PART I. 1902 BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.) MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY ; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UiNlVERSlTY COLLEGE, LONDON. With Chapter by A. E. WEIGALL TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISI1ED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE LONDON SOLD AT The OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C and 5i», Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C. B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, EC. 1902 t ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. HEADS OF AAHMES I. AND AMENHOTEP I. FRONT. AAHMES. \l f jff(eiinni) 1 *y i M tN MU I tr AAHMES. ABYDOS PAET I. 1902 BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph. I)., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.) MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOG HA I. INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BEKLIN ; MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. With Chapter by A. E. WEIGALL TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE LONDON HOLD AT The OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.O. and 59, Temti.e Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 1'atkknostkb House, Charing Cross Road. \V .<'. B. QTJAR1TCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & CO., 18, BEDFORD Stbkbt, OoVBNT GaRDIIC, W'.f. and HENRY PROWDB, Amen Cobsee, E.C. 1902 LONDON : PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LTD. ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL. EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. president. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Wtce=ipre3loents5. Sir E. Maundk-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. Lt.-Geneeal Sib Francis Grenkell, G.C.M.G., G.C.B. The Rev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S. a ). Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (Fiance). Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany). Josiaii Mullens, Esq. (Australia). M. Charles Hentsoh (Switzerland). tbon. treasurers. H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. F. C. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.). 1bon. Secrctarg. J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. Members of Committee. T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. Miss M. Brourick, Ph.D. (for Boston). Mrs.' Buckman (for Pittsburg). Major E. B. Cassatt, B.A. Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A. W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (for Chicago). Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.E.S. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. T. Farmer Hall, Esq. F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D. Mrs. McClure. The Rev. W. MacGhegor, M.A. A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. The Marquess of Northampton. Francis Wh. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., Liu.S.A. Mrs. Sara G. Stevenson (for Philadelphia). Herbert Thompson, Esq. Mrs. Tirard. The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C. E. Towry Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilbon, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. SECT. 1 . Scope of the excavations . 2. The work and workers CHAPTER I. Objects from the Royal Tombs. 3. King Ka. Pis. i-iii . 4. King Ro. PI. iii 5. Small inscriptions. Pis. iv— v 6. The pottery. Pis. vi-vii . 7. The Aegean pottery. PL viii 8. The stone vases. Pis. ix, x 9. The labels, &c. Pis. xi, xii 10, The steles, &c. PI. xiii 1 1 . The Hints. Pis. xiv, xv . CHAPTER II. The Osiris Temenos. 12. Character of the site . . . . 13. The early town . . . . . 14. The flints. Pis. xvi-xxvi . 15. The stone vases. PL xxvii 16. The pottery. Pis. xxviii-xxxv 17. The M. tombs 18. The plans of M tombs. Pis. xlviii, 19. The pottery and stone. Pis. xxxvi xlvii ..... 20. The date of the town and tombs 2 1 . The slates and tools. PL 1 9 9 10 12 12 14 15 18 19 23 22. The amulets, &c. Pis. li lib CHAPTER III. The Osiius Temple. SECT. PAGE 23. Position and history . . . .27 24. Before the Xllth Dynasty. Pis. liv- lvii 27 25. Xllth and XHIth Dynasty. Pis. lviii- Lx 28 26. The XVIIIth Dynasty. Pis. lxi-lxiv 29 27. The XlXth Dynasty. Pis. lxv-lxvii . 31 28. The XXVIth Dynasty, and later. Pis. lxviii-lxx . . . .31 CHAPTER IV. The Cemetery G. 29. Range of the cemetery 30. Early tombs .... 31 . Tomb G. 57. Pis. lxxii, lxxiv . 32. Construction of the later tombs . 33. Tomb of Zcdher. Pis. lxxv, lxxix 34. Other tumbs .... 35. 36. CHAPTER V. The Inscriptions. By A. E. Weigall. Monuments of Vlth-XIth Dynasty The Xllth and XHIth Dynasty 37. The XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasty . 38. Monuments of Un-nefer 39. The XXVIth and XXYIllth Dynasty 40. Sarcophagi, XXXth Dynasty 41 . The hypocephali .... 42. Inscriptions nut figured 34 35 35 36 37 39 II 12 43 46 48 48 49 51 LIST OF PLATES. Frontispiece. Heads of Aabrnes I and Amenhotep I, royal tombs Jars of King Ka — Ap . I TI III IV V VI VII VIII IX X and Queen Ha, &c. .... Inscriptions, Sma to Zet ,, Azab to Qa Pottery, to Zer . „ Den to Khasekbemui „ from Aegean . PAGE 30 3 3 Stone vases Alabaster vases, &c. . XI Ivory and ebony labels XII Marks on stone vases . XIII Steles and gold bar XIV Flints, to Den . XV Flints, Azab to end . Osiris Temenos. XVI, XVII Flint knives without bandies XVIII, XIX Flint knives with bandies XX Flint boes .... XXI Tailed scrapers . XXII Irregular scrapers XXIII Round scrapers . XXIV Long scrapers and flakes XXV Wrought flakes . XXVI Animal flints, saws, crescents and combs .... XXVII Stone vases XXVIII— XXXV Early pottery . XXXVI— XLI Pottery of M. tombs XLII— XLVII Stone vases of M. tomb XLVIII, XLIX Plans of M. tombs . 15 L Painted pottery, slates, tools, marks 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 -14 IS 18 -18 23 PLATE VKdE LI Amulets &c 23 LII Beads, whorls, &c. . . . 24 LIII Fire places, tiles, grinders, &c. . 25 LIV Inscriptions of Vltb Dynasty, 27-41 LV Inscriptions IVth— Xllth Dy- nasty . . . . 27, 41 LVI Columns of Antef V 28,41 I VII Stele of Nekht . . 28,41 LVIII Inscription of UsertesenI . 28,42 LIX Inscription of XHItb Dynasty 29, 12 LX Inscription of Xllltb Dynasty 29, 42 LXI Inscription of XVIIItb Dynasty 30 LXII, LXIII Sculptures of Amen- hotep I . .30, 13 LXIV Inscription of Tabutmes II & III ... 30, 43 LXV Inscriptions of XlXtb Dynasty 3 1 . 44 LXVI Inscriptions of XVIIItb - XlXtb Dynasty . . 31,44 LXA r II Inscriptions of Ptabcmua,&c. 31. \'< LXVIII Shrine of Haa-ab-ra . . 32 LXIX Altars of XXVItb Dynasty 32, 48 LXX Bronzes, foundationdeposits,&c. 32 Cemetery G. LXXI Coffin of Tabutimes. . 35,48 LXXII Box, &c, of Mertiu-beru . 35,48 LXXIII Coffin inscriptions . . 35, 48 LXXIV Canopic boxes, &c. . . 35,48 LXXV Sarcophagi inscriptions . 39, 49 LXX VI Hypocephalus, G. 50, B . 38,49 LXX VII Hypocephali G. 50, c, d . 38, 49 LXXVIII Amulets . . . .38 LXXIX Usbabtis, &c. . . . 38,39 LXXX Sections and plans of tombs 15-17, 34-40 ABYDOS I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The present volume completes the account of the objects found in the 1 loyal Tombs of the earliest dynasties, the discoveries in which during the previous two years have appeared in the last two volumes. The account of the results of the present year's excavations covers nearly all that has been yet found in the Temenos of Osiris and the well-known ceme- tery ; but another large part of our work is kept back for publication when completed next year. It is always difficult to decide between partial publication in sections, issued rapidly for the immediate benefit of scholars, and systematic publication delayed until every detail has been finally sifted and settled. But the worst of the bulletin system is that the student is afterwards dependent on indexes to find connected subjects ; while the worst of the great book long delayed is that often the material loses value while Avaiting, and the delays may run on so that much is forgotten in the interval. The Temenos of Osiris I had wished to ex- cavate since I first saw it in 1887. It was undoubtedly one of the oldest centres of worship, and had a long history to be un- ravelled. If it has proved so far rather different to what Avas expected, it the more corrects our ideas. But the real temple site has not yet been touched below the level of the XVIIIth Dynasty; and a vast deal still remains to be done there. The cemetery G was only worked as proved desirable in intervals of other work, and to give employment to workmen between other enter- prises. Lying close behind our huts, and with scarcely any small objects of value casually found in it, such a place was an ideal resort whenever men could not be kept on elsewhere. I should hardly have worked it for its own sake alone ; but as a stop-gap it proved very con- venient, and fairly desirable. The other large work, which is not described at all in this volume, occupied half of our men, or more, all the season. About a mile south of Abydos, at the foot of the desert cliffs, I had noticed some great tombs when first visiting the ground. The temple which Mr. Maclver excavated two years ago (see the volume on El Am mil just issued) proved to belong to a king Kha-kau-ra, presumably Usertesen III., but possibly of a king of the XTUth Dynasty. The temple lies on the edge of the desert, and a long causeway leads up to one of the great tombs which we have found. .\< probably most of next season's work will be occupied with these tombs, before they are finally cleared, it is best to leave aside the plans which have been prepared, and give a connected account of the whole site next year. 2. Our excavators were the same gang of men and boys from Koptos who have worked lor me during many years. Indeed that gang ABYDOS I. has served as a nucleus for all other recent excavators, as Dr. Reisner, at Girgeh, has drawn almost entirely on that centre, and the German work at Abusir has used our trained Quftis for headmen, to say nothing of the Research Account work at El Kab, which has depended on the same source. I have no doubt other places would furnish equally desirable wi irkers, but when once a large party have been trained, they are naturally sought for elsewhere. It is needful, however, to carry on a continual weeding of old hands, as the Egyptian always becomes spoiled with prosperity ; and some of the boys, as they have grown up, have come to the front line in their intelligence and conduct. We also employed over a hundred boys, from villages near the work, to do the carrying. Our camp was entirely fresh, as those who were with us before had all jmssed on to other work. Mr. Arthur Weigall came out for the first time, and proved a most successful worker. I greatly regret, for the sake of our work, that I have to congratulate him on passing on at once to a better position. He entirely super- intended the men at the great southern tombs, which I only visited to give general direction to the region of work. He also looked after the close of the temenos work, and drew some of the inscriptions, the whole of which he comments on in this volume. Mr. Laurence Christie, who came for artistic copying, has done more than four plates in this volume ; but most of his time was given to copying selected sculptures in the Sety temple for the Research Account. Ex- cavations at the Sety temple, on the same basis, were carried on by Mr. A. St. G. Caulfeild, who also took many photographs, some of which appear in this frontispiece. My wife was closely occupied with drawing nearly all the season ; especially on the tedious figuring of nearly four hundred flints, and the exact facsimile copies of inscriptions. My own work lay in the Temenos of Osiris, directing the diggers, levelling and recording, and general manage- ment and account keeping ; for the season's work involves some 40,000 entries of small sums. I have also drawn thirty-seven of the plates here, and taken the photographs. The immediate production of a fully-illustrated bulletin of the results of a season, before the objects reach England, involves organizing all the copying on the spot ; but the advantages of quick publication make it well worth while to carry out this system, as we have now done for three years. CHAPTER I. OBJECTS FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS. 3. The earliest royal tomb that can yet be placed in the series is that of king Ka, which was described in the last volume {Royal Tombs, ii, p. 7). Within the chamber were hundreds of fragments of cylindrical jars (type, pi. vi, 1), some of them with cross-lined pattern copied from cordage. Such jars are well known in the later prehistoric pottery, and belong to the sequence date 78 in that scale. On many of these jars are inscriptions, roughly written in ink with a brush ; and on comparing all of the fragments, I have succeeded in putting together those which are copied in plates i., ii., and iii. They prove to be all of two formulae, one for the king, and one for his queen. And as being the oldest hieroglyphic inscriptions known, probably half-way back in the dynasty before Mena, they deserve our closest attention ; they show the oldest shapes of the signs, and prove that at that age writing was so familiar that a rapid form of it was freely used to write on dozens of common pottery jars. On plates i. and ii. it is seen that the whole formula was Suten .1/', the Horus Ka, followed by three strokes ; and on plate iii. the second formula was Ha hemt en Horus Ka. Thus, as clearly as possible, these jars are inscribed for the king Ap, whose Horus name is Ka, and for Ha, the Avife of the Horus Ka. The name A.p occurs as a masculine name in the Old Kingdom, and also very commonly the form Apa : while Hay and Hayt are known as feminine names. No objection has been made to this reading, even by those who are most surprised by such grammatical writing at that age. The meaning of the three strokes below the Horn- name is not clear, and probably we shall have to wait for some better drawn inscription to explain them, as writing was so familiar to the scribe that mere indications were then enough to give the idea. There is no parallel to this group following any of the other early Horus names ; and, as maa kheru and neb faui both belong to far later times, we may perhaps suppose these lines to represent some steps on which the funereal stele was erected, as on the alabaster of Azab, pi. v, or the pottery marks, probably all from Azab, in Royal Tombs, i, pi. xlvi, 111 — 155. The signs themselves show more than is yet known about them. Observe especiallv the suten plant, which is sometimes of the later normal form, as in Nos. 4, 7, and 9 ; more generally it has the leaf or flower at the top like the qema or res sign of the south ; and generally the root is shoAsm as a wavy line hanging from it, see especially Nos. I, 2, 17. 1 '-K This plant was then separate from the nen or nehheb plant, but no distinction between the suten and qema plant was yet made. Probably the use of this plant for qema or south was then in the stage of naming the kingdom, par excellence, before any other region to the north had been formally included in it : much as we should at present mean the British Isles by speaking of " the kingdom," in contrast to the far larger parts of the present kingdom in other regions. The inversion of the form of the Horus- or /co-name is strange. That the strokes above the arms represent a panelling, like that placed ABYDOS I. below the name in all later examples, seems proved by their great variety, having any number of lines from two (fig. 5) to five (figs. 1. 20, 23), or even thirteen strokes scratched on pottery (22. T. ii, xiii) ; such could hardly be a hieroglyph. From later instances this panelling certainly is copied from the front of a building, tomb, or palace : so here we must take it as such, and see the space below it, which contains the sign, as equivalent to the doorway of the building. The instances scratched on pottery (It. T. ii, pi. xiii) should probably all be turned, with the ha arms upwards, and the panel strokes above them. It is evident that the position of the panelling strokes was changed between the time of Ka and that of Narmer. The reed a has here the separate flowers of the feathery head, as in all early examples ; but they vary from three to five in number. The mat-work p has the ends all left loose, as in the seals Nos. 16, 57-60, 72, 118, 160 (B. T. i, and ii.). The plant ha is like that on the Aha ebony tablet in having no base line (A\ '/'. ii, x, 2) ; but the base line came in at that time, as on the tablet R. T. ii, pi. iii, 1, and perhaps the same on the tablet No. 3 in the same plate. The si«rns hem and // might belong to almost any later age. Thus on the whole there are but two points in which a change took place between the signs of king Ka and the general usage of two or three centuries later; the suten sign passed into two distinct forms, those for "king" and "south," a political change hardly due to hiero- glyphic development, and the lea name passed from the doorway of the panelling to the space over the panel-;. Neither of these changes are due to immaturity in the writing ; and when we thus reach back a couple of centuries before Mena without finding any marked difference, and meet with a cursive writing, it is plain that we are very tar from touching the period of its formation. Beside the ink writing three more examples of incised writing of this same king are given, similar to those already published (It. T. ii, pi. xiii). On pi. iii, M 36 shows the tail of the hawk, part of the ha arms, and the top of the suten ; 37 shows the ha arms and a sign near by which is probably a star and crescent mark like No. 605, &c. (R. T. i, pi. Ii) ; 38 shows that in one case, at least, the panel strokes were put below and the arms hang down, as the suten sign unquestionably shows which way up this is. We may here briefly note the remaining figures in pi. iii. Nos. 39 — 43 are all numerical signs neatly painted in ink on alabaster jars, 39 from the tomb of king Den, 40 — 4)5 from the tomb of king Mersekha, but perhaps thrown over from Den or elsewhere. 44, 46, and 47 are ink writings on stone vases. 45 is ink writing on a jar from the tomb of Den ; it reads sesh, and should be compared with other writing on vases It. T. i, pi. xxxii, 34 — 37; pi. xiii, 57—64; B. T. ii, pi. xxv, 13 — 27. The figure of the god Min (48), ink-drawn on a piece of slate bowl from the tomb of Khase- khemui, is the oldest drawn figure of that god. The sio-ns on 49 are from a slate bowl of Ferabsen. 4. When last year the names of the earliest kings were grouped together in Royal Tombs, vol. ii., I did not observe the presence of another name until the publication of the volume. On 7?. T. ii, pi. xiii, is a sealing No. 96, of which several fragments were found; this shows the hawk on the mouth hieroglyph. Again, on li. T. i, pi. xliv, there are several examples (Nos. 2 to S) of what seems to be the same group. Considering that this group is thus formally cut on a seal, and often drawn on pottery, I think we are justified in seeing in it the royal hawk and the hieroglyph r or ro, expressing the ha name of a king, Ro. All of the pottery examples come from the tomb B 1, which, with B 2, was worked by Mr. Maclver in the first year; and this accords with their giving the name of a king, incised like the other early OBJECTS FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS. kings' names, Ka (pi. iii, 38, &c.) and Nar (B. T. i, pi. xliv, 1), and belonging to the tomb of the king. These tombs B 1 and 2 are shown on the plan (7i\ T. ii, pi. lviii) immediately above the name Bener-ab. The age of this king Ro cannot be far from that of king Ka. The position of the tomb does not indicate whether it -was before or after that of Ka. But we must observe the pi'esence of a great jar (U. '/'. i, pi. xxxix, 2), which is usual later, but does not occur in the tomb of Ka ; the style of the sealing, which is more like those of Narmer or Mena than like the very simple one known of Ka (No. 89) ; and the clay, which is yellow marl (heyb Arab.) like later sealing*, and not black mud like the Ka sealing. All of these details point to the order of the kings being — KA RO ZESEK NARMER SMA before the 1st Dynasty opens with Aha — Mena. Thus we can now tolerably restore half of even the ten kings who reigned at Abydos before the united kingdom was established. The list on p. viii of E. T. ii, should be thus amended. 5. Some small inscribed objects were not photographed till they reached England, so could not be included in the previous volume. They ai*e here given on pi. iv. Figs. 1 and 2 are pieces of crystal and syenite cups bearing the name of king Sma ; by careful wiping with colour the hieroglyphs nebui Sma are here brought out visible. Fig. 3 is a piece of ivory bracelet, which was found in the tomb B 2 by Mr. Maclver; I then supposed that it might bear the name of Aha, and in the next season the objects of Benerab clearly showed that this was one of her bracelets, with her name and that of Aha, which had strayed over from the neighbouring' tomb. Fig. 4 is a fragment of a volcanic stone bowl from the tomb of Khase- klniiiui. Fig. 5 is a piece of an upright cup oi pink limestone, with part of a strange hiero- glyph upon it which we have not met with elsewhere; it might possibly be the base of a lea name, but the crosses below are unexplained. Fig. 6 is a piece of alabaster vase, with a faint inscription of Neithotep. Fig. 7 is the plait of hair and piece of false fringe found in the tomb of king Zer, probably belonging to his (pur-en, on whose arm the bracelets were found: tin- fringe of locks is exquisitely made, entirely on a band of hair, showing a long acquaintance with hair- work at that age. It is now in the Pitt- Rivers Museum at Oxford. Fig. 8 is an inscrip- tion on a fragment of pottery vase from the tomb of king Zer. Fig. 9 is a piece of black pottery with incised patterns, belonging to the large class of such pottery known in the pre-historic age, the Illrd and IVth Dynasties and the Xllth and XHIth Dynasties (see Naqada, xxx ; Dendereh, xxi, 1; Kahun, xxvii, 199 — 202; Diosjiolis Parva, xl, 43). The place of manu- facture of this pottery is yet unknown, but it is wide-spread in the Mediterranean, as we have noticed before. Fig. 10 is the edge of a bowl of quartzose metamorphosed slate ; on it is carved in relief the triple twist pattern. It is accidentally inverted here, and therefore reversed in lighting. Fig. 11 is a spirited drawing of a dwarf, outlined on a bowl of metamorphic rock. Fig. 12 is a piece of ivory, shown also in drawing on xi, 2 ; fig. I .". a piece of ivory, with a row of heads in squares, from the tomb of Zet : fig. 14 a piece of alabaster vase from the W tombs, probably of the reign of Zet. Plate v. The fragments of an alabaster in- scription of Azab were published separately before ; for it was not till they came to England that I observed that the pieces fitted together, as they were found scattered in three different tombs. The inscription of Qa was found acci- dentally after publishing the others from that A15YD0K I, tomb. The gold foil of Qa seems to have been part of a model mat of a hotep offering, like that found at Hierakonpolis (Hierakonpolis, i, pi. xx, 9). The great stele of king Qa was found on the east side of his tomb as described (R. T. i, p. 15) ; the lower part of it had been removed by the Mission Amelineau, and was kept at the Cairo Museum ; thence it has now been exchanged, and will rejoin the upper part in the Philadelphia Museum. 6. The pottery from the Royal Tombs is given on pis. vi, vii, in addition to that already published in R. T. i, pis. xxxix — xliii. It is here classed according to the period ; and the following references are given to the volumes Royal Tombs, i (R.), and the present Abydos (A.), with the number of the pottery drawing in each. The large jars begin under king Ro with two bands and a bottom ring of rope pattern (/?. 2) ; then pass on to plain bands, under Zer (J. 13) ; next the bands come closer together, under Mersekha (h\ 6) ; further on they pass up to above the shoulder (R. 7), or dwindle to a single band, under Qa (R. 5) ; and lastly we see the jar far smaller with a single band, under Perabsen (A. 31). Home curious late variants of the wavy- handled jars come from the tomb of Mena, B. 19. They are very thick, and so differ from the earlier types, though the form A. 3 is like that found far earlier ; the arched pattern around it is, however, certainly late. The other forms, A. 5, 6, are more than half solid, and the arch pattern has sunk to two curves, or merely three finger pits. Later on under Zer, A. 15, lii, these become even more for- malized ; but it is curious that two different forms, this one and the cylinder jar, A. 1, 11, 12, were both derived from one prototype. It is explained, however, by the cylinder jar being a form influenced by approximating to the alabaster cylinder jars, which were already long in use (biospoli* I 'arm, p. L5, pi. iii) ; and the forms here, A. 3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16 ; R. 11 1 — 114, must be looked on as the real close of the wavy-handled type. The survival of black-topped pottery, A. 9, 10, under Zer is unexpected, as few forms last beyond 60, and scarcely any after 70, sequence date. These, however, arc very different in appearance to the earlier black- topped, and are of forms unknown in the prehistoric ; only the accidental blacking beneath the ashes resembles the early ware. The oval dishes, A. 19, 20, are the last descendants of the oval forms so usual in the early prehistoric ; and no later examples than these have been found. On reaching Perabsen we find the links to the regular forms of the Old Kingdom. The form A. 28, probably derived from that of Mena's age, R. 110, is the parent of the type of the Vlth Dynasty (Bendereh, xvi. 5, 7, 22). The hand-made pot with diagonal finger marks, A. 27, is the parent of the usual pot of the Illrd— IVth Dynasty (Medum, xxxi, 15); which in another variety (Medum, xxxi, 19) lasted on to the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh, xvi, 8). The large limestone bowl, A. 33, found in the tomb of Mena, is like that of which a piece bears the name of Zet (R. T. ii, pi. vii, 2). The huge pilgrim-bottle, A. 34, is probably of the XXIInd Dynasty. 7. The Aegean pottery here figured, pi. viii. 1 — 14, was found together in a single deposit in the tomb of Zer, as described in detail in Royal Tombs, ii, pp. 9, 46 ; the account already given should be referred to, and we need only here say that the date and the foreign origin of this group are beyond question. Some regular Egyptian forms, such as 9, 10, 13, 14, and the alabaster 11, were deposited with the foreign forms, and show by the contrast the wide difference between them. The painted pieces below are from the tombs of Den (T) and Mersekha (U); the zigzag line between parallels is a well-known later design, but not hitherto met with in this age. OH.IECTS FROM THE ROYAL ToMHS. 8. On plate ix .are some outlines of stone vases, supplementary to those given in Royal Tombs, ii, pis. xlvi — liii. Fig. 1 is a portion of a syenite cup of king Sma, the inscription of which is here shown in photograph on pi. iv. 2. The very curious rush tray carved in alabaster, fig. 4, is here restored from fragments which were found scattered far apart. It is most like some of the remarkable slate carvings which have yet to be published, when the portions now hidden in Paris are available for science. The dolomite marble vases, figs. 5, G, 7, 10, are those with gold caps, already published in photographs (B. T. ii, pi. ix, 2— TO). Figs. 8, 9, were found with the copper bowls (It. 1\ ii, pi. ix, 13, 15). The diorite bowl, fig. 13, is photographed in B. T. ii, pi. ix, 11; for the position see B. T. ii, p. 13, chamber 44. The bowls, figs. 14, 15, are mentioned in position in B. T. ii, p. 12, chamber 1G. On plate x. is shown a small group found in the chamber Z 11, south of the tomb of king Zet. The zig-zag pattern, fig. 16, is incised on a bird's leg-bone, which probably served to hold copper needles; the copper borer, 19, is quadrangular ; the two flint scrapers should be compared with those from Z on pi. xiv. Fig. 20 is a portion of a carved wooden tray, much weathered, but apparently of a close-grained conifer, probably cedar ; the base is shown in the sketch, and part of the curved side. Fig. 21 is from a broken cup of thin horn, found in the tomb of Mena. The rude vases of alabaster are selected to show the variety of forms among the great number found in the tomb of Khase- kheniui ; the depth of the hollow is shown by a dotted line ; these were drawn by Mr. Weigall. 9. As it was impossible to draw all the engraved labels for the last volume, several are given here which were issued only in photographs last year. It will be clearest for reference to state the number on plate xi., the reference to the photograph, and the comparison with duplicate labels already published. PL xi. Photographed. Compare. 2 .1//. iv, 12 . . 3 , , //. T. i, xiii, 3 ■1 n . T. ii, viiA 3 „ xiv, 12 5 n ,. 6 ■>■> 11 11 6 ii ,, * • . 7 ii „ 4 i,'. T. i, xv, 16 8 ii vii, 1 1 ii ii 18 !) n viii, 5 xvii, 26 10 n „ 1 B. T. ii, xii. 6 11 ii „ 2 IB. T. i, xvii, 29 T. ii, xii, 6 The duplicate fragments are of the greatesl value in any attempt to read these inscriptions, as the variants in arrangement show in what order the signs are to be taken, and what are connected groups. In fig. 1 1 here, the com- parison of the reading with those named above, shows clearly that the sen sign of the royal name is to be taken in the sense of " breath," as in two cases it has the nose following it. On plate xii. are various examples of incised marks on stone vases, which should be put on record. Those without references were found on fragments heaped together from various tombs in the French work. Fig. 1 is photo- graphed in B. T. ii, pi. ii, 7. Fig. 15 is part of a nebui inscription. Fig. 18 is probably the up ast as in B. T. ii, pi. va, 6, 22—24. Fio-s 20, 21, 22 seem to be all variants of one, and probably the same as B. T. i, vii, 11 ; from these examples the reading must be mer- se-lca. 10. On plate xiii. are some drawings of steles, which have not been published in photograph. Some of them are unusual, and need careful comparison with parallel names. On 151 there seems to be the name Da- Kim inn " gift of Khnum," but with a very strange form of vase determinative, unlike any vases ABTDOS I. known of this age. On 148 it seems as if the double hill du was used as a variant for the triangle gift da, and it should read Hotep-du- Nt if, " Neit give peace." The painted inscrip- tion in red, 156, is uncommon. On 159 seems to be a hyaena. 168 is a fragment of a large royal stele, found in what is probably the tomb of Narmer ; it is carved with relief in three different levels, indicated by different shading ; the object appears to be part of a decorated facade (like that in Deshasheh, xxvi), and if so, the royal name was probably in the doorway below it, as on the inscription of king Ka. Unhappily no more was found ; but, of coui"se, there may be other fragments in Paris quite unknown. The gold bar of Aha, 171, is here outlined in side view, and the markings on the ends also shown ; the photograph of the ends has been already published in It. T. ii, pi. iiiA 7, and described on p. 21. 11. On plates xiv., xv., the worked flints found in the royal tombs are arranged in their historical order. In the upper half of the'series the flakes and scrapers are placed, and below these are the knives and fragments. The names of the kings are placed at the top of each column, and the letters of the tombs and some details are written on the photographs. In no other country or age has such an admirable series been found for the study of variations in the types and the rate of variation. And this only adds one more to the bitter regrets that this collection consists of only the scraps left behind after the shameless plundering of these tombs by speculators, with the full assent of the Egyptian authorities. At the top the small pointed flakes begin with Mena, and disappear under Merneit ; the flakes under Den are rougher, and such con- tinue to Perabsen. On the other hand, the square-ended flakes begin under Den, but develop strongly and distinctively during the Ilnd Dynasty. The round-ended flakes are finely worked with wide flat sides ; beginning under Zer, they are poorer under Den, and merge into the square-ended flakes by the end of the 1st Dynasty. The flat scrapers are not of well-marked types at first ; a tailed scraper is seen under Merneit, and a rounded triangular one under Azab. The triangle is sharper under Mersekha, and by the time of Khasekhemui the tri- angular scraper, long or equilateral, is the commonest form of flint. The knives begin with the deep back curve, as in that found in the Mena-tomb at Naqada (Die Morgan, Rech. ii, fig. 769). The handle by the first large knife does not belong to that specimen, but is only placed to carry on the figure. The curve becomes less gradually, until it is almost straight backed under Khasekhemui. The surface working, which is far below that of the prehistoric flints even at first, becomes rougher on the later knives, and the body is left much thicker and coarser. One instance of a recurved tip occurs under Zet. The small knives, with two nicks for tying them on to the girdle, are only found under Zer, see foot of plate. The sharp toe to the handle is most marked in the first half of the dynasty, and fades away after that until it is almost lost under Khasekhemui. The must typical series of these varieties for comparison is in the Ashmolcan Museum, Oxford. CHAITKK II. THE TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. 12. As the excavations in the great Temenos of Osiris still need one or two years more of work to complete them, it is not desirable to prepare a tentative plan ; but anyone wishing to follow closely what is described can use the plan made by Mr. Garstang, and published in El Arabah. With- out a plan it is useless to trouble a reader with topographical descriptions, and hence the account here is restricted to explaining the relations of the various things found and figured in these plates. So far as our excavations have yet gone, the history of the site may be briefly summed up thus. A temple of Osiris stood here upon the sandy edge of the desert, certainly in the Vlth Dynasty, and presumably before the 1st Dynasty. Outside of the temple enclosure a town sprang up behind it on the desert before the 1st Dynasty, and mingled with that town are a few large tombs and some smaller burials of the 1st Dynasty. These seem to have been placed amid the deserted houses when that part of the town was unoccupied. This town spread for some hundreds of feet around the temple, and lasted on to the IVth — Vlth Dynasties. Some time after the Old Kingdom a great enclosure wall was built, far outside of the temple ground, resting upon the town rubbish. A corner of this was boxed off with cross walls, and fdled up with inter- ments of the Xlth — XVIIth Dynasties, known later as the Kom es Sultan, which was com- pletely emptied out by Mariette's workmen. In the Xlth Dynasty Antef V. rebuilt the temple with octagonal columns of limestone. In the Xllth Dynasty many monuments were added by Usertesen I. In the Xlllth Dynasty Sebekhotep III. built a black granite gatewav. In the XVIIIth Dynasty Tahutmes III. built a massive inner enclosing Avail to the temple, over twenty feet thick, with a great red granite pylon on the back or desert side, opening into the larger walled area. .Much of the larger wall had been destroyed, and a town spread over the space, as before in the Old Kingdom ; but later, probably in the troubles of the XXth Dynasty, the old line of outer wall was built again, over the later town. In the XXVIfch Dynasty the temple was rebuilt, and additions made in the XXXth Dynasty. Where the original shrine of Osiris stood is not vet known: but presumably it was the nucleus of the original temple, and therefore beneath the later temples. We have not yet cleared the temple site below the foundations of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and work there will be very difficult owing to the rise of the Nile level placing the lower parts under water. 13. The excavation of the temenos area was a difficult matter to arrange. On every side it was bounded so that no clear space could lie begun upon; and I was obliged to start by throwing back along a line of existing ruins. In the higher part of the ground, nearer to the desert, the clean sand surface of the old <1 was found beneath all the towns piled one over the other. But this clean sand was inaccessible beneath the water in every part of the temple ground bounded by the great wall of Tahutmes 10 ABYDOS I. III. That most important region we have only yet searched as for hack as the XVIIIth Dynasty ; but having now finished a large space outside of it, we can proceed next year to unload the temple ground on to the space already searched, and thus work down over it, leaving only the lowest levels to be cleared at the dry end of the season. In the whole space outside of the temple ground not a trace of any building of the early time was found except mud brick houses. We have, then, to deal with what was a series of towns, piled up in strata which are usually inches to 1 foot thick. To denote the positions of small objects found, I marked each with a trench number and a level. The trench numbers I have not pub- lished here, as it appears that there was a generally level spread of the town in all parts that we dug, for peculiar types of flints or pottery are found at closely the same level in different trenches. The levels were at first denoted in inches absolutely above a fixed datum point ; but as work went on it proved more convenient and satisfactory to denote them in inches over the basal slope of clean sand. This sand gently sloped down from the desert to the cultivation, and hence absolute levels are not comparable, but heights over sand show the true depth of ruin. Every level stated on the drawings of flints, pottery, and other objects here is in inches over sand, or absolute depth of ruin at the point. Roughly speaking, the town began about the beginning of Dynasty 0, and the stratified material that was left untouched by the sebakhin rarely extended beyond the Ilnd Dynasty. The discussion of the relations of the pre-historic sequence dates, the kings' reigns, and the town levels will best be taken after describing the \:iri..us material that we have found. In many places I dug through the basal sand for a foot or two, but always found it clean and undis- turbed, and in no case did I observe any graves and filled up. thoinrh I or hollows dug in it up, though often looked for them carefully. The Avails of the houses were sometimes visible for a couple of feet or so in height when a clean section was cut ; but the bricks were quite indistinguishable, and the wall could only be detected as the interruption of lines of charcoal and potsherds by a vertical face of uniform earth. It was, therefore, not practicable to trace out the separate houses, or to make any plan of the buildings ; and in no case did we find any length of uniform wall more than the side of a room or two, or any thicker mass than the usual chamber Avails. There does not seem to have been any large enclosure or uniform mass of building, but only small houses. The Avhole compacted mass of wall-stumps, mud and sherds is so unified by pressure and Avet — being saturated at high Nile — that only clean cut sections Avould show anything ; and there Avas no discriminating cohesion in one part more than another. 14. Throughout the early toAA r n, flints more or less Avrought were abundant. Thousands of flakes Avere found (of which a portion Avere levelled, and are figured on pis. xxiv, xxv) : and some hundreds of Avorked-up flints, knives, scrapers, saws, &c, Avhich Avere all levelled when found in undisturbed earth. The sebakhin had, hoAveA'er, dug over the Avhole site, and parts of it down even to the sand ; and therefore many flints were found in their siftings Avhich cannot iioav be levelled. r I nough some of these Avere fine examples, they are not figured here, as no exact historic value can be given to them. The draAvings here Avere all made by outlining the flints on the paper, copying the edge flakes, and then draAving in the general flaking by freehand, observing the form of each flake carefully. Every flint has its level in inches over the basal sand, or the depth of ruin when it was dropped, marked beloAv it. Pis. xvi, xvii. Flint Knives without Handles. — On comparing these it did not seem that there was any restriction of types to special THE TEMKNOK OK nSIKIS. 11 levels ; hence these are arranged rather l>y the amount of curvature iu the back, as this enables a comparison with any other specimen to be most readily made. The whole of the flaking is rough compared with the prehistoric work, and it resembles that of the knives of the 1st Dynasty tombs and the Hierakonpolis deposit. Many of the specimens are greatly changed in outline by wear ; for instance, the snubbing of the edge of 27 shows plainly in the drawing. This snubbing is always on the side next the person when the Hint is held in the right hand ; and was doubtless the result of scraping away from the person. Sometimes a Hint will be snubbed half the length on one face and half on the other face, having been held sometimes by one end, sometimes by the other. This wear may be noticed in the drawings of 5, 7, 14, 19, 27, 35, and 36, outer end. The wide finely re-curved knives 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41 and 42 belong to levels 22 to 65 (as the M tombs were cut into the ground, see below) ; and this corre- sponds to the first half of the 1st Dynasty, agreeing to the fine one of this type in the Naqada tomb of Mena's queen. No butt ends of this type of knife were found in the royal tombs, excepting perhaps one of Zet and one of Mersekha ; but owing to only the broken pieces being known from those tombs, it is difficult to make comparisons. The tip 40 is much like one of Zer ; and the recurved tip 39 is like one of Zet. Pis. xviii, xix. Flint Knives with Handles. — These seem to cover the same range of levels as those without handles. They are arranged here in order from the most concave backs to the most convex. The work is generally rougher than is seen on those from the royal tombs ; a natural difference between working articles and royal specimens. None of the very pointed toes are found on the handles, and the blades are far thicker than the royal knives. We may well compare fig. 53 with the knives of Khasekhemui, the long narrow blade 60 with the long blade of the same king, and fig. 51 is mosf like the knives of A/.al> and Mersekha. The last example, fig. 8 I, is of the X 1th X I Ith Dynasty, as it is closely like those in Dendereh, xxii, Kahun, xvi, and lllahun, vii, xiii. PI. xx. Tin: Flint Soes. — These form a well-marked group, none being found below 38, and most being within 20 inches, from 75 to 95. The form underwent very slight changes down to the Xllth Dynasty (lllahun, vii.). Most of these hoes show the high polish due to wear in use ; and the mode of setting is seen in hiero- glyphs of the Vth Dynasty, where three boes in a line are bound OD to the end of a long handle, at right angles to it. Pis. xxi — xxiii. The Scbapebs. — These are roughly classed as tailed, irregular, and round ; in each class they are arranged in the order of their levels. The tailed scrapers are mostly poor and slight up to about 10 level; but from 36 to 51 there is a class of thick, carefully-flaked, pieces, with the edge often notched. After 51 only two slight ones are known. The history of this form is therefore very definite. The irregular scrapers are mainly before I 11 : 22 being in the first 40 inches, and only 8 in the next such space. The round scrapers are similarly distributed, three-quarters in the lowest part of the town. As in the royal tombs it is only when the finer- worked flints were given up that the rougher scrapers were buried, it is useless to compare the few scrapers found there with those from the town. At the base of the plate are two flint borers: a broken disc of flint, probably in course of working for a bracelet; and a flint core. PI. xxiv. Long Scbapebs. — These have all been used for scraping a wide sin face : some may probably be misused knives (189, 193), but others are evidently made for scraping, as 194, 195, 198. Flakes are classified into plain flakes (199— 12 ABTDOS I. 236), tipped flakes (237— 2G6), worked flakes (267—281), rounded flakes (282—285), and square flakes (286—291). The simpler forms are pretty equally distributed ; the rounded ends are wide before 60, and narrow after, much as in the tombs they are wide to Merneit, and narrow from Den onward. The regular square form does not here begin till 40, and we know that it continued in use till the end of the Illrd Dynasty (Medum, xxix, 26). PI. xxvi. Three pieces of animal figures chipped in flint were found; and such are already known from elsewhere (see Man, 1902, art. 14). The figure 294 is certainly a crocodile, and the others may be intended for the same beast. The smaller saw flints are probably all from sickles ; they belong to the lower levels in the town. The crescent flints are nearly all of the higher levels, over 50 inches. The use of them is suggested by finding a great quantity in a stratum of white sand and stone dust ; this indicates that they were used like the vase grinders (pi. liii. 23 — 34), but probably for the earlier rough stages of drilling out alabaster vases. The comb flints 315 — 327 are hitherto un- known ; but it seems likely that they are a development of the round scraper, perhaps for scraping the scales from fish. 15. The stone vases, pi. xxvii, which were found in the temenos strata are mostly frag- mentary. They show, however, the periods of several well-known types, which may all be placed here within the 1st Dynasty or a little before it. Referring to the stone vases which are dated by the Royal Tombs (/i\ T. ii, pis. \lvi — liii), we may compare here : — Stone. Level. Alab. Basalt 30 45 I Number. I Mena (Zer Zer 297 298 54 Stone. Level. King. Number. Alab. 27 Zer 491 Alab. 57 Zer 299 Alab. 50 Zet 156 Alab. 30 Merneit 330, 331 Alab. 85 Merneit 334 Alab. 64 Azab 306 It must always be remembered that stone vases are liable to be retained in use for two or three generations after being made, as Ave see by the secondary inscriptions on those from the royal tombs. But on the whole these agree, the town being mainly of the 1st Dynasty, and the exact levels we shall note again in section 20. It should be observed that several forms here in the town, with pierced handles (levels 45, 23, 37, 58, 40, 28), are unknown in the royal tombs, and only once occur (M 16, 6, pi. xlv) in the large quantity of stone vases in the M tombs ; they are like some late prehistoric forms, and seem to have been avoided for tomb furniture. 16. l'ls. xxviii — xxxv. The Early Pot- tery. — The whole of the pottery found in the strata of the early town is here classed according to its forms, from the most open to the most closed. It might seem superfluous to give figures of so many slightly differing varieties ; but it is just the minute variations which best enable us to study and discriminate the changes and different periods. Therefore wherever a difference could be distinctly seen, apart from the mere irregularities of form in each pot, it is here given for comparison. The forms arc all numbered through, 1 to 211, so that only the numbers are quoted in the following ac- count. Other publications of pottery are quoted as N. (Naqada), D. (Diaspolis), R. T. i. {Royal Tombs i.), and M (plates xxxvi. — xlvii. here, of M tombs). The forms 1 — 5, 8, 9, are roughly hand- made, see N. R 1 and 21. These and the THE TEMBNOS OF OSIE1 18 small saucers, 10 — 14, are so easily invented al any time that they are not important. Tlic everted bowls 15 — 27 are both of rouirh brown pottery (see N. R24, 26, 28) or of polished red ware of poor and late quality (see N. P 15, 17, IS). The brim bowls, 28 — 31, are of late origin, but of various ware ; some red polished (N. P 14), some rough brown, but more usually of hard late ware (N. L 7, 8, 9, 10). The inturned bowls are the commonest of all, and descend from early ages; they are divided into four columns here, the straight sided, the curved sided, the rounded sided, and the wide based. It should be noted that the different classes of bowls were not in use similarly at all levels. The rough small saucers are all of or 3 level ; the everted bowls at to 25, and one later ; the wide bases usually 25 to 50 ; the brim bowls 19 to 85; the rounded bowls 18 to 115. This shows that fluctuations in fashion went on from one sreneration to another, within the wider range of the mere existences of such forms which cover much longer periods. The rough-bottomed bowls, 57 — 62, were made by dropping a lump of mud into a hole in the ground, and then shaping it up by haud. They are all very thick, and of soft, poorly- baked mud ; signs marked with the finger often occur on the inside of the bowls, and such are copied here. The earlier forms are flatter, the later ones more upright. The great pans, 66—69, were probably used for storage, as also the ovate jars 70 — 77. These forms are not known in the graves, except very rarely a jar. But the great pans Avere used to invert over a contracted body, so as to constitute a grave ; and they are commonly known to explorers by their modern name of magur. The pans are found in all levels, but the jars only range from 18 to 62. The great jars with narrow mouths (78 — S3) were probably sunk in the ground and used to store grain. A recess around the mouth (see section in si) was made to retain a lid. The Levels stated here are taken a little below the top, at the probable ground level. The same form of mouth to a spheroidal jar was found along with a cylinder of Ka-Ka, probably Khaires who reigned either just before or after Khasekhemui in the find Dynasty (/■.'/ Kab, ii, 2). This would be probably rather later than the examples here, which are at 68 to 88 level.-. The largest jar (Fig. 83) is much later, being found at 55 inches under the pavement of Amenhotep 1 ; the height over sand is yet unknown. The cylinder jars, 84—86, are of the usual late type, such as is found in the latest pre- historic graves, probably contemporary with smh jars in the Mena and Zer tombs. The series of further degradation of this form is given in E. T. i, 119—129. The minute forms, 88 — 91, seem to be models of the large jars 102, &c. They are all early. The rough broAvn jars, 92 — 97, are of tic- form of the late ash jars of the prehistoric graves (.V. L 30). In two or three houses long lines of these were found stacked against a wall ; in one case 21 jars, along a chamber 145 by 86 inches, standing mouth down on the sand (fig. 92) ; elsewhere moi'e than a dozen, mouth up (fig. 97) ; elsewhere a long line, mouth down (fig. 95); and in nearly all of these cast - the bottoms were broken oil'. The smooth, hard, light brown jars, 98 — 101, are not so common in the town as they are in graves. The class of great jars, 102 — 105, is quite distinct from all others. The earliest is that from the tomb of King Ro (Ii. '/'. i, 2), which has the raised bauds marked to imitate rope; this is a copy of a jar slung in cords, like the example carved in stone found by Amelineau (Dk Morgan, Rech. ii, fig. 823). For a small pottery model of the same see B. T. ii, pi. xxxviii, 1 . Such jars were found by me with 14 ABYDOS I. the remains of actual cordage upon them in the offerings to Merneit ; and the impression of the ring of cord round the neck is usually found on the lower edge of the great sealings. The successive stages of degradation of these jars have been already noted in section 6. The elaborate pattern on 105 must be due to an archaistic imitation, or j:>ossibly the piece was dug out from the lowest level in early times ; certainly it is not in place in the series at 63 level. The plain jars without bands (104) are of the same age as those with bands, see R. T. i, 1 — 12; but they are generally of a fuller form than the banded jars. The hand-made pottery, with diagonal finger marks, 106 — 116, is well known in the Old Kingdom (Medum, xxxi, 15; El Kab, xii, 23); but it does not occur in prehistoric graves. It appears from the levels to belong to the Ilnd Dynasty and onward ; and may be a degrada- tion of the well-made jars of the 1st Dynasty, such as in B. T. i, 16 — 31, or the forms 122, 129 — 131, 136 here, which are earlier than the majority of these rough jars. The jars with a deep collar, 118 — 121, are probably the latest stage of the ash-jar of the prehistoric graves (N. L 33, 34 ; J). L. 34c). The whole class of rotund jars, 123 — 140, are usually of hard fawn-coloured pottery, which is common in late prehistoric times. They run on into the Illrd Dynasty, compare L29 and Medium, xxx, 11; and the Vth Dynasty, see 135 and Veshasheh, xxxiii, 20. The little round-bottomed jars, 141 — 150, are rare in tombs, but common in the town : they do not occur in the lowest levels, before the 1st Dynasty, but are known in the prehistoric (.V. 1! 63) from 50 s.D. to the end. The earlier ones are well shaped with a good brim, and they become ruder in later instances. The small globular pots, 151 — 174, are common in the earlier levels, but are all more rounded at the bottom than the late prehistoric forms, N. R64— 69. The model vases 182 — 187 are of hard fawn ware like their larger prototypes. The ring stand 192 is one of the rudest forms. In 193 there is a combined cup and stand in one piece. 194 is a dish with lip. In 195 — 197 we see combined bowls and stands made in one. Such are found in late prehistoric time, 72 — 76 s.D., but seem to be quite unknown in the Illrd Dynasty and onwards. The stand pierced with triangular holes (198) is almost exactly like one in Dendereh, xvi, 38. The large globular jar on a small stand (211) is an extreme instance of the combined form. The decoration of red lines on the fawn pottery in 205 — 211 belongs to the late prehistoric age. The triangular tube 203 is unknown elsewhere. Several solid cylinders of pottery (204) were found, with wiped lines around the ends, and diagonal finger marks ; they were probably used to support a wooden floor above the earth, like the jars at Koptos. 17. Outside of the smaller enclosure, close around the Osiris temple, the town had sprung up before the 1st Dynasty ; and when four or five feet of rubbish and ruins had accumulated, at about the earlier half of the 1st Dynasty, several large tombs (some as much as thirteen feet by six) were sunk within the town, just out- side the temple gateway. Probably that part of the town site was unoccupied then, and after standing a couple of generations the houses had crumbled clown, and the place seemed bare enough for a cemetery, although it Avas after- wards again covered by the town. These tombs were then subjected to such pressure and wet in the soil that their contents and walls are hardly to be distinguished from the town rubbish outside of them. It is only when a group of pottery or stone vases is found that we can be certain of the presence of a tomb, and it needs careful examination to settle the height of the walls. As will be seen in dis- cussing the dates in section 20 the walls are traceable up to, or within a few inches, of the THE TEMBNOS OP OSIRIS 15 level which corresponds to the ago <>f the tomb : and hence the tombs were cut down through about four or five feet of town rubbish, generally to the clean sand (sec top of pi. Ixxx), and lined with a wall which rose to the ground surface of that aye. The rooting was doubtless of branches, twigs, and earth — like the prehistoric tombs which gave way, and let the rubbish from the surface fall over, and fill up the hollow. Most of these tombs seem never to have been disturbed; the bodies were unbroken, the jars complete, and the fine stone vases in place ; but as no gold work was found, and the only valuables were some beads, and in one case copper tools, it may be that covetable objects had, perhaps, been taken away. One of these tombs was found by accident two years ago, and its contents are published in B. T. ii, pi. xxxiii, numbered M 1. This year eleven more tombs or interments of that age were found, and the plans are shown in pis. xlviii, xlix, the pottery in pis. xxxvi — xli, the stone vases in pis. xlii — xlvii ; the copper tools in pi. 1, the beads in pi. lii, and the flint knives in pi. xvii. 18. In the plans pis. xlviii, xlix, every jar is shown in outline to scale. The pottery is in plain outline, the stone vases are cross- shaded one way, the blocks of stone single- shaded one way, and the brick walls single- shaded the other way. The numbers on the vases are those which were marked on them during the clearing of the tomb, and agree to the numbers on pis. xxxvi — xlvii. The necessities of the excavation made it impossible to keep a regular order of the numbers, either in position or nature of the objects. Some- times only a part of a tomb could be done at first ; sometimes it was needful to remove all the valuable stone vases overnight, for fear of robbery, and do the pottery next day ; some- times a space had to be cleared to stand or kneel in, so as to reach the delicate parts of the clearance carefully. Almost every vase was sketched into a plan a> it appeared, with often some measurements to Becure the position, and then a number was marked on ii to identify it again. After making the drawings of the forms, the plan-; were fair-drawn from the dimensions on the plates of forms, lining them all in to the dimensions measured as they stood in the tomb. The bodies were far i nuch rotted, with the wet and pressure, to he preserved; the skulls were kept, in some cases, on a Lump of earth, hut all too much crushed t<> he of any value for measurement: the positions were, however, noted carefully in all but one case, where it was broken up. The direction of the tombs was parallel to the temenos wall in most cases, and they are drawn here with the reputed north upwards, really N.N.YV. The tombs are arranged here in the order of their character, placing next to one another those most comparable. This is not in the order of numbers nor the order of the age. They should be studied with the sections, given at the top of pi. Ixxx, which show their rela- tion to the native sand, and the relative breadth and height. M24, M25, M26 are three burials in clay coffins ; they stood to each other in the respective positions here shown. The coffins 24 and 26 were of black clay or mud, 25 of white clay. For the figures of the vases see pis. xli, xlvii. From the stone vases it has been observed already that they are most like those of the age of Den, Mersekha, and Merneit, so far as we can tell by one or two examples. By being close together they probably belong to the same age, apparently that of Den ; the town level of which time was about 70. Thus tin Levels of the coffins at 40 and 50 inches (pi. Ixxx) would mean that the hole for burial was dug 20 to 30 inches deep. The position of these and all the other burials was contracted in the usual prehistoric manner : and in almost all cases the head was south and face west, the 16 ABYDOS I. attitude of the prehistoric bodies. This is con- trary to the attitude of head north, face either way, in which were found most of the servants of king Qa ; and face east, as the Illrd Dynasty people of Medum. M 17 is the only instance of a bricked grave containing a clay coffin. The coffin was at 50 inches over the sand (pi. lxxx) ; and as by the stone vases the burial can hardly be later than Merneit, when the surface level was fiO, the black clay coffin can scarcely have been covered by the grave, but was hidden by heaping over the top. The body in the coffin was that of a woman ; that in the grave was a child, and at a rather lower level. By its hands was a small square packet of beads. The mass below vase 10 was a lump of soft white earth, like rough plaster, which was not found in any other grave. The vases are figured on pis. xxxix, xliv. M 14 is the only instance of a burial with head to north. The length of the femur 17'8 ins. (452 mm.) is usual for a man, but extreme for a woman. For the vases see pis. xxxix, xliv. The base of the tomb was 1 I inches over the sand, and therefore dug about four feet deep from the surface of that time. This burial was unusually rich in having seven flint bracelets on the left arm, besides one flint bracelet on the right arm ; also a flint knife (xvii. 28) under the head. In the earth over the body were black lines all in one plane, with streaks of bright haematite; this stuff was probably a rush mat painted with ruddle. Between the bowl 52 and the wall was the skull of an animal (gazelle?) By the bead were about 8 inches of carnelian beads, about ti inches of steatite tube beads, the same "I green glaze ball heads, and some long glazed tube beads, in front of the body beneath the hand was a large rough stone. The thickness of the walls was measured ( 1 _' inches), but the height could not be traced. The south wall was not found. M 15. From the bareness of this tomb, and the poorness of its contents (see pis. xxxix, xliv) it seems probable that it had been robbed anciently. The west wall was not traced. M 18. This was another bare tomb with only the commonest pottery and broken stone vases. It lay next to M 15, and had probably been robbed. At the S.W. corner was the skeleton of a gazelle. M 19. This was the richest tomb of all, having twenty-two stone vases. We see here, as also in the next two tombs, large blocks of natural rough rolled stones laid on the floor of the grave. These are placed at the head and the feet ; and in each grave they mark out the line of the cylinder jars placed by the head. It seems likely that these stones were the bases of wooden pillars or props which sup- ported the roofing, and which delimited an inner space around the body. There may even have been a central boarded chamber with some objects placed in it and others grouped outside of it. This would be like the central wooden chamber of the royal tombs of Zer, Zet, and Den, with the offerings in spaces outside of it. In M 19 the stone vases by the head, and the pottery cylinders 9 — 12, would all be piled up within the chamber ; and the group of stone vases at the north end would lie outside. In M 12 the cylinder jars 14, 15, bowls 4 and slate, Avould be stood up inside the chamber, and the other offerings in lines outside. In M l(i the large slate 48 and alabaster 8 would be leaning against the chamber side, and the vases T>, 22, 37 — 40, 50, 51 stacked inside; also the vases 10— 12, 18, 32, 43, 15, 47, and the bowls 42, 44 leaning against the side. On the decay of the woodwork the vases would naturally fall over into the positions in which we find them. Thus the arrangement of the contents points to some inner framing of wood, which rested on the large stones as a footing. In the section (pi. lxxx) it is seen that neither the walls nor the interment reach down to the THE TBMENOS OF OSIEIS. 17 clean sand ; within the walls is a layerof broken bricks and lumps of rubbish, and then curved strata of town rubbish, — charcoal and pot- sherds, — filling ii)) the hollow, where the roof had collapsed. There is 7 to 12 inches of house rubbish beneath the walls ; and in the middle mud wash up to 15 inches, and then broken brick to 25 inches over the sand. A very curious point in this burial is that at 13 upon the knees was part of the knee bone of an ox, and at 14 upon the humerus was part of the shoulder blade of an ox. These bones must have been intended to act by sympathetic magic, in order to impart the strength of the ox to the limbs of the deceased. For the references to the vases see pis. xli, xlvii. The large vase 16 had the lesser one 26 placed in it, and 36 also in it beneath 26. Bowl 170 was placed in 70, and 178 in 78. The north wall of the tomb was not traced, nor was the thickness of the walls ascertained. M. 12. This grave was opened up late one afternoon, and I planned and removed the stone vases before dark, but had to leave the rest for daylight ; unfortunately one of the boys thought that I had finished the ground in the middle, and cleared it out next morning, so the attitude of the skeleton was not observed beyond the place of the head. Of course that was the last tomb that boy ever touched. The vase figures are given on pis. xxxvi, xlii, xliii ; the P placed to some bowls denotes polished red pottery. On the N.E. stone was a slate palette 4d ; on that the basalt bowl 4c, in that the blue volcanic stone bowl 4b, and in that the basalt bowl 4a. The alabaster saucer 8 was placed in two pottery saucers containing mala- chite chips ; and the alabaster 9 was in a pile of six pottery saucers. The pan 38 contained wood ashes. The pot and saucer 43, 44 were high up on the west side. M. 16. This tomb had walls preserved higher than any of the others, being 52 inches over sand ; as the level of its age is 55 inches in the town strata, the wall is preserved up to the original surface. The body had a slate bracelet mi the right fore-arm, and three shell bracelets on the left. Two heads, of goat or gazelle, lay before it: a • legbones to the north of the heads; and behind the body many gazelle bones, and another head. The large pan. 20, behind the body was base upwards. For the forms of vases see pis. xl, xlv. M. 13. This was the largest of the tombs, and contained the greatest amount of pottery, and also copper tools ; but three other tombs contained more stone vases. So it is true of these tombs, as of others, that the pottery seems to replace the stone vases. The south part of the tomb was first uncovered, and cleared as far as beyond the feet of the skeleton, by under- mining the side of the cutting. A marker was then put down beyond the feet, and the north part cleared while the south was refilled ; the marker served thus to connect the measure- ments, but the whole space was not seen at one time, owing to the great depth of the earth. Over most of the floor a cobble paving of rough desert stones, about four to six inches across, was laid down. This paving did not extend up to the walls in most parts, but on the cast side it ran out under the line of the wall, though I could not verify if there was really walling over it there. In the second clearance, of the north end, I did not observe any paving : but it was not easy to see, as it was covered with thick mud, and could only be felt for by slicing the soft mud with a knife. The section of the tomb is shown in pi. lxxx. The wall extends from 15 below the sand to 52 over it; mud wash rises to 12 over the sand, and above that are curved strata of town rubbish, and broken brick at the sides. The body was peculiar in having the spine severed at the fifth vertebra, with five inches separation between the parts, and yet the arm lying on the severed vertebra with its bones in joint and quite undisturbed. It seems 18 ABYDOS I. impossible to suppose that the spine has merely fallen apart during decay. The right femur was 19-0 ins. (483 m.m.), the left femur 19*2 ins. (489 m.m.) long, which is a very full size for a male. There were four carnelian beads at intervals around the head. Behind the body were two heads of calves and the bones of a bird. The vases are figured on pis. xxxvii, xxxviii, xliii. The large pottery cylinder jars made in imitation of alabaster were filled with clean sand. A bowl, 63, was inverted over 13. A second bowl was placed under bowl 12. In the deep bowl 2 was painted stuff (linen or leather), a bone netter, a rough pan, a rough brown jar, bird bones, and bits of limestone painted red. The saucer 4 contained white paint. The large jar 41 was in the earth outside of the tomb limits, and it hardly seems likely to belong to the tomb, but rather to be one of the jars left in the town ruin at an earlier date. Beyond the feet, near the north end, the copper tools were found lying together ; the position is not certain, as they were moved in the course of clearing, and I had to rely on the workman's observation. With the copper tools described on p. 23 (pi. 1) were also two polished black quartzose stones, doubtless used for hammering and burnishing metal. This tomb is kept at the Cairo Museum to be arranged as an example of the burial of the 1st Dynasty. It is unfortunate that this series of fine graves was placed in so low a situation, where, by the rise of water level, they are now below high Nile level, and the soil is so wet that it can, with a little shaking, be poured out from the vases as a stream of mud. This wet has decayed all the bones, so that it was impossible to keep one whole, and it has also made it difficult to trace the walls or the structural details, or to find small objects in the soft mud. But having been buried over with some twenty feet of earth above them, these tombs have been preserved from later robbers, and we are able now to reconstruct in our museums these sumptuous burials of the earliest age of the Egyptian monarchy. 19, It is hardly needful to say much in detail about the pottery of the M. tombs, pis. xxxvi — xli, as the classes have been noticed in describing the pottery of the early town, section 16. In some plates it has not been thought needful to repeat the varieties of the large jai's, but cross references are given from one to another. (Correct the lowest reference on pi. xxxvi. 45, from 57 to 67.) In some cases of large numbers of bowls no separate number was attached to each, but the stars put to some forms show how many examples were found. The large jars M. 13 ; 13, 14 are made of light drab pottery in imitation of alabaster. The bottle M. 13, 65 is of hard pale pottery, like all the late pre-historic bottles (Naq. L. 60 — 66). In the tomb M. 18 there were practically only two forms of pottery, the bowl 3 and the vase 4, and the slight varieties are not noted separately in place. The stone vases, pis. xlii — xlvii, were found in all of the M. tombs ; sometimes there were only a couple, but in M. 19 as many as twenty- two. They were almost always buried in jaerfect condition, for though the more tender ones have often been broken, the exact position of the fragments shows that they were buried entire. In one case, M. 18, the pieces lay as if the bowl and vase had been broken before burial ; and as this tomb contained only very common pottery, some disused broken stone vases may have been put in, for economy. Certainly there is no sign of " killing " the vases of either stone or pottery at the burial. The alabaster cylinder jars are mostly rather coarse and carelessly made, as if for funeral purposes, and are not nearly as well finished as those of the royal tombs. The splendid tomb M. 19 is again exceptional in having much finer vases than the others. It will be seen in 11. T. ii, stone vases 77, THE TEMBNOS OF 081RI8 19 None Plain Corded o . £i — 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 . 1 1 — — 3 1 1 1 . 2 4 4 359, 360, 363, 364, that the earlier forms down to Zer are nearly equal in diameter from top to base : whereas the Later forms swell out at one end or at both ends, as 374, 375, 377—392. Tins agrees to the M. tomhs belcui^inic to the earlier part of the 1st Dynasty, as most of the jars are cylindrical. It is remarkable that there seems to be a deliberate selection of all of the varieties of cylinder jar for each tomb. Some have no band, some a plain Viand, some a corded band. They are distributed thus : — M. 1 M. VI M. 13 M. 14 M. 15 M. 16 M. 17 M. 19 This seems very unlikely to be mere accident, as vases belonging to one person, or made for one tomb, would probably follow one fashion. Different purposes seem to have been in view for the different styles of vase. Most of the forms of the bowls can be identi- fied with forms found in the royal tombs (R. T. ii, xlvi — liii.) ; but as this is part of the subject of the dates of the tombs it will be taken in the next section. 20. The relations of the ages of the various classes of remains is the main result that we gain from the past season's work. It will be clearest to deal with the relations in this order : — A. The dating of M. tombs relatively to the levels. B. The dating of M. tombs relatively to kings' tombs. C. The dating of levels relatively to kings' tombs. D. The dating of levels relatively to sequence dates. E. Joint relations of all classes together. A. To date the M le\ ela we may make of the pottery with lev tombs in relation to the the following comparisons '■I forms : — M. I. 35 '.i 20 8, &c 33 M. 12. 32 Ht 15 45 47 M. 13. L2 10 35 8 75 25 76 5 M. 14. 29 13 next 4 1 M. 15. 17 over 17 M. 16. next 36 6 . 42 & 44 13, &c. 5 37 M. 19. 4 64 57 69 63 11 lev lied at 42- 50 before 50 / in-. 45 54- 33(?) 45 50 after 54 after 55 56 18 19(?) 19, 60 after 50 alter 54 after 55 60 50 55 60 The age of each tomb must, then, be taken as probably equal to that of various levels of the 20 ABYDOS I. town between 15 and 60 inches over the sand; the value finally adopted for each being placed after the bracket. The meaning of this in relation to the con- struction of the tomb must be noticed. The heights of the walls of the tombs (pi. lxxx) over the sand are thus : — Tomb Level of age Top of wall M. 12 50 45 M. 13 45 40 M. 16 55 52 M. 19 60 45 so that the walls Avhere traceable extend to 3 to 15 inches below what was probably the. "round level at the. time ; a conclusion which shows that our results by the types of the pottery are probably true to a few inches of level. B. The dating of the M. tombs in relation to the royal tombs depends on both the pottery and the stone. Taking the pottery first we see M.1: 3 3 similar to Zer 51 about Zet 16—19 before Mersekha Zer M. 12; 45 1 1 , 47 15 -27 51—2:; ) Zer before Mersekha ' Zer before Qa Zer | before Qa j M. 16; 21 27, 28 6 14—18 M. 18; I M. 19; 50, 75 57, 58 65 K) 11 60 69. 94 Zer M. 14; 4,6, 13,17 all Merneit ( Mersekha ? Zer as M. 1, Zer Zet, Merneit Qa Zer — Merneit Zer as M. 1, Zer Zet Zet, Merneit Merneit before Mersekha Mersekha Merneit Merneit Zet Zet Turning to the stone vases we see that they may be compared with those in B. T. ii as follows ; M. 1 being omitted as we have not the sections for comparison. I. 12 M. 13 M. 14 M. 16 M. 17 9 = 4 is, 61 = 195, 52 = 319, Z 50 = 2 = 59, 8 65, 250, 40 R2 Y 51 1 460, 3 I <;;>, 64 59, 1<)7, T 45 218, O 1 405, z :; 250, 62 98, 54 12."., T in L68, W 1 52, Y L3 s 134, .",(>7 z 42 .". 1 s /, ■) 63, Q o Y 11 1 83 T 2 217, z \y 7 1 't x 309, T Y la 2 1 1, T 49 66, Q 4b 152, Q Y (50, 5 It. 1 = Zer T. ii, xxxiv, 7 1 .) THE TEMEN08 OP OSIRIS. -'I M. 18 M. 1!) 2 = 222, Z 315, Y Z '.i = 65, L5 267, 304, V 317, V 304, Y 224, T 107, T 21 l, T 169, U 1!)!), U 150, U 6 2] 17 I 30 4 20 \\.2\ 6 = 265, T I 146, T T M. 21 1 = 150, U u M. 26 5 = 456, V Hence putting the tombs in their real order we see By pottery By stone M. 13 . Zer Zer 12 . . Zer Zer 1 . Zer — 18 . . Zet Zet 17 . — Merneit 1G . Meraeit Merneit 14 . Merneit Merneit 2G . Merneit 19 . Zet 1 Jen 24 . — Den 25 . — Mersekha The only discrepancy here is that 19 cannot be brought later than Merneit by the pottery, and Zet would be better ; while it cannot be brought well before Merneit by the stone, and Den would be better. So Merneit should be best adopted. We can now put the town levels thus equivalent to the kings' tombs as follows : — Zer . . 45, 50, 50 inches level Merneit . 55, 60, GO „ „ C. We can further compare the pottery of the kings' tombs directly with that found in the levels of the town. Not so many comparisons can be made as those by means of the M. tombs, but they cover a wider range of time. Form 35 84 L02 8G L50 176 101 59 136 129 61-2 116 Level 12—25 50 King = Narmer Mena Zer 55 Zet 50—80 Zet 25 Merneit? 5 I Mersekha ? 14 Mersekha? 70—88 Qa 49—60 Qa? 90—128 Qa 85 — 115 Perabsen Some of these are discordant, but they are only those which were at first marked with a ? as being already dubious in themselves ; the greater part are fairly accordant, and agree also with the equivalent levels ascertained through the M. tombs. To this we may add that a : of the same quality of porphyry as that used by Mena, was found at 30. 1 should then conclude that the following list cannot be far out as a scale of levels equivalent to the reigns. inches = Narmer or earlier 25 Mena (but see under D) 50 Zer Zet mi Merneit 65 Den 22 ABYDOS I. 75 inches = Azab 80 Mersekha 90 Qa 110 Perabsen D. Lastly we have the relation of the levels and reigns to the series of prehistoric sequence dates. Of course the end of the series is the weakest point, as there is no comparison with data that come after it, as in other parts. I shall here omit all comparisons with types that have a long range of sequence dates, or a range that extends up to 80, as they are of no use ; also those ranges before 70, as it is certain that they cannot be in question here. The useful material then is : — ■ Type S.D. Level Figure D. 27 —75 = = — 7 206 L. 40 —76* 131 R. 65d —72 154 R. 34c -73 45 L. L9b —76* 52 R. 62 -77* 5 1 60 D. 27 -75 8 205 L. 30 —78* 5—22 93 R. 57a -75 14? L 84 ? W. 80 79, 80* 12—55 84—86 L. 86 72, 76 23 197 L. 50b 78* 23 125 L. 78a 73 30 32 L. 17c —7!)* 38 54 R. Lc —72 40 1 L. L9a —78 42 53 R. 38 —75 43 47 L. 44 —78 50 127 R. 34a —7!) 40 — 60 36,38 and by the series of cylinder jars Type s.d. W. 71a 78— 80 = Ka 80 79— 80 = Ka 85 80 = Mena 90 80 = Zet, Merneit. Now inasmuch as the knowledge of the range of sequence date of each type is likely to be incomplete, but not likely to be carried on too far, so it is truest to take the latest range of s.d. corresponding to each level. Looking over these I. should conclude that the probable truth is shown by the starred instances above, which give in round numbers S.D. Level King 76 77 10 78 20 Ka 79 40 Mena 80 55 Zet Here it is certain that Ka = 78 s.d., and must come therefore to level 20 ; and therefore Mena must be put to a higher level than was done in the table of levels and reigns. A final summary of the results from all the evidence together may now be given : re- membering that the kings' tombs show the pottery of the end of each reign. The date is given in years merely to show the intervals, and not as implying any total accuracy. s.d. Level King Date B.C. 76 ... 5000? 77 1<) 78 20 Ka 4900?— 4870? 79 40 Mena 4777—4715 50 Zer 4715—4658 80 55 Zet 4658—4627 60 Merneit 4627—4604 70 Den 4604—4584 75 Azab 4584—4558 80 Mersekha 4558—4540 90 Qa 4540—4514 110 Perabsen 4390—4373 Very precise accuracy is not to be expected from a scale of numbers of tombs, as the s.d. scale, or from a scale of rate of accumulation all over a town. But the general agreement is quite as near as Ave could expect ; and we see that 5 or 10 inches is a matter of some per- ceptible value in the levels of the town site that we are dealing with here. THE TKMKNOS OF OSIRIS. 23 The close of the series of sequence dates, at 80, is be9t fixed by the cylinder jars which I have trusted, as they are generally in accord with the vaguer indications of the other pottery. 21. Plate 1. The Slates, Tools, &c— At the top of the plate is the expanded design which is painted on a bowl of rough red pottery, the outline of which is shown below. The painting is done with red ochre, coarsely put on with a brush. It was found at level 23, and is therefore about the time of king Ka. The animal to the left seems by the horns to be in- tended for the kudu, now known in Abyssinia ; the design of birds on a tree is not known on any other Egyptian pottery. Beyond the two animals in the middle are probably two forms of snaring nets, and a goat and kid seem to have been on the part now lost. Above the drawing are some fragments of painted pottery of the late prehistoric style, with the levels where found. A few slate palettes were found loose in the town ruins. They are all of late type, already known to belong to sequence dates almost as late as here found. Beside these see pi. xxxvi, M. 12, 4d ; pi. xl M. 16, 47, 48 ; pi. liii, 12. A curious piece of yellow limestone from level 11 with four holes at the corners is shown at the beginning of the copper tools ; one side is rounded and one flat. The use of it is un- known. The copper tools were mostly found in grave M. 13 ; a square axe, a round-headed adze, a cutting-out tool (broken) and the ends of two knives ; all these lay together at the N. end of the grave (see pi. xlix). Another square axe was found at level 53. These tools are of exactly the pattern of those found at Abadiyeh (see Diosjxdis vii) which were dated to s.d. 78. Here M. 13 is about s.d. 79, and the other axe about s.n. 80. The long double-edged cutting- out tool found at level 20 is wider than the form from the tomb of Zer (II. T. ii pi. vi, 24) ; for the series of such tools, and their use, see Mam L901 art. L23. A small square-bodied chisel was found at 25 level. At the base of the plate are some marks on pottery, others of which are on pi. xxix. They are of much the same nature as those already published, except the strongly alphabetic forms marked broadly with the finger O K and P. 22. The amulets and small personal objects found in the town were not frequent ; but they are of special value as being better dated than any found before. PL li, 1 is a cylinder of translucent Iceland spar, pierced to hang on a necklace, similar to the drop-shaped pendant of alabaster in tomb M. 14, see pi. xliv. 2 is a slate pendant which seems to be a model of a stone axe of a form not known in Egypt ; found loose in top rubbish, so uncertain in age. 3 is a rather similar pendant of green glaze, also undated. 4, 5, are bull's head pendants of green serpentine, of a type well known in prehistoric time (see Man 1902, art. 14; Diospolis p. 26); and these prove that the form continued to the early kings though the origin of it was certainly forgotten when 5 was made, probably under Mena. 6 is a pendant of earthy green serpentine, perhaps derived from the form of a shell, such as continued in use to the Xllth Dynasty. Beginning of Dyn. 0. 7 is a pendant of clear green serpentine, shaped like the brilliant green beetles which are now brought to Egypt from the Sudan. Beginning of Dyn. 0. 8, 9, are two forehead pendants of thin slate and shell, of the kind usual in late prehistoric- time. 10 is a piece of a model cylinder seal, made of clay, with the hieroglyphs k m. 11 is a cylinder of light green glaze, with three crocodiles incised. (Cairo Museum.) 12 is a cylinder of dark violet glaze, with incised hieroglyphs ; these seem to read " give 24 ABYDOS I. the house of bread to thee " ; the house of bread beino - an early equivalent of the fer-hhe.ru of later funeral inscriptions. This type of inscrip- tion is just that found on most of the early black cylinders, which mention offerings and provisions, and usually have a figure seated before a table of offerings ; such cylinders seem to have been the earlier form of the prayer, which was later expressed on the innumerable funeral steles. Reign of Zer. 13 a fragment of slate palette from level 52 ; about reign of Zet. 14 a piece of carved ivory inlay, such as is found in the royal tombs of Merneit, Den, and A/.ab (B. T. ii, xxxix, 37; xl, 45—8; xlii, 71-2). The level of it, 40 inches, points to the beginning of the reign of Zer. 15 an ivory draughtsman, rather different from those of Mena and Zer, but more like that of Den (R, T. ii, xli, 74) ; this seems to be of the level of Zer. 16, the tip of an ivory arrow, of the form used by Zer {It. T. ii, xxxiv, 47), and the level shows the same reign. 1 7 a fragment of the incised black pottery with white inlay ; from the level this may be about the Illrd or IVth Dynasty. 18, 19 ivory pin with spiral end, and ivory crossdined cylinder. 20 a shell notched as a scraper, probably for cleaning fish (see Eahun, viii, 10). Age of Mena. 21 a model knife of flint ; age of Mena. 11 a model forked lance of flint ; age of Den. This is a good link in the series of such objects ; at first we And forked lances of flint in the pre- historic age, from the earliest times (Diospolis iv). Next there is a forked lance set in a gold handle as a funereal implement, of the later prehistoric age (Awnales du Service ii, 131). Next there is the implement reduced to a model in the 1st Dynasty. After that there is this form in the sets of funeral offerings in the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh xxi) where a slab of limestone has the models of the various funereal implements let into it. And thus we reach the pesh-ken amulet, of which a fine example was found of the Xllth Dynasty (Diospolis xxv, Y 61, middle group), carved in carnelian, with a gold head in a Avig as the handle of it. It seems also further that this amulet may be continued in what is usually classed as a double feather, on the mummies of the XX Vlth Dynasty. Two forms of feather amulet certainly exist, the straight feathers, and the two plumes with rounded tops ; a third form with pointed ends turned outward, is found on the same mummies with the other two, so it cannot be a variant of either of those ; and as no such feathers are shown elsewhere this is probably the pesh-ken amulet modified by confusion with the double plumes. (See Man, 1902, art. 64.) 23 is one of the discs of pottery with ground edges, and a ground hole, several of which were found ; this bears a sign cut upon it. Age of Zet. The four sealings were found just outside of the temenos, in some Old Kingdom town rubbish beneath the portal of Ramessu II. They seem from their style to be of about the middle of the Ilnd Dynasty. The fish-hook is about the age of Merneit. The bone netter or bodkin, and blue glazed button, are undated. PL Hi. The beads are all levelled and so approximately dated. The to]) string and circle of shells is of the beginning of the Ilnd Dynasty. The second string of Zer or Zet. The third string M. 14 is of Merneit; and the small beads, 91 level, must be at the end of the 1st or early Ilnd Dynasty. They are of forms well known in the later prehistoric age. The limestone spindle whorls were abundant in the town. Many were undated, being found in the shifted rubbish. Those here of one date are put into the same column ; and they range from the beginning of Dynasty to about the time of Den. There is some change of form, THE TEMENOS OF OSIEIS. 26 the early ones being more regular and flatter than the later; about 30 a coarse cylinder form appears, and soon after larger and higher conical forms. At the bottom of the plate are some later objects. The piece of a slate cubit has the digits 12, 13, and 14, marked on the top; on the edge are as many divisions as the number of the digit, a favourite way of giving a scale of all fractions of the digit ; on the base are some fragments of hieroglyphs. The arrowhead is of bronze ; it was found within the thickness of a brick wing of the Ramesside portal, according to the workman, and its appearance agreed with this statement ; so this gives a date for the large quantity of such arrowheads picked up at Abydos. The piece of a large blue glazed ankh is of Ramessu II ; it was probably a piece of temple furniture like the ankh of Tahutmes III (Dendereh xxiii, 7). The weight marked with four strokes is of black quartzose stone, 1590 grs. or 4x397. The lazuli bead was found in the temple with the XXVIth Dynasty sculptui'cs ; it bears the name " Psamthek mer Asar." PI. liii. 1. A fragment of crocodile bone appears to have been carefully shaped like a bull's head, probably as an amulet. Found loose, undated. 2. A flint flake has at one end an attachment which seems to be calcareous clay or cement : the material might be a natural concretion; but the symmetry of the form of it seems to show that it has been intentionally modelled like two horns. Unle veiled. 3. Disc of gold and strip with turned edge, found doubled up together ; they fit so well that it seems likely they were stripped from a gold-headed stick. Level 91 ; beginning of Ilnd Dynasty. 4. 5. Pieces of glazed quartz, with holes for affixing. Found loose. 6. Limestone figure of a bird, found loose. 7, 8. Green glazed figures of baboons, found at about 70 level, age of Den. 9 — 12. Green glazed apes, and beads, tube and hall forms; slate palette with CTOBSed corners. All these 1 removed from the earth at 28 level, and therefore before the 1st Dynasty. There are a large number of beads, and the whole seems to have belonged to a woman. The resemblance of these baboons to those of the main deposit at Hierakonpolis of the age of Narmer should be noted. (See ///< rahowpolis i, xxii, 11, 12.) 13 — 18. Many pieces of pottery were found, which I guessed to be parts of fire place's, and at last a whole fire ring was found entire with a deep bed of white wood-ashes within it. The forms 15 and Hi seem to come from an encircling serpent of pottery round the place, with its head turned inward to the fire ; thus combining the ao-athedaemon — which was the domestic fetish of the prehistoric age — with the hearth place. The levels of the pieces are : — fig. 17 at 17 level, a plain zigzag like fig. 16 at 18 level; fig. 16 at 20 level; fig. 13 at 20 level : a piece of a corner with notched ledges like 1 7, at 28 level; and a piece like 14 at 55 level. Thus most of these are at 17 — 28 level or a few reigns before Mena ; and one is of the age of Zet. 19 — 22. Many pieces of ribbed tiles covered with green or violet glaze were found, like those found at Hierakonpolis. The piece 19 is the earliest, found at 19 level, or some reigns before Mena ; the others were from 42, 36 and 38 levels, or about the reign of Mena. The style of ribbed inlay ornament, and the coloured glaze on other objects, are both familiar in the royal tombs of the 1st Dynasty. 23 — 34. In many parts of the town stone grinders were found, which from their forms were evidently used in manufacturing the in- numerable stone bowls of the early dynasties. The examples here are arranged to show the different views of the grinders; 24, 30, 31, ■">■">. 34, are all in side view, showing the curvature which they would produce. 21 being for a deep 26 ABYDOS I. cup and 34 for a wide shallow dish ; the other grinders are placed in base view, showing the hollow or notch on each side by which they were held in a stick so as to be turned round. They were usually found in a layer of white sand and stone dust, evidently the refuse of the grinding powder which was used with them. The levels of these showed that they belong to all parts of the 1st Dynasty. With these we must connect the crescent flints (xxvi, 305 — 314), which were mostly found in a stratum of sand and stone dust, sloping between 80 and 50 level ; from such association it is clear that they were used for the vase business, and as preliminary drills they would be effective on most of the stones that were worked. Their age runs throughout the 1st Dynasty. Similar crescent flints have been found in the Illrd Dynasty at Beit Khallaf. 35, 3G. These rough red pottery figures of a hippopotamus head, and a kneeling leg, were found loose in the rubbish, and therefore un- dated ; they are of the same class as the early pottery figures from Koptos. 37. A very rough squatting figure in lime- stone, found at the base of the town. 38. A strange piece of a large object of red pottery, marked all over with deeply cut triangles ; possibly part of an animal figure. 39. A torso of a human figure in rough pottery. 40. Pottery figures of kine, of which the upper one is fairly modelled : they were found at 55 level, about the age of Zet, in the S.E. corner of a space filled with sand, which may have been the foundation of a building. In that case the space was probably dug down as a hollow, and hence the town level would be hisrher then, about the end of the 1st Dynasty. -'7 ( '1IAITKI; III. THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. 23. As we have already stated, the Osiris temple occupied but a small part of the great temenos which was later built around the site. The temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty, which is the lowest level yet cleared on this site, had close around it a massive brick wall, some thirty feet thick ; in the west side of which was a great pylon of red granite, opening into the rest of the larger temenos. As the plans are necessarily still so incomplete, they are not published this year ; but a general surface view of the site is given in Mr. Garstang's El Arabah. The temple buildings principally consist of two parts : the first, or easternmost, is a square building, of which nothing but foundations and loose blocks remain ; the second part has still the lower few feet of the walls of two pillared halls and some chambers. In the square building were blocks of the XVIIIth — XXXth Dynasties, and foundation deposits of the XVIIIth— XX Vlth Dynasties. The halls behind were built by Amenhotep I, and perhaps added to until the XXVIth Dynasty. Outside of the whole temple block, in the south of the great temenos are other buildings of the XlXth and the XXXtli Dynasty. Until the excavations are com- pleted it is premature to discuss the exact history of the site. At least it may be said that as the town of the earliest dynasties lies just behind this temple site, it is probable that the earliest temple stood there also ; for a later temple would not be built on town ruins, nor would it be likely to abandon the primitive sacred ground. The inscriptions, as such, are dealt with by Mr. Weigall in chap, v; so here we are con- cerned more with the position and historical meaning of the various sculptures. 24. The remains before the Xllth Dynasty are not numerous (see pis. liv — -lvii), as the work has not yet reached the true level of that age in the temple ground, and all the stones that have been obtained are re-used. Tlxe blocks of Merenra, Mehtiemsaf (pi. liv), were found in the foundation of the hall next to that of Amenhotep I : they are of slight and rough work, but show that some building was done in the Vlth Dynasty, so more may be found in future. No buildings of this king were yet known, except his pyramid ; so any further results will be of value. The three pieces of large private steles, pi. liv, were found near together in the square temple site. From the work it seems likely that they belong to the Vlth Dynasty. The left hand upper piece is from the left of a stele ; the lower is the bottom of the right side of a stele ; the right hand piece is from the upper right hand of a stele. These belong to two if not three steles ; and unfortunately only one name is left, that of a mother, a royal favourite Adu. The clay sealing of Shepses-kaf (pi. lv, 1), is the only such known in the IVth Dynasty ; and other remains of him are extremely rare. The royal name is seen in the third column, and the first column gives his hi name, which was hitherto unknown. It reads Shepses, "the noble"; and it gives a further proof that the hawk name was that of the king's ha, for as 28 AMY DOS I. this ltd name is Shepses, so the king's throne name is Shepses-kaf, "his k;i is noble." This is the only instance of a personal name derived from the hi name. The Vth Dynasty is represented by the lower part of a limestone seated figure of Assa (pi. lv, 2). No figures of this king are hitherto known. The stone is a soft fawn-coloured limestone ; and the upper part was originally joined on by tenons, the dowel holes of which are seen on the upper surface. The work is fine and detailed, making us regret the loss of the head and body. The inscription is merely the l-n name and throne name. The Vlth Dynasty inscriptions have already been described. The Xlth Dynasty opens with an important stele of Nekht, a son of King Antef (pis. lv, 8, lvii). Unhappily only two quarters of it remain, which were found in the square temple ruins. The stone is a coarse, soft, limestone, which was cut very thick in order to give it sufficient strength. The signs are roughly cut, and were coloured red. The figures are those of a king Antef and his son Nekht, before whom probably stood a figure of Anher or of Osiris. The temple of Antef is named, which we might call the Antefeum in Abydos. And Nekht is the follower of the royal son of the IL,/ Antef; so he must have been attached to an elder brother's retinue. The mention of the Hieg points to this king being the first of the Antefs, as the later kings use the usual royal titles. Antef V built largely at Abydos, probably renewing the temple of Osiris, as lie did that of Miu at Koptos. We found many pieces of columns of fine white limestone (pis. lv. 3 — 5; Ivi) ; and one architrave with cartouches read- ing in each direction from a central aillch, as on the slab of Psertesen (pi. lviii) ; but the edges had been trimmed off, so as to form a rough octagonal pillar in later times, and only a narrow middle strip of the face remains, so thai we left the block on the site. The pieces of columns do not fit together, excepting that lv, 4 and 5, may reasonably fit at an original joint in the stone. On pi. Ivi the total height of the columns is indicated at the top by the first column, and continued below by the parallel inscription on the second. The dimen- sions of the capital are 18' 1 inches wide at top, 17-1 below, 8-8 high; the shaft 17-4 wide at 24 down, but dressed narrow just below the capital to give it some projection. It is remarkable that, even in this temple of Osiris, the kinjr is named as beloved of Anher of Theni. The piece of column on the left in pi. Ivi is of rather a different style, and might be of a another reign, perhaps of Usertesen I. Most of these pieces of columns are taken for the Cairo Museum. 25. Of the Xllth and XHIth Dynasty there are many striking remains ; the colossal red granite statues of Usertesen I found by Mariette, showing that the temple was greatly adorned at this time. To the later part of the Xllth, or to the XlLIth Dynasty, must be attributed the head of a colossal statue of red granite (lv, 6, 7), which was found with other fragments beneath a mass of loose dust a little to the south of the Kom es Sultan in the great temenos. The slab of Usertesen I, shown in pi. lv, 9, 10, and pi. lviii, is of a form as yet unknown. In the photograph (9) it is seen to be a thick slab, finished on the front and sides, but rough below with a projection downward along the back. It is about 9 inches thick, 3 ft. deep back, and 4 ft. wide. Now not far from it, also to the south of the Kom es Sultan, lay another block (LO), of the same width, and of a depth backward which would just end clear of the projection in the upper block. What clenches their relation is that the two strange grooves in the front of the upper block (9) exactly lit over the two holes in the lower block (10). The lower block is ipiite rough and unfinished around the edges, TIIK OSIRIS TEMPLE. 29 and was certainly to be sunk in an unseen foundation. Hence (lie upper block must have been only a step, 9 inches high, on (he floor. The holes seem to have been for poles fco be set upright, in the line of the fronl of the step. < >n the flat upper face are three lines of inscription (pi. Iviii), which from their style seem to be of the XHIth Dynasty. Thus the surface of the step was always clear and hare. The middle line is rather more worn than the side lines; hut the space between the poles, 13 inches, is not enough for passing, and the wear must be due to placing objects upon it. The whole arrangement is unlike anything that Ave know in temples elsewhere. The ends of the large front inscription run round the sides of the block, bearing anhh zet ta ; this proves that the step was not built into a line, but stood clear and apart, except at the back edge. The names of the king in the later inscriptions have all been carefully hammered out ; but Ave can recoA'er Ka-sekhem, and in the personal name three groups of different heights : the Horus name in three groups Avith n, is almost useless to us owing to so feAV examples being knoAvn of this period. Of the possible kings there are the Nos. 2, 15, 20, 74 and 88 of the Xlllth Dynasty in the Turin papyrus. No. 2 is barred by the Horus name se-anlch-taui. No. 88, Sebek-em-saf, Avill not fit the sizes of the three groups in the personal name. Nos. 15 and 20, Sebekhotep I and II, Avould tit well if written out s.b.k. I crocodile on shrine I hotep t.p. ; but No. 74 Avhose name is unknoAvn might fit equally well. The gods here honoured are TJp-uat of the south, TJp-uat of the north, and Osiris Khentamenti. This block and its base are taken for the Cairo Museum. In the halls at the back of the square temple were several blocks of black syenite, from a large gateway of Ramessu II. On one of them is an inscription of Sebekhotep III, see pi. lix. It is shallow in the cutting, and almost effaced in parts by the crumbling of the stone, due to salt. Behind the king was his lea emblem, a head on a pole, with the ka name behind it, and the description suten lea ankh, "living ka of the king " above it. The fragment of a cartouche al the base of pi. lix is there completed ae Ea'sekhem'nefer' hotep; an unknown name, but of the same type as Ea'sekhem'neferleJiau, Dp-uat-em-saf. It might however be a combined eartwuehe of Ra'hha'8eshes'Nefer'hotep, with a badly formed seshes, like sekhem. The altar of offerings, outlined in small size at the left foot of the plate, was found in the cemetery G, lying still in place before a part of the front of a mastaba of about the Vllth Dynasty. The inscription is shoAvn more fully above. The block with deeply cut inscription, next to it, Avas found near it, in the same cemetery. The two-column inscription of a uartit of the prince's table, and the seven columns of another such official, Sebekhotep and his Avife Nefert-uben, Avere found last year in the Xllth Dynasty cemetery. I). In pi. lx, No. 1 is a piece of a limestone stele from cemetery D, tomb 7b, found last year. No. 2 is- inscribed on the front of a kneeling statue of soft limestone found in the temenos behind the temple enclosure, near the statue of Ptah-em-ua. No. 3 is a part of a stele of lime- stone from cemetery G, which bears the in- congruous names of Araeny and Sit-pepy. No. 4 is a piece of limestone stele from the temenos, of the Xlllth Dynasty. No. 5 is a fragment of a sandstone figure of a scribe Ab. Beside these a large stele of limestone was found behind the temple, giving long family lists connected Avith the queen Auhet-abu; but as i he copying of it occupied so long a time, it must be left over to appear next year. 26. Of the XVIIIth Dynasty the first important work was a huge hall, about 30 feet wide and 40 feet long, the roof of which Avas borne by six pillars; three chambers adjoined this hall; and another and larger hall to the 30 ABYDOS I. north of it may be rather later in date. These hulls lie behind the square mass of temple ruins. The walls yet remain about 30 inches high, bearing the ends of some lines of inscription around the doors : and in the hall and chambers were several loose blocks of sculpture. From the sculptures (Frontispiece, and pis. lxii — lxiv) we see that these buildings were erected by Amenhotep I. His personal name has been erased from the cartouches, but his throne name is intact, which points to the erasure being done by Akhenaten. Beside Amenhotep there is a figure of Aahmes I (top pi. lxii) ; but only as deceased, since he wears the menat like Osiris, while Amenhotep I, then living, is without that ornament. Besides the above head of Aahmes, we may identify another at the top right hand of pi. lxiii ; the features are like those of Aahmes, and it wears the menat. It has been back to back with a figure of Osiris, as on the upper scene of pi. lxii. All possible fits of these blocks were tried, and several were thus connected together. It ap- pears that there was a list of offerings along the base of the wall, 28 inches high ; then groups of the king offering to deities above that, about 42 high ; and a second line of groups yet higher up, of the king and his ha about 36 high ; or altogether about 9 feet height of sculpture, besides the plain footing to the wall. In the list of offerings possibly the left hand top piece might agree better with the base piece if transferred one column farther out, as the offering henek rw seems to end in / nebt at Dcir el Bahri (D. B. pi. cxiii, lowest line) ; but if so a short piece must have been fitted in between the blocks in the upper part here. These blocks were mostly fresh with colour when found ; but, unhappily, an extraordinary torrent of rain which fell, washed away nearly all the surfaces, and destroyed the stones so much that several are now not worth transport. Tiny had been all drawn, and the photographs taken, before this damage. A great quantity of finely-scnlptured blocks of Tahutmes III were found in the square mass of temple ruins. The largest was a long architrave with richly-coloured hieroglyphs, which may be removed to the Cairo Museum. This, and most of the rest, had been taken down by Aahmes II in the XXVIth Dynasty, and buried for the foundations of his temple. Many blocks that we have removed only bore usual figures, of Osiris, &c, and are not here published. One large lintel of Tahutmes III, which was still in bright condition of colouring, was sent direct to the Boston Museum ; it measured 65 inches wide and 35 inches high. Another lintel, which was of the same width, was found broken up in several pieces, as shown on pis. lxi, 2 ; lxiv ; it is of value historically, as it proves that Tahutmes II and Tahutmes III were reigning jointly together at one time, regardless of Hatshepsut, and each bearing the same titles. At the base of pi. lxiv are two slabs from the square temple ; that with the arm of a goddess may be later, but the sphinx is certainly of Tahutmes III by the work and portrait ; the title over it is not known elsewhere. The greater part of a broken seated figure of Tahutmes III was also found, to the south of the Kom es Sultan. The slab on pi. lxi has part of the titles of Tahutmes III, delicately carved. Another slab bears the ha name of Amenhotep II, and names his sed festival, as on the pillar published by Prisse. Within the square mass of ruins were found two foundation deposits of Tahutmes III in pits full of sand, showing that the site was not all dug out when the later temple was built. The deposit contained the usual pottery of that time (see Koptos pi. xiv), and copper models of knives, adzes, and axes (see pi. lxi, 5), with an alabaster vase inscribed, and a model shell of alabaster with traces of paint inscription. Some of the copper tools bear the name of the king, and probably all will be found to be inscribed when cleaned. The plan and position of the THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. 31 deposit will be given in the survey next year. Another deposit pit was found, which only contained a green glazed plaque, broken up, with the name of Amenhotep III, and a solid stand of limestone of same king, pi, lxi, 3, -1. The slab of inscription pi. lxi, 6, is injured by incrustations of lime, and has not yet been studied. The jasper head, fig. 7, is from some inlayed work ; it is highly finished, and seems as if it might be of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The steatite head, fig. 8, may be later : but the blue glass fish, fig. 9, is of finely-cut glass ; and, by the colour, not far from the time of Amenhotep III. 27. The XlXth Dynasty has left several sculptures, but not any large quantity of build- ing like the previous age. The principal piece is a limestone statue of an official Ptah-em-ua, pis. Ixv, 2 — 4 ; lxvii. He is represented nearly life size, standing, and holding a statue of Osiris before him. His offices were keeper of the cattle in the temple of Ramessu II, and royal scribe of the divine offerings of all the gods ; and his full name was Amen-em-per- Ptah-em- ua, " Amen in the temple, Ptah in the barque." The statue was found over a deep square hole, not yet cleared out, at the back of the inner enclosure wall of the temple. With it was another figure in soft limestone of the great Un-nefer, or rather of his son Hora, kneel- ing and holding a standing statue of Osiris, pi. Ixv, 8. In the later hall behind the square temple was a squatting granite figure of the ubiquitous Un-nefer, see pi. Ixv, 5 — 7. It was greatly crumbled by salt, and I was able to lift off the face in one block, the rest of the figure being too much broken up to be removed. On the back is the inscription naming his mother Maatinuy, or Maa-anuy, and his wife Thiy (see Lieblein, Diet. 895). While near the great temenos wall, apparently turned out from the Nectanebo temple, was a granite group of two figures (Ixv, !), 10 1, of I'n-nefer and his wife Thiy, surnamed Nefertari. The splendid pair of seated figures in red granite, of I'n-nefer and his father, with a long genealogy, found two years ago, is published in Messrs. Maclver and Mace's volume El . lm/rah, Amid the varied ruins over the early town was found a stone building, of which the plan is given in pi. lxxx, "In Temenos." The native tale is that it was a great tomb, un- covered forty years ago by the sebakhin, who found three pounds weight of gold ornaments in it, which were taken by the Mudir. Our interest in it was that it had been built up from all kinds of odd stones that were lying about : and contained in its walls, and scattered from it, many inscribed blocks. Among these was the great stele of the family of queen Auhet-ab, mentioned before, and the pieces of a great stele of the high official Khay, with his wife Ymamu, pis. Ixv, 1 1 ; and lxvi. Among the minor pieces on pl. lxvi the trial piece with birds should be noticed : and the fragment of the lea name of Ramessu I, which is rare. The last piece in the top line is a rough flake of limestone, with the cartouche of Ramessu II scrawled in with a brush of ink. On pl. lxvii the inscription of Bay is on a piece of wooden furniture, probably not from a coffin, as he is not called maahheru. Two pieces of black granite squatting figures of Unnefer are copied here ; one giving the title priest of Sokari, which he had inherited, see Lieb. Diet. 905. The two inscriptions of Mentu-em-hat, the great vizier of Taharqa, are roughly hammered upon natural blocks of limestone, which are lying loose in the floor of the valley leading to the royal tombs ; one appears to record his visit, and the other, with maakheru, was pro- bably placed in his memory. 28. The square mass of the temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty, was rebuilt by Aahmes II. He took down what remained of the previous work, and laid it in his foundations. He 32 ABYDOS I. enlarged the plan, but without caring to relay proper foundations ; so his stone walls rest on the top of the brick retaining-walls of the foundation of Tahutines III. On one founda- tion block are his cartouches roughly cut, at 528 inches from the inside of the S.W. corner. The principal monument of his time was a great monolith shrine of red granite, in the usual style of such works, which are familiar to us at Esneh, Thmuis, Nebesheh, and other late temples. The flat sides of this shrine have long since been broken off and carried away, leaving only parts of the unmanageable top. The main piece has nearly half of two sides of the pyra- midion, bearing a large cartouche of Haa-ab-ra in the middle of each side, flanked by the vulture of Nekheb and the uraeus of Uazit. The smaller piece of the opposite two sides shows evidently a similar design. The two pieces placed upright at each side of the plate belong to some other granite work ; or possibly to the sides of the shrine, which may have been made during the joint reign of Haa-ab-ra and Aahmes. The form of the name, Aahmes son of Osiris, instead of Neit, is very unusual, and was evidently used in honour of this temple. The upper table of offerings, pi. lxix, is a thin slab of limestone, roughly carved, with prayer to Osiris and Khentamenti for the seal bearer Heru, a son of Sit-Hathor. The lower table of offerings is a thick limestone block, with a deep tank in the lower half. It was dedicated by Aahmes II, with his usual titles ; and was placed later in the temple of Nectanebo, south of the Osiris temple, whence it was cast out on the west side, in the destruction of the place. On plate lxx arc other objects of the XXVIth Dynasty. The bronze figures, 1 — 3, are part of a large quantity which were found scattered on the floor of the great hall, to the north of the hall of Amenhotep. Nearly all of these were the very common, small, roughly-cast figures of Osiris. Fig. 1 is an unusual figure of Horus, with the double feather of Amen. Fig. 2 is Sekhet ; fig. 3 is the mummified Osiris. Near these bronzes was found a portrait head in quartzite sandstone (figs. 4-5), larger than life-size. The style could hardly be referred to any foreign influence, except that of the Roman portrait school of the late Republic ; and as that is entirely out of the question here, since nothing even of Ptolemaic times is found in the temple, we must attribute this solely to Egyptian sources. The modelling of the skull and facial bones is very good, and is of the same class as the fine heads in basalt which are already known as belonging to the XXVIth Dynasty. The foundation deposits, figs. 6 — 9, were found in various positions. A square plaque of Haa-ab-ra, (fig. 6), had been placed on the top of the pit containing an undisturbed founda- tion deposit of Tahutines III. A cartouche plaque (fig. 8), and a square one, were placed on the top of another such deposit. But the group of small objects, fig. 9, the alabaster, fig. 7, and a large number of plaques (figs. 6 and 8) were found scattered loose in the sand, near together, having apparently been the main deposit of the XXVIth Dynasty building, disturbed by the subsequent removal of the stones. These deposits show the continuance of the style of the XlXth Dynasty, which was hitherto unknown at so late a date. The bulls' heads, haunches, grains of corn, and flowers, are all similar to the deposits of the Ramesseum, which we should not have expected after the different style known in the deposits of Ta-usert, Siptah, Psamtck I, and Aahmes. The materials are green glaze for the plaques, (i, 8 ; jasper, carnelian, green felspsar, and glass for the small figures ; and the same stones, with iron, copper, and silver, for the rectangular blocks. No gold was found. The meaning of the semi- circular slab of alabaster (fig. 7) is unknown ; THII OSIRIS TEMI'I.i;. 33 but it occurs also in the deposits of Siptah, Psamtek I, &c. To the sniilli wesl of the temple of « >si ris, but within the great temenos, stood another temple, built apparently by Nectanebo II, as a fragment of a cartouche ending in ka, of very late style, was found here. The retaining-wall of the foundation is over thirteen feet deep. In the west end of the south side there were two circular-beaded recesses, one over the other, 22 in. wide and deep : the lower recess at 58 to 102 in. above the floor, and tin' upper at 109 to 102 in. There were no deposits found in these recesses ; the upper one had been plundered, the lower one was filled with laid bricks ; but in the corner in front of the lower recess lay the limestone mortar, cake of resin, and little placpies of lazuli and camel ian, shown in fig. 11. In the south-east corner, just under a stone of the pavement, 40 in. below the top of the Avail, were found similar objects, along with a square of copper, and a hemi-disc of alabaster. The most unexpected result of the year's work has been the discovery of a high style of limestone sculpture under the reign of Nectanebo I, which preserves the traditions of the XVIIIth Dynasty almost unchanged, and shows no trace whatever of the surrounding influences of Greek art. In the square ma temple ruin were found portions of four figures in hard white limestone, two seated, and two standing joined together. These were all more or less destroyed; but, among the large ma of chips, we recovered the greater part of the seated figure 12, and the upper half of om the standing figures, 1 .">, II. The seated figure has the delicate curves, the fine proportions, and the restrained modelling, which we know besl in such sculpture as the torsos of ' -y t hi, and other work of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The standing figure attracts us by the masterly rendering of the face ; for while preserving the classical Egyptian treatment, it has a full vit.il it . and realism in the expression which might well have been copied from the best type of the modern Egyptian peasant girl. The present illustrations are only to give a preliminary idea of the workmanship ; but the whole of the pieces arc now in the Cairo Museum, and. when the figures are restored, a full publication of them on a large scale, will be essential. The date of this class of work is given by a dedication on the front of the pedestal of one of the seated figures, which bears the cartouches of Nekht-hor-heb, cut with the same refinement and delicacy as is shown in the sculpture. J> 34 ABYDOS I. CHAPTER IV. THE CEMETERY G. 29. On the south side of the great valley which leads up to the Royal Tombs, a spur of the desert runs forward between the temenos of Osiris and the great temples of the XlXth Dvnastv. The whole surface of this hill, for about half a mile back, is honeycombed with tombs. Those near the desert edge are so close together, and have been so completely wrecked by Mariette's plunderers, that we have not attempted to do anything among them. But opposite the old fort (the Shunet-ez-Zebib), and further back, only a few of the tombs had been opened in modern times. (See B. T. i, pi. iii.) During our first winter here, several of them were explored, and in the past season, we have opened up a good deal of the ground. The burials here belong to many different periods. Small interments of the prehistoric times are frequently found near the surface; and the pottery, and other objects, also occur mixed with the earth thrown up in constructing later tombs. A part of a mastaba of the Vllth Dynasty has been already mentioned, see the altar at base of pi. lix. Several tomb-pits of the Xlth Dynasty have been opened; they are usually placed in pairs, one leading to the chamber, the other, about half of the depth, probably for offerings; deeper tombs of the Xllth Dynasty have also furnished us with the alabaster vases and beads of that age. In the XVIIIth Dynasty older tombs were re-used, for a burial of a child with vases, and a rich burial with a silver pilgrim bottle, gold ring, kc. In the: XlXth Dynasty a great tomb was made here for a priestess Klmumv, from which we removed her granite sarcophagus lid, now in Cairo. But the principal use of this region was from the XXVIth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic age. One of the earliest of this group, contain- ing five stone sarcophagi, was found beneath a large square pillared court of a few centuries later, G. 57 (see base of pi. lxxx). The next type of tomb was that with two arched chambers side by side, beneath a low mastaba of brick- work (see G. 50 pi. lxxx) ; these also contain stone sarcophagi, sometimes square, sometimes shaped like the body. Other less usual types of this age are seen in G. 68 and 58. Later than these forms are wide square courts of brickwork, which were filled up with two stone built chambers ; these were evidently derived from the form of G. 50, but were later than that as the sarcophagi are debased. This form was modified to a court with pillars of brick, the whole faced with hewn stone, as the upper tomb G. 57 ; and, in another case, remains of a Greek pediment front of breccia, showed an ornamental doorway to have been an archi- tectural feature. These great brick courts filled with stone work, have in all cases been quarried to pieces ; and they are now usually full of broken mummies, dogs, and various organic rubbish thrown in when the cemetery was was cleaned up in later times. In the Ptolemaic times the tombs were crowded with bitumenized bodies ; and soon the system of deep and large tombs gave way to that of small chambers, only just below the surface, containing only one or two sarcophagi in each. These sarcophagi are very neatly and boldly cut in soft limestone, ill l: CEMETERY G. with a plain wedge-shaped outside; and the inside hollowed out in curves, for the head and shoulders. After these, no later burials of the Roman or Aral) age are found on this hill. 30. The prehistoric tombs always contained the bodies contracted, in the usual position, head south, face west; most of them were quite shallow circular pits, though then' was one large tomb with over thirty pottery jars, mostly wavy-handled. All of these tombs belonged to the later part of the prehistoric age. The contents of the tombs of the Xlth — XVIIIth Dynasties, not having yet been drawn, will be described when they are published next year. Fragments of a coffin, which seems to belong to the XVIIIth or XlXth Dynasty, were found in the chamber of a later tomb. The name Tahutmes (see pi. Ixxi) is apparently unknown after the time of Ramessu II ; though certainly the style of the writing here, might well show a rather later date. The first and second drawings are from one side of a long strip: tin- third and fourth are from a similar strip, on the inner side of which is the fifth drawing; at the base of the plate are Bgured tin- two sides of a corner-post of the coffin. The style "I' these fragments is remarkabrj clear and delicate; the brown wood lias had no prepared ground, hut is left with the line grain showing; the colours used are black for the inscriptions, green for the Nile gods, red and yellow for tin- other figures. 31. The large tomb containing five sarco- phagi, found below tin' scpiare court, marked G. 57 on pi. lxxx, is the earliest of the great tombs of the later age. The coffins, it will be seen, are lettered A — E ; but E had never contained a burial, and we shall refer to the coffins here, by the letters A. 1!, I '. D. The account will be clearer if I first state the genealogy; the letters prefixed to the names being those of the sarcophagi in which they are mentioned. (a) TJah-ab-ra = (a) Nes-her (c, d) Zed-her = (c, i>) Ta-khredet-en-Min (a, b) Mertiu-heru = (b, c) Ta-se-nekht (n) Mert-tefnut (b) Heru-maa-kheru The variants of these names in different versions should be observed, as they throw a good deal of light on the true reading of such forms. For instance, in A and B, the eye of Horus varying with Mertiu-her; also the duplication of the letters r u and the plural strokes, for the simple termination of hern; the variants of Ta-se-nekht and Mehit-ta-se-nekht ; also of Mert-tefnut and Nes-tefnut, which latter is probably an error for the similar form of mer. The value of the baboon reading zed, though rare, is already known. On pi. lxxiii the name Ta-sen-meht, as copied by Mr. Weigall in a damaged passage, should doubtless read Ta-se-nekht, as on B and C. On pi. lxxiv, No. 3 should read Heru-maakheru, and Nos. 4 — 7 should read Mert-tefnut. We now proceed to describe the details of each of the burials, in order. Sarcophagus A is that of Mertiu-heru. At the head of it, marked 1 , was the base of an Osiride statuette, and a model coffin with a jackal upon it, both turned upside down, see base of pi. lxxii ; and at 3 was the canopic box figured on the same plate (lxxii). On raising the stone lid, a large wooden coffin was seen inside, inscribed across the breast and down to the feet, as copied on pi. lxxiii. On opening the coffin, the mummy 36 ABYDOS I. was seen, covered with a cartonnage ; on the head a gill and blue headpiece, with ebony bcanl; on the neck a collar in bands with hawks' Leads at the top corners ; on the breast a figure of Nut with wings extended, coloured, and the four genii in gold on a blue ground, a i the corners; down the legs a gilded strip, inscribed; and on the foot-piece a figure of Anubis. The whole of this, as well as the wooden coffin, was so much rotted that nothing could be preserved. Beneath the cartonnage, a network of beads in diagonal squares covered the mummy, 20 squares wide at the top, and LO below. The colours were alternately live squares of green and one of blue, in stripes across the body. The left hand was clenched, the right hand open ; the arms were crossed on the breast ; and along the left humerus was a roll of papyrus, too much decayed to be opened. The sarcophagus B is that of Heru-maa-kheru; at the head of which was placed the model coffin, pi. lxxiv, 3, a block base of an Osiride statuette, and a decayed canopic box. Upon the sarcophagus lay a mummified body, only ">3 in. (1.346 m.) long: this was not quite adult, as the basilar suture was unclosed, and there was no trace of the third molars, but it s< ems too small to belong to a youth of normal stature. On the wooden coffin, inside the sarcophagus, was the inscription of Heru-maa- kheru. given in pi. lxxiii. The linen wrappings of the mummy were thick, and covered with pitch; the arms were crossed on the breast; the right hand was open, the left baud clenched on a bulbous root. The sarcophagus C is that of Ta-se-nekht ; at the foot of it was a model coffin (I in plan). with a hawk placed on each corner, and a jackal (in the top; while between B and C was another mode] coffin, with figures of genii holding knives, painted on its sides. Portions of a wooden canopic box were also found, bearing the inscription given in pi. Lxxiii (named there Ta-sen-meht). Inside the stone coffin was a wooden coffin, with an inscription in which the name is always spelt Tay-nekht, see pi. lxxiii. Upon the mummy was a diagonal network of beads, in vertical stripes of black and green alternately, with yellow ball beads at the junctions. The sarcophagus D is that of Mert-tefnut. By the foot of it was a block base of an Osiride statuette (7 in the plan) ; and on the other side of the tomb, next to B, was the white painted canopic box figured in pi. lxxiv, 4 — 7, (3 in plan). The wooden coffin inside bore an in- scription, the only legible part of which is given in pi. lxxiii. On the mummy was a diagonal network of beads, in horizontal rows of five green squares and one blue square alternately. Around these sarcophagi were many other frag- ments of funeral furniture, like those already described ; but so completely eaten by white ants that they could not be examined or pre- served. The sarcophagus E had its stone lid propped up with a course of bricks ; this was evidently done in order to open it easily for the next burial, but it was found empty and unused. 32. An important class of tombs at Abydos are the large subterranean vaults, with a super- structure above them. These were restored by Mariette as brick pyramids with a central domed chamber ; and his restoration has passed into a familiar item in later books. He also attributed these to the XYIIIth Dynasty. But apparently both this restoration and this date are wrong. A typical tomb of this class is shown in plan and section on pi. Lxxx, Gr. 50 : and a view of the superstructure is on pi. lxxix, 1<>. In the first place, was this sloping outside ever carried up to a point, as a pyramid? If it had been of such a form, an immense mass of broken brickwork would have resulted from the collapse of the pyramid. Yet in no case was any fallen mass of brick- found by us within the outer wall; THE CEMETERY G. ■■',7 and the space lid ween the wall sides was always lower than the walls themselves, which could not be the case if a mass of bricks, some thirty or forty feet high, had been disintegrated above the tomb. Further, in the instance 'i. 50 a great mass of gravel, which had been dug out when constructing the chambers, was thrown hack over the tomb. This gravel had covered over the surrounding wall and perfectly pre- served it: and it could thus he seen thai the wall was finished on 7 quite level all round; and though sloping smoothly outside, it was left rough on the inside. The only possible con- clusion from the facts is that the surrounding wall was that of a mastaba above the tomb, to retain a mass of gravel covering the tomb; exactly as, long before, over the tomb of king Zet. The whole restoration of these tombs as pyramids then is impossible. The age of the burials in these tombs, in every one that we excavated, was of about (he XXXth Dynasty; hence the attribution of them to the earlier ages is impossible. The photograph, lxxix, 10, is taken looking along one side of the sloping mastaba, the measuring rod set up at the side being vertical. The straight inside of the lower part of the Avail, is replaced at the corner by overhanging courses, each projecting beyond the course below, until the square base is replaced inside by a circular top. The purpose of this was to strengthen the wall at the corners, so that the pressure of the gravel tilling should not bulge it open. The construction of some other tombs may be also noted. The great arched tomb (_!. 68 (pi. lxxx) is unique, so far as I have seen. Only one chamber was observed ; but the mass is square at the top, obviously to contain a second chamber. The ancient plunderers had not tried to reach the doorway, hut had sunk a shaft down through the outer wall from (he top, and so revealed the successive courses of arching. The tomb only contained an accumulation of broken mummies, thrown in from other tombs. The small tomb G. til was very difFerenl to any other. Between two vaulted chaml uear the surface, a stone sarcophagus had been placed ; and brick recesses A, li, built at the sides, to hold the funeral furniture. The line tomb Gr. 58 contains the larg chamber that we found. A wide well-pit leads through a doorway to an arched chamber; and descending the steps in that, another doorway leads into a grand vaulted chamber over twenty feet long, nine feet wide, and fourteen and a half feet high. A slope of brickwork led down to the sarcophagus at the bottom. 33. We now turn to the contents of the tombs of the XXXth Dynasty. The tomb of Zedher, G. 50, was tin; most important, ;i- being: extensive and undisturbed. Tin' west chamber was idled with clean sand up to the spring of the arch, perhaps to prevent the crushing of the Avail; as, when the sand av;is removed, the arch crushed down and collapsed. This sand entirely covered the figure-shaped sarcophagi in this chamber. The sarcophagus \ contained only a plain mummy without orna- ment or amulets. The sarcophagus B was the most important, containing the mummy of Zedher. There was no inner Avooden coffin, but only a wooden tray beneath the body. Upon the breast, outside of the wrappings, lay a set of glazed pottery amulets, the plan of which Avas noted by my Avife, as shown on the left at the base of pi. lxxviii. The order was evidently confused by some parts of the strings -I' figures having been turned over in laying them down: and they may he pretty safely restored to the order shown on the right hand. Within the wrappings there was another set of amulets, made of various stones, the actual positions of which [ very fully noted, as on the lefl ai top of i>l. lxxviii; here again some of the row- or strings had been twisted over in placing them, 38 ABYDOS I. so that the original order was probably as on the right. The materials arc limestone (1), haematite (h), steatite (s), beryl (b), obsidian (o), faience (f), black limestone (b.L), lazuli (z), brown limestone (br. 1.), porphyry (p), red glass (g), and carnclian (c). A few ball beads lay among these, the intended place of which could not be fixed. Beneath the head was the bronze hypocephalus, pi. Ixxvi, and fig. 5 on pi. lxxix, which has no personal name ; the example with the name Zedher, born of the lady Uza an (?TJza Hem), pi. lxxvii, G. 50 c, and pi. lxxix, 3, was found in sarcophagus ('. Outside of the sarcophagus at the head were two boxes of ushabtis, shown in the plan. One box contained 198, the other 196 figures; examples of these are the 1st, 3rd and 5th in fi) y heri dep ad ne Y nebu ndhu In'ill smer udti (1) erpdt Alain mer sdljn THE LNSORIPTIONS. 43 ui'ui frui rm dha[?] neb net seten per. 'The King gives an offering to Osiris Lord of Abydos. May he grant all good and pure things, and a coining forth (2) upon the altar of Osiris at all times of the day. for the lea of (3) the , Prince of all the Royal Sealer, Chiefly Companion, (I) Eeriditary Prince of Abydos, Superintendent of the Treasury, banishing the evil-doer at all times [?] from the Palace.' The last words of i he inscription are given hypothetical!)', being founded on the supposition that the hieroglyphs read Hun at the beginning of the second line is an original error: it should be ,. ' y The name does not appear on the statue. Osiris Temple. Dyn. XII. 3. Portion of a limestone stele, giving the inscription [m]er sdhu Ameny mad hherit dri ne Set-Pepy madt J^hrrn 'The Superintendent of the Treasury, Ameny, deceased ; born of Set- Pepy, true-voiced.' In the second line Ameny is called mer per 'Superintendent of the Palace ' ; and two other persons are mentioned, the one sesh senb ' the scribe Senb,' and the other nebt per Set-Hether drit ne A-ten [?] 'The lady of the house, Set-Hathor, born of A-ten.' Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XIII. 4. Part of a limestone stele, upon which two lines of figures still remain. In the upper line, reading from left to right, these figures repre- sent (i) sets seten khelcer Nub-em-tekhi ' Her daughter, the Royal Handmaid, Nub-ein-tekhi '; (ii) sen-f ur rex met [?] sesh Benutet-se 'His brother, the Great One of the Southern Tens. [?] the scribe, Renutet-se ' ; (iii) set-s seten Ichrkrr Amen-set 'Her daughter, the Royal Handmaid, Amen-set'; (iv) sen-/[w] unit- [/">'] res met[?~\ Merit-ef 'The brother of his mother, the Great One of the Southern Tens [?] Meritef; and (v) shems Pen-hhenya 'The attendant, I'cn- khenya.' In the lower line the figures are (i) sen-f sab er Nekhent Sebek-hetep )nes ur Amen-set "Hi- brother, the Judge belonging t" the city of Nekhent, Sebek-hotep ' ; (ii) set-s seten kheker Nnb-khd-es 'Her daughter, the Royal Handmaid, Nub-kha-es'; liiij sen-fudtu a. khaut heq Sebek-hctep 'Hi- brother, the Secretary ai the Roya] Table, Sebek-hotep'; (iv) her sesheta ur Het-her nebt Annu Udh ne nebt ppr De-nub-merd 'The master of the mysteries of Bathor Lady of Heliopolis, Qah: born of the lady of the house, De-nub-mera.' the hieroglyphs are so roughly cut that two of the above titles can only he translated hypo- thetically: 1 (ii) The original gives -^ n 1 , which seems to he a miswritine for ^* . 1° 2. ur res met ; and 1 (iv) The original ? |li may perhaps he intended for the same title ///• res met. Osiris Temple. Dyn. XIII. ."). Portion of an inscription from a broken limestone statuette, giving a sett „ ,/, hetep formula for the ka of the Erpd ha sdhu bdti mer per .... Sndd-db mad Irhrrii ' Hereditary Prince, Royal Sealer, Superintendent of the Palace .... Snaa-ab, true-voiced." By the coincidence of the names it would seem that this noble hived during the reign of Snaa-ab, a king of the .Xlllth Dynasty, only known from a tablet found at Abydos. Osiris Temple. Dyn. XIII. 37. PI. l\ii. Limestone, coloured reliefs, giving the usual title- of Amenhotep 1 [Zeser- ka-Bd~\, and his father Aahtnes I. < >siris Temple. Dyn. XVIII. PI. lxiii. Similar reliefs of king Amenhotep. which call for no special comment. * >.-iris Temple. Dyn. XVIII. PI. lxiv. In the middle of this plate is to be seen the great lintel of Tahutime- the Second and Third. In the three horizontal lines the inscriptions commence from the central -p, and read to left and right. The left hand side is as follows: (1) AnH Her ka em i laui Ed-men-kheper ma Ba ('■'>) .-, /;,', 4! ABYDOS I. ne khat-f Tahut-mes-nefer-kheperu zetta (1) 'The living Horus, Bull in Thebes, (2) King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the two Lands, Ra-men-kheper, (3) Son of the Sun, of his body, Tahutimes-nefer-kheperu (the Third), like the Sun for ever.' The right hand side gives the cartouches Ra-ad-kheper-ne and Tahut - mes - nefer - khdu (the Second), with similar titles. Osiris Temple. Dyn. X VIII. PI. Ixv. 9, 10. Standing figures of a man and woman, roughly worked in grey granite, having two vertical lines of hieroglyphs upon the front and back. The frontal inscriptions read : neter hen dep ne Usdr Un-nefer mud kheru; and sent-f nebt per-f qemdt ne Ast Thiy 'The High Priest of Osiris, Un-nefer, true-voiced ; his sister, the lady of his house, the Singer of Isis, Thiy.' That upon the back reads: Se-hez Usdr neter Inn dep ne Usdr Un-nefer mad lcheru; nebt per-f qemdt Usdr Thiy maat lcheru zed ties Nefert-dri 1 The glorified Osirian High Priest of Osiris, Un- nefer, true-voiced ; the lady of his house, the Singer of Osiris, Thiy, true-voiced, also named [lit. said of her] Nefertari.' A few notes with regard to the life of this famous High Priest are given in connection with two other of his inscriptions upon pi. lxvii. Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XIX. PI. lxvi. 1. Fragment of a small limestone stele, upon which a man is figured, holding in his hand a kind of brazier. Above his head is inscribed per hen-f . . . u-nefer Amen- neb uhem dnlch ' ... of the palace of His Majesty [in] the city of u-nefer: Amen-neb, renewing life.' Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XVIII. 2. Portion of a limestone stele of a man and his sister. The name of the former is destroyed, but that of the latter i^ Bakl mut. Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XIX. :'>. Two fragments of a limestone statuette of a person named yd, giving the interesting invocation dau ne ha-lc Usdr 'Adora- tions to thy ka, Osiris.' Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XIX. 4. Two fragments of the inscription upon a small basalt statuette of Min-mes, the High Priest of Anhur. Min-mes, who is known from various other monuments (Garstang, El Arabah, pp. 11, 35 j 1'roc. Soe. Bib. Arch. vol. xxiii, p. 250 ; idem p. 13), lived in the reign of Rameses II, and was the step-brother of the High Priest of Osiris, Un-nefer, who is men- tioned in this chapter. Early in life he held the positions of royal scribe, and priest of Shu and of Anhur : his father Herd being High Priest of the latter deity. He was later elevated by Rameses to the position of ami as Shu Tefnut 'Official of the Temple of Shu and Tefnut ; and on his father's death became High Priest of Anhur. A statuette calls him kheri heb heri dep ne neb taui 'Chief Lector to the King.' The Lectors seem to have corresponded in a manner to the Magi of Persia ; and the jaosition of Chief Lector, although at this period much deteriorated, was in the Old Kingdom one of the highest in the laud. Dyn. XIX. 5. Part of a limestone stele, showing a seated male figure holding a lotus flower. At the top is a short inscription reading .... ne ka ne dkhu direr Ra neb pet seten neteru Pa-dsi '. . . . for the lea of the perfect glory of Ra, Lord of Heaven, King of the Gods: Pa-asi.' A some- what similar stele of this person, whereon his name is written \\ has just been published by M. Capart in his ' Recueil de Monuments Egyptiens, l'.'ui'.' He is there called the © ^ g0j] ' glory of Ra.' Pro- fessor Maspero lias several times called atten- tion to the formula ne lea ne dkhu dicer ne Ed, and he remarks that this apparent identi- fication of the deceased with Ka occurs in a few inscriptions of the XlXthand XXth Dynasties, but at no other period. There is a Pa-asi known on a papyrus at Turin, who held the THE INSOEIPTIONS. i:. position of Commander of the Troops, and M. • 'apart thinks that an identification may be possible. I ►siris Temple. 1 >yn. XIX. 6. Portion of a Limestone stele inscribed In ne sat ne Amen Keni-Amen mad kheru ' Born of the standard-bearer of Amen, Keni-Amen, fcrue- voiced.' The stele evidently contained originally the figure of the son of Keni-Amen as well. < >siris Temple. Dyn. XIX. 7. Limestone stele upon which five persons are depicted seated before a table of offerings. Above them there are the remains of a group of gods. At the bottom of the stele two lines of hieroglyphs give a seten de hetep formula to Usdr Khent Amenta neb Tarzeser '<)siris Khent- amenti, Lord of the Necropolis,' that he may grant per kheru offerings for the ha of the Seten uhem dep ne neb taui semd medetu ddebwi Khaij ' Chief Royal Herald of the Lord of the Two Lands, reporting the countries' affairs: Khay.' Elsewhere we see that his lather was named m Had orm W Ilatii and bore the titles sab 'Judge,' and her pezetu ne neter infer ' Commander of the King's archers.' His sister was the nebt per Im-d-mer 'Lady of the house, Imamer '; and his mother the qemdt ne Amen nebt per Nub-em-ttkh 'Singer of Amen, the Lady of the house, Nub-em-tekh." Another personage holds the title mer shenuti ' Superintendent of the Granary,' but his name and relationship is lost. Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XIX. PI. lxvii, 1. Limestone statue with seven horizontal lines of hieroglyphs, each line begin- ning with a seten de hetep formula. The first is to the gods Ra-Harmakhis and Turn, that they may grant nefu ' breezes ' to the lea of the deceased; the second to Usdr khent enti er Am eniet ' Osiris, the Chief who is [existent] in the Underworld,' that he may grant the usual funeral offerings; the third to Usdr Un-nefer neb ta-zeser 'Osiris Unnefer, Lord of the Necro- polis,' without a prayer. The fourth line is fco Anpu [en~\ti neter Bed ' Anubis, who is the of Ded' (the original ^ 2 \ / is a sculptor's error fi v -^^\ JT, a common title of Anubis), thai In- m i ; i , granl hesit em bah seten 'Favour in the presence of the King' for the lea. The fifth line to Anpu neb rekh 1 Anubis, Lord of know led-, . praying for ha. ne/er shews ne ka-f 'a goodly tomb, and a following for his ka'\ th( -kth to Osiris, that he may grant dkhu ' m i" ' • r i /// ta . d kheru em set madt 'Glory in heaven, power on earth, and a trueness of voice in the Plai Justice' [the rj 1=i is a miswriting for r U=n undoubtedly]; and the seventh to Usdr neb \a-zeser Anpu ami em ut ' Osiris Lord of the Necropolis, and Anubis dwelling in embalmment,' that they may grant shems Seker ' a following of the god Seker' for the ka. The name and titles of the owner appear at the end of each line, and in other parts of the statue, and read, when written in full, Mer kau emt hel Ud-usr- maa-setep-ne-Rd Amen em per Ptah-em-uah mad kheru 'Superintendent of the Cattle in the Temple of Ramessu II, in the Amen Temple, Ptah-em-uah, true-voiced. This building, which is still to be seen ar Abydos, is known as the Rameses Temple, and stands near to the great Temple of Sety. In one place Ptah-em-uah is called sety n sesh h tep m U r ne m U ' the royal scribe of the divine offerings of all the o-ods.' The cartouches of Ramessu II are in- scribed upon the sides of the statue. < »siris Temenos. Dyn. XIX. 2. Wooden fragment with an inscription, giving a prayer for the welfare of an untitled person named Bay. Cemetery G. Dyn. XIX. 3. Part of a limestone stele, upon which two figures are represented in attitudes of worship. Above them is a much damaged inscription, reading, as far as can now be seen, si ten sesh ne per ad I r-maan mad kheru dri ne y •The Royal Scribe of Pharaoh, Urmaau, true- voiced, born of y.' < »siris Temple. Dyn. XIX. 46 ABYDOS I. 38. PI. lxvii. 4. Two fragments from small basalt statuettes of TJn-nefer, High Priest of • >siris in the veign of Ramescs II. The first inscription reads (1) neter h^u dep ne Usdr TJn-nefer mad Icheru ('2) ,. Once the and sometimes i i <& following invocation occurs A JJ A — D ■?• 1 *y Co e^s ijjl Usdr TJn-nefer her db het Seker de-f dnkh usr ne Rd-men-madt 'May Osiris-TJnnefer within the Sanctuary of Seker grant life and power to Ra-men-maat [Sety I].' The second fragment gives an extremely inte- resting title. It appears to read mer zazanut ne mad Icheru TJn-nefer mud Icheru 'Superintendent of the judicial court of the true-voiced, TJn-nefer, true-voiced.' The word |°, I I °, or | J~l azanut signifies a court or office, usually of a judicial character; and Unnefcr's title 'Super- intendent of the court of the True of Voice [ mad Hrin, i.e. the dead] ' seems to be to some extent the religious equivalent of the judicial title 'Superintendent of the royal zazanut (Mini of the deliberating upon all words' (vide Mai:.. Mast., 101); Ebman, Lif in A. /■/., 138). Osiris Temple. Dyn. XIX. A- we have thus bad three inscriptions of this L'nnefer, who was perhaps the most important of the inhabitants of Abydos of all ages, it may be as well to mention a few points with regard to his life and family. Unnefer was born pro- bably in the reign of Sety I, as he appears to have been an elderly man in the reign of Ramessu II. He began his sacerdotal career as a priest of Osiris, in which position he appears on the shrine found this year by the Egyptian Research Account, near the Sety Temple. Later he became, as we have seen, the sem-priest of the Sanctuary of Seker in that building ; and also received the position, which we have just discussed, in connection with the Mud Kheru. He finally became High Priest of Osiris at Abydos, and caused himself to be remembered by filling the temple Avith statues, statuettes, and steles, inscribed with his name and titles. With regard to his father there was evidently an unpleasant mystery. On nearly all his later monuments when his parentage is given he is said to be the son of the High Priest of Osiris, Meri, and of his wife the Singer of Osiris, Ma-aa-nuy. But on one or two statues his father is said to be the High Priest of Osiris Yu-yu, and on the above mentioned shrine the name Meri is, in each of the three places where it occurs, erased, and the name Yu-yu sub- stituted. Unnefer married the lady Thiy whose second name was Nefert-ari ; and by her he had several children, whose names are given [?] on a monument found in his tomb at Abydos, and not yet published. His two step-brothers are to be noticed : the one is Pa-ra-hetep the Vizir, and the other Min-mes, the High 1'riost of Anhur, mentioned on pi. lxvi. They were the sons of Ma-aa-nuy by II era, High Priest of Anhur, the son of TJn-nefer, High Priest of Amen. The base of a statuette of this Hera was found this year at Abydos, but was stolen almost immediately by some loafers from the village. A portion of the extensive genealogy of Unnefer may be given here, as it illus- I rules also the family positions of Min-mes and 11 era. TIIK [NSCRIPTIONS 47 I | Min-mes I n-nefer = A-i . . High Priest of [sis and Min. High Priesl of Amen. Maa-rema High Priesl of [sis and Min. Pa-Keny = Utaa . . . . y Meri or Yu-yu = Ma-aa-nny = Hera Superintendent of the ( rranaries. High Priesl of Osiris. Thiy = Un-nefer also named Nefertari. High Priesl of Osiris. Pa-ra-hetep Grand Vizir. A High Priesl of Anhur. . I Min-mes = < lemat-kha High Priesl of Anhur. A 5. Upon this plate there still remain two inscriptions to he discussed. They are cut upon natural limestone rocks lying in the desert, between the village of El Arabah and the site of the Royal Tombs. The longer reads Neter hen TV ne Amen- Rd set en neteru nier res nut md Jcedes Menthu-em-hdt mad hheru. 'The 4th Priest of Amen-Ra, King of the Gods, Superintendent of Thebes in its entirety, Mentu- emhat, true-voiced.' The other reads Neh r hen IV tie Amen-Ra,, seten neteru mer [res nut] Menthu-em-hdt 'The 4th Priest of Amen-Ra, King of the Gods, Superintendent [of Thebes] Mentuemhat.' It would seem that Mentuemhat came to Abydos to inspect the royal tombs, and had his name roughly inscribed upon one of the rocks near by : the inscription being re-written more neatly, and at greater length, with the addition of mad hheru also, after his death. Mentuemhat, it will be remembered, was the great vizir at the time of the Assyrian invasions of Egypt. Besides the above titles he held the offices of lid- Prince of Thebes, Great Prince ^® 1 of the Temple, Instructor of the Priests, Superintendent of the Priests of Mentu, Heo-Prince of the Desert >q- n [ r:T',"i [T ^ lllj , Superintendent of the Frontier etc. etc. He was the son of Nes- Ptah, governor of Thebes, but was probably of Cypriote origin, as a wonderfully carved portrait-head — found by Miss Benson and Miss Gourlay in the Temple of Mut — inscribed with his titles, seems to show (see Newbebby in Temple of Mut, p. 352). Of him Miss Gourlay writes " He probably helped Taharqa [in whose reign he lived] to repel the first Assyrian invasion; nevertheless, after the conquest of Upper Egypt and the sack of Thebes by Assurbanipal, he still retained his position as governor of the Thebaid. . . . When the withdrawal of the Assyrian invaders left him free to exercise his governorship, he devoted himself to the restoration of the broken and pillaged temples, and of the worship and festivals of the gods .... These pious labours . . . were wholly swept away in the second invasion of Assurbanipal and the consequent ruin of the city. No record has yet been found to show whether after that catastrophe he still retained his governorship and painfully attempted a second restoration of the desecrated shrines, or whether his career then came to an end with that of the dynasty he served." I >ur inscription, however, which seems to show that lie was powerful to the end of his life, suggests that he did attempt a second restoration; and indeed the strength portrayed in his face is 48 ABTDOS I. a guarantee of his ability to undertake such a task, however painful it was. Dyn. XXVI. 39. PI. lxix. 1. Limestone altar of offerings, around the edge of which run seten de hetep formulae to 'Osiris, Chief of the Underworld, Great Lord of Abydos,' and to 'Osiris, Lord of Dedu, Great Lord of Abydos,' for the lea of the sdhutiu [I r dri ne Set-Eet-her 'Super- intendent of the Treasuries, Hor, born of Set- Hathor.' Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XXVI. 2. Limestone altar of offerings, around which is inscribed twice the following. Anlch Her i madt sma uti Net se sepd taui Her nub ■>i setep seten bdti Bd-udh-db se lid Aahmes- net-se Usdr Hint Amentet neter ad neb Abdu ok ;•/ de anlch Ed md zetta. 'The Living Horus, establishing Truth, Lord of the Vulture and the Uraeus, Son of Neith, the Vigour of the two Lands, the Golden Horus, Chosen of the Giids. the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ra-uah-ab, Son of the Sun Ahmes-net-se, beloved of Osiris Lord of the Underworld, the Great God, Lord of Abydos, endowed with Life, like the Sun for ever.' Osiris Temenos. Dyn. XXVI. PI. lxxi. Portions of a painted wooden coffin, inscribed with religious texts, too fragmentary to be translated with interest. The owner's name is Tahuti-mes, but his only title is 'scribe.' Cemetery G. Dyn. XVIII— XX. PI. lxxii, 1. Painted wooden canopic box, inscribed down either side with seten de hetep formulae to Anubis, that he may grant dkhn ne pet H'i- Ed usr em In ... . 'glory in heaven under Ra, and power on earth . . . ,' and the u-ual funeral offerings of beer, bulls, geese, etc., to the kn of the owner, whose name, .1/. rti-heru, appears in the centre. Cemetery G. About Dyn. XXVIII. 2. The model coffin figured upon this plate belongs to tlif same personage, as also docs a coffin represented upon the next plate. Upon the one side he is called the hesi-lca priest, and ami as [a kind "I' priest |. and is said to be the son of the nebt per Nes-her ' Lady of the house, Nesher.' Upon the other side a curious inscrip- tion occurs, reading dep-Ic db-lc dnlch-lc dmi-f 'Thy head, thy heart, thy life are in it' [i.e. in the coffin]. The signs here transliterated db-k, are in the original L_ji, which might perhaps be rendered ' thy first, or chiefest, thing.' But it seems more probable that the group is a mis-writing for Y. ' db-lc ' thv heart.' PI. lxxiii, 1. The coffin of Merti-heru gives us some more details, with regard to his family. He was the son of a person holding the same titles as himself, named Udh-db-Bd; and his mother, as stated above, was named Xes-her, and held the title dhyt ne Hint enti Amentet ' Sistrum player of the Chief who is in the Underworld,' i.e. Osiris. Cemetery G. About Dyn. XXVIII. 40. PL lxxiii, 2. The coffin of Tay-nekht has the following genealogical inscription: Usdr Tay-neleht set ami as Zed-her mes ne nebt per Ta-hherd~ne-Min 'The Osirian Tay-nekht, daughter of the ami as priest Zedhcr, and of the lady of the house, Ta-kherd-ne-Min." The text of these inscriptions is unimportant, and is so corrupt that it is unnecessary to translate it in full. Cemetery G. Dyn. XXX. 3. The coffin of Heru-makheru speaks of him as I 'stir Her-mad-kheru mad-khent se Merit-heru mis ne nebt per Mehti-[_db?~\-ta-seiiel{h_t 'The Osirian Heru-makheru, deceased, son of Merit- heru, and of the Lady of the house Mehti-ab-ta- senekht.' There seems to be no doubt that the signs ~* should be read ^O mehti-db — the common expression 'filling, or pleasing, the heart.' Cemetery G. Dyn. XXX. 4. The box of Tasenmeht doubtless belonged to this same lady. Her name is here written but this is an obvious error for o ^ M ehti-ab-ta-senekht. Cemetery G. Dyn. XXX. The inscription on the coffin of Mcrt-tefnut TIIK I.VSOUII'TIONS. 19 reads Mert-tefnut madt kheru set ne ami as hesi ka Zedher ' Mert-tefnut, deceased, daughter of the ami as and //.'-•//'(-priest Zedher.' Ceme- tery G. Dyn. XXX. 6. The gilt cartonnage of Neb-ta-ahit has inscribed upon it Usdr Neb-ta-dhy[f\ madi kheru set neter hen seien sesh Kefer-db-Rd [?] mad- kheru, mes ne Td . . . . [?] ' The Osirian Neb-ta-ahyt, true-voiced, daughter of the priest and royal scribe Nefer-ab-Ra, true-voiced, and of Ta . . . .' Cemetery G-. Dyn. XXX. PL lxxv, 1. The inscription of Nefert-iut speaks of her as Usdr qemdt khent Amentet Nefert-iut . . . . ' The Osirian, Singer of Khent- amenti, Nefert-iut.' Cemetery G. Dyn. XXX. 2. The sarcophagus of Hapi-men is inscribed with a seten de hetep formula to Usdr khent Amentet neter ad neb Abdu l Osiris, Khent- Amenti, the Great God, Lord of Abydos,' that he may grant the usual offerings for the ka of the neter hen III ne Mut nebt em Aben [?] neter hen Her Usdr Hapi-men mad kheru 'The 3rd Priest of Mut Lady in Aben, Priest of Horus, the Osirian Hapi-men, true- voiced.' The town -4M Ab or Aben is unknown. Cemetery G. Dyn. XXX. The two middle inscriptions are from the sarcophagi of the brothers Peduenast and Horuza. That of the former gives a prayer to Osiris on behalf of the neter hen Un sesh ne neter pen Her an mut-f Pe-de-ne-dst mad khent, se neter hen Het-her nebt Ant mert [?] Rd Zed-her mad kheru ant ne nebt per Neb-ta-dhyt madt kheru ' Priest of Un, Scribe of this God [i.e. the King], Horus Supporter of his Mother, 1 Peduenast, true-voiced ; son of the Priest of Hathor Lady of Ant, the Eye of Ra, Zed-her, true-voiced ; born of the Lady of the House Neb-ta-ahyt, true-voiced.' 1 For this title see Crum, Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch. 1894, xvi, 131 ; Breasted, New Chapter in Life of Tahutmes III., p. 12; and Griffith in Desliasheh, p. 47. I. The latter inscription gives a longer prayer to Osiris, for the n •■!,,• km Un srsh Per-ad du-f dpi [hetepuf] ne neter pen pei uazeti Ani Heruza mad kheru se neter .hen Het-her nebt .!/ — - ' Fourfold god in the land of Mendes,' J} — - Anep being his shrine in that city. Two small apes, the final degradation of the eight adoring cyno- cephali may be noticed. These represent the four primeval pairs of gods of chaos, whose names were Nun and Nunt [moisture], Hehu and Hehut [air], Kekui and Kekuit [darkness], Gereh and Gereht [rest] ; being called collectively "TT r\ ' Kli'"" llV ^ a miswriting of ili!^ i- Above, there are. three boats : the first contains Horus, the second Horus-Sept, and the third Khepera. Finally there is the double god who personified the rising and setting of the sun. Figures such as these just described are to be found on nearly all the known hypocephali, however erratic the inscriptions. Nevertheless, as may be seen from the two 1 Beugsch, Thes. 4te Abt. 734 ct scq. ■ Ibid., thisc, pi. xxvi. 1. 27. Ibid., Thes. 4te Abt. 672-3. THE INSCRIPTION'S. 5J smaller specimens, they may be greatly cut down, and are subject to much degradation of form. 1 Cemetery G. Dyu. XXX. 42. Besides the above inscriptions there are one or two which may be noted, taken from steles and other objects so much damaged as not to have been worth preserving. 1. Limestone stele, originally coloured. A figure is repre- sented stand- ing before a table of offer- ings, and the accompanying inscription, 1A U A/WW. A/WV\A '■TO n. <=> PPP Mm 111 above and in front of it, reads Seten de hetep Usdr neb D[edn] dmakhu Icher neter act, hhet neb nefer udbt ne ha ne sain bdti smer udti A . . . em-hetep ren-f infer .... ' The Kino; gives an offering to Osiris Lord of Dedu reverence with the great god .... all good and pure things, for the ha of the Royal Sealer, the Chiefly Companion, A . . . em-hotep, surnamed ' Cemetery G. Dyn. XI. 2. Limestone stele in three divisions, of which the two lower are destroyed. In the upper portion three figures sit before a table of offerings. The first represents a male named f_ |] ^ *~ ^c 1 Ankh at dri ne Sba ' Ankh-at, born of Sba ' ; the second a female 1 Eeference should be made to: Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch. vol. vi, 37, 52, 126, 129, 170, 185, 187; vol. vii, 213; vol. xix, 146. Liedemann, lieliijion, p. 298. R< v. Arch. 1862, vi, 129. Archaeol. xxxvi, 1855, 163. Gata ogue of Edinburgh Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 8. Leemans, in Trav. du Congres des Orieutalistcs a Lcide, 1881. Catalogue of Turin Mus. named .... /"/ i -i^ • . 33 ,, ,, ushabtiu ..... 38, 39 „ erased .... 29, 30, 42 Decease shown by menat, counterpoise . 30 „ plaques .... . 32 Den 4, 6, 15 Carved alabaster .... . 7 „ flints of ..... . . 12 ,. ivory . 5 Dep, city . 41 ,, slate ..... . 5 Deposits, foundation .... 30, 32 ,, wood ..... 7 ,, ,, materials of . 32 Caulfeild, A. St. G 2 Direction of tombs ..... . 15 Cemetery, G 1,34 Dog (?) mummy ..... . 40 ,, ,, inscriptions 42, 48—51 Dolomite vases, gold-capped . 7 Chisel, copper ..... . 23 Draughtsman, ivory . .... . 24 Christie, H. L. . 2 Drawing of flints 2, 10 Clay coffins ..... . 15 „ ,, inscriptions .... 2 ,, sealing of Ro .... . 4 „ pottery . 12 „ ,, ,, Shepseskaf . 27 Du as variant for , 38, 39, 40, 50 Hoes, flint ....... Hora, limestone figure of . 11 31 „ holding knives . 36 Horn cup of Mena ...... 7 Glass amulets . . 38 Ilor-nub, title ....... 4 1, 48 ,, fish . 31 Horus-names ....... 3 ,, in foundation depos Glaze, green, in foundatioi Glazed quartz Glory of Ra its . i deposits . 32 31, 32 . 25 . 44 Horus ........ „ with head-dress of Amen „ Min „ Ra 50 32 50 50 God, Min, ink-drawn Gold cap ,, capped vases . Gold foil hotep mat . ,, ornaments ,, ring „ strip of Aha Grains of corn . 4 . 25 . 7 . G . 31 . 34 . 8 . 32 lloruza ........ 2 Hotep-du-Neit ...... House of Bread ...... Hyaena ........ Hypocephali bronze . . . . 38, 4 Implements, flint . . . 7,8,10,11,12.1 Ink drawing ........ 9, 49 8 24 8 9, 50 6, 25 31 Granite head . ,, pylon . ,, shrine . . 28 . 27 . 32 ,, ,, on vases ...... Inlaid glass eyes Inlay, ribbed ........ 4 38 25 Great One of Southern Te ns . 13 ,, jasper bead from ...... 31 56 ABYDOS I. Inscribed objects of foundation deposits ,, cylinder jars of King Ka Inscriptions, earliest known Iron in foundation deposits Ivory arrow-head „ bracelet . ,, draughtsman ,, inlay ,, pin Jasper girdle tie ,, head ,, in foundation deposits Ka = Ap Ka . inscriptions of tomb of . Ka ,, emblem . „ name, inversion of ,, of Osiris . Keeper of the cattle in Barneses' temple Keni-Amen Kha-kau-ra Kha-sekhemui, bowl of ,, flints of . ,, figure of Min ,, vases of . Khay .... Khemcnu .... Kbentamenti . ,, chantress of ,, sistrum-player of Khepera Khcr-heb Khnum . Klmumy, priestess . Knives, flint Kom-es-Svltan . Koptos, workmen of Kudu (?) on painted pot Lazuli amulets ,, bead of Psamtek Lector, or Kher-heb . Levels in stratified town Limestone bowl ,, cup ,, figures . of Assa of Tabutmes m . 30 .3,4 . 3, 4 . 32 . 24 . 5 . 24 . 24 . 24 . 39 . 31 . 32 3 4, 5 3 3 44,45 29 3,4 44 31, 45 45 1 4, 5 8 4 7 31 50 29, 32 40, 49 . 48 . 50 41, 42 . 50 . 34 10, 11, 16 . 9 .1,2 . 23 . 38 . 25 . 44 . 10 . 6 . 5 26, 33 . 28 . 30 Limestone figures, kneeling n „ ,, of Hora, ,, mortar .... ,, sculpture of Nectanebo I ,, stand of Amenhotep III Lintel of Tahutmes II and III Lintel of Tahutmes III . List of offerings .... M. tombs ..... Maa-kheru .... Mac Iver, D. K. Magic, sympathetic . Malachite face-paint . Mastabas ..... ,, wrongly called pyramids Mat- sign p Measurements of columns of Antef Mena — Aha ... ,, flints of .... Meruit, or counterpoise, w T orn by deceased Mentu-em-hat . Her, see Superintendent. Mer-en-ra, blocks of Mer-neit, flints of Mer-se-ka Mer-se-kha Mertiu-heru Mert-tefnut Min, oldest drawn figure of Min-mes, high priest of Anhur . Model coffin .... ,, flint knife ,, forked lance . ,, shell of alabaster . ,, tools of foundation deposits Monkeys, green glazed Mortar, limestone Mummies .... Naqada, Mcnite tomb Nar-mcr ..... Nebta-ahyt .... NebuiSma, .... Nectanebo I, sculpture of . ,, II, temple of . Nefertiut, chantress of Khentamenti Nefert-uben .... Neheb-ka .... Neithotep vase of Nekbt, Prince .... 29, 42 31 33 33 31 30 30 30 . 1J —20 31 1,4 17 17 34 . 36, 37 4 28 . 5 6, 7 . 8 30 . 31, 17 2 7,41 . 3, 12 7 ■ 4 6,8 35, 36, 48 35, 36, 48 4 . . 44 35, 36, 48 , 24 24 30 30 25 33 36 —39 . i, 11 4,5 . 38, 49 5 33 32, 33 40, 49 29 50 5 28, 41, 42 INDEX Nekht-hor-heb, cartouche of .... . :):! „ statues of age of ... .'i.'i Nes-her 35, 18 Netter, bone is, 'J I Numerical signs ....... 4 Nut, representations of .... 36,38,39,50 Objects in M. tombs 17, is Obsidian amulets ....... 38 Offering chambers ....... 34 Offerings, altars of 29, 32, 12, 48 list of 30 „ per-kheru .... 44, 48, 51 table of 45, 51 Order of pre-Menite Kings ..... 5 Osiride statuettes 35, 36, 38, 39 Osiris, bronze figures of . . . . 30, 32, 45 ,, high priest of ...... 46 ,, ka name of . . . . . .44 ,, Khcntamenti ...... 29, 45 ,, mummified ....... 32 ,, shrine of ....... 9 ,, temenos of 1, 9, 27 ,, temple 9, 27 ,, ,, inscriptions .... 41 — 48 titles of 45, 46, 48, 51 Ox-bones in tomb ....... 17 Pa-asi ■ Paint, white ...... Painted pottery ..... Aegean .... ,, ,, ,, date confirmed . ,, sculpture ..... Palettes, slate . . . . . .17, Panelling ....... Papyrus ....... Paraffin wax, for preserving wood and cartonnage Pe, shrine of Buto Pectoral ....... Pediment of breccia ..... Pedu-asar ....... Pedu-en-ast Pendants ...... Perabsen ...... Per-kheru offerings 42, 44, Pcsh-kcn amulet ..... ,, ,, ,, connections of Pilgrim bottle ...... Pillared court ...... hall 23 . 44 . 18 . 23 . 6 . 6 . 30 24, 25 . 3, 4 36, 38 . 38 . 41 38, 40 . 34 . 39 39,49 . 23 .4,6 48, 51 . 24 . 24 6,34 . 34 . 29 I'm ivory .... Plans of tomb ■ . I'i i.|ih-s nf foundation di pi Porphyry .... „ amulets Poi trail bi ad of \al is I ,, ,, ,, Amenhoti p I ,, ,, in granite . ,, ,, in quartzite . ,, sphinx of Tahul in' 1 1 1 Position of bodies in M gravi Pot-marks. Pottery .... ,, Aegean . ,, Black incised ,, Black topped ,, dating of ,, discs ,, figures . ,, fire-rings ,, hand-made . „ kine ,, of foundation deposits ,, painted ,, styles in various reigns ,, wavy-handled Prehistoric burials . Pre-Menite kings ,, ,, ,, order of Priest, high, of Amen Anhur . ,, ,, ,, Hathor . ,, ,, „ Isis and Min „ Mut ,, ,, ,, Osiris „ „ Un (?) . ,, of Amen Ea ,, ,, Hathor and Dazit ,, ,, Shu and Anhur ,, Sokar . ,, hesi-ka ,, sem ,, uab Psamtek .... ,, bead of Ptah-em-ua, statue of Publication of results Pylon, granite . Pyramidion of granite Pyramids, so-called, of Abydos. Qa, inscription of L2, . 24 . 15 31, 32, 33 . 21 . 38 . 30 . 30 . 28 33 . 30 15, 16 23 13, 14, 18 6 ... Jl . 6 . 6 . 24 . 26 . 25 . 6 . 26 . 30 . 6 6, 13 6, 35 34,35 3—5 . 5 . 47 44,47 . 49 . 47 . 49 46, 47 . 49 . 47 . 39 . 44 . 31 48, 49, 51 . 46 . 12 . 33 . 25 29, 31, 45 • 1, 2 9,27 . 32 36, 37 58 ABYDOS I. Qa, gold of 6 Scribe, royal 44,45,49 ,, stele of . 6 Sealing of Ro . . 4 Qcma, sign . 3 ,, ,, Shepses-Kaf . 27 Qcmat of Amen . 45 Sealings ..... . 24 ,, ,, lsis . . . 44 ,, material of . . 5 ,, „ of Khentamenti . lit, 49 Sebekhotep III. .9 ,, Osiris . 44 ,, ,, ,, inscription of . . 29, 42 Quartz, glazed . . 25 ,, and Nefertuben 29, 42 Queen of Zer, hair of . 5 Scd festival of Amenhotep- II . 30 Qufti workmen . • 1,2 Sekhet, bronze figure of . 32 Sent priest .... . 46 Semer-uati .... . 41, 51 Ra . 44, 48 7 Sen sign .... Ea-aa-Kheper-en (Tahutmes II) 30, 48 Senb, scribe . 43 Ea-Harmakhis . . 45 Sequence dates, prehistoric . 22 Ea-Kha-seshes-Nefer-hotep . 29 ,, of Pre-Menites . 5 Ea-Kheper-Ka Earn ..... . 42 . 50 Serpent, pottery Scsh sign .... . 25 4 -> god . 50 Shell, notched . . 24 Ea-men-Kheper (Tahutmes III > ■ . 44 Shells, string of. . 24 Eamessu I Tea name . ,, II ankh of . . 31 . 25 Shepses, ka name of Shepses-kaf . 27 Sickles, see Flint saws. ,, ,, cartouche 31, 45 Silver pilgrim bottle . . 34 ,, gateway of . . 29 ,, in foundation deposit . 32 Ea-nuh-Kheper (Antef V) . . 41 Sit-Hathor . 39, 43 Ea-sekhem . 29 Sit-Pepy .... Skulls of animals in graves 29, 43 Ea-sekhem-nefer-hotep . 29 16, 17, 18 Eecesses .... . 33 Reed-sign, «... . 4 Slate palettes for face-paint Sma ..... . 17, 23, 24, 25 . 5 Bes sign .... . 3 ° ,, vases of . 5, 7 Eesin, cake of . . 33 Snaa-ab .... . 43 Ribbed glazed tiles . . 25 Snaring nets . . .23 Ring, gold. . 34 Sokar .... . 45 Ring stands . 14 ,, sanctuary of . Sphinx of Tahutmes III . 45, 46 Ro, position of . . 4, 5 . 30 ,, sealing of . 4 Spindle whorls . . 24 ,, tomb of 5 ,, ,, dating of . . 25 Bo sign .... 4 u Standard-bearer of Amen . . 45 Roofing of tombs 15, 37 Statues .... 31, 33, 46 Royal tombs, flints from . . 8 Statuette .... . 44 ,, „ objects from .7,8 Statuettes, Osiride . 35, 36, 38, 39 ,, ,, pottery from . 3, 4, G Steatite amulets . 38 Rush mat . IB ,, beads . . 16 ,, head . 31 Salt, packets of ....... 3'J Stele of Ameny and Sit-Pepy 29, 43 Sandstone figure . 29 ,, ,, Auhet-abu 29,31 Sarcophagi 3 1 -40 ,, ,, Khay and Ymamu . 31 Saws, flint . 12 ,, ,, Narmer . 8 Scarab and wings 39, 40 ,, ,, Nekht .... 28, 41 Scrapers, flint . . 7,8,1] 1, it Qa .... . 6 Scribe . 43, 48 Steles . . . . 7, 8, 27, 29, 43, 44, 45, 51 ,, of accounts . 51 Stone grinders . 25, 26 INDEX. Stone, vases, see Vases. Tombs (M.), roofing of .... 15,3 Stones in M. graves . . 1G ,, ,, in relation to town levels . 19 Stratified town . . 10 , , kings' . 20 „ „ Hints of . 10 I : Tools, copper 7, 15, 23, 30 ,, ,, levels of . . 10 Coi i of potti ry figure ...... 26 ,, pottery of . . 12—15 Town site, of earl) dynasties 10 Superintendent of cattle . 31,45 „ granary 45, 47 ,, ,, in relation ti> sea, , . 22 ,, ,, palace . . 43 I. ii •• ■• ii kings' tomb . . . 21 ,, ,, tempi*' . 41 ,, M. tombs. . . .19 ,, ,, treasury . 43 Trained workmen ...... 1,2 ,, ,, zazanui . 4G Suten-Ap . 3 ,, wooden ....... 7, 37 Suten du hotcp formula 42, 43, 4 5, 48, 49, 51 Suten ka ankh . . 29 Triangular pot . 14 Suten-khaker . 41, 42, 43 Turn 15 ,, „ in connection with uartu . 42 Two-linger amulet ....... 39 Suten sign .3,4 ,, connection with qema . 3 Cafi-priest 42, 51 Syenite cup . 5, 7 Uah-ab-ra Sympathetic magic ... . 17 Uartu of the prince's table . . . 29, 4 J, 13 ,, in connection with suten khaJeer . . .42 Ta-se-nekht ...... 35, 36, 48 Undisturbed burials 18 Un-nefer 31, 11. 16 Table of offerings . 45, 51 Taharqa, Vizier of . Tahutmes II and III reigning together ,. lintel of . . 31 . 30 . 30, 43 ,, ,, granite statue 31 ,, ,, and wife, granite group . . .31, 44 Up ast . . . 7 J 1 } J ?> 7 1 » «-.« v^ — v-. • ,, coffin of . 35, 48 Up-uat 29, 42 Ur-maau, scribe 45 Tahutmes III 9, 30 Usertesen I ........ 9 „ ,, foundation deposits 30, 32 „ slab of 28, 42 Temenos of Osiris . 1, 9, 27 ,, ,, basement of slab of . . . .29 ,, excavation of ... . 9, 10 „ III 1 ,, plan of 9 Ushabti boxes 38, 39 ,, tombs in .... . . 14 Ushabtiu 38, 39, 40 ,, wall ...... . 27 dating of 38, 39 Temple of Anhur . 41 ,, fixed number of 38,39 „ Osiris a CT e of ... . 27 . 1, 9, 27 C7*«-eye 39, 50 ,, ,, columns of . . . 28 Uza-headed goddess . 50 ,, ,, halls of . . 29 „ ,, rebuildings of 9,31 Variants of names ....... 35 ,, ,, statues of 28, 29 Vase grinders . . . . . . -12. ,, „ steles of . . 27—29 Vases of stone 12, 16. 18, 20 Eameses 31,45 „ cylinder 19, 22, 2:i Thiy Nefertari ...... Thompson, Herbert . 31, 46 ,, handled 12 . 41 Vulture and uraeus :! '-'. 18 Throne-name derived from A-a-name . 28 Tiles, ribbed . 25 Wartw of the prince's table ... 29, 42, 43 Tomb pits .... . 34 Wax, paraffin, for preserving wood and cartonnage . 38 Tombs (M.) early dynastic 14, 15 Weigall, A. E '-'. 7. 27 obje cts in . 15, 18 ,, „ ,, on inscriptions .... 41 — 46 60 ABYDOS I. Weight 25 White paint IS Wooden framing in tombs 16 tray 7, 37 Workmen, Qufti 1, 2 ,, trained ....... 2 Ymamu Zazanut, mer 31 4G Zed . Zed-her Zer . „ flints of Zeser Zeser-ka-ra Zet . „ flints of Zigzag pattern on bird's leg bone ,, Aegean pottery 35 35, 37, 38 G 8 5 43 8 G, 37 7 G 1 : 2 ABYDOS. TOMB OF KING KA-AP. n / 11 _ 12 \ 4 LO 13 F P 1 : 2 ABYDOS. TOMB OF KING KA-AP. *ff 15 18 3S *• 20 21 V 26 F.P 1 : 2 ABYDOS. TOMB OF KING KA-AP, AND QUEEN HA, &.C. III. 38 II m ti 28 <$ 36 37 iTftiA Kty 87 40 II 41 f u JHI V 30 38 ^ 44 43 irrr u > 47 46 poC 46 48 I! -Ai i F P 4 : 3 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS. INSCRIPTIONS, &c. G. VASE OF NEITHOTEP 8 7. 1:1 PLAIT AND FALSE FRINGE. TOMB OF ZER. 10. BOWL EDGE OF ZER 8. VASE OF ZEF 9. POTTERY FROM ZER. 11. DWARF OF ZER. 12. 13. IVORIES OF ZET 14. VASE OF W ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS. INSCRIPTIONS. 1 : 2 ALABASTER OF AZAB. See R.T. i. vi. 2, vii. 10, viii. 11. 4 : 3 VOLCANIC ASH OF QA. 3M£ : 3 GOLD FOIL OF QA. 1:4 QUARTZOSE STELE OF QA. 1 : 6 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: POTTERY. VI. r.P. 1 : 6 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: POTTERY. VII. Limestone: BI9 1 : 6 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: AEGEAN POTTERY. VIII. | *X F. P 1 : 3 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: STONE VASES. IX. ^ B. SYENITE / B. 15 CRYSTAL DOLOMITE MARBLE DOLOMITE MARBLE XI 12 MLAQ. 13 15 F P. WT SYENIT? ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: ALABASTER VASES. &C i:3 FP. 1 : 2 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: IVORY AND EBONY LABELS. XI. U. iv se" K.T i XVII. 26 2: 3 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: MARKS ON STONE VASES XII. -I 6 10 Set. R.T // v/| a v£ ii 12 13 ffi 16 19 ^/ A 21 /y ^=H 22 23 n 24 26 AW. 1 : 6 ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS: STELES. XIII. 149 151 WOOD CONES. GOLD BAR OF AHA. F P 2 : 7 MENA. ABYDOS. ZER. ROYAL TOMBS. WORKED FLINTS. ZET. MERNEIT. XIV. DEN. 2 : 7 AZAB. ABYDOS. ROYAL TOMBS. WORKED FLINTS. MERSEKHA. QA. PERABSEN KHASEKHEMUI XV. 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT KNIVES WITHOUT HANDLES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XVI. m w 4-0 27 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT KNIVES WITHOUT HANDLES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XVII 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT KNIVES WITH HANDLES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XVII ' U)}. 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT KNIVES WITH HANDLES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XIX. 71 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT HOES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS i LEVELS IN INCHES. XX. 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT SCRAPERS, TAILED. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXI 104 105 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT SCRAPERS, VARIOUS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXII. 132 140 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT SCRAPERS, ROUND, &.C. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXIII 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT SCRAPERS, LONG; FLAKES. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXIV. 199 200 208 214 216 219 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT FLAKES, TIPPED, WORKED, ROUNDED, SQUARE. TE.MENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXV. ao 10 254 108 281 282 283 287 284 289 291 1 : 2 ABYDOS. FLINT ANIMALS, SAWS, CRESCENTS. COMBS, TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: LEVELS IN INCHES. XXVI 298 299 306 309 .311 313 3lO 1 : 3 ABYDOS TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: STONE VASES. XXVII. 30 ALAB BASALT 5LATE 1 8 40 4-5 4-Q 58 85 • STEATITE 20 1 4- SHELLY LIMEST, NUMBERS STATE INCHES ABOVE SAND. UK. LIMEST. r. P. 1:6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXVIII. 1:6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXIX. 1:6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXX. 1 :6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXXI. F.P 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXXII. 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXXIII. 117 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXXIV. 135 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: POTTERY OF EARLY DYNASTIES. XXXV. •141 M|H2 «JJ14? «V144 |g ' jjff ' 5 I' 48 i A 149 ] B 15 ° ^KM $ W • w- W H • W fl| 152 153 : 154 •155 o ll63 ^Li04 ! F 165 ' l '"'"' ■JML'" V ^^' "' L 12 14 19 190 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TOMB M12: POTTERY. XXXVI ■■ - Alto Form M 19, 60 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TOMB M13: POTTERY. XXXVII. 1: 6 ABYDOS. TOMB M13: POTTERY. XXXVIII 26 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TOMBS M 14, 15, 17. 18: POTTERY. XXXIX. M14 24 26 77 28 21 14 15 M 15 1 7 4, 5 1 to 3 10 ti 15 M17 M 18 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TOMB M16: POTTERY. XL. SLATE 33 35 40 1 : 6 ABYDOS. TOMBS M 19 ; 24; 25; 26: POTTERY. XLI. M 19 76 70 72 79 83 89 9) 170 77 80 lO 74 73 63 68 mailer 50, 67 see M12.45 60 M 12,47 M 24 M25 M 26 1 : 3 ABYDOS. TOMB M12: ALABASTER VASES. XLII. 1:3 ABYDOS. TOMB M12: STONE VASES. XLIII. 13 BAS. SLATE TOMB M 13. 60 BAS 64 ALAS. BAS. 1:3 ABYDOS. TOMB M 14, AND OTHERS: STONE VASES. XLIV. I 51 4-0 54 TOMB M 15. 22 23 TOMB M 17 52 27 SLATE #- SLATE YELL. LIMST ALL ALABASTER UNLESS STATED 1 :3 ABYDOS. TOMB M16: STONE VASES. XLV. 50 SLATE SLATE 44 51 SYENITE SLATE ALL ALABASTER UNLESS STATED. 1 : 3 ABYDOS. TOMB M 19 : ALABASTER VASES. 19 23 22 1:3 ABYDOS. TOMB M 19. AND OTHERS: STONE VASES. XLVII. SLATE 25 TOMB M 24- PINK MARBLE BRECCIA TOMB M 25 ALAB PINK MARBLE TOMB M 26 PINK MARBLE PINK MARBLE BRECCIA 1 : 25 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: EARLY DYNASTIC GRAVES. XLVIII. XXNXN\\N\X\\\X\\\\\\\^\^ ^ I 1 : 25 ABYDOS, TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: EARLY DYNASTIC GRAVES. XLIX. 1 :4 ABYDOS. OSIRIS TEMPLE: PAINTED POTTERY, SLATES, TOOLS MARKS. • mi «i7^ Ml V«,.v I n |( , '" 24 COPPER TOOLS. M i3 20 ** ' 14 I otiM-IZSC- on M'13-45 M-I9-M ) M-13 MARKS ON POTTERY. 124/3 /~\ IS Q A nT din ^ '"" 1 MHM5 M '9 69 NUMBERS SHEW LEVEL IN INCHES ABOVE SAND; M NUMBERS ARE THOSE OF TOMBS M-1247 W " 1328 H R 2 : 3 ABYDOS. OSIRIS TEMPLE: AMULETS. &c LI. n L «J 10 Calcifc SlaTt 5 late Shcti 35 C^etn jei'btufint 4 wv—.. /'• --- 6^5tr^ + :a 4.3 4-:3 12 f= 1^37 roi^ Vio ie£ G La. ze 4-9 Gre-tM. daze 16 /vo yy '7 i 90 BUck PoUery 18 19 Slate / y o r y "mm^0^ rii n.C Flint 5 Ke-Ll P o tt e-r tj «> (A 1 Clay 5 e a £ 6 ncj s f y O rn. W- of Osiri-S Te-me-^os. E> o n e. BLu.e. &La.ze Button Co byber F.P. 2 : 3 ABYDOS. OSIRIS TEMPLE: BEADS, WHORLS, &c. LI I. Carnclian If Shells I 03 103 <™®®tt CaYne,lian,Garntt,b$ktU . SO fau.M-19 -"^-OOOCKHKrtK-. Gretn Glazt 9| Black StiatiU Gfce.n Glaz.t -oooo- oooooa ■ C a r n e, Z tan M 14 4:3 Btuue. Glaze. M Laz.LuLi Be.adL RR ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. EARLY DYNASTIES. LIU. 1. BONE. 2. FLINT. 3. GOLD CAP. 4. 5. QUARTZ. 6. LIMESTONE. 7-11. GREEN GLAZE. 12. SLATE. 13-18. POTTERY FIRE PLACES AND FRAGMENTS. 19-22. GREEN GLAZED TILING. 23, 34. STONE VASE GRINDERS. 35, 36. POTTERY FIGURES. 37. STONE FIGURE. 38-42. POTTERY. 1 ;4 ABYDOS. INSCRIPTIONS OF MERENRA. AND FALSE DOOR. VI. DYN. LIV. ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. IV"th_xI|th DYNASTIES. LV. 8. STELE OF NEKHT. 9. OFFERING SLAB (?) OF USERTESEN I. AND BASE, 10. 3-5. COLUMN OF ANTEF V. 1 : 10 ABYDOS. ANTEF V: PARTS OF COLUMNS. LVI. Lf < X ir 1- v ^ w :i i © tA ^ !5f HI f HI A I 90 m* N)gk If us 1 :4 ABYDOS. TEMPLE OF OSIRIS: STELE OF NEKHT. LVII. ^2 • • F o 4r!' ♦ wefc-xv^i-tiz '» o =?^<£ii £-* A.W. 1 : 6 ABYDOS. OSIRIS TEMPLE: USERTESEN I. LVIII H P 1 : 4 ABYDOS. INSCRIPTIONS OF SEBEKHOTEP III, &c LIX. , .1 ' 4: 9 ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: INSCRIPTIONS XII. -XIII. DYN. LX. (i\ r % i k i i v- vtist. ./svw^ 'AW>a\i It If III P I 111 HP ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. XVIII™ DYNASTY. LXI. 3. GREEN GLAZE. FOUNDATION DEPOSITS. 4. LIMESTONE, AMENHOTEP III. 5. MODEL TOOLS, VASE, Sec, TAHUTMES III. 6. SLAB OF INSCRIPTION. 7. JASPER HEAD. 8. STEATITE HEAD. 9. BLUE GLASS FISH. 2 : 13 ABYDOS. TEMPLE OF AMENHOTEP LXII H.P. 1 : 8 ABYDOS. TEMPLE OF AMENHOTEP I. LXIII. L.c. 1 : 8 ABYDOS. TEMPLES OF AMENHOTEP I. AND TAHUTMES III. LXIV. ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. XIX™ DYNASTY. LXV. 1. FRAGMENTS OF STATUES. 2-4. LIMESTONE STATUE OF PTAHEMUA. 8. LIMESTONE FIGURE OF UN-NEFER. 9, 10. UN-NEFER AND TIY, GRANITE. 11. STELE OF KHAY. 1 :4 ABYDOS. INSCRIPTIONS OF XVIII XIX DYN. LXVI. L.C . 1 :4 ABYDOS. INSCRIPTIONS OF PTAHEMUA, MENTUEMHAT, &C LXVII. XL/ W BAY. URMAAU. CXlfeft UNNEFER. UNNEFER. -^ Mil mm i '~7 MENTUEMHAT. MENTUEMHAT. 1:8 AGYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS: TOP OF GRANITE SHRINE OF APRIES. &C. LXVIII. 1 : 3 ABYDOS. TABLES OF OFFERINGS, XXVI DYN. LXIX. — vi 4-J TIA U USHMSjMM 4 o l PJ ABYDOS. TEMENOS OF OSIRIS. XXVITH^XXX™ DYNASTIES. LXX. 1—3. BRONZE FIGURES. 4, 5. PORTRAIT HEAD IN QUARTZITE SANDSTONE. 6,8,9. FOUNDATION DEPOSITS OF APRIES : 7. OF AAHMES. 10. ALTAR OF AAHMES. 11. DEPOSIT OF NEKHTNEBEF (?). 12-14. ST OF AGE OF NEKHTHORHEB. 2 : 5 ABYDOS. PORTIONS OF PAINTED COFFIN OF TAHUTMES. 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AS OP ANCIENT EGYPT. With Letterpress and Index. Second Edition. 3s. Ct. GUIDE TO TEMPLE OF DEIR EL BAHARL With Han. Ai'llA [HSOY: Sayings of our Lord. By B. P. I ll and A. S. Hunt. 2«. (with Collotypes), and 6d. net. COPTIC OSTRACA. By \V. E Chum. 10s. 6d. Offices oi \vr Exploration Fund: 87, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. ; and 59, Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.