I From the library o£ Frank Simpson Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/historydescriptiOOwrig A.nv rvmuy * , . , . - 7 1818. m HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ARUNDEL CASTLE, SUSSEX; THE SEAT Of HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, WITH AN ABSTRACT OF THE LIVES or From the Conquest to the present time: To which is annexed, TOPOGRAPHICAL DELINEATIONS OF THE ROMAN PAVEMENT AT BIGNOR, LITTLE HAMPTON, AND BOGNOR ROCKS. e « *» SECOND EDITION. ~* i BY C. WRIGHT, Author of the Brighton Ambulatory %e. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR ; AND SOLI* BY SHERWOOB, NICELY AND JONES, PATERNOSTEK-RdW ; WILSON, CORN- HILL ; RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY ; AND BY ALL nOOXSELLER* AT ARUNDEL, BRIGHTON, &C. 1818. Plummet aud £*ew is, Printers, Lov«-lane, Eastcheap, London. THE MOST NOBLE HIS GRACE BERNARD EDWARD HOWARD, ©UK* Of 0*MfOlK, EARL MARSHAL, AND HEREDITARY EARL MARSHAL OF ENGLAND, EARL OF ARUNDEL CASTLE, &c. &c. &c. PREMIER DUKE, PREMIER EARL, PREMIER BARON OF ENGLAND, AND CHIEF OF THE Illustrious Family of THE HOWARDS! THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE AUTHOR PREFACE. The avidity with which the first edition of this little work has been bought up, if success may be regarded as a proof of utility, would justify the Author in assuming that his labours have not been found useless. He now presents the History and Description of Arundel Castle considerably enlarged, and he confidently hopes, those who honoured him with their patronage when his work first appeared, will find their kindness has animated him to further research, and that it will be found no labour has been spared to repress redundances, — to supply deficiencies, and to cor- rect errors. That the subject is not without interest, the reception with which the former imperfect edition b 2 VI PREFACE, was honoured, proves to demonstration. The residence of the Montgomeries, the Albinis, the Fitz-Alans, and though last, not least, of the Howards, is indeed too intimately connected with those who have been the chief actors in some of the most gloriously memorable scenes, recorded in British history, not to demand the attention of those who delight to read the history of their country's greatness in that of her most distin- guished warriors, statesmen, and scholars — •* In arms who triumphed, o# iu arts excelled " The inmates of Arundel Castle are so well known to some, that it is unnecessary to make any apo- logy for presenting their history to the Public. Scattered as their services appear amongst the events of the reigns in which they lived, the Author felt that the humble but laborious task of collecting, and condensing these, so as to bring them before the eye within the limits of a small Volume, would be acceptable to many, and the result has not disappointed his hopes. He may regret that it has not employed an abler pen, but PUEFACK. Vli the matter contained in his book, will, he trusts, offer some atonement for any thing that may be objected to in the manner. A recital of facts requires not those ornaments of diction, which are necessary to give value to a work of fiction. To procure the best information, and to convey this to the reader, in the simplest and plainest terms, have been his objects ; and these, he trusts, the liberal will give him credit for having accom- plished. The life of the last Duke of Norfolk is now added. Those, who by the condescension of the nobleman who has succeeded to the title, are per- mitted to view the magnificent pile which is the subject of this work, it was thought would like to be made acquainted with the leading features in the history of him who erected it ; and this was held by many, to be wanting, in order to make the work complete. A Plate representing the superb painting on glass of king John, signing Magna Charta, and another representing Solomon entertaining the Queen of Sheba at a banquet, are also supplied, which, with the explanations that Vlii PREFACE. accompany them, will be found a useful key to the examination of the pictures, and also recal the gratification they afforded when the interesting group which are presented begin to fade on the memory. In fine, neither labour nor expence have been spared to mark gratitude for past kind- ness, and to deserve future favour; and the A uthor assures himself, that any little credit his other Publications may have gained for him, will neither be forfeited nor diminished by the work, which he now, for the second time, commits to the indulgent patronage of the Public. Princes Place, Brighton, Aiugust 16, 1818. CONTENTS. A run River • * • • f * Architectural description of the Castle 44 Arundel Park 65 Appendix 140 Bankers • • • ••••• 26 Barons Hall • 47 Biographical Memoirs, &c. 82 Burial of the late Duke of Norfolk 137 Bognor 161 Bignur • • ••• 155 Chillingworth, Dr. Memoirs 78 Chuich IS Catholic Chapel 24 Charity S< hool 25 Castle of Arundel • • 27 Coaches 8 Description of Old Arundel Castle 31 Deputy Earl Marshals of England . 92 Dissenting Chapel * 25 Dining Room 54 Etymology of the town ••• 1 X CONTENTS. Exterior description of the Castle 39 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots 110 Great Norfolk Window 50 Great Drawing Room 55 Hospital 24 H istory of the Castle 27 Howards, Dukes of Norfolk 91 Second Duke of Norfolk 99 Third, ditto 101 Howard, Henry, (Earl of Surry) 102 Howard, Thomas, (Fourth Duke of Norfolk) • • • • . . 105 Howard, Philip, (Earl of Arundel) 107 Howard, Thomas, fEarl of Arundel) 120 Howard, Henry, (Earl of Arundel) 123 Howard, Thomas, (Fifth Duke of Norfolk) ib. Howard, Henry, (Sixth Duke of Norfolk) ....... 124 Howard, Henry, (Seventh Duke of Norfolk) ...... 125 Howard, Edward, (Eighth Duke of Norfolk) 127 Howard, Charles, (Tenth Duke of Norfolk) 128 Howard, Charles, (Eleventh Duke of Norfolk) 129 Howard, Edward Bernard, (Twelfth Duke of Norfolk) • 138 Howard, Henry, Lord 139 Inns • • 7 Interior description of the Castle 45 Little Hampton 166 Library 69 Market Day 6 Marmora Arundeliana 144 CONTENTS. m Mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk ♦ . . . 21 Memoirs of the Fitz- Alans, Earls of Arundel ...... 85 Population • • 6 Pyuham Priory 23 Painted Windows 49 Remarkable Events at the Castle 67 Roman Pavement at fiignor 155 Situation of Arundel • 4 of the Castle 29 Siege of the Castle in 1644 71 Signing of Magna Cliarta * • • 50 Stile and Titles of the Duke of Norfolk 91 Tombs in the Church 14 OF A R U N D E L. i PART I. Antiquities. — River Anm. — The Church. — Public Buildings, — Places of Worship. Sfc. THE etymology of this town has been rariously conjectured by some of the first antiquarians, and many writers have entertained a difference of opinion. It has been justly observed, that names of places must have a reference to peculiarity of scite, or retain the meaning of certain local particulars. However, in the uncertainty of finding the etymology correct, it is not improbable that the antiquary may meet with dis- coveries tending to convey amusement and instruc- tion, and which perhaps, may serve to gratify the curiosity of those who may not have the leisure of similar studies and investigations. Camden, who was so celebrated an antiquarian, patronised by Thomas, Earl of Arundel, in 1630, B 2 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. says, that this town was a place of great name, and he derives its etymon from a valley running along the river Arun. In Mr. Gougtis Addition to Camden, this cele- brated writer observes: — " Mr. Horsley places Portus Adurni of the Notitia at Portsmouth, the Megas li men of Ptolemy. Crundele, in Hants, in Alfred's will being misprinted Orundele, Mr. Camden mistook it for Arundel. In favour of the derivation of its name from Bevis' horse Arundel, it is urged, that there is still a tower in the castle called after Bevis' name, and said to be built by him, and his horse might have his name from his swiftness, answering to the French Hirondelle, a swallow, which is the arms of the town ; but this is a mere rebus. Alexanders horse gave his name to a city in India. Against the derivation from the river Arun, it is ailedged, that the river is called Highisream y to distinguish it from other smaller rivulets, and seems to have always borne the same name at least as to sense. The Norman English called it Haultrty, and thence the Latin writers of the middle age Alt a Ripa. Rhie in this country is called in Latin Ripa, and several branches from the high stream are still called Ripes or Rifes. There was also an ancient family of knights, owners of much land m these parts, even in the bosom of this great river, in the parish of Hard ham, alias Feringham, called from it de liault Rey, and their posterity re- mams still in these pa?ttsj under the name of d'Awtrey, Lat. de Alia Ripa. It is further sa d, that it cannot be caned ArualiauvuUis, because it is not written ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 3 Amndales, nor are low or marshy tracts called in this country Dales but Levels." Another supposition pretends to derive some weight from two Belgic words, Eron and Del, signifying a flat place covered with water, and whence also may be derived Hirundo and Hirondelle, as the low parts adjacent was formerly a morass, or reedy place, much frequented by swallows, and which bird being in the present arms of Arundel, strengthens the argument in its favour of being built by the Belgics. But another controversial argument adds much to its antiquarian etymology, Ar, in British, is the same with the Phoenicians, Ruan, which signifies a river that disburthens itself into the sea. Dole, by the Britons, is called a plain or valley lying to the sea. Ninnius, an ancient British writer, saith, Caesar fought a battle in a dole . Also Doidd, a plain in the Phoe- nicians. These are proofs, and the situation of the town corresponds with the signification of the words Ruan and Dole, the country towards the sea being- low and flat. In Doomsday Book this place is called Harimdell Castellum. This valuable record of antiquity was begun in 1086, by order of William the Conqueror, and was compiled in less -than six years, written on 380 double pages of vellum, in one hand, and it is, without doubt, the most important and interesting document possessed by any nation in Europe. The hundreds in the whole county of Sussex were 63, and which still remain so, and of these 38 bore the same name as at the present time. b 2 4 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The Saxon division of the county into rapes (a term peculiar to Sussex) was strictly adhered to at the conquest. To each was annexed a castle witlv large demesnes. There are six rapes with their separate baronies, as originally granted. Chichester and Arundel were held jointly by Montgomerie and De Albini in succession, till the extinction of the last mentioned family, when the barony was held to have ceased, by reason of partition. The rape of Bramber was given to William de Bariose ; Lewes, to William de Warren; Hastings, to Robert de Owe; and Pevensey, to the Earl of Mortein. Arundel Rape contains 52 parishes, among whom are Little Hampton, Petworth, Billingshurst, Pul- borough, &c. extending from Little Hampton to Aid- ford, south to north 21 miles. From Itchingfield to part of Hampshire, intersecting Chichester Rape, east to west, 13 miles. The first mention of Arundel is in the time of King Alfred, A. D. 877, who gave it by his will to the son of his brother Athelm; in which the castle is also mentioned, at which time was thought it to be a mile in compass. Situation. This town is situated on the right bank of the river Arun, on the declivity of a hill, the upper par' of which commands a beautiful view for miles of rich ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. meadows, watered by the Aran ; the sea, at an agree- able distance, terminates the prospect. Of late years the town has been considerably improved and enlarged by numerous elegant buildings, principally by the late Duke of Norfolk. The town consists of one principal street, called High-street, with a steep ascent, so that it makes a singular impression on the eye of a tra- veller. Arundel ia a borough by prescription, and has sent members to parliament ever since the 30th Edward I. anno 1 302. They are chosen by the inhabitants pay- ing scot and lot. The present members of parliament are Sir S. Romiily and Major General Francis John Wilder. This borough may be considered under the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk. The number of electors are near 500. The town was incorporated in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and it is governed by a mayor, twelve bur- gesses, a steward, and the usual officers in corpora- tions. The mayor is chosen annually, at the Lord of the Manor's Court Leet, by the majority of the inha- bitants paying scot and lot. A Court Leet of the Lord of the Manor is held every three weeks, at which the mayor is judge. He appoints the officers for collecting package, stallage, &c. ; also, ale conners, flesh tasters, &c. It is a curious circumstance, that the mayor is also justice of the peace in this borough, and no sheriff or bailiff can execute a writ until he has indorsed it, although coming from Westminster- hall b 3 6 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The manor of Arundel has constantly gone witk the castle, to which it is inseparably annexed, and also confers an earldom without creation on its proprietor. Market Days and Fairs. The markets are held in the centre of the principal street, in which may be seen a large flat stone, used on the occasion. The market-day is held on Thurs- day, which is famous for the sale of corn ; and it is so considerable that the annual returns in that article alone, are computed from 30 to <£35,000. There was formerly a market on Saturday, but it has been dis- used for a considerable time. Upon the coronation of Henry IV. anno 1 399, the Earl of Arundel obtained a charter for four fairs, namely, on May 14, for cattle and hogs; August 24, for hogs, cattle, and sheep; September 25, cattle and sheep; December 17, cattle, pedlary, &c. Population. By the returns made in 1801, the rape of Arundel appears to have then contained 22,478 inhabitants. According to the returns under the population act in 1811, the town of Arundel contained 417 houses, and 2188 inhabitants; — since which period the in- crease of buildings have been numerous,- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 7 Post. The Office is situated in. High-street ; the mail arrives at nine o'clock every morning, and departs every afternoon at five o'clock. Inns. The Norfolk Arms, the Crown Inn, and the Bridge Hotel. The principal inn, the Norfolk Arms, was built some years ago by the late Duke of Nor- folk. It is one of the most spacious and commodious houses in this part of the county, possessing every accommodation upon a large scale. It has had, at various times, very respectable tenants, but who never have been able to carry it on for any length of time, either to the accommodation of the public or to their advantage. It was, therefore, most unfortunately shut up longer for the last 18 years than it has been opened. In the course of the year 1812 alone there were no less than 12,000 soldiers quartered in this house, who were marching along the coast to Ports- mouth for embarkation. In the year 1813, the present landlord, Mr. Quaife, under the auspices of the Duke of Norfolk, entered upon these extensive premises, to which a farm is attached, and it is now carried on with a correspond- ing spirit, without the heavy drawbacks by the mili- tary ; and from the management observed throughout the whole establishment, every convenience and com* b4 8 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, fort is offered to the traveller and visitors to the castle. The house is well situated for business, standing opposite the road leading to Chichester and Portsmouth. The Crown Inn is an excellent house, under the management of Mr. Balchin, and has lately been fitted up in the most comfortable and convenient manner, for the convenience of commercial travellers, and for the accommodation of families. The Bridge Hotel is pleasantly situated on the side of the valuable river Aran, at the foot of the bridge. It is not only a comfortable inn, but it has the advantage of commanding a beautiful view of the castle, which completely overlooks this house, and also of the delightful vale of Arundel. Bankers. — Messrs. Henty, Henty, Hopkins, and Street, draw on Messrs. Lubbock and Co., Mansion- house-street, London. Coaches, — The Comet Post Coach, from Lon- don to Arundel, Little Hampton, and Bognor, by the new route through Leatherhead, Dorking, Ockley„ Billingshurst, and Pulborough, leaves the Ship Tavern, Charing-cross, every morning at seven o'clock, for the Norfolk Arms, Arundel, Beach Hotel, Little Hampton, and New Inn, Bognor. The Duke of Norfolk Post Coach, through Pet- worth, Godalming, Guildford, Leatherhead, &c; sets out from the Dolphin Inn, Little Hampton, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings, at seven o'clock. The Earl of Surry Post Coach, through Pulbo- antiquities of arundel. 9 rough, Dorking, &c. sets out from the Dolphin Inn, Little Hampton, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- mornings* at seven o'clock. TJje Cross Post Coach, which tuns from the Blue Coach Office, Brighton, every morning at half past nine o'clock, arrives at the Crown Inn about twelve o'clock, on its way to Portsmouth. The same coach arrives from Portsmouth about one o'clock, and returns to Brighton about two in the afternoon. River Arun. This river springs from two sources in the county of Sussex : the first rising west by the rills, which run by Petersfield; the other runs from Burtonwood, and joins between Petersfield and Durford. Still taking an eastward direction to Lodbridge Mill, it unites with the western Lother, after running a course of more than ten miles. After the junction of these rivulets, it takes a south-east direction towards Stop- ham, where it becomes identified with the northern Arun. The Arun has its highest northern source above the large pond at Ifield, from whence it passes through Warnham pond, in the parish of Slynfold, where it receives a stream, which rises in Surry, under Leith hill. At New Bridge, in Wisborough Green, it forms a double current for near four miles, b 5 10 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. From Pulborough it passes down the vale of Arundel till it reaches the ocean at Little Hampton. At Arundel it becomes a maritime river, and serves for the navigation of large trading vessels of 100 tons burthen, which are brought up by the tide. The total extent of the Arun, followiug it in its different windings, is not less than 40 miles. The commercial advantages of this river, which is one of the most considerable in the county of Sussex, has been extended by the exertions of the Earl of Egremont, and a company of proprietors. In 1791, the Earl of Egremont procured an act of parliament, as sole proprietor, to make a branch of the Arun till its junction with the Rother, and after- wards that river navigable from near Midhurst to Stopham Bridge. A collateral branch has been made at Haslebourne, within half a mile of Petworth, for the accommodation of that town and district. Upon these lines of canals there are 52 locks from Midhurst to the Arun. The Arun is navigable from the sea to its junction with the first canal, a distance of 17 miles; from whence a company of proprietors have continued it to New Bridge wharf. It is near two miles in length, and has a tunnel at Greatham, of about a quarter of a mile under the hill, thirteen feet and a half wide, and of the same height ; the expenqe of forming which exceeded £6,000. The river Wye, which falls into the Thames at Wey bridge , is navigable up to Guildford, indeed to Shalford, a small village about two miles further. A ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 11 new canal has been carried on with great spirit, and opened in 1815, from Stone Bridge,- about half a mile above Shaiford, to connect, by a navigable canal, the river Wye with the river Arun. at Newbridge, near Biilingshurst, a distance of about 16 miles. This canal cost upwards of £ 16,000. These canals have proved a valuable and important navigation to this division of Surry and Sussex; indeed, the value of it cannot as yet be estimated, it so connects and renders the transit of goods between the two counties easy and very complete In a general commercial point of view it must be naturally beneficial to the surrounding counties. Sussex is classed among the corn counties, and Surry has strong claims to that distinction. Nor is this the only advantage to the country, great quantities of large timber is conveyed from Little Hampton and Arundel, and carried up the Thames to Woolwich and Deptford, and up the Medway to Chatham ; as also westward to Portsmouth, and even to Plymouth dock, and indeed, to all the King's yards, where the business of the navy is carried on. The timber which is shipped off here is reckoned the best and largest that is brought by sea, from any part of England. Also, great quantities of some timber are had from hence, which, in its kind, is more valuable than the straight timber. Another collateral canal is now undertaking by a company of proprietors, to open a communication from the Arun to Portsmouth, which will be of the I 6 12 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. first importance to the trade of Hampton and Arundel when completed. The Aran from this town to the sea was rendered navigable for larger vessels, at the expence of Henry Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and he is said to have turned the course of the river, in order to form a new port at Little Hampton. In process of time the navigation having become obstructed and impracticable, an act of par- liament passed in 1733, for erecting a pier, and another for repairing it in 1793. This valuable navigable river intersects a small part of the town, which is united by a neat stone bridge of three arches, built in 1724. In the river Arun are caught vast quantities of grey mullets, which are the largest in England. In the summer season these fish come up from the sea, as far as Arundel, in great shoals, and feed upon a particular weed here, which gives them a high and luscious taste, that render them a great luxury among the gentry. When surrounded by a net the whole shoal frequently escape by leaping over it — one attempting this mode of escape and succeeding, is immediately followed by all the rest. This river is also famous for pike, trout, and eels, which afford considerable diversion to large parties of anglers, who who are fond of the amusement, in the course of the season, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 13 THE CHURCH. We shall first enter into the architectural beauties of this noble structure, before the historical detail of the various records of its antiquity. Many antient buildings are still found ranging on the east and south side of the cloisters, but they have been repaired by the late Duke of Norfolk, and are respectably tenanted. At the north-east angle of the said scite of cloisters, one division of its architecture is to be seen. The church is on the grand scale, in the form of a cross. On the north side are some windows, with sweeping cornices, crotchets, and finials, after a method very rarely seen in England. The body of the church shews columns, arches, with the disposure of the aisles, after the best manner. Against the south-west cluster of columns, supporting the tower, in the centre of the edifice is placed a beautiful stone stall, now used as a pulpit. The work is in the Edwardian manner, and deserves the utmost regard. In the choir, on either hand, are the characteristic decorations of stalls, which are well executed. The groins, which were of wood, have of late years been taken away, and a modern frame of timber.placed on the walls to serve as a roof, &c. The mullions and tracery in the windows have many pleasing forms to attract the eye. The north windows of the choir are very elegant. The stone altar exists in good condition; but the screen rising at its back, appears to have lost the whole of the ornamental 14 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. parts. Behind this screen is a small reveslry, where is a flight of steps communicating to the antient lodgings on the north-east angle of the cloisters before mentioned. But what renders this church the wonder and ad- miration of strangers is the magnificient series of brasses, tombs, and monumental chapels in this choir. These sepulchral objects will rivet the atten- tion of the contemplative mind, and we leave the mournful sight, with some regret, as we are partly left to conjecture the names of some of the illustrious dead. The stalls take up nearly half of the length of the choir, the other half to the east, contains the several tombs and monumental chapels. The pavement is diversified with brasses of the effigies of knights and ladies, priests, &c. accompanied with architectural decorations. On the north side of the choir there is a tomb, bearing on its slab an armed knight, in the usual prostrate attitude ; and in the tomb, open on each side, is the figure of this knight, in the state he is supposed to be in after his decease. This emble- matical memorial of man's life is finely wrought. The next decoration (continuing on - the line of the north side of the choir) is a large monumental chapel, charged with a profusion of enrichments, but of that taste which prevailed about, or soon after the close of the reign of Henry VIII. an uncouth and strange mixture of our native architectural modes, and the then new importation of ornamental devices from the Roman and Grecian schools ; the tooling or sculp- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 15 tured parts, betraying- the like departure from that true taste and exquisite workmanship, which is so desirable in all our national edifices prior to the above aera. Opposite, on the south-side of the choir, is another large monumental chapel, covered over likewise with an unbounded display of embellishments, far exceed- ing the one just mentioned, as the lustre of the diamond does that of the fictitious production of some crystal glass. This chapel presents a chaste and unadulterated proof to what a height of perfec- tion our ancient sculpture and masonry had arrived in the formation of every thing that was excellent and charming. Here is much originality in the parts, particularly shewn by the twisted columns, and the arched canopies on their capitals. Within this chapel is an altar tomb, whereon is placed a second tomb, brought, it may be conjectured, from some other situation, bearing statues of a male and female, superbly arrayed. In the centre of the choir, and directly before the altar, is a tomb entirely sculptured in alabaster. This tomb is another master work of the chissel, and stands forward to claim its right consummate excellence. The merits of this tomb are too great for utterance, if not for conception. On its four sides are niches filled with 24 statues ; in the entablatures a multi- plicity of shields are inserted, and the statues of the lord and lady, lying under gorgeous canopies in their dresses, give the most minute and particular explana- tion of the elegant costume of their day. 16 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. After taking a sublime view of this tomb, the stranger will pass into a chapel, called the Chapel of our Lady, on the north side of the choir, where are some plain stalls, and at the east end a stone altar, like the one in the choir, and near it, in a centrical position, an altar tomb unadorned, excepting by some compartments, containing shields, &c. Allowing that simplicity of design in this latter arrangement is most conspicuous, yet the appearance of grandeur is not wanting. The beauty of workmanship displayed upon these chapels and tombs will ever command sacred obser- vation, and even an obligatory care and protection. But it will be deeply fixed in the imagination of every one, who carefully examines them, that the rude hand of time and political events have sadly robbed these relics of the illustrious dead of all their rich orna- ments, and that this choir is now dwindling into neglect by the present age. The friends in anti- quarian pleasures will always venerate these sacred relics, and will mourn over the fact, that the mau- soleum of the Earls of Arundel and the Dukes of Norfolk is now the harbouring of owls, and the exquisite paintings on the walls are delapidated by the weather. Oliver Cromwell's forces destroyed the choir, and stripped the monuments of their rich appendages, and converted this venerable edifice into temporary stables. In short, the records of the church were destroyed, and every where the eye will discover the work of demolition. We have not been able to trace the period of the ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 17 erection of this noble Gothic structure, for which rea- son, there is a necessity of giving the history of the church from the only documents in our possession, which will not be uninteresting. Roger Montgomerie, first Earl of Arundel having founded the monastery of Seez, in Normandy, soon after the conquest, he, or one of his sons, is supposed to have granted, as a cell to that house, the parochial church of St. Nicholas, in Arundel, in which he placed a prior and four monks, of the order of St. Benedict, By a dateless charter the abbess and nuns of Ches- ter hunt ; in Herts, granted to this priory, lands called Duering-wikes, with its dependencies ; which Gervas, the prior, and his monks, afterwards granted to John Bis, of Chichester, and his successors, for ever. During the wars with France this priory, as an alien, paid Edward III. 20 marks yearly. Edward, the Black Prince, purchased the advowson of the priory, which devolved by hereditary right to Richard II. The latter end of Richard III. Richard, Earl of Arundel, obtained the king's licence to found a chantry in the parish church of St. Nicholas, for six priests and three choristers ; but dying before his de- sign was executed his son, Richard, Earl of Arundel, in the third year of Richard II., fulfilled his fathers will, obtained of the king, with the consent of the abbot of Seez, that the priory of St. Nicholas should be dissolved, he and his successors paying to the king £20 per annum, for the advowson purchased by his father, the Black Prince, and that the church should be made collegiate ; that all the lands, tithes, 18 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. and other estates, belonging to the late priory should be settled on the new foundation, which consisted of a master and twelve secular canons, priests, with three deacons, three sub-deacons, two alcolites, seven choristers, two sacrists, and other officers, to be a perpetual college in honour of the Blessed Trinity. They were to pray for the founders of the original priory, the souls of his father and mother, his own, his wife's, and all Christian souls. They possessed 100 acres of arable land, six acres of meadow, 12 acres of wood, and 15s. yearly in the precincts of Arundel ; 60 acres of land in Billingshurst, 30 acres of land in Blackhurst; the manors of Yapton, Bury, and Westbourn; the manor and advowson of Hayling Island ; £4 10s. a year in Rogate; 16s. a year in Corking; 40s. a year in Chichester, with other rents ; the small tithes of Preston, Goring, Herting, Bourn, and Storrington ; and the advowson of the churches of Yapton, Roys- ton, Billinghurst, Kerriford, and Cocking, with the donative of Hampton, &c. At the dissolution the revenues of the church were £167 0s. 7|a. dare, and <£263 14s. 9d. in toto. It was surrendered December 12, 26 Henry VIII. and granted the 26th of the same month to Henry, Earl of Arundel, the patron. The college was secured by a wall and ditch. The ditch on the north side is still remaining ; and one of the gates called St. Mary's Gate was pulled down by the late Duke of Norfolk, in order to carry on his improvements. There are four monuments of the Earls of Arundel, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, 19 of which we annex the following historical account^ with their several inscriptions : — Thomas, Earl of Arundel, obit. 1415, with Beatrix, his wife, were interred in the tomb, covered with a monument of alabaster, which deserves such par- ticular observation. There is a tomb for John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arun- del, between the choir and the altar of our lady's chapel; but being killed in 1434, by a culverin shot, in a battle at Herberoy in France, he was buried there. Eleanor, Countess of Arundel, his wife, lies interred in the above tomb. Thomas, Earl of Arundel, who died in 1524, and his countess, were interred in a tomb in the chancel of the collegiate church. He was the last earl who was buried according to the forms of the Roman Catholic church. William, Earl of Arundel, obit 1543, and Lady Anne, his wife, were interred in a tomb in the choir of the church. Lord Lumley wrote the following inscription in memory of the two last earls of Arundel : — u In this tomb do rest, the bodies of the Right Honourable Thomas Earl of Arundel, Baron Maltravers, and of Clyne, &c. Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter, who married Lady Margaret, one of the heiresses of Richard Woodville, Earl of Rivers, sister to Queen Elizabeth, some time wife to King Edward IV. which Thomas died, anno 16th of King Henry VIII. 1524; and William, also Earl of Arundel, his 19 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. son, Baron of Maltravers and Clyne, &c. Knight of the said most noble Order of the Garter, who married Ann, daughter of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumber- land, which William died anno 35th of Henry VIII. and was father to Henry the last Earl of Arundel; entombed in the church at Arundel, where is placed for remembrance. " John Baron Lumley, 1596." Henry, Earl of Arundel, was buried in the choir of the church. A Latin inscription, beautifully gilt, was set to his memory, by Lord Lumley, his son-in-law. The translation is as follows :< — " Sacred to Virtue a?td Honour. " The valiant hero whose effigies you see here, and whose bones was buried underneath, was earl of this ter- ritory. He had his surname, from being the son of Alan, and moreover, took the honourable titles of Lord and Baron Maltravers, dun, Oswaldestre. He was Knight of the Garter, and lived to be the senior of that noble Order. Only son to William, Earl of Arundel, and heir both to his estates and virtues. He was Privy Counsellor to Henry VIII. Edward VI. Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, Kings and Queens of England. *Also governor of Calais, and when Boulogne, a town of old Morini, was besieged by the same King Henry, he was general of the army. He was afterwards Lord Chamberlain to the said King, and at the coronation of his son, Edward, executed the office of Marshal of England, to which king he was ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 21 Lord Chamberlain, as he had been to his father. Upon Queen Mary's coming to the crown, he was made High Constable of England for the coronation ; afterwards Steward of the Household, and President of the Council, which honour he had under Queen Elizabeth, to whom he was likewise Steward of the Household. " Thus, this person, noble by birth, by the honour- able discharge of offices, yet more noble, and most of all so, by his great exploits at home and abroad, with his honour untainted, his body broken by labour, and worn out with age, in the 68th year of his age, died in the Lord*, devoutly and peaceably, in London, on the 25th of February, in the year of our Lord, 1579. " John Lumley, Baron of Lumley, his most dutiful and disconsolate son-in-law and executor, with the utmost respect put up this statue, with his armour, after he had been buried with great pomp, for the kindest of fathers-in-law, and the best of patrons, as the last office he was able to pay him, not to preserve his memory, for that his many virtues had made im- mortal, but his body which was committed to the ground in hopes of a joyful resurrection." At the north side of the choir, and in the chapel of our Ladv, and near the stone altar at the east end, is a fine tomb unadorned. .Underneath which is the family vault of the Dukes of Norfolk. It was built in 1677. This sepulchre contains the bodies of Henrv, Duke of Norfolk, obit 11th January 1687. Henry, Duke of Norfolk, obit April 2, 1701. 22 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, The Right Honourable Lord George Howard, third son of Henry, Duke of Norfolk, obit. March 6, 1720, aged 54. The Honourable Henry Howard, of Norfolk, obit November 22, 1720, aged 26 years. Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, obit December 23, 1732, aged 49 years. The Honourable Lady Elizabeth Russel, daughter to Henry Frederick, and sister to Thomas and Henry, late Duke of Norfolk, obit 6th March 1705. ' Edward, Duke of Norfolk, obit September 20, 1777, aged 92. Mary, Duchess of Edward, Duke of Norfolk, obit 27th May, 1773. Catherine, Duchess of Charles, Duke of Norfolk, obit November 21, 1784. At the east end of the choir, upon one of the steps leading to the stone altar, the words " Here lies ye vaulte" may be distinctly seen. There are likewise a variety of epitaphs in obscure Latin, and monkish verses of the masters and fellows of that college, and of some of the principal servants of the earls of this territory. One of them was Thomas Salmon, Esq. of the bed-chamber to king Henry V. and Agnes, his wife, bed-chamber woman to Beatrix, of Portugal, Countess of Arundel. They lie in the middle of the chancel. One William White is mentioned, as formerly master and benefactor to this college. One of these epuaphs is wrote in old French, viz. — ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. iC Sir Erthani II HI. mestre de cett, college gist " Dieu de Son alme eyt mercy." Amen. This church stands on the brink of a high hill west of the castle. There are many curious conjectures to be formed of the antiquity of this church, from a close inspection of the brick pavement of the chapel of our lady, which is evidently intersected with the Saxon tiles. The low square tower, surmounted with a small wooden spire, contains six bells. In 1817, an organ was erected in the church, which is an addition to the solemn per- formance of divine worship. The church is now parochial, and the living a vicarage in the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk. The Rev. William Munsey is the present encumbent. The romantic and variegated evergreen in the church-yard, with the foliage of the ivy clinging round the walls of the church, will not escape silent medi- tation. Pynham Priory, near Arundel Bridge. Queen Adeliza, second wife to Henry I. anno 1117, gave a parcel of land beyond Arundel Bridge, called Pynham, for the maintenance of two Chaplains. Wil- liam de Albini, her husband, gave the said land to the Canons Regular to build a church, with a bushel of corn from his mills, fuel from his woods, &c. Ptan- dulphus, Bishop of Chichester, added the fishery on 24 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, both sides of the bridge of Arundel. This was one ot the small monasteries suppressed by Cardinal Wolsey, towards the endowment of the college at Oxford. The ruins are distinctly seen from the bridge. Arundel Hospital. In the year 1395, Richard II. in consideration of money paid into the Hanaper Office, by Richard, Earl of Arundel and Surry, granted him licence to give and assign four messuages and two tofts, with their appertenances at Arundel, which were held of him in burgage, to the master and chaplains of the col- lege of the Holy Trinity, for an hospital which was called Maisen Dieu, to be built at Arundel for an habitation for the poor. The patronage of this hos- pital remained in the possession of the Earls of Arun- del, until its dissolution in the 26th year of the reiga of Henry VIII when it was valued at .£42 3s. 8d. Alien Priory was suppressed in the parliament, held at Leicester, in the second year of King Henry V. anno 1414. Catholic Chapel. On the south side of the church, there was formerly a mansion-house, which was the residence of the Canon Regu ars. The identical wails 1 of the old building are still remaining, out the ruinous appear- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 25 ance they presented, induced the late Duke to repair the whole on the south and east side of the church. For this purpose, the noble proprietor procured vast quantities of grey stone from a quarry near Plymouth, and with this material the buildings were raised, and new roofed. A parapet runs along the front, termi- nating at each end with buttresses. At the south west, is situated the Catholic Chapel. The altar is ascended by a flight of steps, and the tabernacle steps, candlesticks, flower pots, the cross, &c. are all richly gilded. The beautiful picture of the Na- tivity is ten feet in length, and eight wide. It is a copy of the celebrated Corregio paintings. We would recommend the visitor to examine this chapel, to which he will be. conducted after viewing the cl mrch. The dissenting chapel, for the denomination of Independents, is situated in Tarrant Street. It is a neat edifice, and lately, the accommodation for the congregation has been enlarged by the erection of a gallery at the west end, The Rev. William Bannister is the officiating minister at this place of divine worship. . The society of Quakers have a very neat meeting- house, which is also situated in Tarrant Street. A charity school was erected at the west end of the town, by the late Duke of Norfolk, in 1815, for the c 26 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. education of poor children upon the Lancasteriai* plan, which is supported by voluntary contributions. It is a commodious building, and well calculated for the convenience of the master and children, the school-room being seventy- five feet long and thirty- five wide. In the spring of 1817, there were one hundred and twenty- three girls, and one hundred and sixty-three boys in this school. There are several most excellent seminaries in this town and neighbourhood. A theatre has been recently erected in Maltravers Street; and it is occasionally opened under the management of Mr. Thornton. The Bank is in the High Street, and the business carried on under the firm of Henty, Henty, Hop- kins, and Street. Their London correspondents are Sir John Lubbock, Bart. Lubbock, Foster, and Clarke, Mansion-house Street. The cavalry barracks are situated on the acclivity of the hill, on the road leading to Brighton. The situation is well selected for health and comfort in a fruitful country. The ground was granted free of expence to government, by the late Duke of Norfolk, to be restored when not used for the purpose of bar- racks. They are very commodious, and will contain 400 men, with their horses and equipments. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 27 PART II. The Castle of Arundel.— Its History. — Situation. — External architecture. — Exhibition of the Interior. — Remarkable Eve Jits. History. THE precise date of the erection of this Castle it is impossible to ascertain, as it is believed that there are no existing records. Its scite was formerly a Bel- gic camp, as it is evident, from the deep foss, and other defences encircling it, and to those warriors, these and similar works in this neighbourhood and other parts of the kingdom are attributable. The first mention made of the Castle is to be found in the will of King Alfred, wherein he bequeaths it, with the town, to his nephew, Athelm. It is, therefore, sup- posed that this edifice was built during the reign of Alfred, or not long before. Tradition says, that one Bevis was the founder of the structure, and this c 2 28 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. assumes probability, from a tower, called Bevis tower, which is still remaining. Concerning the true foundation of this ancient baronial castle many conjectures have been enter- tained. On account of the bricks inserted in the walls of the Keep, it has been attributed to the Ro- mans, but such a proof is not allowed by the best antiquarians ; however, its pretensions to the sera of the Saxon Kings are more explicit. It was during the Heptarchy in a flourishing condition, and be- longed to the crown. In a very ancient pedigree of the Earls of Arundel, King Harold is styled Earl of Arundel, and after his death, that honour was granted by William the Conqueror, to Roger de Mont- gomery, Earl of Arundel, who rebuilt a greater part of it. On the rebellion of his son, Robert, it was confis- cated, and remained in the hands of the crown, till it was settled by Henry I. on Queen Adeliza, as part of her dower. On the death of the king, she made it her place of residence, and here entertained the Em- press Maud on her first arrival. On the marriage of the Queen Dowager, with William de Albini, that nobleman was created Earl of Arundel by the Em- press Maud. On the failure of the Albini family in 1252, it passed to the Fitz Alan's (Earls of Arundel) and that family being extinct in 1579, it reverted to the noble family of Howard, the present possessors of the castle and title. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, 29 The 11th of Henry VI. it was decreed in Par- liament, that the possessor of this castle should be Earl of Arundel without any other creation. Situation. THIS castle was probably one of the strongest in England, both from its structure and situation. To the south it is guarded from approach by the steep- ness of the hill on which it stands ; and on that side the windows command a very fine view of the vale through which the Arun meanders. On the north west, which is flanked by a very deep fosse, is the Citadel, erected on another and smaller hill, overlook- ing the castle. But little of the ancient fortress is now remaining; the most striking is the Keep, a large round tower on an artificial mount, commanding an extensive sea prospect, backed to the west by the Isle of Wight. There are also two or three towers, a gallery, a fine lofty apartment, and the old entrance gate way, which is between two square towers of flint and stone. One of them is called Bevis's tower, where that hero seems to have finished his career, as his sword is still exhibited in the Baron s hall of the castle. About a mile to the north, in a deep bottom, close under the hill, there is a large square barrow, called g 3 30 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Beiis's grave. On the top of the hill, there is a tree, called Crown ask, which marks the spot where that herq was interred. The town of Arundel being situated on the ascent, the summit of which is occupied by this venerable castle, and although there are not many remains of ancient houses to be met with, yet the ruins of surrounding walls and gates are to be traced. The ancient boundaries of the castle did not exceed the circumference of a mile, including the grounds, upon every part of which, there seems to have been habi- tations, as in those days the people preferred living under the protection of so strong a fortress. Most part of the ruins to the north west of the castle were cleared away in the time of the late Duke of Norfolk. Many of the old mansions were also pulled down to the south west, and many were repaired ; and notwithstanding the modern look of the town, that is, the disposure of the habitations, bear on the original groundlines, yet a tolerable idea may be formed in what manner so grand a pile as the castle wa* accompanied by, when in their pristine order. The introduction of an entire new mode of archi- tecture in several of the edifices which surround the castle and the church, will arrest, at least, some degree of attention; and it is an unreserved compli- ment to the memory of the late noble Duke in stating, that the arrangements for the rebuilding of the castle, and the houses in its vicinity, were entirely formed from his own ideas, and in the prosecution of ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL 31 the plan he was exclusively his own architect. la fact, it may be fairly acknowledged, that he was the founder of this new style of building, which justly deserves the designation of the Arundelian Order of Architecture. Arundel Castle, in former times, must have held out to the hardy assailant an aspect of stern defiance, and to the courtly visitant the smile of friendly recep- tion. While its lofty walls and mounds rendered it impregnable, yet to those who trod each bower or hall, delight and pleasure become stationary, from a perpetual review of ravishing scenes in distant lands, old ocean's wave, or the interior decorations apper- taining to warlike toils or festive recreations. Description of the Old Castle. We shall endeavour to detail the remains of the old structure, for the information of the curious visitor, and to draw his attention to the most particular objects for contemplation in the grandeur of the design of ancient modes of fortification; and without intro- ducing any observations, merely confine this subject to a narration : — In the first place, as soon as the visitor enters through the grand entrance to the court-yard, turn to the left, and pass under the tower where the clock c 4 32 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. is hung, and from a row of fine stately chesnut and elm trees, we will commence our researches. The old entrance to the castle was through these range of forest trees, and the stranger would be highly gratified by proceeding farther back, as the old farm house and barns of the abbot and priors of the order of St. Benedict are still standing, and the castellated tower of St. Mary's gate, first erected as a chapel, by Thomas, Earl of Arundel, in 1415, and likewise the old line of road to London, which was altered by the late Duke of Norfolk. Approaching the old entrance gate-way, the draw- bridge and meat will excite considerable interest in viewing the amazing depth of the excavation. Upon the exterior walls of this gate-way, innumerable marks of gun shots may be traced, which were fired from the cannon planted in the chancel of the church, (situated exactly opposite) by Sir William Waller, when he besieged the town and castle of Arundel, in 1643-4. This gate-way is most certainly grand in design,while its detail of parts are simple to a degree. It is only eight feet wide, protected by a strong door, of which the iron hinges are only remaining. Close to this door, there was fixed a portcullis, a sort of draw-bridge, raised up and down by the garrison by means of pullies. Under the arch-way there are two small Saxon doors, which communicate with the dungeons, consisting of eight wards. These frightful abodes of confinement were built by Roger de Montgomerie, about the year 1084. Tire length and depth of these ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 33 places for immuration are not known, although the late duke attempted to have them explored, but the foun- dation walls of the lower wards were never known, and they are now partly filled up with rubbish, and the doors properly secured. One part of this arch- way has given way to the destruction of time, as may be discovered from the open space in the communi- cation of the passage, consisting of rooms for the garrison. Another portcullis was fixed before the door which enters into the court-yard ; it was hang- ing in its old pullies about 40 years ago, when it was taken away by order of the late duke, and its aper- ture built up, but its groove is still visible. The pon- derous door of oak displays an interesting vestige of the rude workmanship of our forefathers. At the western extremity of the north side of the court-yard, are some 30 or 40 feet of the ancient line of chambers remaining in ruins, the rest of them having been taken down, and on their scite a new suite of rooms completed. Turning immediately to the right ; is an old door way, and ascending up 23 very curious time-worn steps, leads to a suite of very ancient apartments, distinguished for the residence of the Empress Maud. It will be easily traced that they were well guarded by strong doors. In the passage of the first entrance are the queen's rooms ; and on the right, a narrow winding stone stair-case leads to the bed chambers, which are in an excellent state of repair. Just upon clearing the passage, upon the left, there is another narrow winding flight of c 5 34 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. stone steps, which communicates with a very fine old watch tower, and Bevis's tower, who was governor of the castle. Owing to the dangerous state of the decayed steps, it was deemed adviseable to close up this communication. A fine sally-port paved with brick, now presents to the visitor the grandeur of the towers, and the immense extent of this fortress, and tne scene is awful and majestic, when combined with its specimens of Saxon present architecture. Proceed- ing along the sally-port, and ascending 38 additional stone steps, in tolerable preservation, is the ancient Keep or Citadel, which was secured by three very strong doors, and another engine of destruction, called a portcullis. The walls of this citadel are 17 feet in thickness; and however, amazing, the inspector will be more confirmed upon measuring the wall at the entrance into the citadel. It stands upon an artificial mound, the height of which, from the foss, is 130 feet on one side, and 80 on the other. Of its external watt, the height is 30 feet, supported by projecting ribs or buttresses, eight feet in thickness, with a wall in the inside, guarded by a parapet as many feet high. The room and its galleries were covered in with a dome, but that was destroyed by the revolu- tionary forces under Sir William Waller. The di- ameter of the room is 67 by 59 feet, faced with Nor- man or Caen stone. There are likewise Roman bricks placed in the herring-bone fashion, which is observable in most Saxon buildings. On the left hand side of the entrance into the citadel, there is a recess ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 35 which communicated with a tower, in which there is a well, of an amazing circumference, faced with large stones, 300 feet deep,which supplied the garrison with water. In beholding this vestige of antiquity, and con- templating the remains of the steps, the reservoirs, the machinery, &c at the mouth of this stupendous excavation, it will address more to the mind than a description. As it is now useless, it is only necessary to state, that Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, and mother of the late duke, about 40 years ago, ordered this frightful abyss to be partly filled up with the rubbish of the falling towers. On the right hand side of the present entrance, there is still retained a very rich Saxon door-case, over which was another tower, with a small chapel, or oratory, dedicated to St. George. Ascending a flight of steps, and walking along the gallery of the Keep, the eye will be gratified with an extensive scene of country, and exclaim with Thomson — Heavens ! what a goodly prospect spreads around Of hills, and daVs, and woods, and lawns, and spires, And glittering rowers, and gilded streams, till all The siretcliing landscape into smoke decays — Happy Britannia ! wheie the Queen of arts Inspiring vigour, Liber* y abroad Walks unconrlned, e'en to ?hy faithest cols, And scatters penty with unsparing hand ! In the centre of this Keep there is a subterraneous room, which is descended by a flight of steps, and another passage leading into a labyrinth of unknown extent, and they were choked up by Sir William 36 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Waller, when the castle was taken by the parliamen* tary forces. At one time, the late Duke of Norfolk had it in contemplation to have this subterraneous passage explored, in order to discover whether it did not contain some of the valuable treasures of his ancestors, who would most probably deposit them in secret places, during the political troubles of the country, to prevent their most valuable articles falling into the hands of the enemy. The death of that nobleman prevented the execution of the undertaking. Of the lower buildings, the tower and gate way facing the base court of the castle are the more ancient, and apparently contemporary with the Keep. The other towers are built with flint in a style un- known before several subsequent centuries. We have treated upon the sieges of Arundel Castle as a separate article, and by a reference to them, it is probable, several interesting circumstances will be found connected with the present description. The citadel, sally-port, and in fact, every part of these extensive towers, are covered with a beautiful foliage of ivy; and so extremely partial was the late Duke of Norfolk to this retired spot, that it was properly termed the Ivy Mantle Tower. We feel unwilling to depart from the citadel, without noticing the Horned Owls, as they are evidently the finest in Great Britain. There were formerly several of these birds ; but their number is unfortunately reduced to five, owing to the difficulty of the keeper to maintain the breed. - • For the history of these birds and their fecundity. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 37 we must refer the enquirer to their master, old Mr. Booker, who has had the care of them for more than half a century. The appearance of these strange creatures, hopping about with ungraceful gait, and staring with looks of wonderful sagacity, will excite the attention of the curious. We therefore subjoin the following ludicrous designation of their names :— Lord Thurlow (a female bird) so denominated by the late Duchess of Norfolk, from its grave aspect. It has been under the keepers charge for more than 20 vears, and its ao;e was never ascertained. The Honourable Mr, Thurlow, about two years of age, esteemed a very handsome and mischievous bird. The Barons of the Exchequer, are now rising eight years of age, and they were bred by the keeper. Unfortunately, they are discovered to be females. The Keep Owl, which is the finest of the horned breed, was purchased by the lake Duke of Norfolk from the proprietor of a menagerie, about eight years ago. This bird is remarkable for the brilliancy of its silver orbit eyes, and it will imitate the barking of a dog to perfection. The species of this breed is not exactly known, and it is worthy the attention of the Zoographer. Upon the application of these singular names there may be a difference of opinion, but the keeper is cer- tainly at full liberty to bestow upon them any ex- pressions of his own profound admiration. The manner in which these creatures are driven to one 38 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. corner of the keep, where they range themselves along a piece of old timber, presents a spectacle, which cannot fail to raise some singular emotions ; as the countenance of the largest of them is marked by an unusual degree of solemnity, which we cannot de- scribe without applying the muse of Gay — An Owl of grave deport and mien, Who, like the Turk, was seldom seen ; Wit'sin a ruin chose his tation, As fii for prey or contemplation. Upon a beam see how he sits, And nods, and stems to think by fits! So have I seen a man of news, Or post-boy, or gazette peruse ; Smoke, nod, and talk with voice profound, And fix the fate of Europe round \ ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 39 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXTERIOR COURT YARD OF ARUNDEL CASTLE. Following up our intentions to detail the beauties of this Baroniai Castle, by first giving an account of its ancient parts, that are deservedly worthy the minute investigation of the visitor, we proceed to the examination of the exterior beauties of the edifice, which owes its splendid improvements to the princely liberality of the late noble Duke of Norfolk. In 1787, the year after his Grace assumed the family titles and estates, he found the old buildings had mouldered into ruins, and when the noble owner took possession, he little contemplated of restoring it to its present scale of baronial magnificence, and had his valuable life been spared for a longer period, it was likely to have been accomplished before this period. He carried on the repairs and improvements of this superb Gothic structure with the most princely expenditure ; and when we observe, that so late back as 1797, no less than £200,000 had been laid out, we cannot estimate the total sum at less than 40 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. .£600,000 up to 1816. Nor ought we to omit men- tioning the source of a part of this immense revenue, from whence these extensive funds have been de- rived. The ground rents of that part of the Norfolk estate, on which stand Arundel and Norfolk-streets, Strand, London, were anciently appropriated to the repairing and improving of Arundel Castle, and to be applied to no oilier use. The Norfolk family had long wished to set aside this absurd disposition ; and it happened that these rents had not been drawn for more than 20 years. Upon the late duke coming to the estates in 1786, the parties were called upon for the payment of these arrears ; but they had then accumulated to such an enormous sum, that a meeting of the pro- prietors were called, and after a serious legal investi- gation, they refused to pay up their arrears, unless the money was solely applied to defray the expence of repairing and improving Arundel Castle. The Duke of Norfolk finding it impossible to obtain pay- ment, if these funds were appropriated to any other purpose, gave orders for such alterations in the seat of his illustrious ancestors as would amount to the sum due. Thus the Duke of Norfolk first began to be sparing of his resources, and subsequently, to be the founder of its magnificence, leaving a monument of his taste for as many ages as the old buildings had endured, and expending a princely private fortune in furnishing this mansion in the most superb style. The great court-yard of the castle is entered by a ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL;- 41 Hew gate-way, of immense bulk and height, and it is much admired for the dignity and grandeur of its architectural design. West side of the Court. This division has been pulled down, and given way to a new architectural design. On the right of the gate-way, the exterior of a Gothic chapel is completely finished, with beautiful pinnacles, niches, buttresses, &c. Adjoin- ing this chapel, is the grand banquetting-room, or barons-hall. We cannot view the exterior appear- ance of this edifice without remark. Over four beautiful Saxon arches is raised a parapet, along the base of which will be seen, sculptured in the stone, a variety of hieroglyphic figures, taken from antique designs, procured from the Herald's office. A flight of unfinished steps leads to the parapet and a private door, communicating with the barons hall, so that company could leave the banquet apartment without interfering with the house. This parapet has not received its iron railing, and the interior of the chapel yet remains in an unfinished state. It was the intention of the duke to have furnished this sacred edifice in the antique style of the Saxon and Norman places of worship, for which his Grace had procured some of the best designs from the chapel adjoining Arundel church and Br amber church. This quad- rangle is built of stone brought from the quarries near Leeds. South side of the court. — This quadrangle is original, and it has only been rebuilt from its ruins, presenting an 42 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. entire new front of massy stone, which differs from the others, particularly in exhibiting the insignia of the Howards, mixed with those of their predecessors. The grand entrance to this princely mansion, is of the pure Saxon order of architecture. It is 28 feet wide from the abutments, fronted of Portland stone, cu- riously carved and worked with infinite intersections of wreaths, composed of the leaves of vines, roses, laurel, the oak, acorns, &c. The top is covered with a line of artificial stone, in the shape of fence work. A little elevated on the right, is a statuary figure representing Hospitality, and on the left hand of the door, another figure represents Liberty. These statues stand 12 feet high, and they were executed by Mr. Coade, at his manufactory of artificial stone, at Lambeth, in 1798. East side of the court. — This quadrangle is fronted with stone, procured from the quarries at Whitby in Yorkshire, and contains the library, saloon, &c. It is to this side the visitor will be rivetted with admira- tion in reviewing a large basso relievo representation of one of the important constitutional laws, handed down to posterity, namely, ' ' Trial by Jury? It is an historical representation, founded upon fact, therefore we give the subject subsequent to a description. On Salisbury Plain, the first trial by jury was instituted. The spot was by the side of a dead wall, under an oak tree, when the king promulgated the law. The mind is intuitively conveyed to the scene, with vene- ration, in viewing this artificial carving on stone, which is half circular, measuring 20 feet in length, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 43 whereon the circumstance is classically described. King Alfred is seen standing on a step, wearing the crown, and dressed in his robes. In his right hand he is holding a roll of parchment, which is half unfurled, and it exhibits the following sentence written in old Saxon characters : n Ibat manfiaebbe zemor alcum yaepen-race." " That man in every hundred shall find 12 Jury." Opposite the King stands the Lord Chief Justice, who is in the act of taking the roll, and presenting it to two lawyers, who are inserting the glorious declara- tion of the monarch in the great code of laws with much earnestness. A groupe of bye-standers appear impressed with gratitude. Behind the king are his attendants in their robes, and in the back ground are seen soldiers, who are attentively listening to this great palladium of English liberties. A little elevated, opposite the king, are standing the first jury of 12 men, sworn to do justice to the prisoner. The oak tree divides the jurymen from the culprit, who is standing further in the back ground, between the gaoler and his assistant. This fine representation was executed by Rossi, in 1797. To render the design more unique, it is raised above four beautiful Saxon windows, the architecture of which exactly corresponds with the period of the declaration of Alfred. Under the grand library window, to the right of the representation, is a solid stone groyne which com- municates with the terrace. The door presents a very rich Saxon archway,' cut with four recesses, where the late Duke formerly regaled himself during 44 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. the heat of a summer's day. We would recommend the visitor to an especial notice of the sculpture which ornaments this truly grand passage. Architectural Description. The ground plan of the castle resembles that of Windsor in the exact proportion of nine to fourteen. The building is 200 feet each way, built entirely of free stone, brought from different distant quarries, and those of a brown cast were carefully selected, in order that they might assimilate in colour with the old remains. ( The new walls correspond with the old ones in solidity of fabric, as well as dignity of ornament. The architectural beauty of the front of the castle and its masonic sculptor, will attract the notice of every visitor, and the picturesque foliage of the ivy, which runs to the summit of the building, will be no less an object of admiration. The tower that fronts the mansion, was built by the Duke in the summer of 1792, who, since that period, pulled down the remainder of the old south front, and rebuilt it on its present magnificent plan, in the Gothic style, with a square tower at each corner. In raising this front the noble Duke had an opportunity of enlarging the mansion, and extending the space occupied on the basement story, by a long range of servants' offices, including steward and housekeepers rooms, kitchen, and a variety of culinary offices. A ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 45 fine terrace walk extends round the south, west, and east, front of the castle, protected by a wall of considerable strength. DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERIOR OF ARUNDEL CASTLE. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk having most condescendingly permitted his noble mansion to be viewed by the public, every Monday, during the summer season, from June to the end of October, we shall endeavour to guide the curious visitor through the suite of apartments open for inspection, and to detail the interior of the castle, which is fitted up with a degree of splendid taste and effect, worthy of the residence of the Howards, who may fairly be consi- dered at the head of the first class of nobility. Entering the grand door, the visitor is conducted to view the basement story, which is 195 feet long, and 1 1 1 feet wide, paved with stone. Along this extensive passage, all the various offices have a communication, consisting of no less than 20 various offices, appro- priated for the domestics of the establishment, spacious kitchens, culinary offices. &c. Underneath the base- 46 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, ment floor, runs a range of stupendous arched vaults, extending the whole dimensions of the mansion. Ascending a beautiful double stair-case, ornamented with a fluted brass railing, covered with deep grained mahogany banisters and tops, highly finished, leads to the first gallery of this princely mansion. This spacious hall is 195 feet long, and 12 feet wide. A very antique sofa and eight chairs will immediately catch the eye of the visitor, as being a rich specimen of cabinet work in early days. Their bow legs, formed of many carved gilt ornaments, and their old curious worked coverings will be much admired. At each end of this gallery are fine geometry stone stair-cases, having private communications to the bed and dressing rooms, from the basement to the top of the mansion. The flooring of this gallery is of solid oak, cut from the late Duke's forest plantations. It was the intention of his Grace to have formed the whole of the suite of apartments as well as this gallery, with a covering of mahogany, but it was abandoned in consequence of that costly wood being rich and deep grained, it was feared the marks of footsteps would be constantly visible. But of all the modes of liberal and dignified expence, is the use of this rich wood in almost every apartment, and particularly the decoration and furniture in the first gallery Thus, the walls being more than six feet thick, form a kind of frame for each window, which are five feet deep on the inside, and the whole of this spacious case, not excepting the top, is lined with mahogany of more than an inch in thickness. The window frames which ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 47 hold the magnificent plate glass panes, three feet each in height, are of the same material ; and the solid mahogany doors are held in cases of the thickness of the inner walls, perhaps four feet deep, all lined with pannels of the richest grain. We shall now proceed to conduct the visitor through the several apartments which are permitted to be viewed, and first of all, to the noble splendid apartment, called the BARON'S HALL. This grand banquet room is 115 feet in length, by 35 in width, and its heighth is grand in the extreme, the roof being formed of chesnut oak, executed in a most masterly style of curious workmanship, and in the taste of the fifteenth century, when the elaborate Gothic was at its perfection. The whole has a superb appearance. The death of the Duke of Norfolk occa- sioned the temporary suspension of the finishing of this magnificent room, therefore the walls are hung with a temporary covering of crimson cloth, until the ulti- mate designs are completed. The following inscription is engraven on the corner stone of this superb room : Libertati PER BaRONES ReGKANTI JoH &NNE vindicate Carolus Howard, Norfolkie Dux Arundellje Cemes, a. c. mdcccvi. jEtatis LX. D D. 48 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Translation. « CHARLES HOWARD, DUKE OF NORFOLK, Earl of Arundel, in the year of Christ, 1806, in the 60th year of his age, dedicated this stone To Liberty, asserted by the Barons, in the reign of John." J. TEADSDALE, Arck It was in this noble apartment, henceforth to be called the Barons Hall, that the great festival took place, on the 15th of June, 1815, for celebrating the centenary of the signature of Magna Charta, On this occasion, there was a splendid assemblage of nobility and persons of distinction. Complete suits of ancient armour, with swords, and spears, forged in ancient times, and for very different purposes, were either suspended from, or hung around the walls. In short, every adventitious aid was adopted to give state and majesty to this carousal, which was intended to celebrate the magnanimous conduct of the Barons of England. At the banquet, nearly 300 distinguished guests sat down. It was a feast of which the Gods might have partaken, and been satisfied. The head of the table was ornamented with a noble baron of beef, sur- mounted by the ducal coronet, and the banners of the illustrious house of Norfolk. A profusion of the choicest delicacies was every where perceptible — i y 9 T s e Kiy a j orirs' signing m ag na c ha hta ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. nothing was wanting to delight the eye, and gratify the taste. . In the evening there was a most brilliant ball. His Grace, dressed in regimentals, opened the ball with the Marchioness of Stafford, and they were followed by about fifty couple. Supper was announced at one o'clock. On the entrance of the company into the room, the band of the Sussex Militia, struck up, u Oh, the Roast Beef of Old England." After supper dan- cing resumed, and continued until a late hour in the morning. Among the company were, The Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford, Earl and Countess of Effingham, Earl and Countess of Suffolk, Earl and Countess of Carlisle, Earl Percy, Lord and Lady Andover, Lord and Lady Gower, Sir Kennith and Lady Charlotte Howard, H. Howard Molineux, Esq. (now Lord Howard) Earls of Yarmouth and Egremont, General Sir W. and Lady Houston, General Sir W. Bradford, and Sir Cecil Bishop, (now Lord Le da Zouch.) His Royal Highness the Regent and several of his illustrious brothers were expected to honour this festi- val, and the disappointment of their presence, somewhat curtailed the duration of the sumptuous Baronial en- tertainment. Painted Glass Windows. It is with no small portion of pleasure we direct the especial attention of the visitor to a minute inspection of these superb and tasteful productions of art, which D 50 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. certainly claim precedence of every performance in the kingdom. Mr. Backler, of Newman-street, Ox- ford-street, was the effective artist, who painted the immense window of King John signing Magna Charta, from the original picture, by J. Lonsdale, Esq. under the immediate direction and management of the late Duke of Norfolk. The grandeur of design, chaste drawing, deep and uncommon brilliancy of colour, are here added to the numerous difficulties of the art ; — the diamond, topaz, emerald, &c. come upon us with a sparkle and star-like appearance, quite their own. The portraits in the painting are also executed with great care and success. The following is the subject and description of the painting : " A conference between the King and Barons was at Runnemede, between Windsor and Staines ; a place which has ever since been extremely celebrated on account of this great event. This famous deed commonly called the Great Charter, either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom, to the clergy, to the barons, and to the people." Humes History of England. King John, habited in all the splendour of royalty, surrounded by his nobles, and the dignitaries of the church, signs Magna Charta. The expression of his countenance is that of strong reluctance; his eyes are, directed towards Fitzwalter, {Portrait of his Grace the late Duke of Norfolk,) whilst his hand performs the ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Si unwilling duty. — -On the left of the King, and just behind him, stands Cardinal Langton, Archbishop df Canterbury, a mediator between the King and the Barons, but who administered an oath to the latter never to desist from their endeavours, until they had obtained a full concession of their liberties. He is in the act of stretching out his hand, and addressing himself to Fitzwalter, as if to temper the sturdy doubts of the Baron into a persuasion of the volun- tary acquiescence of the King in the act required of him. — Behind the Archbishop, stands Almeric, the master of the knights templars, (portrait of Captain Morris;) and still farther to the left, but more advanced, stands the Mayor of London, {portrait of H, C. Coomhe, Esq.) with many barons and armed soldiers. — At the right of King John, is seen Cardinal Pandolfo, the Pope's legate, who examines with silent indignation the Great Charter of the English Liber- ties. — Near to Pandolfo, is the Archbishop of Dublin, who turns his head in conversation with other prelates behind him. — Right before the King, stands the Champion of his country, the sturdy Baron Fitzwalter, habited in chain armour, the warlike costume of the thirteenth century. His deportment is erect and noble, his head uncovered, and the expression of his countenance inflexible. His determined purpose and manly dignity form a striking contrast v. i "h the inter- esting countenance and graceful movement of the page bearing his helmet, (portrait of H. Howard* jun. E#q.) Without paying any attention to the d 2 52 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. address of the Archbishop of Canterbury, his took* and his mind seem wholly absorbed in the contem- plation of the grand object of the assembly. In the back ground is a view of Runnemede, where the Great Charter was signed, covered with the tents of the opposing forces of the King and the Barons. This window may vie in all respects with most attempts in modern days, towards the advancement of the art of painting upon glass, as the panes are considerably larger than perhaps in any work of the same magnitude in Europe. The portraits in the side windows were painted by the late Francis Eginton, Esq. of Birmingham ; and his son, who excels in the ingenuity of the art, will shortly finish the portraits requisite to fill up the vacant windows. They are disposed as follows : 1. On the right hand side of the Magna Charta window, is the Earl of Surry, son of his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, habited in the costume as Robert Bigod. 2. Lord Henry Molineaux Howard, brother of his Grace the Duke of Norfolk habited as Henry de Bohen, Earl of Hereford. 3. Unfinished. 4. Unfinished. 5. Henry Howard, Esq. of Corby Castle, Cumber- land, habited as Hugh de Bigod. 6. His Grace the late Duke of Norfolk, as Baron ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 53 Roger Fiizrvalter, habited in ehain armour, the warlike costume of the 13th century. Those portraits on the left side of the Great Window are— 1. Lord Andover, son of the Earl of Suffolk, as William de Mowbray, 2. Lord Howard, of Effingham, (late General Howard, of Portsmouth) as Robert de Ross. 3. Unfinished. 4. Unfinished. 5. The late Henry Howard, Esq. father of the present Lord Howard, of Effingham, as Gilbert de Clare. 6. Lord Suffolk, father to the present Lord Andover, as Roger de Mowbray, The fine statuary marble chimney-piece, which re- presents the head of Neptune as the centre sculpture, together with a profusion of shells, sea- weeds, &c. which ornament the pilasters are deserving of notice. It stands six feet high, running 11 feet in length, and 20 inches wide. By the side of the chimney-piece, are two ancient armours, together with the identical sword worn by Bevis, formerly Governor of this Cas- tle, previous to the Norman conquest. The time when the armour was worn we have not been able to ascertain. 54 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The Marshal's Bed and Dressing Rooms. These elegant apartments are 20 feet and a half wide, and 20 feet long. They are covered with rich flock paper, ornamented with gold mouldings. The beautiful mahogany bedstead will be much admired for its reeded columns, supporting a rich Gothic canopy. The curtains and the bases of the bed consist of fine crimson silk. The chair covers were worked by Catherine, Duchess of Norfolk, and mother to the late duke. The beautiful Indian Cabinet, in the dressing-room, was brought from Norfolk house, London, where it had lain among the antique furniture of the Howard family. The statuary jnaarble chimney-piece, represents Seneca driving the plough, supported by pilasters of the Egyptian order, *==— Dining Room. This apartment was formerly appropriated for a private chapel, but the late duke always entertained his company to dinner in this splendid banquetting room, 45 feet long by 24 wide. The south end is enriched with a handsome painted stained glass win- dow, 20 feet by 10, in which the meeting of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is represented, from a design of William Hamilton, Esq. R. A. The principals portraits represent his Grace the late Duke of Norfolk, and Lady Frances Fitzroy, the present ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 55 Dowager Duchess of Norfolk. The late Francis Eginton, Esq. of Birmingham, so justly esteemed for his ingenious discovery of painting and staining on glass, far surpassing that of the ancients, was the artist who executed the above painting in 1797, and this work, with several portraits of the barons in the baronial hall, will long continue monuments of his un- rivalled skill. — He is succeeded in the profession by his son, William Raphael Eginton, Esq. who has brought the art, almost to perfection, at his manufac- tory at Birmingham. On each side of this painting are beautiful plate glasses, ornamented with beautiful transparencies on stained glass; that on the left, represents the Mercy Seat in the Tabernacle, the pillars protected by Angels, whilst the pitcher and Aaron's rod lie at the foot of the altar. On the right feand is a fine representation of the interior of the Tabernacle. These beautiful arched windows assist the due proportion of light and shade thrown upon the large painting, and they were executed by Mr. Richard Hand, in 1803. Opposite to the large painting, there is a handsome Gothic, and partly, Saxon gallery, designed for an orchestra ; and from this elevation the painted window may be viewed to advantage. Over the door- way, leading into the great drawing- room, there is a light drawing, in imitation of basso relievo, by Le Brun, representing Adam and Eve in Paradise, together with the Serpent, who is in the act of offering her the forbidden fruit. It is so delineated d 4 56 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. that the figures resemble sculpture, for they appear protruding themselves from the surface of the paint- ing, and so admirable is it executed, that it is only from one end of the gallery, that the deception can be discovered. For this reason, many who have pronounced the execution to be inimitable, regret that the situation is so injudiciously chosen. The Four Seasons of the Year were also executed by Le Brun. On each side of the handsome statuary chimney- piece, the very ancient screens will attract notice. Adjoining this apartment there is an elegant anti- room, which leads into the Great Drawing Room. This spacious apartment is deserving of particular attention, from its fine dimensions, being 54 feet by 28, hung with rich crimson velvet, ornamented with gold mouldings. The statuary marble chimney- pieces, are exquisitely executed, over which are fixed two extraordinary large plate glasses, inlaid in deep gold-burnished frames. The furniture, which is covered, corresponds in rich and harmonious designs of modern cabinet work. The doors of the room are worked with fine grained mahogany. The walls are hung with a variety of family portraits and paintings. We shall explain them in the order that the con- ductress takes the company through the mansion — 1. Lady Mary Blount wife of Edward, ninth Duke of Norfolk, painted by Angelica Kaufman. 2. A beautiful Historical Painting, ten feet long, represent- ing Thomas, (created Earl of Surry by Riehard III,) ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 57 vindicating himself before Henry VII. for the part he took in the war, when that monarch was Duke of Rich- mond, and defeated Richard III. at Bosworth Field. Prin- cess Elizabeth, sister to the youu* Princeses who were smothered in the Tower, i< seen in the back ground, dis- pl aying the red rose as an emblem of the union of the two houses. 3. Lord Henry Molinenx Howard, brother of his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, and Deputy Earl Marshal of England. 4. Henry Lord Mowbray, (seventh Duke of Norfolk,) who died in 1701. 5. Lord Lumley, who married Joan, daughter of Henry Earl of Ai».ndel,who died in 1579, supposed to be painted by Hans Holbein, as the latter nobleman wzs a patron to that celebrated artist, 6. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, who was beheaded on Tower Hill, June 2, 1573, upon a charge of high treason, for attempting the enlargement of Mary, Queen of Scots. This nobleman married Mary Fitz-AIan, Countess of Arundel, by whom he became possessed of the Manor and Castle of Arundel, painted by Hans Holbein. 7. Mary Fitz Alan, Countess of Arundel, and the last of that illustrious family, who was married to the abovemen- tioned Duke of Norfolk, painted by Hans Holbein 8. Over the door, Charles Howard, late Duke of Norfolk, taken when he assumed the titular name of Earl of Surry, painted by Reynolds. 9. A fine portrait of Henry Howard, Esq. one of the rela- tives of that ancient family. 10. Portrait of Bernard Edward Howard, (now his Grace the Duke of No»f Ik.) 11. Charles Howard, of Gravstoke, afte; wards tenth Duke of Norfolk, and lather of the late noble Quki , paint*, d by Opie. 12. Henry, Earl of .Surry, beheaded 1546, aged 39, by order of Henry \ III. This nobleman was the d li 0 ht and T) 5 58 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. ornament of the age and nation at that time ; and as Sir Walter Raleigh says— He was no less valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes " In his youth he fell in love with the fair Geraldine, whose beauty he bad eulogised in a var ety of sonnets, composed with a harmony and elegance unknown in the English language. 13. Edward Howard^ ninth Duke of Norfolk, obit. 1777. 14 Frederick, King of Bohem a, who married Princess Elizabeth, daughter ot James I. 15. Sir John Howard, first Duke of Norfolk, of the Howard family, who was killed with Richard III. in Bosworth Field, August 22, 1485. 16. Henry Fiiz Alan, Earl of Arundel, (brother to Mary Fitz Alan) who was the last heir male of that illustrious family. He died at Brussels, 25th February, 1579, and his b dy was interred In t!;e chancel of Arundel church. The full length portrait of this nobleman was painted by H*ns Holbein, who was brought to England by the Earl, •n his return from a tour through Italy. Small Drawing Room. The architectural ornaments and cabinet furniture are mahogany, highly polished. The walls are covered with a deep rich flock paper. This room has the advantage of a delightful view of the river Arun, the fine vale, and a picturesque country. Breakfast Room. This apartment was generally the late duke's sitting room, and it is extremely pleasant. The windows ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 59 looking over an extent of country, are on a large scale, the panes of glass being 25 inches by 16 and a half square, an:3 they produce a fine effect. In this room, the fine painting which now decorates the altar-piece of the chapel was suspended. It still contains a few family portraits, besides two rich paintings, by Ho- garth, the one representing a scene, of Covent Garden market, and the other a view of the Old Castle. A full-length picture of the Duchess Catherine, mother to the late duke, who died in 1784, painted by Opie. Portrait of Cardinal Howard, who was Lord Almoner to Queen Catherine, consort to King Charles II. He died at Rome, in 1694, aged 65 years. He was eminent for his great moderation, and aversion to the violent measures, which brought destruction to King James II. and the Stuart family before the revo- lution. He embraced the order of Dominican Friars. Painted by Vandyke. There is also a fine portrait of Oliver Cromwell, (by Rubens) which is considered the most correct likeness in England. The Library. Two large mahogany folding doors open into this splendid repository of literature, towards the embel- lishments of which, the late duke expended immense sums, to furnish it in the most costly style, in the purchase of books, prints, &c. ; in short, every thins; d 6 60 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. that could illustrate his family and their alliances. The Library is not shewn to visitors. It is 120 feet in length, and 24 feet in width, and it is allowed to be one of the finest pieces of workmanship in England, executed by modem artists, in the Gothic style. It displays the delicacy of modern art, upon the gran- deur of ancient designs, and bringing into one apart- ment specimens of almost every sort of ornament, of which the graceful Gothic of Henry VI. and VII. was the combination and perfection. It is entirely com- posed of mahogany, exquisitively veined, purchased by the duke for the purpose of embellishing the castle. The book cases and reading galleries are supported by 16 columns, wrought out of the finest solid maho- gany highly polished; which together with the elegant spidered ceiling of the same material, enriched with exquisite carving of fruit, foliage, &c. ; also a lining of this fine wood running along a room, the extent of which is equal to one entire quadrangle of this spa- cious structure, is beyond the power of language adequately to describe. The Library is divided in different compartments, for reading recesses, and it was intended to have ornamented the window looking into the court-yard^ with stained glass, representing; Apoilo and the Muses* The anti-rooms and Saloon are magnificent in the extreme, although in an unfinished state, as they are covered with fine cedar wood. The statuary marble chimney-pieces, ornamented with statues purchased by the late duke, are extremely fine specimens of sculpture. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 61 Prince Regent's Bed and Dressing Rooms. This superb bed chamber is covered with a rich silk figured velvet, and the whole of ihe cabinet furniture is made out of the finest mahogany. The bed is supported by double reeded pillars, supporting a beautiful carved Gothic canopy. The curtains, bases, and covering of the bed, as well as the window curtains, are all of rich figured velvet. The tables, chairs, stools, &c. are all covered with the same rich and costly material. The dressing room is covered with rich flock paper, with gold mouldings. The statuary marble chimney pieces are beautiful, sup- ported on Roman pilasters. SECOND GALLERY. The first thing that will strike the attention of the visitor, is the fine window of plate glass, seven feet in length, and 30 inches wide, which fronts the Court yard. This hall, likewise of the same dimensions as the first gallery, is covered with a fine oak floor. At the western extremity, there is a small painted window (by Eginton) having in the centre a portrait of John Charles Brooke, Esq. who was Somerset Herald, and Secretary to the Hereditary Earl Marshal, the late Duke of Norfolk. He lost his life together with his friend, Benjamin Pingo,Esq. York Herald, owing to the 62 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. amazing pressure of the crowd to see their Majesties and the Royal Family, at the Haymarket Theatre, on the 3d of February, 1794. The Duke of Norfolk, who greatly esteemed him, paid this elegant token of respect to his memory. Below it are the arms of Mr. Brooke, and above, that of the Norfolk family. Under this window, there is placed a Venetian marble slab. Before we enter into a further description, it is necessary to state, that as the upholstery and cabinet work in the first gallery are entirely of mahogany, a similar observation may be made of the second suite of apartments, which are completed of fine oak, and that in both departments of cabinet and upholstery work, the noble Duke of Norfolk was the superin- tendant of his artists, mechanics, and labourers, a* well as his own architect. Windsor Rooms. These handsome bed and dressing rooms are covered with rich blue flock paper. The bed and window furniture are blue tammy to correspond. The bed stands upon four reeded and carved posts, sup- porting one of the most curious Gothic canopies to be seen in England. A large oak Gothic looking glass, with dressing tables en suite; a beautiful ancient India glass, curiously inlaid, with a fine statuary marble chimney-piece, are objects worthy of the in- spection of those who take a delight in the restoration of antique specimens of upholstery. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 63 Alcove Rooms. These are neat and spacious apartments adapted for chambers, and they were the last efforts of the noble owner to furnish them. A fine oak stair-case leads to the Garter Rooms. The bed is placed in a recess, neatly fitted up. The chimney marble piece, has a fine statuary repre- sentation of two Griffins, on each side of a centre figure. This oak stair-case likewise communicates with a number of private bed chambers, and some of them are yet unfinished. The principal are, Somerset Rooms, the fine suite of bed chambers and dressing rooms, which are appropriated for his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl and Countess of Surry, &c. Their elevated and commanding situation is delightful and agreeable. By another ascent of the steps, the visitor is con- ducted into the Clarenceux rooms, and in one of them there is to be seen a very ancient bedstead, said to have bee n that of the Empress Maud. It has been newly painted, but the carved ornaments are held to be of the same antiquity as the bedstead itself. The head, which stands eleven or twelve feet from the ground, is in the form of a canopy, but composed, in common with other parts of it, of deal. Here we have a striking specimen of old English solidity, and though a modern upholsterer might pronounce such a piece of work to be clumsy, it is not inelegant. 64 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. In the same apartment, the table and looking glass of the Empress are seen. The table and frame of the glass present some specimens of neat cabinet work, which we should not have expected from the hand of an artisan of that day. A greater curiosity than the table is seldom to be met with ; its fore legs bow out with a half circular sweep, and from the strength of timber they display, seem to have been intended to endure for almost as many ages as they have seen. The glass is small, and nearly square, the upper corners being rounded off. This shape, the reader will recognise to be that which was fashionable till within the last century. The plate is excellent ; the small drawers under it are remarkably well made, and the whole cannot but be viewed with much interest by the antiquarian as affording a curious specimen of the early progress of the useful arts in this country. From this room, a small winding stair-case con- ducts to the summit of one of the turrets of the Castle, which commands a fine extensive prospect of the country, overlooking the town which lies immediately beneath, whilst the river Arun winds itself along in graceful evolutions. From this height, the park and grounds of Goodwood, the noble residence of his Grace the Duke of Richmond, the Cathedral of Chi- chester, Selsea Bill, and the Isle of Wight, are seen to advantage on a clear evening. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 65 Arundel Park. The extent of these domains are very considerable. They pass the boundaries of the town, and range along the Petworth road for nearly three miles, which was made at the sole expence cf the late Duke, in order to improve the entrance into the town. The old road was exceedingly narrow, and the entrance to the Castle was through St. Mary's gate, which was erected in 1415, and designed for alms houses. The late Duke also repaired this gateway. We mention this alteration in the road, as the visitor would lose the ancient boundaries of the Castle and Park. The late Duke inclosed several hundred acres, and it is now more than seven miles in circumference, inclosed by a high stone wall, within which, are seen an herd of near 1000 deer, and several thriving plantations, as well as groupes of fine full forest trees. Within the park, are several temples and ornamental buildings? which display great taste and elegance, both in the interior and exterior; particularly one, called the Ladies Bower, and another the grand Banquetting House, called High horn Tower, built by Mr. High- horn of Warwick, situated towards the north-east extremity of the park, and overlooking an almost unbounded expanse of country, richly and beautifully studded with villages, farms, and innumerable cot- tages. From the castellated top of the tower, upon the right eastward, and the left westward, you com- mand an extensive view of the great range of Downs, the surface of which appears to be dotted with sheep, 66 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. which gives it a highly interesting appearance. Upon calculation it has been found that upwards of one hun- dred and thirty thousand sheep are pastured upon the Sussex Downs ! The undulating surface of the park is beautiful, and it is in every part well clothed. This pleasing combination of hill, dale, and wood, ailbrded his Grace an opportunity of displaying his elegant and classic taste, both in regard to the construction and situation of the several buildings within its extensive boundary — they are all of Gothic architecture, which accord with the venerable and noble Castle. The serpentine windings of the river Arun round x the Castle and Park on the east side, are seen from the several parts of the Park, and particularly, from High- horn Tower, to great advantage. There is also a most extensive view of the English channel, bounding a rich tract of country, constituting the vale on the south side of the Downs. At the end of the Park, on the Petworth road, there has been erected a handsome castellated tower. To the east of the Park, in Mill Hanger Lane, may be traced the line of defence by a deep moat between a range of trees, and it takes a course to the north west, by St. Mary's Gate, in- closing the old farm-house and barns of the Abbot and Priors (which are now standing,) and emptied itself into a deep morass, near the old road to Chichester , which is now filled up. Although the parallel walls from St. Mary Gate have been recently repaired with stone, brought from Plymouth, yet the old foundations will be found perfect and durable. In the enclosed ground by the ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 67 west side of the church, which is now a garden,- a vault was excavated, and vast quantities of human bones were dug up. This vault was of large dimen- sions, and it is supposed to have been the exclusive mausoleum of the Canon Regulars. Remarkable Events at Arundel Castle. In the year 1102, Robert de Belesme, the third Earl of Arundel, of the Montgomerie family/ took an active part in the rebellion against Henry I. whom he designated an usurper. The king, indignant with the conduct of this deceitful nobleman, who was so power- ful in arms, undertook to subdue the traitor in person. The Earl, therefore, took every precaution for the defence of this Castle. He increased the fortifications with additional outworks, &c. The king knowing the importance of the place, the strength of the garrison, and the military reputation of the Commander, pro- ceeded with an army adequate to the siege. Having erected several forts in order to block up all commu- nications, the Earl surrendered with his garrison, after making an obstinate resistance. Upon the surrender of the Castle, the Earl of Arundel was banished into Normandy, and the Castle was transferred to Adeliza, the king's second wife, for her dower. After the death of Henry I. Queen Adeliza was married to William D'Albini. In the year 1139, the Empress Maud, daughter to Henry I. accompanied by 68 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. her natural brother, the Earl of Gloucester, came over to England to claim the Crown, from Stephen, who succeeded Henry. The Empress landed near Arun- del, with 140 persons in her retinue, and was received at the castle with great demonstration of affection by Queen Adeliza, her step-mother. Upon the approach of a formidable army by Stephen to besiege the castle, Adeliza sent messengers to the King with apologies for receiving the Empress Maud, alleging that she only acted from principles of friendship, and that the Empress came there only as a visitor, and had not been declared an enemy ; that, if he would allow the Empress a safe conduct to Bristol, the gates should be opened to him, but if this should be refused, she would defend the castle to the last extremities. Art vied with nature to make this fortress impregnable. Stephen, with a gallantry answerable to the magnani- mous spirit of the Queen, who held sacred the asylum offered to her royal guest, granted the request, and raised the siege, without any limitation to the just pretensions of a powerful rival to his crown. This transaction is noted with little variation by most of the early chroniclers. It is remarkable, that the visit of the Empress to Arundel is not mentioned in the Chron. Saxonicum, which only notices the Empress Maud, when she first made her appearance in London. Upon the pacification between the Empress and King Stephen, William de Albini, the husband of Adeliza, in consideration of his great services and sufferings, was advanced to the Earldom of Arundel, at the special request of the Empress. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 69 A most remarkable conspiracy was plotted at Arundel castle, in the year 1397. The Duke of Glocester, Richard, Earl of Arundel, the Earls of Derby, Warwick, Thomas de Mowbray, the Earl Marshal, the Archbishop of Canterbury (brother to the Earl of Arundel) the Abbot of St. Albans, and the Prior of Westminster, assembled at the castle for the reformation of the government. After these peers and prelates had formed the plan of their con- federacy, the Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by the two rebellious monks, administered the sacra- ment, as the prelude and ratification of the intended tragedy. It was resolved to seize the person of King Richard II. the Dukes of Lancaster and York, and to commit them to prison. They also deter- mined that all the lords of the king's council should be drawn and hanged. Thomas de Mowbray (Earl Marshal) who had married the Earl of Arundel's daughter, discovered this plot to the king. Richard being thus apprised of a formidable con- spiracy, he immediately gave the Earl of Arundel a special invitation, and he went to London to have an audience with his sovereign. In this conference the king made this nobleman many flattering promises, and after a familiar conversation, he was suddenly seized and sent to the Tower. He was charged with high treason, and the Duke of Lancaster, his avowed enemy, was appointed Lord High Steward at his trial, held at Nottingham. Being found guilty, he was condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, 70 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. and all his estates, real and personal, was forfeited ta the kings use. He was beheaded in Cheapside, and died with great resolution, in the presence of Richard II. and the Earls of Kent and Nottingham ; the latter was 'his son-in-law, who, expressing an unmanly and inhuman pleasure at his fate, he turned round, and said with great deliberation — " My Lord, it would have better become you to be absent upon such an occasion. You seem to triumph in my sufferings ; but perhaps the day will come when your own mis- fortunes will furnish the like triumph to your enemies. ,, He was buried in London in 1398. Most of his lands were bestowed on Thomas de Mowbraw, Earl Marshal, advanced to the title of Duke of Norfolk, on whose testimony he had been convicted. Nothing could be more unpopular than the execu- tion of this nobleman, who had so repeatedly served his country, and had always asserted the liberties of the people, by whom he was exceedingly beloved. They were convinced that Richard II. had extorted illegal opinions from the judges with a view to con- demn him, and particularly, when the king was at his execution. The spectacle remained so deeply impressed on Richard's mind, that his sleep was interrupted by frightful dreams. A rumour prevailed that miracles were wrought at his tomb, and that the head had reunited to the body. To counteract this notion, the body was actually taken up by the king s order, and exposed to public view for ten successive ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 71 days. It was not possible, however, to cure the people of their prepossessions, and the Earl was con- sidered a martyr. His brother, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, was also impeached of high treason, for having ad- vised the Duke of Glocester and the Earl of Arundel to assume the royal power. He was declared a traitor and condemned to perpetual banishment. Siege of Arundel, 1644. We have no record of any remarkable event at Arundel during the civil war, between the houses of York and Lancaster. In the great rebellion it was garrisoned by the gentlemen of Sussex, in the absence of Lord Arundel, then at Antwerp, who were joined by a detachment of Lord Hopton's army. After a short resistance, it was taken by Sir W. Waller, the parliamentary general, and was surrendered to him on the 8th January, 1644. From the importance attached to the conquest of this castle, the following official account is annexed — " A full relation of the late proceedings, victory, and good success, ( through God's providence,) obtained by the Parliament forces, under Sir William Waller, at the town and castle of Arundel, in Sussex, De- cember %Olh and January 6th, 1 643-4, where were n ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. taken above a thousand prisoners, two thousand arms, near two thousand horse, about a hundred comman- ders and officers, with store of treasure. Confirmed by King Henry II. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 83 Also by Richard I. June 27, 1189. Baron Howard, by writ of summons to Parliament, October 15, 1470,-10 Edward IV. Ditto, August 19, 1472. Created Earl Marshal, Duke of Norfolk, and Earl of Surrey, June 28, 1483,-1 Richard III. Confirmed Earl of Surrey, Nov. 3, 1496,-8 Henry VII. Ditto, May 11, 1500,-1 Henry VIII. Aga n Earl of Surrey and Duke of Norfolk, February 1 1513,-5 Henry VIII. Created Eat 1 of Norfolk, June 6, 1644,-20 Car. I. Baron Howard, of Castle Rising, Norfolk, March 27, 1669, —21 Car. II. Restored to the Dukedcm of Norfolk, by an Act of Par- liament, with an entail on the heir? male and divers limitations, May 8, 1661,-13 Car. II. Hereditary Earl Marshal, and Earl of Norwich, October 19, 1672,-24 Car. II. Baron Mowbray, by writ of summons to Parliament; March 6, 1639,-15, Car. I. Ditto, March 6, 178,-30 Car. II. Baron Mowbray, by descent originally, June 8, 1294, — 22 Edward 1, Rogek de Montgomerie, Earl of Arundel and Chichester, had a grant of 77 manors in Sussex, and four in Surrey, 1066. He was likewise Earl of Shrewsbury, and distinguished himself at the battle of Hastings, fought on the 14th of October, 1066 ? where he commanded by the stile and title of Mar- shal. Obit 1094. Hugh de Belesmo, Earl of Arundel, Chichester, and Sussex, succeeded his father, but was deprived of e 6 84 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, his honours by William Rufus, for conspiring against that monarch's life. He was killed in battle 1098. Robert de Belesmo, Earl of Arundel, was banished the kingdom after his brothers honours had been granted to him, for breaking out in rebellion against Henry I. The Castle of Arundel, and all the revenues of the County of Sussex, were then settled upon Adeliza, the second Queen of Henry I. for her dower. William de Albini, whose family came over to England with the Conqueror, married Adeliza, and at the request of the Empress Maud, (her step-mother,) to King Stephen, the honour of Arundel, with the Earldoms of Arundel, Chichester, and Sussex, were conferred upon him for his services. Obit 1 179. William pe Albini, Earl of Arundel, accom- panied the crusade to the Holy Land, in 1218, and died on his return from that expedition in Palestine,, anno 1221. William de Albini, obit 1235, leaving no issue 7 he was succeeded by his brother. Hugh de Albini, as fifth Earl of Arundel, in the family of the De Albini s. He died in the prime of life, without issue, anno 1243. Thus ended the suc- cession of a family, which had flourished since the Con- quest. The baronies of Chichester and Arundel were held jointly by the Montgomeries and De Albinis in succession, till the extinction of the last mentioned family, when the barony was held to have ceased by reason of partition. Isabel, eldest sister and co-heir to Hugh de Albini ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 85 received the honour of Arundel in the partition. She was married to John Fitz Alan, Earl of Clun and Oswaldestre, who died in 1240. John Fitz Alan, by right of descent from his mother Isabel, had the Castle and Manor of Arundel which was assigned to him for his seat. Thus he became Earl of Arundel, in her right, without any other creation. This nobleman died in 1297. Afterwards the Earldoms of Sussex and Chichester reverted to the Crown. Richard Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, succeeded his father. He died anno 1302. Edmund Fitz Alan, his son and heir was a dis- tinguished character in the reign of IJdward n. He received the honour of knighthood, with Prince Ed- ward, and attended the king in his expedition to Scotland. He stood in such high favour with that monarch, that it proved his ruin, for the king was abandoned by all the great Earls, except those of Arundel and Surrey ; the latter nobleman fell a sacri- fice to the people's fury in the violent storm raised by the nobles, and the Earl of Arundel being taken pri- soner with the king, the queen ordered him to be conducted to Bristol, exposed to all the insults of a deluded people, who plundered him of his treasure. He was condemned to be first drawn, then beheaded, and afterwards hung on a gibbet, in the sight of the captive monarch, in October, 1326. Richard Fitz Alan, his son, was restored by Parliament, in 1330, and the Castle of Arundel and the estates were surrendered to him, in 1333, it 86 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. having been declared by Edward III. that his father was unjustly put to death. This nobleman fought in the famous battle of Cressy, where he took the Duke of Alencon, king Philip s brother, prisoner. He possessed superior abilities, and was employed in many important cam- paigns and embassies both in France and Spain. He died immensely rich, anno 1375. Richard Fitz Alan, succeeded to his fathers titles. In 1387, he was made Admiral of England, and that year defeated a fleet of French, Spanish, and Flemish merchantmen, took 100 of their ships, laden with 19,000 tuns of wine. In 1388, on his return from relieving Brest, he took 80 French ships, and plundered Rochelle, the isles of Rhe and Oleron. These eminent services, instead of deserving notice from the king, the Earl met with his indignation, owing to the favourites at court, persuading the cre- dulous monarch that the taking of these ships would bring him into trouble. Finding himself neglected, he threw up his commission, as also did Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, the second in com- mand. Note. — For an account of the conspiracy in which this nobleman was engaged, and for which he was condemned, we refer our reader to the remarkable events at Arundel Castle, page 69. Thomas Fitz Alan, son and heir to Richard, was restored in blood, anno 1400, by Parliament, and the judgment being reversed against his father, he was ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, 87 created Earl of Arundel and Surry, by Henry IV. He married Beatric, an illegitimate daughter of the king of Portugal. He held several distinguished ap- pointments, and was considered a wise, impartial, disinterested, and incorruptible minister. This noble- man dying without issue, anno 1415, he was suc- ceeded by Sir John Fitz Alan, Baron Maltravers, (his cousin,) by virtue of an entail of the Castle and lands made. by the Earl of Arundel, his grandfather, the 21st Edward III. anno 1348. He died, anno 1422 ? leaving a son and heir. The Duchess of Norfolk, being his eldest sister, the title of Earl of Surry passed to her grandson, John de Mowbray, who was created Earl of Warren and Surry, in the lifetime of his grandfather, the Duke of Norfolk. John Fitz Alan, upon the death of his mother. Eleanor Maltravers, was declared to be the next heir, In 1433, he petitioned the Parliament to enjoy his seat in all Parliaments and Counsels of the King, as his ancestors had used to do. The same year, the Duke of Norfolk* upon read- ing the petition of Sir John Fitz Alan, claimed the honour and Castle of Arundel as his right. The king took both petitions into consideration, and after well weighing the premises, did, with the advice of his Parliament, admit him to his seat in Parliament, as Earl of Arundel, which his ancestors had enjoyed from the time that Richard Fitz Alan had married one of the heiresses of Hugh de Albini, the last Earl of * Of the Mowbray family, 88 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNPFI, Arundel of that family. In consequence of this .union of the Fitz Alans and D' Albini's families, (after a lapse of two hundred and eighteen years,) an act of Parliament passed the 11th of Henry VI. 1433, declaring, " That all that had or should be possessed of the castle of Arundel were Earls thereof , without any other creation" In 1434, the Earl of Arundel joined the English army in France, and was created Duke of Tovraine, for his great achievements in that realm. In an attempt to take Herberoy, near Beauvais, .he was met by the French army, consisting of 12,000 men. A bloody battle ensued, and in this engagement he was mortally wounded by a culverine shot, and died anno 1435, within a few days, to the unspeakable grief of the Duke of Bedford, then Regent of France. Humphry Fitz Alan, his son, dying during his minority, the Castle and honour of Arundel devolved to William, his uncle. A great dispute took place in Parliament, 1445, between William, Earl of Arundel, and Thomas, Earl of Devonshire, respecting their pre- cedency. It was decided by the Lords and the Judges, to be in favor of the Earl of Arundel, as being Earl by reason of the Castle. William, Earl of Arundel, possessed great personal valour, and was profoundly skilled in politics. He prudently avoided taking any part of the dispute between the houses of York and Lancaster, whose unbounded ambition and reciprocal hatred, had sacri- ficed many noble families to their private resentment, and exposed England to all the horrors of a civil war. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 89 This nobleman dying in 1488, he was succeeded in his titles and estates by Thomas Fitz Alan, his eldest son, who died October, 1524. William Fitz Alan, succeeded his father. He was one of the Lords who subscribed a letter, anno 1530, to the Pope, intimating, that if he did not comply with Henry VIII. in his divorce with Queen Catherine, his supremacy would be shaken ofF in England. He was a zealous advocate for the re- formation. Obit. 1543. Henry Fitz Alan, his eldest son, succeeded to the titles and estates. Historians record the various services of this nobleman in the following terms : — " In peace he was as active as in war. When an enemy was to be awed into submission, he was Gene- ral — such was his fame. When the country was to be obliged with a loan, he was the Agent— such was his popularity and riches. Through means of his powerful influence among the Lords he got the right of Mary, to be maintained against the tyrannic sway of the Duke of Northumberland, who had raised an army in behalf of Lady Jane Grey. He was appointed Lord Steward of the household of Queen Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth, in 1558, he enjoyed the highest offices of State, and was one of her Privy Council. He even endeavoured to aspire to the honour of mar- rying the Queen ; and although he was advanced in years, he thought he could eclipse all his rivals in the affections of his royal mistress. But in this attempt he met with a severe mortification, and his friends at court did not spare the most severe reflections upon 90 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. his disappointment and the vast treasures he had expended upon such vain imaginations." In 1568, on his return from a continental tour, he was the first who introduced the use of Coaches into England. He was one of the commissioners on the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, when , the Regent accused her of having been accessary to the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley. He was also one of the Peers who subscribed a letter to the Scottish Queen, written in Leicester's hand, in which they warmly recommended the match with the Duke of Norfolk. Elizabeth, offended at the partiality he shewed for Mary, and his condescension for the Duke, ordered him to be confined and examined. He lived in a princely state at Arundel. His natural . qualifications, which were the admiration of the age, he improved with learning, experience, and a graceful behaviour. He was the patron of the arts and sciences, and persuaded Hans Holbein the celebrated painter, to come into England. There is a portrait of the Earl in the Castle, painted by that celebrated artist. He died 23d of February, 1579, and was buried at Arundel. His only son, Henry, a young nobleman of great promise, died at Brussels during his father's lifetime. Of his daughters, Joan was married to Lord Luraley 9 and Mary was married to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Thus, Philip Howard, grandson to the Earl of Arundel, by Mary and his daughter, succeeded this family, the title and estates continue to the present day, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL i'l The illustrious family of the Fitz-Alans had flourished above 350 years, from John Fitz-Alan, who descended from the d'Albini's, ancient Earls of Arundel and Sussex. There were thirteen Earls of Arundel successively, of the Fitz-Alans family. HO WARDS, DUKES OF NORFOLK, S?c> STILE AND TITLES. The Most High, Mighty, and Most Puissant Prince, CHARLES HOWARD, Duke of Norfolk ! Earl Marshal ! And Hereditary Earl Marshal of England ! Earl of Arundel Castle ! Earl of Surrey! Earl of Norfolk ! Earl of Norwich ! Baron of Mowbray ! Baron of Howard ! Baron of Segrave ! Baron of Brewese of Gower ! Baron Fitz-Alan ! Baron Warren ! Baron Clun I Baron Oswaldestre I Baron Maltravers ! Baron Greystock ! Baron Furnival ! Baron Verdon ! Baron Lovelet ! Baron Strange ! And Premier Baron Howard, of Castle Rising I Premier Duke, Premier Earl, Premier Baron of England and Chief of the illustrious family of THE HOWARDS ! 92 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, ARMS, CREST, AND SUPPORTERS. Arms — Gules, in the middle of a bend between six cross crosslets ; argent a shield, or therein, a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure counterfleury gules. Crest — On a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a lion passant guardant, his tail extended, gorged with a ducal coronet, argent, as descended from Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, fifth son of Edward I. Supporters — On the dexter side, a lion, aud on the sinister, a horse, both argent, the latter holding a slip of oak, fructed proper. Behind the whole, two marshal staves in sal tire, or enamelled at each end sable* having the King s arms at the top, and his Grace's at the bottom, the badge of his high office. Motto — " Sola virtus invicta" DEPUTY EARL MARSHALS OF ENGLAND, During the legal incapacity of the Dukes of Norfolk, 1661 — James, Earl of Suffolk 1692— Thomas, Earl of Southampton. 1701— Charles, Earl of Carlisle. 1706— Henry, Earl of Bindon, 1718— Henry Bowes, Earl of Berkshire. 1725— Talbot, Earl of Sussex. 1731 — Francis, Earl pf .Bingham* ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 93 1743 — Thomas, Earl of Effingham. 1753 — Henry, Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. 1765 — Richard, Earl of Scarborough. 1777— Thomas, Earl of Effingham. 1782 — Charles, Earl of Surrey, who exercised all the functions, until the demise of his father, the preceding Duke of Norfolk, in 1786. 1816 — Henry Molineux Howard, Esq. (now Lord Henry Howard) brother to the Duke of Norfolk. The family o£ Howard has always been accounted one of the most ancient and opulent in the kingdom. It has always produced many celebrated members, who have occasionally distinguished themselves as statesmen, warriors, and men of letters. Enriched partly by grants and acquisitions, and partly by mar- riages, all, with a few recent exceptions, have occu- pied high stations in government, and this house must be allowed to be intimately connected with the annals of this country, not only by services in the cabinet and field, but by attainders, restorations, and judicial murders. In stating the origin of a ducal family, the chief of which presides over the college of arms, some little prolixity might, perhaps, be allowed. Some genealo- gists have Howard a title rather than a name,while others derive both name and family from Harewood, the son of Leqfric, the son of the Saxon King Edgar, sole monarch of England. Buck, an eminent antiquary, and writer of the most 94 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. favourable, if not the most partial history of the life and reign of Richard III. says, the original successor of the house of the Howards was a descendant of Hawardas, that fortified himself with a strong party in the Isle of Ely, and held out a long time against William the Conqueror, who, at last, made him his friend. The uncertainty of the origin of this family is the best proof of its antiquity. Auber, Earl of Passy, in Normandy, is supposed to be the grandfather of William, who came to England with the Conqueror. He left a son named Roger Fitz-Valerine, who had the castle of Hawarden, in Flintshire, given to him, and the heir of Roger, being born in this castle, was called William de Howard, who afterwards married the widow of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norwich, by whom he had issue Sir John Howard. Be this as it may, the grand connecting link being, m fact, wanting, it will be more safe to acknowledge that the male line of this noble family is indebted to the law, both for its origin and its early wealth. All that we know for certainty is, that Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Howard, a barrister of some note, rose in the course of his professional avocations to be a Judge of the Common Pleas, where he appears to have sat from 1277 to 1308, Edward I. and Hi The female branch claims a far more distinguished origin. Edward I. had a son called Roger de Broth- erton, from a village in Yorkshire, where he was born. His daughter, Margaret, was created Duchess of Norfolk, by Richard II. Thomas de Mowbray. ANTIQUITIES OF ARl NDEL. 95 Eari Marshal of England, and grandson of this Mar- garet, became Duke of Norfolk; and he had two daughters, Margaret and Isabel, the former of whom married Sir Robert Howard, whence is supposed to have descended Sir William, the Judge, who, by means of his professional acquisitions, which must have been very considerable in that age, laid the foundation of the power and fortune by which his descendants have ever since been distinguished.. Sir William Dugdale says, that in 1293, Sir Wm, Howard was appointed one of the two Judges on the northern circuit; he was also summoned to attend various parliaments. It appears also that he had large possessions in the north-west parts of Norfolk ; and he was buried in the church of Midhurst in Sussex ; and it is evident, from the inscription preserved try Collins, that his name was Harvard. By his first wife Alice, the daughter and heiress of Sir Edward Filton, knight, he had several children. Sir John Howard, or Haward, the eldest son of this marriage, seems to have increased his patrimony by means, not deemed improper, because a common, and received usage in those days ; for in the 34th Edward I. he obtained the wardship of the lands, and heir of John de Crokedale, a person of note in Norfolk, The feudal incidents attendant on guardianship were many and rigorous ; in short, the spoilation of the estate usually ensued, and it was many years after the minor attained full age before he could recover himself from the sudden ruin with which his fortune had been thus overwhelmed! It is evident, from 96 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Rymer, that he must have been a man of note, for, on the accession of Edward II. to the crown in 1307, he was summoned to attend the coronation at Westminster. Sir John, instead of following the lucrative profes- sion of his father, appears to have addicted himself wholly to arms, for he served in the wars against the Scots, and was governor of the castle of Norwich. Nor should it escape notice that he exercised the Vice Comitial powers of high sheriff, both of Norfolk and Suffolk, an office, at that period, of great trust and confidence. Accordingly, we find him commissioned to raise forces, both horse and foot, for the purpose of being conducted to the frontiers, in order to march into Scotland. He himself, indeed, appears to have entered France, at the head of a body of troops, having been employed in the expedition to* " Gas- coigne." At this period, he armed 500 foot soldiers and archers, with " hactoons, bacincts, and gauntlets of iron. At his death in 1331, he was possessed of ten manors, besides the honour of Clare. Sir John Howard, his son, was constituted Admiral and Captain of the King's navy in the north, during the reign of Edward III. and by his marriage with Alice, daughter of Sir Robert de Boys, or Bosco, the whole inheritance of that house devolved to the Howard family. He was himself a banneret, and assisted at the siege of Calais, with one banneret, six knights, thirty- six men at arms, and thirty-five archers on horseback. One of his sons died at Jerusalem, and his grand- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 97 son, of the same name, also perished in his journey thither; their descendant, Sir Robert Howard, mar- ried Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas de Mow- bray, Duke of Norfolk, by Elizabeth, his wife, daughter and co-heiress of Richard Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, and cousin and co-heiress of John Mow- bray, Duke of Norfolk, by which alliance a large portion of the inheritance of these great families be- came vested at length in that of the Howards. This marriage was the most illustrious that any subject could contract, the lady descending in a direct line, by the mother, from Edward I. In consideration of his great services he obtained several manors in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Dorset. He was treasurer of the King's household to Edward IV. ; and on the 15th October, 1470, he was summoned to parliament among the barons of England, by the title of Lord Howard. He appears to have received all the profits of the new coinage, in quality of the trea- surer of the royal household. He also obtained, according to Philip de Commines, over and above a pension, no less than 24,000 crowns, in the space of two years, from the King of France, to whom he had been sent ambassador. In 1477, he was made a Knight of the Garter. He was High Steward of England on the day of Richard's coronation, and carried the King's crown, whilst his son, (created Earl of Surry,) bore the sword of state. On the 28th June, 1483, 1st of Richard III. he was made Earl Marshal of England, and the same day, F 98 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. he was advanced to the dignity of Duke of Norfolk, in right of his wife Margaret, daughter and co-heiress of John de Morvbray, Duke of Norfolk, whose an- cestor, Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, was created Duke of Norfolk, in 1398, being grand- son of Margaret Plantagenet, Duchess of Norfolk, daughter and sole heiress of Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of Norfolk, second son of King Edward I. He had also a grant of eighty manors and lord- ships from King Richard III. but he did not long en- joy them; for in the following year, being placed in front of the king's army, at Bosworth Field, he was slain with the king, August 22, 1485. By the first Duke of Norfolk, are descended several of the most noble and distinguished families of Great Britain, and he is one of the very few mediums through which the illustrious blood of the Planta- genets can be laid claim to. His Grace was the common ancestor of the Earls of Suffolk and Berk- shire, of the Barons and Earls of Effingham ; the first of whom was Lord High Admiral of England, and Knight of the Garter ; of the Earls of Stafford and of Sheffield, Barons and Earls of Mulgrave, and Dukes of Buckingham. The Duke of Norfolk was the faithful adherent of Richard. He was a nobleman of distinguished bravery. The honours he received from Richard certainly excited his gratitude, and his fidelity was correspondent; yet his character appears perfectly free and blameless. Had it been otherwise, the virulence with which the measures of that short reign ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 99 has been censured by historians, would never have permitted the duke's conduct to have continued un- arraigned. " He was so firmly feathered on King Richard's wing," says a late author, " that he chose rather to abandon his life, with his friend, than to save it by falsifying his honour." Thomas Howard, (afterwards second duke of norfolk.) Although Thomas Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk, (created Earl of Surry by Richard. III.) took part with the usurper, and was made a prisoner, yet Henry VII. liberated him, and restored him to his title, and to all his wife's estates. In 1512, he was sent against the Scots, and routed their army at Flodden Field, where King James IV., with the greatest part of his nobility, were slain. For this signal service, he had a special grant from the King, of an honourable augmentation of his arms, which is — The upper half of a red lion depicted as the arms of Scotland, pierced through with an arrow. His estates, after the battle of Flodden Field, were increased by a grant made in special tail, of about twenty manors, in the counties of Salop, Warwick, Stafford, Wilts, Bucks, Hertford, Oxford, and Not- tingham, together with the castles of Bolsover and Horeston. He was also advanced to the dignity of Duke of Norfolk. f 2 100 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. His Grace married to his second wife, Agnes, daughter of Hugh Tilney, Esq. and had William, first Lord Howard, of Effingham, who married to his second wife, the daughter of Sir Thomas Gamage, and had, among other issue, Douglas, who married John, second Lord Sheffield, (ancestor of the Duke of Buckingham, privy seal to his sister-in-law, Queen Anne,) and by him had issue, first Earl of Mulgrave, whose line, conjoined with that of Howard and Plan- tagenet, was carried on r^y the late Stephen Cassan, barrister-at-law, youngest son of Stephen Cassan, of Sheffield house, Queen's county, and father of Stephen Hyde Cassan, gentleman commoner of Magdalen Hall, Oxford. All of the surviving sons of his Grace were in high favour, and they held distinguished appointments, particularly William Howard. Queen Mary held him in such esteem, that she made him a Baron of the realm, by the title of Lord Howard, of Effingham, and afterwards Lord Admiral of England and Lord Cham- berlain of her household. Queen Elizabeth retained him in these situations, and created him Knight of the Garter. The discovery of the north-east passage by sea to Archangel, was owing to the encouragement he liberally gave to that expedition. His Grace left to his eldest son, Thomas, who was created Earl of Surrey, 5th Henry VIII. and who mar- ried the daughter of the unfortunate Duke of Buck- ingham, a greater accession of wealth and influence than any nobleman in England possessed. His father died at Framlingham Castle in Norfolk, 1524. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 101 Thomas Howard, (third duke of Norfolk. ./ y This Duke was appointed Lord High Steward upon the trial of Queen Ann Boieyn. After her death, he became an earnest mediator between the Princess Mary and the King, and effected a reconciliation. After serving his king and country with universal applause, Henry was so much misled by the in- sinuating influence of the Seymours, that he was com- mitted to the tower, and * a part of his estate was seized. The King was informed that the Duke and his son, the Earl of Surry, nad conspired to take the government into their own hands. Both he and his son were attainted with special bills, which were readily assented to by a servile parliament, and a warrant was accordingly sent for executing the former of these noblemen, whose head was actually on the block, which act was alone suspended by the lucky demise of the King, on that very morning, namely, January 28, 1546-7. The Earl of Surry was tried by a common jury, and found guilty of high treason, and was immediately beheaded, anno 1546. Such was the inveterate ma- lice of the Duke's enemies, that he was particularly excepted fium the general pardon, published at the beginning of Edward VI.s reign, and remained a prisoner until discharged by Queen Mary, 1553. When he had his own estates restored to him, which appear in his own words, as quoted by Burnet, te f 3 102 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. have been ct good and stately geere consisted of thirty-seven rectories and advowsons, two hundreds and a half hundred, two scites of monasteries, one college( and above fifty manors. This nobleman died the following year at Kenning Hall. Henry Howard, (Earl of Surry.) This gallant and accomplished young nobleman, as eminent for his poetical genius as for his rank and titles, and who became the victim of the capricious and blood-thirsty tyranny of Henry VIII. reflected a glory on this house, with which every well educated Englishman is familiar. We can do no greater jus- tice to his life and character, than extract the obser- vations of Hume in his History of England : — " Surry /' says Hume, " was a young man of the most promising hopes, and had distinguished himself by every accomplishment which became a scholar, a courtier, and a soldier : he excelled in all the military exercises which were then in request : he encouraged the fine arts by his patronage and example : he had made some successful attempts in poetry ; and, being smit with the romantic gallantry of that age, he cele- brated the praite of his mistress by his pen and his lance in every masque and tournament. His spirit and ambi- tion were equal to his talents and his quality ; and ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 103 he did not always regulate his conduct by that cau- tion and reserve which his situation required. He had been left governor of Boulogne when that town was taken by Henry ; but, though his personal bra- very was unquestioned, he had been unfortunate in some renconters with the French. The King, some- what displeased with his conduct, had sent over Hertford to command in his place ; and Surrey was so imprudent as to drop some menacing expressions against the ministers on account of this affront which "was put upon him. And as he had refused to marry Hertford's daughter, and even waved every proposal of marriage which was made him, Henry imagined that he had entertained views of espousing Lady Mary; and he was instantly determined to repress by the most severe expedients, so dangerous an ambition. " Actuated by all these motives, and perhaps too influenced by that old disgust, with which the ill con- duct of Catharine Howard had inspired him against all her family, he gave private orders to arrest Norfolk and Surrey ; and they were on the same day confined to the Tower. Surrey, being a commoner, his trial was to be more expeditious ; and as to proofs, neither parliament nor juries seem ever to have given the least attention to them in any cause of the crown during the whole reign. He was accused, that he had enter- tained in his family some Italians who were suspected to be spies ; a servant of his had paid a visit to Car- dinal Pole in Italy, whence he was suspected of enter- taining a correspondence with that obnoxious prelate ; f4 104 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, he had quartered the arms of Edward the Confessor on his scutcheon, which made him be suspected of aspiring to the crown, though both he and his ances- tors had openly, during the course of many years, maintained that practice, and the heralds had even justified it by their authority. These were the crimes for which a jury, notwithstanding his eloquent and spirited defence, condemned this nobleman for high treason, and their sentence was soon after executed upon him." Surry, in his youth, fell in love with the fair Geraldine, which beauty he had eulogised in a variety of sonnets, composed with a harmony and elegance unknown to the English language. Mr. Pope, in his Windsor Forest, gives us the fol- lowing eulogium on this Earl of Surrey, who, he says^ was one of the first refiners of English poetry 4< Here noble Surry, felt the sacred rage, Surrey the Granville of a former age : Matchless his pen, victorious was his lance, Bold in tke lists, and graceful in the dance : In ,he same shades the Cupids tun'd his lyre, To the same notes of love, and soft desire. Fair Geraldine, bright object of his vow, Then filled the groves, asjieavenly Mira now. After his execution, his body was carried to Fram- lyngham in Suffolk, and the following epitaph placed on the tomb : — Henrico Howardo, Thomae secundi Ducis Norfol- cise fiiio primogenito Thomae tertii patri, Comiti Sur~ reise & Georgian ordinis equiti aurato, immature aim* ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL 10* salutis 1546 abrepto; & Franciscee uxori ejus filise Johannis Con itis Uxonise; Henricus Howardus, Comes Northamptonia?, filius secundo genitus, hoc supre- mum pietatis in parentes monumentumposuit A. D. 1614. TRANSLATION. " To the memory of Henry Howard, eldest son of Thomas, the second Duke of Norfolk, and father of Thomas, the third Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Surry, and Knight of the order of the Garter who met an Untimely death in 1546; and of Francis, his Wife, the daughter of John, Earl of Oxford. This monument of filial duty to his ancestors, was erected by Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, A. D. 1614" This accomplished nobleman married Frances, daughter of the Earl of Oxford, and by her had two sons, Thomas and Henry, and three daughters. These ladies were married, Jane, to Charles, Earl of West- moreland ; Margaret, to Henry, Lord Scropp, of Bolton ; and Catherine, to Lord Berkeley. Henry, with his sisters, were restored in blood 1558, by Queen Elizabeth. Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk.— Thomas Howard succeeded to the titles and estates, upon his grandfather s attainder being repealed the first year of Queen Mary, 1553, His Grace married Mary, daughter and heiress to Henry Fitz Alan, Earl i 5 106 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. of Arundel, one of the greatest noblemen in England, with whom he had the Castle and manor of Arundel, which to this day continues in this illustrious family. By this marriage, they had issue, Philip Howard, afterward Earl of Arundel. His Grace, on account of his large possessions, was considered the most popular man in the king- dom. After the decease of his two wives, he began to form a project, which he afterwards more openly avowed of mounting the throne of Scotland, by a marriage with the Queen of Scots. Queen Elizabeth having obtained a knowledge of the Duke's cor- respondence with her cousin Mary, was extremely averse to that marriage. He was instantly summoned to appear before the Privy Council, which he treated with contempt, and fled into Norfolk, with a resolu- tion to pursue his correspondence. Another summons was then sent him, which he unwillingly obeyed, and proceeded to Windsor. He was there confined as a prisoner, and sent to the Tower, where he remained nine months, and was only released upon his humble submission to Elizabeth, giving her a promise on his allegiance, to hold no further correspondence with Mary, But the jealousy of Elizabeth began to display its growing hatred to the Duke of Norfolk, as her fears prevailed that the courtship would be renewed. The Queen then pretended to have made new discoveries, and accused the Duke of plotting her dethronement. Upon which he was brought to trial in the year 1573, efore twenty-six of his Peers, the Earl of Shrewsbury ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 10? acting as Lord High Steward. He was found guilty of high treason, for having conspired to dethrone the Queen, and to bring in foreign forces. On his trial, he was denied the assistance of council, and was unanimously pronounced guilty, without either parole evidence or witnesses being brought into open court, according to the statute. The attachment of the Duke of Norfolk to the unfortunate Queen of Scots was his only crime. Nothing could be a more lamentable instance of mean -submission than the unanimous concurrence of the Peers to the conviction of the Duke for high treason upon such slender and suspicious evidence. He was beheaded on Towerhill, June 2, 1573, and died with .great composure. Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel. — This noble- man is mentioned in history as having suffered the most unprecedented persecution and punishment He was of a contemplative turn of mind, and his life was austere and irreproachably moral. Although his unfor- tunate father was a zealous protestant, yet Philip embraced the Roman Catholic religion, and on that account, Elizabeth thought him the more dangerous. The sentence of his father had attainted his blood as Duke of Norfolk ; but as the honour of Arundel was local, and descended to him by his mother, Lady Mary Fitz- Alan, it was not affected by that attainder; and in her right, he was Earl of Arundel, as owner of Arundel Castle He had summons to parliament by , f 6 108 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. that title, the 23rd Elizabeth, and during that session, he was restored in blood. In 1580, we find the Earl ©f Arundel in the list of Elizabeth's Privy Counsel- lors, but soon after religious animosities was the cause of private afflictions. By the contrivance of the Earl of Leceister and Mr. Secretary Walsingham, he was Confined upon suspicion of assisting the Catholic ascendancy, and after several examinations, nothing tvas proved against him. While in confinement Eli- zabeth offered him his liberty, provided he would £arry the sword of state before her to the chapel, and be present at the service there, but he declined k. This refusal was afterwards the cause of the Earl's being committed to the Tower. Nothing appeared against him, and he was soon freed from prison. These repeated attack's on his personal liberty induced him to retire beyond seas, where he could enjoy more tranquillity. He accordingly gave orders for providing 3. ship on the coast of Sussex ; but, previous to his d parture, he addressed a letter to Elizabeth, stating the motives of his flight, in terms equally resolute and dutiful; mentioned the malice of his enemies, his own sufferings, and the hard fate of his predecessors, concluding with the deepest professions of royalty <> However, he was betrayed by his own servants, and before he could get on board the vessel, was appre- hended, and committed to the Tower, where he lay at >the time the Queen of Scots was beheaded. The Star Cn amber found him guilty of correspond* ing with Cardinal de Allen and other traitorous per- sons, and ibr attempting to go beyond the seas ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 109 without licence, for which he was condemned to pay a line of £10,000, and be imprisoned during the Queens pleasure. On the 14th of April, 1590, he was again brought to trial in Westminster Hall, on a charge of high treason. Being required to hold up his hand, he did so with these words, " )Sere is as true a man's heart as ever came into this hall." The indict* ment charged him with being privy to the bull of Pope Sextus Quintus, for depriving the Queen of her dominions, and making them over to the Spaniards, besides several other counts, supported by the evi- dence of Bennet, a profligate priest, and an infamous apostate. The crown lawyers opened the indictment against him with unusual virulence and unfairness. They all concluded their speeches, by saying that the Earl was a Roman Catholic, that the Queen of Scots had considered him as one of her best friends ; and that Cardinal Allen had spoke of him as the chief of the Roman Catholic party in England. The Earl made his defence with surprising strength of reasoning and presence of mind. He said that the Attorney General had managed the letters and accu- sations produced against him, as spiders do flowers, hy extracting nothing from them but poison. The Earl impeached Bennet's character, who was known to be a most notorious villain. No evidence could establish the crime of high treason but that of being reconciled to the church of Rome ; upon which he was found guilty by his Peers, and sentence of death pronounced iipon him. The Earl having been cast upon a point that was \ 110 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. purely religious, and nothing traiterous being proved against him, Elizabeth could not, consistent with her repeated professions, put a Roman Catholic to death simply on account of his religion, therefore the sen- tence was not enforced. She suffered him, however, to languish in prison, where he died November 19, 1595, aged thirty-nine. The Earl married Anne, eldest daughter and co- heiress of George Dacres, of Gisland, and by her had a son and heir, Thomas Howard. The Howard family having suffered considerable persecution on account of their attachment to the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, and as that Prin- cess forms a very important feature in the eventful lives of the Duke of Norfolk, and Philip, his son, we have extracted an account of the execution of Queen Mary from an old manuscript which is to be found in the British Museum. It is addressed to Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghlye, who was then Lord High Treasurer of England. u It maye please your good Lordshipp to be adver- tised, that accordinge as your honner gave me in commandment, I have here set downe in writtinge the true order and manner of the execution of Mary, late Queene of Scotts, the eight of Febrewary 1589, in the great hall in the castell of Fotheringay, togi- ther with relation of all such speeches spoken, actes, and circumstances preceddinge and concerninge the ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. Ill same from and after the delivery of the said Scottish Queene to Thomas Andrewes Esquier, High Sheriffe of her Majestie's county of Northampton, unto th' end of the said execution, as followeth : — " It beinge certified to the said Queene the sixt of Febrewary, by the Right Honnorable the Earle of Kent, the Earle of Shrowsburye, and also by Sir Amyas Pawlett, and Sir Drewe Drewery, hir Govern- ers, that she was to prepare herselfe to dye the eight of Febrewary next, she seemed not to be in any terrer, for ought that appered, by any hir outward gestures, or behaveour, other than marvylinge she should dye, but rather with smyling cheere, and plea- sant countynance, dysgested and accepted the said admonytions and preparations, as to hir said unex- pected execution, said that hir death should be well- come to her, seinge her Majestie was so resolved, and that hir soule were too farre unworthey the fruition of the joye of Heaven for ever, whose bodye would not in this world be content to indewer the stroke of exe« cution for a moment, and that spoken she wept most bytterly and became sylent. u The said eight of Febrewary beinge come and the tyme and place appointed for the execution as afore- said; the said Queene of Scotts, beinge of stature tall, of bodie corpulent, round showldred, her face fat and brod, double chenned, and hasle eyed, her bor- rowed heare borne hir attyre on her head, was on this manner : She had a dressing of lawne edged with bonelace, a pomander chaine with an Agnus Dei 112 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. about her neck, a crucifixe in her hand, a payer of beades at her girdle, with a goulding crosse at th* end of it, a vaile of lawne fastined to hir cawle with a bowed out wire and edged round about with bone- lace, hir gowne of black satin prynted, with a trayne and long sleffes to the gownd set with a range of buttons of jett trimed with pearle and short sleffes of black satten, cut with a payer of sleffes of purple velvet hole, under them, her kirtly hole of figured satten black, hir petycote upper bodie unlaced in the back of crymsen satten, her peticote scirtes of crmysen yelvett, hir shooes of Spanysh lether, with the rough side outward, a payer of greene silke garters, hir nether stockings wosted coloured water set clocked with sylver, and next hir legg a payer of Jarsey hose whit. This Queene thus appeared in a kind of joye without any desier of deferinge of matters or time, departed hir chamber, and very willingly bended hir stepps towards the place of execution, beinge gently carry ed, and supported out of her chamber into any enttery next the sai(J great haij, by twoe of Sir Amy as Pawlett's cheefe gentlemen, Jj/ff. Andrewes the High Sberiffe goeing before hir, in whicfy enttery the hon norable Earje of Kent and the Earle of Shrowsbury comytionejs appointed by her Majestie for the sayd execution, togither with hir twoe governess of hir person, Sir Amy?is Pa,wlett, and Sir Drewe Drewery 9 and dive/es knights and gentlemen of good accompt, did mete hir where they found of the sayd Que ene's Servants, nax$e4 Melyin, kneeling on his feiees to thf ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 113 said Queene his mistris, who, wringing his hands, and sheding teares, used then and there these words unto hir : — " Ah, Madam, unhappie me ! what man on earth was ever before the messinger of such importunate sorrowe and heaviness as I shall be when I shall report that my good and gracious Queen and misttris is beheaded in England? This being said, tears pre- vented him of further speakinge, whereupon the said Queene poweringe out hir dyeinge tears answered thus : — My good servant, cease to lament, for thou hast cause rayther to joie then to morne, for now shalt thou see Mary Steward's troubles receive their longe expected end, and determynation ; for knowe, sayd she, good servant, that all this world is but vanytie, and subject still to more sorrowe then a whole ocian of teares can bewayle. But I pray thee, said she, report this from me, that I dye a true wooman to my relidgion, and like a true wooman to Scotland and France, but God forgive them, said she, that have long desiered my end, and thirsted for my bloud, as the hart doth for the water brookes. O God, said she, Thou that art the Author of Truth, and Truth itselfe, Thou knowest the inward chamber* of my thoughts, and howe that I was never willing that England and Scotland should be united togither, Well, said she, then commend me to my sonne, and tell him I have not done any thing prejudicial to the state and kingdom of Scotland, and so resolvinge hir- selfe againe into teares, said Good Melvin, farewell, and with weeping eyes, and hir cheekes all 114 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, besprinkled with teares as they were, she kissed him saying, once againe, Melvin, farewell, and pray for thy mistris and Queene : and then she turned hirselfe to the Lords, and towld them, that she had certeyne requests to make unto them, one was for a sum of money which was known to Amyas Pawlett to be paid to one Charles hir servante, next that hir ser- vants myght have and enjoye that which she had given in her last will and testament, and that they might be favourablye treated and sent safflely into their countreyes, and this to doe my very good Lords, I doe conjur you. Answer was made by Sir Amy a* Pawlett to this efeet, I am not forgitfull of the money your Grace doth speak of, and therefore your Grace shall not nede reste in suspicion of the not performyng of your requestes. Then she said, ther rested yet one request more which she would make unto the Lords, and that was this, that it would please them to per- mit hir pore distressed servants to be present about her at hir death, that ther eyes myghte behould, and ther hartes beare witnes, how patiently ther Queene and mris. should indewer hir execution, that thereby they myght be able to make relation when they should come into their owne counteryes, how that she dyed a true constant catholick to hir relidgion. Then the Earle of Kent did answere thus unto hir, Maddam, that which you have desiered cannot conveniently be granted, for if it should be, it were to be feared, least some of them, with spiehes or other behavour, would both be greefious to your Grace, and truble- some and unpleasinge unto us, and to our compeney, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. IU whereof wee have had some experience, for if such an accesse myght be alowed, they would not stick to put some supersticious trumperye in practise, and it were but dipinge there handcerchers in your Grace's bloud, whereof it w T ere unmete to give allowance. My Lords, said the Queene of Scotts, I will give my word for them, dead though it be, they shall deserve no blame in any the accions you have named, but alas ! pore sawles, it would doe them good to bid their mris. far well; and I hope, said she further to the Earle of Kent, your mris. meanyng the Queen majestie, beinge a maiden Queene, will voutsaffe in regard of woman- hode, that I shall have som of my owne people about me at my death, and now, said she, her majestie hath not given any such corny ssion, but that you myght grant a request of fare greater curtisie than this, if I were a wooman of farre meaner calling then the Queene of Scotts. And then perseayving that she could not obteyne hir request without some difficultie, for mere greefe she burst out into teares, saying I am cossen to your Queene, and descended from the blod ryall of Henry the Seaventh, and married Queene of France, th' annoynted Queen of Scotland. After this, upon great consultation had betwene the twoe Earles and other in comyssion, it was permitted that she should have some of her servants about hir, accordinge as she had before instantly intreated, and which all desiered hir to make choyce of six of hir beloved men and wymen : and them of hir men weare Mellvin, her potticary and surgeon, and one ould man besids ; and of her wymen she chose those twoe that 116 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. did use to ly in hir chamber. After this, the said Queene beinge supported by twoe of Sir Amyas Paw- lett's gent, as aforesaid, and Melvyn carryed up their trayne, being accomppined with the Earle of Kent and Shrewsberry's gentilemen, and the Sheriffe goinge before as aforesaid, passed out of the enterrye into the hall, in the said castell of Fotheringaye before mentioned, with an unappaulled countinance without terrer of the place, the persons, or preparations then and there made for hir execution; stept upon the scaffold in the said hall, being two fote high, and vii. fote brodd, with rayles rownd about, with a lowe Stoole and a longe faire coushinge, and a block covered with black. Then havinge the stoole browght to hir, she satt downe, and on the right hand of hir stool the Earle of Kent, and the Earle of Shrewsbury, and on hir left hand, Mr. Andrewes the Sheriffe, and right opposyte before hir stood the twoe executioners, and round about the rayles of the scaffould stood knights, gentilemen, and others. Then sylence being made, the Queene's Majesties comyssion for the exe- cution was openly redd by Mr. Beale, clarke of the councell, which done, the people, with a loud voice, said, God save the Queene : duringe the readinge of which comyssion the said Queene was very sylente, lysteninge unto it with so careless a regard, as if it had not concerned hir death at all, nay, rayther with so merry and cheerful a countinance as if it had been a pardon from hir Majestie for her life ; and withall used such a strangnes in hir words and d^eds as though the had known none of the assembly, nor beme any ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 117 thing seene in the English langwage. Then Mr. Docter Fletcher, Deane of Petterburough standinge dyrectley before hir without the rayle, bendinge his boddye with great reverance uttered an exortation. " All the assembly, saveinge the Queene and hir servants, said the prayer after Mr. Deane, duringe the sayinge of which prayer, the Queene hirselfe satt upon a stoole, haveing about hir neck an Agnus Dei, in one of her hands a crucifexe, and att hir girdle a payer of beads, with a goulden cross at th' end of them, with a Latten booke of prayers in the other hand. Thus furnyshed with her supersticious trum- perey, without any regarde to that which Mr. Deane said, she begane very softly, with teares and a loud voyce, to praye in Latten, and in the mydest of her prayers, by reason of hir earnest weeping and mourn- inge as it seemed, she began to slid from her stoole ; at which tyme, kneelinge againe, she said divers other prayers in Lattine, and soe she left prayeing before Mr. Deane ; when Mr. Deane had done, she kneeled downe againe, and prayed in English for Christ's; afflicted church, and for an end of their troubles, for hir Sonne, and for the Queene's Majestie, and de- siered God she might prosper and serve God aright. That spoken, she said, she hoped to be saved by, and in the bloud of Jesus Christ, at the foote of which crucifexe, houldinge that up in her hand, she would shed her bloud. Then said the Earle of Kent, Mad- dam, I beseech you, settle Jesus Christ in your harte, as you did before, and leave the adoration of those papish trumperies to themselves ; but she seamyng 118 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. litle or nothing at all to regard the good counsell of of the Earle, but went forward in hir prayers, and in the conclution thereof, in English, desyered God, that it would please him to avert his wrath from this iland, and that he would give it grace and forgiveness of sinnes : then she said, she forgave her enemys with with all hir harte, who had longe sought her bloud, and desired God to converte them to his truth. This done, she desiered all saintes to make intercession for hir to the Savyoure of the world, Jesus Christ* Then she begane to kisse her crusifexe, and to crosse herselfe, sayeing these wards, Even as the armes of Jesus Christ was spreed here upon the crosse, so receive me I beseech the into the armes of mercye, and forgive me all my sinnes. Then the two execu- tioners kneeled down unto hir, and desiered her to forgive them hir death, she answered I forgive you with all my harte, for I hope this death shall give an end of all my troubles. Then they, with her twoe gentlewomen helping of her up, began to disrobe her, then she laid her crucifexe on her stoole, and one of her executioners tooke of from her neck, the Agnus Dei, which she begane to withold, sayeing, she would give it to one of hir women, and, withall, told the executioners they should have the worth of it in money, then she suffered them with hir twoe women to take off her cheanne of pomander beads, and all hir other apparell, and that with a kind of gladnes ; and, smyling, she begane to make herself unryddie, putting on a payer of sleeves, with her owne hands, which the twoe executioners before had rudlye put off f ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 119 and that with such speed, as if she longed to have beine gone out of the world. During all which accions of disrobinge hir, she never altered countenance, but amyling as it were, said, she never had such groom* before, to make hir unreddye, nor ever did put off hir clothes before such a compeney; at length, shee beinge untyred and unapparelled, of such and so much as was convenient, saveing hir pettycote and kirtle : hir twoe women, lokeing upon hir, burst out into a pittyfull skrychinge and lament inge, and when the skrychinge and lamentinge begane to declyne, they crossed themselves, and prayed in Lattine ; then the said Qoeene tumynge hirselfe to them, and see- inge them in such a morneful and lamentable plight, embraced them, and said a doe not crye for me, but rejoice and praye for me, and so crossed them and kissed them, and bade them pray for hir, and not to be so mornefull, for, said she, this day, I trust, shall end your mistress troubles : then with a smyling coun- tenance, she turned to hir men servants, Mellvin, and the rest standinge upon a benche nere unto the ?caffould, who were some tyme weeping, and some tyme cryeinge out aloud, and contynewally crossinge themselves, and prayeing in Lattine, and the said Queene thus turned unto them, bad them farewell, and prayed them to praye for hir to the last hower* That done, one of hir women, haveinge a Corpus Christi cloth, laped it up three corner wise, and kissed it, and put it over the face of the said Queene hir Mris. and pinned it fast upon hir calle that was on hir head. Then hir twoe women mournfully departed 120 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. from hir, and the said Queene kneelinge, upon the cushione, at which tyme, verry resolutly had withoute anye token of feare of death, she spake aloude in Lattyne — In te Domine confido, ne confundar in exter- num. Then gropinge for the blocke, she layd down hir head, puttinge hir haire over the blocke, with both hir hands, which houldinge there still had bine cutt off, had they not bine espied. Then she layd hirselfe upon the blocke most quietlye, and strecheinge out hir hands and leggs, cryed out — In mantis tuas Do- mine , 3 or 4 tymes. At last, while one of the execu- tioners held hir slightly with one of his hands, and th' other gave two strokes with an axe before he did cutt of hir head, and yet left a little gressell behinde, at which tyme, she made a smale groane, and soe dyed." Thomas Howard, (Earl of Arundel.) This nobleman was born while his father was con- fined in the Tower, and he was brought up under the sole care of his mother, who was a woman of great virtue, prudence, and goodness. During his youth, he strongly attracted the attention of the famous Earl of Essex, who used to call him the Winter Pear, and to prognosticate, what afterwards happened, that he would one day become a great man. On account of his father's attainder as Earl of Arundel, he had, by courtesy, the title of Lord Maltravers during the reign ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 121 oi Elizabeth. In the first year of James I. 1603, he was restored in blood by parliament, to the titles of Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey, and to the Baronies which the Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, lost by his attainder. But he could never recover the whole Oswaldestre, being given to his uncle, the Earl of his paternal estate, the Baronies of Clun and Northampton. In 1620, he was created Earl Marshal of England for life. In 1645, this nobleman petitioned the King to be restored to all the titles and honours of his family ; but though the petition was supported by another from several Peers, ' yet all the effect this joint application had on Charles, was creating him Earl of Norfolk * by by letters patent, dated at Oxford the 6th of June, in the 20th year of his reign. After his creation to the title of Earl of Norfolk, he perceived that the flames of civil war (occasioned by the prevailing party in the long parliament) were increasing every day; the noble Earl obtained his Majesty's permission to travel, on account of his health and advanced age, when he embarked for Antwerp. He there took leave of his Countess, and, accompanied by two of his grandsons, proceeded to the Spa, and from thence to Padua in Italy. He died in that city, October 4, 1646, aged sixty-one years. His corpse was brought over to England, and buried in Arundel church. * He had this title, as being lineally desc nded from Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, a younger son of King Edward I. 122 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The Earl of Arundel and Norfolk, married Lady Alathea, daughter and co-heiress to Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, by whom he received a vast for- tune, with the extensive manor of Worksop in Not- tinghamshire. The first Earl of Shrewsbury, that great warrior in the time of Henry V. built a stately house there, which, although old fashioned, showed a magnificence suitable to the grandeur of the family and its antiquity. It was the chief residence of the father of the late Duke of Norfolk, who made great improvements to it; but it was unfortunately burnt to the ground, with a grand collection of exquisite paint- ings, and the greatest part of its noble furniture destroyed. It is now rebuilt on a new plan, which far excels the first, and the late Duke of Norfolk planted an immense number of trees in the present park, which forms a stately forest, connecting it with Welbeck, the seat of the Duke of Portland. The Earl was generally considered a proud man. On one occasion he was sent to the Tower for a direct insult to Lord Spencer. A warm debate took place in the House of Peers, when some of the former actions of the English nobility were questioned. Lord Spencer made an observation which the Earl of Arundel thought disrespectful to the crown — " My Lord/' said he, " when those things were doing, your ancestors were keeping sheep P To this Lord Spencer smartly replied,— * 4 When my ancestors were keeping sheep, as you say, your ancestors were plot- ting treason/' This allusion was levelled at the vas* flocks and pasturages that were upon the estates of ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 123 the Spencer's family. The house resented the reflec- tion as indecent, and he was confined in prison until he made his submission. Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel. This nobleman was conspicuous for his faithful adherence to Charles in all his troubles, and attended him through all his dangers and difficulties. By a steadv adherence to his Sovereign, he became ob- noxious to the Parliament, who seized upon his estates. After he recovered them, he took no concern in public affairs. He died in April, 16S2, at his house in Arundel-street, Strand. He married Lady Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of tke Earl of March (afterwards Duke of Lenox,) and by her had nine sons and two daughters. Thomas, the eldest, succeeded his father in his honours and titles of Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk. Thomas Earl of Arundel, (afterwards fifth Duke of Norfolk.) Upon a petition of the descendants and friends of this nobleman, to the number of ninety-one, he \v?.s restored by a special act of parliament, dated May 8, 1661, 13th Chas. II. to the title of Duke of Norfolk, and to the heirs male of his body, with limitation thereof to the heirs male of Henry, late Earl of Arun- del, with all privileges, precedencies, pre-erninencics e 2 124 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, thereunto belonging, as fully, amply, and honourably as Thomas, Duke of Norfolk attained, the 15th Elizabeth, did, or might enjoy. Thus, the title reverted again to the family, after lying dormant one hundred and seven years. Thomas, fifth Duke of the Howard family, died at Padua, unmarried, in 1677„ He was succeeded by his brother Henry. Henry, Sixth Duke of Norfolk. In consideration of the eminent services of the father and grandfather of the noble Lord, to Charles I. and his loyal attachment to Charles II. during the usurpation, he was advanced by that monarch, to the title of Baron Howard, of Castle Rising, Norfolk, March 27, 1669 ; and on October 19, 1672, he was created hereditary Earl Marshal of England, with all rights, powers, &c. thereto belonging, to him and the heirs male of his body ; and in default of issue, to the heirs male of the body of Thomas, Earl of Arundel, grandfather to the said Henry ; and in default of such issue, to the heirs male of the body of Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel, son of the said Thomas ; (in which remainder is Charles Howard, of Grey stock, Esq. grandson of Charles, fourth son of the said Henry, Earl of Arundel, &c.) and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of Thomas, late Earl of Suffolk ; in default to the heirs male of the body of Lord William Howard, of Naworth Castle, Cumber- land, youngest son ©f Thomas, fourth Duke of Nor- folk, (beheaded 15th Elizabeth;) and in default of ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 125 such issue to Charles Howard, Lord Effingham, and Earl of Nottingham, and his heirs, and the title of Earl of Norwich, to him and the heirs male of his body. He was created Doctor of Civil Laws at Oxford, in 1668, and to that University he made a present of the Arundelian Marbles, His Grace died at his house, in Arundel-street, January 11, 1683, aged 55, and was succeeded by his son Henry. Henry, Lord Mowbray, (Seventh Duke or Norfolk. On January 27, 1677 — 8, in the lifetime of his father, he was summoned to Parliament by the title of Lord Mowbray, and took his seat in the House of Peers, at the upper end of the Baron's bench. He was appointed Governor of Windsor Castle, Warden of Windsor Forest, and Lord Lieutenant of the Coun- ties of Norfolk, Berks, and Surrey, and Colonel of the 12th Regiment of foot. In 1685, he was elected Knight of the Garter. In 1687, he obtained a com- mission from James II. to hold a Court of Chivalry, as Earl Marshal of England. Although James had a particular regard for this nobleman, and lavished a profusion of honours upon him, yet he would not be made a convert to the Catholic faith. The conduct of James alarmed the Duke so much, that he retired into Norfolk, where he declared for the Prince of Orange, to whose interest he was of the utmost ser- vice. By his influence, he gained several counties to g 3 126 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. declare for the Prince, and raised a regiment. In 1688, the Duke came with the Prince of Orange to St. James's, and was one of the Lords who desired his Highness to call a free parliament, and pursue the e#d of Ks declaration. He was a steady friend to the revolution, and voted the settlement of the crown on William and Mary. He married Mary Mordaunt, daughter and sole heir of Henry, second Earl of Peterborough (which marriage was dissolved by act of parliament, April 1 1 , 1700; who married secondly, Sir John Germain, Bart.) The Duke died, without issue, April 2, 170 1, and was buried in Arundel Church. The Duke's brother, Lord Thomas Howard, claimed as Lord of the manor of Worksop, and performed the service of finding a right-hand glove at the coro- nation of James II. April 23rd, 1686, and supporting the monarch's right arm, while he held the sceptre. He was unhappily shipwrecked on his return to Brest, November, 1689. He married Elizabeth Maria, daughssr and sole heir of Sir John Saville, of Copley, Ycrk, Bart, and by her (who died December 10, 1732,) had issue first, Thomas, eighth Duke; v,< oi.d, Henry, (who c ^ e< i unmarried, 1720;) third, Edward, ninth Duke ; fourth, Richard, who died un: arri d; fifth, Philip, who married, first, January 7, 1724 — 5, Winifrede, daughter of Thomas Stonor, of Watlington Park, Oxon, Esq. by whom he had Thomas, died January, 1763, and Winifrede, born August 31, 1726, married October, 1746, the Honour- able William gtourton, whom he succeeded; married, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 127 secondly, 1739, Henrietta, daughter of Edward Blount, of Blagdon, Devonshire, Esq. (sister to the late Duchess of Norfolk, and relict of Peter Proli, of Antwerp, Esq.) and by her, had Anne, born August 29, 1742, married April 19, 1762, Robert Edward, ninth Lord Petre; and Edward, born January 22, 1743, died much regretted, February 7, 1767, unmar- ried. — Lord Thomas Howard died February 23, 1743 —4, and his lady, March 26, 1732. Thomas, Lord Howard, (Eighth Duke of Norfolk.) Thomas succeeded his uncle Henry, April 2, 170L He was born on December 11, 1683, and married May 26, 1709, Mary, sole daughter and heir of Sir Nicholas Shireburn, of Stonyhurst, Lancaster, (who married secondly, Peregrine Widrington, Esq.) and deceasing without issue, December 23, 1732, was succeeded by his brother. Edward, Ninth Duke of Norfolk, and the Seventh Earl of Arundel of the Howard Family, and Eleventh in Descent from his great Ancestor, John Howard, First Duke. Edward succeeded to his brothers honours and estates. He married November 6, 1727, Mary, second daughter, and co-heir of Edward Blount, of Blagdon, Devonshire, Esq. third son of Sir John g 4 128 ANTIQUITIES OF. ARUNDfiL. Blount, of Sodington, Worcester, Bart, (lineally des- cended from Sir Walter Blount, who, in the reign of King Edward h married Joan, daughter and sole heir of Sir William de T Kington in that county,) and by her, (who died May 27, 1773,) had no issue. His Grace died September 20, 1777, without issue, aged 92, and was buried with his Duchess in the family vault in Arundel church, when the family honour devolved upon Charles Howard, Esq. of Graystock, Cumberland. Here ended the eldest and lineal branch of the house of Howard. Charles, (Tenth Duke of Norfolk.) Charles Howard, of Graystock, Cumberland, fourth brother of Henry VI. Duke, resided much at his house at Duping, near Dorking, Surry. " His house, (says Aubrey) was not made for grandeur, but retire- ment: a noble hermitage, neat, elegant, and suitable to the modesty and solitude of the proprietor; a Christian philosopher, who, in this iron age, lives up to that of the primitive times." He died 1713. His son and heir Charles, survived only till 1720, and was buried at Dorking, leaving a son, Charles, who, in his old age, in 1777, succeeded his second cousin, Edward the last, Duke of Norfolk. This nobleman married 1739, Catherine, daughter and, co-heir of John Bucholes, of Lancashire, by whom he had issue. Mary, (died unmarried in 1742) and Charles XII. and late Duke of Norfolk. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 129 The Duke was educated on the Continent, and throughout the whole of ,his life was a strict Catholic. He was of a literary turn, but had led the life of a country gentleman, of a singular cast, and is said to have indulged in many odd humours and caprices. He enjoyed the Dukedom nine years, and died August 31, 1786. His Grace was buried with his Duchess in the family vault at Dorking. The alliances during the period of juniority had been scarcely better than obscure, as the names of Tattershall, Aylward, and Brookoles will indicate. The titles and estates next devolved on Charles, his only son. The Most Noble Charles Howard, (Eleventh Duke of Norfolk.) Charles Howard, eleventh and late Duke of Nor- folk, Earl Marshal and hereditary Earl Marshal of England, Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Norfolk, Baron Mowbray, Howard, Segrave, Brewise of Gower, Fitz- Alan, Warren, Clun, Oswaldestre, Maltravers, Grey- stock, Furnival, Verdon, Lovtot, Strange, Howard of Castle Rising, Premier, Duke, Earl, and Baron, next the blood royal, chief of the illustrious family of the Howards, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the County of Sussex and of its Militia, Recorder at Gloucester, chief Steward of Hereford, and the able and active President of the Society for the encourage- ment of the Arts and Sciences, D. C. L. F. R. S. and g 5 130 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL S. A. was born March 15, 1746, and in consequence of the death of his sister, became an only child, His father, the second son of Charles Howard, Esq. of Grey stock, Cumberland, was, at this period, a plain country gentleman, residing on his estate, with- out pomp or grandeur, for he was not then even heir presumptive to the ducal honours. He had reached the age of thirty-one, with no other designation than that of plain Mr. Howard, when, on the honours devolving on his father, in his old age, he assumed the titular distinction of Earl of Surry. By this time too, he had become a husband twice ; having been married first, July 7, 1767, to Mary Ann, daughter and heiress of John Coppinger, Esq. of Ballyvolane, in the county of Cork, and secondly, on April 2, 1771, ,to Frances, daughter and sole heiress to Charles Fitzroy Scudamore, by the repudiated Duchess of Beaufort, who brought him the great Holm-Lacy estate, in Herefordshire, as a dower. But, by neither of these ladies, had he any issue ; the first, indeed, died, in child-bed, in the course of the year after the nup- tials; while the second, a handsome and amiable woman, soon exhibited symptoms of mental derange- ment, in consequence of which, she has ever since lived in obscurity. In 1816, a regular commission of lunacy was issued against her Grace. His Grace was educated partly at home under a private tutor, and partly in France, where he was brought up a rigid Catholic, the religion of his ances- tors, but soon after he became of age, in 1780, he conformed to the rites of the Established Church of ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 131 England, and on July 8, 1780, presented himself a candidate for the city of Carlisle, and was elected in opposition to Sir James Lowther, and in a short time after he had taken his seat in Parliament, was nomi- nated by his father, Deputy Earl Marshal, which was approved by the king, September 3, 1782. This office had been hitherto executed by some distant relative for more than a century, on account of re- ligion. The Earl of Surry was a very active member of parliament, and his decided opposition to the measures of Lord North, induced that minister to withdraw in the American war, The Rockingham administration succeeded, when the office of the Lord Lieutenant of the westriding of Yorkshire, which included the coloneley of a regiment of militia, was conferred upon the noble person. On the demise of his father, August 31, 1786, he succeeded to all his titles, honours, and estates, and exercised the office of Earl Marshal from that period to the hour of his decease. In 1788, he was appointed a Lord of the Treasury, when the Duke of Portland was first Commissioner, and Lord John Cavendish, Chancellor of the Exche- quer ; and in 1789, the Universiry of Oxford created him Doctor of the Civil Law. Soon after the break- ing out of the French revolution, as Chairman of the then illustrious Whig Club, he gave the toast of the " Sovereignty of the people," a sentiment which placed the house of Brunswick on the throne ; but at that period so obnoxious at Court, that his Grace was « 6 332 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. expelled in 1792 from the Lord Lieutenantry of York- shire, and the Coloneley of its militia, and otherwise marked as an obnoxious person. He, however, out- lived that epoch of crimes and follies, and though averse to the late as well as the first French war, yet at his death he enjoyed the respect and confidence of all parties in the state, and might be said to be in his own house, one of the pillars of the Constitution. In 1802, he succeeded the Duke of Richmond as Lord Lieutenant of the county of Sussex, and Colonel of its militia. In passing over the detail of the political measures of this nobleman, it is but justice to observe that his parliamentary conduct in the Commons and Peers was truly independent. In the House of Lords he took an active concern in the private business there. He had a minute and inexhaustible curiosity, and took a passionate interest in the affairs of individual both personal and local. His talents are said, by those who knew him intimately, to have been quick, comprehensive, and sagacious. He was a zealous opponent to the slave trade, he contended manfully against its existence, which he lived to see fully effected. This distinguished nobleman in 1815, was attacked with a disease which confined him to his bed for several weeks, at his house in St. James's Square, and on December 15, in the same year, terminated in his dissolution. Thus died, aged 70, Charles Howard, he eleventh Duke of Norfolk ; a man, who passed a ong life, exposed to the blaze of day, having appeared ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 13S for many years in the constant exercise of his various public functions. In private life he was as amiable as in public life he was great and patriotic, and we fear, that in the per- fection of his various great qualities, we shall, in our time, scarcely see his like again. His Grace exhi- bited a knowledge of the world, seldom to be met with in persons of his high rank. He was singularly gifted with that talent usually designated under the name of shrewdness. As a pattern to the arts, he is entitled to the highest encomiums. His friendship to to Mr. Dallaway, was firm and sincere, and the valu- able work upon the history and antiquities of the county of Sussex publishing by that gentleman, (of which one volume is printed) was carried on at the sole expence of his Grace, who left directions in his will for its completion. Towards Mr. Backler, the celebrated stained glass painter, his Grace exhibited the most liberal proofs of marked patronage, and, indeed, encouraged the artist in the prosecution of his labours, with the warmest friendship. The great Norfolk window, representing King John signing Magna Charta, (for a description see page 50,) is acknowledged to be equal, if not superior to many productions in England. In the progress of the work, the Duke assisted the artist with his erudite knowledge, as well as classical taste, and the abilities of Mr. Backler are eminently dis- played in the full share of popularity, which he maintains among the distinguished artists of his da Y- 134 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The Duke remained all his life attached to that enlightened statesman, Mr. Fox. In his character, as President of the society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, the Duke of Norfolk is entitled to unreserved praise. In his time, the great room was ornamented and adorned with a series of fine pictures, and at the annual meeting for the distribution of prizes to the respective candidates, he delivered each with an appropriate speech, well suited to the occasion, and, in some instances, he exhibited a mode of addrees that approached to elo- quence. At these annual meetings, he was supported by philosophers, artists, and men of talents, and sur- rounded by a blaze of British beauty. The Duke might fairly be considered at the head of the first class of nobility ; possessing a large, clear, and unincumbered revenue, which admitted of a splendour, a magnificence, and an hospitality, exhi- bited by few other subjects in the kingdom. An immense number of manors in Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Herefordshire, Norfolk, Surry, and Sussex, were included in his rent-roll. His establishment in the vicinity of his numerous estates were worthy of his rank, and he may be said, in all respects, to have been worthy of his illustrious name, and an honour to his house. The Duke pos- sessed a plurality of the finest country seats in the kingdom. First, the ancient baronial residence of Arundel Castle ; by the tenure of which, the Earldom of Arundel is conferred. Secondly, the magnificent modern structure of Worksop manor house, which is ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 135 erected in the midst of an extensive and beautifully picturesque part ; and to which is attached upwards of 1000 acres of woodland, mostly planted by himself* Thirdly, the venerable residence of the family of Scu- damore, Home Lacy, in Herefordshire, which contains a valuable selection of the works of Vandyke, Jan- sen, and Holbein, and is enriched with the exquisite carvings of Gibbons. Besides these, his Grace was proprietor of the beautiful Gothic villa, Graystock Castle in the centre of the romantic lake scenery in Cumberland ; and of Sheffield manor, a very ancient seat. The Duke kept great pomp and state at Arundel Castle. He expended immence sums in the re-edification of this noble pile. For this he pur- chased, prints and pictures ; in short, every thing that could illustrate his family and their alliances. The Duke was a good landlord, and very hospita- ble, and at his table were seen men ef talents, and as a bon vivant, he was choice in his wines, rather than in his viands. The baron of beef always graced his table. His plate was magnificent. In his conversa- tion he was always interesting. All his servants were well appointed, and, in short, at Arundel Castle, he was, indeed, a Howard ! In point of person, the Duke of Norfolk would have appeared rather above the middle size, had he been of a spare habit of body. But of late years, he had become fat, cumbrous, and unwieldly. His eye- brows were dark and bushy, and his complexion had been once good. His face was like that of the prints of Cardinal Howard, who was great uncle to his 136 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. grandfather. His immence whiskers, which he suf- fered to overgrow his cheeks, gave a most uncouth appearance to his countenance. For many years he wore his hair cut short behind. His clothes were uniformly of the same cut, form, and generally of the same hue, through all the varying changes of fashion. His favourite colour was grey, and he oftener wore this with a black velvet collar, and black silk waist- coat, small clothes and stockings. His old round hat had something uncommon about it, and a new suit was so singular an occurrence, that on his enter- ing the House of Lords some few years ago, a buzz of wonder took place from the time he passed by the side of the throne until he was seated ; after which, as if by universal consent, there was a short congra- tulation of " a new coat!" both within and without the bar. His Grace, the late Duke, was a descendant in the fourth degree from Charles Howard, the fourth son of Henry Frederick Howard, Earl of Arundel, who lived in the reign of Charles I. The present Duke descends in the same degree from Bernard, a younger son of that Earl, who was the great grandson of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded and attainted on account of Mary, Queen of Scots, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and is himself a Catholic. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 137 Burial or the Duke of Norfolk. The funeral procession left Norfolk house, St. James's Square, about nine o'clock on Saturday, December 23, 1815, composed of the coach and six horses of the Duke of Sussex, and nearly twenty other noblemen's and gentlemen's carriages, and arrived at Burford Bridge at four, from which place, a mile and a half from Dorking, the body was conveyed in state to the latter town. The cavalcade consisted of the Duke's gentlemen on horseback, full com- parisoned, bearing a ducal coronet and golden batons of office upon a cushion of crimson velvet before the hearse. The chief mourners were :— The Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Surry, Lord Viscount Andover, Henry Howard, jun. Esq. and Henry Howard, Esq. of Corby Castle, Cumberland. The gentlemen of the Duke's household, with his servants, followed in six mourning coaches ; and the Deputy Garter king of arms, Norrey king of arms, three heralds, and three pursuivants, attended in the tabards of state, to perform the ceremonies usual at the funeral of the Earl Marshal of England. When arrived at the church -yard gate, the proces- sion was met by the Vicar of Dorking, assisted by the Rev. James Dallaway, Earl Marshal's Secretary, and the Rev. Mr. Symonds, the Duke's domestic chap- lains ; the foot procession was marshalled by the heralds, Norrey, king of arms, bearing the coronet 138 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. After the funeral service, Deputy Garter proclaimed the Duke's stile and titles with great solemnity during an awful silence that prevailed. The coffin was richly covered with crimson velvet, surmounted with silver ornaments ; and the arms were engraven upon a plate of silver gilt, with a Latin inscription. Bernard Edward Howard, (Twelfth and Present Duke of Norfolk.) Charles, the late Duke of Norfolk, dying without issue, the titles and honours devolved to this noble- man, who descended from Bernard Howard, Esq. of Fornham, Suffolk, eighth son of Henry Charles How- ard, great grandfather of Charles, the late Duke. He was bom November 21, 1765, and married April 23, 1789, Elizabeth Belasye, second daughter of Henry, the second and last Earl of Fauconburg. By her he had one son, Henry Charles, who was born August 9, 1791. The marriage of Bernard Howard, Esq. was dissolved by act of Parliament, in May, 1794, when his lady re-married, May 26, in the same year, Richard Bingham, Earl of Lucan. Me suc- ceeded to the titles and estates, December 16, 1815^ and is the present Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Arundel, &c. Hereditary Marshal of England, Premier Duke, Earl and Baron, next the blood royal ; chief of th- illustrious family of the H o wards.. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 139 Henry Charles, Earl of Surry, who is the heir apparent to this noble family, was married December 27, 1814, to Charlotte Gower, eldest daughter of George Granville Levison Gower, Marquis of Staf- ford, K. G. by whom he has issue, Lord Fitz-Alan born November 1, 1815, and Edward Howard, born January 20, 1818. Lord Henry Howard. Henry Thomas Howard, Molyneux Howard, Esq. deputy Earl Marshal of England, is a younger brother to his Grace, the present Duke of Norfolk. He was born October 7, 1766, and married Miss Long, third daughter of Edward Long, Esq. Sept. 12, 1801, by whom he has issue one son, Henry, and four daughters. Mr. Howard has been a representative in Par- liament for the city of Glocester, for near 25 years, from which he retired in 1818, and is now one of the Representatives, in Parliament, for Arundel, Sussex. His name and designation was originally Henry How- ard, Esq. On the demise of his maternal uncle, the late Sir Francis Molyneux, Bart. Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, the principal part of whose large fortune he inherits, he assumed the name of Moly- neux, in addition to that of Howard. The office of Earl Marshal of England being here- ditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk, and his 140 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. present Grace being of the Roman Catholic per- suasion, he cannot ^execute the office in person* and has, therefore, appointed his brother to act for hiro. On the 18th of October, 1817, the Prince Regent ordained that Henry Howard, Esq. M.P. brother to the Duke of Norfolk, shall have the same title, place, pre-eminence, and precedency in jail assemblies, as if his father had lived to have inherited the title of the Duke of Norfolk. By this ordination, Mr. Howard now takes the title of Lord Henry Thomas Howard Molineux Howard. Upon the death of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, on November 6, 1817, Lord Henry Howard, in his official capacity, gave the order for the general mourn- ing, and regulated the order of the procession for the funeral at Windsor, on Wednesday, Nov 19, 1817. Appendix, According to the charter granted to Queen Adeliza, and confirmed by William, Earl of Arundel, to the Priory of Calcetto, commonly called Cawsway or Pin- ham, the burgesses of Arundel had a common right of pasture, by a special concession of the Earl of this territory, in the meadows adjacent to the town, known at this time by the name of the Brooks, a fertile pieca of meadow land. The corporation have enjoyed the Brooks, by an undisturbed prescription. Josceline, of Brabant, eldest son to Godfrey Bra- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 141 batas, Duke of Brabant, brother to Queen Adeliza, marrying with Agnes, daughter and heiress to Wil- liam, Lord Percy, had with the ancient honor of Pet worth, the princely seat of the Earl of Egremont ; and retaining his paternal coat of arms of Brabant, in a field azure, a lion rampant, or, he assumed the name of Percy, from whom the Percies, Earls of Northumberland were descended. The titles by descent to the house of Howard, are Furnival, Lovetot, Strange, Verdon, by Lady Alathea Talbot, daughter and co-heiress of Gilbert, Earl of Shrewsbury, wife of Thomas, Earl of Arundel ; Broase, of Gower, a family in Carmarthenshire; Clun and Oswaldestre, in Shropshire, &c. The present Duke of Norfolk is the thirteenth Earl of Arundel, from the Conquest, and the ninth Earl of Arundel, of the Howard family. The Duke of Norfolk's palace in the city of Nor- wich, was once considered the largest house in Eng- land, out of London, and it was called the Tennis Court ; but that noble family not residing there for near a century past, the greatest part of it is gone to ruins ; and the stabling, which might, for the grandeur of its buildings, have been converted mto a palace, is now the city workhouse, and it is only parted from the river by a very large garden, which formerly was kept in good repair, and resorted to by the most fashionable families in the city, have fallen into deso- lating waste. The family of Howard, of the Norfolk branch, are lords of the manor of Dorking. In that neighbourhood 142 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. there is a hill, of a most enchanting prospect, called Box-hill, which was first planted with box wood by Thomas, Earl of Arundel, in t5ie years 1641 — 2. Near Dorking, to the right of the road, is Deep- den, a seat of the Duke of Norfolk, inhabited by Lady Burrel. Aldbury, in Surry, was the seat of Henry, Duke of Norfolk. This place is remarkable for the perfora- tion of a passage, of at least, a furlong in length, dug through the bottom of a great valley: it was intended for a way to the house, but the design was hindered by a rock at the south end ; yet it is still preserved, and admired as a grotto of some extent, diminishing and winding away as the spring seems to have directed it. The bottom of it is paved with a kind of mosaic tile, and the wider part is separated from the narrower behind, by a little parapet, through which issues the flow of water, that trills through marble troughs, one below ano- ther, until it is conveyed out of the grotto. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk has a beautiful seat at Fornham, near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, which is the favorite residence of his noble family. The Duke of Norfolk is lord of the manor of Lewes, jointly with the late Duke of Dorset, and Lord Abergavenny. His Grace is also lord of the manor of Shoreham, Steyning, and Bramber. A Court leet is alternately held at Lewes, by these noble Lords. The Duke of Norfolk is besides lord of the manor of Arundel, Little Hampton, and of the manor of ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 143 Sheffield, in Yorkshire, which is of a very large extent. He has a prison there, and his court is kept every three weeks. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk has precedence, by his creation, of all other Dukes ; and likewise by his office as hereditary Earl Marshal of Eng- land. 144 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. MARMORA ARUNDELIANA The celebrated and famous Thomas Howard, Eai J of Arundel, who lived in the reigns of Queen Eliza- beth, James I. and Charles I. and who was so highly honoured with the favour of those princes, and to whose liberal charges and magnificence this country first owed the sight of Greek and Roman statues, was ever bountiful to men of talents. He was the friend and patron of those great antiquaries, Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Camden, the famous Ougntred, and many other celebrated names in Eng- lish literature. In our biographicalm emoirs of this noble Earl, we have observed, that in the year 1636, he was ap- pointed Ambassador to the Imperial Diet, held for the election of a King of the Romans. He discharged that commission with the magnificence and splendour of a sovereign Prince ; and as such he appeared in, and was treated by all the courts of Germany that he visited, either on account of business, or through curiosity. This latter emulation was of the more noble and useful kind, for it gave him an opportunity of en- larging his own ideas and knowledge, and of increasing the grand collection which he had begun of books, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 145 paintings, statues, drawings, rare medals, and anti- quities of every kind. According to the present rate of money, the Earl of Arundel must have expended above j£90,000 from the King's money and his own private fortune in less than nine months ! The noble Earl soon afterwards sent Mr. William Petty into Asia, to make collections of rare curiosities. No man was more capable and better qualified for this im- portant mission,, and he was for several years employed in these researches. He experienced a variety of discouraging adventures, and at one time, returning with part of his collection from Samos, he narrowly escaped with his life in a violent storm, and lost all his collection. He was afterwards imprisoned as a spy, and with some difficulty obtained his liberty^ when he pursued his researches into Asia, and was^ very fortunate in obtaining those antiquities, which were afterwards called the Arundelian Marbles, from a Turk, who had purchased them from a learned man, sent by the famous Pieresch into Asia and Greece upon the same design. These precious mar- bles were brought to England, and placed in the Earls house and gardens, upon the banks of the Thames. Seldon wrote a book of what they con- tained in 1629. But he has only explained the inscriptions on twenty-nine Greek and ten Latin mar- bles, although their number appears to be 250, Dr. Prideaux, in 1676, published a more circumstantial account of their inscriptions. These marbles, form the most authentic history of Greece that ever was composed, and were such monuments as few king- h 146 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. koms could produce, to verify even the modern part of their history. These valuable relics discover several things concerning the history and chronology of the Greeks, On some of the stones is inscribed a chronicle of the city of Athens, engraved in capital letters, in the island of Paros, one of the Cyclades years before Christ. An account of all their inscriptions was pub- lished in 1676, by Dr. Prideaux. Among the 79 epochas marked in them, there are three of very par- ticular notice, viz. : — The ninth, which they reckoned from the arrival of the first ship out of Egypt into Greece, 1512 years before the birth of Christ. The twelfth, which they counted from the time that Ceres came to Athens, in Erichteus's reign. The fortieth, from the day that comedy begun to be acted at Athens, according to Susarion's invention. Another of these marbles shows what gave occasion to the fable of the Centaurs, namely ; — Hunting the wild bull, first introduced by the Thessalians, and afterwards practised in the Roman Circus, by Julius Caesars' orders. They also furnish us with several other curious observations, as, that the custom of burning human bodies was laid aside in Macrobius's time ; and that none but emperors, vestals, and men of special not© were suffered to have their tombs within the walls of Rome. The Earl endeavoured to procure the obelisk, since erected in the Piazzo Navona at Rome. He offered ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL.. 14t the value of ,£7,000 in money or lands, to the Duke of Buckingham for a capital picture of Titian, called Ecco Homo, in which were introduced the portraits of the Pope, Charles V. and Solyman the magnificent. From the use the Earl made of his fortune, he was the greatest subject in Europe. The magnificence, variety, and number of his paintings were equalled by very few crowned heads. In utility, perhaps, he surpassed them all ; and what is uncommon, that, notwithstanding the vast number of valuable rarieties which formed his cabinet, scarcely any one of them was a second rate or a copy. The fine arts were at that time only in their infancy in this country, and with his wealth he did more for their encourage- ment and advancement than any man in England. There was not a corner in Europe, Greece, or Asia, where he had not agents for buying up whatever was curious, provided it contributed to the improvements of the arts and sciences. Gifted with a strong mind, assisted with a fortune superior to any foreign noble- man, he was the patron of every one who excelled in sculpture, painting, and architecture ; and Sir Edward Walker mentions in his political discourses, that " the Earl of Arundel first introduced the custom of brick buildings into England." In 1635, this noble Earl went to see old Parr, who was then 152 years of age, and in perfect health, being born>in the reign of Edward IV. 1483. He presented Parr, who was then blind, to the King, Charles said to him, " You have lived longer than other men, what have you done more than othej h 2 148 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. men T Old Parr replied, " I did penance when 1 was an hundred years old !" When the noble Earl abandoned his design of forming a plantation at Madagascar, he chiefly lived in the country, and principally at Dorking, in Surry, of which he was lord of the manor. He was so delighted with the enchanting prospects in the neigh- bourhood, that he planted a hill with box wood, which is now known by the name of Box-hill. He began the plantation in 1641 — 2. Before the civil war broke out, the Earl founded the noble design of delineating and tracing the roads and stations of the Romans in England, and he had made a considerable progress in the work ; but by the unhappiness of the times, the drawings he had pre- pared were unfortunately lost, to the irreparable loss of learning. At the commencement of the rebellion, the Earl removed his collection to Antwerp, where he enriched his expensive museum with many fine pictures, par- ticularly some capital ones of Rubens, who several times took portraits of the noble Earl, and these originals are still in the hands of the family. He then travelled into Italy. The splendid retinue of of his equipages, the dignity of his appearance, and the magnificence of his living, with the gravity, yet the politeness of his manners, bespoke him as the model of true nobility, and the head of ^the Howard family. At Rome, and in other parts of Italy, he made further costly purchases of some excellent statues, some of which he could never obtain permis- ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, 149 sion to remove, although he had paid for them. At Padua this munificent nobleman died, and by his will, divided his personal estate between his sons, Henry, Lord Maltravers, and Sir William Howard, Viscount Stafford. This valuable museum, consisting of curiosities of all sorts, as well natural as artificial, were deposited iii his palace, called Arundel house, which stood between those of Essex house, on the east, and Somerset house, on the west; the gardens came down to the river Thames, of which it had a fine view, as also of the city of London, as far as London Bridge, and the city of Westminster, as far as Batter- sea. This noble palace was pulled down in 1678, and a great part of the museum removed to Stafford house. As there were many fine statues, bass re- lievos, and marbles, they were received into the lower part of the gardens, and many of them placed under a colonnade, and the upper part of the ground next the Strand let to builders, who continued the street, next the Strand, from Temple-bar towards Westminster ; and also to build thereon the several streets, called Arundel, Norfolk, and Surry streets, leading from the Strand towards the River, as far as the cross-street, called Howard-street, which ran parallel with the Strand, When the workmen began to build next the Strand, in order to prevent encroachments, a cross wall was built to separate the ground let to building from that reserved for the family mansion ; and many of the workmen, to save the expence of carrying away the ii 3 150 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. rubbish, threw it over this cross wall, where it fell upon the colonnade; and, at last, by its weight, broke it down, and falling on the statues, &c. placed there, broke several of them. A great part of these, in that sad condition, was purchased by Sir William Fermor, from whom the present Earl of Pomfret descended. He removed these down to his seat at Easton Neston, in Northamptonshire, where he em- ployed some statuary to repair such as were not too much demolished. Here these continued till the year 1755, when the Countess of Pomfret made a present of them to the University of Oxford; and on the 25th February, 1756, she received the thanks of that learned body from their Chancellor, the. Earl of Arran, and their Lord High Steward, the Earl of Westmorland ; and the year following, the University celebrated a public act, where, in a set oration, and in a full theatre, she was again complimented by them in the most public manner, for her noble and generous benefaction. Among this collection was the famous sleeping Cupid, represented as lying on a lion's skin, to express his absolute dominion over fierceness and strength. On the skin are some roses scattered as emblems of silence and secrecy, Cupid having presented that flower to Harpocrates, the god of silence, as a bribe to him to conceal the amours of his mother. The rose is also supposed to be con- genial with Venus, and sacred to her. Below the foot of Cupid, on the bed, is the figure of a Lizard, which some have supposed to have been placed here ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 151 as a known ingredient of great efficacy in love charms ; others as a proper attendant on those who sleep, from an opinion that this reptile wakes them on the approach of danger ; and others have imagined it to have been an emblem of sleep itself^ as being of the number of those animals, who lie torpid great part of the year, and is placed near the statue of Somnus on a monument at Rome. But the real design of the sculpture is rather to perpetuate his name by this symbol, which was Saurus, which signi- fies a Lizard. The Romans observing how much the Grecian statuaries excelled them in this art, whenever they employed them to execute any work of this sort, forbid them, as had been customary, putting their names to their w r orks ; and Pliny tells us, that Saurus had recourse to this expedient, by putting this sym- bol upon this figure, as well as in another which he executed jointly with Battrachus, where they were not permitted to put their names, and therefore on the bases they placed the figures of a Frog and a JLizard. Some other of these broken statues, not thought worth replacing, were begged by one Boyder Cuper, who had been a servant in the family. In his posses- sion they continued for a considerable time, till Mr. John Freeman, of Fawley Court, near Henly on Thames, Oxfordshire, and Mr. Edmund Waller, of Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, happening to see them, and observing something masterly in the de- signs and drapery, purchased them for £75, and soon after they were divided between those two gentlemen, ii 4 152 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. and sent by them, part of them to Fawley Court, and part to Beaconsfield, where they at present remain. What statues and broken fragments yet remained undisposed of in Arundel gardens, the Duke of Norfolk obtained leave from the Crown to remove cross the water, just on the opposite shore, to a piece of waste ground in the manor of Kennington, belonging to the principality of Wales ; the Duke solicited a grant of it from the crown, at the end of the reign of James II. This ground was afterwards let for a timber-yard, and the person that took it, built up a wharf, aiad when the foundation of St. Paul's was laid, great quantities of the rubbish was brought over thither to raise the ground, which used to be overflowed every spring tide ; so that, by degrees, those statues, and other marbles, were buried under the rubbish brought to raise the ground, and lay there for many years almost forgot and unnoticed. About the year 1712, this piece of ground was rented to erect buildings, and in digging the foundations, some of these broken fragments were frequently met with, which were taken up and laid on the surface of the ground. The late Earl of Burlington admiring them, he was al- lowed to take what he pleased, and carried them down to Chiswick house, where one piece of bas relievo he placed in the pedestal of an obelisk he erected there. Some years after which, the Right Honourable Lord Petre thought there were sttll many valuable ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 153 fragments of the Arundelian marbles lay buried. He requested leave to employ men to bore the ground, which was readily consented to. Accordingly, after six days searching every part, just as they were going to give over, they discovered six statues, without heads or arms, lying close to each other ; some of a colossal size, the drapery of which was thought to be • exceeding fine. When they were taken up, they found sticking to some of them, a small sort of conical Babani, which proved they must formerly have laid in the sea, where those animals had fastened themselves to them as they do to rocks and ship bottoms. These trunks of statues were soon after sent down to Worksop, the seat of the late Duke of Norfolk. The Duchess of Norfolk, who had been divorced from the Duke, and who was heiress of the Peterbo- rough family, and afterwards married Sir John Ger- main, among other valuable estates and effects, carried with her the fine collection of camoes and intaglios belonging to the Norfolk family, and which is now in the possession of his second wife and relict, the Lady Elizabeth Germain, a daughter of the Earl of Berk- ley ; who valued it at ^£10,000, and offered it for that sum to be purchased by the carators of the British Museum, who were not then in a situation to bestow so large a sum thereon. In the year 1720, a sale was made of another part of the said collection at Stafford house, which was then standing just without Buckingham gate, but which is since pulled down and built upon : a cata- logue is still extant, with the names of the purchasers, h 5 154 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. and the price they were sold for, of which the follow- ing is an abstract : — At that sale, Dr. Mead purchased the head of Homer, which was/ supposed to have been affixed to ■ the very statue, erected in the Imperial Palace at Constantinople, as Cedrenus relates in his account of the dreadful conflagration of that city. At the revolution, in 1668, Henry, the then Duke of Norfolk, came over with, and was a great favourite with King William, and soon after obtained an act of Parliament, about the year 1690, whereby a power was given him of making leases of the remainder of the garden ground for a term of forty-one years. At the expiration of the lease, in the year 1731, the ground rents then amounted to .£480 per annum. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 155 JSOMAN TESSELATED PAVEMENT AT BIGNOR. From Arundel to Bignor is a distance of six miles, upon an excellent road. This road leaves the town of Arundel nearly at the top of High-street, upon the left hand, and passes close to the church. The instant the boundaries of the town are passed, a very beauti- ful view presents itself. The ground finely undulates quite down to the road leading from Arundel to Chichester, and round the sweet retired residence of Lord Henry Howard, deputy Earl Marshal of Eng- land, and brother to his Grace the Duke of Norfolk. Arundel Park ranges upon the right hand immediately upon leaving the town, and continues for nearly three miles upon the Petworth road. At its termination on the right is a handsome castellated lodge. From the Park Lodge you begin to descend Bury- hill, from whence is a rich extensive view. The vale on the right is richly adorned with rural scenery. At the foot of the hill near the four mile stone on the right hand, is the village and church of Bignor. Im- mediately opposite is a toll bar gate, and a guide post which points out the road to Bignor. h 6 156 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. The beautiful tesselated pavements is situated in a field, called Oldbury (Old Town) the Saxon name generally given to Roman stations. The field is about a quarter of a mile from the Roman track way, which goes by the name of Stane-street, which will be hereafter described. It was found on the 18th of July, 1811, by Mr. Tupper, (the Proprietor) with * the plough, in preparing the land for a crop of turnips, since which time, he has caused diligent search to be made beneath the surface of the earth in the same field, and has brought to view other pavements of considerable extent, and Mr. Tupper has covered the pavement with rooms, the foundations of which are erected precisely on those of the old Roman walls. At the western side of the field is found that por- tion of the pavement which is least perfect. However, there still remains in an angle, a female, represented as Winter, with a leafless branch, and the figures of a Pheasant, a Porpoise, &c. It is supposed that the angles represented the four seasons of the year. At a distance of 22 yards eastward of this pave- ment, is ail apartment, in the centre of which is a small hexagonal vapour bath, three feet and a half wide from the outward stone coping, forming six seats, with two steps to the arena or basement, only two feet four inches wide, in the centre of which is a leaden pipe or flue. The stone coping of the bath is in very thin slabs, laid on tenas mortar, with fine pounded brick, of a soft quality, like the Bath stone, very neatly worked. The tesselated border of the beautiful fillet, Roman pattern, is composed of white ; ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 157 black, red, and grey tisserae, alternate with white and black lines ; then the rectangular square pattern, bounded by two lines of white and black ; which fillet encircles an hexagonal compartment of white tesserae, five feet and a half diameter, in which is tastefully pourtrayed a Bacchante, or dancing woman, composed of tesserae of blue and green glass; purple, red, blue, white, and black, of other kinds of tesserae, which compartment has its equal on each side of the bath. This beautiful tesselated pavement of Mosaic work, is found to be the floor of a large room, 32 feet in length, and 30 feet in its greatest breadth ; towards the north, the room and pavement is more contracted , and in that part is seen, in fine preservation, Gany- mede, the beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, borne by Jupiter, in the form of an eagle, into heaven, while attending his fathers flocks on Mount Idas. In another complete compartment, is represented the head of Medusa, in perfect tesserae, and a part of a bath lined with colored mortar. There is another room discovered, the chief part of which is in fine preservation, and of beautiful work- manship. This room is 31 feet long, and 18 in width. Its form is that ©f a rectangle, terminating in a semi-circle at the north extremity. Within the semi-circle is a fine head of Juno ; exhibiting all the ideal beauty, and commanding dignity of the Queen of Heaven. A Peacock, attends her on each side. Beneath the head of Juno, and its surrounding orna.- 158 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. ments, a breadth of the work exhibits four pair of armed gladiators ; some actually engaged, others preparing for the fight, and one wounded and struck to the ground, apparently about to perish by the unlifted sword of his adversary. Accompanying the combatants are four unconcerned attendants, whose occupation seems to be to prepare them for the battle. The Gladiators form a most interesting portion of thk truly admirable pavement. The centre of the room is unfortunately broken up ; but the southern end exhi- bits several figures in the attitude of dancing, and is terminated in a handsome manner. The rooms contain no fire places ; they were warmed by fires on the outsides, from whence the heat was conveyed by flues, carried under the floors* and into the walls. In the Juno room, these flues are now visible, some of the cinders still remain. In the flues are several large thin Roman bricks. Mr, Tupper, in carrying on his researches, has dis- covered another suite of hot baths, and here the attention of the curious, whether conversant in anti- quity or not, will view their constitution with feelings of delight and astonishment, the innumerable con- ducting flues in a state of preservation, is very remark- able. We believe the Proprietor has explored the extent of these ruins, which occupy a scite of neax two acres. These discoveries are not much above 15 or 16 inches below the earth. Loose fragments of pillars have been found, but none of their bases could be discovered, so as to ascertain their situations. On ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 159 several of the bricks that are found promiscuously in the building are marked L. L. C. Many fragments of culinary utensils, perfect stags horns, and parts of the horns having the appearance of being sawed asunder, quantities of sculls and bones of other ani- mals, mostly of sheep, and several coins have been found amongst the rubbish. It is wonderful that pavements composed of such materials as have been described should have pre- served their beauty for many centuries. The Romans have now left England near 1400 years, and it is not improbable that they were laid down many years before that time. The Rev. Mr. Douglas, an anti- •quary of deserved celebrity, conjectures it to have been the remains of a Villa of a Roman Praetor, who had the care of the sea coasts about the time of Theodosius, A. D. 397. The number of compartments, size of the pavements of such costly workmanship, and richness of orna- ment, is supposed to be unequalled by any other found in Great Britain, from the magnitude of the founda- tions, the very ruins of which afforded materials for description. No person can behold them, for the first time, without feeling a high degree of pleasure and astonishment with this fine specimen of the taste and workmanship of the ancient masters of the world. The situation of the field is truly classic and pic- turesque under the south downs. Its south aspect forms an amphitheatre, through which the Roman road is carried, On the east it commands an-extensive 160 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. view over the river Arun to Parham, the seat of Lord De la Zouch, through the levels under the Downs. On the north, it overlooks a most extensive prospect to the Surry and Hampshire hills. On the west, it is bounded by the hill of Bignor, which, at the Roman period, was rendered inaccessible. The Roman western road, called Stane- street, is noted in the 15th Iter of Richard, of Cirencester, and commences at the east gate of Chichester, and takes a northern direction through Shettington, to Lea Beach, and Bury farms, a mile beyond Halnateer. It then pursues a direct course over the fields, where the traces are now obliterated by the plough. It winds afterwards under dating Beacon, down Big- nor-hill. This road passed within a few furlongs of the Roman pavements of a villa, which we have described. The ad Deciman of Richard in his Iter, Bignor is marked 10 miles from Chichester, and which dis- tance exactly corresponds. After passing the valley at Bignor, the direction it took was through Hardhain to Pulborough. After rising the hill, a little beyond that village, it stretches in a straight line for the space of ten miles through the parishes of West- borough Green, Billingshurst, and Slynford. It is still a public road from Pulborough to within half a mile of Slynfold, where it leaves the Roman founda- tion. It has been further traced to Woodcote, Dork- mg church-yard, and to London, and which is now distinguished by the name of West Ermin- street. This road is supposed to be thrown out about the time of the Emperor Theodosius. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 161 to BOGNOR. Opposite the Norfolk Arms Inn, there is a street, which winds round the hill upon which Arundel stands, and bears to the left across a very narrow fertile vale. At the head of this vale is just seen the residence of Lord Henry Molyneux Howard, with ail the picturesque scenery which surrounds it. Passing onwards, you ascend a short but steep hill, and enter into a line of road which continues for three miles a succession of rural beauty, to the village of Avis- ford. At the Royal Oak Inn, the road to Bognor turns to the left, and the one straight forward to Chichester. On the right is the village of Hinden, and the Seat of Lord Newburgh, a modern built mansion. Avisford Place, is the residence of Admi- ral Montague. Proceeding through the villages of Yapton, Belsom, and Felpham, Bognor is exactly nine miles from Arundel. One mile from Avisford, on the right, is the resi- dence of General White. At Felpham, is the late residence of the charming and delightful poet, Wil- liam Hayley, Esq. Roofiior i : - distant from Chichester six miles. It is 162 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL, situated ©n a dry healthy spot, remarkable for the purity of its air ; and those who do not wish to enter into the gay and expensive circles of more frequented watering places, will here find a tranquil situation, replete with every convenience for sea bathing. It was the object of the original proprietor, the late Sir Richard Hotham, to adopt and promote every plan that might form a respectable and pleasing society. Amongst the many advantages to this place are good roads, and agreeable rides, being in the vicinity of several noblemen's seats. Indeed, of late years, a variety of new mansions have been erected, and improvements are rapidly going on, and every season Bognor is rising into public celebrity. The most extensive assemblage of brick-built villas, were erected by the late Sir Richard Hotham, who was. the sole proprietor of this spot. He died in 1799, when it was sold in lots to different purchaser The situation is truly pleasant, being within a quarter of a mile of the sea, from which there is an extensive and grand view of the ocean and the Isle of Wight. The eye is at the same time presented with pic- turesque views of a rich and fertile inland country, commanding the Surry and Sussex hills, with dis- tinct views of Chichester, Goodwood, Hinden, and Arundel. The approach to Hothampton, which may be con- sidered as constituting a part of Bognor, is pecu- liarly pleasing. The two shops fitted up as lodges have a pretty picturesque effect. Immediately upon the left hand, there is a very elegant row of houses, ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 163 having in front a shrubbery. In their rear are neat gardens and pleasure grounds. Many of these man- sions, particularly the Dome House, are not to be excelled in elegance by any upon the coast. Several families of the nobility reside here nearly the whole year, — among whom are the Earl of Arran, &c. &c. Proceeding from hence, upon the right hand, is Chapel-house, the residence of T. Smith, Esq. of London. The recent improvements of this noble mansion, which includes the Chapel, (once a place of worship, built by the late Sir Robert Hotham,) toge- ther with the alteration of the road, and rising planta- tions, forms one of the agreeable villas in this unique watering place. From this seat to the hotel upon the sea beach, is rather more than half a mile. On the right there is an elegant house, surrounded by trees, the residence of Sir Thomas Trowbridge, Bart. Proceeding on- wards, upon the same side of the road, are two handsome uniform rows of houses, and several others lately erected for the accommodation of visitors. The hotel is a large and commodious house. It is situated close to the cliff, with a library and assembly room attached. The Pier head is a strong built barrier against the encroachments of the sea, which ha«, of late years, made considerable advances upon this part of the coast. The bathing is safe and good, and the machines are constructed upon the same plan as at Margate, with skilful guides. The sands in front of this place. 164 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. to the right and left, at low water, are extensive, but not always sufficiently dry for pedestrians. When this is the case, a walk upon the beach will equally command and enjoy the advantage of the sea breeze. Bognor was, in the year 1810, the residence of the ever-to-be lamented Princes Charlotte of Wales. It was at this temporary residence by the sea side, that her youthful ideas burst forth with all the bril- liancy of elevated rank. Her eye threw its sparkling lustre, as she glanced over the boundless ocean, on which the bulwarks of the nation rode triumphant. It was here that the native goodness of her disposi- tion shot forth with all its benignant and happy consequences. The condescension of her manners, and the affability of her conversation, endeared her to all ranks of people, and laid the basis of that high estimation of her virtues, which, to this hour, the inhabitants of Bognor possess, while they lament the loss of their departed illustrious patron with reve- rential grief. The mansion at Bognor, where the late Princess resided, belonged to Mr. Wilson. There are innumerable traits of benevolence re- corded of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, in this watering place. In almost in every private instance, when indigence or misfortune had a claim upon her bounty, she was the cheerful donor. In honor of the Jubilee, to commemorate his Majesty's 50th year of his reign, a school was established for the education of poor children. Of this school he; ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 165 Royal Highness became the patroness, and hand- somely contributed to the expence of the building*. The respected Earl of Arran, one of the earliest friends of her Rogal Highness, laid the first stone of this school, under the direction of the Princess, on which occasion, a public breakfast was given by his lordship. 166 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. LITTLE HAMPTON. About four miles to the south of Arundel, after passing through the pretty village of Lieminster, from whence there is a fine view of the river Arun, and of Arundel, is situated Little Hampton, which agreeable to its name, has every thing on a small proportion, though it is, undoubtedly, in an engaging situation. The parish of Little Hampton, is a small sea port, situate on the left side of the Arun, near its mouth; Upon the banks of the river are several shipwrights yards, where many large ships for foreign commerce have been and still continue to be built. The mouth of the river is protected by a battery, mounting six guns, with embrasures, through a feeble embankment of earth. Few provincial ports exceed this harbour in soundness of materials, and neatness of execution. Here are several new lodging houses upon a small scale, and the Dolphin Inn is an excellent house for the accommodation of visitors. The church is a small structure, the interior is neat and commodious, but there are no monuments de- serving of particular notice. The living is in the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, and is held by the Rev. John Charles Green. ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. 167 Proceeding towards the beach, we came to th© Beach-house hotel, which affords excellent accommo- dation, pleasantly situated on the common. A hand- some assembly room is attached, and during the season several dejeunes are given, which are well attended by the neighbouring gentry, and the visitors. Near to the hotel, is a very good cold and tepid bath, upon the usual terms, which is a very necessary appendage and improvement. The purity of the sea air, cheapness, and retire- ment, are the principal recommendations of this place, which is certainly well adapted for family parties, whose enjoyments begin and end in their own circles. The constant resort of company to watering places upon the coast of Sussex, induced the late Duke of Norfolk (as lord of the manor) to grant leave to several persons to build lodging houses upon the common, adjoining the handsome marine residence of the late Earl Berkely, and which was occasionally* occupied by the Countess before her title was publicly recognised. This rendered the house more public than was agreeable to the noble proprietor, on which account it was sold. Mr. Serjeant Best became the purchaser, who soon afterwards disposed of it at a price less than half its original cost. It is now let during the season as a lodging house, upon reasona- ble terms, for such a mansion, possessing as it does so much accommodation for a large family. The houses, which are upon a line from hence to the 168 ANTIQUITIES OF ARUNDEL. hotel, are of handsome elevation and much frequented, during the season. Early in the spring and late in the autumn, the situation is considered bleak, being much exposed to the severe westerly gales, which prevail at those periods of the year ; but between the equinoxes, the weather is generally mild and serene. The common, in some places, is very bare of vegetation, whilst in windy weather, the sand rises and greatly annoys the visitors. Little Hampton, in 1773, was the favorite resi- dence of John Wilkes, Esq. of patriotic celebrity. In one of his letters, he tells his daughter, " Next Sun- day I intend (after church, to go to Broadwater, and lie there in order to go to the great fishery the next morning at Worthing, only one mile distant. It is between three and four in the morning." And in a subsequent letter he mentions his having gone thither, together with his disappointment. THE EN I), - % Phimmer & Brewis, Printers, Little Eastcheap, G-X735