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THE 
 
 architectural antiquities 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 REPRESENTED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 IN A SERIES OF 
 
 VIEWS, ELEVATIONS, PLANS, SECTIONS, 
 AND DETAILS, 
 
 OF VARIOUS 
 
 ancient Cngltsi) <£Difice0 : 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNTS OF EACH. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN BRITTON, F. S. A. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 Lotmou : 
 
 VRINTED FOTl LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME, PATERNOSTER-ROW J — J. TAYLOR, 
 ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, 59, HIGH HOLBORN 
 AND THE AUTHOR. 
 
 1807. 
 
WRIGHT, PRINTER, ST. JOHN'S SQVARE, 
 CLERK EN WELL. 
 
TO THE MOST NOBLE 
 
 GRANVILLE-LEVESON GOWE1I, 
 MARQUIS OF STAFFORD, &c. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Having received your Lordship's approbation of, and 
 directions to write, a Catalogue JxaisonnS of the splendid collection of 
 pictures now arranged in Cleveland House, and knowing that your 
 Lordship has manifested an unprecedented liberality in collecting and 
 exhibiting that valuable assemblage of ancient and modern Art, I am 
 induced respectfully to dedicate this volume to your Lordship. 
 
 It is humbly inscribed as a memorial of my own gratitude and 
 high consideration, and from a desire of recording, in this work, a 
 small complimentary tribute to a Nobleman who has publicly evinced 
 much exemplary munificence and refined taste, towards the Arts, Ar- 
 tists, and Literature of this country, 
 
 Sanctioned by your Lordship's approbation of my humble literary 
 productions, I shall sedulously study to render them still more deserving 
 of such distinguished and inspiring patronage : for, though I shall ever 
 feel pleased with the approving recommendations of all Persons, yet 
 it will afford me much more permanent delight to know, that wherever 
 I have endeavoured to obtain honourable sanction, I have also 
 exerted every effort to deserve and justify such commendations as 
 either kindness or liberality may be pleased to confer on my pub- 
 lications. 
 
 Influenced by these sentiments, I beg leave, most respectfully, to 
 subscribe myself, 
 
 Your Lordship's obliged humble Servant, 
 
 Tavistock-Place, London. 
 March 21, 1807. 
 
 JOHN BRITTW. 
 
A PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 ( Pro-Tempore.) 
 
 ON completing the first volume of this work, I am induced to take a retrospective view 
 of its progress and execution, and indulge ;i prospective glance at its future arrangement 
 and termination. In anticipating the latter, I feel buoyed up with hope, and urged onward 
 with an invigorated zeal, which arises from the combined operating causes of individual 
 partiality towards the subject, and the encouragement of very general approbation, com- 
 mendatory criticism* and friendly assistance. Having long cherished a strong predilection 
 for architectural antiquities, I find it increase upon investigating every new subject, and am 
 therefrom induced to hope that I shall be enabled, in the sequel of this work, to elucidate 
 some of the many doubtful and obscure circumstances relating to the origin, styles, dates, 
 and other peculiarities of the interesting ancient English edifices. Though flattered with these 
 hopes, yet I consider myself only as a medium to accomplish them ; for without the as- 
 sistance of scientific artists, and the kind communications of intelligent friends, &c. I can. 
 not hope to effect, individually, all my intentions. Ever ready and willing to acknowledge 
 favours, and desirous of apportioning to each artist, his deserved share of merit and reward, 
 I have made it a rule to specify the names of all persons, and thereby attach to each the 
 credit or discredit that may be found in his productions. Whilst a careful and emulous 
 topographical artist is a truly valuable member of society, the careless and deceptive one 
 ought to be universally reprobated and despised. For as the first administers largely to 
 our rational gratifications, and his productions tend materially to delight and inform our 
 understandings, he at once deserves, and secures our esteem. 
 
 To elucidate the principles of ancient architecture, and clearly comprehend its nume- 
 rous varieties, it is absolutely necessary to collect and compare a number of examples ; from 
 the coincidences and variations of which, much useful and pleasing information may be de- 
 rived. It is the object of this work to provide such a desideratum, and it is the wish of 
 its author to afford satisfaction to the scientific and historical enquirer, by accurate views 
 and details, with literary accounts, of such ancient edifices as are curious, fine, and beautiful. 
 
 In the course of three more volumes, I hope to be enabled to complete the present 
 work : and in that compass, I presume, that almost every variety in the ancient architec- 
 ture of England will be comprehended. Besides several other subjects, which I propose to 
 
 elucidate 
 
 * I cannot reflect on the peculiar good fortune I have experienced from all the critical journals, without 
 feeling grateful for their unanimous and cheering approbation. To merit the good opinion of the liberal critic has 
 ever been my actuating principle, and to have obtained this so generally, must at once afford me much consolation 
 and pleasure. To the Editors of the Annual, Antijacobin, Critical, Eclectic, and Monthly Reviezcs ; also British 
 Critic, European, and Monthly Magazines, I am much obliged, and cheerfully declare my obligation*. 
 
 a 
 
11 
 
 A PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 elucidate, I have collected materials for, and shall be induced to give prints and descriptions 
 of, the following buildings. 
 
 Stewkeley Church, Buckinghamshire. 
 St. John's Church, Devizes, Wilts. 
 St. Peter's Church, Northampton. 
 Henry the Seventh's Chapel. 
 Church at Bishops' Cannings, Wilts. 
 Do. at Great Bedwin, Do. 
 
 Croyland- Abbey Church, Lincolnshire. 
 Collegiate Church at Manchester. 
 Salisbury Cathedral, with the Chapter House. 
 Exeter Cathedral. 
 Winchester Cathedral. 
 Westminster Abbey. Church. 
 
 Besides several specimens of ancient domestic, and castellated, architecture. 
 
 Any hints, descriptions, or documents, relating to either of these buildings, will be 
 thankfully accepted, and the favour duly acknowledged. 
 
 To the many gentlemen, who have already favoured me with assistance and communi- 
 cations, I beg to return my grateful thanks, and record the following names with sentiments 
 of high respect. 
 
 Sir II. C. Englefield, Bart. F. S. A. &c. 
 
 Sir R. C. Ho A re, Bart. F. S. A. &c. 
 
 Edward King, Esq. F. S. A. fee. 
 
 Richard Gough, Esq. 
 
 W. Porden, Esq. Architect. 
 
 J. A. Repton, Esq. F. S. A. &c. 
 
 William Wilkins, Esq. Junr. F. S. A. &c. 
 
 Major Anderson, F. S. A. &c. 
 
 Holland Watson, Esq. 
 
 Mr. T. Shari'e, Coventry. 
 
 Benjamin West, Esq. P. R. A. &c. 
 
 William Alexander, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 Charles Clarke, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 J. K. Miller, Esq. 
 
 Henry Ellis, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 Dr. Sayers, Norwich. 
 
 The Rev. J. Ingram, Saxon Professor. 
 
 Mr. B. Strutt. 
 
 Mr. J. L. Bond. 
 
 Mr. F. Mackenzie. 
 
 Mr. W. Lowry. 
 
 Mr. J. C. Smith. 
 
 M. A. Shee, Esq. R. A. &c. 
 
 Among these gentlemen, I feel particularly obliged to Mr. C. Clarke, for his interesting 
 " Essays on Ci osses and Round Churches" which are printed towards the end of this vo- 
 lume. Although these are not strictly architectural, yet they are truly antiquarian, and 
 therefore, I presume will be deemed interesting to many of the readers of this work. In 
 the course of the following volume, I expect to be favoured with many communications, 
 and shall, with permission of the writers, make such of them public as are directly, or col- 
 laterally connected with the subject of ancient architecture. To develope the history of which, 
 upon scientific and rational principles, define its various peculiarities, and faithfully represent 
 its individual members, and combinations, I shall zealously prosecute this work, and do not 
 expect any further patronage than its execution shall fully entitle it to. 
 
 JOHN BRITTON. 
 
 Tavistock Place, Russel-Square., 
 March 25, 1807. 
 
SCREEN IN EDWARD THE CONFESSOR'S CHAPEL, 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
 THIS elegant specimen of decorated ancient architecture serves to divide the 
 high altar of Westminster Abbey Church from the chapel, or oratory of Ed- 
 ward the Confessor. Respecting the period when it was erected and ornamented, 
 I have not been fortunate enough to ascertain any date, or document : but that 
 it cannot be of the age ascribed to it by Mr. Hawkins,* is very evident, from 
 the style of its arches, pedestals, canopies, &c. That gentleman unequivocally 
 states that the Screen, with its sculptured frieze, &c. were made in 1296, and 
 attributes them to Pietro Cavilini : but when we compare the highly and mi- 
 nutely wrought tracery and tabernacles of this relic, with the beautiful, but 
 less decorated architecture of the Queen's Crosses, we cannot hesitate a moment 
 in referring the former to a much later period. But the precise time, I believe, 
 is not publicly recorded, and we must endeavour to obtain a directing-clewfrom 
 its style. The whole collectively displays the most florid and elaborate specimen 
 of enriched architectural dressings : as the upper parts of the canopies are crowded 
 with crockets and fynials ; and the mouldings of the arches assume the ogee- 
 shape. The soffits of these canopies are also covered with a delicately groined- 
 tracery, and at the centre of each was a pendant, of similar shape, &c. to those 
 hanging beneath the roof of Henry the Seventh's chapel. Hence I am induced 
 to conclude that it was not finished before that king's reign. The whole of this 
 Screen is faced, on its eastern front, with nine large and eight small niches ; 
 twelve of which were designed for, and most probably were filled with, statues 
 of saints, kings, &c. whilst the five others cover a stone seat, which extends 
 from door to door. In the Title Print to this Volume is represented a portion 
 of this Screen, in which is a door- way, with three niches on each side, and part 
 of the sculptured frieze. The latter is divided into fourteen compartments, by 
 thirteen tre-foil pannels, on each of which was formerly a shield. These com- 
 partments contain fourteen groups of figures, which are supposed, by Mr. Haw- 
 kins, to represent as many remarkable events in the life of Edward the Confessor, 
 to whom this chapel was dedicated by Henry III. The Screen is fourteen feet 
 high, by thirty-six feet in length. As I purpose giving further details of it hereafter, 
 I shall then enter more minutely into its history, and architectural peculiarities. 
 
 * In Carter's u Ancient Sculpture," &c. this gentleman has written a long dissertation on this 
 subject. 
 
THE 
 
 architectural anttqutttes 
 
 OF 
 
 AT BRITAIN, 
 
 REPRESENTED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 IN A SERIES OF 
 
 PLANS, ELEVATIONS, VIEWS, &c. 
 
 OF VARIOUS 
 
 ancient €Wfice$, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNTS OF EACH. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN BRITTON 
 
 FIRST HALF VOLUME. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THIRTY NINE ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE PARTICULARS OF 
 
 Door-Way to St. Mary's Church, Marlbro' Wilts, &c Title. 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church, Colchester, . . . Essex, Three Prints. 
 
 Dunstaple Do Bedfordshire, Three. 
 
 St. Nicholas Church, &c. . . Abingdon, . . . Berks One. 
 
 Layer-Marney Hall, Essex, One. 
 
 King's College Chapel, .... Cambridge, Seven. 
 
 The Round Church at Do Three. 
 
 Do Northampton, Three. 
 
 Do at the Temple, London, Two. 
 
 Crosses — at Hereford, Cheddar, Leighton-Buzzard, Geddington, North- "j 
 
 ampon, Waltham, Chichester, Winchester, Stourhead, Malmsbury, Glas- J- Fifteen. 
 
 tonbury, Coventry, Gloucester, &c : ' . • . J 
 
 Lcmomt ; 
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; J. TAYLOR, 
 ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, 59, HIGH HOLBORN ; AND THE AUTHOR, 
 TAVISTOCK PLACE, RUSSEL SQUARE. 
 
 1806. 
 
WRIGHT, Printei, 
 Si. Joho's Square, ClorkeuweU. 
 
SIR HENRY CHARLES ENGLEFIELD, BART 
 F.R.S. F. A. S. &c. - 
 
 WHO HAS EVINCED, 
 
 BOTH IN HIS WRITINGS AND BY HIS PATRONAGE, 
 A DECIDED PARTIALITY FOR, 
 
 AND 
 
 INTIMATE KNOWLEDGE OF, 
 
 ANCIENT ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 THIS DIVISION OF THE 
 
 Architectural Anttqutttes 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BUT AIM 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 BY HIS OBLIGED, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 1, 1806. 
 
 JOHN BRITTON. 
 
I 
 
Cfre $norp Cfmrcl) of &t Eotolpf), 
 
 AT 
 
 COLCHESTER, ESSEX. 
 
 The present Town of Colchester occupies a site, which, according to the 
 best authorities, was the principal Station of the Trinobantes, but being subju- 
 gated by the Romans, under Claudius, was converted by him into a Military 
 Colony; soon after which, London was considered the chief trading Colony in 
 Britain. This Emperor, having invaded* the Island, A. D. 44. and his Gene- 
 rals, by conquering the opposing natives, having cleared the way from the sea- 
 shore to Camalodunum, he took possession of this strong-hold, and established 
 in it the second, ninth, and fourteenth Legions, whom he flattered with the 
 honorary appellation of " Conquerors of Britain." To commemorate, and 
 give extensive notoriety to this conquest, a Coin was struck, and inscribed, on 
 the reverse, col. camalodon. avg.| with two oxen, &c. A Temple and 
 altar were also erected in his name ; and a Theatre, with other public works, 
 were progressively raised, to suit the convenience, customs, and luxuries of the 
 Roman people. 
 
 The revolutions of ages, and the desolating power of war, have nearly 
 
 annihilated 
 
 * In this expedition, Elephants are said to have been first introduced into Britain. Various 
 teeth of large animals, and bones of an extraordinary size have been found at different times at 
 Harwich, and at Stanway, in this county. See Morant's History of Essex, I. p. 500. and Gough's 
 Additions to Camden's Britannia, II. p. 59. 
 
 + See Camden's Britannia, and Morant's History of Colchester, for engraved representations 
 of various coins, &c. found here. From an examination of the latter work, and a personal survey 
 of Colchester and Maiden, there can be no hesitation in decidedly fixing the Camalodunum of the 
 Romans at the former place. Dion Cassius expressly mentions it as the residence of the British 
 King Cunobeline. Various gold, silver, and brass coins have been found here inscribed cvno. and 
 cvnob. on one side, and cam. orcAMv. on the other. SccSpeed's History of Great-Britain, chap. VI. 
 
 Arch: Antiqs. Pt. I. A 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 annihilated all these and numerous subsequent buildings ; yet the quantity of 
 coins, urns, pavements, and other vestiges that are frequently found, is a 
 satisfactory evidence of the Romans having a settled residence here. Nor 
 can we doubt, but that their buildings corresponded with these pavements, and 
 with the general state of the arts at that period. The Anglo-Saxons, after- 
 wards possessing the same place, would consequently occupy, or imitate such 
 buildings as they found, and more especially those that were appropriated to 
 the purposes of religion. " History informs us," (observes Mr. Carter, in his 
 work on Ancient Architecture,) " that the Roman temples were overthrown in 
 this country, by the converts to Christianity, who raised on their ruins 
 Christian Churches, of which tradition has handed down to us many instances, 
 particularly in the Abbey Churches of Westminster and Bath." That of St. 
 Botolph, in this town, it is probable, was similarly founded; as, in 1738, several 
 Roman urns, with a lamp, some pieces of melted metal, and two coins of Do- 
 mitian, were discovered just within St. Botolph's-Gate. 
 
 After the departure of the Romans, and particularly under the Saxon, 
 Danish, and early Norman Dynasties, this town was distressed by repeated 
 sieges, and frequently dilapidated by contending armies. Its fortifications, and 
 monastic buildings, must inevitably have suffered in these conflicts. Among 
 the ancient religious edifices* which were erected at Colchester, the Priory 
 Church of St. Botolph presents the most considerable remains. This 
 singular and curious structure becomes eminently interesting to the Architec- 
 tural Antiquary, from its style of building, the materials employed, and the 
 period of its erection. Composed almost entirely of Roman bricks, or wall-tiles 
 with arches, columns, and piers, nearly resembling some Roman edificesf, and 
 being very dissimilar to any other ancient structure in this country, we are 
 anxious to ascertain the time and mode of its construction, and also to examine 
 and compare its collective and component parts. By the accompanying Views 
 and Plan, the reader, who has not seen the present remains, may, it is hoped, 
 instantly understand their characteristic peculiarities. Of its ground plan and 
 
 size, 
 
 * Of St. John's Abbey, which was a large building founded in this town about 1096, and richly 
 endowed, only the entrance gate-way, and some fragments of walls remain. Besides these, here 
 was a convent of Crouched Friars, and another of Grey Friars ; also St. Mary Magdalen's Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 + The shape and proportion of the arches in the western front, as also the disposition of the 
 bricks, very nearly resemble those in the Jewry Wall at Leicester, which is acknowledged to be 
 Roman. See Carter's Ancient Arch. pi. VI. The materials of this are Roman tiles, bricks, and 
 
 Stones. 
 
ST. BOTO LPIl's PRIORY CHURCH. 
 
 size, when perfect, I cannot meet with any drawing or description. Whether 
 it had transepts eastward of the present ruins, like most cathedrals and 
 abbey churches, or terminated at that end, semicircularly, like the early Saxon 
 churches, and the Roman basilica?, I am therefore unable to determine. Ac- 
 cording to the best historical testimony, it was founded by Eynulph, or 
 Ernulph,* a monk, in the beginning of Henry the First's reign, t circ. ann. 
 1 103, as a bull from Pope Pascal the second,^ is addressed, in 1116, to Ernulph 
 and his brethren, investing them with peculiar powers and privileges, and con- 
 stituting them the first canons regular of the order of St. Augustine in England. 
 About this period, it was fashionable to erect large and grand churches, which 
 was encouraged and promoted by Henry the First, who thus craftily ingratiated 
 himself into the esteem of the clergy. § Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, had 
 introduced so much novelty and beauty into ecclesiastical building, that it ac- 
 quired the appellation of " Gundulph's Architecture." Yet his buildings at 
 Rochester, &c. display a manifest difference to this of St. Botolph ; whence 
 we are induced to conclude that it claims a more early origin, and is an imitation 
 of some anterior structure. Deprived of authentic document, we must content 
 ourselves at present with reasonings deduced from analogy, and not hastily 
 draw conclusions until fully warranted by the evidence of facts. 
 
 Whatever may be the precise era of the present building, I am induced to 
 date its erection previous to the reign of Henry the First; the buildings of his 
 time, and even those before, displaying a more advanced style of architecture ; 
 as may be seen in the ancient chapel of the Tower of London, in Rochester 
 Castle, Cathedral, &c. erected by Bishop Gundulph, and in parts of Durham 
 Cathedral, built by Wm. de St. Carilepho about 1093. The columns, mould- 
 ings of arches, and general ornaments of all these structures, exhibit more 
 
 skilful 
 
 * Ernulph was a native of France, and soon after the death of Bishop Gundulph, in 1107, was 
 promoted to the abbacy of Peterborough. He became a proficient in " the Saxon style of building, 
 and various specimens of his taste are to be seen at Rochester, Canterbury, and Peterborough," &c. 
 Wilkins' Essay in the Archseologia, XII. 157. 
 
 + Before the death of Maurice, Bishop of London, and the foundation of Trinity Priory, Lon- 
 don, both in the year 1107, as appears from the Monasti. Angli. II. 44, 46. See the Preface, p. 
 xviii. of Tanner's Notitia. 
 
 J Monasticon Anglicanum. II. 45. 
 
 § This monarch, besides confirming the privileges already granted to the Monks of St. Botolph, 
 augmented their revenues upon this singular condition : — That they should furnish him and his heirs, 
 whenever either made war against the Welch, " with one horse of five shillings price, a sack, and a 
 spur, for forty days." 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 skilful finishing. Mr. Carter observes, that St. Botolph's church was "erected 
 about the end of the eleventh century ; and, like the Abbey Church at St 
 Albans, was built out of the ruins of some neighbouring Roman edifice, with 
 the same kind of materials, and much in the same style, with this difference, 
 that the column here is the principal feature."* 
 
 In examining and describing the remains of this structure, we remark that 
 simplicity and solidity seem to have been the governing principles of the archi- 
 tect. The walls are thick, firm, and strong ; externally supported or strength- 
 ened with a kind of pilaster buttress, and in the western front where the greatest 
 height was required, and weight given, its strength was increased by numerous 
 arches constructed in the wall, like some in the Pantheon, and in other buildings, 
 at Rome. The tiers of intersecting arches, however, could not have been in- 
 tended merely for utility, but must have been appropriated and considered as 
 ornamental. This is more particularly apparent in the grand central entrance 
 door-way, which had five three-quarter columns on each side, supporting 
 sculptured capitals, and springing from these were five semicircular mouldings 
 of stone, four of which were cut into the projecting zig-zag shape, and the fifth, or 
 outer,. was a sort of plain torus moulding. Two other door- ways, with arched 
 mouldings, wholly of brick, opened into the ailes ; and between these and the 
 central one are two blank arches. Above this tier, appear three others ; the 
 two lower of which are ornamented with a series of intersecting arches spring- 
 ing from square piers. Each pier is composed of a double row of Roman 
 bricks, which, uniting at the point of intersection, forms the true pointed 
 arch. Some learned writers contend that the intersecting arch is not to be 
 found in any Roman, or pure Saxon building. Though not fully prepared to 
 refute this opinion, I think it not irrelevant to notice the following circum- 
 stance. In the Gentleman's Magazine for 1801, p. 1161, is a description by 
 R. Uvedale, accompanied by an engraving, of a Roman tesselated pavement, 
 which was discovered at Louth, in Lincolnshire. It is composed of circular 
 compartments, one of which is ornamented with a scries of columns and inter- 
 secting arches, resembling those on the fronts and walls of many buildings. 
 That the intersecting arches gave origin to the pointed style, has been presumed 
 by different Antiquaries. Indeed there is much probability and rationality in 
 the conjecture. Among the instances where they both occur in the same 
 building, combining with the semicircular arch, and in parts that were erected 
 at the same period, we may notice the two towers of Southwell Minster, Not- 
 tinghamshire, 
 
 * Ancient Architecture of England, part. I. p. 17. 
 
st. botolph's priory church. 
 
 tinghamshire,* and the old western front of Hereford Cathedral. j" From 
 these examples, we may safely conclude that each, and all of these varieties, 
 were in fashion at the same period. 
 
 Above the intersecting arches, will be seen (Plate II.) a circular window, 
 which served to admit light into the upper part of the nave. At each side 
 of this, was a window of a different shape and character to any other in the 
 building. One of these is represented in Plate II. and has semicircular dressed 
 mouldings, with three quarter columns, having regular capitals and bases.— 
 South of this, in the same tier, are parts of five blank arches, singularly dis- 
 posed, and over them there appears to have been another series of intersecting 
 arches. The whole of this front was plastered with mortar or stucco, after the 
 Roman manner. In the foundation of the north tower, the mortar is made of 
 pounded brick and lime, such as the Romans used, and such as is found in the 
 internal parts of the town- wall. (Plate III. A.) represents the Plan of the 
 present remains, by which it appears that there was a tower at the N. W. and 
 another at the S. W. angles of the front. These are traditionally said to have 
 been battered down, with the other dilapidated parts of the building, during 
 the civil wars in 1648, when Colchester suffered very materially in its public 
 buildings and private property. 
 
 View of the interior ruins (Plate III. B.) taken from the S. E. end. This 
 shews the size of the circular piers or columns which supported the roof, and 
 divided the nave from the ailes. About three feet of the building is buried 
 beneath the present surface, in consequence of which we cannot easily ascer- 
 tain the character of the bases of the large columns, or of those at the principal 
 entrance. Each of the former measures nine feet high above the ground, and 
 is six feet in diameter. A kind of capital is formed by two rows of projecting 
 bricks. The whole surface of these, and the remaining superfices of the inte- 
 rior, were covered with plaster or stucco. 
 
 The bricks employed in this building, and of which it is almost wholly 
 composed, are certainly of Roman manufacture, and the whole surface, exter- 
 nally and internally, was cased with very firm plaster or stucco. The shape and 
 construction of the arches coincide with various ancient examples, among 
 which we may refer to some used in Dioclesian's Bath, the Temple of Minerva- 
 Medici, and Adrian's Villa. 
 
 Concerning 
 
 * See Dickinson's Antiquities, &c. of Southwell, 4to. 1801. 
 
 + Duncomb's History of Herefordshire, Vol. I. 4to. 1805. 
 Arch : Anliqs. Pt. I. B 
 
» 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Concerning the antiquity of brick buildings in England, much has been 
 written by Dr. Lyttleton, Archasologia, Vol. I. and by Mr. Essex, in Vol. IV. 
 of the same work. The former asserts that " Brick was not made for many 
 centuries," after the Romans left this country, and that "the oldest brick 
 buildings in England (posterior to the Roman government) reached not higher 
 than the fourteenth century." Here we see the extreme hazard of venturing 
 general assertions ; for the present structure is a decided evidence of the fallacy 
 of the latter opinion. Mr. Gough observes, in his Additions to Camden's 
 Britannia, Vol. II. p. 58, that St. Botolph's Priory Church "is a singular 
 instance of Saxon, entirely of Roman brick, if not the oldest piece of entire 
 brick work in England." 
 
 The Priory Church was parochial as well as conventual, and at present has 
 a church-yard annexed to it. Interments have also been made in the nave since 
 the accumulation of rubbish, as some flat and other stones are remaining there. 
 The area of the building is now cultivated as a garden. 
 
 The picturesque character of the present ruins, will be readily acknowledged 
 by every artist upon a mere inspection of plates II. and III. ; but this character 
 is considerably heightened in the building, which is richly tinted by the dif- 
 ferent tiles and mortar, and the various lychens, weeds, &c. that besprinkle its 
 surface. 
 
 A Bull of Pope Paschal II. dated August 1116, invests Ernulph, his 
 brethren, and successors, with liberty to distribute their members at discretion, 
 to govern all others by their own rules, and enjoy full authority over all other 
 Augustine Canons in England. It likewise exempts them from all secular and 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Beside the possessions bestowed by the founder, by 
 Henry the First, and by Hugh Fitz-Stephen, the Revenues were additionally 
 augmented by various subsequent donations, and at the period of the disso- 
 lution, their annual amount was estimated at 1341. 13s. 4d. The site and pos- 
 sessions of the Priory were granted by Henry VIII. to Lord Chancellor Audley, 
 who was presented by that monarch, with other church property, at Walden, 
 &c. in this county. 
 
AT 
 
 DUNSTAPLE, BEDFORDSHIRE. 
 
 The West Front of Dunstaple Priory Church, carries on its face the 
 whole system of our ancient architecture from the pure Saxon, its intermediate 
 changes, the introduction of the pointed mode, the conflict between them for 
 preference, the entire emancipation of the latter, to a full and beauteous dis- 
 play, its decline also in perfection, and near extinction, even so low as the 
 sixteenth century. So complete a school of information, brought into one 
 point on the present subject, is really extraordinary, and cannot otherwise be 
 accounted for than by inferring such an object had formation, at every parti- 
 cular epoch of architectural change, as the work underwent some material 
 repair or alteration."* 
 
 In order to elucidate thehistory of this singular building, and explain its architec- 
 tural characteristics, it will be necessary first to examine the principal historical 
 data, and then see how far they tend to illustrate and develope the various styles 
 which are concentrated in this complex and interesting structure. In perusing 
 the annals of religious houses we have constant cause to regret the omission 
 of satisfactory documents relating to the descriptions of original buildings, 
 or the material alterations made at different periods. Wanting these important 
 lights, we are compelled to wander in a pathless maze, and grope about in per- 
 plexing darkness. If a glimmering ray occasionally breaks in upon the aching 
 sight, we are cheered in the pursuit, and hope stimulates fatigued curiosity. 
 Thus, in the " Chronicle of Dunstaple,"-]- we find only a. few obscure memoranda 
 
 relating 
 
 * Gentleman's Magazine, May 1805, p. 4 28. 
 
 + This work was published by Hearne, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1733, entitled, " Chronicon sire An- 
 nates prioratus de Dunstaple, una cum excerptis e chartulario ejusdem prioratus." " This ancient 
 Chronicle," observes Mr. Gough, " was written in great part by Richard de Morins, Prior here, 
 who died 1252. Wanley gives an account of him in the Harleian Catalogue." 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 relating to the building of this church, though the entries are copious concern- 
 ing the customs,* litigations, and disputes between the monks and the towns- 
 men. 
 
 By this authority it appears, that Henry I. founded Dunstaple, with Read- 
 ing and Cirencester Priories, previous to 1135; and as Robert, Bishop of Here- 
 ford, who was installed 1131, is one of the witnesses to the foundation charter 
 of this at Dunstaple, it is presumed to have taken place after that event. 
 
 In 1204,f tne king gave and confirmed to the Priory, " his houses and gar- 
 dens at Dunstaple." The year 1213 is memorable for a fire which " burnt the 
 town of Dunstaple, by accident," and in the same year, " on St. Lukes day, 
 the church was dedicated by Hugh, second Bishop of Lincoln," in the presence 
 of many nobles, abbots, priors, and a large assemblage of people. Days of 
 pardon, &c. were granted, and the reliques of many Saints were deposited in 
 the great altar. In June 1221, the roof of the Presbytery, which had been 
 repaired the autumn before, fell ; and in the December following, two towers 
 in front of the church fell down ; one falling upon the Aulam Prions, or 
 Prior's Hall, and the other on the roof of the church. That part of the church 
 was repaired from the body to the Cross, and the north-xccst door, by the pa- 
 rishioners in 1273. 
 
 In 1277, " Martin Michael," says the Chronicler, " made our largest bells, 
 and his son, after his death, made a third." 
 
 The parish built two pinnacles on the north front of the Church in 1289, 
 and repaired the ruinous stone roof of the porch. In "the 12th kal of De- 
 cember, 12^0," writes the Chronicler, " died Queen Eleanor. Her corpse 
 passed by here, and rested with us one night, and two precious cloths, or 
 Baudekyns,^ were given to us, and above 120lb. of wax. When it passed 
 through Dunstaple, the bier stopped in the middle of the market place, till the 
 
 chancellor 
 
 * An instance occurs in the Chronicle Anno. Dom. 1248, which will serve to characterise one 
 feature in the customs of the times. " On St. Simon and Jude's day, died Simon de Edelesbure, and 
 was buried in our church before the Cross ; of whose goods were procured for the high altar a silver 
 chalice, missal, vestment, a lamp with one light to burn for ever at two masses, sc. a wax light from 
 the Purification to All-Saints, and two candles from All-Saints to the Purification ; a mass de Do- 
 mina to be sung there for ever, and pittance to the whole Convent every Monday, when it was not 
 a festival, and on his anniversary five quarters in bread, and 1000 herrings to the poor." Chronicle 
 of Dunstaple, translation p. 82. 
 
 + Monastic Angli : II. 132. Hearnes's Chartulary, p. 693. Tanner's Notitia : Bedfordsh : VI. 
 
 % This word usually means cloth of gold, or tissue, upon which figures in silk, &c. are embroi- 
 dered. In 1285, Anthony Beck, or Beek, Bishop of Durham, gave two Baudekyns with the His- 
 tory of our Lord's Nativity, to his Cathedral. It nearly answers to our present word Brocade. 
 
THE PRIOR Y CHURCH AT DUNSTAELE. 
 
 chancellor and nobility marked out a proper spot ; where, afterwards, at the 
 King's charge, a lofty cross was erected ; the Prior assisting and sprinkling it 
 With holy water." 
 
 In the year 1123, at Christmas, the King (Henry I.) was at Dunstaple, 
 where he received an embassy from the Earl of Anjou, and from thence went 
 to Woodstock, with his bishops and all his family.* The same monarch built 
 a royal palace at Dunstaple, which was called Kingsbury. This edifice "stood 
 near the church. '"t 
 
 In 1273, 1280, and at other times, grand tournaments were held here — 
 " On St. Lawrence's eve 1247, the King (Henry III.) came to Dunstaple with 
 the Queen and Edward, and his daughter Margaret. We gave the King a gilt 
 cup, and another to the Queen, and to Edward a gold buckle, and another to 
 Margaret ; all valued at twenty Marks. The King and Queen offered eight 
 cloths of silk, and the King gave us 100 shillings of silver for a thurible,^ and 
 a § pix/'|| 
 
 Though the preceding documents furnish no decided historical or descrip- 
 tive account of the building, or of its architecture, yet they give some hints 
 which may be useful in illustrating the subject. The church was originally 
 constructed in the form of a cross, with a tower in the centre, supported by four 
 lofty semicircular arches ; of which only one remains. This is now walled up, 
 and forms the eastern termination to the present parish church. The interior 
 is divided into a nave and side aisles, by six large massive piers, each of which 
 is surrounded by eight three-quarter columns. These have square-headed ca- 
 pitals, and the arches that spring from them have mouldings, corresponding 
 with the columns, with a facing band of zigzag. On each side of the nave, over the 
 large arches, is a range of small windows, ornamented with mullions and tracery. 
 At the sill of these is a band of billeted moulding, continued at intervals along the 
 sides of the nave. The windows, and archivolt mouldings nearest to the tran- 
 sept are more ornamented than any of the others ; and the arches are semicircular, 
 with a pointed arch beneath. But the most curious feature of this structure, and 
 the part more immediately entitled to our attention is the Western front, 
 
 which. 
 
 * Saxon Chronicle, 224. — Madox's History of the Exchequer, vol. I. p. 12. 
 
 + Stow, p. 136. — Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. II. p. 132. 
 
 J Thuribulum, or censer, was a vessel wherein inccncc was burnt. 
 
 § Or pyx, the box wherein the host was kept. 
 
 J| Gough's Translation of Dunstaple Chronicle.— Bib. Top. Bedfordshire, p. 80. 
 Jrch : Antiqs. Pt. I. C 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 which may be considered one of those architectural paradoxes, bequeathed by 
 our ancestors to puzzle modern antiquaries. 
 
 The character of the arches, columns, mouldings, &c. are delineated in the 
 three annexed prints. Plate I. represents the lower part of the building, in 
 which the grand " Saxon arch, originally a door-way into the church, first 
 merits attention, both for its antiquity and enrichments." — This is acknow- 
 ledged to be of the style of Henry the First's time. It had four pillars on each 
 side, with ornamented capitals, which supported five semicircular sculptured mould- 
 ings. The outermost was zigzag, the second had angels and foliage, in alter- 
 nate ovals, (Plate III. B) ; the third was similarly divided, with some sculp- 
 tured figures and foliage entwined in a waving tendril (Plate III. D) ; the 
 fourth was also ornamented with basso relievos, &c. among which were some of 
 the signs of the zodiac ;* and the fifth, or inner moulding was cut in alto- 
 relievo, with flowers, &c. Most of these ornaments have been much dilapidated, 
 and some are entirely destroyed. The capitals are all dissimilar, and some are 
 charged with curious basso relievo figures (See Plate III. C, E, F, G). An 
 archivolt moulding from this door diverges (Plate III. A) into half of a point- 
 ed arch, below which are intersecting arches and mutilated columns " of the 
 same taste. The other half of the arch is entirely in the pointed style, as is the 
 adjoining door-way with its proper dressings, although some Saxon ornaments 
 are introduced into the architraves. The partial inlaying of the surrounding 
 ground, with small flowered compartments,! like the opposing features on each 
 side of the above-mentioned pointed arch, is certainly very unaccountable. The 
 columns, arches, pedestals for statues, mouldings, and ornaments composing 
 the decorations of the huttrcsses, recesses, and gallery are of the earliest work- 
 manship of the pointed style, as are the ornaments at the base of the belfry tower; 
 which tower, in its design, (with the battlements on the body of the church,) 
 and the variegated masonry thereon, indicate the order of architecture peculiar 
 to the 1 6th century : the door-way within the grand Saxon arch is confessedly 
 so, while the three niches above it shew an anterior date. Yet more, the centre 
 of the arch of this door- way is rounded off] and worked in as a key-stone ; 
 
 which 
 
 * Sculptured representations of the signs of the zodiac are to be found, among other examples, 
 in the door-way to St. Margaret's Church, at York ; and to the western great door at Malmsbury 
 Abbey Church, in Wiltshire. 
 
 + As a similar kind of ornament appears on the exterior of Waltham Cross, the workmanship 
 of Edward the First's reign, we arc entitled to conclude that both are of the same a^e j besides, in 
 the Chronicle already quoted; it appears that this door was repaired in 1273. 
 
The VKSTKKS FRONT of 
 'Bftli'ordxhirc . 
 
 PLATt OF THE jitters. 
 
LeiuhmlWLihi June ii.ite-i.hy Len s m<m Hurit.iiej It Orme . FalerneeUr Reie;J.tavL-r.lC?hnrtlem : mi J.Brilt.-n. 
 
THE PRIORY CHURCH AT DUNSTAPLE. 
 
 which object was unknown before the introduction of Roman architecture a 
 second time into this kingdom, as, prior to that period, all our pointed arches 
 were jointed in the centre. Hence, by this diminutive key-stone, as well as the 
 majestic Saxon arch, we behold in this front (coming down from the latter at- 
 traction) an architectural table of time, for more than six centuries.' 5 * 
 
 In Plate II. the whole of this front is represented, with its plan shewing 
 the projection of the buttresses, &c. 
 
 Plate III. is the sculptured capitals and ornaments belonging to the great 
 door-way already referred to. The combination of arches, &c. represented at 
 top, A, may be considered, I believe, perfectly unique ; and are interesting do- 
 cuments of the formation and progress of the pointed style. " The interlaced 
 arches," says Mr. Gough, "exactly resemble those within the crypt of the 
 south transept at St. Albans, resting on capitals charged with grotesque figures." 
 
 Dunstaple Priory was the residence of the commissioners appointed to obtain 
 the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of Arragon : the latter then resided 
 at Ampthill, in this neighbourhood. The following extract from the Chroni- 
 cle already quoted, will serve to illustrate the manners of the times, and also 
 characterise the sentiments of the people. 
 
 In 1229 the townsmen were so provoked at the proceedings of the Prior, Sec. 
 who wanted to levy a tax on them, " that, out of resentment to the church, 
 they withdrew the tithes and offerings, and would pay but a penny at a funeral, 
 or churching, forsook the church, abused and threatened the monks, and 
 slandered them all over the kingdom ; they fixed up a paper in the church, for- 
 bidding any townsmen from grinding at the Prior's Mill, scattering the priors 
 corn that was carried in the accustomed roads, and pounded the horses in his 
 keeping, which the provosts, neighbouring chaplains, and the dean himself could 
 scarce get released. They bribed the stewards of the neighbouring nobility to 
 hinder the monks from coming on their estates. The Prior complaining of these 
 things to the king's chancellor and chief justice, who passed through Dunstaple 
 in the heat of the dispute, they began to threaten the town ; but their malice broke 
 out again as soon as they were gone, and the sheriff's bailiff going to distrain for 
 tallage, both men and women rose upon him, and though, at the Prior's request, 
 the Bishop of Lincoln caused the offenders to be excommunicated in the neigh- 
 bouring towns and deaneries, all would not do; the townsmen declared they would 
 sooner go to the devil than submit to be taxed, and had even treated with Wil- 
 liam Cantilupe for forty acres in his field near the town to build booths on, and 
 
 quit 
 
 * Carter's Ancient Architecture, I, p. 35. 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 quit the town. At last the difference was adjusted by John, Archdeacon of 
 Bedford, the Prior renouncing his right to all tallage (except the misericord ia 
 of 4d. and fines in case of violence) for 60\. sterling, paid him by the town, and 
 every future difference to be referred to the Court of King's Bench.''* 
 
 From the foregoing statements, it appears that Dunstaple was formerly a 
 place of some importance ; being dignified with the palace of a monarch, and 
 a monastery of considerable magnitude ; yet the vicissitudes of time have de- 
 prived it of these honours ; and of its architectural adornments the mutilated 
 remnant of the Priory Church is the only vestige. This, however, is singularly 
 interesting, from combining such various specimens of the progressive styles of 
 Architecture. The Town of Dunstaple is seated in a district of country called 
 the Chiltern Hills, at the intersection of two Roman roads, named the Watling 
 Street, and Icknield-Way. About two miles south-west of the town are some 
 entrenchments, which at present are known by the names of Maiden Bower, ^ and 
 Tottenhoe Castle. From the circumstances of distance, intersection of roads, 
 and these encampments, some antiquaries have fixed the Magiovinium of 
 Richard of Cirencester at this place. % As this station is not mentioned in the 
 Itinerary of Antoninus, and as so few Roman vestiges have been found here, 
 I should consider it to have been merely a temporary post, or Castra iEstiva, 
 and not a permanent station. A great quantity of copper coins of Antoninus 
 and Constantine, with many small ornaments of bridles and armour, were 
 found by some labourers in the year 1770, when digging for gravel, on a down 
 in this neighbourhood. Henry the First issued a proclamation offering great 
 temptations to those of his subjects who would settle at Dunstaple; among 
 these, any person was allowed an acre of land for twelve pence per annum, with 
 the same privileges as were possessed by the citizens of London. 
 
 * Dunstaple Chronicle, Translation, p. 70. 
 
 + This consists of a vallum nearly circular, thrown up on a level plain, and incloses about nine 
 acres of land. Tottenhoe Castle is a castrametation of a different kind, and upon a larger scale. It 
 is encompassed by two fosses, one round, the other square ; and connected with it is an encampment 
 which assumes the parallelogramatic shape. 
 
 + See Horsley's Britannia Romana : and Stukely's Itinerary. 
 
ESSEX. 
 
 Of the Domestic Architectures which was peculiar to the Anglo-Ro- 
 mans, Anglo-Saxons, and Anglo-Normans, there are no specimens remaining ; 
 and its characteristics are only impeifectly noticed in the pages of the Historian, 
 and the Antiquary. Unfortunately for us, these notices are so extremely vague, 
 that they serve rather as hints to the fancy, than as satisfactory evidences to 
 the judgment. Hence the diversity of opinions that prevail on this subject, and 
 hence the imperious necessity of obtaining and perpetuating correct delineations 
 with faithful accounts of the most ancient structures. For it must be evident 
 that authentic information relating to the comparative state of the useful arts at 
 different periods, constitutes an important object in the history of a kingdom, 
 and serves materially to characterize the manners, customs, and habits of a peo- 
 ple. 
 
 The dissolution of monasteries by Henry the Eighth, occasioned an extra- 
 ordinary change in the features of the times ; and the state of Domestic Archi- 
 tecture has to date a new epoch from that event. Many religious houses were 
 then converted into mansions ; and some of the newly-erected seats were built in 
 imitation of the monastic dwellings. "Layer Marney Hall," observes 
 Morant*, " was a grand and capacious house, wherein many persons could be 
 conveniently lodged. The building was square, enclosing a court, with a grand 
 entrance towards the south." This estate continued the property of the Marney 
 family, from the time of Henry the Second, f until the 35th of Henry the 
 Eighth, when, with other lands in Essex, it was obtained in exchange by 
 
 Sir 
 
 * History of Essex, 1 Vols. fo. 
 
 + Henry III. in the 48th year of his reign, grants to Wm. de Marney leave to impark his wood 
 of Lire, within the precincts of the forest of Essex. And the same time he had liberty granted him 
 to hunt within the forest of Essex. Salmon's History of Essex, fo. p. 447. 
 
 Arch : Jntiqs. Pt. I. D 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Sir Bryan Tuke.* The present mansion appears to have been built by Sir 
 Henry Marney, " who was Captain of the Guard to Henry VIII. made Knight 
 of the Garter, Lord Privy-Seal, 14 Henry VIII. and in the same year was 
 created Lord Marney. "f Towards the latter end of Henry the Seventh's, and 
 the beginning of Henry the Eighth's reigns, the mansions began to lose their 
 real castellated character, though still retaining many of its peculiarities : small 
 windows, thick walls, base courts, turrets, and a sort of embattled parapet 
 still continued.^ Layer Marney Hall appears of this description : chequered 
 compartments of flint, and diagonal lines of dark glazed bricks were frequently 
 introduced into the fronts of buildings about this period. With a large court in the 
 centre, measuring 104 feet 6 inches by 76 feet 4 inches, surrounded by lofty build- 
 ings, and entered by a handsome tower-gateway, this mansion must have been 
 spacious in its interior, and have displayed much grandeur and dignity exter- 
 nally. The two projecting octagon towers, about 73 feet high, are each di- 
 vided into eight stories or floors, lighted by small pointed arch windows. Two 
 floors, occupied by two rooms, fill up the space between the towers : these have 
 large square windows, with mullions, which partake of the character of the 
 Ionic pilaster. The decorations on the summit with those of the windows, 
 •cornices, &c. are made of a species of white brick, which was cast in moulds, 
 in large and thick masses. All the fire places are made of soft fire stone, the 
 door-posts and lintels of the stables, Sec. are of purbeck marble, and the whole 
 of the walls are of brick. These are not peculiar either in size or substance, 
 but the mode of building is eminently substantial Exclusive of the great de- 
 falcations in this structure, many absurd and destructive alterations have pro- 
 gressively been made by successive proprietors. Abandoned to neglect and 
 decay, it was, till within these few years, fast-hastening to total ruin, when 
 its present owner, N. C. Corseiiis, Esq. checked its mutilating progress by some 
 praiseworthy repairs, and judicious restorations. 
 
 * Private Acts, 35th Hen. VIII. ch. 9. 
 + Salmon's History, kc. p. 448. 
 
 J Henry the Seventh granted a licence or permission to fortify the manor-house at New Hall, 
 Essex, with walls and tozcers ; and Gosfield Hall, which was built in his reign, in a manner to 
 evade the law, has a large quadrangular court in thecentre, and was equally strong and well secured 
 .as many baronial castles. Beauties of England and Wales, Vol. V. p. 26'5, 361. 
 
1st. JKc&olas Cirarcft arrti tl&t &bbep <&atetoa,p, 
 
 AT 
 
 ABINGDON, BERKSHIRE. 
 
 TThe present town of Abingdon appears to have obtained its name and original 
 consequence from an abbey which was founded here, about 675 * by Heane, 
 nephew to Cissa, who was Viceroy of the West Saxons. The miseries occasioned 
 by the Danish incursions, in the reign of Alfred, compelled the monks to for- 
 sake this place ; but, in 955, it was again reinstated and restored " by the care of 
 Ethelwold its abbot, who was afterwards Bishop of Winchester, and the bounty 
 of K. Ed red and K. Edgar, "| The cunning policy of Dunstan, about this time, 
 impelled him to promote the Benedictine institutions ; and, being the confiden- 
 tial friend and counsellor of Edred,J he exerted his most powerful influence with 
 that monarch. For magnitude of buildings and extent of property, the Abbey 
 of Abingdon exceeded all others in this part of the kingdom : the neighbour- 
 ing churches were subordinate to it, and the surrounding country was subservient 
 to, and dependant on, its mandates. The Abbey Church is described by Le- 
 land§ as a large and elegant structure, occupying a spacious area, and generally 
 resembling the magnificent Cathedral Church at Wells, in Somersetshire. It 
 had two towers at the western front, and another at the intersection of the tran- 
 septs. Previous to the dissolution, all the interments, both of the town and its 
 neighbourhood, were performed within the pale of the Abbey : even the parish 
 churches of St, Helen and St. Nicholas here, were prohibited this privilege. 
 Many illustrious persons were interred within its walls ; among whom we find 
 the following names : Cissa, the joint founder : GeofTry of Monmouth, the 
 British historian ; Sydemann, Bishop of Crediton ; Robert D'Oily ; and the 
 relics of Edward the Martyr. The fame of this abbey having attracted a large 
 concourse of people round its sacred walls, Abbot Nicholas, " for the ease of 
 
 the 
 
 * Willis's History of Mitred Abbies, vol. I. p. 1. &c. 
 + Tanner's Notitia, Berkshire. 
 
 + Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. iii. p. 149, <Scc. where the reader will find an in- 
 teresting account of Dunstan. 
 
 § Collectanea, vol. vi. p. 181, Sec. 
 
ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES- 
 
 the town/'* built a new church without the gate, at the west end of the abbey, 
 and dedicated it to St. Nicholas. This is the structure represented in the an- 
 nexed print: and, as that Abbot died in 1307, we must infer, that the church 
 was erected previous to that period. The building here represented, at its 
 south west angle, displays the styles of architecture of different periods; whence 
 it is presumed to have been altered at different times. An inscription within the 
 church states, that it was " repaired and beautified, by Mrs. Susanah Davis, in 
 1628.'' Many of these beautifying reparations, in this and various other 
 churches, are highly disgusting to the eye of taste, and must provoke the censure 
 of all judicious antiquaries. Among the uglinesses, misnamed " beautifying^ 
 in the present building, may be instanced the painted roof, which, though in- 
 tended to represent clouds, appears more like the daubings of a blue bag. This 
 building consists only of one aisle, with a chancel at the east end. The roof of 
 the latter is of beam-work, which rests on heads of very ancient sculpture, in- 
 stead of corbels. Behind the altar is a vestry, in which lies a bass-relief of three 
 compartments. The centre represents our Saviour on the cross, with the Virgin 
 Mary, and St. John holding a book ; and on each side is an angel. One of the 
 side compartments represents St. Nicholas as a bishop, with a cross : and in the 
 other compartment is the representation of a warrior in mail armour. The 
 western entrance is through a semicircular arched door, which has several 
 mouldings, one of which has the zig-zag ornament ; on each side of this are two 
 obtusely-shaped pointed arches. 
 
 The Abbey Gateway diverges at right angles from the south-east end of the 
 church, " and is now," observes Hearne, in 1724, " and hath been, for many 
 years the common jail." It is entered through a large arched gateway, and a 
 lateral postern arch. Over the former is a canopied niche, with a statue ; and 
 in the spandrils are the royal arms of England, and the arms of the Abbey. \ 
 The rooms over the gateway are supported by groined arches springing from 
 sculptured corbels ; these represent figures of angels, an owl, and a pelican. 
 Connected with the gate is the guildhall ; and a free-school, which, by an in- 
 scription, appears to have been founded by John Boyse in 1565. Exclusive of 
 the gateway, only a few fragments of the abbey walls remain; and these are in- 
 corporated in the buildings of a mill near the river. 
 
 North of the Abbey is a place still retaining the name of the Vineyard. It 
 appears, from various documents, that vineyards were attached to many of the 
 English monastic foundations. 
 
 * Leland's Itinerary, vol. ii. p. 16. 
 
 t Or: a cross flory inter four martlets sabre. 
 
king's College Cfrapel, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 The magnificent structure of King's College Chapel is a work, observes 
 Walpole, " that alone will be sufficient to enoble any age." At the period of 
 its foundation, the ecclesiastical architecture of Great Britain had attained its 
 highest degree of perfection ; and the architects* wisely and emulously sought 
 to unite, in one structure, simplicity of design, stability of masonry, and ele- 
 gance of execution. In the present edifice these great esssentials are judiciously 
 combined ; and the whole stands a glorious monument, to perpetuate the taste 
 of the age, and the pious principles of the founder. It has, from time to time, 
 received the homage of those who -are best qualified to appreciate its merits : 
 and, had the design of Henry the Sixthf been fully completed, this college 
 would probably have exceeded, in real grandeur and elegance, the proudest 
 structure of this country. 
 
 It was observed by Dr. Henry, that there is a certain perfection in art to 
 which human genius may aspire with success, but beyond which, it is the 
 apprehension of many, that improvement degenerates into false taste and fan- 
 tastic refinement.^; This axiom is amply exemplified in the history of ancient 
 architecture. The heavy simplicity of the Saxon was supplanted, in the twelfth 
 -century, by the lofty magnificence of the pointed style : but, three centuries 
 
 after, 
 
 * It is the opinion of some of our most eminent antiquaries, that bishops, abbots, and other 
 monkish officers were the principal or only architects, previous to the Dissolution. Most of the 
 •cathedrals and collegiate churches were erected after the designs, or under the immediate direction of 
 some dignitary. This we shall have occasion to exemplify in the course of the present work. 
 
 + This monarch intended to have built and endowed an extensive college, correspondent to the 
 thapel ; but the calamities of a civil war counteracted his liberal intentions ; and an untimely death, 
 in 1471, put an entire stop to his works. The plan is particularly described ill his will, and a draw- 
 ing of it is preserved in the chapel library. 
 
 J History of Great Britain, vol. iv. p. 588, 4to edition. 
 Arch: Antiqs. Pt. II. E 
 
ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 after, Magnificence itself was exhausted, and the chapel of King's College is, 
 perhaps, the only specimen in which the perfection and decline of what has 
 been absurdly termed the Gothic style may be completely seen. In the eastern 
 part of the structure, is displayed the most elegant and pure example of the art. 
 Here decoration is sufficient, without profusion ; and the greater and smaller 
 members are judiciously proportioned to produce that architectural symmetry 
 -which at once pleases the eye and satisfies the mind. The western part of the 
 building, though executed in the same style, is rather too much encumbered 
 with ornament ; and the wood-work skreen which separates the chapel into two 
 parts, serves only to show that the good taste which guided the original archi- 
 tect, a century before, had departed in the days of Henry the Eighth. This 
 displays the Italian or Melange style of building, which was principally brought 
 into fashion by Hans Holbein and John of Padua. 
 
 Henry tlie Sixth, who all writers seem to have allowed would have made 
 a better figure in a cloister than a court, was only nine months old at his acces- 
 sion to the throne. In his natural disposition he was weak and ductile, though, 
 at the same time, more deeply tinctured with devotion than was common, even 
 to the general complexion of the times. The kings, his predecessors, who 
 were less pious than himself, had been liberal, even to extravagance, in the 
 erection and endowment of religious houses ; and Henry, who, to a piety which 
 was little encumbered with state transactions, added the zeal and generosity 
 peculiar to youth, endeavoured, in the present work, to eclipse their efforts. 
 His first design for the building was upon a small scale, yet afterwards he extend- 
 ed it so largely that he apprehended it could not possibly be finished in his 
 life time. He left instructions therefore, with a view to its completion, in his 
 will ; and detailed a plan which while it reflects the highest credit, at least on 
 the grandeur of his devotional ideas, evinces that, though the architects of those 
 times were unguided by the cold rules of proportion, they still worked upon 
 acknowledged principles : and reconciled solidity and lightness with a better 
 grace than the best artists of what may be termed the classic sera. It is enough 
 to say they understood effect, and that in their efforts to attain it, they never 
 weakened the buildings they erected. 
 
 Henry's first foundation, of Kings College in 1441, was for a rector and twelve 
 scholars only ; but his second was for a provost and seventy scholars, who, owing 
 to the incompletion of the monarch's designs, were long confined to the few and 
 inconvenient apartments provided for the smaller society. The plan which 
 
 Henry 
 
WKST FROST .IV Of 
 Ciimbridgr . 
 
 Ti> llF.XHVl'lMUIMJK.Esif'. rts <i tfstinh'ny »i' ihr ,hi/h,<rs siiurn ,.<■!,. in 
 
 ZflriMKllui *T&9T ffr# fy Imfmnilfirtrjt** tOmr. Palm***. < Ki>» JTayl.-r. fttph ItrOnrn M JltnUt<nJa\t*l»rkn<u* 
 
king's college chapel. 
 
 8 
 
 Henry had projected in the second instance was proportionable to the number 
 of people for whose maintenance he had made provision : but a part of the chapel 
 only, which formed the north side of an intended quadrangle, was all that the 
 troubles of his reign allowed him to erect. According to Henry's Will, the 
 chapel itself was to contain, in length, two hundred and eighty-feet of " assize," 
 without ailes ; and all of the width of forty feet. The walls were to be ninety 
 feet in height, embattled, vaulted, and " chare-roffed," sufficiently buttressed, 
 and every buttress finished with purfled pinnacles or little spires with flower 
 work. The window at the west end was to have " nine days," and the win- 
 dows in the sides five days : betwixt every buttress in the body of the church, 
 on both sides, were to be " closets," or small side chapels, with altars ; they 
 were to be in length twenty, and in breadth ten feet, and the pavement of the 
 choir was to be a foot and a half above that of the ante-chapel. 
 
 How far this building was advanced previous to Henry's death is not satis- 
 factorily ascertained, though it is generally admitted that the eastern end was 
 raised some feet above the ground, and a small portion of the north and south 
 walls were built. The rest was left for his successors, though the whole was 
 not entirely finished till after the year 1530. 
 
 Mr. Cole, whose manuscript collections for Cambridge are now preserved 
 in the British Museum, collected the following particulars which were in part 
 printed by Maiden, in his " Account" of this Chapel : 
 
 For carrying on the buildings of the college, the founder settled, per 
 annum, till the work should be completed, a part of his Duchy of Lancaster, 
 which, for that purpose, he vested in feoffees. 
 
 On March 4th, 1446, he granted to the provost and scholars, a stone- 
 quarry in the lordship of Heselwode in Yorkshire; and on the 25th of February 
 1448, to the provosts and scholars of Kings and Eton jointly, another quarry 
 at Huddlestone in Yorkshire. 
 
 In 1461, on the proclamation of Edward the Fourth as King, an entire 
 stop was put to the works; for the Duchy of Lancaster and the whole revenues 
 of the college were seized : a part of them, indeed, were granted again for the 
 maintenance of the provost and his scholars, but nothing from the Duchy for 
 the building. 
 
 In this state every thing remained for the greater part of twenty years, till 
 Dr. Field, the warden of Winchester college, was chosen provost. On June 
 
 10th 
 
ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 10th, 1479, he was appointed overseer of the works;* and continued till June 
 14th, 1483, during which time 1296/. I.?. Sd. was expended on the buildings, 
 of which 1000/. was given by the king, and 140/. by Thomas de Rotherham, 
 Bishop of Lincoln, and Chancellor of England, who had formerly been a fellowof 
 the college. 
 
 From the 14th of June, 1483, to the 22nd of March following, nothing 
 was done, at which time Thomas Cliff was appointed by King Richard III. 
 overseer of the works, and continued so till December the 23d ; during which 
 period the sum of 746/. 105. was expended, of which the king appears to 
 have given 700/. 
 
 At this time the east end of the chapel seems to have been carried up to the 
 top of the window, and the two first vestries towards the east, on the north 
 side, were covered in ; but the battlements over them were not set up. And 
 thus the building stood sloping towards the west end, being carried no higher 
 than the white stone rises, till the 28th of May, 1508 (23d Henry VII.) ; from 
 which time the work went on at the expence of Henry the Seventh and his 
 executors, till July 29th, 1515 (7th of Henry VIII.), when the shell of the 
 chapel was finished. During this time the expence of the works amounted to 
 11581/. Us. 10*4 of whichj m tne first year, from May 28th, 1508, to April 
 1st, 1509, 1408/. 12,?. 6ld. was remitted, from time to time, to Dr. Hatton, 
 provost of the college. 
 
 On the 1st day of March, 1509, Henry the Seventh, by indenture between 
 him and the provost and scholars, gave 5000/. for carrying on the building; 
 and bound himself and his executors to furnish the college with further sums of 
 money, from time to time, till the chapel should be completed : the provost 
 
 and 
 
 * Formerly, when the principal knowledge oftlie arts and sciences centred in the clergy, it was 
 not an uncommon thing to appoint some dignitary of the church to preside over the king's works. 
 Thus William of IVykchum, was the overseer or surveyor of the works at Windsor Castle: and Nicho- 
 las Cloose, who was made a fellow of King's College at its foundation, and was afterwards, in 1452, 
 Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, was the first person appointed as overseer and manager of the 
 intended building ; some assert that his father was the architect. John Canterbury, who went from 
 Eton to King's, in 1451 was made clerk of the works : and another of the overseers was John Langton, 
 who was made Bishop of St. David's in 1447. In the indentures, likewise, which are printed in the 
 Appendix, we find the Archdeacon of Norwich overseer of the glass-work for the windows. And 
 in the archives of Caius College, in a deed dated August the 17th, 1476, the names of the following 
 artificers are preserved : John JVulrich, master-mason ; John Bell, mason-warden ; and Richard 
 Adam, and Robert Dogctt, carpenters. 
 
SOUTH ENTRANCE PO&CS TO 
 Cambridge. 
 
 I',< Hf.V/irjiO.VK E 'j'fcuW P.tinlrrl^ hitH.H.lh, Print, at WiUr.tnl iHAjwhm r.*aui.itt Pittttrrs have far uoOtl all cthrr nramflr.r in 6W tfftr of fmnllial. and 
 Ihtrrhv ailfm to thf Hnlish School a ptoidiar pnanmaut Aon nil tahrr Xalians , this Plait is 
 
 drdioalsd hy hi.r su 
 
 SoMtmjeiam* J v ,r.,.- ^.i s jUyU;. tffh WipmJjSmm and u v ^m iLa„ k uj t o m ,.r*, m wn,„ 
 
king's college chapel. 
 
 5 
 
 and scholars, on their part, covenanting to lay out the money faithfully under 
 the direction of such overseer as should be appointed by the king, or his exe- 
 cutors. On the 8th of February, in the third year of Henry the Eighth, the 
 executors of Henry the Seventh, by indenture between them and the provost 
 and scholars, gave 5000/. more, " To the intent that they (the provost and 
 " scholars), and their successours, by the advise, oversight, and controllement of 
 " the sayde executours or theyr deputyes, and noon otherwise, shal as hastily 
 " as they can or may reasonabyll, without delay, vawie the churche of the 
 " saide colleg after the fourme of a platte therefor devised and subscribed with 
 " the hand of the said executours ; and cause double deskes to be made in the 
 " qwer of the saide chirch ; glase all the windowes in the said chirch w l 
 " such images, story, armys, bages, and other devises as shall be devised by the 
 " saide executours; and also clerly and holy fynyshe, perfourme, and end al 
 -** the warke that is not yet done in the saide chirche in all things as wel w'in 
 *' as without." The said provost and scholars covenanting and binding them- 
 selves and their successors to the said executors — " That tbey shal indever 
 " themself in that they can that the said werke of the sayd chirche in al things 
 " shal as shortly and spedely, as conveniently may be doon, be accomplished 
 " and fynished w'out any defaut in them to be assigned. Provided alway 
 " that the sayd provost and scolars, nor theyr successours be not charged by 
 " the premises farther than the sayde money may extende." 
 
 The great stone roof of the chapel, the flnials of twenty-one buttresses, the 
 towers, the stone roofs of the two porches and sixteen small chapels (seven of 
 which are annexed to the body, and nine to the choir), and the battlements of 
 all the small chapels and porches, were set up, by contract with the master 
 mason, at the following sums : for the more minute particulars of which the 
 reader is referred to the different indentures in the Appendix. 
 
 The great stone roof of the chapel, divided into twelve arches, to be built 
 of Weldon stone, according to a plan signed by the executors of Henry the 
 Seventh, and set up within three years, at 100/. for each severy or arch ; 1200/. 
 
 For tzventy-one fynials, to be built of Weldon stone, according to plans 
 made for the same, and according to one other fynial (or pinnacle) then set up, 
 only somewhat larger; and to be set up and finished before the 25th of March 
 next ensuing after the date of the indenture, at 61. \3s. 4>d. each ; the college 
 allowing 4/. 5s. farther for the iron ; 144/. 5s. 
 
 For one tozver, to be built of Weldon stone, according to a plan made for 
 
 F the 
 
6 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the same ; and to be set up and finished before the 25th of March next ensuing 
 after the date of the Indenture ; 1 00/. 
 
 For three towers, to be built of Weldon stone, according to the plan of the 
 former ; and to be set up and finished before the 24th of June next ensuing, 
 after the date of the Indenture, at 100/. each ; 300/. 
 
 For the stone roofs of two porches, to be built of Hampole stone, at 25/. each ; 
 .50/. 
 
 For the stone roofs of seven chapels in the body of the church, to be built of 
 Weldon stone, at 20/. each, 140/. 
 
 For the stone roofs of nine chapels behind the choir, to be built of Weldon 
 stone, of more coarse work, at 12/. each, 108/. 
 
 For the battlements of eighteen chapels and two porches, to be built of Wel- 
 don stone, at 51. each, 100/. 
 
 All the roofs and battlements to be finished before the 24th of June next en- 
 suing, after the date of the Indenture, and according to plans signed by the 
 executors of Henry the Seventh. 
 
 The principal stone-work of the chapel being completed, the next object was 
 to glaze the windows. To have these executed with painted glass, in a style 
 corresponding to the other parts of the building, the provost, &c. agree with dif- 
 ferent glaziers, by two Indentures, (vide Appendix) dated the last day of April, 
 and the third day of May, 1526, (18th Henry VIII.) to fitt up " with good, 
 clene, sure, and pcrfyte glasse, and orient colours and imagery," See. twenty- 
 two of the upper windows of this chapel : these were to be finished in a work- 
 man-like, and substantial style, within five years ; the glass to be provided, at 
 167/. a foot, and the lead at two-pence a foot. By whom, or at what period 
 the other four upper windows, and the lower tier, communicating light to the 
 chantries, were glazed, do not appear ; nor have the names of the artist or 
 artists who made the designs or " vidimusses" been preserved : conjecture has 
 attributed them to Giulio Romano, to Raphael, and to Holbein. Perhaps the 
 best mode of solving the difficulty is to consider them as the productions of dif- 
 ferent artists, whose best works were copied, and applied to this vitrified paint- 
 ing. The short time that was allowed for their completion implies, that they 
 must have been executed in this country ; and Holbein was the only painter 
 here capable of designing such pieces. Though ancient painted glass is generally 
 to be admired only for its effects, yet this at King's College is executed with 
 so much skill, taste, and judgment, that it has obtained the praise of the most 
 celebrated artists of modern times. 
 
 Description 
 
,11 Frrt 
 
king's college chapel. 
 
 7 
 
 Description of those Parts of the Building, represented by the annexed 
 
 Prints. 
 
 Plate I. Ground Plan, &c. — In this plate the artists have endeavoured 
 to delineate the general and particular lines of the walls, buttresses, chapels, 
 groining, &c. of the building, in a geometrical ground plan. As the mind de- 
 rives conceptions, and comprehends objects more accurately by comparison, 
 the reader may refer the scale of this f 310 feet long by 78 feet wide) to such 
 buildings as he is familiar with. The chapel of St. George, at Windsor, mea- 
 sures about 218 feet long by 65 feet wide ; and Henry the Seventh's, at West- 
 minster, about 120 feet in length by 64 in width. The former has transepts, 
 and side aisles, and the latter has also side aisles, whence their plans are rather 
 dissimilar to this at Cambridge. By reference to the annexed print, it will be 
 perceived that the groining, or tracery of the roofs, in the different chantries, or 
 side chapels, is varied : M'hilst the vaulting of the great roof is uniformly groin- 
 ed from east to west. The latter was executed according to a certain *' platt" 
 — (vide Indentures, p. 12) — but the others were constructed at different peri- 
 ods, and under the direction of different provosts, &c. Those two on the north 
 side, nearest to the east end, marked M and N, were the first that were finish- 
 ed ; and that at M was the private chapel of Dr. Wm. Towne*, who was one 
 of the twelve scholars placed in the college by Henry VI. at its first institution, 
 in 1441. From this, and the corresponding chantry on the opposite side, a 
 door-way communicates to the chapel, the arch of which is of the ogee shape. 
 The chantry at O belonged to Dr. Argentine, or Argentem, provost of 
 this college, who died February 2d, 1507, and whose remains were interred with- 
 in it. The chantry at P was decorated in a more costly manner than either of 
 the others, by Dr. Hacomblevn, who was provost here when the windows 
 were finished, and who directed that the window of his own chapel should be 
 executed in a superior style, and should contain, among its painted embellish- 
 ments, the Portrait of the Founder. Among the ornaments of the win- 
 dow, are the arms of Henry VIII. richly emblazoned, and also those of the col- 
 lege. The chantry at Q was endowed by Dr. Brassie, provost, whose remains 
 were interred here. This and all the remaining chapels on the south side are 
 appropriated to the college library, which comprises a large collection of 
 
 valuable 
 
 * According to the custom of the times, the Doctor left a yearly revenue of four marks, for a 
 prie6t (a fellow of the college) to say mass, &c. to relieve his soul from purgatory. An altar stood 
 within the eastern angle of this chapel, which was provided with a fire-place. 
 
FJMl el'thf OROITilNG A- SECTION of (lit ROOF r>l' 
 
 'j € o:r,r,y; &lb r; :BCA:p -p',-f, , 
 
 Cambrirlgr . 
 
king's college chapel. 
 
 7* 
 
 adduced to verify this assertion ; but a few may suffice. The chord or span of 
 the arch of the roof of this chapel is only 43 feet; whilst that of the central 
 arch in Black-Friars Bridge is 100 feet. Over the River LifTey, near Dublin, 
 is a bridge of a single arch, erected by Alexander Stephens, in 1 792, the chord 
 of which is 106 feet, with only a rising of 22 feet. This is six feet wider than 
 the much celebrated Rialto at Venice. But the most extraordinary, and asto- 
 nishing arch in Europe, is that of Pont-y-Prydd, (in Glamorganshire) which 
 was designed, and constructed by an uneducated architect, (Win. Edwards) 
 and extends 140 feet in span, with an altitude of 35 feet. (See an interesting- 
 account of this artist, in Malkin's Scenery &c. of South Wales, 4to. 1804.) 
 
 PLATE II. Plan of the Groining, and Section of the Roof. — 
 «' There is a tradition," observes Walpole, in his Anecdotes of the Arts, " that 
 Sir Christopher Wren went once a year to survey the Roof of the Chapel of 
 King's College, and said that if any man would show him where to place the 
 first stone, he would engage to build such another." As few sophistical absur- 
 dities escaped the reprehension of Walpole, I am much surprised that he gave 
 currency to this. Implicitly following his example, every subsequent writer has 
 repeated the same tale, thinking, perhaps, like the local Ciceroni, that it must 
 attach greater curiosity, and merit to the work. The remark seems so palpably 
 improbable, that it is scarcely entitled to an argument to refute : for can it be 
 reasonably supposed that the architect, who had a genius that could design, and 
 successfully execute such a stupendous work as the dome of St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral, could be at a loss to comprehend the mechanism, &c. of the present roof, 
 or could commit himself in making such a futile observation. Let it not be in- 
 ferred that I have a wish to depreciate the justly-acquired fame of the builder 
 of this roof; — I am ready to grant him my humble tribute of praise, in declaring 
 that he has here successfully executed one of the most difficult tasks in arclii- 
 tecture. It has stood the test of some centuries; is admired and praised by 
 professional men, and is now perfect and secure. 
 
 PLATE III. Section of a Part of the South Side. — In this geome- 
 trical view are represented two of the compartments, &c. which occupy the spaces 
 between three buttresses. These consist of two large windows, with " five 
 days" or lights each, and two smaller windows beneath, which communicate 
 with the chantries. The surface between the windows is ornamented with 
 niches and canopies, also the armorial bearings and cognizances of the houses of 
 York and Lancaster. The supporters, crowns, roses, and portcullisses arc 
 carved in alto relievo. Their respective contours, character, expression, 
 and subordinate minutiae, are evidences of the artist's taste and talents. Hence 
 
s* 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 it is presumed that they were the works of some Italian sculptors : but unfor- 
 tunately we have no documents perpetuating their names. 
 
 PLATE IV. South-Entrance-Porch. — The two porches, and western 
 entrance, are more highly decorated than any other portion of the building. 
 From the earliest specimens of ecclesiastical edifices, till the dissolution of mo- 
 nachism, the architect always bestowed the greatest enrichments on the 
 entrances, and particularly on the western, or principal. Thus the sentiment of 
 admiration and reverence was excited at the first approach, and the effect of 
 the whole interior, with its concomitant auxiliaries, all mutually conspired to 
 heighten and confirm this emotion. Hence the Catholic religion tended to 
 promote the arts, whilst these in grateful return lent their united assistance to 
 stimulate the passions and feelings in her behalf. 
 
 PLATE V. The North-west View — exhibits the whole of the northern 
 side, with part of the west front, in perspective. The five buttresses nearest to 
 the west end are ornamented with the rose, portcullis, crown, &c. From the 
 ground plan, and this view, it will be seen that the buttresses project a great 
 way from the base of the building, and it will be easily conceived that such 
 would have greatly injured the beauty and external effect of the whole, had 
 not the royal founder judiciously contrived to fill up the large spaces between 
 the buttresses with the side chapels. 
 
 PLATE VI. Western Front, &c. — The upper portions of the four 
 corner towers are peculiarly rich and beautiful ; being perforated with various 
 figures, and surrounded and crowned with puifled pinnacles, roses, crowns, cro_ 
 chets, &c. Considering the height of these from the ground, it is rather sur- 
 prising that the architect bestowed so much embellishment on them, especially 
 when the lower parts of the same towers were left plain and bare. 
 
 PLATE VII. Interior View. — The effect of the interior of this build- 
 ing, when aided by the solar rays, is peculiarly beautiful, grand, and impressive. 
 Its beauty arises from the variety of lights, shades, and prismatic colours, play- 
 ing through the scene, which is augmented by the undulating line of the roof, 
 and the variety and intricacy of the side walls, &c. ; whilst the height, space, and 
 misty effect, of the distant parts, combine to give it singular grandeur. 
 
 " No part of the interior of King's Chapel is unornamented ; and though the 
 ornaments, considered with reference to parts only, often appear crowded, ca-: 
 pricious, and unmeaning, yet the effect of the whole together is more rich, grand, 
 light, and airy, than that of any other building known, either ancient or modern." 
 Knight's "Analytical Inquiry," pa. l6i. 
 
F.ntiraw.l by W E.hv.v.U fn'm ,i fhvwp by J LBttaJsirtT ,1 .ilvuii Av Iht ialr J.i.i'b J.hnrbbtlif ny ths tr.hitrttiirjl Jntifuttir* ••f t'tr.ii flnlnm 
 
 INTERIOR f looting' Wr.tt ) OF 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 TllOt MOXRO. M.I), n ureal tulmim • .ami natron oi'lhr t'mt trt.t ; ihU nlati is nspnlfullv insm'iml by 
 
 ' ii. 7 The Author. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE PRECEDING ACCOUNT OF 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL; 
 
 CONTAINING, EXTRACTS FROM 
 
 C&e mm of 8>enrg t&e &ixtb 
 
 AND 
 
 Copies of certain Indentures relating to the Building, S^c. of the said Chapel*, 
 
 Extracts from the Will of King Henry the Sixth, as relating to King's 
 College Chapel. Dated 12th March 1417, the 26th Year of his Reign. 
 
 Copia ultima? voluntatis Regis Henrici Scxti, pro Collegiis suis Regalibus, viz. pro Col- 
 legio B. Mariae de Etona, & pro Collegio B. Mariae, & S'ti Nicholai de Cantebr* 
 perficiendis. [See a copy of part of this will in vita Gul. Waynfleti scripta a Buddeno.] 
 
 IN the name of the blessed Trinity, the Father, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost, Our Lady 
 St. Marie mother of Christ, and all the holy companie of heaven : I Henry by the grace of God 
 king of England, and of E'rance, and Lorde of Ireland, after the conquest of England the Sixt,. 
 for diverse great and notable causes moveing me at the makeing of theise presents, have do 
 f [have doney my Will and mine intent to be written in manner that followeth ; 
 
 Forasmuch as I have enfeffed before this time Johnf Cardinall and archbishop of Yorke, Names of the 
 
 John J archbishop of Canterbury, Robert^ bishop of London, William [| bishop of Lincoln, feoffees. 
 
 William^[ bishop of Saresbury, and Thomas** bishop of Bathe and Welles, John Carpenter 
 
 clarke of the churche of Worcester, now bishop of the same, Adam Molyns clerck now bishop of 
 
 Chichester, Walter Lyert clerck now bishop of Norwich, John Langton clerck late bishop of 
 
 St. David, and now to God passed, John Dulabcr clerk now bishop of St. David, William earle 
 
 of Suff', now marques of Sufi', Henry earle of Northumberland, John Viscount Beaumont, 
 
 Walter Lorde of Hungerford, Rauf lorde Cromwell, Rauf lorde of Seudelv, John Beauchampe, 
 
 knight, now lorde Beauchampe of Powicke, and James Fenes esq. now lord of Sav, John 
 
 Somersett, Henry Sever, Richard Andrew, Walter Sherington, clerks; Edward Hungerford 
 
 and Edward Hull knights; John Saintlo now to God passed, John Hampton, John Norres, a ll 
 
 William Tresham, John Vampage, and Richard Aldred, now to God passed, esqs. in divers parcell of the 
 
 castells, lordships,, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, parcell of duchy olLan- 
 
 . . caster, 
 
 the duchy of Lancaster within England and Wales, as it is more specially and at large con- 
 
 teyned and written, in diverse my letters patents hereof made, of which letters the first beareth Date f tne 
 
 date the last day save one of Novembre, the year of my reign 22 ; the second beareth date the letters patent. 
 
 7th day of Julie the same yeere ; the third beareth date the 23d of Februari, the yeere of my 
 
 reign 23 ; the fourthe beareth date the 29 of June in the same yeere ; which castells, lordships, 
 
 mannors, 
 
 • These legal instruments serve to illustrate the Manners and Customs of the Times, and shew the mode of 
 spelling, phraseology, &c. which then prevailed. Besides we are here informed of the price and terms of different 
 artizans ; hy comparing which with the style and execution of their works, we are enabled to appreciate the true 
 history of the arts at a certain era. 
 
 f John Kemp, 1425—1454. J John Stafford, 1143—1452. 
 
 § Robert Gilbert, 1131 — 1436, or his predecessor Robert ritzhugh, master of King's hall, and Chancellor of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 || Will. Alnwick, 1135— 1150. f Will. Aiscough, 1438— 1450. ** Tho. Bckyntcn, 1413— 1465. 
 
 G 
 
10 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 mannors, lands tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, be of the yeerlie value of 
 3395/. lis. Id. when they be discharged of the fees and annuities with which they be now 
 The feoffment charged, which letters patents and all things conteyned in them by the authority of my parle- 
 act of^arlia' meMt ' ast holden at Westminster, as by an acte of the same parlement plainly it appeareth, were 
 incut. authorized, approved, ratifyed, and confirmed, for to performe and fulfill my will, of and 
 
 upon the disposition of said castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and 
 other possessions, by me to be made and ordeyned, and to my said feoffees, in my behalf to be 
 declared and notifyed. I by these my present letters declare and notifie unto my said feffees, 
 according to the said acte, that in these my letters is conteyned my said will, which I desire to 
 be done and performed by my said feffees of the castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, 
 Cause for rents, services, and other possessions above sayd. 
 
 founding two First, forasmuch as it hath pleased our Lorde God for to suffer and graunte me grace for the 
 
 leges one'at P r ' mer " [aforementioned]" notable workes purposed by me after that I by his blessed suffer- 
 
 Eton, and one aunce tooke unto m} _ self the rule of my said realmes, for to erect, found, and stablish unto the 
 
 at Cambridge. j lonour an[ j worship of his name specially, and of the blessed Virgin our ladie St. Marie, encrease 
 
 of virtues and dilatation of conning " [knowledge]" and stablishment of Christian faith, my two 
 
 colleges Roiall, one called the College Roiall of our Ladie of Eton beside Windesor, and the 
 
 other called the College Roiall of our Ladie and St. Nicholas of Cambridge ; the edifications of 
 
 which colleges, now by me begoun, advised, and appointed, in manner and forme as hereafter 
 
 followed], may not be perfectly accomplished without great and notable workes assigned and 
 
 purvcied thereunto; I will, pray, and charge mine own feoffees, that unto the time that the 
 
 said edifications and other workes of bridges, conduicts, cloysters, and other thinges begoun and 
 
 advised by me in either of the said colleges, be fully performed and accomplished in notable 
 
 wise then any of my said realme of England ; they see that my said colleges, according to the 
 
 forme of generall graunts by me unto them made in that behalfe, have and perceive " [receive]" 
 
 yeerlie of yssues, profits, and revenues, coming of the aforesaid castells, lordships, mannors, 
 
 lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions, by the hands of the tenants, farmers, 
 
 . , occupiers, and receivers of the same, 2000 lib. for the edifications and workes abovesayd : that 
 A yearly sum r ' ' . . 
 
 of yooo lib. is to say, to the provost of my said college of Eton, for the workes there yeerlie 1000 Jib. and 
 
 assigned, &c. to ^ provost of my said collecre of Cambridge, for the edifications and workes there yeerly 
 1000 lib. for 1 J & & 
 
 the coll. at 1000 Kb. from the feast of St Michael last past unto the end of the terme of twenty yeeres 
 looo'l^" 1 ^ then next following, and fully and complete ; and if it be so that the edifications of my said 
 that at Cam- colleges, or either of them, according unto my said devise and appointment herein conteyned, 
 bridge. s ] ia ]l no t be fully accomplished and finished within the said tearme of 20 years, I will then 
 
 continuance * P ra y m y sa '^ f^ffce 8 tnat tn<3 y do grant unto either of my said colleges 1000 lib. to be 
 of the ediiica- taken yearlie from the ende of the said tearme of twenty years, finished unto the time of the 
 tions, &c. edifications of the one of my said colleges be fully accomplished and performed, of the yssues, 
 completion of profitts, and revenues abovesayd ; and that after the finishment of the edifications of one of 
 one,the whole the said colleges, the said yearly 2000 lib. in sembable wise to be granted to the other of the 
 appropriated 6 same colleges whose edifications shall not be then finished, to have and perceive of the yssues, 
 w the other, profitts, and revenues abovesayd, unto the time of the edification of the same college, to be 
 
 fuHy finished and performed ; which edifications of my said college I have fully devised and 
 
 appointed to be accomplished in this wise: that is to witt, 
 [lie re follows particular directions relating to Eton College.] 
 
 the 
 
KINGS COLLEGE CHAPEL. 
 
 11 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 And as touching the dimensions of the Church of my said college of our Lady and St. Length and 
 Nicholas, at Cambridge, I have devised and appointed that the same church shall containe 288 tlie 
 feete of assise (statuteable feet) in length, without any yles, and all of the wideness of 40 feete, 
 and the length of the same church from the West end to the altare at the quier doore, shall con- 
 taine 120 feete, and from the provost's stall unto the greese called Gradus Chori 90 feete, for 36 
 stalles on either side of the same quier, answering to 70 fellowes and ten priests, conducts, which Stalls, 
 must be de prima, forma; and from the said stalles unto the est end of the said church 72 feete 
 of assise : also a reredos (skreen) bearing the roodeloft departing the quier and the body of the 
 church, containing in length 40 feete, and in breadth 14 feete; the walls of the same church to 
 be in height 90 feete, imbattled, vawted, and chare rofTed, sufficiently butteraced, and every Height ot the 
 butterace fined with finials ; and in the east end of the said church shall be a windowe of nine chapel, 
 bayes,* and betwixt every butterace a windowe of five bays, and betwixt every of the same 
 butterace in the body of the church, on both sides of the same church, a closet with an altare 
 therein, containing in length 20 feete, and in breadth 10 feete, vauted and finished under the The side 
 soyle of the vie windowes: and the pavement the church to be enhanced " [raised]" four chapels called 
 feete above the ground without, and height of the pavement of the quier one foote diameter 
 above the pavement of the church, and the pavement of the altare three feete above that. Item, 
 on the north side of the quier a vestry, containing in length 50 feete, and in breadth 22 feete, The vestry, 
 departed into two houses beneath and two houses above, which shall contain in height 22 feete 
 in all, with an entrie for the quier vawted. Item, at the west end of the church a cloistre 
 square," &c. 
 
 [The Will proceeds to describe, in detail, the various other buildings and apartments 
 belonging to the college, (which were never erected,) and then specifies the fees, or 
 wages of those artizans, &c. employed in the building.] 
 f I will that my said college of Cambridge have and receive yearely of the yssues, profits, 
 and revenues, coming of the said castells, lordships, manors, lands, tenements, rents, services, 
 and other possessions abovesaid, 117 lib. 6s. lOd. during all the time of the edification of the 
 said college, for the yearly wages and rewards of officers and ministers longing to the workes 
 there ; that is to wit, for the master of the workes, 50 lib. for the clerk of the workes 13 lib. 6s. 
 8d. for the chief e mason, 16 lib. 13s. 4d. for the chief e carpenter, 12 lib. 8d. for the chief smith f ees 2rnnti ; d 
 
 ■* - t i 3 ■,• to certain otli- 
 
 6 lib. 13s. 4d.; and for the purveyors, either of them at 6d. the day, 18 fib. 6s. 8d.f and in sembable cers of the 
 wise, I will that my said college of Eton have and receive yearly, during the edification thereof, 
 of the same yssues, profit and revenues, 124 lib. for the yeerly wages and rewards of the officers at Cambridge 
 and ministers belonging to the workes there ; that is to wit, for the master of the workes there t Et 
 50 lib. for the clerk of the workes 13 lib. 6s. 8d. for the chief mason 13 lib. 6s. 8d. for the chief 
 carpenter 10 lib. for the chief smith 6 lib. 13s. 4d. and for two purveyors either of them 6d. by 
 the day, 18 lib. 5s. 6d.f Moreover, for as much as I entirely desire that all the numbers of the 
 persons ordeined, devised, and appointed by me, for to be in both my said colleges, be fulfilled 
 in as hasty time as they goodly may, and so the numbers for the accomplishment of my devotion 
 
 to 
 
 • The spaces for glass between the mullions. Q. daics, as in the copy of this Will, printed in Blomcficld's Collect. 
 C*ntab. p. 125. 
 
 t There seems to be an errori n these two s'ims, and in the totals compared with the dayly wages. 
 
12 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 to be kept always perfect, and that certain of the liveloods with which I have endowed my said 
 colleges be yet in reversion, so that the said numbers with other charges may not sufficiently 
 be found and supported, unless that the same college be succored, otherwise I will, pray, and 
 charge, my said feffees, that my said college have and receive yearly of the yssues, profits, and 
 revenues, coming of thecastells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, services, and other 
 possessions abovesayd, over the said yearly 2000 lib. to the same colleges, in the forme and for 
 the cause abovesayd assigned, the summe of a thousand markes granted unto my said colleges 
 during the lives of certain persons specified in my letters patents seweth " [following],'''' under 
 the seale of my said duchy thereupon made, as it is in the said letters more clerely conteyned. 
 Afurtherpro- Furthermore, I will, pray, and charge my said feffees, for to be delivered to my said colleges 
 vision. 2000 lib. over the said yearly 2000 lib. and yearly 1000 markes unto them, in the formes above- 
 
 sayd, assigned to be taken as soon as it goodly may be arreised and had by the same feasts, of the 
 yssues, profits, and revenues of the said castells, lordships, mannors, lands, tenements, rents, 
 services, and other possessions ; that is to say unto my provost and college roiall of Eton 1000 lib. 
 f iooo 3nC * Unt ° m ^ P rovost anc * c °l' e g e royall of Cambridge 1000 lib. of sufficient and good gold, and 
 III., in money °f sufficient weight of my lawfull coine, which I have given for a treasure for them, to be kepte 
 t< > each college within them for diverse great causes, which will be more plainly exprest in the statutes and 
 u> rcniain SUie or dinaunces of my said college, by me made in that behalf. And I will that my said college of 
 Eton have of the said yssues, profits, and revenues, of the said castells, lordships, mannors, 
 lands, tenements, rents, services, and possessions, 200 lib. in money, for to purvey them books 
 to the pleasure of God and weale of my same college. And in sembable wise to my other college 
 of Cambridge 200 lib. for to stuff them with ie wells for the service of God, in the same collesre.. 
 And if it like unto God to call me out of this mortal life, before that my said colleges be accom- 
 plished, and before they have such as is to them here appointed, then I will and desire that roy 
 will above rehearsed touching the same colleges and either of them, be specially and principally 
 accomplished, and in all points perfectly performed before all other things :" &c. 
 
 See a Copy of the whole Will in Nichols's " Collection" of Royal Wills, &c. 4to. 1780. 
 
 JFirgt 3[nTjenture 
 
 Relating to the Roof of the Chapel. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the day of in the fourth yere of our sovrain lord 
 
 kyng Herry the 8th betwyne Mr. Robert Hacombleyn provost of the kynge's college royal at 
 Cambridge and the scolers of the same with the advise and agrement of Mr. Thomas Larke 
 Wastfxl and surve y or of the kynge's works there on the oon partye, and John Wastell master mason of the 
 Semerk agree seid works, and Herry Semerk* oon of the wardens of the same on the other partye, witnesseth 
 good S vawte " tnat mt ' s covenaunt< sd, bargayned, and agreed betwyne the partyes aforeseid, That the seid John 
 or root; Wastell and Herry Semerk shall make and sett up, or cawse to be made and sett up at ther costs 
 according to a an ^ cnar g es ' a g 00 ^> 5>uer, and sufficient Vawte for the grete churche there, to be workmanly 
 " plat ;"' wrought, made, and sett up after the best handlyngeand form of good workmanship, according 
 to a Plat thereof made and signed with the hands of the lords executors to the kyng of most 
 famous memorye Herry the 7th, whose sowle God pardon. And the seid John Wastell and 
 Herry Semerk shall provide and fynde at ther costs and charges, as moche good sufficient hable 
 
 stor . 
 
 * Walpole spells the name, Severick. 
 
king's COLLEGE chapel. 13 
 
 ston of Weldon quarryes, as shall suffise for the performyng of all the seid vawte, together with andto provide 
 lyme, sand, scaffoldvng, cinctores, moles, ordinaunces, and eveiy other thyng concerning the * n( j ti ie S r „ * 
 same vawting, as well workmen and laborers, as all manner of stuff and ordinaunces that shall cessary mats- 
 be required or necessary for the performance of the same ; except the seid Mr. Provost and s ' 
 scolers with the assent of the seid surveyors granten to the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 
 for the great cost and charge that they shall be at in remevyng the grete scaffold there, to have 
 therefore in recompence at the end and performyng of the seid vawte the timber of two se- 
 vereyes of the seid grete scaffold by them retrieved to ther own use and profight ; And over that 
 the seid Provost, scolers, and surveyor granten that the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 
 shall have duryng the tyme of the seid vawtyng, certeyne stuffs and necessaryes there, as gynncs, 
 wbels, cables, hobynatts, sawes, and such other as shall be delyvered unto them by indenture ; 
 And they to delyver the same agayne unto the college there, at the end of the seid worke. The To finish it in 
 seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk granten also and bynde themselves by these covenauntes, 1 . e ^ ears - 
 that they shall performe and clerely fynysh all the said vawte within the terme and space of 
 three yeres next ensuyng, after the tyme of ther begynnyng upon the same ; And for the good j ^ e 
 and suer performyng of all the premysses as is afore specyfyed, The seid Provost and scolers 1200 1. for it, 
 
 covenaunte and <>raunte to pay unto the seid John Wastell and Herry Semerk 1200 I. that is to e ; 100 '•' or 
 a I J J each severy. 
 
 say, for every severey in the seid churche 100 1. to be payd in forme folio wyng, from tyme to 
 tyme as moche money as shall suffise to pay the masons and others rately after the number of 
 workmen ; And also for ston in suche tymes and in suche forme as the seid John Wastell and 
 Herry Semerk shall make ther bargaynes for ston, so that they be cvyn payd with 100 1. at the 
 end of the performyng evry severey ; and if there remayne ony party of the seid 100 1. at the 
 fynyshing of the seid severey, then the seid Mr. Provost and scolers to pay unto them the sur- 
 plussage of the seid 100 1. for that severey, and so from tyme to tyme until all the seid twelve 
 severeys be fully and perfyttly made and performed." 
 
 €&e ^econD 3fnuenture 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the fourth day of August in the fifth yere of the reign of our 
 sovrain lord kyng Herry the 8th, betwyne Mr. Robert Hacombleyn Provost of the kynge's 
 college royal in Cambrydge and the scolers of the same with the advise and agreement of Mr. 
 Thomas Larke surveyor of the kynge's works there, on theoon partye, and John Wastell master 
 mason of the seid workes on the other partye, witnessed], That it is covenaunted, bargayned, Wastell 
 and agreed betwyne the partyes aforeseid, that the seid John Wastell shall make and sett up, yfjjtg ° 
 or cawse to be made and sett up, at his propre cost and charge, the vawting of t~vo porches of porches and 
 the newe churche of the kynge's college aforeseid with Yorkshere ston ; And also the vaxetes of 7 ^'"P '^ 
 seven chapels in the body of the same churche with Weldon ston, accordyng to a plat made as 
 well for the same seven chapels as for the seid two porches ; and nine other chapels behynd the 
 q-uyre of the seid churche with like Weldon ston to be made of a more course xve rke, as appereth chapels, W 
 by a plat for the same made: And that the seid John Wastell shall make and sett up or cawse to 
 be made and sett up at his cost and charge the batelmcnts of all the seid porches and chapels 
 with Weldon ston accordynge to another plat made for the same remayning with all the other ments *• *" 
 plats afore reherscd in the kepynge of the seid surveyor signed with the hands of the lords the 
 kynge's executors: All the seid vawtes and batelments to be well and workmanly wrought made 
 and sett up after the best handlynge and forme of good wotkmanshyp, and accordyng to the 
 
 H plats 
 
14 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 nnd provide P' ats a f° re specified : The aforeseid John Wastell to provide and fynde at his cost and charge 
 
 the stone and not only as moche good sufficient and hable ston of Hampole quarryes in Yorkshere as shall 
 
 all other no- Sll ffi se f or tne performance of the seid two porches, but also as moche sjood sufficient and 
 fcssanes. r 
 
 hable ston of Weldon quarryes as shall suffise for the performyng of all the seid chapels and 
 
 batelments, together with lyme, sand, scaffoldyng, mooles, ordinaunces, and every other thyng 
 concernyng the fynyshing and performyng of all the seid vawtes and batelments, as well work- 
 men and laborers, as all maner of stuff and ordinaunce as shall be requyred or necessary for 
 performance of the same : provided alway that the seid John Wastell shall kepe continually 60 
 fre-masons workyng upon the same. The seid John Wastell graunteth also and byndeth hym- 
 sclf by these presents to performe and clerely fynish all the seid vawtes and batelments on this 
 side the ffeeste of the Nativitie of Seint John Baptiste next ensuyng after the day hereof ; And 
 Wastell to ^ or t ' ie g°°d an d suer performyng of all these premysses, as is afore specyfyed the seid provost 
 receive 25 1. and scolers granten to pay unto the seid John Wastell for ston and workmanshyp of evry the 
 lor each sei( ^ p 0rcnes -with all other charge as is afore rehersed 25 1. 
 
 so 1. for each And for evry of the seid seven chapels in the body of the churche after the plat of the seid 
 of the 7 'elm- porc }, es 20 J. 
 
 12 l! for each And for vawtyng of evry of the other nine chapels behind the quyre to be made of more 
 of the Q cha- course work 12 1. 
 
 And for ston and workmanshyp of the batelments of all the seid chapels and porches devided 
 into twenty severeys evry severy at 100 s. sum 100 1. 
 workmanship And for all and singler covenaunts afore rehersed of the partye of the seid John Wastell 
 merits we ^ e an ^ truly to be performed and kept, he byndeth himself, his heirs and executors in 400 1. 
 
 of good and lawfull money of England to be payd unto the seid Mr. Provost, scolers and sur- 
 veyor at the ffeeste of the Purification of our Blessed Lady next comyng after the date of these 
 presentes ; and in lyke wise for all and singler covenauntes afore rehersed, of the partye of the 
 seid Mr. Provost, scolers and surveyor wele and truly to be performed and kept, they bynde 
 themselves, their successors and executors in 400 1. of good and lawfull money of England to 
 be payd unto the seid John Wastell at the seid ffeeste of the Purification of our Blessed Lady, 
 In witnesse whereof the partyes aforeseyd to these present indentures interchangeably have sett 
 their seals, the day and yere above wryten. 
 
 C&e C&trti Jn&enture 
 
 Between the same Parties, is concerning erecting the " Fynyalls" or Pinnacles of twenty-one 
 Buttresses, and finishing one of the Towers, one '* FynyalP' having been previously set 
 up as a pattern. For every Pinnacle to be paid 6 1. 13 s. 4 d. and for all the said Pinnacles 
 140 1. and for the upper part of the Tower (viz. from the open-work upwards) 100 1. The 
 Provost, &c. to find iron work to the amount of 5 s. for each Pinnacle. 
 
 THE 
 
 100 1. for 
 stone and 
 
 / 
 
king's college chapel. 15 
 
 €&e jFourtf) fn&enture* 
 
 Concerning four large Windows of Painted Glass. 
 
 THIS INDENTURE made the thirde day of the moneth of May in the yere of the reigne 
 of Herry the Sth by the Grace of God Kyrig of Englande and Ffraunce, Defendor of the Ffevth, 
 and Lorde of Ireland the eightene, betwene the Right Worshepfulle masters Robert Hacombleyn 
 Doctor of Divinitie and Provost of Kynge's college in the universitie of Cambrydge, William 
 Holgylle clerk, master of the hospitalie of Seint John Baptiste called the Savoy besydes London, 
 and Thomas Larke clerke, Archdeacon of Norwyche, on that oon partye, and Ffraunces Wyl- 
 liamsonf of the paryshe of Seint Olyff in Southwerke in the countie of Surrey glasyer, and 
 Symond Symondesf of the parysshe of Seint Margaret of the townc of Westminster in the 
 countie of Middlesex, on that other partye, witnesseth, That it is covenaunted condescended 
 and aggreed betwene the seid partyes by this indenture in manner and forme folowing, that is 
 to wete, the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson and Symond Svmondes covenauntc, graunte and them 
 bynde by these presentes that they shalle at their owne propre costes and charges wele, surely, ^ g in *' 
 clenelv, workmanly, substantially, curyously, and suhHcyently, glase and sett up or cawse to be Symondes 
 glased and sett up four windowes of the upper story of the grete church within the Kynge's agree tosett 
 
 ill* i i j i_ i . Up 4 windows 
 
 college of Cambrydge, that is to wete, two wyndowes on the oon side or the sejd churche, and 
 
 the other two wyndowes on the other side of the same churche with good, dene, suer and per- f «p er f yre 
 
 fyte glasse and oryent colors and imagery of the story of the old lawe and of the newe lawe glasse and 
 
 after the forme, maner, goodness, curyousity, and clenelyness in evry poynt of the glasse wyn., C0 ~ 
 
 dowes of the Kynge's new chapell at Westminster; And also accordyngly and after suche maner 
 
 as oon Barnard Ffiower glasyer late deceased by indenture stode bounde to doo ; And also 
 
 accordyngly to suchc patterns otherwyse called vidimus, as by the seid masters Robert Hacom- according to 
 
 bleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke or by ony of them to the seid Ffraunces Wylham- patterns. 
 
 son and Symond Symondes or to either of them shall be delyvered, for to forme glasse and 
 
 make by the forseid foure wyndowes of the seid churche ; And the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson 
 
 and Symond Symondes, covenaunte and graunte by these presentes that two of the seid wyn- Tvvo f ^ ^_ 
 
 dowes shall be clerely sett up and fully fynished after the forme abovescid within two yeres next nished within 
 
 ensuyne after the date of these presentes, and that the two other wyndowes resydue of the seid 2 r vcais ' a 'u- 3 
 ' & 1*11 ■ • otliers within, 
 
 four wyndowes shall be clerely sett up and fully fynyshed within three yeres next ensuying 3 years; to 
 
 after that without any furder or longer delay : Furdermore the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson 
 
 and Symond Symondes covenaunte and graunte by these presentes that they shall strangely 
 
 and surely bynde all the seid foure wyndowes with double bands of lead for defence of great 
 
 wyndes and other outragious wethers; And the seid masters Robert Hacombleyn, William ^Vtu Jead' 1 
 
 Holgylle 
 
 bind them 
 
 * This and the 5th indenture give an account of glazing only 11 windows. The other 4 windows are not noticed 
 in these deeds. It is remarkable that the great west window has no painted glass, and 2 windows on the south, with 
 one on the north side, nearest the W. end, differ both in drawing and colouring from the rest, and arc also very shat- 
 tered and dirty. These were probably put up at a later period, by inferior artists. 
 
 f " As much as we imagine ourselves arrived at higher perfection in the arts, it would not be easy for a master 
 of a college now to go into St. Margaret's parish, or Southwark, and bespeak the roof of such a chapel as that of 
 King's college, and a dozen or two of windows so admirably drawn, and order them to be sent home by such a day 
 as if he was bespeaking a chequered pavement, or a church bible. Even those obscure Artists Williamson, Symonds' 
 Flower, Iloonc, &c. would figure as considerable painters in any reign : and M hat a rarity, in a collection of drawings, 
 would be one of their Vidimus's*" 
 
 Walpolc's Anec. of Painting* 
 
16 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Holgylle and Thomas Larke covenaunte and graunte by these presents, that the seid Ffraunces 
 Wylliamson and Symond Symondes shall have for the glasse, workmanship and settyng up of 
 evry foot of the seid glasse by them to be provided, wrought and sett up after the forme above- 
 seid sixtene pence sterlynges ; And where the seid Ffraunces Wylliamson and Symond Symondes, 
 and also John a More of the parysshe of Seint Margarett of the towne of Westmynster in the 
 countie of Middlesex, squer, John Kellet of the same parysshe towne and countie, yoman, 
 Gerrard Moynes of the parysshe of Seint Olyffe in Suthwerke in the countie of Surrey, joyner, 
 and Henry Johnson of the parysshe of Seint Clement Danes without the barres of the newe 
 temple of London in the countie of Middlesex, cordwaner, by their wryting obligatory of the 
 date of these presentes to be holden and bounde to the seid masters Robert Hacombleyn, Wil- 
 liam Holgylle and Thomas Larke in the summe of two hundred pounds sterlynges to be paid at 
 sureties in the the ffeeste of the Nativitie of Seint John Baptiste now next comyng after the date of these pre- 
 sum o ~00 . gentes ^ ag }n tne same wrytting obligatory more plainly at large doothe appere ; Neverthelesse 
 the same masters Robert Hacombleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke for them and their 
 executors covenaunte and graunte by these presentes, that yf the seid Ffraunces Williamson 
 and Symond Symondes on their part wele and truly performe, observe, fulfille and kepe all and 
 evry the covenauntes, bargaynes, grauntes, and promyses and agreements aforeseid in maner 
 and forme as is above declared, That then the same wryttyng obligatory shali be voyd and had 
 for nought, and else it shall stand in fulle strengthe and effect, In witnesse whereof the seid 
 partyes to these indentures interchangeably have sett their seales 
 
 Yoven the day and yere aboveseid. 
 
 €&e jfiftf) 3Intienture 
 
 (Dated the last day of April in the 18th of Henry VIII) is between the same persons on the 
 one part, " and Galyon Hoonf. of the paryssh of Seint Mary Magdalen next Seint Mary 
 Overey in Suthwerke in the county of Surrey, Glasyer ; Richard Bownde of the paryssh of 
 St. Clement Danes without the barres of the ne.we temple of London in the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, glasyer ; Thomas Reve of the paryssh of Seint Sepulchre without Newgate of London, 
 glasyer ; and JamesNicholson of Seint Thomas Spyteil or Hospitalle in Southwerke, Glasyer, 
 on that other partye." 
 
 The latter bind themselves to glase and sett up, "at their owne propre costs and charges, 
 well, surely, clenely, workmanly, substantially, curiously, and sufficiently, cightene wyndowes 
 of the upper story, whereof the wyndowe in the este end to be oon, and the windowe in the 
 west ende to be another" — " with good, clene, sure and perfyte glasse and oryent colors, and 
 imagery." These to be equal to the windows of the King's new chapel at Westminster : — Six 
 of the windows to be finished within 12 months, and the other 12 windows within four years. — 
 To bind all the windows " with double bands of leade for defence of great wyndes and outra- 
 gious wetheringes, after the rate of twopence evry ffootte :" the glass to be 16 pence per foot : 
 The above named glaziers to furnish Ffraunces Williamson and Symond Symondes glaziers, 
 "true patterns otherwvse called a vidimus for to forme glasse and make by other foure wyn- 
 dowes" — according to the condition of the former indenture — Williamson and Symonds to pay 
 as much ready money for the said vidimus, "as shall be thought reasonable by the said masters" 
 Holgylle and Larke — the glaziers bound to perform the conditions of this Indenture under a 
 penalty of 500 " markes sterlinges." 
 
 and to be 
 paid 16 d. a 
 foot for the 
 glass. 
 
 Bound with 
 
 END OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 AN HISTORY OF 
 
 Cemples ana Eounu Cfmrc&e^ 
 
 In a state of savage nature, the human mind is but little superior to brutal in- 
 stinct ; yet, even in that degraded condition, there appears a consciousness of 
 some superior and awful power. That man, in every state of society and 
 civilized life, is inspired with, or possesses, some peculiar notions of a Deity, is 
 the general opinion of philosophers; and according to the advancement of civil- 
 ization and refinement, so is the proportionate rationality of their modes of wor- 
 ship. The early annals of every country furnish evidences of this, and further 
 inform us, that either some manufactured idol, or other more impressive object, 
 was worshipped with servile veneration. As the eye of the ignorant is more sus- 
 ceptible than the ear, and as impressions on that organ are more powerful than 
 those conveyed to the mind by hearing, the most sagacious class of men, in 
 the primitive ages, adopted certain symbolical figures to personify metaphysical 
 subjects. Among these, the circle is described by different authors, as the 
 most ancient, the most mystical, and, consequently, the most awful, figure. Ac- 
 cording to many writers, this denoted eternity, infinity, &c. and by the Hindoos 
 it was formed by a coiled snake, which, with the addition of wings, was regarded 
 with profound veneration. The Egyptians also used a globe with wings, and 
 a snake attached, as a symbol of the Deity ; and on Chinese gates are found 
 the figures of coiled snakes, applied to similar purposes.* 
 
 Among the most ancient (if not really the very first) species of circular 
 temples, were those rude piles of stones, which are usually denominated druid- 
 ical.f These are almost uniformly disposed in a circle, and consist of one, two, 
 
 or 
 
 * See Stukeley's Description, &c. of " Abury," fo. 
 
 + " Moses rose early in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and hcclve pillars." 
 Exodus, chap. xxiv. v. 4. See also the first volume of King's Munimcnta Antiqua, where the author 
 has described, and referred to, numerous stone circles, or temples. 
 
 Arch. Jnliqs. Ft. III. I 
 
2 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 or four concentric rows of upright unwrought stones.* Several of these, of 
 various dimensions and figures, are still remaining in Wales, Cornwall, Cumber- 
 land, Scotland, Ireland, and other parts of the British Islands ; also in Brit- 
 tany, Denmark, &c. but the most considerable in size, and popular in estima- 
 tion, are those of Stonehenge, and Avebury, in Wiltshire. The former has 
 obtained extraordinary celebrity ; but the temple at the latter place, though 
 upon a much more stupendous scale, and surprising plan, is seldom alluded to 
 by antiquaries, and scarcely known even to Englishmen, f Its centre consisted 
 of a circular range of immense stones, one hundred in number, with four 
 other circles within the area. The whole was environed Avith a deep ditch, and 
 high bank. Diverging from this were two avenues, or double rows of upright 
 stones, which extended a mile each way from the centre, and at the extremity 
 of one of these avenues, were two oval ranges of upright stones- 
 It was, and still is, the custom of many nations to worship the sun, the 
 moon, tire, or some other visible object, in the open air; either on the summit of 
 a mountain, J or within the area of a raised bank,§ &c. : for, with more sublime, 
 than rational ideas, they deemed it improper to confine their devotions within 
 stone walls. The roof of their temple was the immense concave of the heavens, 
 and the field of vision embraced the whole circled horizon. The Persians, Scy- 
 thians, Numidians, Bithynians, Celts, || &c. according to the testimonies of 
 most writers, adopted this grand system of worship. In the southern regions, 
 and in temperate climates, such custom was easily persisted in ; but in the 
 northern countries, where storms, and snows, and frosts, often prevailed, it 
 was found necessary to guard against the inclemency of seasons, by resorting 
 to caves, or erecting appropriate buildings. 
 
 The first regular sacred structures, according to the opinions of Herodotus 
 
 and 
 
 * Stonehenge, I believe, is the only example in Britain, where the stones have been squared, or 
 shaped Kith tools ; whence the Welsh antiquaries infer that it is not a purely druidical structure. 
 
 + Stukcley wrote a dissertation on it, which he published in a folio volume, with numerous 
 plates, in 1743 : but as this work is scarce and dear, it is only to be found in the libraries of the cu- 
 rious, and consequently is only read by a few persons. 
 
 | In Homer, among other instances, the piety of Hector is commended by Jupiter, for the 
 many sacrifices made by him on the top of Mount Ida. 
 
 § From the remaining examples of druidical temples, wc infer that all were encircled with a 
 mound of earth, or va!lum, and a ditch. 
 
 |L Pausanias writes, that the Thracians used to build their temples round, and open at the top. 
 
I 
 
 TEMPLES AND ROUND CHURCHES. 3 
 
 and Strabo, were erected by the Egyptians ; but the most ancient temples and 
 tabernacles that we find described, are those of the Tabernacle in the Wilder* 
 ness> made by Moses, and the splendid Temple of Solomon.* Forbearing 
 any further observations on temples in general, I will now briefly notice a few 
 of those only, which are built on a circular plan.f Though we may fairly sup- 
 pose that Greece, in the effulgence of her architectural splendour, exhibited 
 many fine specimens of these structures, yet we know but of one round building 
 in Athens, the capital city of that country. This is called the Choragic Jl/onu- 
 mcnt of Lysicrates ;. and though a very small structure (only six feet diameter 
 within), is beautiful in its proportions and ornaments. It is of the Corinthian 
 order, and is said to have been erected above three hundred years before the 
 Christian era; in the time of Demosthenes, Apelles, ami Alexander the Great.;]: 
 The Tower of the Winds, in the same city, is an octangular building. 
 
 The Romans, who were mere imitators of the Greeks, built numerous 
 temples, both in their capital and in the provinces ; but it was not till after the 
 revolution under Julius Caesar that they produced any thing admirable in the 
 arts. Among their circular temples we may notice the following. 
 
 On the banks of the Tiber is a round building, which, according to gene- 
 ral opinion, says Palladio (B. IV. Ch. 14.) was built by Numa Pompilius, and 
 dedicated to the Goddess Vesta. Without the walls of Rome, near the Porta 
 Viminialis, (now called the Gate of St. Agnes,) is a circular building, dedicated 
 to St. Agnes, and supposed to have been a temple of Bacchus. § On the Ap- 
 pian Way, near the Porta Appia, (now called the Gate of St. Sebastian,) are 
 the remains of a circular building. || 
 
 The Temples dedicated to Vesta were generally, if not always, circular. 
 Plutarch remarks that Numa erected a round temple to contain the sacred fire, 
 
 which 
 
 * Sec ample accounts of these, and other sacred temples, with plates, in Calmet's Dictionary of 
 the Bible, 2 vol. 4to. 1801, and in a volume of Illustrative Fragments, by C. Taylor. 
 
 + Round temples are characterized by Vitruvius by the terms of monoptcral,\. c. those without 
 walls or cells, but with a cupola raised on pillars ; and peripteral, which have detached columns, with, 
 an enclosed wall within, &c. 
 
 J Stuart's Antiquities of Athens, Vol. I. 
 
 $ Palladio, B. IV. Ch. 21. According to this author, the temples of Bacchus and Venus were- 
 to be built always on the outside of the city wall*. 
 j[ Palladio, B. IV. Ch. 22. 
 
4 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 which he intended as a symbol of the whole universe. This temple of Vesta 
 had an atrium, and a grove, near the fountain of Juterna, and in the inmost 
 part of it was kept the sacred fire, which was attended by the Vestal Virgins. 
 Near the Palace of Augustus was also another similar building, called the Tem- 
 ple of Vesta Palatina.* Near the celebrated cascade of the Anio, at Tivoli, is 
 another circular temple, sacred to the Goddess Vesta. It is sometimes called 
 the temple of Sibylla Tiburtina, is of the Corinthian order, and is much cele- 
 brated by travellers. f Upon the Celian Mount, at Rome, was a large circular 
 temple, which, according to some writers, was built by Claudius, and dedicated 
 to Faunus. It consisted of a circular wall, which included two colonnades, one 
 within the other. It is now called St. Stephen the Round, and measures about 
 ]<)0 feet in diameter.^; The most popular of these circular temples is the Pantheon 
 at Rome, which is commonly supposed to have been erected by M. Agrippa, in 
 his third consulate, though Palladio is of opinion that the body, or circular 
 part, was built in the time of the republic, and the portico only added by 
 Agrippa. It was repaired A. D. 607, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, by 
 Pope Boniface IV. and, in three years afterwards, it was again dedicated to all 
 the saints, by Pope Gregory IV. § 
 
 We must recollect, that all || the preceding temples were originally erected 
 and consecrated to Pagan worship ; though some of them, with several otber 
 similar edifices, were afterwards converted into Christian churches. As this 
 new doctrine extended its benign influence, it was found necessary to provide 
 its ministers and disciples with appropriate places of devotion. These now as- 
 sumed the names of Ecclesia, Basilica, and Church ; and as Constantine the 
 Great, who was the most powerful advocate in the cause, became more and 
 more confirmed in the Christian tenets, he extended his liberality and influence 
 towards the Christians, and their sacred structures. " The Christian temples of 
 Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople, &c. displayed the ostentations 
 
 piety 
 
 * Montfaucon, Vol. II. Ch. 7. In this volume arc several plans of circular temples. 
 + See Chevalier Piranezi's Plans, &c. of this building, and Desgodetz's Antiquities of Rome. 
 The latter is translated by Marshall, and contains several plans, sections, &c. of ancient buildings. 
 + Sec Desgodetz's Antiquities. 
 § Ibid. 
 
 || The church of St. Agnes, according to some writers, was built for a temple of Eacchus; but 
 others contend that it was erected by the Emperor Constantine. 
 
ENGLISH ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 piety of a prince, ambitious, in a declining age, to equal the perfect labours 
 of antiquity.*" In the course of two centuries, from the reign of Constantine 
 to that of Justinian, eighteen hundred churches of the empire were established 
 and endowed, f 
 
 Let us now turn our eyes to the small islands of Britain, where we shall per- 
 ceive a few glimmering rays of Christian light breaking through the mists 
 of Paganism. In the beginning of the seventh century, Austin, or Augustin, 
 with forty other monks, were deputed by Gregory the Great, from the papal 
 see at Rome, to visit England. They were particularly instructed, by the 
 zealous and sagacious pope, " not to destroy the heathen temples of the En- 
 glish, but only to remove the images of the gods, to wash the walls with holy 
 water, to erect altars, and deposit relics in them, and so convert them into 
 Christian churches."^. What was the exact shape and size of these temples, 
 we are not well informed, though it is generally admitted that the first Saxon 
 churches had semicircular east ends. Dr. Stukeley, speaking of round 
 churches, very strangely says — " I suspect these are the most ancient churches 
 in England, and probably built in the later times of the Romans, for Christian 
 service, — at least in the early Saxon reigns. "§ As this remark is scarcely entitled 
 to animadversion, let us endeavour to ascertain, with some appearance of con- 
 sistency and rationality, the origin, styles of architecture, and characteristics of 
 
 ENGLISH ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 These certainly constitute a singular and rare class of ancient edifices, and 
 are eminently interesting to the architectural antiquary. The three examples 
 here brought forward (see the annexed Prints) will perhaps stagger the faith, or 
 remove the doubts, of those writers who contend that the pointed arch, when 
 
 once 
 
 * "Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. L. X. Ch. 2, 3, 4. The bishop of Caesarea, who studied and gratified 
 (he taste of his master, pronounced, in public, an elaborate description of the church of Jerusalem, 
 (in Vit. Const. L. IV. C. 46.) It no longer exists ; but he has inserted in the Life of Constantine, 
 (L. III. Ch. 36,) a short account of the architecture and ornaments. He likewise mentions the 
 Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople. (L. IV. Ch. 29.)" Gibbon's Roman History, Vol. 
 III. 292. 8fO. 
 
 + Ibid. 
 
 + Henry's History of Great Britain, Vol. III. p. 194, &c. See also Turner's History of the 
 Anglo Saxons, Vol. IV. 
 
 § Itinerarium Curiosum, p. 35. 
 
 Arch. Jnliqs. Pt. III. K 
 
G 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 once adopted, completely superseded the semicircular. Such antiquaries should' 
 recollect that new fashions, with every other species of novelty, are not instan- 
 taneously and universally emhraced ; but that they become prevalent according 
 to their utility, and in proportion to the influence of the inventor. Every new 
 fashion has also to contend with the prejudices of man, and with his established 
 customs. The revolutions of architecture are not exempt from these obstacles; 
 and we should not, therefore, be surprised in beholding two styles of arches, 
 &c. employed in the same building.* In the circular parts of the churches at 
 Northampton and at the Temple, this variety of style is decidedly manifest. 
 Here the pointed arch is displayed, from its first formation, (the intersection of 
 the semicircular arches in the Temple church) through the gradation of the plain, 
 simple, almost straight-lined triangle, in the church at Northampton, to that of 
 the Temple, where the same shaped arch is adorned with mouldings, and where 
 it springs from the capitals of clustered columns. 
 
 The origin of round churches, in England, has been generally attributed 
 to the Jews. This opinion was very prevalent in Cambridge, till Mr. Essex 
 corrected it by his historical observations, which were published in the sixth 
 volume of the Archseologia. " Their temple at Jerusalem," he observes, " was 
 not of the circular form, neither was the tabernacle of Moses; nor do we find 
 the modern Jews affect that figure in building their synagogues. It has, how- 
 ever, been generally supposed, that the round church at Cambridge, that at 
 Northampton, and some others, were built, for synagogues, by the Jews, while 
 they were permitted to dwell in those places ; but as no probable reason can be 
 assigned for this supposition, and I think it is very certain that the Jews, who 
 were settled in Cambridge, had their synagogue, and probably dwelled toge- 
 ther, in a part of the town now called the Jewry, so we may reasonably con- 
 clude, the round churches we find in other parts of this kingdom were not built 
 by the Jews, for synagogues, whatever the places may be called in which they 
 stand. |" As these churches are evidently not of Roman architecture, and as 
 they were not erected by the Jews, we are naturally curious to ascertain when, 
 and by whom, they were built. There appears to be four perfect examples of 
 these buildings in England : St. Sepulchre's church at Cambridge, St. Sepul- 
 chre's 
 
 * I humbly offer this, merely as a hint, or a remark en passant, at present : in another place I 
 
 hope to devclopc and elucidate the subject. 
 
 a Archa;ologia, Vol. VI. p. 166. 
 
ENGLISH ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 7 
 
 chre's church at Northampton, the Temple church, London, and a small church 
 at Little Maplested, Essex. All these, with one that was at Temple Bruer, and 
 one at Aslackly, Lincolnshire, are generally attributed to the Knight's Templars, 
 during their power and prosperity in England.* This singular religious order of 
 " knights-errant" obtained their organization and fame in the vicinity of the 
 Church of the Holy-Sepulchre at Jerusalem. 
 
 It is the general opinion of writers, that this sacred structure was built by 
 Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great ; but, unfortunately, none of 
 these writers have identified the part then built, or described its size, character, 
 or style of architecture. Besides, we are informed that Charlemagne (A. D. 813.) 
 rebuilt this venerated edifice, " The east end," observes Mr. Essex, " I take 
 to be of his building, containing the semicircular tribune ; but the intermediate 
 part, between it and the sepulchre, is more modern, and might be rebuilt when 
 the church was restored, in the year 1049, after it was defaced by the Saracens 
 towards the end of the tenth century, "f Bede, speaking of this structure, de- 
 scribes it as a large round church, with three walls and twelve pillars ; but 
 the precise disposition of these walls and pillars is not specified. $ The round 
 part of the present building materially differs from this description. It con- 
 sists of a semicircular wall, which attaches to a large mass of buildings 
 on the east, and a little within the wall is a circular colonnade, consisting 
 of sixteen columns and piers, with an open space for four others, towards 
 the east.§ The circular part of the building is of Roman architecture,, 
 and its roof, which is mostly of cedar, gradually diminishes from its base up- 
 wards, and terminates with a round aperture. This shape is rather singular, as 
 it differs from the usual form and construction of domes, or cupolas. The other 
 parts of the building consist of several chapels, oratories, passages, towers, &c. 
 and on the south side is displayed several examples of pointed arched doors and 
 windows, with corresponding clustered columns. Sandys, Le Bruyn, and 
 
 Maundrell, 
 
 * The Templars had numerous other places of residence in England, where they established 
 Preceptories, &c. In Strype's edition of Stow, 1720, Vol. I. p. 270, it is said that they had temples 
 at London, Cambridge, Bristol, Canterbury, Dover, Warwick, &c. 
 
 + Archaeologia, VI. p. 169. 
 
 \ Resurrectionis Dominican rotunda ecclesia tribus cincta parictibus, duodecim columnis susten- 
 tatur. (De Locis Sanctis. Cap. 2.) 
 
 % See the ground plan in Sandy's Travels. I have also been favoured with a view of a model of 
 this church, now in the possession of the learned author of Munimcnta Anciqua. 
 
3 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Maundrell, who have all visited this place, are so extremely vague and unsatis- 
 factory in their respective accounts, (I cannot apply the term of history, or 
 description,) that they prove more tantalizing than gratifying to our curiosity. 
 
 This sacred structure was revered, by the holy knights, above all earthly 
 objects; their enthusiasm had endowed its every stone with marvellous qua- 
 lities; and they foolishly fancied it a secure passport to heaven, if they lost their 
 lives in defence of the building. As it was their province to protect Christian 
 pilgrims against the Saracens, and as they were originally instituted and sta- 
 tioned at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, it seems extremely probable that 
 they would imitate that structure, when they were afterwards distributed in 
 companies over Europe, and when they had occasion to erect a new church. 
 This appears actually to have been the case with those that settled in England ; 
 for we have already seen that they had circular churches at several places, and 
 some of these were dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre, or Sanctum Sepulchrum.* 
 Perhaps the most ancient of these is that .at Cambridge, which I now proceed 
 to describe. 
 
 * (C The German writer of 1 Voyage en Sicile & dans la Grande Grece addresse a FAbbe Wine- 
 kelman, Lausanne, 8vo. 1773,' gives this description of a church of St. Sepulchre at Brindisi, the 
 ancient Brundusium. ' On donne 1' Eglise du St. Scpulcre pour un temple antique ; e'etoit une rotonde; 
 cct edifice n'est point du bon terns de l'architecturc : sa forme n'est pas parfaitement circulaire & il n'y a 
 point dc portique a l'entrte, et il decrit un demi circle different, qui ne fait point corps avec le reste du 
 batiment ; cc qui lui donne une irregularis desagrcable. L'on rcconnoit aussi le mauvais gout du 
 terns de la decadence des arts aux ornamens de l'ancienne porte qui est murce aujour d'hui. Cet 
 edifice est voute & soutenu enticrcment par des colonnes de marbre.' 
 
 " This person, who was over head and ears in Roman and Grecian antiquities, would not have 
 thought it worth his while to have taken notice of an ancient Christian temple, as this is no doubt, 
 had he not mistaken it for a Pagan one. The description answers exactly to our church of the Holj 
 Sepulchre at Cambridge." Cole's MSS. Vol. II. p. 46. British Museum. 
 
 • CHURCH 
 
GROUND PLAN OF 
 
 TBJE €MWM€M OF THIS MQ&T at 
 
 Cam bridge. 
 
 I^ndon .Published Der't^iSo^.by I.onaman , Hurst, Uses, Orme, falmioster Jbwj J Taylor. Moh HoWorn.X: J Briiion,Tavisri)cA' f'lace 
 
3? e%£2L£J CMWM CM,, 
 
 I Western Entrance.) 
 ( 'an bridge/. 
 
 5> ffte Rev :' />!• REBS, KSjS. EeUtor at the Nan Cyclopaedia Xr . ffat plate it inscribed «.»■ ,/ niemaife oftlu.ludwrit nspeeti- esteem. 
 
 l^^n.TuiUMnu-r2i.i9us.l v I.on^.ui.niir.!l Mtrs .< l>mw.^ 
 
CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, 
 
 OR, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Of trus curious structure, says Mr. Essex,* " it will be easier to ascertain the 
 age, than to tell who was the founder." This he endeavours to prove by the 
 style of the building ; for it happens equally unfortunate, in this instance, as 
 with most ancient structures, that all records relating to their time of erection 
 are lost through neglect, or destroyed in those commotions which have so fre- 
 quently disorganized the civil institutions of this country. Wanting these de- 
 cisive documents, we must seek for other evidence ; and the most satisfactory 
 we can appeal to, in the case of ancient buildings, seems to be those peculiarities 
 of style, which continued to change and improve from the time of erecting the 
 earliest Saxon churches, till the reign of Henry the Eighth. Adopting this 
 criterion, Mr. Essex asserts that the present round church " was built in the 
 reign of Henry the First, or between the first and second croisades, and is, I 
 apprehend, the oldest church of this form in England. "f 
 
 The annexed ground plan, (Plate I.) with the interior and exterior views 
 of the building, (Plates II. and III.), will exhibit the form, and the peculiar 
 style of arches in the door and windows ; also the columns, capitals, buttresses, 
 groinings, &c. From these we perceive that it consisted of a circular wall, 
 which was originally perforated with six semicircular-headed windows, and an 
 ornamented doorway of the same shape. The latter is still very perfect, and 
 apparently in the original style of decoration, but the former have been all al- 
 tered, by widening, and the introduction of mullions, &c. Within the outer 
 wall is a circular colonnade, of eight columns. These are short and massy, 
 without any base, and with a narrow ornamented capital, which varies in dif- 
 ferent columns. Eight semicircular arches spring from these, besides some 
 groined mouldings, which tend to support the arched roof of the surrounding 
 aisle. Some of there groins are indented with the zig-zag ornament, which is 
 marked in the annexed plan, as also in the interior view. Above these arches 
 
 is 
 
 * Arch apologia, VI. 173. 
 
 + " The Babtistery at Pisa, in Italy, may be ranked among the round churches, anil was begun 
 about thirty years after the church at Cambridge, and finished in the year 11C0, by Deolisalvi, ;yi 
 eminent architect of that age. Josephi Martinii Theatrum Basilica; Pisanas." Essex. 
 
 Arch. Anliqs. Pt. III. L 
 
10 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 is a continued arcade, which originally opened to the gallery over the aisle, but 
 the apertures are now walled up. (See Plate III.) Two small semicircular 
 arches, beneath one archivault, opened immediately over the lower arch, and 
 between each of the two arches is a large short column, the diameter of which 
 is nearly equal to its height, and two small three-quarter columns attached to 
 it. These are perhaps the only examples of the kind in England, and is proba- 
 bly the first specimen of a clustered column. Over this are two tiers of windows 
 of different character, (See Plate II.) which were introduced, and the tower 
 raised one story, " for the reception of bells, in the reign of Edward the Se- 
 cond, and all these windows (except one on the east side, just over the junction 
 of the circular with the other part of the building) were then altered, to give 
 more light.'"* The shape and character of these windows are correctly deline- 
 ated in Plate II. where the entrance western door constitutes a fine and bold 
 feature. This is still very perfect, and its mouldings and sculptured ornaments 
 extremely sharp and square. It appears to have been formerly guarded by a 
 porch. Six three-quarter columns support three different archivault mouldings; 
 the characteristic ornaments of which will be seen in Plate II. where it will ap- 
 pear that the first story of the tower, above the circular church, is octangular, 
 and the upper story is divided into sixteen sides. 
 
 The east end, or chancel, which, with a northern aisle, are marked with 
 a lighter colour in the accompanying plan, was built in the year 1313, as ap- 
 pears by a deed for that purpose, " dat. apud Cantebr. die Dmica prox. post 
 festie St. Valentine Martiris An. Dni. m,ccc,xiii." 
 
 Much of the original design and pristine character of this building have 
 been altered and injured by late alterations, and by the injudicious operations 
 of the carpenter, whitewasher, and bricklayer, whose performances are common- 
 ly, though really ironically, called " beautifying." The masonry of the ancient 
 circular wall, and also of the columns and arches, evinces considerable skill, as 
 the stones are all squared and chiselled with mathematical accuracy, to suit 
 their respective situations. As the columns and wall are circular, and each faced 
 with small wrought stones, it was necessary to form two of the sides and the 
 exterior surface by geometrical rules : the first being regulated by the lines of 
 the radius, and the latter by the diameter of the circle. In examining this 
 building, we are struck with its ponderous and durable appearance, as if it was 
 intended for a castellated building, and calculated to defy the warfare of time 
 and of man. 
 
 * Archaeologia, Vol. VI. p. 177. 
 
t 
 
 8 
 
 Ed 
 
 IS f 
 
 1 
 
plan or 
 
 S 7 ®E2>U2L <CM2&M°3 €MU1& <GM. 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Scale 
 
 - I 1 
 
 ID S 
 
 JO 20 
 
 40 60 
 
 i,\< jo Far 
 
 .*» The parts or' a luyhter colour appt 
 
 In be additions to ilie original buddina. 
 
 London. ftiHUhf/t Qte'iffillos.by J.omtman .Burst .JUe. 
 
 , ib Omu.lumMrltem: J.Taylor. Burn Bottom, mi J. trtuon, Onmet But. 
 
11 
 
 t fsepulcfjre's? Cfmrcf), 
 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 J. HE Church of the Holy Sepulchre (at Northampton) was supposed to have 
 ■been built by the Knights Templars on the model of that at Jerusalem."* — 
 Such is the account that Mr. Pennant repeats from Mr. Bridges, the historian 
 of the county ; and it is greatly to be regretted, that neither he, nor any other 
 antiquary or topographer, has preserved any authentic records relating to the 
 building of this edifice. It has been too generally the practice with local histo- 
 rians, to swell their pages with long and useless lists of mayors, incumbents, 
 &c. and at the same time either totally neglect, or vaguely notice, those remote 
 occurrences, which, if properly developed, would materially illume the hemi- 
 sphere of ancient history, and thereby enable us to see more distinctly the pe- 
 culiar arts, manners, customs, &c. of our ancestors. As the circular part of 
 this church was built by the Templars, I am induced to suppose that it was 
 erected towards the end of the twelfth, or beginning of the thirteenth century, 
 when the pointed arch style began to prevail. In this building (Vide Plate III.) 
 it. will be seen that all the arches over the circular colonnade are in this shape ; 
 though it seems evident, from the size and character of the columns, and the 
 plainness of the archivaults, that they were constructed without any regard to 
 decoration or beauty. In examining and comparing the three churches, here 
 attempted to be illustrated, we perceive a manifest difference, both in their ar- 
 chitectural designs and masonic execution. This, at Northampton, though ad- 
 vancing a little in beauty of proportion from that at Cambridge, is much in- 
 ferior to the Temple church in elegance of parts, and is, indeed, far inferior 
 to either in execution. Deprived of authentic document, we cannot positively 
 account for the cause of this ; and, as man is generally most partial to his own 
 conjectures on such subjects, I am not disposed to divert or counteract them 
 by any theoretical animadversions. 
 
 By the ground plan, (Plate I.) and interior view, (Plate III.) the reader 
 will perceive that the walls of the circular building are thicker than those of the 
 round church at Cambridge ; that the columns are smaller, and higher ; that 
 they have bases and capitals, some square and some round ; that the circular 
 aisle has no arched roof, but is merely covered with timber; and that, imme- 
 diately 
 
 * Tour from Chester to London. 
 
12 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 diately above the columns, the wall becomes octangular. These are peculiarities 
 which distinguish it from the other circular churches, and render it an unique 
 example of ancient architecture. 
 
 Plate I. Plan of the church, with the tower, porch, &c. In the drawing of 
 this, I have marked those parts light which appear to be additions 
 to the ancient circular building. The * is inserted to shew the situ- 
 ation where the artist stood to take the two accompanying views, 
 Plates II. and III. 
 A. An ancient entrance doorway, (now walled up,) with a pointed arch 
 externally, but with a semicircular arch within. B. A small window, 
 cut through the wall in an oblique direction. The dotted lines 
 across from column to column denote the disposition of the great 
 beams, or rafters. 
 
 Plate II. Exterior View of the circular part of the church, with the tower, &c. 
 
 In this view are represented some of the ancient windows, which 
 are now walled up, but the size and character of which are of the 
 most simple Saxon style. There were two tiers of these. 
 
 Plate III. Interior View of the circular part of this church, in which the shape 
 and style of the arches, columns, &c. are accurately represented. — 
 From this it will be seen that four of the columns have square bases, 
 and capitals, whilst in the other four, they are circular. Bridges, 
 in his History of Northamptonshire, pronounces these of " the 
 Tuscan order," and Mr. Grose has repeated his words, though they 
 might with equal propriety have called them Doric, or Ionic. 
 
 In representing the interior of this church, and that at Cambridge, I 
 thought it most adviseable, and most consistent with Architectural Antiquities, 
 to omit the peivs, and other objects, which are decidedly modern additions, 
 and which would neither ornament the views, nor tend to elucidate the original 
 style of architecture. 
 
fflortfuimpi&n . 
 
 7>< KDW" KING.Esq r l\K.S. X- FA.S. /hither t>r"\iunimrnUi . iiiliquii 'Xr. wtw ht'th hv hit wfitina* X- fiifn'ruior, has iimrt(v fl / V/ r w ttd thr . fytulv &few$ftt£nuil j6nfyu&fc AfrpZatt w n-sjirrrrhllv aua&A l>y 
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Emmved In U'"' }Vci<Jnrth An 
 
 ■i Braving M F Xiuh tor the . Inhiu-jUwul . Inriifiaiif* 
 CIRCULAR PART OF 
 
 London . 
 
 KtsfilxsoNs Esq* i:r.s. ,!• RA.S. Kcena- o/'Jiis Mjktb'* Xuorik in thtTmvr Sx: thir View if wpeOfiSh rneoHed for . 
 
 ' Che Author. 
 
 leadmrULrfial Dec ' ijjHo 6 . by ImfmanJIuntXm * t >rmt,l>ammi» Sow, J. Jhylar, Hinh IMh'rn . ami J Briton . I* vistock It** ■ 
 
Cfje Cemple Cfmrrfn 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 This curious ancient structure displaj's some singular and interesting speci- 
 mens of ecclesiastical architecture. The semicircular,, intersecting, and pointed 
 arches are all exhibited in this edifice, and we cannot hesitate in admitting 
 that all these were constructed at one time. It was, however, at that period 
 when the pointed-arch system was in its infancy, and therefore too weak to 
 effect a complete conquest over its veteran rival. Hence we may easily account 
 for the mixture of the circular and pointed arches, with the intermediate or 
 connecting link, the intersecting, which are exhibited in this and several other 
 ancient edifices. 
 
 The original Temple church, with its connected buildings, obtained the name 
 of the New Temple, in 1185, at which time the Templars removed from their 
 former residence in " Holbume, in the suberbs of London."* In this year 
 their new church was dedicated by Heraclitus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who 
 was then in England. \ The day and year of this event, with the names of the 
 saints, and of the person that officiated on the occasion, are recorded in the fol- 
 lowing inscription, which was cut in stone, and inserted in the wall over the 
 church door, towards the cloister : — 
 
 + ANNO • AB • INCARNATIONE . DOMINI • M-C-L-XXX.V : DEDICATA 
 
 HEC ECCLESIA . IN • HO NO RE . B EAT E • MARIE • A • DNO • 
 ERACLIO DEI • GRA . SCE • RESURECTION IS • 
 ECCLESIE PATRIARCHS, IIII. IDUS FEBRUARII QUI • EAM 
 
 I 
 
 ANNATIM • PETENTIB • DE • II UN'TA • S • 
 PENITENTIA' LX . DIES INDULSITjl 
 
 This seems a very satisfactory document for the date of co>isecrating the 
 church ; and its erection could not be long prior to this event : but it appears 
 by Dugdale that this edifice did not last sixty years, for, in 1240, it was again 
 
 dedicated 
 
 * Dugdale's Warwickshire, p. 704. Dugdale and all our antiquaries arc agreed, that the first 
 body or society of Templars, that came to England, settled in London, at a place called Holbume, 
 or Old-bourne, near Southampton Buildings. " About a century ago, part of the first Temple 
 church was discovered, on pulling down some old houses. It was built of Caen stone, and circular t 
 like the present church." Antiquities of the Inns of Court and Chancery, 1804. 
 
 f Peggc's Sylloge of Inscriptions. 
 
 t This Inscription, with the stone, were destroyed by workmen, when repairing the church, 
 in 1695 ; but a/oc simile of it was taken, and engraved, and is preserved in Pegge's Sylloge of In- 
 scriptions, also in Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. III. p. 941. In this volume our inde- 
 fatigable topographer has also detailed many curious particulars, with records, relating to the Knights 
 Templars. 
 
 Arch: Antiqs. Pt. III. M 
 
14 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 didicated, and, as Mr. Grose remarks, " about the same time re-edified."* 
 These dates are decisive as to certain events, but they are not explanatory of 
 what buildings were raised at either of those periods, and, unfortunately for our 
 scrupulous curiosity, these are the only dates that have been preserved, in the 
 published annals, relating to this building. These also, jointly considered, 
 serve more to perplex than to develope the real history of this structure ; for, if 
 the church was re-edified and new consecrated in 1240, is it not rather sur- 
 prising that the original inscription cf 1185 should be again inserted in the 
 walls, without any additional or commemorative memento of the new erection ? 
 In this predicament I shall humbly offer my conjectures, (which shall he 
 founded on the basis of analogy,) as the principal records of the Temple were 
 burnt in the disturbances which were created by Wat Tyler, and his infatuated 
 associates, in the reign of Richard the Second, 1381. The exterior wall of the 
 circular church, with the great western door, I should consider as the remains of 
 the original building of 1 1 85 ; but the six clustered columns within, with the 
 incumbent arches, and the whole of the square church, seems nearly to corres- 
 pond with those examples of ecclesiastical buildings which we know to be of 
 Henry the Third's reign. f Besides, during this monarch's sovereignty, the 
 Templars acquired considerable extent of property, with additional liberties and 
 immunities, and as their numbers and revenues increased, it was but a natural 
 consequence for them to increase the dimensions of their church. In raising the 
 superstructure of the circular part, they mixed their new with the old style of 
 arches, and to make these assimilate, they seem to have introduced that tier 
 of intersecting arcades which appear immediately above the circular range of 
 pointed arches (see plate II.) The windows of this building, both in the ailes 
 and above these intersecting arches, have semicircular tops, though the height 
 -and shape of the opening, with the three quarter columns at the angles, and the 
 groining above, are all of the pointed style. The lower part of the inner face of 
 the wall is also ornamented with a continued series of pointed arch arcades, the 
 bases, columns, and capitals of which are in the circular style. The archivault 
 mouldings of these are all ornamented with squarish indentations or dentils^ and 
 
 over 
 
 * Antiquities, Vol. 111. p. 143. 
 
 + The architecture of Salisbury Cathedral is very similar to this of the Temple church. It was 
 " begun early in the reign of Henry the Third, and finished in the year 1258." Ben/ham's History 
 of Ely, p. 39. The Elder Chapel of our Lady, in Bristol cathedral, "is a beautiful specimen of 
 the early Gothic architecture, which prevailed in the reign of Henry the Third : the windows have 
 three long lancet shaped lights within an arch, with slender detached pillars before them." Lysons's 
 Culled ion of Gloucestershire Antiquities. The Presbytery or eastern end of Ely Cathedral was finished 
 in 1250, and displays a similar style of windows. Bentham's Ely, p. 39. Other examples of a pa- 
 rallel style might be adduced. 
 
♦the temple church. 
 
 15 
 
 over every capital is a grotesque head in high basso relievo. These appear to be 
 all cast, and every one is distinguished by a variety in its attitude and expres- 
 sion. Within the outside wall are six clustered columns, each of which con- 
 sists of four shafts, detached from each other, though the bases, capitals, and 
 centres are connected. The situation and character of these, as also the inter- 
 secting arcades, the shape of the pointed arch, and proportionate shape of the 
 doors, windows, &c. are all delineated in the annexed plan and view, plates L 
 and II. A distinguished ornament and feature of this circular building is the 
 great entrance Door-way, marked A in the plan. This is formed by a large, 
 deep, semicircular arch, which consists of four sculptured groined mouldings, 
 and the same number of plain ribs. These rest on square capitals, all of which 
 are embellished with sculptured foliage, and the piers between every column are 
 ornamented with various figures of lozenges, roses, foliage, &c. Between these 
 capitals are eight small half-length human figures, in basso relievo. Some of 
 these are said to be effigies of Henry II. his Queen, Heraclitus, &c. This sin- 
 gular and curious door-way is in a good state of preservation, which perhaps 
 may be accounted for from its confined and obscure situation. It seems to 
 have been always protected by a porch, or perhaps a part of a cloister, and it is 
 additionally guarded by iron railing. The ornaments of this, as well as all other 
 ornaments of capitals, bases, mouldings, and the whole interior surface, are 
 cased with a sort of stucco, which, in dry situations, is still extremely sound and 
 firm ; but on the north side, where houses are attached to the wall, and where 
 the draining is not carefully attended to, it is gradually crumbling away, and 
 if not speedily remedied, will exhibit a scene of sad dilapidation.* 
 
 Plate I. Ground Plan of the Temple Church. The shape, dimen- 
 sions, and relative proportions of this building are here carefully and accurately 
 displayed ; for which I beg to acknowledge my obligations to the draughtsman 
 whose name is annexed. A. The great entrance door-way, already described. 
 B. This apartment is entered by a descent of five steps, and appears to be a sort 
 of private chapel, or oratory. f It has an arched roof, with large ribs, and in 
 the walls at the east end are four squa e niches, one or two of which were pro- 
 bably 
 
 * The patriotic conduct of some public societies is entitled to general panegyric, whilst the 
 niggardly procedure of others provokes our astonishment and censure. As the societies of the 
 Middle and Inner Temple arc equally interested in the stability of their public buildings, and as they 
 have evinced a disposition to sacrifice a little private interest to general utility and beauty, we arc sur- 
 prised that they do not remove the several petty shops, &c. which are built against the sides of this 
 church, and which not only disfigure the building, but are highly injurious to its walls and foun- 
 dations. 
 
 + It is now occupied by a vast quantity of records, or fincs^ from the time of Henry VIII. and 
 belongs to the Chirographer's office. 
 
16 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 bably for piscinas. Above the arched roof was another story, which was also 
 arched over: some of the ribs remain. C. Staircase which leads to a gallery 
 over the circular aile ; also to the roof of the modern church. D. A horizontal 
 section of the staiicase, &c. at about eighteen steps from the gfound, where 
 there is a small apartment cut in the wall, four feet six inches by two feet six 
 inches. This appears to have been a penitentiary cell, or place of confinement* 
 It has two small apertures, one looking directly up the north aile, and the other 
 opening into the circular church. E. and F. mark the situation of nine effigies, 
 which are generally considered as representative statues of some Knights Tem- 
 plars, or Crusaders, engaged in the holy M ar. They are engraved in Mr. Gough's 
 elaborate and useful work on sepulchral monuments, wherein the learned author 
 has endeavoured to identify the persons represented. But as tradition is very 
 vague on the subject, and there is no inscriptions on either, or any very decisive 
 characteristics to discriminate them from numerous other similar statues, I can- 
 not easily prevail on myself to assign to them " a local" personification and 
 " a name" without more substantial evidence than what I have yet met with. 
 At G. is a tomb and statue of a bishop, or mitred abbot, in pontificalibus. 
 
 The present church, which attaches to the eastern part of the circular, is a 
 large, lofty, and light building, consisting of three ailes of equal height. The 
 roof is supported by eight quadruple clustered columns, from the capitals of which 
 diverge several groined ribs. The direction and number of these are marked by 
 dotted lines in the accompanying plan. The width, situation, and number of 
 the windows are also marked ; and it will be seen that all those of the present 
 church consist of three lights each, with two mullions. Each window has three 
 pointed arches, of that character commonly called lancet shape, with the central 
 rising above the lateral ones, and each is ornamented with four small long de- 
 tached columns on the inside. 
 
 For further information relating to the societies and buildings of the 
 Temple, London, and to the Knights Templars, I refer to the following 
 works, all of which I have examined for the preceding account : Tanner's No- 
 titia Monastica, Pref. vi. and p. 307. Sirype's edition of Stow's Survey of Lon- 
 don, Ed. 1633, Book III. p. 270, B. IV. p. 69. Dugdale's Origines Juridi- 
 cialis, p. 173. Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, Tom II. p. 5 1 1. Dugdale's 
 Warwickshire, Ed. 1656, p. 704; Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. III. 
 p. 942 ; Newcourt's Repertorium, Vol. I. p. 544 ; Rymer's Faedera, Vol. I. 
 p. 30, and Vol. III. Gough's edition of Camden's Britannia. Vol. II. Gough's 
 .Sepulchral Monuments, Introd. civ. &c. But for the most luminous and un- 
 prejudiced history of the 11 Quixotic Crusaders," and their devastating expe- 
 ditions, misnamed " Italy wars," see Gibbon's decline and fall of the Roman 
 Empiie, Vol. III. 8vo. 
 
 END OF ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
PLAN OF 
 London . 
 
 JXJ. 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2lnctent £>tone Crosse** 
 
 CROSSES may be considered and described as objects of antiquity, as relics of 
 peculiar customs, and as monuments of art. To investigate their remote his- 
 tory, and varied appropriation, would demand a very extended enquiry, and 
 would require a more copious dissertation than is compatible with the present 
 work, or applicable to its avowed intention. The practice of raising and fixing 
 single stones upright, is of very remote antiquity ; for, in the records of holy 
 writ, it is stated that Jacob erected some of these monuments on different oc- 
 casions, one of which is particularly mentioned in Genesis, ch. xxviii. 18. 
 Joshua also raised " a great stone" to commemorate a sacred obligation be- 
 tween himself, his people, and the Deity.* Several other instances of this kind 
 occur in the Scriptures : and in the historical accounts of Syria, Egypt, Greece, 
 and their dependant colonies, we find that the worship of single blocks of stone, 
 variously modified, was very common. Numerous other examples might be 
 adduced of the prevalence of this custom in former ages ; but it was not till 
 long after the crucifixion of Christ, that the Cross was raised as a glorious me- 
 mento to the religionist, and by him contemplated with reverence. Anterior 
 to this awfully important event, " the cross was so common a punishment,'* 
 observes Montfaucon, " that, by frequent use, the word was made to signify 
 all sorts of pains and torments ; all griefs, difficulties, and solicitudes, even 
 though they did not proceed from any external torment, were styled crosses, f 
 of which Plautus and Terence could furnish examples enough. All sorts of 
 torture, and all kinds of death, were called a cross ; it is in this sense that Plau- 
 tus, in his prologue to the Maenechoni, says of a man that was carried away 
 by the current of the water, and drowned, in crossing a river — ' Abstraxitque 
 hominem in maxumam malam crucem.* This was so general a name for all 
 
 sorts 
 
 * Joshua, Ch. xiv. 
 
 + This word is still very common in most, if not in all parts of England ; and is very generally 
 applied, by different ranks of society, to signify those occurrences that disappoint or distress the 
 person. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Ft. IV. N 
 
2 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES, 
 
 sorts of torments, that the most common term to express them was cruciatus* 
 derived from crux, crucis ; and to torment was expressed likewise by cruciare."* 
 It is remarked, by historians, that our Saviour was doomed to suffer on 
 the cross, between two thieves, as the most ignominious and degrading punish- 
 ment that could be inflicted. So singular are some of the transitions in this 
 world, and so opposite the sentiments of man in different periods of society, 
 that what is universally esteemed at one time, is detested and despised at ano- 
 ther. Such was the case with the cross : — for ages, and in many countries, it 
 had continued to excite dread and terror : but after Constantine the Great had 
 adopted it as a symbol of faith, and sanctified it, his people soon began to adore 
 what they previously abhorred. " The piety, rather than the humanity, of 
 Constantine soon abolished in his dominions, the punishment which the Sa- 
 viour of mankind had condescended to suffer; but the emperor had already 
 learned to despise the prejudices of his education, and of his people, before he 
 could erect, in the midst of Rome, his own statue bearing a cross in its right 
 hand, with an inscription, which referred the victory of his arms, and the deli- 
 verance of Rome, to the virtue of that salutary sign, the true symbol of force 
 and courage, f The same symbol sanctified the arms of the soldiers of Constan- 
 tine ; the cross glittered on their helmets, was engraved on their shields, was 
 interwoven into their banners ; and the consecrated emblems which adorned the 
 person of the emperor himself, were distinguished only by richer materials, and 
 more exquisite workmanship. But the principal standard which displayed the 
 triumph of the cross, was styled the labarum, an obscure though celebrated 
 name, which has been vainly derived from almost all the languages of the world. 
 It is described as a long pike, intersected by a transversal beam;};." On all oc- 
 casions of danger or distress, it was the practice of the primitive Christians to 
 fortify their minds and bodies by the sign of the cross, which they used in all 
 their ecclesiastical rites, in all the daily occurrences of life, as an infallible pre- 
 servative against every species of spiritual or temporal evil. 
 
 Without 
 
 * " Antiquity explained,'' by Montfaucon : translated by Humphreys, Fol. Vol. V. p. 158. 
 
 + " The Christian writers, Justin, Minutius, Foelix, Tertullian, Jerom, and Maximus of Turin, 
 have investigated with tolerable success the figure or likeness of a cross in almost every object of 
 nature or art; in the intersection of the meridian and equator, the human face, a bird flying, a man 
 swimming, a mast and yard, a plough, a standard, &c. &c. &c. See Lipsius de Cruce, L. i. C. 9." 
 Gibbon, 8vo. Vol. III. 256. 
 
 J Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 8vo. Vol. III. 257. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 3 
 
 Without adducing any additional testimonies concerning the standard and 
 symbol of the cross, as used by the Romans, or variously employed by the 
 Christians, on the continent of Europe, I shall confine the subsequent account 
 to the British Islands, briefly noticing a few single stone crosses, and giving a 
 more circumstantial history and description of those that are curious for their 
 sculpture, or beautiful for their architectural embellishment. 
 
 As the human mind gradually expanded, as man became a more enlight- 
 ened creature, and the fine arts were progressively cultivated, and applied to 
 the customs and prejudices of nations, the idols of Paganism, and symbols of 
 Christianity, were proportionably made more awful, elegant, or sumptuous. 
 When the ministers of Christ were zealously employed in propagating their 
 tenets, and tempting men to embrace their new and benign doctrines, they 
 appropriated the already sacred stone as an auxiliary in their novel system, 
 by inscribing it with a figure of the cross. Thus an established prejudice was 
 enticed from the labyrinth of darkness; and new beacons were set up, to warn 
 and direct those who were inclined to travel in the right road. Christianity, 
 however, moved slowly in the British Islands : and, according to Borlase, many 
 persons " continued to worship these stones, (i. e. the pagan idols) to pay 
 their vows, and devote their offerings at the places where they were erected, 
 coming thither with lighted torches, and praying for safety and success." — 
 " This custom," he continues, " we can trace through the fifth and sixth cen- 
 turies, even into the seventh, as will appear from the prohibitions of several 
 councils." — " In Ireland," he proceeds, " some of these stones-erect have 
 crosses cut on them, which are supposed to have been done by Christians, out 
 of compliance with the Druid prejudices ; that when Druidism fell before the 
 Gospel, the common people, who were not easily to be got off from their 
 superstitious reverence for these stones, might pay a kind of justifiable adora- 
 tion to them, when thus appropriated to the uses of Christian memorials, by the 
 sign of the cross. There are still remains of adoration paid to such stones, in 
 the British Western Isles, even by the Christians. They call them bowing- 
 stones, from the reverence shewn them, as it seems to me ; for the Even Mas- 
 chith, which the Jews were forbad to worship,* signifies really a bo wing- stone, I 
 and was doubtless so called, because worshipped by the Canaanites.^ In the 
 
 Isle 
 
 * Lev. Chap. xxvi. 1. 
 
 + See State of Downe, p. 209. 
 
 J Mr. Martin, in his " Description of the Western Islands," p. 88 and 229, thinks them called 
 bowing-stones, because the Christians had there the first view of their church, at which place, there- 
 fore, they first bowed themselves; but this custom is much more ancient than Christianity. 
 
4 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Isle of Barray there is one stone, about seven feet high, and when the inhabi- 
 tants come near it, they take a religious turn round, according to the ancient 
 Druid custom.""* 
 
 It is not an easy task to persuade the illiterate to relinquish an old custom : 
 for in proportion as the mind is uninformed, so is the man obstinate. We 
 therefore cease to wonder at the slow advances of Christianity, when we reflect 
 on the probable state of the human race in this country, and on the influence of 
 Druidism at that period. To combat these, required great zeal and perse- 
 verance in the new missionaries, who, as a memento to their new converts, 
 appear to have enforced their creed with representations of the cross, and other 
 symbolical carvings. The former was first cut on the top of single upright stones : 
 afterwards the shaft was ornamented, and its sculpture varied, in different parts 
 of the country, according to the skill or fancy of the person who raised it. 
 In Scotland, Wales, Cumberland, Cornwall, and some other English counties, 
 many of these relics of antiquity are still remaining ; and serve to shew the 
 shapes generally used, and the ornaments most commonly applied to them. 
 They appear to have been erected for various purposes ; but the greater part 
 may be classed under the following heads. — Memorials of designation, or boun- 
 dary objects of demarkation, for property, parishes, and sanctuary : — sepulchral 
 mementos : — memorials of battles, murder, and fatal events : — places of public 
 prayer and proclamation : — some were also placed by the road side, in church 
 yards, in market places, at the junction of three or four streets, or roads, and 
 on spots where the body of a deceased person halted in the way to interment. 
 It was a common practice for mendicants to station themselves by the side of 
 these, and beg alms in the name of " Jesus."f 
 
 Though the canons of Christianity strictly forbid every species of idolatrous 
 worship, yet when that religion was in its infancy, and Paganism had numerous 
 avowed votaries, it is extremely probable that many rites and ceremonies, pecu- 
 liar to either, would be often blended, and frequently confounded. This has 
 been already alluded to in Ireland, Cornwall, and the Western Islands : and 
 even at a very late period, we find that many Catholics, forgetting that the 
 stone-cross was merely a memento, or symbol, absolutely prostrated themselves 
 
 before 
 
 " Martin's Western Islands. 
 
 * Antiquities of Cornwall, 2nd Edition, p. 162, &c. 
 
 + A provincial proverb, still retained in the North of England, alludes to this custom, by- re- 
 marking of a person, who is very urgent in his entreaties, that " He begs like a cripple at a cross." 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 6 
 
 before, and reverenced this inanimate block. Instead of elevating their 
 thoughts to the omniscient Creator, they weakly paid homage to earthly parti- 
 cles ; and, incapable of raising their minds to celestial contemplation, they most 
 deplorably grovelled in the dark and contracted paths of human weakness and 
 superstitious folly. This we shall find exemplified in two unequivocal facts, which 
 allude to the present subject. In an original instrument, dated 25th November, 
 1449, concerning the church yard of St. Mary Magdalen, in Milk-street, Lon- 
 don, it is stated, that in a piece of l< voide grounde," lying on the "West 
 side of that street, there " stode a crosse of the height of a man or more; and 
 that the same crosse was worshipped by the parisshens there, as crosses be 
 comonly worshipped in other chirchc-yardes."* 
 
 Imbert, the good prior of Gascony, was severely prosecuted, in 1683, for 
 telling the people, that, in the ceremony of adoring the cross, practised in that 
 church on Good Friday, they were not to adore the wood, but Christ, who was 
 crucified on it. The curate of the parish told them the contrary : it was the 
 wood! the wood! they were to adore. Imbert replied it was Christ, not the 
 wood : for which he was cited before the archbishop of Bourdeaux, suspended 
 from his functions, and even threatened with chains and perpetual imprison- 
 ment, f 
 
 " When St. Augustine first came to preach the Christian faith to the 
 Saxons, he had a cross borne before him, with a banner, on which was the image 
 of our Saviour, Christ.t And EtUvin, King- of Northumberland, was in such 
 esteem, ' that he caused a banner to be borne before him, not only in time of 
 Avar, but in time of peace, while lie rode from city to city, (to see a proper 
 administration of justice) which banner was called by the Romans tufan, but 
 by the Saxons thp r "§ Tufa, according to Speed, is supposed to mean a ball, 
 or globe, and to be an emblem of sovereignty. 
 
 4< Crosses were also erected by many of the Christian kings, before a battle, 
 or great enterprize, with prayers and supplications, for the aid and assistance 
 of Almighty God. Oswald caused a cross of wood to be erected before he 
 fought with Cadwallo, himself holding it till the earth was rammed in round 
 about it, while all his soldiers kneeled down devoutly. || Also before any great 
 
 or 
 
 * Archaeol. xiii. 199. 
 + Encyclo. Britan. Art. Cross. 
 % Bcde Ecc. Hist. Lib. 1. Cap. 25. 
 § Ibid. Lib. 2. Cap. 16. 
 H Ibid. Lib. 3. Cap. 2. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. IV. O 
 
6 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 or decisive undertaking, they would visit the shrine of some particular saint, 
 and there vow great donations to the monastery in which it was contained, in 
 case they returned victorious. Thus Athelstan, in his journey to the North, 
 (where the Kings of Scotland and Wales were committing depredations, and 
 ravaging the country) visited the tomb of St. John of Beverley, where, earnest- 
 ly supplicating for success, and not having any thing worthy enough with him 
 to present to the Saint, he left his knife on the tomb, vowing, that if he returned 
 victorious, to redeem it with a worthy price, which he faithfully afterwards 
 performed."* 
 
 From general observations, I shall now confine myself to particular exam- 
 ples, and endeavour to ascertain the character and appropriation of the different 
 crosses represented in the accompanying prints. 
 
 Many instances might be given of crosses having been placed as marks for 
 
 the BOUNDARIES OF DISTRICTS, of CHURCH PROPERTY, and of SANCTU- 
 ARY. Among these we may notice the following. " The stone at Frisby, 
 called Stump-Cross, is a boundary-stone between that village and Ashfordby, 
 in the county of Leicester. There is another stone called Stump-Cross, which 
 stands on the summit of a high hill, at Townley, in the township of Cliverger, 
 in the parish of Whalley, and county of Lancaster : it is at present about five 
 feet high. The shire-stone, on the mountain called Wry-nose, at the head of 
 the river Dudding, in Cumberland, divides that county from Westmoreland, f 
 The inscription on the honndaiy-stone of Croyland manifests the purpose for 
 
 which it was erected : \ 
 
 " Aio banc petram 
 
 " Guthlacus habet sibi metam.§ 
 In the vicinity of Croyland Abbey are the bases and fragments of several other 
 crosses. || 
 
 " There is a famous stone cross near Lundoris, in Fifeshire, which Cam- 
 den says was placed as a boundary between the districts of Fife and Strathern, 
 with old barbarous verses upon it; it was also a place of sanctuary."§ It is 
 called Mugdrum-Cross, and, according to the traditions of the neighbourhood, 
 
 was 
 
 * Strutt's View of Ancient Customs, &c. Vol. 1. p. 31. 
 + Hutchinson's Cumberland, Vol. I. 43. 
 
 | See dissertations upon this stone by Governor Pownall and Mr. Peggc ; in the Archseologia, 
 Vol. III. p. 96, and Vol. V. p. 101. 
 § Archasologia, Vol. XIII. p. 214. 
 || Gough's Additions to Camden, II. p. 237. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 
 
 7 
 
 was " dedicated to a great saint named Magrin. Three miles east of the cross 
 is a Cairn, on which is an ohelisk of rough stones, or nodules, which is called 
 Magrin's Seat."* 
 
 " At Ripon, Yorkshire, the boundaries of sanctuary of the collegiate 
 church were distinguished by crosses, three of which were named Kangel- Cross, 
 Sharow-Cross, and Athelstan's- Cross. "f 
 
 Among the monumental crosses, those at Penrith church yard, 
 Cumberland, are rather singular and curious. Two circular shafts, mortised 
 into pedestals, are situated about fifteen feet from each other, at what appears 
 to be the extreme ends of a grave. They are above eleven feet high, and at the 
 top of each is a cross in relievo. The shafts are also ornamented with fret 
 work, &c. and " the space between them is inclosed on each side with two very 
 large, but thin, semicircular stones ; so that there is left a walk between pillar 
 and pillar of two feet in breadth."^; 
 
 In the church yard of Glames, in Scotland, is a sculptured cross, which 
 Mr. Pennant says is supposed to have been erected in memory of " the assassi- 
 nation of King Afalcolm, and is called his grave-stone. On one front is a cross ; 
 on the upper part is some wild beast, and opposite to it a centaur : beneath, 
 in one compartment, is the head of a wolf ; these animals denoting the barbarity 
 of the conspirators."^ 
 
 The church yard of Bewcastle, Cumberland, is rendered celebrated in the 
 antiquarian annals, from the ehaft of an highly ornamental cross, which still 
 remains there, and about which much has been written. It is a square column, 
 about fifteen feet high, and its four sides are charged with various sculptured 
 devices. Bishop NicholsonJ Mr. Smith, % Mr. Gough,** Wormius,ft and 
 Col. Armstrong, %% ascribe this monument to the Danes. Many other anti- 
 quaries and topographers have adopted this opinion, and it is common to refer 
 all these sculptured crosses to that people, and pronounce all the inscriptions 
 
 and 
 
 * Gough's Additions to Camden, III. 377. 
 + History of Ripon, p. 86. 
 
 + Pennant's Tour in Scotland, fifth edition, 4to. Vol. I. p. 274. 
 § Ibid. Vol. III. p. 74. 
 
 || Philosophical Transactions, No. 178, p. 1287 ; also in Gibson's Camden, 
 f Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. p. 
 
 ** British Topography, 1. p. 284, and Additions to Camden, Vol, III. 
 
 + + Mon. Dan. p. 161. 
 
 %X London Magazine, August, 1775* 
 
8 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 and carvings Runic. Pennant, Cordiner, Dr. Ledwich, &c. admit and propa- 
 gate, in their writings, the same hypothesis, and eacli endeavours to substan- 
 tiate it by much plausibility of argument. It thus very generally happens, that 
 the supposition or opinion of one esteemed writer is tacitly adopted by many, 
 and what was suggested, at first, merely as conjectural, at length is admitted and 
 repeated as historical fact. Unless antiquaries M'ill resolutely exert their reason- 
 ing faculties, and investigate for themselves, this evil must continue. It is time, 
 however, to remedy it. 
 
 Respecting those crosses that have generally been called Danish, or Runic, 
 I am induced to differ in opinion with all these respectable gentlemen, and I 
 shall humbly offer my reasons for this dissent, and my sentiments on the subject, 
 in the terms of an ingenious and interesting writer,* who, after describing a cu- 
 rious ornamented cross at Llan Ilted, in Glamorganshire, observes that " The 
 Danes, it is well known, when they invaded this country, were Pagans ; they 
 are called so by the writers of the times ; and their idols on record confirm the 
 same. Would these idolaters erect monuments in a place dedicated to the wor- 
 ship of Christ; and even ornament them with the opprobrious sign of the 
 cross, and consider such an act as of future benefit to their souls ? Further; 
 amidst all the irruptions of these northern hordes, we never read of their invading 
 this part of the coast ; and their depredatory mode of warfare was of that na- 
 ture as to afford little time for erecting sculptured monuments. If it should be 
 urged, it might have been wlien the Danca became converted, and were ill pos- 
 session of the throne of England, the argument will increase rather than dimi- 
 nish in force." Mr. Evans then proceeds to identify the time when, and the 
 person by whom, this cross was erected ; and describes two other similar monu- 
 ments, one at Tre J\Iostyn,-\ in Flintshire, and another at Llandeveilog, near 
 Brecknock, both of which are supposed to be Danish, by the R unic circles, 
 as they are called, that are inscribed on them. " Indeed, the numerous mo- 
 numental stones through Wales," (he might have added Scotland, Ireland, and 
 the North of England,) " with similar ornaments and characters, abundantly 
 corroborate the opinion, that they neither belong to the Saxons nor to the 
 Danes ; and that they belong rather to the civilized Britons, than such a bar- 
 barous 
 
 * Rev. J. Evans, in " Letters written during a Tour through South Wales," 8vo. 1804, p. 121. 
 
 + This is called Maen Achicynfan, correctly, Achwyvan, or stone of lamentation. Near Staf- 
 ford was another, called " a weeping cross." Geometrical views of the former, w ith two others in 
 Divert church yard, in the same county, have been engraved on a large sheet, by T. Major, 1759, 
 after a drawing by W. Williams. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 9 
 
 barous people : the former having been early initiated in the arts, by their long 
 connexion with the polished Romans. Had these monuments borne the smallest 
 mark of the northern character or language, then with some probability the 
 sculpture might have been ascribed to the Danes. But not one that I have ever 
 seen, or heard of, was distinguished by such a mark ; and the Roman language 
 was unknown to that people. I more than suspect, that British antiquaries fre- 
 quently surfer by such misnomers, and that many are misled by the high- 
 sounding names of Runic knots, and Scandinavian superstition. y> The Cross 
 in Carezv churchyard, Pembrokeshire, (vide Plate A, Fig. 4) is of this description, 
 and its shaft is adorned with two crosses, interlaced work, and other tracery. 
 
 In Ireland, Dr. Ledwich remarks, " there are an infinite variety of 
 crosses ; and one cf great rudeness, with another elegantly designed and exe- 
 cuted," are described and delineated by this gentleman, in his antiquities of that 
 island. The first, situated at old Kilcullen, in the county of Ivildare, is described 
 as very " grotesque and uncommon in this kingdom, and in a great measure was 
 confined to the Danish ages." The shaft is ornamented with sculptured repre- 
 sentations of ecclesiastics, with " bonnets, tunics, and trowsers, and the fashion 
 of their beards is singular." Other figures are rudely shaped, and, according to 
 the Doctor, between these and some at " Adderbury Church, at Grymbald's 
 Ciypt, and particularly the carved stones in Rosshire, at Neig, and others 
 given by the ingenious Mr. Cordiner, in his remarkable ruins in Scotland, 
 all of them the works of the Danish ages, a perfect resemblance of style will 
 be found. I therefore conjecture that these figures were carved about the tenth 
 century " 
 
 The other ornamented cross, described by this gentleman, " is at Clonmac- 
 ?wis. The stone is fifteen feet high, and stands near the western door of 
 Teampull Mac Durmuk'." It consists of a shaft, standing on a base, with a 
 shorter stone intersecting it near the top. The whole is embellished with 
 sculptured representations of various figures, which the Doctor thinks have di- 
 rect reference to the contiguous church. 
 
 In the county of Louth is a very elegant monument of this kind, called 
 St. Boyn's Cross* It is about eighteen feet high, and "on all sides full of 
 sculpture ; 'tis said to be all of one stone, sent from Rome, and erected by order 
 of the Pope : near the centre of the cross, on one side, is a figure representing 
 
 Christ, 
 
 * In Wright's Louthiana, p. 17, there arc three prints of it. 
 Arch. Jtidfjx. Pt IV. P 
 
10 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Christ, and opposite, on the other, St. Patrick, and at the bottom are the 
 figures of Adam and Eve, &c." 
 
 The monument called Nevilles Cross, near Durham, was erected in 
 memory of the signal victory which the English, commanded by two archbi- 
 shops, three suffragans, and other dignified persons, gained over David Bruce, 
 of Scotland, in the time of Edward the First. 
 
 At Blore Heath, Staffordshire, is a cross which was erected to comme- 
 morate a battle fought there in 14.59- 
 
 " About six miles from Dundee, (Scotland,) is Camus Cross, erected in 
 memory of Camus, the Danish general, who being defeated at Panbride, on this 
 coast, and retreating towards Murray, was surrounded by the victorious Scots, 
 and lost his life on this spot."* 
 
 In Brittany is a cross which was raised to perpetuate the memory of a 
 battle fought there in 1350.f 
 
 Near Langley Abbey, in Norfolk, is the shaft of a cross, ornamented with 
 canopies, niches, statues, &c. Here was a Premonstratensian monastery founded 
 in 1198. Blomefield, in his prolix history of Norfolk, does not mention this 
 elegant pillar : but it is well represented in the Gentleman's Magazine, January 
 1806. 
 
 At Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, is a cross, similar in shape, and ornamented 
 with statues, niches, armorial bearings, &c.t Another at Henley, in Arden, 
 in the county of Warwick, partakes of the same character. 
 
 At Doncaster, Yorkshire, is a monumental pillar, composed of a shaft, and 
 four round pillars attached to it, mounted on four steps. An inscription, in Nor- 
 man French, implies — " This is the cross of Ote de Tilli, on whose soul God have 
 mercy. Amen.'" Tilli, according to Mr. Gough, " was senescallus comitis de 
 Conigbroc t. Stephen and Henry II. and witness to several grants of lands in 
 this neighbourhood to abbies."§ 
 
 In the street of Cricklade, Wiltshire, is across raised on steps, (see plate A, 
 Fig. 1.) This is ornamented with quaterfoils on the base, and niches, with 
 canopies at the top; these appear to have been formerly decorated with statues, 
 
 as 
 
 * Gough's Camden, Vol. III. p. 406. 
 + Archasologia, Vol. IV. p. 145, &c. 
 
 t This is engraved and described in Gough's Edition of Hutchins's History of that County. 
 § Gough's Camden, III. 34. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 
 
 II 
 
 as a similar cross is situated close to one of the churches in the same town, and 
 contains the crucifixion in alto relievo, with other figures. 
 
 Cornwall abounds with stone crosses, which are chiefly formed by a single 
 shaft of granite, or moorstone, and are mostly very plain. In church yards, by 
 the side of roads, and on the open trackless downs, they remain solitary and 
 neglected, though among the lower class of people there is a sort of superstiti- 
 ous reverence still paid to these monuments. Many of them have been removed 
 from their primary situation, and are converted into gate-posts, bridges, &ci* 
 In Plate A. Fig. III. I have given a view of one of these pillars. It is situated 
 on Carraton Down, north of St. Cleer, and is within half a mile of a Druidieal 
 temple, called the Hurlers. This peculiarity of situation, and its distance from 
 any Catholic foundation, induces me to believe that it was originally a Pagan 
 pillar, converted into a Christian symbol, when the first missionaries were pro- 
 pagating their tenets in this remote county. About two miles South of it is 
 another cross, situated close by a Baptistery, or holy well. On Bradock 
 Down, in this county, is a pillar with a transverse stone, which is called Killboy 
 Cross, and by its name seems to imply the cause of its erection. In Llanivit 
 Church Yard are two crosses, one of which is ornamented with a scroll running 
 down the shaft, and the top is circular, perforated with four holes. 
 
 In Bakewell Church Yard, Derbyshire, is the shaft of a cross, which 
 appears to be highly embellished with figures in basso relievo, and other sculp- 
 tured ornaments, f 
 
 On the south side of the church of Corwen, Merionethshire, is a cross, 
 (vide Plate A. Fig. II.) which is vulgarly called the Sword of Glandwr. The 
 shaft is let into a flat stone, which rests on four others, and is traditionally said 
 to mark the place of Owen's interment. This is very doubtful, as some writers 
 say that he died at Mannington, in Herefordshire : and in Bangor cathedral a 
 slab is shewn, which is said to cover the remains of this celebrated hero.£ 
 
 Dr. Stukeley, in his Itinerarium Curiosum, has given a plate (II.) repre- 
 senting five crosses, some of which have inscriptions on them. From these mo- 
 numents, 
 
 * See Gentleman's Magazine, 1805, p. 1201, where is a plate representing eleven different 
 crosses in this county. 
 
 + In Bray's Tour to Derbyshire is a plate of it, drawn and etched by Mr. J. Carter. In the 
 same work is a view, by this arlist, of another cross, of a small slender shaft, ornamented. It is at 
 Mountsorrel, Leicestershire, and nearly resembles that at Cricklade. 
 
 % Sec Owen's Cambrian Biography, for the most authentic account of him. 
 
12 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 numents, simple in form, and very rude in ornament, let us proceed to examine 
 a few others, which display some characteristics of beauty and science, and are 
 consequently more pleasing to the eye, and interesting to the mind. 
 
 The Preaching-cross, stone pulpit, or oratory, was probably first erected 
 for the purpose of sheltering and accommodating the minister, when he preached 
 to a large concourse of people, in the open air ; or for him to read the funeral 
 service from. As we have but few examples of this class of buildings, I con- 
 ceive that they were never very numerous in this country. I have only met 
 with four views of these, which appear to have been situated in church yards, or 
 on ground attached to some religious foundation. Contiguous to the monastic 
 house of the Black-friars, or Friars Preachers, in the city of Hereford, is one 
 of these structures, which is represented in the annexed print. It is of an hex- 
 agonal shape, open on each side, and raised on steps. " In the centre is a kind 
 of table, of the same shape, supporting the shaft, which, branching out into 
 ramifications, forms the roof, and, passing through it, appears above in a muti- 
 lated state. The top of the pulpit is embattled, and the whole is finished in a 
 style of great elegance. This cross was probably surrounded by cloisters, in 
 which a large audience might, under shelter, attend to the sermons of these 
 friars, who were extremely popular, and greatly affected preaching to the mul- 
 titude from crosses of this kind."* 
 
 In the church yard of Iron Acton, 01nnpp«;tprshire. is an ancient stone 
 cross of this class. Mr. Lysons says it was " probably erected in the reign of 
 Henry the Fourth. From its form, it seems to have been intended for a preach- 
 ing cross, having an entrance into it on the north side."f This cross is square, 
 and consists of four buttress-pillars, which support an ornamented canopy, 
 charged with shields. Above is a square pillar, with four niches, pinnacles, &c. 
 
 At Holbach, or Holbeach, in Lincolnshire, was a cross, supported on four 
 pillars, raised on steps, and open at the bottom. Dr. Stukeley says that it " was 
 pulled down in l683."J This is the only notice I have found relating to the 
 present building, except the following inscription, on a small etching of it from 
 the doctor's drawing, — " Ob. a mo rem erga Solum natale Temporum Ignoran- 
 tia direptam rest it nit, J¥'* Stukeley, 1722." 
 
 In 
 
 * " Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford," p. 403, 4to. 1804. 
 + Antiquities of Gloucestershire, Fol. 1804. 
 + Itinerary, p. 21. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 13 
 
 " In a garden on the south side of the abbey, (at Shrewsbury) stands an oc- 
 tangular building, commonly called St. JVinifricls Pulpit. The ascent to it 
 is by a flight of about ten steps. The building is in a neat Gothic style, and at 
 present in good preservation, and looked upon, by artists, to be a master-piece 
 of its kind."* This beautiful preaching cross nearly resembles, in shape and ar- 
 chitectural character, that of the black-friars at Hereford. 
 
 The most noted structure of this class was that called "Paul's, o St. 
 Paul's Cross," in London: of which the following particulars are related in 
 Strype's edition of Stow's Survey, Vol. I. p. 644. 
 
 " About the midst of this church-yard (St. Paul's) was a pulpit cross of 
 timber, mounted upon steps of stone, and covered with lead, in which were 
 sermons preached by learned divines every Sunday in the forenoon. The very 
 antiquity thereof is to me unknown; but I read, that, in the year 1259, King 
 Henry III. commanded a general assembly to be made at the cross ; where he, 
 in person, commanded the mayor, that, on the next day following, he should 
 cause to be sworn, before the alderman, every stripling of twelve years of age, 
 or upwards, to be true to the King and his heirs, Kings of England. Also, in 
 the year 1262, the same king caused to be read, at St. Paul's Cross, a bull ob- 
 tained from Pope Urban IV. as an absolution for him, and for all that were 
 sworn to maintain the articles made in parliament at Oxford. Also, in the year 
 1299, the Dean of St. Paul's cursed, at St. Paul's Cross, all those which had 
 searched in the church of St. Martin in the Fields, for a board of gold, &c. 
 
 " This pulpit cross, was, by tempest of lightning and thunder, much defaced ; 
 Thomas Kempe, then Bishop of London, new built this pulpit and cross. 
 
 " In foul and rainy weather, these solemn sermons were preached in a place 
 called The Shrouds ; which was, as it seems, by the side of the cathedral 
 church, where was covering and shelter. Now, long since both the cross and 
 shrouds were disused, and neither of them extant ; but the sermons are preached 
 in the cathedral itself, though they are still called St. Paul's Cross sermons." 
 This cross appears to have been standing at the time Dugdale wrote his His- 
 tory of St. Paul's. 
 
 There was another public preaching cross in Spital-fields, near London, 
 where the Lord Mayor, and principal officers of the city, with their ladies, &c. 
 regularly attended to hear sermons in Easter week. Those discourses, called 
 the Spital-sermons, originated at this cross. It was destroyed in a tumult oc- 
 casioned 
 
 * Phillips's History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury, 4to. 1779. 
 Arch : Juliqs. Pt. V. Q 
 
14 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 casioned by the Calvanistic party,* whose infatuated rage impelled them to 
 commit innumerable depreciations on these, and several other Catholic struc- 
 tures. 
 
 The Market Crosses are of various shapes and sizes, and all appear to 
 have been erected for the threefold object of administering to the comforts of 
 monachism, inculcating the catholic religion, and promoting traffic. In 
 almost every town that had an abbey, or any other religious foundation, there 
 was one of these structures, where the farmers, &c. from the neighbouring 
 villages and hamlets, resorted, on stated days, to exhibit and sell their eggs, 
 fowls, grain, and other provisions. At most markets and fairs it was then cus- 
 tomary (as it is still) to pay certain tolls on articles sold. Many of these 
 tolls belonged to monasteries, and in populous places they must have produced 
 very considerable revenues. To promote these, and, at the same time, propa- 
 gate the sacred doctrines of Catholecism, we are informed, by several ancient 
 writers, that the monks frequently harangued the populace from these crosses; 
 and, it is reasonable to suppose that they strongly urged the necessity of a 
 strict adherence to religion, honesty, and industry. This advice was certainly 
 calculated to promote mutual advantage ; for the husbandman could not be 
 better employed than in pursuing his own useful occupation, and the prosperity 
 of that would tend to augment the tolls of the market, and render the necessa- 
 ries of human life more abundant. This policy of the monks has been re- 
 peatedly censured as sinister, selfish, and degrading to the religious character ; 
 but we should remember that all mankind are endeavouring to live well, and 
 that each will exert his influence, talent, or cunning, to obtain this end, in pro- 
 portion to the means in his power, and to the state of society in which he lives. 
 "The general intent of market crosses was to excite public homage to the reli- 
 gion of Christ crucified, and to inspire men with a sense of morality and piety 
 amidst the ordinary transactions of life."f 
 
 The first examples of this kind consisted probably of a single shaft, 
 elevated on steps, and surmounted by a cross : this was afterwards decorated 
 with sculpture ; and, according to the revenues of the market, or the taste of 
 the abbot, they were afterwards made of greater proportions, and arched over 
 like those at Cheddar, Malmsbury, &c. or were raised high and decorated with 
 pinnacles, niches, statues, &c. as those at Winchester, Bristol, and several other 
 places. Previous to the dissolution, there was scarcely a market town in En- 
 gland 
 
 * See Hughson's Account of London, V. II. 396. 
 t Milner's History, &c. of Winchester, II. 183. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 
 
 15 
 
 gland without one or more of these structures : and although a vast number of 
 them have been destroyed, by neglect or wilful viciousness, there are still many 
 remaining. Some of these are beautiful specimens of the architecture and 
 sculpture of the times, and all are interesting to the antiquary, who views them 
 as relics of past ages, and memorials of the customs, arts, and manners of 
 our ancestors. Without entering into a minute detail and description of tbe 
 whole, I shall endeavour to elucidate the history, and define the architecture of 
 those represented in the accompanying plates. 
 
 The White-Friar's Cross, which is situated by the side of the road, 
 about one mile west of Hereford, consists of seven steps, and an hexagonal 
 shaft, measuring, together, about fifteen feet in height. Each face has a shield 
 attached to it, with a lion rampant in relief, and round the whole is an em- 
 battled turret. It was formerly much higher. Among the different tradi- 
 tionary and legendary stories relating to the origin of this cross, the following 
 appears to me the most probable one, and therefore only deserving to be recorded. 
 " In the year 1347, an infectious disorder ravaged the whole county of Hereford, 
 and, as usual, displayed the greatest malignity in the places most numerously 
 inhabited. This created a necessity of removing the markets from Hereford, 
 and the spot of waste ground on which the cross now stands was applied to that 
 purpose. In memory of this event, Dr. Lewis Charleton (who was consecrated 
 bishop of Hereford a few years afterwards) caused this cross to be erected. 
 The lion rampant was the armorial bearing of this prelate, and is repeated on his 
 monument in the cathedral, with a similarity which so strictly pervades the 
 whole architecture of the tomb and the cross, as to afford the strongest pre- 
 sumption that this was the real origin of the cross described."* 
 
 The Cross at Coventry, Warwickshire, was perhaps the most 
 elegant and splendid fabric of this kind in England. It appears to have been 
 built in consequence of a bequestf made by Sir William Hollies, Knt. son to 
 
 Thomas 
 
 * Duncumb's u Collections towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford," 
 4 to. 1804, p. 399. 
 
 + The will is dated 25th Dec. 33d Hen. VIII. and contains the following clause. " I give and 
 bequeath unto the mayor and aldermen of the city of Coventre, and to the commons of the same, 
 cc £. sterling, to the intent and purpose hereafter ensuing, that is to say, to make a iwzo cross with in 
 the said city : whereof delivered in hand to Mr. Warren, draper of the said city, the 24th day of August 
 last xx : £. in ready money ; and also more paid to Mr. Over, by the hands of Salt, my Bailie, of 
 Yorall, 70 £. in ready money ; and so rcstcth unpaid cx £. sterling, which I will and desire my 
 executors see to be delivered and paid unto the said mayor and aldermen of Coventre aforesaid, to 
 the use and intent aforesaid, within one year after my decease.'' &c. 
 
16 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Thomas Hollies, of Stoke, near this city, and sometime Lord Mayor of London. 
 It was raised on the site of a more ancient cross, and was commenced in 1541, 
 and finished in three years. The Mayor laid the first stone, and, in order to 
 guard it from defacement, the following act of the town leet was agreed to, and 
 recorded in the hook of the corporation. 
 
 " Wheras the inhabitaunts of the Cros-chepynge, in tymes paste, have not 
 onelie comonlye used to laye donge and other filth nighe unto the crosse, there 
 to the great incomoditie of the mket place, and to the great daunger of infec- 
 tion of the plage, hut also have used comonlye to swepe the pavyments there, 
 and thereby reasynge duste doo deface, and corrupte the said crosse : It ys now 
 enacted that noon inhitauntes of this cytye shall from hensefurthe ley any dunge 
 or fylthe in the Croscheapynge, nor shall at any tyme sweepe the pavyments 
 there, excepte they immediatly before they sweepe do caste and sprynkle water 
 upon the saide pavyments, upon payne to forfaite for evy clefaulte iij.*. iiij.fi?." 
 
 Thus carefully guarded, it continued till the year 1629, when it appears to 
 have undergone some repair; but, in 1669, the whole was so highly decorated, 
 and sumptuously embellished with painting, gilding, &c. that it became the 
 wonder of the times. The following documents,* from the records of the city 
 treasury, furnish an ample account of this transaction, and display the cus- 
 tomary forms of legal agreements at that time, and the costly workmanship 
 that was employed on this much-esteemed object. 
 
 " Articles of agreement, made 12th August, 1668, between Nath. Hauyman, 
 Mayor, &c. and John Swayne, of Brereton, in Co. of Chester, stone-cutter, 
 John Brown Wincote, mason, Henry Cotton, of Coventry, mason, and 
 William Whitehead, of Lemington, mason. 
 " IVhereas, that sumptuous fabrick of stone building called the Cross, now 
 standing in said city, in Cross-cheaping, is, either by the injury of time or other- 
 wise, much defaced in divers of the images, pictures, pinnacles, beasts, statues, 
 pedistorys, fanes, &c. they, the said John Swayne, &c. in consideration of 
 45 1, to be paid in manner following, covenant that, before 1 of May 
 next ensuing, they will make all the now defective parts well and complete, 
 firm and strong, in all the carved work, imagery, &c. &c. as the same was at 
 the new making, and that of good sure stone, from Sroby quarry, in Co. of 
 Warwick, finding irons and lead for fixing all the stones and figures, but tha 
 spindles and fanes, of iron, at charges of said mayor, &c. The said John 
 Swayne, &c. do receive 51. at sealing this agreement, and upon finishing 
 
 ail 
 
 * For these notices I am indebted, and obliged to Mr. Thomas Sharpe, of Coventry. 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 17 
 
 all the statues, pinnacles, images, pictures, beasts, pedistorys, canopy of the 
 neeses, fanes, finialls, and all other things round the cross on the first story, from 
 the lowest step on every side, 10/. more; and upon compleating the second 
 story in like manner other 10/. ; — 10/. more on compleating the third story, 
 and remaining 10/. upon finishing the upper part. Agreed that said John 
 Swayne, &c. shall, after compleating their work in every part of said cross* 
 leave their scaffolds standing, that the painters may polish the said cross with 
 colours, &c. as shall be thought fit, receiving due allowance for same. 
 
 Expences for repairing cross. 
 
 Stone cutters - -- -- -- - 45 00 
 
 Abel Brokerly — oil, colours, and gold, 3 10 10 
 
 Mr. Adamson, Do. Do. Do. 20 1 2 
 
 Fran. Hanyman, Do. Do. Do. 39 8 3 (oil and coours only. , 
 
 Thomas Francis, - -- -- -- 22 6 6 
 
 Joan Pidgeon, - -- -- -- 48 00 
 
 John Dugdale, Esq. 1300 
 
 Nath Hanyman, painters wages and "i 
 
 , J- 84 15 4 
 
 sundry expences, - - - - 3 
 
 276 2 1 
 
 It appears that 15,403 books of leaf gold were used at this time, the cost 
 of which was 68l. 15s. The painters received \6s. per week, and a superin- 
 tendant 20s. Thirteen shillings and fourpence occurs as paid for the use of the 
 painters' room ; and it appears there was a canvas and hair-cloth covering over 
 the cross, during this reparation. 
 
 The Mercers' and Drapers' Company each contributed 131. 6s. 8d. towards 
 the expences. 
 
 Such was the splendid effect of the cross, thus gilt and decorated, that the 
 old persons of the city say it was almost impossible to look at it when the sun 
 shone. In this state it is said to have remained about 100 years, but gradually 
 mouldered by the operation of weather, and in 1771 was wholly taken away, 
 together with a fine ancient building called the Spon Gate. 
 
 It was of an hexagonal shape, raised on four steps, and measured 57 feet in 
 height, by about 42 feet in circumference. There were four stories, each of 
 which was highly decorated with tracery, pinnacles, crochets, statues, basso re- 
 lieve s, 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. V. R 
 
18 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 lievos, armorial-insignia, Sec. Among the ornaments were the rose and crown-, 
 flenr de lis, lion, unicorn, muzzled bear, &c. The annexed outline print of the 
 cross has been copied and reduced from the best views I could obtain. 
 
 The Cross at Gloucester is supposed to have been built in the time 
 of Richard III. who was Duke of Gloucester, and a great benefactor to the 
 city. A statue of this monarch, with seven others, occupied as many canopied 
 niches in the second story. This building was called the High Cross, and stood 
 at the intersection of four principal streets, It was of an octangular shape, 
 divided into two compartments, with a sort of castellated top, and crowned 
 with a globe and a cross. In consequence of an act of parliament, which pas- 
 sed in 1749, for widening and improving the streets of this city, the present, 
 with some other ancient buildings, were then taken down. A drawing of the 
 cross was made in 1750, by Thomas Rickets, and engraved by G. Vertue, for 
 the society of antiquaries, from which the annexed view has been copied. It 
 was 34 feet and a half high. 
 
 Cross at Cheddar, Somersetshire. This shattered edifice ap- 
 pears to have been constructed at two different periods ; as the central column 
 constitutes one of those crosses which had merely a single shaft raised on steps. 
 The lateral piers, with the roof, were probably erected at a later period, to 
 shelter those persons who frequented the market. Bishop Joceline obtained a 
 charter in the 19th of Henry III. to hold a weekly market here ; but this has 
 been discontinued some years. The present cross is of an hexagonal shape, 
 has an embattled parapet, and the upper part of the shaft is ornamented with a 
 sort of sculptured bandage. 
 
 Cheddar, which is about eight miles N. W. of Wells, and two E. of Ax • 
 bridge, is celebrated for its stupendous cliffs. These are formed by a singular 
 chasm, through the Medip Hills, and appear to have originated in some great 
 convulsion of nature ; when the mountains shook to their foundations, and the 
 cragged rocks split asunder. The artist, botanist, and mineralogist will find, 
 in this romantic spot, many scenes to interest his fancy, and subjects to gratify 
 his curiosity : for the cliffs present, at every turn through the winding chasm, 
 many singularly picturesque appearances : and various curious fossils, minerals, 
 and plants are to be found in the crevices of the rocks, and dispersed over the 
 mountains. In many places the cliffs are nearly three hundred feet in perpen- 
 dicular height ; "some terminating in bold pinnacles, others in irregular frag- 
 ments like shattered battlements of vast castles, and others inclining as if 
 about to crush the spectator as he passes under. Yews project out of the seve- 
 ral 
 
CJi 03 J <if CJ-JJ CJ-J.SJ TUJi , 
 
 S'i/ssejr. 
 
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 /..•n.l.Tt;7tdHu/trJ ,ful\ /.'y.Y.*» A» /..'njmjtri Hurst ,fttr* • ■rmtJ'.um'fbr /(.-w .KTavfaltitih l/.'IKfT} JTt.l . ^UnOimXniit.-rli ll.hf 
 
Enprtrvrd bv John RotTr from a ftratvitut At J..tJhpton .thrthr ArohuerinroJ .i/i/ujuia'nt ol' fitrot Britain . 
 
 PLAN, on.X.I.UKXrS <IV. Of 
 
 CIHC'ILESIILH CJiOSJ J 
 
 SftSSf.V . 
 
 lend nJi ,1 1 • Juk i .1606 £v / onomnnJiurM iier.t it Ormr fairrnattrr Row J. Tap far Hiph Holborn , and J. If Hi inn. TavLunck Plaer 
 
KaarmnHr~S.Rmir.flvm a Aran Inn Ai JBrillan.flr thr Ir.-hilrrliual Intiq ■' of Crral Britain 
 
 Wiltshire . 
 
 Tv W™ GEO. MATON, M.D. r.R.s. J'bysiriun EittraarSmeay to Her Metjcsty . &e. Whose "Observations eti the Western Counties" ether writings 
 display a laudable 7,cal in the cause el Hnalish Literature, . hithitiitv Xr. this plate is inscribed as a memento offiiendslii/ei- Crdtitude ,/y 
 
 ianttanAMijhrd Junr uRnli. Irv lan/mianJturrtMrrj- 1 flrmr.Palmwslcr Rn». J Taylor, lliah IIMrm , t J-flntbin.TarisU'rk Jtarr 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 19 
 
 ral fissures, forming lofty canopies of a solemn shade ; many rocks wear long- 
 mantles of ivy, which have the most picturesque and beautiful appearance, 
 compared with the craggy nakedness of the others. The scenery varies con- 
 tinually, and to catch all its sublime effects, it is necessary to traverse the gap 
 backwards and forwards for some time.''* The chasm extends above a mile in 
 length, gradually ascending from the base to the summit of the hill. This 
 manor belongs to the Marquis of Bath. 
 
 The Cross at Malmesbu ky, Wiltshire, is described in the following 
 terms by Leland, in his Itinerary. " There is a right fair and costely peace of 
 worke in the market-place, made al of stone, and curiusly voulted for poore 
 market folkes to stand dry when rayne cummeth. There be 8 great pillars, and 
 8 open arches : and the work is 8 square. One great piller in the middle 
 beareth up the voulte. The men of the toune made this peace of work in ho- 
 minum memoria." This is the only account I can meet with relating to the 
 present structure, and it furnishes but little satisfactory information. By the 
 shape of the arch r and character of the sculpture, I should suppose that it was 
 built some time towards the latter end of the fifteenth century ; perhaps in the 
 reign of Henry VII. The annexed print will serve to explain its shape, pin- 
 nacles, flying buttresses, and richly ornamented central turret. The latter is 
 octangular, having a small niche in each side, and contains eight sculptured 
 figures in basso-relievo. One of these represents the crucifixion. It must gra- 
 tify the antiquary to know that this curious cross has been lately repaired in a 
 substantial and judicious style, at the joint expence of the Earl of Suffolk and 
 Lady Northwick. 
 
 In the background of the annexed print are represented the upper part of 
 the Abbey Church, with an insulated steeple, which was formerly attached to 
 St. Paul's Church. In this the vicar of Malmesbury is generally inducted. — 
 The gable roof, with a cross, is part of the church, which is now filled with 
 lumber. 
 
 The Cross at Chichester, Sussex, according to an inscription on it, 
 was built by Edward Story, who was advanced from the See of Carlisle to this 
 by King Edward the Fourth, in 1475. f It was repaired in the time of Charles 
 the Second, and again, at the expence of Charles Duke of Richmond, Lenox, 
 
 and 
 
 * Maton's Observations on the Western Counties, 2 Vols. 8vo. 1797. This work contains some 
 interesting descriptions of the natural history, scenery, antiquities, ice. of this, and several other 
 places in the western part of the island. 
 
 + Willis, and Mr. Hay, in his recent History of Chichester, affix this bishop's installation in 1478. 
 
20 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 and Aubigny,* with alterations, in 1746\ The clock was given by " Dame 
 Elizabeth Faringdon, relict of Sir Edward Faringdon," and placed in its present 
 situation in 1724. Though the exact time of building the cross is not identified 
 in the above inscriptions, or in Mr. Hay's History, w r e must be content to refer 
 the style of building, and its ornaments, to Edward the Fourth's reign, and it 
 will be readily allowed that it is an interesting specimen of that period. There is 
 a degree of grandeur in the design, and elegance of execution in this cross, su- 
 perior to any other structure of the same class in England. The canopied 
 arches, tracery on the surface, sculptured cornice, and frize, with the purfled 
 pinnacles, and flying buttresses, all evince considerable taste and science in the 
 architect, and skill in the mason. In the annexed elevation and details these 
 characteristics will be perceived, and, by the reference letters, the plans and en- 
 larged details will, I trust, be readily understood. f 
 
 The Cross stands near the centre of the city, in a confined situation, at the 
 intersection of four streets, which diverge towards the cardinal points. 
 
 Cross at Stourhead, Wiltshire. The elegant and richly ornamented 
 structure represented in the annexed print, was originally placed at the junction 
 of four streets in Bristol, and was known and characterized by the name of the 
 High C?wss. Though at different times it appears to have been an object of 
 much local interest, and several sums of money were expended by the citizens, 
 in its repair and embellishment, yet it was doomed to encounter first neglect, 
 then removal, and afterwards banishment. The antiquary must certainly re- 
 joice at the last event, as in its present situation it will most probably be secured 
 and preserved for many ages. It appears to have been built in 1373, by 
 voluntary contributions, on the site of an old cross, and was intended princi- 
 pally to perpetuate the memory of Edward the Third, who, about that time, 
 constituted Bristol a town and county in itself, and granted it an "ample 
 charter," &c. Statues of this monarch, with three others, who had been bene- 
 factors to the place, were placed in niches around the cross. These were in- 
 tended to represent John, Henry the Third, and Edward the Fourth. Thus 
 
 con- 
 
 * This nobloman was high-steward of the city, and the family has a handsome seat at Goodwood, 
 abou! four miles from Chichester. The above record implies that the duke voluntarily advanced money 
 for repairing the cross ; but this seems misapplied generosity, if the following account be correct. 
 Mr. Hay, speaking of Bishop Story, states, that " he left an estate at Amberiey, worth full £. 25 per 
 annum, to keep it in constant repair, which, a few years afterwards, the mayor and corporation sold 
 in order to purchase another of the same value nearer home." P. 461. 8vo. 1804. 
 
 + I am particularly obliged to Mr. J. A. Repton for his very accurate drawings of this subject. 
 
F.nt>nued b\ Ju '.i'tt'rfr- ir.'/j Jr,swn b\ ,/ofut thrfsr. ami fhr I.anJfitf- l>i <ir h'l.ji ' r //> ire h'.ir' /••rf/ir /fniu/y.ti/rai U.fi./uitif - r <.r,-.ii finf.n/> 
 
 VJl OS S « ( *s- TO VlUJ'EjyjJ , 
 
 Wiltshire. 
 
 Ti'.S'tR KUll.lRIi COLT l It* ARK. Hm'.wluw fnnyJuiutt ••t'tiinihlu.vt tituhrrnsi* m,u>if,:rt.< ,i l.utthihtf r,al ititiu nitiar t'i'fnrNittn'ilill 
 ■jfrirtyrritfr. this filnir '* rrsfteettullv iti&vih'tl try- htf Mu/ni Xrrwuil , j /f n ^ l/{ 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 
 
 21 
 
 structed and embellished, it continued till the year 1633, when it was partly 
 taken down, "enlarged, and raised higher in the same style of architecture, and 
 four other statues of kings were now added."* These were of Henry the Sixth, 
 Elizabeth, Charles the First, and James the First, each of whom had renewed 
 and confirmed the charters of the city. It was now, as Mr. Barrett states, 
 " most curiously painted, gilded, and enclosed with an iron pallisade, and sur- 
 rounded with freestone steps, where all public proclamations were read to the 
 people, and which served the market people to sit round when the market was 
 kept in High-street. These improvements cost the chamber 207/. and its height 
 from the ground was 39 feet 6 inches/' In 1697 it was again painted, and gilt 
 in a very costly manner, and was then considered an object of great curiosity by 
 strangers, and beauty by the inhabitants. A silversmith, who lived near it, petiton- 
 ed to have it removed in 1733, and had sufficient influence to effect his purpose. 
 It was therefore taken down, and thrown into the Guildhall, where it remained till 
 some gentlemen of the College-Green voluntarily subscribed to have it re-erected 
 in the centre of that open space : but here it was not suffered long to continue,, 
 for, in the year 1 763, the whole structure was once more levelled with the ground, 
 and thrown into a secluded corner of the cathedral. So insensible were the Bris- 
 tolians of its beauty and curiosity, that they permitted Dean Barton, at length, to 
 give it to Mr. Hoare, ofStourhead, who expended about 300/. in its removal to, 
 and re-erection in, the delightful gardens at that place. Here it is safely preserved, 
 and carefully upheld, and constitutes not only an unique garden ornament, but 
 is singularly beautiful for its architectural character, its sculpture, and its 
 u eventful history." 
 
 The base, top, and central pier, as represented in the annexed print, were 
 added when the cross was erected at Stourhead. 
 
 Cross at Winchester, Hampshire. This very elegant structure is sup- 
 posed, by Mr. Milner, to have been erected in th.2 reign of Henry the Sixth : 
 but in a print published by the Society of Antiquaries, it is said to have been 
 built in the time of Edward the Third. It is divided into three stories, and 
 consists of a central square pier, with four smaller ones at the angles, all termi- 
 nating in purflcd pinnacles, and the whole decorated with niches, pediments, 
 &c. It appears to have had four statues originally, but only one now re- 
 mains. This, Mr. Milner conjectures, is meant to represent either St. 
 Laurence or St. Amphiballus : though it is generally ^said to be an effigy 
 
 of 
 
 * Barrett's History, &c of Bristol, p. 474. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Ft. V. S 
 
22 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 of St. John the Evangelist. The present building is called the Butter Cross, 
 because the retail dealers in that article usually assemble round it. Like 
 most structures of this kind, it has suffered much from the corrosive influence 
 of bad weather, but more from the wantonly careless practices of boys, and 
 childish men. Several of these commonly associate here on particular times of 
 public rejoicing, and stick lighted candles, and other blazing objects, about it. 
 This, as well as all other common practices of public folly and mischievousness, 
 should be decidedly discountenanced and punished by the police of every town : 
 for when curious memorials of antiquity are once destroyed, they cannot be 
 replaced, and when lost, almost every person, either sincerely or affectedly, regrets 
 their annihilation. 
 
 The top of this cross was originally ornamented with a crown, and four 
 small niches with statues in them. It now measures 43i feet from the ground 
 to the summit. The lower tier of arches is 7 feet 10 inches high, and the 
 statue is 5 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Cross at Leighton-Buzzard, Bedfordshire. The history and anti- 
 quities of this county having never been publicly elucidated, we are at a loss for 
 any satisfactory accounts of this, and of many other curious relics. The shape 
 of the arch nearly approaches the prevalent style of Henry the Eighth's reign, 
 and from this circumstance only can we guess at its age. From the court roll 
 of the town, it appears that this structure was so much dilapidated about the 
 year 1650, that it was deemed dangerous to the lives of the townsmen : in con- 
 sequence of which a tax of fourpence was levied on every inhabitant to defray 
 the expence of a thorough repair. It is raised on a pentagonal ground plan, 
 and consists of a central pier having five small circular columns attached to it, 
 and five buttress-piers at the angles. Three small columns unite to each of 
 these, and the surface underneath is ornamented with groined tracery. Above 
 the arch are fifteen grotesque heads, or masks, in high basso relievo, running 
 round the cross. The second tier contains five canopied niches, in each of 
 which was formerly a statue. One of these appears to have been a bishop, 
 another the Madona, a third St. John the Evangelist ; and the others are too 
 much mutilated to preserve any characteristic peculiarity. The whole height of 
 the cross, with the steps, is thirty-eight feet. It is built wholly of stone, and 
 stands in an open area near the market house. 
 
 The manor of Leighton-Buzzard, Bussard, or Beaudesart, with the tolls of 
 the market, belonged, from the time of Henry II. till the year 141 1, to the mo- 
 nastery of Font Everard, in Normandy, the monks of which established a cell, 
 
 at 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. ?5 
 
 at a place called Grovebury, in this parish. Leighton market is said, by Messrs. 
 Lysons, to be one of the most ancient in the county.* 
 
 The Cross at Glastonbury, Somersetshire, though a large, and ex- 
 tremely curious structure of the kind, is scarcely noticed in the topographic annals 
 of this county : its history is, therefore, perhaps entirely lost, and its portrait, 
 I believe, is only preserved in the annexed print, and in another view published 
 in Hearne and Byrne's Antiquities. Since this drawing was taken (1802) the 
 cross has been suffered gradually to fall in ruins, and about six months back, a 
 part of the central column only was standing. 
 
 There is something peculiarly unique in the shape and ornaments of this 
 building. A large column in the centre, running through the roof, and termi- 
 nated with a naked figure ; clustered columns at each angle, with odd capitals, 
 bases, &c. and gables with pinnacles of unusual shape, all unite to constitute 
 this one of the eccentricities of ancient building. From the time of the Norman 
 conquest, to the dissolution of the English monasteries, the varied and pro- 
 gressive styles of architecture are satisfactorily defined, and a very general uni- 
 formity prevails in all the buildings of a particular era,"f~ but the specimen before 
 us differs from any thing I have yet met with. Hearne, in his History of Glas- 
 tonbury, Camden, Willis, and Stevens, are all silent relating to this building. 
 Hence I am inclined to believe that it was erected at a time when English 
 architecture was confounded and blended with such incongruity of ornaments, 
 as may not inaptly be termed the dis-order'd style. In the year 1802 I saw a 
 mutilated inscription on it, with the date 1604, but cannot say that this al- 
 ludes to the time of its building. There were also some armorial bearings, 
 carved on different parts of it: among these was the arms (across between 
 two cups) of Richard Beere, the last abbot but one, who died in 1524. X 
 
 The building shewn in the back ground of the annexed print, now called 
 the George Inn, was formerly an hospital for the entertainment of pilgrims who 
 resorted to the abbey. Its front is curiously ornamented with arms, niches, &c. 
 and had formerly several statues. Some considerable ruins of the Abbey church, 
 
 Abbots 
 
 * For the manorial and parochial history of this town, sec Lysons's Magna Britannia : and a 
 print of the cross, from a rery accurate drawing by Mr. Alexander, is published in Byrne's 
 Britannia Depicta, No.T. 
 
 + This I hope and expect to illustrate in another part of the present work. 
 
 £ The principal sketches and memorandums that I made at Glastonbury, in 1802, were unfor- 
 tunately lost during a journey through Devonshire in that year. 
 
24 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Abbots kitchen, and St. Joseph's chapel, are yet remaining at this town : 
 these constitute several very picturesque views, and display some interesting 
 specimens of ancient architecture. 
 
 Crosses of Memorial. Among the Catholic customs of former times, 
 we find it was usual to erect crosses where the bodies of eminent persons reposed, 
 or halted in their way to interment. A series of these formerly stood by the 
 side of the road which communicated between Paris and St. Denis, where the 
 kings of France were usually interred.* A wooden one was also raised on a 
 bridge where the relics of St. Wandrigisilius rested :f but the most memorable 
 and interesting objects of this kind, were those which King Edward the First 
 of England erected, at the different stages where the corpse of queen Eleanor 
 rested, in its progress from Nottinghamshire to London. Mr. GoughJ states, 
 that there were fifteen of these elegant structures originally, but only three are 
 now remaining, and such is the peculiar beauty and variety of these, as specimens 
 of architecture, and productions of art, that we cannot but sincerely regret the 
 destruction and loss of the others. Historians differ respecting the place and 
 time of this queen's death, and also concerning the number of crosses erected. 
 Mr. Sandford, who appears to be the most accurate writer, says that she died at 
 " Hereby, Co. Nottingham." This event appears to have happened in Novem- 
 ber, 1290, and though the king was then marching with his army against the 
 Scots, he suspended his expedition, and is said to have returned in procession 
 with the funeral to Westminster. At the places, probably near a religious 
 house, where the corpse halted for a night, the king afterwards ordered a sump- 
 tuous cross to be erected. § As Mr. Gough has already investigated and deve- 
 loped this subject, I shall confine the following account to the three crosses at 
 Geddington, Northampton, and Waltham. 
 
 I have unsuccessfully endeavoured to ascertain who was the architect and 
 sculptor of these structures ; what orders were issued from the monarch on the 
 occasion ; what were the expences, &c. Vertue and Walpole conjecture that 
 they were designed by Peter Cavallini, a Roman sculptor, brought from Rome 
 either by Abbot Ware or Edward the First ; but this is controverted by Pilking- 
 
 ton, 
 
 * Du Fresmc Gloss, sub voce dux. 
 + Ibid. 
 
 + Vetusta Monumenta, vol. III. where there are some interesting particulars relating to ICing 
 Edward and his beloved consort. 
 
 § One of these has been already noticed, in the Account of Dunstaple. Arch, Antiqs. Pt, I. C. 
 
Northamptonshire. 
 
 V> JAMBS NOKTHCOTE, EsqTRji. (hi? RaU if mseribe&as amaruntc ofpmaie fiioubilp .<• /mHie esteem ,bv 
 
 The . Int/irr. 
 
 London ;Piit>ltj/ia'Jr>rii l . l go6', ln< Longman. fhtrjt.ReAt .f tame, Palmier If r fit**; J Tartar lliijh llo thorn ;and J ffeilton Tavistock Place 
 
I 
 
TuarNor&iamplon 
 
 "JllJlXmDFMtisq'X.I.S.whosevayacrumtr JA-rlrhr.r &I)nmma.r»t\wrma Trn/:™,. (-other 
 
 nMiorj/hend theAuthon 
 
 LimJtfn.fiMushnl.ipnl ,jSo6,W f.m/pnmMMji'^ ^ M r~n fttlVirTlHfrTi-|i'7»)-ltr HtjhTZTfkum; f/.iti Altai tfrftlWf TttM 
 
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES. 
 
 23 
 
 ton,* and more fully by Mr. JBromley.-j" Mr. Cough, in his Sepulchral Monu- 
 ments, contends, also, that the shrine of Edward the Confessor could not have 
 been designed by Cavallini. - 
 
 The Cross at Geddington, Northamptonshire, is of a triangular shape, 
 elevated on eight steps, and divided into three compartments. The first, or 
 lower one, is solid, covered with ornamental sculpture, each face divided into six 
 pannels, attached to which are six heater shields, charged with the arms of Eng- 
 land, Castile, Leon, and Ponthieu. Above this is an embattled turret, from which 
 rise six pillars, supporting as many decorated canopies. Beneath these are 
 placed three statues of the queen, disposed in so absurd a manner, that the pil- 
 lars at the angles directly intersect the front of each figure. In the annexed 
 print this effect is shewn, and had the artist moved a few yards, either to the 
 right or left, then this division of the cross would have appeared out of the 
 centre. " The design of all the parts of this structure is very elegant, and the 
 execution such as would not discredit any age. The statues, though mannered 
 and rather stiff, yet have a great share of merit. The air of the heads is 
 rather graceful, the drapery falls in natural though too minute folds, and 
 the hands and feet are well drawn. On the whole, the statues are thought 
 to bear so great a resemblance to the style of the ancient Italian school, that it 
 is highly probable Edward had artists of that nation in his service, if not sent for 
 purposely on the occasion."^ The village of Geddington is situated about four 
 miles from Kettering, in Northamptonshire. For further topographical parti- 
 culars, see Gough's Account, in Vetusta Monumenta, and Bridge's History 
 of Northamptonshire, 2 vol. Fol. 1791. 
 
 The Queen's Cross, near Northampton, is the most perfect of the three, 
 and is very similar, in shape and ornaments, to that at Waltham, though the 
 latter is of a hexangular form, and the former is octangular. Standing on eight 
 steps, in an open country, and on elevated ground, it assumes a very imposing 
 appearance. Like the others, it is divided into three stories, the lower of which 
 has eight faces, separated by buttresses at the angles. Each face is ornamented 
 with a pointed arch, having a central mullion, with tracer}', and the whole 
 
 crowned 
 
 * Dictionary of Painters. 
 
 + " History of the Fine Arts," &c. Vol. II. the MS. of w hich, now ready for the press, the author 
 kindly shewed me. Mr. S. Lysons was also so good as to look over several rolls in (he Tower, and 
 informs me he could find no entry, in the 19th, 20th, or 2lst of Edward I. relating to these 
 crosses. 
 
 J Sir H. C. Englefiold. Vetusta Mon. III. 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. V. T 
 
26 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 crowned with a purfled pediment. Two shields are also attached to each face y 
 charged with the arms of England and Ponthieu, siugly, and those of Castile 
 and Leon quarterly.* A carved book is also affixed to four of the sides. On 
 the western face has been inserted the arms of Great Britain, in a garter, under 
 a crown, beneath which is this inscription. " In perpetuam conjugalis anio- 
 ns memoriam hoc Eleanors Reginas monumentum vetustate pene collapsum, re- 
 staurari voluit honorabilis justiciariorum ccetus comitatus Northamptonia?, 
 M,DCC,xrn. Anno illo felicissimo, in quo Anna, Grande Britannia? sua? decus, 
 potentissima oppressorum vindex pascis Bellique arbitra, post Germaniam libe- 
 ratam, Belgiam prassidiis munitam, Gallos plus viceclecima profligatos, suis socio- 
 rumque armis Vincendi modum statuit, et Europae in libertatem vindicate 
 Pacem restituit." 
 
 On another tablet is the following inscription. " Rursus emendat, et 
 icstaurat. Georgii III. regis 2 d °" Domini I762. N. Baylis." 
 
 By the annexed prints, it is hoped that the plan, character, ornaments, &c. 
 of this cross will be readily understood. 
 
 The Cross at Waltham, Hertfordshire, though more dilapidated than* 
 either of the former, is more enriched in its architecture, and more elegant in its 
 sculpture; and I am inclined to believe that these structures, near the metropo- 
 lis, were more tastefully executed than those more remote from court. This 
 formerly stood on steps, but the ground having been raised round it, and the 
 steps covered, it appears much shorter than the others. Standing in a narrow 
 street, which is a very great thoroughfare, attached to a public inn, and at the 
 very turning of a road, it is exposed to much danger, and, these things consi- 
 dered, we cease to wonder at its shattered and mutilated condition. In 1720, 
 Dr. Stukely was commissioned, by the Society of Antiquaries, to have some posts 
 placed round it, for protection ; and, in 1757, he petitioned Lord Monson, who 
 was then Lord of the Manor of Cheshunt, in which it stands, to build some 
 brick-work round the base, and set up some other posts. The architectural 
 character and ornaments of this cross are so well detailed in the annexed print, 
 and so accurately drawn, that a verbal description is thereby rendered unne- 
 cessary. It has six faces. 
 
 * "These are the two first coats that were borne on one shield quarterly, which our king Ed- 
 ward III. afterwards imitated, 13-H, quartering France and England. Sandford, p. 129. On her 
 sela, engraved by Sandford, p. 120, the queen is represented standing, holding her sceptre in her 
 right, and her cordon in her left hand, as on her tomb, between lions and castles alternately." 
 
 Gough. 
 
17 
 
 THE ROUND CHURCH 
 
 AT 
 
 JU'ttle Jftaplesteti, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 Ma pl est ed, or Map lest e ad, gives name to two contiguous parishes 
 which are situated near the northern borders of the county of Essex ; and these 
 are distinguished from each other by the descriptive appellations of Great* and 
 Little, or Magna and Parva. Our present enquiry will be confined to the latter, 
 and more particularly to its parish church : but in order to elicit even a spark of 
 history that may be calculated to cast the least light on the origin of this struc- 
 ture, it will be necessary to state a few particulars of the manor or village. In 
 the reign of King Stephen this was vested in Robert Dosnelli, or Doisnel, whose 
 daughter and heiress, Juliana, married William Fitz-Audelin, Steward to Henry 
 the Second. This lady, with consent of her husband, gave the whole parish, 
 with its appurtenances, circ. 1186, to the Knights Hospitalers. This dona- 
 tion was confirmed by King John ; and Henry the Third granted the brethren 
 liberty of free- warren, &c. APreceptory\ was therefore completely established 
 here, under the appellation of Le Hospital, and from the gifts of numerous be- 
 nefactors, it progressively became extremely flourishing. At the dissolution its 
 possessions, with Temple-Sutton, &c. were granted by Henry the Eighth to 
 Henry Harper, Esq. from whom it has passed through various families, and at 
 present the village with the church are nearly deserted, and the latter is suffering 
 gradual decay. 
 
 The Church is singular in shape ; and constituting one of the round class, 
 is extremely interesting, as displaying a different and later style of architecture 
 than either of the structures already described. With a circular portion at the 
 west, and a semicircular east end, the plan of this building is, I believe, unique, 
 and therefore deserving of particular illustration. In the three accompanying 
 
 plates 
 
 * The church at Great Maples ted, like that now under consideration, has a semicircular cast 
 
 end. 
 
 + Morant calls if a Preceptory of the Knights Templars, but in this, as in other instances, he 
 confounds these two very distinct orders of knights. I have not met with any authority that states 
 the Templars ever to have possessed this manor. 
 Arch. Antiqs. M* 
 
18 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 plates its exterior character, internal peculiarity, ground plan, and entrance door- 
 way, are, I hope, correctly displayed. Dr. Stukeley, Ducarel, and some other anti- 
 quaries, have described the churches with semicircular east ends as very ancient : 
 and some of these remark that such a peculiarity indicates a Saxon origin. But in 
 the present structure there is no mark of the Anglo-Saxon style of architecture.* 
 The windows, arches, columns, door- way, &c. are all of a class, or style of building 
 which certainly did not prevail till the very latter end of the twelfth, or beginning* 
 of the thirteenth century. Judging by the peculiarities of these members, which 
 furnish the only clue in the absence of document, I am inclined to refer the erec- 
 tion of this church to some period between, or during the reigns of King John 
 and Henry the Third, 1 199 to 1272 : both of whom appear to have granted the 
 knights of Maplested some privileges, &c. 
 
 The principal entrance is at the west end, where a large wooden porch pro- 
 tects the simply beautiful door-way. See Plate I. This is ornamented with a dou- 
 ble range of projecting quaterfoils, in square pannels, running round the whole 
 arch, and with another similar facing over the arch. The circular area within is 
 twenty-six feet in diameter, and has a peristyle of six clustered columns. These 
 consist of three half columns, attached to a kind of triangular pier, and at the 
 extreme edge of every column is a string moulding, or bead, extending from 
 the base to the capital. The whole length of the church, internally, is sixty 
 feet. It is dedicated to St. John of Jerusalem, and is traditionally said to have 
 had the privilege of sanctuary. 
 
 Little Maplested is about forty-nine miles N. E. of London, and three 
 north of the town of Halstead, in Essex. 
 
 * The font, from its exterior semi-arcades, appears very rude and ancient; but the smallness of 
 its bason implies that it was never used for baptismal immersion. 
 
19 
 
 SOME FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 BY CHARLES CLARKE, F. S. A. NOW RESIDING AT GUERNSEY, 
 ADDRESSED TO J. BRITTON, F. S. A. 
 
 SIR, "' 
 IN your investigation of the causes why a circular figure has been selected for certain 
 buildings, you have not noticed that this figure is always assumed by a great number of per- 
 sons collected together, when an object alike interesting to each is to be contemplated. 
 This I take to be the reason, rather than an imitation of any antecedent edifice. Hence the 
 Baptistery is generally found to be circular, as at Pisa, and at Paris, where the old church 
 of St. Jean le Rond served anciently that purpose j* or of a figure nearly approaching octa- 
 gonal, as we find the Lateran Baptistery at Rome, the work of Constanti ne } f" and that near 
 the entrance of the great church at Florence. In this class of buildings the font was placed 
 in the centre of its area, equally conspicuous from all its parts. This might have been the 
 motive for making the body of the Church of the Resurrection at Jerusalem a circular basi- 
 lica, with its lower and upper porticos! leading off from those of the choir, which was placed 
 easterly, and interrupted the circuit. The round part originally had twelve pillars, corres- 
 ponding with the number of our Lord's apostles ;% and these were disposed so as to surround 
 the holy sepulchre, which was in the centre of its area, and beneath the aperture of its roof, 
 and evidently adapted for accommodating a numerous assembly with an equal view of this 
 sacred object. Another cause there is purely local ; for being built on the summit of Mount 
 Calvary, it became requisite to level certain parts, and raise others, till a sufficiently 
 large plane surface could be obtained, and, from the usual shape of such eminences, this 
 seems the most readily to be arrived at.|| The church erected by Constantino remained till 
 
 the 
 
 * Description of Paris, par Price, II. 76. 
 f Rasponii Histor. Eccle. Lateran. 
 
 \ The roof of the temple is of a high pitch, curiously arched, and supported with great marble pillars: the 
 out iles galleried about. Sandy's Travels, 161. The term portico is applied because these iles, in the ancient 
 basilica;, are so termed by Vetruvius, and by the early ecclesiastical writers, for signifying the same thing in the 
 greater churches or basilica of the Christians, to which they served as models, and that both at home and 
 abroad ; and if a porch is so denominated, it is because it was a portico ranged along the exterior of the build- 
 ing, opposite the altar or otherwise, and is frequently a part of the quadripcrtures surrounding the atrium. See 
 Paulinus of Nola, Eusebius, and examples given by Bingham Alcuinus digestis Pontificum, Eber Dcde and autho- 
 rities cited by Bentham in his History of Ely. Note in Milner's Winchester, and also in DaJlaw ay's Observations. 
 Also Donatus de urbe Roma. Annastasi. Baron, in notis ad Martyrol. &c. by him cited, lib. iv. cap. ij. Apud 
 Crevium, torn. iij. p. 792. and compare with Wilkins on the church of Mclbourn, Archseologia, vol. xii. In this 
 particular the Temple church, London, and round church at Cambridge, arc each representations of the original. 
 
 S Eusebii in Vita Constantin : lib. iij. cap. xxix. ad xxxix. edit. Christophorsoni. 
 
 || Now, to make the foundation even, in a place so uneven, much of the rock has been hewn away, and parts 
 too low supplied with mighty arches. Sandy's Travels, 161. 
 
20 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the time of Bede, as your note makes evident. The most ancient round church I have met 
 with on record in England, stood near the cathedral of Hexham, and probably was the 
 work of the eminent Wilfred. It was an admirable structure, built like a tower, almost 
 round, and dedicated in honour of the blessed Virgin Mary. Our great Alfred seems also to 
 have caused his monastery at Athelney to be erected in a figure which may be referred to 
 the circular. 
 
 The temple at Jerusalem, as described by latter writers, seems to have been in much the 
 same state at the time of the crusades.* Of these expeditions you have given some hints, 
 agreeably to the sentiments of Gibbon, &c. We yet enjoy certain benefits derived from this 
 extraordinary warfare, severely as its consequences might have been felt among the different 
 nations concerned ;f and I propose to offer, in a few words, the sentiments of one or two of 
 the better writers who lived near those times. " About the beginning of the reign of Wil- 
 liam Rufus," says William of Newbridge, " the Lord excited the spirit of the Christians 
 against the Saracens, who had, by his secret judgments, as if by hereditary right, possessed 
 the sanctuary of God, that is, the holy places in which our redemption was celebrated. By 
 the religious endeavours of Urban, the Roman pontiff, and other servants of God, a vast 
 concourse of Christian people was got together : the bravest leaders, signed with the cha- 
 racter of our Lord, and surrounded by numerous bands of soldiers, penetrated the kingdoms 
 of the East in this most laborious expedition, taking by their pious efforts the large cities of 
 Nice in Bithania, Antioch in Syria, and at length the holy city. "J Simon of Durham 
 deems it little less than a miracle that the commanders and troops of so many different states 
 should have so unanimously combined their endeavours ;§ and M. Paris, who writes rather 
 largely on this point, relates the sighs and tears of devotion which burst from the Christian 
 army at the distant sight of Jerusalem, and their reverently approaching with bare feet. || 
 These sentiments have since been drawn by the pen of Tasso, in his Jerusalem Delivered. 
 Let us not then wonder if there were many very early imitators of the Church of the Resur- 
 rection, within whose site the triumphs of the cross were rendered complete, and of which 
 it was itself the splendid memorial. 
 
 You have noticed that there were five round churches in England, four of which yet 
 
 remain ; 
 
 * Compare the plan in Sandy's Travels with that in Bernardo Amico, and the descriptions of Le Brun and 
 Sandys, for a pretty correct state of this edifice. Butler, in the Lives of Saints, s-ays, this sacred building, raised by 
 Constantine, consisted properly of two churches, the one called Anastasis, or of the Resurrection or Sepulchre, 
 the other Martyrium, or of the Cross, which covered the fpot where Christ was crucified, and refers to Adam- 
 nan, lib. 1. de Locis Sanctis, c. 4, apud Abubill. Act. Bened. sa:c. 3, part 1, p. 506. Butler, vol. 5. jSl. 
 
 f These benefits were the breaking and retaining at home the Saracenic and Turkish powers, and thus pre- 
 venting the doctrines of Mahomet, so dear to a certain sect of philosophers, being propagated throughout the 
 west, that one is almost tempted to say, Hinc ills lacrymai. See Wbitaker's Review of Cibbon, where he has 
 irrefragably proved a certain pruritus inguinis, that accounts for a vast deal against crusades and crusading 
 knights. 
 
 J Cuil. Neubrigensis Hist. Ang. edit. Picardi. 1632. 
 § De Scriptore. 
 || Ad ann. 1099. 
 
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 21 
 
 remain ; and I think it will be possible to shew that two, at least, and those the most early, 
 were not the work of the Templars, or at all connected with that order of knighthood. 
 
 The churches of St. Sepulchre at Northampton, and at Cambridge we find to be paro- 
 chial and vicarages, and thus entered in Ecton's Thesaurus. 
 
 Cambridge. Sti : Sepulchri vicarage, 6l. lis. 0} 2 d. Pri : Barnwell propri. 
 Northampton. Sti: Sepulchri vicarage, 20/. 10s. Pri: Sti: Andr propri. 
 
 It would be difficult to account for the round churches above noticed, if ever belonging 
 to houses of Knights Templars, becoming parochial and appropriated before the dissolution of 
 that order, so seldom as any of those of the monasteries have been reserved for this purpose ; 
 or if possessed of the right of patronage, that a vicarage should be ordained in favour of any 
 other house. But to go further into their history: — Simon St. Liz is said to have re-edified 
 the tower of Northampton, and did, about 1084, repair the priory of St. Andrew, near his 
 castle, in that town, of which he was the earl, and endowed and replenished it with Cluniac 
 monks, in which he was aided by Maud his wife, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Hunting- 
 don and Northampton. To this priory we find the church of St. Sepulchre presented by 
 Simon St. Liz, second Earl of Northampton, upon his return from the crusade, and who 
 died 1127. A confirmation, by St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, of this gift, is noticed by 
 Tanner.* The right of patronage, thus granted to the monks, could only have been pos- 
 sessed by this Simon in consequence of himself or ancestors being the founders of the 
 church, as within a demesne of his own. This is evident from the customs of those times, 
 when it was also common to present such right to the religious houses, for the sake of its 
 being better exercised. f And from what we have seen of the ardour of the first crusaders, it 
 is highly probable that he was himself the builder of this edifice, in imitation of the Church 
 of the Resurrection. Certain it is, that it was erected before the Templars had assumed that 
 title, which was not till ten years after their institution in 1 1 1 8,L and consequently before they 
 had any possessions in England, which did not occur till after 1135, when Stephen began 
 his reign. A like train of circumstances attends the round church at Cambridge, a more an- 
 cient structure than that at Northampton. Among the most strenuous leaders in the first 
 crusade, instituted by Pope Urban II. 1096, was Robert Duke of Normandy. His standard- 
 bearer, Sir Payn Peverell, an eminent soldier, was the founder of Barnwell Abbey, in 
 Cambridgeshire. This he did after his return from the crusade, and placed therein thirty 
 monks, being equal in number to the years of his own age.§ To this monastery we find 
 
 St. 
 
 * Notitia Monastics, and Camden in Cambridge. This gift is noticed by Mr. Schnebbelie, in his account 
 of this church. Pointed arches on Norman pillars were common in this age, and this seems the identical edifice 
 bestowed by the second earl. 
 
 t Rennet's Case of Impropriations. 
 
 I M. Paris. 
 
 § Sir Payn Peverell amplified the foundation of a house of canons regular of the order of St. Augustine (at 
 Barnwell), and dedicated it to St. Andrew, in an. 11152, (13 Hen. I.) but before he had fully perfected it he de- 
 parted this life, at London. Dugdale's Baronage, Vol. I. 438. 
 Arch. Antiqs. M** 
 
22 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's Church appropriated, and as it was the custom of the regulars to obtain vi- 
 carages, to be ordained in churches of which they were the patrons, we may with the greatest 
 probability conjecture, as in the above, that this church was the work of that famous Nor- 
 man soldier, as he is called by our historians. He was at the taking of Jerusalem, with Duke 
 Robert, in July, 1099, and probably returned with him the following year ; and as the style 
 of this building seems not far from the first Norman, I am disposed to assign it to an early 
 part of the twelfth century, which, if allowed, will also shew it to have existed prior to the 
 Templars having possessions in England, and likely before their institutution in the east. 
 And with this Mr. Essex accords,* although, by Mr. Dallaway, it is given to the year 1135, 
 likely for no other reason than from the Templars having such possessions shortly after the 
 commencement of Stephen's reign, f The church of Little Maplested is entered by Ecton as a 
 donative, and said to have belonged to the Hospitalers ; but since those knights became 
 possesssed of the property of the Templars, it may be possible they were the original 
 founders. 
 
 It seems, however, uncertain whether the Templars did, on all occasions, build their 
 churches in a circular form, though they dedicated them to the Virgin, while the round pa- 
 rish churches are generally dedicated in honour of the holy sepulchre ; a circumstance worthy 
 remark, as it is, that those of the Hospitalers were in honour of St. John the Baptist, by which 
 the three kinds of edifices seem to be distinguished. Stow, speaking of the Temple at Lon- 
 don, calls it their chief house, which they, the Templars, budded alter the form of the tem- 
 ple near the sepulchre of our Lord at Jerusalem ; and this we find dedicated to our Lady. 
 Weaver also informs us there was in the town of Dunwich, Suffolk, " an ancient and very 
 old church, called the Temple of our Lady, the which church was, by report, in the Jews' 
 time, and was vaulted over." A circular disposition, so very remarkable, is not noticed by 
 this collector, and Stow insinuates it was at London that their church was so constructed. 
 That which belonged to the Temple at Paris, in which all the Knights of Malta who died in 
 that city were interred, is said to be an ancient heavy structure, and an imitation of the 
 church of St. John of Jerusalem. Likely its denomination was changed on becoming the 
 possession of those knights, as was the practice at home. At Venice St. Mary's in Brolio be- 
 longed to the Templars, then to the Knights of St. John. J You have noticed the date at 
 
 the 
 
 • Mr. Essex says, as the church was built within a few years after the first establishment of the Templars, 
 we cannot suppose it was built by them, but by some person who had been in the fust crusade ; and as churches 
 of this sort were sometimes built by private persons, and given to the Templars, by this means the advowson 
 of it and the beadsmen, might come into their possession, if it ever belonged to them. After the dissolution of this 
 order, 1313, the advowson of St. Sepulchre was given to the priory of Barnwell. Archaeologia, vol. vi. The 
 last assertion of Mr. Essex is doubtful, as the property of the Templars was bestowed on the Knights of St. John, 
 with scarcely an exception, and Mr. E. himself is not certain that it ever belonged to the Templars. 
 • f " Observations on English Architecture," 8vo. 180G. 
 
 I This was the case at Temple-Bruer, Lincolnshire. Here was, before 1185, a preceptory of Knights 
 Templars, after of Hospitalers. Tanner, 274. Aslackby Com. Lincoln, seems to have had the same possessors. 
 
 It 
 
FURTHER 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 ROUND CHURCHES. 
 
 23 
 
 the east end, annexed to the church at Cambridge : that also at Northampton seems a sub- 
 sequent building, but on an inspection of your plan of the Temple Church, London, the 
 east end seems to form a part of the original design, and the whole together has a just cor- 
 respondence with the Church of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem, the architype of these struc- 
 tures. The style of the west end accords with that of the Trinity at Canterbury. St. Cross 
 near Winchester, of about the same period, where pointed and circular arches are to be found, 
 with the like entail of mouldings, while the other part of the work seems in a more advanced 
 mode, and the application of the pointed arch better understood : for this arch had been 
 known in the world as early as the fifth or sixth century, and I think anterior to the certain 
 date of any specimen of interlaced circular arches, from which some antiquaries have found it 
 a derivation. The like triple lancet windows occur in the chapel of the archbishop's palace 
 at Lambeth, built by Hubert Walter, who sat from 1193 to 1207, and in many chancels of 
 our old parish churches are windows approaching towards a like arrangement. The dedi- 
 cation of the circular part of the church, I am thus disposed to place in the year 1185, and 
 thence made use of by the Knights till circumstances allowed the completion of the remain- 
 der in 1240. The dedication, as given from an old historian, is somewhat worthy notice. 
 
 " 1240. Also about the same time was dedicated the noble church of the beautiful 
 structure of the new Temple, at London, in the presence of the king and many of the no- 
 bility of the kingdom, who, after the solemnities were finished, partook of an elegant feast 
 at the expence of the Hospitalers." 
 
 I now conclude with remarking, that although it cannot be shewn that the churches 
 you have presented in your third part were wholly the works of the Knights Templars, as 
 so long admitted, yet there may be traced in each not only a close resemblance of the same ori- 
 ginal, but they were connected with it by the same denomination, and being (it is highly 
 probable) the labours of those Avho deemed it the honour of their lives to have contributed 
 to rescue that venerated temple from infidel hands. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your faithful Servant, 
 
 CHARLES CLARKE. 
 
 Guernsey, 2 1st Feb. 1807. 
 
 It is entered in Ecton as a vicarage dedicated to St. James (query, St. John). " The Knights of St. John of Jerusa- 
 lem proprietors, as had the Temple of St. Mary, in Dunwich." In addition to Ecton, the Temple church, London, 
 is said to be dedicated to St. John the Baptist, that of the church of the Hospital at Jerusalem, and it seems pro- 
 bable to have been bestowed on those churches which came into their possession by the dissolution of the Tem- 
 plars, 1313. At Bristol the Temple Church is a square building, aud partly built by the brethren and partly by 
 other men. It is dedicated to the Holy Cross, and its hanging tower has been for ages noticed as a curiosity. 
 Barrett's Bristol, 541. 
 
V 
 
 Plan of Half of the Second slorj-. 
 
 SCJ.LE or FEET 
 
 tiimrn + Ji/iarartJ $i Hilton I.owiy.fivm mrnaumn/iitJ mnilr h\ huit in ifrfi. ihr iht .J/Wii/rr/i/ml Jntiijnihr.i ?f firrnt Britain 
 
 Tl..l\ of the FXBST SECOND itini THIRD S TORIES of 
 
 qWEETT3 CJiOSJi 
 l$crthtimptoii.i'hir<' . 
 
 Zmim tWfiAM April i ifiej.Ip- £ejymn .Bunt Tteei x* Ormt iUknwAr An .J fyrirr, Wfh WUsm, ,wd J brUtrn , Tarhttpck llaet 
 
27 
 
 QUEEN'S CROSS, 
 
 NEAR NORTHAMPTON. PLATE II. 
 
 IN addition to what has already been stated relating to this elegant specimen 
 of ornamental architecture, I am induced to give another plate, and a few more 
 explanatory remarks. Mr. Lowry, having made very careful measurements, 
 with details, of the Queen's Cross, and of some other ancient architectural sub- 
 jects,* last summer, kindly allowed me the use of, and engraved, the annexed 
 plans. Desirous of rendering this work as accurate as possible, I deemed it 
 but justice to its patrons and purchasers, to avail myself of Mr. Lowry's offer, 
 and give another plate for that which had already been engraved from Mr. 
 Schnebbelie's sketches, but which is found to be very inaccurate. The reader 
 is therefore solicited to destroy that print, and substitute this, by Mr. Lowry, 
 in its place. In this are displayed three Sectional Plans of parts of the 
 different stories which successively rise above the steps, and constitute three 
 distinct features, and portions of this structure. Pl. ii : A : represents a plan 
 of part of the basement story, which rests on a plinth 2 — on the top of the ninth 
 step, figured 3. The proper projection, with the plinths and dressings at the 
 extreme and inner angles of the buttresses, are here accurately marked ; and the 
 central pilaster-mullion, figured 4, is also carefully defined. In the plan of the 
 second story, B. are represented three of the pedestals, 1.1. 1. on which three 
 of the statues stand ; and at figs. 2. 2. 2. 2. are plans of four of the buttress-co- 
 lumns, which support the canopies over the heads of these figures. From these 
 branch off some groins, which connect themselves with similar mouldings on the 
 buttresses at 3. 3. At 4. 4. 4. is the situation of the ornamented parapet, which 
 goes round and enriches the top of the first story. Letter C. shews the plan of 
 part of the third story, which stands on the central pier, and is ornamented, 
 beneath the present disfiguring sun-dials, with recessed pannels, having mullions, 
 tracery, &c. These terminate above in elegant purfled pinnacles, and immedi- 
 ately over this is a single shaft, with the cross. 
 
 * This Tcry scientific artist intimates his intention of making drawings and engravings of these, for 
 the purpose of publication. Convinced that whatever he may do in this class will be usefully correct, 
 I sincerely wish that he may speedily execute his intention. 
 Jrch. Antiqs. T* 
 
SOME FUR THER OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 CROSSES. 
 
 BY CHARLES CLARKE, F. S. A. NOW RESIDING IN GUERNSEY, 
 IN A LETTER ADDRESSED TO J. BRITTON, F. S .A. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 What you have offered on Crosses erected upon public occasions, appears, in general, 
 very satisfactory, and I wish, since you are desirous of further information, it may be in my 
 power to afford such traits, either in the history or discipline of past ages, as will add to the 
 stock you have already given to the public, or yet intend to bestow. 
 
 You seem to think that the conversion and piety of Constantine gave great celebrity to 
 the cross. It certainly extended whatever celebrity might have been given to this sign, so 
 sacred among Christians, by their religion becoming that of the empire. Long previous to 
 this period, the Cross seemed to be the token, by which they were distinguished from the rest 
 of mankind, and which had not less veneration with them than when Constantine had chosen it 
 for his standard. This is evident from Tertullian and other authorities collected by Bishop 
 Gibson, in his Codex, in defence of the cross in baptism. Also from what Butler has offered on 
 the cross."* He calls it " the memorial of the sufferings of Christ, and a pledge of his infinite 
 love." He brings proofs from the early fathers of the constant usage of the cross on every 
 occasion. One or two suited to this purpose are adduced. St. Cyril, of Jerusalem, names 
 the cross the royal standard. St. Ephrem, the Syrian, in his sermon on the precious and 
 life-giving cross, says, " let us paint and carve this life-giving sign on our doors," &c. and 
 St. Chrysostome observes, " we carefully paint the cross on our doors, walls, windows," 
 kc. On consulting the Roma Subterranea of Aringhius, and a similar work of Boldetti, I 
 find that it was depicted in Mosaic, and embellished with the likeness of precious stones 
 and gems, (a proof of the veneration in which it was held,) in the chapels and chambers of the 
 catacombs, or cemeteries, where, under the terrors of persecution, the Christians held, long 
 before Constantine, their devotional assemblies. If then Constantine added to the celebrity 
 of the cross by his becoming, as you term him, the advocate for the cause, this was not a 
 little extended by his mother Helena's discovering the instrument itself of our Lord's death, 
 and exalting it once again on Mount Calvary, where she erected, in its honour, and that of 
 the resurrection, ** a temple of royal magnificence, worthy of God," to speak in the 
 language of Eusebius. And such was the triumph of Christians on this occasion, that a fes- 
 tival was instituted in commemoration, as well in the western as the eastern church ; and in 
 the hymn of the former, used on this occasion, the cross is thus saluted : 
 
 Arbor 
 
 * Butler's Moveable Feasts, Fasts, &c. pages 365 and 372, 8vo. 1774. This work is particularly noticed 
 by Mr. Astle, in Archa:©logia, vol. xiii. 222. 
 
30 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Arbor decora et fulgida Beata cujus brachiis 
 
 Ornata regis purpura Saecii pependit pretium 
 
 Electa digno stipite Statera facta corporis 
 
 Tam sancta membra tangere Praedamquc tulit tartaris. 
 
 O crux ave spes unica, &c* 
 
 The cross, thus recommended, became a part of the decoration of every church, and of 
 every altar ; it was employed in every sacred rite, and occurred in the diplomas, as an invio- 
 lable test of every compact. Nor can we be surprised to find it sculptured on so many of our 
 public monuments, when designed to excite sentiments of piety or compassion ; or on land- 
 marks, which no man was, for conscience-sake, to remove. It was frequently fixed at the en- 
 trance of the church, to inspire recollection in those persons who approached, and reverence 
 towards the mysteries at which they were about to be present. On the high road the cross 
 was frequently placed, with a view to call the thoughts of the passenger to a sense of religion, 
 and to restrain the predatory excursions of robbers. In the market place it was a signal for 
 upright intention and fairness of dealing, and was in every place designed as a check upon 
 a worldly spirit. 
 
 The funeral monument was aptly marked with the cross, agreeably to the institutions of 
 those times, and I think our earliest memorials for the dead were tall, pyramidal sculptured 
 stones, such as the most ancient crosses are. Malmsbury notices two of this kind, in the 
 monks' cemetery at Glastonbury, placed only a few feet distance from the walls of the church. 
 They were ancient in his time, and he offers conjectures only for their explanation. The 
 tallest was xxvi feet high, and nearly a ruin through age. It had five stories, or ranges 
 of sculptured bishops, kings, and ecclesiastics, under which were British or Saxon names. — 
 The other was xviij feet high, with four ranges of the same kind of sculptures. He sup- 
 posed each story contained in its cavity the remains of those represented and named on its 
 outside. f The monument of St. Dunstan, at Canterbury, was a tall pyramid ;% and at Ruth- 
 well, in Scotland, within the church, are, in three pieces, the remains of a curious and early 
 monument of the obelisk kind, overturned and broken by order of a general assembly in I644.§ 
 Malcolm's monument at Glands is a tall sculptured obelisk or cross, and is engraved in Gor- 
 don's Itinerarium, and by a friend of the author ingeniously explained. || In the cemetery 
 we often find a cross conspicuously situated, and its general use explains that of a cross 
 marking a single grave. Godric, abbot of Peterborough, erected across of stone in the 
 church-yard in which the monks who were killed in conflict with the Danes, anno 870, were 
 interred, u that passengers, being mindful of the most holy monastery, might pray for the 
 souls of the faithful resting in that cemetery. 51 St. Paul's Cross was originally intended for 
 
 that 
 
 * Ancient hymn attributed to St. Ambrosius, Fortuuatus, or Sedulius. Gavant de Ritibus, ii. 69. 
 
 f Guliel. Malms. Ant. Glaston. Edit. Gale. 316. 
 
 X Osbern in Vit. Dunstani. 
 
 § Pennant's Tour in Scotland, vol, II. p. 96, 
 
 || Gordon's Itinerarium Scptentrionale, 163, where there are views of many stone crosses* 
 Ingulp. Hist, cited by Uugdale in his Hist, of St. Paul's, 130. 
 
i'URTIIER OBSERVATIONS ON CROSSES. 
 
 31 
 
 that purpose, although it was early the custom to preach to the people from it, as appears 
 by a legacy noticed by Dugdale, 49th Edward III.* This was the most eelebrated place for 
 public sermons in the city of London, but often abused by the agents of the predominant 
 party. Another cross for public preaching was at the Spital, near which was a house for 
 the mayor and principal officers, with their ladies, to attend the sermons in Easter week, held 
 since at St. Brides.f Whatever might be the fate of St. Paul's Cross, which, it seems, was 
 in being when Dugdale wrote, the Spital Cross was destroyed in a tumult of the Calvinistic 
 party, to whom we owe so general a waste of the arts in the middle ages in our country. J 
 It seems also to have been a custom to erect crosses where the bodies of eminent persons re- 
 posed on their way to interment ; of which a series stood in the road from Paris to the monas- 
 tery of St. Denis, on which the bodies of the kings of France were carried for final deposition :§ 
 also where the reliques of saints were lodged on a journey, as a wooden cross was raised on 
 the bridge on which those of St. Wandrigisilius had rested. || But the most superb instances in 
 England are the crosses erected by King Edward L for his Queen Eleanor, several of which 
 remain as testimonials of his affection and piety, and as monuments of the exquisite taste of 
 the architecture in those days. 
 
 The crosses at Charing and Cheapside were part of the above. The latter deemed 
 one of the most beautiful in England, was defaced in 1581 by the Puritans. It was not, 
 however, the original, but rebuilt, 1441, in a more elegant manner by John Hatherly, 
 mayor of London, and several wealthy citizens, with the permission of Henry VI. 
 and adorned with many large statues. It was finished in 1486, and gilt in 1522. But 
 the Puritans, says Heylin, emulous of the zeal of the French Calvinians, whom they 
 found to have demolished all the crosses wherever they could, not succeeding by presenting 
 it at the wardmote, set upon it in the night of June 21, 1581, violently breaking and de- 
 facing all the lower images, &c.^f Of this cross a view, indifferently engraved, was publish- 
 in an old French work describing the entrance of Henrietta Maria, queen to Charles I. — 
 Charing cross was taken down in 1646, and the folly of the times satirised in an old ballad 
 preserved in Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry.** 
 
 " Many crosses were erected as the monuments of Christianity in cities and towns, and 
 most of our country villages, among which none were more eminent for cost and workman- 
 ship than those of Cheapside, London, and Abington, Berks, both of them famous for the 
 statues placed in them, more for the richness of the trimming which was about them."tt 
 
 A cross of the more finished kind, as were the above, seems to have been very gene- 
 rally an appendage to the monastic and larger churches ; and wc have a description of one 
 
 as 
 
 * Ingulph. Hist, cited by Dugdale in his Hist, of St, Pauls, 130. 
 f Maitland's London, ii. 799. 
 t Ibid. 
 
 § Da Fresne Gloss, sub voce crux. 
 || Ibid. 
 
 ^ Heylin's History of the Presbyterians, 344. 
 
 •* Vol. ii. page 331. See also introduction and final paragraph to this song, 
 ft Heylin's History of the Presbyterians, 455. 
 Arch. Antiqs. T ** 
 
32 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 as standing near the minster of Friers Preachers, by Robert Longland, who flourished 
 about 1350. 
 
 " And a curious cros craftely enlayted 
 
 With tabernacles ytight to toten al abouten 
 
 The pris of a ploughland of pennies so round 
 
 To aparriele that pylar were pure lytel 
 
 Then I munte me forth the mynstere to knowen," &c. 
 
 Vision of Pierce Plowman. 
 Crosses were usually erected also in the way leading to parochial churches. At Hornsbyy 
 in Norfolk, were four, as believed by the Rev. Mr. Gibson, who thinks them, with no suffi- 
 cient reasons, to have defined the limits of sanctuary.* 
 
 In the parvis or atrium before the principal entrance of the cathedral at Rouen, were two 
 crosses — " Les Registres de la Cathedrale remarquent que cette grande place presque carree, 
 qui ne contribue pas peu a la decoration du portail et que Ton appelle le parvis ou aitre du 
 mot latin atrium futfermee de murailles et depuis on y mit deux grandes croix de pierre 
 qui sont aux deux coings de cette muraille Fan 1641." Pomerai Histoire de la Cathedrale 
 de Rouen, 87. 
 
 At Darenth, in Kent, the entrance to the cemetery is over a green called the cross ; but 
 although the green yet remains, the cross whence it took its name has been long since re- 
 moved, f Crosses not only marked civil and ecclesiastical limits, but probably served for sta- 
 tions, when the bounds were visited in processions : — by a station is here to be understood a 
 church oratory, or other resting place, where a prayer was said, or a short verse sung. J In the 
 isle of Iona were three hundred and sixty crosses, one only of which, called Macleans, now 
 remains. § Crosses also on the road, or without the limits of the cemetery, seemed to have 
 been endowed with a privilege of sanctuary ; for by the 29th and 30th canons of the coun- 
 cil of Claremont, held 1093, it is decreed, that if any person should fly to a cross in the 
 road, while pursued by his enemies, he should remain free as in the church itself: and by 
 the 82d chapter of the Ancient Customes of Normandy, If any one condemned, or having 
 escaped, shall fly to a church, church-yard, or holy place, or if he shall take to a cross fixed 
 in the earth, lay (or civil) justice shall leave him in peace, by the privilege of the church, 
 as if it had not laid hands upon him.|| But how far these privileges were granted to crosses 
 in our country, I am not aware, since it seems no place could enjoy, but by royal grant, the 
 full rights of sanctuary in England.^ 
 
 You 
 
 * Archasologia, vol. xiv. 40. 
 
 t Custoinale Itoffense, page 93, being Rev. S. Denne's account of Darenth church in Kent. 
 I Du Fresne Gloss, sub voc. Static. 
 
 § It seems difficult to account for so many in so small an island, unless they served the purpose of grave- 
 stones in the several cemeteries. This is the practice of the Russians, and in the year 1800 there were more 
 than fifty wooden crosses of various forms left in their burial ground on their quitting this island (Guernsey). 
 These were cleared off the ensuing winter for firewood, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring cottages, &c. 
 
 || Du Fresne Gloss, in voce Crux. 
 
 Will Sandford, lib. 2. de placitis corona-, cap. 38. Sanctuarie est un lieu privilegie par le prince un souve- 
 rain gouverneur pour lu sauvegarde de lu vie de rhotnme qui est offendeur, &c. 
 
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CROSSES. 33 
 
 You have mentioned the cross as the frequent memorial of battles ; and I shall notice one 
 in which it occurs as the witness of peace. It is yet remaining on Stainmore, and is the 
 boundary stone between Yorkshire and Cumberland, having been set up in consequence of 
 a treaty between the Conqueror and Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, and decorated 
 with their effigies, Cumberland being ceded by William on account of the ill success of his 
 arms against Malcolm, for refusing to resign to him the mother and sisters of Edgar Atheling, 
 who were forced into the Frith of F orth by stress of weather. Edgar's sister Margaret, deemed 
 one of the most virtuous and beautiful ladies of that age, was afterwards married to the king 
 of Scotland, who settled lands on Maurits, a Hungarian of royal blood, for his fortunately 
 putting into that country, while conducting them to his native land, from the Norman op- 
 pressor. He became the ancestor of the Drummonds, having had the name of Drynien, 
 bestowed on him by the king, in memory of the waves of the sea he had escaped.* 
 
 Crosses were well-known appendages, and ornaments of almost every market place, and 
 were frequently supported on an arcade, which served to shelter the sellers of small commo- 
 dities. Of this kind I recollect one at Maidstone, Kent, built of oak, and I think there were 
 others at Milton and Feversham. In some other towns in that county, the spots in their 
 markets, so occupied formerly, yet retain the name of the cross. That at Abingdon, alrea- 
 dy noticed as one of the handsomest in England, stood in the middle of the market place, and 
 was, as reported, built in the time of King Henry VI. by the fraternity of St. Cross. f The 
 city cross at Winchester served also for the same use, and is called the butter cross, from re- 
 tailers of that article taking their stations near it, before the new market house was built in 
 1772. It is also given as a specimen of the architecture of the reign of Henry VI. When 
 the strongly religious bias of our ancestors is considered, with the evident fondness they had 
 for this memorial of Christianity, which they made the ensign of every virtue, it must be easy 
 to account for placing it in the centre of business, where so many dishonesties were most 
 likely to be put in practice. 
 
 Having endeavoured to shew the good intentions of our ancestors in erecting the cross on 
 so many occasions, it will not be improper to point out one at lenst of its abuses among 
 them ; and which was attempted to be remedied bv the second statute of Westminster, 
 cap. 37, by which it seems as if the Templars and Hospitallers made a general use of this 
 ensign. The terms of the law then made, are, " Because many tenants erect crosses in 
 their tenements, or permit them to be erected, to the prejudice of their lords, in order that 
 they may be able to defend themselves against the capital lords of the fee, by the privilege 
 of the Templars and Hospitallers. It is hereby determined, that the said tenants in so 
 doing, shall incur a fine to the said capital lords, or to the King. "J I shall now, upon quit- 
 ting this subject, say, that I am far from suspecting, notwithstanding your citation relative 
 to the worship shown to the cross, that our ancestors were so very weak as to oiler to it any 
 
 thing 
 
 * Pennant's Tour, and Butler's Lite of St. Margaret. The latter Bays that Ed^ar and his sister were only cast 
 cm shore in that country ; and that Malcolm had spent many years in exile upon his father being killed by Macbeth, 
 t Heyling's Help to Eng. History, by Wright, P. 117. 
 } Du I'resne Glos. sub voc. crux. 
 
34 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 thing like that which was due to the Creator alone ; or to have proceeded further than a 
 profound respect towards what they might consider a memorial of redemption. Lest I 
 should, however, go out of my depth in a theological question, I shall refer you to the 
 casuists for the distinctions usually made on the term worship, including, say they, respect, 
 honour, reverence, and adoration. It is sufficient for me to notice, that, among the Saxons, 
 the wisest of the people were peopSriapes pyn$a — worship- worthy every one in his own degree.* 
 Again, when the Lady Eadgith, queen to the Confessor, died at Winchester vii nights after 
 Christmas MLXXV, the King (William i.) permitted her to be brought to Westminster, mid 
 mycclan pupSrcips with great worship, cum magno honore, as translated by Bishop Gibson, 
 and buried with her Lord, King Edward. f Worshipped^ then meant, with our ancestors, 
 nothing more than respected and honoured, and always had its degree of relation. And 
 when we address our mayors and magistrates as your worship, and have our right worship- 
 ful companies, &c. so far from supposing them objects of adoration, we deem them at pre- 
 sent treated with but an inferior degree of respect, and such that might reasonably offend, if 
 bestowed on the lower rank of our nobility. 
 
 I am Sir, 
 
 Your very humble Servant, 
 Guernsey, 1th June, 1806. CHARLES CLARKE. 
 
 * I.ambard's Perambulations of Kent, in Meopham. 
 t Chron. Saxon, 183. 
 
 X " The proprietor of the Isle [Rasay] is Mr. Macleod, a cadet, of the family of that name ; his seat is in the 
 village Clachan ; the inhabitants have as great veneration for him, as subjects can have for their King. They 
 preserve the memory of the deceased ladies of the place, by erecting a little pyramid of stone for each of them, 
 with the lady's name. These pyramids are by them called crosses; several of them are built of stone and lime, 
 and have three steps of gradual ascent to them. There are eight such crosses about the village, which is adorned 
 with a little tower." Martin's Western Isles, P. 164. 
 
 " There are little cairns to be seen in some places on the common road, which were made only where corps 
 happened to rest for some minutes; but they have laid aside the making of such cairns now." Ibid, P. 152, 
 Isle of Skic. 
 
 Pennant mentions 360 crosses in the island of Iona, which were, except some few favoured as memorials of 
 particular persons, demolished at the reformation. There is a cross thus preserved in the village of Hemskerck 
 in Holland, of which the following interesting anecdote is related. — " I will inform you what I learned on the 
 spot concerning the Dutch painter, Martin Hemskerck. Having laboured much, and become very rich, for the 
 sake of leaving some memorial of himself, he bequeathed by his testament sufficient for a dowry in marriage to 
 one young woman of his village annually. But it was on this condition, that the bride and bridegroom should, on 
 the day of marriage, go and dance upon his grave. Which I was assured was so religiously observed, that not- 
 withstanding the change of religion which happened in this country caused all the crosses in cemeteries to be de- 
 molished, the inhabitants of Hemskerck would not permit that on the grave of this painter to suffer a like fate. 
 It is of copper, and serves as a deed of settlement of the dowry or donatum made to their daughters." 
 Entretiens sur les Vies et sur les ouvrages des plus exccllents peintres par M. Felibien, torn. ij. 236.— A Amster- 
 dam, 1706. 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 WILTSHIRE. 
 
 1 HE town of Malmsbury, and its monastic foundations, are of very remote 
 antiquity,* and the historical events, which are directly or collaterally connected 
 
 with 
 
 * Bishop Tanner, in the Notitia Monastica, relates the following particulars : 
 
 " Malmesbury, olim Caer Bladon, 1 Ingelborn, b Maildulphi urbs, c me Curia, d Aldhelmesbirig, c 
 Maldmesburgh f , Meldunum f , et Meldunesburgh f . 
 
 1. Nunnery destroyed.-^ Here is said to have been an ancient house of British nuns, under 
 
 2. Benedictine Abbey. J the direction of the famous Dinoth, abbat of Banchor, who flourished 
 A. D. 603, which was suppressed by St. Austin the archbishop, under pretence that the religious 
 had suffered themselves to be debauched by the soldiers of the neighbouring castle.s This nunnery 
 was situate near the south bridge without the town, in the way to Chippenham, where was in after 
 times a poor hospital for lepers' 1 . About thirty or forty years' after this, Maidulf, a Scotch monk, 
 settled here, and gathering together a company, first, of scholars, and then of persons disposed to live 
 in regular discipline, began a monastery, which, in after times, became very famous. It was better 
 established and augmented by Aldhelm, who had been educated here under Maidulf, and, after his 
 master's death, was appointed, A. D. 675, to be abbat, by Eleutherius, Bishop of the West Saxons k , 
 
 and 
 
 a Autor Eulogii MS. Leland. Collect, vol. I. 303, and II. 395. Mon. Ang!. torn. I. p. 50. 
 "Ibid. 
 
 c Beds Histor F.ccles. lib. 5, c. 18. 
 d Leland. de Scriptor. p. 195. 
 
 * Bedae vers Saxon, et Camden. 
 f Gul. Malmsbur. 
 
 1 Leland. Collect, vol. I. p. 304, et II. p. 395. 
 
 * Leland. Itin. vol. II. p. 54, where he mentions a traditionary account that there had been one nunnery 
 where the hermitage in his time stood, in the ditch of the town, at the west end of the old parisli church, and ano- 
 ther towards the abbat's park, a little without the town, in the way to Chippenham ; and he adds, that he had 
 read that there was a nunnery, where now is a poor hospital, about the south bridge, without the town. 
 
 1 The donation of Somerford to this abbey by Bcrtwald (Mon. Angl. torn. I. p. 50) is dated, indeed, A. D. 
 635, but it should be, as in Angl. Sacr. vol. II. 11, A. D. 635, or as in Gale, A. D. 686. Iceland saith this mo- 
 nastery was founded A. D. 637, in Collect, vol. I. p. 301 ; but p. 302, he placcth it in A. D. 642, and p. 65 in 
 A. D. 648. 
 
 k Leland. Collect, vol. II. p. 235 et 249, et III. p. 158. Florent. Wigorn. saith he was madcabbat A. D. 666, 
 but the other date agrees better with his being abbat thirty-four years at the time of his death, which all agree to 
 have happened A. D. 709. 
 
 Arch. Antiqs. Pt. VI. Sept. 1806. U 
 
2 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 with them, are various, curious, and interesting. In the present essay, I feel it 
 necessary to confine my attention and disquisition to that part of the latter only 
 which is and has been known by the name of the Abbey Church. This once 
 spacious and magnificent structure serves to shew that architecture was success- 
 fully studied and practised at an early period in this country ; and that the mo- 
 nastic system, though formally rigid in prescribed ceremony, both allowed and 
 encouraged its members to cultivate certain branches of the arts and sciences. 
 That of architecture was more immediately studied than any other ; and for 
 very obvious reasons : domestic comfort and religious ceremonies, with their 
 peculiar pomp and effect, were essentially influenced by the arrangement and 
 magnitude of the buildings. The church engrossed the chief attention and 
 study of the architect ; and it must be admitted by all persons who have care- 
 fully examined the sacred structures, that much science and genius were dis- 
 played in designing and constructing them. Among the early specimens of 
 this kind, Malmsbury may be classed with those of large proportion, massive 
 masonry, and curious decoration. It appears to have been erected about that 
 period when the circular and pointed arches were both in fashion, but when 
 the latter was just beginning to be adopted, and the former was declining. 
 The prevailing style, in arches, columns, and ornaments, is the Anglo-Norman, 
 with the introduction of the pointed, or English. A series of the latter is used 
 on both sides of the nave, and in the vaulting of the two ailes. These are evi- 
 dently part of the original design, and were built at the same time as those por- 
 tions 
 
 and afterwards continued in a flourishing condition by the bounty of the Saxon kings 1 and noblemen. 
 About the year 950, K. Eadwy removed the monks and placed secular clerks™ in this abbey, but 
 they were, in little more thad twenty years time, sent away by K. Edgar, and the regulars" 1 restored. 
 Upon the death of abbat Brictwald, in the reign of K. Edward the Confessor, Herman", Bishop of 
 Wiltshire, had once obtained the king's consent to remove the episcopal seat from Ramsbury to this 
 abbey, but it was soon revoked by the interest of the monks with Earl Godwin. Maidulf's first 
 church here was dedicated to our blessed Saviour, St. Peter and St. Paul, but, in K. Edgar's and 
 after times, the blessed virgin and St. Aldhelm" were the patron saints of this abbey, which was found 
 to be endowed, 26 Hen. 8, with 8031. 17s. 7d. per ann. The site was granted, 36 Hen. 8, to Wil- 
 liam Stump, a rich clothier.*' 
 
 , King Ethclstan was buried in this monastery, as Gul. Malmsb. p. 53. 
 m Gul. Malmsb. De gestis regum, et pontif. (edit. Gale.) lib. 5, p. 365. 
 
 " Gul. Malmsb. De gestis regum, et pontif. (edit. Parker) lib. 5, p. 249. De pontif. p. 372. Sim. Dunelm. 
 cap. 188. But Oclo, Bishop of Wilton, is styled " Episcopus Malmsburiae." Rad. Dicet. in Decern Scriptor. 
 col. 454. 
 
 o Malmsbur. Pontif. lib. 5. p. 343, 349, &c. Leland. Collect, vol. I. p. 303. 
 
 An account of this abbey, with a catalogue of the abbots, is in Willis's History of Abbeys, vol. 1. p. 134, 
 Append. 63, and Stevens's Supplement, vol. I. 224. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 5- 
 
 tions where the circular style prevails.* The present remains (as laid down in the 
 Ground Plan, Plate I. and exhibited in the other prints) comprise only that 
 
 part 
 
 * In this essay, and in the subsequent parts of the present work, I shall find it necessary to em- 
 ploy some precise terms, calculated to characterize the various styles of that ancient architecture, 
 which peculiarly belongs to Great Britain, and of w hich we are endeavouring to investigate the history 
 and ascertain the principles. The usual common-place terms of Saxon and Gothic, arc not only ex- 
 tremely vague, but, from indiscriminate application, are completely nugatory. It is time this was re- 
 medied ; and it is rather a reproach to antiquarian literature, that such improper and imperfect words 
 should have so long continued in general use. Though almost every writer, on this subject, reprobates 
 the latter term as applied to architecture, yet all continue to use it, as if it were criminal to correct in- 
 accuracy, or oppose an absurd custom, that would be " more honoured in the breach, than in the 
 observance." Though I am not disposed, to employ an imperious dictatorial tone, to enforce the 
 necessity of the following arrangement and classification, yet I am persuaded that every one who feels- 
 the necessity of rendering language unequivocal, of being definite and precise in his own writings, 
 and who hopes to avoid all mistakes in construing the terms employed by others, will admit the 
 propriety of the plan now suggested, or give it a better modification. 
 
 I would recommend that each decisive variety of style, in ancient buildings, be designated by 
 one of the following phrases, agreeably to the era of its prevalence ; and to be more precise in these, 
 it may be necessary to specify five divisions, or eras of time ; each of which is marked by a distinct 
 style of architecture in the public buildings erected during the respective periods. 
 
 %hztth of a jftomenclatuve of ancient architecture. 
 
 INTENDED TO AFFIX PRECISE TERMS TO EACH PECULIAR STYLE IN ENGLISH BUILDINGS. 
 
 first style. — Anglo-Saxon. This will embrace all buildings that were erected between the times of- 
 the conversion of the Saxons, and the Norman conquest, from A. D. 597, to A. D. 
 1066. 
 
 second style. — Anglo-Norman, by which will be meant that style which prevailed from 1066 to 
 1189, including the reigns of Williams I. and II. Henry I. Stephen, and Henry II. 
 
 third style. — English, from 1189 to 1272, embracing the reigns of Richard I. John, and 
 Henry III. 
 
 fourth style. — Decorated English, from 1272 to 1461, including the reigns of Edwards I. II. and 
 
 III. Richard II. and Henrys IV. V. and VI. 
 fifth style.! — Highly decorated, or Jlorid English, from 1461 to 1509, including the reigns of 
 Edwards IV. and V. Richard III. and Henry VII. 
 
 From this era we lose sight of all style and congruity ; and the public buildings erected during 
 the reigns of Henry VIII. Elizabeth, and James I. may be characterized by the terms of Debased 
 English, or Anglo-Italian. 
 
 As all these styles are intended to be exhibited and described in the course of this work, I shall 
 merely observe at present, that though each is very distinct and different from the other, yet during the 
 intermediate time when one style was growing into repute and the other sinking in favour, there "ill 
 be found a mixture of both in one building, which is not referable to cither, and which has consti- 
 tuted the greatest problem in antiquarian science. For much curious and interesting information on. 
 this subject, see Dallaway's " Observations on English Architecture," <Scc. 8vo. 1800. 
 
4 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 part of the church, called the nave, with its ailes, parts of the transept, and a 
 large porch on the southern side. In this fragment of a large pile are displayed 
 three or four different styles, all of which appear to have gradually advanced 
 in lightness of form and elegance of character. The perfect semicircular arch, 
 as the earliest example, is conspicuous in the western front, the southern porch, 
 the original lower tier of windows round the ailes, and in the middle division 
 of the nave. Some of these are plain and simple in their shape and mouldings ; 
 others are ornamented with sculptured basso-relievo ; and some have a central 
 mullion, with tracery, &c. The latter is a peculiarity deserving the attention 
 of the architect and antiquary,* and may perhaps be considered amongst the 
 earliest, if not the first, examples of the kind. The next variety of feature is the 
 intersecting arch, which formed a sort of an ornamental facing round the lower 
 part of the exterior wall of the church. This member of ancient buildings ap- 
 pears to have been used only as a decoration ; yet its column, and architrave 
 mouldings, with base, capital, &c. are generally designed with strict regard to 
 symmetry and system. As each arch passed directly over the next column, 
 and intersected its proper architrave, it there formed the most perfect pointed 
 afchf. On each side of the nave is a series of pointed arches, which spring 
 from massive columns, and are finished with mouldings and dressings, which 
 more properly assimilate with the circular, than with the pointed style. Above 
 these is a tier of broad round arches, each of which embraces four others, with 
 an open colonnade to the roof of the ailes : and over these is a series of long, 
 narrow, pointed, arched windows, with mullions, tracery, &c. These are the 
 prominent architectural features of the present building, which, whether consi- 
 dered as a whole, or examined in detail, furnishes so many interesting examples, 
 that I have been tempted to bestow on it a more than usual portion of illustra- 
 tive plates. 
 
 Respecting the precise time when the present church was built, I believe there 
 is no decisive document preserved, and every author who has written on the 
 subject, seems to have been more desirous of asserting its remote antiquity and 
 Saxon origin, than of proving the exact period of its erection. 
 
 Influenced by a very different sentiment, I shall always prefer fact to fable 
 and argument to sophistry ; and shall only expect the confidence of my reader, 
 whilst I continue to adhere to this principle. Of the religious foundation at 
 Malmsbury, as of most others, there are many idle and futile traditions related. 
 These might formerly have answered the sinister ends of some sagacious monks, 
 
 but 
 
 * See plate VI. B. where this window is faithfully represented. 
 
 + See Sir Richard Iloare's elegant edition of Giraldus Cambrensis, at the end of which is a geo- 
 metrical representation of these arches. See also plate VI. A. in the annexed views. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
 5 
 
 bat are only deserving of notice now, as tending to display the customs of an 
 age, when craft and credulity were the prominent characteristics of mankind. 
 The impartial history of monachism proves, that, from its first establishment in 
 this country, to the time of the reformation, including a space of nearly 
 800 years, the power, the intolerance, and the influence of the monks were ex- 
 cessive. Many of the Saxon monarchs were merely their passive agents, and, 
 influenced by their persuasions, or intimidated by their threats, were induced 
 to make and confirm various decrees, grants, deeds, &c. in their favour. In 
 some of these, promises of eternal salvation are held forth to those who would 
 aid and support the monasteries, and everlasting torment denounced against 
 any one who had the temerity to oppose them, by adhering to the dictates of 
 reason and truth. Instances of this may be found in various official docu- 
 ments, but an extract from the charter of Edward the Confessor to this mo- 
 nastery will be sufficient to justify these remarks, and will be found illustrative 
 of the present subject. 
 
 " — I, Edward, through the divine favour, governing the royal sceptre of 
 " the English, being asked by Brithric, Abbot of the Monastery of Malmsbury, 
 " with the consent of my bishops and nobles, for the honour of the holy Mo- 
 " ther of God, Mary, perpetual Virgin, and for reverence of St. Aldhelm, 
 " formerly abbot of the same monastery, afterwards Bishop of Sherburne ; whose 
 " glorious body in the same church venerably reposeth, and shines with many 
 " miracles, do grant, and by my royal authority do enjoin, that the same 
 " church, and all its lands and possessions, which this day it holds,* or here- 
 " after, by the bounty of any of my faithful people, it may hold, in perpetual 
 " right and in perpetual peace they may hold. — And I do grant and enjoin 
 " that the same church be free from all worldly yoke, viz. of shires and hun- 
 " dreds, and pleas and quarrels, and all gelds and customs. I grant moreover 
 " to it full liberty, that is, saca and soka, tol and theam, infangtheoffe, man- 
 " buche, 6$c.-\ Whoever, therefore, assists this our donation or liberty, may it 
 tl lead him to the enjoyment of Paradise. But whoever contemns it, may 
 
 II E, 
 
 * In the charter of exemption from secular affairs and confirmation of privileges which Edward 
 the Confessor granted to this monastery, in 1065, there is an enumeration of all the lands and pos- 
 s essions belonging to it at that time, from which it appears to have been immensely rich. The ma- 
 tt ors are said to have consisted of 350 hides of land — nearly equal to 40,000 acres. 
 
 + Saca, Soka, &c. occur in most of the monastic charters, and imply the manorial privileges, 
 € ommon in feudal times, of free liberty of sale, or purchase, having markets, fairs, and mills, and 
 exercising jurisdiction over their immediate vassals. Fosbrooke. 
 Arch. Antics. Pt. VI. X 
 
8 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 (£ HE, WITH HANDS AND FEET BOUND, BE PLUNGED INTO THE DEPTH 
 " OF HELL."* 
 
 The charter of William the Conqueror to this monastery contains heavy 
 anathemas and curses against all persons who should infringe upon, or dimi- 
 nish, its benefactions, and a blessing to such as should increase or improve the 
 revenues, f 
 
 The historical annals of Malmsbury Abbey relate that it acquired celebrity 
 at an early period, and continued to increase in riches and influence from its 
 first establishment to the period of its dissolution. Many kings and nobles con* 
 tributed largely to enhance its revenues ; among these were the Saxon kings 
 Ina, Athelstan, Edgar, and Edward the Confessor : also William the Con- 
 queror, and his Queen Matilda. Its primary attraction, however, may be re- 
 ferred to Aldhelm, a native of the place, who, in a dark age of illiteracy and 
 grovelling superstition, possessed a cultivated head and an enlightened mind.-* 
 Considering the time in which he lived (the seventh century) " he was an emi- 
 " nent scholar, a good writer, a poet of no mean merit, and an excellent musi- 
 " cian."J He was nephew to Ina, King of Wessex, was nominated the first 
 regular abbot of this foundation, afterwards advanced to the see of Sherburne, 
 and finally canonized. The fame and influence of such a man, must have 
 greatly promoted the prosperity of his monastery, and we find that Lutherius, 
 who was then Bishop of Winchester, and Primate of the West Saxons, § gave 
 the town, &c. of Malmsbury to the new foundation. |j 
 
 The 
 
 * Translation of the charter, from the register book of the abbey, by Mr. Caley. 
 t Dugdale's Monasticon, Vol. 1, p. 53. 
 
 + Aikin's " General Biography," vol. 1, p. 141, See an account of his life by Will, of Malms- 
 bury, Ang. Sac. vol. II. 
 
 § Malmsbury was situated on the borders of Wessex, adjoining to Mercia. 
 
 || The deed relating to this donation is preserved by William of Malmsbury, (dc gest. reg. 
 Angl. lib. 1, p. 6 — 7,) and the following translation of it is given in MoffaPs history of the 
 town, &c. 8vo. 1806. 
 
 " I, Lutherius, by the grace of God, Bishop, and Primate of the West Saxons, have been asked 
 by the abbots,* who are known to preside with pastoral anxiety over the convent of monks, sub- 
 ject to our parochial Iaw,+ that I would vouchsafe to grant to Aldhelm, the presbyter, for the pur- 
 pose of enabling him to lead a monastic life, that land which is called Maildidfesburch, in which place 
 he has constantly lived from his earliest infancy, and was there instructed betimes in the rudiments 
 of liberal learning, and brought up in the bosom of our holy mother the church. From this circum- 
 
 stan coj 
 
 * By this plural term, I presume that Aldhelm and Mcyldulph were considered as joint Abbots. 
 | Dugdale says, that the division of a diocese into parishes first took place about A. D. C36, 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
 ? 
 
 The great Athelstan made Aklhelm his tutelary saint, and, for his sake, 
 granted vast immunities to the town, and enriched the monastery with ample 
 gifts. Among these, and what tended most essentially to attract and awe the 
 superstitious of the age, was part, of what was said to be the real cross of Christ, 
 and a portion of his crown of thorns, which Athelstan had received as presents, 
 with other similar relics, from Hugh, King of France, and which he gave to 
 this abbey. 
 
 He also commanded to be interred within its walls ; and dying at Glou- 
 cester, in 941, his remains were brought to this place, and deposited with great 
 funeral pomp under the high altar.* In the reign of Edgar (about A. D. 974) 
 we find some slight remark on the monastic buildings of the time, by which it 
 appears that no part of the present structure could have existed at that period. 
 In a deed relating to Malmsbury Abbey, &c. he declares his resolution, to " re- 
 " store the sacred monasteries, which being composed of rotten shingles and 
 " ivorm-eaten boards, divine service was neglected in them, and they were al- 
 (t most deserted." He therefore " had issued gifts from his treasury for the 
 " repairing of the ruined edifces, and had appointed JElfric, a man cmi- 
 " nently skilled and practised in ecclesiastical matters, to preside over the fa- 
 " mous Abbey of Malmsbury," &cf" 
 
 Among all the royal grants and deeds that have been handed down to us 
 relating to this establishment, the present is the only one that alludes to the 
 buildings i and this serves more to perplex than inform the critical antiquary. 
 If it applies to the monastic edifices in general, they must have been, original- 
 ly, of bad construction ; and that of Malmsbury was certainly so, as the deed 
 more immediately alludes to that structure. Hence we may safely conclude, 
 that the church, of which the present remains form a part, was not built till 
 after this period. Indeed its architecture is clearly of a later date, and as do- 
 cuments are wanting to demonstrate the precise time, we must either admit 
 some other evidence, or leave the subject in perplexing obscurity. Some anti- 
 quaries may rejoice at this circumstance, as it allows them freely to range in the 
 boundless plains of conjecture, and gives them a seeming plausible authority 
 
 for 
 
 stance, principally, fraternal affection seems to suggest the present petition. Wherefore in compli- 
 ance with the prayer of the aforesaid abbots, and induced by the request of the brotherhood, I vo- 
 luntarily grant the place itself to them and their successors, following the rule of the holy order with 
 diligent devotion." Done in public, by the side of the river Bladon, Sept. 8, 075. 
 
 * Will. Malmsbury Anglia Sac. p. 29. 
 
 + Ibid. 
 
8 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTUIIQTIES. 
 
 for the adoption of hypothesis : but we must seek either for historical fact, or 
 rational analogy, before we acquiesce in any proposition relating to antiquity. 
 
 Whether Malmsbury was ever an episcopal seat or not, may admit of 
 a doubt, as Odo, Bishop of Wiltshire, is styled by some writers, Episcopas 
 Malmsburite. It is pretty certain, that, after the death of Abbot Brictwald, or 
 Brithric, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, Herman, Bishop of Wiltshire, 
 obtained the royal consent to establish the Episcopal seat here, which, at that 
 time, is said to have been at Ramsbury, in this county.* The monks opposed 
 this, ( and, by the influence of Earl Godwin, succeeded in preventing the bishop 
 from effecting his scheme. Provoked at this, he retired to France, and entered 
 the monastery of St. Bertin, took the monastic habit, and continued there for 
 three years. f On his return, he obtained permission of the king to unite the 
 divided sees of Sherburne and Wilton, and, in the same reign, when it was or- 
 dered that episcopal seats should be settled in the principal towns, he fixed that 
 of Wiltshire at Old Sarum. At this time it appears that the town of Malms- 
 bury was of some consequence, and soon afterwards acquired very considerable 
 importance, both as a military and monastic station. Bishop Roger, who ac- 
 quired great power in the kingdom during the reign of Henry I. was particu- 
 larly active in this county, and, according to the concurring testimony of 
 many historians, he built castles, or greatly augmented the fortifications, at 
 Malmsbury, Devizes, Sherburne, and Sarum. During his prelacy and power, 
 he deposed Abbot Edulf, who had governed the convent of Malmsbury for 
 twelve years, and usurped his place. He was made, by his patron, Henry I. 
 chancellor, and chief justiciary of England, bishop of Salisbury, and, during 
 the absence of the monarch in Normandy, he was entrusted with the govern- 
 ment of the kingdom.;}; Invested with this extraordinary power, being naturally 
 very ambitious, and possessing great wealth, it is extremely probable that he 
 aimed at renown by the erection of some large edifice. To him, or to the pe- 
 riod in which he lived, I am therefore inclined to look for the origin of the Abbey 
 Church at Malmsbury. 
 
 * Though it appears that a bishop of this see sometimes resided at Ramsbury, I am induced to 
 believe that a cathedral was never erected there. 
 
 + See history of the Bishops of Sarum. " Antiquitatis Sarisburiensis." 
 
 + Carte's " General History of Eugland," vol. I. p. 513, See also p. 534. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH 
 
 9 
 
 Two nephews of Roger were also advanced through his influence to the Sees 
 of Lincolu and Ely : and it may be amusing, if not eminently interesting to the ar- 
 chitectural antiquary, to examine and compare the great churches at those cities 
 and that at Malmsbury. In these structures we shall find many parts of exactly 
 the same style, and indicating the same era.* From the reasons here assigned, and 
 from others which might be adduced, I cannot persuade myself to believe that any 
 material part of the present building was erected before the reign of Henry the 
 First : and during his government no man was more likely to perform this mag- 
 nificent design than the chancellor already named. In referring the building to 
 him, I am aware that I oppose the arguments and assertions of many writers 
 and antiquaries :f but should any of these feel offended, I must apprize them, 
 that I cannot acquiesce in any theory, or opinion, that is not decidedly founded 
 on document, analogy, or consistency. If then we view the nave, transepts, 
 and other parts of this building, which are of an uniform style, as the prevailing 
 order of the period already alluded to, we shall have some examples of arches, 
 doors, windows, &c. of a peculiarly interesting nature : and shall contemplate the 
 pointed arches of the nave, (see plate X.) with increased pleasure. William of 
 Malmsbury (De Gestis Rerum) speaks of Bishop Roger's architecture in terms 
 of high encomium, and more particularly notices the extraordinary (for that 
 time) closeness of the joints, and neatness of the masonry, of his works at 
 Malmsbury, Sarum, Devizes, &c.^' This bishop was imprisoned at the latter 
 place, by King Stephen, in the year 1 1 37, § and presuming that the nave, &c. 
 were built before that event, we find a series of uniform pointed arches, of a 
 date much anterior to what is generally admitted. In the remains now intended 
 to be illustrated, there are however some portions of a much later date, the cha- 
 racteristics 
 
 * The outer architrave moulding of the grand arch of entrance at the west end of Lincoln cathedral 
 springs from a dragon's head, similar to those at Malmsbury. See PI. VI. A. 4, and several other 
 ornaments and details are of correspondent character. 
 
 + In Hearne and Byrne's Antiquities it is stated, " that the remains of the circular arch of the 
 western entrance, as well as the great porch on the south side, whose members are so richly orna- 
 mented, with small bass-reliefs, are remaining members of the original stone structure ; the building of 
 which, it may be presumed, was begun in the reign of King Edgar." Mr. Mollatt subscribes to this 
 opinion, and Mr. Carter, at the back of his dedication to his " Ancient Architecture," represents 
 " part of the remains of the west front" as " founded in 675." — It is a common practice to refer the 
 oldest parts of monastic buildings to the period of the original foundation : but this practice is of a 
 dangerous tendency, as calculated to deceive the judgment. 
 
 + Gough's Camden, I. 88. 
 
 § See Antiquitatcs Sarisburiensis, 8 to. 
 Jrch. Anliqs. Pt. VII. Y 
 
10 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 jacteristics of which, with those of the whole building, I shall endeavour to de- 
 scribe and define : and here I cannot but regret the want of precise description 
 in former writers, and fidelity in draughtsmen. Whilst the former are very 
 meagre, the latter are extremely inaccurate.* 
 
 William of Worcester, who travelled over several parts of England in the 
 -reign of Henry the sixth, visited Malmsbury, and has left us the following me- 
 moranda, relating to the dimensions of some parts of this abbey.| 
 
 " Longitudo totius Ecclesite Monasterii Sancti Aldelmi de Malmesbury, 
 
 cum choro continet 172 Gressus meos ; ac Latitudo ejus continet 42 
 
 Gressus. 
 
 Longitudo Capellae beatas Marias in Orientum continet 36 Gressus. 
 Latitudo Capellas ejusdem continet 9 Gressus. 
 
 Longitudo claustri ex omni parte continet quodlibet Claustrum |4 Gres- 
 sus. 
 
 Latitudo Navis Ecclesias Principalis ultra Alis continet 22 Gressus." 
 Such are the measurements of this ancient writer ; but these afford us little 
 information, and even that little becomes questionable. The chapel at the east 
 end is said to be 36 Gressus, or steps, by 9; which makes it four times its 
 breadth in length ; an unusual and awkward disproportion. The whole length, 
 compared with the total width, and width of the nave, produce similar dis- 
 proportions ; J and I cannot deduce any satisfactory conclusions from these 
 Gressus. 
 
 The next account of this building is by Leland, who visited it in the time 
 of Henry the Eighth, and who calls it " a right magnificent thing ; where were 2 
 steples.§ One that had a mightie high pyramis, and felle daungerusly, in 
 hominum mcmoria, and sins was not re-edified ; it stode in the midle of the 
 
 transeptum 
 
 * I have never seen or heard of any ground plan of this building, and the oldest print of it ex- 
 tant, I believe, was engraved for the Monasticon. This merely indicates the nave, and the central tower, 
 to the height of the nave ; but its drawing is so palpably inaccurate, as to be totally useless ; for 
 the open arches of the tower are represented as pointed. See Plate VIII. where the shape of one of 
 these is delineated. 
 
 + His MSS. are in Bennet College Library, Cambridge. They were published by Dr. Nasmilh. 
 
 J Expecting to have obtained some satisfactory measurements, I intended to have had an en- 
 graved ground plan of the whole building ; but must forego my intention, for want of proper au- 
 thorities. 
 
 § Few writers make any distinction or discrimination in the words tozcer and steeple : I shall 
 employ the former only to specify such square and round buildings as arc without spires. 
 
MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 11 
 
 transeptum of the chirch, and was a marke to al the countrie aboute. The other 
 yet stondith a greate square toure at the west ende of the church."* By this 
 laconic information we are told that a central tower, with a lofty steeple, was 
 standing only a few years before Leland visited Malmsbury, and that a large 
 square tower remained at that time. Both these are however destroyed, and 
 their shapes and architectural characters are also swept away with them. In- 
 deed so great has been the dilapidation of this building, that not above one 
 sixth part of it now remains : and this small portion is gradually mouldering 
 beneath the tread of time, and the more rapidly-destructive operation of wan- 
 ton mischief, and reprehensible negligence. 
 
 After the monastery was dissolved by Henry the Eighth, a Mr. Stumpe, an 
 opulent clothier of this town, in conjunction with the townsmen, purchased 
 the site and remains of the abbey, and appropriated the church to parochial 
 purposes. At this time, according to Leland, there was a " litle church join- 
 ing to the south side of the transeptum of the Abby Chirch, where sum say 
 Joannes Scottus the great clerk was slayne, about the tyme of Alfred e King of 
 West-Saxons, of his own disciples thrusting and strikking hym with their tabic 
 pointelles." At the time Leland was here the square tower at the west end was 
 used as a dwelling house : and there were two other churches in the Abbey 
 church yard.f When the nave of the Abbey church was made parochial, it 
 appears to have undergone some alteration : the east and west ends being 
 walled up, some windows enlarged, the area pewed, &c. These walls are 
 marked with fainter lines in the accompanying ground plan, Plate I. in which 
 two windows on the south side and one to the north are marked of wider di- 
 mensions. By this print also the thickness of the original walls, opening of 
 the windows, length and width of the nave, ailes, transept, porch, &c. are 
 defined. The number of columns, situation and number of interior and exte- 
 rior pilasters, with the buttresses, are all marked in this plate, and defined with 
 as much precision as the scale will admit. In briefly describing the nine other 
 Prints, I hope to satisfy the curiosity of the reader, and develope all the archi- 
 tectural features of the present remains. 
 
 Plate II. represents the southern side, in which are displayed the great 
 porch, the lower tier of windows, an upper tier, some Hying buttresses, with 
 their pinnacles, and an ornamental perforated ballustrade. Round the low r e] 
 
 * I )art 
 
 Lcland's Itinerary, Vol. II. p. 25. 
 
 + The eastern end of one of these, with its steeple, still remains, but arc situated on the south 
 s-ide of the abbey church, not to the west, as mentioned by Leland. 
 
r 
 
 Vl ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 part of the wall was a continued series of intersecting archivault mouldings, 
 forming arcades, which must have been intended merely as ornamental. These 
 are continued along the western front, and also round the transepts. Immedi- 
 ately over this is a plain string moulding, and above that a series of round- 
 headed windows. These being of enlarged dimensions, the architect introduced 
 a central mulliou with tracery formed into trefoil mouldings. The proportion 
 and character of these may be seen in the example delineated Plate VI. B. 
 The upper tier of windows are of the decorated English style, and were probably 
 introduced about the time of Edward the Third, when the abbot was made a 
 peer of the realm ; and several alterations were then made in the church : the 
 door communicating with the cloisters on the north side (see Plate VI. B.) the 
 large window in the lower story, on the same side, and a lofty window at the 
 west end, parts of which, with the rosets in the cavetto moulding to the door- 
 way, are delineated in Plates III. and IV. correspond with the prevailing style 
 of that period. The flying buttresses, with the pinnacles, and the elegant 
 fret-work ballustrade, appear to be of the same age, and are useful and beau- 
 tiful appendages to both sides of the building. The buttress over the porch 
 nearest the west end is dissimilar to the others : it was probably constructed 
 stronger , as an additional stay or support to the great tower, which Leland de- 
 scribes to have been at the west end. 
 
 Plate III, In this the remains of the western front are shewn in per- 
 spective, and in Plate IV. part of the columns, mouldings, and sculpture of 
 the great western door-way are detailed more at large. From this sadly muti- 
 lated remain, we may fairly conclude that the whole, in its pristine state, must 
 have been grand, fine, and impressive. The varied arcades, mouldings, sculp- 
 ture, windows, and central door, gave it a very rich and ornamented appear- 
 ance : and the workmanship is also of excellent and substantial execution. One 
 of the capitals, on the south side of the door-way, is charged with a figure of 
 Sagitarius, and it is likely that other zodiacal signs were represented in some of 
 the oval compartments which extended round the arch. The running scrolls 
 are beautiful in form, and nearly resemble some Grecian and Roman ornaments. 
 When S. and N. Buck made their drawing, in 1732, this arch appears to have 
 been perfect, though they have not defined the columns. 
 
 Plate V. represents a grand mass of ruins, wherein one of the four large 
 arches, which formerly supported the central tower, with its "pyramis," as Leland 
 calls it, appears a bold and imposing feature. This lofty and singularly shaped 
 arch excites very general admiration. The archivault does not spring immedi- 
 ately 
 
//.-.,.'. n , ,/ hvJJioffi Irum a Drmntn; hy. 7. C tfhmSt /i/r liie Architrttural Ant*<ptih«r i*/" tlr*at Britain. 
 
 Inner Door - J1 r .lY to 
 Wiltshire. 
 
 YlirAr PRESIDENT, \1CE VRES ll)ENTSi,,<- I 'l-.l.J.t'H W o/ , Wi.-/.,rfr,irrA /V,//,uv/>/ur<i/SonflVt>t 'A7Mist'isrfir;W^^^ 
 
 IpnJen Jari' f* 180J by Iflrt./nuui J/itr.ir A'OrmrPat'rruicttr£t>wJ-'f'ivlt , rlIi'lh Itolhnrtt aniiJJtriwn, T.n-islarlel'loer . 
 
MALMSBURY 
 
 ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
 13 
 
 ately from the capitals, as usual in the semi-arch, hut the mouldings, after pre- 
 serving their perpendicular lines for about six feet above the capitals, converge, 
 and form an arch of what is commonly called the horse-shoe shape : i. e. ra- 
 ther flattened at top. The intercolumniation is not so wide, by nearly ten feet, 
 as that on the western side of the tower ; consequently the latter formed a pa- 
 rallelogram. The tower of St John's church, at Devizes, Wiltshire, is of simi- 
 lar shape, and the two narrow sides are supported by pointed arches, though 
 the regular Norman circular style prevails in all the remaining part of the origi- 
 nal building.* The view now under consideration, represents the two pointed 
 arches, which form the shape of the groined roofs of the ailes ; to the north and 
 south of which the transepts extended about forty feet on each side beyond the 
 exterior walls. This extent is ascertained on the southern side. The east end of the 
 building shewn in the annexed print is buried about five feet beneath the rubbish. 
 
 Plate VI. consists of some details, or enlarged representations of parts of 
 the building. A. 1 and 2, are views of two pateras, or sculptured stones, for- 
 merly used as ornaments to particular portions of this structure. Several of 
 these are inserted in the walls on the south and north fronts, near the upper tier 
 of windows towards the transept : many others are built up in a wall belonging to 
 the Abbey House. 3. The billeted-moulding at the centre of the pointed arch 
 of the nave, with the grotesque animal's head enlarged. See also plate X, Fi- 
 gures 4:4: represent a front and profile view of a head, which terminates the 
 archivault mouldings of the pointed arches on each side the nave, also round 
 the exterior of the great porch. These heads vary in figure and character : some 
 resembling that of a dog, others a snake, and some a sort of dragon, or crea- 
 ture -of imagination. The sculpture is bold and cxepressive. 
 
 In Plates VII. and IX. the exterior and interior door-ways of the 
 southern porch are represented, with their elaborately ornamental sculpture : 
 the first displays the eight enriched mouldings, which extend all round the arch, 
 from base to base, and adorn the exterior porch, f Five of these are decorated 
 with running trellis work, and interlacing diagonal strings, and the other three 
 are covered with a profusion of sculptured figures in basso-relievo, enclosed within 
 oval bands. The figures appear to represent various passages from the old and 
 new testament : and though many of them are very distorted, and ill designed, 
 yet, as specimens of the art of that age, they are extremely curious. The other 
 door-way, PI. IX. without columns, is also decorated with sculptures : beneath 
 
 the 
 
 * This very curious church and lower will be represented in a subsequent part of this work. 
 + In Ilcarnc and Byrne's Antiquities, and in the Gentleman's Magazine, July 1802, by Mr. 
 Carter these mouldings are described as " column though there is ueither shaft nor capital. 
 Anh. Antiqs. Pt. VII. Z 
 
14 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 the arch is an impost charged with a basso-relievo, which appears to represent 
 the personified deity supported by two angels : on the right hand is a large pis- 
 cina, let into the wall. Each side of the porch is decorated with an arcade, 
 over which are twelve large figures in bold relief, six on each side, supposed to 
 be intended for the apostles, with two figures of Time flying over their heads. 
 
 Flate VIII. is introduced to shew the situation of the Church and Abbey 
 House, with the northern side of the nave, &c. of the former. From this point 
 of view, the nave, with the lofty open arch, appears particularly bold and grand. 
 Seated on the brow of a hill, which slopes rapidly to the north, and to the 
 south-west, where two rivulets wind through narrow irriguous vallies, and nearly 
 encompass the town, this abbey, with all its offices, must have appeared, from 
 every approach, strikingly magnificent as a work of art, and awfully imposing as 
 the hallowed temple of a religion, which infused terror or magnanimity into the 
 minds of men. 
 
 Plate X. is an interior view, representing three divisions of the south side 
 of the nave next to the transept, and defining the correct shape of the lower tier 
 of arches, with their columns, capitals, bases, &c. The arch nearest to the east end 
 is narrower than either of the others, and has a torus moulding of singular shape. 
 Above is another tier of arches opening to the roof of the ailes. They are semi- 
 circular, and each large arch enclosed a series of four others: one of the spaces 
 is walled up. The next tier displays the windows of the upper story, which ap- 
 pears to have been raised about Edward the Third's time, as already noticed : 
 On the left is represented a small part of the present altar skreen, beyond 
 which, between the first column and pier, is an ancient monument, com- 
 monly called King Athelstan's ; but the shape and character of the tomb, 
 figure, and canopy, all indicate a much later period. 
 
 With the foregoing descriptions, and illustrations, it is hoped that the 
 principal architectural features of the present remains will be easily under- 
 stood, and hereby preserved ; for though they are in a lamentable state of dilapi- 
 dation, and shameful neglect, yet enough is left to demonstrate, that much 
 architectural science, and masonic skill, conspired to raise this once magnificent, 
 but much degraded structure. 
 
 * # * In page 7 of this essay, the translated words of King Edgar's charter imply that the Saxon 
 monasteries were built entirely of timber. Conformably to the suggestion of my good friend the Rev. 
 J. Ingram, Saxon professor at Oxford, I wish to correct this : he observes that " the Latin words 
 are tigno tenus, visibilita directa, &c. that is, I conclude, they were in a visible state of decay as far as 
 the roof, or contignation, as Sir H. Wotton expresses it. I have taken the liberty" he continues, " of 
 making this remark ; because it now appears that nothing but the roof was composed of timber," &c. 
 
 END Of THE ACCOUNT OF MALMSBURY ABBEY CHURCH. 
 
**pwtS fyjehn Smith, frrm a Dtvwtno fy I. f. Jhtu/I. tbr Ifu *4rrAVMun/ .twquirl*, ( ,r 6rtat tinl.Un 
 
 / x vi-: /t / ox of 
 Wit&hire. 
 
 7b Wl't>iun;.\ Ky ' Mauri /■■ t, y w/i,> fuu tUrpUared much Taste xsAi// in the d&tian & construction 
 of fiaton //a/t Cherhire, ix. this Hate is respatAtitv inscribed bv , 
 
 ' • • /fir .inttinr 
 
 ImtmiJWUkli Mim*,',ll« 7 .l ! y imuiman.llimi. *"■> ■<■ Omu, tkanuarJUm/JjMn SUA mgttm, mU J Ana™. Tmi*n*rt„* 
 
AN ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Colchester Castle, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 The history of castles involves a severe satire on the propensities and pursuits 
 of man ; for the former had never been necessary but from the rapacity or un- 
 bridled tyranny of the vicious part of the latter. In all ages of the world, the 
 horrid and savage system of warfare appears to have been studied and encou- 
 raged : and though many persons were compelled to it from rational motives of 
 self-defence, yet the great majority seems to have indulged in it con amore. If 
 literature has one paramount duty, it is to reprobate, (in the present enlightened 
 age) the inhuman practice of slaughtering men by thousands,* and to admo- 
 nish the governors of nations to cultivate the benign blessings of peace, and 
 the amenities of social life. The castle in ruins is a pleasing object to the eye 
 of an artist, but the strongly fortified castle must excite painful emotions in the 
 mind of the philosopher. From the settlement of the Romans in Great Bri- 
 tain, about A. D. 44, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, embracing 
 a space of about fifteen hundred years, the annals of this country are replete 
 with narratives of slaughter: either internal dissentions, or foreign wars, made 
 every adult a soldier, and kept him in almost constant employ : and as victory 
 was then the only road to fame and fortune, the profession was studied by the 
 young, and praised by the aged. Castles were then necessarily erected in almost 
 every part of the country, and were varied in size, shape, character, and situa- 
 tion, according to the age when they were raised, or the skill and power of the 
 architect or proprietor. As a particular account and definitive description of tlu 
 varieties of this class of buildings will necessarily come into another division of 
 the Architectural Antiquities, I shall confine myself, at present, to the consi- 
 deration of the castle at Colchester. 
 
 This 
 
 il One murder makes a villain, 
 
 Millions a hero. Princes are privileged 
 To kill, and numbers sanctify the crime." 
 
 " Death," a poem, by Porlcus, Bishop of London. 
 
 See u War, a poem," by Fawcett. 
 
2 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 This singular structure stands on an elevated spot of ground near the north 
 east corner of the ancient Roman station of Camalodunum, and was encom- 
 passed with a foss and vallum. The remains consist mostly of the shell, or ex- 
 terior walls, of what appears to have been the Keep. It is too small to consti- 
 tute a complete fortress, and therefore I am inclined to suppose that the portion 
 now called the castle is only the keep, or a part of a much larger building. The 
 castles of Lancaster, Corfe, Guildford, and some others, have keeps of nearly 
 similar shape and character ; and that at Bamborough has appertures, or win- 
 dows, in the walls, nearly resembling those at Colchester.* Here the walls aie 
 extremely thick, and of vast solidity. They are constructed with a mix- 
 ture of clay-stone, flint, Roman tiles, Sec. the whole combined, and strongly 
 held together, by a proper quantity of lime cement poured into all the inter- 
 stices, f In some places the tiles are laid in horizontal courses all round 
 the building, and in other parts they are disposed in oblique positions, inclining 
 alternately to the right and to the left. This is commonly called the herring- 
 bone fashion ; and instances of it are found in the castles at Guildford, Corfe, 
 and in several other ancient buildings. The solid walls, at the foundation, are 
 thirty feet thick ; and, as they rise, contract to fourteen, twelve, and eleven 
 feet thick at different heights of the building. The north and south sides ex- 
 ternally measure 14G, and 126 feet; by 1(56 feet on the east and west. At the 
 north-east, and north-west angles are projecting square towers : at the south- 
 west angle is also another of larger dimensions, enclosing the stair-case, and at 
 the east end, adjoining the south angle, is a semicircular tower, with flat but- 
 tresses. The principal and only original entrance is on the south side, where 
 a strong but ornamental door-way appears to have been erected since the ori- 
 ginal building. It had two columns on each side, with sculptured capitals, and 
 three torus mouldings in the arch. Just within this is a groove for the port- 
 cullis, 
 
 * See King's Munimenta Antiqua, vol. III. 
 
 + " Flints, which are one of the abundant productions of this county, (Norfolk), have not been 
 overlooked by our predecessors in building. We find the substance of all old walls, in this part of 
 the kingdom, composed of that material ; and with strong-made mortar, which was well incorporated 
 w ith a large quantity of sand, we find them so cemented as to become one solid mass of stone. No 
 material whatever can excel the durability of flints ; for we do not find any where an instance of 
 their perishing by frosty or wet weather ; and, when squared, or laid with care, they are extremely 
 beautiful : in building they have, notwithstanding, but little bond, and depend much upon the mor- 
 tar cement they are fixed with ; for if wet by any means get behind them, the frost soon levels the 
 work." Wilkins's essay on Norwich castle, Archsologia XII. p. 173. It is but justice to say that 
 this essay, with its accompanying prints, are the most rational and tasteful of any thing of the kjnd 
 yet published. 
 
COLCHESTER CASTLE. 
 
 3 
 
 cullis, and there is no appearance of any other harrier or door having been fixed 
 here. On the right, within the entrance, is a nich, where the guard or porter 
 appears to have been stationed. Further in, on the same side, is an apartment, 
 where is a flight of stairs descending into the vaults, or cells, and in this apart- 
 ment was the mouth of a well, which was about forty-five feet deep and five feet 
 diameter. It is now arched over : at the time of doing which, the workmen 
 descended, and, about half way down, discovered an arched passage construct- 
 ed of lloman tiles, and diverging from the well towards the south. On the 
 left of the entrance is the staircase, which is circular, with a central column or 
 newel, running the whole height, arched above and built of stone. See 
 plate 1 A a and B. The ground floor appears to have been divided into six 
 apartments ; and over these was another floor, also divided into different rooms. 
 The precise original appropriation and character of these cannot now easily be 
 defined, as many alterations have been made, at different periods, in the interior 
 arrangement. The great room, or area> marked 1, plate 1, is now open to the 
 sky, but was formerly covered in with a roof, and extended only to the dotted 
 line on its eastern side. At fig. 5. is a small room, arched over head, and only 
 lighted by a small square aperture through the south wall. At fig. 4. is a 
 strongly arched apartment, sometimes called the prison, with walls of extraor- 
 dinary thickness. The first floor, or story, M as occupied by the chapel and 
 other principal apartments. In these the windows, fire places, chimnies, privy, 
 ^nd sally port, were curiously constructed. " On entering the chapel, which 
 is a venerable piece of ancient architecture, the beauty of its proportions strikes 
 the eye, notwithstanding the massiveness of its construction. It is arched 
 above, and receives its light through five windows, two of which have been 
 greatly enlarged ; but the three at the east end, which remain nearly in their 
 original state, will serve to give an idea of the portion with which it was illu- 
 mined. The altar, which was placed with great propriety in the centre of the 
 arched extremity, where the rays of light from the three eastern windows meet 
 in a point, received the greater part of the small allotment ; and with the sur- 
 rounding obscurity, aided by the solemnity of choral service, must have pro- 
 duced an effect wonderfully striking."* 
 
 " In the north-east and north-west towers, upon the same floor with the 
 
 chapel, 
 
 * History and Description of Colchester, Svo. 1803, vol. ii. p. 160. 
 Arch. Anliqs. Pt. VII. A a 
 
i 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 chapel, are small rooms, or recesses: and in the latter is also a staircase, which 
 descends from the upper part of the tower, and terminates at the first floor. At 
 the foot of these stairs, in the north wall, is a sally-port, (now closed up), which 
 opened upon an abutment of the north-west tower, from whence a descent was 
 made by a ladder. This sally-port, which is nine feet wide, and the great 
 door in the south wall, are the only original entrances into the castle."* 
 
 The original windows, as marked in the ground plan, Plate I. and shewn in 
 Plates II. and III. have very small apertures externally. "An arched nich, 
 about three feet deep, formed the inner opening of the window, in the back of 
 which nich, another, of less dimensions, gradually decreasing in breadth, pene- 
 trated about seven feet further, at the extreme end of which a narrow aperture, 
 about eight inches wide, lined with hewn stone, was made through the remain- 
 ing thickness of the wall. From the floor of the rooms an ascent was made 
 the depth of these niches, to the narrow part of the window, by a small flight 
 of stairs. Upon the south and west sides, the castle was encompassed by a 
 strong wall, in which were two gates ; and upon the north and east by a strong 
 rampart of earth. This rampart is thrown upon a wall of greater antiquity than 
 the castle, "t 
 
 Concerning the origin of this structure, we have different conjectural ac- 
 counts. Norden ascribes its erection to Edward the Elder ; but in the Monas- 
 ticon it is referred to Eudo Dapifer, sewar, or steward, to William the Con- 
 queror. The tradition recorded in the Colchester Chronicle clearly alludes to 
 a more ancient edifice on this spot, and from the quantity of Roman tile, &c. 
 incorporated in the present structure, it is extremely probably that a castra, or 
 a temple, was standing here when the Romans were established in this station. 
 Colchester Castle, with its precincts, called the Bailey, (Ballium), is extra pa- 
 rochial, and exempt from the jurisdiction of the borough offices. Originally 
 the town was feudatory to the castle ; but an exemption from all services, fines, 
 &c. was purchased by the burgesses from Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards con- 
 firmed by parliament. At an early period the castle belonged to the crown. It 
 was granted by the Empress Maud to Alberic de Vere, an ancestor to the 
 Veres, X Earls of Oxford. 
 
 It was next bestowed, during pleasure, on Stephen Harengood ; by Henry 
 
 the 
 
 * History and Description of Colchester, 8vo. 1803, vol. ii. p. 160. 
 + lb. p. 163. 
 
 X Some line monuments, for this family, are s lill remaining at Earle's Colne, in this county. 
 
COLCHESTER CASTLE. O 
 
 the Third it was"granted, in 1256, to Guido de la Rupe-ford, or Rochford, who, 
 falling into disgrace, was deprived of his estates and banished. By Edward the 
 First it was successively bestowed on John de Burgh, Richard de Holbrook, 
 and Lawrence de Scaccaris, Sheriff of Essex : to the latter it was granted for a 
 county gaol ; and its demesnes were ordered to be ploughed and sown for the 
 king's use. The next possessor was Robert de Benhall, Knight, to whom it 
 was granted for life by Edward the Third ; from whose reign to that of Charles 
 the First, it was granted to various noblemen and gentlemen, during life or 
 pleasure, by the intermediate sovereigns. Of the latter monarch, James Hay, 
 Earl of Carlisle, purchased the reversion, for himself and heirs for ever. From 
 this family it has passed through various others, chiefly by purchase. In 1683 
 a Mr. John Wheely bought the castle for the express purpose of pulling it down 
 and disposing of the materials. The singular solidity of the building, and 
 strength of the cement, rendered this, if not impracticable, at least unprofitable ; 
 and it was found that the value of the materials would not cover the expence of 
 destruction. Much damage was however done ; large quantities of the Roman 
 brick were taken away, and most of the stone dressings to the windows, doors, 
 arches, &c. were removed. The tops of the towers and walls were forced down 
 with screws, or blown asunder with gunpowder. 
 
 In a letter I received from Mr. Strutt, of Colchester, relating to the masonry, 
 &c. of this castle, he observes, " I have examined the stone work narrowly, and 
 find that the building is composed chiefly of clay-stone and Roman brick ; the 
 first laid in courses of from six to eleven inches, and sometimes a single course 
 of Roman tile or brick, from one and a half to two and a half inches thick. — 
 Sometimes there are two courses of the tile, and in some places these are laid 
 edgeways. The projecting water table round the base of the building is of 
 hard purbeck, or some such stone ; the same kind is used in various other parts, 
 and sometimes Kettering and Kentish rag, with Caen stones, appear to have 
 been used, although it may be difficult to account for the introduction of the 
 latter at a very early period of building ; being, I believe, chiefly used a century 
 or two after the Norman conquest, and in the construction of religious houses." 
 
 The memorable Stege of Colchester, in 1648, and tyrannic cruelties in- 
 flicted on Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, two loyal officers, who lost 
 their lives in behalf of their sovereign, Charles the First, are partly connected 
 with the history of this fortress, and are also solemnly illustrative of the remarks 
 
 with 
 
6 
 
 A RCHITECTURAL 
 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 with which I commenced this essay. At that distracted and calamitous period, 
 when the English parliament and the monarch were directly hostile to each 
 other, and when almost every man in the country was obliged to declare for, 
 and espouse the cause of one of these parties, Colchester was possessed by an 
 army under Sir Charles Lucas, amounting to three thousand four hundred foot 
 and six hundred horse. At the same time, the parliament's army, under Lord 
 Fairfax, encamped itself at Lexden Heath, in the immediate vicinity. An as- 
 sault was speedily commenced ; the suburbs were forced, after a severe conflict, 
 and the town was nearly conquered. A vigorous and obstinate defence of be- 
 tween seven and eight hours at length compelled the assailants to retreat in much 
 disorder. Thus foiled, General Fairfax next commenced a regular blockade, 
 and, after a protracted siege of eleven weeks, in which many vigorous sallies 
 were made, with varied success, obtained possession of the town. The terms of 
 surrender were unusually severe, as the parliamentary general refused to promise 
 quarter to any but the common soldiers, and those under the rank of captains. 
 Necessity obliged the officers to comply, for the garrison and town were ex- 
 hausted t of all provisions, and the nearly famished inhabitants were forced to 
 feed on dead dogs, horses, and other animals. After the surrender of the town, a 
 contribution of fourteen thousand pounds was imposed on the inhabitants : two 
 thousand pounds of which was to be granted to the poor, ten thousand 
 pounds distributed among the soldiers, and two thousand pounds was afterwards 
 remitted. In this conflict about three hundred houses, with other buildings, 
 were destroyed.* A council of war was soon summoned, and the gallant de- 
 fenders of the town, Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Bernard Gas- 
 coygne, were sentenced to be shot. Such was the deliberate and cruel decree of 
 a council of warriors ; and this act was aggravated by repeated indignities before 
 death, and by a precipitate execution of the sentence at seven o'clock of the 
 same evening. The two former were then murdered close to that castle which 
 they had defended with so much heroic bravery, and which still stands a monu- 
 ment to their honour, and to the puny cowardice of those who could, unimpas- 
 sioned, pronounce the decree. 
 
 * A detailed and particular account of this siege is given in Morant's History of Essex, Vol. L 
 p. 59, et seq. 
 
 END OF THE ACCOUNT OF COLCHESTER CASTLE. 
 
 I 
 
DOOR-WAY 
 
 TO TIIE 
 
 CHURCH AT SOUTH OCKENDON, OR OKENDON, 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 Salmon, in his " History and Antiquities of Essex," furnishes the following 
 account of the church at this village. It is "dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, 
 is pleasantly situated, hath a north isle, and the chancel a north chapel, a round 
 tower embattled, which probably gave occasion to one name of the Vill ; it 
 hatha shaft covered with lead, burnt down with lightning, An. 1638." Mo- 
 rant's account of the church is nearly similar, with the additional information 
 that " the church and chancel are tyled, and the tower is round after the Da- 
 nish fashion." Is it not rather astonishing that two historians should write two 
 or three folio pages about this parish, &c. and not mention, or even hint at the 
 peculiarly elegant door-way represented in the annexed prints ? and yet these 
 writers specify the roof of the church, &c. which they could scarcely see. — 
 Whilst, therefore, such interesting and beautiful specimens of art are totally 
 neglected by county historians, it is not at all surprising that so little has been 
 preserved relating to ancient architects and architecture. 
 
 The church at South Ockendon * has but little either of beauty or antiquity 
 to arrest attention, except in a round tower at the west end, and the entrance 
 door-way represented in the annexed prints. The latter is very peculiar for the 
 place, and singularly elegant as an example of the decorated Anglo-Norman 
 style of architecture. It was, probably, erected some time in the reign of 
 Henry the Second (or his immediate successor) ; and many columns, with twisted 
 and central bands of similar workmanship, are still extant, f Though all the orna- 
 ments 
 
 * This Tillage is situated about six miles N. E. of Romford, and has the appellation South, 
 to distinguish it from another village called North Ockendon. 
 
 + At the west end of the nave, under the tower, of St. Peter's Church, at Northampton, 
 (which will be represented in another part of this work,) are two columns nearly resembling these 
 now displayed. The central band, though used in several single columns of this age, seems more 
 particularly adapted to the clustered column, and thus applied, it is found ID the Temple Church, 
 the Chapter House at Salisbury, &c. 
 
 slrch. Anliqs. Pt. VI L B b 
 
2 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 ments of the arch, columns, capitals, &c. may be seen separately, in various other 
 buildings, I have never met with another example, where they are all combined, 
 as in this specimen. In the two accompanying prints, the whole details of this 
 door-way are so accurately drawn, and so tastefully defined, that I do not con- 
 sider it necessary to be more particular in the present description.* 
 
 Plate II. represents the capitals, columns, and mouldings, enlarged ; and at 
 the bottom of the plate are a ground plan of one side of the door- way, and a 
 plan of the mouldings, &c. of the arch. 
 
 * To Mr. Mackenzie, who made the drawings, and Mr. J. A. Repton 3 who kindly directed, 
 and allowed him, I gratefully acknowledge ray obligation for this specimen. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FIRST VOLUME 
 
 OF 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 As this Volume is not regularly paged, the Reader is referred to the various Passages, &c. by means of the Printer's 
 Signature-Letters at the bottom of the Pages, viz. Abingdon, D, 3. will be found in the third Page of Signa- 
 ture D. — A complete List of Plates is given at the end. 
 
 Abingdon, Berkshire, origin of its name, &c. D, 3. 
 St. Nicholas' Church and Abbey Gate- 
 way at, 4. 
 ARCHES, strength of, F, 8. 
 
 ■ examples of remarkable, F*, 7. 
 
 two styles of, in the same building, K, 6. 
 
 Intersecting, West front of St. Botolph's 
 
 Priory Church, Plate I. II. 
 
 West front of Dunstaple Pri- 
 
 ory Church, PI. I. II. III. 
 
 Temple Church, PI. II. 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church, 
 
 PI. II. III. VI. 
 
 Pointed, with zigzag and plain mouldings : 
 
 Dunstaple Church, PI. I. II. 
 several small narrow ones ; also a 
 
 broad flat one: Layer Marney Hall, D, 1. 
 
 door, windows, &c. of Abingdon 
 Abbey Gateway, D, 3. 
 
 windows with mullions and trace- 
 
 ry ; narrow and lofty ; also wide and flat: King's 
 College Chapel, PI. I. III. 
 
 door-way with dressings in the soffit, 
 
 &c. PI. VI. 
 
 without any dressings of an early 
 
 date: Round Church, Northampton, Pi. II. III. 
 
 with semicircular, and intersecting : 
 
 Temple Church, Pi. 2. 
 
 with semi ; and on large columns: 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church, PI. X. 
 on clustered columns : Little Ma- 
 
 plested Church, PI. II. 
 
 with cinquefoil mouldings : Cross, 
 
 at Blackfriars, Hereford. 
 broad and flattened : Cross at Malms- 
 
 bury, PI. III. 
 
 Cross at Cheddar. 
 
 Cross at Glaston- 
 
 bury. 
 
 ARCHES, one with Ogee canopy, Porch of King's 
 
 College Chapel, PI. IV. 
 
 Cross at Chichester. 
 
 Cross atStourhead. 
 
 Winchester Cross. 
 
 ■ also narrow ones with 
 
 cinquefoil mouldings : Cross at Leighton Buzzard. 
 with trefoil mouldings : Cross at Gedding- 
 
 ton. 
 
 with trefoil and acute canopy : Queen's 
 Cross. 
 
 Do. Cross at Waltham. 
 
 Semicircular, with zigzag, &c. door-way : 
 
 Church at Marlborough, Title. 
 
 with plain and zigzag mould. 
 
 ings : Round Church, Cambridge, PI. 111. 
 
 with three zigzag mouldings, 
 
 door-way: St. Botolph's Priory Church, PI. 1. 
 
 much ornamented with sculp- 
 
 ture, Door-way : Dunstaple Priory Church, 
 PI. I. II. 
 
 ■ with two lateral pointed arches : 
 
 Church at Abington. 
 
 with zigzag and embattled fret 
 
 mouldings: Round Church, Cambridge. PI. 11. 
 
 plain : Round Church, North- 
 
 ampton, PI. II. 
 
 PI. III. 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church, 
 
 combined with pointed and in- 
 tersecting: Temple Church, PI. II. 
 — with several mouldings of fo- 
 
 liage, &c. Door-way : Temple Church, PI. 111. 
 
 with bold projecting zigzag, 
 
 and embracing four others : Malmsbury Abbey 
 Church, PI. X. 
 Architecture., ancient domestic, history of, uncer- 
 tain, D, 1. 
 
 ecclesiastical, when at its highest per- 
 fection, E, 1. 
 
 ancient, Nomenclature of, U, 3. 
 
 C c 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Art, a certain perfection only to be obtained in, 
 E, i. 
 
 Avebury, extraordinary Druidjcal Temple at, I, 2. 
 B 
 
 Baptistery Church at Pisa, when and by whom 
 built, L, 9. 
 
 Benxastle, Cumberland, celebrated Cross at, O, 7. 
 
 — its ascription to the Danes, ib. — that opinion 
 
 controverted, 8. 
 Botolph, St. Colchester, Priory Church of — its 
 
 style and materials, A, 2. — date of building, 3. 
 
 remains; walls, arches, 4. — windows, interior 
 
 ruins, B, 1. — endowments, 2. 
 Bride Buildings, antiquity of, B, 2. 
 fine specimen of, Layer Marney 
 
 House, D, 2. 
 
 C 
 
 Camalodunum, at Colchester, A, 1. 
 
 Castle, Colchester, essay towards a history and de- 
 scription of, Z, I . — siege of, A a, 5, 6. 
 
 Chapel, King's College, Cambridge: magnificence 
 of, E, L. — founded by Henry VI., 2. — dimen- 
 sions of the building, 3. — successive improve- 
 ments by Richard III. and Henry VII. 4. — costs 
 of building, ib. — principal overseers of the works, 
 ib. note. — completed by the executors of Henry 
 VII. F, 5. — stone roofs, fynials, and towers, 
 5, 6. — painted glass, 6. — description of the parts 
 represented in the plates, viz. ground-plan, &c. 
 7, 8. — groining and section of roof, F*, 7*« — 
 section of part of South side, windows, and or- 
 naments, ib. — South entrance porch, 8*. — North- 
 West view — Western front, &c. — interior view, 
 ib. — Will of Henry VI. relating to the College 
 and Chapel, G, }). — indentures relating to the 
 roof of the Chapel, G, 12. — to the vaulting of 
 the Porches and Chapels, II, 13. -to the erec- 
 tion of fynials or pinnacles, 14. — to the four 
 large painted windows, 15.— to eighteen smaller 
 do. 1(>. 
 
 Cheddar Cross and Cliffs described, R, IS. 
 Chichester Cross, observations on, R, 20. 
 Church, St. Botolph's, Colchester, A, 2. 
 
 _— St. Nicholas, Abingdon, D, 4. 
 
 . Dunstaplc Priory, B, 4. 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey, history of, U, 1. 
 
 Z, 14. 
 
 , — South Ockendon, door-way, B b, 1. 
 
 Churches, Round, essay on, I, 1. 
 
 English, singularity of style 
 
 in, K, 5. 
 
 — — Jewish origin of, refuted by 
 
 Mr. Essex, l\, 6. 
 
 Churches, Round, attributed to Knights' Tem- 
 plars, K, 7. — this opinion refuted. M**, 21. 
 
 observations on, by C. Clarke, 
 
 M**, 19, 20, 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Little Maplested, Essex, M* 
 
 17, 18. M**, 22. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's, Cambridge, 
 
 L, 9, 10. Do. M**, 21. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, 
 
 L, 11, 12. Do. M**, 21. 
 
 Temple, London, M, 13, i6\ 
 
 Clarke, C. Observations on Crosses, T*, 29. 
 
 on Round Churches, 
 
 M**, 19. 
 
 Colchester, a military co'ony : the Camalodunum, 
 A, 1. 
 
 Castle, essay towards a history of, Z ; 1. 
 
 A a, 6. 
 
 siege of, A a, 5, 6. 
 
 Column, clustered, early specimen of, L, JO. 
 
 COLUMNS, short, with square abacus, and sculp- 
 tured capital : St. Botolph's Priory Church, 
 PI. 1. 
 
 Large, without any abacus, composed 
 
 of brick, &c. do. Pi. III. 
 Cluster of four, with circular bases, and 
 
 capitals: Dunstaple Priory Church, PI. I. 
 Do. with a central band, or moulding, 
 
 do. PI. II. 
 
 short, with indented abacus, base, and 
 
 capital : Round Church, Cambridge, Pi. II. 
 
 Do. with circular abacus, narrow capital, 
 
 and variously ornamented, do. Pi. III. 
 
 Do. with square abacus and plinth, also 
 
 with circular do. and angular capitals : Round 
 Church at Northampton, PI. III. 
 
 clustered, with a central band : foliated 
 
 capital, scxagonal plinth, and abacus: Round 
 Church, Temple, Pi. II. 
 
 single, with similar capital, Sic. door- 
 way, PI. III. 
 
 large, short, with high base, and narrow 
 
 capitals: centre to Chichester Cross, PI. I. 
 
 -r- with sculptured abacus and capital, in 
 
 bold relief: Ma'msbury Abbey Church, PI. IV. 
 
 large, with circular abacus, narrow ca- 
 pital, square plinth, and angular bases, ditto, 
 PI. X. 
 
 ornamented shafts, with central band, 
 
 foliated capital, and deep square abacus : also 
 these capitals and columns enlarged: Ockendon 
 Church, PI. I. If. 
 
 large, with several three-quarter columns 
 
 attached, view of, and plan : Malmsbury Cross, 
 PI. II. 111. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5 
 
 COLUMNS, clustered: interior of Maplested 
 
 Church, PI. III. 
 Cor/mall, Crosses in, P, 11. 
 
 Coventry Cross, history and description of, Q, 16. 
 R, 17. 
 
 CROSS, observations on, as anciently an instru- 
 ment of ignominious death, and in later ages a 
 symbol of faith, N, 1, 2. 
 
 at Bewcastle, Cumberland, observations on, 
 
 0. 7. 
 
 St. Boyn's, Louth, description of, P, 9. 
 
 Cheddar, Somersetshire, described, R, 18. 
 
 Chichester, observations on, R, 19, 20. 
 
 , Cricklade, Wilts, P, 10. 
 
 Corvven, Merionethshire, P, 11. 
 
 Coventry, origin of, Q, 16. — ancient record 
 
 respecting, ib. — expense of repairing, R, 17. — 
 
 description of it, ib. 
 Geddington, Northamptonshire, described, 
 
 T, 25. 
 
 Glastonbury, Somerset, do. S, 23. 
 
 Gloucester, do. R, 18. 
 
 Leigh ton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, do. S, 22. 
 
 Malmsbury, Leland's description of, R, 19. 
 
 observations on, ib. 
 
 St. Paul's, London, Stowe's account of, Q, 1 3. 
 
 Queen's, Northampton, description of, T, 25. 
 
 Plans, &c. do. T*,27. 
 
 Stourhead, Wilts, historical account of, R, 
 
 20. S. 21. 
 
 Waltham, Herts, account of, T, 26. 
 
 White Friars, Hereford, description and 
 
 origin of, Q, 15. 
 
 Winchester, description of, S, 21. 
 
 Crosses, ancient stone, essay towards a history and 
 
 description of, N,l. T, 26. 
 
 Mr. Clarke's observations on, T*, 29. 
 
 ■ boundary, various instances of, O, 6, 7. 
 
 market, observations on, Q, 14. T**, 31. 
 
 memorial, various instances of, P, 10. S, 
 
 24, T**, 31. 
 
 monumental, description of. O, 7. T*, 30. 
 
 preaching, observations on, P, 12. 
 
 Danish or Runic, observations on, O, 8. 
 
 D 
 
 Danish or Runic Crosses, observations on, O, 8. 
 DOOR-WAYS, Ockendon Church, Essex, B b, 
 
 1. — Parts enlarged, PI. II. 
 
 Temple Church, London, M, 15. and 
 
 PI. HI. 
 
 . St. Mary's Church at Malbro', Title, 
 
 . — - Screen in Westminster Abbey, Title. 
 
 — . St. Botolph's Priory Church, semi: arch, 
 
 with four zigzag mouldings, PI. I. 
 
 DOOR-WAYS, Priory Church at Dunstapie, with 
 
 semi: and pointed arches, both with ornamental 
 
 mouldings, PI. I. 
 Door-icajj to Layer Mamey Hall, pointed arch, 
 
 with square moulding, 
 to Church at Abingdon, seini: arch, with 
 
 several mouldings, and two lateral arcades. 
 to west end of King's College Chapel, 
 
 highly enriched, PI. VI. 
 
 to southern porch of do. do. PI. IV. 
 
 to Round Church at Cambridge, semi: 
 
 with zigzag and embattled fret mouldings, co- 
 lumns, 6cc. PI. II. 
 to Round Church at Northampton, 
 
 pointed, PI. II. 
 to Malmsbury Abbey Church, semi: 
 
 with ornamented flat mouldings, &c. PI. IX. 
 
 — columns and architrave mouldings at large, 
 
 PI. IV. 
 
 from cloisters of ditto, with cinquefoil 
 
 dressings in the arch, PI. VI. 
 to porch of do. large, and with several 
 
 ornamental mouldings, PI. VII. 
 
 to church at Little Maplested, PI. I. 
 
 Dunstapie, town, historical anecdote of, C, 3. — 
 
 its ancient importance, situation, neighbouring 
 
 entrenchments, 4. — supposed to be the Magio- 
 
 vinium, ib. 
 
 Priory Church ; its ancient history, B, 4. 
 
 C, 1. — original construction and remains, C, 1. 
 — W r estern front, arches, columns, mouldings, 2. 
 — buttresses, capitals, and ornaments, 3. 
 
 G 
 
 Geddington Cross, description of, T, 25. 
 Glandicr, Sword of, Cross at Corweti so called, 
 P, 11. 
 
 Glastonbury Cross described, S, 23. 
 Gloucester Cross, do. R, 18. 
 
 II 
 
 Henry VI. King, character, of E, 2. — founder of 
 
 King's College Chapel, ib. 
 Will of, relating to Eton and King's 
 
 Colleges, G, 9 — 12: 
 Historians, local, negligence of, L, 11. 
 
 I 
 
 Imbcrt, Prior of Gascony, anecdote of, O, 5. 
 Ireland, variety of Crosses in, P, 9. 
 
 K 
 
 King's College Chapel, E, 1 —II, 16. Sec Chapel. 
 Knights Templars, observations on, M**, 21. 
 Hospitallers, do. M*, 17. 
 
4 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 L 
 
 Layer Marney House, Essex, ancient proprietors 
 of, D, 1. — date, description, and materials of 
 building, 2. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, Cross at, described, S, 22. 
 
 M 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church, essay towards a 
 history and description of, U, 1 — Z, 14. — styles 
 of architecture in, U, 2, 4. — origin and ancient 
 annals of, X, 5, 8. — royal grants, 6, 7. — Di- 
 mensions of, Y, 10. — description of the accom- 
 panying plates, Y, 11 — Z, 14. 
 
 Cross, Leland's description of, R, 19. 
 
 Maplested, Little, its Round Church described, &c. 
 M*, 17. 
 
 N 
 
 Nomenclature of ancient architecture, U, 3. 
 Northampton Priory, &c. M**, 21. 
 
 Church at, L, 11, 12. M**, 21. 
 
 shire, Queen's Cross, T, 25. T*, 27. 
 
 Geddington Cross, in, T, 25. 
 
 O 
 
 Ochendon Church door-May, Bb, 1. 
 
 Ogee arched door-way, King's College Chapel, 
 
 PI. IV. V. 
 canopies. See Arch, pointed. 
 
 P 
 
 Vantheon at Rome, when erected and repaired, I, 4. 
 Paul's Cross, London, account of, Q, 13. 
 
 Q 
 
 Queen's Cross, Northampton, described, T, 25. 
 Plans of T*, 27. 
 
 R 
 
 Round Churches and Temples, essay on, I, 1. See 
 Churches. 
 
 S 
 
 Sepulchre, Holy, Church of, at Jerusalem, descrip- 
 tion of, K, 7. 
 
 ■ St. Church of, at Brundisi, described, 
 
 K, 8, note. 
 
 St. Church, Cambridge, when built, L, 9. 
 
 — its arches and columns, 0, 10. — first speci- 
 men of a clustered column, 10. 
 
 St. Church, Northampton, its probable 
 
 erection, L, 1 1. — peculiarities of style, 12. 
 
 Spital-Jields, London, Cross at, Q, 13. 
 
 — Sermons, origin of, ib. 
 
 T 
 
 Templars, Knights, origin of, K, 7. 
 
 references for information of, 
 
 M, 16. 
 
 Temple Church, London, erection of, M, 13. — 
 observations on those parts whence the date may 
 be acertained, 14. — windows, door-way, ground 
 plan, 15. — effigies, 16. 
 
 Temples, essay on, I, 1. 
 
 Druidical, characteristics of, I, 2. 
 
 Pagan, converted into Christian Churches, 
 
 I, 4. K, 5. 
 
 Round, particularly considered, I, 3. 
 
 of Vesta, examples of circular form, I, 3,4. 
 
 V 
 
 Vineyards, an appendage to English monasteries, 
 D, 4. 
 
 V ssla, Temples of, examples of the circular form, 
 I, 3, 4. 
 
 W 
 
 Waltham Cross, described, T, 26. 
 
 Winchester Cross, described, S, 21, 22. 
 
 Will of Henry VI. relating to King's College 
 Chapel, and Eton, G, 9. 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, Walpole's anecdote of, re- 
 futed, F*, 7. 
 
 WINDOWS, circular, part of one: St. Botolph's 
 Priory Church, PI. II. 
 
 pointed arch, with single mullion in cen- 
 tre ; tower to Dunstaple Priory Church, PI. II. 
 
 pointed, with single lights, also large, with 
 
 flat squared tops, and upright with transverse 
 mullions ; Layer Marney House, 
 
 — — ■ pointedarch, with mullions and tracery ; 
 
 Church at Abingdon, 
 
 Do. lofty, also flat, with several mullions 
 
 and tracery; King's College Chapel, PI. V. VI. 
 part of one of these enlarged, PI. iV. 
 
 geometrical view of two, from the inte- 
 rior of the Chapel, PI. VI. 
 
 pointed, with mullions, also with one 
 
 mullion ; Round Church, Cambridge, PI. II. 
 
 semi: with long openings ; Temple 
 
 Church, PI. II. 
 
 semi: with a mullion, also pointed, with 
 
 one and two mullions ; Malmsbury Abbey 
 Church, PI. II. also PI. VI. 
 
 semi: with ornamental mouldings and 
 
 tracery ; do. Pi. III. 
 
 pointed, with one and two mullions and 
 
 tracery ; do. Pi. X. 
 
 pointed, with one mullion and trefoil 
 
 mouldings ; Maplested Church, PI. II. and III. 
 
 LIST 
 
 END OP INDEX. 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 A LIST OF PRINTS 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FIRST VOLUME 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 To face 
 Page 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 Title-page: Part of a Screen in Edward the 
 Confessor's Chapel, Westminster, 
 
 Title : Door-way to St. Mary's Church at 
 Marlborough ; with Ornaments from Malms- 
 bury Abbey Church 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory Church at Colchester. 
 
 The Door-way PI. I. 
 
 Remains of the West Front .... II. 
 Interior of Kuins, with Ground Plan III. 
 
 Dunstaple Priory Church. 
 
 Lower part of West Front PI. I. 
 
 West Front II. 
 
 Parts and Ornaments III. 
 
 Layer Marney House, the Tower Gateway of, 
 
 St. Nicholas Church, and the Abbey Gate- 
 way, at Abingdon . . 
 
 King's College Chapel. 
 
 North West PI. V. 
 
 West Front VI. 
 
 South Entrance Porch IV. 
 
 Ground Plan, with Groining of Roof I. 
 
 Plan of Groining, and Section of Roof II. 
 Section of part of the South Side . . III. 
 Interior, looking West VII. 
 
 Round Churches— St. Sepulchre's, Cambridge 
 Ground Plan .... PI. I. 
 Western Entrance . . . II. 
 Interior, looking West III. 
 
 ■ St. SEPUi.CHRE's.Northampton. 
 
 Plan PI. I 
 
 Exterior, N.E II 
 
 Interior, looking West III 
 
 - Temple, London. 
 
 Circular part .... PI. II 
 
 Door-way 
 
 Plan . . : I 
 
 Little Maplested. 
 Exterior View of . . . . 
 
 Interior Do 
 
 Plan and Door-way . . . 
 
 County. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Bedfordshire. 
 
 Essex. 
 Berks. 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
 Gyfford. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 
 G. Arnald. 
 S. Prout. 
 S. Prout. 
 
 J. Baynes. 
 
 H. Neil. 
 
 J. L. Bond. 
 S. Prout. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 W. Wilkins. 
 
 T. Sandby. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. L. Bond, 
 (i. Shepherd. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 F. Nash. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Engravers. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Rone. 
 
 J. RorTe. 
 A. Birrel. 
 W. Woolnoth. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 S. Rawle. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 R. Rofte. 
 W. Edwards. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Storer. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 S. Kawle. 
 
 W. Woolnoth. 
 S. Sparrow. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 E. Smith. 
 S. Kawle. 
 J. Rott'e. 
 
 To whom dedicated. 
 
 S. Turner, Esq. F. S. A. 
 
 H. Ellis, Esq. 
 
 B. West, Esq. P. R. A. F. S. A. 
 
 J. Nichols, Esq. 
 
 M. A. Shee, Esq. R. A. 
 H. Edridge, Esq. 
 H. Bone, Esq. A. R. A. 
 W. Wilkins, Jim. Esq. M. A. 
 and F. S. A. 
 
 A. Aikin, Esq. 
 Thomas Monro, M. D. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Roes, F R. S. 
 .Sir H. C. Englefield, Bt. F. R. 
 and A.S. 
 
 Ed. Kin;:, Esq. F. R. and \. S. 
 Rev. J. Ingram. Sax. Pro.Oxf. 
 
 S. Lysons, Esq. F. R. and A.S. 
 T. Phillips, Esq. A. R. A. 
 
 J. Soanc, Esq. R. A. 
 P. Hoare, Esq. 
 
 * At this work is not regularly paged, the directions here given refer to the Printer's signahue-lcltcrs. 
 
6 
 
 To face 
 Page 
 
 N,l, 
 P, 12. 
 Q, 19. 
 
 Q, 1(5. 
 R, 19. 
 
 R, 20. 
 S,21. 
 
 S, 23. 
 T, 25. 
 
 T, 26. 
 
 U, 3. 
 Y, 11. 
 Y, 12. 
 
 Z, 13. 
 
 Z, 13. 
 
 Z. 11. 
 
 Z, 13. 
 — 14. 
 
 A a, 3. 
 A a, 6. 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 County. 
 
 Crosses at Cricklade, Corwen, Carraton- 
 Dovvn, Carew ; four on a Plate 
 
 White Cross, Hereford, Blacfriars' 
 
 Cross, Hereford ; two on a Plate . . . 
 
 Malmsbury — View of the whole . . 
 
 Interior View . , 
 Plan and Turret* 
 
 Crosses, — Gloucester. — Coventry 
 — Cheddar 
 
 Chichester. 
 
 Architectural Elevation , 
 Plan and Ornaments. . , 
 
 Stourhead , 
 
 Winchester — Leighton Buzzard ; 
 two on a Plate 
 
 Glastonbury, V 
 
 Geddington, View of ... . PI. I. 
 
 Plan and Ornaments II. 
 
 Queen's Cross, Northampton. 
 
 View of PI. I. 
 
 Plans II. 
 
 B b, 2. 
 Bb,i. 
 
 Waltham, View of 
 
 Malmsbury Abbey Church. 
 
 Ground Plan of Nave, &c PI. I. 
 
 South View of Nave, &c II. 
 
 Remains of West Front III. 
 
 Fragment of Western Door-way . . IV. 
 N. E. View V. 
 
 Door, Windows, Intersecting Arches, 
 and Ornaments VI. 
 
 Southern Porch VII. 
 
 Distant View from N. W VIII. 
 
 Inner Door-way IX. 
 
 Interior: View of part of the South 
 side of the Nave X. 
 
 Colchester Castle. 
 
 Ground Plan, Staircase, &c. ... PI. I. 
 
 N. E. View II. 
 
 S. W. View III. 
 
 Ockendon Church — Door-way PI. I. 
 
 Parts of Doorway . . II. 
 
 f Wilts. ~) 
 i Merioneth. L 
 ^ Cornwall. j 
 ^Pembroke. ' 
 
 Hereford. 
 Wilts. 
 
 c, Gloucester. ? 
 ( Warwick, j 
 
 Somerset. 
 Sussex. 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 5 Hants 
 I Bedfor 
 
 Sonjejrset. 
 No^bfcmpton. 
 
 Hertford. 
 Wilts. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
 Engravers. 
 
 To whom dedicated. 
 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 F. Sayers, M. D. 
 
 ( G. Shepherd ? 
 1 J. L. Bond. S 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 Rev. J. Dallawav, M. B. 
 and F. S. A. 
 
 J. Britten. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 S. Rawle. 
 
 C Pye. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 W G Maton AT Tl F R 
 
 and A. S. 
 The Rev. Dr. Whitaker. 
 
 J. L. Bond. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 
 W. Alexander. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 
 J. A. Repton. 
 J. A. Repton. 
 
 R. Roffe. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J. A. Reptonj Esq. F. A. S. 
 
 J. Carter. 
 
 J. Storer. 
 
 Sir R. C. Hoare Bart F S A 
 
 J. Cave. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J. Gifford, Esq. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 
 Rev. D. Lysons, F. A. S. 
 
 G. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 W. Woolnoth. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J. Northcote, Esq. R. A. 
 
 G. Shepherd. 
 W. Lowry. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 W. Lowry. 
 
 W. Alexander, Esq. F. A. S. 
 
 W. Alexander. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 
 J. Hoppner, Esq. R.A. 
 
 J. Britton. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 F. Nash. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 W. Ellis, &c. 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Smith. 
 
 J. Aikin, M. D. 
 Rev. W. Lisle Bowles. 
 W. Owen, Esq. F. A. S. 
 H. P. Wyndham, Esq. M. P. 
 F. A. S. and F. R. S. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 T. Hcame. 
 
 J. U. annul. 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. C. Smith. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 S W. Lowry. ? 
 1 J. Roffe. S 
 j. c annul. 
 J. Roffe. 
 
 J. Smith. 
 
 Rev. W. Coxe, M. A. F. R.S. 
 and F. S. A. 
 
 Literary Society of Manches- 
 ter. 
 
 Wm. Porden, Esq. 
 
 B. Strutt. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 G. Shepherd. 
 
 J. Roffe. 
 J. Smith. 
 J. Smith. 
 
 B. H. Malkin, Esq. F. A. S. 
 
 F. Mackenzie. 
 F. Mackenzie. 
 
 S. Sparrow. 
 R. Roffe. 
 
 Humphry Repton, Esq. 
 
 For print read prints., in p. 19, 1. 18. 
 
 Wright, Printer, Sl. John's Square. 
 
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