Franklin Institute Library PHILADELPHIA Class . & Colourless. The Diamine Fast Scarlets possess good resistance to light and very good fastness to alkalies and acids, and the shades moreover are very fast to rubbing and water. The Diamine fast Scarlets are used for sized papers, , and are very well suited also for the dyeing of blotting paper and mottling fibre. The following brands are likewise employed: Diamine Fast Scarlet 4BN, 5BFF, 8BF, 10BF, and possess the like properties 41 3* Diamine Name of the Dyestuff Diamine Fast Red 8BL Diamine' Rose FFB 77 l°/o 3«/o Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R Diamine Fast Bordeaux 6BS 1% 30/0 Oxy Diamine Violet B pat. 80 0,50/o 1,5 0/0 Method of Dyeing Fastness to Light Fastness to Alkalies IV. Very good. Ill -IV. Very good. Normal, as indicated on page 32. III. Very good. IV. Good II. 42 Colours. 1. Fastness to Alum 2. Fastness to Acids Back Water Remarks 1. Good. 2. Good. Diamine Fast lied 8 BL possesses exceedingly good fastness to light as well as excellent resistance to alkalies and acids. It is used especially for the production of fast red shades. 1. Good. 2. Good. Diamine Rose FFB has a bright shade and shows very good resistance to light; it is used for dyeing shades of pink of superior fastness for wallpapers and paper for book-covers It is moreover very largely used for pink blotting paper. In addition to FFB, the following brands are known in the trade: Diamine Rose B extra. BG, BD, GD, GGN, which possess the like properties ■ 1. Good. 2. Acids slightly dull the shade. > Colourless. Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R comes mainly into consideration for art covers and wallpapers It is parti- cularly serviceable, in the dyeing of covered shades of claret in substituting the combination of Magenta and Brown, which shoivs poor fastness to light Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R is largely used also for the dyeing of blotting paper and mottling fibre. 1. Good. 2. Free acid renders the shade more bluish and duller. Diamine Fast Bordeaux 6BS is used for the same purposes as Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R, which it excels in fastness to light. 1. An excess of sulphate of alumina or 2. acids dull the shade. Oxy Diamine Violet B is principally used for saddening dark shades of claret for packing paper and paper for book-covers, and for the dyeing of blotting paper and mottling fibre. 43 Diamine Name of the Dyestuff Method of Dyeing Fastness to Light Fastness to Alkalies Diamine Brilliant Blue G 81 0.5°/o 1.5°/o Diamine Fast 'Blue FFB pat. 82 84 85 0.5°/o 1.5°/o Diamine Blue 3B 0.5°/o 1.50/o Diamine Sky Blue FF 0.50/0 1.50/0 Diamine Sky Blue FF (Copper Sulphate) 0.5% I.50/0 Normal, as indicated on page 32. ii -in. With the addition of copper sulphate IV. IV. II. II. With the addition of copper sulphate IV. Good. Very good. Resists weak alkalies. Good. 44 Colours. 1. Fastness to Alum 2. Fastness to Acids Back Water Remarks 1. Good. 2. Acids render the shade a trifle redder. Colourless. Diamine Brilliant Bine (l serves for the dyeing of dark bine paper fur book-covers and blue board. Dyed with the addition of copper sulphate, the dyeings are considerably more resistant to light, and sufficiently answer then the requirements for fastness to light which are demanded of wallpapers. 1. Good. 2. Good. Diamine Fast Blue FFB is distinguished for its excellent resistance to light and very good fastness to alkalies and acids. It is used for the dyeing of wallpapers and superior paper for book-covers, as well as for mottling fibre. Brighter tones of good fastness to light are obtained by combining Diamine Fast Blue FFB with Alkaline Blue or Water Blue. 1. Good. 2. Good. Diamine Blue 3B yields bright greenish blue shades. 1. Good. 2. Good. Diamine Sky Blue FF is used for dyeing bright shades of blue on paper containing no wood pulp, and also for light blue blotting paper and mottling fibres. Dyed with the addition of copper sulphate (page 33) it , possesses excellent resistance to light, and is then very well suited for wallpapers and paper for book-covers. It can thus be dyed in combination with Diamine Yellow KOF, Paper Yellow A high cone or Diamine Fast Yellow A 11200 °/o, yielding green and olive tones of very good fastness to light. 45 Diamine Diamine Fast Brown GB pat. Oxy Diamine Brown G Method of Fastness to Dyeing Light IV. Fastness to Alkalies Very good. Normal, as indicated on page 32. III. Very good. 46 Colours. 1. Fastness to Alum 2. Fastness to Acids Back Water Remarks 1. Good. 2. Free acid very slightly dulls the shade. Colourless. Diamine Fast Brown G, R. and GB possess very good fastness to light and are also very resistant to alkalies and acids; they are particularly well suited for the dyeing of wrapping papers. 1. An excess of sulphate of alumina or 2. acids render the shade a little duller. Oxy Diamine Brown G serves in the first place for the production of bright shades of brown for paper for book-covers. 1. Good 2. Acids render the shade a little redder. Diamine Brown No 30a is used for dyeing dark brown packing paper and paper for book-covers. 47 Diamine Name of the Dyestuff Method of Dyeing Fastness to Light Fastness to Alkalies Cotton Dark Brown BM Normal, as indicated on page 32. III. Good. BHHH 0.5°/o 91 hhbhh 1.5°/o Diamine Catechine Q pat. III. • Good. 1 0.5°/o 92 bhhhi 1.5°/o Diamine Catechine B pat. 0.5°/o 93 hhhhh I. 50/0 Diamine Green G bhhhi O. 50/0 94 1 1.5°/o II -III. ' Good. Diamine Green B ■■■■ O. 50/0 95 ■H 1.5°/o 48 Colours. 1. Fastness to Alum : 2. Fastness to Acids Back Water i Remarks 1. Good. 2. Acids turn the shade somewhat more reddish. ' Colourless. Cotton Dark Brown BM behaves like Diamine Brown No. 30a and yields more yellowish brown shades. 1. Good. 2. Acids dull the shade slightly. Diamine Catechine G and B are used for the dyeing > of deep shades on paper for book-covers and wrapping papers, and for the dyeing of mottling fibre. 1. A large excess of sulphate of alumina and 2. acids render the shade slightly duller. Diamine Green G and B serve for producing covered green shades on paper for book-covers and wrapping papers, and generally also for dyeing deep green blotting papers and mottling fibre. Diamine Sky Blue FF in combination with yellow, and dyed with the addition of sulphate of copper, is given the preference for ve> y fast greens. ( See page i5.) 49 4 Diamine Name of the Dyestuff Method of Dyeing Eastness to Light Fastness to Alkalies Diamine Black BH , •' : • I i III Good. 96 1 3«/o Diamine Fast Black CB high cone. ' : f - K ■ /'-> Hi III — IV. 97 Diamine Fast Black C high cone. 1 l°/0 Normal, as ■1 indicated on Ill -IV. 98 page 32. l 4 °/o Cooj Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone, pat 4 ,' 1 ”... ■■■■■■■■■■■ 99 1 1 ' ^ 4»/o | ir. Oxy Diamine Black AT extra cone. pat. i°/o 100 ■ 1 50 Colours. 1. Fastness to Alum 2. Fastness to Acids Back Water Remarks 1 A large excess of sulphate of alumina and 2. acids render the shade a trifle more reddish. Colourless. Diamine Black BH yields a full blue-black of good fastness to rubbing and water. It is used for the dyeing of paper for book-covers, wrapping papers, blue board, etc. A combination with 11 ’ater Blue B or Paper Blue KRB yields full blue shades. Diamine Black Bll is besides used very extensively for the dyeing of mottling fibres for dark blue effects. 1. A large excess of sulphate of alumina and 2. acids render the shade a trace more reddish. Both products serve for the dyeing of wrapping papers for fine quality metal goods and for photographic articles. They are used besides for the dyeing of black mottling fibres of good fastness to light. Same as Diamine Fast Black CB high cone. 1. Good. 2. Acids render the shade slightly more reddish. The Oxy Diamine Blacks a> e used extensively for the dyeing of all kinds of black papers, and serve as excellent substitutes for logwood, over which they offer the advantage of a simple application. For dyeing papers containing a large percentage of wood, Oxy Diamine Black is to advantage used in combination with a basic black such combination covering the mixed pulp excellently and allowing of best possible exhaustion of the dyestuff. The Oxy Diamine Blacks are besides employed extensively for the dyeing of the various kinds of mottling fibres. 1. Good. 2. Acids render the shade slightly more reddish. 51 DYEING WITH COMBINATIONS OF DYESTUFFS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT GROUPS. When dyeing paper in the pulp, it is frequently an advantage to use combinations of dyestuffs belonging to different groups. When t.he components have been suitably selected, colour lakes are formed even without the application of a precipitating agent, which are partly insoluble in water and which are fixed firmly in the paper; this results on the one hand in a saving of colouring matter and in obtaining generally clear hack waters, on the other hand in the pores and unevennesses of the paper sheet being filled evenly, thus ensuring very level dyeings. Of particular importance are combinations of easily soluble Acid Colours which are harder to fix and Basic Colours; this allows on the one hand of exhausting the Acid Colour as thoroughly as possible, and on the other of avoiding the mottled appearance apt to occur in most cases when employing Basic Colours exclusively. It is an advantage in such case to start dyeing with the Acid Colour, adding the solution of the Basic Colour subsequently. The combinations mostly employed are the following: Naphtol Yellow S or China Yellow B with Auramine II or 0, Orange IT with Chrysoidine, Brilliant Croceme with Safranine or Magenta, Alkaline Blue or Water Blue with Victoria Blue. Methylene Blue or New Methylene Blue. Combination dyeings are further employed if the dyestuffs of one group do not yield sufficient brightness of shade and if the application of a certain group of dyestuffs is to he given the preference for various reasons. If therefore more exacting demands are made of the paper in point of fastness, Diamine Colours should he used, topped according to requirement with bright Acid or Basic Colours. The fastness of the dyeing is in this case hardly affected by the generally slight addition of the dyestuff used for brightening, and the hack waters are coloured hut very slightly even when a colour is used for shading which is inclined to colour back waters. 52 Basic Colours also become well fixed on a ground dyed with Diamine Colours. Papers containing a large percentage of wood pulp, but which, considering their subsequent application, are yet required to answer more exacting demands in point of fastness, are to best advantage dyed first with Diamine Colours, and topped with an Acid or Basic Colour which covers the wood pulp thoroughly. 53 SPECIAL PART. MOTTLED PAPER. For mottled paper containing mottling fibre of different colour among its base, dyed rags (especially cotton rags dyed blue) are frequently used for the mottling. Of late, however, cellulose and cotton are also dyed in large quantities in the desired colours direct for mottling purposes, because cellulose, according to experience, yields a material excellently suited for a mottling fibre, and the paper maker is then not dependent for the shade on any chance stock of rags. Besides cotton and cellulose, linen, jute and china grass come into consideration as mottling fibres. For the mottling fibre Diamine Colours, are chiefly used, which are dyed in the simplest manner and are fixed fast to water. In certain cases, especially for dyeing particularly bright shades, Basic Colours are used, but then the mottling fibre must be previously, treated with tannin. Ordinary wool, dyed with Diamine or Acid Colours, is likewise used sometimes as mottling fibre. Dyeing of Vegetable Mottling Fibre. For particulars of dyeing with Diamine Colours see page 33. Dyeing with Basic Colours: 5 — 6 lbs tannic acid per 100 lbs mottling fibre are dissolved in warm water and given into the beater; the mottling fibre is entered, and after heating to 70 — 80° C. (160 — 175° F.) steam is shut off and the fibre treated for a few hours longer in the cooling solution. It is then run off into draining boxes and allowed to drain thoroughly before being used. It is then entered again into the beater, and after heating the contents the colour solution is added. After one to two hours’ working, 1 — 2% sulphate of alumina are added. Jute may be dyed with Basic Colours without any preparatory treatment of the material, because this fibre absorbs the dyestuff almost completely from the boiling hot dyebath. If it should prove 57 4 * necessary, 5% tannic acid are added after the dyeing, the material being allowed to remain in the cooling bath for a few hours longer in order to enhance the resistance to water of the dyeings. Dyeing of Mottling Fibre composed of Wool and Half -Wool. Dyeing with Diamine Colours: Wool is dyed with Diamine Colours in the same manner as vege- table fibres (see page 33). This group of colours is particularly well suited if half-wool is used as a mottling fibre, because they stain at the same time the cotton which is admixed to the wool. Half-wool is dyed with Diamine Colours in the- same manner as vegetable fibres. Dyeing with Acid Colours: If wool is used as a mottling fibre, it may be dyed with Acid Colours according to the following directions: Charge the dyebath with 10 — 20% Glauber’s salt crystals and 4% sulphuric acid (108° Tw.) or with 10% bisulphate of soda and the requisite quantity of dyestuff. Then enter the material, and dye for about 1 hour at boiling temperature. Finally add 2% sulphuric acid or sulphate of alumina in order to fix the dyestuff as well as possible. Before adding the sulphuric acid it must always be strongly diluted with water. It is an advantage to wash the mottling fibre well, especially if it is to be used soon after the dyeing. Samples of mottled paper will be found on pages 65, 69, 75 and 81. BLOTTING PAPER. For producing blotting paper, which is required to possess a high degree of absorbing and moistening power being at the same time of a soft and loose make, raw materials as soft as possible are used which may easily be felted to form a loose paper. For this purpose mostly pure cotton rags, if necessary in combination with soft cellulose, or sometimes also soft cellulose alone, are used. In many instances the raw material is especially prepared by subjecting it to freezing or to a special fermentation process. 58 The fibres of the raw material must possess a certain length throughout, and any filling materials which would fill the pores should be excluded. The fixing agents customary for dyeing paper in the pulp which settle on the fibre and in the interstices should also be avoided. It is best therefore to use such dyestuffs only as go on to the fibre and are fixed thereon without requiring any additions that may impair the absorbing property of the paper. The Diamine Colours answer these requirements in the first place, and are, one and all, well suited for dyeing unsized papers. If any shading be necessary, Basic Colours may be used, because the bottom dyed with Diamine Colours fixes some Basic Colour. Common qualities of blotting paper containing wood pulp may in very light shades be dyed with Acid Colours. When producing the latter kind of paper it is an advantage to add some china clay, which somewhat improves the low absorbing power. For better class blotting papers, however, the addition of china clay or other filling materials must be omitted, because china clay absorbs liquids not anywhere near as well as rags or cellulose. Samples of blotting paper will be found on pages G 7 and 69. WHITE WRITING AND PRINTING PAPER. The dyestuffs used for tinting papers of this kind should yield as pure a white as possible, and must have no tendency to mottling on mixed materials. The products mostly employed are the Water Blues or Alkaline Blues in combination with Rosazeine B or Brilliant Croceine M, or the more bluish Brilliant Croceines 7B or 9B. If more exacting demands are made with regard to fastness to light, Alizarine Cyanole EF in combination with Brilliant Croceine 9B is used. For cheaper grades of white paper, the more reddish brands, viz, Water Blue RRS or RS are given the preference, which in com- bination with Rosazeine B or Brilliant Croceine M yield a sufficiently good white. 59 "Basic Colours are not quite so well suited because they are apt to produce a mottled appearance. In order to ensure exact working with the small quantities of dyestuff necessary for tinting white papers, it is an advantage to use for this purpose solutions of a definite concentration in measured portions. PA PEE FOR POSTERS AND PROSPECTUSES AND WRAPPING PAPER. Papers for posters, and prospectuses, and low class wrapping papers, are intended principally for temporary use, and their proper- ties of fastness are therefore of hut secondary importance. Wood pulp and waste papers containing a large amount of wood pulp are used as raw materials; cellulose is added in such quantities only as are absolutely necessary for the purpose, with the exception of wrapping papers which are required to withstand a certain amount of tension and flexion, and for which a little more cellulose must be added, also a few per cent of rags. The stated qualities of paper are mostly dyed in bright, frequently very brilliant shades (especially for posters and prospectu- ses), and for this purpose the Basic and Acid Colours come principally into consideration which possess great tinctorial power and yield at fhe same time very bright shades. Combinations of both groups have proved of excellent value. Samples of papers for posters, and jirospectvses, and of wrapping papers will be found on page 71. ENVELOPE PAPER. Envelope paper is manufactured from different kinds of raw material. Fine grade and superfine envelopes are generally made of the same kind of raw material as the note paper for which they are to serve as envelopes, and thus rags, especially linen rags, mostly in combination with bleached cellulose, come into consideration as raw material. Medium qualities are chiefly manufactured from cellulose (bleached or unbleached). 60 Out of consideration of price, however, cheaper substitutes are used for the largest part of envelopes, (especially for the ordinary kinds of business envelopes). Whereas the best qualities of envelopes, and a large portion also of the medium qualities, are only tinted white, the low grade papers are nearly always dyed in order to impart to them a better appearance. Mottled envelopes are frequently given the preference because the mottled effect (page 57) reduces the transparency of the paper considerably. In order to reduce the transparency to a minimum in the case of thin envelope paper, a large amount of china clay is generally added to the pulp. The papers are usually sized in the same way as writing papers. The selection of the dyestuffs is in the first instance dependent on the demands made of the envelope. Special fastness is not generally wanted, but merely a pleasing colour which is produced with bright Acid and Basic Colours. Samples of envelope paper will be found on pages 73 and 75. AET COYEES, CATALOGUE COYEES. These papers as a rule are intended for prolonged use, and on this account have to answer more exacting demands in point of resist- ing external influences than those to which ordinary wrapping papers are subjected ; they are mostly made from cellulose, more rarely with a slight addition of wood pulp. Cotton is added frequently in order to impart a soft feel to the paper. Varying with the prevailing taste, the papers are dyed in medium or deep shades. In selecting the dyestuffs, their properties of fastness are of primary importance. Diamine Colours almost ex- clusively are used for dyeing, shaded if necessary with Acid Colours or in some cases also with Basie Colours. Besides the undved wrapping papers, a large number of papers with a coloured mottling fibre is in demand. The base is as a rule used in a pure white state, in order to render the mottling effect the more pronounced: as mottling material a suitably dyed cellulose is used, and less frequently dyed cotton, (page 57). 61 There are besides dark coloured papers which contain undyed mottling fibres, of as pure a white as possible and of a good lustre (jute, china grass, etc.). Wood dust is used likewise for producing the mottling effect. In the latter instances the base is dyed with Diamine Colours, the undyed material for the mottling effect being added finally after the dyeing and the sizing. Samples of art covers (catalogue covers) will be found on pages 77, 79 and 81. PAPER FOR NEED LE-WRAPPERS. For the packing of needles and other fine polished metal goods, dark coloured, mostly black papers are generally used. Special importance is to be attached to the pulp being as pure as possible, thus preventing the goods packed therein from becoming tarnished or rusty. The Diamine Colours are the most advantageous products to use for dyeing paper of this kind, as they do not contain any deleterious substances. For producing a blue-black with normal demands for fastness, Diamine Black BH is used generally, and Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone, for jet black, whilst Diamine Fast Black C high cone, or CB high cone, are used if the demands for fastness are more exacting. If necessary, the dyeings may be shaded with Basic Colours. The dyeing is carried out as customary, but the amount of salt should not be excessive. In the case of deep shades, the pnlp is heated somewhat in the beater in order to get the fullest advantage of the dyestuff. In the sizing, any large excess of sulphate of alumina should be avoided as much as possible, just as it should be made a point to keep the paper as neutral as possible. PACKING PAPER. For fhe best classes of packing paper, the strongest raw materials are used in order to impart to them great strength and elasticity, especially at the bends. Cheaper grade papers made of inferior raw materials are generally produced in a very heavy quality in order to render them as resistant as possible. 62 The quality of the paper is taken duly into consideration in dyeing. Better qualities are advantageously dyed with the faster Diamine Colours, ordinary qualities, the raw material of which consists of waste-rags or brown pulp, with Basic or Acid Colours which possess good tinctorial power, and low grade straw packing papers with Basic Colours generally. Samples of packing paper will be found on pages 83 and 85. WALL-PAPER. Wall-papers are generally required to answer more exacting demands for fastness, resistance to light and atmosphere and the actions of mortar and paste coming mainly into consideration. Best possible fastness to rubbing and water are likewise of importance. Care should be taken to select raw materials showing good resistance. If out of considerations of price, cheaper substitutes such as wood pulp or waste paper are used, it cannot he expected that papers so produced will posses the same fastness (especially fastness to light and atmosphere) as materials free from wood, because wood pulp becomes very brownish on prolonged exposure to light and atmosphere, this causing a change in the shade. If, however, cheap raw materials have to be used, it is important at least to use colouring matters of best possible fastness, for which purpose the faster brands of the Diamine and Acid Colours are exceedingly well adapted. Of the Basic Colours, New Methylene Blue GG is the only brand suitable for dyeing, its fastness to light being relatively good, the other Basic Colours come into consideration for shading purposes only. A special kind of wall-paper is Ingrain wall-paper, produced generally as duplex paper, the peculiar effect of which is obtained by an addition of croppings and wood dust. Ingrain papers are dyed in the same manner as the other kinds of wall-paper. SampAes of wall-paper will be found on page 87. 63 MOTTLED PAPEE, (Page 57.) Base of the Paper: 50% pine- wood pulp 40% unbleached sulphite pulp 10 % china clay. Mottling Fibre: Unbleached sulphite pulp. Quantity of Mottling Fibre: No 1. 2.5% No 2 . 2.5% No 3. 2.5% No 4. 2.5% No 5. 5 % No 0. 5 % No 7. 1 50 ' 1 .0 /0 No 8 . n 0 / J /o Quantity of Dyestuff: 1.5% Diamine Green B 2.5% Oxy Diamine Yellow TZ. 3 % Diamine Catechine G pat. 2 % Diamine Green B. 2 % Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux B. 2 % Diamine Sky Blue FP. 3 % Diamine Fast Scarlet GFF pat 2 % Diamine Brilliant Violet B. 4 % Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone, pat The stated quantities of mottling fibre refer to the weight of the base of the paper, those of dyestuff being reckoned on the weight of the mottling fibre. 64 65 5 BLOTTING PAPER. (Page 58.) Raw Material: Bleached Cctton. No. 1. 1 lb Diamine Orange G. No. 2. 5 lbs Diamine Rose BG. No. 3. 5 lbs Diamine Sky Blue FF 7 y 2 „ sulphate of copper. No. 4. 30 lbs Diamine Fast Scarlet 4BFF pat. No. 5. 11 lbs Diamine Green B. No. 0. 25 lbs Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R 5 „ Diamine Fast Brown R pat. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 66 67 MOTTLED BLOTTING PAPER. (Page 57 and 58.) Base of the Paper: Bleached Cotton. Mottling Fibre: Unbleached Sulphite Pulp. Quantity of Mottling Fibre: No 1: 5 % 30 lbs No 2: 2-5% 30 „ No 3: 10 % 30 „ No 4: 10 % 30 „ No 5: 10 % 30 „ No 6: 10 % 40 „ Quantity of Dyestuff: Diamine Green B. Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R. Diamine Catechine G pat. Diamine Sky Blue FF. Diamine Fast Scarlet GFF pat. Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone. pat. The stated quantities of mottling fibre refer to the weight of the base of the paper and those of dyestuff to 1000 lbs of mottling fibre. The mottling fibre is dyed as described on page 33; the addition of sulphate of alumina may be omitted entirely or partly, the duration of the dyeing process being prolonged accordingly. 69 PAPER FO R POSTERS, PROSPE CTUSE D AND WRAPPING PAPER. (Page 60.) Raw Material: 15% unbleached sulphite pulp 20% waste paper 45% wood pulp 20% china clay. No 1 : 1 lb Victoria Blue B 12 oz Paper Blue KBB Vs „ Auramine O. No 2. 15 oz Safranine G extra O Vs „ Orange R. No 3: 1 lb ly oz Brilliant Green Crystals extra 1 K „ Auramine O. No 4: 12 oz Naplitylamine Black 4B 3V 3 „ Tropaeoline G 2 „ Orange R. No 5: 1 lb 5 oz New Magenta O 9)4 „ Orange R 2K „ Methyl Violet BB 72 No 1. No 6: 14 oz Paper Blue KRB 2K „ Auramine O IK „ Orange R. No 7: 2 lbs 4 oz Safranine G extra O 1 lb 3 „ Orange R. No 8: 9 K oz Methyl Violet BB 72 No 1. K „ Paper Blue KRB. No 9: 1 lb ly 2 oz Auramine O. No 10: 8 oz Victoria Blue B 5 ,, Paper Blue KRB Vs „ Auramine O. No 11 : 4 lbs 12 oz Orange R 15 „ Auramine 0. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 70 wmamavmmmm PAPER FOR POSTERS, PROSPECTUSED AND WRAPPING PAPER. 71 ENVELOPE PAPER. (Page 60.) Raw Material: 25% unbleached sulphite pulp 35% wood pulp 25% waste paper 15% china clay. No 1: 12 oz Tropaeoline G 2 2 /s Paper Blue KBB. No 2: No 3: No 4: No 5: No 6: No 7: 3 oz Orange It 3 „ Tropaeoline G. 6 oz Tropaeoline G 3 „ Auramine O % „ Paper Blue KRB. 5 oz Paper Blue KRB 1 „ Brilliant Green Crystals extra 4 „ Tropaeoline G. 8% oz Orange R 8 „ Tropaeoline G % „ Paper Blue KRB. 6 oz Methyl Violet R No 1 2 „ Orange R 1 „ Paper Blue KRB. 2 lbs Auramine O 2 „ Tropaeoline G. No 8: 6 y 2 oz Paper Blue KRB % „ Brilliant Green Crystals extra 3)4 „ Tropaeoline G. No 9: 12 lbs Safranine G extra 0 8 „ Orange R. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 72 ENVELOPE PAPER. 73 5 * MOTTLED ENVELOPE PAPER. (Page 57 and 60.) Base of the Paper: 30% unbleached sulphite pulp 20% waste paper 40% fir-wood pulp 10% china clay. Mottling Fibre: Nos 1 to 6: Unbleached sulphite pulp, Nos 7 and 8: Unbleached jute. No 1: Base: 3 oz Diamine Catechine G pat. 1.5% mottling fibre dyed with 1.5% Diamine Bordeaux Brilliant R. No 2: Base: 4 oz Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. ls/ 5 „ Diamine Heliotrope B 2.5% mottling fibre dyed with 2 % Diamine Heliotrope B. No 3: Base: 3 oz Diamine Yellow KCP D/ 6 „ Diamine Green B 5 % mottling fibre dyed with 1.5% Diamine Green B 2 % Oxy Diamine Yellow TZ. No 4: Base: 6 oz Diamine Black BH 5 / g „ Roccelline 5 / 8 „ Diamine Brown M 2.5% mottling fibre dyed with 3 % Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone. pat. No 5: Base: 12 oz Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 5 % mottling fibre dyed with 1 % Diamine Black BH. No 6: Base: 3 oz Paper Blue KRB 5 % mottling fibre dyed with 2 % Diamine Black BH. No 7: Base: 3 oz Naphtylamine Black 4B 1J4 ,, Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 1 % mottling fibre dyed with 1 % Methyl Violet BB 72 No 1. No 8: Base: 1 oz Brilliant Green Crystals extra 4 „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 0.5% mottling fibre dyed with 1.5% Brilliant Green Crystals extra. The quantities of dyestuff stated for dyeing the base of the paper refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater, those for the dyeing of the mottling fibre being reckoned on the weight of this fibre. The quantity of the mottling fibre is reckoned on the weight of the ground pulp. 74 MOTTLED ENVELOPE PAPEE. — 75 — ART COVERS (CATALOGUE COVERS). (Page 61.) Raw Material : 75% unbleaclied sulphite pulp 25% bleached ticking. No 1 : 10 lbs Diamine Sky Blue FF 5 „ Diamine Fast Black X „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 10 „ sulphate of copper. No 2: 3 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 3% „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 Vi „ Orange R. No 3: 15 lbs Orange R 5 „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200. No 4: 10 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 10 „ Diamine Yellow KCP. No 5: 25 lbs Diamine Fast Scarlet GFF pat. 10 „ Brilliant Crocexne MOO. No 6: 12 lbs Diamine Fast Brown G pat. 4 „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 10 „ Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. No 7: 7 lbs Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 3 „ Diamine Yellow KCP 2 „ Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. No 8: 32 lbs Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R 12^4 „ Diamine Catechine G pat. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 76 ART COVERS (CATALOGUE COVERS). ART COVERS (CATALOGUE COVERS). (Page 61.) Material • 75% unbleached sulphite pulp 25% bleached ticking. No 9: 2 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. l Vi 99 Diamine Orange G IX OZ Diamine Yellow KCP. No 10: 5 lbs Diamine Sky Blue FF 11 99 Diamine Yellow KCP 10 99 sulphate of copper. No 11: 3 lbs Diamine Orange F 12 oz Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 8 99 Diamine Fast Black X. No 12: 6 lbs Diamine Sky Blue FF 6 99 Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 10 » sulphate of copper. No 13: 20 lbs Diamine Fast Brown G pat. No 14: 15 lbs Diamine Green B 15 99 Diamine Yellow KCP. No 15: 35 lbs Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R 1 lb 3 oz Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. No 16: 40 lbs Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone. pat. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 78 79 MOTTLED ART COVERS (CATALOGUE COVERS) (Pages 57 and 61.) liase of the Paper: 75% bleached sulphite pulp 25% bleached ticking. Mottling Fibre: Unbleached sulphite pulp. Quantity of Mottling Fibre: 25% (calculated on the quantity of base) No 1 25 lbs Diamine Catechine G pat. 5 „ Diamine Green B. No 2 40 lbs Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R. No 3 20 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. No 4 30 lbs Fast Scarlet GFF pat. No 5 30 lbs Diamine Green B. No 6 30 lbs Diamine Violet N. No 7 40 lbs Oxy Diamine Black JEI extra cone. pat. The quantities of dyestuff stated for the dyeing of the mottling fibre are those required for dyeing 1000 lbs of material. 80 81 6 PACKING PAPER. (Page 62.) Raw Material: 30% pine-wood pulp 40% grey waste rags 20% unbleached sulphite pulp Ilia. 10% china clay. No 1: 1.6 lbs Tropaeoline G 0.5 99 Orange R. No 2: 7.5 lbs Bismarck Brown PSE 2.5 99 Roccelline. No 3: 2.5 lbs Malachite Green cone. 2.5 99 Bismarck Brown 1947J 1 99 Tropaeoline G. No 4: 4 lbs Paper Brown 2757J 0.5 99 Tropaeoline G. No 5: 4 lbs Diamine Black BH 0.5 99 Orange R. No 6: 2.5 lbs New Magenta O. No 7: 5 lbs Diamine Black BH 5 99 Paper Blue 1692J. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 82 PACKING PAPER. BROWN-WOOD PACKING PAPER. (Page 62.) Raw Material: 80% brown-wood pulp 10% unbleached sulphite pulp Ilia 10% china clay. No 1: 8 lbs Tropaeoline G. No 2: 5 lbs Paper Brown 2757J. No 3: 8.5 lbs Paper Blue 3685J. ► *■* ' » No 4: 6 lbs Bismarck Brown PSE. No 5: 14 lbs Tropaeoline G 4.5 „ Malachite Green cone. No 6: 17.5 lbs Roccelline No 7: 5.8 lbs Methyl Violet BB 72 No 1. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 84 BROWN-WOOD PACKING PAPER. 85 WALL-PAPER. (Page 63.) Nos 1 to 9. Raw Material : 30% pine-wood pulp 30% waste paper 20% unbleached sulphite pulp. 20% china clay. No 1: 1.6 lbs Diamine Sky Blue FF 0.6 „ Diamine Orange G 0.2 „ Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat 3 „ sulphate of copper. No 2: 10 lbs Paper Yellow A high cone. • 2 „ Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 1 „ New Methylene Blue GG. No 3: 4 lbs Diamine Fast Black X 0.6 Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 0.4 „ Diamine Yellow KCP. No 4: 2.4 lbs Diamine Orange D 0.4 „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 0.1 „ Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. No 5: 6 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 4 „ Diamine Sky Blue FF 1 „ Diamine Orange D 10 „ sulphate of copper. No 6: 3 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 3.6 „ Diamine Fast Yellow AR 200 2 „ Diamine Orange G. No 7: 0.8 lbs Diamine Fast Blue FFB pat. 0.6 „ Brilliant-Crocelne MOO. No 8: 20 lbs Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R 4 „ Brilliant Croceine MOO. No 9: 4 lbs Diamine Green B 10 „ Diamine Yellow KCP 1 „ Diamine Orange G. No 10: Ingrain Wall-Paper. Raw Material: 20% pine-wood pulp 30% waste paper 20% unbleached sulphite pulp 10% china clay 10% wood dust 10% croppings (black). Dyeing: 2.2 lbs Brilliant Croceine MOO. The stated quantities of dyestuff refer to 1000 lbs of pulp in the beater. 86 WALL-PAPER. 87 II. DYEING OF PAPER IN SHEETS. 6 * DYEING TISSUE PAPER AND CRAPE PAPER BY THE DIPPING PROCESS. In applying this method, the Acid Colours and Eosines owing to their good solubility and property to yield very brilliant shades are used in the first place. In some instances, Basic Colours also come into consideration. The following are the dyestuffs best suited for this process: Acid Colours: Naphtol Yellow S, SL China Yellow B, 1990 J Acid Yellow AT Tropaeoline G Indian Yellow G, R Orange GG, extra, ENL, RL, RRL Havana Brown S cone. Brilliant Croceine ROO, BOO, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 9B Brilliant Cochineal 2R, 4R Excelsior Lake Scarlet JN, 2JN Lake Scarlet GG, R, 2R, 3R Brilliant Scarlet G, GG, R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 6R Crystal Scarlet 6R Scarlet EC, FR, FFR, FRRR Amaranth, B Lanafuchsine SG, SB, BBS, 6B Brilliant Lanafuchsine SL, BB Lanacyl Violet pat. B, BF Acid Violet 4RS, 6BS Formyl Violet S4B, GB, 10B Azo Wool Violet 4B, 7R Cyanole extra, FF Tetra Cyanole V, SF, extra Azo Wool Blue C pat. Brilliant Milling Blue B pat. Formyl Blue B Blue JB, JBP, RS, RRS Pure Soluble Blue Water Blue B Brilliant Milling Green B Acid Green extra cone., 5G Cyanole Green B, 6G, S Cyanole Fast Green pat., G, V Naphtol Green B Naphtol Dark Green G Nerazine G, GV, BR Naphtol Blue Black SB, BN Naphtylamine Black EFF Naphtol Black B, BB, GB. Eosine Colours: Eosine Scarlet B Phloxine, S Eosine BN, 3G, GGF, L Rose Bengale extra N. Erythrosine B, D, yellow shade, extra N 91 Basic Colours: Auramine 0, II Diamond Phosphine GG, R Bismarck Brown EE, GG, FF New Magenta 0 Safranine GG extra 0, G extra 0, Methylene Blue BB New Methylene Blue GG, GB, N, R Methyl Violet BB 72 No 0, R No 1, 3R No 1 Crystal Violet 10B B extra 0, S 150, 1245J Brilliant Green Crystals extra Irisamine G, G extra Rosazeine B, B extra Malachite Green cone. Solid Green Crystals O. The dyestuffs are dissolved to the necessary concentration in boiling hot condensed water, the tissue paper being then passed in the paper dipping machine through the solution. In order to avoid any separation of dyestuff when working with concentrated solutions, it is an advantage to keep the dyestuff solutions warm during that time. An addition of a little acetic acid may be given in dissolving the Basic Colours. DYEING BLOTTING PAPER BY THE DIPPING PROCESS. For this purpose the same products are used as are recommen- ded above for the dyeing of tissue paper. Generally, the Acid Colours and the Eosines are given the preference over the Basic Colours, because they possess better penetrating property. The method of dyeing is the same as for tissue paper. FACE-DY EING OF PA PER I N SHEETS (WALL-PAPERS, INGRAIN PAPERS) BY STAINING. For this purpose, those dyestuffs are used which possess good fastness to light, alkalies and acids, and are of sufficient solubility. The products best suited are the Diamine Colours, for they possess the requisite properties, and their aqueous solutions yield dyeings 92 of comparatively good fastness to water, even without the addition of anv fixing agent. Acid dyestuffs are used for producing specially bright shades. The following Diamine Colours are used: Diamine Fast Yellow FF pat. (300%). A (200%), AR (200%) Paper Yellow GG extra, A high cone., 3765J Diamine Orange G. D, B, F Diamine Fast Orange pat. EG. FR Diamine Fast Brownpat.G.R.GB Oxy Diamine Brown G. 3GN, RN Diamine Catechine B, G pat., 3G Diamineral Brown G Diamine Rose B extra, BD, BG, GD, FFB Diamine Fast Scarlet GG. GFF, 4BFF, 5BFF, 7BFF. 8BF pat., 8BN Diamine Fast Red 8BL Diamine Fast Bordeaux GBS Diamine Brilliant Bordeaux R Diamine Sky Blue FF Diamine Fast Blue pat. FFB. FFG, G, BN Diamine Fast Violet FFBN, FFRN Diamine Fast Black C high cone., CB high cone. Oxy Diaminogene pat. EF, OB, OT and of the Acid Colours the following: China Yellow B, 1990.T Milling Yellow O pat. Fast Yellow 3036J Fast Acid Yellow TL Acid Yellow AT Orange GG, extra, EN, ENL Havanna Brown S cone. Brilliant Croce'ine ROO, BOO, MOO, 3B, 5B. 7B, 9B Amaranth B Lanafuchsine GB Brilliant Lanafuchsine SL, BB Lanacvl Violet BF pat. Lanacyl Blue pat. BB, R Peri Wool Blue B pat. Nerazine G, GV. BR Naphtol Green B Cvanole Fast Green G pat. Naphtol Black B. 2B, 3B. GB. Dissolve the dyestuff in boiling hot, condensed 'water, and apply the solution in the requisite concentration to the paper by means of a revolving brush, or, conduct the paper over a roller running partly in the colour solution, press off, and dry. When using Acid Colours, some starch paste or neutral vege- table size is advantageously added to the colour solution, in order to better fix the dyestuff and to prevent it from blotting. In order to dye Diamine Sky Blue FF with best possible fast- ness to light, the paper dyed with this product, when still moist, is passed through a solution containing in the colour solution an amount of sulphate of copper equal to the dyestuff. 93 DYESTUFFS FOE WALL-PAPEES AND STAINED PAPEES. For this purpose pigments or colour lakes are generally used, which are mixed with various mediums, and brushed or printed on to the paper. Starch, dextrine, gum, gum tragacanth, glue, gelatine, caseine, china clay, shellac, albumen, etc. are used as mediums. Pigment colours are prepared by precipitating dyestuffs on to suitable substrata. The most important substrata for this purpose are barytes, hydrate of alumina, china clay, white fixing clay and green earth. Barium chloride, lead salts, tannic acid and resin soap are the principal precipitating agents. Pigment colours may be prepared with Acid, Basic, Diamine. Eosine or Immedial Colours. The following method for precipitating Acid Colours is prin- cipally employed for stained (fancy) papers and superior wall- paper lakes: 00 lbs sulphate of alumina (dissolved hot 1:20) are mixed with 20 „ soda ash (dissolved hot 1:20), to which 75 —100 „ barytes 20 — 30 „ dyestuff (dissolved 1:50) are added. The whole is then precipitated at 30° C. (85° E.) with 80 — 90 „ barium chloride (dissolved 1:20). For the production of pigment colours for coloured papers, the barytes are in a good many instances substituted by china clay or tal- cum, in order to ensure greater delicacy of shade and better lustre, or, the precipitation is, for instance, carried out according to the following method: 20 lhs sulphate of alumina (1:20) are mixed with 10 „ soda ash (1:20); then 10 „ dyestuff (1:50) are added, the whole being precipitated with 25 — 30 „ barium chloride (1:20). Acid Colours. The following products are chiefly used: Lake Scarlet GG, E, EE, 3E Excelsior Lake Scarlet JN, 2JN Amaranth B Lanacyl Violet pat. B, BF Pure Soluble Blue Tetra Cyanole A, V Peri Wool Blue G pat. Acid Green extra cone. Lake Green BW Naphtol Green B Orange extra, ENL, EL, EEL Milling Yellow 0 pat. China Yellow B Naphtol Black B, 3B, 6B, L 115. 94 Naphtol Green B, which yields a dark green shade of good fastness to light and lime, is to best advantage precipitated according to the following recipe: 100 lbs barytes are mixed with a warm solution of 12 „ soda ash (1:20), to which 10 „ Naphtol Green B (1:50) 40 „ barium chloride (1:20) and 26 „ sulphate of alumina (1:20) are successively added. Basic Colours. On green earth these dyestuffs are easily fixed, without any precipitating agent, at the same time yielding lakes of good fastness to light and lime. This method applies in the first place to Brilliant Green crystals extra and Solid Green crystals 0, secondly also to New Magenta 0 Methyl Violet BB 72 No 0, 3B No 0, 5B No 0, 0B No 0 Methylene Blue BB Auramine 0 Chrysoidine crystals, AG, FF which latter dyestuffs, if fixed on white fixing clay instead of green earth, yield very bright lakes of good fastness to lime. Other Basic Colours which may be used for this purpose, viz, Saf ranine G extra 0, GG extra 0, B extra 0, S 150 Rosazeine B, 6G Tannin Orange R powder, are mostly precipitated according to the following recipe: 100 lbs barytes 50 „ china clay or kaolin 5 „ dyestuff (dissolved 1:100) are added, the whole being precipitated with a warm solution of 7.5 ,, tannic acid 7.5 „ acetate of soda are mixed well; then in 30 gallons water. Still better precipitation is ensured by the addition of 3 — 4 lbs tartar emetic or antimony salt (1:20), after the tannin; in such case the addition of acetate of soda may be omitted. 95 Basic Colour lakes precipitated with resin soap are well suited for dull coated or coloured papers stained with the brush. In this case the colour lake is prepared according to the follow- ing recipe: 180 lbs sulphate of alumina (1:20) are precipitated with 90 „ soda ash (1:20), mixed with 100 „ barytes, washed three times. 20 „ dyestuff (1:100) are then added, and precipitated with 80 — 100 gallons resin soap (prepared by boiling 50 parts of colophony with 13 parts soda ash and 500 parts water. Diamine Colours. The Diamine Colours yield lakes of good fastness to lime and water which are used for wall-papers. The following products are principally used: Diamine Fast Yellow FF pat. (300%) Paper Yellow A high cone., GG extra Diamine Fast Orange pat. EG, Oxy Diamine Brown G [EE Diamine Brown M* Diamine Sky Blue FF* Diamine Blue RW* Oxy Diamine Blue 5G* Diamine Jet Black SS Oxy Diamine Carbon JEI pat. The precipitating is done according to the following recipe: 200 lbs barytes are mixed with 150 „ sulphate of alumina (1:20); then 70 „ soda ash (1:20), and 30 — 40 „ dyestuff (1:100), are added, the whole being precipitated with 180 „ barium chloride (1:20). Eosine Colours. The Eosine Colours, such as Eosine GGF, 3G, BN, L Rose Bengale extra N, are used for the production of brilliant red lakes; for wallpapers however they come into consideration only for rendering very bright shades more brilliant. The dyestuffs marked with an asterisk (*) are advantageously treated with sulphate of copper, in order to enhance their fastness to light; a solution of sulphate of copper 1:10 (about one-lialf the weight of the dyestuff) is to this end added to the freshly precipitated lake, which is then left standing for a while, and finally washed and pressed out in the customary manner. 96 The lakes are prepared according to the following formula: 50 lbs sulphate of alumina (1:20) are mixed with 20 „ soda ash (1:20) and 80 „ barium chloride crystals (1:20); the precipitate formed is washed three times, then 100 „ barytes are added and also a cold solution of 24 „ dyestuff (1:50) which is precipitated by a cold solution of 30 „ sugar of lead or nitrate of lead. Immedial Colours, Patented. The Immedial Colours yield lakes of very good fastness to light, water and lime, and are used for covered shades. The following are used: Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Immedial Yellow GG soluble, D soluble Orange C soluble Cutch 0 soluble, G soluble Brown RR soluble Bordeaux G soluble Indone R cone, soluble Indogene GCL cone, soluble Direct Blue B extra cone, soluble Sky Blue Powder cone. Green GG extra soluble Black NNG cone, soluble Brilliant Black 5 BY cone, soluble. The precipitating is done by the following method: 100 10 10 10—20 lbs barytes are mixed with water, then „ dyestuff and dissolved in 60 gallons .boiling J . hot water are added ,, caustic Soda lye 77° Tw. J and precipitated with „ barium chloride crystals (1:20). Immedial Sky Blue and Immedial Indone are dissolved with only one-fifth their weight of caustic soda lye; Immedial Brown RR soluble only requires one-half its weight of caustic soda lye. 97 7 Paranitr aniline Red and Nitrotoluidine Orange. For particularly fast red or orange lakes of good tinctorial power, Paranitraniline Red and Nitrotoluidine Orange are used. Lakes of this kind are produced as follows: a) 4 lbs 12 3 A oz Paranitraniline C are dissolved in 2 A gallons hot water and 13 „ 4 % „ hydrochloric acid of 32° Tw. This solution is poured into 6 Yi gallons cold water, the whole being then allowed to cool off to 15° C. (60° F.). Hereafter a cold solution of 2 „ 8 „ nitrite of soda in 2 A gallons water is added in one lot whilst stirring, the whole being diluted to 25 gallons with cold water. b) 5 5 5 3 250 99 99 99 99 99 Beta Naphtol are dissolved with caustic soda lye of 77° Tw. and soda ash in about 5 gallons water, then mixed with Turkey-red oil and barytes whilst stirring in a sufficiency of cold water, about 20 gallons. The diazo solution (a) is run into (b) whilst agitating well. The colour lake forms immediately, which, after washing out well twice over, is pressed and dried. By substituting up to 8% of the amount of Beta Naphtol by Ked Developer C (i. e. 4 lbs 9 A oz Beta Naphtol plus G A oz Red Developer C), a lake of considerably bluer shade and equally good fastness may be obtained. If the Paranitraniline C in the above directions be substituted by 5 lbs 6 A oz Nitrotoluidine C, a brilliant orange lake is obtained possessing the same properties of fastness as the Paranitraniline Red lake. 98 APPENDIX. RAW MATERIALS, FILLING SUBSTANCES, BEATING, GLAZING, SIZING. MILL-WATER, AND CUSTOMARY CHEMICALS. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. HYDROMETER AND THERMOMETER TABLES. RAW MATERIALS USED GENERALLY IN PAPER MANUFACTURE, AND THEIR SUITABILITY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COLOURED PAPERS. 1. Ligneous Fibres: Wood Pulp, Jute. White wood pulp does not absorb Aniline Colours particularly well on account of the incrustating substances contained in wood pulp, and is consequently dyed principally on the surface only. Such dyeings are best obtained with Acid Colours. The wood pulp should be converted into as even a mass and as free from lumps as possible, which is best effected by a stone mill. Brown Wood Pulp absorbs Aniline Colours better, as a portion of the incrustating substances is lixiviated by the steaming. Here too, a thorough kneading of the pulp before dyeing is of very good advantage. Jute: Jute contains tannin-like substances which have a strong affinity for Basic Dyestuffs. 2. Cellulose (Pine-wood , Leaved Wood, Straw, Esparto, Jute, and Manila Cellulose) . Cellulose, particularly in the unbleached state, has a good affinity to Aniline Colours, more especially to Basic and Diamine Colours. Bleached cellulose has slightly less affinity to Basic Dyestuffs; on the other hand it absorbs Diamine Colours just as well as unbleached cellulose. 3. Rags (Flax, Hemp, Cotton). behave similarly to cellulose in the dyeing of Aniline Colours. 101 FILLING SUBSTANCES. By means of the filling substances added to the paper pulp, a smooth surface is obtained and the transparency so unpleasantly noticeable about thin papers, is reduced. The filling substances further serve in the case of inferior qualities of paper for raising the ground shade and also for loading. As a rule, the filling substances have little or no effect on the dyeing itself. The only point to be borne in mind is that owing to the filling material itself absorbing dyestuff and a certain portion of it being invariably lost, rather more dyestuff is required than in dyeing non-loaded paper. The use Of fixing mediums customary for strongly loaded paper (for instance, starch) is a great advantage also for heavily weighted coloured papers. Filling agents, as pure and white as possible, are used. The products coming most frequently into consideration are silicates of alumina (china clay, kaolin, pipe clay) ; barytes or heavy- spar (blanc fixe) is seldom used, because on account of its considerable specific gravitv, it is difficult to prevent it from settling, which is apt to take place even before it can be mixed thoroughly with the paper pulp. Only by previously boiling it up with one-half to equal its quantity of starch it is possible to use barytes to the fullest extent. Gypsum (annaline, plaster) is also used very little as a filling substance, because it is for the greater part dissolved by the water used in the manufacture and is lost as a consequence. As a filling material it comes into consideration only when the water is already strongly calcareous and requires but a small amount of gypsum to saturate it completely. Talcum (steatite) attaches itself easily to the paper fibre and imparts to the paper a soft, velvety feel and fatty gloss. It is used principally for loading copper-plate printing paper. The filling substances are best added to the pulp after commen- cing the dyeing. Tf added before the dyeing, they partially interfere with the absorption of the dyestuffs by the fibre. The filling substances likewise absorb dyestuff, and as a portion of the filling substance is always lost with the waste waters, part of the dyestuff is lost along with it. Only in the case of very pale shades dyed with Basic Colours it is an advantage to add the filling substance beforehand, by which means the mottling is prevented and more level dyeings are obtained. In the case of deep shades, more particularly deep browns, mineral colours (ochre) are used for loading. — 102 - BEATING. The depth of shade is very much dependent upon the beating of the pulp. Greasy pulp always has a deeper-coloured appearance than short pulp. The fact that the material is more vigorously agitated on being entered is conducive to an easier absorption of the dyestuffs, and furthermore the longer duration of the treatment of the pulp acts favourably on the dyeing of the material. In the case of greasy pulp, the surface of the paper will always appear deeper than the interior of the sheet, and it is advisable therefore, in dyeing to shade, to consider in matching also the interior of the paper. GLAZING. The condensation of the sheet resulting from the glazing also imparts a fuller appearance to the dyeing; the depth of shade at the same time is dependent on the pressure exercised by the machine used for glazing as well as on the degree of moisture of the paper. SIZING. The sizing of the paper, and more particularly the resin-sizing, is of particular importance for the dyeing, because the size serves as a fixing agent for the majority of dyestuffs. As a rule, an excess of sulphate of alumina is used in paper making. In some cases, however (as specially indicated in each case against the respective dyeing instructions), it is necessary to limit any excess of this kind as much as possible. Special precautions should be taken when the sulphate of alumina contains any free acid or when it is customary to add a little sulphuric acid to the solution of sulphate of alumina. 103 MILL- WATER. The condition of the water is of material importance in paper dyeing just as it is in the manufacture. So-called, mechanical impurities, particularly suspended matter which cause spots in the paper itself, do not as a rule have any unsatis- factory results in respect to the dyestuffs, but it is advisable, in order to gain the greatest purity in the manufacture, to prevent them from getting in by suitable filtering arrangements. Chemical impurities are mostly not without their influence on the dyeing, particularly if they are present to any large amount. As the materials are in the water in a state of solution, they are of course more difficult to eliminate. Lime, magnesia and iron salts are the principal impurities to come into consideration. Lime and magnesia usually exercise a disturbing influence in the dissolving of the dyestuff only, on w'hich account it is best to dissolve the dyestuffs in condensed instead of ordinary water, or, if necessary, to correct the water by means of the ingredients indicated for dissolving the various groups of dyestuffs. Iron has a deleterious effect in the case of very light shades, the paper assuming a brownish tone and thus dulling the purity of the dyed shade; in the case of deeper shades, the effect of the iron is not usually of any importance. 104 ALUM. Commercial alum is sold either as potash alum or ammonia alum, which show hardly any practical difference in their properties. 100 parts of water dissolve at: 50° O GO ZD e ZD 00 104° 158° 212° F. 9.5 15.1 22.0 30.9 90.7 357.5 parts potash alum 9.1 13.6 19.3 27.3 72.0 421.9 parts ammonia alum Alum is replaced to a considerable extent by aluminium sulphate which owing to its higher concentration has more effect. ALUMINIUM SULPHATE OE SULPHATE OF ALUMINA. Aluminium sulphate has the same properties as alum, being distinguished from same in that it contains more alumina and dissolves very easily in water. It is marketed also under the denomination of concentrated alum. Special care should be taken that it be as free from iron and from acid as possible. 100 parts of sulphate of alumina are equivalent to approximately 140 — 150 parts alum. ALUMINIUM ACETATE OH ACETATE OF ALUMINA. This is used mostly in form of an aqueous solution, prepared by dissolving aluminium hydrate in acetic acid or by mixing sulphate of alumina with acetate of lead (sugar of lead) or calcium acetate. For 100 lbs of aluminium sulphate, 171 lbs sugar of lead are used ; the two solutions are mixed, and after the precipitate has settled, the clear solution is drawn off for use. In order to free the solution com- pletely from lead, a small quantity of Glauber’s salt in solution may be added subsequently. 105 7 * SULPHURIC ACID. Sulphuric acid is a thick, oily, colourless liquid. For dyeing, the ordinary commercial sulphuric acid, so-called oil of vitriol or D. 0. Y. is used commonly, which should contain 93 — 98% pure sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid absorbs water from the air with great avidity, and should therefore be kept in closed vessels. On mixing with water it evolves great heat. In order to avoid dangerous boiling up and spattering, sulphuric acid should always be diluted by being poured in a thin jet into a large quantity of cold water, stirring well all the time. Sulphuric acid serves as an addition to the bleaching liquor and in some cases in sizing as an addition to the sulphate of alumina, and further as an addition when dyeing certain blue Acid Colours. Specific Gravity at 15" C. (59" F.) (Lunge and Isler). Degrees Twaddle Per cent sulphuric acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent sulphuric acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent sulphuric acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent sulphuric acid 2 1.57 48 32.28 94 56.90 140 77.17 4 3.03 50 33.43 96 57.83 142 78.04 6 4.49 52 34.57 98 58.74 144 78.92 8 5.96 54 35.71 100 59.70 146 79.80 10 7.37 56 36.87 102 60.65 148 80.68 12 8.77 58 38.03 104 61.59 150 81.56 14 10.19 60 39.19 106 62.53 152 82.44 16 11.60 62 40.35 108 63.43 154 83.32 18 12.99 64 41.50 110 64.26 156 84.50 20 14.35 66 42.66 112 65.08 158 85.70 22 15.71 68 43.74 114 65.90 160 86.90 24 17.01 70 44.82 116 66.71 162 88.30 26 18.31 72 45.88 118 67.59 164 90.05 28 19.61 74 46.94 120 68.51 165 91.00 30 20.91 76 48.00 122 69.43 166 92.10 32 22.19 78 49.06 124 70.32 167 93.43 34 23.47 80 50.11 126 71.16 168 95.60 36 24.76 82 51.15 128 71.99 168.3* 97.70 38 26.04 84 52.15 130 72.82 168.1* 98.70 40 27.32 86 53.11 132 73.64 168* 99.20 42 28.58 88 54.07 134 74.51 167.7* 99.95 44 29.84 90 55.03 136 75.42 46 31.11 92 55.97 138 76.30 acid is a Sulphurio acid of 97,70 °/o has the little lower. highest epecifio gravity, whilst that of stronger 106 ACETIC ACID. The pure concentrated acetic acid solidifies at ordinary temper- ature, forming crystals of ice-like appearance, and is therefore called glacial acetic acid. Owing to the high price of the latter, commercial acetic acid is used almost exclusively for industrial pur- poses; it is a colourless liquid usually containing 30 — 50% pure acetic acid. In paper dyeing, acetic acid is used principally for correcting calcareous water in dissolving Basic Colours. Although the hydrometer is not satisfactory for an exact deter- mination of the strength of acetic acid, it is nevertheless frequently employed for estimating its strength. Specific Gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) ( Oudemans) . Per oent acetic acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent acetic acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent acotic acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent acetic acid Degrees Twaddle Per cent acetic acid Degrees Twaddle 5 1.3 25 7.0 45 11.4 65 14.3 85 14.8 10 2.8 30 8.2 50 12 3 70 14.7 90 14.3 15 4.3 35 9.4 55 13.1 75 14.9 95 13.2 20 5.7 40 10.5 60 13.7 80 15.0 100 11.1 The specific gravities above 11° Tw. correspond to two liquids of different strengths. To ascertain whether the acid contains more than 77% pure acetic acid or less, a small quantity of water should be added after measuring; if, on again measuring, a higher specific gravity is found, the acid contains more than 77%, otherwise less. SODA OB SODA ASH, SODIUM CARBONATE OR CARBONATE OF SODA. Soda is usually sold as a white powder (soda ash, Solvay or ammonia soda) or in the shape of crystals (soda crystals, crystal carbonate) . Soda crystals is crystallised soda containing about 63% water of crystallisation and small amounts of Glauber’s salt. It mostly contains about 36% pure sodium carbonate. Crystal carbonate is also pure crystallised soda, containing how- ever 18% water of crystallisation only. 107 Soda ash is marketed in various degrees of strength, calculated on the supposed percentages of sodium oxide. The good qualities of soda ash contain 95 — 99% pure sodium carbonate, Solvay or ammonia soda 98 — 99% as a rule. 100 parts of good soda ash are approximately equivalent to 270 parts soda crystals. Soda is stable on exposure to air; soda ash is apt to form into hard lumps in moist air, without absorbing any appreciable quantities of water. Soda dissolves most copiously in water of 32.5° C. (90° F.). 100 parts *of water dissolve the following quantities of pure sodium carbonate at: 32 41 50 59 68 86 93 and 174 212° F. 7.1 9.5 12.0 16.5 21.4 38.1 59 40.2 45.1 parts soda. The application of soda in the paper industry is very mani- fold; it is used chiefly in the boiling and in the preparation of resin size. It is besides used for correcting calcareous water and for neutralising the pulp of such dyeings as have been produced with dyestuffs sensitive to acids. GLAUBER'S SALT, SODIUM SULPHATE OR SULPHATE OF SODA. Glauber’s salt is used in the form of either crystals or desiccated Glauber’s salt. The latter may contain an excess of sulphuric acid, which should be taken into due consideration when using dyestuffs sensitive to acids. If an excess of acid is present, moist blue litmus paper is reddened, on being pressed against the Glauber’s salt. The crystallised salt is generally of a fairly pure quality and contains 44.1% anhydrous salt and 55.9% water; it effloresces in the air and is easily soluble in water. 100 parts of desiccated Glauber’s salt are equivalent to 220 parts of Glauber’s salt crystals. 100 parts of water dissolve at: 32° 50° 59° 68° 77° 80° 91K>° 104° 217 K>° F. 5 9 13 19 28 40 50 49 42.6 parts of desiccated Glauber’s salt. Glauber’s salt serves as an assistant towards effecting best possible exhaustion of the dyestuff when using Diamine Colours. — 108 - COMMON SALT, SODIUM CHLORIDE (BOCK SALT) . Common salt crystallises without water of crystallisation. The commercial product usually contains however some moisture and frequently also some sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, or magnesium chloride. Its solubility is nearly the same at any temperature, and varies only between 35.5 parts common salt at 0° C. (32° F.) up to 39.2 parts at 100° C. (212° F.) in 100 parts water. Common salt is used in paper dyeing for the same purposes as Glauber’s salt. SODIUM ACETATE OR ACETATE OF SODA. This salt forms crystals very readily soluble in water, it serves for neutralising free mineral acids, for instance in the production of Paranitraniline Eed, forming their salts and liberating free acetic acid. SODIUM NITRITE OR NITRITE OF SODA. NITRITE. Sodium nitrite forms small crystals easily soluble in water containing as a rule. 95 — 98% nitrite. It serves for diazotising Paranitraniline by the liberation of nitrous acid on addition of mineral acids such as hydrochloric ot sulphuric acid. COPPER SULPHATE, CUPRIC SULPHATE, OR SULPHATE OF COPPER, BLUE VITRIOL. BLUESTONE. Copper sulphate forms blue transparent crystals fairly soluble in water. 100 parts water dissolve at 50° 68° 86° 122° 158° 194° 212° F. 37 42 49 66 95 156 203 parts bluestone. Copper sulphate is used in paper dyeing mainly as an addition in the dyeing of certain of the Diamine Colours in order to improve their fastness to light; it serves besides as a mordant and fixing agent for logwood. COPPERAS OR GREEN VITRIOL. FERROUS SULPHATE. Copperas forms bluish green crystals which effloresce readily on exposure to the air and turn brownish. It dissolves very easily in water. The solution oxidises quickly on exposure to the air with separation of brown ferric hydroxide. Copperas is used as a mordant and fixing agent for wood dyestuffs and tannins. LEAD ACETATE OR ACETATE OF LEAD. SUGAR O F LEAD. White crystals soluble in double their weight of cold water. Like all lead combinations, it is poisonous. Sugar of lead is used principally for producing acetate of alumina, and further also for the production of Chrome Yellow. NITRATE OF LEAD. White lumps soluble in double their weight of cold water. Used for the same purposes as sugar of lead, and likewise poisonous. BARIUM CHLORIDE. Colourless crystals dissolving in about three times their weight of cold water and somewhat more copiously in hot water. Barium chloride is poisonous. It is used for precipitating a number of Acid Colours. TARTAR EMETIC. Tartar emetic, the double tartrate of antimony and potassium, is a crystalline salt not very soluble in cold water, but more so in hot water. One part of tartar emetic requires for dissolving at: 47" 70° 88° 122° 167° F. 19 12.6 8.2 5.5 3.2 parts of water. The active substance in tartar emetic is the antimony oxide, 43.4% of which are contained in the pure salt. The product as sold consists of fine crystals or of irregularly shaped pieces containing about 43% of antimony oxide. Tartar emetic like all other antimony salts is poisonous. Tartar emetic is used for fixing the tannic acid in connection with the production of dyeings fast to water with Basic Colours. Various cheaper antimony salts may be used as substitutes for tartar emetic, and have the same effect. BLEACHING POWDER OR CHLORIDE OF LIME. CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE. Chloride of lime is a white powder smelling of chlorine, which becomes moist on exposure to air, absorbs carbon dioxide, forming then a doughy and greasy mass. It decomposes gradually when stored for some length of time, and thereby loses in strength. Chloride of lime is used for bleaching the raw materials (more particularly wood fibre and rags). TANNIC ACID (TANNIN). Tannic or gallotannic acid is marketed in form of a light- coloured powder or of yellowish to buff-coloured scales, or again, as a brittle, glassy or levigated mass. On exposure to the air, tannic acid assumes a darker appearance. It dissolves in six times its weight of cold water and still more readily in hot water. The aqueous solution decomposes gradually on standing. In paper manufacture, tannic acid is used principally for Basic Colours as a mordant, because it forms insoluble compounds with metallic oxides and dyestuffs. SUMAC. The commercial article consists usually of the whole plant leaves or the broken foliage, or again of the leaves in a powdered state. Good qualities have an olive-green colour and a fresh, pleasant smell; they contain 15 — 20%, and sometimes over 25%, tannic acid. Sumacs which are dull in colour and have a musty smell have become deterior- ated by moisture and prolonged storing. Ill Sumac extract is sold as a thick, dark brown liquid of about 52° Tw., or in a solid state. Liquid sumac is rather apt to ferment, losing thereby in strength. Sumac serves the same purpose as tannic acid. It is cheaper, but the shades obtained are not quite so bright as when using tannic acid. GREEN EARTH. Green earth is a clay, the green appearance of which is due to ferrous oxide contained therein and which has the property of fixing Basic Dyestuffs fast to lime. It is particularly of importance for the production of greens fast to lime. (Page 95). — 112 HYDROMETER AND THERMOMETER TABLES. COMPARISON OF HYDROMETER DEGREES TWADDLE AND BAUME WITH THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES FOR LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER. Degrees Twaddle Degrees Baume Speo. Gravity Degrees Twaddle Degrees Baume Spec. Gravity Degrees Twaddle Degrees Baume Spec. Gravity l 0.7 1.005 58 32.4 1.290 116 53.0 1.580 2 1.4 1.010 60 33.3 1.300 118 53.6 1.590 4 2.7 1.020 62 34.2 1.310 120 54.1 1.600 6 4.1 1.030 64 35.0 1.320 122 54.7 1.610 8 5.4 1.040 66 35.8 1.330 124 55.2 1.620 10 6.7 1.050 68 36.6 1.340 126 55.8 1.630 12 8.0 1.060 70 37.4 1.350 128 56.3 1.640 14 9.4 1.070 72 38.2 1.360 130 56.9 1.650 16 10.6 1.080 74 39.0 1.370 132 57.4 1.660 18 11.9 1.090 76 39.8 1.380 134 57.9 1.670 20 13.0 1.100 78 40.5 1.390 136 58.4 1.680 22 14.2 1.110 80 41.2 1.400 138 58.9 1.690 24 15.4 1.120 82 42.0 1.410 140 59.5 1.700 26 16.5 1.130 84 42.7 1.420 142 59.9 1.710 28 17.7 1.140 86 43.4 1.430 144 60.4 1.720 30 18.8 1.150 88 44.1 1.440 146 60.9 1.730 32 19.8 1.160 90 44.8 1.450 148 61.4 1.740 34 20.9 1.170 92 45.4 1.460 150 61.8 1.750 36 22.0 1.180 94 46.1 1.470 152 62.3 1.760 38 23.0 1.190 96 46.8 1.480 154 62.8 1.770 40 24.0 1.200 98 47.4 1.490 156 63.2 1.780 42 25.0 1.210 100 48.1 1.500 158 63.7 1.790 44 26.0 1.220 102 48.7 1.510 160 64.2 1.800 46 26.9 1.230 104 49.4 1.520 162 64.6 1.810 48 27.9 1.240 106 50.0 1.530 164 650 1.820 50 28.8 1.250 108 50.6 1.540 166 65.5 1.830 52 29.7 1.260 110 51.2 1.550 168 65.9 1.840 54 30.6 1.270 112 51.8 1.560 169 66.1 1.845 56 31.5 1.280 114 52.4 1.570 170 66.3 1.850 Note: The degrees in Twaddle’s hydrometer bear a direct rela- tionship to the specific gravity and may be obtained from the same by the following formula in which d represents the specific gravity and n the number of degrees Twaddle: n = — . On the other hand by the lormula d = - 100 o " the degrees Twaddle are converted into the corresponding specific gravity. For values below 2.0, the degrees Twaddle 113 8 may also be obtained from the specific gravity bv moving the decimal point two figures to the right, striking off the first figure and multiplying the rest by 2, as per the following example: Specific gravity 1.133: 113.3: 13.3X2: 26.6° Twaddle. COMPARISON OF HYDROMETER DEGREES BAUME W[TII THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS LIGHTER THAN WATER. Degrees Baume Spec. Gravity Degrees Baume Spec. Gravity Degrees Baume Spec. Gravity Degrees Baume Speo. Gravity li 0.993 16 0.960 21 0.930 26 0901 12 0.987 17 0.954 22 0.924 27 0.896 13 0.980 18 0.948 23 0.918 28 0.890 14 0.973 19 0.942 24 0.913 29 0.885 15 0.967 20 0.936 25 0.907 30 0.880 114 COMPARISON OF THE THERMOMETER TABLES OF CELSIUS (CENTIGRADES), FAHRENHEIT AND REAUMUR. Degrees D egrees D egrees Celsius Fahrenheit Reaumur Celsius Fahrenheit Reaumur Celsius Fahrenheit Reaumur 0 32.0 0.0 34 93.2 27.2 68 154.4 54.4 1 33.8 0.8 35 95.0 28.0 69 156.2 55.2 2 35.6 1.6 36 96.8 28.8 70 158.0 56.0 3 37.4 2.4 37 98.6 29.6 71 159.8 56.8 4 39.2 3.2 38 100.4 30.4 72 161.6 57.6 5 41.0 4.0 39 102.2 31.2 73 163.4 58.4 6 42.8 4.8 40 104.0 32.0 74 165.2 59.2 7 44.6 5.6 41 105.8 32.8 75 167.0 60.0 8 46.4 6.4 42 107.6 33.6 76 168.8 60.8 9 48.2 7.2 43 109.4 34.4 77 170.6 61.6 10 50.0 8.0 44 111.2 35.2 78 172.4 62.4 11 51.8 8.8 45 113.0 36.0 79 174.2 63.2 12 53.6 9.6 46 114.8 36.8 80 176.0 64.0 13 55.4 10.4 47 116.6 37.6 81 177.8 64.8 14 57.2 11.2 48 118.4 38.4 82 179.6 65.6 15 59.0 12.0 49 120.2 39.2 83 181.4 66.4 16 60.8 12.8 50 122.0 40.0 84 183.2 67.2 17 62.6 13.6 51 123.8 40.8 85 185.0 68.0 18 64.4 14.4 52 125.6 41.6 86 186.8 68.8 19 66.2 15.2 53 127.4 42.4 87 188.6 69.6 20 68.0 16.0 54 129.2 43.2 00 00 190.4 70.4 21 69.8 16.8 55 131.0 44.0 89 192.2 71.2 22 71.6 17.6 56 132.8 44.8 90 194.0 72.0 23 73.4 18.4 57 1346 45.6 91 195.8 72.8 24 75.2 19.2 58 136.4 46.4 92 197.6 73.6 25 77.0 20.0 59 138.2 47.2 93 199.4 74.4 26 78.8 20.8 60 140.0 48.0 94 201.2 75.2 27 80.6 21.6 61 141.8 48.8 95 203.0 76.0 28 82.4 22.4 62 143.6 49.6 96 204.8 76.8 29 84.2 23.2 63 145.4 50.4 97 206.6 77.6 30 86.0 24.0 64 147.2 51.2 98 208.4 78.4 31 87.8 24.8 65 149.0 52.0 99 210.2 79.2 32 89.6 25.6 66 150.8 52.8 100 212.0 80.0 33 91.4 26.4 67 152.6 53.6 115 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. I. METRIC SYSTEM. 1 metre (m) = 10 decimetres (dm) = 100 centimetres (cm) = 1000 millimetres (mm) . 1 litre (1) = 1000 cubic centimetres (cc or ccm). 1 cubic metre (cbm) = 1000 litres. 1 gramme (g or gr or grm) = 10 decigrammes (dg) = 100 centi- grammes (eg) = 1000 milligrammes (mg). 1 kilogramme (kg or kilo) = 1000 grammes. 1000 kilogrammes = 1 ton (t) i. e. metric ton 100 kilogrammes = 1 metric centner or quintal. 50 kilogrammes = 1 centner (or nearly 1 hundredweight). 10 grammes = 1 dekagramme (deka or Dg). 100 grammes = 1 hekto- gramme (hg) . The gramme is the standard unit of weight of the metric system and is equal to the weight of 1 cubic centimetre of pure water (measured whilst at its greatest density, in vacuum under a latitude of 45 degrees, at sea level). Hence the following relations of weights and measures are obtained: 1 cubic centimetre water = 1 gramme. 1 litre ,, =1 kilogramme. 1 cubic metre ,, = ton. II. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet. 1 foot (') = 12 inches (")• 1 inch =12 lines ('"). ] yard = 91.44 centimetres. 1 foot = 30.48 centimetres. 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres. 1 metre = 1.094 yard = 3.281 feet = 39.37 inches. 1 Imperial gallon (gall.) = 4 quarts (qts) = 8 pints (pts) = 32 gills. 1 Imperial gallon = 4.544 litres. 1 litre = 0.220 Imperial gallon. 1 pint = 0.568 litres. 1 litre = 1.76 pints. In Great Britain by the term gallon (gall.) the Imperial gallon is meant, whilst in the United States of America the considerably smaller apothecary’s or wine gallon is usually understood by this term. In Great Britain the ton or gross ton of 2240 lbs is also exclusi- vely in use, whilst in the United States the term “ton” may refer either to the gross ton of 2240 lbs or the short ton of 2000 lbs avoirdupois. The weights and measures used in this book always refer to the Imperial gallon, and to the gross ton of 2240 lhs. 116 1 wine gallon =4 quarts = 8 pints. 1 wine gallon = 3.785 litres. 1 litre — 0.264 wine gallon. 1 pint (apothecary’s measure) = 0.473 litre. 1 litre = 2.114 pints (apothecary’s measure). 1 Imperial gallon = 1,2 wine gallon. 1 wine gallon = 0.835 Imperial gallon. 1 pound avoirdupois (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) = 256 drachms (drm). 1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 Troy grains (gr). 1 ton (gross ton) = 20 hundredweights (cwt) = 2240 lbs. 1 hundredweight = 4 quarters (28 lhs each) = 112 lbs. 1 ton = 1016 kilogrammes. 1 pound avoirdupois = 453.593 grammes. 1 ounce = 28.349 grammes. 1 Troy grain = 0.065 gramme. 1 kilogramme = 2.205 lbs avoirdupois. 1 gramme = 15.434 Troy grains. 1 Imperial gallon holds 10 pounds avoirdupois or 70 000 grains water (measured at 62° F. under a barometric pressure of 30 inches). 1 wine gallon holds only 8.35 lbs water. III. RUSSIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 sagcn = 3 arshin = 7 feet. 1 foot = 12 inches. 1 arshin =16 vershock. 1 foot = 30.48 centimetres. 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres. 1 Russian foot or inch equal to 1 English foot or inch respectively. 1 arshin = 71.12 centimetres. 1 vershock = 4.45 centimetres. 1 metre = 3.28 feet = 39.37 inches = 1 .41 arshin = 22.50 vershock. 1 vedro = 8 stof = 12 quart = 30 krushki. 1 vedro = 12.30 litres. 1 stof = 1.54 litre. 1 quart = 1.02 litre. 1 litre = 0.0813 vedro = 0.9756 quart. 1 pood = 40 pound (Russian). 1 pound = 32 lot = 96 solotnik. 1 pood = 16.38 kilogrammes. 1 kilogramme = 0.06 pood. 1 pound (Russian) = 409.51 grammes. 1 lot = 12.48 grammes. 1 solotnik = 4.16 grammes. 1 kilogramme = 2.44 pounds (Russian). In Russian Poland the following weights and measures are used : 1 ell = 2 feet = 0.81 arshin = 12.96 vershock. 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.945 Russian foot = 11.34 Russian inches. 1 ell = 57.6 centimetres. 1 foot = 28.8 centimetres. 1 pound = 32 lots = 0.99 Russian pound = 405.50 grammes. 1 centner = 4 stone = 100 pounds = 2.476 pud. 117 Without guarantee. 951 I