M.MW JpUltpdf. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 c$i»erpooC Museum 
 
 ANATOMY, 
 
 29, PARADISE STREET, 
 
 Only Three Minutes’ Walk from Church St., Lord St., and 
 the Sailors’ Home. 
 
 OPE1T DAILY. 
 
 For GENTLEMEN, from 10 a,m. until 9 p.m. 
 
 Saturdays 10 a-m- until 10 p-m. 
 
 For LADIES, Tuesdays & Fridays 2 until 6 p.m. 
 
 ADMISSION SIZFBNCE 
 
 NONE BBT AG0LT5 ABE ADMITTED 
 
 Matthews Brothers, Printers, Thomas Street, Liverpool. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ^ — — ^ 
 
 “The House we Live in”— ... ... ... Page. 
 
 Ultimate Elements ... ... ... ... ... 3 — 5 
 
 Proximate Principles ... ... ... ... ... 5 — 7 
 
 Organs and Functions... . . ... ... ... 7 — 8 
 
 Articles of Human Food, and what they are converted into 8 — 18 
 Osteology, Skulls, Pelvis ... ... ... ... 19 — 20 
 
 Embryology and Foetal Development ... .. ... 20 — 24 
 
 Anatomical Greek Slave ... ... ... ... 22 
 
 Obstetric Preparations ... ... ... ... 24 — 28 
 
 Displacement of the Womb ... ... ... ... 24 
 
 Surgical Operations — Stone in the Bladder, Kidney, Urethra 28 
 
 Circumcision ... ... ... ... ... ... 29 
 
 Freaks of Nature — Extra Uterine ... ... ... 30 
 
 John Marshall’s, M.D., F.R.C.S., Physiological Diagrams ... 31 
 
 Masturbation, Hermaphrodites... ... ... ... 32 
 
 Pathological Models ... ... ... ... 33 — 34 
 
 Sections of Lungs, Heart, Liver, Stomach ... 34 — 39 
 
 Brain, Muscle, Nerves, Bones, &c. ..* ... 39 — 46 
 
 Extraordinary Super-Foetation of Twins... ... ... 46 
 
 Something Like a Miracle — Louisa Lateau ... ... 47 — 48 
 
 Extraordinary Freak of Nature of a Man being 
 
 discovered in the “FAMILY WAY 99 ... 49—50 
 
 The Caasarion Mode of Accouchment ... ... ... 20 
 
 Dissectable Models of the Venus, Eve, Tight Lacing, &c. ... 50 — 52 
 
 The Organs of Senses (dissectable), Eye, Ear, Tongue, 
 
 Skin, and Nose ... ... ... ... ••• 63—66 
 
 Dissectable Models of Face, Larynx, Nose, &c. ... 56 
 
 Onanism, or Masturbation ... ... ... ... 67 — 59 
 
 Hermaphrodites, Prolapsus-Uteri, Hernia, and a ( series of 
 
 Pathological Models ... ... ... ... 59 — 63 
 
 Advertisement of Golden Referee, or Guide to Health ... 64 
 
CATALOGUE OR GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 LIVEEPOOL 
 
 MUSEUM OF ANATOMY, 
 
 29, PARADISE STREET. 
 
 THIS SUPERB COLLECTION 
 
 With all the Latest Additions, comprising 
 
 UPWARDS OF 1000 MODELS AMD DIGRAMS, 
 
 PROCURED AT THE 
 
 ANATOMICAL OALLlHiES OF PARSS, FLORENCE, AND MUNICH. 
 
 Now forms the Largest Collection of Anatomical Preparations in 
 England, with one exception only, namely of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons’ Museum, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. Has been 
 pronounced by the London and Liverpool Press, and also 
 by the Author of “ Liverpool Life,” to be one of the 
 most Instructive Institutions in England. 
 
 Extract from a Work published in 1857, called “ Publicity— The True Cure of Social 
 Evils.” “Liverpool Like; Its Pleasures, Practices, and Pastimes.” — See 
 paqe 22. 
 
 “ We next took refuge in the Anatomical Museum. There were not many persons present 
 and those who were appeared to be of the Operative and Working Classes. 
 
 “ They seemed to take great interest in the models exhibited, and their behaviour was 
 most excellent. The mottoes suspended above the various specimens are well chosen and 
 expressive. We noticed particularly that from Pope— 
 
 “ 4 Vice is a monster of such frightful mein, 
 
 As, to be hated, needs but to be seen.’ ” 
 
 “ To purchase a Catalogue, and spend an hour or two there, will amply repay any person.’* 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/catalogueorguideOOIive 
 
catalogue. 
 
 Visitors are particularly requested not to touch any of 
 the Illustrations. 
 
 Models tioiv arranged on the North (ot left side), as the Visiter 
 enters the Museum, 
 
 The first three cases contain the materials of which u The House 
 we Live In ” is composed ; also the quantity of Food, namely, 
 Water, Gluten, Fibrine, Oils, Fats, Sugar, Starch, Mineral 
 Matter, and Atmospheric Air, a “ Man ” will require and can 
 consume daily. 
 
 In Case 1, are the Ultimate Elements. In the second, Pro- 
 ximate Matter ; and in the third, Food Articles ; about 48 
 of which have been selected, and their contents, in their exact 
 proportions of nutrition, given ; so that the reader may learn at a 
 glance the quantities of water, azotized articles of food— such as 
 curd, caseine, albumen, gluten, fibrine ; also, the non-azotized, 
 namely — fat, oil (carbon), starch, gum, and sugar ; also, the 
 salts, namely — potass, phosphorus, sulphur, lime, iron, magnesia ; 
 and lastly— husks and woody fibres, which are found in their 
 raw material, out of which our bodies are reconstructed from 
 
4 
 
 day to day, so that the visitor to the Museum will have an oppor- 
 tunity of inspecting these materials, in their exact proportions, 
 for the building up of 
 
 “THE HOUSE WE LIVE IN.” 
 
 In case 1. Oxygen , 111-lbs. (this, in its gaseous form, would 
 occupy 750 cubic feet of space. ) Its combinations with bodies, when 
 rapid, produces combustion, and in slower form, oxidation. It 
 serves to support life, and forms about 22 per cent, of atmosphere, 
 to wit : one gallon of oxygen to four gallons of nitrogen, compose 
 the air we breathe. Oxygen gas is one-ninth part heavier, and 
 nitrogen is one-thirty-sixth part lighter, than air. One cubic 
 foot of air weighs 537 grains, or nearly one ounce and a quarter. 
 
 2. Hydrogen, 14-lbs. (this, in its gaseous form, would occupy 
 about 3,000 cubic feet of space.) It is the generator of water; 
 inflammable, colourless, and of extreme lightness. It also con- 
 stitutes one of the elements of water, and of all organised bodies. 
 Atmospheric air weighs fourteen-and-a-half times heavier than 
 hydrogen. 
 
 3. Carbon , 21 -lb. 2-ozs, (will occupy 75 cubic feet of space in 
 its gaseous state.) An elementary substance, forming the base 
 of charcoal, and graphite (or black lead). In its pure crystalised 
 state it constitute the Diamond. Carbonic acid gas is twice as 
 heavy as the air we breathe. One gallon of this gas is found in 
 2,500 gallons of air. 
 
 4. Nitrogen gas (sometimes called Azote), o^-lbs. (this would 
 occupy about 20 cubic feet of space.) It is a gaseous element, 
 without taste, colour, or odour, forming nearly four-fifths of 
 common air, and is incapable of supporting life. , 
 
 5. Fluorine gas, 2-oz. , made from Derbyshire spa and sulphuric 
 acid. 
 
5 
 
 6. Chlorine gas , 2-oz. 47-grs. This is of a green, or greenish- 
 
 yellow colour, heavy ; forms a constituent of common salt, and 
 
 is used in disinfecting and in bleaching. 
 
 7. Phosphorus , 1-lb. 12-oz. 190-grs. A luminous and in- 
 flammable substance, prepared from urine and bone* Bone is 
 composed of phosphorus and calcium. 
 
 8. Calcium , 2-lbs. Metallic basis of lime. 
 
 9. Sodium , 2-oz. 116-grs. A yellowish- white metallic 
 
 element, soft, like wax, and lighter than water ; the metallic base 
 of soda. 
 
 10. Sulphur , 2-oz. 219-grs. : Brimstone. An elementary 
 non-metallic substance, of a yellow colour, brittle, insoluble in 
 water, burns with a blue flame, and emits a peculiar suffocating 
 odour. 
 
 11. Potassium, 290-grs. : A bluish-white and lustrous metal, 
 having a strong affinity to oxygen, with which it forms potash : 
 it is lighter than water, and a powerful alkali. 
 
 12. Iron , 100-grs. : This metal is very widely diffused, and 
 the most useful of all the metals. 
 
 13. Magnesium , 12-grs. : The undecomposed metallic base of 
 magnesia, lustrous, and silvery in colour, fusible at a red heat, 
 and malleable. It is largely used in medicine as a cathartic, and 
 also as a remedy for acidity. 
 
 14. Silicon , 2-grs. ; Flint-rock, basis of silicic acid. Nature 
 employs it in making enamel for the teeth. 
 
 15. In Case 2 will be found the Pboximate Principles, or 
 MATERIALS, in their exact proportions, as found in an adult 
 human being of the average weight : 
 
 1. Water , 111-lbs., which is composed of oxygen and 
 hydrogen, in the proportion of 85 parts of the former to 15 parts 
 of the latter, each by weight. One pint of water weighs one 
 pound ; one pint of common air 9 grains ; one cubic foot of air 
 
6 
 
 537 grains, or nearly one ounce and a quarter. Atmospheric air 
 weighs nearly 1 times heavier than hydrogen gas, and water 
 weighs 854 times heavier than air. The last named can be com- 
 pressed into e'ooth of its original bulk, and may be expanded 
 many thousand-fold ; and thus differs altogether from water. 
 
 2. Gelatine and Gluten , 15 lbs. 1st. - An animal substance, 
 or organic tissue, soluble in hot water, and congeals into a 
 tremulous jelly. It exists almosts pure in the skins of some fish, 
 and from the boiling of these is formed isinglass ; and from the 
 boiling of animal hoofs, &c., is formed glue. 2nd. — The viscid, 
 tenacious substance found in grain, which gives adhesiveness to 
 dough ; also the cohesive element in blood. 
 
 3. Fat , 12 lbs. : An oily concrete substance, deposited in 
 various parts of animal bodies. 
 
 4. Phosphate of Lime , 5 lbs. 13 oz. : A salt of phosphoric 
 acid and lime, to make bone. 
 
 5. Fibrine 4£ lbs. : A versatile, or protean compound of 
 animals and plants, of the same nature as albumen, and forming 
 an important element in nutrition. Fibrine may be regarded as 
 the chief constituent of the softer solids in animal bodies ; being 
 found largely in chyle, blood, and muscular flesh. 
 
 6. Albumen , 4 lbs. 3 oz. ; A nourishing matter stored up 
 between the embyro and integuments of the seed in many plants ; 
 also a thick, viscous substance which forms a constituent part of 
 both animal fluids and solids, and which exists nearly pure in the 
 white of an egg. 
 
 7. Carbonote of Lime , 1 lb. : A salt formed by the union of 
 carbonic acid and lime to make bone. 
 
 8. Chloride of Sodium , 3 oz. 374 grs. : Common table salt. 
 
 9. Flouride of Calcium , 3 oz. : Also called ' fluor, or Derby- 
 shire spa. 
 
 10. Sulphate of Soda, better known as Glauber's Salts , 1 oz. 
 170 grs. : A cathartic. 
 
7 
 
 11. Carbonate of Soda , 1 oz. 72 grs. : A washing soda ; an 
 alkali. 
 
 12. Phosphate of Soda, 400 grs. 
 
 13. Sulphate of Potash, 400 grs. 
 
 14. Per-oxidx of Iron, 150 grs. 
 
 15. Phosphate of Potash, 100 grs. 
 
 10. Phosphate of Magnesia, 75 grs. 
 
 17. Chloride of Potash , 10 grs. 
 
 18. Silica, 3 grs. : From flint, to make enamel for the teeth. 
 
 Total 154 pounds. 
 
 Having now before us the materials for building up the 
 “ House we live in,” some people may be curious and ask, 
 i4 Who can be found to pu^ them together ? ” and again, “ Who 
 can supply this ‘ house * with a tenant when completed ? ” Ques- 
 tions easier asked than answered. However, it will be acknow- 
 ledged that, with all the philosophy which man is in possession 
 of, it is a work far beyond his finite powers. Such being the 
 situation, can we employ our time more advantageously than by 
 a few moments contemplation of the words in St. John’s Gospel, 
 chapter 1, and the first four verses; also, the 7th verse of the 
 2nd chapter of Genesis 
 
 We will now briefly enumerate a few of the organs and func- 
 tions which are carried on in this “ house.’’ First, we have the 
 skeleton, or frame-work ; this is composed of 245 bones ; on 
 them are 527 muscles ; these have the power of expansion and 
 contraction. The length of the intestines is 35 feet. The amount 
 of blood in the “ house ” is about 22 lbs. (or about one-seventh 
 of the entire weight of man). It is estimated that of this quan- 
 tity, about one-fourth is in the arterial, and the remaining three- 
 fourths in the venous system. The blood contains 78^ per cent, 
 of water. 
 
 The HEABT is six inches in length, four in diameter, and 
 pulsates 70 times a minute, 4,200 times an hour, 100,800 times a 
 day, 36,772,200 times in a year, and 2,665,440,000 in three 
 score years and ten. At each pulsation two ounces of blood are 
 thrown out, 140 ounces in a minute, 525 pounds in an hour, and 
 
8 
 
 12,600 pounds in a day. All the blood in the “ house ” passes 
 through the heart in about three minutes, and with such force 
 that, if a syphon gauge were inserted into an artery, a column 
 of blood would rise in the tube to the height of 7-^-feet, as a force 
 equal to 14-lbs of pressure is required for every contraction 
 
 The LUNGS contain about twelve pints of air, when at their 
 usual degree of inflation. We breathe on an average 1,200 times 
 an hour, and inhale 1 50 gallons of air during the same period, 
 or 8,000 gallons a day ; thus, in round numbers, their flows to 
 the lungs every minute twenty pints of air, and about eight pints 
 of blood, while, in the space of 24 hours, upwards of 57 hogs- 
 heads of air, and 24 hogsheads of blood, pass through the human 
 lungs. The aggregate surface of the air-cells exceeds 20,000 
 superficial inches, and the lungs occupy 222 cubic inches of 
 space. 
 
 The Skin is composed of three layers, and varies in thickness. 
 Its average area in man is estimated to be 2,000 superficial 
 inches. The atmospheric pressure being about 14-lbs. to the 
 square inch, therefore, a person of medium size is subject to a 
 pressure of 28,000-lbs. Every superficial inch of skin contains 
 3,500 sweating tubes, or perspiratory pores, each of which may 
 be likened to a little diain-tube one-fourth of an inch long, 
 making an aggregate length, taking the entire surface of the 
 body, of 201,166 feet, or a tile ditch for draining* the “house” 
 fully equal to 30 miles in length, from which is discharged from 
 two to thre<^ pounds of water and waste matter daily. 
 
 The Bbain, on which the immortal soul sits enthroned, with 
 its Five Special Senses (see Nos. 632 to 650) ; and also the Nerves, 
 together with their branches and remote ramifications, probably 
 exceed Ten Millions in number, forming a body guard outnum- 
 bering by far the greatest army ever marshalled, every one of 
 which is ever on the alert to obey the behest of the immortal 
 tenant of the “ House we live in.” 
 
 i 
 
 34. Case 3. — In this case have been arranged about 48 
 A rticles of Human Food, and a statement in a tabular form will 
 b£ found further on of the analysis of each article. 
 
9 
 
 From the earliest down of existence to the last moment of 
 life our bodies are constantly changing. Old particles of matter, 
 when they are worn out, leave their places and are thrown out 
 of the system. Were this the whole of the matter, our bodies 
 would soon waste away, and that would be the end of us. But 
 as fast as the old materials are thrown away new ones take their 
 places, and it is solely out of our food that these new materials 
 sire formed. The food, then, which man requires for hL support 
 and development is of two kinds— the inorganic and the organic. 
 The first of these embraces certain mineral substances, as 
 common salt, sulphur, phosphorus, iron, lime, sodas, potasses, 
 silicon, and magnesias, either in combination or separate. These 
 are not generally reckoned as ailments, and yet no human being 
 can live without them. In their absence the body decays, dis- 
 integrates, and perishes. Common salt is composed of muriatic 
 acid and soda. The first is an important ingredient in the gastric 
 juice, and the latter promotes the secretion of bile. Sulphur is 
 found in several of the tissues, particularly in the muscles. 
 Phosphorus, united to fatty matter, is highly honoured in forming 
 a portion of the brain and nerves, and is also combined with 
 oxygen and lime to make the earthy or hard part of bones. 
 These articles are not necessary to be introduced into the system 
 in a separate state. They are contained in larger or smaller pro- 
 portions in most articles of food ; and man always suffers, as all 
 animals do, from their absence. Common salt is found in the 
 flesh of animals, in milk, and in eggs. It is not very abundant 
 in plants, and we all know how eargely domestic animals devour 
 it when it is given to them, and how constantly wild cattle 
 res >rt to the Salt Springs, which, in the great West of the 
 United States of America, are called “Buffalo-licks.” Lime 
 exists in nearly all animal and vegetable substances. In wheat- 
 flour we get it in combination with phosphoric acid, that is, as 
 phosphate of lime. Lime exists, too, in a state of carbonate and 
 sulphate, in all hard water Iron is found in the yoke of eggs, 
 in milk, in animal flesh, in potatoes, peas, cabbages, and other 
 articles. Sulphur, in flesh, eggs, and milk. Phosphorus is 
 derived from eggs and milk ; also from flesh, bread, fruit, and 
 husks of grain. 
 
10 
 
 ORGANIC Food —The organic elements of man’s food (which 
 in bulk embraces nearly the whole of them) remain to be considered 
 In the animal economy they serve two great purposes. A portion 
 of the articles wjiiqh compose them is blood. forming , out of 
 which all the tissues are made. The other part produces fat, 
 which serves to warm the body by being burned with oxygen. 
 These articles are derived partly from the vegetable and partly 
 from the animal kingdom. 
 
 The proportions of articles composing the Non-azotized 
 Columns in the Table of Food Articles are analogous in composi- 
 tion, all containing oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. They are 
 what Liebig calls supporters of respiration ; the meaning of which 
 is, in more comprehensible terms, that they are supporters of 
 combustion. They are the fuel which warms us. They keep the 
 fires going from which arise all the heat we have in our bodies. 
 But they are destitute of nitrogen, and, on this account, are not 
 blood-formers, and cannot be worked into flesh. Hence mas 
 cannot live on them. 
 
 The proportions of food articles found composing the Azotized 
 Column in the Table also contain oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, 
 and to these they add nitrog'en, This fourth component part, 
 which forms only a small portion, gives them, for some reason 
 never explained, the peculiar quality of producing blood and 
 flesh. They are the raw materials out of which our bodies are 
 constructed from day to day. Feed a man ever so largely upon 
 sugar, starch, gum and oils, he will starve as certainly as if he 
 were allowed nothing but water. 
 
 Names of Two Great Divisions of Food. — The possession 
 or non-possession of nitrogen, then, is what distinguishes from 
 each other the two great classes of food articles Those which 
 contain nitrogen have been called nitrogenized ; and those which 
 are destitute of it, non-nitrogenized compounds. As nitrogen is 
 often called azote, the former class is more frequently named 
 ozotized ; the latter non-azotized. Let the reader now fix in his 
 mind that the azotized articles of food produce blood and flesh, 
 the non-azotized heat, and he will have the key to understand 
 much of what has to be said in the Table of Food Articles, and 
 likewise to unlock many of the mysteries of diet. 
 
11 
 
 J ABLE of the relative value of Articles of Food , arranged according to their 
 proportions of nutrient matter in each of the four groups of elements 
 concerned in vital change. 
 
 In 100 parts of 
 
 Water. * 
 
 Azotiz- 
 ed Curd 
 Caseine, 
 Gluten, 
 Fibrine, 
 and Al- 
 bumen f 
 
 Non- 
 
 Azotiz- 
 
 ed 
 
 Oils and 
 Fat. 
 
 Non- 
 
 Azotiz- 
 
 ed 
 
 Starch, 
 
 Gum, 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Salts, 
 Limes. X 
 
 Husks 
 
 Woody 
 
 Fibre. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1. 
 
 Milk, Human 
 
 
 88| 
 
 3f 
 
 2f 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 4 j 
 
 
 100 
 
 2. 
 
 Do. Cows 
 
 
 87 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 4$ 
 
 * | 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 74 
 
 14 
 
 10* 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Cheese, Skim- 
 milk dried i 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 11 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 Cheddar do. 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 1 
 
 
 „ 
 
 6. 
 
 Grain, Wheat 
 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 3 1 
 
 15 
 
 ,, 
 
 8. 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 ,, 
 
 9. 
 
 Rye, 6. ... 
 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 >? 
 
 11. 
 
 Do. Meal .. 
 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 12. 
 
 Buck Wheat, h. 
 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 
 13. 
 
 Rice 
 
 
 ; 13 
 
 7 
 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 14. 
 
 Beans 
 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 15. 
 
 Peas 
 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 ,, 
 
 16. 
 
 Potatoes . . . 
 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 •S 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 17. 
 
 Turnips . . . 
 
 
 88 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 >» 
 
 18. 
 
 Carrots . . . 
 
 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 7 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 19. 
 
 Beet, Sugar 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 2 
 
 ,, 
 
 20. Parsnips ... 
 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 2 
 
 )» 
 
 21. 
 
 Onions, dried 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 .»> 
 
 22. 
 
 Cabbage -leaves, 
 
 do. 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 23. 
 
 Mushroom, do. 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 2 
 
 | 
 
 24. 
 
 Cauliflower, do. 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 ... 
 
 36 
 
 ... 
 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
12 
 
 TA BLE of the relative value of Articles of Food , arranged according to their 
 proportions of nutrient matter in each of the four groups of elements 
 concerned in vital change. 
 
 In 100 parts of 
 
 Water. * 
 
 Azotiz- 
 ed Curd, 
 Caseine. 
 Gluten, 
 Fibrine, 
 and Al- 
 bumen f 
 
 Non- 
 1 Azotiz- 
 i ed 
 Oils and 
 i Fat. 
 
 1 
 
 Non- 
 
 Azotiz- 
 
 ed 
 
 Starch, 
 
 Gum, 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Salts, i 
 Limes, t 
 
 Husks 
 Woody 
 1 Fibre. 
 
 Totai. 
 
 25. Wheaten Flour ... 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 ... j 
 
 i *•* 
 
 100 
 
 26. Do. Bread ... 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 ... | 
 
 
 >» 
 
 27. Do. Bran ... 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 w 
 
 28. Indian Corn, h. ... 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 58| 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 it 
 
 29. Do. Meal 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 66 
 
 
 ... 
 
 n 
 
 30. Rye do. 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 72 
 
 2 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 ANIMAL 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 81. Beef, well-fed 
 
 78 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 32. Do. dried 
 
 
 89 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 » 
 
 83. Do. lean do. Steak, Animals, Wild Fowls, Capons, Ortolans, 
 
 Goose , Mutton, Yeal, Yension, and Pork 
 
 FISH DRIED. 
 
 44. Skate 
 
 
 " 97 ~ 
 
 3 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 M 
 
 45. Haddock 
 
 ... 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 n 
 
 46. Herring 
 
 ... 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 n 
 
 47. Salmon 
 
 ... 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 » 
 
 48. Eel ... __ 
 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 The Analyses comprising the above Table of Articles of Food 
 are taken from the works of Professor Johnston’s Chemistry of 
 Common Life , Dr. Warren’s Household Physician . and Dr. 
 Nichol’s Human Physiology . 
 
 • Water. The food if not naturally liquid, should be intimately mix *4 
 with a large quantity of liquid before it is introduced into the stomach 
 f The nutritive value of different sorts of food, by the late Baron Iiebig< 
 
 D. 
 
 Caseine in Cheese costs 
 
 20 
 
 Curd in Milk n 
 
 35 
 
 Fibrine in Meat „ 
 
 42 
 
 Albumen in Eggs „ 
 
 ... 113 
 
13 
 
 1 and 2. Milk is supplied by nature to be our first food, and 
 is a good type of all alimentary substances. It contains curd, 
 which has nitrogen, is equivalent to albumen and fibrine, and 
 represents the blood-formers. It has also butter and sugar ; 
 these represent heat formers It has salts, which contain 
 potash, soda, phosphorus, &c. Human milk very closely repre- 
 sents the milk of the cow. The milk of women from 15 to ‘20 
 years of age contains more solid constituents than that of women 
 from 30 to 40 years of age. Women with dark hair also give a 
 richer milk than those with light hair. 
 
 3. EGGS, as a whole, are richer in fat than fat beef. They 
 are equalled in this respect amongst common kinds of food only 
 by pork and eels. The white of the egg is entirely free from 
 fat and that albumen is a very constipating kind of food. 
 
 4 and 5. CHEESE consists almost wholly of flesh-forming 
 elements and fat ; but different qualities of cheese have these in 
 very different proportions, as may be seen in the table of pro- 
 portions. 
 
 6. WHEAT is the king of all grain, and the four groups 
 are represented in excellent proportions. When not deprived 
 of the bran, it is perhaps the very best supporter of animal life. 
 So high have been the regards of men for it, and so generously 
 have they awarded to it their acknowledgements, that its 
 
 $ The idea of a perfect sort of food must be associated with three condi- 
 tions. It must contain a certain quantity of albuminates, and there 
 must also be a certain proportion of heat-giving substances, and of 
 nutritive salts (see columns 5 and 6), add to the foregoing, pure air 
 and water. 
 
 h. Samples of Indian Corn, Buok-wheat, and Rye, from Nebraska (U. S.), 
 grown cn the lands of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad 
 Company. Persons interested in the growth of Cereals should visit 
 the Company’s Office, No. 16, South Castle Street, Liverpool, where a 
 great variety of the samples of the product of that State are on view . 
 
 In Vegetables— 
 
 D. 
 
 1 lb of Gluten in Wheat costs 
 1 „ „ Peas „ 
 
 1 „ „ Potatoes „ 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 n 
 
14 
 
 product, bread, has been everywhere called “ The StaT of Life/' 
 When the grain of wheat is crushed between the stoues of the 
 mill, and is then sifted, it is separated into two parts — the bran 
 and the flour. The bran is the outside, harder part of the grain, 
 which does not crush so readily, and wdien it is crushed darkens 
 the colour of the flour. It is therefore generally sifted out by 
 the miller, and used for feeding horses, pigs, and other animals, 
 or even applied to the land as manure. If the flour be mixed 
 with a quantity of water sufficient to moisten it thoroughly, the 
 particles cohere, and form a smooth, elastic and tenacious dough, 
 which admits of being drawn out to some extent, and of being 
 moulded into a variety of forms. If this dough be placed in a 
 sieve, or on a piece of muslin, and worked with the hand under 
 a stream of water so long as the water passes through milky, 
 there will remain at last in the sieve a white sticky substance, 
 very much resembling bird-lime ; this is the substance which 
 gives its tenacity to the dough. From its glutinous character it 
 has obtained among chemists the name of gluten. When the 
 milky water has become clear by standing, a white powder will 
 be found at the bottom of the vessel, which is common wheaten 
 starch. Thus the flour of wheat "’contains two principal 
 substances, Gluten and Starch. Of the former, every 100 lbs. of 
 fine English flour contain about 10 lbs., and of the latter, 
 70 or 72 lbs. 
 
 8 and 9. Babley and Rye very much resemble the grain of 
 wheat in composition and nutritive quality, but their flavour i& 
 not liked in this country. 
 
 10. OATS are a favourite food in this island. 
 
 11. The MEAL of this grain is distinguished for its richness 
 in gluten, and for containing more fatty matter than any other of 
 
 our cereal grain. 
 
 12. BUCK-WHEAT is very poor in nutritive matter, fat, 
 starch, and sugar ; but well supplied with salts. 
 
 13 Rice is much like the last, except that it has less salts. 
 
 14. Beans are the richest in nutritive matter of all vegetable 
 
15 
 
 substances, except cabbage and oats. They have more albumen 
 than wheat, corn, barley, or oats ; but in fat and starch they are 
 lower in the scale. 
 
 1 5. Peas similar to beans. 
 
 16. POTATOES: — Three-quarters of this esculent are water, 
 and the root is poor in all elements of nutrition. The meal 
 when dried is less nutritious, weight for weight, in the sense of 
 supporting the strength, and enabling a man to undergo fatigue, 
 than any other extensively used vegetable food, with the exception 
 only of rice and plantain. 
 
 17. TURNIPS; 18, CARROTS; 19, BEETS ; 20, PARSNIPS ; 
 these are much alike —being all poor in nutritive qualities. 
 
 21. The ONION is a very extensive article of consumption in 
 this country; and in Spain and Portugal it forms one of the 
 common and universal supports of life. It is interesting, there- 
 fore, to know that, in addition to the peculiar flavour which first 
 recommends it. the onion is remarkably nutritious. The dried 
 onion root contains from 25 to 30 par cent, of gluten, and ranks 
 in this respect with the nutricious pea and grain of the East. 
 
 22, 23 and 24. The Cabbage : The dried leaves contain from 
 30 to 35 per cent, of gluten, and are, in this respect therefore, 
 more nutritious than any other vegetable food which is consumed 
 to a large extent. There are only two exceptions— the mush- 
 room, which, in its dry matter, contains sometimes as much as 
 56 per cent, of gluten ; and the dried cauliflower, in which the 
 gluten occasionally rises as high as^64 per cent. The cabbage, 
 however, when eaten frequently and in large quantities, has, in 
 common with nearly all kinds of food which are rich in gluten, 
 a costive or binding tendency upon the human constitution; 
 hence the propriety of eating this vegetable with fat or oily food. 
 Bacon and greens, like pork and pease-pudding, are a conjunction 
 of viands which do not owe their popularity either to old habit or 
 to the mere taste of epicure, but are in reality an admixture 
 which constitutional experience has prescribed as better fitted to 
 the comfort of the alimentary canal of every healthy individual 
 than either kind of food eaten alone. 
 
25. WHEATEN FLOUR conta ins water naturally, but it absorbs 
 much more during* the process of conversion into bread. 100 lbs. 
 of fine wheaten flour takes up 50 lbs. or bjjf its weight in water, 
 and gives 150 lbs. of bread. Thus, 100 of English flour and 150 
 of bread contain respectively : dry flour 84, natural water 16 — 
 total 100; ditto 84, ditto 16, added 50, bread 150. 
 
 26. Our Dry Bread, then, contains 45 per cent, of water, 
 and is in fact both meat and drink together. Fine, well-dressed 
 wheaten b? ead, well-baked, contains : water, 45 ; gluten, 6 ; 
 starch, sugar, 49 — total, 100. 
 
 27. Bran, or Husk OF Wheat, which is separated from the 
 fine flour in the mill, and is often condemned to humble uses, is 
 more nutritious than either the grain as a whole, or the whiter 
 part of the flour; it is richer in gluten by 18 to 6 (blood and 
 muscle producing) ; and also richer in fat as 6 to 2 (heat pro- 
 ducing), Bran is more than a fourth of the grain of wheat, and 
 this article of food is given to cattle, and oftener converted into 
 manure. With this fact before us it may be seen what a fearful 
 waste of man’s best food there is in this country. 
 
 28 and 29. INDIAN CORN abounds in fat and starch, has an 
 amount of albumen, though not so much as oats, barley or wheat, 
 and in salts is rather deficient. It is strictly an American plant. 
 
 30 Rye is also a grain of considerable nutritive value, and 
 much cheaper than wheat. 
 
 31 to 34. Beef and Bread are the staple articles of English 
 life ; and as the study of wheaten bread in the preceding remarks 
 gives us the key to the composition and nutritive qualities of 
 other vegetable substances, so an examination of beef will help 
 us to a clear knowledge of other kinds of animal food 
 
 1st. Flesh. If a piece of fresh beef be dried in the hot sun- 
 shine, or in a basin over boiling water, it will shrink, dry up, 
 diminish in bulk, and lose so much water tha't 4 lbs. of fresh, 
 newly-cut beef will leave only 1 lb. of dried flesh. Again, if we 
 take a piece of lean beef, and wash it in separate portions of 
 clean water, its colour will gradually disappear. The blood it 
 
17 
 
 contains will be washed out, and a white mass of fibrous tissue 
 will remain. If this be put into a bottle with alcohol or ether, 
 a variable proportion of fat will be dissolved out of it, and the 
 whole fibrous mass will now be drier and more compact than 
 before. Through this fibrous mass many minute vessels are 
 scattered, but it chiefly consists of a substance to which chemists, 
 from its fibrous appearance, give the name of fibrine. Of this 
 fibrine the lean part of the inuscels of all animals chiefly consist ; 
 and is, therefore, the principal constituent of animal flesh. It 
 resembles the gluten of plants very closely in composition and 
 properties, insomuch that, in a general comparison of animal 
 with vegetable food, they are considered as absolutely identical. 
 Lean beef, therefore, agrees with wheaten flour and bread, in 
 containing water and fat, only in beef the water is as great as it 
 is in the potato or the plantain It agrees with them also in 
 containing a substance (fibrine) which represents in the animal 
 the gluten of the plant. The main differences between beef and 
 bread are — first, that the flesh does not contain a particle of 
 starch, which is so large an ingredient in plants ; and, second, 
 the proportion of fibrine in ordinary flesh is about three times as 
 great as in ordinary wheaten bread ; or a pound of beef -steak is 
 as nutritive as three pounds of wheaten bread, in so far as the 
 nutritive value of food depends on this one ingredient. 
 
 35. The Flesh of Wild Animals is represented very nearly 
 by the lean beef, of which the composition is given above. 
 
 36 to 43. Fowls contain less fat than butcher’s meat, though 
 when crammed and fed upon food rich in fat, the capon, the 
 ortolan, and the diseased liver of the goose, become as rich as the 
 fattest beef or mutton. 
 
 The Composition of other kinds of flesh which we consume as 
 food is much the same as that of beef. Veal and venison contain 
 less fat, while pork contains more. 
 
 The fat of animals to a certain extent represents and replaces 
 the starch of vegetable food. 
 
 44 to 80. Fish, in general, are less rich in fat than the flesh 
 meat in our markets, and consequently contain more fibrine 
 
18 
 
 The figures in the Table, of course, are liable to variation — the 
 herring, especially, being very much fatter at some seasons and 
 on some coasts than others. We see that salmon is justly con- 
 sidered a rich fish, since it contains nearly three times as much 
 fat as the haddock. The epicure has also a substantial reason 
 for its attachment to the eel, since it contains a considerably 
 greater weight of fat than of muscular fibre. 
 
 It appears, therefore 
 
 First, — That the dried flesh of all animals which we most 
 usually consume for food consists essentially of fibrine. 
 
 Second, — That the proportion of fat is variable, and that those 
 varieties of animal food are most esteemed for human sustenance 
 in which a considerable proportion of fat is present. Hence— 
 
 Third,— Where the proportion of fat is naturally small, we 
 endeavour to increase it by art, as in feeding the capon ; or we 
 eat along with those varieties in which fat is limited' some other 
 food richer in fat. Thus we eat bacon with veal, with liver, and 
 with fowl ; or we capon the latter, and thus increase its natural 
 fat. We use melted butter with our white fish, or we fry them 
 with fat ; while the herring, the salmon, and the eel are usually 
 dressed and eaten in their own oil. If the reader will take the 
 trouble of consulting any popular cookery-book he will find that 
 sausage, and other rich mixed meats are made in general with 
 one part of fat and two of lean — the proportion in which they 
 exist in a piece of good marbled beef — art thus unconsciously 
 again imitating nature. 
 
 Jlhe Quantity of Food , Water, and Air a Man will require 
 and can consume daily. 
 
 t 
 
 In conclusion, I have only now to add the quantities of elemen- 
 tary and material articles which a healthy adult man, of average 
 
19 
 
 weight and size, taking moderate exercise, will require and tmn 
 consume daily, namely, from 32 to 40 ozs. of dry, nutritious 
 food, which should have the following characters : — 
 
 1. About a^th must be mineral matter. 
 
 2. From fths to ^ may be water, leaving fths or not less than 
 
 or from 15 to 20 ozs. of dry, solid alimentary material. 
 
 3. Three or four ounces of gluten and fibrine must be 
 combined with three or four times that quantity of heat- giving 
 material. 
 
 4. The heat-giving constituents must contain a mixture of 
 fats (hydro-carbons) with saccharine materials, in the proportion 
 of about one of the former to three of the latter. 
 
 5. The articles of food must be sufficiently varied to meet the 
 requirements of the taste and of the appetite, and their mechan- 
 ical and other conditions must be suited to the digestive powers 
 of the stomach. 
 
 In addition to these characters, every complete diet must con 
 tain some potash- vegetable or fruit; and the total amount of 
 water taken in 24 hours, including that contained in the dry food 
 (see above No. 2), must not be less than 70 ozs. avoirdupois 
 Add to the foregoing 3,501 gallons of atmospheric air, and fchr 
 list is complete. 
 
 81. — A miniature model of a Man, the Bkin having been 
 removed, shows all the superficial muscles and tendons of th? 
 
 body. 
 
 82. — A well-formed female pelvis, showing its capacity for 
 parturition. 
 
 83. — Another well-formed female pelvis. 
 
20 
 
 84 to 87 — Four skulls of newly-born children. 
 
 88.- — A mal-formed female pelvis. The cause which frequently 
 prevents a woman from bearing children, often originates in 
 want of due care in infancy. The child, placed on its legs 
 while the bones are mere cartilage, must suffer the contraction 
 of the pelvis. Hence difficult cases arise, and craniotomy has to 
 be resorted to. —See No, 122. 
 
 89 —Skull of a man, showing the phrenological divisions. 
 
 90 and 91.— Two sections of the human skull. 
 
 92 and 93 - — Two sections of the human skull. 
 
 EMBRYOLOGY AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Parents frequently live over again in their children, for they 
 certainly resemble them, not merely in countenance and bodily 
 conformation, but in the general features of their minds, and 
 in their virtues and vices. At the moment of impregnation both 
 parties must, to some extent, transmit their qualities to their 
 offspring ; but either may transmit the lesser or the greater 
 degree of their constitutional peculiarities, thus occasioning the 
 greater or less resemblance to one or other parent. Neverthe- 
 less while the child is in the mother’s womb if is liable to be 
 affected favourably or injuriously by all the causes which affect 
 her in one way or the other. If she is disordered or defective 
 in her vital functions, namely in indigestion or respiration, 
 circulation, excretion, &c., its vital functions must suffer; or 
 gross food may render it scrofulous ; and sedentary habits may 
 cause its muscles to be weak and flabby. If she does not respire 
 sufficiently, it will be puny, and bloodless ; if she is drugged, it 
 will he of bad habit ; if she is mercurialized, or antimonialized, 
 it will have a predisposition to tuberculosis and consumption ; if 
 she is dosed with quinine, it will be defective in the external 
 senses, especially hearing and seeing ; if she takes the prei>ara * 
 
21 
 
 tion of iron freely, its whole nervous system will be shattered. 
 So, too, with the mental influences : — a fit of passion ; a frightful 
 narrative ; a terrible sight ; an unhappy home ; an unkind 
 husband, &c., are each and all causes of abnormal conditions on 
 the part of the mother, and consequent deterioration on the part 
 of the child. From the moment of conception, until birth, the 
 influences of the mother are constant. The rule, then, for the 
 production of good and healthy children is exceedingly simple — 
 is to keep the mother happy and comfortable. For the female 
 sexual organs laid open, See No. 114 and 940. 
 
 94. — Impregnated ovum largely magnified. A small white 
 stripe is found' on the germinal spot, and this shape is termed 
 nota primitive. 
 
 95. - — Impregnated ovum, largely magnified ten days after 
 pregnancy. Showing how the vessels of the allantoid membrane 
 extend themselves through the chorion, thus effecting the union 
 between the mother and the child. 
 
 96. — The uterus laid open with its appendages broad and 
 round ligatures ; fallopian tubes, and ovaria. On one of the 
 ovaria a spermatoza has impregnated an ovum. The uterus or 
 womb is situated in the pelvis, between the bladder and the 
 rectum. It is here that the child is developed during pregnancy. 
 Previous to impregnation it is in the shape of a pear. It is about 
 3 inches long, 2 broad, and 1 \ inches in thickness, and is retained 
 in its place by several ligaments. By turning to the Yenus de 
 Medicis, No. 603, the female generative and urinary organs jpaay 
 be seen in their relative positions In a fold of the broad 
 ligaments the ovarium is situated, one oft each side, and connected 
 with them are the fallopian tubes ; through one of these the 
 ovum passes after impregnation ; and, if it should happen that it 
 is detained here, extra uterine pregnancy is produced, and the 
 child has to be removed by what is called the Caesarian operation 
 — See No. 591, and model of Thos Lane No. 590, The ovum 
 from which the child is developed, is said to reach the womb in 
 ten days after conception, and during that short period the inner 
 surface becomes covered by a fine skin or membrane, so that 
 when the child reaches that part, it forms a connection with 
 the membrane, and is supposed to derive its nourishment 
 
22 
 
 from it during the nrsfc stage of foetal life. As pregnancy 
 advances, the womb enlarges, fand 'its walls thicken ; 8 most 
 necessary provision for the activity and energy required for the 
 expulsion of the child when it has become fully developed. 
 
 97. — The uterus laid open, and in it is an embryo twenty days 
 after impregnation. 
 
 98. —Testicles of a man, one of which is laid open ; therein 
 may be seen the spermatic cord, arteries, veins, and nerves, also 
 the ducts which convey the sperm from the testicles to the 
 prostate gland. 
 
 99 and 100. — The external appearance of two breasts ; one 
 that of a virgin ; the other that of a mother. Also see Nos. 
 810, 128. 
 
 101. — The front of the uterus having been removed, an embryo 
 twenty-eight days after impregnation is seen, with all the appen- 
 dages of the womb and embryo. See Nos. 166 to 175. 
 
 102. — Do. do. two months after do. 
 
 103. — Do. do. three months after conception. The foetus is 
 now about 2| inches in length, and weighs about two ounces. 
 
 104. — Do. do. four months after conception : the foetus is 
 shown in its natural position, with its head downwards ; the after- 
 birth is seen attached to the womb, and the navel cord connecting 
 it with the child. It is along this umbilical cord that the pure 
 blood is conveyed to the child, by means of the umbilical vein, 
 and returned back again %y the two umbilical arteries. 
 
 105. — Do. do. five months after conception* the uterus reaches 
 half way to the navel. 
 
 106 «« — Do. do. at six months, it reaches to fene navel. 
 
 Tub Anatomical Greek Slave. — Under this head may be 
 studied the processes of respiration, digestion, and the circulation 
 of the blood, with the different organs by which they are per- 
 formed- 
 
23 
 
 107. — Represents the body of a full-sized woman. The skin, 
 muscles, and ribs of the chest and abdomen, having been 
 removed, the entire viscera may be seen. (1) Pectoral muscles. 
 (2) Fatty part of mammary gland. (3) Ribs. (4) Pulmonary 
 veins. (5) Pulmonary arteries. (6) Lungs. (7) Ditto. (8) Heart. 
 (9) Diaphragm. (10) Pericardium. (11) Liver. (12) Stomach. 
 (13) Duodenum. (14) Gall-bladder. (15) Transverse -colon. 
 (16) Small Intestines. (17) Urinary-bladder. (18) Fatty parts 
 of the peritoneum. (19) Pubes. They are all in their relative 
 positions. 
 
 108. — Uterus, with a seven months foetus therein. At this 
 age it weighs about 2-^-lbs. Children are born at seven months, 
 and live./ 
 
 109. — Uterus containing a foetus eight months after impreg- 
 nation, with after-birth, and umbilical cord. 
 
 110 and 111. — The child is out of the uterus, but not detached 
 from the umbilical cord, the placenta is seen adhering to the 
 side of the womb. 
 
 112. — A still-born child. The chest and abdomen are laid open 
 to show the large size of the liver ; that organ having to purify 
 the blood of the child ; the lungs remaining one mass until the 
 first act of inspiration ; this one act does away with foetal life, 
 and the child is born. If the lungs of the foetus were put into 
 water they would sink ; if the lights or lungs of a child (although 
 it has taken in only one inspiration) they would float. All the 
 other organs of the chest and abdomen are portrayed. 
 
 113. — Model of a well-developed child just born. All its$pro- 
 portions are such as to cause the mother’s heart to throb with 
 thankfulness for so great a blessing. The enlargement of the 
 womb, and the changes in its position, necessitate a change in 
 the position of the intestines, which are gradually and gently 
 pushed upwards, and backwards ; but this necessary alteration 
 is defeated by the wearing of stays , which push them downwards. 
 In contending for space, the intestines are forced from their 
 proper cavity, and the various forms of rupture ensue, or there is 
 a displacement of the womb (see Nos. 601 to 960). The reflecting 
 mind will weigh well this suggestion. 
 
24 
 
 At this period the womb is sufficiently large to hold two gallons 
 of liquid, and at this time too much care cannot be expended on 
 the mother. She ought not, under any circumstances, to leave 
 her bed until nine or ten days have elapsed from her delivery, as 
 it requires quite that time for the womb to be absorbed into the 
 system, and to find its proper place. The prolapsus uteri is the 
 fearful penalty often resulting from the want of this proper pre- 
 caution. So much do I feel the necessity of being urgent with 
 mothers on this important point, that I will take this opportunity 
 of adding additional remarks on 
 
 The Displacement of the Womb. — Two causes for this 
 deplorable evil may be assigned : first, the odious practice of tight 
 lacing ; secondly,* the injurious practice of leaving bed soon after 
 confinement. Before the womb has had time to subside to the 
 natural and original size, and while as yet there is too much weight 
 for the ligaments to support, the organ becomes displaced by the 
 mother getting out of bed, perhaps to attend to her household 
 affairs, or even to go to her employment ! The amount of suf- 
 fering she has afterwards to undergo is incredible, and often she 
 has the sense of pain of dragging down during the remainder of 
 life. Among the working classes these cases are far from being 
 unfrequent 
 
 The other cause I advert to again, and cannot too urgently 
 dissuade even unmarried ladies from the use of tight stays. In 
 my practice for twenty years, I have met with too many cases in 
 which even unmarried ladies have forced down, by tight lacing, 
 the abdominal viscera upon those of the pelvis, till the womb has 
 protruded from the cavity. Marriages have been broken off, and 
 hopelessness has come over the victim of this fearful practice ! 
 Let reason, let intelligence, let due regard be paid to nature, let 
 comfort prevail— but never let women give way to foolish vanity. 
 
 Obstetric Preparations. — Models illustrating the various 
 positions of the child in the womb, and during birth, together 
 with the different stages of delivery. 
 
 The models here introduced are intended for the female sex, to 
 whom they have especial interest ; but there is not one of us who 
 may not be benefitted by bringing to remembrance the words of 
 Holy Writ conveyed to the frail mother of the human family — 
 
25 
 
 “ In sorrow thou shalt bring forth children.” This sentence 
 receives its daily accomplishment. Let hard-hearted men, guilty 
 of cruel acts to the weaker -sex, allow this lesson to soften their 
 feelings into sympathy and kindness ; and let those who strive 
 to make the weak and gentle a prey to their lusts, think what 
 misery their few hours of pleasure may bring over the too con- 
 fiding and too devoted victims of their unhallowed, unlawful, and 
 unmanly purposes. 
 
 It is gratifying to think that education, science, experience, 
 and skill, have all been brought to bear upon the hour of 
 woman’s severe anguish, and have so far succeeded as greatly to 
 mitigate her sufferings. Many a valuable life has thus been 
 saved, and nature has been aided by appliances the most skilful 
 and appropriate. “ He is a benefactor who soothes an ill in a 
 mother’s life ; he is a patriot who looks to the relief of the 
 mothers of the land.” 
 
 114. — A model of the female organs of generation laid open, 
 shewing the sexual parts as follow : — (A) Mons veneris. 
 (b) External labium, (d) Mucous coat of the vagina. (E) Perineum. 
 (F) Rectum. (I) Anus. (E) Nymphae. (G) Gians clitoris. 
 (k) Urinary canal, (y) Spongy structure of vagina. (K) Broad 
 ligaments. (K*) Fallopian tubes. (L) Fringed end of ditto. 
 (S) Ovarian aperture of ditto, (t) Ditto laid open. (u) The 
 Uterus. (1) Mouth of the womb. (2) Transverse lines of 
 vagina. Also see No. 940 and No. 941. 
 
 115. — A section of the pelvis. The womb is open to shew the 
 natural position of the child within the cavity 
 
 116. — Ditto, represents a case of natural labour, in which the 
 head of the child has made its exit first. 
 
 117. — Ditto, with twins as they lie in the womb previous to 
 labour pains ; the coat amnii and umbilical cords with the 
 placenta are well represented. 
 
 118. — An ear presentation, in which the face has been pushed 
 forward into the hollow of the sacrum, and the ear presents it- 
 self first for egress 
 
26 
 
 119. — A hand and foot presentation. An examination of 
 the parts will explain this model. 
 
 120. — Forceps Delivery.— In many accouchments the 
 instrument called forceps is used to disengage the head of the 
 child This operation, however, is not so dangerous as would 
 appear by this model. 
 
 121. — The forceps. 
 
 122. — This model represents a case in which craniotomy has 
 to be performed by the use of Smellie’s scissors — a steel 
 instrument, which has to be forced into the cranium of the 
 child, whether alive or dead. By this process serious and often 
 fatal consequences are prevented to the mother. 
 
 123. — Smellie’s scissors. 
 
 124. — Hands of the accoucher. 
 
 125. — This model represents both placent-a-prmvia and a 
 tumour in the mouth of the womb. It prevents the head of the 
 child from making egress from the womb into the vagina, and 
 thus obstructs delivery. 
 
 126. — Represents the adhesion of the placenta to the side of 
 the womb ; which the hand of the accoucher is introduced to 
 remove. 
 
 127. — In one case, will be found models of a section of a 
 female’s chest, the skin, muscles, fatty matter, and ribs laid bare. 
 
 Mr. Woodhead begs to inform Ladies and Female Emigrants that he 
 gives “ a Course of Six Lectures on Midwifery ” The manipulations 
 of the Art are demonstrated by The use of a number of Obstetric Models, 
 and further illustrated of Dr. Ramsbottom’s Coloured Diagrams and 
 Works, &c. 
 
 t 
 
 For terms , apply to the Cwrator of the Liverpool Museum of Anatomy. 
 
27 
 
 128. --The breast (mammary gland), is situated on the top of 
 the pectoral muscles, which is laid open to show the milk cells and 
 the arteries. The breasts consist of common integument and fat, 
 with glands and blood-vessels for the purpose of secreting milk, 
 and discharging it for the first nourishment of the child. Like 
 all other parts, the breasts may inflame from external violence, 
 or from internal and unknown causes ; but one of the most fre- 
 quent causes of inflammation is, the strong rush of blood to the 
 parts shortly after child-birth. Previous to the birth, a great 
 quantity of blood is required, and is supplied to the womb to 
 supply materials for the growth and nourishment of the child, 
 but when it is born, and acquires food from another source, then 
 the blood ceases to flow to the womb, hence the great supply to 
 the breasts at that particular time. See No. 310. 
 
 129. — The skin of the breast with the nipple. During the 
 last month of pregnancy, particular attention should be paid to 
 the nipples. Untold misery often results to the young mother 
 from sore nipples, and it is well worth her while to use every 
 precaution against them. The nipples, are of course, 'in an excit- 
 able state during the Whole period of gestation, and at length 
 frequently become irritable and tender. Let them be bathed 
 daily for three or four weeks before confinement with some 
 astringent and cooling lotion, as oak bark, decoction of borax- 
 water, alum-water, or a solution of tannin. 
 
 130. — The breast laid open, and the fatty part of the cells are 
 seen. 
 
 131. - — Ditto, with blood vessels. 
 
 132. — A foetus in the uterus, three months after impregnation, 
 
 133. — Ditto, showing twins in the womb. 
 
 134. — Ditto, showing three in the womb. 
 
 135. — Ditto, ditto four ditto. 
 
 136. — A model of the mammary glands. 
 
28 
 
 137. — Ditto laid open, shewing* the milk cells, and the sur-> 
 rounding* tissues. 
 
 138. — The urinary bladder of a female. 
 
 139. — A Hungarian nobleman, from whose forehead a horn 
 protruded, and he, in consequence, grew bald-headed. 
 
 140. — The daughter of the above who had a horn on her cheek 
 and also on her forehead. 
 
 141. — The head and face of William Palmer, executed for the 
 murder of his companion Cook. 
 
 SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 Among the painful disorders to which the human race are sub- 
 jected, there are few more excruciating, than those to which the 
 urinary organs are liable. 
 
 142 to 146.- -This model represents a man undergoing the 
 operation of extracting the stone from the bladder. (a) The in- 
 strument employed is the catheter, and in this figure it is seen 
 introduced through the urethra into the bladder (b) by one 
 operator (C), wTiile the other is in the act of cutting through 
 the perineum. The calculus or stone which was extracted from 
 the patient is preserved, and lies in the case with the steel 
 forceps. 
 
 147. — Shewing the stone in the kidney. 
 
 148. — Ditto in the ureter (a conducting tube from the kidney 
 to the bladder.) 
 
 149. — Showing the stone in the bladder. 
 
 150 — Ditto the stone in the urethra or tube through which 
 the urine passes outward. 
 
29 
 
 151 . — Backbones and ligatures of a shark. 
 
 152 . — The head of a New Zealand chief. He was killed in one 
 of the wars with England ; the opening made by the ball, which 
 is supposed to have been the cause of death, may be seen on the 
 back of the head. The skin of his face has been very elaborately 
 tattooed. 
 
 154 . —Circumcision, as performed among the Jews. This 
 highly interesting operation, commanded by Divine Authority 
 thousands of years ago, and still performed by the descendants of 
 the people among whom it was first instituted, consists of two 
 parts : the one, that of removing the skin of the prepuce ; and 
 the other, the turning back a small portion of the remaining 
 inner skin. It is performed on the eight day, and is of much 
 more importance than is generally imagined. Does he who scoffs 
 at this operation know, that some of the diseases to which these 
 parts are subject are by this operation entirely avoided ? For 
 example Phymosis and Para-pkymosis — See Gen. chap. 17, v. 10, 
 
 This is my covenant which ye shall keep, between me and you 
 every man child among you shall be circumcised.” Levit 
 ci rap. 12, v. 3, “ And in the eight day the flesh of his fore-skin 
 shall be circumcised.” Luke, chap. 2, v. 21, “And when eight 
 days were accomplished for the circumcision of the child, his 
 name was called Jesus.” 
 
 pt 
 
 155. — Model of the parts of the same child after the operation 
 of circumcision. 
 
 156. — Model of the part of the child after complete recovery. 
 
 BEFORE AND AFTER VACXNATXON. 
 
 “ HE MAKES NO FRIENDS WHO NEVER MADE A FOE.” 
 
 157.— Model of a fine healthy boy free from all disease. 
 n And God saw T everything that he had made, and behold it was 
 very good.” 
 
30 
 
 lob.— Model, representing* the same child after vaccination. 
 The boy was in excellent health until it was innoculated with the 
 virus of small-pox, and within six months it was one mass of 
 corruption, when death put an end to its miseries. 
 
 “WHATSOEVER A MAN SOWETH THAT SHALL HE ALSO REAP.” 
 
 159 and 160. — Models, life-size, of two children who were born 
 of syphilitic parents, with congenital chancres and sores over their 
 whole bodies. 
 
 FREAKS OF NATURE.-EXTRA-UTERINE. 
 
 161. — A model of the womb, with the two fallopian tubes and 
 ovaria. In one of the fallopian tubes is seen a foetus eight weeks 
 after impregnation. This production is termed extra -uterine, be- 
 cause the child is forming in an unnatural place, contrary to the 
 laws of nature. Such foetus never reach maturity, as the only 
 place for them is the womb. The Ceesarian operation must be 
 resorted to. See No. 591. See also the Model of the Man in the 
 Family-way , No. 590. 
 
 162. Another model nearly similar. In this the foetus is 
 found developing on the ovaria 
 
 163. — A wax model of the cerebrum and cerebellum of the 
 brain, laid open, the light brown bulb seen in the centre is by 
 some physiologists considered to be the seat of the soul — it being 
 the centre of the nervous system. 
 
 164. — The great psoas and iliac muscles, on them are seen 
 part of the spermatic blood-vessels nerves and ducts. The canal 
 deferentia. This duct conveys the sperm of man from the tes- 
 ticles to the prostate gland ; the great crural nerve may also be 
 seen. 
 
 165. — The small psoas muscle. , 
 
 166 to 175.— Nine sections of the womb, showing the various 
 sizes from the first month after conception to the ninth month. 
 
31 
 
 176. — -The head of a mummy brought from one of the Royal 
 Clatacombs in the great Pyramid on the western banks of the 
 river Nile, near the city of Memphis, in Egypt. It is supposed 
 to be the head of a royal Ptolemeeus, who reigned 1,700 years 
 before the birth of Christ. 
 
 177. — The head of another mummy. 
 
 177A. — Skeleton of an English bat— compare the formation of 
 this with Nos. 506 and 507 human skeletons. Any person of 
 observation cannot fail to see the many points of resemblance 
 between them. 
 
 178 to 190.— Two cases of human bones, explanations of 
 which will be found on cards within. 
 
 The last of the Models on the North Side . 
 
 Physiological diagrams, prepared under the direction of John 
 Marshall, E.R.C.S. Nine diagrams, life-size, each on canvas 7 
 feet by 3 feet 9 inches, coloured in fac-simile of original draw- 
 ings. 
 
 191. — (1) The skeleton and ligaments. # 
 
 192. — (2) The muscles, joints, and animal mechanics. 
 
 193. — (3) The viscera in position. The structure of the lungs, 
 
 194. — (4) The organs of circulation. 
 
 195. — (5) The lymphatics, or absorbents. 
 
 196. — (6) The digestive organs. 
 
 197. — (7) The brain and nerves, and the organ of voice. 
 
 1 98. —The organs of sense. 
 
 199. — Microscopic structure of the textures. 
 
 200 to 210.— Also nine large coloured diagrams on Botany, by 
 the Rev. Professor Henslow. 
 
 213,= Hercules (om of the (rods), son of Jupiter and Alcemena, 
 
 model of a man, the skin having been 
 removei^ all the superficial muscles. 
 
32 
 
 MODELS SITUATED ON THE SOUTH SIDE FROM WEST TO EAST. 
 
 213. — Model representing the left leg of a woman, all the 
 superficial muscles are seen. 
 
 2 14. —A model shewing the whole of the contents of the thoracio 
 and abdominal cavities of a woman, the walls being removed, the 
 viscera are exposed on all sides. See also Nos. 107 and 600. 
 
 21 5. —Model of the right leg of a female, shewing all the 
 superficial muscles. 
 
 216. — A section of the head, face, and neck of a man; (A) 
 lower jaw bone, (b) jugular vein, (f) carotid artery, (d) first rib, 
 (C) sub-clavian artery (Q R) sternothyrides, muscles, (s) ditto 
 cartilage, with nerves spreading over all the parts. 
 
 217. — A Hermaphrodite photographed from life. Also see 
 Nos. 966 and 970 wax models. 
 
 218. — Masturbation.— This model represents the abdominal 
 muscles of a man. At (A) are seen the aponeurosis muscles, 
 also the oblique ring or aperture near the pubes where the sper- 
 matic vessels come oub of the abdomen, and descend with the 
 cremaster muscle into the scrotum. Particular attention should 
 be directed to these parts. The first symptoms of weakness 
 through practising onanism are here seen and felt ; the spermatic 
 cords elongate and the blood-vessels thicken, and swell out some- 
 times to an enormous size. See also Nos. 928, 269, 971, 1003. 
 
 219 —A similar model to the last. Diseases of the integument, 
 the skin, and its appendages. 
 
 220 to 257. — Here are placed 37 models in eight glass cases, 
 portraying secondary symptoms of syphillis, &c., of skin diseases, 
 all taken from Life. Some of these diseases have been greatly 
 aggravated by the use of MERCURY, and also, wrong treatment, 
 namely : — ulceration, small-pox, warts, tumours, effects of in- 
 flammation, syphilitic ulceration, and diseases of the appendages 
 of the eye, &c. 
 
33 
 
 258. — Life size model of the head, neck, and breasts of a 
 woman, aged 25 years, who became affected with syphilis, and 
 ulcerations broke out over her whole body, communicated to her 
 by suckling a child whose parents were labouring under that 
 disease. This case occurred at Birkenhead, a few years ago. 
 
 2_59.— Model of the head of the child which was born of 
 syphilitic parents, with congenital chancres on the lips and roof 
 of its mouth. The same which communicated the disease as 
 represented above. See Nos. 973 to 1003, 
 
 260. — Model of the head of a child suffering under a similar 
 disease. In this model the visitor sees the awful effects of men 
 leading a depraved life : 4t Visiting the iniquity of the fathers 
 upon the children, and upon the children’s children, unto the 
 third and to the fourth generation.” 
 
 261. — Face of an old bachelor ; a confirmed onanist. He 
 became idiotic, and rapidly sank into second childhood. [What 
 a fearful account he will have to give of himself at the judgement 
 day ! ] A 
 
 262. — Face of a man shewing the evil effects of secondary 
 symptoms of syphilis 
 
 263. — Syphilis case. This model of the head represents the 
 final and most severe form of secondary symptoms, with the 
 palate lost, the bones of the nose nearly destroyed, and the whole 
 system a perfect mass of corruption. 
 
 264. - — Another model of the head and neck, shewing the awful 
 and degraded state into which men come when they disobey the 
 laws of God. “ The wages of sin is death.” 
 
 265. — Gonorrhoeal opthalmia. In this disease of the eye-lids 
 there has in numerous instances been observed a symptom, which 
 at first forms in drops near the internal angle of the eye, ter- 
 minates in a constant trickling over the cheeks. This continuous 
 flow of tears over the eye-lids proves always troublesome, and in 
 some cases painful by producing tenderness, and sometimes 
 ulceration of the chest. 
 
 266. — Another case of gonorrhoeal opthalmia. The external 
 parts of the eyes remain sound, but the pupils are always greatly 
 
34 
 
 dilated, and incapable of any degree of contraction, even when 
 exposed to the strongest light. This effection effects the eye* 
 lashes, either in the form of a dry scurf, or of a gummy viscid 
 matter, and glues the eyelids so firmly together as to render it 
 difficult and very painful to the open eye, 
 
 267. — Appendages of the eye affected through the same cause. 
 
 268. — Syphilis case. This model of the human head represent® 
 secondary symptoms of confirmed disease, attended by deep- 
 seated ulcers on the face, which spread rapidly over the whole 
 system, and very often affect the bones. 
 
 269. — Onanism, or Self-Pollution. — (See Gem xxxviii. v. 9) 
 The victim of this baneful habit was a young man whose blood 
 became so impoverished as to produce emaciation and general 
 decay. He died at the age of twenty-six from its effects. 
 
 270 to 275. Five models, depicting the disastrous effects of 
 onanism in the female. Females guilty of this habit usually 
 abhor the opposite sex. See models 218, 971, 972. 
 
 276. — Models of the arm and hand, which form together a 
 piece of the most unique but complicated mechanism ; each 
 portion is a study of itself. By means of them, man exercises a 
 power with which no other creature is gifted. The hand out- 
 stretched can reach any part of the body, and its intimate con- 
 nection with the other parts of the body is such that there is no 
 limit to its usefulness, or to the variety of purposes which it may 
 effect. See the muscles of the hand and arm further on. 
 
 277 Left hand and arm, with nerves and blood vessels. 
 
 278. — This model illustrates the sense of smell by a transverse 
 section of an artificial nose. The membranous lining and olfac- 
 tory nerves are portrayed $ as well as the cerebum and cerebellum. 
 
 279. — Right lobes of the lungs. Tubercle or phthisis- pulmon- 
 alis. See No. 308. 
 
 Phthisis, or Consumption. — At the head or the diseases of 
 our climate stands consumption. It may be divided into two 
 kinds, the tubercular and the bronchial ; the former has a con- 
 stitutional, the latter has a local origin. The following are a 
 
35 
 
 few of the symptoms, namely : dulness of sound on and under 
 the collar bones; inspiration shortened; expiration augmented, 
 both in duration and intensity ; occasionally a pulmonary crump- 
 ling sound — like dry crackling ratles ; the resounding of the 
 voice at the top of the lungs, &c. 
 
 280. — A section of the heart, with the large blood-vessels. 
 Trachea (wind-pipe). (Esophagus (gullet), &c. In this model 
 the visitor may see the complex structure of the heart and its 
 appendages. 
 
 281. — A section of the heart, shewing the right auricle and 
 ventricle, and the ossification of the tricuspid valve. 
 
 282. — Another section of the heart, shewing the left auricle 
 and ventricle —the mitral valve is also represented as ossified. 
 
 283. — The aorta with the three semi-lunar valves. 
 
 284. — Another model of the heart laid open. Life rests upon 
 
 a tripod, namely, the brain, the lungs, and the heart ; the last 
 named is enclosed in a case or sac called the pericardium. The 
 heart is double, it has four cavities, two for receiving the blood 
 — auricles— and two for expelling it— ventricles. The heart is 
 subject to a number of diseases, such as : — 1. Turners. 2. Soft- 
 ening. 3. Induration. 4. Fatty degeneration. 5. Bony and 
 cartilaginous. 6. Shrinking. 7 and 8. Acute and chronic 
 inflammation. 10 and 11. Semilunar and mitral ossification of 
 
 the valves. 11. Palpitation. 12 . Neuralgia. 13. Displace- 
 ment, Ac. 
 
 285. — Pericardium or fatty sac of the heart. 
 
 286 . — The Liver. Its functions are to take the superabun- 
 dant carbon out of the blood ; the carbon unites with other 
 elements and forms bile — the peculiar bitter substance which is 
 poured into the upper bowels and which greatly aids digestion. 
 The liver is liable to become inflamed from several causes, such 
 as gravel (see No. 295), external violence, suppressed secretion, 
 hot climates, inflammation of the duodenum, and the immoderate 
 habit of gin drinking. 
 
 287. — The gall bladder and duct. 
 
36 
 
 288. — Diseases of the kidney a “ Bright’s disease.” 
 
 289. — A back view of the intestines of a man, the mesenteric 
 arteries, and veins together with the lacteal vessels, are most 
 elaborately portrayed. 
 
 290. — A front view of the intestines, showing the numerous 
 convalusions, and the way in which the chyme passes. The 
 intestines are divided into two parts— small and large — the small 
 have a length about 25 feet, the large about 15 feet. 
 
 291. — The transverse colon 
 
 292. — A front view of the stomach, pancreatic gland, and 
 spleen See No. 107. 
 
 293. — A back view of the stomach, duodenum, duct of the gall 
 bladder, and pancreas. 
 
 The STOMACH is a large membranous bag, into which the gullet 
 conveys food from the mouth into that organ. It is composed of 
 three coats. The nerves of the stomach are numerous, and come 
 from the eight pair. It is destined to receive the food, and to 
 perform the first part of the process of digestion, and its appen- 
 dages are the organs which have to convert the food into blood. 
 
 294. — Descending colon, rectum, and anus. The red and blue 
 blood-vessels are the sigmoid branches of the mesentery. 
 
 295. — The liver (it being the largest gland in the body), is 
 destined for secreting the bile. It weighs about four lbs. It is 
 of a dark reddish-brown colour, and is divided into three lobes : 
 in the right is a depression, in which is situated the gall bladder. 
 See No. 286. 
 
 296. — The large blue vein is the ascending vena cava. 
 
 297. — The large red artery, the aorta. 
 
 298. — The small branches to the left and right, are the sperma- 
 tic blood-vessels which supply the testicles, and cut of which the 
 spermatozoa (animal seed) is elaborated. 
 
 t , 
 
 299. — The white glands which surround the aorta and vena 
 cava, axe the recepticles of the chyle. 
 
37 
 
 300. —The spleen, or milt, with its blood-vessels. It is situated 
 on tne left side, immediately under the diaphragm. 
 
 301. —The kidneys are four or five inches long, and two and a 
 half in breadth ; they are in shape like a kidney bean, and weigh 
 about \ lb. each. In the centre there is a bag called the pelvis, 
 which tapers like a funnel, and forms the ureter, which (duct) 
 conveys the urine to the bladder. 
 
 302 — A longitudinal section of the kidneys, showing the renal 
 capsule '(f). The substance of the outer part called the corticle, 
 and the inner tubular or calices at the bassinet or mouth of the 
 calyx, this is where the urine leaves the kidneys for the bladder ; 
 it is the commencement of the ureters. The red, blue and white 
 are the renal vessels which supply the kidneys. 
 
 303. — A man’s bladder laid open. This vessel is composed of 
 three coats ; the external is serous, the middle muscular, and the 
 internal mucous. The last secretes a mucous which prevents it 
 from being injured by the corrosiveness of the urine. The urine 
 is retained in the bladder by means of a circular muscle called a 
 sphinster, which draws the mouth of the organ together. The bulb 
 at the base represents the prostate gland. (3.3.) Vasa-deferentia. 
 (4.4.) Vesieulee-seminales. 
 
 304. — A longitudinal section of the heart, with the large blood- 
 vessels. (18). Right auricle. (21). Right Ventricle. (22 and 
 23) Attachment of the tricuspid valve, 
 
 305. — Aorta. (34). Arch of the aorta. (44). Olavical artery. 
 
 (45). Jugular veins; nerve-pneumon and gastric; part of the 
 thorasic duct. 
 
 306. — Another section or tne neart. (H) Commencement of 
 the aorta. (K) Semilunar valve. (L) Mitral valve. The valves 
 of the heart open and close more than one hundred thousand 
 times a day, and if by any irregularity they fail to perform one 
 single pulsation, life itself is in danger of being extinguished, so 
 that the poet might well sing :* — 
 
 “ Our life contains a thousands springs, 
 
 And dies if one be gone ; 
 
 Strange that a harp of a thousand strings, 
 
 Should keep in tune so long.” 
 
38 
 
 307. — The under or abdominal side of the midriff or diaphragm. 
 This is the transverse muscle, which separates the chest from the 
 abdomen, and when the air is expelled the contents of the abdo- 
 men push the midriff so as to make its middle part convex 
 towards the chest. There are perforations in the midriff to allow 
 a passage for the gullet and blood-vessels. 
 
 308. — The right lung (the organ of respiration) divided into 
 
 three lobes. AW the blood in the body passes through the lungs, 
 and is there purified ; carbonic acid and water are dissipated, and 
 the blood becomes oxygenised. Dr. Lizars computes the air 
 cells in the lungs to be 600,000,000 ; and about 57 hogsheads of 
 air are drawn through them daily. This air comes in contact 
 with 24 hogsheads of venous, and converts it into arterial blood 
 daily. The lungs fill the greater part of the chest, the heart 
 being the only other organ. The size of these organs are large 
 or small according to the capacity of the chest. If the reader is 
 wishful to avoid the many diseases which the lungs are subject 
 to, I would strongly recommend him to procure and study a little 
 work by Dr. Hitchman, M.D., L.L.D., the title of which is 
 “ Hitchman on Consumption .” In a passage, on page 4, he 
 
 says : — “ The average difference of the vital capacity of human 
 lungs in health and in consumption is 93 cubic inches ; the 
 healthy standard of man being 222 inches, and the phthisical 
 (consumption) 129. This enormous disparity will serve of itself 
 to apprise each thoughtful student of the necessary constitutional 
 disturbance, from diminished respiratory volume, as well as the 
 necessity, nay, the urgent necessity, of attending to the pre- 
 tubercular stage of pulmonary phthisis,” 
 
 309. — The left lung. Part of the pleura has been removed, 
 and the ramifications of the blood-vessels, and bronchial tubes 
 portrayed. The lung is divided into two lobes, and each into 
 lobules, which are connected by cellular tissue ; lobules are again 
 divided into very small air cells. 
 
 310. — Muscles of the chest and abdomen. The skin having 
 been removed, the mammary glands (breasts), containing milk, 
 are faithfully portrayed. One of them is laid open, shewing 
 every minute milk cell with the blood-vessels intermixed. In 
 this part milk is made from the mammary artery. The ribs, in- 
 
39 
 
 tercostal muscles, abdominal ditto, and the hypogastric blood- 
 vessels, are beautifully portrayed. 
 
 311. — Similar, representing the chest and abdomen of man. 
 
 MODELS OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 312 to 328. — Sixteen sections of the cerebrum, cerebellum, 
 pons-varolii, medula, oblongata, and spinal cord. 
 
 The MIND of man performs its functions through this important 
 organ. Its shape is an exact counterpart of the interior of the 
 skull. The average weight of the brain is about three pounds 
 and a half, but it varies greatly in different individuals. That 
 of Cuvier was the heaviest on record, namely, five pounds. The 
 brain consists of three portions, each distinct. The cerebrum or 
 great brain ; the cerebellum or little brain ; and the pons-varolii 
 or central brain. Along its base nine pairs of nerves appear to rise, 
 and all save one, the nerve of smell, can be traced to the spinal 
 cord. These nine pairs are thus arranged : — 1st pair, nerves of 
 smell ; 2nd pair, sight ; 3rd, 4th, and 6th, moter nerves of the 
 eye; 5th, nerves of taste; 7th, partly nerves of hearing, partly 
 giving expression ; 8th, swallowing food, or deglutition ; 9th, 
 moter nerves of the tongue. On cutting either hemispheres of 
 the brain the latteral ventricles may be seen, in which water is 
 generally found in hydrocephalus or water on the brain. 
 
 329 to 337.- — Eight sections of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and 
 pons-varolii. Model of the cerebellum with the spinal cord 
 giving off branches as follows Eight pairs of nerves called 
 cervical, proceed from and to the neck ; twelve pairs, called dorsal, 
 proceed from and to the back ; five pairs, called lumbar, proceed 
 from and to the loins ; five pairs, called sacral, prooeed to the 
 sacrium ; and two sciatic nerves branch off and to the lower 
 extremities. 
 
 338. — Model of the cerebellum, with the medulla -oblongata* 
 
 339. — Sections of the cerebrum and spinal cord. See 871. 
 
 340. ^ — The crown of the skull of an adult, the periosteum in* 
 
40 
 
 vesting it. At birth we have eight bones, composed of two 
 plates, one above the other, with a porous partition between them. 
 These plates are capable of giving the brain very powerful pro- 
 tection against injury, the outer one being fibrous and though, the 
 inner one hard and glass-like. 
 
 341.— The scalp, or hairy integument upon the skull. 
 
 About 94 models, contained in ten glass cases, will form the next 
 subject of notice, consisting of the bones, muscles, tendons, blood- 
 vessels, and nerves of the head, trunk, and upper and lower 
 extremities of the human body. As models of the human body, 
 it need only be stated that their approximation to perfection is 
 such as to have induced the most eminent medical gentlemen of 
 England, among whom were Sir Charles Bell, K.G., F.R.S. ; B. 
 C. Brodie, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. ; Sir Astley Cooper, F.R.S. ; Joseph 
 Henry Green, Esq., F.R.S. ; Marshall Hall, Esq., F.R.S. ; and 
 Herbert Mayo, Esq., F.R.S,, to write letters of high commendation 
 to Dr. Auzaux, of the Paris School of Medicine, the talented model- 
 ler, who, for this effort of his great genius and artistic skill, was 
 decorated with the Legion of Honour of France There are 2f 
 muscles of the head and face, the greater portion of which are 
 called facial muscles, and are conveniently arranged as follow : — 
 
 IN THE REGION OF THE EFE. 
 
 342 to 348.— There are three MUSCLES situated on each side. 
 First, the orbicular, which surrounds the eye and closes the eye- 
 lid. Second, the tensor, arising from the inner side of the orbit, 
 and inserted in the lachrymal ducts from which comes the flow 
 of tears. Third, the corrugator, arising near the root of the nose, 
 extending outward till it is lost in the eyebrows. When in 
 action, the skin of the forehead is wrinkled vertically. 
 
 THE MUSCLES IN THE REGION OF THE NOSE ARE FOUR 
 IN NUMBER. 
 
 349 to 353. — The pyramidal, arising from the broad muscle of 
 the forehead, and inserted in the following, in its action wrinkles 
 the skin of the upper part of the nose, (2) the compressor, 
 arising in a hollow of the upper jawbone, parses across the nose 
 till it meets with the corresponding muscle on the other side 
 (3) Its action compresses the nostrils. (4) The levator is 
 
41 
 
 attached to the head of the orbit, the wing' of the nose, and the 
 upper lip. This raises the nose and upper lip. 
 
 IN THE REGION OF THE UPPER LIP THERE ARE THREE MUSCLES 
 ON EACH SIDE. 
 
 354 to 360.— -The superior levator of the angle of the mouth, 
 arising- from the upper jaw, is inserted into the angle of the 
 mouth. Its use is to raise the angle (2) The superior levator 
 raises the upper lip. (3) The superior depresor, arising from 
 the upper jaw, just over the front teeth ; its insertion is in the 
 upper lip and side of the nose — in action it draws down the 
 upper lip, 
 
 IN THE REGION OF THE LOWER LIP THERE ARE THREE MUSCLES 
 ON EACH SIDE. 
 
 361 to 367. — The depressor of the angles of the mouth. (2) 
 The depressors of the lower lip, both arise from the outer surface 
 of the jawbone. Their use is to lower the lip and its angle. (3) 
 The levator of the chin takes its rise from the bone over the lower 
 front teeth, and is inserted in the lower intreguments of the chin, 
 and, by contraction of its fibres raises the chin and lower lip. 
 
 THE MUSCLES BELONGING TO THE REGION OF THE MOUTH ARB 
 SEVEN IN NUMBER. 
 
 368 to 375. — (1 & 2) Greater and smaller zygomatic, attached 
 to the external surface of the cheek-bone and the upper lip, near 
 the angle of the mouth. In action they bring the lip and mouth 
 closer, thus elevating the angle of the mouth. (3) The buccinator 
 has attachments to both the upper and lower jaw, its fibres pass 
 horizontally to be inserted into the angle of the lips, and its use 
 is to diminish the cavity of the mouth. (4) The orbicular of 
 the mouth has no attachment to bone ; its fibres surround the 
 mouth, and close it by their contraction. 
 
 The muscles we have now particularised act as indications of 
 the passions, affections, and the emotions of the mind. They 
 throw animation over the countenance, and are interesting to the 
 artist, the poet, and the physiologist. 
 
 376 to 386. — In the same case will also be seen (377) masseter, 
 (378) Grico-thyoidien. (379 and 380) Sterno-thyoidien. (381) 
 
42 
 
 Zigomatic-arch-bone. (382 and 383) Sterno and omo-hvoides. 
 (384 and 385) Sterno cleido-mastoideus. (386) Temporal, 
 (386a) Also the thoroid gland. 
 
 387 to 394. — (388) Deltoid. (389) Pectoralis major. (390) 
 Do. minor. (391) Latissimus dorsi. (392) Triceps. (393) Sub- 
 scapularis. (394) Scapular minor. (394a) Scapular angular. 
 
 395. —Internal oblique. 
 
 396. — Transverse muscle of the abdomen, 
 
 397 to 409. Twelve models of muscles of the arm and hand* 
 Those of the radial region belong to the thumb, and provide for 
 three of its movements, abduction, adduction and flexion. The 
 Ulnar group in like manner are subservient to the same motions 
 of the little finger, and the interossei are abductors and adductors 
 of the several fingers. The models also portray every blood- 
 vessel and nerve of the muscles. 
 
 41 0. — Bicepts-femoris 
 
 411 and 412.— Gemellus, superior and inferior 
 
 41 3. — Quadratus-femoris. 
 
 414 and 415. — Gastrocnemius, major and minor. 
 
 416. — Tendon Achillea 
 
 417. — Plantaris. 
 
 418. — Part of vastus externus. 
 
 419. — Latissimus-dorsal. 
 
 420. — Biceps of the brachialis. 
 
 421. — Biachialis-eoraco. 
 
 422. — Supinate-longus. 
 
 423 . — Pronator-radii. 
 
 424. — Flexor-carpi-radialis. 
 
 425. — Palmaris-longus. 
 
 426. — Paimaris-petite. 
 
 427. — Palmaris-round, # 
 
 428. — Fasciculi of the flexor, sublimis digitorum. 
 
43 
 
 429.-— Annular ligament which embraces the wrist. 
 
 430 and 431. — Adductor and dorsal. 
 
 MUSCLES, BLOOD-VESSELS, NERVES, AND DORSAL TENDONS OF 
 THE LOWER EXTREMITY. 
 
 432. — Perone-longus. 
 
 433. — Extensor-longua 
 
 434. — Tibial-anticus. ^ 
 
 435. — Extensor-pedis. 
 
 436. — Flexor-pedis. 
 
 437 — Flexor- longus. 
 
 438. — Flexor-pollicispedis, 
 
 432. — Accessories of the muscles of the foot 
 
 440. — Tendon. 
 
 441. — Abductor pollicis pedis. 
 
 442. — Interosseia-dorsal. 
 
 443 and 444.- — Maximus, medius, and minor gluteus. 
 
 445. —Pyriform. 
 
 446. — Adductor-longus. 
 
 447. — Addu c tor-bre vis. 
 
 448. — Crural-longus. 
 
 449. — Crural-brevis. 
 
 450 and 451.— Major and minor complexus. 
 
 452. — Scalenus-anticus. 
 
 453. — Thyro-hyoides. 
 
 454. — Multifidus spinal muscles ; they embrace attachments' 
 to the whole of the spinal column. 
 
 455 to 457. — Right and left rectus, or straight muscle of the 
 thigh. 
 
 458. — Sartorius, sometimes termed “ Tailor’s muscle.” 
 
 459. — External oblique muscle of the abdomen. 
 
 460. — Rectus. 
 
44 
 
 461 and 462. — Soleus. 
 
 463. — Tendon of Achilles. 
 
 464 and 465. — Linea alba, white line of the tendons and 
 muscles of the abdomen. 
 
 466. — Serratus posticus. 
 
 467. — Ditto inferior. 
 
 468. — Multiftdius lumber muscles. 
 
 469. — Accessors of the long dorsal ditto. 
 
 470. — The longissimus dorsi. 
 
 471. — Splenius of the neck, &c., &c. 
 
 Cards with explanations written thereon of the functions of 
 the muscles, &c., are affixed in the cases. Also see Dr. Auzaux’s 
 models, Nos. 586 and 587. 
 
 472 to 488. — A phrenological chart, with human skulls and 
 models of heads, for study. 
 
 489.— The head of a New Zealand Chief. He was killed in 
 one of the wars with England ; the opening made by the ball, 
 which is supposed to have been the cause of death, may/be seen 
 on the back of the head. The skin of his face has been very 
 elaborately tatooed. 
 
 490 to 504. — Two cases of human bones (see cards descriptive 
 of the contents). 
 
 MODELS AND PEE P AE AT ION S IN THE MIDDLE OE THE MUSEUM. 
 
 506. — Male skeleton, with movable articulations. 
 
 507. — Female skeleton, with ditto. 
 
 508 to 520.— In a case will be found bones of the arm and 
 hand, ribs, knee caps, &c. 
 
 521. — A horn of the spring buck. 
 
 522. — The bones of the human vertebras, 
 
 523. — The skull of Scott, of Preston, the murderer. 
 
 524. — Part of a Russian soldier’s skull ; the frontal bone has 
 been shattered by a bullet. 
 
 525 to 526.— Two sections of skulls, shewing (A) the occip- 
 
45 
 
 ital, or back part ; (B B) two parietal, or side walls ; (CO) two 
 temporal ; frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid. 
 
 527 to 544.— The bones of the arm, scapula, clavical, humerus, 
 ulna, and radius. Besides these there are in the wrist and hand 
 not less than 27 bones 
 
 “ Say, did these fingers delve the mine ; 
 
 Or with its envied rubies shine ; 
 
 To hew the rock, or wear the gem, 
 
 Can nothing now avail to them ? 
 
 But, if the page of truth they sought, 
 
 Or comfort to the mourners brought, 
 
 These hands a richer meed shall claim 
 Than all that waits on wealth or fame.” 
 
 545 to 575. — The bones of the leg and foot, are the femur, 
 tibia, and fibula ; patella (the knee-bone), tarsus, metatarsus, 
 and phalanges, in all 30 bones in the leg and foot. 
 
 “ Avails it whether bare or shod, 
 
 These feet the path of duty trod ; 
 
 If from the bowers of joy they fled, 
 
 To soothe affliction’s humble bed ? 
 
 If grandeur’s guilty bribe they spurned. 
 
 And home to virtue’s lap returned, 
 
 These feet with angel wings shall vie, 
 
 And tread the palaces of the sky.” 
 
 VERTEBRA— BONES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN. 
 
 575.— (7) Cervical. (12) Dorsal. (5) Lumbar. (5) Sacrum, 
 (4) Coccygeal vertebrae, 
 
 577. — Skeleton of a rattle-snake. Muscles and skeleton of a 
 sword-fish. 
 
 578. Skeleton of a viper. 
 
 579. — The skull of an elephant. 
 
 580. — The ivory tooth of an elephant, weighing 5^-lbs. 
 
 581. — A rare specimen of a tooth from the jaw-bone of an 
 ante-diluvian animal now extinct It is solid ivory, and weighs 
 tea pounds and a quarter. 
 
 582. — -Cervical vetebree of the whale. 
 
 583. — Dorsal ditto ditto. 
 
 Many other human bones, each having an explanatory label 
 thereon . 
 
46 
 
 The composition of bone consists of phosphate and carl)onate 
 of lime, cartilage and gelatine ; the hardness depends on its earthy 
 matter. Bones are composed of two structures, namely, u com- 
 pact tissue externally, and a cancellated tissue internally. The 
 latter is composed of fine bony plates or lamina, so as to 'form a 
 cancellated net-work. Bones are surrounded by a membrane 
 called the periosteum, except at their articular cartilage, and are 
 divided into long, flat, and irregular. The same number of 
 bones exist both in male and female; and the only difference 
 in the skeletons is, the bones of a woman are lighter and more 
 elegant than those of a man. The thigh bones are much more 
 separated in the female, and the pelvis is longer in both diameters, 
 for the purpose of containing the important organs situated in that 
 region. In the male the chest is broader than the hips, but in the 
 female the contrary is the case. The skeleton being the frame- 
 work on which the Great Architect has constructed his master- 
 piece — -Man — is worthy of particular study ; and the lecturer will 
 point out the numerous beauties existing in what has been by 
 many erroneously considered a repulsive subject. 
 
 584. — A life-size model of a man, showing all the superficial 
 muscles in the human body. 
 
 585. — A full length model of Venus de Medici. It is a true 
 copy of the Marble Statue now in the Pio Clementino’s Museum 
 in Rome. 
 
 586. — A perpendicular section of the human trunk from the 
 neck to the thigh, showing half the vetebrm, also deep-seated 
 muscles, and the great sciatic nerve. 
 
 587. — A section of the head and neck of a man, showing at 
 
 (A) the lower jawbone; (B) jugular vein; (F) the carotid artery; 
 
 (B) the first rib ; (0) the subclavian artery ; (Q, R) the sterno- 
 thyroides muscles ; (S) ditto cartilage, with nerves spreading over 
 all the parts. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY SUPER-F(ETATION OF TWINS — 0N*5 
 OF THE CHILDREN WAS WHITE AND THE 
 OTHER BLACK. 
 
 VULGAR Ridicule. — There is nothing that has more retarded 
 the advancement of science and learning than the disposition of 
 
47 
 
 ignorant and vulgar minds to ridicule and vilify what they can- 
 not comprehend. 
 
 588. — This full length Florentine model represents a young lady 
 in the act of parturition ; the skin and muscles of the abdomen 
 having been removed, the stomach, intestines, liver, and uterus, 
 are brought into view ; the later organ is laid open, and its con- 
 tents are distinctly visible, namely, two children and two cords, 
 and only one placenta. 
 
 The young lady was delivered of twins, and the peculiarity in 
 the infants was, that one was of the finest features, being perfectly 
 white, which would have done honour to an English mother ; while 
 the other was of a true African build, black as ebony, with 
 enormously thick lips, woolly hair and long heels. 
 
 A similiar case is related by Dr. Bicherand, in his “ Elements 
 of Physiology/' 5th edition, page 711 : “ A white woman near 
 Philadelphia was, by Dr. Dewee, delivered of twins, one of whom 
 was perfectly white, the other black : the latter had all the charac- 
 teristics of the African, whilst the former was delicate, fair- 
 skinned, light-haired, and blue eyes.” 
 
 Again, the Edinburgh Journal , vol. 3, page 322, says, Dr* 
 Delmas has related a case exactly similar, which fell under his 
 observation. In his case there was only one Placenta for the 
 two children. 
 
 Again, see Dr. Blundell's “ Obstetric Medicine/' page 924. He 
 says, “ Buffon relates the case of two impregnations, produced in 
 succession by a white man and a negro, with the same woman $ 
 the result being a white child and a mulatto/' &c., &c. 
 
 SOMETHING LINE A MIRACLE. 
 
 589. — This full-length Florentine model of Louise Lateau, 
 possesses more than ordinary interest, and for the truthfulness of 
 the strange story I am about to relate, I beg to inform the public 
 that more than one hundred physicians, and other scientific 
 gentlemen and professors of universities in Belgium, have put 
 Louise Lateau through every test that could be devised. These 
 men of science have borne testimony to the following facts. Also, 
 see Macmillan's Magazine for April, 1871 ; Lancet , for Ap'd 22, 
 1871 ; Dr. Hammond's Quarterly Journal of Psychological 
 Medicine , fo. 
 
48 
 
 
 Louise Lateau was bom in January, 1850, at a place called Bois d’Kaine, 
 half way between the towns of Mons and Charlerio, in Belgium, and until 
 she was seventeen years of age enjoyed robust health. However, from the 
 beginning of 1867, till the 16th of April in the following year, she suffered 
 intensely from neuralgic pains in the head ; her appetite was completely 
 gone; and, on the 16th of April she was so exhausted that her friends 
 thought she was dying, and in consequence she received the sacrament. 
 From that day she so rapidly improved, that, on the 21st, she was able to 
 walk to the parish church, at a distance of three quarters of a mile. This 
 may be regarded as the turning point from a girl to a woman. And now 
 comes a new phase in her history. Three days from this walk, the Stigmata * 
 first appeared, and thirteen weeks later, July 17th, she began to exhibit the 
 phenomena of Ectascy, or Trances. On Friday, the 24th of April, 1 8*5 
 blood began to issue from her left side, between the fifth and sixth rib3. 
 On Friday, May 8th, blood began to flow from both feet, from the upper 
 surface as well as the soles, and by nine o’clock it also flowed from the 
 palms and backs of both hands. Finally 9 on the 28th September, the 
 
 forehead also became moist with blood, and subsequently began to flow 
 there also. These bleedings have recurred regularly every Friday up to 
 the present date 1877. There are no wounds, nor is the skin cracked or 
 broken during the week. The quantity of blood lost each Friday is from 
 seven-eights of a quart to half a pint ; the flow of blood often continues 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 The Ecstatic Fits or Trances. On the 17th of July, 1868, she fell into 
 her first fit of confirmed Ecstacy, and a similar attack has occurred regu- 
 larly every subsequent Friday, at nearly the same hour, beginning between 
 eight and nine o’clock in the morning, and ending about six in the evening. 
 From the time that the ecstacies begin she becomes perfectly immovable, 
 with her eyes wide open, but fixed and turned upwards. The bleeding 
 hands rest enveloped in cloths on her knees, at the same time blood is 
 oozing out of the stigmata of side and feet, and it trickles down her temples 
 cheeks, and neck. The expression of her face is that of wrapt attention, 
 and she seems lost in the contemplation of some distant object, and at other 
 times her features are so animated and full of emotion, and a face which 
 ordinarily is almost plain, becomes positively beautiful. 
 
 The fits terminate in a most apalling manner ; the arms fall ; the head 
 drops on the side of the chest ; the eyes are closed ; the nose becomes 
 pinched, and the face becomes very pale ; while the hands feel like pieces 
 of ice, and a cold sweat breaks out over the whole body. In a little time 
 the eyes open, one object after another is looked at and recognised, and the 
 ecstatic fit is over. 
 
 Sometimes she is induced, by hard persuasion, to tell what she has seen 
 and heard.f The functions of the organs of special senses are totally sus- 
 pended. She is now twenty-seven years old, and she has been in this 
 extraordinary state nine years. 
 
 * Stigmata is a term applied by Roman Catholic writers to the marks of 
 the wounds on our Saviour’s body, as shown in most pictures of the 
 Crucifixion. , 
 
 f For the authentic report of these revelations see McMillan' s Maga- 
 zine for April, 1871. 
 
49 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY FREAK OF NATURE 
 
 OF A MAN BEING DISCOVERED IN THE “ FAMILY WAY.” 
 
 © 
 
 590. — This Florentine model of the full size of a male, repre- 
 sents the remains of the late Thomas Lane (formerly of Sher- 
 borne, Dorsetshire), after the post mortem examination had been 
 made. The abdominal viscera is laid bare, and a foetus or child 
 is seen, with the umbilical or naval cord attached to the duo- 
 denum. Nathaniel Highmore, Esq., M.D., was the operator, and 
 the phenomenon was so great that the remains of Thomas Lane, 
 together with the child, were preserved, and the Corporation of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons obtained possession of them, and 
 placed them in their Museum, where they remain to this day 
 (1877). The Directors of the Royal College of Surgeons have 
 given elaborate descriptions of this case, which may be seen in 
 the catalogue of the musem. 
 
 It may also be interesting to the inquirer to learn the opinion of the lafce 
 eminent Dr. Blundell, then Professor of Midwifery in Guy’s Hospital, in 
 his work on “ Obstetric Medicine.” At page 922, he says. “ Some years ago 
 I was shown, by Dr, Highmore, of Sherborne, a preparation of a child, of 
 the size of six or seven months, which had been taken from the body of a 
 young man. The youth (literally and without evasion) was with child, for 
 the foetus, or child, was contained in a sac communicating with the duo- 
 denum, and was connected to the side of the cyst (or sac) by a short umbi- 
 lical or naval cord. This child did not make it appearance till the youth 
 was eight or ten years of age, or more, when, after much enlargement from 
 this “ Pregnancy ,” and much pain and flooding, the youth died. 
 
 “ This case is not singular : there are others on record, to wit, — a seed or 
 an egg, when impregnated, may lie for years without becoming developed: 
 a serpent may become enclosed under the egg-shell of a goose, the shell 
 forming over it as the small viper lies in the egg-canal of the goose. These 
 facts explain very clearly the phenomenon just narrated, for when this 
 unfortunate child was begotten, a Twin was begotton at ihe same time; 
 but while the brother formed in the usual way, the impregnated egg of his 
 sister lay dormant : and without resistance became closed up within the 
 brother’s abdomen. So like the serpent in the egg-shell, or the seed in 
 the bag, or the egg upon the shelf, these living rudiments lay quiet for a 
 few years, — so within the body of the brother the impregnated egg lay, and 
 then, formation commencing, the wonder and the catastrophe (death) 
 ensued ! The young man became pregnant with his twin sister ; his 
 abdomen formed the receptable. where, as an egg within the nest of a bird, 
 the formation was accomplished.” 
 
 Again, see Dr. F. H. Ramsbottom’s work on “ Obstetric Medicine,” at 
 page 665, he reports this case of Thomas Lane, and another somewhat 
 similar, and says— “ The two last-mentioned specimens are preserved in 
 the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London.” 
 
50 
 
 Sufficient proof has now been given of this wonderful freak of Nature 
 and the Proprietor will now inform his friends and patrons how it is that 
 the people of the North of England have the opportunity of seeing and 
 discussing such an abnormal case. 
 
 When inspecting that vast collection of Anatomical Specimens (on one 
 of those days on which the government has m?„de the conditions impera- 
 tive that the public shall be admitted free of charge), he came to this 
 Wonderful Preparation ; an idea then presented itself to his mind : — that 
 if the Corporation of the Royal College of Surgeons deemed this case 
 worthy of a niche in the great Museum, there could be no harm or wicked- 
 ness in giving the people of Liverpool an opportunity of seeing a Model 
 from the real preparation. Accordingly one of the best Anatomical Artists 
 of the day undertook the execution of the work, and in a short time it was 
 placed in the Liverpool Museum of Anatomy for the instruction of the 
 public. 
 
 In conclusion, the Proprietor begs to assure the connoisseurs of Art that 
 it is acknowledged by competent judges to be not only a study for the 
 Physiologist, in which such an extraordinary freak of Nature is so 
 accurately delineated, but the Model has also been pronounced one of the 
 finest Art productions in England. 
 
 N.B. — This Model is Protected by Act of Parliament. 
 
 THE C^JSAKUN MODE OF ACCOUCHEMENT. 
 
 591. — -This full length model represents a lady undergoing 
 this painful operation, which has to be resorted to when no other 
 method is possible. The union of twins whilst in the womb 
 rendered it necessary to have recourse to this operation, in the 
 case of a French lady. Other reasons may be the cause of this 
 operation, such as the narrowness of the pelvis, &c. 
 
 Dr. Blundell, in his work on “ Obstetric Medicine,” at page 360, reports 
 twenty-six similar cases, — one as follows “ Dr. Lunious, a French 
 accoucheur, performed the operation seven times on the same person, and 
 all the children lived.” Another case : — “ Mary Dunally, a midwife, 
 performed the operation with a razor on Alice O’Neal, near Charlemont, 
 Ireland. In this case the child died, but the mother recovered.” In an 
 instance wherein Dr. White, of Manchester, performed the operation, both 
 mother and child died ; and when Dr. Dunlop, of Rochdale, operated on 
 Susan Holt, he lost both mother and child . Out of 39 cases, 26 died, and 
 only 13 lives survived this process. 
 
 592. — The recumbent Florentine Venus. 
 
 This figure is a beautiful piece of artistic work, and has been accomplished 
 at immense labour and cost. The skin of the face and neck having been 
 removed, the nerves, blood-vessels, and muscles, are brought into view, as 
 well as the skin, muscles, and ribs of the chest ; and, the skin and muscles 
 
51 
 
 of the abdomen having been removed the entire viscera is seen, together 
 with the muscles of the upper and lower extremities. The figure is dis- 
 sectable. 
 
 593. — The rachrymal apparatus of the eye. 
 
 594 - — A model representing back and front view of the intes- 
 tines of a man. 
 
 In the front the many convolusions, with the ascending and transverse 
 colons Behind may be seen the mesentery arteries, veins and glands ; 
 here the lacteals are beautifully developed. 
 
 595. A model of the leg (dissectable) from above the patella 
 to the sole of the foot. 
 
 All the superficial muscles having been removed, the deep-seated muscles 
 are brought into view, with the four tendons df the extensor digitorum, as 
 well as the tendon of the extensor poilicis proprius. The annular ligament 
 in the sole of the foot are here shown, the tendon of the flexor poilicis lon- 
 gus muscle, and the tendon of the flexor digitorum radiating into four, for 
 its attachment to the four lesser toes &c. 
 
 596. — -A model of the shoulder, arm, and hand (dissectable). 
 
 The skin and superficial muscles having been removed, the deep-seated 
 
 muscles are brought into view, together with their tendons. (1) The ten- 
 dons of the long flexor and extensor of the thumb. (2) The tendons of the 
 superficial flexor and extensor muscles of the fingers, with nerves and blood- 
 vessels ramifying the parts. 
 
 597. — A real shoulder, arm, and hand of a man ; the tendons 
 present an appearance similar to cat- gut. 
 
 598. — A model representing a section of the base of the skull, 
 and cervical vetebree, with the muscles, nerves, and blood-vessels 
 ramifying those parts (dissectable). 
 
 599. — A dissectable model of the Eye, natural size, showing 
 (c) cornea ; (ss) sclerotic coat ; (T) tendinous origion of the 
 muscles of the eye ; (4 4) superior oblique muscle, passing 
 through the pulley, at the upper and inner part of the orbit ; 
 (L) lachrymal glands (from which the tears flow). 
 
 600. — The Recumbent Venus is a model similiar to 592, the 
 Florentine Venus. 
 
 It is selected as the most suitable for illustration in a lecture, and is, 
 therefore, uncovered at short intervals, when every organ of the body is 
 dissected, its structure and functions are explained, and all that appertains 
 to development, reproduction growth, nourishment, and decay fully de- 
 monstrated. 
 
52 
 
 DREADFUL EFFECTS OF TIGHT LACING. 
 
 / 
 
 601. — A magnificent full-length figure in wax, the model of a 
 young lady, formerly of Ludlow, 20 years of age, who having 
 from her earliest childhood accustomed herself to the pernicious 
 habit of tight lacing, suddenly dropped down dead in the arms of 
 her partner while dancing at a ball in Birmingham. Mothers, 
 daughters, wives, fathers, and husbands, have an equal interest 
 in the contemplation of this figure, as it truly represents the 
 direful consequences when people submit to the capricious dic- 
 tates of fashion in defiance of the laws of nature. 
 
 602. — Represents the child of the above in wax, as it is now 
 preserved in the Queen s College Museum. (See also 960 to 965, 
 Displacement of the Womb). 
 
 603. — TIN Anatomical “ Yenus de Medici. (See 592 and 600 
 for a description of this model). 
 
 604. — This model represents a vertical section of a man of full 
 size from the skull to the sole of the foot, showing half of the 
 vertebrae, with the spinal nerves, which may be seen divided as 
 follows : — 
 
 8 Pairs of nerves branching off into the Cervical for the neck. 
 
 “ TO LOOK THROUGH NATURE UP TO NATURE’S GOD ” 
 
 605 to 631. — Here are twenty-five eggs in their regular state 
 of incubation. 
 
 The egg contains within itself all the means of nourishment up to the 
 living bird ; from the first cell or germinal vesicle. The cell floats with the 
 yoke, and has the power of appropriating to itself, after impregnation, the 
 various substances essential to the development of a living animal with all 
 its organs. The yoke consists of albumen, and oil globules ; the white of 
 the egg is pure albumen, and when the germinal cell has exhausted the store 
 found in the yoke, it continues to receive a supply of nutriment from what 
 is termed the white of the egg. A beautiful fibrous membrane or skin sur- 
 rounds the white, which separates into two layers at the broad end of the 
 egg. A bubble of air between these two layers gives the young bird the 
 power of breathing just before it is hatched. Two cords connect the yolk 
 bag with Idle membrane at each end, and keep it in its place, or it would 
 
 Dorsal ,, ribs 
 
 Lumber „ loins. 
 
 Sacral >f pelvis 
 
 Coccygeal „ extremity. 
 
53 
 
 rise the highest, from its specific gravity being the least. By this means 
 the Lvat imparted by the mother reaches it. After fertilizatien there are 
 two new cells, which produce others around them ; these last are absorbed 
 into the two, which continuing to increase form a mass of a mulberry colour 
 which moves up against the yolk-bag and surrounds it.. This lining mem- 
 brane is like that which surrounds the stomach. In its centre is a cell 
 with a ring-like spot upon its walls, which is termed the nota-primitiva , 
 this is the nucleus, and cells are formed on this that lay the foundation of 
 the brain and spinal cord. The heart appears early on the second day of 
 incubation. As the yolk diminishes the whole of its sac is absorbed into 
 the abdomen of the embryo, and stage after stage the embryo abvances, 
 till finally the young chick breathes and breaks its shell. 
 
 In the study of embryology the same rule governs the first 
 condition of all animals, the highest as well as the lowest, 
 namely, 
 
 A SIMPLE CELL IS THE STARTING POINT OF LlHE- 
 
 THE ORGANS OF SENSE ; OR, THE FIVE SENSES. 
 
 The organs by which we are brought into relation with sur- 
 rounding objects are five in number, namely : the eye, the ear, the 
 nose, the tongue, and the skin, which respectively give us the 
 power of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch or feeling— four 
 of these are situated in the head ; that of touch is distributed over 
 every part of the body. It is the resistance we meet within 
 coming in contact with external objects that gives any idea of 
 their hardness or softness ; and especially when the papillae at the 
 end of the fingers pass over an object, do we become acquainted 
 with its comparative roughness or smoothness. It can be 
 improved, and made to compensate for any injury or deficiency 
 in the other organs. 
 
 The Eye indicates to us the presence of light, and by it we 
 take cognizance of the form, size, colour, and position of surround- 
 ing objects. Its formation shows it to be a wonderful optical 
 instrument, so complete that it will take in all surrounding 
 scenery and depict it upon the expanded surface of the optic 
 nerve, and so adjusted that it can adapt itself to every intensity of 
 light, and turn in every direction with the utmost facility. The 
 lectures of the Demonstrator in the Museum will direct attention 
 and explain the structure of this admirable organ. The visitor 
 fe also referred to the representations, No. 645 and No. 198. 
 
54 
 
 632. — The eye magnified and dissectable : — Seven muscles. 
 (1) Levator. (2) Rectus, superior. (3) Ditto, inferior. (4) Ditto, 
 internus. (5) Ditto, externus. (6 and 7) Oblique, superior and 
 inferior. (8) Lachrymal gland and ducts. (10) Cornea. (11) 
 Sclerotic. (12) Black choroide. (13) Iris. (14; The globe or 
 vitreous humour. (15) Optic nerve. 
 
 633. — Crystalline lens — it is double convex. 
 
 634. —The globe of the eye composed of the vitreous humour. 
 
 635. — Retina.; or, the white expansion of the optic nerve. 
 
 636. — The black choroide coat. 
 
 • 
 
 637. — The Ear. By the sense of hearing we become 
 acquainted with sound. This depends on the fact that sounding 
 bodies produce by ibration, undulations in the air, which are 
 conveyed to a distance, and which the ear is adapted by its 
 peculiar construction to receive and transmit to the brain. 
 
 In the Ear, immensely magnified, may be seen to advantage — 
 A, Concha ; M, Meatus, or canal leading to the T. Tympanum 
 (drum.) A hollow cavity containing the drum, with four bones 
 fixed thereon called the incus or anvil, malleus or hammer, 
 storrip, and the os obiculare. E, Eustachian tuble. 
 
 638. — B, The semi-circular canals. 
 
 639. — Nerves of ditto. 
 
 640. — 0, Cochlea. D, the vestibule and labyrinth. 
 
 641. — Auditory nerve, etc. [See No 642.] 
 
 642. — Models of the external, middle and internal portions 
 of the Ear, immensely magnified, dissectable. 
 
 (O) Concha of the ear ; (M) meatus, or passage leading to (D) the membrane 
 of the drum; (t) tympanum, a hollow cavity called the drum of the ear, 
 containing four little bones or ossicles, and communicating with the back 
 part of the throat by means of (e) eustachian tube ; (s) semicircular canals ; 
 (N S) nerve of semicircular canals ; (c) two sections 'of the cochlea, showing 
 the internal spiral lamina, and the nervous filaments upon it; (N) auditory 
 nerves or nerve of hearing, which enters at the back. 
 
55 
 
 643. — View of the membrana tympani, or membrance of the 
 drum of the ear, showing also the ossicles. 
 
 (a) Malleus, or hammer ; (c) incus, or anvil ; orbicular bone ; (c) stapes, 
 or stirrup. 
 
 644. — The petrous portion of the temporal bone having been 
 removed, the canals of the cochlea and semi-circular are seen. 
 (6) Carotid artery. [See No. 637.] 
 
 645. — A model of the Eye, largely magnified, dissectable. 
 
 (1) The cornea, the transparent or horny part; (2) the sclerotic coat, or 
 white. The dark spot in the centre is the pupil, surrounded by the 
 coloured part called the iris. This is fixed in the second coat called the (3) 
 choroid coat which is itself black. Between the 1st and 2nd coats is the 
 aqueous humour. 
 
 646 — The double convex lens by which the rays are refracted 
 and meet on the back part of the eye, where the object we see 
 is impressed inverted on the optic nerve called the retina, then 
 transmitted along' the optic nerve to the soul or sensorium. 
 
 (.'>) The ciliary processes surrounding the lens ; (6) vitreous humour 
 enveloped in the hyaloid membrane ; (7) the three straight muscles of the 
 eye ; (8) superior oblique muscle passing through the pulley at the upper- 
 most inner part of the orbit ; (9) the lachrymal glands and ducts ; the 
 apparatus connected with the tears. (See Nos. 632 to 637.) 
 
 646a. — A beautiful specimen of the King Crab, from Demarara 
 (skeleton.) 
 
 646b. — S keleton and skull of a Tortoise. 
 
 646c. — A very beautifully-formed nest of the White Wasp of 
 South America. 
 
 647. — A model of the Hand. The ends of the lingers laid 
 open shows the ramifications of the uerves. 
 
 The sense of touch is here explained. 
 
 648. — Model of the Tongue, greatly magnified, showing the 
 three sorts of papilla which belong to the sense of taste. 
 
 649. — Model of a Tongue, natural size, having syphilitic ulcers 
 at the root and on the tonsils. 
 
56 
 
 650.— A French General, M. Le Brim, who, history informs 
 us, was condemned to be skinned alive, and lived only fifteen 
 minutes afterwards. His extreme agony is here depicted. 
 
 65 1 — 'Model of a transverse section of the nasal cavity. Roof 
 of the mouth. Tongue. White nerves for taste. Valve over 
 the wind pipe (epiglottis). Vocal cord inside the wind-pipe. 
 639 and 640, at O. N., the olfactory nerves (for smell) may be 
 seen spreading out in branches cn the mucous-lining of the nose. 
 
 652. — A model which dissects, showing the blood-vessels, 
 cartlileges, and nerves on the left side of the face. The blue, re- 
 presents the internal and external jugular veins ; the red, the 
 internal and external carotid arteries; between (7) and (8) in the 
 wind-pipe is situated the thyroid gland (Adam’s apple). 
 
 653. — A medium section of the face. (11) and (12) sinus or 
 ceils of the sphenoid bone, (13), (14) and (15), turbinated bones, 
 which increase the surface of the mucous membrane lining the 
 cavtity of the nasal organ. (E) Eustachin tube. Bone base of 
 the nose and rcof of the mouth. (19) Tongue. (20) Os hyoides. 
 Valve epiglottis to cover the wind-pipe at (21) and (22). Lanyx 
 (vocal cords). 
 
 654. — Model of Lanyx, internal and external. (E) Cartilage 
 of epiglottis. (L) Back part of epiglottis, (t) Thynod cartilage. 
 (0/ Cricoid cartilage, (a) Position of the arytsenoid cartilage 
 behind the thyroid. (W) Commencement of the wind-pipe* 
 (w*) Inner surface of ditto, (v) Vocal cords. 
 
 655. — A section of the gullet. 
 
 656. — The cartilage which divides the inner part of the nose. 
 
 ^57 to 791.— We are now at the bottom of the Museum, and 
 the next objects of interest are the Diagrams of the Marble 
 Statues in Pio Clementino’s Museum in Rome. There are 134 
 in whole, and the first in order are the Gods and Goddesses of 
 the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, once worshipped by them 
 as devoutly as we now worship the Almightly and His Son, Jesus 
 Christ. 1st. Old Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Cdres, Mercury, Vesta, 
 Mars, Venus, Vulcan, Minerva, Apollo, Diana, Bacchus; the 
 Graces, Cupid, Amphitrite. Time or Saturn, Cybele, Pluto, Bollona, 
 
57 
 
 Hercules, Pomona, Pan, Flora, Clio, Thalia, Melpomene, Enferpe, 
 Terpischore, Erato, Polymnia, TJrania, Calliope, Phoebus, Escu- 
 lapius, Proserpine. JEolus, Hebe, Morpheus, Fortuna, Momus. the 
 Syrens, Harpocrates, the Fates, &c , &c. , besides the Emperors 
 of Rome before and after the Christian era ; as well as all the 
 Popes, &c. Keys explanatory of all the Diagrams are kept in 
 the Museum for the use of visitors. Also, 
 
 792 to 927.— The entire series of coloured anatomical dia- 
 grams, by John Lizars, Esq., Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, 
 Edingburgh, and by Quain Wilson &c. , &c. Explanatory keys 
 of the diagrams are kept in the Museum for the use of visitors. 
 
 The following will he arranged in a separate room. 
 
 ON ONANISM; OR MASTURBATION. 
 
 Would there were no necessity of speaking on this indelicate 
 subject— but must we, for the sake of mere delicacy, or even 
 from higher considerations of interest or self applause, conceal 
 from ourselves and others, the latent cause of misery and death to 
 tens of thousands ? The frightful consequences of self-pollution 
 who can depict ? Continued weariness, weakness, aversion to 
 exercise and business, dimness and dizziness of sight, paleness, 
 impotence , barreness, palpitation of the heart, trembling, loss of 
 memory, are they not fearful, and do they not often proceed from 
 this cause ? Commencing in youth, continued at school, and 
 persevered in in maturity, this dreadful pernicious habit makes 
 its inroads on the constitution just when the powers of life would 
 otherwise have been fully and happily developed. How sedulously 
 should parents — the guardians of youth — our teachers— and all 
 concerned in the future welfare of society, keep their guard over 
 this evil. Here what the truly pious Dr. Adam Clarke says : — 
 “ The sin of self-pollution is one of the most destructive evils 
 
58 
 
 44 practised by fallen man. In many respects it is several decrees 
 44 worse than common whoredom, and has in its train more 
 “ serious consequences. It excites the power of nature to undue 
 44 action : hence the muscles become flacid and feeble, the tone 
 44 and natural action of the nerves are relaxed and impeded, the 
 44 understanding* confused, the memory becomes oblivious, the 
 44 judgment perverted, the will indeterminate and wholly without 
 44 energy ; the eyes appear languishing and without expression, 
 44 and the countenance vacant, appetite ceases, for the stomach is 
 “ incapable of performing its proper office. Nutrition fails; 
 44 tremours, fears, and terrors are generated, and thus the 
 44 wretched victim drags out existence, till, superannuated , even 
 44 before his time to arrive at man’s estate, with a mind often 
 44 debilitated, even to a state of idiotism, his worthless body 
 44 tumbles into the grave, and his guilty soul (guilty of self- 
 44 murder) is hurled into the awful presence of God.” 
 
 From religion turn to science, the science pertaining to bodily 
 welfare and health, and hear what Sir Astley Cooper, one of the 
 highest medical authorities, has to say: — “If one of these 
 44 miserable cases could be depicted from the Pulpit as an illus- 
 44 tration of the effects of a vicious and intemperate course of 
 44 life, it would, I think, strike the mind with more terror than 
 44 all the preaching in the world. The irritable state of the 
 44 patient leads to the destruction of life, and in this way thousands 
 44 annually perish. Undoubtedly this list is considerably 
 44 augmented from mal -treatment, and the use of injudicious 
 44 remedies.” Again, this eminent authority, speaking of self- 
 pollution. says:— 44 To such, a Venus might display her charms. 
 44 And on such a son might exhaust his quiver. No genial 
 “spring is here, or blooming summer, or fertile autumn. But 
 44 all is winter,— a dreary, desolate, and barren winter, in which 
 44 the springs of life are frozen up, and the animal propensities 
 44 destroyed” How do science and religion agree in this counsel : 
 44 keep thy soul puref\ See this subject treated more at large in 
 the 44 Golden Keferee ; ” a work which has received so wide a 
 circulation that the author feels it his duty to reduce the price 
 from one shilling to sixpence. 
 
 928 and 929. — The accompanying models? should be studied by 
 ©very young man. The effects of Onanism are shown by the 
 
male organs here represented is their healthy and unhealthy 
 
 state : — 
 
 (a) The bladder. (B b) The rectum. (0) Spermatic cord, 
 which conveys the siminal fluid from the testicles to (D D) the 
 vesicular siminalis. (E) Seminal ducts, which convey the seminal 
 fluid to the prostatic portion of the urethra, and when open 
 allow the seminal fluid to escape with the urine. 
 
 930. — Shows the prostrate gland much swollen, and the 
 siminal ducts relaxed and open ; it will be readily understood 
 by looking at the position of the seminal reservoirs (D) situated 
 between the ractum and the bladder, why the seminal fluid 
 escapes from these reservoirs. When the seminal vessels are 
 debilitated, and the patient has a bulky stool, or when the 
 bladder contracts to force out the last drops of urine, the seminal 
 fluid forces into the urethra (F), escapes at its orifice, staining 
 the linen as with the white of an egg. 
 
 931. — Models of the Eye, shewing dimness. Effects of 
 Masturbation. 
 
 932. — Ditto. 
 
 933. — Transverse colon. 
 
 934. — Elongation of the spermatic cord ; the testicle falls to 
 
60 
 
 Hie bottom of the scrotum, and varicocle follows. See No. 218, body ; 219, 
 face ; 269, ditto ; 27 ), ditto ; and No. 261. 
 
 SPERMATOZA (animal seed), OVUM (egg of female). 
 
 936. — Seed taken from the prostate gland of a man ; 900 times magnified. 
 It consists of small living animals. 
 
 936. — Seed taken from the testicles of a man ; magnified 900 timed. 
 Found in this condition it is non-productive (not being ripe). 
 
 937. — The semen fully developed. 
 
 938. — The ovum magnified. 
 
 939. — Th^ee ova (eggs) have left the ovarium at one time, and if three 
 healthy spermatozoa impregnated them, there would be three children 
 at the birth. 
 
 •* To the pure , oM things are pure.” 
 
 940. — Represents the external and internal parts of a female when her 
 reproductive organs are in a conjunctive state. 
 
 (A) The labia external. 
 
 (b) The labia internal. 
 
 (c) The* hymen. 
 
 (d) The clitoris. 
 
 (e) The prepuce. 
 
 (?) The vagina. 
 k g) The urethra. 
 
 (h) The uterus. 
 
 (i) Mouth of uterus. 
 
 (j) Ovaria, containing 7 ova. 
 
 (k) Ovaria (natural) 
 
 (L) Fallopian tubes. 
 
 (M) Fringed or fimbriated extremi- 
 
 ties of the fallopian tube. 
 
 (n) The broad and round ligaments 
 which bind up the urinary 
 and generative organs in the 
 pelvis. 
 
 The fallopian tubes hang freely on the side of the ovaria, yet, at the time 
 of coition, they bend and couple, or close themselves to the ovaria, so as to 
 be able to remove the falling ovum or ova, bring them into the cavity, and 
 thus remove them to the womb. 
 
 941. — A magnified ovarium dissected, showing seven ova. It is when 
 the ovum is penetrated by the sperm atoza conception takes place. From 
 a simple cell no larger than a dew drop, proceeds the embryo, and eventually 
 the child is fully developed. See Psalm cxxxix. 15, 16. 
 
 942. —The fallopian tube and fringed end magnified, showing the course 
 
 @f the embryo. » 
 
 943. — Ovum magnified in the ovarium. 
 
61 
 
 944— The uterus with its appendages laid open. (A) The fallopian tube. 
 (b) The ovaria dissected, (o) The broad and round ligaments. 
 
 945 -The utertus laid open ten days after impregnation. 
 
 946 — The uterus laid open fifteen days after conception 
 
 947— The embryo (natural size) twenty-one days after impregnation. 
 
 948— A magnified embryo, twenty-one days after conception* 
 
 949 — An embryo (natural size) thirty days after ditto 
 
 950 — A magnified embryo, thirty days after conception 
 
 951 — Embryo (natural size) forty days ditto* 
 
 952— Magnified. 
 
 953— Embryo (natural size) fifty days ditto. 
 
 954— A foetus, two months after conception. 
 
 955— Ditto three ditto. 
 
 956— Ditto four ditto. 
 
 957 — Ditto five ditto. 
 
 958— Ditto six ditto, lying in the egg-skin. Every foetus lies in suoh & 
 skin, which is filled with liquor amnii. Three purposes are ejected by 
 this ; the free motion of the foetus, its protection from external danger, 
 and its easy portability by the mother. 
 
 959— A foetus, seven months after conception. 
 
 960— Prolapsus Uteri (falling of the womb), which occurs to females 
 who have had many children, and to those of weak constitutions, and, as 
 has been remarked, it often follows too early rising from bed after 
 lonfinement. 
 
 961 — Representation of Dr. Simpson’s bandage for prolapsus uteri. 
 
 962 — Another case of prolapsus uteri, when the womb has fallen below 
 the external labise. 
 
 963 — Ditto, ditto. A further extrusion. 
 
62 
 
 964. — Instrument, by Mr. Atkinson, of York, called the Pessery, for 
 which a high prize was awarded at the Exhibition of 1861. It is a most 
 useful invention for prolapsus uteri. 
 
 965. Hernia, or rupture in the groin of a woman, brought on by sprains, 
 by lifting great weights, tight lacing, &c. See No. 601. 
 
 966. — Sexual parts of an Hermaphrodite. This individual lived for 
 m . an J years in the neighbourhood of Sheffield. The cast was taken from 
 his person by Mr. Barton, sculptor of Derby. He was devoid of a scrotum, 
 and a testicle was found on either side of the entrance, enveloped with the 
 external labiae. The clitoris was the size of the first joint of a finger ; and 
 the mouth of the vagina was very small. 
 
 967. Model of the Head and Face of the Hermaphrodite, as represented 
 in the foregoing figure. 
 
 968. — Sexual parts of an Hermaphrodite, who lived in Paris. The 
 scrotum is split ; the penis like the clitoris of a woman joined in the 
 scrotum without being pierced; the evacuation of urine is by an opening 
 resembling a vagina, which is seem beneath the sexual parts. 
 
 969— Sexual parts of another Hermaphrodite, who was born near Dresden. 
 His scrotum consists of two equal parts ; instead of the fully developed 
 penis, there is a species of one, but not pierced, beneath which is found an 
 epeuing two inches deep, through which the urine is evacuated. 
 
 970. — Sexual parts of another Hermaphrodite. 
 
 971. — Onanism in man, showing its dreadful effects on the organs of 
 generation. 
 
 972. — Do., the scrotum cut open, to show the state of the blood vessels ; 
 the elongation of the spermatic cord, through internal weakness ; the cord 
 being unable to hold up the testicle. See Nos. 269, 218, and 928, life-size 
 models, exhibiting the baneful effects of self-abuse. 
 
 973 to 1003. — Thirty models of the human face — from infancy to old 
 age — showing secondary symptoms of syphilis and gonorrhoea, in all its 
 frightful forms. Let the thoughtless man here pause, and read a sentence 
 from the Bible : — 
 
 “IF ANY MAN DEFILE THE TEMPLE OF GOD, HIM WTLL 
 GOD DESTROY: FOR THE TEMPLE OF GOD IS 
 HOLY, WHICH TEMPLE YE ARE.” 
 
 END. 
 
63 
 
 NOTICE TO PATIENTS. 
 
 J, T. Woobheab, having spent thirty years in the study and 
 treatment of diseases affecting the mental and generative organs, 
 nervous and dyspeptic debility, either constitutional or acquired, 
 decline of physical vigour, loss of mental energy, and the 
 numerous concomitants to sexual disorganization, respectfully 
 begs to inform those so afflicted that he may be consulted 
 personally at his establishment daily from 11 a.m* till 9 p.m,„ 
 Sundays excepted, 
 
 COUNTRY PATIENTS 
 
 due respectfully informed that by sending their communications 
 per post, or otherwise, they can be supplied with the remedies 
 proper for their especial use, forwarded by initials to any place* 
 The packages will form a portable parcel and be carefully secured 
 from observation, and they may b© safely taken without confine- 
 ment, prevention of daily business, or loss of time. Patient® 
 will please to be very minute in their details, and specify exactly 
 the duration of their disorder, the symptoms attendant, their 
 ages, habits of living, and occupation in life. The communication 
 must in all cases be accompanied with the usual fee of One 
 Guinea, or Post Office Order to that amount, to ensure its safety ; 
 without which all letters of consultation will remain unnoticed ; 
 and in all cases inviolable secrecy may be implicitly relied on. 
 
 J. T. W. would earnestly ©sire to impress on Patients residing 
 in the Country, the absolute n oessity of affording him, if possible, 
 one personal interview, the reason of this request must be obvious^ 
 as a clearer, a more exact and certain judgment can be obtained fey 
 seeing the patient himself, and the additional expense or trouble 
 incurred will be amply repa 4 by the increase! facility and 
 certainty of a perfect cure. 
 
The Soul in a Diseased .Body is Like the Martyr in h is Dungeon *' 
 
LIVERPOOL MUSEUM OF ANATOMY. 
 
 29, PARADISE STREET 
 
 J. T. Woodhead takes this opportunity of returning thanks 
 to the Inhabitants of Liverpool and Environs for the support which he 
 has received during the Forty Years the Museum has been before 
 the Public. 
 
 The increasing success of the Museum encourages him in the 
 thought, that the necessity and value of the study of the Human Frame 
 is becoming daily more appreciated ; and while the groundless prejudices 
 against it have, he trusts, seen their day, he hopes the time will not be 
 far distant when Human Physiology will become more popular and form 
 an essential branch of education. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of persons have visited this Museum, and 
 have acknowledged its value and attractive interest. They have added 
 by means of it to their stock of knowledge — they have secured the 
 means of preserving, or recovering their health, and they have found it 
 a timely guardian against a course of intemperance^ impurity , and ruin . 
 
 Mr. W. confidently asks— What can be more truly wonderful, or 
 more surpassingly beautiful, than the Human Frame, with its several 
 harmonious parts, as here exhibited in life-like form, size, and position ? 
 At the same time he cannot fail to notice, and point assuredly to the 
 amount of good which has already resulted from his Anatomical Ex- 
 hibition, and which increasing support is calculated to produce. His 
 future and best efforts will ever be used to render his Museum — 
 
 An Interesting Collection I 
 An Intellectual Study!! 
 
 f&Tfc- 
 
 of the British Medical Reform Association 
 
 ablic Advantage ! ! ! 
 
 , jfefc 
 
 \ '■$ / > , fj 1871, Dennis Turnbull, Esq., M.D., LL.D., 
 •b ; ‘ T ' ^ ; .t y Min., President, it was unanimously resolved • 
 
 Hu. 3 13th July, Candidates for the Diploma 
 
 examined in the Science and Practice of 
 b b v ^ 3ry, at the Liverpool Musuem of Anatomy, 
 
 dly lent for the occasion by the proprietor, 
 Dr J. X. Wooded ■ --Mm the Examiners and Members of the British 
 i tender their sincerest thanks .” — British 
 s Journal , for April, 1871. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
*m e « g 5 pw 
 
 ‘saizaraxs jkoissihot 
 
 “«rd e mtm m*« OX ww* MSMEi *4-* JUBVa I8S It