AMERICAN LANDMARKS

A COLLECTION OF PICTURES

OUR COUNTRY’S HISTORIC SHRINES

WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

GEORGE A. CLEAVELAND and ROBERT E. CAMPBELL

BOSTON

BALCH BROTHERS
1 893

By BALCH BROTHERS.

JTorfooDti ijPrcss:

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith.
Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

DEDICATION.

To the National Heart, ever tender and true, whose instincts we
trust, whose honors we share, whose heroisms we celebrate, whose
faith is stronger than all our infidelities, and whose love is broader
than all our ingratitudes, this work is most loyally dedicated.

“ There is a land, of every land the pride,

Beloved by Heaven o’er all the world beside,

‘ Where shall that land, that spot of earth, be found ? ’

Art thou a man? — a patriot? — look around.”

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
Getty Research Institute

https://archive.org/details/americanlandmarkOOclea

PREFACE.

T HE sub-title of this book at once indicates its plan and defines its scope.

Metaphorically, a shrine is a place or thing consecrated and hallowed by
past associations. Historic shrines are such because of historic associ¬
ations; while to deserve the qualifying phrase, “our country’s,” they must possess
a national significance.

Throughout the preparation of the work, the aim has been to keep close to
this plan. Nothing of merely local interest has been admitted to its pages inten¬
tionally, however strong the temptation for commercial reasons to flatter the pride
of any community. If the little hamlet had many landmarks of national importance,
we have welcomed them; if the big city had none, we have not tried to create
them. In a word, it has been the earnest effort of author and publisher to present,
in artistic picture and pen portraiture, such a collection of landmarks as would be
recognized, the country over, as truly historic in character and national in impor¬
tance.

And herein is a principal reason for the appearance of the work. For, while
there can be no question of the permanent value, as well as the present interest,
of such a collection, it is believed that nothing of the kind has ever before been
attempted; and a book can have no better excuse for being, than that there is an
important field which it may possess alone.

It will be noticed, that little space has been devoted to the romantic struggle
between the French and English in Canada, or the brilliant victories of our own
arms in Mexico; but these deeds were done on foreign soil.

Again, not many of the landmarks of the Civil War are here perpetuated. It
could not be otherwise. National historic shrines do not become such in a day
or a season, nor often in a generation. Sumter, the dark morning, — Gettysburg,
the hot noon, — Appomattox, the calm evening, — of conflict; the home of our
martyred president; the tomb of our great general; — a few such spots there are,

PREFACE.

which even now are national shrines. There will be others, many of them ; but
not yet.

It should not surprise us that so many of the landmarks of the Revolution are
found in our Atlantic cities, from Boston to Charleston. It must be remembered
that these were the seaports of the colonies. They were the centers of population,
and consequently of patriotism. Here were stationed the British ships and gar¬
risons. Here, throughout the war, were the objective points of the strategy of both
sides. But Americans everywhere have a common heritage in these sacred spots.
Independence Hall belongs not to Philadelphians alone, nor Bunker Hill to Bostonians.
The location of these shrines was, in a sense, accidental; their glory, like their
influence, is universal.

Unconsciously almost we have recognized this truth. There is scarcely a State
in the Union without its towns named Washington and Franklin and Adams; hardly
a city in the States but has given these names again to street and square and park.
New York, Brooklyn, Chicago and St. Louis have their Plymouth, or Pilgrim, church,
and vie with one another, as with Boston, in the celebration of Forefathers’ Day.
“ The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere ” is declaimed with equal frequency and fervor
by the school-boys of Lexington, Ky., and Lexington, Mass.; while Sergeant Jasper
is a hero alike to the youth of Charleston and Charlestown.

A second reason for the book is the belief, that such a presentation of leading
facts of our national life will be found peculiarly interesting. Much of our historical
literature is as dry and juiceless as last year’s hay, especially to the young. How
can it be otherwise, when it is made up so largely of mere schedules of facts, big
and little, arranged chronologically, with slight regard for their logical sequence, and
still less for their relative importance? Abstract and concrete are terms which have
a meaning in historical narrative as well as in mathematical science. A friend saw
upon the writer’s desk a stone from Thoreau’s hut Up to that time he had known
nothing of the man, but by means of the stone was led to an intense interest in him,
and thus had his thought and experience broadened by acquaintance with one of
the most marked personalities of modern times. So this collection of pictures
marshals before us the hall, the church, the monument, the ruin, the home, — each
a concrete expression of a great historic fact, prolific in instruction, potent in
influence, and pregnant with inspiration. Each is a sort of incarnation of the his¬
toric word. Thus, it is a fact, that George Washington took command of the Con-

PREFACE.

vii

tinental forces at Cambridge, Mass., July 3, 1775. But when the old elm is
pictured, under the shadow of which he drew his sword and spoke his first words
to his soldiers, the dry bones of fact become clothed with flesh and instinct with
life and charm. So each picture in the book becomes a pivotal point and radiating
center of interest Around them all gathers our country’s history, and from them
may be evolved instruction and inspiration for the latest posterity.

Again, these landmarks have a value in tracing historic boundaries. They aid
us in adjusting our vision to the perspective of history, and in rectifying our estimate
of the men and the measures of by-gone days. For example, in some quarters it
has been quite the fashion to sneer at the Puritan as a canting, carping hypocrite,
a disturber of established institutions, the relentless opponent of all innocent amuse¬
ment, a hard, angular, dogmatic revolutionist. But as the reader of this book stands
in the little, first meeting-house of the Puritans at Salem, the ancient timbers, in their
rugged simplicity, tell a different tale. They bring him face to face with men who
have been, under God, the mightiest force in Anglo-Saxon history, driving their will,
like a wedge, through every difficulty, — that will, also, almost always dominated by
their conscience, and harmonizing with that “ increasing purpose, which through the
ages runs.”

A final reason for this collection is the hope that it may promote a purer patriot¬
ism, and foster a stronger faith in the future of our country. We are confronted
to-day by tremendous political and social problems; problems constantly increasing
with the flotsam and jetsam of foreign immigration, swept upon our shores by every
in-coming wave of either ocean; problems not less vital, and not less difficult of
solution, than those which our fathers faced.

To meet them we need our fathers’ spirit. So let us rest for a moment from
the mad excitement of our on-rushing civilization, with its material aims and ignoble
indifference to all that is heroic in human life, while we stand with heads uncovered
in the presence of these national shrines. Let us listen, for they are resonant with
the voice of all that is sacred in our country’s past. Let them tell us their sweet
and solemn story of freedom, union and patriotism, which emphasizes the eternal
truth, that, in the long run, sacrifice, not indulgence; honesty, not trickery; justice,
not oppression; love, not hatred; are the forces which rule the world.

Boston, July, 1893.

CONTENTS

3^00-

Page

Plymouth ....... 2

Jamestown and Williamsburg ... 4

Spain and America.6

Roger Williams ...... 8

Salem and Witchcraft.10

Colonial New Hampshire . . . .12

Maine and the French.14

Historic Homes in Philadelphia . . .16

Foundations of the Nation . . . .18

Boston and Liberty.20

Richmond and Freedom .... 22

Independence Hall ..... 24

Lexington ....... 26

Ticonderoga and Crown Point ... 28

Bunker Hill . . . . . . .30

Washington at Cambridge .... 32

Long Island.34

Shrines in Busiest New York .... 36

Washington in New York .... 38

Burgoyne’s Surrender.40

West Point ....... 42

Valley Forge ....... 44

Moultrie, Jasper and Marion .... 46

Trenton, Princeton and Monmouth ... 48

Page

Connecticut in the Revolution.... 50

Yorktown. 52

Closing Scenes of the Revolution ... 54

Mount Vernon ...... 56

Jefferson, Franklin and John Adams . . 58

Hamilton, Hancock and Samuel Adams . . 60

Greene, Wayne and Schuyler .... 62

Confederation and Union .... 64

Then and Now ...... 66

Boston Common ...... 68

Battle of Lake Erie . . . . . 70

Attack on Baltimore ..... 72

Battle of New Orleans . . . . .74

Andrew Jackson . . . . . .76

Harrison and Tippecanoe .... 78

The Senatorial Trio . . . . .80

The Capitol ....... 82

The White House ...... 84

Sumter and Appomattox.86

Gettysburg ....... 88

Arlington Heights.90

Abraham Lincoln.92

Ulysses S. Grant ...... 94

Our National Songs ..... 96

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adams, John, Home of .

Page

Dorchester Heights ....

Andre Capture Monument

Dustin Monument, The ....

Appomattox, Field of ...

Ethan Allen Monument, The, Burlington .

Army and Navy Monument, Boston

Faneuil Hall ......

Battery, The, New York.

First Meeting-House, Salem .

Battery, The, West Point

Forefathers’ Monument ....

opp.

Battle Monument, Baltimore .

Fort Covington .....

Battle Monument, New Orleans

Fort Greene ......

opp.

Battle Pass.

Fort Griswold.

Belmont ......

Fort Halifax ......

Bemis Heights Monument

Fort Marion ......

opp.

Bemis Heights, The Great Ravine .

opp.

Fort McHenry .....

opp.

Bennington Monument ....

Fort Moultrie......

Boston Common .....

opp.

Fort Sumter ......

Bowling Green.

Franklin, Benjamin, Grave of .

Bruton Parish Church ....

opp.

Fraunce’s Tavern .....

Bunker Hill Monument ....

opp.

Frog Pond, The, Boston Common .

Calhoun, John C., Grave of .

Gettysburg Battle-Field ....

opp.

Capitol, The ......

opp.

Governor’s Palace, Santa Fe .

Capitol, The, from Pennsylvania Avenue .

Granary Burying-Ground, Boston

Capitol, The, from the east

Grand Army Monument, Gettysburg

Carpenters’ Hal! .....

Grant, Headquarters of, City Point .

opp.

Castle Garden.

opp.

Grant, Home of, in 1861

opp.

Chew House, The, Germantown

Grant, Tomb-of .....

Christ Church, Alexandria

Greene, General Nathanael, Birthplace of

Christ Church, Philadelphia .

opp.

Hamilton, Alexander, Home of

opp.

City Hall Park, New York

opp.

Hancock, John, Home of

Clay, Henry, Home of .

opp.

Harrison, William Henry, Tomb of .

Concord Bridge .....

opp.

Hasbrouch House, The ....

Congress Hall

Hermitage, The .....

opp.

Copp’s Hill Burying-Ground

Hopkinson, Joseph, Home of .

opp.

Crown Point, Ruins of .

Houdon’s Statue of Washington

opp.

Dartmouth Hall, Dartmouth College

Independence Hall .....

opp.

Delaware River, Trenton

opp.

Independence Hall, from Chestnut Street

Page

xii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Jackson, Birthplace of .

Page

Putnam, General Israel, Home of .

opp.

Page

Jackson, Headquarters of

Red Bank Monument ....

Jackson Square, New Orleans

opp.

Revolutionary Soldiers, Tomb of, Brooklyn

Jackson, Tomb of .

Roger Williams House, The, Salem

Jamestown Ruins .....

Roger Williams Monument, The, Providence .

Jasper Monument, The, Charleston.

Roger Williams, Site of Seekonk Settlement

Jumel House, The ....

opp.

of.

Key, Francis Scott, Home of .

Sailors’ Graves, Put-In Bay .

Lee Mansion, The .....

St. John’s Church, Richmond

Lexington Green.

St. Paul’s Church, New York .

Liberty Bell.

Schuyler Mansion, The ....

opp.

Lincoln, Home of, in 1861

opp.

Slate Rock, Providence ....

opp.

Lincoln, House in which he died

Smith, S. F., Home of, Newton

Lincoln Monument, The, Springfield

Soldiers’ Graves, Arlington Heights .

opp.

Livingston Manor House, The.

State-House, The, Annapolis .

opp.

Marblehead Town-House, The

Stenton .......

Marion, General Francis, Tomb of .

opp.

Tennant Church, The, Monmouth .

Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University .

opp.

Ticonderoga, Ruins of

opp.

Monticello ......

opp.

Tippecanoe, Battle-Field of

opp.

Moore House, The, Yorktown .

opp.

Tippecanoe Entrance ....

Mount Macgregor Cottage

To the Unknown Dead, Arlington Heights

Mount Vernon .....

opp.

Trumbull, Governor, War Office of .

National Monument, Gettysburg

Wall Street.

National Monument, Yorktown

Washington Elm, The ....

Nourse, Rebecca, Home of .

1 1

Washington, Headquarters of, Cambridge,

opp.

Old Custom-House, The, Yorktown.

Washington, Headquarters of, Richmond

Old Garrison House, The, York

Washington, Headquarters of, Valley Forge, opp.

Old Mission, The, San Diego .

Washington Memorial Arch

Old North Church, The, Boston

Washington, Tomb of ...

Old South Meeting-House, The, Boston .

opp.

Wayne, General Anthony, Grave of.

Old State-House, The, Boston

Webster, Birthplace of .

Old Quaker Meeting-House, The, Princeton

Wentworth Mansion, The

opp.

Penn House, The . ... .

opp.

West Point ......

opp.

Pepperell, Sir William, Home of

opp.

White House, The, Jackson Monument in the

Perry, Commodore 0. H., Birthplace of .

opp.

foreground . . . . .

Perry Monument, The, Cleveland .

White House, The, South Park view

Pilgrim Hall.

White House, The . ... .

opp.

Plymouth Rock . . . . .

Williamsburg Court-House, The

Prescott, Colonel William, Home of

Witch Hill, Salem ...

opp.

Hrtists

HARRY FENN.

FRANK T. MERRILL.

W. C. FITLER.

L. J. BRIDGEMAN.

SEARS GALLAGHER.

FRANK FAVOUR.

CHARLES E. HOOPER.

GEORGE A. TEEL.

E. F. CARR.

J. ALBERT COLE.

GEORGE D. IDE.

WILLIAM T. OLIVER.

FRED D. CHASE.

WILLIAM H. GARRETT.

V. L. GEORGE.

ALBERT E. DOWNS.

WALTER B. BURRELL.

CHARLES M. HOWARD.

Bnoravers.

JOHN ANDREW AND SON COMPANY.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS

PLYMOUTH.

LYMOUTH has been called, most suggestively, “ the American Mecca ” ;
perhaps because multitudes have made it the goal of their pilgrimage, to
be reminded by its relics and its Rock of the struggle, the heroism and the

success of its first
settlers; and perhaps
also because, like
Mecca, it is a birth¬
place. It was here
that the great, basal
truth of our national
constitution, and of
our national life, —
man’s inherent right
to civil and religious
liberty, — first saw
the light in the New
World. Here, also,
that truth was nour¬
ished by the faith of
the forefathers, in
toil and hardship and self-sacrifice, until it had grown great
and strong in the sight of all men.

It is hardly a metaphor to say that the American nation
itself, in its social, political and religious ideals, and in the dominant qualities of its
sturdy citizenship, was born at Plymouth. True, only a small fraction of our people
can trace their descent from the Pilgrims ; but there is a mightier influence than
that of heredity, — the influence of character; and we have all felt this Pilgrim touch
upon our lives, upon thought and purpose and act.

Plymouth Rock, upon which the Pilgrims landed, is a plain, granite boulder, —
fit symbol of their faith and type of their future. Although to-day its very dust is
treasured as a relic, as late as 1741 it was proposed, as part of a scheme for the

Pilgrim Hall.

FOREFATHERS’ MONUMENT

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

commercial development of the town, to cover the landing-place, and even the Rock
itself, with a wharf. But Elder Thomas Faunce, who in his boyhood had seen some
of the passengers of the Mayflower point out the precise spot where they landed,
was moved to tears when told that a wharf was to be built there. The old man’s
tears saved the Rock from oblivion. In 1774, in an attempt to remove it to the
center of the town, that its presence might incite the people to a bolder resistance
of English oppression, it was broken in two. The upper portion was taken to Liberty
Pole Square, near the meeting-house, whence it was removed in 1834 to the front
pf Pilgrim Hall and surrounded with an iron railing. Finally, in 1880 it was restored
to its other half in the original spot on the shore and covered with a granite canopy.

Pilgrim Hall is a handsome stone building completed in 1825.' It contains many
interesting colonial relics, including the chairs of Carver and Brewster and the sword
of Miles Standish.

Forefathers’ Monument — a national structure — was dedicated in 1889. The
granite pedestal, forty-five feet high, is surrounded by figures of Morality, Freedom,
Education and Law, and surmounted by a colossal statue of Faith, thirty-six feet in
height,— the largest granite figure in the world. Upon the face of the monument
is the simple inscription, “ National Monument to the Forefathers, erected by a grate¬
ful people in remembrance of their labors, sacrifices and sufferings in the cause of
civil and religious liberty.”

Plymouth Rock.

JAMESTOWN AND WILLIAMSBURG.

O F JAMESTOWN, — the name that almost instinctively falls from our lips
in company with Plymouth, so like, and yet so unlike, the latter in its
memories and meanings, that each seems at once the synonym and the
antonym of the other, — nothing is left but the remains of the old church tower, a

few solitary chimneys and the monu¬
ments of the dead.

These crumbling ruins, however,
commemorate, not only the earliest
English settlement, but also the first
organized resistance to English oppres¬
sion, in America. Jamestown was burned
during Bacon’s rebellion, that it might
not become again a stronghold of gov¬
ernmental despotism, the leaders firing
their own homes first. The deed was
done in the twilight of a beautiful Sep¬
tember day one hundred years before
another band of rebels signed the Decla¬
ration of Independence. The town was
destroyed; but perchance it speaks to
us more eloquently in ruin and desola¬
tion than it could in prosperity and

Jamestown Ruins. power.

Williamsburg, — for nearly a cen¬
tury previous to 1776, the Colonial, and for three years afterwards the State,
capital of Virginia, — contains within its borders more to interest the historian and
stir the blood of the patriot than any other town of equal population in the country.
Here may be seen the famous “Bruton Parish Church,” built in 1715, and con¬
taining the original Jamestown Communion service, and the font in which, tradition
says, Pocahontas was baptized. Here is the house used by General Washington
as headquarters during the siege of Yorktown. Here, also, is the old Court-House,

BRUTON PARISH CHURCH

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

designed by Sir Christopher Wren, whose walls have echoed the eloquence of
Virginia’s greatest jurists. Here once stood the “Governor’s Palace,” its name
suggesting a pomp and magnificence not even attempted in the other colonies.
Here was the “Raleigh Tavern,” with its “Apollo Room,” called, like Boston’s
Faneuil Hall, “The Cradle of American Liberty.” Here was founded the second,
in order of time, of America’s higher seats of learning, — William and Mary College.
Here, also, was the Virginia House of Burgesses, so execrated by King George, but
forever linked in grateful remembrance with the name of Patrick Henry.

It must never be forgotten or ignored, that our nation has been moulded by
many and diverse influences. These Virginian landmarks tell us, as nothing else
could so plainly, that Cavaliers and Churchmen were among the master-builders
of the republic. They teach this other truth, also, that in spite of these diverse
influences, perhaps in part because of them, we are to-day one nation, — one in our
Anglo-Saxon inheritance of noblest convictions and loftiest ambitions, one in the love
of freedom and the hatred of tyranny, one in our holiest memories and most sacred
hopes.

Williamsburg Court-House.

SPAIN AND AMERICA.

oO^CK)-

T HE old fortress at St. Augustine — Fort Marion, as it is called to-day, or San
Marco, as the Spaniards named it — was not completed until 1756, though
the work of building its massive walls had been begun by the middle of
the preceding century. The town is the oldest in the United States, having been
founded by Pedro Menendez in 1565, more than two score years before the settle¬
ment of Jamestown. The
principal events of its
history, in most of which
the fort shared, are its
capture and sack by Sir
Francis Drake in 1586,
and again by the bucca¬
neer Davis in 1665; the
unsuccessful attack by the
South Carolinians under
Governor Moore during
Queen Anne’s War, re¬
peated by them and the
Georgians under Governor
Oglethorpe in 1740; its

Governor's Palace. Sant, Fe. Cession, along with the

province of Florida, to

Great Britain in 1763; its retrocession to Spain in 1783; and its purchase by the
United States in 1819.

During the Revolutionary War, when it was held by the British, the fort was
used as a prison for American patriots. Here were confined a large number of
the leading citizens of Charleston, who, in direct violation of the terms of the city’s
capitulation, had been brought to St. Augustine, where they suffered most barba¬
rous treatment. In one of San Marco's dark and loathsome dungeons, Colonel Chris¬
topher Gadsden was kept in solitary confinement for nearly a year to gratify the

FORT MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

cruelty of the inhuman commander. But in spite of indignity and suffering these
resolute patriots refused to forsake their country’s cause.

The Governor’s Palace at Santa Fe and the Old Mission House at San Diego,
like the old fort at St. Augustine, are significant reminders of the part played by
Spain in the drama of American history. To Spain belongs the glory of the dis¬
covery of a New World; to Spain, also, the chief honors of its early exploration;
to Spain, again, the renown of planting the first permanent settlements upon its
soil. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Ponce de Leon, Cortez, De Ayllon, De Nar¬
vaez, De Soto, Menendez, are some of the names which recall her early achieve¬
ments in the western hemisphere. At one time in the seventeenth century more
than half of the present territory of the United States, if we except Alaska, was
claimed by the Spanish king. Nor was the claim nominal only The Spaniard
had traversed the Pacific slope eastward to the Rockies; and Florida, the Gulf
States, the Mississippi valley and the great basin beyond, westward to the Dakotas.
Wherever he had gone he had planted the holy cross of his church and the royal
arms of his country. The whole of this vast area was dotted with these symbols
of the authority of Madrid and Rome. But the changes of the years are many.
Another race, already occupying the Atlantic seaboard, was to carry westward a
different civilization, which in two short centuries was to efface well-nigh every
mark of former conquest, but a few ancient ruins which will remain a little longer,
monuments to the rise and fall of Spanish power in America.

Old Mission, San Diego.

ROGER WILLIAMS.

R OGER WILLIAMS was born about the year 1600, and probably in some
part of Wales. After taking orders in the Episcopal Church, he came to
Massachusetts in 1631, a Puritan of the strongest type. He held short
pastorates with the First Church of Salem and the Plymouth Church; but in 1635,
during his second settlement in Salem, he was banished from the Massachusetts

colony on account of the strictness of
his “Separatist” ideas, and for denying
the right of the civil power to control
men in matters of conscience. 1 o pre¬
vent the spread of his doctrines, it was
determined to send him back to Eng¬
land ; but he escaped the deportation
by betaking himself to the wilderness.
After wandering in the forest for many
weeks, suffering from hunger and cold,
— for it was winter, — and kept from
actual starvation only by the aid of
friendly Indians, he at last bought a
tract of land from the natives, and, with
a few companions who had joined him,
established a new colony where the city
of Providence, R.I., now stands. This
name he gave it, in recognition of his
Divine guidance and preservation in the wilderness. He had previously attempted
to settle at a point on the east bank of the Seekonk River, — shown in the third
picture of this group, — but had abandoned the place at the request of Governor
Winslow.

Williams’s friendly relation with the Indians, established while he was at Plym¬
outh, was subsequently the means of preventing an alliance between the Pequods
and the Narragansetts, which, had it been consummated, would probably have
resulted in the extermination of the New England colonies. In 1644 he visited

Roger Williams’s Monument.

SLATE ROCK, PROVIDENCE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

England, and secured a charter for his colony, and in 1654 was elected as its
governor. He died at Providence in 1683.

He was the pioneer of new principles of government both in Church and
State. He was one of the chief apostles of liberty of conscience. He con¬
tended nobly for the right of every man to freedom from all human dictation in
religious matters ; and his advocacy of such a right is the more notable because
to the people of that generation it seemed like the complete subversion of all
Christian order and the undermining of the foundations of the kingdom of heaven
itself. But he was more than an apostle of liberty of conscience. He contended
also for the great principle of government by the people. In this also he was far
in advance of the majority of his generation. He was not a destructionist, but
propagated his ideas by embodying them in the constitution of the colony which
he founded. They are now the genius of the institutions of this whole nation,
and are finding their way more and more into the thought and life of the nations
of the Old World. Memorial stones and tablets have been erected in honor of the
man ; but his monument will be completed only when in every land and among
every race there shall be found “a free church in a free state.”

Site of Williams's House on the Seekonk.

SALEM AND WITCHCRAFT.

O N the outskirts of Salem, Mass., and rising to a considerable height above
the city, is a bleak and rocky eminence called Witch Hill, upon the sum¬
mit of which were executed nearly a score of the victims of the witch¬
craft trials of 1692-3. Near the center of the city, on the corner of Essex and
North streets, stands a very old building known as the Roger Williams house, in
which the great apostle of religious tolerance lived, while he was minister of

the first church of Salem
between 1631 and 1636.
Many of the examinations
of those accused of witch¬
craft were held in one of
the rooms of this house.
In the neighboring town of
Danvers, which at the time
was a part of Salem, may
be seen another old house
connected with the witch¬
craft delusion, — the home
of Rebecca Nourse, who
was hanged on Witch Hill
with four companions.

Her case is a typical
one. She was a woman of exemplary life, modest manner and lovable disposition.
She was accused by the children of a neighbor, with whom her husband had quar¬
relled, of having bewitched them. The proof of her guilt consisted of the chil¬
dren’s hysterics. The jury at first were inclined to acquit her; but the judges,
more learned in the science of demonology, compelled a different verdict.

The significance of these landmarks depends entirely upon the point of view.
They may well excite at the same moment our horror, our pity, and our admira¬
tion ; — horror that only two short centuries ago such foul deeds could have been

done in the fair name of the Christ, pity for the credulity and folly and weakness

Roger Williams’s House.

WITCH HILL, SALEM.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

of human nature which made such wickedness possible, and admiration for that
steadfast loyalty to the truth which would not suffer Burroughs and others of the
accused to save their lives by confession of guilt, when they knew that they were
innocent and that the belief on which the charges rested was a lie. Seen in this
light these men and women are martyrs in the cause of truth, rather than the
victims of a tragedy, and the place where they offered up their lives becomes a shrine.

We must admire also that strong sense, stern conscience and sturdy faith of
our ancestors, which could see a wrong, feel a wrong and right a wrong so rapidly
and so radically. Belief in witchcraft did not originate in New England Puritanism.
Before Puritanism was known, before Protestantism even was known, the poison
had been working in the world’s veins and breaking out from time to time in hideous
sores. The disease came to New England from Old England, and the nostrums
for its treatment were brought with it. It is not strange that it broke out again
here. The notable thing is, that it was cured here; not allayed, not arrested, but
cured, purged from the system of the Commonwealth.

Rebecca Nourse House.

COLONIAL NEW HAMPSHIRE.

O N the shore of a beautiful bay, called Little Harbor, about two miles from
the city of Portsmouth, stands the Wentworth Mansion, the home of that
Wentworth family so prominent in the history of colonial New Hampshire.
Here lived Benning Wentworth, governor of the colony from 1741 to 1767, after

whom the town of Bennington, Vt., was
named, who gave to Dartmouth College
the five hundred acres of land on which
its buildings stand, who helped to raise
the fund for its endowment, and who
was largely instrumental in securing its
charter.

Dartmouth has the most romantic
history of all our colleges. It grew out
of the Indian school established at Leb¬
anon, Conn., by Dr. Eleazar Wheelock,
worthy successor of John Eliot in the
work of educating and evangelizing the
red man. A spot on the Connecticut
River, now the site of the town of Han¬
over, but then a part of the unbroken
wilderness of northwestern New Hamp¬
shire, was chosen as the birthplace of
the infant college, because it was the
center of the Indian population of New

Dustin Monument.

England. There, in 1770, President Wheelock and his students, in lonely log-

huts in the heart of the primeval forest, began against ignorance the battle so

nobly continued by the old college to this day.

The story of the Dustin Monument is the dark background to the bright pic¬
ture of the beginnings of Dartmouth College. For every Indian who sought the
enlightening influence of the school, a thousand had gone upon the war-path seek¬
ing the scalps of the white settlers. Hannah Dustin’s home was on the north

THE WENTWORTH MANSION

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

bank of the Merrimac, on the site of the flourishing city of Haverhill, Mass., just
over the present New Hampshire boundary line. In the early spring of 1697, a
band of French and Indians descended upon the settlement, and killed or captured
forty of the inhabitants. Among the captives was Hannah Dustin, whom, after
killing her week-old child, the savages dragged through the forest, with her nurse,
Mary Neff, to their camp on an island in the Merrimac, six miles above the pres¬
ent city of Concord. Here their vigilance was somewhat relaxed, and the heroic
women, assisted by a boy who had been captured by the Indians nearly a year
before, killed ten of their captors as they slept, destroyed all the canoes but one,
and embarking in that, escaped down the river, eventually reaching Haverhill in
safety. The monument, erected on the spot in 1874, bears the names of the two
women and the boy, Samuel Leonardson. The place where the deed was done
is still called Dustin Island.

Dartmouth Hall. Dartmouth College.

MAINE AND THE FRENCH,

——

M AINE bore a principal part in the momentous struggle between the Eng¬
lish and French for the possession of North America. Her connection
with the contest began with the conflicting grants of her territory. In
1603 Henry IV. of France gave to De Monts a charter of the country between
the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude. Two years later James I. of England
granted to a company of his subjects the territory between the 34th and 45th
degrees. In 1604 the French established a colony at the mouth of the St. Croix.

In 1607 the
English made a
settlement at
the mouth of
the Kennebec,
followed by oth¬
ers at various
points along the

Fort Halifax.

coast, among

them Georgiana, — now York, — the capital of the province and the first chartered
city in America.

The old Garrison House, shown on the next page, was built during the first
decade of Georgiana’s existence. An addition has been made to one end of the
building, but its main part is as it was originally, the second story projecting
beyond the first, so that the inmates could shoot down upon the foe, who other¬
wise might have been protected by its walls.

Not only was Maine, from her exposed frontier position, a constant battle¬
ground, but her citizens bore a conspicuous part in the expeditions against the
French beyond her borders. Port Royal was captured by Sir William Phipps,
and Louisburg by Sir William Pepperell, whose home at Kittery, Me., is shown
in the photogravure. He was plain William Peppered before the expedition
started in 1745; but so important was his success to the colonists and to Eng¬
land, that on his return he was knighted.

Old Fort Halifax is at Winslow, Me., on the eastern bank of the Kennebec,

HOME OF SIR WILLIAM PEPPERELL.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

at the point where it is joined by the Sebasticook. It was the extreme northern
outpost of the English colonies in Maine, and commanded the most feasible ave¬
nue of invasion from Canada, which was up the Chaudiere and down the Kenne¬
bec. It was also a natural base of operations against Canada, and was so used
by the Americans during the Revolution; for it was from here that Arnold’s ill-
fated expedition started through the wilderness for Quebec. The old fort has
withstood the summer suns and the winter winds of a century and a half, and
remains to-day essentially the same as when it was built.

These ancient landmarks possess an interest and a significance truly national.
They are memorials of that mighty contest for supremacy in the New World
which determined the character of American institutions; which gave to the Amer¬
ican colonists, who bore its brunt on the English side, confidence in their resources
and capacity for war; which revealed to them the secret of the strength to be
found in union; and which quickened into life, a century sooner than otherwise it
would have had being, that national feeling which made itself manifest in 1776.

Old Garrison House, York.

HISTORIC HOMES IN PHILADELPHIA.

T HE three buildings represented in this group of pictures are relics of the
earliest years of our country’s history and mementos of three of its dis¬
tinguished men. They are, indeed, “historic homes.” They reach back
to the days when America was a vast wilderness, with only a narrow, broken
fringe of the white man’s settlements; and they sheltered the persons and the
work of men whose ability and patriotism helped to open the way for the amaz¬
ing transformation in the
country which has since
taken place.

The first picture pre¬
sents the “ Belmont ” man¬
sion, which stands on a
sightly elevation in West
Fairmount Park, affording
a view whose beauty can
hardly be surpassed. It
was the home, during the
Revolution and in subse¬
quent years, of Judge
„ , Richard Peters, a distin-

Belmont.

guished lawyer and patriot,

and the friend and coadjutor of Lafayette and Washington during the country’s
great struggle for freedom.

The photogravure shows the Penn mansion, the oldest building now standing
within the limits of Philadelphia. It was built in 1682 by order of William Penn,
who had just received a grant of an enormous tract of land west of the Delaware
from Charles II. He had also been commissioned as governor of the colony, which
was to be established in this territory ; and the order for the erection of the house
was preparatory to his assumption of the duties of that office. It was his home
during the time which he spent in America. For many subsequent years it was
used as a provincial Government Building, and from it there was dispensed that

THE PENN HOUSE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

wholesome policy, dictated by Penn, which held the unwavering friendship of the
natives, and of which the present substantial condition of the Keystone State, both
in morals and finance, is in no small degree the result. On account of its great
historical interest, the house has been removed from its original site on Letitia
Court, and now stands near the entrance of the Lansdowne Drive.

The third picture of the group is that of an ancient building on the road
between Philadelphia and Germantown. It was built in 1727 by James Logan,
the trusted and worthy agent of Pennsylvania’s first governor, and received from
him the name of “Stenton,” which it still bears. Its rooms have been the scene
of many a meeting of the old provincial council, in the days when the American
colonies were feeling the vibrations of repeated revolutions in the mother country.
They have looked, also, on many a gathering of dusky natives, giving them shelter
and welcome, and gaining from them a faith and friendship, for lack of which the
other colonies often suffered severely. The house was used as headquarters by
General Howe during the battle of Germantown.

Stenton.

FOUNDATIONS OF THE NATION.

>o^°

T HE first meeting-house at Salem is the oldest church building now standing
anywhere on the soil of the original thirteen colonies. It was built as
early as 1634, the church having been organized several years previously.

Religious services were
held in the building until
1670. During the suc¬
ceeding ninety years it

was used by the town
for secular purposes. In
1760 it was turned into
a sort of tavern or res¬
taurant. A century later
— in 1864 — it was taken
down, but was saved from
destruction by the late

Francis Peabody, who
had the sacred timbers
put together again, fitted
into their original mor¬
tices and carefully cov¬
ered. It stands to-day in
the rear of the Essex
Institute, and is a most

First Meeting-House, Salem. . . .

suggestive reminder of

the simple and sturdy beginnings of our American republic.

The old town-house of Marblehead was erected in 1727. We are told that
in this building “Judge Story went to school and fitted for college,” and that here

“much treason was hatched up against King George.” It has been in use as a

town-house for a century and three-quarters, — a longer continuous service in this
capacity than that of any other building in the country. The historic old town has
new and handsome public buildings, but no other in which she feels so much pride
as in this.

, : . ..... j:jah an t ■ ■ .■ am

MASSACHUSETTS HALL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

Massachusetts Hall at Harvard is the oldest remaining building of the first
college founded in the country. Harvard University was begun in 1638 ; Massachu¬
setts Hall was built in 1720. It was occupied for a time by American Revolutionary
soldiers.

These three old buildings, at first thought seemingly so different, belong naturally
in one group. They symbolize education, patriotism, religion. Each of these in
America is independent of the others, yet all are interdependent, and together they
constitute the glorious trinity of our national freedom. Neither alone is freedom ; yet
each is of the essence of freedom, and all together are freedom. This was the
foundation which our fathers laid with labor and sacrifice, and upon it they reared
their superstructure, broad, spacious, lofty, a goodly heritage for us their children.
The winds of discontent have beaten upon it, and the floods of opposition have dashed
against it; but it still stands, for it was founded upon the rock. If we would leave it
to our children as we received it, we must guard well the foundations. While they
remain firm, if it be forever, the house will stand. Let them not be undermined.
The deadliest foes of a free republic, the only foes whom v/e in our might need fear,
are ignorance, godlessness, and indifference to our glorious privileges. These foes
come not from without: they lurk within our borders. A standing army large as Ger¬
many’s, a modern navy formidable as England’s, would not avail against them. Our
safety is in our adherence to the principles and practices of the fathers in the great
fundamental truth, that without piety, intelligence and loyalty a nation cannot endure.

Marblehead Town-House.

BOSTON AND LIBERTY.

-»0>®<Oo-

I N 1727 the Third Congregational Society of Boston erected the building now
known as the Old South Meeting House. The society had been formed as
early as 1669, and this was their second house of worship, the former one,
a smaller building, having occupied the same site. The Old South is rich in historic

memories. In it, one Sabbath morning
in 1746, when the people in terror were
awaiting the advent of the French fleet
under D’Anville, the pastor, Rev. Thom¬
as Prince, uttered the prayer for pres¬
ervation, which seemed to find instant
answer in the awful storm that drove
the ships to ruin on the Nova Scotia
coast. Two notable “ tea-meetings ”
were held in the church in 1773, one
in November, the other a month later.
Here, in 1775, General Warren deliv¬
ered his famous anniversary address on
the Boston Massacre, unawed by the
British soldiers who surrounded him.
After its desecration by these soldiers,
who converted it into a riding-school,
the building was rededicated in 1782.
It is now used as a museum of colonial
relics and for an occasional lecture.

Faneuil Hall, the “ Cradle of Lib¬
erty,” was a gift to Boston from Peter Faneuil, and was erected in 1742. It has
always been a rallying-place for American patriotism. It was the scene of the real
“tea-party,” in December, 1773, that in the Old South having been an “overflow”
meeting. If it could reproduce, like the phonograph, the sounds it has heard, the
result would be a strange medley indeed. The triumphs of Freedom and the

coronation of kings have been celebrated in it. It has echoed with the joyous

Old State House, Boston.

THE OLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

banqueting of heroes, and has listened to the solemn trial of men charged with
capital crimes. It has been a theater for the clumsy ridiculing of American hopes,
and a forum for the impassioned proclamation of American success.

The Old State House is another of the buildings of Boston which preserves
the memory of “the times that tried men’s souls.’’ In it were held those town
meetings at which James Otis advocated the colonial cause with such effective
eloquence. The Boston Massacre occurred in the street before it. Independence
was born within its walls, according to Governor Adams; and from its balcony the
Declaration of Independence was read to the people.

Church, Hall and State House ! Each in its own sphere always becomes a
symbol of the dominant qualities of the people who use it; and these three build¬
ings, known far and wide as the emblems of liberty, express the very heart and
genius of early New England life. They are monuments of a people who were
being moulded in religion and in politics by the spirit of freedom.

Faneuil Hall.

RICHMOND AND FREEDOM.

-oo>SKoo-

I N 1785 the distinguished French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, was engaged
by the Virginia legislature to make for the State a marble statue of Gen¬
eral George Washington. Exact measurements of Washington’s person were
secured and sent to Houdon. Later he came to America to study his distinguished
subject from life, and spent considerable time at Mount Vernon, where he made a

plaster cast of Washington’s
face and a model of his bust.
He then returned to Paris and
completed his work. The statue,
which is life-size, is more nearly
a perfect reproduction of the
face and figure of Washington
than any other statue or paint¬
ing in existence. It stands in
the rotunda of the State capitol
at Richmond, and is perhaps
the object of most reverential
interest in that historic city.
The stone house shown in this
group, which stands on Main
Street, is the oldest building in
Richmond, and is associated
with the names of Washington and Lafayette in connection with Yorktown.

Another of the city’s priceless heirlooms, in which the whole nation claims a
share, is old St. John’s Church, where the Virginia convention met, March 20, 1775.
When resolutions, which practically meant war, were introduced, many of the dele¬
gates hesitated. The heroic spirit of Patrick Henry was stirred to its depths by this
appearance of lukewarmness in Liberty’s cause. He sprang to his feet, and poured
out his very soul in a torrent of impassioned eloquence, closing with the words, — “ Is
life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?

Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not what course others may take; but, as for me,

HOUDON’S STATUE OF WASHINGTON.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

give me liberty, or give me death.” The power of the appeal was irresistible. The
resolutions were passed. A committee of safety was appointed. Virginia began to
prepare for war. In the course of his speech Henry had uttered the prophetic
sentence, “The next gale that comes from the north will bring to our ears the
clash of arms.” When it came, borne on the wings of the April winds from Lex¬
ington, thanks to him, Virginia was listening and was ready.

The name of Patrick Henry always will be held in grateful remembrance by
the American people. He was not president, he was not general; yet his place
is in the foremost rank of those we honor as the leaders of the Revolution. He
was the orator of liberty, the herald of freedom, the prophet of independence. His
mission — and not Washington himself could perform it — was to kindle, with
sparks from the heaven-born fire of his eloquence, a flame of patriotism in the
hearts of the entire people of the thirteen colonies, and thus make possible that
war which Washington was to lead to its glorious issue.

St. John’s Church.

INDEPENDENCE HALL.

O^c

A I A 0 the patriotic heart Independence Hall in Philadelphia is a sacred shrine
It is the American Runnymede. Within its walls the Declaration of Inde¬
pendence was signed, and our national Constitution drawn up and approved.
It is an antiquated structure, neither beautiful in design nor remarkable in workman¬
ship. But, 0, think what scenes have tran¬
spired beneath its roof! think what deeds
have been wrought, and what destinies fixed,
at its council table ! and enter it reverently.
The spirit of the fathers will meet you in its
rooms. One by one there will gather about
you the men who wrote their names on the
Declaration of our country’s freedom. You
shall see their faces, touched with the
shadow of approaching conflict, stern with
the lines of an unconquerable purpose, and
yet transfigured in the holy fire of their
awakened manhood. You shall hear their
words, — the words of men who realize the
sacred responsibilities of the hour. You shall
see them kneel in reverent prayer, commit¬
ting their cause to him who made them
men, and so commanded them to be free.
You shall stand there in the awful stillness,
and see them, one by one, write down their
names on that which must be the Charter of their country’s freedom, or the death-
warrant of those who sign. And then you shall see what is hidden from their
eyes: — the Lord God Almighty, the God of truth and right, puts on the scroll the
Great Seal of Heaven, and makes the purpose sure. It is a holy place.

Here, too, you find the old Liberty Bell. In all the world there is not another
with such a history. It was cast in London in 1752. In the order for it, sent by
direction of the Pennsylvania Assembly, it was stipulated that the bell should bear

Liberty Bell.

INDEPENDENCE HALL,

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

the following inscription “ in large letters shaped around it, viz.: . . . ‘ Proclaim
Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.’ Lev. xxv. 10.” A
strange inscription, surely, but a prophetic one. Twenty-five years afterwards, when
the public reading of the Declaration of Independence had fired the hearts of the
people with a spirit of patriotism that was ready to sweep everything before it, the
deep tones of this old bell for two hours gave voice to their rejoicing, and spread
the news of what had been done. That was its real mission. The strange prophecy
of its inscription was fulfilled. As long as the nation shall continue, the bell will be
remembered and revered for the part it played in the great crisis of our national history.

They are casting another Liberty Bell now at the Columbian World’s Fair. It
is to be larger than the old one, but otherwise its counterpart; and very fittingly it is
to be made in part of precious ornaments and relics,—the freewill offerings of the
people. May the casting be a true prophetic symbol. Out of all the confusion of
our national life may there grow a freedom, larger than that of a century ago, if not
more intense ; sweeter in tone, it may be, too, and with no break such as came in
the old; but still the same in substance, true to the same flag, subject — and subject
only—to the same God.

Independence Hall, from Chestnut Street.

LEXINGTON.

■Oi^OO

T O appreciate this group of pictures one must see them in the surroundings they
had a century ago. Reduce Boston to the dimensions and condition of a pro¬
vincial town. Make Lexington and Concord little country villages; and

let the district between
\W$L them and Boston be so

sparsely settled, that the
routed soldiers of Smith
and Percy are in continual
ambush until covered by
the guns of their own
ships in Boston harbor.

Then, too, in place
of the commercial spirit
which rules at the pres¬
ent day, substitute one in
which the heroic elements
are uppermost. See a
nation just awakening to
the consciousness of its
own individuality; the peo-
T pie discussing at every

fireside, and in every place
The oid North church. of public meeting, the fun¬

damental questions of human freedom ; and feeling the first deep inspiration of faith
in their country and in themselves. Only thus can we interpret aright the Old
North Church, Lexington Green and Concord Bridge.

The historic facts connected with the group are so familiar that they may be
told in very few words. General Gage, commanding the British forces at Boston,
sends out a detachment of soldiers to destroy some military stores, which the
colonists have gathered at Concord. His plan has become known, however, to
some of the leading patriots of the vicinity; and when the expedition starts, in the

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CONCORD BRIDGE

bJUCaflDfeL.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

night of April 18, 1775, it is preceded by two couriers, Paul Revere and William
Dawes, who have been apprised by the hanging out of two lanterns from the
steeple of the North Church that the English are going by way of Charlestown
Neck, and who ride at breakneck speed to warn the people along the route of
their coming. As a result, when the “ regulars ” arrive at Lexington on the following
morning, there is a short, sharp skirmish on the Green, and a few hours later,
another in Concord, at the Bridge. A few men on each side are killed. The
British are forced to retreat; and, in spite of their superior discipline, the retreat,
once begun, soon changes to utter rout.

That is all. And yet that is not all. Put these pictures back into their own
surroundings; study them thoughtfully; and as you look, you will see through them,
more clearly than you could from any other point, one of those great conflicts
which have shaken the world. On the one side there will be numbers, discipline,
wealth, everything human which would seem to foreshadow success. And on the
other side there will be poverty, suffering, hope, faith, everlasting justice and God
Almighty.

Lexington Green.

TICONDEROGA AND CROWN POINT.

N OWHERE within the domain of the United States is there another section
of country of equal extent around which clusters more of the romance of
history than is to be found in the Champlain Valley. Its waters, from
the time of their discovery, formed for two centuries the easy, and practically the

only, route of travel through the wilder¬
ness which separated the French settle¬
ments in Canada from the English and
Dutch settlements in New York. It was
inevitable that there should be a struggle
for the possession of this natural water¬
way, through which, in either direction,
might flow the tide of invasion. This
struggle could be suspended only while
the contestants were recuperating their
wasted energies, and could cease only
when one or the other had achieved
a complete and permanent victory. To¬
day this beautiful valley seems the typ¬
ical “valley of peace.” Its waters are
dotted with the white sails of pleasure-
yachts, and fringed by verdant pastures
where feed the farmer’s contented herds,
and by green orchards musical with the
summer song-birds, while the only harsh
note to break the restful quiet is the whistle of the locomotive or excursion boat.
But as you listen to the stories and legends of the valley, the scene is changed.
You seem to see upon the lake the bateaux of the French invaders and the
canoes of their Indian allies. The orchards become again a wilderness, and the
pastures are shaded by giant trees. The rustle of the moving leaves startles you
with its suggestion of the soft footsteps of stealthy savages, the calls of the birds

become their signals, and the shrill steam-whistle their awful war-whoop.

Ethan Allen Monument, Burlington, Vt.

RUINS OF FORT TICONDEROGA.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS

The chief centers of the valley’s romantic history are the two old forts,
Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Commanding the waterway, they were held and
besieged alternately by the opposing armies. Time and again they witnessed the
concentration of ail the available force of either combatant, while they awaited the
issue of the conflict which was to determine the nature of a continent’s civilization.

The first picture of this group brings to mind a personality as picturesque
and romantic as the valley itself which was his home. Possessed of remarkable
physical powers, self-reliant, quick-witted, and brave to the verge of rashness, Ethan
Allen was fitted for the successful performance of the heroic exploit which has made
his name forever famous. It was he who, with only eighty-three followers and
without the loss of a single life, captured Fort Ticonderoga, startling the ears of the
bewildered Delaplace with the summons to surrender “ in the name of the Great
Jehovah and the Continental Congress.”

Crown Point.

BUNKER HILL.

T HE historic fact to which this group of pictures calls attention has a peren¬
nial interest for every true American heart. It is the battle of Bunker Hill,
fought June 17, 1775. The monument, a plain, granite obelisk, 221 feet
high, marks the place where the colonists intrenched themselves on the night before
the battle ; from which, with terrible slaughter, they twice repelled the assault of
their enemies; and from which they retreated only when their ammunition had

become exhausted. In the
burying-ground on Copp’s
Hill there was planted a
British battery, which dur¬
ing the battle shelled and
set fire to Charlestown.
The house was the home
in Peppered of Colonel
William Prescott, who
commanded the colonial
militia during the engage¬
ment.

And why should so
much be made, in Amer¬
ican history and in Amer¬
ican thought, of the battle
of Bunker Hill? Why should its site be marked with such a shaft as this, erected
by the nation, and dedicated in the presence of her chief magistrate and his cabinet,
with booming cannon and waving flags, and with the impassioned eloquence of her
most gifted orator? Why should its anniversary be celebrated year after year, till
the third and fourth generations from those who participated in it?

Because it was the hour of the birth of the national spirit in the hearts of the
colonists. The British soldiery, whom they resisted on April 19 at Lexington and
Concord, represented to them their rulers; — oppressive rulers no doubt, rulers
whose tyrannical action they felt driven by their very manhood to resist; but still

BUNKER HILL MONUMENT

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

their rulers. In the two months intervening between those fierce skirmishes and
the battle of the 17th of June a great change had been wrought. The people had
been thinking, — thinking under the awful compulsion of the unbearable conditions
in which the arrogant, foolhardy oppression of King George and his advisers had
placed them. And as a result, the intrenchments, which Prescott and his brave
minute men had thrown up during the preceding night, separated them on the
morning of the battle, not from rulers whom duty called them to resist, but from
enemies whom God Himself required them to overcome, the enemies of their firesides
and their families, the assailants of the rights which they held as free-born men.

And further; because it was the hour of the triumph of the heroic spirit in the
colonial heart. That spirit had been awakened in the first settlers of the country
by the very circumstances which had driven them to seek a home on this side of
the ocean. It had been developed in their descendants by the hardships and
perils with which they had been forced to contend in a new country. But when,
goaded to revolt, they forgot their poverty and the insignificance of their numbers,
and flung themselves into the struggle for freedom, then the heroic spirit became
the controlling one and immortalized their patriotism by the deeds to which it led.

Copp’s Hill Burying-Ground.

WASHINGTON AT CAMBRIDGE.

0^0

O N the tenth of May, 1775, Washington was appointed by the Continental
Congress commander-in-chief of the American army. July 3d, under
the shadow of the famous elm on Cambridge Common, he took formal

command of the troops.
The event is commemo¬
rated by a marble slab,
erected under the tree
and suitably inscribed. A
short distance from the
spot is the old mansion in
which he had his head¬
quarters until the evacua¬
tion of Boston by the Brit¬
ish changed the seat of war
to New York and Penn¬
sylvania. Subsequently it
was for many years the
home of the poet Longfel¬
low Dorchester Heights
is a hill south of Boston,
which Washington seized
on the night of March 4th,
1776, and which gave his
guns such excellent com¬
mand of the harbor and
the town that on the
seventeenth of the month General Howe was compelled to abandon the place, sail¬
ing with all his fleet and troops for Halifax.

Genius is not only immortal itself, but it immortalizes that which is brought
into contact with it; and this is especially true when its quality is such as to awaken
love as well as to command respect. We have here an old tree, a commonplace

Washington Elm.

IffiffilS

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS, CAMBRIDGE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

house, and a hill noticeable neither for its height nor for its picturesqueness; yet
the fact that they mark points of interest and importance in the life of Washington
completely changes their character. It invests them with an interest which they
could possess under no other conditions. They have been transfigured by contact
with one whom Americans regard with feelings of mingled reverence and love.

The house is sacred because it sheltered him, because in it his genius began
to formulate the plans, which bore their first ripe fruit on Dorchester Heights, and
which changed the whole history of the country. Its walls looked down on him
in his study, his prayer, his rest. Its rooms echoed with his voice and his foot¬
steps. Not an old house, merely; but the home of Washington, his home during
the first months of that awful struggle of which, in the reverent affection of multi¬
plying millions of people, he is forever the hero.

Only an old elm — ? Nay, but it is more than that. It is the tree which long
ago spread its branches in benediction over this deliverer of his country, in one of
the solemn hours of his life. The rain and the snow, the verdure and the barrenness
of many summers and winters have passed over it since then; but in the rustle
of its leaves and the creaking of its gnarled limbs there will always be to the ear
and to the heart of the true patriot a lingering echo of the words he spoke as he
gave himself that day to his country, for better or for worse, till death should sever
the bond.

Dorchester Heights.

LONG ISLAND.

B ROOKLYN is to-day the city of commerce and churches, of homes and
parks ; yet, in our admiration of its wealth and beauty, we should not lose
sight of the old landmarks of patriotism which it contains. Let them serve
to bring the past with its heroic spirit and noble achievement closer to us, and to
keep us, in spite of the sordid aims and selfish methods which modern life would

force upon us, in touch with those
who won the nation's freedom by
laying themselves on her altar.

Washington Park, in the
heart of the city, occupies the site
of old Fort Greene, and on one
side of it, under the terraces of
granite, are buried the American
soldiers who died in “the Black
Hole” of the Revolution, — a
British prison - ship anchored in
the East River.

Prospect Park, comprising
over five hundred acres, is one
of the most beautiful pleasure-
grounds in the world. It was
the scene, August 27, 1776, of
the disastrous battle of Long
Island, in which the American
Battle Pass. troops were defeated through fail¬

ure to carry out the orders of
General Washington for the guarding of the passes at one side of their position.
The great commander reached the field before the battle was over, and by his con¬
summate military skill, and the inspiration which his presence brought to the troops,
prevented defeat from becoming destruction. In a few hours he had the shattered
forces reorganized, and ready in the trenches back of Brooklyn to resist any assault

FORT GREENE, BROOKLYN

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

which Lord Howe’s troops might make. Two days afterwards, taking advantage
of a heavy fog which hung over the island, and of the sluggish disposition of General
Howe, Washington successfully transported his whole army to the New York side
of the river, accomplishing, in the very face of a superior and victorious force, one
of the most remarkable retreats in the annals of war. A tablet in what is known
as “ Battle Pass ” commemorates this engagement. It recalls one of the most
critical periods of the great struggle for freedom, — a time when the patriots were
upheld only by the knowledge of the absolute righteousness of their cause, and
consequent faith in its ultimate triumph. It is well named “Battle Pass,” — a
pass through dark, disheartening defeat to the broader, brighter place of permanent
victory.

The conversion of these old battle-fields into their present condition, each one
of them a garden of delights, suggests the thought and awakens the hope that the
world’s battle-fields and battle-spirit may all, ere long, be similarly transformed.
The deepest instincts of humanity plead for the change, and some day it must come.

Tomb of Revolutionary Soldiers.

SHRINES IN BUSIEST NEW YORK.

ITH the exception of the ground on which stand the national buildings
at Washington, it would be impossible to find in America another
equal area so rich in historic memories, as that busiest part of New
York City, in which, with feverish throb, beats the heart of our country’s com-

St. Paul’s Church.

Mansion, which in 1776 was the headquarters of General Putnam, and after¬
wards of the British commanders, — General Gage, Lord Cornwallis, General
Howe and Sir Henry Clinton. At number 5 Broadway was the home, for a
time, of the infamous Benedict Arnold. At number 9 of the same street stood
the famous Burns Coffee-house, in which the New York merchants pledged
themselves to import no more goods from the mother country until the Stamp
Act should be repealed. It was here that the New York “tea party” was held,
which resulted in the “Mohawks’” piloting the Nancy with her obnoxious cargo
down the harbor.

merce On a hundred acres here are
a hundred spots hallowed by their past
associations.

Bowling Green, a pretty oval park,
lies in the very center of this historic
interest, and is itself sacred ground.
Here in 1770 was erected by the
citizens, in grateful recognition of the
repeal of the Stamp Act, that leaden
statue of King George, which, only six
years later, their hearts fired by the
public reading of the Declaration of
Independence, they pulled down to
be made over into bullets for King
George’s own soldiers

On the west side of Bowling
Green, on the site now occupied by
the Field Building, was the Kennedy

CITY HALL PARK, NEW YORK

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City Hall Park, at the northern boundary of old New York, was originally a
part of that lot of land named “The Fields.” Like Boston Common, it has been
the scene of many stirring events. On the east side of the park, adjoining the
entrance to the Brooklyn Bridge, is an ancient building, a mock Temple of Diana,
used at the present time as the Registrar’s Office. During the Revolution
thousands of patriots were imprisoned here, many of whom died of fever and
starvation, while many others were hanged by the brutal jailer Cunningham.

Old St. Paul’s, a chapel of Trinity parish, built in 1766, stands on the west
side of Broadway, next to the Astor House. In the rear wall of the building are
the tomb and memorial tablet of the brave patriot, General Richard Mont¬
gomery, who fell in the attack upon Quebec, December 31, 1775. In front of
the church is a monument erected in his honor by Congress. But the old
church is rich in memories of a greater even than Montgomery; for here
Washington used to worship, when public duties required his presence in New
York.

Bowling Green.

WASHINGTON IN NEW YORK.

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T HE Jumel House, on Washington Heights, New York, is so called because
it was once the property of the wealthy Madame Jumel, who, in 1834,
became the second wife of Aaron Burr. The principal interest of the
place to-day, however, centers in the fact that it was the headquarters of General
Washington during the time that the American army occupied the heights in the

neighborhood of New
York City.

The Livingston
Manor House at
Dobb’s Ferry, by its
name and associa¬
tions, reminds us of
the unsuccessful at¬
tempt to establish on
the soil of the New
World the customs
and methods of Old-
World feudalism.
Like the Jumel
House, its chief in¬
terest for us, how¬
ever, lies in its

connection with the memory of the great commander of the Revolution. It was
his headquarters for a time during the long progress of the war in New York
State. Here also was held the conference between Washington, Governor Clinton
and Sir Guy Carleton, which resulted in the evacuation of New York City by the
British, November 25, 1783.

The Hasbrouch House is at Newburg on the Hudson, about fifty miles above
New York. It stands in the midst of well-kept and attractive grounds, on an
eminence overlooking the river. The house, which has been carefully preserved,
is the depository of many interesting and valuable relics of Revolutionary and
colonial times. It was here that Washington had his headquarters during the spring

Livingston Manor House.

THE JUMEL HOUSE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

of 1783, when occurred the famous episode of the Newburg addresses. There
was in the American army at the time deep and widespread discontent on account
of the neglect or inability of Congress to settle the arrears of pay, or adequately
provide for the present needs, of the soldiers. The evident design of the addresses
was to foment this discontent till it should break out into open insubordination and
rebellion. Washington, when apprized of the movement, determined to direct and
control it. He called a meeting of his officers to consider the situation. He pre¬
pared an address, severe, yet mild, in its rebuke, and breathing the deepest solicitude
for the welfare of both his country and his soldiers. As he adjusted his spectacles
preparatory to reading the address, he quietly remarked: “You see, gentlemen, that
I have grown, not only gray, but blind, in your service.” The effect of the remark
was magical, and the patriotic appeal which followed produced the desired result.

It is a reason for national gratitude that, along the line of Washington’s cam¬
paigns from Cambridge to Yorktown, here and there can still be seen a landmark
like either of these old houses, standing a solitary sentinel to guard the memory
of the presence and prowess of the man to whom, above all others, the American
people are indebted.

Hasbrouch House.

BURGOYNE’S SURRENDER.

B URGOYNE’S invasion of New York in 1777 was, from a military point of
view, the grandest scheme undertaken by the British during the Revolu¬
tionary War. Its success would have involved, almost inevitably, the imme¬
diate and complete subjection of the colonies to the rule which, a year before, they

had so bravely repudiated.

Starting from St. Johns on the Sorel
with a well-equipped force of about eight
thousand men, Burgoyne was to follow
the Lake Champlain route; Colonel St.
Leger with a large body of Canadians,
Tories and Indians, passing around
through Lake Ontario to Oswego, was to
meet him on the Hudson by way of the
Mohawk valley; while General Clinton
with all his available troops was to ascend
the Hudson from New York City. They
were to unite at Albany, and thus putting
their combined forces behind the rebel¬
lion, were to sweep the whole district
from the Hudson to the sea-board, and
the war would be at an end.

The possibility of failure in carrying
out this magnificent plan does not seem
to have entered General Burgoyne’s mind.
He certainly made no provision for such a contingency. Eleven months from the
beginning of the campaign, however, he was on his way back to England with the
shattered remnant of his army, bound by a solemn pledge to take no farther part
in the war.

Disaster after disaster befell his arms. Early in August he sent an expedition
under Colonel Baume into Vermont to obtain provisions, “to try the affections of
the country,” and to recruit his forces by the enlistment of loyalists. The result
was the famous battle of Bennington, in which General Stark with a body of brave

Bennington Monument.

THE GREAT RAVINE, BEMIS HEIGHTS.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

men, largely untrained and hastily gathered for the service, practically annihilated
Baume’s command, and then drove back, with the loss of their artillery and many
prisoners, the regiment under Breyman, which Burgoyne had sent as a reinforce¬
ment. August 19, 1891, the highest battle-monument in the world was dedicated
at Bennington in commemoration of this brilliant victory.

In the meantime St. Leger had entered the Mohawk valley and laid siege to
Fort Schuyler, which was held by a small
garrison under Colonel Peter Gansevoort.

The siege ended, however, in disastrous
failure. Finding themselves threatened,
not only by Gansevoort’s men, but also
by what they supposed to be a large army
under Arnold, the invaders became panic-
stricken, and were soon fleeing for safety
towards Oswego.

A month later, on Bemis Heights,

Burgoyne attempted in vain to break the
ligature of militia which had encircled him.

Baffled and beaten back in his first effort,
he rested a few days, and then on the
seventh of October renewed the attack.

It was his last hope. He could not re¬
treat. Clinton had not arrived. He could
go forward to meet him only by cutting
his way through Gates’ army. The second
battle of Bemis Heights followed, and ten
days later Burgoyne surrendered.

This engagement is reckoned by Creasy as one of “ the fifteen decisive battles
of the world.” It determined the history of America: it changed the history of
mankind. Arrogance and oppression never had more at stake, and never suffered
a more crushing defeat at the hands of awakened manhood, than in the campaign
of which it was the culmination ; for Burgoyne’s surrender opened the way for the
friendly alliance with France, for the advent of Lafayette, for final victory, and the
establishment of the new nation.

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Bemis Heights Monument.

WEST POINT.

D URING our War for Independence the possession of West Point was of
great importance to both sides. It was the key which, in the hands of
the enemy, could lock the door of communication between the patriots
of the two sections of the country. The Americans, quick to perceive its strategic

value, seized and fortified the place
almost immediately upon the beginning of
hostilities. It was once captured by the
British, but was held by them only a
short time, as they were forced to aban¬
don it soon after the surrender of General
Burgoyne In 1779 the fortifications
were greatly strengthened by General
Israel Putnam. The place remained in
the possession of the Americans through¬
out the remainder of the war.

In 1780 it was possibly the strongest
fortress, and certainly the most valuable
arsenal, in the country. At this time
Benedict Arnold, brave, bold, brilliant in
battle, and professing an unbounded en¬
thusiasm for the patriot cause, had asked,
and had obtained, command at West
Point. His motive in seeking the trust,
however, was not glory, but gain. Suc-
he succeeded also in making a bargain
with the enemy, whereby he should receive ten thousand pounds in British gold,
his price for his honor and his country. The plan for the surrender of the fort,
perfected during the secret meeting between Arnold the traitor and Andre the spy,
was thwarted, when the latter, fleeing in disguise, and with proofs of the plot con¬
cealed upon his person, was arrested at Tarrytown by the incorruptible patriots,
John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart,—the three famous privates

Andre Capture Monument.

cessful in securing command of the fort,

WEST POINT.

■

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

of the war. The monument, shown in this group of pictures, marks the scene of
their fidelity.

For nearly a century the United States Military Academy has been located
at West Point. No better place for the school could have been chosen. Situ¬
ated in the very heart of the highlands of the Hudson, it is as rich in historic
associations as in natural beauty. The lingering legends of the warfare of Revo¬
lutionary days and of Dutch settlement and discovery have surrounded the place
with a halo of romance which is intensified by the traditions of the school.

The site of the Academy was selected by Congress in 1802. President
Washington, in his annual message in 1793, had recommended the establishment
of such a school, and in his last annual message, that of 1796, had urged the
matter again. He said, “ However pacific the general policy of a nation may be,
it ought never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for emer¬
gencies”;— a patriotic and a practical sentiment which outlines the true use and
purpose of West Point to-day as well as it did a hundred years ago.

The Battery, West Point.

VALLEY FORGE.

R ED BANK is a relic of one of the most gallant struggles of the Revolution.

Its guns assisted the patriots who held the fort on Mud Island during its
six days’ siege by the British in September, 1777, — a veritable Ther¬
mopylae, — and it gave shelter to the half-hundred who were left when the fort

and the rest of the garrison had been
destroyed by the British cannonade.

Seeing Howe’s forces in Philadelphia
weakened by the assault on the forts
below the city, Washington attacked him,
October 4, at Germantown, The British
were taken by surprise, and, but for con¬
fusion on the part of Washington’s officers
in executing his orders, the result would
have been very different from that which
history records. As it was, the enemy
gained the shelter of the Chew Mansion,
a strong stone building, and in trying to
dislodge them from this, the Americans
gave time for them to bring up reinforce¬
ments, and the battle was lost.

From Germantown, Washington fell
back to Whitemarsh, and in December
moved to Valley Forge, twenty miles north
of Philadelphia, where he went into winter
quarters. The season spent here was the
darkest period of the great general’s life. Congress had in a measure withdrawn
support from him. A miserable conspiracy against him was formed among his
officers. The people were half inclined to distrust his leadership. Above all,
his heart was breaking because of the suffering condition of his beloved soldiers.
They were starving. Their shoeless feet had marked with blood the frozen road
over which they came to Valley Forge; and in the miserable log huts, which were

Red Bank Monument.

WASHINGTON’S HEADQUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE.

**. *

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

their only protection through the long, hard winter, they were perishing with cold
as well as with hunger. It was the darkest hour, too, for the patriot cause. The
enemy were strong and confident, and v/ere waiting only for the spring to open that
they might capture Washington and his men, and end the rebellion. It seemed as
if God had forsaken the struggling colonies, leaving them to fall again under an
oppression sure to be more grinding than before. But it proved to be the turning-
point in the long conflict. With the spring came the glad news of an alliance
with France ; while Howe’s men were so enervated by their winter’s debauch in
Philadelphia that when it was over they were fit only for retreat.

There are scenes in which Washington and the army he gathered about him
appear in the dazzling light of martial glory. It was true bravery that put them
into the struggle. It was the same quality which held them firm so often against
the superior numbers and discipline of the veterans they were called to face. But
it was more than this; it was sublime, incomparable heroism which kept them stead¬
fast through the horrors of that awful winter at Valley Forge, till spring and France
came to relieve their misery.

The Chew House.

MOULTRIE, JASPER AND MARION.

F ORT MOULTRIE in Charleston harbor is a reminder of the leading part
which the old Palmetto State took in freeing our country from the yoke
of a foreign despotism. It was originally called Fort Sullivan ; but after its

gallant and successful defence,
June 28, 1776, by the patriot
forces under General William
Moultrie, against the combined
fleet and army of the British, it
was very appropriately given his
name.

The fort is associated also
with the memory of the brave
Sergeant Jasper, who, during the
fiercest of this attack by the
British, rescued the colonial flag
which had been cut down by a
shot and had fallen outside the
embankment. A few days after¬
wards he received Governor Rut¬
ledge’s sword from the governor’s
own hand as a tribute to his
heroism. Three years later he
was mortally wounded while res¬
cuing the colors of his regiment
under similar circumstances dur¬
ing the assault on Savannah. A

Jasper Monument. , .

monument to his memory was
unveiled in Charleston, June 28, 1876. It is a bronze statue of a Continental
soldier, and while the right hand points towards Fort Moultrie, the left, Jasper-like,
grasps a flag.

Another name of which Carolina, and indeed the whole nation, may be justly
proud is that of General Francis Marion. He holds a unique place in military annals

TOMB OF GENERAL MARION.

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and high rank on Freedom’s roll of honor. A Robin Hood in his control of his
men and his ability to hide their movements, a Bruce in his power to strike like
lightning for swiftness and effect, he made his name, his brigade and his camp
on Snow’s Island famous alike in the fears of the enemy and the pride of his coun¬
trymen. It is pleasant to record, that his burial-place on his old plantation near
Georgetown is now marked by a beautiful granite monument, fittingly inscribed.
It was erected by the State and was unveiled in the presence of a great concourse
of citizens, May 22 of the present year. The good old State has done rightly in
thus perpetuating the memory of her noble son, and the whole nation will join with
her in the ascription of honor, when she writes him, in the enduring rock, as “ one
of the most distinguished patriots and heroes of the American Revolution ... the
soldier who lived without fear, and died without reproach.”

Moultrie, Jasper and Marion! These men have the fame of heroes in their
own right. They flung themselves into the struggle for national liberty with an
absolute consecration. In giving men of such courage and genius for the work,
Carolina laid the whole country under perpetual obligation; and the memory of
that former union of North and South in the sufferings of a common cause and
the glory of a common victory will make the growing sympathy of these later days
more genuine and permanent.

Fort Moultrie.

TRENTON, PRINCETON AND MONMOUTH.

D ECEMBER, 1 776, found the British army occupying a line of encampments
east of the Delaware in central New Jersey. During the night of Decem¬
ber 25, Washington, with a part of his troops, crossed the river, and on the
following day attacked a body of Hessians who were stationed at Trenton. The
accompanying photogravure shows the place where the famous crossing was effected.

In spite of the intense cold and the
floating ice with which the swift current
of the river was filled, in spite of dark¬
ness, snow and sleet, all night long the
patriots persevered, and at four o’clock
in the morning stood in marching order
on the New Jersey shore. The enemy,
sleeping late after a Christmas debauch,
were taken by surprise and soon sur¬
rendered. Washington captured about a
thousand prisoners, and before night had
them and his victorious troops safe on
the opposite side of the river.

After this the British concentrated
at Princeton, leaving Washington in pos¬
session of Trenton. January 2, Corn¬
wallis moved with a strong body of troops
to attack him there. The American posi¬
tion became an exceedingly perilous one. The half-frozen river was behind, and
an overwhelming force of the enemy before them. During the following night,
however, by a brilliant flank movement, Washington passed Cornwallis and marched
to Princeton, where several regiments of the latter’s army remained. In the battle
which ensued the Americans were again the victors.

During the progress of this fight Washington found a part of his line wavering
and ready to fall back. Immediately he spurred his horse in front of the disheartened
troops, and by the magic of his presence restored their courage ; but in doing so
he exposed himself directly to the enemy’s fire. The patriots, with horror, saw him

Tennant Church, Monmouth.

THE DELAWARE RIVER AT TRENTON.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

enveloped in the smoke of a heavy volley, and expected to bear him dead from the
field. But the same strange immunity from danger which, years before, the Indian
chief had noted with superstitious terror, when trying in vain to shoot him in the
battle of Monongahela, followed him still. The smoke cleared away, and a wild
shout of joy burst from the patriot ranks as they saw him unhurt. The old Quaker
Church, shown on this page, is a relic of the engagement, having been used as a
hospital during its progress.

A year and a half later, June 28, 1778, came the fierce battle of Monmouth,
a memento of which is preserved in the building shown at the head of this article.
Through the treachery of General Charles Lee, who led the attack, the battle was
nearly lost at the outset. The militia were fleeing in disorder when Washington
arrived on the field. Ordering Lee to the rear, he took command in person, rallied
the disordered regiments and saved the day. The battle continued till nightfall;
but under cover of the darkness the British general acknowledged defeat by with¬
drawing his forces and fleeing towards Sandy Hook.

Old Quaker Meeting-House, Princeton

CONNECTICUT IN THE REVOLUTION.

C ONNECTICUT in 1686 was the only one of the New England colonies to
refuse compliance with Sir Edward Andros’ demand for their charters.
The story of the document, the tyrant and the oak is a familiar and forcible
illustration of that love of liberty which has ever characterized her people. Three
generations later she was equally ready to resist oppression.

To Connecticut belongs the honor of furnishing for the Revolution more soldiers
in proportion to her population than any other State. Out of a total of less than

two hundred and thirty thousand souls,
more than forty-one thousand men took
the field. She also bore her full share
of the suffering. Danbury, New Haven,
Fairfield and Norwalk were ravaged by
the infamous Tryon, while New London
was burned by the still more infamous
Arnold. During the attack on the latter
place, Colonel Eyre, Arnold’s subordi¬
nate, was busy at Fort Griswold, in
Groton, upon the other side of the river.
Colonel Ledyard, with one hundred and
fifty militiamen, made a gallant defense
of the fort, but was compelled to surren¬
der. After the surrender, Major Brom-
field, who was then in command of the
attacking force, did the foulest deed of the war. He personally murdered Colonel
Ledyard with the latter’s own sword, and ordered a general massacre of the garrison.

Connecticut, again, did her part in furnishing leaders for the struggle. Perhaps
the most prominent of the men she gave to the cause was that stout patriot and
brave soldier, Major-General Israel Putnam, hero of the she-wolf’s den at Pomfret,
of the powder magazine at Fort Edward, of Indian tortures in Canada, of the expe¬
dition against Crown Point, of the capture of Havana, of the famous ride from his
field in Putnam to the patriot camp at Cambridge in eighteen hours without change

Governor Trumbull’s War Office, Lebanon.

HOME OF GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM, POMFRET.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

of horse, of Bunker Hill, of Prospect Hill, of New York, of Philadelphia, of West
Point, of the wild dash down the precipice at Horseneck, and of the noted spy letter
to Sir Henry Clinton. His character is summarized in the epitaph on his monu¬
ment: “He dared to lead where any dared to follow.”

Sagacious in council as Putnam was brave in battle, was Connecticut’s great
war governor, Jonathan Trumbull, the only colonial governor to espouse the cause
of the people against the king. He was the home leader of the patriots of all New
England. He was the intimate friend of Washington, the man of whom the latter
remarked: “ We must consult Brother Jonathan on the subject ”; thus fixing
upon him that affectionate nickname, which not only stuck to Jonathan Trumbull
for life, but eventually became a synonym of the country itself, emphasizing the
national traits so strikingly exemplified by the man,-—sagacity, shrewdness, quick¬
ness of wit, fertility of resource, energy, pluck, perseverance, strong sense of humor,
kindliness of nature and passionate patriotism.

Fort Griswold.

YORKTOWN.

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'NDER orders from Sir Henry Clinton, Lord Cornwallis entered Yorktown,
Va., during the summer of 1781, with a large force, and proceeded to
fortify his position. Clinton’s object was to have him within supporting
distance of New York ; but it was a fatal move. Washington immediately hurried

south with his whole army, and, join¬
ing Lafayette at Williamsburg, soon in¬
vested Yorktown by land, while a strong
French fleet, anchoring in the mouth of
York River, made the besieging line com¬
plete. October 6, the first line of trenches
was opened, and the cannonade began.
On the 1 4th the outer works of the Brit¬
ish were carried by storm. October 19,
Cornwallis and his whole force, about
eight thousand men, laid down their arms
and became prisoners of war.

The accompanying pictures show the
old Custom House at Yorktown — a relic
of the Revolutionary period, — the Moore
House, in which the terms of Cornwallis’s
surrender were signed, and the National
Monument erected in 1881 to commem¬
orate the great victory. The two build¬
ings, reaching back through all the
changes which have marked the life of the nation, and witnesses of the glorious
triumph with which its beginning was crowned, are landmarks of unfailing interest
to the patriotic heart. The monument is a fitting testimonial of the nation’s rever¬
ence for the memory of those who put Yorktown into our history as the synonym
of success.

From 1775 to 1781 was a weary road for the patriot army and its brave
commander. It led them over the sharp thorns of suffering and up the steep hill

National Monument, Yorktown.

THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

of exhausting struggle. Ay, but it brought them at last to Yorktown and victory;
and the view from that summit was worth all the pain endured in the ascent. The
result was not mere triumph over their enemy; it was freedom for their country
and vindication for their cause. It was the answer to the prayers voiced in the
tears of the widows and the orphans of those who had fallen in the service. It
was the fulfillment of the prophecy written in the consecration of a whole people
to the resistance of organized oppression. It was more than victory: it was suc¬
cess, — absolute, permanent, far-reaching success. It was the final point of transi¬
tion from the colonial to the national position. The British army which evacuated
Boston, March 17, 1776, did so because of the successful strategy of the leader
of thirteen rebellious colonies. The British army which surrendered at Yorktown,
October 19, 1781, delivered their arms and flags to the recognized military repre¬
sentative of the American nation. The glory of such a morning was sufficient
reward for the suffering and sacrifice of those who had watched for its coming
through such a long, dreary night.

Old Custom House, Yorktown.

CLOSING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION.

THEN the American forces under General Knox took possession of New
York, November 25, 1783, two hours after its evacuation by the British,
they found that the departing troops had left their flag nailed to the staff
on Fort George, a fortification on what is now The Battery. Of course it was soon

torn down; and then, as the symbol
and seal of the triumphant establish¬
ment of the autonomy of the United
States as a nation, the Stars and
Stripes was run to the flagstaff head
in its place.

About a week after this event
Washington called his officers together
in Fraunce’s Tavern to take leave of

them. The building — the oldest in the
city — is yet standing, and the room
in which this farewell meeting took
place is still preserved as it was at
the time. There is a pathetic quality
in all such parting scenes. In every
language they are described in the
tenderest words, in every heart they
awaken the tenderest emotions. Surely,

then, we cannot wonder that Washing-

Fraunces Tavern. ton and his officers found themselves

profoundly moved at this time. To
realize how much the separation meant to them, we must know how strong the
bond of union is between men who have borne unitedly for eight years the burdens
of a great cause, who have stood side by side in the crash of battle, and who have
suffered together through the long-drawn martyrdom of such times as the winter
at Valley Forge. The farewell was the more touching because of its simplicity.
“I most devoutly wish,” said the great leader, ‘‘that your latter days may be as

THE STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable.”
Then, with a grasp of the hand and a kiss on the forehead for each of them, he
was gone. They were strong men, hardened by the awful scenes of war, but their
hearts gave way, and they wept like children at the thought of parting from him
who had shared all their perils and privations, and whose kindness had won their
love as his genius commanded their admiration.

A few days after this, December 23, Washington stood before the assembled
Congress, in the old State House in Annapolis, Md., and with a brief but earnest
speech, delivered up to that august body the commission as commander-in-chief of
the army, which he had received from them eight years before. The following day
he set out with his wife for Mount Vernon, rejoicing to change the glare of military
honor, in which success had placed him, for the quiet delights_ of his own home
and family.

By his action on these two occasions, Washington taught his countrymen the
vitally important truths, that, for the true patriot in the true republic, war is not a
profession, but only a last, sad resource for the avoidance of national dishonor;
and that the country is most securely guarded, not by surrounding it with forts and
armies, but by covering its fields with verdure, filling its barns with plenty, and
training in its homes a pure, sturdy citizenship.

The Battery.

MOUNT VERNON.

- oo^iKoo -

E IGHT miles from the quaint old city of Alexandria, and seventeen miles below
the national capital, on high ground overlooking the Potomac, and command¬
ing a landscape of rare beauty, stands historic Mount Vernon, the home of
Washington. The place is identified with the man from his childhood. It was then
the property of his elder brother Lawrence, who on its acquisition had named it

Mount Vernon, in honor of his old
commander in the English navy. Be¬
tween Lawrence and George Wash¬
ington there existed an affection
uncommon even among brothers. Dur¬
ing the greater part of his youth
George was a member of his brother’s
family. On the death of Lawrence
the estate passed to George by be¬
quest, and for the rest of his life he
made it his home. Here, in 1759, he
brought his beautiful and gifted bride,
Martha Dandridge Custis, — noble
example of American womanhood.
Here he lived with her during sixteen
peaceful, happy years. His days were
spent in the performance of his duties
as farmer and magistrate. On Sun¬
day it was his custom to worship in
old Christ Church, Alexandria, where his pew can be seen to-day as he left it.
This quiet life, enlivened by the entertainment of friends, ennobled by association
with Nature, and sanctified by the sweet communion of truly wedded hearts, was
slowly but steadily broadening, deepening and strengthening his character to meet
the tremendous responsibilities of years that were to follow.

We may never know how much we owe to rustic Mount Vernon with its
homely honesties and sweet simplicities. Washington loved his home. He realized

Christ Church, Alexandria.

MOUNT VERNON.

(

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

all that it had been to him, and what it had done for him. Its memory was ever
with him. During the trials and discouragements of eight long years of war, and
throughout the labors and honors of the years succeeding, his heart, like the magnet
to the pole, was ever true to this loved spot. And when the young nation, to which
he had consecrated all the powers of his magnificent manhood, no longer needed
his sustaining hand, hither he joyfully returned to take up again that homely life,
which he had left only because of his country’s need. Here he died ; and here,
to-day, he sleeps, near the house and the river and the fields he loved, and by the
side of the woman who gave to field and river a deeper meaning, and who made
the house — home. Hither come ever-increasing throngs, led by the charm of
that name, which, as it falls upon the ear in any quarter of this or other lands,
suggests a personality so majestic yet so benignant that it has commanded for
three generations, and will command forever, the admiration of mankind. Nearly
a century has passed since Washington’s body was laid to rest, but his spirit is
with us still, a vital presence to guide and guard the land he loved so well, and his
name remains “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country¬
men.”

Washington's Tomb.

JEFFERSON, FRANKFIN AND ADAMS.

W HAT higher honor can a man receive from his fellowmen, than that of
having the nobility of his character and the grandeur of his achieve¬
ment so clearly recognized by them that they distinguish him in thought
and speech by his own name ? The three men who are the subjects of this article
have been accorded this distinction through the reverence in which they are held

by the American people.
They are known by no
titles. They are simply
Thomas Jefferson, Benja¬
min Franklin and John
Adams. The familiarity is
the index of a national
recognition and love which
constitute the highest
fame.

Jefferson was the
writer of the Declaration
of our Independence, while
Franklin and Adams were
closely associated with him
in its preparation. It is
doubtful if men ever wrote any other document of equal length which has had
such intense interest and such vast importance for so many millions of their fel¬
low-beings. A century and more has passed since it was framed ; yet because of
the grand simplicity of its statement of great truths, and because of the inspiring
memories of men and events which gather about it, it still holds the reverent
faith of our whole nation.

We must follow the men, however, beyond the preparation and signing of this
American Magna Charta, if we would comprehend their influence on our history.
We must remember that Franklin’s success in securing the alliance with France
was, in a very real sense, the salvation of the American cause ; while Jefferson

Franklin’s Grave, Christ Church Burying-ground, Philadelphia.

■

MONTICELLO.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

in Virginia and Adams in New England struck tremendous blows in the work of
making the Declaration one of fact and not of mere theory. It was a strange
coincidence, but fitting withal, that the last two should have died on the same day,
and that the memorable Fourth of July.

We have here three men who were leaders in one of the great crises of the
world’s history, and who were fitted in heart and intellect for that high position.
They belonged to the few — the very few — to whom it has been given to speak
for a whole people ; men with thought broad enough and language clear enough to
be the expression of national feeling. Think what it meant to be voice for a nation
keyed to such a pitch as that of the American colonists at the time of the Revo¬
lution ! to feel in one’s soul the concentrated fire of their patriotism ! to have the
heart throbbing with their indignation, and every nerve strung with the tension of
their purpose! and then to speak, and speak so that the heart of every patriot in
the land should respond to the language and say, That is our thought! Can

nobler service be rendered ? To lead men, and lead them aright, even in the time

of peace, when the multitude are ruled by the commercial spirit, and patriotic zeal

and genius shine the brighter by contrast,—that is honor, and honor which every

noble spirit may covet. But to lead one’s countrymen, and lead them to victory,
in the time when the very air is charged with the spirit of freedom, and great
thoughts, born of great issues, are knocking at the door of every man’s soul to
make him a hero,— that is immortality.

Home of John Adams, Quincy.

HAMILTON, HANCOCK AND SAMUEL ADAMS.

S AMUEL ADAMS and JOHN HANCOCK received in their lifetime a very
unusual honor. They were proscribed by name in an Act of the British
Parliament because of their opposition to British tyranny in America, and
they were the two “ rebels ” whom General Gage expressly excluded from his

offer of pardon.

Hancock’s unflinching patriot¬
ism, coupled with his commanding
influence over the people of Mas¬
sachusetts, made him specially
obnoxious to the British authori¬
ties. One of the chief objects of
the expedition that resulted in the
battle of Lexington and the begin¬
ning of the Revolution, was to place
him under arrest. He was presi¬
dent of the provincial Congress,
and subsequently, as president of
the Continental Congress, was the
first signer of the Declaration of
Independence. He was the first
governor of Massachusetts after it
became a free State, and continued
in the office, except for two years, until his death in 1793.

Samuel Adams was another of the leaders of his countrymen in their great
fight for freedom. His name stood next to that of Hancock on the Declaration
of Independence. He served long and faithfully in public life, and was governor
of his State from 1794 to 1797. Hutchinson, the colonial governor, reported
him to Lord North as being “ of such an obstinate and inflexible disposition that
no gift nor office would ever conciliate him.” Greater commendation could hardly
have been bestowed. It was the patriotism which no titular dignity could blind
and which no bribe could corrupt, that made his name conspicuous and his exam¬
ple illustrious in his country’s history. In the Granary Burying-ground, Boston,

Hancock’s Home, Hull Street, Boston.

HOME OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

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rest the remains of these two patriots, along with those of Paul Revere, Robert
Treat Paine and many other heroes of those early days.

“The Grange,” on Washington Heights, New York, is memorable as the home
of Alexander Hamilton. A noticeable adornment of its grounds is the group of
thirteen trees which he planted as a symbol of the union of the thirteen colonies.
He was one of the moving spirits in the establishment of our national government.
The first United States Secretary of the Treasury, and taking the office when its
first duty was to create resources rather than to administer them, he won an
immediate and unparalleled success in placing the credit of his country beyond
question and her financial character above reproach. He was a giant in intellect,
intensely and incorruptibly patriotic. This made him a statesman, first of all, —
one of the most profound and far-sighted the world has ever known. It made
him a successful military leader during the war, and a successful national treas¬
urer in the constructive period which followed. It would have made him equally
efficient in almost any other national office, if an emergency calling for his assump¬
tion of it had arisen.

Granary Burying-ground.

GREENE, WAYNE AND SCHUYLER.

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N athanael greene, anthony wayne and philip schuyler

form a military trio of whom Americans may well be proud. By birth
they belong respectively to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and New York;
their deeds and the spirit in which they were wrought make them citizens of the

whole country.

They were men of sterling charac¬
ter. It is doubtless the fact that there

have been successful generals who
lacked this qualification ; but it is just
as certain, that in the only war which
a true republic can wage — war for the
establishment or defense of essential
right — such men as Greene, Wayne
and Schuyler are effective as those of
lower moral grade never can be.

The three were grand, whole-souled
patriots. This quality was conspicuous
throughout all their public life, and espe¬
cially while the country was suffering
the perils and horrors of war. During
the long and exhausting struggle, each
one of them gave continual proof that
he was seeking his country’s freedom,
and not his own aggrandizement.

Wayne’s Grave, Radnor Churchyard, Pa.

Greene’s acceptance, in 1778, of the harassing and thankless duties of the
quartermaster-general’s department, and Schuyler’s hearty and zealous support of
Gates, when the latter had superseded him during Burgoyne’s invasion, are examples
of patriotic self-sacrifice of the noblest sort.

On the background of these two qualities — their strong moral character and
their splendid patriotism — we may view with honest pride the magnificent military
genius of the three generals. Washington had unbounded confidence in their ability
as in their loyalty. What his famous marshals were to Napoleon in the execution

THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY.

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of his prodigious plans of conquest, these men were to their commander-in-chief in
his great task of securing his country’s freedom. Wayne will always be remembered
as the hero of Stony Point. The capture of a fort protected and garrisoned as Stony
Point was, its capture in broad daylight, by open assault, and with comparatively
small sacrifice of life, would be sufficient to bring enduring fame to any general
who should accomplish it. Schuyler’s leadership — his foresight of the movements
of the enemy, and his energy and skill in providing for their defeat — was the real
cause of the failure of Burgoyne’s invasion, and the surrender of his army. Greene’s
successful retreat through North Carolina to Virginia, in the face of the superior
force with which Cornwallis pursued him, will always stand in history as one of
the marvels of military achievement; while his subsequent work of driving in the
British forces in the Carolinas and Georgia, from point to point, until at last he
had them literally imprisoned in Charleston and Savannah, with himself and General
Wayne acting as their jailers, seems more like romance than reality.

Greene’s Birthplace, Warwick, R.I.

CONFEDERATION AND UNION.

C ARPENTERS’ HALL, Philadelphia, finds its historic interest in the fact that
in it were held the sessions of the First Continental Congress. An inscrip¬
tion on the wall bears witness that here “ Henry, Hancock and Adams
inspired the Delegates of the Colonies with Nerve and Sinew for the Toils of War.”

Through the patriotism of the Company
of Carpenters the building has been pre¬
served as nearly as possible as it was,
when the meetings, which have made it
famous, were being held.

The accompanying photogravure
shows Philadelphia’s old Christ Church.
During the period in which the city was
the seat of government, this was the
regular place of worship for the Presi¬
dent and other government officials. A
pew in it was retained for use of the
Presidents of Congress, and, later, for
Washington and Adams as Presidents
of the United States.

The third picture of the group pre¬
sents a view of Congress Hall, adjoin¬
ing Independence Hall on Chestnut
Street. For a number of years at the
beginning of our national life Congress
met in its rooms, the House of Representatives occupying the south room on the
first floor, the Senate the south room on the second floor. The former room is
memorable, also, as the scene of two presidential inaugurations, — that of Washing¬
ton for his second term in 1793, and that of Adams four years later.

These buildings carry our thought back to the most critical period of our
country’s history, the time when we were groping, amid the darkness and confusion
a of transitional state, for the form and spirit of a new national life. The question
which Washington and his companions in arms answered on the bloody fields from

Carpenters’ Hall.

'••• klHGAUim ;

■

CHRIST CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

Lexington to Yorktown was, how they were to break the hold upon them of the
most powerful nation in the world. A tremendous question, and answered in heroic
fashion ! But another problem, quite as momentous, was solved in these old build¬
ings ; the problem of transmuting into a national body, one in spirit, growth, and
action, a mere confederacy of colonies, temporarily united by the bond of a common
danger, but ready on the removal of that bond to relapse into their former granu¬
lated condition. Bismarck has won immortal fame because his policy changed
the conglomerate of States forming the German Confederacy into the unified and
powerful German Empire ; but he accomplished, after all, only what, in the case
of the American colonies, had been done more effectively nearly a century before.
Carpenters’ Hall reminds us of the chaotic condition which the country had reached
under the Articles of Confederation. Congress Hall points back to the beginning
of the better order of things under the national Constitution. Between the two there
is fittingly placed the Church, — the symbol of that Divine leading and enlighten¬
ment, which made the transition from the one to the other certain and safe.

Congress Hall.

THEN AND NOW.

I N this group of pictures we are reminded of the old and the new in our country’s
history. The Washington Memorial Arch, on Washington Square, New York,
perpetuating the memory of our first president, and the sub-treasury building
on Wall Street, occupying the site of old Federal Hall, on the balcony of which

he took the oath of office at his first in¬
auguration, recall the beginnings of our
national life. Castle Garden, although
no longer used as an immigrant station,
for nearly half a century has been so
woven into our history in that capacity,
that, to the popular mind for years to
come, it will be the symbol of that vast
movement of foreigners to our shores,
which has increased our strength and
developed our resources with such
phenomenal rapidity. Washington, in
1789, accepted the presidency of a na¬
tion of only four million people. To-day
that number has grown to sixty millions,
while the enlargement of the national
territory has kept pace with the increase
of the population. The transition from
the one to the other, however, has been

Washington Memorial Arch.

possible only because of the unparalleled
tide of immigration which during all the time has been setting in upon our shores.

That fact does not detract in any sense from the honor, nor belittle the
influence, of those who laid the foundations of the republic in the seventeenth
century, or of those who won its charter of freedom in the eighteenth. It is rather
an everlasting memorial to their wise statesmanship, that, with no pattern among all
the nations of the earth to guide them in the work, they nevertheless constructed
a national government of such beauty as to attract, and of such strength as safely

CASTLE GARDEN.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

to receive, so many millions of their fellow-men. They are honored also in the
fact, that notwithstanding all the influence of this constant addition of foreign ele¬
ments for a hundred years, the government of the republic remains, in its essen¬
tial characteristics, precisely what they made it.

Symbolizing as they do the wonderful development of the republic during the
past century, these landmarks remind us of the duty of every citizen to be loyal
to its best interests, and to contribute his part towards the realization of its mag¬
nificent possibilities, remembering that
patriotism does not consist merely in
erecting monuments and delivering ora¬
tions in honor of the heroes of the
past. They warn us that the very
forces which have given the nation its
phenomenal growth have also brought
it face to face with some of the gravest
problems that statecraft ever has at¬
tempted to solve. They caution us
that the fulfillment of the mission of
this republic among the nations of the
earth requires that its laws shall be
an absolute barrier against the pau¬
pers and criminals of both Europe and
Asia, and that those who do come
among us, whether through a Castle
Garden or a Golden Gate, shall be¬
come, in language, customs, sympathy and character, citizens of the United States.
There is room in our country for many millions more than its present population.
Vast tracts of its territory are still unoccupied, and vast resources in its soil and
mines, its streams and forests are still unutilized. Its doors should remain open
to every honest and industrious man or woman, who may seek in it a refuge from
the hard conditions of life in the Old World. But it never can be too clearly
understood, nor insisted upon too strongly, that, notwithstanding the vastness of
the republic in territory and resources, it is large enough to contain only one
nation.

Wall Street.

BOSTON COMMON.

I N presenting these views of Boston Common, we are calling attention to a
spot which is associated in many ways with the early history of our nation,
and in which every American, acquainted with that history, feels a sense
of proprietorship. A storm of opposition has been raised all over the country

every time an attempt has been made
to alienate any portion of the Common
for commercial purposes. As early as
1640, a scheme to turn some of the
land to business account was thwarted
by a vote of the town, that, with the
exception of “3 or 4 lotts to make vp
y e streete from bro Walkers to y e Rovnd
Marsh,” no more land should be granted
out of the Common. The spirit, if not
the exact letter, of that wise prohibition
has been maintained ever since. When
a municipal charter was granted to
Boston in 1822, at the request of the
citizens the legislature put into the doc¬
ument a clause permanently enjoining
the city government from disposing of
any part of this public reservation. And
, „„ so it has remained ever since, a beauti-

Army and Navy Monument.

ful park nearly fifty acres in extent in
the very center of a great city in which the need for more land has been for many
years urgent and increasing. Commerce may hedge it in on every side with
massive buildings. The myriad interests of business may encircle it with an inde¬
scribable confusion of jostling crowds and clattering hoofs and wheels. But not an
inch may they encroach on its territory. The iron fence, which surrounds it, is not
more unyielding than the public sentiment by which it has been kept intact. Money

BOSTON COMMON,

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

may make land, but it cannot make history; so the people have kept the Common,
and filled up the Back Bay.

The name itself is suggestive. It is more than a park: it is a Common, — and
that, too, in the broadest, most unrestricted sense of the word. Its shaded walks,
its towering trees, its grassy slopes, its quiet resting-places, — where you seem to be
miles from the noise of the city, — the beauty of its scenery, and the inspiration of
its historic associations,—all this is the common inheritance of every citizen who

may visit the place. Wealth gives

The Frog Pond.

use, and for the use of every class. The young and the old, the gay and the sad,
the owners of palatial residences and the dwellers in crowded tenements, — all
alike find welcome within its enclosure.

Plain, beautiful, historic ! a bit of real nature set in an ever-changing frame of
art! contemporary, as “the Common,” with every generation of the nation’s life!
the quiet pleasures and the heroic deeds of the people alike set forth in its adorn¬
ment ! In the grand simplicity of its plan, in the substantial excellence of its artificial
attractions, in its unyielding resistance to the encroachments of human selfishness,
and in its steady protest against the stratifying tendencies of human society, it is, for
the millions who visit it, a permanent object lesson on the true character of American
citizenship.

BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE.

A FLEET of nine vessels bearing the American flag, while cruising on Lake
Erie, off Sandusky Bay, September 10, 1813, encountered the six men-
of-war constituting the British squadron, that for some time had controlled
the navigation of the lake, and had served also to hamper the operations of

the American “ Army of the West.” The
famous battle of Lake Erie followed.

The American fleet was commanded
by Commodore Oliver H. Perry. It had
been hastily prepared for the struggle under
his supervision. Only two of its nine ves¬
sels were really ships of war, the rest
having been built for trade. The nine car¬
ried 54 guns and 490 officers and men.
Their commander was but twenty - eight
years of age, and never had been in a
naval engagement. The British fleet, on
the other hand, while numbering only six
vessels, had 63 guns, 502 officers and
men, and was led by Commodore Robert
H. Barclay, a naval veteran who had been
with Nelson at Trafalgar. From every point
of view the conditions seemed favorable to
the success of the British squadron.

Perry Monument, Cleveland. For SOlTie time Perry’s flag-ship, LciW-

rence , bore the brunt of the battle. Her
rigging was shot away, her sails were riddled, her guns dismounted, her men slain;
and it seemed as if her battle-flag, with its brave motto, “ Don’t give up the ship,”
floating from her one remaining mast, must either be lowered in surrender to the
enemy, or go with her to the bottom. Just when defeat appeared inevitable, how¬
ever, Perry transferred his flag to the masthead of the staunch Niagara , passing
in an open boat, and amid a storm of shot, from the one vessel to the other;

BIRTHPLACE OF COMMODORE O. H. PERRY, SOUTH KINGSTON

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

and then, dashing through the enemy’s line, pouring broadside after broadside into
their helpless ships, in fifteen minutes he had won the battle and made himself
immortal. His victory assured, he returned to the bloody deck of the Lawrence,
where he received Barclay’s surrender; and then, with his cap for a desk, wrote
to General Harrison his famous dispatch : “ We have met the enemy, and they
are ours, — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop.”

It was a notable victory. It is not surprising that the country rang with the
praises of the successful commander, that medals were struck in his honor and
that State and national legislatures tendered him their votes of thanks. At a sin¬
gle blow he had cleared Lake Erie of the enemy’s ships, had relieved the lake
districts of their fear of Proctor and his horde of savages, and had opened the way
for Harrison’s invasion of Canada.

The accompanying pictures show the birthplace of Commodore Perry at South
Kingston, R. I., the monument erected in his memory at Cleveland, 0., and Put-In
Bay, near which the great battle took place. The last picture shows in the fore¬
ground the graves of the patriots who fell in the engagement.

Sailors’ Graves, Put-In Bay.

THE ATTACK ON BALTIMORE.

T HE attack on Baltimore is one of the memorable events of the war of 1812.
Considering the superior equipment of the attacking forces, the result seems
like a contradiction of the law of cause and effect. The British admiral,
Cochrane, brought sixteen heavy vessels into the action ; while cooperating with
them was a large land force, led by General Ross, a veteran of the Peninsular war.
Ross was opposed, after his landing at Stony Point, by a body of militia under General

Strieker. Cochrane had before him only
Fort McHenry, — far smaller and less
formidable than it is now, — garrisoned by
about one thousand men under command
of Major George Armistead. Neither
Ross nor Cochrane reached Baltimore,
however.

In anticipation of the attack, the nar¬
row channel between the fort and Laza¬
retto Point had been obstructed with
sunken vessels. To the right the landing
of the enemy was opposed by two small
redoubts, one of which, Fort Covington,
is shown in an accompanying picture.

Having anchored his ships two miles
below the city, Admiral Cochrane began
the bombardment of Fort McHenry on the morning of September 13, 1814. Armi¬
stead found himself, not only lacking a sufficient force of men to contend on anything
like equal terms with his enemy, but, what was vastly worse, supplied with ordnance
too light even to reach the attacking ships. From the anchorage he had chosen,
Cochrane was able to pour a torrent of shells into the fort without receiving a shot
in return. It seemed as if the matter was to be determined merely by the amount of
ammunition the British were willing to expend and the casemates of Fort McHenry
able to withstand. Fortunately for the city, there was something more formidable
than small numbers and short cannon within the lines of the fort. The old-time

Battle Monument, Baltimore.

FORT McHENRY, BALTIMORE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

Maryland bravery, “the spirit of 1776,” was there. That made defeat improbable,
conquest impossible. Once during the fight the enemy ventured to move three of
his bomb-ships nearer to the fort, that their fire might be more effective ; but they
were speedily subjected to such severe punishment as to necessitate their return to
their former anchorage. The cannonade continued all through the day and long into
the succeeding night, and under cover of darkness a force of twelve hundred picked
men was landed to attack the place in the rear. It was all to no purpose, however.
The Stars and Stripes still waved proudly over the fort. General Ross had been
killed; and Colonel Brooks, who succeeded him, was unable to break through the
line of Maryland militia which Strieker had drawn between him and the city. Thor¬
oughly discouraged, Admiral Cochrane, towards morning on the 14th, signalled his
fleet to weigh anchor, the land forces were taken on board, and they sailed away.
The victory was won, the city saved. The beautiful Battle Monument shown on the
first page of this article was erected by the people of Baltimore in 1825, in honor of
the men who fell in defense of the city at this critical point in its history.

Fort Covington.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS.

I N many respects the battle of New Orleans is the most striking victory ever
gained by American arms. On the enemy’s side about six thousand men
took part in it. This force, composed largely of Wellington’s famous veter¬
ans, was the very flower of the British army. The commander was Sir Edward

Packenham, “the hero of Salamanca.”
With him in the assault were Generals
Keane and Gibbs, able, experienced and
brave officers.

The American forces had been
contemptuously styled by Packenham
“a handful of backwoodsmen.” There
were scarcely three thousand of them
in the line of battle on that day, and of
these only eight hundred were regulars.
Truly they were but a handful, and,
for the greater part, backwoodsmen, —
Tennessee and Kentucky riflemen, un¬
trained in the art of war, but skillful in
the use of their weapons, and brave in
the defense of their country, kindred
in blood and training and character with
the “embattled farmers” who had stood
their ground “ by the rude bridge ” at
Concord twoscore years before. Their general, Andrew Jackson, was himself a
backwoodsman ; but he was destined to win, on that memorable 8th of January,
imperishable fame as a military leader.

The battle began with the daylight and ended before nine o’clock. In the mean¬
time regiment after regiment of England’s veterans had marched across the Plain
of Chalmette, steadily, firmly, bravely, to meet destruction in the merciless storm
of lead which flashed and thundered from behind Jackson’s frowning breastworks.
The British officers had done all that valor could accomplish to save the day; but
Packenham was dead, Gibbs was dying and Keane was sorely wounded.

Battle Monument, New Orleans Battle-field.

JACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANS.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

Never was victory more complete. Never was battle so unequal. Eight were
killed and thirteen were wounded on the American side ; seven hundred were killed
and fourteen hundred were wounded on the British side ! The result of the battle
was most momentous. The victory could not alter the terms of the treaty of Ghent,
signed two weeks before ; but it could and did give them a different meaning. The
document, which, in December, guaranteed only a cessation of hostilities, interpreted
in the wisdom learned by the hard lesson at New Orleans, became, in January, the
charter of every principle for which we had contended, it insured English recog¬
nition of American sailors’ rights, which the treaty had not done. It did more than
this. It compelled the respect of every power in Europe for the flag of the young
republic.

In Jackson Square, New Orleans, stands a magnificent bronze equestrian statue
of the hero of the day. On the battle-field, six miles below the city, is a monument
erected by the State of Louisiana not far from Jackson’s headquarters. Very fittingly
a portion of the battle-ground has been converted into a national cemetery, where
sleep the heroes of a later war, in soil consecrated half a century before their death
by the bravery of their countrymen and the prowess of the general, whose precept
and example, like Washington’s before him, if heeded, would have saved their
sacrifice.

Jackson's Headquarters, New Orleans Battle-field.

ANDREW JACKSON.

I N this group of pictures are shown the house in which Andrew Jackson was
born, on the Waxhaw River, in Mecklenburg County, N. C., March 15,
1767; his home, “The Hermitage,” twelve miles from Nashville, Tenn.,
where he died June 8, 1845; and the tomb, under which repose his remains, in

the garden of “ The Hermitage.”

Jackson’s early life, like that of
so many others of our successful pub¬
lic men, was exceptionally hard and
sternly disciplinary. Born in a log
cabin and losing his father by death
in his earliest infancy, he had no
friend to help him but his mother, no
fortune but his magnificent ability and
dauntless personality. His mother,
who, like his father, was of that sturdy
Scotch-lrish Presbyterian stock, which,
hating oppression and loving freedom,
has ever been one of the guiding forces
of the republic, designed her boy for
the ministry. At thirteen years of age,
however, he was fighting in the ranks
of the Revolutionary soldiers, under
Sumter at Hanging Rock. The boy
had found his vocation. He remained
a fighter until the day of his death.
In the last analysis of Jackson’s char¬
acter, we find, as the basal principle of his personality and the foundation of his
attainments and leadership, this element of soldierhood. His was a spirit of con¬
stant contention ; whether in military or civil life, it made no difference. Whenever
and wherever he saw the head of opposition he smote it. The names of honor and
endearment given him by his admirers — “The Romanesque American,” “That

Jackson’s Tomb.

THE HERMITAGE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

indomitable son of Mars,” ‘‘Old Hickory” — all emphasize this trait. It appears
in every crisis of his life, and in every incident as well. He was, withal, a man of
wonderful, intuitive grasp of mind, of inflexible honesty, of unconquerable will. His
was the strongest personality that has ever risen above the horizon of American
political life. When he had formed a purpose, nothing but ‘‘The Eternal” by
whom he swore could turn him from it. No man, no combination of men, availed
against him. Webster, Clay and Calhoun combined could not change his purpose
or defeat his plans. As President he secured for himself a second term, and
before that was ended he saw the candidate of his choice elected for the following
term. Of course such a man as he made mistakes and enemies. He did not
speculate on the consequences of his course. He did not consider the feelings
of those opposed to or allied with him. He acted; he conquered; he crushed, if
necessary. It was inevitable that sometimes his opinions should have been wrong,
his expressions hasty, his actions rash. But in his entire public career, he was
never afraid; he was never in doubt; he was never intentionally wrong; he was
ever a patriot. And behind the sterner qualities of the man, back of the impetuous
nature, beneath the iron will, there beat a great heart, ever tender and ever true
to the common people from whom he himself had sprung.

Jackson’s Birthplace.

HARRISON AND TIPPECANOE.

ENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON is remembered by the multi-
Y tude as the hero of Tippecanoe. His public services were varied and
important. He filled a large place in his country’s history for more than
forty years. But because of the circumstances attending it, this battle is invested
with so much of the witchery of romance that his brilliant success in it has become,

in the popular estimation, the special
sign of his greatness.

It occurred during the night of
November 6, 1811, near what is now
the village of Battle Ground, Ind. Gen¬
eral Harrison was encamped at this
point with about eight hundred men.
A large body of Indians, led by the
“ Prophet,” a brother of the noted Te-
cumtha, attacked him under cover of
the darkness. The battle was a des¬
perate one, continuing until the morn¬
ing ; but it ended in the complete
defeat of the savages, and the destruc¬
tion of the influence over them of the
impostor, who, in the role of prophet,
had assured them of victory.

Two years later, on the banks of
the Thames, in Canada, General Harrison, with the army of the Northwest, utterly
routed a British force, under General Proctor, and a large contingent of Indians led
by Tecumtha. The results of this battle were the suppression of hostilities on the
northwestern border of the Union, the death of the arch-conspirator, Tecumtha, and
the breaking up of the Indian confederacy.

Resigning his commission in 1814, General Harrison entered political life, and
in 1840 became the ninth President of the republic. He had been true to every
trust committed to him by the people. He had been successful in every great

Tippecanoe Entrance.

BATTLE-FIELD OF TIPPECANOE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

undertaking of his life, and his success had been won in matters of vast moment
to the country. His administration of Indian affairs, his suppression of the Indian
rebellion, his sweeping victories in the Lake Erie campaign, — all this had been of
immeasurable importance to the nation. He had won the admiration of his country¬
men and compelled the respect of their enemies; and it was a fitting climax for
such a career when, with an almost unanimous electoral vote, he was made chief
magistrate of the nation.

Only a month after his inauguration, however, and ere the rejoicings over his
election had fairly ceased, the people were called to mourn for his death. Soldier¬
like he fell at his post, honorably and faithfully serving his country ; and there was
unfeigned grief over all the land, as his body was laid in its last resting-place at the
beautiful spot beside the Ohio, where the most sacred associations of his life had
been formed, and where its happiest hours had been spent.

Harrison’s Tomb, North Bend, Ohio.

THE SENATORIAL TRIO.

W EBSTER, CLAY, CALHOUN ! These names, singled out from the
long and honorable list of our legislators, and grouped upon the tablet
of fame under the imperishable title, “ The Great Senatorial Triumvi¬
rate " ! What memories they awaken! Grand, majestic, imperial, like the moun¬
tains of the Granite State whence he
sprung, Daniel Webster was the great
expounder. Henry Clay, — Harry Clay,
as his friends loved to call him, —
courtly and genial, seemed like the
embodiment of Kentuckian hospitality,
and in political as in social life was
ever the pacificator. John C. Calhoun
was the very personification of the fire
and persistence of the Palmetto State,
and was always the agitator.

These three men, each so great
that association with him is an honor
to the other two, together constitute a
trio of senatorial ability and eloquence
probably never matched in any other
country at any single period of the
world’s history.

Webster was New Hampshire’s
gift to Massachusetts. Born at Salis¬
bury, educated at Dartmouth College, and winning his first forensic triumphs at
Portsmouth, New Hampshire is at least as much entitled to the glory of his later
achievements as is the State of his adoption. At an early age he seemed to a sage
across the water “like a huge anthracite furnace, only needing to be blown.” The
breath to wake the slumbering flame was not wanting, only waiting.

Clay is identified with his home at Ashland, a little hamlet near Lexington,

Kentucky. He was essentially a man among the people. The orator for the

HOME OF HENRY CLAY.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

masses, he shunned all technique and conventionality, and spoke to the common
heart. The common people heard him gladly. Always he was to them a prophet.
He took up their tale, spoke their thought, voiced their hope, and interpreted their
dream. As by lightning vision, he saw the heart of vast masses of men, and seized
intuitively the situation.

John C. Calhoun’s home was at Fort Hill, S. C., in the hill country of the
State. His dust lies in old St. Phillip’s churchyard at Charleston. He was a
man of great dignity of manner, logical bent of mind and with intense convictions;
of ardent nature, yet most tenacious of purpose; a man to be feared as an opponent,
yet withal of spotless character, of broad sympathies, of high ideals.

These three illustrious men came upon the stage of action at a time when the
colonial epoch had barely spent itself. They lived through a period of great transi¬
tions, when the national forces were shaping themselves, ■— a period of momentous
problems and impending crises. It was natural that they should have been not always
right.; but, whatever their political dogmas, each was sincere and faithful to the truth
as he saw it.

Webster’s Birthplace.

THE CAPITOL.

T HE Capitol at Washington is one of the most imposing structures in the
world. Approached from any direction it gives the impression of chaste,
massive splendor; and its proportions are so vast, and its materials and
workmanship so excellent, that this impression is strengthened by close and

Capitol Hill, and is sur¬
rounded by magnificent
grounds 51 jA acres in
extent.

The Capitol is 751
feet long, 324 feet in
width, and covers 3*4
acres. It is surrounded
on three sides, — north,
west and south, — by a
marble terrace and stair¬
way, adding much to its
architectural effect. On
the east is the Central
Portico, on the steps of
which the presidents, from
Andrew Jackson to the present occupant of the White House, have taken the oath
of office. At the entrance from this Portico is the great Bronze Door, nine feet
high and weighing ten tons. One of the most striking features of the exterior of
the building is its massive iron Dome, 268 feet high, reckoning from the ground line,
135>4 feet in diameter, and surmounted by a statue of Liberty \9 l / 2 feet in height.

The principal points of interest within are the Rotunda, the Senate Chamber,
the Supreme Court Room, the National Statuary Hall and the Hall of Represen¬
tatives. The Rotunda is 96 feet in diameter and 180 in height. Its frieze and
canopy are ornamented with remarkable allegorical paintings by Constantine Brumidi.
The Senate Chamber is in the north wing, and adjoining it is the President’s Room,
— perhaps the grandest in the building. The Hall of Representatives with its
spacious galleries is found in the south wing.

continued inspection. It has a beautiful situation on

The Capitol, from the East.

THE CAPITOL.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

The Capitol represents the combined legislative, administrative and judicial
functions of a popular government. It is hardly a metaphor to speak of it as the
heart of the American body politic. The petitions which reach it from all parts of
the country and the laws and decisions which emanate from it are the pulse-beats
of the national life. Through it the nation becomes a personality, definite, recogniz¬
able, responsible.

Think of the building in this way. See it as the life-center of the nation itself,
the vigor and health of the whole body at once influenced and indicated by the
spirit and action of the powers assembled here. Stand on its lofty dome and look
off over the incomparable landscape. Let your thought go beyond the line of physical
vision and take in the vastness of the possibilities which open before you, — the
marvelous things that May Be for such a country. And lifted there in the silence
between the earth and the clouds, the emblem of Freedom above you, the symbols
of power beneath, and the possibilities of greatness before you, pray God that, along
with the grand idea of Liberty enlightening the world, this heart of the great republic
may hold and propagate the grander idea of Righteousness lifting the world into the
light of the Divine presence, and giving to the nations the elements of a Divine
permanence.

The Capitol, from Pennsylvania Avenue.

THE WHITE HOUSE.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

Room ” is open to the public. The right of the president and his household to the
inviolable privacy of family life is recognized; but the right of every citizen to audience
with the president is maintained also. The building is a house, not a palace. No
expense has been spared to make it worthy of the high station of its occupants; but
it contains no throne, no insignia of royal state or autocratic power.

The White House was begun in 1792 under the personal supervision of Wash¬
ington. It stood for many years half lost among the straggling fragments of the new
capital. Now, however, it is in the midst of magnificent buildings and surrounded by
grounds adorned with all that wealth can purchase or art devise. British soldiers
attempted to burn it in 1814 ; but, like the nation, it passed through the fire without
being consumed, and was soon restored to more than its former splendor.

The building symbolizes the brotherhood of the American people, and suggests
the thought of the nation as one great family. The Executive Mansion is not simply
an official residence, like Windsor Castle or the Winter Palace. It is a home, in all
the broad and holy significance of the word, — the home of the nation as represented
in the president and his household. Plain, substantial, symmetrical, without mere¬
tricious adornment or tawdry coloring, it forms a fitting domicile for the chosen head
and representative of a great brotherhood of citizens.

The White House; South Park view.

SUMTER AND APPOMATTOX.

S UMTER marks the beginning of the American civil war. It was here that
Major Anderson and his feeble garrison of sixty-five soldiers waited through
the long, lonely hours of the night for the coming of the daylight of April
12, 1861. The day dawned at last, dull and drear, fit morning for the inauguration
of fratricidal war. At half-past four the little band of the fort’s defenders saw, in
the direction of Morris Island, a bright flash. In a few seconds they heard the

Fort Sumter.

report of a cannon ; and then the shell, which had sprung forth with flash and
roar from the throat of the first gun of the Rebellion, — fired by Edward Ruffin of
Virginia, — fell and burst within the walls of the nation’s fort. The echo of the
shot fired at dawn was heard before dusk in every city and well-nigh every hamlet
in the land. Its effect was electrical. It roused the slumbering North from her
pleasant dream of an impossible peace to a keen consciousness of the stern reality.
It thrilled her people like loudest bugle-call. It summoned her peaceful citizens
from field and bench and desk, and marshaled them for war, a mighty host, more
numerous than that led by Xerxes. During four weary years there was hardly a
day without its skirmish or a week without its battle. Half the country was
devastated, and the other half drained of its resources; while the industries of the
civilized world awaited in suspense the issue of the contest. Upwards of half a
million men were killed by battle or disease, and nearly half a million more were
maimed in body or broken in health. The war’s awful shadow lay upon the whole

land, dimming the light of every home. There were six hundred thousand vacant

GRANT’S HEADQUARTERS, CITY POINT.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

chairs by our firesides, and upon millions of hearts a burden of grief almost too
heavy to be borne. But a race was freed from bondage. The stain of slavery
was washed away in blood and tears, and the American Union was preserved and
strengthened. Out of the suffering has come glory, out of the darkness has come
light, out of the passion has come peace, out of the evil has come good. Until
deeds of daring cease to arouse our admiration, until sacrifice and suffering fail to
enlist our sympathy, until patriotism is no longer able to warm our hearts, the
heroism of our citizen soldiers in that war will be the theme of the story that shall
move us, and of the song that shall thrill us.

Appomattox marks the ending, as Sumter does the beginning, of the war.
The accompanying photogravure shows General Grant’s headquarters at City Point,
where, during the operations against Petersburg, he directed those resistless move¬
ments of the Northern armies which, with the inevitableness of fate, compelled the
collapse of the Confederacy. The sketch below shows the famous field of Appo¬
mattox, the spot in the foreground marked by a stone being the place where General
Lee met General Grant, on the morning of April 9, 1865, to surrender the frag¬
ment that was left of the great army of northern Virginia. The event was the
supreme test of Grant’s greatness of mind and heart, and was pregnant with the
fate of the nation. The Confederacy was conquered ; yet there was a “ bloody
chasm ” between South and North, which on that morning looked as if it must
yawn forever. But Grant bridged the chasm with a dozen strokes of his pen, and
lived to see it closed. His exhibition of sagacity and magnanimity was simply
sublime. It made Appomattox the spot, not where the South was conquered, but
where the war ended, where peace began, and where the country was reunited. It
changed the four years of struggle into a period of travail, and the time of its close
into the hour of the new birth of the nation.

Field of Appomattox.

GETTYSBURG.

ETTYSBURG, a county capital and quiet college town of Pennsylvania, is
-y famous as the field of one of the few great and decisive battles of the world.
No spot on the continent, nor on any continent, has been the scene of more
frightful war, or the theater of more magnificent heroism. Such a battle must be

viewed from a distance to be correctly
estimated. We are too near to it yet.
In years to come it will be recognized as
a point in history at which the volcanic
forces of human passion threw up one of
the solitary, towering, awful peaks of mili¬
tary achievement. Pickett’s charge and
its repulse will be a parallel for the scene
on the field of Waterloo, when Napoleon’s
Old Guard swept forward, like a tidal
wave, to be broken on the immovable
rock of Wellington’s famous squares.

But we are not concerned now with
the battle itself so much as with the
pathetic suggestions of its graves and
monuments. We are visiting Gettysburg
the cemetery, rather than Gettysburg the
battle-field; and viewing it as the burial-
place, not of the soldiers only, but of the
strife as well. Let our thought be of
the closing of the chasm ; of the fact
that the heroes of both sides who fell, sleep on the same field ; and that those who
survived are united in the effort to make the country worthy of the sacrifices, which
have been laid on its altar.

The field itself is monumental. Culp’s Hill, Cemetery Ridge, Round Top,
Devil’s Den, — these are Nature’s landmarks, each one commemorating some part

of the great battle. Memorials have been erected, too, by the nation, expressing

National Monument, Gettysburg.

GETTYSBURG BATTLE-FIELD.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

its veneration for the memory of the men who are buried here. One of these, the
Soldiers’ Monument, was dedicated in 1888.

At the dedication of the cemetery, in 1863, President Lincoln made an address,
remarkable for its comprehensive grasp, and brief, pungent expression, of the thoughts
which a great mind would think, and the feelings which a true heart would cherish,
on such an occasion. He spoke as the mouthpiece of the nation, consecrating
the ground to its new and sacred use with the baptism of his own loving, catholic
spirit.

Who can view these endless rows of graves and not feel the force of their
mute appeal ? Who can look upon them and not have his heart moved with pro¬
found admiration for the heroism of all the men lying around him, and with profound
regret that such men should have been so sacrificed? Yet who, seeing Gettysburg
as it is, will not thank God that, out of such fiery trial, there has come a greater
nation with a grander future?

Grand Army Monument, Gettysburg.

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS.

-manioc-

T HIS group of pictures introduces us to a place of surpassing beauty and of
permanent national interest. It was originally the home of G. W. Parke
Custis, the adopted son of General Washington. Subsequently it came into
possession of General Robert E. Lee by his marriage with Mary Custis, the great-

granddaughter of the wife of Washing¬
ton. During the Civil War it was
confiscated by the United States gov¬
ernment and made a national cemetery.

Nature dealt most lavishly with
the place, and its natural attractions
have been enhanced and multiplied by
human agency. It occupies high ground
on the west bank of the Potomac oppo¬
site the city of Washington. The view
from the front of the mansion is espe¬
cially fine, taking in the broad sweep of
the river, and the delightful confusion
of trees and towering buildings and
open parks of the city on the opposite
bank. Follow its winding paths, under
the overarching trees, through the rich,
vine-tangled shrubbery; down into the
shaded ravine, where the birds sing
softly and the shadows sweep, like the
drapery of spirit forms, over the resting places of the dead; and on again into the
sunlight at some point where the landscape stretches away before you in a panorama
of indescribable loveliness, the rich green mantle of field and forest touched here
and there with the flashing sheen of the river, and rolling away to meet the bend¬
ing arch of the dreamy Virginian sky; while the whole scene is bathed in a soft,
shimmering light that makes it seem as if the air had gone to sleep; — you may

To the Unknown Dead.

SOLDIERS’ GRAVES, ARLINGTON HEIGHTS

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

wander thus for hours, and leave the place at last with a feeling of regret, and with
a remembrance of its charms which no subsequent experience can efface.

But the true citizen’s interest in it is not determined by the beauty of its scenery.
It is holy ground to him, because it is the resting-place of the nation’s dead. Over
sixteen thousand of them are buried in its graves. One huge sarcophagus alone
encloses two thousand one hundred and eleven of “the unknown dead.” The Un¬
known Dead! — Yes: unknown, because they fell where the fierce storm of battle
swept away all means of recognition! unknown, because, brave souls, their names
were lost in the glory of the deeds they wrought! Unknown? Nay; but known
to the great heart of the nation only as her faithful sons, and loved as such!

Move softly, then, as ye thread the lines of this great bivouac of sleeping heroes!
Softly, — for the love of a million hearts is sleeping with them! Softly, — for the
dewdrops on the flowers and falling from the leaves are the tears that have been
shed in a million homes for their death! Softly, softly, — for ’tis holy ground, and
the angel guards are watching while the tired soldiers sleep! Softly, softly, —
let them sleep, under the roses and the immortelles, with the song of the birds
and the touch of the sunshine about their resting-place, till in the breaking glory of
the eternal dawn they waken for the grand review.

The Lee Mansion.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

U PON the opposite page is shown the plain house at Springfield, Ill., in which,
at the time, was living the homely man, who, in 1861, was called by the
voice of the people — which this time, if not always, was “the voice of
God” also — to become the head of a nation divided against itself. On this page

is the picture of the house where that
man’s life-work ceased. The last pic¬
ture of the group shows us the tomb
and monument erected over the mortal
remains of the same man, the greatest
political leader of the nineteenth cen¬
tury,— Abraham Lincoln, — the Savior,
in as real a sense as Washington was
the Father, of his country.

His life is a superb illustration of
greatness achieved. He was not born
to it, nor was it thrust upon him. With
such advantage of circumstances only
as he could compel from the restric¬
tions and limitations and scant oppor¬
tunities of his boyhood’s struggle with
frontier poverty, unaided and alone,
step by step, as advocate, politician,
debater, orator, statesman, leader, pa-

House in which Lincoln died.

triot, he climbed to greatness. His
were those imperial qualities of head and heart which, whatever a man’s environ¬
ment, give him the mastery over self, over his fellows, over fate. Circumstances
cannot control such a character. In spite of circumstances, — because of circum¬
stances, — a man like Lincoln will assert himself. The very obstacles which would
turn a more timid soul from his course, he will use as stepping-stones forward
and upward. And so, one great secret of Lincoln’s power was the life, with all
its seeming limitations, into which he was born, the life of the common people,

HOME OF LINCOLN IN 1861.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

from which he never separated himself. Whether in log-cabin or White House,
whether haranguing a backwoods jury or penning the document that was to redeem
a race from bondage, his consciousness of oneness with the people, including an
almost instinctive perception of their every possible mood, was always present, and
is the key to his personality. His acts were “ of the people, by the people, for the
people.” In every great crisis he planted himself upon their deepest instincts and
broadest humanities, and the foundation was always firm beneath his feet. A whole
literature has been written about him. Vocabularies have been exhausted upon his
character. He has been painted both as demigod and devil; but the calm course
of events is showing that both views are false. The man has not suffered by this
evolution of history. Little has been found in him to condemn. It cannot be truth¬
fully said, even, that he loved the South the less, but only that he loved his whole
country the more. What stand out most clearly are his keen instincts, his com¬
mon sense, his homely honesty, his quick wit, his confidence in the people, his
faith in his country’s future, his devotion to the cause of freedom and his love
for the American Union.

, \

Lincoln’s Tomb and Monument.

ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.

C ~^ ENERAL GRANT’S hold upon the hearts of the American people, acquired
jp through their admiration of his achievements and their gratitude for his
services, has been greatly strengthened by the quiet, yet eloquent, appeal
made to their imagination, their sympathy and their love by the fascinating sim¬
plicity of his character. The chief charm of his personality and a distinguishing
mark of his greatness is, that he is so easily understood. His character has

salient points that can be laid
hold upon, which is never the
case with mediocrity.

There is his modesty. At
the outbreak of the war a vain
man would have waited for a
position befitting at least his
training and experience, if not
his capacity; but within ten
days from the President’s first
call for volunteers, he had raised
and drilled a company, and was
ready for any service. This trait
lends additional luster to the brilliancy of his victories in the West. It shines in
his dispatches as commander-in-chief. It was undimmed by the honors which fol¬
lowed the war. Its brightest glow is upon the pages of his “ Personal Memoirs.”

To balance his modesty he possessed self-reliance. That rare sagacity in
military affairs, approaching intuition in its nature and amounting to genius in its
results, which told him that Sherman and Sheridan were the right men in the right
places, assured him of his own fitness to command. He knew himself. It was in
this self-reliance that his tenacity of purpose was grounded. His ability to “ hold
on” and ‘‘fight it out” was not stubbornness, but resoluteness. Such a man of
necessity succeeds in his undertakings. He can, when others cannot. He per¬
forms the impossible. He makes history. He is history.

What an illustration of his power our great general gave us at the end, when,

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HOME OF GRANT IN 1861.

AMERICAN LANDMARKS.

old and stricken by disease, his fortune gone through the knavery of those whom
he had trusted, his heart sore from their ingratitude and torn by anxiety for his
family, he entered upon his last campaign,—this time against Death! In this, as
in former ones, his plans succeeded. He knew what the issue must be, and so
aimed, not to win a final victory, but only to hold the grim destroyer at bay until
he had done his task, and placed his wife and children beyond dependence even
upon the gratitude of his country.

There was also his magnanimity, — how great in the very moment of victory,
and afterwards, when from the depths of his great soul he cried : “ Let us have
peace ! ”

During his presidency the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution was adopted,
the principle of international arbitration was established, and the movement for civil
service reform was inaugurated; all of which measures he earnestly advocated. He
will be remembered, however, not as the president, but as the general. Measured
by any rule, he must always rank among the world’s great military leaders. Judged
by the records or the results of his battles and campaigns, he stands alone.

Cottage in which Grant died.

OUR NATIONAL SONGS.

O UR reverence is due to the memory of the men whose military genius and
heroism won our national freedom ; but we owe equal honor to those whose
poetic inspiration has given us the songs in which the national faith and
feeling have found nurture and expression. Who can tell what influence these songs
have had, or what results they have produced ? Their work has been the develop¬
ment of the finer and more enduring elements of patriotism in the American char¬
acter. They have taught us that there
are grander victories than those of the
battle-field, and higher ideals than that
of military supremacy. In home and
school, in store and office, in town-
house and church, they have brought
into our life the noble and ennobling
qualities of solicitude for our country’s
honor, loyalty to her interests, pride in
her prosperity and prayer for her peace.

“Hail Columbia” was written by
Joseph Hopkinson, in 1798, when war
with France seemed inevitable, and the
patriotic feeling was especially strong. It struck exactly the note for which the
popular heart was waiting. From city to city, from State to State it spread, until
the whole nation were singing it. To-day, after a hundred years of use, it is
loved and sung with equal fervor by a tenfold greater nation.

“The Star-spangled Banner” was the spontaneous outburst of patriotic emotion
from the heart of Francis Scott Key, as he paced the deck of the captive Minden
during the night of September 13, 1814, an unwilling witness of Admiral Cochrane’s
attack on Fort McHenry. The scene was well suited to awaken the poetic spirit
of such a man. The roar of the enemy’s guns was the voice of insolent and cruel
aggression. The fort stood as the defense of all the interests dear to the patriot
heart. Back of it were home, friends, freedom and honor. The flag waving over
its battlements was the symbol of national independence, and a reminder of the

HOME OF JOSEPH HOPKINSON.

AMERICAN. LANDMARKS.

heroism by which that independence had been won. All this, with the darkness of
the night and the uncertainty as to what the result of the attack would be, combined
to stir the soul of Key till from its depths there burst forth the song which Americans
will never cease to sing.

“My country, ’tis of thee,” by Dr. Samuel F. Smith, was written in 1832,
and was the outgrowth of an effort to introduce good music into our public schools.
It was first used at a children’s celebration in the Park Street Church, Boston. In a
recent letter, Dr. Smith writes: “ I have had the pleasure of hearing my hymn sung
in various languages and full half way ’round the world, ... on land and ocean,
from Pike’s Peak and in the buried city of Pompeii; and never with more satis¬
faction than on the 21st of October, 1892, — my birthday, — when its notes, cele¬
brating the discovery of America by Columbus, following the sun, were sounded
across the continent from sea to sea, poured from the lips and hearts of a pros¬
perous, united and happy nation.”

Home of Samuel F. Smith, Newton, Mass.