I 
 
 
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 WITH EIGHT FINE ENGRAVINGS AND A MAP, 
 
 TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRAZIL 
 
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 ^f 
 
 An Account of a Voyage to the Rio df la Plat it.. 
 
 By JOHN MAWB, y 
 
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 LErTERS of MADAME LA MARQUISE 
 
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A 
 
 TREATISE ON DIAMONDS 
 
 Precious ^tone0, 
 
 INCLUDING THEIR 
 
 HISTORY— NATURAL AND COMMERCIAL. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BEST METHODS OF 
 CUTTING AND POLISHING THEM. 
 
 BY JOHN MA WE, 
 
 AUTHOR or TRAVELS THROUGH THE DIAMOND DISTRICT OF 
 BRAZIL, &C. 
 
 Ilontiott: 
 
 raiNTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1813. 
 
J. G. BARNARD, 
 ■SMUuur'Stretl, Lcndtn. 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 (by permission,) 
 
 TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS 
 THE PRINCE REGENT. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 THE Favour which your Royal 
 Highness has been pleased to con- 
 fer on the author, by permitting 
 him to offer this work to the public 
 under the Sanction of so Illustrious 
 a Patron, commands this acknow- 
 ledgment of his Gratitude. 
 
 It was not, Sir, merely the wish 
 of prefixing your Illustrious name 
 to this volume, which prompted the 
 
IV 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 author to solicit the permission 
 which has been thus indulgently 
 granted to him : It appeared, that 
 a Treatise on Gems' and Precious 
 Stones, which are more exclusively 
 appropriated to the service of the 
 Great, should, with peculiar proprie- 
 ty, be inscribed to your Royal 
 Highness, whose exalted Rank and 
 acknowledged Taste, render you, 
 Sir, the natural Patron of the most 
 rare and beautiful productions of 
 the Mineral Kingdom. 
 
 With these Sentiments of Grati. 
 tude and Respect, 
 
 I have the honour to remain. 
 Your Royal Highness's obliged, 
 And obedient humble Servant, 
 JOHN MAWE. 
 
PREFACE* 
 
 THE object of the Author in the fol- 
 lowing pages, has been to present to the 
 Amateur of Gems, and of other precious 
 Stones, a popular, but at the same time a 
 useful History of these beautiful Substances. 
 Accordingly, he has not only selected from 
 the systematic Works of highest Authority, 
 the most important technical Characters 
 by which each Species is distinguished, but 
 has added, from various sources, and part- 
 ly from his own observation and experience, 
 such other Particulars, relative to their 
 commercial History, and to their employ- 
 ment in Jewellery, for the purpose of 
 personal decoration, as he conceives to be 
 generally interesting. 
 
 In consequence of the great stress laid 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 upon Colour, as an essential character of 
 Gems, both by the wearers of them, and 
 by those who deal in them, he has annexed 
 a few coloured Plates, to shew (what indeed 
 all scientific Mineralogists have long been 
 acquainted with) that though certain suites 
 of Colours belong to particular Species, yet 
 each Species admits only certain varieties of 
 tint. Thus red, yellow, orange, blue and 
 white, occur both in the Sapphire and in 
 the Topaz; notwithstanding which, the 
 corresponding colours of each Mineral, are 
 sufficiently distinguishable, by a marked 
 difference of tinge or of intensity. So it 
 is with regard to the other characters. All 
 the Gems, when compared with other 
 Minerals, are hard ; but each may be dis- 
 tinguished from the rest, by the degree in 
 which it exhibits this quality. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 It is only, therefore, by a careful com- 
 parative examination of Gems, that the 
 Jeweller, or the Amateur, can be certain 
 of their genuineness; and, considering the 
 value of these substances individually, and 
 the vast sums that are vested in them col- 
 lectively, it is really surprising to observe 
 the gross mistakes committed in this re- 
 spect, by those, who from interest, and from 
 a familiar acquaintance with them, ought 
 to be the least likely to fall into error. Not 
 only one Species is both bought and sold 
 for another, as Tourmaline for Emerald, 
 Garnet for Ruby, Aquamarine for Topaz ; 
 but the fraudulent compositions of itine- 
 rant dealers, such as Doublets, Pastes, 
 &c. too frequently pass current for the ge- 
 nuine produce of the Mine. 
 
 If the Volume that is here offered 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to the Public, should contribute to secure 
 the honourable Dealer in Gems, and the 
 liberal Purchaser from the arts of the un- 
 principled, and should induce those into 
 whose possession these rare and beautiful 
 Productions of Nature chiefly fall, to re- 
 gard them as somewhat above the class of 
 merely expensive baubles, the Author will 
 consider the time that he has devoted to 
 this purpose, by no means spent in vain. 
 
 Much of the original information con- 
 tained in this Treatise, is the result of the 
 Author's recent travels in Brazil ; a 
 Country, rich beyond comparison, in its 
 mineral Productions, and which, the pro- 
 tection of His Royal Highness the Prince 
 Regent of Portugal, has enabled the Au- 
 thor to explore, under advantages, never 
 before conceded to any one. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Dedication, 
 Preface, 
 
 Page 
 iii 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Section i. 
 Value, and general Estimation of the Diamond, - 1 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Knowledge possessed by the Ancients concerning this 
 Gem, - - - - - - 10 
 
 Section 3. 
 Physical and Chemical Characters of Diamond, - 15 
 
 Section 4. 
 Chemical Properties and Analysis, - - 26 
 
 Section 6. 
 Localities and Geological Situation, - - 28 
 
 m 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Notice of some particular Diamonds, 
 
 Section 7. 
 Commercial History 
 
 Section 8. 
 Art of Cutting and Polishing Diamonds, 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 Page 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 Oriental Ruby, Sapphire, — Oriental Amethyst, and 
 Topaz, - - . . _ 63 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Ruby, Spinelle and Balais — Emerald, — Chrysoberyl, — 
 Topaz, - - - - - 81 
 
 CHAPTER iV. 
 
 Chrysolite, — Aquamarine, — ^Tourmaline, — Hyacinth, 
 and Jargoon, _ _ . _ io7 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Opal, — Amethyst, — Rock Crystal, — Garnet, — Fel- 
 spar, Adularia, — Labrador Spar, — Cat's Eye, 123 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Turquois, — Lapis-lazuli, — Chrysoprase, — Semi-Opal, 
 
 — Carnelian, — Sardonyx, — Agate, — Jasper, - 151 
 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 No. 1. Is the Plane and Profile of a Blue Topaze 
 in the Author's Possession. 
 
 2. A Chr^fsoberj'l — the finest known. 
 
 3. A perfect Amethyst. 
 
 4. A superlatively fine Topaze. 
 
 5. An Aqua-marina. 
 
 The above are allowed to be the finest Gems of their 
 Class, and to be cut in the best Style. 
 
 PLATE n. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, are natural Crystallizations of 
 rough Diamonds, in the Author's possession. 
 
xu 
 
 LIST OF "PLATES. 
 
 No. 5, Is to shew the Brilliant cut. 
 
 6, the Rose. 
 
 7, the Table. 
 
 Under No. 7, shews how dark coloured stones are cut 
 to the best advantage. 
 
 No. 8, Star cut. 
 
 9, Small Steps. 
 
 10, Large Steps. 
 
 These are the Shapes that Gems are generally cut 
 into, and which may be modified into innumerable 
 forms. 
 
 Nos. 11, 12, 13, are to shew Stones cut in an ellip- 
 tical form, more or less round, which are not fit for 
 facets. 
 
 PLATE IIL 
 
 Is intended to shew various Colours of precious 
 Stones. 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 § 1. Value and general Esti?nation of the 
 Diamond, 
 
 A HERE are few things in the history of 
 the human race, that at first sight appear 
 so remarkable, as the prodigious value 
 which, by common consent, in all ages, 
 and in all civilized countries, has been at- 
 tached to the Diamond. That a house 
 with a large estate, the means of living not 
 only at ease, but in splendour, should be 
 set in competition with, and even be 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 deemed inadequate to the purchase of a 
 transparent crystallized stone not half the 
 size of a hen's egg, seems almost a kind of 
 insanity. And it would indeed, truly 
 deserve this name, if the purchaser parted 
 with what the seller acquired by such a 
 transfer. If, for the consciousness of pos- 
 sessing a Diamond almost three quarters of 
 an ounce in weight, a country gentleman 
 were to pay ^90,000 in ready money, and 
 an annuity of ^4000 beside, he would 
 very deservedly run some risk of a statute 
 of lunacy ; yet not only the above sum, 
 but a patent of Nobility into the bargain, 
 was given by the Empress Catharine of 
 Russia for the famous Diamond of Nadir 
 Shah. But in this case, although the seller 
 acquired much, the purchaser underwent 
 no personal privation, and in fact, notwith- 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 s 
 
 standing the costliness and high estimation 
 of Diamonds, they are not really put in 
 competitio»n with the substantial comforts 
 and conveniences of life. Among; orna- 
 ments and luxuries, however, they unques- 
 tionably occupy, and have ever occupied 
 the highest rank. Even Fashion, prover- 
 bially capricious as she is, has remained 
 steady in this, one of her earliest attach- 
 ments, during probably three or four thou- 
 sand yeJars. There must be, therefore, in 
 the nature of things, some adequate reason 
 for this universal consent, which it is worth 
 while to enquire into. 
 
 The utility of Diamond, great as it is iri 
 some respects, enters for little or nothing 
 into the calculation of its price ; at least 
 all that portion of its value which consti- 
 tutes the difference between the cost of an 
 
 B 2 
 
>M 
 
 » 
 
 H 
 
 ::♦ DIAMOND. 
 
 entire Diamond and an equal weight of 
 Diamond-powder, must be attributed to 
 other causes. 
 
 The beauty of this gem, depending on 
 its unrivalled lustre is, no doubt, the cir- 
 cumstance which originally brought it into 
 notice, and still contributes very materially 
 to uphold it in public estimation ; and 
 certainly, notwithstanding the smallness of 
 its bulk, there is no substance natural or 
 artificial that can sustain any comparison 
 with it in this respect. The vivid and va- 
 rious refractions of the opal, the refreshing 
 tint of the emerald, the singular and 
 beautiful light that streams from the six 
 rayed ,star of the girasol, the various co- 
 lours combined with hig;h lustre that dis- 
 tinguish the ruby, the sapphire, and the 
 topaz, , beautiful as they are upon a near 
 
H---' 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 inspection, are almost entirely lost to the 
 distant beholder ; whereas the Diamond, 
 without any essential colour of its own, 
 imbibes the pure solar ray, and then reflects 
 it either with undiminished intensity, too 
 white and too vivid to be sustained for 
 more than an instant by the most insensi- 
 ble eye, or decomposed by refraction into 
 those prismatic colours which paint the 
 rainbow amd the clouds of morninir and of 
 evening, Combined with a brilliancy which 
 yields, and hardly yields, to that of the 
 meridian sun. Other oems inserted into 
 rings and bracelets, are best seen by the 
 wearer; and if they attract the notice of 
 bystanders, divide the attention and with- 
 draw those regards wliich ought to be con- 
 centred on the person to the merely ac- 
 cessary ornaments. The Diamond, on the 
 
6 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 contrary, whether blazing on the crown of 
 state, or diffusing its starry radiance from 
 the breast of titled merit, or "in courts 
 and feasts and high solemnities,*' wreathing 
 itself with the hair, illustrating the shape 
 and colour of the neck, and entering am- 
 bitiously into contest with the living lustre 
 of those eyes that " rain influence'' on all 
 beholders, blends harmoniously with the 
 general effect, and proclaims to the most 
 distant ring of the surrounding crowd, the 
 person of the monarch, of the knight, or 
 of the beauty. 
 
 Another circumstance tending to en- 
 hance the value of the Diamond, is this, 
 namely, that although small stones are 
 sufliciently abundant to be within the 
 reach of a moderate expenditure, (and 
 therefore affording to all persons who are 
 
DIAMOND. / 
 
 in easy circumstances, an opportunity of 
 acquiring a taste for Diamonds) yet those 
 of a laro-er size are and ever have been 
 rather rare; and of those wliich are cele- 
 brated for their size and beauty, the whole 
 number, at least in Europe, scarcely 
 amounts to half adozen, and they are all in 
 the possession of Sovereign Princes. Hence 
 the acquisition even of a moderately large 
 Diamond, is what mere money cannot always 
 command ; and many are the favours, both 
 political and of other kinds, for which a 
 Diamond of large size or uncommon 
 beauty may be offered as the compensa- 
 tion, Avhere its commercial price in hard 
 cash, neither could be tendered, nor would 
 be received.* In many circumstances 
 
 * Who is ignorant that the Czar Peter, with his 
 whole army, when surrounded by tlie Turk?, owed his 
 
iHHI^ 
 
 8 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 also, it is a matter of no small importanec 
 for a person to have a considerable part of 
 
 safety to the fascinating splendour of the Diamonds of 
 his empress ? Nor is it less notorious, that the jewels 
 of the princes of India have, on certain occasions, 
 shone with unconquerable charms in the eyes of Eu- 
 ropeans, both in the East and nearer home. The 
 Regent Diamond of France, if report says true, was 
 played with such success by the wily Seyez before the 
 sovereign of Prussia, as to produce for the service of 
 France forty thousand horses with their equipments. 
 That the most absolute and despotic monarchs, such 
 as those of India and of other eastern countries, should 
 have what appears to us an almost insane passion for 
 Diamonds, is not to be wondered at. To a soverei<rn, 
 who can command the lives and property of his sub- 
 jects by a word, the ordinary objects of human desire 
 soon lose that stimulating interest which rarity of 
 occurrence, and difficulty of acquisition can alone keep 
 up. The gratifications of the senses and of unresisted 
 sway, soon pall upon the appetite, and war and Dia- 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 9 
 
 his property in the most portable form 
 possible ; and in this respect, what is there 
 that can be compared to Diamonds, Avhich 
 possess the portability, without the risk of 
 bills of exchange ? It may further be re- 
 marked, in favour of this species of pro- 
 perty, that it is but little liable to fluctua- 
 tion ; and has gone on pretty regularly 
 increasing in value for several years, inso- 
 much tftiat the price of stones of a good 
 
 monds are the only objects that engross the attention ; 
 the former, because it is .ittended with some hazard, 
 and is the only kind of gambling in which the stake 
 is sufficiently exciting to banish the ennui of an illite- 
 rate despot ; the latter, because the excessive rarity 
 of large and at the same time perfect specimens of 
 this gem, supplies a perpetual object of desire, while 
 each new acquisition feeds the complacent vanity of 
 the possessor. Even Prince Potemkin himself, who 
 
10 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 quality, if estimated according to the rules 
 laid down in JefFries*s work on Diamonds, 
 would now be considerably too little. 
 
 § 2. Knowledge possessed hy the Ancients 
 concerning this Gem. 
 
 The properties and characters attributed 
 to this gem by the ancients, are detailed 
 by Pliny in his Natural History ; of these 
 
 beyond every individual of modern times, exhausted 
 by turns, the sensualities of high and of low life, and 
 revelled in the unbounded possession of military 
 command, of rank, and of political influence, amused 
 the tedium of the latter years of his life, by sitting 
 whole hours at a time, feasting his eyes with the bril- 
 liant display of his magnificent collection of Dia- 
 monds. 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 11 
 
 some are wholly fictitious, and many more 
 are incorrect ; I shall, however, briefly re- 
 cite them as contributing somewhat to the 
 history of this substance, and as contrast- 
 ino; with the more accurate knowledo;e of 
 it, possessed by the moderns. " The Dia- 
 mond," says Pliny, " is the most costly of 
 human possessions ; it is found, like gold, 
 disseminated through veins, and always 
 accompanied by this precious metal. The 
 ancient Greek writers describe it as found 
 only in Ethiopia, between the island jNFcroe 
 and tlie temple of Mercury, and as 
 resembling the seed of a gourd, both in 
 form, size, and colour.'' " It has of late," 
 continues the same autlior, " been brought 
 from India.'' The Indian Diamond is not 
 found in the gold-mines, and appears to 
 have some relation to rock crystal, since it 
 
 . 
 
12 DIAMOND. 
 
 resembles this substance in its want of co- 
 lour, its transparency, and the form of its 
 crystal, which is that of two pyramids 
 united by their bases. Its magnitude is 
 sometimes equal to that of a hazel nut. 
 The Diamond is distinguished from all 
 other substances by its hardness, which is 
 such as to break and shiver both the ham- 
 mer with which it is struck, and the anvil 
 on which it lies. It is also incapable of 
 being made red hot by the most violent 
 fire, on which account, it is called by the 
 Greeks, Adamas, that is to say, unconquer- 
 able. But thouoh it resists the action of 
 fire and steel, yet if macerated in the fresh 
 blood of a he-goat, it may, with some dif- 
 ficulty, be split by a hammer. The small 
 shivers thus obtained, are much sought af- 
 ter by engravers on gems, for when set in 
 
W-^'i 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 13 
 
 an iron handle, they enable the artist rea- 
 dily to cut the hardest stones. A kind of 
 antipathy subsists between the Diamond 
 and the masnet, so that the latter cannot 
 attract iron, when in contact with the 
 former. The Diamond also destroys the 
 effect of poisons, and cures insanity. 
 
 From the time of Pliny, till about two 
 centuries ago, there was little if any addi- 
 tion made to the true history of the Dia- 
 mond, though the occult qualities and su- 
 perstitious uses of this gem were largely 
 dilated on by the Arabian Alchemists and 
 their followers in Europe. In l609j Boe- 
 tius de Boot, published his valuable 
 treatise, " De Lapidibus et Gemmis,'' in 
 which, is contained a detailed account of 
 all that was previously known or imagined 
 concerning the Diamond, accompanied by 
 
 • 
 
14 DIAMOND, 
 
 his own observations and remarks. In this 
 article, although a few new errors may be 
 detected, yet many more old ones are 
 corrected, and some valuable additional 
 information is communicated. He points 
 out with considerable exactness the Dia- 
 mond mines of India and Malacca, and is 
 inclined to doubt the genuineness of all the 
 supposed Diamonds found in Europe. He 
 disproves, from experiment, the assertions 
 of Pliny respecting the impossibility or 
 breaking this substance; and also shews 
 that it possesses no action on the magnet 
 to prevent this latter from attracting 
 iron. 
 
 Since the pubhcation of the above trea^ 
 tise, to the present day, the attention of 
 chemists, of crystallographers, and of mi- 
 neralogists, has been on various occasions 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 15 
 
 drawn to this gem : the most intelligent of 
 our travellers into those parts of the world 
 where Diamonds are procured, have alsQ 
 furnished several interesting particulars re- 
 lative to the natural and commercial history 
 of this substance, so that at present but 
 little remains to be added to our knowledge 
 on this head. These particulars I have 
 endeavoured to arrange and to explain 
 with all due brevity in the following sec- 
 tions, both from my own personal observa- 
 tion, and from published accounts of the 
 highest authority. 
 
 § 3. Fhysical and Chemical Characters of 
 Diamond. 
 
 The Diamond is either colourless, or 
 light yellow, passing into wine colour, and 
 
16 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 thence through cinnamon-brown into al- 
 most black; also pale-green, passing into 
 yellowish-green ; bluish-grey passing into 
 prussian-blue - and pink passing into rose- 
 red : ferruginous specks are also of rather 
 frecjuent occurrence. It rarely happens 
 that the same specimen presents more than 
 one tinge of colour ; I have, however, met 
 with a Diamond that was partly blue and 
 partly yellow and also opalescent. A dull or 
 faint tinge considerably reduces the value 
 of this gem,* but when distinctly pink, 
 blue, f- or green, it is much enhanced and 
 eagerly sought for by connoisseurs. 
 
 * With the exception of the superficially pale-green 
 Diamonds of the Rio Pardo, which are the finest at 
 present in the market. 
 
 t There is at this time a superlutivelj fine blue 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 IT 
 
 It is found cr^^stallized in the regular 
 octohedron, composed of two four-sided 
 pyramids, united by their bases, or in the 
 wedge-shaped octohedron ; the former of 
 these being the primitive form, and the 
 latter a mere variety of it. The faces in 
 these crystals usually exhibit a polish and 
 resplendent lustre fully equal to the utmost 
 that can be communicated by art to any 
 of the other crystals hereafter to be men- 
 tioned ; hence it was that before the method 
 of polishing Diamonds was discovered, these 
 natural brilliants, as they were called, bore, 
 a considerably higher price than the rest. 
 
 The modification of the primitive crys- 
 tal is occasioned by the edges becoming 
 
 Diamond, of above 44 carats, in the possession of an 
 individual in liondon, which may be considered as 
 matchless, and of course of arbitrary value. 
 
 C 
 
m^j\^y 
 
 IS 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 somewhat curvilinear, and by each of the 
 triangular faces being divided by three 
 curviUnear loiv ridges (or vefy blunt edges) 
 which intersect each other in the centre of 
 the triangle ; hence results a crystal ap-« 
 proaching more or less to globular,* being 
 formed of 48 triangular convex faces, ar- 
 ranged in groups of six each upon every 
 one of the faces of the primitive octohedron. 
 A variety of this modification takes place, 
 when the edges corresponding to those of 
 the common base of the octohedron are 
 suppressed, as well as those curve lines by 
 Avhich they are bisected; hence results a 
 fhomboidal dodecahedron. A s%ht va- 
 riety of this, by occasioning a compression 
 
 * All the spheroidal Diamonds are ill-coloured, and 
 cannot be polished) owing to the convexity of their 
 lamina. 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 19 
 
 in the direction of any two opposite groups 
 of six secondary triangles, produces the 
 short hexahedral prism, terminated at each 
 extremity by a very low curvilinear pyra* 
 mid. All the secondary faces are dull and 
 striated, which appearance is occasioned 
 by the saliant edges of their laminae, and 
 not by any adhering crust or commence- 
 ment of decomposition, as is generally 
 supposed. 
 
 The incomparable hardness of the Dia* 
 mond is another of the distinctive charac- 
 ters of this gem. It cuts with ease every 
 substance, whether natural or artificial, to 
 which it is applied. This hardness which 
 renders it so difficult to be cut and polished, 
 is at the same time the cause of its retaining 
 unimpaired, under all ordinary circum- 
 stances, the polish at first communicated 
 
 c 2 
 
90 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 to it ; and as, generally speaking, the per- 
 fection of polish which a stone is capable of 
 depends upon its hardness, so the Diamond 
 from the intensity of this quality receives 
 the highest possible degree of polish and of 
 lustre. It is on account of this excessive 
 hardness that mineralogists have been in- 
 clined to deny the occurrence of Diamond 
 in rolled pieces, and have accordingly re- 
 ferred all specimens of this description to 
 one or other of the globular modifications 
 of the crystaUine form mentioned above. 
 I am, however, in possession of a globular 
 Diamond, upon the surface of which nei- 
 ther the naked eye nor the microscope are 
 able to discover the smallest appearance of 
 facets. We know in general that, when 
 two substances, -greatly differing in hard- 
 ness, come in collision, the effect produced 
 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 by each upon the other, is nearly in the 
 ratio of their respective degrees of hardness; 
 the softer one will undoubtedly be the most 
 affected, but the hardest will by no means 
 escape unhurt ; thus the most indurated 
 rocks are worn by the continued dashing of 
 water, and carved idols are by degrees li- 
 terally kissed away by the lips of their 
 worshippers. With regard to the Diamond, 
 we have the most authentic testimony that 
 the Chinese and East Indian lapidaries are 
 in the habit of polishing it upon a piece of 
 corundum, the hardness of which, however, 
 is greatly inferior to that of the gem ; and 
 the surface of corundum again, in its turn, 
 is susceptible of being scratched and worn 
 by continued friction with common sand. 
 What wonder then that the Diamond itself 
 should sometimes be found with its edsres 
 

 2S 
 
 piAiNreND, 
 
 worn down by long and powerful rubbing, 
 (such as takes place by the action of the 
 sea on a pebbly beach) in contact with 
 stones comparatively so soft as ferruginous 
 quartz! But, though possessing this in- 
 tensity of hardness, the Diamond is far 
 from being difficult of fracture ; a slight 
 blow with a small hammer will readily 
 break it, and thus bring to view its strait 
 lamellar structure. Some specimens, how- 
 ever, exhibit a confusedly curved-lamellar 
 structure, and a more or less uneven frac- 
 ture ; these are called Diamonds of Nature, 
 and are incapable of being split as the 
 others are, or, like them, of acquiring the 
 utmost perfection of polish. The fracture, 
 strange as it may appear, is the character 
 the most relied on by the administrators of 
 the Diamond mines in Brasil. When a 
 
 aJiT-TSSS*' *:f 
 
DIAilOND. 
 
 25 
 
 stone is delivered to them the nature of 
 which appears to be doubtful, they im- 
 mediately appeal to the hammer, and, 
 knocking a small portion oii\exmn'me care- 
 fully the appearance of the fracture; if 
 this is distinctly lamellar the stone is a)n- 
 sidercd as a true Diamond ; if otherwise 
 it is rejected. This testis on two accounts 
 objectionable; for if the specimen under 
 cj^amination cither be a Dimnond ot^ na- 
 ture^ or, be a strait lamellar one, but broken 
 in ti wrong direction, it will not exhibit a 
 distinctly foliated texture ; and in apply- 
 ing the hammer there is some risk oi' de* 
 taching so large a piece as to deteriorate 
 or totally spoil the stone which has been 
 thus exposed to such rough ti'eaiment. 
 
 The specific gravity of Diamond varies 
 from 3.^18 to 3.55. Its bulk varies {txm\ 
 
24 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 the smallest perceptible grain to that of 
 half a hen's egg. The peculiar and scarcely 
 to be described grating sound produced 
 by rubbing two Diamonds together in the 
 hand, is remarkably characteristic of this 
 gem ; so that by this circumstance alone 
 rough Diamonds may be accurately and 
 expeditiously distinguished from every 
 other rough gem. 
 
 It is singly refractive ; and both in the 
 rough and polished state acquires posi- 
 sitive electricity by friction. It becomes 
 phosphorescent when exposed either to 
 the entire rays of the sun, or to the blue 
 ones alone when separated by the prism 
 and concentrated by means of a lens. 
 A similar effect also is produced by fixing 
 it to the end of a charged conductor, and 
 taking a few electric sparks from it. Many 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 'Z3 
 
 Diamonds however are incapable of be- 
 coming phosphorescent although agreeing 
 in colour and transparency with those 
 which readily become luminous. The 
 smaller acquire this property by a much 
 shorter exposure to the light than the 
 larger ones do. Sometimes a Diamond 
 that is not phosphorescent by the mere 
 action of the solar rays, ma}^ it is said, 
 be made so by previously immersing it 
 for some time in melted borax. 
 
 § 4. Chemical Properties and Analysis. 
 
 The combustibility of the Diamond 
 which of late has been repeatedly demon- 
 strated, was at first suspected by Newton 
 
26 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 from the high power of refraction pos- 
 sessed bj this substance. When placed in 
 the focus of a powerful lens in contact with 
 oxygen gas it presents the following phe- 
 nomena. It first becomes of a clear red ; 
 and soon after is apparently enlarged in 
 bulk, on account of its being surrounded 
 by a faint white light, the result of its en- 
 tering into combustion. Minute black 
 spots having a leaden metallic lustre oc-- 
 casionally form on its surface, especially 
 when there is a slight remission of the 
 heat; the Diamond gradually diminishes, 
 and at length is entirely consumed, Avith- 
 out leaving the smallest residue. It is 
 somewhat remarkable, that although in a 
 state of actual ignition and surrounded 
 with oxygen gas, it nevertheless immedi- 
 ately ceases to burn, as mou as the focus 
 
 - - -.^ 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 27 
 
 of the lens is withdrawn. With reo^ard 
 to the effect of common fire on Dia- 
 mond there are no experiments more 
 precise than those of Sir George Mac- 
 kenzie, from whom w^e learn the follow- 
 ing particulars. A Diamond being placed 
 on a thin piece of baked clay, was intro- 
 tuced into a muffle previously heated red 
 hot ; it soon acquired the same redness 
 as the muffle, and in a few seconds more 
 became visible by a bright glow. Being 
 then removed from the fire it was found to 
 have acquired a slight milky appearance and 
 its lustre was impaired, but no black spots 
 were perceived on its surface. Diamond 
 acquires the dim milky appearance just 
 mentioaed at the temperature of 13*^ 
 Wedgewood, and the higliest heat re- 
 
28 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 quired for its complete combustion does 
 not exceed 15° of the same pyrometer. 
 
 By collecting the products of the com- 
 bustion of the Diamond, as was first done 
 with great care by Lavoisier, afterwards 
 by Mr. Tennant, and more lately with 
 special accuracy by Messrs. Allen and 
 Pepys, it appears that this gem is pure car- 
 bonaceous matter, differing in no respect 
 but its external characters from the carbon 
 procured from the decomposition of carbo- 
 nic acid. 
 
 § 5. Localities and Geological Situation. 
 
 The only places where Diamonds have 
 certainly been found in modern times. 
 
jjjjjjx'. 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 29 
 
 are the central and southern parts of India 
 Proper ; the Peninsula of Malacca, the 
 island of Borneo, and the mountainous 
 district called Serro Dofrio and other 
 places in Brasil. Neither the rock in 
 which it occurs, nor the other minerals with 
 which it is accompanied in Malacca and 
 in Borneo are at all known. In India it 
 is found in detached crystals in a kind of 
 indurated ochery gravel ; but whether or 
 not this is its native repository is uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 The Diamonds of Brasil, like those of 
 India, are found in a loose gravel-like sub- 
 stance immediately incumbent on the 
 solid rock and covered by vegetable 
 mould and recent alluvial matter; this 
 gravel consists principally of rounded 
 quartz pebbles of various sizes mixed with 
 
30 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 sand and oxide of iron, and enclosing 
 rounded topazes, blue, yellow, and white, 
 and grains of gold. In some parts of the 
 Diamond territory of Serro do Frio, which 
 I visited, the gravel is cemented by means 
 of the oxide of iron into a considerably 
 hard conglomerate forming rocks and low 
 hills ; on the sides of these are water courses 
 produced by the torrents during the rainy 
 season, the beds of which are very un- 
 equal and excavated. In these hollows 
 Diamonds are not unfrequently discovered. 
 The usual and regular method of search- 
 ins for Diamonds is to collect the disin- 
 tegrated conglomerate in which they are 
 found at the bottoms of rivers and of ra- 
 vines, and by a laborious process of wash- 
 ing as long as the water comes off disco- 
 loured to separate the mud from the dis- 
 
im^i 
 
 t>lAM0ND4 
 
 SI 
 
 tinct grains. The residue thus cleaned is 
 subjected to an accurate examination for 
 the Diamonds which it may contain. 
 These are distinguished partly by their crys- 
 talline form, but principally by their pecu- 
 liar lustre, slightly verging on semi-metallic, 
 but which cannot be adequately described 
 by words. Diamonds of the smallest size, 
 that is whose weight does not exceed a 
 fifth of a carat, or even the fifth of a grain, 
 are many times more abundant than all 
 the rest put together : these are of no use 
 in jewellery, but when broken and ground 
 to the reqiuisite degree of fineness com- 
 pose the Diiamond powder, a material ab- 
 solutely necessary for polishing and setting 
 facets upon the larger Diamonds, If the 
 above mentioned conglomerate is not the 
 
32 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 real matrix of the Diamond, its true geo- 
 logical situation is unknown, for it has 
 never as yet been discovered in any other 
 rock. 
 
 The mineralogist who has been in the 
 habit of seeing and accurately examining 
 numerous specimens of this gem acquires a 
 kind of tact, that enables him to distin- 
 guish at once and with little risk of mis- 
 take a holsa of stones from Hindostan, and 
 a similar one from Borneo, or from the Por- 
 tuguese territories in South America : nay, 
 even the Diamonds furnished by one part 
 of the Serro do Frio may be discriminated 
 from those of other parts of Brasil, or even 
 of the same district. But these characters, 
 although sufficiently visible to the experi- 
 enced eye, are too evanescent to be restrict- 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 ss 
 
 ed within technical description, and are 
 as yet entirely unknown to the conunercial 
 dealers in precious stones. 
 
 § 6. Notice of some particular Diamonds. 
 
 The largest of all the undoubted Dia- 
 monds is that mentioned by Tavernier as 
 in the possession of the Grand Mogul. 
 In form and size it resembles half a hen's 
 egg : its weight, according to the testimony 
 of the same traveller, (a jeweller by pro- 
 fession and who himself weighed it,) is 
 297^ carats, or, 156 carats being equal 
 to a troy ounce, 860 grains. It was found 
 about the year 1550 in the mine of Colore, 
 not far to the east of Golconda. 
 
 An oriental Diamond formerly belong- 
 
f^"»r-^-^^^'i^^^^. 
 
 34 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 ing to Nadir Shah, Sultan of Persia, de- 
 serves the next place: it is without flaws 
 or faults of any kind, and weighs J93 
 carats. Its form is that of a flattened 
 ovoid, and it is about the size of a pigeon's 
 egg. It was purchased by the late Em- 
 press Catherine for about ^^90,000 ready 
 money, and an annuity of about £4,000 
 more. 
 
 The next in size is a rough Brasilian 
 Diamond, found in the river Abatio in 
 Dossession of the Prince Regent of Por- 
 tugal weighing near an ounce troy. 
 
 The Pitt or Regent Diamond, is said to 
 have been found in Malacca. It was pur- 
 chased by Mr. Pitt, an English gentleman, 
 then Governor of Bencoolen in Sumatra, and 
 was sold by him for £130,000 to the Regent 
 Duke of Orleans, by whom it was placed 
 
 ^4^^^' 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 35 
 
 among the crown jewels of France, and 
 of which it still forms the great glory. It 
 is cut in the form of a briUiant, and is ab- 
 solutely faultless. It weighs IS6^ carats, 
 and its value as estimated by a commission 
 of jewellers in the year 1791? is twelve mil- 
 lions of livres. 
 
 Perhaps one of the largest and most 
 beautiful coloured Diamonds is a rich sky- 
 blue brilUant, belonging to the crown jewels 
 of France: it weighs 6?^ caratsy and is 
 estimated at three millions of livres. 
 
 In this list I have not enumerated the 
 supposed great Diamond of Portugal, be- 
 cause it is now the general opinion, both of 
 mineralogists and jewellers, that this stone 
 is a white topaz. It was found in Brazil, 
 in the Diamond mines, is as yet in its rough 
 d2 
 
36 
 
 tHAMOND. 
 
 slate, and weighs 1680 carats, above eleven 
 ounces.* 
 
 § 7. Commercial History. 
 
 The circumstances which led to the dis- 
 covery of Diamonds in the various oriental 
 countries mentioned in a former section, 
 we are wholh^ unacquainted with : but with 
 regard to the discovery of this gem in 
 Brazil, the follov/ing I believe, v/ill be found 
 to be a correct account. About a century 
 ago that part of Brazil called Serro do Frio, 
 (the cold ridge) was explored for gold ; 
 and in the search after this precious metal 
 
 * This stone I did not see when in Brazil. 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 37 
 
 a considerable number of shining pebbles 
 were picked up and transmitted to Lisbon. 
 From this place they were sent to Holland 
 for examination, and being placed in the 
 hands of the most eminent lapidaries of 
 that country, were pronounced by them to 
 be real Diamonds, equal in quality to those 
 from Golconda, or from any other part of 
 India. In consequence of this favourable 
 report, an importation of the article from 
 Brazil took place so considerable, as inafew 
 years to excite general apprehensions among 
 the merchants, of a great deterioration in 
 its price. To counteract this, a report was 
 studiously circulated, that the Brazilian 
 Diamonds were decidedly and essentially 
 inferior to the oriental ones. By some 
 persons it was even denied that the Dia- 
 mond was ireally a native of America, and 
 
ilf^!4?!^3^^,5 
 
 33 
 
 DxAMONC. 
 
 the notorious fact of the importation of 
 these gems from Brazil was accounted for 
 by saying, that they were only the refuse of 
 the Indian market sent from Hindoostan 
 to Goa, from which place they passed 
 into America on their road to Lisbon. 
 These representations occasioned such a 
 general prejudice against Brazilian Dia- 
 monds, that the Portuguese, finding them- 
 selves unable to stem it, had recourse to an 
 ingenious method of eluding its effects, by 
 secretly transmitting the produce of the 
 Brazilian mines to Goa, and thence to Ben- 
 gal. Here they were sold at very high 
 prices, and, being made up by the Indian 
 merchants into bolsas, were sent to Eng- 
 land and to other parts of Europe, where 
 they were received by the jewellers as ge- 
 nuine oriental stones. Being thus brought 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 39 
 
 into equal competition with the Indian 
 Diamonds, they were soon found to be not 
 at all inferior ; the prejudice was removed, 
 and at present, the real or supposed native 
 country of a Diamond, is not an element 
 that enters into the calculation of its com- 
 mercial value. 
 
 The Diamond mines of India have long 
 been declining ; several of them are now 
 abandoned and scarcely any of the rest con- 
 tribute at present to the supply of the Euro- 
 pean market. Borneo furnishes a few bolsas, 
 but these, to judge from such samples as 
 I have myself seen, contain a larger pro- 
 portion of coloured and bad stones than 
 those from Brazil. In fact it may be said, 
 that the European demand is now almost 
 wholly dependant on the supplies from 
 this latter country. 
 
40 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 This lucrative commerce was formerly 
 almost monopolized by the Dutch. The 
 consul for that nation possessed an ex- 
 clusive contract in Brazil for all that were 
 brought to sale in that quarter, whilst in 
 India their agents were equally active in 
 buying up every thing that was offered 
 there. By these means they obtained 
 a valuable branch of trade; and at the 
 same time secured to their working jewellers 
 the profit of cutting and polishing, not 
 onl}^ Diamonds, but the other most valuble 
 gems ; thus rendering the sovereign princes 
 and most opulent individuals of Europe, 
 tributary to them for the most valued and 
 costly of all ornamental substances. 
 
 Besides the ordinary annual importa- 
 tion of Diamonds into England, there have 
 been during the last eighty or ninety years 
 
DIAMOND. 41 
 
 Iwo remarkable influxes of them which re- 
 quire to be noticed. The first took place 
 from Brazil not long after the first disco- 
 very of Diamonds in that country, and be* 
 fore the trade was regulated or monopo- 
 lized. They were then scarcely acknow- 
 ledged as true Diamonds ; and from the low 
 estimation in which they were held, excited 
 little or no competition among the buyers : 
 on this account the lots that were consign- 
 ed to the merchants sold cheap : the jewel- 
 lers however into whose hands they passed 
 refused to dispose of them at a lower rate 
 than usual, and by witholding them for 
 some time obtained at length very advan- 
 tageous prices for them. 
 
 The next great influx was at the time 
 of the French revolution. The nobility 
 and other emigrants who sought shelter 
 
42 DIAMOND. 
 
 here from the commotions of their own 
 country, brought with them large quantities 
 of Diamonds. These, from the necessi- 
 ties of their owners, soon found their way 
 to market, and were disposed of to the 
 jewellers at prices which had a reference 
 rather to the necessity of the sellers, than 
 to the intrinsic value of the article; for 
 the regular sale price of Diamonds did not 
 suffer the smallest abatement on this ac- 
 count. 
 
 Perhaps at no period has the demand 
 been greater for what may be called sale- 
 able stones, than at the present time. By 
 saleable stones, I mean such as are usually 
 offered for sale, and ar^ not remarkably 
 large. Stones of considerable size are so 
 extremely rare, as to render their value 
 very arbitrary. Few persons can afford 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 43 
 
 to enter into the competition, hence the 
 first rate gems have always been slow of 
 sale and probably will ever remain so. The 
 present disturbed political state of Europe 
 is peculiarly unfavourable to the sale of 
 such Diamonds as demand the sacrifice of 
 £50,000 or upwards for their purchase. 
 
 As a very large property both in this 
 country and among the other nations of 
 Europe is vested in Diamonds, it may be 
 interesting to be informed, not only that 
 the price of these gems has for several 
 years been upon the whole gradually rising, 
 but that it is likely still to continue on the 
 advance. The best Diamond ground at 
 present known in the world is that of 
 Serro do Frio ; and this most assuredly has 
 passed its zenith. The quantity of ground 
 remaining to be explored, is perfectly well 
 
44 
 
 mAMOND. 
 
 known, and the average annual produce 
 may be estimated from that portion 
 which has already been exhausted. 
 
 The Diamond mines in Brazil, belong- 
 ing either to the Crown or to the Prince 
 Regent, the trade in this gem, except 
 through the medium of the Government 
 agents, is considered as contraband. In 
 fact, however, they are not unfre- 
 quently offered to sale by private ad- 
 venturers, at prices corresponding with, and 
 regulated by, those which are agreed to by 
 the agents of Government, and a consider- 
 able proportion of the whole produce, 
 finds its way to market in this unlicensed 
 manner, notwithstanding the very severe 
 penalties annexed to these transactions. 
 
 The Government Diamonds, however, 
 form the cluQf part of the trade. These 
 
iB 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 45 
 
 are the produce of the different royal mines 
 in the interior of Brazil ; whence they are 
 transmitted to the seat of Government at 
 Rio de Janeiro : the Prince Resent there 
 selects from the whole such stones as he 
 chooses to add to his own collection, 
 (which, by this means, has become the 
 most superb of any in modern, and pro- 
 bably in ancient times,) and the remainder 
 are consigned to the Portuguese Ambas- 
 sador, for the time resident in England, 
 by whom they are deposfted in the Bankj 
 for sale. 
 
 § 8. Art of Cutting and Polishing 
 Diamonds. 
 
 The object of cutting and pohshing the 
 Diamond is twofold. First, to divide the 
 
46 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 natural surface of the stone in a sj^mmetri- 
 cal manner, by means of a number of 
 highly polished polygonal planes, and thus 
 to bring out to the best advantage, the 
 wonderful refulgence of this beautiful gem ; 
 and secondly, by cutting out such flaws as 
 may happen to be near the surface, to 
 remove those blemishes that materially de- 
 tract from its beauty, and consequently 
 from its value. 
 
 The removal of flaws is a matter of 
 great importance, for, owing to the form in 
 which the Diamond is cut, and its high 
 degree of refrangibility, the smallest fault 
 is magnified and becomes obtrusively visible 
 in every facet. For this reason also, it is 
 by no means an easy matter, at all times, 
 to ascertain whether a flaw is, or is not 
 superficial ; and a person with a correct 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 47 
 
 and well-practised eye, may often purchase 
 
 to great advantage stones which appear 
 
 to be flawed quite through, but are in fact 
 only superficially blemished. 
 
 The first thing that the artist has to do 
 when a rough Diamond is put into his 
 hands, is to examine carefully, in what 
 direction the stone may be cut, so as to 
 afford the greatest breadth, or spread as it 
 is technically termed, after the flaws, if 
 any* shall have been taken out. So great 
 a stress is laid by modern fashion, on the 
 superficial extent of a brilhant, that the old 
 rules for proportioning its dimensions are 
 now nearly obsolete : the best cutters have 
 entirely discarded the use of measures, and 
 in forming the facets, trust wholly to an 
 accurate and well-practised eye. The di- 
 rection being determined on, the artist 
 
S^sffiS: v;-;:i'^'if -J 
 
 48 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 must be well aware which are the hard 
 points, and which the soft ones ; the former 
 being those sohd angles of the original 
 octohedron, which it is necessary to cut 
 directly across, and the latter, those solid 
 angles which are to be obliquely divided. 
 A degree of force which may be safely 
 applied, and is even requisite in making a 
 section through the former, will be very 
 apt to flaw and tear up the laminae when 
 applied to the latter. On these ac- 
 counts it probably is, that the fa- 
 tiguing and even painful process of 
 performing this part of the business b}"^ 
 hand, is not yet superseded by the use of 
 machinery. 
 
 These preliminary matters being settled, 
 the Diamond is imbedded in strong ce- 
 ment, fixed at the end of a stout spindle- 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 49 
 
 shaped-stick about a foot long, with tliat por- 
 tion only projecting, the removal of which 
 is to form the first facet. Tlie instru- 
 ment employed for this purpose is another 
 Diamond fixed in a stick similar to the for- 
 mer, with one of the solid angles project- 
 ing. In order to collect the powder and 
 shivers that are detached during the pro- 
 cess, the cutting is performed over a strong 
 box four or five inches square, furnished 
 with a false bottom perforated with ex- 
 cessively minute holes, in order to sift, 
 as it were, the dust from the shivers; and 
 also with two upright iron pegs fixed on 
 the sides, for the workman to support and 
 steady his fingers against, while with a 
 short repeated stroke somewhat between 
 scratching and cutting, he is splitting off 
 or more laboriously wearing away the Dia- 
 

 50 DIAMOND. 
 
 mond in that part where the facet is to be 
 placed. This being done, the cement is 
 softened by warming it, and the position of 
 the Diamond is changed, in order to bring a 
 fresh part under the action of the cutting 
 Diamond . When in this slow and laborious 
 way all the facets have been placed upon 
 the surface of the Diamond, the cutting 
 is completed. The stone, if examined 
 by a moderate magnifier, now presents 
 ragged rough edges ; and a broken foliated 
 surface with a glistening lustre on those 
 facets that are nearly in the direction of 
 the natural laminee, and on the other facets 
 a more even surface, but of a dull opake 
 greyish white colour. 
 
 The shape of many Diamonds is so ir- 
 regular, that it is necessary to remove pieces 
 of considerable magnitude, in order to bring 
 
1>f- 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 51 
 
 them to a form proper for cutting. Where 
 the lines of these proposed sections coin- 
 cide with the natural lamellar structure of 
 the stone, the workman has recourse to the 
 delicate and perhaps somewhat hazard- 
 ous operation of splitting the Diamond, 
 by which a double advantage is obtained. 
 In the first place there is a great saving of 
 time, and in the second place the slices or 
 shivers are themselves sufficiently large to 
 admit of being cut and polished. The 
 method of splitting is made a great mys- 
 tery of, thus much however may be men- 
 tioned, that when the direction in which 
 the section is to be made has been deter- 
 mined on, it is marked by a very fine line 
 cut by the point of another Diamond ; 
 the stone is afterwards fixed by strong 
 cement in the proper position in a block 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 of wood, and then by the apphcation of 
 a due degree of force the section is ef- 
 fected. 
 
 The Diamond being thus, by the joint 
 action of spHtting and cutting, brought 
 to the required form, the next object is to 
 pohsh the facets, and at the same time to 
 redress any Httle inequahties that may 
 have taken place in the cutting. The 
 pohshing mill is an extremely simple ma- 
 chine, consisting of a circular horizontal 
 plate of cast iron 14 or 15 inches in 
 diameter, (called a skive,) suspended on a 
 spindle, and capable of being put into 
 rapid motion by means of a larger wheel 
 5 or 6 feet in diameter, and turned by an 
 assistant. From the centre to the circum- 
 ference of the iron plate are lines or shal- 
 low grooves formed by rubbing it in that 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 53 
 
 direction with a fine-grained gritstone ; these 
 grooves serve to retain the mixture of 
 oil and Diamond powder with which the 
 plate is charged. In order to keep the 
 Diamond perfectly steady while the polish- 
 ing of each facet is going on, the following 
 contrivance is had recourse to. A copper 
 cup (called a dopp,) about three quarters 
 of an inch in depth and in width, and fur- 
 nished with a stem about four inches long 
 of stout copper wire, is filled with plumbers' 
 solder, which also projects in a conical 
 form beyond the rim of the cup : in the 
 apex of this cone, the solder being softened 
 by heat, the Diamond is imbedded with 
 one of the facets projecting. The stem 
 of the cup is now put into very power- 
 ful pincers, which screw up with a nut and 
 a wrench or lever, and thus hold it p-er^ 
 
a^^s^^j^l 
 
 54 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 fectly tight. The handles of the pincers 
 (called tongs) are of wood, are broad and 
 terminated by two feet, about an inch high, 
 so that when laid horizontally they are 
 supported exactly as a pair of candle 
 snuffers is, the studs fixed to the handles 
 of the snuffers representing the legs of the 
 pincers, and the single stud near the point 
 of the snuffers representing the inverted 
 copper cup holding the Diamond, and at 
 the same time having its stem strongly 
 griped by the pincers. In this position 
 the Diamond is placed on the plate, the 
 pincers resting on their legs on the wooden 
 bench or table that supports the plate, and 
 pressing at the same time against an up- 
 right iron peg; the broad part of the 
 pincers between the legs and the Diamond, 
 is then loaded with weights, both to steady 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 55 
 
 the machine, and to increase the pressure 
 of the Diamond against the skive. Mat- 
 ters being thus adjusted, a little oil and 
 Diamond powder is dropped on the plate, 
 it is set in motion at the rate of about 200 
 revolutions in a minute, and the process 
 of grinding down, and at the same time 
 of polishing is begun. The Diamond is 
 taken up and examined from time to time, 
 and is adjusted so as to give the facet its 
 true form. The heat occasioned by the 
 friction is at all times pretty considerable, 
 and when the pincers are heavily loaden 
 it occasionally increases to such a degree 
 as to soften the solder and displace the Dia- 
 mond. This is a serious accident, frequent- 
 ly occasioning a flaw in the Diamond, and 
 always tearing up the surface of the skive, 
 
m 
 
 1)IAM0ND. 
 
 
 so as to damage it very considerably. There 
 is room on the skive for three or four Dia- 
 monds at the same time ; and to give each 
 its proper share of attention is as much 
 as one person can well manage. The com- 
 pletion of a single facet often occupies 
 some hours. 
 
 Diamonds are brilliant cut, rose cut, and 
 table cut. The brilliant is deservedly in 
 the highest estimation, as it is the form 
 which shows to the greatest advantage the 
 peculiar lustre of this gem. The propor- 
 tions and method of forming the brilliant 
 are described by Jeffries ; and with regard 
 to the shape and position of the facets no 
 change has hitherto taken place, although, 
 from the present fashion of preserving as 
 great a spread or surface as possible, the 
 
£^, 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 57 
 
 rules for proportioning the dimensions of 
 the brilliant are by no means strictly ad- 
 hered to. 
 
 The brilliant* may be considered as 
 formed of two truncated pyramids united 
 together by one common base, thfe upper 
 pyramid being much more deeply truncated 
 than the lower one. The plane formed by 
 the truncature of the upper pyramid is 
 called the table (a) ; that formed by the 
 truncature of the lower is called the col- 
 let (6); the common base is called the 
 girdle (c) ; the sp^ce between the table and 
 the girdle is the bizcl (^d), and that between 
 the girdle and the collet is the collet-side (e). 
 Both the table and the collet are regular 
 octagons; the bizel is formed by eight 
 
 *P1. 2. Fig. 5. 
 
58 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 lozenges and twenty-four triangles ; the 
 collet side is occupied by four irregular 
 pentagons alternating with as many irre- 
 gular lozenges, radiating from the collet 
 as a centre, and usually called the pavi- 
 lion facets, and bordered by sixteen tri- 
 angular facets, adjoining the girdle. The 
 brilliant is set with the table side upwards, 
 and the collet side implanted in the cavity 
 made to receive the Diamond. 
 
 The regular rose Diamond*, is the form 
 given to those stones the spread of which 
 is too great in proportion to their depth 
 to admit of being brilliant cut, without 
 a great loss of substance. It is formed by 
 covering the whole surface of the stone 
 with equilateral triangles, each pair being 
 
 * PI. 2. Fig. 6. 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 59 
 
 placed base to base, so as to form a kind 
 of rhomb. 
 
 The table Diamond is the least beauti- 
 ful mode of cutting, and is applied only to 
 those stones or rather fragments, which 
 with a considerable breadth have only a 
 very trifling depth. 
 
 Good stones, from one to four or five 
 carats, if skilfully cut either into brilliants 
 or rose Diamonds, lose in the process 
 somewhat less than half their weight; 
 hence the value of a cut stone is twice 
 that of a rough stone of equal weight, in- 
 dependently of the cost of cutting. 
 
 The Diamond-cutters of England are 
 confessedly the best in Europe, but their 
 number is unfortunately so small a» to 
 occasion many stones to be sent to Hol- 
 land ; where, from the greater number 
 
60 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 and more active competition of the artists, 
 the price of workmanship is considerably 
 lower, but in at least an equal degree in- 
 ferior to that of London. Brilliant cut 
 Diamonds are so infinitely superior to the 
 others, that of late many rose-cut stone* 
 from Holland have been recut into bril- 
 liants, notwithstanding the additional ex- 
 pence and the loss of size necessarily at- 
 tendant on this operation. 
 
 Diamonds themselves are always equally 
 in fashion, but the mode of setting them 
 varies according to the caprice of taste 
 or the desire of novelty : hence the jewel- 
 ler has perpetual opportunities of exer- 
 cising and displaying the inventive ele- 
 gance of his taste in the assortment of 
 hues and the arrangement of groups. He 
 will cluster together the smaller stones so 
 
DIAMOND. 
 
 61 
 
 as to aggrandize and enhance the effect of 
 the whole; the larger and more perfect 
 ones will generally be set open and dis- 
 played to the greatest advantage, while 
 the inferior ones will be assisted by set- 
 ting them solid on black, or, if need be, 
 with coloured foil. But whatever be the 
 occasion that calls forth his art, Avhether 
 the construction of a star, a bandeau, a 
 tiara, a plume, a necklace, or an ear-drop, 
 he will bear in mind that his greatest merit 
 is the concealment of his art : the display 
 of belts and borders of gold can add 
 nothing to the superlative splendour of 
 the Diamond. Silver fades in the pre- 
 sence of gold, gold itself yields to the more 
 brilliant and costly materials of the jewels 
 ler, and of these the most beautiful, the 
 most costly, the very perfection of the 
 
6*S 
 
 DIAMOND. 
 
 gerr. creation is a colourless brilliant with- 
 out speck or flaw, large enough to attract 
 notice, yet not so bulky as to be cumber- 
 some in itself, or too disproportionate to 
 the smaller ones with which it is associ- 
 ated. 
 
ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 63 
 
 CHAP. TI. 
 
 ORIENTAL RUBY, SAPPHIRE, ORIENTAL 
 AMETHYST, AND TOPAZ. 
 
 As the Diamond differs essentially from 
 all other gems in its chemical com- 
 position, a question has been started, 
 whether it properly belongs to the class of 
 precious stones. This question can be 
 answered only by an inquiry into the 
 meaning annexed to the terms gem and 
 precious stone. Upon this we may re- 
 mark in the first place, that neither of the 
 terms is strictly speaking scientific, and 
 therefore, their meaning must be deter- 
 mined by common acceptation. Now, 
 
 *ff*^-'n«>f 
 
l^^J^? 
 
 64 
 
 ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 I believe, the whole of the properties es- 
 sentially connected with either the one 
 or the other term are the followinor. That 
 the substance should be a native mineral, 
 and not an artificial glass or paste; that 
 it should be possessed of great hardness, 
 of high lustre, of an agreeable tone of 
 colour ; that it should be (comparatively 
 speaking,) of rare occurrence, and of small 
 bulk. In all these qualities the Diamond 
 and the earthy gems so perfectly agree, 
 that the mere chemical difference, when 
 considering them as objects of beauty or 
 luxury, may without inconvenience be 
 entirely overlooked. Without further de- 
 lay therefore, I shall proceed to the de- 
 scription of the Oriental Ruby, the most 
 beautiful and precious of all the coloured 
 
 gems. 
 
ir 
 
 ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 65 
 
 The Oriental Ruby, though differing 
 in some particulars from the Sapphire, is 
 considered by tthe generality of modern mi- 
 neralogists as belonging to the same species; 
 and certainly the crystallographical cha- 
 racters and chemical composition of these 
 two gems present a very remarkable ana- 
 logy. In several subordinate characters 
 however, as well as in the estimation of 
 the public, there is a difference of suf- 
 ficient importance to justify me, I trust, 
 in separating them ; more especially as 
 the present work is intended for the use 
 of the amateur rather than for the scientific 
 mineralogist. 
 
 Tije most esteemed, but at the same 
 time the rarest colour, of the Ruby is pure 
 carmine or blood red of considerable in- 
 tensity, forming when well polished a blaze 
 
w.W.Wfif^jg^^ 
 
 66 
 
 ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 of the most exquisite and unrivalled tint. 
 It is however in general more or less pale 
 and mixed with blue in various propor- 
 tions ; hence it occurs rose red and reddish 
 white, crimson, peach blossom red, and 
 lilac blue (the latter variety, when it occurs, 
 going by the name of Oriental Ame- 
 thyst, and forming the passage between 
 the Ruby and Sapphire.) It is met with 
 in small angular and rounded pieces, and 
 crystallized in rhomboids, in hexahedral 
 prisms and in pyramidal dodecahedrons 
 variously modified : the crystals are almost 
 always small, and when not worn by rub- 
 bing have a brilliant external lustre. 
 When broken the Ruby presents a lamellar 
 structure with natural joints in three di- 
 rections parallel to the faces of a rhomboid, 
 and these faces have a highly shining vitre- 
 
ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 67 
 
 ous lustre. It is more or less transparent, 
 passing to semi-transparent; in hardness, 
 it ranks the third of all known substances, 
 yielding only to the Diamond and the 
 Sapphire. Its specific gravity is about 
 
 3.9. 
 
 From the analysis of this gem, by ' Mr. 
 Chenevix, it appears to consist of 
 90 . Alumine. 
 7 . Silex. 
 1 . 2 Oxide of Iron. 
 
 98.2 
 1 . 8 Loss. 
 
 100 . 
 According to M. d'Arcet, no change is 
 produced in the colour or transparency of 
 this mineral, by the most intense heat. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 
 
 ORIENTAL RUBY. 
 
 Pegu is the native country of the Ruby, 
 and it is said to be found in the sand of 
 certain streams near the town of Sirian, 
 the capital of that country ; it also occurs 
 with Sapphire, in the sand of rivers in 
 Ceylon. It has occasionally been met 
 with, imbedded in Corundum, but the 
 geological history of this gem is, as yet, 
 very imperfectly known. 
 
 Rubies of small size and inferior quality, 
 are not rare; they are semi-transparent, 
 flawed, and foul, have a bad pale colour, 
 mixed more or less, with a chatoyant 
 milky lustre. But rubies that are perfect 
 both in colour and transparency, are much 
 less common than good Diamonds, and 
 when of the weight of three or four carats, 
 or upwards, are more valuable even than 
 the latter gem. 
 
 
ORIENTAL SAPPHIRE. 
 
 69 
 
 The King of Pegu, and the Monarchs 
 of Ava and Siam, monopohze the fine 
 Rubies, as the Sovereigns of the Peninsula 
 of India have done, with regard to the 
 Diamond. The finest Ruby in the world, 
 is in the possession of the first of these 
 Kings ; its purity has passed into a proverb, 
 and its worth when compared with gold, 
 is inestimable. The Subah of the Dec- 
 can, also, is in possession of a prodigiously 
 fine one, a full inch in diameter. The 
 European Princes cannot boast of any of 
 first rate magnitude. 
 
 The Oriental Sapphire, ranks the 
 next in value to the Ruby ; when perfect, its 
 colour is a clear and bright Prussian blue, 
 united to a high degree of transparency. 
 It seldom, however, occurs in this state, 
 more generally the colour is a pale blue, 
 
70 
 
 ORIENTAL SAPPHIRE. 
 
 passing by degrees, into entirely colour- 
 less; not unfrequently, the pale varieties 
 are further deteiiorated by streaks and 
 spots of a dark inky blue. It occurs in 
 rounded pieces, and, rarely, in crystals of a 
 small size, but for the most part, consider- 
 ably larger than the Ruby. The primitive 
 crystal of this substance, like that of the 
 preceding gem, is a slightly acute rhom- 
 boid, the alternate angles of which mea- 
 sure 86° 38' and 93*^ 22' : it also presents 
 nearly the same varieties and modifications 
 of its primitive form. When broken, it 
 displays a conchoidal fracture, seldom ex- 
 hibiting any appearance of a lamellar 
 structure ; in hardness it surpasses the ruby, 
 and yields only to the Diamond. Its spe- 
 cific gravity varies from 4 to 4.1. 
 
 Before the blowpipe it is infusible with- 
 
ORIENTAL SAPPHIRE. 
 
 71 
 
 out addition. Its component parts ac*^ 
 cording to an analysis, by Mr, Chenevix, 
 are 
 
 92 . Alumine 
 5 ,25 Silex 
 1 . Oxide of Iron 
 
 98.25 
 1 . 75 Loss. 
 
 100. 
 
 The pale varieties when exposed to a 
 strong fire become entirely colourless with- 
 out undergoing any other alteration ; after 
 this, when cut and polished, they have been 
 often sold for Diamonds ; on this, (some- 
 what fraudulent) account, they bear a con- 
 siderable value. 
 
 Another remarkable variety of this 
 
72 
 
 ORIENTAL SAPPHIRE. 
 
 beautiful gem is the Asterias or Star-stone. 
 This is a semi-transparent Sapphire, often 
 with a reddish purple tinge, in which the 
 summits of the primitive rhomboid are re- 
 placed by secondary planes that present a 
 varying chatoyant lustre. If these crystals 
 are cut en cabochon, or in the form of an 
 ellipse, taking care that the summit of the 
 ellipse shall be situated exactly over the 
 point corresponding with the summit of the 
 rhomboid, there will be produced the ap- 
 pearance of a star, with six rays from 
 which, when held in the sunshine, a bright 
 yellowish white light streams forth in beau- 
 tiful contrast to the rich purplish blue of 
 the other part of the stone. 
 
 The largest Sapphire that I have ever 
 seen, weighs about 310 carats, (two ounces) 
 and among the crown jewels of France, is 
 
r ■ .^ 
 
 ORIENTAL SAPPHIRE. 
 
 73 
 
 a fine rhomboidal crystal of the same, of 
 the weight of l66 carats. 
 
 The best Sapphires come from Ava and 
 Pegu, where they accompany the Ruby. 
 They are also frequent in the sands of cer- 
 tain streams in the island of Ceylon, buts 
 these latter are usually of a pale colour, 
 and are also deformed by streaks and 
 blotches of an inky hue. In France, they 
 have been imet with in the sand of the 
 brook Exp^iilly, in Forez, but of so infe- 
 rior a quality, that the jeweller has never 
 been able to make any use of them. 
 
 Besides the iluby and Sapphire, or the 
 red and blue varieties of the Oriental gem, 
 (called by Hauy, Telesia, and by Bournon 
 and Greville, perfect Corundum,) there are 
 some other varieties, depending merely on 
 colour, that require a short notice. Some- 
 
74 
 
 ORIENTAL T0PA2. 
 
 times this gem is met with of a yellow co- 
 lour, and more or less mingled with red ; 
 in this state, it is called Oriental Topaz ; 
 its value is inferior to that either of Ruby 
 or Sapphire ; it is, however, a very beauti- 
 ful substance. The most esteemed colour 
 is a bright jonquil yellow, and next to that, 
 the pure lemon yellow. The rich reddish 
 brown variety, is often called Oriental 
 Hyacinth, and when it occurs of a green- 
 ish yellow, tending more or less to olive, 
 which is very rarely the case, it is known 
 by the name of Oriental Emerald, or 
 Oriental Peridot. Two or more co- 
 lours occasionally occur in the same crysr 
 tal ; thus, in the Greville collection, at the 
 British Museum, is a specimen blue and 
 red at the two extremities, and yellow in 
 the middle. Such specimens have no par- 
 
ART OF CUTTING 
 
 75 
 
 ticular commercial value, but are verj in- 
 teresting to the Mineralogist, as shewing 
 how little the mere colour is to be depend- 
 ed on in characterizing mineral species. 
 
 The cutting and poHshing the gems men- 
 tioned in this chapter, as well as those 
 which jet remain to be treated of, forms 
 the business of the lapidary, an art re- 
 sembhng, yet wholly distinct from, that of 
 the diamond cutter. The form most pro- 
 per to be given to any particular gem being 
 determined on, it is cemented to the end 
 of a stick, and the facets are set on, not by 
 cutting its surface laboriously, by means 
 of a Diamond, but by applying it to the 
 mill. This mill is a plate of copper, or 
 of an alloy of lead and tin, to which a 
 horizontal motion is given by very simple 
 machinery. Its surface is charged with 
 
76 
 
 ART OF CUTTING 
 
 Diamond powder and oil, or with fine emery 
 and water : the former of these, however, 
 is greatly preferred, the rapidity with 
 which it works being such as amply to 
 make up for the difference in price between 
 the two materials. A thick peg of wood, 
 called a guage, pierced with small holes in 
 all directions-, is set upright on the lapida- 
 ry's bench, close to the mill ; and the pro- 
 cess of setting the facets takes place in the 
 following manner : — 
 
 The stone is placed on the surface of the 
 mill, the opposite end of the stick to 
 which it is cemented being inserted in one 
 of the holes of the guage. In this position, 
 it is kept steady by the workman with the 
 right hand, while with the other, he puts 
 the mill in motion, by turning a winch. 
 The direction of the motion given to the 
 
AND POLISHING GEMS. 
 
 77 
 
 mill is such as tends to draw the stick out 
 of the guage, for, if given in a contrary 
 direction, it would soon flaw and tear up 
 the laminse of the stone. Such is the effi- 
 cacy of Diamond-powder, that an impres- 
 sion is almost immediately made on the 
 hardest of the earthy gems ; and the skill 
 of the lapidary depends on regulating the 
 velocity of the mill, and pressing with 
 more or less force on the stick, with 
 an almost imperceptible tendency to one or 
 other direction in different stages of the 
 work ; examining each facet at very short 
 intervals, in order to give as great preci- 
 sion as possible, to its size and form. This 
 part of the business being completed, the 
 cutting mill is taken out, and replaced by 
 one of brass, on which the polishing is 
 performed by means of fine emery, tripoh, 
 
78 
 
 ART OF CUTTING 
 
 and rotten-stone, exactly in the same man- 
 ner as practised in the first stage of the 
 process for setting the facets. 
 
 No inconsiderable degree of judgment 
 is required in determining the form and 
 proportions best adapted to set off any 
 particular stone to the best advantage, 
 modified as this must necessarily be by the 
 original breadth and depth of the gem. If 
 the colour of a stone is full and rich, if its 
 transparency is perfect, and its refractive 
 power considerable, the best form to give 
 it is the brilliant :* if, on the other hand, 
 
 * The form given to the most perfect coloured 
 stones by the French artists, is that of a square or 
 octagon, with a single delicate step between the table 
 and the girdle, and three or four steps between the 
 girdle and the collet. 
 
AND POLISHING GEMS. 
 
 79 
 
 the colour is dilute, the most advantageous 
 method of cutting it, is to cut the table 
 side brilliant fashion, and the collet side in 
 steps, PI. 2, Fig. 9 and 10, by this means, the 
 table itself will be left dark,while all the light 
 reflected from the steps on the under side 
 of the stone, will be thrown up into the 
 facets by which the table is surrounded. 
 When the stone possesses a varying cha- 
 toyant lustre, such as the Star-stone, the 
 Opal, the Labrador Felspar, or Malachite, 
 its form is to be made more or less hemis- 
 pherical, or elliptical,* without any flat 
 facets, but polished to the highest possible 
 degree of perfection. In France, certain 
 
 * The flatter the ellipse, the more the varying lus- 
 tre is diffused over the surface of the stone, as, on the 
 other hand, with a high ellipse, it is condensed on a 
 single spot. 
 
80 
 
 ART OF CUTTING. 
 
 dark coloured stones, as the Garnet, and 
 certain semi-transparent ones, as the 
 Chryosprase, are cut en cabochon, with a 
 single or double row of small facets sur- 
 rounding the base. 
 
W^PgwT" 
 
 RUBY. 
 
 81 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 RUBY, SPINELLE AND BALAIS EM1> 
 
 RALD CHRYSOBERYL TOPAZ. 
 
 The colour of the Ruby, when perfect, 
 is a full carmine red, in which state it is 
 known by the name of Spinelle Ruby ; 
 when the tinge verges upon rather pale 
 rose red, it is called Balais Ruby ; when 
 the red has a decided shade of orange, it 
 usually goes by the name of Vermeil ; 
 when of a yellowish red, it is called Ru- 
 bicelle : in other varieties, the red by mix- 
 ture with blue, becomes crimson, violet, 
 and finally indigo blue, which latter is 
 sometimes so deep, as to be scarcely dis- 
 
 G 
 
m RUBY. 
 
 tinguished from black ; sometimes, though 
 rarely, a greenish blue is observable ; these 
 latter varieties scarcely belong to the Jew- 
 eller, but are called by the Mineralogist, 
 Ceylanite and Pleonaste. Its primitive 
 and most usual form, is the regular octohe- 
 dron ; it also presents the cuneiform octohe- 
 dron, and a few other varieties ; sometimes 
 it occurs in rolled grains. In size it very 
 rarely exceeds eight or ten carats ; the 
 planes of the crystals are smooth and 
 brightly shining, with a vitreous lustre, and 
 usually exhibit a lamellar structure; the 
 fracture is flat conchoidal, and sometimes 
 imperfectly foliated ; the lighter coloured 
 varieties, when not foul or flawed, are 
 transparent ; the dark coloured are semi- 
 transparent, or even only translucent on 
 the edges. Its hardness is superior to that 
 
RUBY. 
 
 83 
 
 of Quartz, but not equal to that of the Ori- 
 ental Ruby, and the Spinelle is considera- 
 bly harder than the Pleonaste. Its speci- 
 fic gravity varies from 3 . 6 to 3 . 7. It is 
 singly refractive, and is infusible without 
 
 addition before the blowpipe. 
 
 The Spinelle has been analyzed by Vau- 
 quelin, and the Pleonaste by Collet Desco- 
 tils, with the following results :— 
 
 SPINELLE. 
 
 82 . 47 Alumine. 
 8 . 78 Magnesia. 
 6 . 18 Chromic Acid. 
 
 97.43 
 
 PLEONASTE. 
 
 68 . Alumine. 
 
 12 . Magnesia. 
 
 2 . Silex. 
 
 16. Oxide of Iron. 
 
 98. 
 
 g2 
 
84 
 
 RUBY. 
 
 The Spinelle occurs in Cambaya, in the 
 kingdom of Pegu, and in Ceylon :* the Ple- 
 onaste or Ceylanite, was first discovered in 
 Ceylon, and has since been met with in Nor- 
 way. They appear to belong to rocks of the 
 primitive cJass, being found imbedded in 
 calcareous spar, and in adularia, accompa- 
 nied by magnetic pyrites and crystals of 
 mica. 
 
 The Spinelle works easily, takes a high 
 polish, and is a very beautiful gem ; large 
 specimens are excessively rare ; but of the 
 smaller ones, the number used in jewellery 
 is considerable. It is generally set in rings 
 and broaches, surrounded by brilliants, 
 being too expensive for necklaces. 
 
 * The Brazilian Ruby is a pink coloured Topaz. 
 
EMERALD. 
 
 85 
 
 The Emerald ranks next to the Ruby 
 in public estimation, and in commercial 
 value. It is distinguished from all other 
 gems by its colour, which is a pure un- 
 mixed green, tending neither to blue on 
 one hand, nor to yellow on the other. In 
 intensity it varies from the palest pos- 
 sible tinge, to a full and pure body of 
 colour, than which nothing can be more 
 beautiful. The dazzling crimson of the 
 Ruby, the golden yellow of the Topaz, the 
 sky blue of the Sapphire, rich and ex- 
 quisite as they are, after a time fatigue 
 the eye, which wandering to each in turn 
 is by each both gratified and rendered 
 irritable. With what quiet pleasure does 
 the sight then turn to and dwell upon the 
 refreshing green of the Emerald, the only 
 gem which, to adopt the language of Pliny, 
 
S6 
 
 EMERALD. 
 
 fills and fixes the attention without satiat- 
 ing it; calling up in the mind, the full 
 verdure of spring, the untarnished vigour 
 of vegetation, with all the sweet remem- 
 brances and associations connected with 
 the youth of the year, the spring of 
 life! 
 
 The primitive crystalline form of the 
 Emerald is a regular hexahedral prism, 
 the lateral faces of which are squares ; 
 and this is varied by secondary faces 
 placed on the edges and solid angles. 
 The terminal faces of the prism arc rough, 
 the lateral faces are smooth ; differing in 
 this latter respect from the Beryl or Aqua- 
 marine, the lateral faces of which are 
 always longitudinally striated. Its frac- 
 ture is small and imperfectly conchoidal, 
 exhibiting at the same time, more or less, 
 
EMERALD. 
 
 87 
 
 the foliated structure of the stone ; its 
 lustre is shining and vitreous. When free 
 from flaws it is transparent and doubly 
 refractive. Its hardness somewhat exceeds 
 that of quartz. Its specific gravity is 
 about 2.7. Before the blowpipe it is 
 fusible with difficulty into a grey, rather 
 frothy glass. It is composed according to 
 Vauquelin of 
 
 64 . 5 Silex. 
 
 16 . Alumine. 
 
 13 . Glucine. 
 3 . 25 Oxide of Chrome. 
 1 . 6 Lime. 
 
 98.35 
 It appears from the Natural History of 
 Pliny, that the true Emerald was certainly 
 known to the ancients, although many 
 
 
88 
 
 EMERALD. 
 
 other minerals of a green colour were 
 popularly confounded with this gem. 
 Necklaces of Emerald have been dis- 
 interred from Herculaneum, and an Eme- 
 rald at present in the Museum of Natural 
 History at Paris is known to have formerly 
 adorned the Tiara of Pope Julius the 
 Second, who died 32 years before the con- 
 quest of Peru by Pizarro ; therefore the 
 gem in question was probably from Ethi- 
 opia, the country whence the ancients de- 
 rived their Emeralds*. For the last two 
 centuries and upwards the only country 
 known to yield Emeralds is Peru ; here 
 they occur in the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe 
 
 * In the collection of M. de Dree is an antique 
 bust of Drusus, son of the Emperor Tiberius, cut in 
 Emerald, and forming a ring stone. 
 
EMERALD. 
 
 89 
 
 and in the valley of Tunca, between the 
 mountains of New Granada and Poaa- 
 payan. They are found in veins traversing 
 clay slate, and in cavities in certain gra- 
 nites : they are accompanied with quartz, 
 calcareous spar, felspar, mica, and pyrites. 
 The largest known specimens of Peru- 
 vian Emeralds are near six inches in length 
 by two inches in thickness ; these however 
 are very rare, and it is still more rare to 
 find specimens of considerable magnitude 
 free from impurities and of a good colour. 
 This gem was well known to the native 
 Peruvians, by whom it was held in high 
 estimation, and was chiefly employed in 
 decorating their idols of massive gold ; 
 they were acquainted with the art of polish- 
 ing and drilling it. A similar use is made 
 of this stone by the modern Peruvian 
 
Jtaj^aanrtilMi^MiaiwtfMiM. 
 
 r^iiiii 
 
 90 
 
 EMERALD. 
 
 catholics, who employ the inferior water- 
 worn varieties to adorn the pedestals of 
 the crucifixes, and to stud the other orna- 
 ments used in their religious ceremonies. 
 A favourite mode of setting them, among 
 the opulent inhabitants of South America, 
 is to make them up into clusters of arti- 
 ficial flowers on gold stems. 
 
 The Emerald is much esteemed in Euro- 
 pean jewellery, and merits the very best 
 workmanship. It appears to the greatest 
 advantage when table-cut and surrovmded 
 by brilliants, the lustre of which contrasts 
 agreeably with the quiet hue of the Eme- 
 rald. It is sometimes formed into pear- 
 shaped ear-drops, which have a beautiful 
 effect when playing pendant within an 
 oval set with Diamonds. Another fashi- 
 onable mode of making it up, where ex- 
 
CHRYSOBERYL. 
 
 91 
 
 pence is not regarded, is in necklaces and 
 tiaras. The most choice and perfect stones 
 are generally set in rings. 
 
 Chrysoberyl or Cymophane. 
 
 This gem, from the little attention that 
 has been paid to it in Europe till of very 
 late years, has not yet risen to the rank 
 which it may deservedly claim. In Brazil 
 it stands at the very head of the earthy 
 gems, but its European value is inferior 
 to that of those which have been already 
 described in this treatise. 
 
 Its colour is a mixture of green and 
 golden yellow in various proportions and 
 of different degrees of intensity. It oc- 
 curs generally in rolled pieces, and some- 
 times crystallized in compressed hexahedral 
 prisms and in double six-sided pyramids. 
 Its weight rarely amounts to ten carats. 
 
92 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL. 
 
 Its fracture is generally conchoidal, but it 
 also presents natural joints in two direc- 
 tions parallel to the sides of a rectangular 
 parallelipiped ; its internal lustre is bright- 
 ly shining, between resinous and vitreous. 
 It is sometimes transparent, but often is 
 only semi-transparent, and then generally 
 exhibits a bluish-white opalescent light 
 floating in the interior of the stone*. Its 
 hardness is very considerable, as it scratches 
 
 ft 
 
 quartz with great ease. Its specific gravity 
 is about 3.8. It is doubly refractive, and 
 becomes easily electric by friction. It is 
 infusible before the blowpipe, and accord- 
 
 * Such specimens are popularly called opalescent 
 chrysolites and are less esteemed by the jeweller 
 than the transparent varieties. Sometimes one part 
 of a stone is opalescent and the other transparent. 
 
CHRYSOBEllYL. 
 
 93 
 
 ing to an analysis by Klaproth*, is com- 
 posed of, 
 
 71 . Alumine. 
 18 . Silex. 
 6 . Lime 
 1 . 5 Oxide of Iron. 
 
 96.5 
 
 It occurs in the sand of Ceylon together 
 with the Sapphire and Ruby ; but more 
 abundantly and of larger size in Brazil, 
 accompanied by the Diamond, and im- 
 bedded in that peculiar conglomerate which 
 has already been described in our account 
 of the last mentioned gem. 
 
 The colour, the high lustre, and the ex- 
 
 * It is by no means certain however, that the 
 subject of this analysis was a Brazilian Chrysoberyl. 
 
4 
 
 94 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL. 
 
 quisite polish which the Chrysoberjl is 
 capable of receiving, enables it almost to 
 sustain a competition with the yellow Dia- 
 mond. It is, however, a stone very dif- 
 ficult to work, and there is scarcely a lapi- 
 dary capable of doing justice to it. A 
 considerable quantity was imported into 
 this country from Brazil, a year or two 
 ago, the greater part of which were en- 
 tirely spoiled by inferior workmen, and 
 the rest were so ill cut that they remained 
 almost unnoticed and without value. The 
 finest specimens, provided they have suf- 
 ficient depth, should be cut in pavillion 
 facets like the brilliant ; the thinner ones 
 ought to be carefully cut in delicate steps. 
 It has great brilliancy by candle-light, 
 and possesses the very valuable and rare 
 quality of sustaining the rival presence 
 
, , TOPAZ. Qi5 
 
 of the ■ Diamond without injury. The 
 smaller stones appear to most advantage 
 in circular ear-drops, and set round high 
 coloured gems. The larger specimens 
 form necklaces, and ring stones of ex- 
 quisite beauty either with or without 
 Diamonds. The opalescent Chrysoberyl 
 derives a value in the eyes of the amateur 
 from the very circumstance which dimi- 
 nishes its worth in the estimation of the 
 jeweller; it has often a very good colour, 
 and when cut en cahochon as a ring stone, 
 is exceedingly beautiful. This fine gem 
 may be said to be coming into great repute, 
 and in all probability will soon rank very 
 high in estimation among the first circles 
 of fashion. 
 
 Topaz. 
 There are three varieties of this gem 
 
96 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 known in jewellery ; all of them from 
 Brazil, and requiring to be separately de- 
 scribed : they are distinguished by their 
 colours into yellow, blue, and white. 
 
 The colour of the yellow Topaz is wine 
 yellow, of different degrees of intensity, 
 and the fuller this is, provided it remains 
 bright at the same time, the more the 
 stone is esteemed : by exposure to a gentle 
 heat the colour passes into pink or pale 
 crimson ; this however is rather a hazard- 
 ous experiment, as Topaz is very liable 
 to crack and flaw by the action of fire. 
 Some rare varieties are naturally of a 
 pink colour, and these are commonly 
 known by the name of Brazilian Rubies. 
 It occurs in rolled pieces, but generally 
 crystallized in the form of a compressed 
 rhomboidal prism, terminated by tetra- 
 
TOPAZ. 
 
 97 
 
 hedral pyramids variously modified. The 
 sides of the prism in those parts adjacent 
 to the obtuse angles are for the most part 
 perfectly smooth, while those adjacent to 
 the acute angles are deeply striated so as 
 to be very sensibly curvilinear. It is rare 
 to meet with a prism regularly terminated 
 at each extremity, one end being generally 
 implanted in the matrix. In size it varies, 
 from very small to a considerable bulk; 
 the largest specimen upon record is in 
 the Museum of Natural History at Paris, 
 its weight being about four ounces and a 
 quarter : its cross fracture is perfectly 
 foliated but its longitudinal fracture is 
 small and imperfectly conchoidal; its in- 
 ternal lustre is vitreous and of great bril- 
 liancy ; when free from flaws it is usually 
 transparent and doubly refractive. Its 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 hardness is superior to that of quartz, but 
 it yields a httle to the file. Its specific 
 gravity as ascertained on a pohshed speci- 
 men of great beauty, and of the weight of 
 above 160 grains is 3.53. When warmed 
 it becomes positively electric at one 
 extremity, and negatively at the other. 
 
 Before the blowpipe it is infusible, and 
 is composed, according to an analysis by 
 Vauquehn, of 
 
 50 . Alumine 
 
 29 . Silex 
 
 19 . Fluoric Acid 
 
 98. 
 
 This gem is obtained from the neigh- 
 bourhood of Villa Rica in Brazil, where 
 it occurs in small veins of a talcose mat- 
 ter together with rock crystal and specular 
 
TOPAZ. 
 
 99 
 
 iron ore. The flawed and bad specimens 
 are perhaps a thousand times more nume- 
 rous than the good ones, and the mer- 
 chantable produce of the mines is sensi- 
 bly diminishing ; on which account good 
 stones are rising in value. The searching 
 for Topazes and bringing them into a state 
 fit for sale, employs a considerable num- 
 ber of men ; after being cleared from the 
 adhering foreign substances and other 
 impurities they are transmitted to Rio 
 de Janeiro, where they are disposed of to 
 the lapidaries. 
 
 There are few gems such universal fa- 
 vourites as the yellow Topaz when perfect ; 
 the rich warm tone of its colour, the viva- 
 city of its lustre, which it retains even by 
 the side of the Diamond, and its large 
 H 2 
 
►^ .,*-■*..:: ;-..*:Jf, I 
 
 100 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 size when compared with many other of 
 the precious stones, are characters which 
 very deservedly entitle it to distinction ; it 
 bears accordingly a high price when of 
 prime quality. 
 
 It is chiefly employed for necklaces, ear- 
 drops, bracelets, and broaches. No little 
 skill and taste is required in cutting and 
 duly proportioning this gem ; the table 
 should be perfectly symmetrical and not 
 too large ; the bizel of sufficient breadth, 
 and the under side should be formed in 
 delicate steps, and not in pavillion facets. 
 It works easily on the mill, and the lapida- 
 ries are in general tolerably well acquaint- 
 ed with it, yet it is by no means common 
 to meet with one that is entirely well cut. 
 Perhaps the most perfect stone in the king- 
 
TOPAZ. 
 
 101 
 
 dom for size, for colour, and for fineness of 
 workmanship is that represented in the 
 frontispiece of this work. 
 
 The blue Topaz, or Brazilian Sapphire 
 of some authors, although known to and 
 described by Rome de Lisle, was confined 
 to the cabinets of the curious till the re- 
 turn of the author of this book from Bra- 
 zil, who, having had the good fortuife to 
 acquire some very fine specimens of this 
 variety, brought them with him to Eng- 
 land ; where he is happy to say, they have 
 obtained the most illustrious patronage. 
 Its specific gravity as deduced from a large 
 and very fine polished specimen is 3.6,* 
 
 * Hence it may readily be distinguished, even when 
 cut, from the blue aquamarine, the specific gravity of 
 
■i'*',''rt' 
 
 102 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 therefore somewhat exceeding that of the 
 preceding variety. In its crystalline form 
 and other physical and chemical characters 
 it presents little if any peculiarity ; its 
 locality, however^ is totally distinct from 
 that of the yellow Topaz, since it occurs, 
 together with the Chr3^soberyl, in that 
 conglomerate which we have already men- 
 tioned as the repository of the Diamond. 
 It is as yet very rare, and in size is found to 
 vary from one or two carats to three ounces 
 fend upwards. The largest and most per- 
 fect specimen that has ever been met with 
 is in the possession of the author : it is with- 
 out flaw or imperfection of any kind, and 
 
 which does not exceed 2.7. and of which the lustre is 
 also of course inferior. 
 
TOPAZ. 
 
 103 
 
 its weight after having being cut and polished 
 is an ounce and a quarter ; a portrait of it 
 may be seen in the frontispiece of this work. 
 To display this stone to the greatest advan- 
 tage, the utmost skill of the lapidary is re- 
 quired, several of mine having been entirely 
 spoiled by the common mode of cutting. It 
 requires the greatest exactness of proportion; 
 the table should be rather small, the bizel 
 deep, and the under part from the girdle to 
 the collet graduated into fine and delicate 
 steps with equi-distant ribs : it then reflects 
 a full celestial blue colour throughout the 
 stone, more especially round the girdle. I 
 am of opinion that rose cutting, though 
 seldom practised, would perhaps have a 
 good effect, especially in small specimens 
 of this gem. 
 Sometimes the tint is so dilute as to re- 
 
104 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 quire the assistance of foil; and this is one 
 of those cases that afford an opportunity 
 to the jeweller of exhibiting his taste and 
 dexterity to the greatest advantage. He 
 will not by the use of a coarse deep co- 
 loured foil give an entirely foreign and ad- 
 ventitious hue, but will employ all his 
 resources in suiting the colour to the na- 
 tural tinge of the stone ; and, faithful to 
 the leading principle on these occasions, of 
 obtruding his art as little as possible, will 
 err, if he errs at all, rather in defect than 
 in excess. 
 
 The white Topaz is perfectly colourless. 
 It is in considerable estimation in Brazil, 
 where it is known by the name of minas 
 novas. It occurs generally of small size, 
 and is employed in circular ear-rings, or 
 for the purpose of being set round yellow 
 
■1^ 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 105 
 
 Topazes. Its lustre considerably exceeds 
 that of rock crystal, and the most ad- 
 vantageous way of cutting it is as a brilli- 
 ant with a small table ; in which case it 
 should be set open. 
 
 Topazes are found in several other parts 
 of the world besides Brazil ; many come 
 from New Holland and Siberia, of which 
 the best are the colourless ones ; the others 
 are of a greenish yellow tinge, and mostly 
 pale. Saxony also furnishes Topazes of 
 a pale straw yellow. Pale greenish ones 
 of considerable size have recently been 
 found in the Highlands of Scotland, and 
 small colourless ones at St. Michael's 
 Mount in Cornwall. But all these, how- 
 ever interesting they may be to the mine- 
 ralogist, are of little or no value in the 
 finer kinds of jewellery. A nobleman of 
 
106 
 
 TOPAZ. 
 
 H 
 
 Scotland may prefer having his arms en- 
 graven on Scottish Topaz, or a Cornish lady 
 may think a necklace of Topazes from St. 
 Michael's Mount a very appropriate orna- 
 ment ; but independently of these national 
 and local attachments there can be no ques- 
 tion that the Topazes of Brazil in intrinsic 
 beauty and impartial estimation are infi- 
 nitely superior to those of every other 
 country. 
 
CHRYSOLITE. 
 
 107 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 CHRYSOLITE — AQUAMARINE TOURMA- 
 LINE — HYACINTH, AND JARGOON. 
 
 ho many different substances have been 
 called by the name of Chrysolite, by la* 
 pidaries and even by mineralogists, that 
 much confusion has hence arisen. Not 
 only the Chrysoberyl, but the greenish yel" 
 low varieties both of Topaz, of Sapphire, 
 and of Aquamarine, and even of Apatit 
 and Idocrase^ have in popular or scientific 
 language borne the name of Chrysolite. 
 The real Chrysolite however, or Peridot, 
 to be described in the present article, is 
 
108 
 
 CHRYSOLITE. 
 
 the only mineral possessed of all the fol- 
 ]owrDg characters. 
 
 Its colour is a mixture of blue and yel- 
 low, in which the latter generally prepon- 
 derates, producing a greenish yellow ; some- 
 times however, the colour is grass green, 
 and even bluish green, mixed more or less 
 with brown. It is usually met with in 
 angular and rolled pieces, rarely crystal- 
 lized ; its regular form is an eight, ten, or 
 twelve sided prism, variously terminated at 
 the extremities, and often compressed so as 
 to become almost tabular. Its fracture is 
 conchoidal with a brilliant vitreous lustre : 
 it is transparent and doubly refractive in 
 a high degree : in hardness it is not greatly 
 superior to glass : its specific gravity is 
 3.4 
 
 Before the blowpipe it is infusible with- 
 
 t^m-'- 
 
CHRYSOLITE. 
 
 109 
 
 out addition. It is composed, according 
 to Vauquelin, of 
 
 50 . 5 Magnesia 
 38 . Silex 
 9 . 5 Oxide of Iron 
 
 98.0 
 
 It comes to us from the Levant, and is 
 said to be found in Upper Egypt, but of 
 its geological relations we are wholly ignor- 
 ant : although very inferior to the gems 
 already described, being deficient in hard- 
 ness and in play of colour, it is not unfre- 
 quently worked up into necklaces and 
 similar articles ; and when the different 
 stones match well in colour, are carefully 
 cut, and well polished, their effect is upon 
 the whole very good. In order to give 
 the highest polish to this stone, a copper 
 
110 
 
 CHRYSOLITE. 
 
 wheel is used, on v/hich a little sulphuric 
 acid is dropped. A highly suffocating 
 odour is given out during the process, 
 being occasioned no doubt by the oxida- 
 tion of the copper, and the decomposition 
 of the acid ; hence it is probable that the 
 oxide of copper is the true polishing pow- 
 der in this case, and its superiority to 
 the emery and other substances generally 
 employed by the lapidary is owing to its 
 greater softness. It is likely therefore that 
 the most advantageous way of working 
 this soft stone would be to turn it over to 
 the glass cutters. 
 
 Being too soft for ring stones, it is gene- 
 rally used in jewellery, for necklaces, and 
 ornaments for the hair. The best method 
 of cutting it is in small steps, that it may 
 shew the colour to the greatest advantage. 
 
'P^S'^'""'*" 
 
 AQUAMARINE. Ill 
 
 Aquamarine or Beryl. 
 The principal colour of this gem is pale 
 sea green, (whence its name) passing on 
 the one hand into greenish blue, and light 
 sky blue, and on the other into greenish 
 yellow, and wine yellow. Sometimes the 
 same crystal presents two or more colours, 
 and sometimes it is iridescent. Its primi- 
 tive crystalline form is the same as that 
 of the Emerald, which circumstance, toge- 
 ther with the striking analogy exhibited 
 by the analysis of these two substances, 
 has induced some very able modern mine- 
 ralogists to consider them as one and the 
 same species. The Emerald and the Beryl 
 however, differ so materially as gems in 
 the public estimation, that we shall on 
 this account follow the example of Wer- 
 ner, and treat of them as distinct substances. 
 
112 
 
 AQUAMARINE. 
 
 The usual form of the Aquamarine is a 
 prism of six or twelve sides, deeply striated 
 longitudinally, so that it often approaches 
 towards cylindrical ; sometimes a thick 
 prism divides at one extremity into a mul- 
 titude of needleshaped crystals, so as to 
 resemble a painter's brush ; sometimes the 
 crystals are jointed, the upper extremity 
 of each piece being concave and the lower 
 convex ; sometimes a crystal will present 
 the appearance of having been broken across, 
 and afterwards ill mended, the two pieces 
 not being in the same perpendicular, and 
 the place of the fracture being surrounded 
 as it were with a callus. The size of the 
 crystals varies extremely from mere threads 
 to prisms a foot or more in length, and 
 about four inches in thickness ; these latter 
 however are never sufficiently transparent 
 
AQUAMARINE. 
 
 113 
 
 and perfect for the use of the jeweller. 
 Its cross fracture is conchoidal; its longi- 
 tudinal is more or less foliated. Its hard- 
 ness is somewhat superior to that of rock 
 crystal ; and its specific gravity is about 
 2.7. 
 
 Its constituent parts, according to an 
 analysis by Vauquelin, are, 
 68 . Silex. 
 15 . Alumine. 
 14 . Glucine. 
 2 . Lime. 
 1 . Oxide of Iron. 
 Aquamarine occurs imbedded in graphic 
 granite, also in mineral veins with clay, 
 garnet, fluor spar, and topaz. The best 
 are procured in Brazil, in Siberia, and in 
 Ceylon. It is also found, but of very in- 
 
114 
 
 AQUAMARINE. 
 
 ferior quality, in North America, in France, 
 and in Scotland. 
 
 Aquamarine, though one of the cheapest 
 of the gems, and the most abundant, is in 
 considerable demand, and is esteemed a 
 fashionable stone. The finest in colour 
 that I ever saw was brought by me from 
 Brazil; it weighed when cut and polished 
 an ounce and a quarter troy. A profile of 
 which may be seen in the frontispiece. 
 Aquamarines occur in general of a suf- 
 ficient size for necklaces, in which form they 
 are usually worn ; they are also used for 
 broaches, and not unfrequently for seal- 
 stones, and intaglios. The large prisms 
 are in esteem among the Turks for handles 
 of stilettos. 
 
 This gem is a pleasant one for the lapi- 
 
AQUAMARINE. 
 
 115 
 
 dary to work, as it stands cutting and po- 
 lishing vvithoiit risk. Want of lustre, and 
 paleness, and weakness of colour, being 
 the defects to> which it is chiefly subject, 
 it is requ isite that a good stone should have 
 a sufficient depth in proportion to its 
 spread, and that it should be formed with 
 a small table, a high bizel, and with the 
 under part cut into delicate steps. 
 
 The only substance with which the com- 
 mon Aquamarine is likely to be confounded 
 is the blue Topaz, from which however it 
 is readily distinguished by its inferior spe- 
 cific gravity, and consequently inferior lus- 
 tre. The Beryl*, or greenish yellow variety 
 of Aquamarine is soaietimes mistaken for 
 the Chrysoberyl ; but though resembling 
 
 * When of a good colour it is best cut in star facets. 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 TOURMALINE. 
 
 this gem in colour, it is gieatly inferior to 
 it in lustre, hardness, aad specific gra- 
 vity. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 The colour of Tourmaliae is green with 
 more or less of a tinge of brown or blue ; 
 hence it passes on one hand into yellowish 
 and reddish brown, hyacinth red, and 
 even crimson red, and on the other hand 
 into indigo blue, sky blue, and violet. 
 The colours are mostly dull and somewhat 
 muddy, and often are so dark as to appear 
 nearly black. It occurs sometimes in rol- 
 led pieces, but generally crystallized. Its 
 primitive form is an obtuse rhomboid, 
 which may be considered as composed of 
 two trihedral pyramids united by their 
 bases. The actual crystals are prisms of 
 three, six, nine, or twelve sides; and the 
 
 ->*yaakK 
 
TOURMALINE. 
 
 117 
 
 terminal pyramidls scarcely ever correspond 
 to each other ini the number or situation 
 of their faces. It varies greatly in the 
 degree of its tirainsparency ; those speci- 
 mens which pos;sess this quality in the 
 greatest perfectic^n being, as may be sup- 
 posed, best fitted for the use of the jewel- 
 ler. Its hardnesis somewhat exceeds that 
 of quartz. Its specific gravity varies from 
 3.0 to 3.3. When warmed to a degree not 
 greater than that of boiling water it be- 
 comes electric ; and if in this state a thread 
 of silk tied at the end of a stick of seal- 
 ing-wax be presented to the crystal, the 
 silk will be attracted by one extremity, 
 and repelled by the other. It is fusible 
 before the bllowpipe into a spungy greyish- 
 white enamel. According to the most 
 recent analysis it is composed of from 40 
 
118 
 
 TOURMALINE. 
 
 to 43 per cent, of silex, and nearly the 
 same proportion of alumine ; of about 10 
 per cent, of soda, and of a variable pro- 
 portion, never exceeding 8 or 9 per cent.) 
 and often much less, of iron, and man- 
 ganese. 
 
 Tourmaline is found in Granite and other 
 primitive rocks in various parts of the world ; 
 but the most beautiful are imported from 
 Ceylon and Brazil. The yellowish green 
 and Hyacinth brown varieties chiefly come 
 from the former place ; the smoky green 
 and blue varieties from the latter, whence 
 they are often called Brazilian Emeralds 
 and Sapphires. Of these I have had crys- 
 tals in my possession an inch and a half 
 long, and three quarters of an inch in 
 diameter. They are held in considerable 
 estimation in Brazil, being worn in rings 
 
JARGOON. 119 
 
 chiefly by the dignitaries of the church. 
 In Europe this gem ranks among the less 
 valuable ones, on account of its little lustre 
 and the smoky or muddy tone of its co- 
 lour; yet, when well selected, when cut 
 thin, and set with a suitable foil, it possesses 
 considerable beauty. 
 
 The red Tourmaline is found in Siberia, 
 Ava, and Ceylon, and when free from flaws 
 is a very fine stone. The most splendid 
 specimen of this variety is in the Greville 
 collection at the British Museum: it was 
 presented to Col. Symes by the king of 
 Ava, and is valued at £1000 sterling. 
 Jargoon. 
 
 The colour of Jargoon is grey with tinges 
 of green, blue, red, and yellow, of various 
 degrees of intensity ; but generally smoky 
 
120 
 
 JARGOON. 
 
 and ill defined. It usually occurs in worn 
 angular pieces, or in small detached crys- 
 tals,* either octohedral, which is the pri- 
 mitive form, or with a four sided prism- 
 interposed between the terminal pyramids.' 
 The surface of the crystals is smooth and 
 brightly shining, approaching nearer to 
 the lustre of the Diamond than any other 
 gem. Its fracture is conchoidal. It is 
 doubly refractive, but seldom perfectly 
 transparent. Its hardness is somewhat su- 
 perior to that of quartz. Its specific 
 gravity varies from 4.3. to 4.6. On ex- 
 posure to the blowpipe it loses its colour, 
 but is infusible. Its component parts, 
 according to Vauquelin, are, 
 
 * Rarely exceeding six or eight carats. 
 
JARGOON. 
 
 66 . Zircon. 
 31 . Silex. 
 2 . Oxide of Iron. 
 
 121 
 
 99 
 
 It occurs chiefly in the sand of a river 
 in Ceylon, accompanied by Sapphire, Spi- 
 nelle, TourmaUne, &c. 
 
 This gem is a remarkable proof of the 
 caprice of fashion. About a century ago, 
 when it was regarded as an inferior variety 
 of real Diamond, few of the precious stones 
 were in greater request, especially for 
 mourtting ornaments, for which the dark 
 tone of its colour combined with its almost 
 adamantine lustre was supposed peculiarly 
 appropriate. At present it is entirely dis- 
 carded and bears no price in the market, 
 nor any place in the public esteem. 
 
122 
 
 HYACINTH. 
 
 Hyacinth diiFers from Jargoon merely 
 in colour. It is of a red orange passing 
 into poppy colour ; and when bright and 
 free from flaws is a very superb ring-stone. 
 It is of rare occurrence however in modern 
 jewellery : the largest pieces are sometimes 
 employed as seal stones. 
 
OPAL. 
 
 123 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 opal amethyst rock crystal 
 
 garnet— adularia—labrador spar 
 — cat's eye. 
 
 A HE colour of Opal is milk white or pearl 
 gr<ey, and when held between the eye and 
 the light is pale rose red, and wine yellow, 
 with a milky semi-transparence: by re- 
 flected light it exhibits, as its position is 
 slightly varied, the clearest and most beau- 
 tiful iridescent colours, particularly ver- 
 digris and Emerald green, golden yellow, 
 fire-red, bright blue, rich violet purple, and 
 pearl grey : all these tints are usually ex- 
 
 ■^^ 
 
124 
 
 OPAL. 
 
 hibited in the same specimen, being ar- 
 ranged in small spangles, in which case it is 
 called Harlequin Opal, or in broader plates, 
 or in waved and flame-shaped delineations : 
 sometimes only one colour is present, and 
 of these the most esteemed are the rich 
 orange yellow, called the Golden Opal, and 
 the vivid Emerald green. The colours of 
 this gem are the more bright and beautiful, 
 from the circumstance of their being oc- 
 casioned not by any particular tinge of 
 the substance itself, but by the remarkable 
 power which it possesses of refracting the 
 solar rays. It occurs in rolled pieces or 
 disseminated in small veins through a par- 
 ticular kind of clay porphyry. Its lustre 
 is vitreous, its fracture conchoidal. In 
 hardness it ec^uals quartz, but is remarkably 
 brittle; hence it is penetrated by cracks in 
 
OPAL. 125 
 
 all directions, and can very rarely be obtain- 
 ed in pieces as large as a small nut. Its spe- 
 cific gravity is very low, being no more 
 than 2.1. When exposed to the action of 
 the blowpipe it crackles and flies, but does 
 not melt. Its constituent parts, according to 
 Klaproth, are, 
 
 90 . Silex. 
 10 . Water. 
 
 100 
 It used to be found near Freyburg in 
 Saxony, but is at present met with only 
 near Kaschau, in Upper Hungary. 
 
 From want of hardness and of crystal- 
 line form, the Opal can scarcely be rknked 
 among the gems. It has, however, in all 
 ages and countries been very highly 
 esteemed. A Roman senator was threat- 
 
126 
 
 OPAL. 
 
 ened with death by Nero, unless he should 
 give up to the emperor an Opal ring of 
 exquisite beauty, and, strange to say, the 
 senator resigned his life, rather than sur- 
 vive the loss of his ring. Among the 
 eastern nations at the present day the Opal 
 ranks higher than it does in Europe ; nor 
 is this to be wondered at. JFrom the gene- 
 ral seclusion in which not only women, 
 but even men of rank, pass the greater 
 part of their time, the pleasure derived from 
 the possession of gems must depend in a 
 great measure on their intrinsic beauty, on 
 the degree in which they are capable of 
 gratifying, without satiating the taste or 
 vanity of their owners. In Europe, on the 
 contrary, (with the exception of a few 
 amateurs,) gems are considered as mere 
 ornaments, being admired less on their 
 
OPAL. 
 
 127 
 
 own account than for the general homage 
 that they receive from others. Hence the 
 brilliancy, the far-darting lustre of a jewel, 
 the distance from which it concenters the 
 gaze of by-standers on its wearer, is its 
 supreme merit among us. The colours and 
 fire of the Opal require a near inspection 
 for a full enjoyment of their beauty, which 
 undoubtedly greatly detracts from its 
 worth as an ornament. Fine stones are 
 extrenriely rare, and are generally used for 
 ear-drops and rings ; sometimes, however, 
 they are set with groups and clusters of 
 other gems. When plates of porphyry* 
 can be procured sufficiently rich in veins 
 of Opal, they form a superb material for 
 snuff-boxes, and similar articles. Opal is, 
 
 * The matrix of Opal. 
 
128 
 
 AMETHYST. 
 
 upon the whole, too soft and fragile to en- 
 dure the ordinary process of the lapidary; 
 it requires the utmost management in 
 working, and a moment of inattention is 
 sufficient to destroy its beauty. It is al- 
 ways cut €71 cahocJion. 
 
 The most valuable Opals are called 
 Oriental, and in fact small rounded pieces 
 of it occur in the sand of Ceylon ; but I 
 believe that the jewellers derive the whole 
 of their supplies of this substance from 
 Hungary. 
 
 Amethyst. 
 The colour of Amethyst is violet-blue 
 of various degrees of intensity, not unfre- 
 quently passing in the same, specimen from 
 the richest tinge to almost colourless. It 
 occurs massive, in rolled pieces, or in hexa- 
 hedral prismatic crystals, terminated by 
 
AMETHYST. 
 
 129 
 
 hexahedral pyramids like quartz, or rock 
 crj'stal, of which indeed it is merely a va- 
 riety. Its crystals are rarely so distinct 
 as those of quartz, being for the most part 
 laterally aggregated by the whole length 
 of the prisms, the terminal pyramids alone 
 being separate from each other; hence a 
 fracture of the mass in the direction of the 
 prisms presents a coarsely fibrous struc- 
 ture. Itis lustre is vitreous and more or 
 less shining, according to the degree of 
 transparence, which varies considerably. 
 It gives fire with steel, but yields to the file. 
 Its specific gravity is about 2.7. Before 
 the blowpipe it becomes colourless, but 
 does not enter into fusion. It appears to 
 be nearly pure siliceous earth coloured by 
 a very minute portion of iron and manga- 
 nese, 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 AMETHYST. 
 
 It occurs in veins, or forming the in- 
 terior part of agate balls in trap rocks. 
 
 Amethyst is valued by the jeweller jn 
 proportion to the depth, the richness, and 
 uniformity of its colour, and its perfect 
 transparency; when complete in all these 
 requisites it forms a stone of exquisite 
 beauty ; its colour being perhaps more 
 generally attractive than that of any other 
 gem, especially as it may be attained of 
 as large a size as can be conveniently 
 worn. 
 
 The most showy form in which Ame- 
 thysts can be made up is in necklaces, and 
 as it is not easy to find a number of per- 
 fect stones with precisely the same tint of 
 colour, such suites are very valuable, and 
 in great estimation among personages of 
 the highest rank : the finest known is in 
 
AMETHYST. 
 
 131 
 
 the possession of her Majesty. Amethyst 
 is often employed as a ring stone ; and 
 when of a deep vivid tinge will sustain 
 with advantage the presence of the Dia- 
 mond; hence it is not unfrequently set 
 round with brilliants. Pale coloured stones 
 require the skilful assistance of the jewel- 
 ler in suiting them with the proper foil ; 
 but good ones want no such help, and the 
 less gold that is employed in making them 
 up the better. The Amethyst is almost 
 the only coloured stone that can be worn 
 with mourning, a casual advantage which 
 however adds considerably to its value. 
 
 The best Amethysts come from India 
 and Ceylon, and although commonly called 
 Oriental Amethysts, must be carefully dis- 
 tinguished from a much more valuable gem, 
 the true Oriental Amethyst, or violet co- 
 
 k2 
 
132 
 
 ROCK CEYSTAL. 
 
 loured Sapphire. Next in esteem are the 
 Brazilian Amethysts; they are procured 
 in the mining districts of that rich country 
 at considerable expence. The Amethysts 
 of the jeweller are almost entirely obtained 
 from the above mentioned places. Siberia, 
 and various countries in Europe, especially 
 Germany and Spain, furnish inferior, though 
 beautiful Amethysts, proper for snufF 
 boxes, and other inlaid articles. 
 
 As violet coloured. Quartz goes by the 
 name of Amethyst, so when clear and colour- 
 less it is commonly known by the name of 
 
 Crystal, or Rock Crystal. 
 
 The usual form under which this variety 
 presents itself is in distinct hexabedral 
 prismatic crystals, implanted by one ex- 
 tremity in opake amorphous Quartz, and 
 terminated at the other by a hexahedral 
 
ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 133 
 
 pyramid ; the bulk of these Crystals varies 
 from very small to a foot or more in length. 
 The clearest and most esteemed Rock Crys- 
 tal comes from the Island of Madagascar, 
 in blocks not unfrequently from 50 to 
 lOOlbs. in weight: in Switzerland and the 
 province of Auvergne in France, very fine 
 specimens are procured, and inferior ones, 
 either with regard to clearness or size, 
 occur in almost every country in the world. 
 In our own country the substances called 
 Bristol, Buxton, Cornish, and Irish Dia- 
 monds, are clear pyramidal Crystals of 
 Quartz. 
 
 Rock Crystal, according to its quality, 
 is sold from 5 to 20 shillings a lb. for the 
 purpose of grinding into spectacle glasses ; 
 and is employed also in lockets and in- 
 ferior rings; it is sometimes made into small 
 
134 
 
 ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 vases, and occasionally it is used for seal 
 stones. About fifty years ago it was in great 
 request for buckles and buttons, at which 
 time many people were employed in ma- 
 nufacturing and cutting it, chiefly for the 
 Birmingham market. 
 
 The most esteemed pieces of Rock Crys- 
 tal are those containing slender needles 
 of Titanium, Crystals of Chlorite, &c.; they 
 are not without beauty, and are made up 
 into snuff boxes, and similar articles. 
 
 Rock Crystal occasionally is met with 
 of a beautiful pale pink colour, in which 
 state it is known among mineralogists by 
 the name of Rose Quartz. As an 
 ornamental substance it is considerably 
 superior to the colourless Rock Crystal, 
 but appears to be as yet almost wholly un- 
 known to the jewellers. 
 
ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 135 
 
 The most valuable variety, however, of 
 this mineral, next to the Amethyst, is the 
 Yellow Crystal, known also by the 
 names of Topazine Quartz, Smoke Quartz, 
 False Topaz, ^c. Its colour is yellow, of 
 various degrees of density, often equalling 
 in this respect the Saxon Topaz, though 
 considerably inferior to the Brazilian : not 
 unfrequently the yellow is combined with 
 a smoky brown, forming, when this latter 
 tinge does not predominate, a colour of 
 great warmth and richness. It is often 
 made up into necklaces and ear-drops, 
 but is more generally employed as broach 
 stones and for seals ; it stands engraving ex- 
 cellently well, and no stone is more fa- 
 shionable, or in more general use for the 
 latter purposes. To this high degre.e of 
 esteem it is indebted partly to its own 
 
136 
 
 ROCK CRYSTAL. 
 
 merits, and partly to national partiality. 
 The Mountain of Cairngouram, in Aber- 
 deenshire, has furnished and still continues 
 to afford many fine specimens, chiefly of 
 the smoky variety ; these being manufac- 
 tured by the lapidaries of Edinburgh, met 
 with a ready sale among the Scottish gentle- 
 men, as the native produce of their country: 
 the taste or fashion soon extended itself 
 into England, and this increased demand 
 has induced the merchants to import from 
 Brazil a considerable quantity of yellow 
 Crystal, the quaHty of which is for the 
 most part superior to the true Cairngou- 
 ram stones, though, in compliance with 
 popular prejudice, they are generally sold 
 under that name. The price of inferior 
 seal stones varies from ten shillingrs to three 
 or four pounds a piece, but those of superior 
 
GARNET. 
 
 137 
 
 beauty will bring from five to ten guineas. 
 Those specimens tbat have a pure full wine 
 yellow colour, are very often disposed of 
 as Topazes, when cut and set in foil. 
 
 This stone is best cut in steps, when 
 used either for seals, or for other purposes ; 
 the breadth of the table should be propor- 
 tioned to the fulness of the colour ; and it 
 should be carefully set with a proper foil, 
 if wanting in colour. 
 
 Garnet. 
 Although Garnet, considered as a mine- 
 ralogical species, varies exceedingly in 
 colour, in transparence, in fracture, and in 
 other external characters, yet those that 
 are fit for the purpose of the jeweller, are 
 distinguished by the following properties. 
 The colour is blood or cherry red, often on 
 one hand mixed more or less with blue, so 
 
138 
 
 GARNET. 
 
 as to present various tints of crimson, of 
 purple, and of reddish violet ; and, on the 
 other hand, with yellow, forming orange, 
 red, and hyacinth brown. It occurs crys- 
 tallized, in rhomboidal dodecahedrons, im- 
 bedded in mica slate, and in other primitive 
 rocks ; or uncrystallized, in roundish 
 grains, imbedded in serpentine, and in cer- 
 tain trap-rocks. Its size varies from the 
 smallest piece that can be worked, to the 
 bulk of a nut ; when exceeding this, it is 
 scarcely ever free from flaws, or possessed 
 of the requisite degree of transparency. 
 Its fracture is conchoidal ; its internal lus- 
 tre is vitreous, and brightly shining ; its 
 hardness exceeds that of quartz ; its spe- 
 cific gravity varies from 3.7 to 4.2. Before 
 the blowpipe it is fusible without much 
 difficulty into a black enamel. It seems 
 
 ^a 
 
GARNET. 
 
 139 
 
 liable to great variety both in the number 
 and relative proportion of its component 
 parts. Silex, oxide of iron, and alumine, 
 appear to be its essential ingredients. 
 
 The Garnets of commerce come from 
 Bohemia, from Ceylon, from Brazil, and 
 from Pegu. The city of Sirian, the capi- 
 tal of the latter country, having formerly 
 been the chief mart for the best Garnets, 
 these are usually denominated, by corru|> 
 tion, Syrian Garnets, as if they came from 
 Syria. The real native country, however, 
 of any particular lot of Garnets, after it 
 has passed through a few hands, can sel- 
 dom be known, and hence, the merchants 
 are in the habit of naming them Sirian, 
 Bohemian, or Ceylonese, rather from their 
 relative value and fineness, than from the 
 
140 GARNET. 
 
 country from which they are supposed to 
 come. 
 
 The Sirian Garnet is the most esteemed. 
 Its colour is a violet purple, which in some 
 rare specimens, enables it to enter into 
 competition with the finest Oriental Ame- 
 thyst ; it is also distinguished from all the 
 other varieties of Garnet, in preserving its 
 colour, unmixed with the black tinge that 
 generally obscures this gem, even when of 
 considerable thickness, and unassisted by 
 foil. It is a disadvantage to this stone 
 that it loses much of its beauty by candle 
 light, as it then acquires an orange tinge, 
 and may thus be discriminated from the 
 real Oriental Amethyst. 
 
 The Bohemian Garnet is generally of a 
 dull poppy red, and when held between 
 
GARNET. 
 
 141 
 
 the eye and the light, a hyacinth orange 
 tinge is very discernible. In proportion as 
 this latter colour prevails, the value of the 
 stone is deteriorated. When, on the con- 
 trary, the colour of the stone is a full crim- 
 son red, it is called fire Garnet, or Pyrope ; 
 its value is considerable, and when perfect, 
 and of a large size, is excessively rare, and 
 proportionably esteemed. The best way 
 of cutting the Pyrope is en cabochon, with 
 a row or two of small facets, round the 
 girdle of the stone, PL 2, Fig. 11. When 
 cut in steps, the colour appears more or 
 less black, but when en cabochon, the 
 point on which the light falls, displays a 
 brilliant fire red. 
 
 Garnet is easily worked, and when facet 
 cut, is almost always, on account of the 
 depth of its colour, formed into thin ta- 
 
142 
 
 lELSPAR. 
 
 bles, which are not unfrequently concave, 
 or hollowed out on their under side. Cut 
 stones of this latter description, when skil- 
 fully set with bright silver foil, have often 
 been sold as Rubies. This gem, though 
 common, and perhaps rather unfashionable 
 at present, has much intrinsic beauty. It 
 is made up into rings, ear-drops and neck- 
 laces. A set of fine Garnets, was consi- 
 dered a hundred years ago, as a very mag- 
 nificent ornament for ladies of the highest 
 rank. 
 
 Felspar. 
 
 Several varieties of this mineral are used 
 in jewellery, but all of them are indebted 
 for this distinction, to their mutable re- 
 flection of light, or in one word, to their 
 being chatoyant. 
 
 The purest form of Felspar, is Adula- 
 
FELSPAR. 
 
 143 
 
 ria, the colour of which is greenish white ; 
 it occurs massive, or crystalhzed, in com- 
 pressed four or six-sided prisms ; it is more 
 or less semi-transparent, with a bright 
 somewhat pearly lustre. Its fracture in 
 one direction, is imperfectly conchoidal, 
 and in the other, is perfectly foliated, with 
 a double rectangular cleavage. Its hard- 
 ness is superior to that of glass, but not 
 equal to that of quartz. Its specific gra- 
 vity is about 2.5. Before the blowpipe, it 
 melts without much difficulty, into a whit- 
 ish glass. Its component parts, according 
 to an analysis, by Vauquelin, are 
 
 64. Silex 
 
 20. Alumine 
 2. Lime 
 
 14. Potash 
 
 100. 
 
144 
 
 FELSPAR. 
 
 It occurs in veins, in primitive moun- 
 tains, particularly in that part of St. 
 Gothard, called Mont Adula, whence its 
 name. 
 
 Of this substance, the variety called 
 Moonstone, is in considerable estimation, 
 as an ornamental stone; it is characterized 
 by containing bluish white spots, which, 
 when held to the light, present a pearly or 
 silvery play of colour, not unlike that of 
 the moon. The finest specimens come 
 from Ceylon; and the most valued are 
 those, which, when cut in a very low oval, 
 present the silvery spot in the centre of 
 the stone. The softness of this, and of the 
 other varieties of Felspar, compared with 
 the gems and precious stones already men- 
 tioned, is so great, that few lapidaries know 
 how to work it to the best advantage. It 
 
FELSPAR. 
 
 145 
 
 is set in rinses or broaches with small Rubies 
 or Emeralds, with which it forms a beau- 
 tiful contrast. Fine stones of this descrip- 
 tion, are scarce, and are more valued on 
 the Continent than in England. 
 
 The variety called Sunstone, is an 
 adularia, of a very pale yellowish colour, 
 almost perfectly transparent, when viewed 
 in one direction, but, by reflected light, 
 presenting the appearance of numberless 
 minute golden spangles, dispersed through 
 its substance. This peculiar appearance, 
 which k found in some other varieties of 
 Felspar, and also, sometimes in Quartz, 
 constitutes the essential character of Aven- 
 tiirine, and is merely an accident, occa- 
 sioned either by imperceptible flaws, or by 
 an irregularity in the arrangement of the 
 laminae ; hke other happy accidents, how- 
 
% 
 
 146 
 
 LABRADOR STONE. 
 
 ii^ 
 
 k» '\ 
 
 ever, it confers an additional value on 
 those stones in which it occurs. The Sun- 
 stone comes chiefly from Siberia. Amazon 
 Stone, is a Felspar of a beautiful bluish- 
 green colour, slightly translucent, with a 
 considerable degree of varying lustre ; and 
 when cut properly, forms an aventurine of 
 silvery spangles, in a green base. It comes 
 from the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal, 
 in Siberia, and is sometimes, though rare- 
 ly, of a sufficient size to be fashioned into 
 small vases, and other ornaments. 
 Labrador Stone. 
 This is another variety of Felspar, the 
 proper colour of which, is smoke grey, or 
 dark ash; but besides this fundamental 
 colour, it presents a most beautiful play of 
 vivid tints, varying according to the posi- 
 tion in which it is viewed ; of blue, it ex- 
 
 
LABRADOR STONE. 
 
 147 
 
 hibits all the varieties from violet to smalt- 
 blue ; of green, it displays the pure eme- 
 rald-green, and various other tinges ap- 
 proaching to blue on one hand, and to 
 yellow on the other : of yellow, the usual 
 shades are gold and lemon yellow, verging 
 into deep orange, and thence into rich cop- 
 per red, and tombac brown. The parts 
 exhibiting these beautiful colours, are dis- 
 posed in irregular spots and patches, and 
 the same spot, if held in different posi- 
 tions, displays various tints. Of these co- 
 lours, the violet and the red are the most 
 rare. The finest specimens of this stone, 
 come from the Coast of Labrador, in blocks 
 of sufficient size for snuff boxes, and simi- 
 lar articles ; it is also used for broaches and 
 necklaces. The true mode of cutting it is 
 in plain very flat cabochon ; and a good 
 
 l2 
 
148 
 
 CAT S EYE. 
 
 deal of skill is required, in first cutting up 
 the block, so to direct the section, that the 
 iridescent spots on which the whole beauty 
 of the substance depends, may be shewn 
 to the best advantage. 
 
 Cat's Eye. 
 The principal colour of this mineral, is 
 yellowish, greenish, or ash grey, also yel- 
 lowish brown, hair brown, and hyacinth 
 red, it is found also sometimes olive green, 
 and blackish. It occurs massive, and in 
 roundish pieces ; but is usually brought to 
 Europe, ready cut in high cabochon, in 
 which state, it presents a peiculiar floating 
 light, resembling the eye of the animal 
 from which it takes its name. It is com- 
 monly* more or less translucent, but is 
 sometimes met with perfectly semi-trans- 
 parent ; when broken, it presents a small 
 
CAT S EYE. 
 
 149 
 
 and imperfectly conchoidal fracture, with a 
 shining histre, between vitreous and resinous. 
 In many specimens there may be observed 
 small parallel white fibres, which are sup- 
 posed to be the cause of its peculiar play 
 of light; but the semi-transparent varie- 
 ties, which are equally chatoyant as the 
 more opake ones, offer no such appear- 
 ance. It is as hard as rock crystal, and 
 easily frangible. Its specific gravity is 2.6. 
 By exposure to a strong heat, it loses its 
 lustre and transparency, and in very small 
 fragments is, according to Saussure, fusible, 
 though with difficulty, before the blow- 
 pipe. From two analyses by Klaproth, 
 it appears to contain about 95 per cent, of 
 silex, with minute portions of alumine, 
 lime, and oxide of iron. It comes from 
 Ceylon and the Coast of Malabar, but of 
 
150 
 
 CAT S EYIl. 
 
 its geological situation we are wholly ig- 
 norant. 
 
 This stone is rarely met with of larger 
 size than a hazle nut, most of the speci- 
 mens being considerably smaller. Of the 
 nearly opake varieties, the red and the 
 almost white, are the most esteemed; but 
 whether opake or semi-transparent, the 
 great merit of the stone depends on its 
 play of colour, which when perfect, and 
 strongly marked, produces a very beauti- 
 ful and striking effect. It is employed as 
 a ring stone, and is in considerable estima- 
 tion. 
 
TURQUOIS. 
 
 15i 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 TURQUOIS LAPIS-LAZULI CHRYSO- 
 
 PRASE SEMI-OPAL CARNELIAN 
 
 SARDONYX AGATE — JASPER. 
 
 TURQUOIS. 
 
 There are two kinds of Turquois, one 
 a variety of fossil ivory, the other, proba- 
 bly, a peculiar mineral substance. 
 
 The former (called also Turquoise de ^lou- 
 velle roche,) is of a sky blue colour, passing 
 into greenish-blue and apple-green, often 
 presenting black dendritical delineations, 
 which greatly impair the beauty and value 
 of the substance. The remains of animal 
 organization are visible in its texture, which 
 
N 
 
 152 
 
 TURQUOIS. 
 
 presents slender fibres of a lighter tinge 
 than the rest of the mass, either parallel, 
 or crossing each other, so as to form a kind 
 of net-work, according as the section has 
 been made parallel to the length or thick- 
 ness of the tusk. Its hardness is somewhat 
 superior to that of glass ; it effervesces 
 slightly with acids, and its specific gravity 
 varies from 3. to 3.5. It appears from 
 analysis, to be bone or ivory, coloured by 
 phosphate of iron. 
 
 The other kind, called Turquoise de vieille 
 roche, although nearly resembling the for- 
 mer in colour, may be readily distinguished 
 by the following characters : — Its texture 
 is perfectly even and uniform ; its specific 
 gravity varies from 2. to 2.5 : it does not 
 effervesce with acids. It is composed, ac- 
 
TURQUOIS. 
 
 153 
 
 cording to Descotils, chiefly of alumine, 
 coloured by phosphate of copper. 
 
 In commerce, however, the two varie- 
 ties of Turquois, are for the most part, con- 
 founded together, the distinction of orien- 
 tal and occidental, in this, as in many 
 other analogous cases, serving only to dis- 
 criminate the finest from the inferior spe- 
 cimens, without any reference to the real 
 or supposed place of their origin, or the 
 difi'erence in their chemical composition. 
 
 The most valued kinds of Turquois, 
 come from Persia, but the best specimens 
 rarely reach Europe, being eagerly bought 
 up by the Grandees of Persia, and of the 
 adjacent Mahometan states, among whom, 
 it is held in higher estimation than it en- 
 joys in Europe. Destitute as the Turquois 
 is, of the lustre that characterizes the real 
 
154 
 
 TURQUOIS. 
 
 gems, and of the variable tints which so 
 agreeably distinguish most of the other 
 precious stones, being likewise opake, and 
 not admitting of a very high polish, there 
 is nothing but the agreeable tone of its 
 colour which can recommend this sub- 
 stance to the notice of the jeweller. The 
 latter character, however, it possesses in no 
 inconsiderable degree, especially by can- 
 dle-hghl. 
 
 Being at present in fashion, the demand 
 for this stone is considerably greater than 
 the supply ; on which account, imitations of 
 it in paste, are very frequent. In these false 
 stones, the colour is given very correctly, 
 but the vitreous gloss and lustre is much 
 higher than that which characterizes the 
 real stone ; and usually minute conchoidal 
 fractures appear in the girdle, where it is 
 
LAPIS LAZULI. 
 
 155 
 
 rough, in order to receive the setting, that 
 afford a certain mark of discrimination. 
 
 Turquois is cut in low cabochon, and is 
 employed for rings and ear-drops ; it is 
 frequently surrounded with Diamonds, and 
 contrasts agreeably with gold. In Turkey 
 and Persia, it is used principally as a ring 
 stone, and to adorn the handles of stil- 
 lettos. 
 
 Lapis Lazuli. 
 
 The colour of this mineral is Prussian 
 blue, smalt blue, or sky blue ; it occurs in 
 mass, never having been found crystallized ; 
 it is usually translucent on the edges ; is 
 harder than glass, but may be scratched 
 by quartz ; its specific gravity varies from 
 2.7 to 2.9, probably on account of the py- 
 rites with which it is more or less mixed. 
 When broken, it exhibits a fine grained un- 
 
m f 
 
 156 
 
 LAPIS LAZULI. 
 
 even fracture, and a faintly glimmering 
 lustre. 
 
 When pulverized, it effervesces slightly 
 with acids ; when calcined, and afterwards 
 digested in acids, it becomes gelatinous. 
 The intense heat of the blow-pipe causes 
 it to melt into a whitish enamel ; but its 
 colour is not affected by a low red heat. 
 The colouring matter of this stone, when 
 extracted, by a process not necessary to 
 be mentioned in this place, forms that 
 beautiful and durable, but expensive pig- 
 ment, called ultramarine. 
 
 It is found in Siberia, near the Lake 
 Baikal ; also in Persia, in Chinese Tartary, 
 and in the island Hainan, in the Chinese 
 sea. It generally occurs mixed with Fel- 
 spar, Quartz, and grains of Iron Pyrites, 
 
CHRYSOPRASE. 
 
 157 
 
 which last substance was formerly mistaken 
 for specks and spangles of native gold. 
 
 The beauty of its colour has introduced 
 this stone into jewellery, notwithstanding 
 its want of lustre, and incapability of re- 
 ceiving a very exquisite polish. It is usu- 
 ally made up into broaches, being very 
 rarely employed as a seal stone, on account 
 of its comparative softness. 
 
 Chrysoprase. 
 The colour of this mineral is apple- 
 green, passing into grass and olive green, 
 and greenish white. It is found massive 
 and in thick plates, but never crystallized. 
 Its hardness is a little inferior to that of 
 quartz. When broken, it exhibits an even 
 or fine splintery, or flat conchoidal fracture, 
 with a slight degree of lustre. Its specific 
 gravity is 3.25. 
 
158 
 
 CHRYSOPRASE. 
 
 'I 
 
 Before tlie blow-pipe, it is infusible, but 
 loses its colour. It has been analyzed with 
 great care by Klaproth, and appears to 
 be composed of 
 
 96 . 16 Silex 
 
 . 83 Lime 
 
 1 . 00 Oxide of Nickel 
 
 97.99 
 
 It passes into Hornstone and Chalcedo- 
 ny, and, in fact, seems to differ from this 
 latter, in little else than colour. 
 
 When kept long in a warm and dry si- 
 tuation, it is apt iu lose the greatest part 
 of its colour. 
 
 It has hitherto been found only at Ko- 
 semiitz, in Lower Silesia, imbedded in ser- 
 pentine, and accompanied by Quartz, 
 Opal, and Chalcedony. 
 
CHRYSOPRASE. 
 
 159 
 
 As an article of jewellery, it is in but 
 little estimation in this country, though it 
 holds a high rank on the continent. The 
 Kings of Prussia, in whose territory the 
 mine of this substance is situated, allow it 
 to be opened only once in three years, and 
 monopolize most of the finest specimens 
 that are procured. Pieces for ring stones, 
 when semi-transparent, and of a very deli- 
 cate apple-green colour, will sell at Berlin 
 or Vienna, for ten or twenty guineas. It 
 is worn both in rings and in broaches, 
 being sometimes set with brilliants, but 
 oftener with pearls. The best way of cut- 
 ting it is en cabochon ; when facet-cut, as is 
 sometimes the case, it is entirely ruined. 
 It is seen to the most advantage by candle- 
 light, and when well made up, is very 
 beautiful. 
 
Ill 
 
 160 
 
 CHALCEDONY. 
 
 ■r 
 
 ll 
 
 CHALCEDONY CARNELIAN — SARDE. 
 
 The usual colour of Chalcedony is milk- 
 white, tending more or less, to smalt blue : 
 the latter varieties are the rarest, and the 
 most esteemed, and are called by the 
 French lapidaries, Sapphirine. It is more 
 or less semi-transparent, and often exhibits 
 concentric bands or stripes. Its hardness 
 is about equal to that of Quartz, and it is 
 not very easily broken ; the fractured sur- 
 face is even, passing into finely splintery 
 and flat conchoida], with little or no lustre. 
 Its specific gravity is 2.6. Before the blow- 
 pipe, it is infusible, but becomes of a dead 
 opake white colour. It occurs in cluster- 
 ed, stalactitic, and mammillated masses ; 
 also in veins, and in balls, called G codes, 
 composed of concentric laminae. It was 
 anciently procured from the neighbourhood 
 
 I 
 
CHALCEDONY. 
 
 161 
 
 of Chalcedon, in Lesser Asia, whence its 
 name; at present it is procured from vari- 
 ous parts of India and Arabia, from Hun- 
 gary and Saxony, from different places in 
 Scotland, from the Ferroe and Shetland 
 Islands, from Iceland, &c. 
 
 Chalcedony is capable of an exquisite 
 polish, and from its hardness and tough- 
 ness, is an excellent material to engrave 
 upon ; hence it is made into broaches and 
 various other elegant and ornamental ar- 
 ticles : those varieties are preferred by the 
 engraver, the tint of which is perfectly uni- 
 form, and uninterrupted by zones and 
 other accidents ; these latter being most 
 suited to broaches, small vases, and similar 
 works. 
 
 Those Chalcedonies that contain arbo- 
 rescent crystallizations of iron, or of manga* 
 
 M 
 
162 
 
 CARNELIAK. 
 
 i( 
 
 t. 
 
 nese, are called Mocho Stones, and when 
 fine, bear a hio^h price; they are used 
 chiefly for broaches and ring stones. 
 
 Many of the Chalcedonies, especially 
 the oriental ones, have a yellowish, instead 
 of a bluish colour; these are known in 
 the market, by the name of White Came- 
 Hans. 
 
 From the white Carnelian to the red, the 
 gradation is quite insensible, through va- 
 rious tints of yellow, to orange, flesh red, 
 and blood red, mixed more or less with 
 brown. The most esteemed Carnelians are 
 of a perfectly uniform tinge, without any 
 undulations, and free from that muddiness 
 of tint to which the European specimens 
 of this beautiful stone are so peculiarly lia* 
 ble. The finest pieces are brought from Ara- 
 bia^ and from Cam bay and Surat, in India. 
 
SAHDE. 
 
 163 
 
 The bright colour and high polish of Car- 
 nclian, have rendered it both in ancient 
 and modern times, the favourite substance 
 for necklaces, broaches, seal stones and 
 ring stones ; many of the Cameos exhibit- 
 ing the most exquisite efforts of ancienl 
 art, are cut in this stone. 
 
 It is difficidt to draw the line of dis- 
 tinction between Carnelian and Sarde ; 
 the lattt^r, however, when in its greatest 
 perfection, is of a full rich brown, tending 
 more or less to orange or yellow, and when 
 held between the eye and the light, exhi- 
 bits a deep ruby-red colour. The Sarde is 
 procured from the shores of the Red Sea, 
 but is extremely rare, when compared 
 with Carnelian, and bears a much higher 
 price. 
 
 Both Chalcedonies and Carnelians fre- 
 u 2 
 
164 
 
 AGATE. 
 
 quently exhibit two or more colours, ar- 
 ranged in bands, or concentric laminae. 
 These varieties are called Agates; there 
 are also other Agates, consisting of frag- 
 ments of Jasper, of Heliotrope, of Car- 
 nelian, &c. cemented by a paste of Chal- 
 cedony ; these are called ruin Agates, or 
 brecciated Agates. To the first class, be- 
 long those beautiful glandular concretions, 
 commonly called Scotch Pebbles, Avhich 
 occur abundantly in the amygdaloidal 
 rock of Dunbar, and of the hill of Kin^ 
 nouj, near Perth. Every body has seen 
 and admired their concentric zones, of de- 
 licate colour and exquisite polish, in the 
 form of broaches, necklaces and ear drops. 
 Those coucentric Agates, the zones of 
 which are very distinct, and present strong- 
 ly contrasting colours, go by the general 
 
JASPER. 
 
 165 
 
 name of Oni/.v, and when of sufficient size 
 for Cameos, they bear a high price. Those 
 with alternate bands of green and white, 
 and red and white, are in great estimation ; 
 but the rarest, the most beautiful, and the 
 most valued of all, is the true Sardonyx, in 
 which plates of Sarde alternate with 
 others of nearly opake white Carnelian. 
 
 Jasper. 
 Jasper is clay more or less ferruginousp 
 penetrated and indurated by Chalcedony 
 or Quartz. It occurs, like Chalcedony, in 
 veins and concentric nodules ; it is hard, 
 compact, and takes an exquisite polish. 
 True Jasper is perfectly opake, but speci- 
 mens not unfrequently occur, in which 
 fragments of Jasper are imbedded in and 
 cemented by Chalcedony ; such are usually 
 known by the name of Jasper Agates. 
 
166 
 
 JASPER. 
 
 Jasper presents ap infinite diversity of co- 
 lour, red, yellow, green, &c. sometimes 
 only one colour is visible, but often 
 two or more are combined in the same 
 specimen, in bands, stripes, dots, clouds 
 and flames. The striped green and brown 
 Jasper of Siberia, possesses great beauty, 
 but for jeweller's trinkets, and personal 
 ornaments, the Egyptian Jasper or Pebble, 
 as it is generally called, is, upon the whole, 
 the most appropriate. Its colours are 
 wood-brown, of various degrees, beauti- 
 fully and faacifuliy intermixed with and 
 contrasted by other portions of a fine 
 cream colour, producing a striking effect, 
 when well set, as broaches or necklaces. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 Itkinntr-street, London, 
 
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A CATALOGUE of PRECIOUS STONES, 
 
 AND 
 
 OTHER MINERAL SUBSTANCES 
 
 USUALLY 
 
 EMPLOYED IN JEWELLERY. 
 Sold by J. MAWE, 149, Strand, 
 
 Near Somerset- House. 
 
 OF these, some are so scarce, as to render it impossible at all 
 times to procure them. — Of the others, a general assortment 
 is kept for puiblic selection, wholesale and retail, (rough and 
 polished,) in (suites or in single stones. 
 
 DIAMONDS A variety at per Carat ; both 
 
 rough and polished, some curiously 
 crystallized and of rare colours. 
 Coarse Diamonds and Diamond dust 
 for Engravers, Lapidaries, and for 
 Chemical Experiments. 
 ORIENTAL STONES. Ruby. . .Rarely to be met with. 
 
 SAPPHiRE.Ofdifferent shades and sizes. 
 
 Topaz Do. 
 
 Emerald. 
 
 Commonly called Chrysolite ; of the 
 greatest beauty, inferior only to the 
 Yellow Diamond. 
 Also the Chatoyantvarietyof the same. 
 
 SPINELLE Ruby. Very rare. 
 
 BALAIS.^ Ditto. Commonly called Vermeil, of 
 
 various sizes. 
 BRAZILIAN TOPAZ. Yellow Of the deepest colour, and 
 greatest brilliancy. 
 Bluk. ... a new variety of a deUcate 
 
 tint. 
 Pink .... Or Brazilian Ruby. 
 White . ..Or Minas Novas. 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL, 
 
 on 
 CYMOJPHANE. 
 
168 
 
 BERYL ") Brazilian, the finest, commonly 
 
 OR > called Oriental. 
 
 AQUAMARINE. 3 Common. 
 
 AMETHYST Brazilian. Of a large siz;e, and of a 
 
 most perfect violet tint. 
 Common... Of various shades and 
 party-coloured. 
 
 Euclase. Jargoon. Hyacinth. Tourmaline, Green, 
 blue, and red. 
 
 Peridot, or Common Chrysolite ; Garnet, precious and 
 common; Turquois ; Opal, various; Chrtsoprase ; 
 Rock Crystal, inclosing needles of Titanium, and other or- 
 namental varieties ; 
 
 TopAziNE, or fine yellow Crystal; Cairn-Gouram of 
 different shades. 
 
 Cat's Eye ; Adularia; Moon-stone; Amazon ditto. 
 Jaspers, various, green, red, and yellow; Blood-stone; 
 
 Ribbon Jasper, Egyptian Pebble. 
 Sardonyx ; Onyx ; Carnelian ; Agates, various; Chal- 
 cedony; Beautiful Malachites, and choice Pieces of 
 Labrador ; with a great variety of other fancy Stones. 
 
 precious stones cut in a superior mannner, on scientific prin- 
 ciples, according to their dimensions and shades of colour. 
 Portable collections of Minerals, and eveiy variety of Mineral 
 Productions. 
 In consequence of his having formerly visited India ; and 
 latterly, having been engaged in a professional inspection of 
 the Mines in the Brazil, under the sanction of his Royal 
 Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal ; Mr. MA WE 
 flatters himself that he has been able to form connexions by 
 means of which the finest productions of those rich countries 
 will be transmitted to him ; the whole of which will be sold on 
 the most reasonable terms. 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES VALUED. 
 
-^■ 
 
 SI 
 
 
 H 
 
 n>^ 
 
 
 f ; 
 
 GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
 
i\lAU (•. 
 
 £>isni 
 
 b M »:-. i:s