PRINCIPLE 
 
 .rCDEPac E. IVES 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE 
 
 IN 
 
 HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 FREDERIC E. IVES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "ISOCHROMATIC PHOTOGRAPHY WITH CHLOROPHYL." 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PRINTED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 1889. 
 
Copyright, 1889, by F. E. Ives. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following pages contain a concise statement of the principles 
 and practice of a process by which it is possible to produce photo- 
 graphs in natural colors, prefaced by a brief introduction, and 
 followed by a comparison with, and criticism of, a method proposed 
 by Dr. H. W. Vogel. 
 
 The author has not seen fit to enter into such detailed explanation 
 
 of the modern theory of light and color vision as may seem desirable, 
 
 but prefers to refer the unscientific reader to such text books as Prof. 
 
 A. H. Church's Color, and Prof. O. N. Rood's Modern Chromatics, 
 
 wherein will be found a full and authoritative statement of those 
 
 theories and principles. 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 Jan., 1889. 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 There are two kinds of methods by which attempts 
 have been made to produce photographs in natural 
 colors. In the first kind, the rays of light produce the 
 colors by their action upon peculiar sensitive com- 
 pounds. In the second kind, the action of light does 
 not produce the colors, but is made to regulate their 
 distribution in a photographic picture, automatically, 
 through the operation of the process according to a 
 fixed plan. 
 
 By methods of the first kind, the colors are natural 
 in the sense of having been produced by the action of 
 the colored rays of light; but it does not follow that 
 they are, or under any circumstances should be, natural 
 in the sense of being like the colors which acted to 
 produce them. 
 
 In methods of the second kind, colors may be em- 
 ployed which are natural in the sense that they repre- 
 sent the primary color-sensations, and are therefore 
 capable of combination so as to reproduce all color 
 effects ; but it has been an open question whether any 
 process could be devised which would make the action 
 of the light rays themselves select and combine such 
 type colors correctly. 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 2 
 
 The first kind of method is represented by a process 
 employing chloride of silver sensitive plates, which 
 will, under certain conditions, imperfectly reproduce 
 some of the colors of the spectrum. This property of 
 chloride of silver was first discovered by Dr. Seebeck, 
 of Jena, in 1810, and the process was more or less 
 modified, after the discovery of the daguerreotype, by 
 Sir John Herschel, Edmond Becquerel, Neipce de St. 
 Victor, Poitevin, and St. Florent. Under the most 
 favorable conditions, these plates require hours of ex- 
 posure in the camera, and will not reproduce either 
 black, white or yellow ; bright red comes out a dull 
 brick color, and green and blue have a metallic hue. 
 The colors cannot be fixed, but fade away in daylight. 
 
 The second kind of method was first suggested by 
 Henry Collen, Queen Victoria's teacher of drawing, 
 in 1865. Collen, who accepted Sir David Brewster's 
 theory of three primary colors of light, suggested that 
 if it should ever be possible to make one photographic 
 negative by the action of red light, one by the action 
 of yellow light, and one by the action of blue light, 
 then transparent color prints might be made by print- 
 ing from each pair of these negatives in combination, 
 — a red print from the negatives made by blue and 
 yellow light, yellow from the blue and red, and blue 
 from the red and yellow, — and superimposed on a 
 white surface, to reproduce the light and shade and 
 colors of the object photographed.* After the discovery 
 
 *British Journal of Photography, Oct. 27, 1865, p. 547. 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 3 
 
 of color-sensitive plates, processes of this character 
 were devised and carried out by Ducos du Hauron 
 of Paris, Albert of Munich, and others, but they were 
 not based upon a true principle, and did not succeed. 
 Nevertheless, Collen's idea contained a germ which has 
 grown and borne fruit, as he himself suggested that 
 it might. Pictures which do truly show the light and 
 shade and all the colors of the object photographed 
 can be produced by a process of this character, which 
 is not based upon Brewster's theory of color, but upon 
 that of Young, Helmholtz and Maxwell. 
 
 According to this theory, which is now accepted by 
 all scientific authorities, there are, strictly speaking, 
 hundreds of primary spectrum colors, but only three 
 primary color-sensations. All color sensation is sup- 
 posed to be due to the excitation of three kinds of 
 nerve fibrils in the eye, one kind producing the sensa- 
 tion of red, another of green, and another of blue. 
 One end of the spectrum affects only the "red fibrils," 
 the other, only the "blue fibrils." The middle of the 
 spectrum affects chiefiy the "green fibrils," and inter- 
 mediate parts affect two kinds of nerve fibrils simulta- 
 neously, in different degrees. When all three sets of 
 nerve fibrils are affected alike, the sensation is that of 
 white light. 
 
 After much experiment, originally based upon an 
 experimental demonstration of what could be accom- 
 plished in the way of counterfeiting complex colors by 
 the mixture of type colors selected arbitrarily, I finally 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 4 
 
 arrived at a new principle, which is fully in accord widi 
 this theory, and undoubtedly a truly scientific solution 
 of the problem . This principle may be conveniently 
 stated as that of producing sets of heliochromic nega- 
 tives by the action of light rays in proportion as they 
 affect the sets of nerve fibrils in the eye, and images or 
 prints from such negatives with colors which represent 
 the primary color sensations. But the intensity of 
 photographic negatives never varies exactly as the sum 
 of the light which acts to produce them, and this natural 
 defect of all negative making processes introduces a 
 slight complication, on account of which the principle 
 may be more exactly stated as that of producing sets 
 of negatives by the action of light rays in such propor- 
 tion as will secure a correct representation of their 
 action upon the sets of nerve fibrils, etc. 
 
 A set of negatives approximating to the required 
 character can be made by exposing an ordinray^elatine 
 bromide plate through a double screen of chrysophenine 
 yellow (light) and RR methyl violet,f[a commercial 
 orthochromatic plate (erythrosine-cyanine) through a 
 screen of brilliant yellowjl and a special cyanine plate 
 through a screen of deep chrysoidine orange. But in 
 order to secure exact results, color-screens of complex 
 composition must be used, which have been adjusted 
 by experiment in photographing the spectrum itself, 
 until negatives are obtained which show curves of 
 intensity exactly like the curves of a diagram which 
 correctly represents the action of the spectrum upon 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 5 
 
 the sets of nerve fibrils in the eye. Such a diagram is 
 here shown : 
 
 CD E F & 
 
 RED 
 
 Fig. 1.— Curves of Normal Eye. (MazwelL) 
 
 It is evident that a process which will produce neg- 
 atives exactly representing the intensity of action of 
 any part of the spectrum upon a set of nerve fibrils in 
 the eye by a corresponding degree of opacity of 
 deposit on that part, will produce negatives which 
 represent, in the same way, the action of light from 
 any source, upon the same set of nerve fibrils. From 
 a set of negatives which thus represent the action of 
 the spectrum upon the sets of nerve fibrils in the eye, 
 a correct heliochrome of the spectrum can be made : 
 from a set of negatives which thus represent the action 
 of a landscape or other object upon the sets of nerve 
 fibrils in the eye, a correct heliochrome of that land- 
 scape or other object can be made. It is true that, 
 owing to that defect in negative making processes 
 which has already been mentioned, the most perfect 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 6 
 
 reproductions will be made only from objects which do 
 not present very great contrasts of light and shadow ; 
 but with suitable plates, exposure and development, 
 there should be always a very close approximation to 
 exact representation throughout every shade of the 
 picture. 
 
 In the reproduction of art objects, the heliochromic 
 negatives' may be made with an ordinary camera, one 
 after another ; but for landscape work, where the lights 
 and shadows are ever-changing, it is evidently import- 
 ant that they should be made simultaneously. This is 
 accomplished by means of a triple camera, devised by 
 me for this purpose. With this camera, the three neg- 
 atives are made from points of view included in a one- 
 and-a-quarter inch circle. 
 
 There are two ways in which the heliochromic pic- 
 tures can be made from the heliochromic negatives. 
 The easiest method is one which does not produce 
 permanent pictures, but only images projected upon 
 the screen ; it is, however, a strictly scientific method, 
 and most valuable for demonstration purposes. Ordi- 
 nary lantern positives are made from the heliochromic 
 negatives, and projected upon the screen by means of 
 a triple optical lantern, — one, with that kind of red 
 light which affects only the red nerve fibrils, one with 
 that kind of green which affects chiefly the green nerve 
 fibrils, and one with the blue-violet, which affects only 
 the blue nerve fibrils. The three images must, of 
 course, be exactly superimposed upon the screen. 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 7 
 
 Assuming- that the lantern positives exactly reverse 
 the light and shade of the negatives, as they should, it 
 is evident that, under the conditions stated, light capa- 
 ble of exciting only one kind of nerve fibrils will be 
 transmitted by each positive, in proportion as light 
 reflected from the object photographed would excite 
 the same kind of nerve fibrils ; and the light transmitted 
 by all three positives will combine to produce upon the 
 screen a perfect counterfeit of the light and shade and 
 colors of the object. 
 
 It should be noted here that the shades of spectrum 
 red and green which most powerfully excite the red 
 and green nerve fibrils are not the ones which most 
 exclusively affect them, and the pictures are therefore 
 not projected by exactly those rays which were most 
 active in producing them. By reference to Maxwell's 
 diagram, on p. 5, it may be seen that while the orange 
 red of the spectrum affects most powerfully the red 
 nerve fibrils, and the yellow green affects most power- 
 fully the green nerve fibrils, the red color-sensation is 
 represented by rays lower in the spectrum (C), which 
 affect the red nerve fibrils exclusively, and the green 
 color-sensation by rays higher in the spectrum (E), 
 which affect the green nerve fibrils exclusively. Such 
 colored lights are obtained in the lantern by filtering 
 the light of the incandescent lime through suitable 
 color-screens. 
 
 Up to this point, the process is operated in strict 
 accordance with all theoretical requirements, and even 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 8 
 
 with the comparatively imperfect adjustments which 
 are all that I have yet found time to accomplish, won- 
 derful results have been obtained. It is, however, ev- 
 idently desirable that the process be extended to the 
 production of fixed pictures, on paper and glass, and 
 this extension involves some further complications. 
 Pigment prints must be made from the heliochromic 
 negatives, and inasmuch as the mixture of pigments 
 adds shade to shade instead of light to light, pigments 
 must be used the colors of which are complementary 
 to those rays of the spectrum which represent the pri- 
 mary color-sensations. These pigments do not show 
 curves of absorption corresponding to the curves of 
 intensity in the heliochromic negatives of the spectrum, 
 but similar curves with the highest part removed to 
 those parts of the spectrum which most exclusively 
 affect the corresponding sets of nerve fibrils. Such 
 colors are prussian blue, eosine red and brilliant yellow. 
 Prints properly made in these colors, — blue from the 
 negative representing the red color-sensation, red from 
 the negative representing the green color-sensation, 
 and yellow from the negative representing the blue 
 color-sensation, — when superimposed on a white sur- 
 face, show the light and shade and colors of the object 
 photographed almost as perfectly as the triple lantern 
 projections. 
 
 There is much yet to be done in perfecting the 
 print-making part of the process. For the present, I 
 am satisfied to obtain perfect heliochromic prints on 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 9 
 
 glass, SO that the results may be shown with the optical 
 lantern, and have adopted the following procedure: 
 The blue print is made by the cyanotype process, in a 
 film of gelatine attached to glass. The red print is 
 made by the so-called carbon process, with eosine for 
 the coloring matter, — a reversed print being thereby 
 produced upon another glass. The yellow print is 
 made by the collotype printing process, on a specially 
 prepared film of collodion and gelatine. Several of the 
 red and yellow prints are made, and such prints selected 
 as are found to produce a neutral black in the shadows 
 when superimposed, with the blue print, over a white 
 surface; the colors are then correct in every shade of 
 the picture. After placing the yellow film-picture 
 between the blue and red pictures on glass, and there- 
 fore in contact with them, they are moved until the 
 images are exactly superimposed, and then fastened 
 together by binding, to complete the lantern slide helio- 
 chrome. I hope to finally employ the Woodbury relief 
 printing process for producing lantern heliochromes in 
 quantities. 
 
lO 
 
 A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 f From the Journal of the Franklin Institute, February, 1889.] 
 
 A COMPARISON. 
 
 To the Committee on Publications. 
 
 Gentlemen : — Having observed, in a communication to the Photographic 
 News, a criticism of certain claims which I made in a paper read before the 
 Franklin Institute, in November last [Journal of the Franklin Insti- 
 tute, January, p. 54], I addressed the following reply to the editor of that 
 journal, and would like to have the same pubhshed also in the Journal of 
 THE Franklin Institute. F. E. Ives. 
 
 Mr. C. H. Bothamley, in the Photographic News, January nth, says : 
 " Recently Ives has described a process of heliochromy, of which he says, ' I 
 claimed for this process that unlike any similar process yet suggested, it was 
 based upon a true conception of the nature of light and color-vision, and was 
 a strictly scientific method of accomplishing the object sought after.' Now, 
 as a matter of fact, a strictly scientific process of the same character was 
 described by Dr. Vogel, in 1885. Moreover, Vogel's process does not differ 
 very greatly from the later process of Ives." 
 
 By this time, 1 am well used to having my original inventions and dis- 
 coveries claimed for others, but I am surprised that so intelligent a writer as 
 Mr. Bothamley should have failed to see at once that there is a very, very 
 great difference between Dr. Vogel's process and my own. It is even some- 
 what amusing to know that while some are professing not to be able to see 
 any essential difference between my principle and that of Hauron, others 
 may be equally unable to see the difference between it and one that calls for 
 the production of more than twice as many negatives, and in no way, even 
 remotely, suggests my plan of representing most of the primary spectrum 
 colors by color mixtures. I am sure a comparison of the three methods must 
 make it evident to any unprejudiced person that each one is vitally different 
 from either of the others. 
 
 Hauron's principle, as nearly as I have been able get at it, was simply that 
 of making sets of heliochromic negatives by exposing sensitive plates through 
 " orange, green and violet glasses," and from these negatives, prints in blue, 
 red and yellow pigments, superimposed on a white surface. Although no 
 approved theory of the nature of light and color-vision warrants such an 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 assumption, Hauron assumed that this method should produce pictures cor- 
 rectly reproducing the light and shade and color of the objects photographed. 
 
 Dr. Vogel's prmciple is stated by Mr. Bothamley. in the Photographic 
 News, September 9, 1887. as follows: " Vogel proposes to make a much 
 larger number of images, and to use sensitizers corresponding with every 
 region of the spectrum— for example, napthol blue for red, cyanine for 
 orange, eosine for yellow, safranine for green, and fluorescein for bluish 
 green, the ordinary sensitiveness of the plate being sufficient for blue and 
 violet! In taking the negatives the intensity of the blue and violet must be 
 reduced by means of a yellow screen. The fragmentary images thus 
 obtained are transferred to stones, and each is printed in a color comple- 
 mentary to that part of the spectrum to which the particular plate was sensi- 
 tive. This complementary color is found, however, in the dye which is used 
 to sensitize the plate." Mr. Bothamley adds, "It is obvious that the greater 
 the number of spectrum regions represented by separate images in this way, 
 the more accurate will be the reproduction of the different shades and varia- 
 tions of color." In short. Dr. Vogel's principle really calls for a different 
 negative and print for each primary spectrum color, of which there may be 
 said to be either seven or a thousand, although even at the least estimate, 
 which is quite unscientific, the number is already so great as to make the 
 process absolutely unworkable wherever it is necessary to expose all the 
 plates simultaneously, as in landscape photography. It is also certain that 
 no known color-sensitizers will sensitize bromide of silver for such narrow 
 bands of the spectrum exclusively. The process is not scientific, because it 
 is impossible. My own method is perfectly distinct from Hauron's, in that I 
 do not expose sensitive plates through "orange, green and violet glasses," 
 and from Vogel's, in that I do not make separate negatives for each region 
 of the spectrum, but only three, and in such a manner as to secure curves of 
 intensity which correspond to the action of the light rays upon the sets of 
 nerve fibrils which produce color-sensation. This, in fact, is my principle, 
 which is undoubtedly new and true, and is carried out by exposing color- 
 sensitive plates through compound color-screens, which have been adjusted 
 by experiment in photographing the spectrum itself, until they yield nega- 
 tives having curves of intensity like the curves of a diagram correcdy repre- 
 senting the action of the spectrum upon the sets of nerve fibrils in the eye. 
 A knowledge of the true nature of light and color-vision makes it evident 
 that there is no theoredcal requirement for more than three negatives, with 
 which accurately to reproduce the color effect of every part of the spectrum, 
 and of every natural color, provided that these negatives are made according 
 to this principle. 
 
12 
 
 A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 [From the American Journal of Photography, December, 1888.] 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY IN NATURAL COLORS. 
 
 At the last monthly meeting of the Franklin Institute, Mr. F. E. Ives read 
 a paper on the subject of heliochromy, which was an addition to the com- 
 munication made last February. We were not present, but see it stated in 
 the Philadelphia Ledger that illustrations were shown which seemed to fully 
 confirm Mr. Ives' claims as to the efficiency of his process. Most of the first 
 part of the paper was devoted to the theory of light and color-sensation, and 
 included numerous brief extracts from a recent text-book on color, which 
 were quoted for the purpose of showing that the method, as now practised, 
 is in strict accordance with the recognized scientific facts. He concluded as 
 follows : 
 
 "After experimenting with several sets of reproduction pigments, adjust- 
 ing color-screens so that I could make the process counterfeit the spectrum 
 with any set of pigments, I finally adopted reproduction colors which call for 
 negatives of the spectrum showing curves of intensity approximating to the 
 curves in Maxwell's diagram, illustrating the action of the spectrum upon the 
 different sets of nerve fibrils. These reproduction colors are certain shades 
 of red, green and blue light, or their complementary colors in pigments, 
 which approximate to Prussian blue, magenta red and aniline yellow, the first 
 two of so light a shade that it is necessary to superimpose one upon the other 
 to obtain a full violet blue, the blue upon the yellow to obtain green, and the 
 magenta upon yellow to obtain red. 
 
 " When I made my first communication upon the subject I assumed, with 
 Helmholtz, that there might be some latitude in the selection of type (repro- 
 duction) colors, and therefore did not commit myself to the use of any par- 
 ticular ones, but merely showed how I would produce at will negatives of the 
 spectrum having any curves of intensity that might be required, in order to 
 secure the proper distribution of such colors or pigments as were selected. 
 The adoption of reproduction colors, corresponding to what are now recog- 
 nized to be primary color-sensations, has made it possible for me to state more 
 definitely my mode of procedure, as above. 
 
 "What I claim as new and original in my method is (i) the production 
 of heliochromic negatives by exposing color-sensitive plates through com- 
 
A NEW PRINCIPLE IN HELIOCHROMY. 
 
 13 
 
 pound color-screens, which have been adjusted to secure negatives showing 
 curves of intensity which bear a certain definite relation to the colors 
 employed to produce the heliochromic pictures ; and (2) the production of 
 heliochromic negatives by a procedure calculated to yield negatives of the 
 spectrum, showing curves of intensity which probably correspond to the 
 action of the spectrum upon the sets of nerve fibrils. 
 
 "Admitting the theoretical soundness of my mode of procedure, which I 
 believe I have fairly demonstrated, there remains only the question of prac- 
 ticability and commercial value to be considered. The process is practicable, 
 if the same operations, repeated in the same manner, can be relied upon to 
 produce pictures which counterfeit the light and shade and color of all objects. 
 Three subjects which I shall show to-night, a delicate oil-painting, a brilliant 
 Prang chromo, and a beautiful sea-shell, were made with the same light, 
 same camera, same preparation of sensitive plates, same set of color-screens, 
 same relative exposures and same development.. They show a very great 
 variety of colors, mostly comppund in the painting and chromo, but pure 
 spectrum colors in the sea-shell ; yet the colors of all are alike faithfully 
 counterfeited to the eye. Although there should be no question of the fact, 
 I will here state that these finished results have been obtained without any 
 retouching or artificial manipulation whatever."