8 Inraced or Race.3^8 Insigned.3^8 Interchangeably Posed.3^8 Interchanged.3^8 Interlaced or Interfretted.265, 3^8 Interposed.3^8 Intersicants.3^8 Invecke or Goare.3^8 Invecked or Invected. 2 54 > 3^8 Invelloped or Involved. 3^8 Invertant or Inverted.3^8 Invexed.3^8 Iowa, Seal of. I 3 I Ire.3^8 Iron Ring.3^8 Irradiated. 3^8 Islay Herald. J 8 Issant.3^8 Issuant or Issuing.3^8 Issuant and Revertant.3^8 J- Jack.3^8 Jackson. 3 2 ^ Jackson, Arms of. 5 ° Jackson, Bishop, Seal of.200 Jaggar, Bishop, Seal of.212 Jagged.3^8 Jambe.3^8 James I., Arms.225 James II., Arms of.225 James II., Seal of.142, 163 Janus.368 Javelin. 3^8 Jay. 61 Jellop.3^8 Jelloped.280, 368 Jenner, Arms. 46 Jerkin. 3 68 Jersey Comb.3^8 Jessamine.3^8 Jessant.3^8 Jessant-de-lis. 3^8 Jessed.280, 3^9 Jesses. 3^9 John, King (Arms).224 Johnson.299 Johnston, Bishop, Seal of.200 Joinant. 3^9 Jousts.369 Jowlopped ..369 Jugariae Fasciolae. 3^9 Jumelle Rings. 3^9 Jumelles. 3^9 Jupiter.294, 369 Jupon. 3*8 K. Kansas, Seal of . . ..13 1 K. B. 3 6 9 K. C. B.369 K. C. H.369 Kenelleth.369 Kent County, Seal of. I2 2 Kentucky, Seal of.* 3 2 Keys. 3 6 9 412 INDEX. K. G. Kid. Kings-of-Arms.17, 18, 19, Kintyre Pursuivant. Knickerbacker, Bishop, Seal of. Knight. Label or File.263, Labels.300, Laced. Lachlan, Arms of. Lacs d’Amour. Lacy Knot. Lady. Lake. Lamb or Holy Lamb. Lambeaux. Lambel. Lambrequin.331, Laminated. Lampasse. Lancaster Herald.17, Lancaster Rose.23, Lance . Landskip or Landschape. Langued.279, Lapin. Lapped . Larmettes or Larmes .. Lasinby, Arms of. Latin Cross. Lattice or Lettice. Launce. Laurel. Laver. Laverpot. Lawrence (Arms). Lawrence, Bishop, Seal of. Lead-Line. Leaping.. . Leash.280, Leashed.280, Leaves . L’ Ecu. Leg. Legged or Menrbered. Legion of Honor. Lemmon, Arms of. Lentally. Leonard, Bishop, Seals of.202, PAGE Knight’s Helmet.314 Knighthood.369 Knots.297, 369 K. P.369 K - T .3 6 9 L. Leopard.370 Leopard’s Face.370 Leopard’s Head.370 Leopardy or Leoparde . . .. ..370 Leslie.312 Le Spring.312 Le Tortil..331 Level.370 Lever.370 Leveret.370 Leverett, Arms of. 47 Lewis.326 Libbarcl . . . ,. 29 L *e.370 Lily of the Garden or White Lily .... 370 Lily of the Flag.370 Lily-Pot.370 Limb of a Tree.370 Limbeck.370 Lincoln, Episcopal Arms of.215 Lind-Worm.370 Lined.370 Lines.370 Linked.370 Lion.279, 370 Lionceau.370 Lionced . ..... 370 Lioncel.370 Li on-Dragon.370 Lionne.371 Lion of England.370 Lion of Scotland.370 Lion of St. Mark.370 I.ion-Poisson or Sea-Lion.371 Lions Conjoined.371 Lis . 37 i Liston.371 Lists.. . 371 Litchfield and Coventry, Episcopal Arms of 206 Litre.371 Littlejohn, Bishop, Seal of.211 Litvit’s Skin.371 Livery.371 PAGE 3 6 9 369 369 18 209 3 6 9 369 369 3 6 9 45 3 6 9 3 6 9 370 58 37° 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 49 276 370 37° 370 370 370 38 206 370 37° 370 370 370 331 370 370 370 46 370 211 / INDEX. 413 PAGE Livingston.61, 160, 161, 324 Lizard. 371 Lizard or Lezard.371 Lizare or Lisere.371 Llandaff, Episcopal Arms of.214 Lloyd. 53 . 8 4 Lobster.371 Lochaber-Axe.371 Lockheart.305 Lodged . 271, 371 Logan.69, 70, 84 Lolling.371 London, Episcopal Arms of.213 Long.371 Looking Back.371 Loop Holes.371 Lopped or Snagged.371 Lord .371 Lords Proprietors of the Province of Caro¬ lina, Seal. 35 Loring. 52 Losange.371 Louisiana, Seal of.132 Loup-Cervier.371 PAGE Lowered.371 Lozenge.262, 371 Lozenges, Cross of.371 Lozengy . 267, 371 Luce or Lucy.371 Lumieres.371 Luna.294, 371 Lunel.371 L’Un et Autre .371 L’Un sur Autre.371 Lure.371 Lute.371 Lutra, Loutre, or Louterel.371 Lyde, Arms of. 47 Lymph ad.371 Lynde. 56 Lynes.371 Lynx.371 Lyon Clerk. 18 Lyon Clerk Depute. 18 Lyon Court.37 X Lyon Depute. 18 Lyon King-of-Arms.18, 371 Lyre.371 M. Mace. Mace, Speaker’s, in House of Representa¬ tives, U. S. Macers. Made. Magonne. MacPherson, Arms of. Madder-Bags. Maiden’s Head. Mail. Mailed. Main . Maine, Seal of. Maine Historical Society, Book-Plate . . . Maintenance. Male Griffin. Mallet. Maltese Cross. Man. Manacles. Manche. Mancheron. Manchet.. Mandrake. Maned. 371 Man’s Head.372 Manteau.372 60 Mantele.372 371 Mantelet.372 371 Man-Tiger or Manticora.372 371 Mantle.250, 317, 372 43 Mantling.250, 281, 331, 372 371 Marcassin.372 371 Marchmont Herald. 18 371 Marine.372 371 Marined.372 371 Marine Wolf.372 133 Marks of Cadency.300, 372 328 Marmion, Arms of. 24 371 Marquis.372 371 Marquis’s (French) Coronet.331 371 Marquis’s Coronet.316, 372 372 Marquis’s Helmet.314 281 Mars.294, 372 372 Marshalling.307, 372 372 Martel.372 372 Marten or Martin.372 372 Martin.372 372 Martlet .300, 372 372 Martyn. 57 414 INDEX. PAGE Mary, Queen (Arms).225 Maryland, Seals of.135 Mascle.262, 372 Mascles, Cross of. 37 2 Masculy. 37 2 Mason. 69 Masoned.372 Massachusetts, Seals of.141 Massone. 37 2 Match.372 Match-Lock . . . 372 Maternal Coats of Arms. 81 Maunche.372 Mayo, Arms of.. . 49 Mayor.372 Meire or Meirre.372 Membered.280, 372 Membre.372 Memorial Windows. 64 Meniver.372 Menu of Vair or Meniver.372 Merchants’ Marks.372 Mercury.294, 372 Merillion.372 Merlette or Merlion.372 Mermaid.372 Merman.372 Merrett. 54 Merrick, Grant of Arms. 87 Merrick Book-Plate. 3 2 ^ Mesle.372 Mesne Lord.373 Metals.373 Metamorphosed.373 Meurtriere.373 Mezail. 373 Michigan, Seal of.144 Micouppe.373 Middle Base.252, 373 Middle Chief.252, 373 Mifflin.68, 85 Mifflin, Memorial Window. 64 Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and Insignia .... 237 Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Seal of.222 Mill-Pick. 373 Millrind or Milrine ..373 Millstone.,. 373 Miniver. 373 Minnesota, Seals of.145 Miparty.373 PAGE Mirror. 373 Misappropriation of Arms. . 75 Mississippi, Seal of.147 Missouri, Seals of.147 Mi-Taille. 373 Mi-Tranche. 373 Mitre. 37 3 Mitres.315 Modillion. 373 Mole . 373 Mole-Hill.373 Molette .373 Moline, Cross.275, 301, 373 Monarch.373 Monche. 373 Monde. 373 Monkey.373 Monogram. 373 Montana, Seals of.148 Montgomery.299 Montant. 373 Montegre. 373 Moon.280, 373 Moor-Cock. 373 Moore .... 312 Moor's Head.373 Mooted or Moulted. 373 Morgan.326 Morion. 37 , 373 Morn 6. 373 Morne or Mortne. 373 Morris, Bishop, Seal of.212 Morse.299, 373 Mortaises. 373 Mort-Head. 373 Mortier. 373 Mortcours. 373 Mortised. 373 Mortises. 373 Mortne. 373 Moses’ Bush. 373 Motto.251, 297, 373 Moulted. 373 Mound. 373 Mount. 373 Mountain-Cat. 373 Mounted. 373 Mountfort, Arms of. 44 Mounting. 374 Mourn. 374 Mourned. 374 Moussue.374 INDEX. 415 PAGE Mullet. 3 °°> 374 Muraille. 374 Mural Crown. 3 l &> 374 Murrey. 374 Muschetors. 374 PAGE Muscogee Indian Tribe, Seal of.13° Musimon. 374 Musseled. 374 Musion. 374 Muzzled. 374 N. Naiant .271, 280, 374 Naissant. 374 Naked.281 Narcissus. 374 Natand or Natant. 374 Naturel.. • 374 Naval Crown. 3 * 6 , 374 Naval Order of the United States .... 244 Navel Point. 374 Navette or Navetty. 374 Navy Department U. S. and Bureaus, Seals of . . .. io 9 Nebraska, Seal of. *49 Nebuly or Nebul6.254, 267, 279, 374 Nelson, Bishop, Seal of.200 Neptune. 374 Nerved. 374 Nevada, Seal of. I 5 ° Neve or Newe. . .. 374 New Albion, Seal of. 1 53 Newberry, Arms of. 45 New Castle County, Seal of.122 New Hampshire, Seals of.* 5 ° New Jersey, Seals of. x 5 2 New Mexico, Seal of. New Netherlands, Seal of. I ^ 2 Newport Historical Society, Seal of ... . 180 Newt. 374 New York, Seals of.162, 166 Nichols, Bishop, Seal of. l 99 Nicholson, Bishop, Seals of.205 Nimbus. 374 Nisle. 374 Nobility. 374 Nombril Point or Navel Point .... 252, 374 Nordeek, Arms of. 45 Norris.85, 3 2 4 Norroy King-of-Arms.I 7 > 374 North. 70 North Carolina, Seal of. l ^>7 North Star. 374 Norwich, Episcopal Arms of.214 Nourri. 374 Nowed. 2 74 > 374 Nowy. 374 Noyes. 57 Nuance. 374 Nylle. 374 o. O. 374 Oak. 374 Obsolete Blazon.294 Obsidional Crown or Garland. 374 Odenheimer, Tomb. 44 Of the Field.278, 374 Of the First, Second, etc.278, 374 Oge. 374 Ogress.273, 374 Ohio, Seal of. * • • I 7 I Oklahoma, Seal of.* 7 * Old Christ Church. 3 ^ Olive Crown or Garland. 375 Ombre. 375 On a Bend.265 Onde.265,375 Ondoyant . . . Ongle .... On-Sett.... Open. Opinicus . . . Oppressed . . Or. Oranges . . . Orb or Globe . Orbit. Ordinaries . . Oregon, Seal of Oreille . . . . Oreiller . . . Orgress . . . . Oriflam . . . . . 375 . 375 . 375 . 375 ...... 375 . 375 .... 2 55 - 375 .... 273, 375 . 375 . 375 254, 258, 279, 375 .172 . 375 . 375 ...... 375 . 375 416 INDEX. PAGE Orle.262, 375 Orle, In.375 Ormond Pursuivant. 18 Ornamental Lines.252, 254 Osage Indian Tribe, Seal of.130 O strich . 375 Ostrich Feathers.375 Ostrich Feathers in Plume.375 O tter . 375 Ounce or Lynx.375 Over-All ..375 Overt.375 Owl.375 Owndy.375 Ox.375 Oxford, Episcopal Arms of.215 Ox-Yoke. 375 P. Padlock.375 Pai:; e. 375 Pain. 51 Pairle . 375 Paissant.375 Pal . 375 Pale .259, 375 Pale Bande.375 Paleways.375 Pal >sse.375 Pall.375 Pal16 . 375 Pallet .259, 265, 375 Pallisado, Crown.316 Palliss6.375 Palm . 375 Palmer’s Staff.375 Pal Y.265, 267, 375 Paly Bendy.267, 376 Pame. 376 Panache.376 Pannes.376 Panonceaux.376 Pansey, Pansy, or Heart’s-Ease.376 Panther.376 Papal Crown.376 Papel lone.376 Parer.376 Paret, Bishop, Seal of.204 Park-Pales.376 Parrot.376 Parseme.376 Parted.253, 376 Parti.376 Parti de 1 ’Un en PAutre.376 Parti Enmanche.376 Partition-Lines ..253, 376 Partitions.376 Parts of an Achievement.250 Party.253 Party per Pale and Base.376 Party per Pale and Chevron.376 Party per Pile, in Point.377 Party per Pile, in Traverse.377 Party per Pile, Transposed.377 Pas & Pas.376 Paschal Lamb.376 Pascuant or Pasquant.376 Pasme.376 Passant.270, 376 Passant Guardant.270, 376 Passant Reguardant.270, 376 Passion Nail.376 Pastoral Staff.376 Patee, Cross.274, 376 Paternal.376 Paternoster.376 Patonce, Cross.275, 376 Patriarchal, Cross.274, 376 Patrick, St.376 Patte.376 Pauldron.376 Pavement.376 Pavier’s Pick.376 Pavilion.376 Paw.376 Pawne.376 Peacock.376 Peal.376 Pean.256, 376 Pear.376 Pearched or Perched.376 Pea-Rise • . 376 Pearl.294, 376 Pecys.376 Peel.376 Peer.376 Pegasus. 376 Pelican. 376 INDEX. PAGE Pelican’s Head. 377 Pellete. 377 Pellets.273, 377 Pelletys. 377 Pemberton. 7 °) 85 Pencil. 377 Pendal. 377 Pendant or Pendent. 377 Pendent.280 Penington. 7 °> 85 Penn, Arms of. 35 Penn, Book-Plate .. 4 L 3 21 Penn, Seal. 1 7 2 Penner and Ink-Horn. 377 Pennon.25, 377 Pennonceaux. 377 Pennoncelle. 377 Pennsylvania, Arms of. 59 ’ ^3 Pennsylvania Families, Arms of. 81 Pennsylvania, Seals of. l 7 2 Penny-Yard-Penny. 377 Pens. 377 Pensil.25, 377 Per. 377 Per Bend.253 Per Bend Sinister.253 Perc6. 377 Perche. 377 Perched. 377 Per Chevron.253 Perclose or Demi-Garter. 377 Per Cross.253 Perculaced. 377 Percussant. 377 Per Fesse.253 Perflew. 377 Perforated. 377 Peri. 377 Perkins, Arms of. 47 Per Long. 377 Per Pale.253 Perpendiculum. 377 Per Saltire.253 Pertransient. 377 Peterkin, Bishop, Seal of.212 Peters, Arms, Crest of. 60 Petersborough, Episcopal Arms of ... . 216 Petronel. 377 Pewit. 377 Pheon. 377 Pheons. 377 Philadelphia, Arms of. 59 417 PAGE Philadelphia City Troop, Flag of. 9 1 Philadelphia, Seals of.218 Phipps (Arms). 34 Phcenix. 377 Pickman. 5 ^ Picote. 377 Pierced. 377 Piety. 377 Pignon.. • • • • 377 Pignonne. 377 Pike. 377 Pike-Staff. 377 Pile.261, 265, 377 Pilgrim. 377 Pilgrim’s Staff. 377 Pillar. 377 Pily Barry. 377 Pily Bendy. 377 Pily Paly. 377 Pincers. 377 Pineapple. 378 Pine-Tree Shilling.223 Pitkin. 69 Placcate. 378 Planets. 378 Planta-Genista. 378 Plate. 2 7 2 > 378 Platte. 378 Platted or Plaited. 378 Playing-Tables. 378 Plenitude.280, 378 Plie. 378 Ploy6. • 378 Plume... 378 Plumety... 378 Pluming. 378 Plummet. 378 Plumsted.68, 86 Pods of Beans. 378 Poing. 378 Point. 378 Pointe.. 378 Pointe. 378 Points. 378 Points of a Label. 378 Points of the Escutcheon.252, 378 Poisson. 378 Polar Star. 378 Pome or Pomme.273, 378 Pomegranate. 378 Pomeis or Pomme s. 378 Pomel. 378 27 418 INDEX. PAGE Pomelt and Hyltte Anowyd.378 Pometty or Pommette.378 Pommee, Cross. 276 Poole. 31 Pope’s Crown.378 Popinjay.378 Porcupine. 378 Port.378 Portcullis.18, 378 Portcullis Pursuivant.378 Portcullised.378 Port-Hole.378 Pose.' . . 378 Pose en Sautoir.378 Posed.378 Post-Office Department, U. S., Seal of. . . 108 Pot . 378 Potence.378 Potent.257, 276, 378 Potent-Counter-Potent.378 Potente. 254, 378 Potter, Bishop, Seal of.201 Pouldron.378 Pounce.378 Pouncing.280, 378 Pourpre.378 Powdered.379 Powder-Horn or Powder-Flask.379 Powdyrdy. 379 Powel.326 Pownall, Arms of.34, 43 P°ynt.379 P P r - • • • v.255,379 Prancing.379 Prasin.379 Prawn.379 Quadrant.379 Quadrant Fer-de-Mouline.379 Quadrate, Cross.274, 379 Quadrature, In.379 Quarter.261, 379 Quartered.379 Quartering.307, 308 Quarterings.379 Quarterly.253, 254, 379 Quarterly Pierced, Cross.276, 379 Quarterly Quartered.254, 380 Quartier.380 Quartrefoil or Quarterfoil.301, 380 Precious Stones.379 Precise Middle.379 Predable.379 Preen.379 Presbyterian Church (General Assembly), Seal of.222 President of U. S., Seal of.106 Prester John or Presbyter John.379 Pretence.309, 310, 311, 379 Preying.272, 379 Pride.379 Primrose.379 Prince.379 Prince’s (French) Coronet.331 Prince of Wales, Badge. 27 Princes, Blood Royal, Helmet.314 Princeton College, Seal of.222 Proboscis.379 Proctor (Arms). 38 Procurator Fiscal .. 18 Promening.- . . . 379 Proper, Ppr.255, 278, 279, 379 Propre.379 Prospect.379 Proyning or Pruming.379 Pryck-Spur.379 Purfled.379 Purflew.379 Purpure . 255, 379 Purse.379 Pursuivant of Arms.17, 379 Pycche.379 Pynant and Say land.379 Py ot . 379 Pyramid.379 Python.379 Q. Quartrefoil Slipped.380 Quatrefeuille.380 Queen Anne, Seal of.164, 188 Queue.380 Queue Fourche.271, 380 Quill.380 Quilled.380 Quintard, Bishop, Seals of.209 Quintain.380 Quintefeuille.380 Quintefoil.380 Quise, A la.380 Quiver of Arrows.380 INDEX. 419 R. PAGE Rabbit.380 Race.380 Rack-Pole Beacon.380 Racourci.380 Radiant or Rayonnant.380 Radiated Crown.316 Raguly.254, 380 Raguly, Cross.275 Raguled or Raguly.380 Rainbow.380 Raleigh.322 Ram.380 Ram6.380 Rampant.269, 380 Rampant Addorsed.270 Rampant Guardant . . .'.269, 380 Rampant Reguardant.269, 380 Rampe or Ramped. 380 Ramping.380 Randolph, Bishop, Seal of.211 Rangant.380 Rang6.380 Raping.380 Rased, Rase, or Razed.380 Rasie.380 Rasyd. . 380 Rattlesnake Flag. 88 Raven.380 Ravissant.380 Rawle. 86 Ray. .380 Rayonnant, Cross.276 Rayonnant or Rayonne.380 Razed.380 Rebated.380 Rebatements.380 Rebending.380 Rebounding or Reboundant.380 Rebus.380 Recercellee, Cross.275, 380 Reclinant.380 Recopyd or Recouped.380 Recoupe.380 Recourcie.380 Recroisete.380 Recrossed.380 Recursant.380 Recurvant.381 Red Hand.381 PAGE Redout or Redoubt.381 Red Rose.23, 297 Redwood. 60 Reed.381 Reed, Arms of. 48 Reflected or Reflexed.381 Regalia.381 Reguardant or Regardant.381 Reindeer.381 Remora.381 Removed.264, 381 Rernply or Rempli.381 Rencontre or Au Rencontre.381 Renshaw, Memorial Window. 64 Renverse.381 Repassant.381 Rere Mouse.381 Resarcele. ... 381 Resignant.■.381 Respectant or Respecting.381 Resplendent.381 Rest.381 Retaille.381 Retierce.381 Retorted.. •.381 Retracted.381 Retranche.381 Reverberant.381 Reversal of Tinctures. 81, 304 Reversed, Renversed, or Reversie . . 264, 381 Revertant or Reverted.381 Revestu.381 Reveyns.381 Rhinoceros.381 Rhode Island, Seal of.180 Riband or Ribbon.259, 381 Richard I. (Arms).224 Richard II. (Arms).225 Richard III. (Arms).225 Richards. 50 Richmond Herald. 17 Rising.271, 280, 381 Rittenhouse. 68 Rizom.381 Rochester, Episcopal Arms of ..... . 215 Rodney. 37 Roe.381 Roebuck.381 Rompe or Rompu.381 420 INDEX. Rond. Roofed. Rook. Rose. Rose, Lancaster. Rose, Tudor. Rose, York. Rose-en-Soliel. Ross Herald . .. Rotch. Rothsay Herald. Rouelle Spur. Rouge . Rouge-Croix. Rouge Dragon . .. Roundels, Roundles, or Roundlets . Roussant or Rowsand ...... . • • • • • 381 ... 3^1 23,301, 381 • • 23,297 • • 24,297 . . 24,297 ... 381 ... 18 ... 326 ... 18 ... 381 ... 381 . 18, 381 . 18, 381 . 272,381 . v . 382 PAGE Rowel.382 Rowt.382 Royal Anns of England in America . . . 223 Royal Antler.382 Royall. 5 1 Roys.382 Ruby.294, 382 Rue, Chaplet or Wreath of.382 Rules for Blazoning.277, 281 Rules to govern Heraldry in America ... 77 Rulison, Bishop, Seal of.204 Rum ford.299 Rundel.382 Rustic.281 Rustre.262, 382 Ryan, Archbishop, Seal of.210 Rye.382 s. S.382 Sa. or Sable.255,382 Sacre or Saker.382 Sagittarius.382 Sail.382 Saillant.382 Saint Andrew.382 Saint George...382 Saint Patrick.382 Salade. 3 X 4 Salamander.382 Salem, Seal of.216 Salient or Saliant.270, 382 Salient, Counter-.382 Salisbury. 53 Salisbury, Episcopal Arms of.214 Sailed Head-Piece or Sallet.382 Salmon-Spear.382 Saltant.382 Salt-Cellars or Salts.382 Saltier or Saltire.261, 263, 382 Saltire, In.382 Saltire, Per.382 Saltireways.382 Saltorels.382 Salts or Salt-Cellar.382 Sandal.382 Sanford. 55 Sang.382 Sanglant.382 Sanglier.382 Sanguine.255, 273, 382 Sans.382 Sans Nombre 1.382 Sapphire.294, 382 Saracens.382 Sarcelled or Sarcelle.382 Sarcelly.382 Sardonyx.294, 383 Satolli, Monsignor, Seal of ....... 211 Saturn.294, 383 Satyral. 383 Sautoir.383 Savage.383 Savage. 5 2 Sawtry.383 Scaled or Escalloped.383 Scaling-Ladder.383 Scallop. 383 Scalp.383 Scarabreus or Scarabie.383 Scarborough, Bishop, Seal of.202 Scarf.383 Scarp.260, 383 Scatebra.383 Scenting.279 Sceptre.383 Schuyler. 61 Scimitar.383 Scintillant.38 3 Scorpion.383 Scotch Spur.383 Scotland’s Banner. 25 Scrip.383 INDEX. 421 PAGE Scrog. 3^3 Scroll.25, 380 Scruttle. 3^3 Scut. 3 83 Scutcheon. 3 8 3 Scythe. 3 8 3 Sea-Dog. 3 8 3 Sea-Horse. 3 8 3 Sea-Lion. 3 8 3 Sea-Mew. 3 8 3 Sea-Pie. 3 8 3 Sears, Arms of. 47 Sea-Swallows. 3 8 3 Sea-Wolf.. • • 3 8 3 Seal. 3 8 3 Seals. 9 2 Seax. 3 8 3 Secretum. 3 8 3 Sedant. 3 8 3 Seeded. 3 8 3 Segment. 3 8 3 Segrant. 3 8 3 Segreant. 3 8 3 Sejant.270, 383 Sejant-Addorsed. 3 8 3 Seme. 2 79 > 3 8 3 Seme-de-lis. 3 8 3 Seminole Indian Tribe, Seal of.13° Senestrochere. 3 8 3 Sepurture. 3 8 3 Seraph’s Head.. 3 8 3 Sergent or Serjant. 3 8 3 Serpent. 3 8 3 Serrated. 3 8 3 Serus or Cerise. 3 8 3 Sessums, Bishop, Seal of.206 Setting. 280 Severed. 3 8 3 Sexfoil. 3 8 3 Seymour, Bishop, Seal of.203 Shack-Bolt. 3 8 3 Shackle. 3 8 3 Shadowed. 3 8 3 Shafferoon. 3 8 3 Shafted. 3 8 4 Shake-Fork. 3 8 4 Shambroughs. 3 8 4 Shamrock. 3 8 4 Shapewined. 3 8 4 Shapourned. 3 8 4 Shapournet. 3 8 4 Shave. 3 8 4 PAGE Sheaf. 3 8 4 Shears. 3 8 4 Sheepshanks. 69 Sheldrake. 3 8 4 Shield.250, 252, 384 Shield of Pretence.281, 311, 3 8 4 Shin-Bones. 3 8 4 Ship. 3 8 4 Shippen. 67, 86 Shirley. 34 > 5 1 Shivered. 3 8 4 Shoveller. 3 8 4 Shrimps. 3 8 4 Shute, Arms of. 34 > 43 Shuttle. 3 8 4 Sickle and Garb. 3 8 4 Side. 3 8 4 Signet Royal. 3 8 4 Silk Hanks. 3 8 4 Sims . 45 > 6 9 » 2 99 Single. 3 8 4 Sinister. 2 5 2 > 3 8 4 Sinister Base. 2 5 2 > 3 8 4 Sinister Chief.252, 384 Sinople. 333 > 3 8 4 Siren. 3 8 4 Sixfoil. 3 8 4 Skean, Skeen, Skein, or Skene.384 Skipping. 3 8 4 Slashed. 3 8 4 Slay, Slea, or Reed. 3 8 4 Slea. 3 8 4 Sledge. 3 8 4 Sling. 3 8 4 Slip. 3 8 4 Slipped .280, 384 Slogan. 3 8 4 Slughorn or Slogan. 3 8 4 Smith. 4 8 > 62 Smith. 70 , 3 2 6 Smith of Scotland. 3 12 Smyth (Hatchment). 3 l8 Snagged. 3 8 4 Snail. • 3 8 4 Snake. 3 8 4 Snowden Herald.- • 18 Soarant.'. 3 8 4 Soaring. 3 8 4 Society of Colonial Dames of America, and Insignia.246 Society of Colonial Dames of America, Great Seal.220 422 INDEX. PAGE Society of Colonial Wars, Insignia, and Cer¬ tificate .228 Society of Colonial Wars, Great Seal . . . 219 Society of Colonial Wars in the Common¬ wealth of Pennsylvania, Flag of . . 90 Society of Daughters of the American Revo¬ lution, and Insignia.248 Society of Daughters of the American Revo¬ lution, Seal.221 Society of Daughters of the Revolution, and Insignia.247 Society of Sons of the Revolution, and In¬ signia .232 Society of Sons of the Revolution, Great Seal.220 Society of the Army of the Cumberland, and Insignia.243 Society of the Army of the Potomac, and Insignia.241 Society of the Army of the Tennessee, and Insignia.240 Society of the Cincinnati, and Insignia . . 230 Society of the War of 1812, and Insignia . 235 Society of the War of 1812, Seal.221 So1 •_.294, 384 Soldering-Iron.384 Soleil.384 Somerset Crest.203 Somerset Herald. I y ) 384 Somme. 3 g 4 Sore .384 Sorel .384 Sorroy King-of-Arms. I7 Soustentu or Sostenu.384 Southac. 30 South Carolina, Seal of.181 Sovereign’s Helmet.3^ Spade-Iron.384 Spain, Arms of. 63 Spalding, Bishop, Seal of.212 Spancelled.384 Sparhawk. Spay ad e. 384 Speaker’s Mace. 6 0 S P e ar.384 Speckled.384 Spectant.384 Speed, At.384 Spellers.384 Spervers.384 Sphinx.385 Spired ..383 PAGE Splayed.385 Splendor.385 Spotted.385 Spread. 2 8o Spread Eagle.385 Sprig.385 Springing ..271, 385 Sproat. 69 S P ur .3S5 Square Pierced.383* Squirrel.383 Sruttle. 383 S.S. Collar.383 St ' .385 St. Anthony, Cross.276 St. Asaph, Episcopal Seal of.215 St. Davids, Episcopal Arms of.214 St. George’s Cross.383 Staff . 385 Stafford Knot.383 Sta s. 385 Staggard.385 Stag’s Attires.383 Stall-Plate ..383 Stamand.383 Standard.383 Staple.385 Star . 385 Star of India.385 Starkey, Bishop, Seal of.210 Starved.383 Statant.270, 385 Staves.385 Steel. 32 Steel Cap. 383 Stephen (Arms).224 Stevens. Stevens, Book-Plate.322 Stern.385 Still.385 Stilts . 385 Stirrup.385 Stock.385 Stole.. . 385 Stone Bill...383 Stooping.385 Stork.. 385 Stoughton.3 4j 3j Streaming.383 Stretchant.383 Stringed.385 Stuart. . INDEX. 423 PAGE Studded.385 Surpose. Stuyvesant. 61 Surroy. Sub Ordinaries.258, 385 Surroyal Top .... Subverted.385 Sursuant. Succeedant.385 Surtout. Sufflue.385 Suspectant. Sun.280, 385 Sussex County, Seal of Sun in Glory.280 Sustained. Sun in Splendor.23, 280, 385 Swan. Super-Charge.385 Swedish Seal .... Supported •.385 Sweep or Swepe . . . Supporters.80,251,298,385 Swepe. Suppressed.385 Swival. Sur.385 Sword. Surcoat.317, 385 Sykes. Surgiant.386 Symbolism. Sur le Tout.386 Synettys. Surmonte.386 Syren. Surmounted.386 386 386 386 386 386 386 122 386 386 154 386 386 386 38 6 386 72 386 386 T. T.. . Tabard . Tabernacle. Tabert.. . . Tail. Taille. Talbot. Tanke . Tapping. Tare de Front. Targant. Targe. Target. Tasces. Tasker, Arms of. Tassel. Tasseled. Tasses. Tau, Cross. Tavalures. Tawny. Teal.. Teazel. Tenans . . . Tenant . Tenne.255 Tennessee, Seal of. Tenney . Tent. • • 386 318, 386 • • 386 . . 386 • • 386 . . 386 • • 386 • • 386 . . 386 . . 386 ■ • 386 • • 386 • • 386 . . 386 • • 47 . . 386 • • 386 . . 386 276, 386 . . 386 • • 386 . • 386 . . 386 • • 386 33 i- 386 273 . 386 . . 182 • • 386 • • 386 Tergant.386 Tergiant.386 Terras.386 Teste.386 Teste a la Queue.386 Tete.386 Tetragonal Pyramid.386 Tew. 54 Texas, Seal of.183 Thatch-Rake ..386 The Cross.274 The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and Insignia . . 237 The Society of Sons of the American Revo¬ lution, and Insignia.234 Thistle.386 Thomas, Bishop, Seals of.208 Thornton. 58 Thoulouse.386 Three, Two, and One.386 Threstle.386 Throughout.386 Thunderbolt.386 Thurston.56, 318 Tiara.387 Tient de Sang.387 Tierce.387 Tige. 387 Tiger.387 424 INDEX. PAGE Tilghman. 86 Tilt. 387 Tilting Helmet.387 Tilting Spear.387 Timbre.387 Timbre. 387 Tinctures. 2 55 > 387 Tirret.387 Toad .. . . . 387 Toison d’Or.387 Tomahawk.387 Tompkins. 61 Topaz.294, 387 Torce.387 Torch.387 Toret.387 Torgant.387 Torn.387 Torqued.387 Torse.250, 387 Torteau. 2 73 j 387 Torteys.387 Tortille .387 Tortoise.387 Tothill, Arms of. 47 Tournament.387 Tournant d’Eau.387 Tourne.387 Tower. 3^7 Towered.387 Townsend. 5 2 Tract.387 Trade-Mark.387 Trail. 5 1 Trade.387 Tranche.387 Trangle. 3&7 Transfixed. 3^7 Transfluent .... ..387 Transmuted. 3^7 Transposed.387 Traverse. 387 Traversed.387 Treasury Department, U. S., Seal of ... m Trecheur.387 Trefle.387 Trefie.• 3 8 7 Trefoil.387 Treille ..387 Tresilian. 3 2 3 Tressure. Trestle. Trestle. Ti e vet. Trian Aspect. Tri-Arche. Trick. Tricking. Tricorporated. Trident. Trien. Triparted and Fretted, Cross . . Triple Plumes. Trippant. Tripping. Tripping, Counter-. Triton. Triumphal Crown. Trompe. Trongonne . Tron-Onne. Tronque . Trowel. Trumpet. Truncated. Truncheon . Trundles. Trunk of a Tree. Trunked . Trussed. Trussing. Tuberated.. Tudor Rose. Tuft.. Tun. Turkish Crown. Turned Up. Turnpike. Turnstile. Turret.. Turretecl. Tushed. Tusked. Tuttle, Bishop, Seal of ... . Two and One. Twyfoil or Dufoil. Tyger. Tymbre. Tynes. Tyrwhitt. 262, 265, 387 . ... 386 • ... 387 . ... 387 . ... 387 . ... 3 8 7 . ... 387 . . . • 256 . ... 387 . ... 387 . ... 387 . . 276, 387 • ... 387 . . 271, 388 . . 271, 388 .... 388 . ... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 . . 280, 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 24, 297, 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 204 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .... 388 .388 INDEX . 425 u PAGE Ulster Badge.3 8 8 Ulster King-of-Arms. J 9 > 3 88 Umbraced. 3 88 Umbrated. 3 8 8 Undatyd.388 Unde or Undy. 254, 3 88 Un Demi-Vol.388 Unfructed.388 Unguled.3 8 8 Unicorn Pursuivant.18, 388 Unifoil. 3^8 Union Jack.388 United States, Arms of. Frontispiece United States, Flag of.88, 91 United States, Seal of. 94 United States Senate, Seal of.106 United States, Shield of. University of Pennsylvania, Seal of. Upright.389 Urchant.389 Urchin. 3 8 9 Urde. 3 8 9 Urdee, Cross.276 Urdee, Voided Cross.275 Uriant.280, 3 8 9 Urinant.* 280, 389 Urvant.389 Urved.. 3 8 9 Use of the Crest in America. 76 Uses of Arms. I 3 > J 4 Usher of the Black Rod. 3 8 9 Utah, Seal of.*83 V. ..389 Vache.389 Vair. 2 57 , 389 Vair Ancient.389 Vair, a Cross. 3 8 9 Vaire. 3 8 9 Vaire.389 Vair-en-Point.257, 389 Vairy. 3 8 9 Vallery Crown. 3 ^, 389 Vambrace. 3 8 9 Vambraced.389 Vamplate.389 Vamplet. 3 8 9 Vamps. 389 Vams.389 Van Cortlandt. 3 2 4 ..389 Van Rensselaer. 3 2 4 Van Rensselaer, Window and Arms ... 66 Varied Fields.267 Variegated. 3 8 9 Varreys. 3 8 9 Varriated.389 Varries. 389 Varry. 3 8 9 Varvelled.389 Vassall. 5 2 Vaughan. 3 2 ^ Vavasour. 3 12 Velloped. 3 8 9 Venant.389 Venice Crown. 3 8 9 Venus.294, 389 Verbley. 3 8 9 Verde.389 Verdon Knot.389 Verdoy. 3 8 9 Vergette.389 Vermont, Seal of. i8 3 Verry. 3 8 9 Versant. 3 8 9 Verse. 3 8 9 Vert.255, 389 Vertant or Revertant. 3 8 9 Verules.389 Vervels.389 Vesica Piscis.206 Vested. 3 8 9 Vestu.• 3 8 9 Vexillum.389 Vicomte’s Coronet. 33 1 Victoria Cross. 39 ° Victoria, Queen (Arms) .227 View. 39 ° Vigilant. 39 ° Vilainie.-. 39 ° Vincent. 53 Vincent, Bishop, Seal of.202 Vinton. 69 426 INDEX. Viper. Vires. Virginia Merchants, Seal of Virginia, Seals of ... . Virole. Virolled. Virols. Visard. Viscount. Viscount’s Coronet .... Viscount’s Helmet .... Visiere. Visitations of Heralds . . Viude . PAGE . . 390 . . 390 . . 190 • • 185 • • 390 • ■ 390 280, 39O • • 390 • • 390 3 1 6, 390 • • 332 • • 390 . . 19 • • 390 Viure . . . . Vivre . . . . Vizard . . . . Vizor .... Voided, Cross . Voiders . . . Vol. Vol, Demi . . Volant . . . . Volentes Volare Vorant .... Vulned .... Vulning . . . PAGE • • 390 • • 390 • • 390 • • 390 276, 390 . . 390 272, 390 272, 390 271, 390 . . 390 280, 390 . . 390 • • 390 w. Wainwright. Wake’s Knot or Ormond Knot. Wallace, Arms of. Walled. Wallet. Wamays. Wanton. Ward. Warden. War Department, U. S., Seal of Warwick Badge. Washington, Arms of. Washington, Book-Plate . . . Washington, Seals of. Washington State, Seal of . . . Wastel Cakes. Wastels. Water-Bouget. Water-Pot. Watery. Watching. Watson, Bishop, Seal of . . . • 50 • 390 • 45 • 390 • 390 • 390 55 » 56 • 56 • 390 . no 22, 390 . 322 . 322 . 67 . 192 • 390 • 390 • 390 • 390 • 390 - 390 . 212 Wattled. Waved. Wavy. Wayne. Weare. Wedge ....... Weed, Bishop, Seal of Weel. Weir. Welke. Well. Well-Bucket . . . . Wells. . 390 . 390 254, 265, 279, 390 .68, 87 .390 .39° .208 . 390 . 390 . 390 . 390 . 390 .326 Welsh (Arms). Welsh Harp. Welt.’ Wemyss. Wendell. Were. Werwels. West. West New Jersey Proprietors, Seal of West Virginia, Seals of. Wharrow Spindle. Wharton. Wheat-Sheaf. Wheel. Wheelwright. Whelke. Whet-Herys. Whipple, Bishop, Seal of. Whirlpool or Gurges. Whitaker, Bishop, Seals of ... . White. White, Bishop (Window). Whitehead, Bishop, Seals of ... . White Rose. White Spurs. Widow (Arms). Wild Man. William I., II. (Arms). William III. (Arms). William IV. (Arms) ....... William and Mary, Arms of ... . William and Mary, Seal of ... . Williams, Bishop, Seal of. Wilmer, Bishop, Seal of. Winchester, Episcopal Arms of . . . . 40 • • 390 • • 390 • • 3 12 • • 52 . . 390 • • 39 ° . . 322 • • 155 • • 193 • • 390 . 87, 326 . . 390 • • 390 • ■ 5i • • 390 • • 39 ° . . 200 • • 39 ° . . 208 . . 390 . . 40 . . 207 • 24/297 . . 390 ■ 81, 307 • • 39i . . 224 . . 226 . . 227 . . 226 • • 163 . . 211 . . 212 . . 213 INDEX. 427 PAGE Windsor Herald.17, 391 Wine-Piercer.391 Winged.391 Wingfield, Bishop, Seals of.207 Winnowing-Fan, -Van, or -Basket .... 391 Winslow.49, 51 Winthrop. 53 Wisalls.391 Wisconsin, Seals of.194 Wisomes.391 Withered.280 Wiure.391 Wivern.391 Wolf.391 Wood.391 PAGE Wood, Arms of. 46 Wood-Bill.391 Woodman.391 Wool-Cards.391 Worcester, Episcopal Arms of ..... . 214 Worthington, Bishop, Seal of.212 Wound.391 Woydyd.391 Woydyrs.391 Wrapped.391 Wreath.250, 296, 391 Wreathed.281,391 Wyoming, Seal of.196 Wyvern.391 Y. Yale University, Seal of.222 Yates.391 Y eates. 68 Yeoman.39 X Yoke.391 York, Episcopal Arms of.213 York Herald.17, 391 York Rose.24, 297, 391 Young. 54 z. Zodiac.391 Zwingli, Memorial Window. 65 Zule . ..39 x GE TTY RESEARCH INST TUTE 3 3125 01359 8905