' ^t^'"^ ' ""aCtt^-a' ''■''■ '^■' '^mmt'-^'W^'^'. 1 ■\.^.-^ ■I llt^ >% %: 'it- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Research Library, The Getty Research Institute http://www.archive.org/details/treatiseoncarria01felt A TREATISE OK CARRIAGES. IN TfVO VOLUMES. VOLUME I. entereti at g>tationer'!S#all» A TREATISE ON CARRIAGES? COMPREHENDING COACHES, CHARIOTS, PHAETONS, CURRICLES, GIGS, WHISKIES, &c. TOGETHER WITH THEIR PROPER HARNESS. IN WHICH THE FAIR PRICES OF EVERY ARTICLE ARE ACCURATELY STATED. Ey WILLIAM FELTON, Coachmakee, No. 36, LEATHER-LANE, HOLBORN. And No. 254., OXFORD-STREET, near GROSVENOR-SQUARE. LONDON: PRINTED FOR AND SOLD BY THE AUTHOR; And by J. Debrett, Piccadilly; R. Faulder, New Bond-Street; J. Egerton, Whitehall; J. White, Fleet-Street; W. Richardson, Cornhill; A. Jame- son, LoNG-ACrE ; AND ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS IN Great Britain and Ireland. 1796. Vf-: ADVERTISEMENT. THE nature of the fubjeEl here treated of, does not require any great fhare of literary abilities, other wife the Author is not vain enough^ to have attempted it : his education and profejion effeBually debar him from any pretenfions in that way ; and he therefore hopes, that any inaccuracies in point of flyle will be overlooked, and if he has ex- preffed himfelffo as to be underfiood, is all he aims at, as -As vi ADVERTISEMENT. As the Author underjlood that a number of the Coachmakers, on hearing of his in- tended publication, had declared their dif approbation of it in very pointed terms , and as he pretends not to any ability in his pro- feffionfuperior to that of other tradefmen, he was willing to fubmit his various flate^ ments to their confideration; and, with that view, wrote a Letter to twelve of thofe whom he confidered as the principal in the trade, from whom, however, he did not re- ceive any anfwer, but which, it is hoped, zoill fujficiently juflify the Author with the Public from having the leaf intention to in- jure the fair trader* COPY LETTER. vii COPY OF THE LETTER ABOVE REFERRED TO. SIR, / TAKE the liberty of acquainting you, that I have completed for the prefs (which foon will be publijhed) A Treatife on Carriages and Harnejs : But conceiving that this may be conjidered as an attempt to injure the trade, I can ajfure you I have no fuch inten^ ticn ; and, to fatisjy you that I have not, I am ready to Jubmit the different prices I mean to publijh, to the conjim deration of any candid and refpedabk perfon whom the trade may chufe to nominate ; and if I fhall be fatisfed that thefe prices are not fair both to the trade and the employer, I am willing theyfhould be correSed. Ihavefent this notice to twelve, whom I confder as the 'principal of the profeffion — and, if they chufe to appoint any one to meet me on the bufinefs, 1 have no doubt that every thing will be adjujled to the general fatisfadion, lam. Sir, &c. (SigncdJ William Felton. CONTENTS. Introductory Observations V '- xvii Building _ _ _ _ j Chap. I. BODIES - . . 5 Chariot or Poft-Chaife Body . 8 Coach Body . . . iq Landau or Landaulet Body . 22 Landaulet or Demi-Landau Body . 25 II. PHAETON, CURRICLE, OR CHAISE BODIES ... 27 Gig Body ... 29 Half-pannel or Whilkey Body . 32 Value of Bodies in their naked ftate 34 CHAP. X CONTENTS. CHAP. Page III. FOUR-WHEELED CARRIAGES 39 Perch Carriage — - 43 Crane-neck Carriage - 53 IV. TWO WHEELED CARRIAGES 58 Price of Carriages - . 65 Carving — Obfervations - .68 V. IRON-WORK . . 70 Springs . . . - 71 Coach and Chariot Springs - - 73 Double Springs . - .74 Gig Springs ... 16' Long-tail Phaeton Springs - - 75 Scroll Spring - - » /^. Grafshopper or Double Elbow Springs 76 Single Elbow Spring . V i& Loop Spring - . - 77 French-horn Spring - . ih. Worm or Spiral Spring . . 78 Spring Jack - . . ii. Price of Springs, &c. . 79 Axletrees . V . 81 Axletree-Boxss ... 82 Common Axletree and Box . .84. Patent Anti-attrition Axletreee and Box 85 Patent Cylinder Axletree and Box ." 87 New Pattern Cylinder Axletree and Box 89 New CONTENTS. kf CHAP. Page New Pattern Axletree, with double Cafe Box 90 Price of Axletrees . . 92 Cranes - . ' . 94 Stays . ... 95 Plates . . . .98 Sockets or Caps - - . loi Hoops and Clips - . . 102 Bolts, Nuts, and Screws . - 103 Rings, Staples, Loops, and Shackles 105^ Joints and Props . .^ 107 Steps - . . i©8 Vr. WHEELS . . - 109 The Patent, or Bent-Timber Wheel 113 Price of Wheels . -' 114 Boots or Budgets . . . J 15 Price of Boots and Budgets . 119 VIL PLATFORMS, OR RAISED HIND AND FORE ENDS, AND BLOCKS 120 Raifed Hind Ends, Pump Handles, and Short Blocks . - - 121 Raifed Fore Ends or Fore Blocks . 122 Spring Blocks . . • ib. Cushions and Standards . - 123 Pric-e of Raifed Hind and Fore Ends, &c, 1 24 VIII. CQACH-BOXES . . 125 Standard Coach- Box . . 126 Salilbury Coach- Box . . ib. Iron »u CONTENTS. CHAP. Page Iron Coach- Box , - 127 Travsllins Coach-Box - . 128 Chaifc Coach- Box . , 129 The Coach-Box Seat and Cradle . 130 Price of Coach-Boxes, Seats, and Cradles 131 TPaMVUNGS . . 132 Priceof Laces - . 134 Fringes . . . 135 Price of Fringes . - 136 Holders and Strings - . ib. Pi ice of ditto - - 139 IX. THE LININGS AND INSIDE FURNITURE OF BODIES. - - 140 Sjnabs, Ciirlaifis, Vtuelian-Blinds, ^c. Quantity of Materials ufed for Linings 150 Price of Linings - — ij;i Price of Infide Furniture -' 152 X. HAMMERCLOTHS - - 153 Oil-fkin Haramercloths - — ij'4 Price of Hammercloths — 157 XI. PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES 159 Door Plates - - - 1 60 Door Hinges _ _ _ /^, Door Locks and Handles - - 161 Private I o.ks _ _ _ y^^ Dove-tailed Kttv.h:3 - - 162 Glafj CONTENTS. XM CHAP. Glafs Rollers ^ - - Page 162 Buttons or Studs _ _ _ 163 Price of each <- — ik Plating _ _ _ 164. Brafs and Coloured Metal Furniture - 166 Mouldings or Beads - - 167 Price of Mouldings, and Scroll and Tip Or - naments - - 169 Frames . . - iL Price of Frames 171 Head Plates iL Price of Head Plates 173 Real and Sham Joints 174 Price of Real and Sham Joints ^7S Body Loops . . . ih^ Price of Body Loops 176 Pole Hook ib. Price of Pole Hooks »77 Buckles ib. Price of Buckles 175 Check- Brace Rings and Door-Handles ib. Price of Check-Brace Rings and Door- Handles - - 179 Wheel Hoops _ _ _ ib. Price of Wheel Hoops 180 XII. LAMPS 181 Price of Lamps - 185 Refledors xiv CONTENTS. CHAP. Psge Refleftors for Lamps - - 18 j XIII. STEPS - - - 187 Infide Folding-Steps - - ih' Step-Plates and Stops - - 188 Outfide Chaife Steps - - ib* Hanging Steps - - — 189 Price of Steps - - /^. XIV. PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. 191 Ground Colours - - 192 Picking Out - - - 193 Varniftiing - - - ib. Japanning - - - 195 Herald and Ornament Painting - ib. Prices of Painting Bodies and Carriages 200 Prices of Herald and Ornament Painting 201 XV. CHAISE HEADS, WINGS, KNEE-BOOTS, AND DASHING LEATHERS 202 Chaife Heads _ „ _ /^. Wings _ - _ 204 Knee-Boots or Aprons - - 205 Dafliing or Splaihing Leathers - 206 Price of Heads, Wings, Knee-Boots and Dafliing-Leathers - - 207 XVL BRACES, POLE-PIECES, &c. 210 Main Braces _ _ _ jl,. Collar Braces - - - 211 Check Braces , - - ib. Safe CONTENTS. XV CHAP. rage Safe Braces - - - 212 Pole Pieces - - - ^^' Price of Braces and Pole-Pieces - 213 XVII. TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES 215 Trunks - - - 21S Infide Straps and Laths - - i^' Trunk Covers - - - 217 Trunk Straps and Belts - - ii» Imperials - - - 218 Cap and Hat-Boxes - - 219 Wells - - - 220 Splinters, or Splinter-Bars ■* - ih* Drag-Chains and Staff - - 221 Oiled Covers to the Body - - 222 Springs Cording - - ib» Tool Budget - - - . 223 Price of Travelling RequiGtes - 22-j. XVIII. HANGING OF BODIES - 226 INTRODUCTION. npHE Art of CoACHMAKiNG, within "^ this laft half century has arrived to a very high degree of perfeftion, with refpeft both to the beauty, ftrength, and elegance of the machine: the con- fequence has been, an increaling demand for that comfortable conveyance, which, befides its common utility, has now, in the higher circles of life, become a diftinguifhing mark of the tafte and rank of the proprietor. b The xviii INTRODUCTION. The fuperior excellence of Englifli workmanihip, in the conftruclion of car- riages, has not only been the occafion of a very great increafe in their number among the inhabitants of this country, but the exportation of them to foreign na- tions, in time of peace, is become a con- fiderable and profitable branch of Britifh commerce. The coach and coach-harnefs makers, though profefTions of a very different nature, are yet fo connected and pri- vileged by each other to follow either or both trades, that more than a third part of the prefent mafter coach-builders are in fact only harnefs-makers, whofe judg- ment in the conftruction of a carriage can go little further than that of a fhoe- maker ; yet thefe profeffors, aided and fupported by the coachmakers, have al- ways oppofed, and flill continue to op- pofe. INTRODUCTION. xix pofe, every other tradefman concerned in the manufadure of the principal mate- rials of which a carriage is compofed, fuch as wheelwrights, fmiths, painters, carvers, joiners, Sec. either of whofe judgment mufl far exceed that of har- nefs-makers ; and many of whom pofTefs a knowledge little inferior to the profefT- ed builder himfelf. But thus united,theyflrenuouflyoppofe every new adventurer in the trade, though ever fo well qualified, if not bred a har- nefs or coachmaker, and conne6led with them in this affociation. They (the aflb- ciators) have been pleafed to dignify themfelves with the title of Brights, and to bellow upon their rivals the oppro- brious epithet of 5/^c/^j. This conduct has an evident tendency to a monopoly, and, of confequence, is a b 2 difcou- XX INTRODUCTION. difcouragement to the ingenious and en- terprifing tradefman, whofe talents might otherwife raife him to eminence in the profeflion. The coachmaker, as is generally under- flood, is no doubt the principal in the bu- linefs, being the perfon who makes the wood- work : but there are very few pro- feflions wherein a greater number of arti- fans are neceflfarily employed ; fuch as thofe already mentioned, as well as feveral others. From the capacity of each of thefe to execute their work in a neat and fub- llantial manner, the credit of the coach- maker principally arifes : he ought there- fore to be well acquainted with the theo- ry of all the different branches appertain- ing to coach-building — for without fuch knowledge, ,he will prove but a fuper- ficial tradefman. The INTRODUCTION. xxi The gentlemen whofe fituation in the world enables them to keep carriages, have hitherto been unavoidably deprived of the means of acquiring fuch a know- ledge of the manner of building and re- pairing them, as would enable them to judge when any attempt is made to impofe upon them, either in the original price charged for a new carriage, fuch as their fancy and inclination may lead them to make choice of, or in the necelTary ex- pence that may be requifite to repair the damages it may have fuftained by time or accident. It is therefore intended to ex- hibit to public view, fuch a diftinft ac- count, not only of the original price of the carriage, and the repairs that may be necelTary, but alfo of the feparate prices of the different component parts thereof, as will enable any perfon effedually to deted or guard againft impofition. It is therefore prefumed, that this Treatife b 3 will xxii I N T R O D U C T I O N. will be of equal advantage to the gen- tleman who builds a carriage, as the Houfe-buildcr's Price-book has, by expe- rience proved to be to him who builds a houfe ; and as there are many more gentlemen who amufe themfelves in getting carriages built than in building houfes, the utility of this Treatife will be more general. For if a gentleman wiflies to contrad with the builder, for a carriage fuitable to his own tafte, in ele- gance, beauty, and convenience, he will now, by attending to the prices here given, have it in his power to afcer- tain the price he fliould allow, without the leaft rilk of being impofed upon. It frequently happens, that gentlemen, when they get a new carriage built, or have their old one repaired, are difap- pointed both in the appearance and con- veniencies INTRODUCTION. xxili veniencies of it. This arifes from the or- ders not being given in terms fufnciently explicit ; an inconvenience that will be effectually removed by the Gloflary, and an attentive obfervation of the Plates sfiv- en in this Treatife ; and the tradefman can have no excufe for not excuting his or- ders agreeable to the directions of his employer. Another unpleafantcircumllance, aris- ing from gentlemen not being previoufly able to ftipulate for a certain price, is, that when the bill is prefented, though the prices fhould be fairly charged, yet they are apt to conceive themfelves im- pofed upon, as the amount may exceed what they expected. This frequently oc- cafions litigations at law ; and thofe ^vho may pay their bills without reforting to this difagreeable method, yet retain, though perhaps erroneoufly, an opinion b 4 that xxiv INTRODUCTION. that the prices are exorbitant ; the con- fequence is, the tradefman fufFers in his reputation, and, perhaps, lofes his cuf- tomer. Carriages frequently get out of repair, from the ignorance or inattention of the coachman, whofe.pecuhar province it is to watch over the leaft injury the carriage may fuftain, and, by an immediate apph- cation of the proper remedy, to prevent the extraordinary expence that mufl en- fue, by fuffering the injury to remain for any confiderable fpace of time unrepair- ed ; befides, many gentlemen are impof- ed upon by the mifreprefentations of their coachmen, who too commonly attribute the confequence of their own negled: to the infufficiency of the carriage. A pra6i:ice has been introduced, and for a long time continued, that the gen- 1 tlemen INTRODUCTION. xxv tlemen of the whip receive douceurs from the trade fmen employed in building or repairing of carriages, no doubt with the original intention of encouraging the coachman to take good care of the car- riage, and preferve his interefl with his employer. It is very likely, the zeal and aftivity of the coachman will, in a great degree, be proportionate to the encou- ragement given him : very extravagant expedations are formed by many ; which, if not complied with, are fure to draw the refentment of the difappointed coach- man upon the trade fman ; and, if com- plied with, he has no other method of reimburfing himfelf for this very unfair tranfaftion, than by charging an exorbi- tant price for his workmanfliip ; fo that ultimately his employer fuffers a mani- feft injury. It xxvi INTRODUCTIOl^. If the coachman be honeft, attentive to his mafter's intereft, and a tolerable judge of his bufinefs, he will difcover when aiiy repair is neceilary ; and, in fome meafure, to what extent that repair ought to be carried ; but, if fwayed by finifter mo- tives, and the tradefman fhould happen to be of the fame complexion, a wide field opens for collufion between the two, and the proprietor is fure of being egre- gioufly impofed upon ; efpecially, as coachmakers' bills are generally given in technical terms, not underitood by their employers. However, the Glolfary an- nexed will give a full explanation of tliem, and enable the proprietor to detect any fraud attempted to be put upon him by this coUulion. It is alfo an important part of the coach- man's duty, to be careful in preferving the ftrength and beauty of the carriage under INTRODUCTION. xxvll under his care. That his mafter may be enabled to judge whether or not he exe- cutes this part of his duty in a proper manner, the time a carriage fliould lafb, and the expences for repairing it, are af- certained ; and, that it may not proceed from ignorance, particular Directions will be given in this Treatife, how the prefervatives for the different parts of the carriage are to be applied, fo as ef- feftually to prevent damage by the igno- rance, or impoHtion by the artifice, of the coachman ; and that, without a gen- tleman defcending, in the leaft degree, to any thing unbecoming his fituation in life. This Treatife is not intended, nor can it, by any means, injure the fair and ho- neft trader, but will rather be of advan- tage to him, in fo far as he may charge fuch prices as are fair and reafonable, without the xxvili INTRODUCTION. the rifk of fufpicion ; and his employer will always have it in his power to have re- courfe lo a regular fair-Hated price, either for building or repairnig. It will, however, prove an effetlual check upon the fraudulent and defigning, by whom the Author expefts to be calumniated. It often happens that tradefmen, in flraitened circumftances, are induced, for prompt payment, to work upon very low terms, and even, upon urgent occafions, are tempted to perform work at a lohng price; while others, whofe circumllances enable them to give long credit, charge very extravagant prices on that account. A comparifon, therefore, of the different prices charged by two tradefmen, un- der thefe circumflances, might miflead a fuperficial obferver ; but a proper at- tention to the charges that are made, un- der the circumflances alluded to, will enable INTRODUCTION. xxix enable the proprietor to form a proper judgment, upon the whole, whether he is fairly charged ; the length of credit being a material obje6l in varying the charge that mufl be confidered. There is little doubt but exceptions will be taken to the prices and regulations here laid down, by fome tradefmen who may refufe to abide by them ; but gentle- men will be relieved from this difficulty, as there are many refpe6lable tradefmen who will be very happy to be employed upon the terms, which are fuch as will enable them to pay a liberal price to every artificer concerned in the bufinefs, and to live refpeftably themfelves ; it mufl neceffarily be prefumed, that the author is well warranted in his calcula- tions, as it involves his own intereft, as well as that of others of the fame profef- fion, and who, for prompt payment, can afford XXX I N T R O D U C T I O N. afford a difcount of five per cent, at lead. It may happen, that defigning tradef- men, when they find they can fo eafily be detected in any overcharge they make, in order to elude deteftion, may give other names than thofe commonly ufed in the Trade (and of which an explanation is given in the GlofTary annexed) to fome of the articles charged in their bill ; in fuch cafes, gentlemen may have recourfe to any tradefman in whom they can con- fide; or to the Author of this Treatife, who will be very happy to receive any commands the public may pleafe to fa- vour him with. Oil-fkin hammercloth ERRATA. Omitted in Page 158. Common. C s. d. \i — 1 16 Painted. C s. d. 2 2 Patent. C. s. d 3 13 TREATISE. &c. ON BUILDING OF CARRIAGES. THAT carriages fhould always be built adapt- ed to the different places for which they are deftined, is a rule invariably neceffary to be attended to, for town, country, or continent; not, however, to fuch extremity as to prevent their ufe in either fituation, but to accommodate them as nearly as poflible to each, as a much greater ftrefs is laid upon the carriage in draw- ing over ftones and channels, than on a fmooth road. This makes it abfolutely neceffary to build ftronger for the town, than if intended B for 2 CARRIAGES. for the country only, owing to the general good- nefs of our roads : it is alfo necelTary to build ftronger for the continent than even for the town, as the badnefs of their roads obliges them to ufe fix horfcs so what, on a well-made road, two would draw wiih equal facility. The con{lru6lion of every carriage ftiould be as light as the nature of the place it is deftined for, and its neceffary work, will poffibly admit ; it is folly in the extreme to add a conftant op- prefTion, by additional weight to the horfes, as the pleafure of conveyance arifes from expedition and eafe, which cannot be e(Fe6\ed in a cumber- fome, heavy carriage, befidcs the unpleafant fen- fation of toiling the cattle unneceflarily. With regard to accelerating the motion of carriages by mechanical powers, nothing new has yet been effe6led worth much notice. However fanguine the inventors of thofe wheel-boxes, for ■which they have obtained patents, may be, the only advantage, fuperior to the common, is their containing oil ; which will be more fully noticed in its place. A light carriage and fleet horfes exceed every invention of this kind. A falfe opinion pervades the mind of many people, which is, to build firong, regarding the durability of the carriage in preference to the prefervation of the horfes. Superior ftrength is effected only by addition in weight of materials j and CARRIAGES. 3 and many builders, regardlefs of any thing but their own credit, are ever impofing heavy dur- able work, by which they eftablifh to themfelves the charafter of fubflantial, good workmen. The principal merit lies in building as light as pofTible, yet fo as fufficiently to fecure from dan- ger; what a light carriage may lofe by wearing a fhorter time than a heavy one, is more than com- penfated by the prefervation of the cattle. It is alfo reafonable to fuppofe, that the heavier the carriage is, the greater the wear will be on the wheels, and a confequent lofs thereby. Although, in the Gloffary, the technical terms that are made ufe of by the coachmaker are ex- plained, yet this Treatife will be much afTifted by a defcriptive rcprefentation on plates — ift, of the naked framings, or fkeletons; 2dly, of the materials with which they are finifhed ; 3dly, of the articles for convenience occalionally ufed; and 4thly, of the carriage in the finifhed ftate. As it would be too prolix to reprefent the great number of carriages that are finifhed in fo many different ways, it will be fufficient to defcribe two of each fort, according to the prefent mode that carriages are built — reprefenting, firfl, the timbers, or fkeleton, thereof, for information concerning the different parts, regulated to a half-inch fcale, reckoning a half-inch to the foot. B 2 . One 4 CARRIAGES. One circumflancc, uiilefs particularly noticed, will tend much to perplex in reading this Trea- tife, viz. the meaning and application of the word Carriage. In the ufual meaning of the word among coachmakers, it is the lower fyflcm, on which the body, containing the paflengers, is fix- ed or fufpendcd, and to which the wheels are placed : though, fpeaking generally of coaches, chariots, phaetonr-, &c. they are properly call- ed carriages of Inch defcriptions ; but as the word Carriage will be frequently ufed in both fenfes, that which partially fignifies the lower fyftem only, will be printed in Italics-, that in the general meaning of the word, in common letter wnth the reft. As all forts of carriages arc divided into two parts, viz. Bodies and Carriages, they will be treated of feparately — beginning, firft, with the timber-work, which is the entire pr.ovince of the coachmakcr, and on which a great dependence lies, as to the fufficiency of workman (liip. CHAP. BODIES. CPIAP. I. ON BODIES IN GENERAL. THERE are few mechanical flruftures exe- cuted with a greater nicety than this, it l)eing the receptacle of paflengers. The princi- pal attention of the proprietor is fixed on the proper finifiiing of this part, fo as beft to anfwer the purpofes of convenience and fliew. The form of ftrufture depends much on fancy ; the fize is proportioned to the intention of its ufe, and re- gulated by the width of the feat and the height of the roof; and the finifhing executed agreeable to the conditions of contraft. Its timbers for the framings fhould be of a particularly dry afli, ex- ecuted with great exaclnefs through the whole; the pannels are of a foft, ftraight-grained maho- gany, fmoothed to a fine furface, and fitted or fixed in prepared grooves, or bradded on the furfaces of the framing; the infides are wxll fe- cured by glueing, blockings, and canvafs, to the pannels ; the roof and lining, or inner parts, arc ipadc of deal boardings. B 3- As 6 BODIES. As no parts of the framing of the body, if well executed, are likely to fail by ufe, a reparation, in confequence of bruifes and other accidents, is all that is to be expefted. The pannels ge- nerally fuffer mod injury, either from excefiive heat, or bad quality of timber; and great atten- tion is required in felefting good boards for this purpofe, which, if not extraordinarily dry, are fure to fail, by drawing from the grooves, bulg- ing, or cracking, if confined ; but though the limbers are good, if the carriage is expofed to any excefs of hot weather, it is a great chance but they will fly ; but no difcredit ought to at- tach to the builder from that circumftance. The firft fummer a carriage is ufed will prove; the fuf[icien/:y of the pannels. So foon as they begin to ftart from the grooves, as they moftly will in fome degree, the builder fhould examine, and relieve them, where confined, to prevent cracking. A little drawing from the grooves is to be expelled, and is of no material confe- quence ; but if they crack, it will always be a vifible flaw. As fulhcient room in the body makes the feats comfortable, it fhould be the firfl objeft ; and the width of the body ought to be in proportion to the number it is meant to contain. Open bo- dies have this advantage, that three can fit with tolerable eafe on the fame length of feat as would only BODIES. 7 only accommodate two in a confined one. A fuU- fized feat for a clofe body to contain three, is from four feet to four feet one or two inches ; that of an open body, from three feet four, to three feet five or fix inches. This fize is fufficient for two in the clofe, and from two feet feven inches, to two feet eight or ten inches, in the open bo- dies. The width acrofs the feats is never regular, as the fliape of the body proportions it: but as the ufual fize of both clofe and open is from four- teen to eighteen inches, the height of the feat from the bottom is, in general, fourteen inches; and from the feat up\vards, to the roof, from three feet fix inches, to three feet nine inches ; the cufhions not included. For the advantage of height, it frequently becomes convenient to make the feat moveable. This is only necefiary to give freedom to ex- traordinary head-drelfes. Few people rife above three feet from the feat ; fo that, allowing two inches for the cufhions, there is left in the clear, without the head drefs, from four to fe- ven inches. As the intention of its ufe fhould regulate the fize of the body, fo fhould the fize of the body the flrength and weight of the carriage ; and it is for want of attention to this particular, that the abfurdity of a heavy carriage to a fmall body, ^nd a light carriage to a large one, may be fre- B 4 quently 8 CHARIOTOR quently obferved : the coni'equence, befides the appearance, is, that the heavy body fooner in- jures the light carriagey while, on the other hand, the heavy carriage is an unnecefTary incumbrance. In this the builder's judgment mull regulate him, agreeable to the fize of the body, which fhould only be contrafted end-ways, by which the fide view, fo eflential to the beauty of the carriage, is prefcrved. SECT. 1. A CHARIOT OR POST-CHAISE BODY. THESE bodies differ not in the leaft from each other. The occafion for their ufe only al- ters their name: by the addition of a coach-box to the carriage part, they are called Chariots; the poft-chaife being intended for road-work, and the chariot for town ufe. If intended for poll-work only, the materials are fomewhat lighter than thofe of a town carriage ; but, when alternately ufed, fufficiency muft be obferved. The width of the feat, as before obferved, regu- lates the fize or flrength of the body. The fram- ings are not required fo flrong for one or two, as for three perfons. If generally ufed for three, the length of the feat fhould be from four feet to four Hate I POST-CHAISE BODY. 9 four feet one or two inches ; but if only for a third pafiTenger occafionally, three feet eight inches" will be fufficient, with a feat to draw out from the centre. The fizc might be reduced, but the appearance would be hurt by it, as a full body- looks bed. In this fort of bodies, a greater width is allov:- ed for the front than for the back of the feat, to make it more commodious for the elbows ; and the door lights, or windows, are frequently con- trafled 00 the feat-fide, that paffengers may be more fecure from outward obfervation, and, at the fame time, have a fufiicient view from within. The advantage of lightnefs, alfo, renders thefe bodies preferable to any other ; but the mode of finifliing them depends more upon fancy than others. To many of the readers of this work, it may be unneceflary to give fuch a defcription of the method of framing. To others, more curious, and particularly to thofe of the trade who are not fufficiently informed, it may prove of no fmall advantage. As the reprefentations on the plates are drawn to an accurate fcale, it would be Hiper- fluous to mention any thing further of the fizes. That which has already been given concernine the feats, &c. for the infide, is prcfumed fufficient for general notice. Every part of the framing is diftinguiflied by name; and the letters againft each JO CHARIOTOR each will be a reference to the different defcrip, tions afterwards given. F'\<^. i, 2, and 3, are the front, back, and fide views, fhewing the joints, and the method of framing the feparate timbers, previous to putting in the pannels or boardings. Fig. 4. is the top, or infide reprefentation of the main timber or bottom fide-piece, which iikewife (hews the fide-cant, alfothe grooves and mortices, in which the other timbers are fixed. Fig. 5, exhibits the angle lines of the body. Fig. 6, is a half-inch fcale of ihe whole repre- fentation. J. The bottom fide, which is the effential or main timber of the whole, as all the reft princi- pally depend on it. It is of a compafs make, and forms the bottom line. In it are the ftanding corner, and fore pillars tenoned, and the fteps are bolted on the top. The bottom boards are con- fined hereto by the affiftance of a rocker, which is firmly fixed to the infide. It is alfo rabbetted from the fore to the ftanding pillar, for the bottom of the door to lap in, and grooved from the ftand- ino^ to the corner pillars to receive the pannels. The ends are moftly ornamented with a fcroll 5 but fomctimes, according to fafliion, are left equal with the joints, ftiewing no ornament. B. The corner pillar, is compafled on the lower part, and forms the main line or fweep of the 2 body. POST-GHAISE BODY. n body. It is fpliccd or tenoned in the bottom fide, grooved in the fide and back from the bot- tom joint to the middle rails to receive the pan- nels, morticed at the middle and top to receive the middle and quarter-rails, rabbetted between each for the quarter-boardings, or reduced, if meant for pannels, to lap thereon. C. The fore pillar, u tenoned alfo in the bot- tom fide with a double tenon. It entirely fliapes the front ; and, fideways, it forms a pannel, ten inches at bottom, diminifliing upwards. The ori- ginal furface is funk, leaving a moulding only at the corner: on this pillar the door hangs, where it is rabbetted to keep out the air. The infide is boxed, or grooved, in feparate partitions, for the glaffes, fhutters, &c. to Aide in; morticed in the middle and top for the front top and mid- dle rails, and grooved in front for the pannels. D. The Handing, or perpendicular pillar, te- noned in the bottom fide and top rails, is one of the main pillars of the body for ftrength. It fupports the roof in the middle, is rabbetted on the infide for the (hutting fide of the door, re- duced at the lower part for the fide or quarter pannels to lap on, which are fixed by bradding thereto. The upper part from the middle is pre- pared the fame way as the upper part of the corner pillars ; and in this the feat-rails are alfo tenoned. E. The 12 CHARIOTOR E. The middle rails, which divide the panncis from the upper quarters, are grooved on the bot- tom edge to receive the pannels, and rabbetted on the top for the boarding or pannels. They are difiinguifhed by the fituation in ^^•hich they are placed ; thole on the fide, by elbow rails ; thofe in the doors, by middle door rails ; and thofe in the front and back, by back and front rails : the elbow rails only are lapped, and that in the (land- ing pillars ; the others are all tenoned in the dif- ferent pillars. Thofe rails which form the bot- tom of the light, or windows, have a fmall fence referved behind, over which the glaffes, <^c. are placed when up, and prevents water frompaffing into the grooves: they are alfo left broad, and funk from the original furface, leaving a mould- ing OH the top and bottom of the outer edges, forming a diftinft pannel, on which moftly the crefts are painted; thefe arc frequently called door-ftyles. F. The two bottom bars, are the mod efTential end-framings, and are tenoned in the ends and the bottom fides; the hind one is rabbetted on the top edge, to receive the pannel, which is fe- cured to it by a batten nailed on the infide ; the bottom is grooved to receive the boardings, which alfo are nailed to it; it divides the pannel from ihc bottom, and is moulded on the outfide. The fore POST-CHAISE BODY. 13 fore bar is left level with the bottom furface of the groove in the fore pillar, that the pannel may bebradded on it; a moulding, or batten, is put upon the pannel, fo as to form or imitate the reft of the framings ; the bottom is rabbetted for the boardings, which are alfo nailed therein. G. The roof-rails are compalfed to the intend- ed fhape of the rootj and are denominated as follows : thofe on the hdes are called top quarter- rails, which are' tenoned in the corner and {land- ing pillars, rabbetted alfo on the bottom edges for the boarding or pannels ; the door-cafe rails are what form the top cafing to the door, morticed on the {landing pillars, and its whole fLib{lance lapped fome length on the quarter-rails, to which they are {Irongly fcrewed. The back and front roof-rails are properly fo called : the back-rail is tenoned in the corner pillars, and rabbetted at the bottom edge for the boardings or pannel ; the rabbet in the middle is funk deeper, to receive the board for the oftagon or back light, which is made therein. The front roof-rail is tenoned in the fore pillars, and is a framing for the light, the iniddle of which is deeply grooved out from the bottom, which receives the top of the glafs frames and {butters when put up ; this, with the door- cafe rails, has cornice-pieces nailed on, after the leather on the roof is fixed, which conveys the water from the lights or windows. //. The 14 CHARIOTOR H. The door pillars, of a fepar^ate framing from the body, morticed at the two ends and middle for the rails ; the one fide is grooved in feparate partitions, for the glafies and fhutters to Aide in ; the other fide is rabbettcd, to anfwer the rabbets of the {landing pillars, as they (hut in each other, and, thus formed, exclude both water and air; the outfides, from the bottom of the middle rails downwards, are reduced to the thick- nefs of the moulding and pannel, the fame as the Handing pillars, as upon the door pillars the pannel is fixed, and a brafs plate is fcrcwed to the fide of each with a double rabbet; the one laps on the door pannel, the other on the quarter pannel, and rifes a little above their furface ; thofe pillars are hung with three brafs or iron hinges on the fore pillars*, and have a box-lock fixed on the oppofite pillar, which bolts in the {landing pillar ; the infides of the door pillars are rabbetted to receive the boardings, which form a cafe for the glaffes, &c. /. The door top and bottom rails, are tenoned in the door pillars ; the top rail, with the ad- dition of an infide piece, forms a top groove for the glafs. Sec. ; the bottom is framed level with the reduced furface of the door pillar, for the pannel to brad againfl ; it is fitted in the large rabbet of the bottom fide ; and on the bottom is fixed POST-CHAISE BODY. ij fixed a fingle rabbetted plate, which laps upon, and preferves the pannels. K. The fore and back feat-rails ; the fore feat- rail is tenoned in the Handing pillars j the back one is lapped, and fcrewed on the corner pillar, on a level with each other; on thefe the boards are nailed which form the feat. L. The front or middle pillar, lapped and fcrewed on the middle and top rails, and is grooved the fame way as the fide of the fore pil- lars, with partitions for the glaifes, &c. M. The fword-cafe, fo called from its length and convenience for carrying fwords or flicks, and, on account of its prominence from the back, is fometimes called a boodge ; the ends are made of thick boards, fhaped as defcribed, and fcrewed on the fides of the corner pillars ; on the upper part is a rail fixed in the back of the corner pillars, for the boarding to nail againft ; to which alfo the oftagon-piece is fixed : a rail or batten croffes the two projedions, to flrength- en the board on the bend. N. The back-light piece, which is a thick board, out of which the back-light is formed in a fquare, an oftagon, or oval-fhape, which is rabbetted for the glafs, and, on the edges, for the boards, fcrewed in the two upp'ermoit rails. 0. The rockers, are two ftrong boards firmly fcrewed or nailed to the inner part of the bot- tom i6 CHARIOTOK torn fide piece, from which it defcends fartheft' in the middle, and the dcfcent graducilly dimi- niflies to both the extremities : on the bottom of thefe rockers the bottom boards are nailed ; their ufe is to give depth from the feat, without affetiing the external appearance of the body. F. The compafs-rails, called hoop-llicks, five or fix in number, fhaped to the intended form of the roof, and fcrewed on the top of the fide roof- rails ; on thefe the roof-boards are nailed. (). The refl-piece for the glaffes, on which they fall when let down ; they arc fcrewed at the bottom of the grooves, and againft which the lining-boards are nailed. R. The body-loops, which are of iron-work, are fixed on the bottom fide-ends with bolts or fcrews, by which the whole body is fupported by the braces. This is the complete frame-work of a chariot or poft-chaife body. The following defcription is of the body complete, with its pannels and boardings ; but as the upper parts are varioully finiflied, it v;iil be neceffary to make fome ob- fervations on the difference. The upper parts, except the roofs, are generally called upper quarters, that is, fide and back quar- ters. The ufual mode of finifliing thefe, is by filling the vacancy with deal boardings, firmly battened POST-CHAISE BODY. 17 battened on the infide, and covering the furface with leather, tightly ftrained on, and nailed at the infide edges ; over which a moulding goes, and is fewed at the outfide edges, niakipg a welt^ or is nailed in a prepared rabbet, and covered alio with mouldings. Other quarters have. the va- cancy, the pillars, and rails, covered v-^ith. a pannel or mahogany board, fineJy finoothed on the outfide. The leathered furface is the mofl fecure : the pannel furface loo!', lioe beu ; but the brads, with which ^hey are confined, and the other nailings of the head-plates, mouldings, 8cz, occafion them frequently to fplit. The fword-cafe is prepared in the fame man- ner as the quarters, either with a leather or ma- hogany furface. As the prefent is an improved method of put- ting in the lower hde pannels in a rounded form, they are thus reprefented. It adds confiderably to the fullnefs of the fide, and exhibits the paint- ing thereon to a much greater advantage : this is done by the door and flanding pillats being left full on the outfides, and reduced by rounding them towards the bottom. The infide work, where the glaffes are con- tained in the front and doors, is only lined or cafed with boardings, and nailed in rabbets on. thofe pillars which form the lights or windows: the other infide work is battening, blocking, and Vol. I. C glueing 1 8 C H A R 1 O T, &c, glueing of canvafs, along the edges, and acrofs the grain of the pannels, which glueing very much preferves and ftrengthens them. The blocking is alfo a material afPiftance to the ftrength, '\^'hich is done by a half-fquare, cut acrofs, or angle-ways, cutting it alfo in fliort lengths, and glueing the fquare fides againfl the pannel and its framing. The battens are long, thin pieces of board, placed acrofs the grain of the wood, bradded, or fecured by blocks, or canvafs, in order to ftrengthen or fupport thofe parts to which they are applied. The infide work, after being thus finifiied, lliould be immediately painted all over, except the feats, and in particular the door and front pannels, before the lining-boards are fixed in, fo as to expofe no timber to the air uncovered with paint, as the air materially afFefts it, parti- cularly the wide boards, or pannels, as they fwell in w'et, and flirink in dry, feafons : a proper at- tention, in this particular, is indifpcnfably ncccf- fary. SECT. I'latcll COACH BODIES. 19 SECT. 2. ON COACH BODIES. THE accommodation in this body makes it more convenient for large families, being, for the moft part, capable of holding fix perfons oc- cahonally ; but as the fize of the body affefts the weight of the whole machine, the proprietor has only to proportion it to the number he wifhes it to contain ; the difference of this from the chariot is only in the length, by the addition of a feat fide ; and as every part of the framing bears the fame name in both, it is unnecelfary to repeat it, but only to obferve, that the coach has no fore pillar as the chariot has. PLATE II. Fig. 1, 2, and 3, fhew the two ends, or front and back, and the fide view of a coach or cha- riot body, with its pannels, or boardings, in the framing, and the ufual method of placing the grain of the wood. The lower pannels are all fixed in grooves ; the upper pannels, or board- ings, are bradded on the flat furface, or in pre- C 2 pared sa COACH BODIES. pared rabbets : the fvvord-cafe, being an addition depending on choice only, is omitted in this re- prefcntation, for the purpofe of (hewing the dif- ferent methods of framing. Fig. 1, is the fore end, fliewing the method of pannelling the quarters ; and Fig. 2, the hind parts of the body, fliewing the method of boarding the quarters. The one fide of the back is left with the vacancy, on pur- pofe to (hew the rabbets for the boardings ; and the other fide reprefented with the boardings nailed in the rabbets. Fig. 3, is the fide view, fhewing the upper quarters, the one end boarded, and the other pannelled. Fig. 4, is the top view of the bottom fide- piece, Ihewing the mortices for the ftanding pil- lars, the rabbet for the door bottom and the end grooves, wherein the corner pillars are fpliced. Fig. 5, is the half angle of the fide, fhewing one-fourth of the fize within the body, divided at half the extent of the fide and ends. A. The two end pannels, which are diflinguifii- cd into back and fore ; the grain of the wood they are compofed of is placed length-ways, and is bent by a proccfs of heating by fire. B. The quarter pannels, fixed in the grooves of the bottom fide corner-pillars and elbow rail, and braddcd on the ftanding pillars. C. The COACH BODIES. 2t C. The door pannels, fixed in the grooves of the middle door rails, or ftyles, bradded on the door pillars and door bottom ; on which alfo fmall brafs mouldings are lapped, which fcrew on to the fides and bottom of the door. D. The upper pannels, bradded on to the up- per parts of the corner and (landing pillars, and to the elbow and top quarter rails, which are rab- betted down to the fubftance of the pannel, with- in about half an inch of the outer edges; the mouldings are afterwards fixed over the joints. E. The upper quarters, boarded for the pur- pofe of being covered with leather : the pillars and rails are rabbetted about half an inch on the jnfide edges, for the deal boards to be nailed in. F. The bottom, which is of ftrong deal board- ing, nailed acrofs to the rockers, and are tongued in each other to exclude the air. G. The battens, made of wood or thin iron plates, which crofs the boards, and are nailed alfo to the two bottom bars, H. The roof boardings, which are of thin deals, nailed the long way of the body, and acrofs the hoop-flicks, to which they are alfo nailed, ancji prepared fmooth for the leather. C 3 SECT. 22 LANDAU BODIES. SECT. 3. LANDAU, OR LANDAULET, BODIES. THESE kinds of bodies differ nothing in fliape: from thofe laft mentioned. The landau is the coach, the landaulet the chariot form ; fo called from the method of opening at the top, which gives the advantage of air and view to the pafTen- gers. The top of the whole, from the middle;, throws open at pleafure. Thefe bodies not being aflifted by the conneQ- ed ftrength of the upper framings, it becomes necefTary to make the lower parts of flrongey materials, and even to be afTiRed with ftrong iron-work, which fo increafes their weight as to make them objetlionable ; and this, ti)g( ther with their expence, has almofl annihilated the ufe of them. The upper parts of thefe bodies lofe much of their appearance, in comparifon with thofe of fixed roofs, as they are covered with loofe, oil- ed leather ; that cannot be japanned, and, by being expofed to the weather, contra8:, and look ill, after being a little time in ufe ; and, now that almoll every gentleman is mafter of the whip, other open carriages are fubflitutecj in their place. Many perfons, however, are } et partial tluit: ill LANDAU BODY. 23 partial to thofe carriages ; for the information of whom, therefore, an exa6t reprefentation of them is here exhibited. The difference, except in the additional ftrength of timbers, is only from the middle rails upward, to which height the doors only open ; but as miftakes might frequently hap- pen by attempting to open the doors with the glafs or fhutters up, it is ufual to add a fpring- bolt on that fide of the door which fhuts : fo that when either the glafs or fliiitter is up, it cannot poflibly be opened. PLATE III. LANDAU BODY. Fig. 1, 2, and 3, the front, fide, and back views of a landau; the front part fliewing the head when fixed, and the back (hewing it when down, with the iron-work on, and the ufual me- thod of framing thefc forts of bodies. The wood- work is defcribed on the plates by capitals, the iron-work by fmall letters. A. The (landing pillar, which, above the. joint, forms the door and ftanding pillar in one folid piece, and framed in the top rails, to which the fixture for the joint at the top is made fad- C 4 B. The 24 LANDAU BODY. B. The door-cafe and door-top rails, imitated in one piece : it is ftrongly framed to the {land- ing pillar, and divided in two places ; between them the joints towards the front are fecured with a double angle, fo that, when fhut, they fhall not fhift from each other. C. The expanding timbers, or hoops, which fupport the leather, are fixed to the neck-plates, and fupported by a ftrong Manchefter tape, call- ed web : the front and back hoop-fticks are form- ed of the front and back top-rails : there are four hoop-fticks to the middle, or over the door- lights, fixed on the top-rails, two of which unite at the opening joints, on which the fafteners are fixed, to confine the head when up. D. The front-light pillars, which fall with the reft of the fore-end, jointed as defcribed. a. The iron-joints, which are moftly plated with filver, and fixed on props. h. The neck-plates, by which the head is fixed up or let down, firmly fcrewed to the flats, and by which the hoops expand. c. The ftay, which ftrengthens the fide of the body againft the ftrain of the joint. d. The plates fixed acrofs the joints of the elbow-rails and pillars, to ftrengthem them. LANDAULET, IMatrU' LANDAULET BODY. iz LANDAULET, OR DEMI-LANDAU BODY. THE difference of this body from that of the iaridau is very fimple : it has no divifion on the roof, but opens all from the fore part, and throws ^down behind; whereas the other has two, and opens nearly in the middle of the roof. The iifual method of opening thefe landaulet bodies, is to throw up the roof from the front, and to turn it backwards, throwing the front part for- wards ; but in this cafe, t^ie lamps muft always be taken off, and laid by. A better method is to fix the joint on the top, inftcad of the middle of the fore pillar, and to turn it up on the infide of the top-cafe rails, which it turns back upon, and falls with the roof, preferving the lamps undiflurbed, ?s reprefented in the plate. The defcription the former chapter explains what further is neceffary to be-'*, known in this, which, affifted by the folldwing*" reprefentation, will prove fufficient information concerning the demi-landau. PLATE IV. Four views of the demi-landau, being an rd- ^ition of a back, which it reprefents v/hen up, and 26 LANDAULET BODY. and which alfo ferves for the landau back, the former plate only fhewing the back when down. Fig. 1, The fide view, fliewing the method by which the roof is turned back, with the lamps oru Fig. 2, The back, with a fixed top. Fig. 3, The back, with the top ftruck down. Fig. 4, The front, when the top is ftruck back, with the middle pillars, or partition-piece, turned on the front, which is prevented from touching fhe pannel by the knuckle of the hinge. CHAP. PHAETON BODIES. 37 CHAP. II. PHAETON, CURRICLE, OR CHAISE BODIES. THESE bodies have a great variety of forms, and are diftinguiflied by their fhape, of which the principal are, the flep-piece, the tub- bottom, the chair-back, or the half-pannelled bodies : and the carriage, with which they are refpeftively conneQed, is called partly by their names, fuch as the (tep-piece phaeton, the tub- bottom chaife, the chair-back curricle, or the half-pannel whifkey carriage, &c. In thefe open bodies, no one general rule is ob- ferved in building, they being moftly formed to the fancy of the proprietor. Thofe intended for one-horfe carriages are, for the moft part, light; the length of the feat is generally adapted for two perfons only : thofe for two-horfe carriages are generally built offpmewhat ftrongcr timbers, and are more roomy. — The method of hanging thefe bodies depends much on fancy, or a conception of eafe ; and fome bodies are not hung at all, but fixed on the fliafts of their carriage, depend- ing 28 PHAETON, CURRICLE, ing entirely for their cafe on the fprings which arc fixed underneath. Heads to thofc open bodies are exceedingly convenient in this changeable climate. Some are permanently fixed, and others are made to take ofFoccafionally : but the addition to their weight, and the expence of the heads, frequently render them (jbjeftionable, particularly to the very light fort of carriages ; in phaetons or curricles, how- ever, drawn by two horfes, tne objeftipn of weight is done away by the fufficient power of draught. It would be fuperfluous here to rcprefent, in the fkeleton framing, the great variety of thefe kinds of bodies. Their different forms are all re- prefented in their finifhed ftate in the fecond vo- lume of this work ; and as there is a great fimi- larity in the method of framing them, a repre- fentation of two, in which the greateft difference lies, will be fufhcient for the whole — the one, a chair-back body, for gig or curricle, which hangs by braces — the other, a fimple, half-pannel whifl-Lcy, which fixes on the ftiafts. The former is rcprofented with a head, and the latter with wings only : the head is alfo reprefented in the two fhapes in which they are ufed, viz. the fquarc, and the round, or waggon-top form. The framing, the pannels, and the infide work, are all prepared and fixed to each other in nearly the fame maimer as the bodies laft defcribed, only THE GIG BODY. only Icfs, and differently fhaped : the fcpaiaie pans of the framing ure :'■'■•■ . ^Ued jjy the fiame name, agreeable to their fituatiLiis. SECT- 1. THE GIG BODY. THIS kind of body is principally ufcd on a curricle or handf' me chaife carriage. The hind loops are fixed through the middle back of the corner pillars, by which it hangs : the method of hanging at the fore part varies, according to the fancy of the builder, or the fituation oT the body. The fide pannels may entirely fill the fpace be- tween the two pillars ; but, agreeable to the pre- fent mode of building, the fide is divided at the Handing pillar by a door, or an imitation thereof, preferving the fame fliape ; but, in either cafe, whether fliam or real door, it projetls above the furface of the pannel. The fize of the body varies according to the purpofes for which it is intended, but, in general, raeafures from two feet ten inches to three feet two inches on the feat. PLATE 30 THEGIGBODV. PLATE V. Fig i> 2, and 3, The front, back, and fide view of a gig body, in the framing only. A. The bottom fide, in which is framed the pillars and brackets. B. The corner pillars, left with a fwell to ftrengthen and fupport the loop by which the body hangs, tenoned in the top or elbow rails, and bottom fide. C. The fore pillar, tenoned in the bottom fide, and lapped in the elbow rails. D. The Handing pillar, tenoned in the bottom lide and elbow rails. E. The elbow^ rails, morticed on the corner and Handing pillar, and lapped on the fore pillar; on thefe rails the wings and head are fixed to the fide. JF. The back rail, tenoned in the corner pillar, and lapped on the elbow rail, to which it is fcrew- ed : on this the pannel brads, and the back of the head is fixed. G. The front and back feat rails, fcrewed on the corner pillar, and tenoned in the Handing pillar. H. The bottom bars, tenoned in the bottom lide : the pannel brads on the hind one, and the foot-board laps on the fore one, to which it is fcrewed. /. The fhiu- V T H E G I G B O D Y. ^l /. The brackets, tenoned in the ends of the bottom fides : their ufe is to fiipport the foot- board, in which it is grooved, and fere wed from the outfide. K. The foot-board, fixed in the brackets and on the bottom bar. L. The flats and hoop-fticks, or the timber- work for a fquare head to fupport the leather. The fide-pieces are called flats, which are feparat- cd and fixed by iron-work, and hung on a centre pin, or bolt, to the elbow-rails. The top or roof pieces are called hoop-fticks, which are lap- ped, nailed, and fecurely canvafled to the flats, and are placed at proper diflances from each other, by means of ftrong Manchefter tape, call- ed girth-webbing, which is nailed to the back rails and to each hoop-flick. On the outfides of the front and third flat, the fixtures or props for tlie joints are fcrewed, by means of which the head is put up or let down. M, The round or waggon-fliaped head, the hoop-fticks and flats of which are more curved, are lapped in each other, fcrewed, and canvafled firmly together : their ufe and manner of opera- tion is exaftly the fame as the fquare heads, of which this, at prefent, takes the precedence in point of fafliion. N. The fword-cafe, made the fame as the one defcribed in Plate i. SECT. 32 HALF-PANNEL BODIES. SECT. 2. HALF-PANNEL OR WHISKEY BODIES, HALF-pannel bodies are frequently of the fame fliape as the whole, only the pannels ter- minate at the feat rail. Lightnefs in the appear- ance is the reafon for making bodies in this man- ner, which is feldom made to thofe of any other Ihape but that of the tub-bottom. The only difference in thefe bodies, is- their having middle rails framed in the pillars for the pannels to be fixed into, and from the middle rails are open ; the bottom-fides, the hind-bar, and pillars, from the middle, are moulded all round, to lighten their appearance. The common halfpannel bodies are thofe framed on the fliafts or timbers of the carriage, and have no bottom-fides or foot-board thereto, the foot, boards being fixed to the fame timbers or fhafts as the body, and are fimply framed, as de- fcribcd in Plate 5, Fig. 4, 5, and 6, being the front, bick, and fide views of a half-pannel whifkey, or chair, with the pannels in the fram- ings, and without a fword-cafe. If any of thofe bodies are made with real doors to open, the fore pillars are not framed to the el- bow-rail or bottom-fide, but to an additional fide- 3 piece. HALF-PANNEL BODIES. 33 piece, which hangs by hinges upon the {landing pillar, having a piece framed acrofs the bottom, with a fmall pannel bradded thereon, the furface of which proje6ls above the other pannel, and is japanned in the fame manner as the quarter or upper parts of a coach. When thefe doors are ufed, the bottom fide, from the ftanding pillar, muft be plated with iron, to afford the neceffary fupport to the fore pillar. Fig. 7. A real door, hung to the whiflvcy body, the vacancy on the outfide being covered with pannel or leather. The iron-work is marked with fmall letters, with the intention of fhewing the method of fixing it. a. The iron frame, on which a head is made, when intended to be taken off occafionally, hav- ing the props for the joints and flats thereon. b. The props for the joints, on which they are fcrewed. c. The joints, by which the head is fet up or let down at pleafure. d. The wings, being iron frames, which are covered with ftrong leather when a head is not ufed. e. The body-loop, which is bolted through the framing, having an iron flay in the infide, to fupport or preferve the flrength of the pillar, when the body hangs in this manner. Vol. I. D s»cT. 3+ THE VALUE OF BODIES, SECT. 3. THE VALUE OF BODIES, IN THEIR NAKED STATE. TO afcertain the value of bodies and carriages feparately, in their unfiniflied flate, may, by fome, be condemned as an injuftice to the trade, and unprofitable to the public; as it may appear that thofe perfons to whom this fubje6l is ad- dreffed, would be fufficiently informed, if the value and defcription of the various carriages only, with their additional requifiites in their completed flate, were to be publifhed. This is certainly all that many would defire, but it would not convey a fufficient information to thofe gen- tlemen who chufe to fpeculate in building their own way ; and as impartiality between the pub- lic and the trade ought to be regarded, no in- formation fliould be withheld. The profits to the trade are here proportioned in the fame manner as every other article in the Treatife, and no difadvantage can be complained of, except that of making the public too well acquainted. One material circumdance, in vin- dication of the necefTuy of inferting the prices, is the occafion fome gentlemen have to change the body, or carriage part, of that which they im- mediately THE VALUE OF BODIES. 35 mediately occupy, for one of a different fhape, or to fupply the place of an old one ; and as the various methods of finifliing every fort are added progreflively in this Treatife, the expence of fuch alterations, any way completed, may be more eafily afcertained. As the fluffing on the infide of bodies, and the covering with leather on the outfide, are not to be mentioned hereafter ; that matter, with the neceffary iron-work, fuch as loops, locks, hinges, handles, and door-plates, alfo the value of carv- ing them, will be included in the price flated for each. When thus far finifhed, it will be confi- dered as a rule to proceed by, and every other article, fuch as lining, painting, and plating, will be added. Whether the quarters and fword-cafe, either of coach or chariot, are covered with leather, or made of mahogany only, it makes no material difference in the expence, but thofe ge- nerally prove the befl that are covered with leather. A chariot body made plain, covered with leather on the roof and quarters, fluffed or prepared on the infide for the lining ; the carving and neceffary iron-work included, as before men- tioned — . — — 25 o O The door-lights contraded on the fides 200 The body made with round fides, agreeable to the prefent fafhion ■ r— — 100 D at A coach 36 THE VALUE OF BODIES. £• A coach body, plain leathered on the outfide, and ftufFeJ on the infide, the caiving and iron- work included ■ 30 o o Pound fides to ditto, extra — zoo A fword-cafe to either coach or chariot — 2 10 o When carriages are built for hot countries, the bodies are moRly made with lights or windows in the fides and back, to contain blinds and glafles, in the fame manner as when they arc placed in the door or front, which incrcafes the p;ice of building as follows : £. ^- d. A pair of fide-lights to either — 3 10 o A large back light 200 Ditto, divided - 2 15 o The landau or demi-landau cannot have any of the extras mentioned in the coach or chariot, except the round fides. Though none of the bodies are reprefented in the plates with the leather on, its value in this, as in the laft, is in- cluded with the wood, iron-work, and carving ; and the infide is alfo prepared for the lining, &:c. — The extra quantity of workmanfhip, the in- creafe of iron-work, and difference of leather and putting it on, make the material difference in the price of thofe bodies from the others. The only difference befides, which is but trifling, is in the trimming or putting in the lining, and which is hereafter particularly noticed A landau THE VALUE OF RODIES. 37 A landau body, with the leather, and iron-work, or the infide fluffing, Sec. thereto — ■ 46 o o A landaulet, or demi-Iandau body, as above 40 o o The round fides the fame as formerly ftated. Chaife bodies, being of many different forms, their prices are likewife various ; but, owing to their general fmiplicity, the difference in their prices is not material. The principal extras, which may be added or omitted to any, are the doors and the fword-cafes. The heads, knee- flaps, and wings, are not included in the prices, but are ojily reprefented, to fliew the method of making the wood and fixing the iron-work, but are hereafter ftated and fully explained under fe- parate heads. The expence of caning, and that of pannel- ling, the half-formed bodies, is the fame in either. The difference principally lies in the painting or lining, which is afterwards mentioned : the fol- lowing articles are included in the prices here ffated, viz. all the neceffary iron-work, fuch as loops and ftays ; the infides prepared for the lining, and the framings moulded the fame as on the other bodies. No leather is wanting, except to the fword-cafe, and the real or fham doors, which, like the quarters of a coach, may be either leathered or pannelled. This being confidered a vule, the different methods of finifliing may be D 3 knownjj 38 THE VALUE OF BODIES. known, by referring to the feparate chapters on lining, painting, plating, heads, wings, knee- flaps. Sec. £' s. d. A ftep-piece, or half- ftiaped body — — 8 lo o A gig body, which hangs from the pillars — 700 A common bell, or tub bottom (haped chaife, which hangs from the bottom corners — 6100 A grafshopper or three quarter pannel chaife body 660 A whiflcey or chair body — 5 5 ^ Doors to open on the fides to either of thofe bodies 200 Sham doors to the fides of either — — o 15 o A fwor.d-cafe, or boodge, to any of them — 1100 A drop feat-box to any of the half-panncl bodies, fixed on the feat-rail — — — — 076 CHAP. FOUR-WHEELED C.^/?J27^G£^. 39 CHAP. III. FOUR-WHEELED CARRIAGES. THOUGH, as before obferved, by the term Carriage is generally underftood a car- riage complete, yet its meaning is frequently confined to the under part only, on which the body is placed. It is the carriage which bears the ftrefs of the whole machine, and much de- pends on its fufficiency. It fhould be well pro- portioned in its ftrength, according to the weight it is meant to fupport, always allowing rather an over proportion, than running the rifk of acci- dents. A proper application of the iron-work, to fupport the preffure, is a material thing to be attended to ; and great care fhould be taken that no flaws be permitted to pafs. The timbers, which are of afh, fhould be of young trees of the flrongeft kind, free from all kinds of knots, and perfe6lly feafoned before ufed ; and, as many parts of the framing are obliged to be curved, it is heft to feleft fuch timbers as are grown to the fhape. D 4 The 40 FOUR - WHEELED CARRIAGES. The workmanfhip of a carriage mufl be par- ticularly firm, and not partially ftrained in any part, as it is to bear much racking in its ufe. The timbers throughout are lightened or reduced, for the fake of external appearance, affifted alfo with moulding edges, and carving in fome fmall degree, which greatly helps to ornament the whole. All four-wheeled carriages diXt divided into two parts — the upper and under carriage. The upper is the main one, on which the body is hung ; the under carriage is the conduftor, and turns by means of a lever, called a pole, a8.ing on a cen- tre pin, called a perch-bolt The hind wheels are placed on the upper part j the fore wheels on the under. There are two forts of four-wheeled carriages — the perch and crane-neck, in which there is a material difference in the building and proper- ties : but this does not affeO: the bodies, as they will hang equally on either. The perch carriage is of the moil fimple conftruftion, and confider- ably lighter than the crane-neck; and as the width of the ftreets in this metropolis gives every advantage to their ufe in turning, they are the moft general. The crane-neck carriage has ! nich the fuperiority for convenience and ele- ■gance, and every grand or ftate equipage is this ^y built; but the weight of the cranes, and the additional FOUR - WHEELED CARRIAGES. 41 additional ftrength of material neceflary for their fupport, make them confiderably heavier than the others; but their eafe and fafety in turning' in narrow, confined places, and alfo their ftrength, render them jndifpenfably neceflary for foreign countries. The track in which the wheels of every car-, riage are to run, is generally the fame, except when intended for particular roads, where wag- gons and other heavy carriages are principally ufed J they leave very deep ruts, in which light carriages muft likewife go. All four-wheeled carriages fhould have the hind and fore wheels regulated to roll in the fame track ; the ordinary width of the wheels is four feet eight or ten inches ; that of waggons or carts generally meafure five feet two inches; to which chaife wheels, being principally intended for the country, are adapted. It is immaterial to what width wheels are fet, if ufed for running upon ftones; but on marfhy roads, if their exa6lnefsis not attended to, the draught is confiderably in- creafcd. The different heights of hind and fore wheels make alfo a difference in the length of their axletrees, agreeable to the proportion they bear to one another : the fore wheel has the long- eft axletree, by one or two inches between the ihoulders. The 42 FOUR-WHEELED CARRIAGES, The length of the carriage is regulated by the fize or length of the body it is intended to carry, but always takes its meafure from the two centres of the hind and fore axletrees. In general, a perch carriage meafures nine feet two inches for a chariot, and nine feet eight inches for a coach : a crane-neck carriage, on account of the bow for the wheels to pafs under, meafures, for a chariot, nine feet fix inches — for a coach, ten feet. In phaetons, the variety being fo great, there is no rule to go by, as it depends on the fituation the body is placed in, and whether intended for one or two horfesj but their conftruftion is fimi- lar to the reft. Many perfons are of opinion, that by contrafting the length of the carriagCy a material difference is made in the draught ; but the advantage thereby gained is trifling in com- parifon with the eafe and elegance of a carriage of a proper length : befides, the refemblance they have to common hackney carriages, ought to be a fufhcient objeftion to their ufe. The forms of building four-wheeled carriages (except in the difference of perch and crane neck) are nearly the fame in all. The timbers are united to the perch in one general way ; as are alfo the timbers to the cranes; fo that one re- prefentation of each carriage, which is of a cha- riot proportion, by fhewing the views, and de- fcribing their feveral parts, will fufficiently ex- plain PERCH CARRIAGES. 43 plain the whole; their iron-work is alfo de- fcribed, for the better information in that mate- rial article. SECT. 1. DESCRIPTION OF PERCH CARRIAGES. PLATE VI. Fig. 1, 2, 3, and 4, are the front, the back, the fide, and top view of a perch carriage, without a coach-box. The length defcribed is that of a chariot carriage^ but the reprefentation will an- fwer for either coach or phaeton : the length of the perch, and the ftrength of materials, make the only difference. Fig. 1, is the front, fliewing the under carriage united with the upper, the proper length and depth of the fore tranfom and fore axletree bed, and in what manner the futchels are fixed in the bed, and how the fplinter-bar is placed on the futchels with the wheel-irons on, fhewing the axis, and the manner it is confined in the bed, and the length of the arms on which the wheel goes, the fore tranfom has the boot and fprings fixed thereon, fhewing the proper fituation cf the 0^ rings, and how faftened. Fig. 44 DESCRIPTION OF Fig. 3, is the fide view, principally (hewing the perch, and how connefted with the other timbers at the hind and fore ends (the ends of the timber acrofs the perch is only feen), the fprings and ftays in their proper fituation, and how the fhort blocks are placed on the hind, and the boot on the fore end, when ufed. Fig. 4, is the half-top view, fhewing in what manner the timbers are framed acrofs the perch, and how otherwife confined; the hind foot-board and boot are lightly reprefented, fo as not to pre- vent the fight of the under framings. A. The perch, which is the main timber of the carriage^ by extending through the hind and fore fpring tranfom or bars. By it the principal part of the upper carriage is fupported. The hind part is fupported and united to it by means of hooping two extending timbers, called wings, on the fide. The fore end is fixed or united to the perch by means of a ftrong piece hooped at the top, and framed through the fore tranfom, called a hooping-piece : but fome carriages have a hori- zontal wheel in the front, the fame asthe crane- neck carriages ; and thefe have no hooping piece to the perch, but are fecured by means of fide- plates. Thofe on the general principle have, at the bottom in front, a flat piece, left extended, called a tongue, which goes through a large mor- tice in the fore axletree bed, and through which the PERCH CARRIAGES. 45 the perch-bolt pafTes : its ufe is to keep the fore axletree bed fteady in its place. Sometimes the perch is made of a bent form, called a compafs perch, for the purpofe of admit- ting the body to hang low, or to form a more agreeable line to the fhape thereof: thofe perches are of a very ancient form, but are now re- vived with confiderable improvement from their original fhape, and are become the pre- vailing fafhion. In order to give a proper de- fcription of them, a compafs perch is introduced between the two views, to fhew their prefent ihape : when the carriage is intended for a whole or horizontal wheel, the perch has no hooping- piece, but is bolted by the plates at each end to the infide of the tranfoms. Plating with iron the fides of perches is a great improvement, and is now moft generally done, and always mud be, to thofe compafs perches, if required to be light in their appearance, as the fize of the timber is fo much reduced by cut- ting them to this fhape. To the ftraight or compafs perch, iron plating on the fides is a great addition, as it will admit the timbers to be fo much reduced, that a fuf- ficient ftrength is preferved, though but half the ufual fize ; the plates, as fixed edge-ways to the fides of the perch, will fupport ten times more v.-eight than if flat-ways on the bottom, which is the 46 DESCRIPTION OF the method of plating a perch in the plain or common way; and many ofthofe carriages which arc made up for fale have even the bottom plate omitted ; but the certain confequence of this fu- perficial method is, the finking or fettling of the perch, whereby the carriage is contraded quite out of its form, to the great injury of it, both for ufe and appearance, and there is no remedy but by a new one. jB. The hind hooping-wings, fo called from their extended form, are the principal fup- port of the hind framings, being hooped on the fides of the perch, and extend to the hind fpring tranfom, through which they are framed : they alfo help to fupport the axletree bed, which is bolted thereon. C. The fore hooping-piece, is a large timber hooped on the top of the perch, and which unites the fore end to it, being ftrongly framed through the fore tranfom or fpring-bar; extending to the out circumference of the horizontal half-wheel, which it alfo helps to fupport, when there are no fore wings; on it the budget-bar relts, and is iixed thereto. D. The fore tranfom, or fore fpring-bar, is the mod effential part of the crofs framings. It is a ftrong timber fixed to the perch by means of a hooping-piece, or otherwife receives a tenon of the perch, if a hooping-piece is not ufed, which 3 perch PERCH CARRIAGES, 47 perch is alfo ftrengthened by means of plates bolted to their fides and to the tranfoin. The fore or under carriage is confined hereto by means of a large, round, iron pin, called the perch-bolt, paffing through its centre : on the bottom is a thick, flat plate, made flufh to the edges, called a tranfom-plate : on the ends the fprings are fixed ; and on the top the boot, or the block that fupports it, is placed : between the fprings and the boot, the ufual coach-box alfo is fixed. E. The hind tranfom, or hind fpring-bar, fomc- thing fimilar in its ufe with the fore tranfom, but not required to be of fuch ftrength. In it the perch, and the timbers which run parallel with it, are framed ; and on the ends the hind fprings are fixed, the blocks or pump-handles are placed on the top, and the footman's ftep bolted on the outfide. F. The hind axletree-bed, a ftrong timber which receives the axletree. It is fixed by being bolted to the perch, and the wings on which it is lapped or funk. In this, and in the fpring bed, are vxo fmall timbers tenoned, called nun- ters : one of the bearings of the blocks refts on this bed, as alfo do the fpring-ftays. The bottom is grooved to receive the axletree, which is called bedding for the axletree, but is raoftly bedded at the ends only, excepting when the axletree lies above the perch, or when the perch is framed through 48 DESCRIPTION OF through the bed, in which cafe the axletree h bedded all the length of the timber. At the two ends of this timber are left projeftions, called cuttoos, which cover the top or back end of the wheels, to flielter the axletree-arms from the dirt, which would otherwife get in behind the wheels, and clog them. G. The budget-bar, frequently called a horn- bar, from the original Ihape thereof, but it is now only a ftraight limber, on which refts the boot or budgets, or the blocks that fupport them. It has only a bearing in the middle on the perch : on it, at the ends, which are fometimes focketted, the fore fpring-ftays reft, for which ufe it is princi- pally calculated, affifted materially in its ftrength by an iron ftay, which fixes to the bottom of the perch and at each end of this bar. H. The hind blocks, which, when further ex- tended than what is here reprefented, are called pump-handles : they are frequently called raif- ers ; their ufe is only to heighten the platform from the hind framings, that the appearance may be light, and that the footman may be fufficiently raifed according to the height of the body : they are bolted on to the axletree bed and fpring-bar ; and, to lefTen their too heavy appearance, are often neatly ornamented with carving. /. The foot-board, or platform, on which the trunk, the cufliion, or the fervant (lands, is a flat PERCH CARRIAGES. 49 flat, thick, elm board, bolted on with the blocks, to which it is alfo fcrewed. K. The wheel-piece, is a cafing on the hori- zontal half-wheel plate, and is of no other ufe than to ornament the iron, which it is placed on, being fcrewed from the bottom of the plate, and fixed a little way in the tranfom. L. The fore block, an ornament at the front part, fixed on the top end of the fore hooping- piece, and fupports the boot or budget in the middle of the front, to which it is bolted : this block is mollly united to the fide-blocks, or raifers, of the boot. M. The boot, a large, fquare box, framed and boarded, and is fometimes made of ftrong elm boards, nailed and fcrewed' together, having a door in the front, which fliould be framed and boarded, and confined by a bolt and thumb-nut. The furface of this boot fiiould always be cover- ed with a rufiet, or japanning leather : it is bolted acrofs the tranfom, the boot-bar, and boot-block ; and is fometimes raifed on fide-blocks to lighten the appearance of the fore end. N. The nunters, are two fliort pieces of tim- ber fixed under the block, and tenoned in the axletree-bed and fpring-bar, to affift their (Irength, and keep them more fecurely together. 0. P. 0. and R. The fore or under carriage, united to tlie upper carriage by the perch-bolt. Vol. I. E 0. The 50 DESCRIPTION OF 0. The fore axletree-bed, a large, ftrong piece of timber, in which the fore axletree is bedded : on this the upper carriage refts ; it has a large mortice near the top, in which the perch- tongue is placed. In this timber the futchels arc fixed : it has alfo cuttoos on the ends the fame as the hind bed has. P. The futchels, are two light timbers, fix- ed through the fore axletree-bed, nearly of the fhape of the hind hooping-wings ; contrafted in the front, tj receive the pole, which part of the futchels is called the chaps ; but widens towards the hind end, on the top of which the fway-bar is placed ; on the fore ends, and acrofs the chaps the fplinter-bar is fixed. They are framed in a flant dire6lion, to give a proper height to the pole ; but when a whole wheel is in the front, then the futchels are framed in a horizontal di- reftion, and are made to rife obliquely from the front of the horizontal wheel, otherwife the pole mull be made compalTed, to raife it to a proper height for the horfes. 0. The fplinter-bar, a long timber to which the horfes are fattened, and is fixed on with roller- bolts near the fore end of the futchels, from which it is a little raifed, to admit the pole being placed in the chaps : on the ends are fockets with eyes, in which the wheel-irons are placed, and alfo 3 from PERCH CARRIAGES. 51 from thence to the axletree arms, contracting the fplinter bar tightly back, to oppofe the tugging by- draught, whicli is taken from the roller-bolts, at the ends and middle. R, The front felly-piece, is a fmall part of the fame circle as the upper wheel-plate, made to fill the fpace between it and the futchels, to which it is bolted. Its ufe is to make a firm bearing for the upper ccrriage to work on ; fo that, in whatever direction the fore carriage may be, a fteadinefs is always preferved, 5. The fway-bar, is a timber forming part of a circle made for a bearing againft the perch, as far as the locking of the fore wheels makes it necef- fary. Its ufe is to preferve a fteady a8:ion of the fore carriage : it is bolted on the back ends of the futchels, ufually plated on the top ends with iron : the middle is lined with hard leather, to prevent a noife in ufe. T. The pole, a long timber which occafionally is placed in the futchel-chaps, being nicely fitted therein, and is confined by two plates, the one bolted at the bottom in fronf, and the other at the top, at the back end of the chaps : it is alio fecured by a wooden pin, called a gib, which is placed acrofs the futchels, and in a ftaple which is in the pole : an iron pin alfo goes through the futchels and the pole at the fore end ; E 2 on 52 DESGRIPTION OF on each fide of the pole the horfes are placed, and fl rapped to a loop at the fore end, called a pole-ring : its ufe is to conduft the fore carriage^ and may properly be called a carriage lever. U. The pole-gib, is a fmall piece of wood, made fiat at the bottom, and is rounded at the top, to fit the ftaple in the pole, ^vhich it keeps from rifing up at the fore end, nailed on by a loofe ftrap to the futchels, and kept in its place by another ftrap nailed on the oppofite fide, which is hitched on a brafs or plated button. Although the iron-work and its properties arc feparately defcribed in the Plate, yet the explana- tion will be more clear by pointing out here their fituations, which is done in fmall letters placed againft the different parts, which are named as follow : a. The hind and fore axletrees. b. The hind and fore fprings. c. The perch and axle-hoops. d. The axletrce-clips. e. The tranfom and wheel plates. /. The fpring-flays. g. The fplinter-bar fockets. b. The wheel-irons. /. The fide perch-plates. k. The fplinter-bar rolls. /, The footman's ftep. m. The TA J CRANE-NECK CARRIAGES. 53 ■m. The fway-bar plates. n. The badgct-plate. SECT. 2. CRANE-NECxK CARRIAGES. Fig. 1, 2, and 3, reprcfent a chariot crane- neck carriage^ in the fide, the top, and fore end views, with the coach-box, and a platform, or luggage-boot, in their proper fituations. The wheels are added to this carriage^ ftiewing their proper height and diftance from each other, com- monly called the track ; alfo the circumference which the fore wheels take in turning, by which the bows of the cranes arc regulated in their dif- tance, and in their height, by the height of the wheels. The timbers of this carriage are of the fame defcription of the laft, excepting the perch and hooping-timbers, which, in this fort of carriage^ are not ufed. The hind and fore ends are fixed to the cranes, which makes the bearings more fteady than thofe of a perch carriage. The ad- dition of wood-vvork to this carriage, may be add- ed to the laft defcribed, and is as follows : A. The crofs framings, called wings, or fore nunters, which are framed through the fore tran- E 3 fom, 54 DESCRIPTION OF fom, and fupport, at the two ends, the horn-bar and fore-bars. B. The fide-blocks, bearing on the tranfom, the horn, and fore bars, to which they are con- fined by bolting. C. A whole wheel-front, w^iich is neceflary for all crane-neck carriages^ for the purpofe of pre- ferving a fleady bearing to the fore carriage while turning roujid. This lort of fore end is alfo fre- quently ufed to the perch carriagCy and is a great improvement thereto. D. The hind blocks, the fame as // laft de- fcribed, only are made longer behind, in order to affift the fervant in mounting, and are called pump-handles. E. The platform, or luggage-boot, made only as a platform, being a thick, elm board, with ledges fcrewed round to Itrengthen it, and to re- ceive the irons which form the fhape for the fides, and are bolted on the bottom, having two pieces fixed upright to fupport the irons in the middle, having alio two flats, or hoop-fticks, fixed acrofs, which loop in ftaples fixed in thofe upright pieces, to fupport the cover in the middle. The coach-boxes, which are of two general forts, fuch as the Standard and Salifbury, are ihewn apart, and defcribed at /, K, L, M, N, 0, P, which directs the method of framing them : — the CRANE-NECK CJRRUGES. ^ 55 the Salifbury is reprefented in perfpc£live ; the other in two views with the carnage. F. The fore ftandards ; the main pillars of the coach-box, which fupport the feat, are fixed on the fore tranfom by plates, and are alfo fup- ported by a ftay bolted to the horn-bar. G. The ftays, framed in the ftandards, and curved upwards to receive the foot-board, which is fixed thereon, and ftrengthened by an iron, compaffed ftay. H. The box-bars, framed in the ftandards to keep them fteady at top. I. The fore foot-board, for the coachman to place his feet againft, having his purchafe aftifted by a ledge fcrewed thereon. The foot-board is bolted on the ftays, which are confined and ftrengthened by it. K. The brackets, or ledges, two pieces of •wood, which are carved, and fixed on the foot- board fides for ornament only. L. The flats, or ribs, firmly fcrewed or nailed in the bottom and top, which form the boot be- hind, and fupport the leather that is ftrained round them. Ad. The bottom, made of two ftrong elm boards placed acrofs each other, and to which the other timbers are fixed, aftifted alfo with iron- work. E 4 A^. A ftrong 56 DESCRIPTION OF N, A ftrong board fixed on the top bar, pro- jefting back, for the ribs to be fixed into. The two upright ftays, which form the boot in front, and fupport the other ftays by being bolted thereto. F. The front, which is always boarded over the vacancy, for the leather to be placed upon. The iron- work to this carriagCy which is differ- ent from the lait, is only here to be defcribed, and that alfo in fmall letters. a. The cranes, with fingle bows, and a little formed on the hind fweep. b. The back-ftays, which fupport the coach- box. c. The compafs-irons, which fupport the foot- board and ftays. d. The feat-irons, with a ftay to each, on which the cradle for the feat is to be fixed. e. TJie ftandard-plates, with which the coach- box is fixed to the tranfom, by clipping on it be- tween the boot and fprings, and is fecured by two bolts to each. f. The whole or horizontal wheel-plate, fixed to the bottom of the fore tranfom and horn bar. Tor the fore carriage to lock fteady by. g. The luggage boot-irons, with which the boot is made or formed on the fide, having the vacancy covered, with leather, Thofe CRANE-NECK CARRIAGES. 57 Thofe two carri^^ges arc reprefented and de- fcribcd principally as a poll-chaife or chariot j but both reprefentations and defcriptions will anfwer for coaches and phaetons, either perched or crane-necked ; the difference lies only in the length, and not in the form ; which difference may be known from the further defcriptions given of carriages in the finiflied flate : the boots, the coach-boxes, and the raifed hind and fore ends, are only reprefented here, for information how they are placed when intended for coach of chariot, CHAP. 5S TWO-WHEELED CARRIAGES. CHAP. IV. TWO- WHEELED CARRIAGES, THOSE carnages have the advantage of all others for fimplicity and lightnefs ; but in this fort of carriage there is more rifle than in thofe that are four-wheeled, particularly if the horfe is not traftable and fure-footed. That which makes the variety of this fort of carriage, is the method of placing the bodies, whether bung from fprings or fixed on the carriage, which is decided principally by the fancy of the occu- pier : the generality fall under the defcription of curricles, gigs, whiflvies, or chairs; but that wherein the principal difference lies, is the cur- ricle, being formed for two horfes abreaft, which at prefent is the moft fafhionable carriage in ufe ; the gig from the whifivey alfo differs materially, the whifl^ey being conftrufted on the moft fimplc plan, with the body united to the carriage, while the gig exhibits a greater portion of fancy, having the bodies hung in various dircftions ; it is by the form of the carriage, and the method of placing the TWO- WHEELED CARRIAGES. 59 the body, that they are named ; as gig, cur- ricle, &c Thofe open carriages are generally intended for the country, and are made longer on the axle- tree than in other carriages intended for town ufe only, in order that the wheels may fall or go in the wafrcron tracks. The ftrength of the carriage in this, as in all others, is to be regulated by the lize of the body \vhich it is meant to fupport, as alfo the places in which it is to be ufed ; as in rough roads an addition of ftrength is required in building The timbers are ufually of afli ; but a preferable method of building, is to make the fhafts of a foreign timber, of the Weft -India growth, called lance-wood, ^vhich is of fufficient ftrength, even when reduced to half the fize of afli, and is fo remarkably elaftic as to give great eafe to the rider, and always preferves the fliape ; whereas the afti ftiafts are obliged to be made clumfy, and foon fettle by the weight, and, befides, re- quire to be affifted in their ftrength with iron plates at the bottom, which cannot at all be ap- plied to the lance-wood fiiafts, on account of their elafticity. The draught is much preferable when taken from a fplinter-bar, which yields to the motion and pull of the horfe; and the nearer to the axle the fixtures, ufed to draw by, are placed, fo as not to be very low from the pur- chafe. Co TWO-WHEELED CARRIAGES, chafe, the lighter is the draught. The cc.rruige flioiild be To made, that the axletree may be placed nearly on an equihbrium ; lo that, when the pailengers are in the body, the weight may not exceed 3olb. on the back of the horfe ; ob- ferving alfo to have room at the flcp, fo as not to be obftruSed by the wheel on entering the carriaire. o The variety of thofc two-wheeled carriages can be underftood bqtter by the reprcfentation gjvcn on the plate than by defcription, as they are ^11 fimilar in their conftru6lion, though very different in their ufe : but, compared to other forts of carriages^ they are very fimple. The materials of which they are compofed are but few, and their purpofes nearly the fame in each ; fo that one defcription, affifted with the general reprcfentation in the plate, will furnifh every in-, formation nccelfary on that fubjed. PLATE VII. Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, The fide and top views of a curricle, gig, and whifkey carriage j being the three moft generally in ufe. Fig. 1 and 2, The fide and half-top reprefcn- liiiion of a curricle carriage^ framed wide an4 long, .^ •V T^VO. WHEEL ED CJRRUGES. 6i long, for the purpofe of admittitig the body- to hang between, which is the prcfeiit mode of building. Fig. 3 and 4, A g\gcarnc?gef in the fame views as the c\iriic]e, with the wheels added, fliewing their diftance apart. The body in this repre- fentation is fuppofed to hang above the (hafts ; therefore the carriage is not fo long or wide be- tween the framings, which is always prepared according to the method or fancy of hanging th-e bodies. Thofe carriages are made to either pat- tern, and for either ufe, excepting the fiiafts to the gig, and the additional framing at the fore part of the curricle. Fig. 5 and 6, The fame views of a whiflscy or chaife carriage, for the building of which there it> but one rule, the body being framed or fixed on the fliafts, having the footboard and bottom alfo fecurcd thereto. Fig. 7, The fhafts, ufcd to a one-horfe four- wheeled carriage, which hang loofely on the horfe, anfweringthe purpofe of a pole to turn or lock the car; i age by. y^. The fliafts, which are the fide framings and principal part of the caniagCy by which it is fup- ported by the horfe : they are regulated to a general width at the point, meafiiring two feet three inches acrofs; the length from tlie bar of draught ^2 TWO-WHEELED CARRIAGES. draught is fix feet fix inches, and the height in proportion to that of the horfe intended ; but are, in general, made to thofe of a middle fize, or 15 hands: thofe to a curricle, are only pro- perly called Ihafis, that are applied when one horfe is ufed to that fort o{ carriage ; the others ought only to be called fide-framings ; in thofe, as alfo in the proper fliafts, the crofs-bars are framed, and are tenoned, morticed, or lapped, as the builder's judgment may dire6l ; affifting alfo, where ftrength is required, by plates, unit- ing the bars with the fhafts, particularly in the curricle at the fore ends, wdiich cannot be made too fafe. B. The crofs-framings, called hind or fore bars : thofe on which the fprings are fixed, are called fpring-bars; the front bar to a fingle- horfe carriage is what the draught is moftly taken from, by means of a fplinter hung thereto ; the additional fore-bars to a curricle are to affift the {trength, and form a bearing for the pole, which by a clofe leather brace are fixed in fockets at their bottom. C. The fplintcrs, or fplinter-bars, hung on the fore-bar to chairs, or in loops to curricles, hav- ing iron-work at the ends called fockets, for the traces to be faftencd to. D. The ladder-prop for the curricle, which it fiipports while Handing, or when the horfes are putting TWO- WHEELED CARRIAGES. 6j putting to: it is fixed on the fore-bar, with joint- ed iron -work, which, when the horfes are put to, admits it to be thrown back to the back-bar, where it is fecured by means of a fpring catch, or a ftrap and buckle. E. The brackets, the foot-board, and the bot- tom of a whidvey, which are fixed on the iliafts, and conftitute a part of the carriage. F. The hind and fore blocks, on which the fprings are placed, are chiefly ufed as an orna- ment to this fort, as ivell as to phaeton carriages. G. Small blocks, for fupporting a platform, which they raife above the bars, and which light- en its appearance, and may be ufed or omitted at pleafure, //. The crofs-framings, called nunters, which ferve to ftrengthen and fill the fpace between the bars. /. The raifers, which fupport the fhafts from the axletree ; fometimes are only turned, and fometimes carved, to ornament the carriage. a. The axletree. b. The fprings. c. The fpring-ftay. d. The fpring-jacks. e. The main or bottom (lays, terminating in loops at the curricle's fore-end, and at the fore- bar in a chaife. /. The 64- TWO-WHEELED CARRIAGES, f. The ladder-joints. g. The ftcps, double and fingle. b. The fplinter-fockets. i. The curricle-fockets for fliafts. k. The tug-plates or flops. /. The hooks by which thefe fliafts hang on the fplinter-bar. m. The hooks the traces are fixed to. ;;. The breeching-ftaplcs. PRICE PRICE OF CARRIAGES, t>j ^ PRICE OF CARRIAGES. ON account of the great variety in the form and fize of carriages, it would be difficult to affix the exa6l value of every different defcription of them; but, to take them in the mod general way they are built, and omitting fome particulars to be by themfelves treated of, they may be reduc- ed to a rule, regulating them to five claffes, viz, the coach, the chariot, the large, the middle and fmall-fized phaetons. The two former only have coach-boxes ; the reft generally have boots, and alfo raifed fore and hind ends, properly called platforms. — Therefore, to reduce the price of carriages to any certain rule, thofe articles muft all be excepted ; and a reference to the defcrip- tions and prices of them, which are afterwards ftated, will enable the proprietor to know how to add any of thofe requifites, and be a competent judge of the value and form of whatever kind of carriage his fancy may lead him to make choice of. Coach and chariot carriages are built exa6lly fimilar to each other ; the only difference is the fuperior ftrength of the materials. Phaetons have a great fimilarity to them ; but the fituation of the fprings, which are placed in Vol. I, F various U PRICE OF CARRIAGES, various direftions for the body to hang frciu, makes the appearance the only material difference from other carriages : fo that, by excepting the blocks and budgets, they will be reduced to the fame principle as the others. The workmanlliip is nearly the fame in value to all carriages on the plain fyftem. The mate- rials are fomewhat reduced in their value for the leffer carriage^ and bear the reduftion of one- tenth from each other. Their value, when thus far executed, is what is reckoned the firft charge or rule to follow; the wheels, the boots, the coach-boxes, the raifed hind or fore" ends, the blocks for the fprings, and alfo the painting, are added afterwards j fo that, in whatever manner they are completed, their value may be afcer- tained. The additions to two-wheeled carriages are very few above what are reprefented in the plate : the platform and budgets behind the dafliing- leather, and the odds of double Heps before, are the principal of the additions, and which are par- ticularly mentioned hereafter. THK PRICE OF CARRIAGES. 67 5*^ ^ < ^ S,^ 3 « S o -T' s"5 2. = tn o O "*> >^ ft O ft a "-^ ft 3 3 Q- P(KJ 3 3 a, O- ft fv s ^ ■ .'* S- IS ft P ►0 ft ft 3 3 *-t t: o ■< ^ O ;a " H ? O Co w H O ^ < "> "> ■ ■ si. ft CL. ^ ? r5 "• £r ^ sr o [:1ft S 5- £5^ — D- ft O .^ ft Hrt g^U> St 3 &3 CA 3 ,.i« "I H o 5 o 3 5 TJ - (V ■-' o- •-t 3 5.0 "^ 3 O ft R? I 1 < ft 1 ^ -f- to 4 «-i V*J ^^ (M vyi ( 3 w •" o Co F 2 CARVING, 6S CARVING. CARVING. THIS art contributes more effedually than any other part of the work to the beauty and elegance of a town or (late carriage. In com- mon carriages, all that is meant by carving, and which fcarcely deferves the name, is the finifh- ing the ends of the timbers with fcrolls, and the edges with mouldings. If any carving is bellow- ed on thofe plain carriages, it is on the blocks or raifers, whofe front views are more confpi- cuous than any other timbers, and requires fome degree of fancy to reduce their bulk to any agreeable appearance. The only perfons at variance with this art are the coachmen, who, from the greater difficulty of cleaning after ufe, refent the extra trouble they are put to, and with the mop and brufli endea- vour to deflroy thofe ornaments with which the carriage is beautified. On carriages for common ufe, the more fim- ple and plain the ornaments are the better, fo as a good dcfign is but preferved, leaving the painter's pencil to effeft what is omitted in the carving, which is a tolerable fubllitute in a com- mon, but a very poor one in a fuperior, carriage. The carving being a neceffary ornament to the 2 timber- CARVING. 69 timber-work, its value is always included, and proportioned to the quantity contained, and the excellence of its execution, and which muft de- pend on the fufficiency of the artift. The dif- ferent reprefentations of blocks in Plate 12 will tend to give fome information of the price of carving, as the timber-work is the fame in ex- pence for carved as for plain blocks : the in- creafed amount on blocks is the confequence of the fuperior ornaments, which may be increafed to any value. F 3 CHAP. 70 IRON-WORK. CHAP. V. IRON-WORK. THE articles of this fort are exceflively nu^ merous, and are manufaftured by a variety of different mechanics, fuch as fpring, axletree, flep, and tyre fmiths, &c. which will all here be confidered under one head, and the moft effential articles treated of feparately, without enumerating every trifling article that is occa- fionally ufed, and which would be almofl impof- fible to feleQ;. This, next to the timbers, is what ought to be particularly attended to, for the advantage of good materials and workmanfhip, which, to- gether, greatly add to the prefervation of the carnage. The whole of the iron-work requires to be made of particularly tough iron, and fit- ted with great exa6lnefs; taking care that each gives its proper fupport without ftraining or twifting, and that its fubflance be adequate to the weight it is meant to carry. All the exter- nal parts fhould be well filed, and formed in whatever fhapes they may be required. The SPRINGS. 71 The iron-work forms, and is, the principal part of the carriagey both for value and ufe. Its pro- perties cannot be too well attended to. For the purpofc, therefore, of giving every information on that material article, it is here feparately re- prefented, although included in the former value and reprefentations where its connections with the timber are defcribed ; but as many articles in iron-work would be found wanting to fome fu- ture alterations, the feparate value of the moft material or likely will be given apart from the timbers. SECT. 1, SPRINGS. SPRINGS, by which only riding is made comfortable, require the greateft attention to their properties, otherwife their effeft is mate- rially injured. They fhould be all manufactur- ed of a well-prepared fteel, properly tempered. The greater the number of pieces or plates there are, confined within the fize of the hoop, the better ; and the longer the fpring is, the more eafy and elaftic its motion will prove. Thofe that arc the leaft ereB, and of courfe that incline Y A nioft 72 SPRINGS. mofl to the weight they carry, and that are aH'o the longeft from the bearing or flays, have a fu- perior advantage. Their forms are various, according to the pur- pofcs^ for which they are defigned; and they are named according to their fhape — fuch as the S, the C, the French horn, the fcroll, the worm, the fingle and double elbow, or grafshopper fpring, which are all fliaped according to the fituation in which they are to be placed. The fprings all fupport the weight at their extremities, by means of loops or fliackles ; and their elafticity is only from the hoops, at which part the plates are all made thickeft, gradually tapering thinner to their extremities, and fliort- ening about four inches in each plate from the hoop, where the bearing for the fpring is fixed. Thofe that are placed in an ere6l form, are obliged to be fupported with iron flays, which clip the fpring at the hoop ; thofe that are placed horizontally are fupported from the middle, and play their whole length ; thofe that are made of a circular form have frequently no flays, but are well fecured at the bearings. Short, light fprings, which contain but few plates, have frequently no hoops; but the plates are confined with a fmall rivet, and the bolts widi which the fpring is con- fined to its bearing. The I SPRINGS. 73 The variety of fprings in ufe could not all be reprefented, nor the different values of them afcertained with accuracy. What is reprefented in the plate will convey fufficient information of thofe generally now in ufe. COACH AND CHARIOT SPRINGS. Fig. 1. The ufual form of fprings ufed to carry the body of a coach or chariot. This is called an S fpring: it is made with a ftay ft) ^^33 £ 5i f^ p r» J4 ^ 3 5 "^ 5 V 3- o n. ^ O tJ <5 >T> !3 r> 3 o _"^ ^ p .-» o =; o pu ^"' 3 2-rf 3 w n) p- • to N» M N t-K a •— 12. :3" pi !u rt m Fi £. ^ o 3 w -! < -^ .. X ^ 5" n> c -t S --1 ^ " p n> 3 3- p- S y 2 «"c- " f? « - . o-"^ ^ £; 2 en >-;. (T) S- CD a. "■ ^ " D- q P r^ fO o o o o O O F^ o - P •• Oq 3 3 O &5 3* 3- "-1 o o "^ o • n. o o n o O ^ t^ *s» N — t~^ Sr o o ^^ o ^ " o o o o o '^" N -. :^0 O K ^- X O ^ CB ::;. ^ £." S „ -^ o - o 5 g. o 5^S-« O ,-r p N o O o' ■* 3 p 3^ to> o X X n ?i ^ 3 T) •n r o ro « ?3 >-» n- rt - ^ T o M ^ > 1 H 1 w ^ O w .-< a ■a: n: o w > w ^ r ^ a > > w ?3 >-< > ^~> o ^* tj ■> * _ w r> 4 o ON '. 3 •" C. ~ o _o ^ ?-. "^ Ij "* • O O .« o c o o o - « « o -^ " to' o c ?> o - :^ v*i 00 J? o o o o !*- 2^ - « V. £^ O -~J • OQ re o o "^ O OS?-' 2 ^ ? - »* • c« ^ 3 ON -J ^ ^ o o s SECT. 94- CRANES. SECT. 3. CRANES. CRANES are the flrong iron bars to which the hind and fore part of a carriage on each fide are united. They are made of a crooked form, re- fembling, at the fore part, that of a crane's neck, for the purpofe of admitting the fore wheels to pafs under unobftruBed, whereby ground is faved in turning, which gives to carriages made with them a great advantage, as they can be ufed with more freedom in narrow, confined places, and have alfo a great fuperiority in the appearance, in any handfome carriage. They require to be manufaftured of the beft materials and workman- fhip, as they fupport, like the perch, all the weight of the body : they are different in their forms, which makes alfo a difference in their price, and which has before been ftated under the head of Crane-neck Carriages in page 6'j, which makes it quite unneccffary to give any further account of them than what is reprelented in Plate IX. Fig. 12, 13, and 14. Fig. 12. The double-bowed crane, having the hind part fhaped in imitation of the fore part, which fills up the vacant fpacc behind, and forms a more agiccable line to the fliapc of the body. Fig. S T A Y S. 95 Fig. 13. The half-bowed crane, bent on the hind part to imitate the double bow, which bend extends to a bearing on the axletree-bed. Fig. 14. The common crane, having only the neceflary bend for the wheel to lock under, from which bend it continues almoft flraight to the hind end. SECT. 4. STAYS. STAYS are iron bars, varioufly formed, and of different defcriptions, taking their name from the effentialpart which they arc meant to fupport: fome of their bearings are by collars, and then are called coUar-Ilays, alfo when a collar is wrought in the middle of a bar for ornament. Their life is very great, to confine or fupport any two feparate parts of the carriage, which is done by being wrought with collars, fhoulders, clips, or fpurs, and are confined by bolts to their fitua- tions : there are many of thefe flays which are called irons, which are lefs neceffary to fupport, and take their name from the parts to which they are applied; of which fome are lightly fixed, and others are only frames for leather coverings, &c. Thofe g6 STAY S. Thofe being articles of iron-work which form a part of the carriage, are included in their value ; all that is neceffary, is to reprefent them in the plate, and explain their ufe. When any of them require to be repaired, or replaced through failure, the prices will be found under the gene- ral article of Repairs. The fpring ftays are all reprefented in plate x. with the fprings, fliewing how they are fupported at the hoop, and likewife the manner of fixing the ftays to the oppofite rcfting-bar, with clips, flaps, or cups. PLATE X. A. The bottom or main ftay of a curricle or one-horfe chaife; it fupports the fhafts from the axletree, to which it is alfo confined, is fixed on the bottom of the fliafts, and unites the bars by means of lugs or clips crofTing the joint. B. The horn-bar ftay, which, bolted at the middle, on the bottom of the perch, is carried up to the end, and fixes to the horn-bar, which it ftrengthens, to fupport the prefigure of the fpring ftays. C. The coach-box ftays : the ftraight one is the back or ftandavd ftay ; the crooked one, the 2 compafs STAYS. 97 compafs or foot board ftay, which fupports the foot-board : the other prevents the coach-box from coming forward, by being bolted to the horn or budget bar. D. The hind ftandard ftays, are the ornament- al guard-irons fixed on the hind part of the car- riage ; the back and front ones are fometimes both of one fhape ; their ufe is to fuppori the upright (landards, to form a part of the orna- ment, and prevent other carriages coming too clofe behind. E. The feat-irons, by which the coachman's feat is fupported and fixed by means of a cradle, which ties or buckles on to the loops at the ends ; they are fixed in the ftandard at the top, and are hooped and bolted thereto. F. A luggage-iron, or budget-frame ; this frame, after being bolted on to the bottom of a platform, is covered all over with leather, and forms the fide of the boot. G. The dafhing-iron ; a frame for a gig or curricle, which is covered with leather for the purpofe of avoiding fplafhing in travelling; it is bolted through the fore bar, and is generally fup- ported from the back by two ftays, having loops at the ends for affiftance to mount by. H. The wheel-irons, of different fhapes, the ftraight and compaffed. The compafs wheel- irons are for the purpofe of forming a ftep or Vol. I. H tread 98 PLATES. tread for the coachman to mount on; the ftraight ones are ufed to poft-chaifes ; their ufe is to ftay the fplinter-bar where the draught is taken from, and to which it hooks on at the locket eye, and fixes on to the axletree end againft the wheel, where it is fecured by the axletree-nut. /. The wing iron, or frame for the wings of a chaife, which is covered with leather, and fixes on the elbow-rails. K. A head frame, to which the head of a chaife is fixed, when intended to be taken off occa-« fionally. SECT. 5. PLATES. PLATES are material articles of the iron- work^ as they add to the ftrength and prefer\ia- tion of the timbers; in particular where they are curved, or where any two parts wear againft each other. L. The perch fide-plate, of which there are two to a perch, are fixed on to the fides of the timber, to which they are fecured by rivets : they admit the timber to be reduced, which gives a much lighter appearance to the carriage, and pre- 2 vents PLATES. 99 Vents it from fettling by the weight of the body, as the other perches will do. M. A bottom-plate, which is bolted flatways to the bottom of the perch, to aflift the timber in its ftrength ; thofe are not ufed with fide- plates, but a fliort piece, called a wearing-plate, is fixed on the bottom of every perch for the fway-bar to wear upon. N. The tranfom-plates, of which there are two, are made flufh to the top of the fore axle- tree-bed, and to the bottom of the fore tranfom, to ftrengthen and preferve the timbers from wear- ing by the fri£lion they are neceffarily fubjeBed to in turning of the fore carriage. 0. The half-wheel plate ; a flat, femicircular plate, horizontally placed, and unired with the fore tranfom-plate, and is cafed on the top of the circular part with a wood moulding ; its ufe is to maintain a fteady bearing to the locking of the fore carriacre. o p. A whole-wheel plate ; a circular plate, ho- rizontally placed between the fore bed and tran- fom ; it is fufficient in its bearings without a top tranfom-plate, as it preferves an equal bearing on any lock of the fore carriage ; a fmall wearing- plate is neccffary on the centre of each bed. Thofe wheel-plates are always ufed to crane- necks, and frequently to the better fort of perch IT 2 carriages ; ioo PLATE S. carriages ; they are cafed on the top like the half- wheel plates, \vith a wood moulding. Q. The fway-bar plate ; fometimes ufcd to ftrengthen the fway-bar, and preferve it from wearing by its friction againft the wearing-plate of the perch, but is fometimes wholly omitted, or has leather fubftituted in its place. R. The nofe-plate, which is a ihort plate bolt- ed and clipped acrofs the bottom of the futchels, to keep them lliff for the pole, which rcfts alfo on it. S. The ftandard-plates, are plates bolted on the back and front of the coach-boK ilandards at the bottom ; they clip, and are fixed to, the tranfom : by means of thefe plates the coach-box is fixed : the plates fometimes extend up to the bottom of the flays, to (trengthen them. T. The crofs-key plate, is bolted acrofs the top of the futchels, andpreferves their ftrength againft the ftrefs of the pole, which it fupports at the back end, in a contrary dire6lion to the nofe- plate at the fore end. U. The boot door-plate, a broad, thin plate, which is fcrewed over the fhutting edges of the door, as a rabbit to fhut againft. V. The futchel-plate, a thin, fquare plate funk in a level with the chap of the futchel, to pre- ferve the hole from wearing by the pole-pin. JT, The SOCKETS OR CAPS. loi IV. The pump, or guard-handle plate, is a plate fcrewed on the bottom of the timber to llrengthen it. X. The fliort-block plate, is a plate for the fame purpofe as above. Y. A corner-plate, a bent iron ufed to flrengthen the joints of any framing. SECT. 6. SOCKETS OR CAPS, ARE iron ferrules, fixed on the ends of the timbers, either for ftrength, or for inflruments to draw by. Z. The fhaft-fockets ; are fockets wrought in the bottom plate of the curricle-gig for the fhafts, which are occafionally ufed for one horfe; they are placed in thofe fockets, and confined by a fcrew. a. A fplinter-bar focket, moflly made with an eye, wrought from the folid, in which the wheel- iron is hooked. h. The fmall fplinter-fockets, fhewing the hook, the eye, and dragon's-tongue, which are for one and the fame ufe, that is, to fix the traces to, for the purpofe of drawing by. H 3 c. The lor HOOPS AND CLIPS. c. The pole-cap or ring, is a ring-focket fixed to the extreme end of the pole, with loops for the pole-pieces, which are placed therein. SECT. 7. HOOPS AND CLIPS, THOSE are ufed for uniting two feparate things together, in order to ftrengthen each other; the hoops confine them by being forcibly driven on, and the clips by bqing fixed with bolts; they . The bolt hook and eve, are two bolts having projeBions from their flioulders, one of which is wrought in a hook, the other iji an eye, to re- ceive RINGS, STAPLES, LOOPS, AND SHACKLES. 105 ceive it : they are ufed to feparate things which occafionally hang together ; moflly ufed to the fhafts of a one-horfe light phaeton. q. A nut-headed fcrew ; a large, thick fcrew, ■with a ftrong thread, to hold well in the timber, and a thick, fquare head, in the form of a nut, to be fere wed on with a wrench : they are of various lengths and fizes, and their ufe is to fix any tv;o ftrong parts together. r. A trunk-faftener, is a ftrong fcrew, with a collar and fquare head, ufed for the purpofe of keeping a trunk fteady on the platform. SECT. 9. RINGS, STAPLES, LOOPS, AND SHACKLES. THESE are inftruments by which other things hang or are confined : their form and fubftance vary very much from each other, according to the feparate purpofes for which they are intended. s s s. The body-loops, made to various pat- terns, to fix at the bottom corners of the body, by which it hangs to the fpririg : they are made of a ftrong fubftance, and are wrought with a fquare loop to receive the main brace. /. A body-loop for a gig, which hangs from the pillar, through which it is bolted, having a fpur 2 or ro6 RINGS, STAPLES, LOOPS, AND SHACKLES. or flay a\ iihoiit, and a ftrong flay within, to pre- ferve the pillar. u. A fliackle, which bolts on to the top of the fprings, to which it hangs, and receives the brace from the body-k)op. V. The body-loop, with flay and fpring, united: raoRly ufed to a flep-piecc body. w. A double and fingle collar-brace ring; the double ring is made with a fquare loop at each end to receive the collar-brace, and is fixed on the top of the perch; the fingle ring is made yiith one loop, and fixes to the bottom of the body, X. A check-brace ring ; a ring made' with a llrong fcrew, to fix in the middle of the corner pillar for the check-braces to loop through. y. A pole-ftaple ; a large, iron flaple drove into the top of the pole at the back part, and which receives the gib to keep the pole tight. z. A breeching-ftaple ; a flaple which fcrews in the fhaft : it ufe is to receive a breeching- flrap of a one-horfe harnefs, to which it is buckled. 1. A fhaft-hook and a fliaft-tug, two things which are meant for the fame purpofe ; that is, to receive the bearing-tug.^ of a one-horfe harnefs. 2. A pole-hook, a llrong, long hook, fixed on (he end of a pole, by means of two bolts in a plate : its ufe is to hang the middle fplinter-bar to, when four horfes are ufed. 3- A Jug- JOINTS AND PROPS. 107 3. A lug-hook, which is a plate turned at the top, having holes on the fides to fcrew it to the fide or end of a trunk, by which it hangs. SECT. lO. JOINTS AND PROPS. BY joints is to be underftood the iron-work by which the heads of chaifes, landaus, phaetons. Sec. are fixed up or let down ; and the props are what the ends of thofe joints afe fixed upon and fupported by. 4. A joint for a landau head, which is fixed on two props only. 5. The joint for a chaife or phaeton head, which is obliged to be double, and fixed on three props. 6. The bottom, top, and middle propsj for the joints to be placed on, and which are fecured by a nut: the bottom prop fuftains the main pur- chafe, and is the ftrongeft. 7. The neck-plates, which are feparate, thin plates, made to fcrew on each of the flats ; they are all placed on each fide a bolt, on which the head is made to a6:. SECT. jo8 STEPS. SECT. 11. STEPS. THE fteps in this reprefentation are only thofe of neceffity, and which are included in the value of the carriage already mentioned. The double and treble fteps, requiring more than the iron- work to make them complete, are hereafter treat- ed on, and their feparate value affixed. 8. A footman's ftep ; this ftep is fixed to the hind part of a carriage, having a back ftay there- to, to ftrengthen it> 9. Single fteps to a one-horfe chaife carriage, &c. having alfo the ftays, fhewing the two prin- cipal forms they arc made in. MANY of thofe articles of iron-work are un- connecled with the bodies and carriages already ftatcd ; but they compofe apart of the additional and following requifites, in which their value is alfo included ; fuch as the boots, coach-boxes, &c. ; but they are here rcprefented, to make the knowledge of them more complete. CHAP. WHEELS. 109 CHAP. VI. WHEELS. UPON the fupcrior advantage given to the motion by the different heights of the wheels, opinions are frequently divided ; fome maintaining the large, others the fmaller wheel. On fmooth ground the fmaller wheel moves quicker than the large ; but on a rough or uneven furface, the large wheel has the preference, as it will eafily overcome the refiftance which obftru6ls the fmall one- Wheels fhould be made, to four-wheeled car- riages, as near of a height as the conflruftion and appearance will admit; and if not required for heavy work, the lighter they are made the better. The fixtures, from whence the draught is taken, fhould be placed rather above the centre of the largefl wheel, for advantage of draught. The members of a wheel are of three dei'crip- tions, viz. the nave, the fpokes, and the fellies. The nave is the ftock, made of elm, in which all the fpokes are fixed, and in which the axletree or wheel-box is confined, to receive the axle- arm. no WHEELS. arm. The fpokcs are ftraight timbers, made of oak, firmly tenoned in the nave, and are the fup- port of the fellies or wheel-rim. The fellies, made of afh or beech, are the rim of the wheel, which is divided into fliort lengths, in the propor- tion of one to every two fpokes : thofe are fixed on the fpokes; and, on them, the iron or ftrakes, •which maintains the wear, are nailed. The height of the wheels regulates the number of fpokes and fellies that they are to contain ; as the larger the circumference of the wheel is, the number of fpokes required is greater in propor- tion; they fhould not be, to any wheel, more than fifteen inches apart on the fellies between the fpokes. The ufual height of wheels extends to five feet fix inches, and are divided in four proportions, to contain from eight to fourteen fpokes, and only- half that number of fellies ; and are reckoned eights, tens, twelves, or fourteens, which are the number of fpokes in a wheel, or fellies in a pair. The height, which regulates the number, is, for an eight-fpoked wheel, not to exceed three feet two inches; for a ten, four feet fix inches ; for a twelve^ five feet four inches ; for a fourteen, five feet fix or eight inches. Thefe are the extreme heights for the different number of fpokes to each wheel, which fliould be rather more than lefs, in parti- cular to the fore wheel of a four-wheeled carriage, vhich WHEELS. in ivhich receives more ftrefs than the hind one ; and the rule is, when the hind wheels are of tliat height to require fourteen fpokes, the fore one, if under the neceffary height before ilated, fhould have twelve; never allowing the fore wheels to have but two fpokes lefs than what is needful for the hind ones. There are three defcriptions of wheels, viz. the ftraked, the hooped, and the patent rim : the dif- ference of either is only in the rim ; fo that in wheels there are four heights, and three forts, which make twelve different prices in the whole, fuppofing them all of one fize ; but as they are made lighter for phaetons and chaifes than for coaches and chariots, the prices vary accordingly. PLATE XI. Fig. 1, 2, 3, and 4, are wheels of four different heights, fliewing the number of fpokes each wheel ought to contain, and the difference of the three forts now generally ufed, the hoop, the ftrake, and patent rim. Fig. 1. A hooped wheel, called an eight, made with fellies, aad hooped on the rim with an entire piece of iron. I Fig' 112 WHEEL S. Fig. 2. A flraked wheel, called a ten, made on the common principle, with fellies, and the iron rim made in fliort lengths, called ftrakes. Fig. 3. A hooped wheel, called a twelve, with fellies, and a hooped rim of one entire piece. Fig. 4. A patent wheel, called a fourteen ; this is the patent rim, made of one piece of timber, (hewing the nuts and bolts with which the rim is faftened. Fig. 5. The nave, or Rock, which is the centre of the wheel, in which the fpokes are fixed. Fig. 6. The fpoke, which fixes in the ftock, and fupports the rim. Fig. 7. The felly, fbewing the pins or dowels on the end, by which it is kept fecure at the joints. Fig. 8, The fide view of a flraked wheel. Fig. 9. The fide view of a rimmed hoop wheel. Fig. 10. The flrake, which is the fhort iron with which the common wheel is rung. THE WHEELS- II} THE PATENT OR BENT-TIMBER WHEEL. HAS the rim of one entire piece, bent to the circle, inftead of fhort lengths, or fellies, which are hewn to the fhape ; the ftrength of the bent timber is preferved while the other is deftroyed ; befides, it is hooped with iron, inftead of being fliod with ftrakes, and will often laft twice the time longer in wear than the others will do, has a much lighter and neater appearance, and on that account is often preferred. The mock patent, or hooped wheel, comes very near the others in appearance and ufe, par- ticularly if made with afh fellies ; as the preferv- ation of both lies in the hoops that the wheels are rimmed with. It is compofed of part patent and part common, having the timber the fame a? the ftrake, and the iron as the patent wheel. The common fort of wheels are preferred by many of account of their being more eafily re- paired than the hooped or patent wheel, which is certainly right ; but, though the repairing of them is more difficult, yet they are much lefs fubjed to need it. Vol. I I PRICE 114 PRICE OF WHEELS. CO O < O a, sooooovo^oo rt »< •- >-l 1-1 "H ""v^ii o o r^r^u^'^-"*- -Q- or<5~d~o o o o o ^5 oo t-^ t^VO «-^ -"^ t»^ «*^ ~• o o N >• PI 1— -^ '-' "-• "-■ •-' S2 r-^ o u^ f fn «^ N o H So I w ,u 5> -s E 2 W J J ::i • 2 -2 2l-~ ^ ^ >i o i-boxes. Coach, chariot, and large phaeton boots or budgets, vary fo little in their fize as to make the difference in value not worth notice : the fizes beneath thofe are two, and are ufed to gigs, cur- ricles, middle and fmall-fized phaetons ; fo that, on the whole, they may be confidered as of three proportions, which ufually are as follow : Long. Wide. High. Large fizc, 3 ft. o in. 2 ft. 3 in. i ft. 6 in. Middle fize, 2 ft; 3 in. 1 ft. Sin. i ft. 3 in. Small fizc, 1 fu 6 in. i ft. 2 in. i ft. oin. PRICE PRICE OF BOOTS AND BUDGETS. U9 PRICE OF BOOTS AND BUDGETS. A platform or luggage budget, as Fig. 2. — A trunk-boot, as Fig. i and 4 A framed trunk-boot, to open with a feat for the coachman, as Fig. 3 — — A ditto framed, for a coach-box to be placed on, as in Plate XIV. Fig. 3. — — 10 Large. Middle. C. s. d. O 10 Small. ;C. s. d. 4 o 2 10 3 3 Thofe are fuppofed to be all made on one and the fame principle, only reduced in their fizes, and the flatement will anfwer to every kind of carriage ; and any that come within or between thofe fizes may eafily be afcertained hereby : but if any of the platform-budgets are made with wood fides, inftead of iron frames covered with leather, as the fmall boots frequently are, then one-fourth may be dedu6ted from their value. i CHAP. ua PLATFORMS, &c. CHAP. VII. PLATFORMS, or RAISED HIND and FORE ENDS, and BLOCKS. THOSE platforms, raifers, or blocks, arc added to a caruage^ either as matter of neceffity or appearance, but moltly for appear- ance, being generally ornamented with carving in different degrees ; their ufe is to elevate and fupport the budget, boot, hind foot-board, and fprings ; they are generally placed on the fide of the carriage, and relieve the infide framings from being obfcured by the platforms, as they are lightened and moulded, and give to the car- riage a more airy appearance : being of various defigns, they are all omitted from the former charge of the naked carriages as ftated, fo that any defcription may be ^dded according to fancy* SECT. PLsteXUL RAISED HIND ENDS, &c. tit SECT. 1. RAISED HIND ENDS, PUMP HANDLES, AND SHORT BLOCKS. Fig. 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Thofe different forts of hind ends are for on^ and the fame ufe, viz. for relieving the platforai or footboard from the hind framings to whatever height is neceffary : the difference is, that the pjmp, plow, or guard handle, (Fig. 9, 11, and 12) are made to extend in the form of one of thofe handles mentioned, and are ftrengthened by iron plates ; thefe ferve for the ferva'nt to help himfelf up by, and to keep the horfes of other carriages from coming too near to do injury to the pannels. The ftiort blocks (Fig. 8 and 10) are what are ufed to poft-chaife carriages, or to fupport a platform for ftandards ; they do not extend further from the hind fpring- bed than what ferves to ornament them. — The phaeton and chaife blocks (Fig. 15) are of vari- ous forms. If the hind end is narrow, with two bars only, they are made like the fhort blocks; but, if wide, for long fpring blocks, they ex- tend to the furtheft bar to fill up the great fpace, and form a large platform for a trunk, &:c. to be placed on occafionally. SECT. xzz RAISED FORE ENDS, &c. SECT. 2. RAISED FORE ENDS, OR FORE BLOCKS. Fig 5, 6, and 7. Thofe fore blocks are the fame to the fore ends, as the others are to the hind ends, to raife the budget or boot, and relieve the framings, in order to aflift the appearance of' the fore part of the carriage: thofe moftly have their bearings acrofs the framings between the fprings ; there is alfo a fore bar, on which one of the bearings refls, thatis frequently called a block, but can only be confidered a block when orna- mented to anfwer the fides \ it bears a proportion in value of about one-fourth of the other two; fo that, when omitted, it may be deduded from the amount given, which includes it. SECT. 3. SPRING BLOCKS. Fig. 13 and 14. Spring blocks are of two forts, which materially differ from each other; the one is to raife the hind fprings, the other the fore ones; and, like the others, are more or lefs or- namented; but thofe reprefented are of the large ft CUSHIONS AND STANDARDS. 123 largefl and fup.erior kind, from Avhich they may be reduced to ^any pattern. Long blocks or platforms are frequently fixed between them when a hind budget is not ufed, for the purpofe of filling up a large vacancy acrofs the bars. SECT. 4. CUSHIONS AND STANDARDS. Fig. 11 and 12. Footman cufliions were in- tended to make the fituation of the iervani more comfortable, but are now feldom made otherwife than in the form of a cufhion, with boards only, covered with leather, without any fort of ftuffing, to make them more eafy than a common foot- board : their chief ufe is to raife the footman, and to ornament the car^ia^Cy particularly when fland- ards and wings are added to them, which are alfo afTifted in their ornament and ftrength with the irons that fupport them. The carving introduc- ed in thofe ftandards is alfo a great addition to their appearance; and they are at prefent the principal ornaments to the hind part of di carriage. Their advantage, befides ornament, is to prevent other carriages coming fo clofe behind as to in- jure the fervant or pannels. PRICE 124 PRICE OF HIND AND FORE ENDS, &c. PRICE OF RAISED HIND AND FORE ENDS, BLOCKS, STANDARDS, AND CUSHIONS. THOSE articles are the fame in value whether to a coach or chariot carriage^ for which they are principally ufed. The difference in their price arifes from the manner in which they are orna- mented ; and to ftate them finiftied in the three different ways, as are reprefented in the plate, will furnifh fufhcient information of the general variety now in ufe. Fig. 9 and 1 1 . A pair of pump, plough, or guard-handle blocki and footboard — — Fig, 8 and lo. A pair of fhort blocks and footboard Fig. 5, 6, and 7. A pair of raif- ed fore end or budget blocks Plain Moulds, ,:• i- d. 200 I 10 I 10 A little ornamented. £. s. d. 300 250 2 10 Much ornamented. ;C. S. d. 400 300 3 10 Plain. 2 2 600 Plated round the top. 2 18 6 18 Plated top, bottom, and corners. 3 16 7 18 Large. 440 I 10 I Middle. I 5 15 Small. 220 I 10 Fig. II. Afootman-cuftiiononly Fig. 1 2. A footman -cufhion with hind ftandard — — Fig. 13. A pair of hind fpring- blocks for a phaeton — Fig. 15. A platform for ditto raifed with blocks — Fig. 14. A pair of fore fpring blocks only — — With thofe articles; the expence of putting them on, and the materials ufed, arc included in the above ftatcraents. CHAP. COACH -BOXES. t^i CHAP. VIII. COACH-BOXES. A HANDSOME coach-box is a great orna- ment to a carriage. Of tbefe there are various forts now introduced, inftead of riding poft, to fave unneceflary burden to the horfe, and fatigue to the driver, which are two very- material objefts. The objeQion by many per- fons to a coach-box, is the ob{lrufl;ion it gives to view ; but they may be fo adapted as not ma- terially to affeO: the fight from the front windows; and any convenience, however fimple, is by far better than fatiguing both man and horfe ; but, to carriages ufed in town, a fubllantial coach-box. is indifpenfably neceflary, as it affords fo mate- rial an advantage to the driver; nor is the view from the front fo great a matter of concern as if intended for country ufe. .:SECT, tx6 COACH -BOXES. SECT. 1. STANDARD COACH- BOX. Fig. 1. This coach-box is the mofl; general and llniple in ufe, as it is light, alid convenient to re- move on any occafion ; it is moftly preferred for thofe carriages that are alternately ufed for town and country : they are fimply fixed by means of plates, which clip the tranfom, and are flayed on the hind or boot bar, and fixed with collar- bolts. SECT. i. THE SALISBURY COACH-BOX. Fig. 2. The Salifbury boot, though of a bulky and heavy appearance, is by far the nioft conve- nient and falhionable coach-box in ufe: it is boot and coach-box together; and although it be apparently heavy, it is not more fo than the common coach-box and boot, together, as the infide is all a cavity, which is peculiarly convenient to carry parcels in, or to contain the coachman's requifites, having a large, flat bot^ lorn. FUtcViv: COACH -BOXES. la-y tom, which, refting on the framings or blocks, makes it more flcady than other coach-boxes oii the common principle. This fort, however, is not fo convenient to remove, and requires, when taken off, to have the vacant fpace filled by ano- ther kind of budget, fuch as is ufually put on to poft-chaifes. SECT. 3. IRON COACH-BOXES. Fig. 3 and 6. The iron coach-boxes are of the molt agreeable defign, of a very light appear- ance, but are more heavy than the others. They are made to fix on the top fides of a boot, or are fupported on rich ornamented blocks : they can eafily be taken off from the boot; but from the blocks it is never neceffary, being only ufed to handfome town carriages. Their form differs agreeable to the fancy of the builder; but are moftly of either of thofe defigns that are repre- fented; the one fliewing the footboard, and brackets or ledges on, and the other without them. SECT. tzS COACH- BOXES. SECT. 4. TRAVELLING COACH-EOXES. Fig. 4. The difference of this coach box lie& in the feat only, is principally ufed for travelling carriages, but which may be made to any of the three laft-defcribed coach-boxes, though moftly ufed to the one reprefented : it is made with iron frames at the ends, covered and lined with leather all round, with a cufhion of the fame, and has leather falls, which anfwer the purpofe of a ham- mercloth : it is fixed on to the top iron-work with bolts, having a cradle, the fame as the others, for the feat ; they fometimes hang upon fprings, and are made with a head and knee-flap the fame as to a one-horfe chaife ; their ufe is to make the fituation of the fervant more comfort- able, and more fecure from danger, when travel- ling on bad roads : they can be made fo as to take off occafionally, and have the ufual feat and hammercloth put on. SE1CT, COACH -BOXES. up SECT. 5. THE CHAISE COACH-BOX. Fig. 5. This is made in imitation of a chaife body, and occafionally placed on the boot; is of a fize for one or two perfons to fit in, fre- quently intended for the proprietor's own plea- fure to drive, or to give more freedom to view from the front windows. They fhould always be lined with leather, and hung fo as to be eafy to ride in ; a pair of fprings fliould be fixed to the front part, and hung or fixed to the boot; the hind parts fhould be fupported, from thofe fprings which carry the body, by means of a bar which croffes them, having the loop of the coach- box made to encircle this bar, and to hang thereon with a fhort brace. This kind of a coach-box may be made to fix on a one-horfe chaife carriage, and ferve both purpofts; but if for this purpofe only, it is ufually made much more fimpie than the one defcribed. Vol. I. K sect. tjo COACH -BOXES. SECT. 6. THE COACH-BOX SEAT AND CRADLE. COACH-BOXES are not complete without cradles and feats; but as, on fome occafions, they may be feparately wanted, the feparate ftate- ments will therefore be neceiTary, and their value may be added to the coach-box. A cradle is a leather platform, made to re- ceive the feat : it is fallened to the loops on the feat irons, and is either buckled or tied thereon, (o as to let ioofe or tighten at pleafure. By thofe cradles the feating for the coachman is made comfortable, and is generally adapted to their feveral conceits. The feat is a long-formed culhion made of various fizes, but moftly two feet three or four inches, by three feet ten inches, or four feet long, made of ftrong canvafs and leather, ftuffed with ftraw, and covered over with cloth or baize, lined at the bottom ends with ftrong pieces of leather, called galling-leathers, which reft on the feat-iron, and preferve it from wear by rubbing thereon. It is fixed on the cradles by ft raps which pafs through it towards the ends, which ft raps are faftened to the fore ftandards. Sometimes thofe feats are faftened to the feat- 3 irons PRICE OF COACH-BOXES, &c. 131 irons \vith ftraps and buckles; the feat-irons thea extend to the width of the feat, which has two fquare holes in each end for the ftraps to go through : this method gives more length to the cradle, and makes the feat fink in the middle by the coachman's weight, whereby it is more eafy to ride on. PRICE OF COACH-BOXES, A common coach- box, as Fig. i . — — A Salifbury ditto, as Fig. 2. : .. An iron ditto, as Fig. 3, and 6. — - A framed bo..r^. per yard. per yard. Wide. S. d. s. d. s. d. r Figure I 4 — I 8 — 4 o 2 , Creft 2 o — 2 4 — 4 8 i L Arms 2 8 — 3 o — 5 4 1 ■ Figure 2 o — 2 4 — 6 o '' Creft 2 3 — 3 o — 6 8 i li.//' LjArms 3 4 — 3 8 — 7 4 f -Figure 2 8 — 3' o — 8 o M 1 Creft 3 4 — 3 8 — 8 8 1 L Arms 4 o — 4 4 — 9 4 ( 'Figure 3 4 — 3 8 — lO o 3^ j Creft 4 o — 4 4 — lo 8 ( ^Arms 4 8 - 5 o — II 4 ( Figure 40 — 44 — 120 4 Jcreft 48 — 58 — 128 (Arms 54 — 58 — 13 4 Befides thofe broad and binding laces, there are fome very narrow, that are invariable in their lize, called feanning and pafting-lace ; and alfo Imall trimming, called rofes and French firings. The Teaming is what the cloth is Teamed with; the pafting is what covers the nailings of the cloth ; the rofes are what go round the holes of the cloth where FRINGES. 135 where the hand-holders are placed; and the French firings are \s'hat the glafs- firings are held by. Seaming lace, per yard Parting ditto, ditto Rofes, p-r doz. . French ftrlngs, per pair If, on any occafion, a fmall quantity of broad lace is required of any particular pattern, and a loom is necefTary to be fet for it, an expence is incurred from 10s to 20s. according to the pat- tern or width, befides the price of the lace. The lead quantity a loom can be fet for, without a charge, is 20 or 24 yards of broad lace. Worked. Cotton. Silk. s. d. s. i. s. i. -06 — 64 - - ! 8 - 5I — 6 - - 1 6 -36 — 4 - — 16 -20 — 2 6 - -60 SECT. 8. FRINGES. SILK fringes are fo feldom ufed, that any ob- fervation on them is unnecelTary. Thofe of any fignification are what are ufed to hammercloths, and are of two forts, the plain and ornamented, (fee Plate xv. letter h) and are ufually of the K 4 following 136 HOLDERS AND STRINGS, following width and prices. The value of the ornaments called button-hangers, which are af- terwards put on the fringe, is proportioned by the number of buttons on each hanger, which is re- gulated by the depth of the fringe. PRICE OF FRINGES. Plain Wortted Worfted and Number of bur Fringe. Cotton Fringe. tons to each Per Yard. Per Yard. lianger. 1. d. J. d. 5 inches deep 2 S 3 4 3 6 ditto 3 4 4 o 4 7 ditto 4 4 8 S 8 ditto 4 8 ^ ^ 6 9 ditto 5 4 6 o 7 The ornaments or hangers, to either fringe, exaftly double the price, allowing fix hangers to a yard. SECT. 9. HOLDERS AND STRINGS. BY holders andftringsaremeantthe lace, which is made up with talfels, and lined with cloth or leather, for the purpofe of holding by, or draw- ing HOLDERS AND STRINGS. 137 ing up the glafTes with; they are ufually made of a greater width than the other lace, with which the lining is trimmed. In a complete trimming, there are three de- fcriptions of holders or firings, viz. the hand- holders, the fwing-holders, and the glafs-holders, or glafs-ftrings, (fee Plate xv. letters^, by c) each of which is the fame in value ; thefe are called infide holders. There are, befides, outfide foot- man-holders, which buckle on the back part of the body for the fervant to hold by^ fometimes ufed in fets (or four) and fometimes in pairs only: Thefe holders are not always made of lace, but frequently of a ftrong wove worfted, called a webbing, in which only the colours, and not the figure, can be worked ; thefe are the cheapeft and moll durable, but the lace-holders accord beft with the other trimmings. To ftate the price of holders, a reference mufl; be had to the value of the different forts of lace, adding to the quantity of lace ufed for each holder the price of the trimmings ufed to complete them, fuch as the taffels, the plated buckles, and the leather billets, with which they are made, to hang on the ftaples behind. Every infide-holder takes a yard of lace, and every footman-holder a yard and a half. The expence of making up the holders, with lining, taffels and buckles, is equal to the price Z of 1-6 HOLDERS AND STRINGS. pf the plain lace^ fo that doubling the value of fhe lace, gives the price of the holders: but where the creft or arms is worked in the lace, the va- lue of the taffels, &c. is only to be added to the amount of the figured or plain pattern lace — for example, one yard and a half of lace for a foot- man-holder, two inches and a half wide, at is, per yard, is 3s. worth of lace; the taffel and the bil- let and buckle to complete it, is alfo 3s. which makes 6s. for a holder of this defcription. The fame breadth and quantity of lace, with the arms worked thereon, is worth 5s. and the trimmings, &c. only 3s. which makes for this pattern-hold- er 8s. ; fo that a pair of worded lace footman- holders, two inches and a half wide, common figure, is 12s. ; if with arms worked in the lace, 16s, PRICE PRICE OF HOLDERS. »Jf PRICE OF HOLDERS. Infide hnnd- Footmin holdei-s. holdcrs, Inches and glafs-ftriiigs. on ace. Of -wels Wide. s. d: s. d. s. d. C Worded * I Cotton 2 8 3 4 4 5 o o 3 o 4- o ^ CWor*"red ^^ ( Cotton 4 o 4 8 6 7 o o 4 o 5 c> ( Worfted ^ ( Cotton 5 4 8 o 9 o 6 o 9 o 6 o I f Wor'led ^* (^ Cotton 6 8 lo o 6 o 7 4 II o 7 o ■ C \^'o•fted "^ ^ Cotton 8 o 12 o 7 o 8 8 12 o 8 o Web-holders are ufually made with worfted only, becaufe the cotton fo foon foils. From thefe ftatements of trimmings, the vaUic of every defcription of hammercloths or linings is to be obtained by firll knowing the quantity neceflary to be ufed, which is hereafter men- tioned. CHAP, 140 LININGS AND INSIDE CHAP. IX. PLATE XV, THE LININGS AND INSIDE FURNI- TURE OF BODIES, THE lining the infide of a body requires fome attention to give it thofe advantages necef- fary for a gentleman's carriage. A richnefs in its ornaments is the moft material thing ; and the diiference of expence, which is principally in the lace, is fo trifling when compared to its orna- mental advantages, that it would never have been confidered an objeft, had it been fully known. The colours of the cloth make no difference in the value, except fcarlet or crimfon, which make an addition of exaftly one-third in the price of the cloth. Thofe generally ufed for clofe carriages are light-coloured cloths; thofe for open carriages are of dark, or mixtures. The cloths fiiould al- ways be of the very heft fecond, if not fuperfine ; but fecond is what is moftly ufed. The quilting of FURNITURE OF BODIES. 141 of the cloth with fmall ornaments, called tufts, alfo gives a richnefs to the lining ; thofe fliould match the colours ufed in the trimmings; and the trimmings fliould be of fuch colours as are ufed in the liveries, but of any fancy pattern. The creft or arms lace has a noble appearance; but if the width of it exceed three inches and a half, it looks heavy. A fullnefs of cloth to the feat- falls fhould always be allowed, and a lace of two inches and a half breadth for the holders ufed on the plained occafions ; that for binding the falls, pockets, &:c. two inches ; but as the value of different trimmings can only be known by a feparate defcription of the ornaments ufed, a reference to them will be found very neceffary. SECT. 1. Letters ^, b^ c, d, e^f; g, b, (Plate xv.) reprefent the various trimmings with which the linings and hammercloths are ornamented, and, on account of the variety, are each defcribed by fmall letters. a. The hand-holders, are the loops for the hands to hold by, made of a yard and a quarter of lace, cut in fhort lengths, and nailed on the flandjng pillars, through part of the lining and oval r4i LININGS AND INSIDE oval trimmings, called rofes ; a flat taffcl orna- .ments the bottom piece. b. The fwing-holdcr, a long loop for the arm to reft in, made of a yard and a half of lace, w ith an ornamented button to loop in different holes, ufed inftead of having elbows to proje6l within the body. c. The glafs firing, or holder, is what the glafs is drawn up by, made of a yard of lace, ornamented with a flat taffel at the one end, and nailed on the glafs frame at the oLlier ;• liaving button-holes worked, by wliich the glafs is hung to any agreeable height.. All thofe holders are lined with a thin leather, or cloth, the fame as the lining ; the glafs-holder has a narrow lac(i, called a French fl:ring, faflened to it, which, when the glafs is up, keeps it from the bottom. d. The binding lace j the lace of different widths, with a tape edge, which the falls, the pockets, and the ftep linings are trimmed or bound on the edges with ; the valcnt round the roof edge' is made of this lace. if. The pafling-lace, is a narrow lace of about an inch wide, with a taped edge. Its ufe is to nail the taped part over the otlicr nailings of the cloih, and turning the lace fide over, which is palled down, covers all the nailings. f. The feaming-lace, is a narrow lace of about hilf an inch broad, having a tape edge on each FURNITURE OF BODIES. 145 «ach fide. This lace is fewed round a fmall cord, and then fewed in the corner feams of the cloth, and alfo nailed round the edges of the doors or windows. g. The footman-holders ; thofe are convenien- cies for the fervants to hold bv, which, if made of lace, are of two pieces, 3-4ths of a yard long, fewed together for ftrength ; but if made of web, are double and left open, being ftrongcr : they are each ornamented with round or flat taffels, according to the width. The double holders are four in number, the fingle two ; but the fingle pair hasmoftly apiece hanging aero fs between the two; they are made up with leather billets and buckles, and are buckled on to ftaples fixed on the back. i&. The fringes, which are feldom ufed but to hammercloths ; one half is reprefented plain, and the other ornamented with button-hangers. Fig. 1. The infide view of a coach body re- prefented two ways trimmed ; the one half fhews the plain method of trimming, the other the full ornamented. The plain fide has the pockets, the falls, and yalents, trimmed with a narrow two-inch lace, and the holders with a two and a half. There are many linings ufed plainer than this ; but agree- able to the prefent fafliion, this is as plain as a lining 144- LININGS AND INSIDE lining ought to be, and fliould be an eftablifhed rule to go by. The ornamented fide has the pockets, falls, and valents trimmed with a broad three inch lace, of the fame width with the holders, having alfo an extra fide or fwing-holder for the arm to reft in. The fides are q'.iilted with fmall ornaments, made cither of cloth or worfted. It fhews a feftoon curtain, and the glafs frame covered with lace inftead of cloth. Fig. 2. The infide view of a chaife lining, re- prefented. with re 1 doors, to fhew the fides and back trimmings thereof. The plain fide of this body has the wings and falls bound only with a narrow inch and a half trimming; but there are many chaife linings that have no lace round thofe parts, further than that which the cloth is feamed with ; but that is a very plain and ancient me- thod of finifhing. The cufliion to the plain trimming is reprefent- ed only in one length, with a cufhion for the driv- er to fit on. The ornamented fide fhews the back wings and fides trimmed with a broad twoinch and a half lace ; the back and fides quilted the fame as the coach ; the falls are bound with a narrow, and trimmed above with a broad lace, which is the method frequently ufed of trimming the falls of other linings. The FURNITURE OF BODIES. 145 The cufhion for this is divided, the one half on the feat, the other is placed on a box for the driver to fit on ; which cufhion muft alfo have a fall, trimmed the fame as the other, to cover the box. SECT. 2. Fig. 3. A fquab, or fleeping cufiiion; a thin cufhion faced either with leather or filk, ftuflPed with foft wool, and quilted ; they are occafion- ally added \o the infides of clofe carriages, for the head or flioulders to incline againfl; they are fometimes made faced on both fides with leather and filk, to be ufed alternately. Thofe for the back part are generally made of a fmaller fize, extending only half the depth of the fide one; they are ufually bound with a narrow lace or filk ribbon, and fitted on with buttons or firings. SECT. 3. Fig. 4. A net ; a convenience fometimes plac- ed acrofs the roof between the doors, for the pur- pofe of containing light parcels free from injury. Vol. K L They 146 LININGS AND INSIDE They are made either ^vith narrow thin lace, like a tape, or with worded line ; and may he fixed, or occafionally hung on hooks, as dcfcribed. SECT. 4. Fig. 5. The fpring curtain ; a filk curtain fix- ed to a long barrel, containing a fpring, which ad- mits the curtain to be drawn down to an agree- able depth, and, by means of a trigger, is in- ftantly drawn up to its place. A flick is fewed in the filk at the bottom, with loop., at the ends, for the line to pafs through ; which line ffeadies the fudden motion of the curtain. Thefe things are fo convenient, that they are indifpenfably ne- ceffary to almoft every kind of clofe carriage. The Venetian blinds are fubftitutes for them in a great meafure, but that only when the glaffes are not wanted to be put up. SECT. 5. Fig. 6. The feftoon curtain ; a filk curtain trimmed with filk fringe; moftly intended for or- nament only, being found inconvenient for ufe ; they are fixed over the lights or windows of the doors FURNITURE OF" BODIES. doors as repreT nted, and are ("onirtirncs mail: lo hang in a drapery form on the fides, but moftly arc ufed to the top only. They ornament very much the infide of a carriage, but are of no uti- lity otherways. SECT. 6. Fig. 7. The glafs and glafs frame : the glafs frame is made of thin oak; the one fide is re- prefented covered with lace, the other with cloth, in the ufual way. The glafs fliould always be of the bed plate ; but a great difficulty lies in procuring them, particularly of Englifli manu- fa6lure : the French are the befl; in ufe. The preferable glaffes are thofe which are free from bladders or veins ; but, to clear them from tliofe faults, they are frequently reduced to little more than the fubftance of crown or common window- glafs. It is almoll impoffible to feledl them free from bladders ; but veins (hould never be admit- ted to pafs. Their value is only to be rated by their fize, excepting if diamond cut, or bevelled round the edges, which is now out of fafhion. L 2 S£CT. 148 LININGS AND INSIDE SECT. 7. Fig. 8. The Venetian blind ; a blind frequent- ly ufed as a fubftirute for the common (hutter and fpring curtain, anfwering either purpofe, with the preferable advantage, in hot weather, of admit- ting the air and excluding the fun, and, when clofed, ferves the purpofe of the fliutter, to pre- vent duft from foiling the carriage while (landing by. It acl:s by means of a fpring bolt, uith which it is opened to anj^ extent at pieafore. It is moft ly painted a verdigrife green, but fometimes, to handfome carriages, is painted of variegated co- lours, and varniflied as the pannels are. SECT. 8. Fig. g. The tommon fhutter, a Hiutier which is made of mahogany, in a neat manner, with fmall pannels, and a fmall glafs window in the upper middle one : the neateft has a fmall mould- ing on the edge of the framings: they all have a lace tape in the middle, and a loop at the top to pull them up by. SECT, FURNITURE OF BODIES. ,49 SECT. Fig. 10. The feat-box, a box made to Aide under the feat, which fills that vacant place. It is portable, and convenient to carry linen, &c. and is moftly made of thin oak or mahogany. SECT. 10. Fig. 11. The driving-box ; a box made for the driver to fit on, fitted to the half top of the feat of a chaife, Sec. for the cufhion to be placed on. It is made as the other is, and convenient for the fame purpofes. SECT. 11. FALSE linings, are linen linings ufed to co- ver and preferve the others if good, or to hide them if bad : they are made of the linen ufually called yard-wide, and at about 2s. 3d. per yard in value. The roofs are feldom covered, and as much of the trimmings as poffible fiiould be fhewn. L3 To ISO LININGS AND INSIDE To bind the edges of the linen lining with a border in imitation of lace, is an additional orna- ment to it, and is now frequently done. All thofe articles may be confidered as appen- dages to the infide of carriages ; and their value being feparately ftated, will enable any perfon to regulate the different modes of furnifhing any de- fcription thereof. QUANTITY OF MATERIALS USED FOR LININGS. THE variety of bodies, and the different me- thods of trimming them with lace, and furnifhing them with other conveniencies, require them to be feparately ftated ; and that the different prices may be more eafily collefted, the quantities of cloth and lace ufed for each kind of plain trim- ming (hould alfo be given, previous to the prices being ftated, fo that from one ftatement the value of all the others may be known, by adding fuqh things as may be wanted out of the common way. r A coach or landau As Fig. 2 J A chariot or demi- atid 3. "j landau (_ A phaeton or chaife Wings to chaife or phaeton — Head to ditto — — YARDS. Laces. Narrow feaniing 54 18 Bro.id bind:ng. 22 Cloth Broad cloths loA 8 2\ Linen. 18 5 I 6 PRICE PRICE OF INSIDE FURNITURE. a " •-^^ i^' "' '-•' S. •=' O O ~ o o 3" cr J- O ' H cr o -I tr O O ^ ^ a. a rt o >-I "^ "n a o a t^ ^ so-" C- 9^ Q. " CTQ O O O o 1, != 3 M " ET I JJ -f^ ^ vj N» E" 5i I ^ «" "'" ' 2 rt a- ■» S. " 3'rt O Ph"* O : t? 3 r; ^-- Si 3 , O 'T' ""^ ?; 0*0, H > >^ cr rt O- 5^ s o- sr r» DJ •— 5- n. ? 3 „ o o- Ci- o- cr '=^;:: " - 9 000^ ri- pu o' 3 "" 3 cr rt ^ OOOOOOOno O On 2S ( o !- i o f^" o ?5 OO.OOOOOOsQOO O • NjM000004'N| ^ O NiO"^>-nNOOO Q OOOsOOOvQO i-> ?-. in o 2 " c^_ a- o ►"■I— OOOOOn-i i^ 00+.4^0^0JOOO o © OOQ\OOnOsOO O c r^ (T C ^ •id . O i-i p irr ?^' 3 o o < 3 S" "1 <^ o "* H- n» <-• 5" Hr-t 3 on ^ ,-. rs § ? o P 3 ^ 3 < n <-♦ p ^ o" n o w o l-H 2: '^ „ = w r- 3"CfQ ' . 3- (T) «« &; r-t- 3 3 •— >'H- rt> ST rt p rt n> ^3 ,-» rt s" =r 3 ;^ PJ i-r (T) ^ ° i 35 -^ 3^ ?; ^ < rt o .-• >-j rt ►-is rt P C P A fee i;z PRICE OF INSIDE FURNITURE. A Tet of filk fquabs, with halfbacks, faced on one fide with filk only Ditto with Morocco leather Ditto faced with filk and leather A net for the roof, either flat or round firing A fet of filk fpring curtains A fet of feftoon curtains, tops only A fet of ditto with fide drapery A fet of glaffes and glafs framc'^, covered with cloth, the fize of the glafs ufually about 20 inches fquare Ditto covered with lace two inches wide A fet of Venetian blinds A fet of mahogany fhutters A carpet or oil-cloth for the bot- tom — - — Trunks to Hide under the feat Phaeton or Chaile. 076 o 15 O Coach. 'JC. s. d 4 4 15 5 15 6 10 3 3 6 2 12 6 3 »3 6 6 10 7 7 c 4 10 I ^5 10 6 1 10 Chariot V. 2 12 6 3 3 3 13 6 10 6 3 2 12 3 13 6 6 6 IS 7 lO 4 lO I 15 O 10 o 15 CHAP. HAMMERCLOTIIS, 155 CHAP. X. HAMMERCLOTHS. HAMMERCLOTHS are among the princi- pal ornaments to a carriage ; they are a cloth covering to the coachman's feat, made to various patterns agreeable to the occupier's fancy. The fuilnels of the plaiting of the cloth, its depth, and the quantity of trimmings thereon, proportion the expence to almoft any amount j but thofe of the general fort are made of a livery or fecond cloth, uf fix breadths, which meafures nine yards round, and about twenty-eight inches deep, lined with a ftrong coarfe linen ; the fize of the feat in a great meafure regulates the number of breadths of cloth to be ufed; as the fame fullnefs would ap- pear with five breadths on a feat of three yards round, as fix breadths on a feat of four yards, which is the general fize now in ufe ; and no hammercloth ought to be made with lefs. The top rows of fringe and lace are put on after the hammercloth is made up, and takes no more in quantity than what the feat meafures ; the others extend round the fullnefs of the cloth. 3 SECT. J 54 HAMMERCLOTHS- SECT. 1. OIL-SKIN HAMMERCLOTHS. OIL-flxin hammercloths are ufed for the pre- fervation of the others in wet ueather ; there are three forts of them, viz. the common oiled linen, the painted linen, and the painted prepared woollen or patent cloth. Ths plain oil-flvin, thougli called a flcin, is only a thin linen prepared or dreffed with oil, and of a very (lender texture, owing to the effeft the oil has upon it, which it foon rots. The painted linen is an imitation only of the patent woollen, prepared with colours to refemble them ; but are little fuperior to the common fort, yet are often impofcd in their ftead, though of not one half their value in expence or fervice. The patent woollen is prepared in fome fecrct way on a thin woollen cloth, that, for durability, exceed the fervice of two of the others, but is alfo confiderably greater in expence : they are painted of various patterns, to fuit mod colours that the carriage is pointed of. The tops of thefe are always made with a ridge on each fide of ihc coachman's fitting place, which makes a channel to convey the wet from running under « him. rir.: ,. .v< HAMMEPXLOTHS, 155 him, and have alfo thin boards placed up the four corners, to preferve their fliape. SECT. 2. PLATE XVI. Fig. 1. A plain hammercloth, bound at top and bottom, with a narrow binding lace two inches wide; this reprefents alTo a plain oiled linen cover of the common fort. Fig. 2. Reprefents the patent woollen and the painted linen covers, which fo nearly refemble each other, that the difference can only be difco- vered on a near examination ; the fquare place on the top is the fitting place for the coachman, \vhich is made of woollen cloth Fig. 3. A plain-trimmed hammercloth ; the cloth of two colours, trimmed with three row^s of lace two inches and a half wide: this is the kind of hammercloth generally ufed as a cover, made of four breadths, and only plaited at the corners ; but, if full plaited, the quantity is as ufual. Fig. 4. A fuller trimmed hammercloth, having three rows of lace two inches and a half wide; and two of ornamented fringe five inches deep. PLATE i0 HAMMERCLOTHS, PLATE XVII. Jig. 5. A full-trimmed hammercloth, with lace three inches wide, having four rows of lace, and three of ornamented fringe, fo as alnK>ft wholly to cover the cloth with the trimmings. Fig. 6. The prefent fafhion of hammercloths, the trimmings of which are broad, and placed on the bottom only; the lace in the middle is four, and the fringe nine inches deep ; a plainer lace is at the top and bottom, two and a half inches broad for the binding; the cloth is of two colours to match the livery ; the crefts and mantlings are embroidered on the ends. Fig. 7. A handfome hammercloth, trimmed with a row of two and a half inch lace at the top and bottom, and a broad four inch lace in the middle ; two rows of nine-inch fringe, and filk drapery on each fringe. Fig. 8. A hammercloth bound, top and bot- tom with a lace two and a half inches broad : a row of velvet is placed above the fringe, bound with a narrow lace ; alfo a row of velvet Van- dyked at the top, bound the fame way, and a deep nine-inch fringe at the bottom, with filk ornaments ; the arms, creft, and ornament foli- age mantles are worked in embroidery on the ends. Fig. '^i^ PRICE OF HAMMERCLOTHS. £57 Fig. 9. Reprefents the embroidery now ufual- ly worn upon hammercloths, which is done in va- rious fanciful devices, the principal of which are the arms, crefts, and cyphers, worked on die ground plain, or in mantles of the curtain or foli- age patterns. They are moftly worked in worfted and lilk, and the feparate prices are Hated with thofe of hammercloths. PRICE OF HAMMERCLOTHS. TO obtain correO; information of the value of any fort of hammercloths, it is necelfary to know the quantity of cloth and trimmings they are made up with, which depends on the fize of the feat : it meafuring in common four yards round, requires nine yards to plait round it, with a pro- per fuUnefs, which is fix breadths of 6-quarter broad-cloth, cut in lengths of y-Sths or 3-4ths of a yard, and fewed together ; fo that a fix- breadth hammer-cloth, which is the ufual fize, takes nine yards of each trimming to go round the cloth, and four yards for the top ; fo that to add or reduce a breadth, is to allow one-fixth from the following ftatements, or one yard and a half of each trimming, and j-Sths of a yard of cloth, for every breadth added or omitted. The 158 PRICE OF HAMMERCL0TH.1. The patterns of hammercloths dcfcribed in Plates XVI. and xvii, being what are generally ufed, the feparate prices are here ilated, accord- ing as they are dcfcribed, to convey a ready in- formation of collefting the amount of any other, by referring to the former flatements. A hammercloth made up of fix breadths, containing 5I yards of broad-cloth, without trim- mings — — Livery. £. s. d. 4 10 Second. Ditto, with the following trimmings, of livery cloth : 13 yds. of 2-inch lace as Fig, 1. 22 yds. of 2-j inch lace Fig. 3. 22 yds. of 2^ inch lace, and 9 yds. of 5-inch ornamented fringe Fig. 4. 31 yds. of 3-inch lace, and 22 yds. of 6-inch ornamented fringe - Fig. 5 13 yds. of z\ inch lace, g yds. of 4-inch lace, and 9 yds. of 9-inch ornamented fringe, worfted creft and mantling on the ends Fig. 6. 13 yds, of 2t inch lace, 9 yds. of 4-inch lace, and 13 yds. of 7-inch fringe, two rows of filk. drapery — Fig. 7 13 yds. of z\ inch lace, 9 yds. of 8-inch plain fringe, 13 yds. of 4- inch velvet at 4s. and 36 yds of i-inch binding at is. filk creft Superfine. 6 10 and mantling on the ends EMBROIDERY. Creft or cyphers only Crefts and mantles only Arms and crells Arms, crefts, and mantles Fig. 8. 990 1700 1400 18 12 o 14 7 o Worlled and Silk. I 5 O 200 2100 330 For other cloths add the difference of price as above. CHAP PLATED AND BRASS FURNITUr.r. '-c. 159 CHAP. XI. . PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSI- TION METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES, Sec. SECT. 1. THE neceffary conveniencies and ornaments for the bodies being of various defcrip- tions, and as varioully finifhed, it is neceflary to introduce them fcparately, that the variety may be the better undcrftood : fome of them form a part of the original bodies, which being articles neceffary to build with, their value is included in the former flatement of Bodies, and are only here introduced for a general defcription of their form : fome of the other articles have alfo been formerly reprefented in the fubjeft of iron-work; but being what are frequently plated, they are here defcribed under that head, and the increaf- ed amount, for plating only, is added : there are fome which are only occafionally ufed, and others that are different in their form from each other. i6o PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION other, which makes it neceffary to treat of them feparate from the bodies, that their different va- lues may be known, and their advantages the bet- ter underllood, as reprefented in Plate xviii. DOOR PLATES. Fig. 1. The door-plates, which are made of brafs, are fixed round the edges of the door with fcrews, having, in the folid brafs, a bead or mouldii!g which forms two rabbets ; the one laps on, and confines, the door-pannel, the other co- vers the joint when the door is fhut. DOOR HINGES. Fig. 2, Are ftrong hinges of a peculiar form, made either of brafs or iron, having a ridge on the outfide, to ftop the door from turning too far back in the opening. DOOR METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. i6i DOOR LOCKS AND HANDLES. Fig. 3. A door box-lock, which is a flat fquare box brazed on a flat iron plate, having within the box a broad flat tongue or bolt, which is turn- ed by a fquare fpindle fixed through it, on the end of which fpindle the handle A is hung, by which the bolt is turned : the form of the handle fliould be made agreeable to the pattern of the buckles ufed for the braces, whether round, fquare, oval, or oftagon. Thofe box-locks are morticed in the door pillars, and fixed by the plate to which they are brazed : a flat plate, with a fquare hole, is funk in the oppofite pillar over the mortice which receives the tongue. The handles are mofl:ly plated, and the price is in- cluded in the former fl;atements of bodies. PRIVATE LOCKS. Fig. 4. Are box-locks, made in the fame form and fixed in the fl:anding pillars the fame way as the others are in the door-pillars ; they are fome- times made with wards, and a bolt, the fame as common locks, and are turned with a common Vol. L M key. i6z PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION key, but are moft frequently made as the door- locks, to turn with a pipe-key ; the key-hole is covered with a double fcutcheon. DOVE-TAILED KETCHES. Fig. 5. Are two fmall iron machines, which fit clofely in a dove-tailed joint within each other, and are feparately fixed on the fhutting door and Handing pillar ; their ufe is to prevent the door from dropping or finking by its weight. GLASS ROLLERS. Fig. 6 and 7, Thefe belong to the infide work of a body, for the affiftance of drawing up the glaffes with ; they are made of feveral patterns, from three to four inches long, of brafs, and are only plated v^ith a thin leaf of filver ; as they do not require to be cleaned like the outfide plating, they anfwer the purpofe fufficiently well ; the funk rollers are at prefent moft in ufe, and are the beft, being more out of the way. BUTTONS METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. 163 BUTTONS OR STUDS. Fig. 8. Thefe are nails with large brafs heads ; if ufed to the infide of bodies, are then filvered ; but if ufed for outfide purpofes, fuch as for knee-boots, they Ihould be plated, but are feU dom fo done. MOST of thofe articles are what is neceffary for building the body with, and are included in the value of bodies in the former ftatertients s what are only occafionally ufed, and fhould be charged extra for, will here be ftated» JPRICE OF OCCASIONAL REQUISITES. A pair of private locks and bolts to the fhutters, complete, for coach or chariot - » - I 1 o A fet of filvered glafs rollers, four inches long 010 6 A fingle filvered knee boot button 004 Ditto, if plated — — — ^^ 080 M a ^ECT* 1 64 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION SECT. 2. PLATING. PLATING is a fupcrficial covering to the buckles and other furniture of a carriage, either u'ith filver or metal of any other malleable qua- lity. Nothing has ever been introduced with a better effcB; than this mode of ornament ; in par- ticular, the filver plating, which is now become fo general, that almolt every hackney carriage exhibits fomc portion of it. There is no one article in the carriage can be of a more deceitful quality, as it can be ma- nufaftured at almofl; any price, even cheaper than the original biafs ornaments, and yet look veil; in particular the flat plates and beaded mouldings, being manufa61urcd with different proportions of filver foldered on to a certain quantity of metal, which, after being thus plated, is rolled or flatted in mills to any degree of thin- iiefs, leaving fometimes but barely the colour of the filver, which is frequently not thicker than a common leaf of beaten filver. Other filver plat- ed articles, which arc wrought by hand, fuch as buckles, handles, terrets, &c. are plated in a different way, and cannot be done but with fome degree of thicknefs; the thinnefl; of which will wear 3 ■ fomc METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. i6; iomc confiderable time longer than the common rolled filver plating. The difference of light and ftrong plating is an obje6l worih attending to, as there is more than double the odds of price between the two extremes, particularly in the beads or flat ornaments. A dependence muft here be placed on the manufafturer for the qua- lity, as the appearance is fo exa6t, that, unlefs analyfed, no other perfon can tell the propor- tion they bear. The patterns of the furniture are numerous ; thofe are the bed calculated for wear that have no raifed or fliarp edges; the round-moulded furniture has the faireft chance, and is, for the moft part, the cheapeft; all or- naments that are raifed, fuch as fcrolls, crefls, &:c. fhould be of filver, as the cleaning foon fpoils them, if only plated. It is next to impoffible to enumerate every article that is fometimes plated; what is moft generally ufed will only be defcribed : there are a number of plated articles ufed to harnefs, which will not here be noticed, but will be in the fecond volume, under the defcription of harnefs ; all that will be here defcribed is the fur- niture for the carriage, which principally lies in the mouldings, head-plates, joints, cSrc. M 3 BRASS 1 66 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION SECT. 3. BRASS AND COLOURED METAL FURNITURE. THE furniture and ornaments to a carriage were originally made of brafs ; and, now that filver plating has become fo common, brafs is again become more fafhionable, but improved from the original manner of making it : the com- mon brafs furniture is ufually made out of the folid metal, fuch as the mouldings, head-plates, buckles, and rings ; but the other furniture where the ftrength of iron is neceffary, fuch as the joints, is plated with brafs, in the fame manner as when plated with filver. There is alfo a metal ufed, which is a compofition of brafs and copper, •which looks well, and is more malleable than brafs for plating with; the principal objetlion to thofe metals is, that they foon tarnifli and can- ker, and are much more difficult to clean than filver plating. The price for filver plating being fo much re- duced, makes the difference between it and brafs furniture not fo great as many people imagine. To take it in general, the common brafs furni- ture is about one half, and the compofition is about two-thirds of the price of the beft plated hlver. ' SECT. METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. 167 SECT. 4. THE MOULDINGS OR BEADS. MOULDINGS are of various patterns and fizes, and of as many different qualities; but to reduce the variety to a few rules, will furnifh fuf- ficient information. The infide cavities are fill- ed with a folder which holds the fiianks for the mouldings to be faftened on with. The quality of the filver plating fhould be fuch, that in the con- ftant ufe of a carriage, with proper cleaning, it ihall remain perfeft four years, and feven with- out wearing through, except at the edges. The middling fort Ihould wear two years perfeft, and three without wearing through, except at the edges. On the inferior fort there can be no dependence whatever. Brafs and compofition metal mouldings, not being plated, but made of the folid metal, can never be injured by wear. The width of the mouldings proportions the va- lue; it is meafured acrofs the bottom, and fold by the foot, including the putting on. The patterns make no material difference in the expence, as they are all drawn through a mould to any form ; the difference in the trouble is only in the fetting and burnifhing •, therefore, to proportion the M 4 prices 1 68 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION prices to a certain width and quality, will anfwer every purpofe of information. Fig. 8. Is the fmall quill bead, moftly put on in double rows, which has a very neat appearance. Fig. 9. Is the general fort of moulding in ufe, which looks bold, and wears well. Fig. 10. Is a neat pattern moulding, made hol- low in the middle, and rounding on the fides, and, having no fharp edges, wears well. Fig. 11. The common flat moulding, much ufed : the edges of this moulding are foon rub- bed through by cleaning. Fig. 12. A fancy moulding, feldom ufed but to handfome carriages, and is moftly made of a double angle to clip the corner : the many edges to this moulding require to be ftrongly plated, to wear well. Fig. 13. A very common pattern moulding, which looks rich, but, on account of the raifed edges, does not wear well. Fig. 14. A fcroll and tip ornament, made to give a finiflied appearance to where the bead terminates at the ends of the bottom, fides, &:c. Thefe ornaments fhould always be made of thin filver. PRIC£ METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. 169 Size. Inch. 2-8ths 3-8ths 4-8ths 5-8tlis 6-8ths PRICE OF MOULDINGS. FIG. 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13. Silver Plated ^ Compofition Bs ft. Middling. Infc rior. Metal. s. d. J. d. J. d. s. d. I 3 1 9 10 I 9 I 6 I I 2 2 3 J 9 I 5 I 6 2 9 2 3 I 6 I 10 3 3 2 9 I 9 2 2 Brafs. /. d. 8 loi^ f I iz I 4f I 9i SCROLL AND TIP ORNAMENTS. PIG. 14. A pair of fcroU orna- ments — — A p*ir of tip ornaments Silver, .r. d. 8 o 6 o Be ft plated Metal. s. d. 6 4 4 o Compofi- tion Metal. s. d. 4 o 2 8 Brafs. f. d. 3 o 2 o SECT. 5. FRAMES. FOR many part of the bodies the mouldings are obliged to be made into frames, by firft fet- ting them to the form intended, and then folder- I70 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION ing the joints previous to putting them on, for \vhich an extraordinary charge for each joint, and for each fet, is to be allowed, in addition to the quantity of moulding ufed ; and an inch over theexaft meafure for jointing; but, unlefs folder- ed at the joints, ought only to be charged with the other mouldings, allowing for each fet only. Fig. 15. A plated wing-frame, is a broad cafed moulding, with which the wing-frame is cover- ed : befides allowing for the width and meafure, five fhillings each for putting them on fhould be added; the pattern in general runs large, and is about 3 feet 6 inches in length each frame. Fig. 16. An o6lagon frame, formed to the back light or window, put on previous to the glafs being fixed. Fig. 17. A whole fword-cafe frame ; a mould- ing bent in the form of the fw^ord-cafe end, and fixed thereon. Fig. 18- A half fword-cafe frame; a mould- ing formed to the outer fhape only of the fword- cafe end. Fig. 19. A {ham or real door- frame; a mould- ing fliaped to the pattern of the contrafted part of the fide of a chaife or phaeton body, called a door. PRICE METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. 171 PRICE OF FRAMES. An odagon or back - light frnme — A pair of fvvord- cafe frames A pair of half ditto — A pair of wing frames — Silver Plated. Bed. r. s. d o 10 o on o II o 1 15 o Middling i". s. d. 090 10 o 010 1 10 o Inferior. £. s. d. 080 090 010 I I o Compo- litlon Metal. £. s. d. 7 084 054 1 4 o Brafs. 050 056 040 o 18 o SECT, 6. HEAD PLATES. THESE are ornaments made to fix on the up- per quarters of a coach or chariot, and on the flats of a chaife head ; they are of various pat- terns, and of different qualities of metal ; but fliould be in proportion to the headings M'ith which the body is plated : they are made of a fancy device, or are left open for the crefl to be placed within ; tne patterns, except with crefts, make no material difference in the price; the fize andnjuality make the only difference worth notice. Fig. n% PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION Fig. 20. A fancy-worked head-plate, the middle and bottom ornamented with chafing and piercing. Fig. 21. A fafhionable bead-rim head-plate for a creft to go in, fometimes ornamented with a bottom hufk the fame as the other. Fig. 22. A creft which is fometimes made large, and wore alone, but moftly is made of a fize to be placed within the circle : of thefe there are different forts; fome are pierced out of flat metal, and a little raifed from the back, in imitation of emboffed work; others are properly embofled : the circles, if raifed, fliould alfo be made of thin lilver ; the difference of expence is but trifling compared with the advantage. PRICE METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. «75 oo^ dn'^ on*^ •-1 &i r; m 3 2.S.S o n 3 n ^ ^ n> «) -^ O' 3 S- ^o "" •^ X-o " ►n Jt" o '^ o O O "^ O O •-I ►^ f!( f^ o pa n> <> 3 > 3 B ?3 cr cr j> cr o o o V ^ ^3 ^ O ^ n c^ > H O P- > C &- o > o 3 c o - 1 o ^ 1 " u> 1 •■ g. O *^ Md k_l ^4 ^« P oc o CC O o> o *-» < 1 1 \ ' ^ O O O 1 o o 1 o o ' fe. o o o - o o - - ~ "-• ^ 1 1 1 1 QO 1 1 CO 1 1 ON- g. o 3 1 1 o I 1 o 1 1 o P-" t^ o o - ~ o ^ ■^ " hi "• si ^1( ».M N4 •- <, Si's t> c^^^ o o Ov o o ^ ^, £ f. o o o o o 0^ o o o ?-' 1" o - o c o o - " 63 ^^ ki« ^rt 1^ •^ , — . o o ON VJ *^ N wn QV-i .- ^ o o o ei ON o o o ?- P3 1— t O w o •tJ •fl W '-' w > h> o O •T3 N > N HI h) M c/a ^ W ?3 CO r^ H SECT. '74 i'LATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION SLCT. /• KEAL AND SHAM JOINTS. FiG. 23, 24> 25. PLATED joints give to the body a very bold rich appearance, for which reafon they are fre- quently ufcd to bodies with fixed heads, but then are only for ornament, in imitation of the real joints : there is a material difference in the value of them; the real joint is obliged to be plated both on the out and infide on the eight fquares ; the fham joint is made thin and broad, and plated only on the outfide on the three fquares, which are made broader than the others, for fhow : others are made thick and heavy, in exa6l imita- tion of the real joint, and plated on the five fquares; thofe are all plated with filver foldercd on the iron, the thinnefl of which will wear equal to the bed moulding, and what is beftowed on them, more than will fufficiently wear with the other furniture, is fuperfluous ; the nut-fcrews, by which the fliam or real joints are fixed, are plated; and fomctimes the props, orr which the joints are fupported from the fides, are alfo plat- ed, and have a broad, flat cap, plated, and put thereon : chaife joints are charged in fets, lan- dau joints only in pairs. 2 Chaife METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. '75 Chaife head and landau joints, painted black, are included in the value with the head of the chaife and the body of the landau. The additi- onal expence for plating is only to be added here; fham joints are never ufed otherwife than plated, and their value, Avith putting on, &c. is here ftated in full. PRICE OF REAL AND SHAM JOINTS. A fet for a landau — A fet for a chair or curricle — A pair for a landaulet — A fet of thick fham joints for a coach — A fet of thin light ditto, ditto - A pair of thick fham joints for a chariot — A pair of thin light ditto, ditto Four barrel props and caps for a pair of either Silver Plated. £. s. d. 12 12 O 8 O O 6 6 o 700 600 3 10 o 300 Compofition Metal. £• s. d. 880 5 5 o 440 412 o 400 266 200 o iS o Brafs, I' 6 6 4 4 3 3 3 10 o 300 I 3 o 115 o SECT. 8. BODY LOOPS. Fig. 26. Thole are plated in the fame manner as the joints, but generally only in particular places. J 76 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION places, from the neck, to the loop, cither on the fmall outfide edges, the ftar, or the flat bolt- heads-, fometinies the whole furface from the neck to the loop is plated ; the value of the loop having been before included with the body, the price here Hated is only for the c.\tra amount ol plating. PRICE OF BODY LOOPS, PER PAIR. Plating the whole furface from the neck — Ditto the four ftar heads Ditto the four plain heads Ditto the two top outer edges Silver Plated. C- s. d. Compofition Metal. /■■ s. d. 3 13 6 10 260 066 080 060 5 4 4 o| Brafs. C- ^- ^'- 112 O O J O 040 030 SECT. 9. POLE HOOK. Fig. 27. This is a convenience for drawing b}-, but is frequently put on the end of the pole for ornament only : it is plated, the fame as the ethers, upon iron, fometimes is only painted, but more frequently ufcd plated than otherwife : the value of each is here flated, including the buckle and METAL FURNITURE FOR BODIES. 177 and ftrap, and fixing on the pole; there are three fizes of them in general ufe. PRICE OF POLE HOOKS. Plain Iron Lafge fize for a coach Middle ditto, for a chariot — Small ditto, for a phaeton — 08 o 10 o 090 o silver Plated. £. s. d. t 10 o 220 I 18 o Compofition Metal. C. ^. d. 115 o I 8 c o 18 6 Brafs. I J. 6 di I I n SECT. 10. BUCKLES. Fig. 28. The plated buckles ufed to a carriage are few, but large, and are plated, like the reft, on iron ; the main-brace buckles are the princi- pal, thofe befides are for the check braces ; the pole-piece buckles are fometimes plated, but in general are only polifhed iron ; the value of all buckles are regulated by their fize as follows : Vol. L N PRICE 178 PLATED, BRASS, AND COMPOSITION PRICE OF BUCKLES, PER PAIR. Silver L^i'iTipoiition Brafs. Plated M'.til. z- ^■ i:'. £■ ^ d^ £. - 'i- r^i o 7 c 046 03 6 |2i o 6 o 4 030 Half buckles .^ tK« ^.vtfi^ip^ to prevent trouble. The treads are. STEPS. are, or ought always to be, covered with leather, to prevent accident by flipping off; their forms are various, fometimes of a bell, an oval, or fquare fiiape, as fancy may direft. SECT. 4. HANGING STEPS. TO high phaetons, befides the fixed treads, there are many fteps devifed, made fo as to be ufed occaflonally, for the more eafy accommoda- tion of ladies ; they are moftly made to be hook- ed on to an upper tread when ufed ; and, when out of ufe, are placed in a cafe, either at the bottom of the body, or the under part of the carriage. PRICE OF STEPS. SINGLE fteps to carriages compofe a part of the neceflary iron-work, and are included in the ftatements given in pages 6^^ 79, and 80 ; but as double fteps are frequently ufed to chaife or curricle carriages^ the value of both fingle and double are here feparately ftated, that the differ- ence may be known. Double igo STEPS. Double and treble folding-fteps for coach and chariot bodies, are only here dated, that either pattern may be added to the former ftatement of bodies, and fave the trouble of fubtrafting the difference of expence of one pattern from ano- ther. A pair of infide folding-fteps for coaches. Sec, A pair of outfide fteps for chaifes, A hanging Hep for a phaeton - Single. f. s. d. Double. C- s. d. 3 10 c 1 IS 2 2 Treble, £. s. d. 5 lo o 3 3 The cloth and lace with which the folding- fteps are trimmed, are both included in the price of linings, being a part of that article j but that the complete price of fteps may be known fepa- rate, add to the above ftatements of infide fold- ing fteps, five (hillings for the cloth ^^and plain lace ufed for trimming each pair. Qllh?. PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. 191 CHAP. XIV. PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. PAINTING is not only neceflary to preferve, but ferves, in a great degree, to ornament the carriage, which it does more effeftually than any thing elfe beftowed on it; and every atten- tion of a proprietor ought to be, to feled fuch patterns of colours as fliall beft anfwer the pur- pofes of appearance and durability. The choice of colour depends entirely on fancy ; but thofe Ihould be preferred that are the moft permanent, or that are the leaft likely to be injured by the weather; an agreeable contraft in the colours of the body, the carriage, and ftripes, with which they are ornamented, requires fome judgment, to give a proper effeB: to the painting. SXCT. 192 PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. SECT. 1. GROUND COLOURS. THE ground colours are the bodies of paint ■with which the carriage is covered previous to varnifliing; the panhels of the body are firft pre- pared with a compofition laid feveral times on ■with a brufh, which fills the grain of the wood, and hardens fo as to bear rubbing down to a fine furface wiih pumice-ftone, previous to the paint being laid on; the frame-work is only covered with as many coats of paint as will fill the grain or pores of the timber. The preferable colours for wear are thofe which are extrafted from minerals, fuch as the vermilion reds, yellows, whites, &c. ; the mod objedionable colours are the greens, in particular the verdigrife green, though the moft agreeable colour when frefh, yet very fubjeft to decay. Very light colours are the leaft likely to fland, or be well painted, as the varnifh is naturally of a darkifh hue, which is apt to ftain or cloud them ; the darker the co- lours are, the fuller the varnifh may be laid on, and the ftronger the refleftion is from it ; be- Cdes, a dark colour fliews the plated furniture to the greateft advantage. SECT. PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. 193 SECT. 2. PICKING OUT. THE picking out to a carriage is the orna- menting the ground with various contrafled co- lours, which is to lighten the appearance, and fhew the mouldings to advantage. There are va- rious methods of picking out, according to fancy ; but the ufual method is, to paint the mouldings with one full colour, different from the ground, which is called full-beading ; another is to full- bead and line the fides or fquares with light ftrokes, called lining the beads ; another is to full-bead, line, and pannel, which is to paint the beads or mouldings as before, and draw fine lines along the flat furfaces of the timbers, in imitation of, and is called, pannelling, and alfo ornament- ing with ftars or fcrolls in the broad fpaces. SECT, 3. VARNISHING. VARNISH is of material ufe, both for preferving the colours, and fhewing them to advantage, and may be fo executed as to Vol. I. O reflea 194 PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. refleft like a mirror ; it is made of difTolved gums in oil and fpirits, and with it the painting is co- vered. The durability of the varnifh depends much on care; but frequently fails, in confe- quence of being too new when ufed, or made of an inferior compolition ; the higher the varnifli is on the pannels, the better they look, but are the lefs likely to ftand : the dark varnifh in gene- ral has the ftrongefl; body, but cannot be ufed to cover light painting, as it fo much difcolours it; the light varnifh is in general fo thin as fcarcely to fhew any luflre, without a confiderable quan- tity, which is difficult to lay on without clouding ; fome varnifh, foon after ufe, lofes its luflre, and looks as dull as if no varnifli at all had been ufed; others crack all over, but principally on thofe parts which are moft expofed to the fun ; this circumflance is owing to the compofition ; that is, whether the gums, oils, or fpirits, mofl pre- ponderate; on the quality of the varnifh the per- manency of the paint principally depends. There are three methods of varnifhing the pannels, viz. the common, the polifhed, and high varnifh ; the common varnifhing is what ia done to all, and is included in the charge of painting; the poliflied is an additional quantity of three or four coats of varnifli extra, which, after being properly hardened, is fmoothed and poliflied with fine powder and hard rubbing; the high PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. 195 high varnifh is a ftill greater number of coats of the bed varnifli, which is polilhed fo as to give it a very high luftre, almoft equal to a look- ing-glafs. SECT. 4. JAPANNING; THE japanning is covering the leathered or upper parts of the body and boots, &c. of a carriage, with a fine black, in the manner of paint- ing ; it is a compofition of gums, fpirits, and fpakams, of a thin body, refembling varnifh ; it is a ftrong contrail to the other colours, and an- fwers both for colour and varnifh, and may be polifhed equal to it. SECT. 5. HERALD AND ORNAMENT PAINTING. IT is ufual, for the diftinftion of families, to paint on the pannels the arms and crefts they are entitled to bear, from the Oihce of Heraldry. O 2 The 196 PAINTING, VARNISHING, Sec. The arms of private families are borne in plain fliields, but thofe of the nobility have fupporters and coronets of various patterns. A minute de- fcription of the rules of Herald Painting would be unneccirary here ; a reference to Edmonjon's Beck oj Heraldry will give every information on that fubjeft. Plate xix. and the defcription thereof, will give fuch information as is common- ly required. The ornament painting is merely to beautify the carriage, which it does materially, when it is well executed ; but, when otherwife, it hurts the appearance of it. This depends on the capacity of the artift : the pannels had better be entirely plain, than daubed, as many of them are, in imi- tation of painting ; and in particular that of He- raldry, which requires fome merit to execute it properly. PLATE XIX. Fig. 1. The arms of a baichelor in fhield, with the creft on a wreath. Fig. 2. The arms of a maiden lady, in the pro- per-fliaped lozenge they fhould be borne. Fig. 3. The arms of the fame, empalled with thofe of the gentleman's, fliewing how they are borne when united by marriage. Fig. m^u m PAINTING, VARNISHING, Sec. 197 Fig. 4. The manner in which the lady's arms are to be borne, if the lady is an heirels, which is in a feparate fhield, within the centre of the hufband's, called a fcutcheon of pretence. Fig. 5. The form of the fhield, called a wi- dow's lozenge, in which either of the arms are to be placed, if the hufband dies. Fig. 6. Two ovals, in which the arms are fe- parately placed, but not if the lady is an heirefs ; the arms muft then be borne in a fhield, or oval, with the lady's arms in the middle : there is no rule for any form of fhield, whether round, oval, or cornered, makes no difference for a gentle- man's arms ; but, for a lady's, the form of a lo- zenge is the rijle, except when married and em-r palled. Fig. 7. The fcroU ornament, or a foliage mantle, which furrounds the arms or creft, in- ftead of the curtain mantles. Within the arms is the bloody hand which diftinguifhes a baronet. Fig. 8. The mantle, of which there are various fhapesj is introduced only as an ornament to contain the arms or creft; it is a very ancient fafhion, continually flu8:uating in form and fize, but is now reviving of an increafed iizcj.o what it has been. Fig. 9. A cypher and creft, which, either to- gether or feparate, are often painted on a car- riage inflead of the arms, or on the fide pannels O 3 or 198 PAINTING, VARNISHING, &c. or ftyles, when the arms are on the door and ends; the creft muft be in its proper colour, but the cypher fliould be a contraft from the ground co- lour. Fig. 10. A border of a neat pattern, which is fpread wide, and fills the fpace allotted to it with a good effeft j this is not crow^ded with work, and may be conlidered one of the plaineft. Fig. 11. A border more enriched than the other, having alfo a fillet on each fide ; this may be confidered of the middling, kind. Fig. 12. A border filled with fwags of flowers, having the creft painted at about the diftance of every fix inches ; this may be confidered of the fuperior kind. Fig. 13. The fl;riping, which is fometimes painted on the pannels to ornament them. Fig. 14. The ftriping and zig-zag work, which is alfo fometimes painted on the pannels. . Fig. 15. The ftriping richly ornamented with huflc between; either pattern may be painted perpendicular or horizontal, as fancy may di- rect ; the expence is the fame either way ; the clofenefs of the ftripes and ornaments proportion the price, but fliould be fo clofe that the ground colour be half covered with pencil-work. PRICES PRICES OF PAINTING. 199 PRICES OF PAINTING. WITH the painting of a carriage, the varnifli- ing and japanning are included in the price, though frequently divided by fome, to fantlion a greater charge. What is properly an additional expence, is the ornament and heraldry work, as alfo the polifhed or high varnifh and picking out. It is frequently necefTary to varnifii or japan, feparate from the painting, in confequence of a failure ; but this is particularly mentioned under the fubje6t of repairs in the Supplement. The ornament painting cannot be reduced to any determinate price ; being of various fanciful defigns, it entirely depend* on the quantity and merit of the work. The arms and crefts, alfo the mantles which contain them, are, in general, to- lerably regular in their prices, having nearly the fame work in one pattern as another; but, when mantles are much furled, or arms much quarter- ed, an increafe of expence mufl be expeded; as alfo when above the ordinary fize, which is from three inches to four and a half for the arms, and from five to feven for the mantles ; but the prices for the generality of painting may be nearly un- derftood from the reprefentation in the plate, de- fcribing each pattern as of three fizes, and pro- portioning the prices at fo much per foot long; the ftriping to be charged by the foot fquare. O 4 ' PRICES 200 PRICES OF PAINTING. O VO < a* O to W U "nJ o o -« O vO ►- O CO I- o o O Zc 1 -ri O VC >o o o o o o o Q ^g D. ■3^0*^ VO " o »4 o 00 L<-, o <^ c "^ hH r-4 rt , »r« '-., "• *^ o «- N M o o •M o c/^ ij.:; -«• O VO MJ O o Mj o o o VO O — < ^ '5 v^ l^ t^ o V(-, t<^ t^ N ^ o o t-M ^',^ »J ^, - o o — fn « o « "- o etj o _ c, a O -O ^ o o l^ •s " *H t^ 1^ •^ >^ N^ Q a, . ►H O o •-< «» ^ o ^ « o <^ ■u S T:i 0\0 sO o o o o VO o ~o to 60S <^' O t^ o VTN m t^ 00 M lA ti-, W ►2^ •^ ~" "" •" ■^ »— « &< -NO o 1-1 t^ t^ o 1^ N o P ^^ O S o^ o o o o o o o ■~o pq 4-1 ^ o o o Th t> o v^ o L^ O 2 '- '- •^ :2; O •NO v.? N N ^ N ** '■', w o Thi: PRICES OF PAINTING 20t This ftatement will anfwer for the new paint- ing of old bodies and carriages, by dedu6ting one-fourth from the value of the firft fiim for plain painting and japanning — for example : £. s. d. £. s. d. A new coach body painting is — — 300 An old one 250 Ditto japanning — 2 10 o ditto ' 17 ^ Carriage painting — 220 ditto All the other charges are the fame. I u PRICES OF ORNAA/IENT AND HERALD PAINTING. A fingle coat of arms to either pattern in the Plate — A pair of Tupporters — A creft — A ditto, with a duke's, earl's, or baron's coronet A cypher of one letter A ditto of two letters A ditto of three letters A mantle of the ufual pattern - A ditto much furled — Inch, wide, Borders, per foot long ^ 3 \^ Fillets ditto I'i Striping on pannels, per foot fquare — — Large. Middle £' s. d. £• s. ' d. 10 7 2 2 I 1 1 6 5 4 10 8 c ,° 3 2 6 4 6 3 6 5 4 10 6 7 6 15 12 Rich. Middle 10 .7 6 7 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 3 6 3 6 2 6 2 6 I 9 I 9 I I 9 10 7 6 Small. C, s. d. 050 I I o 030 o o o o o o 10 Plain. ^ 5 ' 4 3 2 I 1 o o CHAP. 203 ciiaisp: heads, &c. CHAP. XV. CHAISE HEADS, WINGS, KNEE- BOOTS, AND DASHING LEATHERS. THOSE are conveniencies not all regularly ufed with every kind of carriage; but there are no phaetons or chaifes finifhed without one or the other, which makes it necefTary to defcribe them feparately, that the proprietor of a carriage may chufe either, as is bell fuited to his inclination. SECT. 1. CHAISE HEADS. PLATE XX. HEADS to phaetons or chaifes, Sec. are found great conveniencies for flieltering from the fun, wind, or rain; and, excepting to very light car- riages, ought not to be difpenfed with. The principal X'latc XX CHAISE HEADS, &c. 2*3 principal obie6lions to them are, the additional ■weight of themlelves, befides impeding the draught, if oppofite to the wind; but one great advantage in them is the eafe they can be remov- ed with, according to the expectation of the weather. They are of two different forms, and are furnifhed with different conveniencies ; but are all made as is defcribed in Plate v. with light wooden ribs, which are afterwards covered with a grained leather, and lined with woollen, ferge, or broad cloth, the fame as the body is lined with. The cloth is the preferable lining, though fergc is often fubftituted in its place. Fig. 1. Reprefents a round or waggon-head, made on an iron frame a ^, by which' means it is eafily removed, when the wings are to be ufed, which are fecured by the fame fixtures b b Sls the head is. The infide is furnifhed with two cur- tains eei the narrowed is hung on the driving fide, for freedom to the driver ; the widefl is to fhelter the other paffenger. Fig. 2. Reprefents a fquare head, with conve- niencies on the infide at ^ c to fet and refet the head, without the trouble of reaching over to put up or down the joints, from the outfide, as ufual ; the feams of the leather are fewed in welts, and round the front d d s. broad flripe of leather^ welted 204 WINGS, Sec. welted on the edge, is nailed, which fiielters the jnfide, and is called a valient. SECT. 2. WINGS. ARE fixed to the fides or elbows of the chaife bodies, when a head is not ufed; their ufi; is to form a reft for the arm, and fhelter the paffenger from the dirt which fplalbes from the wheels ; they are light iron frames, covered with leather, and lined with cloth and lace, to anfwer the lining, and are moftly ornamented round the out- fides with a plated frame ; to flight cheap-built carriages the wings are fometimes made of wood only- Fig. 3. Are two v^ings, with diflfercnt trim- mings; they are made to fix at the points in fquare ftaples, and are fcrewed on the elbow-rails with ring-fcrews. SiCT. KNEE-BOOTS, OR APRONS. 20J SECT. 3. KNEE-BOOTS, OR APRONS, ARE coverings for the knees of the paffengers in a chaife or phaeton ; they are made of a fine grain leather, the fame as the head, and lined with linen or light woollen ferge, with a flap made of the fame materials as the lining, which turns over and ornaments the top ; they are made to extend from the foot-board, to which they are fixed, to the top of the elbow in front, with cheeks fewed and welted on the fides, and are fattened to buttons fixed on purpofe for them. At the top of fome knee-boots, an iron-jointed rod is fev;ed in the leather, which fixes in fpring fockets on the elbow-rail ; the particular ufe of the rods is to fupport the knee-boot ftraight and free from the knee of the pafTenger, and to pre- ferve them from the chance of falling out by the violence of any jolt the carriage may meet with. Fig. 4. A knee-boot made to fix on the foot- board, and to hitch on at the top with a ring or leather loop to a button j the rings are moft con- venient. Fig. 5. A knee-boot, which takes off occa- fionally, being only hitched on to buttons fixed in 2o5 DASHING LEATHERS. in the footboard, having alfo an iron frame at the top for fafety. SECT. 4. DASHING OR SPLASHING LEATHERS, ARE convenicncies made to fix on the fore part of a carriage, to prevent the dirt fplafhing againft the pannels or paflenger, and alio to hide the pofteriors of the horfe. They are iron frames of various forms, cover- ed wiih leather, which is either drcffed in oil, or japanned; they are ornamental convenicncies row very generally ufed, in particular to cur- ricles ; tlie top ends are formed in loops, for the hands to be placed in, to affift the perfon get- ting up. Fig. 6 Adafiiing-leather for a curricle, having loops projefting out for the hand to aflift getting up by, and flays on the frame which fix on to the back-bar, and keep it ftcady j on the infide is a leather pocket, for the purpofe of carrying lince-pins, Szc. Fig 7. A dafliing-leather for a one-horfe chaife carriage, having no back-flay, or iron loops for the hand, the leather is cut out at the 3 corners PRICES OF HEADS, &c. 207 corners of the frame to anfvver the fame purpofe ; thofe are made much lighter than the others. Fig. 8. A dafliing-leather for a poft-chaife carriage, which is made to fill the fpace between, the fprings and the boot, which it is .formed to the fhape of, and encompafTes, having at the back long flays, which help to fupport it ; when the common coach-box is taken off, thofe are made to fix in its place. Fig. 9. A dafliing-leather for the body of a poft-chaife ; this is not an entire frame, but only top and fides, round which the leather is fewcd, and buckles to the bottom of the body ; it is fixed on the fore main braces, with either bolts or buckles : this entirely preferves the front pannel from dirt, when travelling on wet roads. PRICE OF HEADS, WINGS, KNEE-BOOTS, AND DASHING-LEATHERS. WITH thofe conveniencies every thing is in- cluded in the price, except the plating ; fo that the diflference of any pattern may eafily be known; and the feparate amount of either, added to the former ftatements, will give the value of carriages when completed with either of tlpem. HEADS zol PRICES OF HEADS, Sec HEADS. A plain fixed head, lined with cloth — A plain fixed round ditto, ditto — The joints to turn with infide wrenches - A frame to take oiF the head occafionally A pair of curtains, bound with narrow lace A pair of oil-flcin ditto, lined with linen A fmall back-light, without a plated frame Linec with Cloth. Serge. £■ s. d. £' J. J. lO o 8 10 a I 2 O 10 10 a I lO I 6 o i8 10 - BRACES, POLE-PIECES, *c. SECT. 4. SAFE BRACES. Fig. 13. Are things but feldom ufed: their purpofc is to receive the body, if, by accident, the fprings, the loops, or {hackles fail. They are fixed to irons, which are placed to the four angles of the carriage, in the fame manner as the fprings are, and hang loofe under the body ; they are very neceffary for travelling carriages ; the ufual fizes is half an inch thick, and two inches and a quarter broad, and from ten to eleven feet long. SECT. 5. POLE-PIECES. Fig. 14. Are the ftraps which couple the horfes to the pole, and are regulated by the fize and w'eight of the carriage ; they are from one inch and three quarters to two inches and a quarter broad, and thick in proportion ; they are fome- times fixed to the pole end, and are called French and Englifh pole-pieces ; thofe that run through a loop at the pole end, to take off occafionally, arc TRICE OF BRACES. 213 are the French pole-pieces, hy which are a pre- ferable fort ; the others fixed to the pole end, as ^, are the Englifh. PRICE OF BRACES. IT is frequently a rule to charge one general price for coach and another for chariot braces, including the buckles ; but the moft perfect me- thod is to charge for the length of each per foot, and to add the price of buckles to the amount : there being many different fizes of ftraps for other ufes befides braces, the value of any may be col- leded from this rule ; there is alfo a difference to be made, if the braces are of a different thick- nefs, for ftrong, light, or common bufinefs; the middle fize is what is moftly ufed. Inches wide. 2t 63 02 62 61 1 If Strong for heavy travelling bodies — Common fi7,e 4 o Light for phaetons • j3 6 Single ftripes of leather — 2 o The meafure to be taken from the bridge of the buckle to the point of the ftrap. The lengths of coach and chariot braces are nearly the fame with each other, which, in gene- ral, meafure about four feet; fo that, including P 3 the 214 PRICE OF BRACES, &c. the buckles with the braces, the ufual prices charged for common braces are. Main braces, with plated buckles, the fet Check braces, with ditto, the fet — A pair of fafe braces, with fixtures — Crofs ditto, the pair — — Single collar braces, with iron buckles, the pair ■ — Double ditto, ditto — French pole-pieces, with polifhed buckles, the pair — Englifh ditto A fet of point-ftraps and plated buckles for main braces — — £■ Coach. 4 12 4 7 12 6 o Chariot. £• s. d. 3 13 O 12 3 13 o 7 O 12 O 15 O 1 4 o o 18 o For Price of Cradles, fee page 131. CHAP i' 1 ale XXJ TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. 215 CHAP. XVII. TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. PLATE XXI. THERE are many conveniencies ufed with carriages, but more efpecially with thofe for travelHng, that are not manufaftured, but only fold and fitted by the coachmakers ; the principal of which are, trunks, imperials, cap and hat boxes of various defcriptions ; thofe things are ufually made of boards, covered with leather of two or three forts, in which there is a material difference : the beft leather is the ox hide, called neat's leather ; but horfe hides are moft frequently ufed, and are fufficiently good for the purpofe : but an inferior leather is often fubftituted, which is not of one-fourth the value of the horfe-leather, though often impofed for it — this is Iheep-flcin, commonly called bazil lea- ther, which is of fo flender a texture, that it tears almoft like paper. For many light purpofes, fheep-fkin covered trunks will anfwer in place of a better leather, and a material faving of expence will be made. P 4 SECT. 2i6 TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. SECT. 1. TRUNKS. Fig. 3. Trunks ufed for carriages are required to be made particularly ftrong, and are moftly ftrengthened at the corners and joints with thin iron plates j the leather which covers them alfo adds to the ftrength ; they are ufually brafs nailed on the outfide, which is done to orna- ment and preferve the leather from injury by rubbing ; in particular, if covered with bazil leather : they are lined with paper or linen ; the linen is to be preferred. SECT. 2. INSIDE STRAPS AND LATHS, Fig. 7. Are conveniencies to confine what the trunk contains from fhifting about: they are made with four or five laths, covered with cloth or paper, which are nailed at a fmall diftance from each other to three pieces of girth web, and lie at the top of the parcels within the trunk ; on the TRAVELLING CONVENT ENCIES. 217 the bottom of the trunk ftraps are nailed, which buckle round the laths, and keep all tight. SECT. TRUNK COVERS. Fig, 4. Thefe are made to fit the outfide of the trunks, which they cover and preferve while in ufe ; they are only made to cover thofe trunks which are expofed to the weather, and are ufually made of thick painted cloth, with holes at the fides for the handles of the trunk to be got at. SECT. 4. TRUNK STRAPS AND BELTS. Fig. 9 and 10. Are to confine and fecure the trunk from (hifiing about, or from being ftolen; the ftraps are made of common thick leather of about an inch and a half broad, with an iron rol- ler buckle. The chain-belt is a contrivance to fix round the trunk, which it locks to the platform ; it is made of thin fheet iron, jointed by wire loops, 21 8 TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. loops, and covered with thin leather, and is fe- cured by a padlock. SECT. 5. IMPERIALS. Fig. 1 and 2. Thefe arelarge flat cafes, made to the form of the whole, or part, of the roof of the body ; they are great conveniencies to carry light articles fafe, moftly defigned for apparel : they are made of light, thin deal boards, co- vered with neat's leather, and lined with linen; the bottom is lined with tow and baize, to pre- vent its rubbing the roof: if intended to cover the whole of the roof, they are mod convenient to remove, if divided into two parts; and, as the half is often fufficient for ufe, it faves un- neceffary luggage. Of thofe things there is alfo a difference in the materials, and method of making. They are fixed on the roof by means of flraps and flaples, which are included with the imperials, in the prices ftated for them. SECT. TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. 219 SECT. 6. CAP BOX. Fig. 5. A cap-box is a cafe made convenient for carrying ladies' head-dreffes fafe; they are of a roundifh form, and are moftly hung on the back of the body, refembling a fword-cafe ; the lid is faftened fometimes in the manner of a portman- teau, or with a fingle lock ; it is fixed on the back by means of thumb-fcrews and key-ftaples; but, like the trunk, is made of different mate- rials, according to the price. SECT. 7. HAT BOXES, Fig. 6. A hat-box is a convenience for carry- ing hats, made of llout leather, in the exaft form of a hat, opens at the bottom, and is fecured by a padlock ; it is ufually faftened to the roof, or front budget of the carriage, with ftraps. SECT. 220 TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. SECT, 8. WELLS. Fig. 8. A well is a convenience ufcd in tra- velling carriages for ftowage; it is a ftrong wood- en cafe fixed on the bottom of the body with iron- work, fo as to be occafionally taken off, if de- fired ; the acccfs to it is from the infide of the body, having a trap-door in the bottom, under the carpet, and fecured by a lock : if wells are made to bodies hanging on perch carriages, there muft be two of them — one on each fide of the body, with the perch between them ; they are lined with linen or baize, but painted black on the outfide. SECT. 9. SPLINTERS, OR SPLINTER-BARS. Fig. 12. Are the fhort bars which are hung to a hook at the end of a pole, when leading horfes are required : there are three ufed, hung to each other — the centre one hooks on the pole end, the other two hook on the ends of it: on each end of TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. 221 of the two out-fplinters, the traces of the har- nefs are faftened ; fometimes the traces of the leading harncfs are fixed to the collars of the wheel-harnefs, which method looks beft ; but the draught is not fo equal as when drawn from fplinters : a fpare bar or two is always neceffary, in cafe of one breaking by a fudden pull of the horfe. SECT. 10. DRAG-CHAINS AND STAFF, Fig. 13. Are neceffary to every travelling car- riage ; the chain is to lock the wheels, and to prevent the velocity of the carriage being too great when defcending a hill ; the ftaff is to flop the carriage, and to give reft to the horfes when afcending a hill; the chain is fixed to a hook about the middle of the perch or crane, with a hook or flioe at the end for the wheels ; the hook is moft handy for ufe, but the fhoe is preferable, as it preferves the iron of the wheel from injury, when dragging on hard, ftony ground ; the chain being covered with leather prevents it from rattling ; the drag-ftaff is fixed nearer the hind part of the carriage, with jointed iron-work, and is made of ftrong afh, with iron 2 ferrules 32i TRAVELLING CONVENIENCIES. ferrules on the ends, and a fpike at the bottom, to make it hold fecure in the ground; they are both fallened up with llraps when out of ufe. SECT. 11. OILED COVERS TO THE BODY, ARE to prcferve the paint from the injury of the road-dirt, or boughs, while travelling : oil- fkin covers are frequently ufed, and are fo made that the doors may open and (hut with the cover on; every part of the body, except the windows and bottom, is covered ; it is made to fit to the exaft form of the body, and looped on to fmall plated buttons, fo as to be taken off occafionally; they are made of common oil linen, lined with a foft baize, and bound with a worded tape. S£CT. 12. SPRINGS CORDING. THE purpofc of cording fprings is to prevent danger and delay, if by accident a plate fhould break, and aUo to ftrengthen them when requir- ed TRAVELLING CONVENIEKCIES. 223 ed to be heavy loaded : to carriages that have heavy imperials, and much luggage in the body, it is very neceffary, which is done by placing a thin piece of afh, or a length of cord along the back, and afterwards twifting a fmall, but ftrong, cord round, and fattening it well at the top. SECT. 13. TOOL BUDGET, IS a fmall convenience made to hang by ftraps under the hind part of a carriage, for the purpofe of carrying a few fpare bolts, nuts, lince-pins, nails, &c. with the few requifites for the coach- man's ufe — fuch as a wrench, a hammer, a chifTel, a pair of pincers. Sec. that in cafe of trifling ac- cidents on the road, the defeft may be fupplied without delay. PRICE 224 PRICE OF TRAVELLING REQUISITES. PRICE OF TRAVELLING REQUISITES; IN the value of thofe things are included the painting, the flraps, buckles, fcrews, bolts, Sec. ■with which they are faftened. TRUNKS. Beft leather, welted or nailed, lined with cloth Sazil leather, ditto, ditto, lined with paper Infidc flraps and laths • TRUNK COVERS. Trunk covers made of neat's leather — — — Ditto made of oil or painted cloth — Large. £. s. d. 3 13 ^ 300 060 250 o 10 6 Middle d. 3 2 10 5 I 15 7 6 Small. 220 115 O 040 I I o 050 STRAPS AND BELTS. i. Straps and belts, if inch wide, iron buckles, at per foot i 3 Chaia belts, 1^ inch wide, with padlock, at ditto 2 9 IMPERIALS. A whole imperial for a coach roof Two ditto for ditto — A fmall one for the middle only A whole imperial for a chariot roof Two ditto for ditto — A fmall one for ditto — C A P - B O X. A cap-box with faftenings complete H A T - B O X. A hat-box with a padlock and two ftraps Beft. C- s. 10 10 11 o 5 15 7 7 7 17 4 10 3 10 2 12 62 5 Inferior. £. s. d. ' 9 ) o : o 6 10 7 o 3 3 WELLS. PRICE OF TRAVELLING REQUISITES. 225 WELLS. A large well for the body hanging on a crane-neck carriage ■ — Two fmall ditto for the body hanging on a perch carriage — ' SPLINTER-BARS. A fet of fplinter-bars complete — A main, or middle ditto — — ^— An end, or draught bar — . CHAINS AND STAFFS. A drag-chain, with hook A drag-chain, with (hoe Covering the chain with leather — — A drag-ftafF OIL - COVERS. An oil-cover complete, with plated pins SPRINGS CORDING. Cording a fet of fprings — — TOOL BUDGET. A coachman's tool budget Coach. £. s. d. 5 10 o Coach or Charior. 212 6 4 14 6 I 5 o o 10 o 076 080 o 15 o 040 10 6 Chariot. £. s. d. 4 10 O Coach or Chariot. £. s. i, 1 I O — o 10 6 Vol. I. Q CHAP. 326 HANGING OF BODIES, CHAP. XIX. HANGING OF BODIES. THE bodies of carriages are fufpended from the fprings by braces ; the proper method of executing this, adds much to the elegance of the carriage, and eafe of the paffengers ; in par- ticular in four-wheeled carriages, where the rule of hanging fhould be fuch as to be free from the obftruftion of the fore wheels when turning, and without hanging too much within the hind wheels ; and if on a crane-necked carriage, to obferve that a regular diftance be preferved between the crane and the bottom of the body, which fhould be hung fo as that the doors be direftly perpendi- cular; but fafhion has introduced a method of hanging the bodies of coaches and chariots low behind, which has been followed to an extremity; the advantage of this method is certainly eafe to the rider, and to chariots it may be preferred on that account; but to coaches, it not only looks improper, but takes away the advantage of equal . accommodation, by making one feat more eafy than the other. To HANGING OF BODIES. 227 To phaetons, gigs, or curricles, there are va- rious methods of hanging, fometimes from braces at both ends, but are moftly from the hind end only, and that in different direftions, from the fprings to the bottom or middle of the body ; the fore-end fprings are often fixed to both body and carriage, and, being united at the ends, depend on their own elafticity for eafe ; if the hanging will admit a brace, however fhort, it is prefer- able ; the fprings with a brace round them, agree- able to the prefent fafhion of hanging gigs or curricles, have the advantage for eafe. The placing of phaetons fo forward as ufual, is to give advantage to the driver over the horfes, and to eafe the draught, by bringing the weight forward ; but does not look fo well as if hanging between the wheels. In all carriages, the body fhould be fo hung as that the accefs to it may be no way obftruQed by the wheels, which is frequently the cafe, particu* ly to one horfe carriages. SND 0? THE FIRST VOLUME. A PLAN FOR REGISTERING, so AS TO PURCHASE CARRIAGES AND HORSES, WITHOUT EXPENCE OR TROUBLE. By WILLIAM FELTON, CoACHMAKfiR, No. 36, LEATHER-LANE, HOLBORN. And No. 254., OXFORD-STREET, near GROSVENOR-SQUARE. PLAN, &c. X HE inconveniencies gentlemen arc expofed to, who attempt to buy or fell horfes or carriages on their own judge- ment, has induced W. Felton to pro- pofe to the public the following plan, whereby thofe impolitions fo commonly pra6lifed may be avoided, and greater advantages derived than from any mode ever yet adopted. Any ( 4 ) Any perfon, having either horfe or car- riage to fell, or wanting to purchafe either, may be readily fuited without trouble, expence, or rifk.- Thofe who want to fell are to fend in writing the par- ticular defcription with the price, where, and at what time, it is to be feen ; which will be corredly copied, and inferted in books kept for the purpofe : and thofe wanting to purchafe, are alfo to fend a defcription of the things wanted, and re- ferences will be immediately given to thofe likely to fuit, fo that principals meet, and treat with each other. To make it more convenient, and alfo to fgicilitate the objefts of this defign, a regularly-printed catalogue will be pub- lifhed once a month, containing the va- rious kinds of carriages and horfes want- ed either to purchafe or fell ; and, for the convenience of the public, one of thofe ( 5 ) of thofe catalogues will be left at the bar of each principal coffee-houfe in town. In the catalogue a minute de- fcription will be given, the proprietor's name and addrefs only omitted. The hope of extending his bufinefs is the principal advantage W. Felt on ex- pe6ls to derive by this plan, as no charge whatever is made for trouble of regifter- ing, the expence of catalogues, referrinsf. Sec. — the only confideration he expe61s is from thofe who are fuited, by this means, with a carriage, to employ him to do the repairs, or make fuch altera- tions as may be found necefTary, which will be done agreeable to the prices he has publifhed ; and thofe who fell, are to allow a commiflion of two and a half per cent, on the amount regi- flered for, whether horfe or carriasfe : fo that, in fact, nothing is expected, if 3 no ( 6 ) no benefit is derived. If called upon to attend, and purchafe for any one, or fet a value, two and a half per cent, on fuch valuation, or amount of purchafe, will be expelled for his judgment and trouble. Not being a competent judge of horfes, he declines purchafing or valu- ing them on any confideration. W. Felton has been induced torevife his former plan, where money was taken for regiftering, to prevent others impof- ing on the public, who, for the expecla- tions of the advanced money, has pirated his plan, and opened offices of the fame defcription; but the public mufl be aware of the difadvantages of countenancing others, for by dividing the number re- giflered, fo fair a chance of being fuited cannot be expefted as if they were all contained in one lift. CARRIAGES ( 7 ) CARRIAGES PRESERVED. W. FELTON, wifliing to make himfelf every way ufeful to the public, proffers his fervices in this fingular, but ufeful, plan. Carriages are often as much injured by negleft as by ufe, and, for the want of proper care, often become an expenfive charge, and perfons riding in them are often expofed to danger, for want of time- ly repairs. To prevent thofe inconveniencies, W. F. offers his fervices to fuperintend the care of them, without expecting any other interefl than a fmall annual charge for his trouble. He will attend 1 at ( 8 ) at lead once a fortnight, on regular days, to examine the carriage, and fee if any re- pair is wanting; if it is properly taken care of; to direct what is neceffary to be done ; and to prevent that from being done which is not necelTary. It is pre- fumed much advantage will be derived from the above plan ; and any gentlemen who chufe to countenance W. F. in it, are requefled to fend their names ; as it will not be worth his attending without, at leaft, loo engagements. The only expence is One Guinea per year, half to be paid on the hrfl; attendance, and the other half at the end of the year. It is pre- fumed much will be faved, befides the fatisfa6lion of having the carriage well looked after, without the leaft trouble to the proprietor in fuperintendinj the care of them. For ( 9 ) For the greater convenience of profe- cuting thofe plans to advantage, W. F. has opened two houfes, the one fituated No. 36, Leather-Lane, Holborn, near Liquorpond-Street ; the other. No. 254, Oxford-Street, near Grofvenor-Square ; where all letters direfted, and pofl-paid, will be attended to. '%*\^iii:£> v^"^^ • f '^*f^ ; i "*^C. f^a ^ ''-' r . •'^ ms. v.)^?!a^ . '* I*.?: » f •*i{^ ^ ^ ^s:* ^^ ■ /.J >♦» r «» H . - • . \ k- fMT^