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 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Research Library, The Getty Research Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/examplesofgothic01pugi 
 
EXAMPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 (gotI)ic ^[rcliitecture: 
 
 SELECTED FROM VARIOUS 
 
 ANTIENT EDIFICES IN ENGLAND: 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 PLANS, ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS, AND PARTS AT LARGE; 
 
 CALCULATED TO EXEMPLIFY 
 
 THE VARIOUS STYLES, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION 
 
 OF THIS 
 
 ADMIRED CLASS OF ARCHITECTURE: 
 
 \ 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY 
 
 By a. PUGIN,— ARCHITECT. 
 
 THE LITERARY PART BY E. J. WILLSON, F.S.A. 
 
 SECOND EDITIOX, WITH CORRECTED PLATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 M.DCCC.XXXVIII. 
 
LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED EY JAMES SIOYES, CASTLE STREET, 
 
 LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 With feelings of the greatest satisfaction, I am at length enabled 
 to present my Work to the Public in a finished state, and I trust that 
 it will be found fully answerable to the conditions announced at 
 the commencement,* and worthy of the flattering encouragement 
 with which it has been carried on. An apology is due to my sub- 
 scribers for the delay that has taken place in the publication of the 
 letter-press. That delay has been a subject of deep anxiety and 
 uneasiness to me, though beyond my power to avoid, without injury 
 to the work itself; being occasioned principally by the illness and 
 various avocations of the gentleman who had undertaken the literary 
 part of the volume, and who, no less than myself, was extremely 
 desirous of making the "Examples of Gothic Architecture " a truly 
 valuable work, without sparing any pains or expense that might con- 
 duce to its perfection. 
 
 My thanks are most gratefully offered to the subscribers to my 
 work, and particularly to the many gentlemen professionally engaged 
 in architecture, without whose liberal encouragement and patronage 
 I should not have ventured to undertake the publication. 
 
 * The number of Plates has been increased from seventy-two, as originally proposed, 
 to seventy-five, with a corresponding addition to the descriptive part of the subjects. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 To Mr. John Le Keux, whose talents are too well known to admit 
 of praise from me, I am much indebted for the satisfactory execution 
 of many of the engravings. 
 
 Mr. Willson will accept of my acknowledgments for his friendly 
 and zealous co-operation, not only in the literary department, but 
 also in the choice and arrangement of the subjects, as well as the 
 general plan of the work. 
 
 With the assistance of this gentleman, and relying on a continuance 
 of the kind encouragement of my patrons, I intend to commence a 
 second series of " Examples of Gothic Architecture," in a volume of 
 corresponding character to the present. The conditions of publication 
 of the new series being stated in the accompanying prospectus, it is 
 unnecessary to repeat them. Many sketches and drawings have been 
 prepared for this work, and subscriptions are most respectfully 
 solicited. Every endeavour will be used to render the second series of 
 " Examples " equal, if not superior, to the present ; and arrangements 
 made for publishing the letter-press in successive portions at the 
 same periods with the plates, in order to prevent any disappointment 
 at the conclusion of the work 
 
 AUGUSTUS PUGIN. 
 
 105 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London, 
 July 1831. 
 
3i^emarfes 
 
 ON 
 
 (^otj)ic ^rcf)itecture 
 
 AND 
 
 iBoticnt 3>mitation^. 
 
 In the selection of the subjects for this work, a preference has been 
 given to such as appeared most likely to afford useful lessons to the 
 modern artist ; and, with this view, the early varieties of style which 
 distinguish the works of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries have 
 been passed over ; the oldest of these " Examples " being dated in 
 the reign of Edward I.* The omission of any exainples of the Early 
 Pointed or Lancet Style, will perhaps be censured by some critics, 
 who may insist that a few subjects of that beautiful style ought 
 to have had a place. In extenuation of any such charge, it may 
 be pleaded, that the present work does not offer the display of a 
 complete series of examples in all the successive variations of style ; 
 but merely exhibits a selection of such as have appeared best suited 
 
 * See Plate V. of JMerton College, Oxford ; and the description at page 2. 
 
VI INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 for imitation, particularly in domestic architecture, for which the 
 lancet style is peculiarly inconvenient. With this purpose in view, the 
 "Examples" have been chiefly taken from habitable buildings; civil 
 architecture of the Gothic style being much less generally understood 
 than ecclesiastical. 
 
 The colleges of the Univei'sity of Oxford have supplied a large 
 share of subjects, and the excellence of most of those selected will, 
 it is hoped, sufficiently justify their insertion; the works of those 
 venerable and scientific prelates, Wykeham, Waynflete and Chichele, 
 being considered by the best judges as pre-eminent models of archi- 
 tectural excellence, wherever they have escaped the injuries of time 
 and barbarous alterations. 
 
 The palatial halls of Eltham and Croydon exhibit fine specimens 
 of the open timber roof; especially the former, where the bay- 
 windows are also of exquisite beauty. The stately entrance of 
 Oxborough hall is a superior example of semi-castellated architec- 
 ture ; and a charming variety of rich details will be found in the 
 Plates of East Basham and Thorpland halls, and the rector's house 
 at Great Snoring, in Norfolk. These three mansions are all con- 
 structed with brick, and their ornaments shew what patient and 
 skilful workmanship may effect, even in the humblest materials ; but, 
 without recommending an imitation of such elaborate works, their 
 beautiful forms may be advantageously transferred to stone, which, 
 both in colour and substance, must always hold a superiority over 
 brick. 
 
 To the description of the principal subjects, some sketches of 
 their history have been prefixed, in order to give a mqre compre- 
 hensive knowledge of the buildings from which the particular 
 Examples have been taken ; and small ground-plans have been intro- 
 duced for the same purpose. 
 
 The above statement will explain the plan and intention of the 
 present work ; and some observations on the history of the Gothic 
 or Pointed style of architecture, and its modern practice, will now 
 be given, in continuation of the introductory essays prefixed to the 
 two volumes of " Specimens." 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Vll 
 
 In one of those essays the study of ancient architecture was 
 compared to that of the dead languages, and some points of analogy 
 were briefly noticed, in order to illustrate the principles of compo- 
 sition.* To pursue a similar idea, the "Examples of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture," as well as the "Specimens," may be aptly compared to 
 collections of personal memoirs, original letters, wills, or other 
 documents of genuine history ; whilst books of modern architectural 
 designs rather resemble fictitious narratives, or historical romances. 
 No inferiority of merit is here imputed to such productions, nor is 
 it intended to raise an invidious competition with any works of that 
 description : the only aim is to shew that their merits are of a 
 different order. Here is no claim to invention. Fidelity must con- 
 stitute the chief value of the work ; and, bearing this consideration 
 always in mind, the strictest attention has been paid to the display 
 of every subject exactly as it exists ; or, where the original has become 
 imperfect, to ascertain, by a careful examination of those parts which 
 yet remain entire, how much is wanting to restore the whole to a 
 complete state, and so to represent it. Such a task must, of course, be 
 frequently attended with difficulty, and, in certain instances, could 
 not be performed without trusting something to imagination ; but 
 no liberty of this sort has been taken where the original authority 
 could be obtained. However, after using all practicable care and 
 diligence, some inaccuracies may perhaps be discovered, and for these 
 the indulgence of the public must be solicited. 
 
 The approbation which has been shewn towards the "Specimens" 
 makes it unnecessary to say much on the utility of works of this 
 description. It is only through the medium of accurate prints that 
 a thorough knowledge of the architecture of the middle ages can 
 be obtained ; as by the same means the classic orders of Greece and 
 Rome have at length become properly understood. 
 
 Very few artists have opportunities of visiting and making an 
 actual examination of any considerable number of the original 
 
 * Remarks on " Gothic Architecture," in Vol. I. of" Si^ecimens," page xx. 
 
via INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 sul)jects; and the variety of invention which these edifices display 
 is so immense, and their details are frequently of such a rich and 
 complicated design, that a patient and experienced hand is necessary 
 to* produce a faithful picture. Moreover, a comparison of different 
 subjects is frequently required, in order to discover and elucidate 
 the principles of their design. The want of these aids occasioned 
 the failures of Sir Christopher Wren, Hawksmoor, Kent, and other 
 architects of the two last centuries, in their Gothic works. The 
 elements of the style had not then been investigated, their knowledge 
 was limited to superficial observation, and consequently they produced 
 mishapen abortions of taste. — But, it may be asked, are we to be 
 confined to a servile imitation of ancient models? By no means. 
 Such restriction would be absurd. Nevertheless, while so many 
 bald and imperfect designs are continually produced, even in the 
 metropolis, to the disgrace of the modern Gothic school, it must be 
 acknowledged that there is something to be learned, before our works 
 shall bear a comparison with those of our forefathers. The trusting 
 too much to invention, without sufficient science, has produced an 
 infinity of contemptible designs. The Gothic Architecture of Batty 
 Langley is universally condemned, and very justly;* but other artists 
 
 * See " Gothic Architecture improved l^y Rules and Proportions, in many grand Designs 
 of Columns, &c. &c. by B. and T. Langley. To which is added, an Historical Disserta- 
 tion on Gothic Architecture," in 4to. 'We number of plates is sixty-two ; all produced 
 by the brothers, Batty and Thomas Langley, and dated in the years 1741, 1742. The 
 prefatory dissertation is signed with the initials B. L., and occupies seven pages. In it 
 the author states, that he had assiduously employed himself for upwards of twenty years 
 in recovering the rules of our ancient architecture, which had been lost for many centuries, 
 in order to restore and publish them for the good of posterity, &c. Sucli an instance of 
 perverted ingenuity was perhaps never exhibited by any other person ; for it is hardly 
 conceivable, that a man should study the ancient buildings of his own country for twenty 
 vears, and then produce nothing but a parcel of strange inventions, totally unlike what 
 had ever been practised. The same architect also published, besides his opus magnum, 
 "The Builder's Director or Bench-Mate, being a Pocket Treasury of the Grecian, Roman, 
 and Gothic Orders of Architecture ;" with several other works of a small size. His 
 Gothic designs are execrable ; but his manner of displaying the details of Italian archi- 
 tecture is very neat and useful. 
 
IXTRODUCTORY REMARKS. IX 
 
 ought to take a part in his shame ; for, long since the unlucky pub- 
 lication of his " Five Gothic Orders," some inventions, scarcely less 
 barbarous, have been put forth by certain architects, who must after- 
 wards have blushed at their early productions. Unfortunately, some 
 of these wretched works, after being discarded from the library, have 
 found their way into the workshop, or the mechanic's lodging, and 
 there they may continue to disseminate false taste, where it is not 
 likely to be soon corrected.* 
 
 Since the revival of the Gothic style, in the reign of George III., 
 no abatement of public favour towards this beautiful species of 
 architecture has been hitherto manifested ; on the contrary, a great 
 number of country-seats, for the residence of the nobility and gentry, 
 has been raised within the last few years, in imitation of castles, 
 abbeys, and mansions of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A 
 prodigious sum has been expended in the repair and embellishment 
 of the royal castle of Windsor. Some of the principal colleges at 
 Oxford have been repaired with a commendable attention to their 
 original style, and many grievous injuries inflicted on those venerable 
 edifices have been amended, though not with uniform correctness. 
 The University of Cambridge has received still greater improvements, 
 by the erection of some magnificent buildings, mostly in the style of 
 the fifteenth century. Many new parochial churches and chapels 
 have been erected, in order to accommodate the increased population 
 of the metropolis, and of some provincial towns, in professed imitation 
 of our old ecclesiastical architecture. The repair of several cathedrals 
 has been prosecuted with becoming liberality, and a strictness of 
 architectural propriety heretofore unknown. Amongst these works 
 the chief place must doubtless be given to the restoration of the 
 
 * I very lately saw a workman of good talents diligently employed in modelling 
 from a most barbarous design, — a genuine specimen of the Lamjleian Gothic school, 
 though published by a celebrated architect. This ingenious man had been favoured 
 with the use of the book by his master, who had much better have committed it to 
 the fire. 
 
 b 
 
X INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 choir of York Minster, after its destruction by an incendiary, mad 
 with fanaticism. We may justly expect to see this superb structure 
 renovated in all its former beauty, since public munificence has 
 provided ample funds for the work. Winchester and Peterborough 
 cathedrals, the collegiate church of Beverley, and some other prin- 
 cipal churches, have received very considerable reparations ; and many 
 of our ancient parochial churches have participated in the general 
 improvement.* 
 
 This extensive revival of Gothic architecture has excited a more 
 attentive study of its proportions and peculiarities, and knowledge 
 has in its turn diffused a better taste. Not only are such gross ano- 
 malies as the chapel of Lincoln's Inn, and the towers of Westminster 
 Abbey, condemned as barbarous, and unworthy of true genius ; but 
 even the imperfect efforts of some later architects, who professed 
 to admire and follow the style which Inigo Jones and Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren avowedly despised and neglected, — even these are now 
 censured, and have their faults exposed. When the cathedrals of 
 Hereford, Durham, Salisbury, and Lichfield, were altered agreeably 
 to the taste of the late Mr. James Wyatt, only a few professed 
 antiquaries dared to remonstrate. Mr. Gough, Sir Henry Englefield, 
 Dr. Milner, and John Carter, openly censured the gross violations 
 of antiquity committed in those churches :f but their interference 
 was generally treated with ridicule, or resented with indignation. 
 Salisbury and Lichfield were thought to be much improved by the 
 demolition of their altar-screens, the throwing open of the smaller 
 
 * The state of the greater mimljer of country cluirches, however, is very deplorable. 
 They are either neglected, and become unfit for use, from the damp and dirty state into 
 which they have gradually fallen ; or are disfigured and mutilated by tasteless and 
 penurious attempts at repair. It is hard to say wliich of these modes of destruction is 
 the worst ; but, between the two, many noble monuments of the taste and piety of past 
 ages, which will never be replaced, are daily sinking into ruin. 
 
 t See the " Gentleman's Magazine" for 1789, 1790, 1796, &c.— Dr. Milner published 
 " A Dissertation on the INIodern Style of altering Ancient Cathedrals." Second edition, 
 4to, 1811. 
 
IN'TllODUCTORY REMARKS. Xl 
 
 chantries, and the removal of the ancient tombs from the graves 
 to which they belonged, in order to range them in rank and file. 
 These barbarisms were praised and admired, because the public mind 
 was ignorant on the subject. Fortunately, a partial check was put 
 to the progress of innovation, and Durham Cathedral was saved from 
 the completion of its intended improvements. The magnificent 
 rere-dos of the high altar, the episcopal throne, the western chapel, 
 called the "Galilee," and the "Nine Altars" at the east end, were 
 left untouched ; but the chapter-house, which had no equal in its 
 peculiar style, was sacrificed for the erection of a common square 
 parlour ; and the pencil of the indefatigable John Carter has pre- 
 served all that is left to posterity of that most curious edifice. Such 
 havoc could not be committed with impunity in the present day, 
 or at least it would soon become a subject of general and severe 
 animadversion ;* for the study of ancient architecture is not now 
 confined to the mere antiquary, but has become almost a part of 
 polite education, and no architect can make any creditable pretensions 
 to professional knowledge without an intimate acquaintance with the 
 varieties of the Gothic style. 
 
 The revival of Gothic architecture seems almost peculiar to this 
 country; scarcely any thing having been done on the continent in 
 the construction of modern buildings after this manner, and but 
 little in the investigation of ancient monuments. Tliis backward- 
 ness of taste in our neighbours is mortifying to the English student ; 
 as undoubtedly a great fund of curious information, relative to the 
 practice of architecture during the middle ages, will be brought 
 forth whenever the study of the Gothic style shall become general 
 on the continent. One important fact has been abundantly evinced ; 
 viz., that there are no solid grounds for the pretensions advanced by 
 certain writers to the pointed arch as our national invention, in 
 
 * This may be inferred from the excitement shewn on the proposed removal of tlie 
 ancient rooddoft, now used for the organ, in York Minster. Those gentlemen who are 
 advocates of that measure, would do well to peruse the " Dissertation" referred to in the 
 last note. 
 
Xll INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 consequence of which they presumed to apply the denomination of 
 " Engllsli Ai'c/iitecture" to the cathedrals and other edifices in which 
 it prevails. The origin of the pointed arch, after the most earnest 
 and active researches, still remains a very obscure question ; but 
 the period of its becoming a prominent feature in the architecture of 
 Europe seems to have been incontrovertibly ascertained ; and all the 
 variations of style successively prevalent in England, from the time 
 of its introduction to the latest use of the pointed arch, have been 
 minutely traced, and their respective ages discovered by the evidence 
 of historical records, or satisfactory analogy. Whether the architects 
 of France or Germany preceded their English brethren in the march 
 of invention, or not, must remain unsettled till the monuments of 
 those countries shall have been thoroughly investigated, and their 
 proportions and details exemplified by geometrical delineations ; for 
 the verbal descriptions of travellers are of very little practical use, 
 and perspective views can seldom be relied upon, — critical accuracy 
 in such productions being too commonly regarded of small import- 
 ance in comparison with a pleasing effect. 
 
 The ancient architecture of Normandy has undergone a tolerably 
 accurate examination, and some of its principal monuments have 
 been made familiar to the English architect, through the exertions 
 of his own countryman.* This commencement will, it is hoped, 
 stimulate the French nation to undertake the task of investigation 
 on a liberal and extended scale. The Society of Antiquaries of 
 
 * " Account of a Tour in Normandy," by Dawson Turner, Esq. F.R.S. 2 vols. 8vo, 
 1820. 
 
 " The Architectural Antiquities of Normandy," by J. S. Cotman. Folio, 1820. 
 
 " Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities of Normandy," by Augustus Pugin, 
 Architect. 4to, 1828. 
 
 The latter work is on a similar plan to the English "Specimens of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture." It contains eighty plates, in which are disiilayed some edifices of great interest 
 to the architectural student ; particularly the two abbeys erected at Caen by William the 
 Conqueror and his Queen Matilda, the cathedral of Bayeux, and the exquisite church of 
 St. Ouen at Rouen, together witli some beautiful specimens of domestic architecture, of a 
 style quite unlike any thing in England. 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Xlll 
 
 Normandy have published a few essays, illustrative of the history 
 of some early buildings in that province,* but the study of Gothic 
 architecture in France is still in its infancy, and may be dated half 
 a century later than in England. Nor has the inquiry been ex- 
 tensively prosecuted in Germany, where, however, some highly 
 interesting facts have been brought to light, particularly in the dis- 
 covery of several ancient and original designs for Gothic edifices of 
 great splendour, f whereas scarcely any thing of the kind has been 
 found in England of earlier date than the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 although many such drawings were undoubtedly preserved in the 
 libraries of the cathedrals, monasteries, and colleges previous to the 
 ravages of the sixteenth century. :|: 
 
 The comparison of the Gothic style, as seen in the cathedrals 
 and other principal edifices of the continent, with the monuments 
 of it in our own country, would furnish matter for a very interesting 
 inquiry. But as even a hasty discussion of such an extensive subject 
 would exceed the limits of this essay, it shall for the present be left 
 untouched, and a conclusion be put to these Remarks on Gothic 
 Architecture. || 
 
 EDWARD JAMES WILLSON. 
 
 Aewport, Lincols, May 14, 1831. 
 
 * " Memoires de la Societe ties Antiquaires de la Normandie," 8vo. 1824, 1825, 
 1826, &c. 
 
 t Dr. George Mollers, of Darmstadt, has published several scientific works on the 
 architecture of the middle ages in Germany. An essay on the origin and progress of 
 Gothic architecture, prefixed to one of his works, has been translated from the German, 
 and published in the English language, by Messrs. Priestley and Weale, 1824. See also 
 Boisseree on the Cathedral of Cologne, <S:c. The " Architectural Notes on German 
 Churches," by Professor Whewell, [8yo, Cambridge, 1830] contain some valuable informa- 
 tion ; but the system of technical phraseology adopted by the learned author is defective, and 
 the defence of the terms " Early English," " Decorated English," &c. is quite untenable. 
 
 + An original design for the bell-tower of King's College, Cambridge has been 
 engraved for Lysons's " ]Magna Britannia," vol. ii. p. 116; PI. XXX. 
 
 II An intelligent writer in the " Quarterly Review" has observed, that we may safely 
 use the term Gothic, incorrect as it sounds to the critical ear, without prejudice to the 
 
XIV INTRODUCTORY KEMARKS. 
 
 cause of truth : knowing that it was t'onned according to an erroneous hypothesis, it 
 ceases to convey any erroneous idea, and becomes correct by its conventional application. 
 The tok^ration of etymological inaccuracy, by which a derivative becomes a radical, and 
 oljtains a new primitive meaning, is one of tlie most ordinary processes of the formation of 
 language." — Vol. xxv. p. 139. " The phrase Gothic Architecture conveys no reproach ; does 
 not necessarily imjily any hypothetical belief; and as it seems confined, by universal 
 consent, to that style which, however otherwise varied, is ever characterised by the 
 pointed arch, we see no reason why the first efforts of the developement of this style 
 should not be called Early Gotlilc.'" — British Critic, No. iv. p. 375. (Published in July 
 1826.) The futility of the appellation of English Architecture Avas ably exposed in 
 the above periodical works ; see also the " Remarks " prefixed to vol. ii. of " Specimens of 
 Gothic Architecture." The novel term of" Christian Architecture" has been proposed by 
 Mr. Britton, which, " as a generic term," he apprehends, " v.iil be not only unobjection- 
 able, but will be appropriate, precise, and correct." — [Architectural Antiquities, vol. v. p. 31 .] 
 This appellation would imply too much, since Cliristianity had been established in all the 
 civilised parts of Europe for several ages before the Gothic or Pointed style appeared ; nor 
 was it ever received in the chief city of the Christian world, Rome. If a term were to be 
 borrowed from religion, it might be more properly denominated " Catholic Architecture," 
 inasmuch as the subliraest productions of this style were originally dedicated to the 
 solemnities of the Catholic liturgy; and, on tiie other hand, its destruction immediately 
 followed the subversion of Catholicity. But it is too late now to expect that the accus- 
 tomed phraseology should be superseded by any new term, excepting only so far as may 
 relate to some particular details or varieties of style. 
 
EXAMPLES 
 
 (^otijic !3lrci)itecture» 
 
 LIST OF SUBJECTS AND PLATES CONTAINED IN THE WORK. 
 
 The Figures, from 1 to 73, mark the Numerical Arrangement of the Plates, for binding, S^c. 
 
 1. Title Page — Magdalene College, Oxford — Principal Entrance. 
 
 OXFORD— Merton College. 
 
 2. I. Compartment of the Chapel. 
 
 3. II. Doorway to North Transept. 
 
 4. III. Spechnens of Ancient Stained Glass. 
 
 5. IV. Compartment of the Chancel. 
 
 Balliol College. 
 
 6. I. Oriel Window. 
 
 7. II. Section and Details of ditto. 
 
 New College. 
 
 8. I. Part of the Cloisters. 
 
 9. II. Gable and Details of the Chapel. 
 
 All Souls' College. 
 
 10. I. Entrance Tower. 
 
 11. II. Vaulted Roof of a Passage leading to the Chapel. 
 
 12. III. Compartment of the Chapel. 
 
 13. IV. Back of the Stalls in the Chapel. 
 
XVI 
 
 OXFORD — St. John's College. 
 
 14. I. Entrance Tower. 
 
 15. 11. Vaulted Roof of a Passage leading to the Garden. 
 
 16. III. Tracery on the Great Doors. 
 
 Magdalene College. 
 
 17. I. Western Porch of the Chapel. 
 
 18. II. Section and Details of ditto. 
 
 19. III. Details of Ornaments of ditto. 
 
 20. IV. Compartment and Details of the Chapel. 
 
 21. V. Chimney-head and Turret of ditto. 
 
 22. VI. Oriel Window in the West Front. 
 
 2-3, 24. VII.-VIII. Elevations of the Inward and Outward Fronts of the Eiitramc 
 
 Tower (Double Plate). 
 25. IX. Ornamental Details of the Entrance Tower. 
 
 2G. X. Details of Mouldings, &c. &c. 
 
 Brazenose College. 
 
 27. I. Outward Front of tlie Entrance Tower. 
 
 St. Peter's Church. 
 
 28. I. South Porch. 
 
 29. II. Sections and Plan of ditto. 
 
 St. Mary's Church. 
 
 30. 1' Compartment and Details of the Nave. 
 
 31. 11. Compartment and Details of the Chancel. 
 
 32. III. Stone Stalls in the Chancel. 
 
 LONDON— St. K.vtherine's, Tower Hill. 
 .33. I. Canopy of a Stall. 
 
 HERTS— St. Alban's Abbey. 
 
 34. I. Two Doors to Chapels. 
 
 SURREY — Beddington Church, 
 
 35. I. Screen in the Chancel. 
 
 30. II. Tomb of Sir Richard Carew. 
 
XVll 
 
 SURREY — Beddington Manor-House. 
 
 37. I. Lock on the Hall Door. 
 
 Archiepiscopal Palace, at Croydon. 
 
 38. I. Transverse Section and Details of the Hall. 
 
 39. II. Compartment and Section of ditto. 
 
 40. III. Bay Window in the Guard Room. 
 
 41. IV. Plan and Transverse Section of the Chapel. 
 
 42. V. Longitudinal Section of ditto. 
 
 KENT — Eltham Palace. 
 
 43. I. Groined Roof of a Bay Window. 
 
 44. II. Sections, &c. of ditto. 
 
 45. III. Windows and Details, of the Hall. 
 
 46, 47. IV.— V. Transverse Section and Plan of the Hall (Double Plate). 
 
 48. VI. North Door. 
 
 49. VII. Pendent and Details of the Roof of ditto. 
 
 NORFOLK — Old Walsingham Church. 
 
 50. I. Carved Oak Seat. 
 
 New Walsingham Church. 
 
 61. I. Oak Ceiling. 
 
 Fakenham Church. 
 
 52. I. Western Door. 
 
 63. II. Details of a Niche. 
 
 Oxborough Hall. 
 
 64. I. North, or Outward Front of the Entrance Tower. 
 
 55. II. Turret and Details of ditto. 
 
 56. III. Section and Plans of ditto. 
 
 57. IV. Inward Front and Plans of ditto. 
 
 58. V. Details of a Window, and other Parts of ditto. 
 
 Wolterton Manor-House, at East Barsham. 
 
 59. I. South Front and Plan. 
 
 B 
 
XVlll 
 
 NORFOLK — WoLTERTON Manor-House, at East Barsham. 
 
 60. n. South, or Outward Front of the Gate-house. 
 
 61. III. North, or Inward Front of ditto. 
 
 62. IV. Front of the Porch, with Details. 
 
 63. V. Bay Window of the Hall. 
 
 64. VI. Elevation and Section of a Tower. 
 
 65. VII. Elevations and Plans of Two Turrets. 
 
 66. VIII. Ornamental Details of the Entrance Tower. 
 
 67. IX. Stack of Chimneys, with Plan of ditto. 
 
 68. X. Details of Ornaments to ditto. 
 
 69. XI. Mouldings and Ornaments. 
 
 70. XII. Windows, Door, &c. 
 
 Thorpland Hall. 
 
 71. I. Front Elevation. 
 
 72. II. Gable End and Chimneys. 
 
 73. III. Elevation, Section, &c. of the Porch. 
 
 Parsonage House, Great Snoring. 
 
 o 
 
 74. 1. South Front, with Details. 
 
 75, II. Ornamental Details of ditto. 
 
- of 
 
 (3oti)it Slrdjitectiire* 
 
 PLATE, No. 2 — 5. 
 MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A.D. 1264. 
 
 The Chapel, or, to speak more properly, the Church, attached to Merton 
 College, originally belonged to the parish of St. John the Baptist, and was 
 appropriated to the college in the year 1292, by Oliver Sutton, Bishop of 
 Lincoln, to whose diocese Oxford then appertained : the parishioners, however, 
 did not lose their right to the church, which still continues to be parochial 
 as well as collegiate.* 
 
 This is an edifice of very solemn and venerable appearance. It consists 
 of a chancel, or choir, with a transept at the west end, and a tower rising from 
 the intersection ; to which only a nave is wanting to complete the plan in the 
 form of a cross.f The large arch under the west side of the tower shews that 
 the builders intended to construct a nave, and two smaller arches at the sides 
 
 * The chapel of Jesus College, Cambridge, was originallj' a parochial church ; afterwards it 
 was appropriated to a convent of nuns ; and lastly became attached to the college. It is built 
 in the form of a cross, but is much inferior in architectural beauty to Merton Chapel, though more 
 complete in plan. 
 
 f The cathedral church of Bristol, formerly belonging to an abbey, exactly resembles Merton 
 Chapel in its plan ; nor is it known whether the nave was ever erected or not. 
 
2 MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 indicate also that there were to have been aisles, though the choir and transept 
 • have not those appendages. This part of the church was probably never com- 
 pleted ; at least, there are no remains now standing, nor has any record 
 concerning it been discovered.* The choir was probably erected soon after 
 the college had gained possession of the church, as its architecture corresponds 
 to that of other edifices of the age of Edward I.f The transept appears to 
 be of later date by a century or more ; but the general proportions of the 
 whole correspond so well, that the dissimilarity of details produces no dis- 
 cordant effect. The learned antiquary, Anthony a Wood, discovered a record 
 of the dedication of this church in the year 1424, at which time the whole 
 was probably finished. 
 
 Two of the wardens of Merton College were celebrated for their skill in 
 architecture, and both are supposed to have assisted in building the church. 
 First, William Rede, who began the library in 1376, and also erected Amberley 
 Castle in Sussex, after he had become Bishop of Chichester, in 1396. Second, 
 Thomas Rodburne, who was afterwards Bishop of St. David's, where he died 
 in 1442. This prelate erected the northern entrance-tower of the college, 
 about the year 1416 ; and the tower of the church has also been attributed to 
 him, but this is merely matter of conjecture. J 
 
 Plate I. Compartment on the East Side of the North Transept. 
 
 The transept projects beyond tlie south side of the choir in two com- 
 partments or bays, and two on the north, one of which is here represented. 
 
 * The west end would probably have extended to the ground on which Corpus Christi 
 College has since been erected. 
 
 + Many of the details bear a close resemblance to those of the nave of York Minster, 
 though on a much smaller scale. The firs! stone of that magnificent structure was laid in the 
 year 1291 ; but the whole was not finished in less than 40 years. 
 
 i We learn from Anthony a Wood, that when the five bells were re-cast into eight, in the year 
 1657, the name of Dr. Henry Abendon was found inscribed upon the tenor bell. He was elected 
 warden in 1421 ; and these bells had been put up whilst he held that office, soon after the 
 tower was built. It is remarkable, that the pinnacles and perforated battlements of Merton 
 tower so nearly resemble those of the great tower of Magdalene College, that they would both 
 seem of the same date, were there not recorded evidence to the contrary. Perhaps the design 
 for the latter had been drawn long before its erection. The first stone of Magdalene tower was 
 laid on the 9th of August, 1492 ; and it was scarcely finished in the year 1509, as appears by 
 the registers cited in Dr. Chandler's Life of the Founder of Magdalene College, William of 
 W^aynflete, Bishop of Winchester. 
 
MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD. «* 
 
 No. 1. Elevation of the whole, with the double buttress at the angle. 
 No. 2. Section taken through the window, and buttress. 
 No. 3. Details of a pinnacle on a larger scale. 
 
 No. 4. Sections of the jamb, mullion and sill of the window, shewing the 
 curves of all their mouldings. 
 
 Plate II. Doorway to the North Transept. 
 
 The design of this door-case is worthy of notice ; the proportions being 
 well adjusted, and the details very elaborately moulded. Part of the elevation 
 appears to have been cut off, to give room for sections of the various mould- 
 ings, which will be best explained by the engraving. 
 
 Plate III. Specimens of Stained Glass in the Windows of Merton Chapel. 
 
 The side-windows of the choir retain much of their original glazing, which 
 is particularly valuable, as affording specimens of a very early style of stained 
 glass, as well as for its elegance of design. The principal lights contain figures 
 of saints, of small proportion, depicted in colours, and standing in stalls or 
 tabernacles. Above and below these, the glass is disposed in various geo- 
 metrical lines, diapered over with slender branches and foliage. A border of 
 rich colours, composed of leaves and heraldic figures, surrounds each light ; 
 and various roundels and small pieces of colour ai-e intermingled with the 
 white glass. To shew some specimens of this curious glazing more perfectly, 
 this Plate has been coloured after the original. The small portrait in a 
 circle seems to represent Queen Eleanor, the beloved wife of Edward I., to 
 whose memory he erected the celebrated Crosses at Waltham and other 
 places.* This portrait certainly resembles the statues of the queen, and the 
 inference is confirmed by the armorial badge of Castile repeated in the borders 
 of the windows. 
 
 Plate IV. Exterior Compartment on the North Side of the Chancel. 
 
 The chancel, or rather the choir, has seven windows on each side, all of the 
 same general proportions, but of different patterns in the tracery of the heads. 
 
 * Queen Eleanor was suddenly taken ill whilst proceeding with the king, who was going 
 on an expedition against the Scots, and died at Harby, an obscure hamlet about five miles from 
 Lincoln, but on the borders of Nottinghamshire, A.D. 1290. Some small parts of Merton choir 
 resemble' the queen's crosses, particularly in the inside near to the altar, where a clumsy monument 
 for Sir Henry Saville has destroyed a part of the elegant stone stalls in the south wall. 
 
4 BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD. ' 
 
 This Plate shews one complete bay, or compartment, on the north side, in an 
 external elevation, together with a perpendicular section, and several parts 
 at large.* 
 
 A comparison of this Plate with Plate I. will shew the difFerence of style 
 between the choir and transept. In the choir the design appears more bold 
 and vigorous, whilst the later example shews a more delicate taste in the 
 moulded details. The cornice under the parapet of the choir is most curiously 
 sculptured. 
 
 PLATE, No. 6, 7. 
 BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A.D. 1282. 
 
 The ancient buildings of this college have been so much mutilated, that very 
 few parts remain sufficiently perfect to serve as architectural models. The 
 entrance-tower and about one half of the quadrangle were erected in the 
 fifteenth century, and were originally of elegant architecture ; but the beauty 
 of this court is much injured by the eastern apartments, which were rebuilt 
 about a century ago, in the modern style, forming a huge, heavy, and 
 clumsy pile. 
 
 Fortunately this exquisite window has escaped with little injury.f It 
 belongs to a chamber in the master's lodgings, at the upper end of the hall, 
 on the north side of the quadrangle. The arms sculptured on the corbels or 
 pendents, shew it to have been erected by William Grey, Bishop of Ely,;]; and 
 sometime Lord Treasurer of England. This prelate was of the noble family 
 of the Lords Grey of Codnor, and is known to have contributed to the build- 
 ings of this college, where he commenced his education. 
 
 So rich and beautiful an example of the oriel, or bay-window, can rarely 
 be seen.§ The proportions are good, and the delicacy of its sculptured 
 ornaments give to the exterior an air of Corinthian richness. 
 
 * See " Specimens of Gothic Architecture," vol. i. Plates 73, 75, and vol. ii. Plates 18, 26, 
 and 39, for some details of other parts. 
 
 -j- The plain embattled parapet is of modern work. 
 
 t From 1454 to 1478. 
 
 § At Lincoln College is another window of the same style, and nearly alike to this in most 
 of the details. 
 
NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD. 5 
 
 Plate I. shews the external elevation, with half the plan, and half of the 
 tracery on the lower parts. 
 
 Plate II. gives a perpendicular section, shewing the projection of the 
 window from the wall, its elevation above the floor of the chamber, and the 
 mouldings of the inner arch ; with some details which need no explanation. 
 
 PLATE, No. 8, 9. 
 NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A.D. 1379. 
 
 The founder of this college, William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, 
 was the most celebrated person of his age for the practice of architecture, 
 of which he left some most noble monuments.* He was no less eminent for 
 his munificent foundations for the encouragement of piety and learning, of 
 which this college was the chief. Its buildings undoubtedly exceeded those 
 of any college previously erected, and served as models for some others of 
 later institution. The foundation was laid in 1380, and the society made 
 their solemn entrance into the new College of St. Manj in 1386 ; but some of 
 the buildings were finished several years later. Unfortunately, successive 
 modern additions and alterations, made with more regard to convenience 
 than taste, have obliterated the original style of the greater part of the 
 ancient buildings. The cloisters remain entire, as they were finished A.D. 
 1400, when they were consecrated as a cemetery for the deceased members 
 of the college. The architecture of these cloisters is plain, but of a very 
 good style ; they surround a quadrangular area, and are roofed with timber, 
 framed in arched ribs. 
 
 Plate I. shews two compartments with a plan and section. 
 
 The chapel is a noble and finely proportioned structure, on which the 
 pious founder spared no expense to render it worthy of its sacred purpose. 
 It suffered considerable injury during the civil war, and was much disfigured 
 by the repairs that were afterwards made, without attention to the proper 
 style of architecture. But about forty years since a complete restoration of 
 its pristine beauty was determined upon by the collegiate body, who called in 
 
 * Particularly the castles of Windsor and Queenborough ; the nave of Winchester Cathedral, 
 in which he lies buried within a beautiful chantry ; and two colleges of his own endowment, this 
 at Oxford, and another at Winchester. 
 
Q ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 the professional aid of the most celebrated architect of the day for effecting 
 this delicate task.* 
 
 A new roof was then erected ; the interior of the chapel was cleared of some 
 modern furniture of incongruous style, and the whole repaired and fitted up 
 in the manner in which it now appears. Still, however brilliant may be the 
 general effect, the admirers of ancient art cannot but lament the many viola- 
 tions of that pure style which characterises the architecture of Wykeham. 
 
 A few ornamental parts have been here selected from the western gable of 
 the chapel ; see Plate II. These seem to require no further description than 
 the references given with the different figures on the Plate. 
 
 PLATE, No. 10— 13. 
 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A. D. 1437. 
 
 The noble example of William of Wykeham was followed with equal liberality 
 by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the foundation of All Souls' 
 College. f This prelate was far advanced in years when he commenced his 
 college : he had been personally acquainted with Wykeham, and a partaker 
 of his bounty in his youth, having been educated at Winchester and New 
 College. 
 
 The foundation was laid February 10, 1437, and the warden and fellows 
 entered the new buildings in 1442, in which year the chapel was consecrated, 
 although the whole structure of the college was not complete till 1444. 
 
 * Tlie late Mr. James Wj'att, who about the same time made great repairs and alterations 
 in the cathedrals of Salisbury, Hereford, and Lichfield ; and afterwards at Durham. 
 
 t He was born about the year 1362, and, after completing his studies, passed through various 
 ecclesiastical preferments witli great credit, and was made Bishop of St. David's in 1407 ; from 
 whence he was advanced to the metropolitan chair of Canterbury in 1414. His architectural works, 
 and liberal endowments for learning and charity, were scarcely inferior to those of the illustrious 
 Wykeham. The cathedral of Canterbury was much adorned by him ; he also founded a library 
 there ; he contributed to the building of Rochester bridge, and of the church at Croydon, in Surrey. 
 The palace at Lambeth was much enlarged and beautified by him. At Higham Ferrars, co. North- 
 ampton, the place of his birth, the archbishop built and endowed a college, attached to the parochial 
 church. And at Oxford, he erected a small college for scholars of the monastic order of Cistercians, 
 before his foundation of AH Souls' College. This eminent prelate died in the year 1443, and is 
 buried under a sumptuous monument in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD. 7 
 
 John Druell, Archdeacon of Exeter, and Roger Keyes, both fellows of the 
 college, were employed by the founder to conduct the work, of which the 
 expenses, for building only, amounted to 4156/. 5s. S^cL* The plan of New 
 College seems to have been adopted at All Souls', in regard to the forms and 
 arrangement of the principal apartments ; though the architects judiciously 
 attended to the circumstances of a different site, and followed the style of 
 ornament which was fashionable in their own day. 
 
 Plate I. Gateway of All Souls' College. 
 
 This entrance-tower deserves our admiration, for its lofty and elegant 
 proportions, as well as for the neatness and delicacy of its ornaments. It 
 belongs to the western quadrangle of the ancient buildings, of which the 
 north side is formed by the hall and chapel. The statues in the two lower 
 niches of the outward front represent King Henry VI., the reigning sovereign 
 of that time, and the founder, Archbishop Chichele. In the larger niche, 
 above these, are sculptures intended to represent angels praying for the relief 
 of human souls, of which a group is seen beneath, involved in the flames of 
 purgatory. These sculptures bore an allusion to one object of the founder's 
 institute, that of prayer for the faithful departed. 
 
 The inward front of the tower is of a plainer character than that which 
 faces the High Street, but is designed in regular /iccordance with it. See 
 No. 2 on the Plate. 
 
 Plate II. Groined Ceiling of a Passage leading to the Chapel. 
 
 This example of what is frequently termed a fan-groined vault, is a beautiful 
 specimen of the skill and taste of the masons of the fifteenth century in a 
 difficult branch of architecture. Were a ceiling of such an elaborate design 
 wanted in a modern building, it would be executed in wood and plaster, — 
 materials which require but little, comparatively, of either labour or science ; 
 but to construct such a roof of stone, an accurate knowledge of geometrical 
 principles is necessary, and the combination of these scientific requisites with 
 such an elaborate pattern of ornament forms no easy task. The various lines 
 of the arched ribs, the joints of the masonry, and the mouldings, are so fully 
 delineated in the Plate as to make any verbal explanation seem unnecessary. 
 
 * A sum equivalent to 100,000/. of modern money ; or perhaps more. 
 
 C 
 
8 ST. John's college, oxford. 
 
 Plate III. Compartment of the Chapel, All Souls' College. 
 
 An elevation of a single bay, or compartment, of the chapel is shewn in 
 this Plate, together with a section made through one pier. Attached to this 
 is seen part of one of the trusses of the roof, which is constructed of oak, 
 wrought in an ornamental fashion, and decorated with mouldings and carved 
 knots. The windows exhibit rather early examples of the obtusely pointed 
 arch.* The buttresses, pinnacles, and detail of mouldings, are all designed 
 with great neatness and precision. Several of the mouldings are here shewn 
 in sections of an enlarcred scale. 
 
 '»"- 
 
 Plate IV. Tracery at the Back of the Stalls in the Chapel. 
 
 The choir of All Souls' Chapel has suffered so many alterations, at times 
 when every thing in architecture differing from the Five Orders was looked 
 upon as unworthy of study or imitation, that the original style is intermingled 
 with ornaments of most discordant taste, f This example is part of the 
 ancient design, and shews a very elegant specimen of the curved gable. 
 The details are simple and appropriate, sufficiently bold and rich, without 
 being crowded. 
 
 PLATE, No. 14—16. 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A.D. 1555. 
 
 The buildings of St. John's College are partly of an earlier date than tlie 
 present establishment, which was founded in the reign of Queen Mary, by 
 Sir Thomas White, a wealthy merchant and alderman of London, who 
 expended vast sums in public charity. 
 
 The entrance-tower, and other buildings of the first quadrangle, were 
 erected by Archbishop Chichele, who founded here a college for scholars of 
 
 * This observation applies only to windows. The flat arch was used much earlier in gateways, 
 where its shape was found more convenient than the high-pointed arch. 
 
 f Notwithstanding these architectural anomalies, the harmonious disposition of rich but 
 sober colour, heightened by gilding, spreads a charm through the interior of this chapel, which 
 has been generally felt. 
 
ST. JOHN S COLLEGE, OXFORD. 9 
 
 the Cistercian order of monks, which fell under the acts of Henry VIII. for 
 
 the dissolution of monasteries. The deserted buildings were purchased of 
 the college of Christ Church, to which St. Bernard's College had been granted, 
 and were appropriated by Sir Thomas White to his new establishment, 
 which dates its foundation from the year 1555. 
 
 The entrance bears so great a resemblance to that of All Souls' College, 
 that we may attribute them with great probability to the same architect. 
 The general outline of St. John's tower has more simplicity, its height being 
 divided into only three stories, whilst in that of All Souls' there are four. 
 The principal arch has a greater depth and richness of mouldings, and the 
 projection of the bay-window immediately over the arch relieves a certain 
 flatness in the centre, perceptible at All Souls'. Both, however, are beautiful 
 examples of the same style, and their variations only make them more interesting. 
 The two vacant niches were probably intended for statues of the king and the 
 founder, as at All Souls': that in the upper story is thought to represent 
 St. Bernard, the patron saint of the monastic college. 
 
 Plate I. No. 1. Elevation of the external front. 
 No. 2. Perpendicular section. 
 
 No. 3. Plan of the gateway, shewing the lines of the arched 
 roof. 
 
 Plate II. Vaulted Roof in St. John's College. 
 
 This example of a fretted roof may be compared with one in a preceding 
 Plate, taken from All Souls' College. They are of nearly similar style. In 
 this, however, we find one species of ornament of a later fashion, in the 
 pendent spandrils : an invention of the last architects of the Gothic style, 
 which they in some instances exhibited with marvellous boldness and in- 
 genuity.* 
 
 The various delineations of this curious vault will, it is hoped, display 
 
 * The royal chapels at Windsor and Westminster shew the finest examples in England of 
 pendents in their vaulted roofs. At Oxford, the Divinity School and the choir of Christ Church 
 Cathedral may be noticed for similar enrichments. There are some examples in France of still 
 more extraordinarj- construction, in which pendent groins of great depth descend from the roofs 
 to which they are attached. This roof at St. John's College has been attributed to Inigo Jones, 
 who was employed by Archbishop Laud, in the reign of Charles I., to erect the library and other 
 parts of the inner quadrangle. 
 
10 MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 its construction and ornaments so fully, as to make the whole easily under- 
 stood; no further description will therefore be added to what has been said 
 above. 
 
 Plate III. No. 1. In the upper part of this Plate will be found an 
 elevation of the gates of St. John's College, with an enlarged dehneation of 
 the tracery on one of the folding-doors, and also a section of the mouldings 
 which divide the tracery into panels. 
 
 No. 2. The subjects of the lower half of the Plate are taken from Merton 
 College chapel ; being parts of the ancient stalls. These are apparently of 
 coeval date with the transept, their style being evidently much later than 
 that of the choir.* 
 
 PLATE, No. 17 — 26. 
 MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Founded A.D. 1457. 
 
 The ancient buildings of Magdalene College exhibit some very fine examples 
 of the architecture of the fifteenth century, so happily placed in a spacious 
 and open situation, that they are shewn in various points of view with peculiar 
 advantage. These venerable edifices have not escaped without much injury, 
 and have even been threatened with almost total demolition, in order to make 
 room for modern plans, of entirely different style : however, the principal 
 portions of tliis College remain much more perfect than those of New College 
 and All Souls' ; and it is hoped that the learned body who possess these beau- 
 tiful monuments of their founder's taste, will preserve them, as much as 
 possible, in their original state. 
 
 The College of St. Mary Magdalene was founded in the year 1457, by 
 William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, upon the site of an ancient 
 hospital, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, which was previously resigned 
 by the master and brethren, and dissolved, or rather incorporated with the 
 
 * The choir of Merton Chapel was fitted up at the beginning of the last century with new stalls 
 and other furniture, which are decorated with cornices and pilasters of the Corinthian order. Some 
 ancient stalls are preserved in the transept, from which the present subject has been drawn. 
 
MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 11 
 
 college.* A considerable period elapsed, after its legal establishment, during 
 which the members of the college were lodged in the old buildings of St. John's 
 hospital ; the exertions of the founder being impeded by the troubled state 
 of the kingdom, which was then harassed by the contending factions of the 
 rival houses of York and Lancaster. It was not until 1474, that a regular 
 set of collegiate buildings was commenced. On the 5th of May in that year 
 the first stone was laid with due solemnity, in the place where the high altar 
 of the chapel was to be erected. " We find Waynflete contracting with 
 William Orchyerd, the principal mason, in 1475, 1478, and the following year, 
 for finishing the tower over the gateway with a pyramid sixteen feet high 
 above the level of the gutter ; for crowning the walls of the chapel and hall 
 with niched battlements ; for a coping to these and the library ; for completing 
 the chambers, cloisters, and other imperfect portions of the fabric ; and for 
 fashioning the great window of the chapel, with the windows of the chambers, 
 after the model of All Souls'." f The distribution of the principal buildings was 
 made in a great measure on a plan similar to those of New College and All 
 Souls'. The entrance to the principal court or quadrangle faces the west, 
 and is surmounted by a tower. The quadrangle is surrounded by cloisters, 
 over which is a floor of chambers, on three sides, the fourth being backed by 
 the hall and chapel, which form together one long, lofty range of building, 
 in the external view. The chapel consists of a choir without aisles, and of a 
 short nave of corresponding height, but having an aisle added to its breadth 
 on each side. These aisles are of the same height as the nave, and are 
 
 * A previous step to the foundation of the college was made A.D. 1448, when Bishop Waynflete 
 obtained license of Henry VI. to found a hall in Oxford for a president and fellows. This he 
 established, under the name of St. Mary Magdalene, in certain buildings on the south side of the 
 High Street, of which he obtained a lease from St. John's Hospital, to which the premises belonged. 
 The hall was dissolved, and the members received into the college immediately after its foundation. 
 William of Waynflete took his surname, according to a common custom of the clergy, from the 
 place of his birth, a sea-port town on the coast of Lincolnshire. He had his education in 
 Wykeham's colleges at Winchester and Oxford ; was school-master of the former several years, 
 and in 1440 was removed to Eton College by the royal founder, Henry VI. Waynflete was a 
 constant adherent, through all his troubles, to that unfortunate prince ; who always regarded him 
 with the greatest confidence, and appointed him a trustee in his last will and testament. He was 
 sometime provost of Eton College; and in 1447 was promoted to the bishopric of Winchester, 
 over which he presided with consummate prudence during many years, notwithstanding the 
 political distractions of the times. He died in 1486, and lies buried in Winchester Cathedral, 
 within a chapel of exquisite architecture. 
 
 t Life of William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, by Richard Chandler, D.D. 1811. p. 137. 
 
12 MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 divided from it by two tall columns and a pair of arches, on each side. The 
 choir was furnished with stalls for the clergy and members of the college : 
 and at the upper end stood the high altar, where mass was solemnly celebrated 
 with music. Beyond this, the eastern wall of the chapel had. no window, 
 but was covered with tracery, and richly sculptured tabernacles filled with 
 statues. In the outward part of the chapel were placed several smaller altars, 
 for the private celebration of mass.* Such was the original state of the chapel 
 of this college, as well as of those of New College and All Souls'. The hall 
 is joined to the east end of the chapel, and their walls and roofs are of equal 
 breadth and elevation. Other buildings surround an outward court, in front of 
 the chief entrance and of the west end of the chapel : there are also consider- 
 able buildings on the south side of the hall and chapel, facing the High Street, 
 and particularly a lofty and noble tower, containing a peal of bells. 
 
 This brief sketch of the history and general description of this magnificent 
 college has been thought necessary to a proper explanation of the parts 
 selected as examples of its original architecture : a more ample account would 
 be inconsistent with the plan of the present work. 
 
 Plate I. Doorway at the West End of Magdalene College Chapel. 
 
 As the western front of the chapel of Magdalene College forms part of the 
 principal range of buildings in the outer court, the architects were careful to 
 adorn its entrance with a becoming richness of ornament. The subject of the 
 three following Plates has scarcely its equal in the display of so much elegance, 
 on a scale comparatively small. Of the five little statues on the battlements 
 which form the most prominent ornament in the general design, that in the 
 centre represents St. IMary Magdalene, the titular saint of the college. The 
 next, on the dexter side, is thought to have been intended for King Henry HI. 
 in whose reign the hospital, anciently standing on the site of the college, was 
 re-edified, f The furthest figure on the same side represents St. John the 
 
 * At All Souls' chapel there were six altars in the aisles, and one in the vestibule, besides the 
 high altar. 
 
 ■f Could we suppose that the triumphant monarch of the house of York would allow the statue 
 of his rival to be set up after his defeat, this figure might be attributed with probability to King 
 Henry VI., to whose patronage Bishop Waynflete was principally indebted for his promotion. The 
 kneeling posture suits well with the devout character of that unfortunate prince. Nor is there 
 any thing in the appearance of the figure to contradict the supposition of its being intended to 
 represent Henry VI., who is always shewn with a shaven chin, as in this statue ; whilst Henry III., 
 on the contrary, wore his beard, as we find by the monumental statue of that sovereign. 
 
MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 13 
 
 Baptist, the patron of the hospital. On the other side of the central statue 
 stands that of a bishop, commonly attributed to William of Wykeham : if this 
 appropriation be correct, it was placed as a memorial of gratitude to the friend 
 of his early years, by the pious founder,* whose figure is seen in the next 
 niche, in a kneeling posture, the humble attitude in which he chose to be 
 represented on the seal of his college, as well as on the entrance tower, f The 
 panels on each side of the central niche are sculptured with the badge of 
 King Edward IV. the reigning sovereign at the time of the building, and that 
 of the founder ; and in the spandrils of the arch are their arms, placed 
 beneath the corresponding badges. 
 
 Plate II. Section, and Mouldings at large of the Doorway. 
 
 A complete section of the door, taken perpendicularly through the centre 
 of the arch, is here given, in order to shew the depth of the porch, with its 
 projection, and the thickness of the wall to which it is attached ; together 
 with enlarged profiles of various mouldings belonging to the component parts 
 of the general design. 
 
 Plate III. Various Details of the Doorway. 
 
 In the upper part of this Plate are shewn the canopy and base of one of 
 the five niches, in the battlements over the door ; both as they appear in front, 
 and also in sections through the centre. Next to these are half-length figures 
 placed at the ends of the label, or hood-mould, which covers the arch. Both 
 are intended to represent angels. The first is clothed, and holds a shield 
 sculptured with the arms of Waynflete. The second is covered with feathers, 
 after a fashion in which those celestial beings were commonly represented 
 by the artists of the fifteenth century, and bears in his hands a long stalk with 
 lilies, a flower which formed the favourite badge of the founder. J 
 
 * St. Swithin, Bishop of Winchester, being named among the patron saints of the college, 
 this statue might possibly be intended for him, though it has hitherto been ascribed to William of 
 Wyiieham. 
 
 ■j- The statue of Bishop Wykeham appears in the same position on both fronts of the tower of 
 his college at Winchester. 
 
 J The adoption of tliis flower seems to have been made by the bishop in allusion to the 
 salutation of the blessed Virgin Mary (St. Luke, i. 26), in which the old artists commonly 
 represented the Angel Gabriel with a white lily in his hand, as an emblem of virginal purity ; 
 and a flower-pot with a lily springing out of it also forms an ornament in some old pictures 
 of the same event. 
 
14 MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Below these are shewn three of the four panels which fill up the spaces 
 between the niches. The first is merely architectural, having an ornament 
 of foliage placed in the centre ; and the furthest panel on the opposite side, 
 in the work itself, is of a similar pattern. The next exhibits a rose, placed 
 upon a radiant sun ; an heraldic device adopted by King Edward IV. 
 and others of his family, in commemoration of the appearance of three suns 
 in the sky, immediately conjoining into one, which are said to have been 
 seen before the battle at Mortimer's Ci'oss, near Ludlow, where Edward, 
 then Earl of March, obtained a great victory on Candlemas-day, 1461.* 
 The other device is formed of lilies, disposed in form of a cross. A section, 
 and two portions of the hood-mould, f are shewn in the bottom part of the 
 plate. The hollow moulding, or casement, is filled with the lily, repeated in 
 a series of delicate sculpture. The same flower is also seen in the arms of 
 Waynflete, which appear on a shield in one of the spandrils of the arch. \ 
 The shield is surrounded with the garter, inscribed with its appropriate 
 motto, the bishop of Winchester bearing the office of prelate of that most 
 noble order. 
 
 Plate IV. The choir of Magdalene college chapel consists of five bays, or 
 compartments, divided by slender buttresses, gradually reducing as they 
 ascend, and finished with pinnacles. There is a general correspondence 
 both in design and dimensions to the chapel of All Souls' College, with 
 something more of simplicity in the details, § particularly in the windows, 
 which have their heads turned in simple pointed arches, instead of the 
 
 * Shakspeare alludes to this in the soliloquy of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, spoken with 
 reference to the triumph of his family in the exaltation of his brother Edward IV. to the crown : — 
 
 " Now is the winter of our discontent 
 Made glorious summer by this sun of York ; 
 And all the clouds that lower'd upon our house 
 In the deep bosom of the ocean buried !" 
 
 Richard III. Act I. Scene 1. 
 
 \ It is frequently termed a label, but hood-mould is the term used by the old masons. See 
 Glossary to " Specimens of Gothic Architecture." 
 
 X The bishop added three lilies on a chief to his family arms, taking the augmentation from 
 the arms of Eton College, in grateful acknowledgment of his former preferment. See " Vetusta 
 Monum." Vol. III. 
 
 § See Plate III. of the Chapel of AU Souls' College. 
 
MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 15 
 
 compound arch, with an obtuse point, which was so prevalent in the fifteenth 
 century, and which is found in the windows of All Souls' Chapel. One 
 compartment is here given in an external elevation, together with a section 
 through the wall and buttress, and some details of mouldings on an enlarged 
 scale. The roof, partly shewn in the section, is modern, and very different 
 from that originally placed on the chapel. The ancient roof was framed 
 with open trusses of timber, carved and moulded on the inside, in a similar 
 style to the roof of All Souls' Chapel, and rising to the ridge with a very 
 low inclination ; so that the outside was concealed by the embattled parapets. 
 This roof being decayed, the architect employed to rebuild it, instead of 
 following the taste of his predecessors, put up a plaster ceiling, in imperfect 
 resemblance of a groined vault; while the external roof was raised to such 
 a disproportionate height, that the openings of the battlements were half 
 blocked up, in order to keep the roof a little more out of sight.* Such 
 instances of overweening conceit, too proud to copy, though unable to 
 improve, deserve to be exposed, as warnings against future offences. 
 
 Plate V. Several details appertaining to the entrance-tower of Magdalene 
 College have been here brought together for particular illustration. 
 
 No. 1 is a very curious example of a chimney, in which the three tunnels 
 it contains are covered over with small arches, above which rises a pinnacle, 
 corresponding to those at the angles of the tower. Chimneys were very rare 
 before the reign of Henry VII. and but few perfect specimens are found of 
 an earUer date. 
 
 No. 2 shews the upper part of the stair-turret at the south-east angle 
 of the towei", the situation of which is seen in the annexed plan of the 
 roof of the tower. 
 
 Plate VI. Oriel Window near the Great Entrance. 
 
 There is nothing particularly worthy of remark in the design of this 
 window, which, however, possesses considerable elegance when viewed in 
 perspective. The mouldings are boldly struck, so that their deep curves 
 may produce a strong effect of light and shadow ; a circumstance which the 
 artists of those days always attended to, and generally with success. 
 
 * Similar alterations were made at the same time in the roof and battlements of the college hall, 
 to the great injury of this magnificent range of buildings, as viewed externally. 
 
 D 
 
•J0 MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 Plate VII. — VIII. The entrance-tower of Magdalene College may fairly 
 be ranked amongst the most beautiful examples of its kind ; the gracefulness 
 of the whole composition, and the elegance of its details, being equally 
 admirable. A plate of double size has been appropriated to this exquisite 
 piece of architecture, for the better display of two complete elevations, 
 on a scale sufficiently large to make their details intelligible. This tower 
 stands in the western range of the cloistered quadrangle, with the outward 
 front looking into the first court of the college, very near to its north side, 
 which is formed by the lodgings of the president. These apartments were 
 erected in 1485, and originally exhibited a front of two stories, embattled, 
 and adorned with windows of corresponding style to those of the adjoining 
 buildings. But, about sixty years since, this front was raised to the height 
 of three stories, and the windows were reduced to the modern domestic 
 fashion; mere naked perforations, devoid of mullions, or any other archi- 
 tectural ornament. At the time of this deplorable mutilation of so important 
 a part of the college buildings, the passage through the grand entrance 
 was closed; and the visitor is now conducted into the college by a narrow 
 side-door, adjoining to the chapel, and so enters the cloisters at the south- 
 west corner, instead of proceeding into the quadrangle directly through the 
 grand portal. The plan of the entrance is shewn on the Plate, at A, where 
 the lateral openings into the cloisters are seen, and also the arrangement of the 
 ribs in the vaulted roof 
 
 The height of the tower to the battlements is rather more than twice that 
 of the adjoining buildings of the quadrangle ; and the same proportion is 
 found in the towers of several other colleges and castellated mansions, where 
 the ranges of habitable apartments seldom exceeded two floors in height 
 before the time of Queen Elizabeth, whilst the towers commonly had four, 
 as we find in the example under consideration. The bay-window, which 
 forms the most prominent feature of the front, rests its projection upon 
 the arch of the great gateway, which has a pair of ribs with perforated 
 spandrils, detached from the solid arch in which the doors are hung. The 
 lower portion of the window gives light to a spacious room, which retains 
 the name of the founder's chamber. (See the plan B.) The openings 
 of this part of the window have been deprived of their tracery, which 
 originally corresponded to that in the upper lights. This mutilation seems 
 the only considerable injury that any part of the design has suffered. Of 
 the four statues which adorn this front, that standing in the upper niche 
 
MAGDALENE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 17 
 
 on the north side of the window represents St. Mary Magdalene, and the 
 opposite one St. John the Baptist. Beneath the latter is the figure of 
 Bishop Waynflete, kneeling; and opposite to him is a statue in the same 
 attitude, royally habited and crowned, which has hitherto been ascribed to 
 King Henry III., but which appears evidently to be a portrait of Henry VI.* 
 
 The eastern face of the tower has exactly the same arrangement of 
 windows as the opposite o!ie. The arch over the gateway has only a plain 
 contour of mouldings, without the detached ribs seen in the other front ; f 
 and there are no statues on this side, excepting two small figures bearing the 
 arms of Waynflete. 
 
 The turret on the left hand constitutes tire most striking difference 
 between this and the outward front of the tower. It contains a spiral 
 staircase leading to the different chambers and the roof: and here it may 
 not be impertinent to remark, how boldly the old architects transgressed 
 that regular and uniform correspondence of parts to which their modern 
 imitators so scrupulously confine themselves. Such irregularity has been 
 censured as inconsistent with critical theories ; but to its practice we owe a 
 great deal of the picturesque and scenic effect which characterises the 
 architecture of the middle ages. 
 
 On a comparison of this magnificent tower with those of the other 
 colleges, we shall find here a more decided resemblance to the ecclesiastical 
 style, particularly in the slender, graduated buttresses, and the crocketed 
 pinnacles, which are peculiar to the entrance-tower of Magdalene College. 
 
 Plate IX. On the left hand of this Plate will be found the canopy 
 and pedestal of one of the niches which adorn the west front of the tower, 
 with the plan of the same, shewing the tracery under the canopy. The 
 opposite half of the Plate is filled with details of the tracery and mouldings 
 
 • See what has been noticed in regard to the small figure of a king over the west door of 
 the chapel. If this appropriation be correct, the statues were probably set up after the restoration 
 of the house of Lancaster to the sovereignty, by the accession of Henry VII., A. D. 1485. The 
 founder survived this event exactly one year. 
 
 ■f This detached arch is a feature of uncommon design. We find it repeated, on a smaller 
 scale, in the western door of the college chapel ; and there is another instance in the south 
 porch of Sefton church, in Lancashire, which was rebuilt, and most curiously adorned, by some of 
 the family of Molineux, ancestors of the earls of Sefton ; but in this instance, the spandrils of the 
 arch are filled with carving, and not perforated as these are at Magdalene College. 
 
18 BRAZENOSE COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 in the screen which crosses the west front under the bay window ; and beneath 
 those details, one of the ornaments of the detached arch over the gateway. 
 
 Plate X. No. 1 shews a part of the frieze which extends across the eastern 
 front of the tower, between the principal arch and the bay window. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3 are parts of the bay windows, with the embattled parapets 
 on the top, and the panels beneath the upper lights. No. 4 shews a part 
 of the vaulted roof over the gateway, both as to its plan and the curvature 
 of the ribs. 
 
 PLATE, No. 27. 
 BRAZENOSE COLLEGE OXFORD. 
 
 Foutided 1312. 
 
 The principal buildings of this college surround a quadrangular court, 
 with a tower over the entrance in the eastern front. The ground on which 
 the college stands had been occupied, previously to its foundation, by several 
 hostels, or halls, for the lodging of students, of which the chief one was 
 distinguished by the name of Brazen Nose Hall, from a masque, or large nose 
 of brass, affixed by way of sign to the front door ; and this sign has continued 
 to designate the college down to the present time.* 
 
 The date of 1509, inscribed over a door which originally led to the chapel, 
 probably records the commencement of the college buildings, which were 
 prepared to receive the members in 1512, though not then finished. 
 
 Brazen Nose Hall is thought to have stood where is now the entrance- 
 tower, and to have been one of the last parts of the ancient edifices to 
 be rebuilt. The expense of covering this tower with lead, amounting to 
 12/. Is. 2d., was paid by three annual instalments, of which the first was 
 discharged in 1517 ; and this record ascertains the time when the subject 
 under consideration was finished. 
 
 The front of Brazenose tower bears a general resemblance to that of 
 
 * See " The Lives of William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, knight, 
 founders of Brazenose College," by the Rev. Ralph Churton, M.A. 8vo. 1800. 
 
ST. Peter's church, oxford. 19 
 
 Magdalene College, which its architect evidently had in view, and probably 
 intended to rival. The canted window in the third story has its model 
 in Magdalene tower, but here it rises from a flat screen, which is terminated 
 by an embattled parapet, the front being covered with panels of tracery, 
 interwoven with the mullions of two windows, which give light to the 
 principal chamber.* The substitution of this screen, instead of a con- 
 tinuation of the canted window in two stories, as we see in the tower of 
 Magdalene College, rather injures the simplicity of the design, though it 
 detracts nothing from its richness. The niches in the upper story are all 
 vacant, and perhaps were never filled with statues. The two lower ones 
 were probably intended for figures of St. Chad, bishop of Lichfield, and 
 St. Hugh, bishop of Lincoln ; and the smaller niche in the centre for an 
 emblematic representation of the blessed Trinity, as they appear upon the 
 college seal. 
 
 The royal arms of Henry VHL are sculptured immediately over the 
 arch of the gate ; the bearings being those of France and England quarterly, 
 supported by a dragon and a greyhound, with the crown held over the 
 shield by two angels. This beautiful tower is not so lofty as that over 
 the entrance of Magdalene College, but is about the same height as that of 
 All Souls', and originally bore a similar proportion to the adjoining ranges of 
 the front, being about twice their height, before a third story was added to 
 them, in the reign of James L, an addition which injured the effect of the tower, 
 by lessening its apparent elevation. 
 
 PLATE, No. 28, 29. 
 
 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, OXFORD. 
 
 This church has been much celebrated by the admirers of ancient ar- 
 chitecture, as an undoubted example of the Saxon style. The Oxford 
 antiquary, Thomas Hearne, asserted that it was built by St. Grymbald, a 
 learned monk, whom King Alfred invited into this country, and who became 
 
 * These windows were rudely deprived of their mullions, for the insertion of two square wooden 
 sashes, but are now restored to their proper form. 
 
20 ST. Peter's church, oxford. 
 
 professor of divinity in the University of Oxford, on its foundation by Alfred, 
 in the ninth century.* But these pretensions, when brought to the test 
 of impartial criticism, have been found destitute of substantial proof. The 
 great Alfred is no longer regarded as the founder of the university, nor 
 had the learned Grymbald any share in its establishment. The architecture 
 of St. Peter's Church must be placed on a lower scale of antiquity, and, 
 like many other edifices heretofore regarded as pure Saxon, must take its 
 rank among the numerous edifices erected within the first century after 
 that grand architectural epoch, the Norman conquest, f St. Peter's Church 
 is, however, a very interesting structure ; and its vaulted chancel, with the 
 crypt beneath it, are particularly curious. The porch which forms the 
 subject of the two plates was probably added to the more ancient building 
 in the reign of King Henry V. Hearne has recorded that, the church 
 being much out of repair, a dispute arose between the parishioners and the 
 inhabitants of Wolvercote, a chapelry dependent on St. Peter's, who refused, 
 when called upon, to contribute a third part of the expense of repair. The 
 litigation of this question began in 1413, and was determined in 1416 ; J 
 soon after which time we may fairly presume to place the erection of the 
 porch. 
 
 Plate I. gives an elevation and section of the front of the south porch. 
 
 Plate II. shews the plan, with an external elevation of the west side, and 
 two sections. 
 
 The construction of the roofs to the porch and the chamber over it are 
 particularly worthy of examination, both being formed of stone, with great 
 neatness and ingenuity ; indeed, the whole structure is very completely and 
 
 * See the Latin discourse, addressed by Hearne to Brown Willis, prefixed to the 1st volume 
 of Leland's " Collectanea," with engravings. Alfred died in the year 900 ; his venerable counsellor 
 and chaplain, the abbot Grymbald, in 903 ; and both were buried at Winchester. 
 
 t In Britton's " Architectl. Antiqs." Vol. IV., page 121, is an essay on the history of St. 
 Peter's Church, contributed to that work by a gentleman of Oxford. See also Vol. V. of the 
 same work, in which are two plates representing the crypt under the chancel, with a short dis- 
 quisition on its age, at p. 200. 
 
 X Account of some Antiquities in and about Oxford, appended to the 2d Vol. of Leland's 
 " Itinerary," p. 107. Second edition. 1743. 
 
o ST. Mary's church, oxford. 21 
 
 nicely finished.* The porch of a church was anciently used for the per- 
 formance of several religious ceremonies appertaining to baptism, matrimony, 
 and the solemn commemoration of Christ's passion in Holy Week, &c. It 
 was also the place where the parishioners assembled for civil purposes. 
 The chamber over it was generally used for the keeping of books and 
 records belonging to the church. Such an appendage was added to many 
 churches in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ; and some of these old 
 libraries still remain, with their books fastened to the shelves or desks 
 by small chains. 
 
 PLATE, No. 30 — 32. 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH, OXFORD. 
 
 St. Mary's, or the University Church, is a fine example of the ecclesiastical 
 architecture of the fifteenth century, and is particularly admired for the 
 graceful elevation of its tower and spire, which, however, are of an earlier 
 date than the church itself. The body of the church is supported by 
 clustered columns and sharp-pointed arches ; but the arches of the windows 
 in the aisles and clerestory are obtusely pointed, shewing the gradual progress 
 of the flattened arch, which at last superseded the more simple form almost 
 entirely. All the windows are filled with rectilinear tracery, of similar patterns, 
 though their sizes and forms vary. The roofs are nearly flat, and are framed 
 of beams and rafters neatly moulded, and supported by arched spandrils, carved 
 in tracery, f 
 
 Plate I. shews an elevation of one bay or compartment of the nave 
 and south aisle, taken externally; together with details of mouldings and 
 tracery on an enlarged scale. 
 
 Plate II. represents a compartment of the choir, with a section, and 
 enlarged details. 
 
 * The porch of St. Michael's Church, Oxford, has a slight resemblance to this of St. Peter's, 
 but is smaller, and has no chamber over it. See " Specimens of Gothic Architecture," Vol. II. 
 Plate XIX. p. 10. 
 
 t See a Plate containing sections, &c. of this spire, in Vol. I. of " Specimens of Gothic 
 Architecture," and the accompanying account, at p. 24. Also two Plates of sections of St. Mary's 
 Church, in Vol. II. of the same work, with a short description, at p. 8. 
 
22 ST. KATHARINE S CHURCH, LONDON. 
 
 Plate III. The three stalls here represented are attached to the south 
 side of the chancel, near to the high altar: they were intended for the 
 priest, with his attendants, the deacon and subdeacon, to sit in whilst certain 
 parts of the mass were sung by the choir. Such stalls have been often 
 described as confessionals by persons ill-acquainted with ecclesiastical antiquity ; 
 but their real use is well known, and admits of no doubt. These stalls in St. 
 Mary's Church are designed with elegance and delicacy. The mouldings are 
 remarkably simple, but sufficiently enriched by ornaments of foliage to produce 
 a very good effect. 
 
 PLATE, No. 33. 
 
 ST. KATHARINE'S CHURCH, TOWER HILL, LONDON. 
 
 This church was attached to an hospital originally founded by Matilda of 
 Boulogne, wife of King Stephen, in the year lliS. In 1273, it was re- 
 founded by Alianora, or Eleanor, queen of Henry III., and was improved 
 by the benefactions of Philippa, the consort of Edward III. The queens 
 of England were always patronesses of this establishment, which escaped 
 the destruction that overwhelmed nearly all such foundations at the change 
 of rehgion, and it is still in existence. The church consisted of a nave and 
 aisles, measuring 69 feet in length, by 60 in breadth ; a choir, without aisles, 
 63 feet long, and 32 broad ; and a small modern tower attached to the 
 ancient west front. The choir was erected in the reign of Edward III., 
 about the middle of the fourteenth century, and the nave and aisles not long 
 afterwards. The original architecture of this church had been highly adorned, 
 but had latterly become much obscured and vitiated by decay and a succession 
 of modern reparations. The whole pile has been swept away, together with 
 the adjoining cemetery, within the last five years, to make room for the great 
 commercial docks, to which the name of the patroness of the hospital, St. 
 Katharine, has been strangely applied.* 
 
 The subject of the accompanying Plate was taken from one of the stalls, 
 
 * The establishment has been removed into the Regent's Park, where a new chapel, with 
 a house for the master, and two ranges of apartments for the habitation of the brethren and 
 sisters, have been erected, from the designs of Ambrose Poynter, Esq., architect. 
 
ST. ALBAN's abbey, HERTS. 23. 
 
 of which there were originally thirteen on each side of the choir. The 
 architectural lines are struck out in bold and graceful curves, and the foliage 
 of the crockets is remarkably neat. This is a pleasing little example of the 
 style of that period when St. Katharine's Hospital enjoyed the patronage of 
 Queen Philippa, whose portrait, with that of her royal spouse, Edward III., was 
 displayed amongst the sculptured ornaments of the stalls.* 
 
 PLATE, No. 34. 
 
 ST. ALBAN'S ABBEY, HERTS. 
 
 No. 1. The door here represented belongs to a chapel behind the 
 high altar of the abbey church, where the shrine of St. Alban anciently 
 stood. It formed part of the works of William Wallingford, who presided 
 as abbot from 1476 to 1484; or of John Wethamstead, who died in 
 1464. No. 2 is taken from a small chapel on the north side of the choir, 
 erected by abbot Thomas Ramryge, for his own sepulchre, in the reign of 
 King Henry VIII. This is a curious example of the latest style of Gothic 
 architecture, shewing a profusion of ornaments, but wanting the graceful 
 design which distinguished the works of the preceding age. The panels 
 are raised in form of folded scrolls, or drapery ; a fashion which began in 
 the reign of Henry VIII., and continued to that of Elizabeth, and was 
 frequently applied to the wainscot panels and doors of domestic apartments, f 
 The Latin text is taken from the canticle of Hezekiah, king of Judah, re- 
 corded by the prophet Isaiah, chap, xxxviii. ver. 10, J which formed part of 
 the office of the dead in the ancient liturgy. Above it is the date of 
 construction. § 
 
 * Several of these ornaments are shewn In Vol. II. of " Specimens of Ancient Sculpture 
 and Painting," published by the late John Carter, F.S.A. In folio. 1787. 
 
 f At the upper end of the hall of Magdalene College, Oxford, is a screen filled with this 
 sort of scrolls; the stalls of Henry VII.'s Chapel and the gates of St. James's Palace have also 
 similar panels. 
 
 I Thus translated from the Vulgate version : — " 31 SaiD, In tj&c miOst of mj OagS K ^l)M go 
 to ite gates of j&tll." 
 
 § Abbot Ramryge died in the year 1524, or about that time ; after which the abbey was 
 given in commendam to Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 E 
 
24 BEDDINGTON CHURCH, SURREY. 
 
 PLATE, No. 35, 36. 
 
 BEDDINGTON CHURCH, SURREY. 
 
 The Church of Beddington, near Croydon, in Surrey, is thought to have 
 been erected by Sir Nicholas Carew, knight, lord of the manor, in the 
 early part of the fifteenth century. On the south side of the chancel is a 
 chapel, containing monuments for several persons of this family, to which it 
 was appropriated as a place of sepulture. 
 
 Plate I. shews one of the arches and columns which separate this chapel 
 from the chancel, together with one of the open screens which complete the 
 partition. The details of mouldings, both in the columns and screens, are 
 drawn on a large scale, with notes of reference. 
 
 Plate II. — Tomb of Sir Richard Carew. 
 
 Sir Richard Carew, the person commemorated by this monument, was a 
 man of great consequence in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. He 
 was created a knight-banneret at the battle of Blackheath, A. D. 1497, held 
 the office of sheriff of Surrey, and of Sussex, more than once; and was 
 appointed to the important trust of lieutenant of Calais by Henry VII. This 
 place continued in his keeping after the accession of Henry VIII., by whom 
 a patent for it was granted to Sir Richard Carew, and Sir Nicholas, his son, 
 for the term of their lives. Sir Richard Carew died in 1520, and lies here 
 buried ; together with his second wife, Malyne, daughter of Robert Oxenbridge, 
 Esq. of Forden, in Sussex. Their portraits, engraved on brass plates, are 
 affixed to the table of the tomb ; and round the edge are the following imperfect 
 remains of an inscription, also engraved on brass : — 
 
 SStpff, tofii'cfif Sbr. IRtcfinrlJ Uecfssijb tfie xxi'it. Unu of 
 
 aaiiof an . . itt.F® ... * 
 
 * This epitaph was mutilated before the end of the seventeenth century, when John Aubrej^ 
 Esq. copied it for his " History of Surrey," published, several years after his death, in 1718. The 
 
BEDDINGTON MANOR HOUSE, SURREY. 25 
 
 The central shield, on the cornice, is charged with the arms of Carevv, 
 with a quartering, impaled with Oxenbridge ; the bearings of Sir Richard and 
 his lady. The two lesser shields bear their respective arms, separately. This 
 monument gives a very fair example of the latest fashion of ornamented 
 sepulchres, before the pointed, or Gothic, style of architecture became super- 
 seded by the Italian. The projection of the tomb is shewn in the section, 
 and the recess of the arch, which is cut into the substance of the wall, is 
 pointed out by the shaded lines drawn on the elevation. 
 
 PLATE, No. 37. 
 
 BEDDINGTON MANOR HOUSE, SURREY. 
 
 The mansion of the Carew family, at Beddington, is an extensive edifice 
 of brick, composed of a spacious hall in the centre, with two wings of a 
 different style, and of subsequent erection. The hall, which has a fine roof 
 of timber, is said to have been erected by Sir Francis Carew, knt., grandson 
 to Sir Richard, whose tomb has been described above. He died in 1611, at a 
 very advanced age. 
 
 The lock on the principal door of the hall, represented in the accom- 
 panying Plate, No. 1, is most curiously wrought. The date of this elaborate 
 piece of workmanship must be referred to the reign of Henry VH., whose 
 arms are sculptured in the centre, upon a plate which slides over the key- 
 hole, so as to conceal it.* The other enrichments shew various imitations, 
 in miniature, of architectural decorations of that period. Examples of this 
 sort of furniture are very rarely seen; but a few perfect specimens may 
 occasionally be found, sufficient to prove how carefully the most subordinate 
 
 latter part was probably never completed ; the date of her death being left for her executors to 
 insert, by the lady herself, when she erected the monument over her husband's grave, intending 
 it to serve also for her own sepulchre. Many similar instances of posthumous neglect may be seen 
 on the monuments of the dead. 
 
 * These armorial bearings are appropriated to Henry VII. by the supporters, a dragon and a 
 greyhound collared, which are placed on each side of the shield. Beneath appear two roses, the 
 celebrated badges of the rival families of Lancaster and York, united by the marriage of this 
 king. 
 
26 ARCHIEPISCOPAL PALACE, CROYDON, SURREY. 
 
 appendages of ancient architecture were finished in accordance with the 
 proper style. 
 
 No. 2. This is an ancient handle for a door, of which the ring is 
 attached to a circular plate, richly worked in an architectural pattern, of the 
 same style as the lock at Beddington Hall.* 
 
 No. 3. shews a small lock for a chest, of the same date as the larger 
 example. It is prettily ornamented with patterns of foliage. 
 
 PLATE, No. 38 — 40. 
 
 ARCHIEPISCOPAL PALACE, AT CROYDON, SURREY. 
 
 The manor of Croydon was given by King William the Conqueror to Lanfranc, 
 the celebrated Archbishop of Canterbury, who filled the metropolitical see 
 from 1070 to 1089. There was certainly a mansion here, with a chapel 
 attached to it, in the thirteenth century ; and it had probably been an 
 occasional residence for the archbishops at a much earlier period. From 
 some passages in the registers, it has been inferred that the buildings were 
 at first constructed entirely with timber, and that the mansion was only of 
 very narrow dimensions ; but the expressions on which these opinions were 
 grounded, seem to have been misunderstood. The present buildings appear 
 to have been erected in the fifteenth century, by the Archbishops yVrundel, 
 Stafford, and their successors. Matthew Parker, the first Protestant arch- 
 bishop, entertained Queen Elizabeth at Croydon Palace during a whole week, 
 in July 1575. After the execution of Archbishop Laud, and the abolition 
 of the episcopal dignity, this palace was seized by authority of the parliament, 
 and let out on lease to lay tenants ; but it was recovered at the restoration of 
 King Charles IL in 1660, and continued to be inhabited, at different times, by 
 several archbishops, down to the year 1757, when Dr. Thomas Herring, the 
 last prelate who resided here, died and was buried at Croydon. The palace 
 
 * When the fret-work was pierced through the plate, a piece of crimson velvet or cloth was 
 sometimes put under it, so as to be seen in the openings. The handles on the doors of some chapels 
 in Lincoln Minster were lined in this manner. 
 
ARCHIEPISCOPAL PALACE, CROYDOX, SURREY. 27 
 
 was deserted after this period; and, in 1780, an act of parliament was passed 
 to enable Archbishop Cornwallis to alienate the buildings with some adjoining 
 land, in order to erect a new palace on a more elevated and dry situation, 
 as a summer residence for himself and his successors.* The premises were 
 then sold, and the palace became degraded to the uses of a manufactory, by 
 which its venerable buildings have been sadly injured and disfigured. The 
 whole pile nearly resembled a college, being composed of various buildings, 
 some constructed of stone and some of brick, arranged round a quadrangular 
 court, of an oblong, irregular plan, about 52 yards wide from east to west, 
 and 72 from north to south. The principal gate was on the north side, oppo- 
 site to the hall, which occupied the centre of the southern range of buildings, 
 in which were the chief apartments. The palace appears to have been 
 anciently surrounded by a moat, the situation being well suited to that mode 
 of fortification, which was seldom neglected where a supply of water could 
 be had. 
 
 Plate I. — The Hall of Croydon Palace. 
 
 The form of this apartment will be best explained by reference to the ground- 
 plan, which is given entire, though on a small scale, shewing the plan of the 
 roof, as well as of the walls, windows, porch, &c. The section represents the 
 east end of the hall, together with one of the timber arches supporting the roof, 
 which is framed in four bays. The porch, which projects from the north side 
 towards the court, has a vaulted roof, over which was formerly a chamber, 
 with a chimney in one corner. This was the principal entrance, and opposite 
 to it is another, opening into the gardens. The three arched doors in the 
 eastern wall led to the buttery, kitchen, and cellar ; and above them was 
 originally a lofty window, overlooking the music-gallery, which has been 
 entirely removed, together with the screen that supported it. In the place 
 of the great window, a very curious piece of sculpture has been inserted, 
 which appears to have been removed from another part of the palace, when 
 the hall was fitted up by Archbishop Herring. The royal arms of France and 
 England, quarterly, are impaled with those ascribed to King Edward the Con- 
 fessor. The shield is supported by two angels, and surmounted by an arched 
 or imperial crown. At the bottom is another angel, bearing a scroll inscribed 
 
 * The intention of erecting a new palace was not carried into effect; but, by a subsequent act 
 of parliament, passed in 1807, a mansion was purchased at Addington, near Croydon, which has 
 since been enlarged and improved, and is now the country seat of the archbishops of Canterbury. 
 
28 ARCHIEPISCOPAL PALACE, CROYDON, SURREY. 
 
 with this motto, JDomUir igalbUUT fac rrgfm, " Lord save the king !" A square 
 tester, or canopy, projects over the whole sculpture, which is very highly 
 wi'ought in bold relief. This piece of ornament is probably of the same date 
 as the hall itself, as may be inferred from the mouldings attached to the 
 lower part, which correspond exactly to those in the cornice surrounding the 
 hall. The arms have been attributed to King Henry VI., and are supposed 
 to have been put up by Archbishop John Stafford, who sat from 1443 to 1452. 
 The erection of the hall may be ascribed to this prelate with great probability, 
 as his arms are emblazoned upon some of the shields on the cornice, both 
 singly, impaled with those of the see of Canterbury, and also impaled with 
 those of the bishoprick of Bath and Wells, which he held before his promotion 
 to the primacy. On other shields are the arms of Humphrey, earl of Stafford, 
 created Duke of Buckingham in 1444; of Henry, his son and successor in 
 his titles ; and of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, who fell in the battle 
 of Wakefield, A. D. 1460; to which have been added those of the Archbishops 
 Laud, Juxon, and Herring. These shields were probably new coloured at the 
 time the hall was repaired by the prelate last mentioned, when the louvre on 
 the roof, over the hearth in the middle of the hall, was destroyed, and other 
 alterations were made. 
 
 Plate H. — No. 1. shews a vertical section of one bay, or compartment, 
 taken in the centre of the roof. 
 
 No. 2. gives an exterior elevation of the same portion of the south side, 
 including the door opening towards the garden. 
 
 No. 3. A longitudinal section of the whole building is here given on a small 
 scale, shewing the interior elevation of the south side. The oriel, or bay- 
 window, which occupies the western compartment, has only a low arch, placed 
 beneath the cornice and upper windows, instead of being carried up to the 
 whole height of the wall, as was generally done. 
 
 No. 4. Parts of a window are here exhibited on an enlarged scale. 
 
 In the centre of the plate, above the exterior elevation, will be found a 
 section of the mouldings in one of the principal arches of the roof, taken at 
 their junction in the centre. 
 
 In concluding this description, it may be observed, that the hall of Croydon 
 Palace, though not an example of the first class, was a noble room, finished 
 in a neat and pleasing style of architecture; and the admirer of antiquity 
 will regret that its preservation was not secured by appropriation to some 
 
CHAPEL OF CROYDON PALACE, SURREY. 29 
 
 decent pui-pose, at the time when the palace was abandoned by its reverend 
 possessors, after almost seven centuries of occupation. 
 
 Plate III. — The subject of this plate is taken from an apartment called 
 the Guai-d-room, It was one of the chief apartments in the palace, after the 
 hall and chapel. It is said to have been erected by Archbishop Arundel, in 
 the beginning of the fifteenth century, his arms being found on two corbels 
 within the chamber ; but the bay-window here represented is certainly of 
 a later date, by nearly a century, if not more. This window is neatly formed, 
 but has nothing uncommon about it, nor does it require any verbal 
 description. 
 
 PLATE, No. 41 — 42. 
 
 CHAPEL OF CROYDON PALACE. 
 
 There were formerly two chapels attached to the Archiepiscopal Palace, of 
 which the larger, or principal chapel, as it is called in the registers, served 
 for the use of the household ; and several ordinations of clergymen were also 
 held in it: the smaller chapel served for the archbishop's private devotions; 
 but this has entirely perished. The present chapel is an oblong building of 
 brick, finished with remarkable plainness. No part of its architecture appears 
 older than the middle of the sixteenth century, though it is free from any 
 admixture of the Italian style ; and from the frugality of its construction, so 
 unsuitable to the ancient magnificence of the metropolitan prelates, it seems 
 most probable that the chapel was rebuilt after the impoverishment of the 
 see of Canterbury in the reign of Edward VI. The papal badge of the cross- 
 keys, twice repeated in brick-work on the western gable, certainly could not 
 have been set up by Archbishop Parker, nor any of his Protestant successors : 
 perhaps the chapel was rebuilt by Cardinal Pole, who held the Archbishoprick 
 of Canterbury during the reign of Queen Mary. It received some embellish- 
 ment from the unfortunate Archbishop Laud ; but was desecrated in the time 
 of the Commonwealth, and again repaired and consecrated by Dr. Juxon, 
 after the restoration of the hierarchy, in 1660. Since the sale of the palace, 
 and its conversion into a manufactory, the chapel has been used as a school- 
 
3(1 CHAPEL OF CROYDON PALACE, SURREY. 
 
 house, and consequently has been better preserved than the hall and other 
 buildings.* A small turret, containing a bell, which formerly stood upon the 
 west end of the roof, has been taken down ; the other parts remain entire. 
 
 Plate IV. — No. 1. gives a transverse section of the chapel, taken in two 
 different parts ; half of the screen, which divides the choir from the ante- 
 chapel, being shewn on the right hand of the central line, the other half 
 shewing a portion of the choir, and of the eastern window. 
 
 No. 2. The general plan of the chapel is here given on a small scale. The 
 irregularity of the west end was occasioned by the oblique position of the 
 palace buildings towards the churchyard, from which there is an approach to 
 the chapel by a porch and a flight of stairs at the north-west angle, opposite 
 to another door leading into the palace. 
 
 No. 3. shews part of the ceiling, which is constructed of wood, and is 
 divided into square panels, by moulded ribs. From the arrangement of the 
 timbers, the roof appears to have been originally finished in a low pitch, with 
 gutters and parapets at the side, and afterwards raised by the addition of rafters 
 adapted to a covering of tiles, instead of lead. 
 
 Plate V. — No. 1. A compartment of the north side is here shewn, in a 
 section taken along the central line of the roof. 
 
 No. 2. gives details of the mouldings on the screen, of which the upper 
 panels are open, the lower ones close. In this screen, as well as the fronts 
 of the desks, there is no ornamental tracery ; which was generally laid aside 
 after the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 No. 3. This small section exhibits the whole length of the chapel, with the 
 southern windows, the seats, gallery, &c. 
 
 * To our description of the hall must be added a mortifying piece of intelligence ; viz. that the 
 eastern gable entirely fell to the ground on the 8th of June, 1830, together with the fine sculpture of 
 the royal arms already described ; but which, fortunately, escaped uninjured by the fall. It is given 
 in " Pugin's Gothic Ornaments," from a drawing taken at large on the spot. 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 31 
 
 PLATE, No. 43 — 49. 
 
 ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 The agreeable situation of Eltham seems to have made it a place of some 
 note at an early period, for the manor was a royal one in the reign of Edward 
 the Confessor. It was given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother, 
 Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, whom he created Earl of Kent, bestowing upon him 
 a vast number of manors in this and other counties. On the forfeiture and 
 banishment of this powerful prelate, for a conspiracy against William Rufus, 
 Eltham reverted to the crown, and a moiety of it was afterwards obtained 
 by the baronial family of Mandeville. The earliest account of a royal 
 residence at Eltham is given by the continuator of Matthew Paris the 
 historian, who relates that Henry III. with his queen, and the principal 
 persons of the realm, solemnised the feast of Christmas here in 1270. Ed- 
 ward I. granted one half of the manor, in 1280, to John de Vesci, who 
 married Isabella de Beaumont, a lady related to the queen. This Lord 
 Vesci procured the moiety of Eltham which Walter de Mandeville possessed, 
 by an exchange of other lands; and obtained a royal charter for a market 
 to be held every Tuesday in his town of Eltham, and an annual fair of 
 three days. John de Vesci dying without issue, in 1289, was succeeded by 
 his brother William, who having no lawful issue to survive him, conveyed 
 his manor of Eltham, with the honour and castle of Alnwick in Northumber- 
 land, and other estates, in 1296, to Anthony Beke, Bishop of Durham and 
 titular Patriarch of Jerusalem, in trust for his illegitimate son John. The 
 bishop stands accused of having violated his trust, as the young man never 
 obtained possession of these estates. But perhaps there might be some 
 circumstances in the business sufficient to justify his conduct, which have 
 not come to the knowledge of posterity ; for, though this prelate displayed 
 a degree of pomp and grandeur in his establishments more becoming a 
 temporal prince than a Christian bishop, he does not seem to have borne a 
 bad character, and the purity of his morals is expressly attested by an ancient 
 historian of good credit ; nor could he have been guilty of any public acts 
 of injustice without the connivance of his sovereign. However, it is certain 
 that, in 1309, the bishop sold Alnwick Castle to Henry de Percy, and Eltham 
 he retained in his own occupation. Anthony de Beke partook of the taste 
 of the age in which he flourished, and raised several stately buildings. He 
 
 F 
 
32 ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 rebuilt the manor-house of Eltham, making it one of the many mansions where 
 he occasionally resided; and at his death, which happened here in 1311, 
 he bequeathed it to the queen Isabella, wife to Edward II.* From this period 
 Eltham began to be a regular place of royal residence; and here, in 1315, 
 was born John of Eltham, the second son of Edward II., afterwards created 
 Earl of Cornwall, t Edward III. held a parliament here in 1329. A.D. 1347, 
 the king being engaged in the invasion of France, his third son, Lionel 
 of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, being appointed regent of England in his 
 father's absence, kept the solemn feast of Christmas at this palace. And 
 here in 1364, Edward III. entertained John, King of France, who was then 
 a prisoner of war, with magnificent feasting. Another parliament was 
 assembled at Eltham in 1375. The royal feasts at Christmas were celebrated 
 here in 1384, 1385, and 1386; and in the latter year Eltham was the scene 
 of a splendid feast, when Richard II. received Leo, King of Armenia, who 
 came to implore assistance from the Christian princes against his enemies 
 the Turks. 
 
 That delightful historian of chivalry, Sir John Froissart, has related, with 
 his peculiar liveliness and simplicity, how he came to Eltham in the year 
 1395, while Richard II. was holding a parhament, or rather a council of state, 
 in this palace ; and how he presented a volume of his Chronicles to the king, 
 who received him in the royal bed-chamber in the most gracious manner. 
 
 Henry IV. resided frequently at Eltham, and celebrated Christmas here 
 in the years 1405, 1409, and 1412; and in 1414, the succeeding monarch, 
 Henry V., kept that feast at Eltham, at which time an alarm was given by 
 sudden news of a tumultuous assembly of the Lollards in St. Giles's Fields. 
 The feast of Christmas was again celebrated here in 1429 by Henry VI., with 
 great magnificence. 
 
 A.D. 1480, Bridget, the third daughter of Edward IV., was born at Eltham, 
 and christened in the chapel. 
 
 The solemnities of Christmas were kept here by Edward IV. and his 
 court in 1483, when two thousand persons were daily fed at the royal tables. 
 
 * See Dugdalo's Baronetage, Vol. I. It was only the mansion or palace of Eltham, with some 
 demesnes attached to it, which Bishop Beke left to the queen ; for, on the death of John de Vesci, 
 the younger, who fell in the battle of Bannockburn, in 1314, the manor of Eltham came to his kins- 
 man and heir, Sir Gilbert de Aton, by whom it was sold soon afterwards to Geoffrey Scrope of 
 Mashani, the conveyance being confirmed by royal patent. 
 
 \ See his tomb in " Specimens of Gothic Architecture," Vol. II. p. 18, PI. XXXI. 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 33 
 
 This prince expended great sums in improving the parks and buildings at 
 Eltham ; and his badges, still remaining amongst the ornaments of the hall, 
 bear sufficient evidence that this noble piece of architecture was part of what 
 he erected. 
 
 Henry VII. rebuilt one front of this palace. 
 
 Henry VIII. kept the solemn feast of Christmas at Eltham in 1515, when 
 one of those theatrical spectacles called a masque was exhibited in the great 
 hall. 
 
 The same monarch was here again in 1526, but Christmas was not 
 celebrated that year with the accustomed solemnities for fear of the plague, 
 and hence was afterwards remembered by the name of the still Christmas. 
 In this reign, Eltham began to decline in the royal favour. New palaces 
 were raised at Greenwich, New-hall, or Beaulieu, in Essex, and Nonsuch, 
 in Surrey. The stagnant waters of the moats were thought to make Eltham 
 unwholesome, and the palace never recovered its ancient preference ; though 
 it was occasionally visited by the court so late as the year 1612, when 
 James I. came here several times to enjoy his favourite exercise of hunting 
 deer in Eltham parks. Upon the breaking out of the civil war in the reign 
 of Charles I., the parliamentary general, Robert, Earl of Essex, took up his 
 residence in this royal mansion, and here he died in 1646. It was confiscated, 
 together with other possessions of the crown, on the death of the king; 
 and in 1649, a survey of the palace, with all its appurtenances, was made 
 by commissioners from the parliament, for the purpose of exposing the 
 whole to sale as national property. In this parliamentary survey, " the 
 capital mansion called Eltham" is said to contain one fair chapel, one great 
 hall, forty-six rooms and offices on the ground-floor, with two large cellars ; 
 and on the upper floor, seventeen lodging-rooms on the king's side, twelve 
 on the queen's side, and nine on the prince's side, in all thirty-eight ; and 
 thirty-five bayes of building, in which were seventy-eight rooms in the offices 
 round the court-yard, which contained one acre of ground. All the rooms 
 were unfurnished, except the hall and chapel ; and the whole building was 
 in bad repair, and untenantable. There were three parks attached to the 
 palace, named the Great Park, the Middle or Little Park, and Home Park, 
 containing altogether 1265 acres. The deer were all destroyed by the 
 soldiers and lawless people ; and a great quantity of fine oak timber was so 
 totally cut down and wasted, that, at the restoration of Charles II., scarcely 
 a tree was left growing. The buildings were then dismantled, and have been 
 
34 ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 gradually sinking under the effects of time and neglect ever since that 
 disastrous period.* 
 
 The plan of this capacious mansion formed a quadrangular figure, of 
 rather irregular dimensions; the west side measuring ahout 381 feet, 
 including some projections at the angles ; the east side, 374 feet ; and the 
 north and south sides, nearly 350 feet, f The whole of this area was raised 
 about 15 feet, and surrounded by a moat of great breadth, the water flowing 
 up to the external walls of the palace. There were two bridges over the 
 moat, one on the north side, where was the approach to the principal gate ; 
 the other on the opposite quarter, leading towards the gardens and pleasure- 
 grounds. Only the north bridge is now standing ; the waters of the moat 
 have been drained, and the whole of the ancient buildings swept away, with 
 the exception of the great hall, and a building of two stories near the east 
 end of the hall, probably fragment of the lodgings erected by Henry VII. 
 The great quadrangle covered nearly three acres of ground, and appears 
 to have been divided into two courts, by the hall and other buildings which 
 formed the middle range. The outer court, towards the north, in which 
 were situated the offices enumerated in the survey of 1649, contained about 
 one acre within the buildings. X The southern, or iimer court, containing the 
 chief lodgings, was considerably smaller; but the distribution of the plan 
 
 • A north-east view of Elthani Palace was published in 1735, by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, 
 in which the hall, with its embattled parapet and bay-window, appears entire ; the lower part 
 of the north gate-house is also shewn, as well as some adjoining buildings, which liave since been 
 demolished. Probably the ruined palace had not then been degraded into the offices of a farm, 
 as no marks of such an appropriation appear in the print, and those industrious artists were very 
 careful to give a faithful portrait of what they professed to represent; a merit which many of their 
 successors, in these days of picturesque effect, are too apt to despise. 
 
 -j- Somerton Castle, in Lincolnshire, built also by Anthony Beke, was of a quadrangular plan, 
 with four polygonal towers at the corners, and was encompassed by very strong banks and deep 
 moats, beyond the walls. Robert de Graystanes, an ancient historian of the church of Durham, 
 in his account of Bishop Beke's works, says, — " Castruni de Somerton juxta Lincoln, et manerium 
 de Eltham juxta London, curiosissime aedificavit ; sed primum regi et secundum regina; postea 
 contulit." — Ancjlia Sucra, i. 754. 
 
 X The autlior of " An Historical and Descriptive Account of Eltham Palace," 8vo., 18i28, has 
 conjectured tliat the area was divided into "four quadrangles, two on the west side, and as many, 
 of very inferior dimensions, on the east side," p. 42. See also page G6 of the same work. Such 
 a division would have been inconsistent with the statement in tlie parliamentary survey, that the 
 court of offices contained an acre of ground ; which statement agrees very well with the actual 
 dimensions, on the supposition of there being only one court on the north side of the hall. 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 35 
 
 cannot be clearly made out, nor can the situation of the chapel, and other chief 
 apartments, be ascertained with any accuracy.* The front erected by King 
 Henry VII. has been described by some writers to have faced towards the 
 north ; others, with more probability, have judged it to have stood on the 
 west side,' overlooking the country towards London. The outward walls 
 retain several projections, which originally supported large chimneys, turrets, 
 or bay-windows, of which nothing but the basements are left. These ruins 
 appear to have belonged to buildings of different ages, some constructed 
 of brick, and sonie of stone, beneath which were spacious vaults and passages, 
 most of them, undoubtedly, contrived for sewers, though they have been 
 transformed by romantic imagination into passages for secret approach or 
 retreat. 
 
 In describing the architecture of this beautiful hall, it may perhaps be best 
 to commence with a reference to the plan inserted in the double plate 
 (numbered IV. and V. in the series). The internal dimensions are 101 
 feet 4 inches by 36 feet ; so that the length is rather less than three times the 
 breadth, and is divided into six compartments, or bays, by the arched trusses 
 which form the main supports of the roof. 
 
 Five bays are lighted by as many pairs of windows on each side ; the 
 sixth having two large oriels, or projecting windows. All the light was 
 derived from these windows on the sides, the hall being joined at both ends 
 to other apartments now destroyed, f The principal entrance is on the 
 north side, close to the east end of the hall, opening from the outer court ; 
 opposite to this is another door, which led into the inner court ; and a 
 
 • In Hasted's "History of Kent," Vol. I., is a plan of Eltham Palace, engraved from a drawing 
 dated A.D. 1509, in which three ranges of apartments are shewn, enclosing a quadrangular area on 
 the east, north, and west sides, together with some detached buildings beyond the boundaries ; but, 
 by some unaccountable error, the great hall and the chapel are not represented. The omission of 
 these two principal apartments destroys the utilitj' of this plan, which would have greatly assisted 
 our description of the palace had it been tolerably exact. 
 
 ■\ The late Edw. King, Esq., who examined this hall about fifty years ago, when it was in a more 
 perfect state than it now is, noticed the aj)pearance of a small window in the west gable, wliich 
 he imagined to have been made for the purpose of looking into the hall from one of the chambers. 
 It is certain that such contrivances were common in ancient halls, of which Mr. King adduced several 
 instances; but from the great height at which this supposed window at Eltham would have been 
 placed, and there being no appearance of it on the outside of the gable, the learned antiquary seems 
 to have been mistaken, as he unluckily was in many other ingenious conjectures. — See Archaologia, 
 Vol. VI. 
 
36 KLTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 communication with the kitchens, butteries, and other cuhnary offices, was 
 made by two doors at the east end of the hall. All these doors were 
 included in a passage 10 feet 6 inches wide, formed by a wooden screen 
 crossing the lower end of the hall. Of this screen only the naked frame is 
 now standing, stripped entirely of its ornaments. It measures about 124- feet 
 high, and is divided into five compartments, three of which were filled by 
 panels and tracery, the two intermediate spaces being left open to give 
 entrance into the hall. So far this screen resembled that in tlie hall of 
 Hampton Court ; and it has been generally supposed to have had a similar 
 gallery above it, for the trumpeters and other musicians who played during 
 high festivals, but nothing of this remains ; and as there is no appearance 
 of an approach to it, without a staircase in the hall itself, the existence of 
 such a gallery has been doubted.* 
 
 At the upper end of the hall was a platform, raised three or four steps 
 above the common pavement, where the high table stood, at which the 
 principal persons sat, whilst those of inferior degrees were placed at long 
 tables ranged down the sides of the hall. In the middle of the floor was an 
 open hearth, and over it, in the third bay of the roof from the west end, 
 was a louvre, or lantern, for letting out the fumes of a charcoal fire. The 
 lantern has been taken down long since, but some rafters belonging to it 
 are yet remaining in the roof, and from these it appears to have been of a 
 hexagonal shape, f 
 
 On a comparison of Eltham hall with other ancient rooms of the like 
 description, we shall find but few superior to it in dimensions, and none of 
 finer proportions, or more scientific construction. X 
 
 * The screen at Hampton Court is described in " Specimens," Vol. II. p. 6. See also an 
 Account of Eltham Palace, by Mr. J. C. Ruckler, 8vo., 1828, p. 88. 
 
 t The hall of Richmond Palace was warmed in this manner, as we find by the following 
 description of it, made by the commissioners of parliament, A.D. 1649. " This Room hath a 
 Screen in the lower End thereof; over which is a little Gallery, and a fayr Foot-Pace in the higher 
 End thereof; the Pavement is square Tile, and it is very well lighted and seeled, and adorned 
 with Eleven Statues in the Sides thereof; in the Midst a Brick Hearth for a Charcoal Fire, having a 
 large Lanthorn in the Roof of the Hall fitted for that Purpose, turreted and covered with Lead. 
 Mem. — In the North End of the great Hall there is one Turret, or Clock-Case, covered with 
 Lead, which, together with the Lanthorn in the Middle thereof, are a special Ornament unto that 
 Building." — Vetusta Momimenta, Vol. II. 
 
 \ St. George's Hall, in Windsor Castle, built by Edward HI., and finished A.D. 1369, was 
 108 feet long by 33 broad. It had an arched roof of timber before it was modernized by Charles II. 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 37 
 
 The interior view, as it appeared when perfect, and furnished for the 
 reception of its royal masters, must have been highly magnificent and 
 beautiful, as we may fairly judge from the naked remains of its archi- 
 tecture.* 
 
 In its present condition, nothing can look more dreary : — with its windows 
 stopped up, its sculptured ornaments mutilated, the roof broken and obscured 
 by dust and cobwebs, and the whole fabric dilapidated, dirty, and disfigured, 
 it forcibly reminds the spectator of the transitory nature of all human 
 grandeur. 
 
 Plate I. — Groining of the Bay-Window on the North Side of the Hall. 
 
 A plan, or horizontal section, is here given of the upper part of one of 
 the bay-windows, shewing the form of its vaulted roof. The key-stones to 
 the ribs, amounting to no fewer than forty in number, are all richly sculptured 
 with ornamental foliage, or the armorial badges of King Edward IV.; 
 amongst which the falcon within a fetter-lock, and the rose en soleil, are 
 conspicuous. 
 
 The vertical section shews the curvature of the ribs, the thickness of the 
 vaulting taken along the central line, and the joints of the stones which 
 compose it. 
 
 The hall of Christ-Church, Oxford, built by Cardinal Wolsey, measures 115 feet by 40. 
 
 That of Hampton Court, built by Henry VIII., is 106 feet long and 40 broad. 
 
 At New Hall, near Boreham, in Essex, another palace of Henry VIII., the hall measures 90 feet 
 by 40, and above 40 in height. 
 
 The hall of the royal palace at Richmond was 100 feet by 40. 
 
 At Trinity College, Cambridge, the hall is 100 feet by 40. It was built in the middle of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 The Middle Temple, London, has a hall built in the reign of Elizabeth, 100 feet by 44. 
 
 The hall of Lambeth Palace, rebuilt by Archbishop Juxon, in 1663, was 93 feet by 38. It 
 has lately been converted into a library. 
 
 The Guild-Hall of the city of London, built about the year 1410, is 153 feet long and 48 wide. 
 
 The internal dimensions of Westminster Hall, rebuilt by Richard II., in 1399, are 238 feet 
 8 inches by 66 feet 6 inches ; taking its breadth in the middle, as the south end is wider than the 
 north. Its area is fully equal to any four of those above-mentioned, with the exception of Guildhall. 
 
 * An idea of its ancient splendour is represented in a lithographic plate of the interior of Eltham 
 hall, in Pugin's " Series of Views illustrative of the Examples of Gothic Architecture," recently 
 published in Two Parts, 4to. 
 
38 ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 Plate II. — Groining of the Bay-Window on the North Side of the Hall. 
 
 The section in the upper part of this Plate is cut across the window, shewing 
 its projection, and the manner in which it joins to the side of the hall. The 
 vaulted roof is cut in two places, for the purpose of more fully explaining its 
 construction, which is extremely elaborate. The letters b b refer to the plan 
 on the preceding Plate. 
 
 Below the transverse section is a longitudinal one, corresponding to that 
 in the first Plate, when viewed in an opposite direction. Here is shewn 
 the inner side of the arch opening towards the hall, as viewed within the 
 recess of the window ; and above it we see the lines of a blank arch, intended 
 to prevent the weight of the wall and roof from crushing the slender ribs of the 
 moulded arch. 
 
 At the bottom of the Plate is given an elevation of the arch and head 
 of the window, as seen within the hall. The tracery in the lights of these 
 windows has a peculiarity in the curvature of the cusps, which are finished with 
 uncommon elegance.* 
 
 Plate III. — Windows of the Hall, Bracket, and Details. 
 
 No. 1. Three of the windows are here shewn, in an internal elevation, 
 with one of the stone brackets, or corbels, upon which the spandrils of the 
 roof are placed. There are ten of these windows on each side, as was 
 before stated, and they are set two and two together, according to the 
 distances measured on the Plate. The general forms and proportions of 
 these windows closely resemble those of Crosby Hall, but they are con- 
 siderably larger. The mouldings are also similar; but the windows of 
 Crosby Hall are more elaborately finished on the inside, having small 
 columns in the jambs, and additional mouldings and tracery in the arches and 
 spandrils. f 
 
 No. 2. Elevations of the upper and lower parts of a window are here 
 given on an enlarged scale, with a plan of the jambs, muUion, &c. 
 
 No. 3. The front elevation, section, and plan of one of the stone corbels, 
 
 * A similar pattern is seen at Crosby Hall, London, in the ornaments of the roof of the council 
 chamber. — See " Specimens," Vol. I. PI. XLII. It is also found in some of the tracery on the 
 tomb of Sir Richard Carew, in Beddington Church. — See the plate in this volume. 
 
 t See " Specimens," Vol. I. p. 30, PI. XLII.* 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT, 39 
 
 are here given, together with a section of the timber rib springing from it. 
 These corbels resemble those in Crosby Hall, but have less of ornamental detail. 
 
 Plate IV. — V. — The Plan of the hall has been already described. 
 Transverse Section. This section is taken in two divisions, noted on the 
 plan a, b, a, b. That on the right hand cuts through the centre of the timbers, 
 and of one of the buttresses which strenghten the side walls at the feet of 
 the trusses ; it also shews an elevation of the northern bay-window on the 
 east side. 
 
 The other division of the section cuts through the centre of the southern 
 bay-window, and also exhibits one half of a truss with all its mouldings ; 
 and beneath this is a plan, shewing the purlines, braces, and common rafters. 
 In the section of the bay-window is seen the door in the west side, which 
 formerly led to other apartments westward of the hall, now destroyed. 
 Above this door the space is covered with blank tracery, corresponding to the 
 lights in the other sides. There is a door in the north bay, corresponding 
 to this, adjoining to which appears to have been a narrow staircase, lighted 
 by a small window remaining in the front of the bay, but not seen within 
 the hall. 
 
 On comparing the roof of Eltham Hall with that of Westminster Half, 
 we shall find a general correspondence of parts, allowing for the superiority 
 of scale in the latter. In the roof of Westminster Hall, the length of the 
 rafters is a httle more than four-fifths of the span, measuring across the 
 breadth from foot to foot. In that of Eltham Hall the rafters measure 
 something less than four-fifths of the span ; consequently it is rather lower 
 in the pitch than that of Westminster Hall. In this roof the arches are 
 of the compound form, struck from four centres, with an obtuse point, after 
 the usual forms of arches in the masonry of that age ; whilst at Westminster 
 Hall the curved timbers describe high-pointed arches, of the simple form, 
 struck from two centres on the base-line. The spandrils are much shorter 
 than those at Westminster, and pendents are here introduced instead of 
 the figures of angels. The trusses at Eltham contain a larger quantity of 
 timber, in proportion to their breadth, than those of Westminster Hall, which 
 the builder probably judged necessary on account of the greater lightness 
 of the walls and buttresses at Eltham. 
 
 The gutter along the south side of the roof had formerly a parapet with 
 a straight coping, and the cornice consists of plain mouldings. On the north 
 
 G 
 
40 ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 
 
 side there was an embattled parapet, which has been destroyed ; but the 
 cornice remains, and is studded with grotesque heads. The two bay-windows 
 are covered by common roofs, whicli are evidently modern substitutes for 
 the original finishing. The stone cornices remain, and have sculptured heads 
 in the centre and at the angles. The ancient roofs were probably flat, covered 
 with lead, and surrounded by stone parapets. 
 
 The longitudinal section exhibits one compartment of the roof, cut through 
 the ridge, together with the inside of the southern bay-window, and a part 
 of that beyond the next corbel. The beauty of the bay-windows makes them 
 worthy of the most careful examination.* The lights in these windows are 
 of a tall proportion, particularly in the lower division ; the bottom of those 
 above the transom ranging in a line with the sills of the smaller windows. 
 These were placed high above the floor, as was done in almost all ancient 
 halls ; the plain walls below the windows being generally covered with hangings 
 of tapestry before the reign of Henry VIII., when wainscot panels were 
 introduced, and afterwards came into common use. 
 
 In this section the purlines, braces, and cornice of one bay of the roof, are 
 displayed, together with the profiles of two trusses. The moulding running 
 between the cornice and the lower purline probably formed the top of a 
 frieze, composed of ornamental tracery, which covered the feet of the rafters, 
 such as we find in the roof of Crosby Hall, and that of Christ Church, Oxford ; 
 but not a fragment of any thing of the kind now remains in Eltham Hall, 
 excepting this plain moulding. 
 
 Plate VI. — Doorwav on the North Side of Eltham Hall. 
 
 No. 1. Is an exterior elevation of the whole design, of which the details 
 are finished in a neat and elegant style, this being the chief entrance ; whilst 
 tlie opposite one is of a very plain character. The arch is described from four 
 centres, but is so little flattened at the point, that it rises very nearly one half 
 of the span. The blank arch over the mouldings was contrived for discharging 
 the superincumbent weight of the wall. 
 
 No. 2. In the spandrils of this door, one of which is here given on an 
 enlarged scale, the favourite badge of King Edward IV., a radiant sun, 
 surmounted by a rose, is sculptured in the middle of the tracery. The date 
 
 * The southern baj'-Mindow, here represented as perfect, has been most shamefully mutilated, 
 by cutting out all the lower part, and inserting a rude wooden frame and doors, for the passage of 
 carts and waggons. 
 
ELTHAM PALACE, KENT. 41 
 
 of the building has been determined by these badges ; for, before they had been 
 observed, it was generally ascribed to an earlier period. 
 
 No. 3. These three enlarged sections of the mouldings correspond to the 
 letters a, b, and c, marked on the elevation. 
 
 No. 4. The base and capital of one of the small columns in the jambs are 
 here given at large, with the dimensions of their parts in figures. 
 
 This door-case nearly corresponds in general style with one in the episcopal 
 palace at Lincoln, on which are the arms of Bishop Wm. Alnwick, who died 
 A.D. 1449. [See " Specimens," Vol. I. p. 8, PI. XXXIX.] It has also been 
 compared with a door on the north side of the hall at Hampton Court, leading 
 to the Great Chamber ; but there the arch is more flattened at the top than in 
 this of Eltham. [See " Specimens," Vol. II. p. 7, PI. XI.] 
 
 Plate VII. — Pendent, &c. in the Roof of Eltham Hall. 
 
 In this Plate some details of parts have been displayed on a large scale, 
 in order to complete the explanation of the I'oof. The section comprehends 
 the lower part of a truss, from the stone corbel on which it rests at the 
 bottom to the cross-beam above the arch. The pendent is also shewn as it 
 appears in front ; together with sections of the different pieces that compose 
 the truss, and a plan shewing the mouldings underneath. The beauty of these 
 pendents has been much injured by their being stripped of the small pinnacles 
 and perforated tracery with which the central pieces were originally encased. 
 All the pendents have now lost these ornaments ; but one retained them not 
 many years since, and their form is here delineated in faint lines, to shew how 
 they appeared when perfect.* In concluding the description of this sumptuous 
 example of ancient carpentry, it is gratifying to mention, that it has lately 
 been repaired at the expense of government, and thereby saved from the 
 destruction with which it was threatened, f Yet we cannot help lamenting 
 
 * It is shewn in an interior view of Eltham Hall, in Vol. I. of " Select Views of London and its 
 Environs," published by Messrs. Storer and Greig, in 4to., 1804. See also Mr. Buckler's curious 
 little volume, pp. 32, 78. The pendents in the roof of Christ's Church Hall, Oxford, are finished 
 in a similar style, and have been perfectly preserved. 
 
 t A question has been raised as to the quality of the timber in this roof; some persons who 
 examined it during the repairs having stated that it was oak, while others affirm it to be of chestnut. 
 There is great difficult}' in distinguishing these species of timber after they have been long in use ; 
 especially where oak imported from the Continent has been employed, as such timber has generally a 
 finer grain than our English oak, which is distinguished by its superior strength and toughness. 
 
42 CARVED DESK AND BENCH. 
 
 that these repairs were not extended to the masonry, and that the remains 
 of Eltham Palace should not be rescued from their present degrading use, 
 the hall cleaned and set free from the vile sheds and hovels that now disfigure 
 its walls, and the whole site preserved from further dilapidation, and the 
 discordant encumbrances of modern buildings. 
 
 PLATE, No. 50. 
 CARVED DESK AND BENCH 
 
 IN THE CHURCH OF OLD WALSINGHAM, NORFOLK. 
 
 Plate I. — The fastidious habits of modern times have sadly disfigured the 
 interior appearance of our churches, by the introduction of close pews. 
 Instead of being shut up in square boxes, the congregation, formerly, were 
 seated on long benches, ranged on each side the nave of the church, with 
 their faces turned towards the altar. This sort of furniture was perfectly 
 suitable to the architecture of a church ; the ornaments partook of the same 
 style as the fabric itself — there was no unsightly bulk to block up the 
 columns, which shewed their moulded bases quite down to the floor, instead 
 of being half-buiied, as they now are in most churches, amidst a heap of 
 shapeless pews. A separate pew was a distinction appertaining only to the 
 lord of the manor, or some other person of distinction ; and it was very 
 rarely that more than two pews were erected in the same church, before 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. But these manorial pews were like small 
 chapels, generally occupying the upper end of a north or south aisle. They 
 were enclosed by screens, enriched with perforated tracery, and were some- 
 times covered with canopies, and made highly ornamental. The Plate exhibits 
 two examples of such desks and benches as the better class of parochial 
 churches used to be furnished with. No. 1. forms the end of a desk without 
 a seat, and is carved in the style of ornament which prevailed in the reign 
 of Henry VIII. No. 2. is of an older fashion, and serves as tlie support of 
 
 Contradictory statements have also been made about the use of iron in its construction. The truth 
 is, that the roof was framed with mortices and tenons, fastened together by wooden pins, without 
 any bolts or straps of iron ; but nails were used in fixing the mouldings attached to the main timbers. 
 
OAK CEILING. 43 
 
 a seat, or bench. This has a low back to lean against; and behind it 
 a narrow portion of the plank which forms the seat projects beyond the 
 back, serving for those who sat in the range behind this to rest their arms 
 upon, whilst they were kneeling. The sections and details of parts need 
 no description. 
 
 In these remnants of ancient ecclesiastical furniture, we may observe a 
 degree of skill and taste similar to what was more amply displayed in archi- 
 tecture ; and they are deserving of being admired, both for their beauty and 
 durability. Stout planks of oak were used for their materials, and these 
 were carefully framed together with mortices and tenons, and fastened by pins 
 of the same material. This solid mode of construction had a double advantage ; 
 it admitted the enrichments of moulding and carving to be worked in bold 
 relief; and the work would endure firm and undecayed after centuries of use. 
 The artists of those times had not learned the modern maxim, " Strength of 
 work is the decay of trade." 
 
 PLATE, No. 51. 
 OAK CEILING 
 
 IN NEW WALSINGHAM CHURCH, NORFOLK. 
 
 The subject of this Plate has been selected as an example of the ornamented 
 ceilings of the fifteenth century. Such ceilings are common to churches and 
 the mansion-houses of the rich. Sometimes the panels were laid quite flat, 
 and sometimes were raised from the sides, with a slight inclination towards the 
 centre. The mouldings and ornaments admitted of endless variety, and the 
 most elaborate and delicate carvings were frequently bestowed upon them. 
 Such costly ceilings were generally worked in oak before the time of Henry VIII., 
 when the use of plaster, as a cheaper material, became common. The example 
 here displayed might serve very well as a pattern for the ceiling of a highly 
 ornamented room, in the architectural style of Henry the Vllth's reign, and 
 might be worked in either wood or plaster ; but fine-grained oak, with the 
 ornaments well carved, has an air of reality about it which can never be 
 imparted to plaster, however skilfully painted. 
 
44 FAKENHAM CHURCH, NORFOLK. 
 
 PLATE, No. 52, 53. 
 FAKENHAM CHURCH, NORFOLK. 
 
 Norfolk, and the adjoining county of Suffolk, contain some noble parish 
 churches, erected, for the most part, in tlie fifteenth century, and a few 
 so late as the reign of Henry VIII. The walls of many of these edifices 
 consist of a mixture of squared flints, inserted amidst a sort of frame-work 
 of freestone, producing a firm and durable fabric, with the help of good 
 cement. The use of flints was suggested by considerations of economy, 
 as good stone could only be procured from distant quarries ; but, by careful 
 practice, the workmen of former ages attained to a degree of perfection in 
 the management of this rugged material, which may justly claim our 
 admiration. 
 
 Plate I. Fakenham Church is a large edifice, consisting of a nave and 
 ailes, with a south porch, a chancel, and a lofty tower. The western en- 
 trance is here represented in an elevation and section, with a plan of part 
 of the tower, to shew the position of the door-way. This church was 
 erected in the fifteenth century, chiefly in the reign of Henry VI. The 
 royal arms in one of the spandrils of the door, and the initial letter J], 
 surmounted by a crown, seem to refer to this monarch, whose memory was 
 formerly honoured in Fakenham Church, by a light kept continually burning.* 
 
 Plate II. shews one of the niches, or tabernacles, which stand on each 
 side of the door. The ornaments of the canopies to these niches are par- 
 ticularly curious, and will be found so fully displayed on the Plate, as to 
 require no further elucidation. Both these niches are vacant ; but they 
 were evidently intended for the reception of statues, and perhaps were oc- 
 cupied by figures of the patron of the church, St. Peter, and his fellow- 
 apostle, St. Paul, to whom the cross-keys and cross-swords, sculptured on 
 shields over the door, may be supposed to allude. 
 
 * Henry Chichele, archbishop of Canterbury, was possessed of part of Fakenham, and probably 
 contributed to the rebuilding of the church, as he was a munificent prelate, and a great patron 
 of architecture. See the Account of his works at All Souls' College, Oxford, p. 6. 
 
OXBOROUGH HALL, NORFOLK. 45 
 
 PLATE, No. 54—58. 
 
 OXBOROUGH HALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 OxBOROUGH is situated in the south-west corner of the county of Norfolk, 
 on the borders of the fens of Cambridgeshire. 
 
 The hall, or manor-house, was erected by Sir Edmund Bedingfield, 
 knight, whose family had long been seated at a village of the same name 
 in Suffolk, previous to the acquisition of Oxborough, by the marriage of 
 Edmund Bedingfield with Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Sir Robt. 
 de Tuddenham, knt. Su" Edmund was a zealous adherent of the house of 
 York, and in high favour with King Edward IV., who granted him a license, 
 in 1482, to build towers and other fortifications at his manor of Oxborough, 
 according to his own pleasure. From this time Oxborough Hall has continued 
 to be the chief seat of the family, and is now in the possession of Sir Henry 
 Bedingfield, Baronet. 
 
 This mansion is constructed of brick, and originally formed a quadrangle, 
 measuring on the outside 171 feet from east to west, and rather less from 
 north to south; with a court in the centre, 118 feet by 92 feet.* The hall 
 occupied the middle of the southern range, and was a grand apartment, 
 about 56 feet long and 29 feet broad, covered with an arched roof of timber, 
 and furnished with two oriels or bay-windows at the upper end, and a screen 
 at the lower, — in the usual fashion of the dining-halls of those times. The 
 north porch of the hall opened into the court opposite to the principal 
 entrance of the mansion, which occupies the middle of the north front. 
 The whole south side of the quadrangle, including the hall, the great 
 chamber or private dining-room, the great kitchen, and many other principal 
 apartments, was taken down in the year 1778, when one side of the court 
 was thrown open, and the arrangement of the remaining rooms altered.f 
 
 * See Plate IV., No. 3, which shews the entire plan, the gatehouse being distinguished by a 
 black shade. 
 
 f Hengrave Hall, in Suffolk, another noble mansion of brick, erected by Sir Thomas Kitson, 
 knight, under a license from Henry VHI. and finished in 1538, was reduced in size about the same 
 time as Oxborough Hall ; but the hall is yet standing at Hengrave, and the buildings completely 
 surround an inner court, which is much smaller than that at Oxborough. — See " The History and 
 Antiquities of Hengrave," published in 4to. 1822 ; an elegant and valuable work, compiled by John 
 Gage, Esq. F.S.A., uncle to Sir Thos. Gage, to whom the place at present belongs. 
 
46 OXBOROUGH HALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 Before this reduction, Oxborough Hall exhibited a complete example of an 
 embattled mansion of the first class, a description of building which succeeded 
 to the castles of earlier times, — being planned with more regard to internal 
 space and convenience, but retaining sufficient strength to resist any casual 
 assault of a hostile party. The style of the building has been compared 
 to that of Queen's College, Cambridge, completed about the same time, and 
 built of similar materials.* The whole structure was surrounded by a moat 
 about 52 feet broad, and ten feet deep, supplied with water by a small 
 brook ; and the entrance was protected by a stately tower, one of the noblest 
 specimens of the domestic architecture of the fifteenth century, which for- 
 tunately remains in a very perfect state, and forms the subject of the 
 following Plates.f 
 
 Plate I. — Elevation and Section of the North or Outward Front of the 
 
 Entrance Tower. 
 
 The outward front of this stately pile is distinguished by two octangular 
 turrets, standing forward with a deep and bold projection, and rising immedi- 
 ately from the moat, to the height of almost 80 feet, producing a very striking 
 effect when viewed in perspective. J The approach to the gates at present 
 is by a bridge of three arches ; but originally a draw-bridge is supposed to 
 have crossed the moat. The turret on the right hand is occupied by a spiral 
 flight of steps, arched and constructed entirely with brick, and lighted by 
 loopholes in form of quatrefoils. The other turret contains four closets or 
 small rooms, of which the one on the ground-floor has only narrow loop- 
 holes, but the two next above it are lighted by small windows of a very 
 neat form, one in each face of the turret. The two large windows over the 
 
 * This college was founded by Margaret of Anjou, the intrepid consort of Henry VI., the 
 first stone being laid in 1448. The troubles of her husband's unfortunate reign prevented the 
 foundress from completing the college ; but her design was adopted by Elizabeth, the queen of 
 Edward IV., and by her assistance, and the contributions of other benefactors, the whole was 
 finished within about forty years from the foundation. Queen's College was constructed of brick, 
 ■with a tower over the chief entrance ; but the apartments have been mostly altered or rebuilt. 
 
 t The rector's mansion at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, has a turreted gatehouse, built of brick in a 
 similar style to this, but of inferior elevation. It was erected by Dr. William Pykenham, archdeacon 
 of Suffolk, chancellor to the Bishop of Norwich, and rector of the church of Hadleigh. He also 
 built a stately residence for himself and his successors, the archdeacons of Suffolk, at Ipswich, in 
 1471 ; and an alms-house at Hadleigh in 1497. 
 
 I See " Lithographic Views illustrative of the Examples of Gothic Architecture." 
 
OXBOROUGH HALL, NORFOLK. 47 
 
 gate give light to the principal chambers ; and the arch above the upper- 
 most window supports the parapet, which is detached from the main wall, 
 apparently for the purpose of a raachicollation.* In the square turret 
 attached to the eastern side of the main building, is a secret recess or cell, 
 just large enough for a man to stand up or lie down in it. The entrance 
 is concealed by a trap-door in the pavement of a closet over it, so ingeniously 
 contrived as not to be visible when shut. This place was undoubtedly made 
 for the occasional retreat of a priest, during the persecution carried on under 
 the penal laws against Catholics. Another such secret closet is said to have 
 been found under a chimney, when the rooms on the opposite side of the 
 court were pulled down, f 
 
 Plate II. — Octangular Turret on the South-east Angle of the Tower. 
 
 The quoins of the tower, on the side next to the court, are plain and 
 square, as high as the setting on of the parapet, where two turrets are placed, 
 of similar plan to those on the outside, but of much smaller size. An 
 elevation of one these turrets is here delineated, together with part of the 
 adjoining parapet and battlements; of which a section is also given. The plan 
 is taken at the line marked B, shewing the breadth of the cruciform loopholes, 
 intended for reconnoitring or shooting at an assailant. A part of the corbels 
 and little arches, which support the parapet at A, has been also drawn on a 
 large scale, with a corresponding section. In all these details a careful regard 
 to consistency of style is observable, nothing being left imperfect or unfinished ; 
 and the design of the battlements is particularly remarkable for its elegance. 
 The square openings between the corbels, and in the panels of the turrets, 
 seem to have been no more than scafFold-holes, made for the use of the builders, 
 but so placed as to become ornamental. 
 
 * See the explanation of if/acAecoM/««, in the Glossai-y appended to the "Specimens of Gothic 
 Architecture." 
 
 f The liouses of Catholic families were commonl)' provided with several such hiding-places, in 
 which a priest might be concealed during any sudden visit from the officers called poursuivauls, 
 who used frequently to harass them with rigorous searches. Many of these were constructed by a 
 religious man named John Owen, or " Little John," who, being apprehended in the year 1606, was 
 so cruelly racked in the Tower of London, that he died in a short time after he was taken from the 
 torture. — See " Challoners Memoirs of Missionary Priests," 2 vols. 8vo, 1742; reprinted at Man- 
 chester, 1803 : an authentic and most curious piece of historj- . Charles II. was hidden in such 
 secret closets at Boscobel, and Moseley, in Staffordshire, after the fatal battle of Worcester, a.d. 
 1651, when his life was saved by the care of F. Huddlestone. 
 
 H 
 
48 OXBOROUGH HALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 Plate III. — Section and Two Plans of the Entrance Tower. 
 
 No. 1. This section passes through the centre of the inner and outer 
 gateways, shewing the thickness of the walls, and the projection of the 
 tuiTets, &c. 
 
 No. 2. The ground-plan gives the dimensions of the central passage, and 
 the porters' lodges on each side of it ; together with the forms of the ceilings, 
 which are arched with brickwork, and decorated with ribs. 
 
 No. 3. Is a plan of the chamber on the first-floor, which is a spacious 
 room of very interesting appearance, being preserved in its original state, 
 and retaining the name of " The King's Chamber." In this apartment King 
 Henry VII. is said to have lodged, when on a visit to Sir Henry Bedingfield, 
 to whom he granted three manors in Yorkshire, in reward of his faithful 
 service against the rebels who were defeated at the battle of Stoke, near 
 Newark-upon-Trent, in June, a. d. 1487. The floor is paved with small 
 bricks, the ceihng is divided into squares by moulded oaken beams, and the 
 walls are hung witli fine old tapestry. 
 
 Plate IV. — Elevation of the South or inward Front of the Entrance 
 
 Tower, with Two Plans. 
 
 Fig. 1. The inner front possesses little of that bold and castellated 
 appearance which distinguishes the outside ; the flat wall being only relieved 
 by two semi-octagonal turrets, which serve as bay-windows to the porters' 
 lodges, and the large chambers above them. The projection of these bay- 
 windows is shewn in a plan placed beneath the elevation. 
 
 Fig. 2. gives a plan of the roof, with the battlements, turrets, and chimneys. 
 The shafts of the chimneys were octagonal, and set in pairs on each side, but 
 have been cut off just above the base mouldings, being the only parts that are 
 wanting to complete the design. 
 
 Fig. 3. The plan of the whole structure, which has been already noticed in 
 the general description of the house. 
 
 Plate V. — Details of Ornamental Parts in the North Front. 
 
 No. 1. Quatre-foil oeillet, or loophole, in one of the turrets, with the 
 arched panel in which it is recessed. 
 No. 2. Section of tlie same. 
 No. 3. Loophole in form of a cross. 
 
WOLTERTOiM MANOR HOUSE^ NORFOLK. 49 
 
 No. 4. Section of the same. These loopholes were so placed in the 
 sides of the eastern turret as to overlook the immediate approach to the gates, 
 and by this means the porter might examine strangers before he gave them 
 admittance. 
 
 No. 5. Section of mouldings in the arch of the gateway. 
 
 No. 6. Elevation of part of the window of the lower chamber. 
 
 A. Section of a mulHon and jamb of the same window. 
 
 B. Section of mullions in the head of one of the lower lights. 
 
 The general form of this window is very nearly square, and is simple, 
 and well adapted to domestic architecture. The rising of the two little arches 
 in the middle of the window, above those in the two outside lights, produces a 
 pleasing effect. The upper window is smaller than this, but corresponds to it 
 in the general style. 
 
 PLATE, No. 59—70. 
 
 WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, AT EAST BARSHAM, 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that this curious fabric should have fallen into 
 ruins before any complete description, or representation, of it had been made ; 
 for it exhibits an extraordinary specimen of skilful workmanship in brick.* 
 The words of the poet, " materiam superabat opus," may be truly spoken of it. 
 Blomefield, the historian of Norfolk, found East Barsham Hall " very much 
 decayed and ruinous " when he visited it, about a century ago ; and since that 
 time it has suffered so much further decay, that more than half of the house is 
 now roofless, and reduced to broken walls, while the other part, though still 
 kept in a habitable state, has been defaced and mutilated in such a manner 
 that its original form cannot be exactly made out. 
 
 * Wolterton Hall, as it is sometimes called, from the name of the manor in which it stands, 
 within the parish of East Basham or Barsham, was brought into public notice by a plan and some 
 views published in the " Vetusta Monumenta," Vol. IV. from drawings made by John Adey Repton, 
 F.S.A., in 1808, with a descriptive account. Two other views, with a short account, were published 
 about the same time in Britton's " Architectural Antiquities," Vol. II. It has since been regarded as 
 oneoflhe richest examples of ornamented brickwork iu the kingdom, and some of its details have 
 been copied in more than one modern mansion. 
 
50 WOLTERTOX MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 
 
 The building appears to have been begun by Sir Henry Fermor, Knt. 
 in the reign of Henry VH., after he had become possessed of the manor 
 by marriage with an heiress of the family of Wode, or 'NVood. Sir William 
 Fermor carried on the work begun by his father, and completed it in the 
 reign of Henry VHI. ; but, from a date observed by Blomefiekl, it would 
 seem that nearly forty years elapsed before the whole was finished. If this 
 supposition be true, an older mansion probably stood on the same ground, 
 which was pulled down by parts, and gradually rebuilt ; and that might 
 occasion the irregularity of the present structure. The founder's family 
 continued in possession of the house above a century after its erection ; 
 when, in the reign of Charles I., it descended to that of Calthorpe. Sir 
 Christopher Calthorpe, Knight of the Bath, resided here in the reign of 
 Charles H. ; but, by the failure of male issue, another change of proprietors 
 took place, and East Barsham passed to two co-heiresses, of whom Anne, 
 daughter of Sir Christopher Calthorpe, was married to Sir Thomas L'Estrange 
 of Hunstanton, Bart., and Elizabeth died unmarried. From this period, the 
 house probably became neglected, and fell into decay ; for Sir Thomas 
 L'Estrange continued to reside at his paternal mansion * after he had become 
 possessed of the whole property of East Barsham. The family of L'Estrange 
 being extinct on the death of Sir Henry, the last baronet, in 1760, Sir Jacob 
 Astley, Bart., of INIelton Constable, inherited East Barsham through a 
 marriage with Lucy, daughter to Sir Nicholas, and sister to Sir Thomas 
 L'Estrange ; and so it has descended to Sir Jacob Astley, Bart, the present 
 possessor. 
 
 East Barsham is situated between the towns of Walsingham and Faken- 
 ham, about ten miles from the sea-coast. The house stood very comfortably, 
 with its front towards the south, and was well sheltered at the back by hills. 
 The architecture was of a style purely domestic, without any pretensions 
 to the character of a castle ; f nevertheless, it must have been a stately and 
 
 * Hunstanton Hall, in the same county, which had for many centuries been the seat of the 
 family of L'Estrange, has yielded in its turn to a similar fate with that of East Barsham, and is going 
 to ruin. It has been a noble pile, of a quadrangular form, chiefly erected about the end of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 + At present there are no traces of a moat ; but that defence Avas so universally added to 
 country mansions in ancient times, where the circumstances of the place would allow it, that 
 probably there may have been one here, which was filled up and levelled after its protection was no 
 longer deemed necessary. 
 
WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 51 
 
 commodious dwelling when perfect, and the beauty of its ornaments excites 
 our regret that no better care has been taken for their preservation. 
 
 Plate I. — THE PLAN, though drawn on a very small scale, will explain 
 the distribution of the principal rooms on the ground-floor, to which the names 
 are attached with letters of reference. THE ELEVATION is intended 
 to give an idea of the principal front as it originally existed ; the parts 
 that are actually destroyed being filled up in conformity with those that 
 remain perfect. The whole line of the front extends to the length of 
 140 feet, and is irregularly divided into seven compartments, of which the 
 porch forms the centre. The front door opened into the hall, which is 
 totally ruined : it measured 41 feet by 22, and was covered by a flat ceiling, 
 at the height of 16 feet. A passage from the lower end of the hall led to the 
 kitchen and other rooms, which are now subdivided and occupied as a farm- 
 house ; and at the upper end is a spacious chimney, which seems a variation 
 from the usual plan of such apartments. On the south side is a square pro- 
 jection, lighted by a broad bay-window ; and between this and the porch is 
 another window, of smaller size. The rooms on the north side of the hall 
 are pulled down to the ground, and very little remains standing of the 
 parlour adjoining the west end, which measured about 23 feet by 211, and had 
 a bay-window looking over a bowling-green, of which the recess was 91 feet 
 wide, and 71 in projection. The front of this room has been demolished, but 
 appears restored in the Plate, uniformly with that of the hall and adjoining 
 parts. As the following Plates represent the principal portions of the building 
 in detail, no more seems necessary to be added to the general description, than 
 to observe that the walls were constructed with brick, of which material most 
 of the mouldings and ornaments were very curiously formed, and the roofs were 
 covered with tiles.* 
 
 Plate H. — South or outward Front of the Gate-house. 
 
 The principal front of the mansion was enclosed by a court, with a gate- 
 house in the centre, opposite to the porch over the hall door. On each 
 side of the gate-house was a range of narrow buildings, for a porter's lodge, 
 and other offices, of which the external walls were pierced with narrow 
 loopholes, four on each side, intended for defence, if necessary. These 
 offices have been destroyed; but the gate-house is standing, and its place 
 
 * The roof over the parlour, beyond the great chimney at the west end of the hall, appears to 
 have been flat, and covered with lead ; but this may admit of doubt. 
 
52 WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 
 
 is marked in the general plan, a, A larger plan of the entrance is inserted 
 in the Plate now under consideration. The elevation of the south side has 
 been richly decorated, according to the latest fashion of the Gothic or Pointed 
 style of architecture. Over the great arch are the royal arms of Henry VIII., 
 with the proper supporters, a griffin and a lion, of a large size. On two 
 smaller shields ai"e the arms of Fermor, impaled with those of Stapleton 
 and another ituuily : and a third shield, over the chamber window, bears the 
 arms of Fermor alone. On the sides of the entrance are statues nearly of 
 the size of life, now so much broken that their forms are hardly to be 
 distinguished. Blomefield calls them " ixvo wild men, or giants, as janitors, 
 armed zoith clubs." These figures, as well as the king's arms and supporters, 
 are carved in brick; but the jambs of the gate, and some other parts, are 
 of chalk-stone. The rest of the materials are brick ; the ornaments being 
 cast in moulds, and then burnt. The elevation is here represented in a perfect 
 state, though the turrets have been broken down, and the parapet much 
 mutilated, but repaired a few years since in an inferior style of workmanship to 
 the original.* 
 
 'O' 
 
 Plate III. — North or inward Front of the Gate-house. 
 
 The inner front of the gate-house resembles the other in its general outlines, 
 but has less of ornamental details. In the spandrils of the great arch are two 
 shields bearing the arms of Fermor singly, and Fermor impaled with those of 
 Knevet and other families. 
 
 These elevations display great elegance, and are perfectly free from that 
 incongruous admixture with details of the Italian style, which is found in 
 many buildings of the reign of Henry VIII. The roof of the gateway is not 
 vaulted, but only covered by the floor of the chamber over it, which is 
 approached by a staircase in a turret attached to the west side. The arch 
 of the outward front was originally closed by a pair of gates, which have 
 been taken away ; but there was no portcullis, nor any other means of 
 defence. 
 
 * The view of this gate-house, inserted in Britton's « Architectural Antiquities," Vol. II. p. 92, 
 shews the mutilated state of the battlements and turrets in the year 1807 : and the plates in 
 "Vetusta Monumenta," Vol. IV., do the same. Of the turrets only one remained standing on the 
 gate-house; viz, that on the north-east angle : it is given at large in Plate VII. No. 2. 
 
WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 53 
 
 Plate IV. — South Porch. 
 
 This porch forms the principal entrance to the house, the door opening 
 directly into the hall. The date of its erection is fixed to a certain period, 
 by the arms of King Henry VII., distinguished by the supporters, a griffin and 
 a greyhound, and his badge, the portcullis.* A smaller shield, beneath the 
 royal arms, is supported by an angel; and on two others, in the spandrils 
 of the arch, are the arms of Fermor without any impalement. The elevation 
 is here restored to its original appearance, although the upper parts have 
 been much injured, and the roof reduced to a shed or lean-to. It is altogether 
 of a good design, but seems rather at variance with the other details of the 
 front in its arched window, and the high point of the arch in the doorway. 
 The plan is shewn separately, and also some details of mouldings, &c. which 
 are described on the Plate. 
 
 Plate V. — Bay-Window of the Hall, &c. 
 
 The hall of this mansion did not form a distinct house, f but was merely 
 a spacious room, having other apartments over it, not distinguished ex- 
 ternally from the general mass of building. On the south side was a 
 spacious recess of an oblong plan, lighted by a bay-window, represented in 
 this Plate. This window was richly embellished with stained glass, of which 
 nothing now remains but the description recorded in Blomefield's " History 
 of Norfolk." The Latin motto, " giulrarcsi jTortUlia Jllijat," % was repeated 
 
 * All the English sovereigns from Richard II., who was the first that added supporters to his 
 arms, down to James I., who introduced the unicorn of Scotland as a companion to the lion of 
 England, adopted different supporters. Henry VII. used a red dragon, the ensign of Cadwallader 
 the last king of the Britons, from whom he claimed descent; and a white greyhound, in right of his 
 queen, Elizabeth of York, she being descended from the family of Nevile, to which it belonged. 
 The portcullis was borne by him in right of his mother, who was of the house of Beaufort. 
 
 Henry VIII. supported his arms with a dragon and a greyhound, the same as his father had done, 
 in the beginning of his reign ; but afterwards laid aside the greyhound, and adopted a lion, which 
 all the succeeding sovereigns have retained. 
 
 t The term house was formerly applied to any portion of a large building which had a separate 
 roof, in which sense we find the word used in many old surveys. See the "Glossary" appended 
 to "Specimens of Gothic Architecture." In this sense the halls of Eltham and Croydon palaces 
 formed houses. 
 
 I " Fortune favours the bold." 
 
54 WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 
 
 several times on scrolls ; and the following arms were emblazoned in the six 
 lights, which make up the breadth of the window : — 
 
 Howard, Duke of Norfolk, quartering Brotherton. 
 
 Earl Warren, and Moubray, in a garter. 
 
 Percy, Earl of Northumberland, with his quarterings ; viz., Lucy, Poynings, 
 Fitzpane, Bryan, &c. in a garter. 
 
 Knevet, quartering Cromwell, Tatteshall, Clifton, Basset, &c. 
 
 Argent, on a pale sable, a conger's head, for Lucee or Gascoine. 
 
 Also, Barry of six argent and gules ; and the date of 1538.* 
 
 The narrow window belonged to a closet that opened into the parlour, 
 of which only a few fragments remain, barely sufficient to shew its dimensions, f 
 The window above this gave light to another closet, and the larger window 
 into a great chamber over the hall, which Blomefield calls the "nursery." 
 This room was wainscoted with panels, on which were carved "heads of 
 men and women in antique dresses;" and under the heads of one man and 
 woman were the arms of Termor and Wood, and under others Termor and 
 Knevet, Yelverton and Fermor, and Berney and Fermor. + All these 
 decorations have long since perished, together with the roof and floor of 
 the chamber. The ornamental frieze over the upper window is filled with 
 the arms of Stapleton, a lion rampant, the royal badge of the rose, and male 
 and female heads ; all curiously moulded in brick. Similar ornaments appear 
 
 * Besides the arms here mentioned, Mr. Gough informs us, that, " In a window of this house 
 were formerly tlie armorial pedigree and alliances of the family of Calthrope, from the conquest to 
 the middle of the last century (seventeenth), contained in between fifty and sixty diamond-shaped 
 panes of painted glass, neatly executed. They are most of them entire, and are placed in a bow- 
 window in the library of Sir John Fenn, at East Dereham, who married a lady descended from this 
 family." — Additions to Camden's Britannia, Vol. II. p. 196 ; 2d edition, 1806. 
 
 f The great parlour appears, from Blomefield's account, to have been richly decorated with 
 carved work and painted glass. In tlie window were the arms of Fermor, impaled with those of 
 the family of Wood, the preceding lords of the manor ; viz., argent a saltire between four staples 
 sable. Also Fermor impaling Stapleton ; Berney impaling Fermor ; Yelverton and Fermor. On 
 the chimneypiece were the arms of Fermor impaling Knevet, with his quarterings ; and also 
 impaling Coote, &c., with this motto, " jportior cst quf Se> qiinm rjui fortissima binrit." " lie is a 
 braver man who overcomes himself, than he who conquers the strongest towns. " See the " Proverbs 
 of Solomon," chap. xvi. v. 32, where the same sentiment is expressed in almost parallel terms. 
 
 On a piece of oak in the centre of the ceiling were carved the quinque vulnera, or five wounds 
 of Christ, and round them this sentence, " ®[)c i^asgion of (Soil Ijclp mc !" 
 
 I These antique /teads were probably of a similar description to some in tlie parsonage-house 
 at Great Snoring. — (See the Plates.) Such grotesque portraits, generally in profile, were very 
 fashionable among the decorations of architecture in the sixteenth century. 
 
WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 55 
 
 over the lower windows, placed alternately in panels. The turret, or buttress 
 at the angle, is decorated with the like armorial bearings, and in the upper 
 part with capital letters, all formed of moulded brick.* 
 
 Plate VI. — The tower exhibited in this Plate forms the most strikinoj 
 featm-e of the whole house, and is a curious piece of architecture. It contains 
 three rooms, of which the two lowest are covered with vaulted roofs of brick, 
 ribbed and groined. The heights and other dimensions of these rooms are 
 shewn in the section, which passes through the centre of the tower from 
 front to back. The plan belongs to the second room, from which a spiral 
 staircase, in the turret at the south-east angle, leads up to the third room, 
 where there is a fire-place, shewn in the section. Undoubtedly, this tower 
 was intended for some important purpose, though it may not be easy to 
 ascertain what that purpose was. The middle chamber might be constructed 
 for the safe keeping of the family evidences, title-deeds, money, jewels, and 
 other valuable effects, being strongly arched and floored with brick; and 
 the upper room was probably a library or studying chamber, f The elevation 
 of this tower above the surrounding buildings would also fit it for the use 
 of keeping watch during the time of any disturbance in the country, and 
 for setting up a beacon ; these precautions being commonly practised even 
 in later times than when Wolterton Manor House was built. I 
 
 Plate VII. — No. 1. gives an elevation of a turret at the east end of the 
 south front, with a plan shewing its form and breadth in two different parts, 
 and also the manner in which the bricks are put together. 
 
 * These letters are scattered over various parts of the house, among them we find H. R., for 
 Henrieus Rex ; E. R., for EUzahetha Regina ; also the letters B.iNI. P. V. T. &c. 
 
 t At the top of one of the towers of Wressil Castle, a seat of the Lord Percy, " was a Study 
 cauUid Paradise." — Leland's Itinerary, Vol. I. fol. 59. At Leckinfield, another residence of the 
 same nobleman, Leland also saw " a little studying Chaumber caullid Paradise." A chamber in the 
 upper story of a tower at Stanton- Harcourt, county Oxon, formerly the residence of the ancient 
 family of Harcourt, is still shewn to the admirers of Pope as the study in which he composed some 
 books of his Homer 
 
 J Hengrave Hall, Suffolk, a very fine specimen of contemporary architecture, had also a tower, 
 ■which was pulled down, with some other parts, in 1775. Beacons were commonly set on the 
 towers of churches, as well as on those of castles and mansions, so late as the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 I 
 
56 WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 
 
 No. 2. exhibits a similar turret on the north-east angle of the gate-house, 
 with two plans corresponding to the elevation.* 
 
 These turrets, or pinnacles, for they may be called by either name, must 
 have been highly ornamental to the building in a general view, though it may 
 be questioned whether they were designed in accordance with good taste. 
 They nearly resembled the tunnels of chimneys in shape and size, but wanted 
 the character of usefulness which makes a chimney appear proper to a 
 domestic edifice. The same objection may be extended to the octagonal 
 buttresses which are attached to the quoins of the building : they are like 
 turrets rather than buttresses, yet are too narrow to admit of any internal 
 space, and therefore seem to possess no proper character either as turrets 
 or buttresses. These observations are submitted to the consideration of 
 architects, without any wish to put forth positive opinions on a question 
 of taste. 
 
 Plate YIII. — Details of the South Front of the Gate-house. 
 
 No. 1. Elevation of part of the embattled parapet, and of the ornamental 
 string-course under it, with a section of the same. 
 
 No. 2. Part of the frieze, or string-course, under the chamber-window. 
 
 No. 3. Tiie springing of the arch over the gateway, on the left hand with 
 the canopy over the head of one of the "janitors." 
 
 No. 4. Two portions of one of the turrets are here given at large, shewing 
 the forms and projections of the mouldings. 
 
 No. 5. The mouldings of the jambs, mullion, and sill of the window, are 
 shewn above the figure 5 ; and beneath it the section, &c. of a jamb of the 
 gateway. 
 
 All these details display an excellent taste. 
 
 Plate IX. — Elevation and Plan of a Stack of Chimneys. 
 
 These chimneys are built upon the western gable of the hall, to which 
 two of the tunnels belonged ; two others were appropriated to the chamber 
 
 * All the turrets of the house have been broken down to the bases of the upper parts, excepting 
 one at the eastern angle of the front ; but some of them have been replaced by substitutes of modern 
 work. The original one is liere represented ; the others, of the larger size, are restored in the 
 Plates, in conformity with it ; and the smaller ones from that on the north-east angle of the gate- 
 house, the only original one remaining out of four. 
 
WOLTERTON MANOR HOUSE, NORFOLK. 57 
 
 over the hall, two to the parlour, two to the chamber above it, and the other 
 two to fire-places in the garrets.* Such a large group of chimneys is scarcely 
 to be seen in any other building of this date, and the richness of their orna- 
 ments is quite extraordinary. Some of the projecting mouldings on the top 
 have fallen to decay, but the other parts remain perfect. 
 
 Plate X. — Ornaments on the Great Stack of Chimneys. 
 
 The tunnels of these chimneys are of a cylindrical form, composed of tiles 
 moulded for the purpose, the ornaments upon them displaying five different 
 patterns, all of which are here given at large. The plinth on which the tunnels 
 stand is adorned with the arms of Stapleton and Wood, the royal badge of the 
 rose, and two busts, which perhaps were intended to represent King Henry VII. 
 and his queen, Ehzabeth of York. 
 
 Plate XI. — Details of the North Front of the Gate-house, and 
 
 other parts. 
 
 No. 1. represents the frieze, or string-course, in the middle of the north 
 front of the gate-house. 
 
 No. 2. Cornice under the parapet of the tower in the south front of the 
 house. — See Plate VI. 
 
 No. 3. Tracery in small panels on the turrets of the tower. — See Plate VII. 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 4. Frieze, or string-course, running along the middle of the south 
 front. — (See Plate V.) The arms belonged to the families of Wood and 
 Stapleton ; and the spaces between the panels are charged with roses and 
 heads alternately. 
 
 No. 5. One of the shields which decorate the spandrils of the north arch 
 of the gate-house. The arms are those of Fermor with an impalement. 
 
 No. 6. A part of the tracery on a turret of the south front of the house 
 is here given at large. — (See No. 1 in Plate VII.) The spaces between the 
 mouldings are filled with roses and lions' heads formed of moulded tiles. 
 
 * The chimneys of halls, kitchens, and other apartments where large fires were wanted, had 
 commonly two tunnels, and sometimes more. In the hall at Chillington there were no fewer than 
 eight tunnels to one hearth. — Plot's Staffordshire, p. 359. 
 
58 THORPLAND HALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 Plate XII. — Details of the Tower and Porch. 
 
 No. 1. shews part of the window in the middle room of the tower. — 
 See Plate VI. 
 
 No. 2. gives a part of the window in the lower room of the tower. 
 
 The muUions, jambs, &c. of these windows are composed of bricks. 
 
 No. 3. A portion of the mouldings and tracery in front of the middle 
 story of the tower is here given at large. The position of these ornaments 
 is shewn in the elevation on Plate VI., where the projection of the window, 
 supported by the mouldings over the tracery, is also shewn in the section of 
 the tower. The heads are similar to those on the great chimney and other 
 parts of the house. 
 
 No. 4. shews one jamb of the doorway to the porch, with sections of the 
 mouldings both in the arch and jamb, and the little columns on each side. 
 See the elevation of the porch in Plate IV. 
 
 PLATE, No. 71 — 73. 
 
 THORPLAND HALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 Thorpland adjoins to East Barsham, but is a hamlet of the town of Fakenham, 
 from which it lies distant about two miles. Here was formerly a chapel, 
 dedicated to St. Thomas, which was subject to the rectory of Fakenham, 
 Thorpland being a member of the same parish. We learn from Blomefield's 
 history that the manor belonged to the family of Fermor in the sixteenth 
 century ; and that, in the reign of Elizabeth, it was held in fee-farm of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster, by Thomas Fermor, Esq. Thorpland, as well as East 
 Barsham, afterwards came into the possession of the Calthorpes ; and some 
 letters of Sir Christopher Calthorpe are dated from Thorpland Hall in the 
 year 1680. 
 
 There can be very little doubt that Thorpland Hall was erected by some 
 of the Fermors. It is evidently of the same date as Wolterton Manor House, and 
 might be intended for the jointure-house of a widow, or the residence of a 
 younger branch of the family. The inferiority of the house at Thorpland 
 
THORPLAND HALL, NORFOLK. 59 
 
 to that at East Barsham puts all comparison out of question, excepting 
 only the details. Still, it is a valuable example of its class, as it remains in a 
 very perfect state, and exhibits several architectural members well suited to 
 modern imitation. 
 
 Plate I. — Principal Front of Thorpland Hall. 
 
 The outlines of the front deviate but little from uniformity, although 
 the porch is not exactly in the centre. The windows are rather irregular, 
 but are all remarkably plain, being merely divided by mullions into square- 
 headed compartments.* The eave of the roof seems to have lost its original 
 finishing, for we can hardly suppose it to have been left in the naked form 
 in which it is now seen. There is no appearance of there ever having been 
 battlements, or a parapet ; but there might be a cornice composed of plaster 
 with curved ribs of wood, a common ornament to the roofs of the houses of this 
 style. The plain forms of tlie other parts are strongly contrasted with the 
 style of the chimneys, on which the utmost pains have been expended, quite 
 contrary to the practice of modern times. The walls of the house are 
 composed of flints, with brick-work in the chimneys, quoins, &c., and stone 
 in the window-frames. 
 
 Plate II. — Details of Chimneys, Gable, and other Parts. 
 
 No. 1. The tunnels of these chimneys are composed of moulded tiles, 
 on each of which is impressed a lion rampant, probably in allusion to the 
 arms of Stapleton, or the heraldic figure called the fleur-de-lis. A third 
 variety of ornament was formed by a sort of treUis in lozenges ; and difFei'ent 
 patterns occur on some other of the chimneys. 
 
 No. 2. The plan of the chimneys is here shewn at large, with the curves 
 formed in their capitals, and the octagonal lines of their bases. 
 
 No. 3. One end of the house is here given entire, with a section of the 
 chimneys and gable. The composition of this part is altogether good ; the 
 
 * This plainness in the forms of windows became common in the middle of the sixteenth 
 centurj', and was generally used during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. In the earlier 
 examples, each light had commonly a small arch in the head, which added much to the ornamental 
 appearance of a window. At Wolterton Manor House, we find both these varieties, and their con- 
 trasted effects are very striking. 
 
60 PARSONAGE HOUSE, GREAT SNORING, NORFOLK. 
 
 octagonal buttresses are remarkably neat; and the chimneys are beautiful. 
 Fig. A. shews one of the pinnacles of the gable at large ; the plan of the same 
 is given at B ; and a section of the coping at C. 
 
 Plate III. — Front Porch of Thorpland Hall. 
 
 No. 1 . Elevation of the door and the lower part of the porch, over which 
 is a small chamber. 
 
 No. 2. Section of the same, taken in the centre, through the whole projec- 
 tion, shewing one of the benches on the sides. 
 
 No. 3. Plan of the porch. 
 
 The door is hung in a massive frame of oak, moulded in a corresponding 
 style with the masonry. The original door remains unaltered, and retains 
 the old knocker and handle. The door itself is quite plain. 
 
 No. 4. gives the plan of one jamb of the front arch, and an elevation of 
 the same, as it appears within the doorway. 
 
 All these details are worthy of examination, in order to a complete 
 knowledge of our old domestic architecture, of which the remains are every 
 day growing more and more rare. 
 
 PLATE, No. 74, 75. 
 THE PARSONAGE HOUSE. 
 
 AT GREAT SNORING, NORFOLK. 
 
 This village of Great Snoring is situated in the immediate vicinity of East 
 Barsham and Thorpland, and exhibits another remarkable piece of ancient 
 domestic architecture, in the rectory, or parsonage-house, here represented. 
 The peculiar style of the building shews it to have been erected in the reign 
 of Henry VHI. ; and from the shells and tuns carved on the windows and 
 other parts, we may infer that its founder was of the family of Shelton, such 
 quaint devices being often seen in buildings of that period. 
 
 The manor of Snoring came into the possession of Sir Ralph Sheltou, 
 of Shelton, in Norfolk, on the death of his cousin, Hugh de Burgolyon, in 
 the reign of Edward HI. It continued in the same family until the year 
 
PARSONAGE HOUSEj GREAT SNORING, NORFOLK. 61 
 
 1611, when Sir Ralph Shelton sold the lordship to Thomas Richardson, 
 sergeant-at-law, and afterwards lord chief justice of the King's Bench. This 
 Sir Ralph Shelton was killed at the Isle of Rh6, in France, a. d. 1628 ; and 
 leaving no issue, his family became extinct. 
 
 Plate I. — South Front, Window, and Details of Ornaments. 
 
 This curious structure being mutilated and altered in different parts, much 
 of its original design cannot be made out. The elevation represents the 
 south front, with a turret at the south-east angle ; beyond which another line 
 of front extends towards a second turret. The ruins of one or two other 
 turrets are said to have been visible within memory, but these are now 
 entirely obliterated. The two fronts do not stand at a right angle, but 
 obliquely, as if the building, when complete, had formed a polygon of five 
 sides ; but whether this singular plan was actually executed or not, it is now 
 impossible to discover. The walls of this house are constructed of brick, 
 and the ornaments are formed of tiles, very curiously moulded and fitted to 
 their respective situations. The first and second stories are distinguished 
 by friezes, somewhat similar to those on the front of Wolterton Manor House 
 though differently ornamented. The upper parts of the turrets are covered 
 with tracery of very elegant style ; but, unfortunately, they both have lost 
 their original terminations, so that it cannot be ascertained whether they had 
 spires, pinnacles, or battlements, on the top. The chimney has been bi'oken 
 off, and afterwards rebuilt in a plain manner ; and the door and lower 
 windows are blocked up. The windows of the chamber story are remarkably 
 handsome, though of very moderate dimensions. One of them is shewn at 
 large in Fig. 2. The jambs and head are ornamented with a hollow moulding, 
 studded with shells and funs placed alternately, forming a rebus on the name 
 of Shelton. 
 
 Fig. 3. A portion of the upper frieze is here displayed at large, with a 
 section of the mouldings. In this frieze, the heads, and the ornaments around 
 them, partake of Italian taste. The larger portraits only exhibit profiles 
 of a man and woman, many times repeated. The string-courses, above and 
 below these heads, are filled with very small and delicate ornaments.* 
 
 * The "antique heads" described by Mr. Blomefield in one of tlie rooms of Wolterton 
 Manor House probably were of this description. — See page 54. 
 
62 PARSONAGE HOUSE, GREAT SNORING, NORFOLK. 
 
 Plate II. — Door, and other ornamental Details. 
 
 No. 1. This door is a very curious piece of workmanship, evidently of a 
 date coeval with the architecture of the house. The panels are all richly carved, 
 the small one in the centre bearing the shell and tun, in allusion to the 
 founder's name ; with ^i)t on one side, and 01^ conjoined on the other, 
 the abbreviations of Jesus and Mary ; shewing it to be of earlier date than 
 the change of religion.* 
 
 No. 2. One of the small niches at the angles of the turret is here shewn 
 at large, with horizontal sections taken at different heights. 
 
 No. 3. Tracery on the turret, in the lower compartment, with the mouldings 
 at the bottom of the panels. 
 
 No. 4. Tracery in the upper part of the turret. 
 
 No. 5. Part of the frieze surrounding the turret, with a section of the same, f 
 
 The string-course above the panels is similar to that on the bottom of the 
 upper frieze, the hollow moulding being filled with small shields, each charged 
 with a cross, and supported by two dogs. The bottom string-course bears the 
 letters ^i)t and i%1, similar to those on the door. 
 
 No. 6. gives the panels on the base of the chimney, and a section of the 
 string-course over them, at large. 
 
 * The larger panels are carved in nearly the same pattern as some in a room of Beddington 
 Manor House, Surrey, the ancient seat of the Carew famil}'. — See Pugin's " Gothic Ornaments," 
 published in 4to. There is also a resemblance to tiie tracery on the outward front of the gate- 
 house at East Barsham, above the chamber window. 
 
 ■f The lower frieze at East Barsham is of similar style to this, but does not extend across the 
 turrets or buttresses of the front. — See Plates I., V., &c. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 All Souls' College, Oxford, account of, 6 — 8 ; 
 with four Plates, viz. 
 I. entrance, 7 ; pi. No. 10. 
 
 II. groined roof, 7 ; pi. No. 11. 
 
 III. chapel, 8 ; pi. No. 12. 
 
 IV. ■ stalls, tracery of, 8 ; pi. 
 
 No. 13. 
 Armorial devices at Magdalene College, 13, 14. 
 
 _ . Beddington Hall, 25. 
 
 Croydon Palace, 28, 29. 
 
 — , Eltham Palace, 37, 40. 
 
 Arms in the bay-window of Balliol C oUege, 4. 
 
 on Magdalene College Chapel, 13. 
 
 at Brazenose College, 19. 
 
 in Beddington Church, 23. 
 
 Manor House, 25. 
 
 in Croydon Palace, 28, 29. 
 
 at Wolterton Manor House, East Barsham, 
 
 53, 54, 57. 
 
 at Thorpland Hall, 59. 
 
 B 
 
 Balliol College, Oxford, account of, 4, 5 ; with 
 
 two Plates, viz. 
 
 I. oriel window, 5 ; pi. No. 6. 
 
 II. ditto, 5 ; pi. No. 7. 
 
 Barsham Hall, East; see Wolterton Manor 
 
 House. 
 Beddington Church, Surrey, account of, 24 ; 
 
 with two Plates, viz. 
 
 I. screen in the chancel, 24 ; pi. No. 35. 
 
 II. tomb of Sir Richard Carew, 24 ; 
 
 pi. No. 36. 
 
 Beddington Manor House, account of, 25 ; with 
 
 one Plate, viz. 
 
 I. curious lock, 25, 26 ; pi. No. 37. 
 
 Bells of Merton College, 2.X 
 
 Brazenose College, Oxford, account of, 18, 19 ; 
 
 with one Plate, viz. 
 I. outward front of the entrance tower, 
 
 19; pi. No. 27. 
 
 Chichele, Archbishop, notices of his life and 
 works, 6. 
 
 Chimney, curious, at Magdalene College, Ox- 
 ford, 15. 
 
 with ten tunnels, at Wolterton Manor 
 
 House, East Barsham, 56, 57. 
 
 at Thorpland Hall, 59. 
 
 in halls and kitchens, 57.* 
 
 Cloisters of New College, Oxford, 5. 
 Crosby Hall, London, 38, 39. 
 Croydon Palace, Surrey, account of, 26 — 29 ; 
 with five Plates, viz. 
 
 I. section of the hall, 27, 28 ; pi. 
 
 No. 38. 
 
 II. ditto, and details, 28 ; pi. No. 39. 
 
 III. bay-window, 29 ; pi. No, 40. 
 
 chapel of, account of, 29, 30. 
 
 IV. section andplan, 30. 
 
 V. details and section, 30. 
 
 Chestnut timber, 41. t 
 
 Closets, for concealing priests, in the mansions of 
 
 Catholic famiUes, 47. f 
 Christian Architecture, a new term, xiv.y 
 
 R 
 
64 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 D 
 
 Domestic architecture, the Early Pointed-, or 
 Lancet style, ill adapted to it, vi. 
 
 £ 
 
 Epitaph of Sir Richard Carew, 24. 
 Eltham Palace, Kent, account of, 81—37 ; with 
 seven Plates, viz. 
 
 I. groined roof of a baj'-window in 
 
 the hall, 37 ; pi. No. 43. 
 
 II. sections of ditto, ditto, 38; pi. 
 
 No. 44. 
 
 HI. Aviudows of the hall, bracket, and 
 
 details, 38 ; pi. No. 45. 
 IV., v., — transverse section and plan of the 
 hall, 39, 40 ; pi. No. 46, and 47. 
 
 VI. doorwaj' on the north side of the 
 
 hall, 40, 41 ; pi. No. 48. 
 
 Vll. pendent, &c., in the roof of ditto, 
 
 41, 42 ; pi. No. 49. 
 English Architecture, a term improperly ap- 
 plied, xii. 
 
 Eakenham Church, Norfolk, account of, 44 ; with 
 two Plates, viz. 
 
 1. western door, 44 ; pi. No. 32. 
 
 11. niche, and details, 44 ; pi. No. 33. 
 
 Fires, manner of placing them in ancient halls, 37. 
 Folded scrolls, or drapery, carved on panels ; 
 temp. Hen. VIII., 23. 
 
 Glass, stained, in Merton College Chapel, 3. 
 
 formerly at Wolterton Manor 
 
 House, East Barsham, Norfolk, 53, 54. 
 Gothic Architecture, defects of modern prac- 
 tice, viii. 
 in France and Germany, 
 
 H 
 
 Hadleigh, Suffolk, tower, 46. t 
 
 Halls, dimensions of several, 36.]: 
 
 Heights of domestic buildings before the reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth, 16. 
 
 House, a term used for part of any large build- 
 ing, 53.t 
 
 Hengrave Hall, Suffolk, 45. 
 
 Inigo Jones, his incompetence in Gothic Archi- 
 tecture, X. 
 
 employed at St. John's College, 
 
 Oxford, 9.* 
 
 Inscription on a door in St. Alban's Abbey, 23. 
 
 on a tomb at Beddington, 24. 
 
 justified, xiii. 
 
 usage of the term Gothic 
 
 in the hall of Croydon Palace, 28. 
 
 in Wolterton Manor House, East Bar- 
 sham, 53, 54. 
 Irregularity of ancient buildings, 17. 
 
 King, Edward, Esq., allusion to, 35. f 
 
 Label, or hood-mould, term used by the old 
 masons, 14.* 
 
 Langley, B., author of a work on Gothic Archi- 
 tecture, viii.* 
 
 Loop-holes at Oxborough Hall, 48 ; pi. No. 38. 
 
 I\I 
 
 Magdalene College, Oxford, account of, 10 — 12; 
 with eleven Plates, viz. 
 
 west door of great gateway, title-page, 
 
 pi. No. 1. 
 
 I. porch of the chapel, 12 ; pi. No. 17. 
 
 II. section and details of ditto, 13; pi. 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 111. details of ditto, 13; pi. No. 19. 
 
 IV. part of the chapel, 14 ; pi. No. 20. 
 
 V. chimney and turret, 15; pi. No. 21. 
 
 VI. • oriel window, 15 ; pi. No. 22. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 65 
 
 VII., VIII., entrance tower, 16, 17; pi. No. 23 
 
 and 24. 
 
 IX. details of ditto, 17, 18 ; pi. No. 2.5. 
 
 X. mouldings, &c. 18 ; pi. No. 26. 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, account of, 1, 2; with 
 
 four plates, viz. 
 
 I. — ■ part of the chapel, 2, 3 ; pi. No. 2. 
 
 II. north doorway, 3 ; pi. No. 3. 
 
 III. stained glass, 3 ; pi. No. 4. 
 
 IV. part of chancel, 3, 4 ; pi. No. 5. 
 
 Merton College Chapel, tracerj' on the ancient 
 
 stalls, 10 ; pi. No. 16. No. 2. 
 
 N 
 
 New College, Oxford, account of, 5 ; with two 
 plates, viz. 
 
 I. part of cloisters, 5, 6 ; pi. No. 8. 
 
 II. details of the chapel, 6; pi. No. 9. 
 
 O 
 
 Oxborough Hall, Norfolk, description of 45 — 49, 
 with five plates, viz. 
 
 I. outward front, 46 ; pi. No. 54. 
 
 II. turret and details, 47 ; pi. No. 55. 
 
 III. section and plans, 48; pl. No. 56. 
 
 IV. inward front, 48; pl. No. 57. 
 
 V. window, and details, 49 ; pl. No. 58. 
 
 Pendent spandrils in vaulted roofs, notices of 
 
 some, 9.* 
 Pendents in the roof of Eltham Hall, 41. 
 Pews in Churches, ill effects of, 42. 
 Plaster, modern use of, instead of stone, 8, 15. 
 
 instead of oak, 43. 
 
 Pointed arches, compound and simple, defined, 
 
 39. 
 Porch, original purposes of, when attached to a 
 
 church, 21. 
 Purgatorj-, sculpture of, at All Souls' College, 7. 
 
 R 
 
 Eebus on the name of Shelton, 60, 62. 
 Richmond Palace, notice of, 36. f 
 
 Roof of All Souls' College Chapel, 7. 
 
 of Magdalene College Chapel, 15. 
 
 of Eltham Palace Hall described, 39 — 41. 
 
 of Oxborough Hall, destroyed, 45. 
 
 S 
 
 St. Alban's Abbey, Herts, account of, 23 ; with 
 one plate, viz. 
 
 I. doors of chapels, 23 ; pl. No. 34. 
 
 St. John's College, Oxford, account of, 8, 9 ; 
 M'ith three plates ; viz. 
 
 I. entrance tower, 9 ; pl. No. 14. 
 
 II. vaulted roof, 9, 10 ; pl. No. 15. 
 
 III. tracery doors, 10; pl. No. 16. 
 
 St. Katharine's Hospital, London, account of, 
 22, 23 ; with one plate, viz. 
 
 I. canopy of a stall, 22, 23; pl. 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Oxford, account of, 21 ; with 
 three plates, viz. 
 
 I. part of the nave, 21 ; pl. No. 30. 
 
 II. parts of the choir, 21 ; pl. No. 31. 
 
 III. stalls in the choir, 22 ; pl. No. 32. 
 
 St._Peter's in the East, Oxford, account of that 
 
 church, 19, 20 ; with two plates, viz. 
 I. south porch, 20 ; pl. No. 28. 
 
 II. section, and plan, 20, 21 ; pl. No. 29. 
 
 Snoring, Great, Norfolk, account of the Parson- 
 age House, 60, 61, 62; with two plates, viz. 
 I. south front, 61 ; pl. No. 74. 
 
 II. details of ornament, 62; pl. No. 75. 
 
 Statues at All Souls' College, Oxford, 7. 
 
 at Magdalene College, 12, 13, 17. 
 
 at Wolterton Manor House, East Bar- 
 sham, 52. 
 
 Supporters of the King's-arms, different, 53. f 
 
 Thorpland Hall, Norfolk, account of, 58 — 60 ; 
 
 with three plates, viz. 
 
 I. front elevation, 49 ; pl. No. 71. 
 
 II. gable and chimneys, 59, 60; pl. 
 
 No. 72. 
 III. front porch, 60 ; pl. No. 73. 
 
66 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tower in WoUerton Manor House, at East 
 Barsham, 35. 
 
 V 
 
 Vaulted roof at All Souls' College, 8. 
 
 at St. John's College, 9. 
 
 of the bay-windows of Eltham 
 
 Palace Hall, 37, 38. 
 in the tower of WoUerton Manor 
 
 House, at East Barsham, 55. 
 W 
 
 Walsingham, Old, Norfolk, description of seats 
 
 in the church of, 42, 43 ; with one plate, viz. 
 
 I. carved oak seat, pi. No. 50. 
 
 Walsingham, New, description of a ceiling in the 
 
 church of, 43 ; with one plate, viz. 
 
 I. oak ceiling; pi. No. 51. 
 
 Waynflete, William of, notices of his life and 
 
 works, 10—12. 
 Westminster Hall, comparison of its roof with 
 
 that of Eltham, 39. 
 Window, bay or oriel, in Balliol College, 4 ; 
 
 ditto, in Magdalene College, 15 ; ditto, in 
 
 Croydon Palace, 29 ; ditto, in Eltham Palace, 
 38, 39 ; ditto, in WoUerton Manor House at 
 East Barsham, 53 ; ditto, with plain, square 
 heads, 59.* 
 WoUerton Manor House, at East Barsham, Nor- 
 folk, account of, 49 — 58; with twelve plates. 
 
 I. south front, 51 ; pi. No. 59. 
 
 II. south front of gate-house, 51 ; pi. 
 
 No. 60. 
 
 HI. north front of ditto, 52 ; pi. No. 61. 
 
 IV. south porch, 53 ; pi. No. 62. 
 
 V. bay-window, 53, 54; pi. No. 63. 
 
 VI. tower, 55 ; pi. No. 64. 
 
 VII. • turrets, 55, 56 ; pi. No. 65. 
 
 VIII. details, 56 ; pi. No. 66. 
 
 IX. chimneys, 56, 57 ; pi. No. 67. 
 
 X. details of chimneys, 37 ; pi. No. 68. 
 
 XL mouldings and details, 57 ; pi. 
 
 No. 69. 
 
 XII. windows, door, &c., 58 ; pi. No. 70. 
 
 Wykehara, William of, Bishop of Winchester, 
 notices of his life and works, 5. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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